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MUS

Mauritius

Updated NDC

2021-05-10 00:00:00

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NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Final%20Updated%20NDC%20for%20the%20Republic%20of%20Mauritius%2001%20October%202021.docx

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Africa

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../data/downloaded_documents/1b16b10bbba135991a99b834a5833333bcf4be0b51aa1a3a13b06ba5d2117991.pdf

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MEX

Mexico

LTS

2016-11-16 00:00:00

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LTS 1.0

https://unfccc.int/files/focus/long-term_strategies/application/pdf/mexico_mcs_final_cop22nov16_red.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Latin America and the Caribbean

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../data/downloaded_documents/380e1fc55a88fc5f303922b813d49ccab70f23899828860e1a6900e11b0e7907.pdf

['Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century StrategyMexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy ii First edition, 2016 Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Av. Ejército Nacional 223, Col. Anáhuac, 11320, Mexico City, Mexico National Institute of Ecology and Climate Change Periférico 5000, Col. Insurgentes Cuicuilco, 04530, Mexico City, Mexico Suggested citation: SEMARNAT-INECC, 2016, Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy.', 'Ejército Nacional 223, Col. Anáhuac, 11320, Mexico City, Mexico National Institute of Ecology and Climate Change Periférico 5000, Col. Insurgentes Cuicuilco, 04530, Mexico City, Mexico Suggested citation: SEMARNAT-INECC, 2016, Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy. Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT) and National Institute of Ecology and Climate Change (INECC), Mexico City, Mexico.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy ii Content Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy 1 Prologue . 1 Executive Summary . 3 Introduction . 5 Context 6 Science-based approach . 6 International Context 10 National context 12 Objective 18 Scope 18 Elaboration process . 18 Structure . 19 Long-term vision 21 Cross-cutting policies 24 Inter-institutional collaboration 24 Climate change is identified as a crosscutting challenge because of the variety of stakeholders from the public and private sectors that interact, make decisions, and ultimately drive climate change mitigation and adaptation in the country.', 'Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT) and National Institute of Ecology and Climate Change (INECC), Mexico City, Mexico.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy ii Content Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy 1 Prologue . 1 Executive Summary . 3 Introduction . 5 Context 6 Science-based approach . 6 International Context 10 National context 12 Objective 18 Scope 18 Elaboration process . 18 Structure . 19 Long-term vision 21 Cross-cutting policies 24 Inter-institutional collaboration 24 Climate change is identified as a crosscutting challenge because of the variety of stakeholders from the public and private sectors that interact, make decisions, and ultimately drive climate change mitigation and adaptation in the country. The country envisioned by the Strategy considers that society sectors such as non-governmental organizations or interest-based groups, together with private sector and the institutions and organizations from three levels of government play a role.', 'The country envisioned by the Strategy considers that society sectors such as non-governmental organizations or interest-based groups, together with private sector and the institutions and organizations from three levels of government play a role. Thus, the fight against climate change implies and requires dialogue, information generation and dissemination, and decision-making. The government has instruments that require recognizing regional, state, and local realities. To date, however, only one fourth of the Mexican states have completed their State Climate Change Programs; five states have enacted state legislation on climate change; and at the municipal level, the creation of climate change programs has begun.', 'To date, however, only one fourth of the Mexican states have completed their State Climate Change Programs; five states have enacted state legislation on climate change; and at the municipal level, the creation of climate change programs has begun. 24 Market-based instruments 24 Innovation, research & development and technology adoption 25 Building a climate culture 26 Social participation 27 Measurement, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) and Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) . 28 International leadership . 29Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy ii Lines of action . 30 Climate change adaptation . 38 Vulnerability assessment 39 The climate change adaptation process in Mexico 43 Characteristics of climate change adaptation measures (CCAM) . 45 Objectives and strategies of climate change adaptation (PECC 2014-2018) 45 Adaptation action areas . 49 Climate change mitigation 57 GHG emissions . 59 Short Lived Climate Pollutant emissions 62 Emissions projections 63 Literature review . 65 Mid-century mitigation scenarios . 70 A closer look at the electric power sector 80 Mitigation action areas 85 Evaluation and updating of the MCS 95Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy ii Figures Figure 1 Observed change in surface temperature 1901-2012 6 Figure 2 Cyclone Track Comparison in Current Times and the Early Pliocene . 7 Figure 3 NASA astronaut Scott Kelly captured Hurricane Patricia from the International Space Station on Oct. 15, 2015 8 Figure 4 Characteristics of below 2 °C and 1.5 °C pathways . 9 Figure 5 Mitigation strategies in the short and long-term 10 Figure 6 National System for Climate Change . 13 Figure 7 Climate Change Institutional Arrangements and Policy Instruments 16 Figure 8 Structure of Mexico’s Climate Change Strategy . 20 Figure 9 Change in mean annual precipitation (in percent) according to RCP 8.5 scenario in the 2075-2099 time-horizon.', '24 Market-based instruments 24 Innovation, research & development and technology adoption 25 Building a climate culture 26 Social participation 27 Measurement, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) and Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) . 28 International leadership . 29Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy ii Lines of action . 30 Climate change adaptation . 38 Vulnerability assessment 39 The climate change adaptation process in Mexico 43 Characteristics of climate change adaptation measures (CCAM) . 45 Objectives and strategies of climate change adaptation (PECC 2014-2018) 45 Adaptation action areas . 49 Climate change mitigation 57 GHG emissions . 59 Short Lived Climate Pollutant emissions 62 Emissions projections 63 Literature review . 65 Mid-century mitigation scenarios . 70 A closer look at the electric power sector 80 Mitigation action areas 85 Evaluation and updating of the MCS 95Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy ii Figures Figure 1 Observed change in surface temperature 1901-2012 6 Figure 2 Cyclone Track Comparison in Current Times and the Early Pliocene . 7 Figure 3 NASA astronaut Scott Kelly captured Hurricane Patricia from the International Space Station on Oct. 15, 2015 8 Figure 4 Characteristics of below 2 °C and 1.5 °C pathways . 9 Figure 5 Mitigation strategies in the short and long-term 10 Figure 6 National System for Climate Change . 13 Figure 7 Climate Change Institutional Arrangements and Policy Instruments 16 Figure 8 Structure of Mexico’s Climate Change Strategy . 20 Figure 9 Change in mean annual precipitation (in percent) according to RCP 8.5 scenario in the 2075-2099 time-horizon. 40 Figure 10 Change in mean annual temperature (°C), according to RCP 8.5 scenario in the Figure 11 Comparison of federal budget allocated to FONDEN and to FOPREDEN . 42 Figure 12 Municipalities most vulnerable to climate change at a state-level analysis.', '40 Figure 10 Change in mean annual temperature (°C), according to RCP 8.5 scenario in the Figure 11 Comparison of federal budget allocated to FONDEN and to FOPREDEN . 42 Figure 12 Municipalities most vulnerable to climate change at a state-level analysis. . 43 Figure 13 Short-term vs. long-term alternatives 58 Figure 14 Mexico’s GHGs emissions by economic sector and gas 59 Figure 15 Mexico’s emissions trends . 60 Figure 16 Fossil fuel and industrial CO2 emissions in 2030 relative to 2010 in the 650, 550, and 450 concentration scenarios 64 Figure 17 Marginal abatement cost in Mexico estimated for 2030 (using 2010 data) . 66 Figure 18 Marginal abatement cost functions in 2030 for fossil fuel and industrial CO2 emissions, relative to baseline emissions, across countries in Latin America 67Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy ii Figure 19 Marginal abatement cost functions in 2050 for fossil fuel and industrial CO2 emissions, . 68 Figure 20 Electricity generation in 2050 by technology and scenario 69 Figure 21 Mexico’s GHG mitigation scenarios 73 emissions reductions in the policy scenarios 74 Figure 23 Other GHG emissions by scenario . 75 Figure 24 Black carbon emissions by scenario . 76 Figure 25 Other air pollutants reduction (other co-benefits of climate action) 76 Figure 26 Primary Energy Use by Scenario . 77 Figure 27 Transportation Energy Efficiency Improvement . 79 Figure 28 Socioeconomic indicators of climate policy cost . 79 Figure 29 Results of the Balmorel Model: Installed capacity and Electricity Generation in Mexico for the Clean Energy Standard Policy 81 Figure 31 Evaluation of forestry dynamics and mitigation potential in the Yucatan Peninsula 84 Figure 32 Wind Energy in Mexico 86 Tables Table 1 Milestones of the Strategy for the next 10, 20 and 40 years . 23 Table 2 Criteria to prioritize adaptation actions . 56 Table 3 Criteria to prioritize mitigation actions 58 Table 4 Mexico’s GHG emissions by sector baseline year 2013 60 Table 5 Mexico’s Black Carbon Emissions 63Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Prologue This is a pivotal moment in our history.', '. 43 Figure 13 Short-term vs. long-term alternatives 58 Figure 14 Mexico’s GHGs emissions by economic sector and gas 59 Figure 15 Mexico’s emissions trends . 60 Figure 16 Fossil fuel and industrial CO2 emissions in 2030 relative to 2010 in the 650, 550, and 450 concentration scenarios 64 Figure 17 Marginal abatement cost in Mexico estimated for 2030 (using 2010 data) . 66 Figure 18 Marginal abatement cost functions in 2030 for fossil fuel and industrial CO2 emissions, relative to baseline emissions, across countries in Latin America 67Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy ii Figure 19 Marginal abatement cost functions in 2050 for fossil fuel and industrial CO2 emissions, . 68 Figure 20 Electricity generation in 2050 by technology and scenario 69 Figure 21 Mexico’s GHG mitigation scenarios 73 emissions reductions in the policy scenarios 74 Figure 23 Other GHG emissions by scenario . 75 Figure 24 Black carbon emissions by scenario . 76 Figure 25 Other air pollutants reduction (other co-benefits of climate action) 76 Figure 26 Primary Energy Use by Scenario . 77 Figure 27 Transportation Energy Efficiency Improvement . 79 Figure 28 Socioeconomic indicators of climate policy cost . 79 Figure 29 Results of the Balmorel Model: Installed capacity and Electricity Generation in Mexico for the Clean Energy Standard Policy 81 Figure 31 Evaluation of forestry dynamics and mitigation potential in the Yucatan Peninsula 84 Figure 32 Wind Energy in Mexico 86 Tables Table 1 Milestones of the Strategy for the next 10, 20 and 40 years . 23 Table 2 Criteria to prioritize adaptation actions . 56 Table 3 Criteria to prioritize mitigation actions 58 Table 4 Mexico’s GHG emissions by sector baseline year 2013 60 Table 5 Mexico’s Black Carbon Emissions 63Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Prologue This is a pivotal moment in our history. The Paris Agreement is the foundation for a new paradigm of global action on climate change.', 'The Paris Agreement is the foundation for a new paradigm of global action on climate change. We are in the middle of a transformative era of technology, demographics, and human behavior. And we face energy, economic, and environmental challenges that are greater than those that we have conquered in the past. The twin goals of limiting temperature rise to well below 2ºC in this century and increasing global efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5ºC, pose an unprecedented opportunity to transform our economies. To reach the Paris goal, we must plan ahead. Instead of reinventing our past, we can create our future where growth is uninhibited by fossil fuel constraints or health impacts; a future where growth does not come at the cost of future generations.', 'Instead of reinventing our past, we can create our future where growth is uninhibited by fossil fuel constraints or health impacts; a future where growth does not come at the cost of future generations. Mexico assumes its responsibility as a global player. Our Mid-century Climate Change Strategy will guide our actions as a nation for the next 40 years. Built upon sound science, it poses feasible goals that go beyond reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It sets out a long- term vision and a roadmap to incorporate climate change in our development plans, thus impacting key strategic decision-making. At the core of our strategy is the well being of our people, and the peoples of the world.', 'At the core of our strategy is the well being of our people, and the peoples of the world. We aim to ensure their right to access clean energy, good health, and safe environments. The goal is for people to reach their full potential without impacting the planet. Our strategy is the product of a democratic exercise of society as a whole. Our actions have legal foundations, both on the climate and energy fronts. The General Law on Climate Change provides the mandate to craft comprehensive long-term climate policy. The Energy Transition Law aims to fully revolutionize our energy sector for the adoption of new clean energy technologies and innovation. We have launched consultation processes for both our National Climate Change Strategy and the Energy Transition Strategy.', 'We have launched consultation processes for both our National Climate Change Strategy and the Energy Transition Strategy. Our Mid-Century Strategy builds on these processes and thus represents the will of the Mexican people.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy In addition to our domestic efforts, Mexico has positioned itself as an international leader. In particular, I want to highlight our common efforts with the United States and Canada. With them, we have committed to an ambitious and enduring North American Climate, Clean Energy, and Environment Partnership that sets us firmly on the path to a more sustainable future. It is with them that we present today our Mid Century Strategy, based on the moral imperative to show strong regional leadership in the implementation of the Paris Agreement.', 'It is with them that we present today our Mid Century Strategy, based on the moral imperative to show strong regional leadership in the implementation of the Paris Agreement. I want to be clear that global efforts must be strengthened. The totality of emissions reductions which have been pledged, as of today, are insufficient to meet the goal of limiting warming to 2ºC. We must find ways to unlock finance, to build capacity in all regions of the world, and to accelerate technology deployment. We present our Strategy and willingness to work with all Parties to find common solutions to raise global ambition. Climate change is the great unifier. It brings countries together, and calls for us to do more with less.', 'It brings countries together, and calls for us to do more with less. It pulls together planning and investment that was otherwise separate and, at times, working at cross-purposes. There may be disagreement about how to do it, but what is clear is that we must achieve multiple goals in more effective ways than if we stayed in our narrow boxes. We must overcome the way we divide up issue areas and fail to interweave common goals. We are Mexicans, and our Mid-Century Strategy outlines the roadmap for our future. It is rooted firmly on past lessons, on a vision based on science, and on the unwavering confidence in our ability to grasp and shape our destiny for the benefit of our children – and their children.', 'It is rooted firmly on past lessons, on a vision based on science, and on the unwavering confidence in our ability to grasp and shape our destiny for the benefit of our children – and their children. While the challenge ahead is enormous, I am confident that together we have the creativity, ingenuity and political will to deliver on the promise of a safe climate future. Enrique Peña Nieto President of the United Mexican StatesMexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Executive Summary Pursuant to Article 4 paragraph 19 of the Paris Agreement, Mexico submits its Mid-Century Strategy to the UNFCCC. Mexico’s mid-century climate change strategy provides the vision, principles, goals, and main lines of action to build a climate resilient society transition towards a low emissions development.', 'Mexico’s mid-century climate change strategy provides the vision, principles, goals, and main lines of action to build a climate resilient society transition towards a low emissions development. This is in line with the global goal of holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2ºC, with additional efforts for the more ambitious 1.5ºC goal. This work also responds to a joint effort by the countries of the North American region, which committed to a North American Climate, Clean Energy, and Environment Partnership. First, in the Introduction we discuss our views about the importance of the MCS instrument of the Paris agreement.', 'First, in the Introduction we discuss our views about the importance of the MCS instrument of the Paris agreement. Together with the USA and Canada, we present strategies that call for deep greenhouse gas emissions reductions across the economy by 2050, emphasizing the importance of early, ambitious, and sustained action. Mexico encourages other Parties to develop their strategies, and welcomes cooperation in this area. Second, the Context chapter discusses the science, international and national conditions that drive our action. First, we present a brief review of climate science regarding current GHGs concentrations and emissions reductions required to reach the temperature stabilization goal of the Paris Agreement. Then, we briefly discuss international and national actions.', 'Then, we briefly discuss international and national actions. Regarding domestic action, key elements of Mexico’s General Law on Climate Change are presented, including the institutional arrangements and instruments. Mexico’s Law already mandates the elaboration of a long-term climate change strategy, thus Mexico issued in 2013 the National Strategy for Climate Change 10-20-40, the basis of this document. Third, we present the Objective of our strategy. This document is a guiding instrument of the national climate change policy, both in the medium and long-term. As the guiding instrument, it describes the strategic lines of action guiding policy at national and subnational levels. It also aims to encourage social participation and co-responsibility. The MCS does not intend to define concrete short-term actions.', 'The MCS does not intend to define concrete short-term actions. Mexico has other planning instruments that define short-term policies every six-year term (the Special Climate Change Program and State and Municipal Climate Change Programs. )Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Forth, we present Mexico’s long-term vision. This exercise aims to define milestones for the next 10, 20 and 40 years regarding seven important areas that drive emissions and preparedness for the climate issue: society and population, ecosystems, energy, emissions, productive systems, private sector, and mobility. Fifth, we present the strategy for climate change adaptation. Based on a vulnerability assessment, we present temperature and precipitation expected changes in Mexico in a RCP8.5 scenario. With this scenario, we identify the most vulnerable municipalities of Mexico.', 'With this scenario, we identify the most vulnerable municipalities of Mexico. We briefly discuss actions taken to reduce vulnerability in the short-term horizon, and then the lines of action guiding the adaptation work in the long-term. We consider three main action areas: social, ecosystems and productive systems. Sixth, we present the strategy for climate mitigation. Our GHG emissions reduction goal is to reduce 50% of national GHGs by 2050 below our emissions in 2000. We present results from a modeling exercise using the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Economic Projection and Policy Analysis (EPPA) Model that was calibrated using Mexico’s information to evaluate two policy scenarios.', 'We present results from a modeling exercise using the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Economic Projection and Policy Analysis (EPPA) Model that was calibrated using Mexico’s information to evaluate two policy scenarios. The first scenario refers to Mexico’s current unconditioned NDC emissions reduction goal of 22% reductions from baseline by 2030, with the goal of 50% reduction by 2050. The second scenario, explores a more ambitious policy of 36% reduction by 2030, with additional policies agreed at the regional level with the USA and Canada. We quantified the additional emissions reduction by comparing scenarios. We also discuss indicative technology pathways coming out from the modeling exercise. We included in the analysis the analysis of all GHGs and also black carbon.', 'We included in the analysis the analysis of all GHGs and also black carbon. Also, to support our analysis, we also present results from a detailed electricity sector model (the Balmorel model) and from a land-use model (Carbon Budget Model CBM-CFS3). The policies direct action in five important areas: the clean energy transition, energy efficiency and sustainable consumption, sustainable cities, reduction of short-lived climate pollutants and sustainable agriculture and protection of natural carbon sinks. Mexico’s strategy identifies critical crosscutting issues for long-term climate policy, including: the need for market-based instruments to price carbon, increased innovation, more research and development of new technologies, and the need to build a climate culture with mechanisms for social and private sector participation.', 'Mexico’s strategy identifies critical crosscutting issues for long-term climate policy, including: the need for market-based instruments to price carbon, increased innovation, more research and development of new technologies, and the need to build a climate culture with mechanisms for social and private sector participation. Finally, we describe the evaluation and update process of the MCS strategy. Mexico’s General Law on Climate Change requires updating at least once every ten years the mitigation and every six years the adaptation policies. We commit to update our strategy according with the provisions agreed under the UNFCCC. Our Strategy states that under no circumstances will the reviews lessen our goals and objectives.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Introduction In Paris, countries agree to take action with a long-term perspective.', 'Our Strategy states that under no circumstances will the reviews lessen our goals and objectives.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Introduction In Paris, countries agree to take action with a long-term perspective. In particular, the Paris Agreement included in Article 4 the provision that countries should: “strive to formulate and communicate long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies, mindful of Article 2 taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of different national circumstances” And in accordance with Article 4, all Parties are invited to: “communicate, by 2020, to the secretariat mid-century, long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 19, of the Agreement, and requests the secretariat to publish on the UNFCCC website Parties’ low greenhouse gas emission development strategies as communicated” Pursuant to Article 4 and paragraph 19 of the Paris Agreement, Mexico submits its Mid- Century Strategy (MCS) to the UNFCCC.', 'In particular, the Paris Agreement included in Article 4 the provision that countries should: “strive to formulate and communicate long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies, mindful of Article 2 taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of different national circumstances” And in accordance with Article 4, all Parties are invited to: “communicate, by 2020, to the secretariat mid-century, long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 19, of the Agreement, and requests the secretariat to publish on the UNFCCC website Parties’ low greenhouse gas emission development strategies as communicated” Pursuant to Article 4 and paragraph 19 of the Paris Agreement, Mexico submits its Mid- Century Strategy (MCS) to the UNFCCC. Our goal is to underscore the importance of this particular component of the Paris Agreement.', 'Our goal is to underscore the importance of this particular component of the Paris Agreement. We believe that the MCS could provide important guidance to our future work, by aligning our short and medium term actions with the ultimate long-term objectives to protect our planet from dangerous climate change. As recognized in the Paris agreement, in order to reach the long-term temperature goal, global emissions must peak as soon as possible and rapid reductions must be undertaken thereafter. As of today, the aggregate effect of the intended nationally determined contributions is insufficient to reach our climate goals (UNFCCC, 2016a). Thus, we must provide more ambition, and communicate our future plans to encourage more adaptation and mitigation action.', 'Thus, we must provide more ambition, and communicate our future plans to encourage more adaptation and mitigation action. We believe that the submissions of MCS could assist our common goals, by helping us foresee the unfolding low-carbon world. We aim to generate confidence and transparency in the work ahead of us. In this spirit, we have worked with the US and Canada to submit our strategies during COP22. We have identified areas of collaboration, including policies to accelerate clean energy deployment, efficient transportation and appliances, and to combat other GHG emissions such as methane. Our countries have identified the eminent need for innovation and more technology development. While more work is required to better integrate policies and efforts, our submissions today demonstrate our joint collaboration.', 'While more work is required to better integrate policies and efforts, our submissions today demonstrate our joint collaboration. We encourage other parties to develop their strategies, and welcome cooperation in this area.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Context Science-based approach Earth warming is unequivocal. The average global surface temperature of the planet has increased since the industrial revolution, more notably in the past 50 years. Scientific evidence reviewed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) shows, with a high level of confidence, that the observed changes in the climate system are significant and very likely driven by human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation (IPCC, 2014). As shown in Figure 1, observed changes already suggest alarming climate anomalies around the globe.', 'As shown in Figure 1, observed changes already suggest alarming climate anomalies around the globe. Certain regions of the planet, specially the poles, surpassed 2ºC over their historical average. Figure 1 Observed change in surface temperature 1901-2012 Source: (IPCC, 2013) The climate system depends on the balance of several internal and external factors. Among the external factors, solar radiation and orbit cycles stand out, while some of the internal factors are the atmosphere’s chemical composition and the water and carbon cycles.', 'Among the external factors, solar radiation and orbit cycles stand out, while some of the internal factors are the atmosphere’s chemical composition and the water and carbon cycles. In particular, the concentration of greenhouse gases (GHG) since July 2016, have registered measurements of over 400 parts per million of CO2 for three consecutive months (EarthMexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy System Research Laboratory, 2016) a threshold that scientists around the world consider already could lead to dangerous climate change (IPCC, 2013; Rockstrom et al., 2009). The state of our knowledge urges global action; we must immediately take measures both to minimize impacts of climate change and to mitigate emissions.', 'The state of our knowledge urges global action; we must immediately take measures both to minimize impacts of climate change and to mitigate emissions. Climate risks of a temperature increase of 2ºC or 3ºC above pre industrial levels include more frequent extreme events, such as droughts and heat waves. Also, temperature increases above these levels could lead to changes in oceanic patterns. Scientists believe that current climate change trends could trigger a situation similar to the one occurred in the early Pliocene (between 3 to 5 million years ago), when the surface of the sea experienced high cyclonic activity (Fedorov, 2010). As shown in Figure 2, current cyclone paths are limited to some tropical and subtropical zones of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans.', 'As shown in Figure 2, current cyclone paths are limited to some tropical and subtropical zones of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans. Climate change could increase cyclone-prone areas through the oceans east to west. Furthermore, the cyclones might increase not only in number, but also in intensity. This would be similar to experiencing a constant El Niño effect, with important physical and human consequences. Figure 2 Cyclone Track Comparison in Current Times and the Early Pliocene Source: (Fedorov, 2010)Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy An unprecedented example of the potential of extreme weather events was experienced by Mexico in 2015. Hurricane Patricia made history when it became the strongest storm recorded in the western Hemisphere; it was also one of the fastest strengthening storms ever recorded.', 'Hurricane Patricia made history when it became the strongest storm recorded in the western Hemisphere; it was also one of the fastest strengthening storms ever recorded. Such rapid intensification could be explained by particular environmental conditions; namely a stable atmosphere, not dry air intruding into the storm and a particularly warm ocean layer.1 The water temperature anomaly could be one of the early signals of the global warming effect directly threatening the Mexican west coast. Figure 3 NASA astronaut Scott Kelly captured Hurricane Patricia from the International Space Station on Oct. 15, 2015 Source: (Scott, 2016) Thus, there is enough scientific evidence that not only is the planet warming, but also the impacts of temperature rise could represent important risks for our population.', 'Figure 3 NASA astronaut Scott Kelly captured Hurricane Patricia from the International Space Station on Oct. 15, 2015 Source: (Scott, 2016) Thus, there is enough scientific evidence that not only is the planet warming, but also the impacts of temperature rise could represent important risks for our population. Acknowledging Mexico’s vulnerability to a changing climate, we are committed to act strongly and fast. Science also helps us to inform our global decision making on the size of the effort require to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change.', 'Science also helps us to inform our global decision making on the size of the effort require to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change. While uncertainty exists, there is agreement that the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere most be stabilized in the range of 1 El Niño warm water layer and "the Blob", a water mass with a significant water temperature positive anomaly, have been recorded for a couple of years now on the north east coast of the Pacific Ocean.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy 430-480 pmm to hold the temperature below 2ºC.2 Based on this information, and on available information regarding consistent emissions pathways, the Paris Agreement included two critical components for the global mitigation efforts.', 'While uncertainty exists, there is agreement that the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere most be stabilized in the range of 1 El Niño warm water layer and "the Blob", a water mass with a significant water temperature positive anomaly, have been recorded for a couple of years now on the north east coast of the Pacific Ocean.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy 430-480 pmm to hold the temperature below 2ºC.2 Based on this information, and on available information regarding consistent emissions pathways, the Paris Agreement included two critical components for the global mitigation efforts. Countries agreed that “global emissions must peak as soon as possible” and that “rapid reductions must be undertaken thereafter.” Figure 4 Characteristics of below 2 °C and 1.5 °C pathways Source: (Schleussner et al., 2016) As Schleusneer et al discuss, there are both science and policy implications of the Paris Agreement temperature goal.', 'Countries agreed that “global emissions must peak as soon as possible” and that “rapid reductions must be undertaken thereafter.” Figure 4 Characteristics of below 2 °C and 1.5 °C pathways Source: (Schleussner et al., 2016) As Schleusneer et al discuss, there are both science and policy implications of the Paris Agreement temperature goal. Figure 4 shows emissions pathways, resulting from integrated assessment modeling exercises, which could be consistent with a 2ºC and a 1.5ºC temperature target by 2100 (with 50% probability) (Schleussner et al., 2016). Their comparison of the 2ºC and 1.5ºC goals is illustrative of policy implications regarding timing for global emissions peak and also for the speed at which emissions should fall afterwards (See Figure 4a).', 'Their comparison of the 2ºC and 1.5ºC goals is illustrative of policy implications regarding timing for global emissions peak and also for the speed at which emissions should fall afterwards (See Figure 4a). Also, CO2 emissions must be zero by 2050 for a 1.5ºC, and between 2050 and 2070 for a 2ºC target (See Figure 4b.) To reach the aggressive level of emission reductions required, all mitigation options must be on the table.', 'To reach the aggressive level of emission reductions required, all mitigation options must be on the table. Mexico’s climate strategy includes measures to reduce Short-lived Climate Pollutants (SLCPs), including: black carbon (BC), methane (CH4), tropospheric ozone (O3 ), 2 The IPCC considers that a range of 430-480 ppm would likely hold temperature rise below 2ºC; while ranges between 480-530 ppm could more likely than not achieve this goal if there is no overshoot over 530, and about as likely as not if there is an overshoot.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy and some hydrofluorocarbons (HFC). Figure 5 illustrates the important role that SLCPs could have for climate mitigation. While contributing to reduce local air pollution, control strategies for SLCP could assist holding climate forcing in the short-term.', 'While contributing to reduce local air pollution, control strategies for SLCP could assist holding climate forcing in the short-term. Figure 5 Mitigation strategies in the short and long-term Source: (Shindell D. et al., 2012) International Context After the Paris agreement the international setting for climate policy has now turn gears to full implementation and scaling-up action. All Parties of the UNFCCC are now working to plan and look for adequate financing resources for their INDC. As we focus in our short and medium term strategies to deliver on the NDC pledges, it is important that we align these actions to our overarching goals to protect the planet.', 'As we focus in our short and medium term strategies to deliver on the NDC pledges, it is important that we align these actions to our overarching goals to protect the planet. In this context, the MCS are a useful tool to signal to all interested communities (other Parties, social and private sectors, and the research community) what are long-term goals and strategic vision. In this context, is that we present together with Canada and the US our MCS. Following, we present a brief overview of each of the North American countries MCS.', 'Following, we present a brief overview of each of the North American countries MCS. Areas of commonality can clearly be identified, and are an essential part of the North American Climate and Clean Energy Partnership, to mention clean energy deployment, energy efficiency, methane and short- lived climate pollutants reduction, and protecting our forests and sensitive ecosystems.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Canada Canada’s mid-century low greenhouse gas emissions strategy outlines key principles and pathways consistent with Canada achieving net greenhouse gas emissions reductions in 2050 that respect the 1.5-2°C global temperature goal. A few key factors are identified as paramount to low GHG outcomes in Canada: non-emitting electricity generation; the electrification of certain end-use applications; low-carbon fuels; energy efficiency; and the importance of sequestration from forests.', 'A few key factors are identified as paramount to low GHG outcomes in Canada: non-emitting electricity generation; the electrification of certain end-use applications; low-carbon fuels; energy efficiency; and the importance of sequestration from forests. The necessity of reducing non-carbon dioxide emissions is also highlighted. The strategy includes the key message that significant emissions reductions are possible with today’s technology, while innovation and research and development will ease and accelerate the deployment of clean technologies and clean energy options – where the role of carbon pricing is paramount in this respect. Canada s strategy also links long term low greenhouse gas objectives to infrastructure and investment planning.', 'Canada s strategy also links long term low greenhouse gas objectives to infrastructure and investment planning. Mexico Mexico’s mid-century climate change strategy provides the vision, principles, goals, and main lines of action to build a climate resilient society and to achieve low emissions development. This is in line with the global goal of holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2ºC, with additional efforts for the more ambitious 1.5ºC goal. The climate adaptation strategy, based on Mexico’s vulnerability assessment, identifies three main areas of action: reducing vulnerability factors and building social resilience, ecosystems-based adaptation, and measures to protect strategic infrastructure and production systems.', 'The climate adaptation strategy, based on Mexico’s vulnerability assessment, identifies three main areas of action: reducing vulnerability factors and building social resilience, ecosystems-based adaptation, and measures to protect strategic infrastructure and production systems. Climate mitigation goals are aggressive, and direct action in five important areas: the clean energy transition, energy efficiency and sustainable consumption, sustainable cities, reduction of short-lived climate pollutants and sustainable agriculture and protection of natural carbon sinks. Mexico’s strategy identifies critical crosscutting issues for long-term climate policy, including: the need for market-based approaches to price carbon, increased innovation, more research and development of new technologies, and the need to build a climate culture with mechanisms for social and private sector participation. More broadly, Mexico’s long-term climate strategy aims to catalyze a profound transformation of our economy.', 'More broadly, Mexico’s long-term climate strategy aims to catalyze a profound transformation of our economy. This transformation will address the climate issue as well as national priorities of sustainable and more inclusive development, thereby contributing to building the Mexico we envision; that of a prosperous society that embraces the stewardship of nature.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy USA The U.S. mid-century low greenhouse gas emissions strategy lays out multiple pathways for achieving ambitious reductions of domestic net greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, consistent with holding global average temperature increases to well below 2 °C.', 'This transformation will address the climate issue as well as national priorities of sustainable and more inclusive development, thereby contributing to building the Mexico we envision; that of a prosperous society that embraces the stewardship of nature.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy USA The U.S. mid-century low greenhouse gas emissions strategy lays out multiple pathways for achieving ambitious reductions of domestic net greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, consistent with holding global average temperature increases to well below 2 °C. The U.S. strategy envisions actions across three categories: (1) the transformation to a low carbon energy system, including a near-complete decarbonization of the electricity grid and deep emissions reductions across the transportation, buildings and industrial sectors; (2) storing carbon and reducing emissions through U.S. lands and agriculture; and (3) reducing non- emissions such as methane, nitrous oxide and fluorinated gases, despite large increases in key drivers of these emissions (e.g.', 'The U.S. strategy envisions actions across three categories: (1) the transformation to a low carbon energy system, including a near-complete decarbonization of the electricity grid and deep emissions reductions across the transportation, buildings and industrial sectors; (2) storing carbon and reducing emissions through U.S. lands and agriculture; and (3) reducing non- emissions such as methane, nitrous oxide and fluorinated gases, despite large increases in key drivers of these emissions (e.g. agricultural production). To achieve a low GHG pathway, the U.S. strategy envisions an aggressive and cost-effective suite of public policies that include market incentives to reduce emissions and public support for research, development, demonstration & deployment (RDD&D). National context Mexico is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change.', 'National context Mexico is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Socioeconomic and ecological trends, including the urbanization phenomena and pressures on natural resources due to economic and population growth, suggest that under a business as usual scenario the climate risk will compound other social and economic problems in the country. Therefore, climate change adaptation is essential for Mexico, and can also constitute an opportunity to reduce inequalities (Nations, 2016). Mexico is also an important player in terms of GHG emissions. In 2013, Mexico emitted 665 million tons of CO2e , ranking 12th in terms of countries contributing to global emissions (INECC and SEMARNAT, 2015).', 'In 2013, Mexico emitted 665 million tons of CO2e , ranking 12th in terms of countries contributing to global emissions (INECC and SEMARNAT, 2015). While this corresponds only to 1.7% of emissions under the Paris Agreement covered emissions (UNFCCC, 2016b), the role of Mexico in climate mitigation is key as a developing country that has set aggressive targets and committed to enhance global mitigation efforts. Legal and Institutional Framework General Law on Climate Change Mexico’s General Climate Change Law (GLCC), issued in 2012, is the main climate policy instrument in the country. 3 The GLCC defines planning and policy instruments, 3 Mexico was the second country to have a national climate change law, after the UK.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy institutional arrangements, and provides general guidance for the implementation of climate policy.', '3 The GLCC defines planning and policy instruments, 3 Mexico was the second country to have a national climate change law, after the UK.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy institutional arrangements, and provides general guidance for the implementation of climate policy. It also incorporates a long-term, systematic, decentralized, participatory and integrated approach into adaptation and mitigation actions. Under the GLCC, the Federal Government is mandated to formulate and guide national climate change policy. Subnational governments role is also clearly specified, including the elaboration of State level inventories and climate programs. The GLCC establishes the National Climate Change System and provides policy principles that should be followed for climate policy design. National System for Climate Change Coordination among government levels is managed through the National Climate Change System.', 'National System for Climate Change Coordination among government levels is managed through the National Climate Change System. At the federal level two important bodies were created to design and implement climate policy: a) the Inter- ministerial Commission on Climate Change (CICC), b) the National Institute for Ecology and Climate Change (INECC). To coordinate action at the subnational level, the Federal Congress is part of the NCCS, as well as the States and national associations of municipal officials. Finally, to advise the government, the Climate Change Council (C3) was created.', 'Finally, to advise the government, the Climate Change Council (C3) was created. (See The CICC is a body of 13 Federal Ministries: Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Energy, Ministry of Finance and Public Credit, Ministry of Social Development, Ministry of the Interior, Ministry of the Navy, Ministry of Economy, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food, Ministry of Communications and Transportation, Ministry of Public Education, Ministry of Health, and Ministry of Tourism.4 4 Acronyms in Spanish as follows: SEMARNAT, SRE, SENER, SHCP, SEDESOL, SEGOB, SEMAR, SE, SAGARPA, SCT, SEP, SSA & SECTUR.', '(See The CICC is a body of 13 Federal Ministries: Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Energy, Ministry of Finance and Public Credit, Ministry of Social Development, Ministry of the Interior, Ministry of the Navy, Ministry of Economy, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food, Ministry of Communications and Transportation, Ministry of Public Education, Ministry of Health, and Ministry of Tourism.4 4 Acronyms in Spanish as follows: SEMARNAT, SRE, SENER, SHCP, SEDESOL, SEGOB, SEMAR, SE, SAGARPA, SCT, SEP, SSA & SECTUR. Figure 6 National System for Climate ChangeMexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy The CICC mandate includes: 1) to formulate and implement national policies on climate change mitigation and adaptation, by mainstreaming climate action in sector level programs and actions; 2) to develop criteria for the cross-cutting public climate change policies; 3) to approve the National Climate Change Strategy; and 4) to participate in the elaboration and implementation of the Special Climate Change Program (SCCP).', 'Figure 6 National System for Climate ChangeMexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy The CICC mandate includes: 1) to formulate and implement national policies on climate change mitigation and adaptation, by mainstreaming climate action in sector level programs and actions; 2) to develop criteria for the cross-cutting public climate change policies; 3) to approve the National Climate Change Strategy; and 4) to participate in the elaboration and implementation of the Special Climate Change Program (SCCP). The INECC is the research institute created by the GLCC to coordinate scientific and technology research and projects on climate change, with the assistance of public or private academic and research institutions, both national and foreign.', 'The INECC is the research institute created by the GLCC to coordinate scientific and technology research and projects on climate change, with the assistance of public or private academic and research institutions, both national and foreign. It is the institution in charge of making prospective sector analysis and collaborating in the elaboration of strategies, plans, programs, and instruments related to climate change. Its work includes the estimation of future costs and benefits associated with the climate issue. Importantly, INECC has the mandate to design policies that can help build capacity in the country for climate change adaptation and mitigation. Another important role of INECC is to coordinate the evaluation of climate policy.', 'Another important role of INECC is to coordinate the evaluation of climate policy. The evaluation involves the participation of civil society advisors, and may be conducted through one or several independent organizations. The C3 is the permanent consultative body of the IMCC that is integrated by members from the social, academic, and private sectors, with renowned merit and experience in climate change. Some of its responsibilities include: 1) to advise the IMCC and provide them with recommendations to conduct studies, policies, actions, and goals to combat climate change, and 2) to promote social participation, through public consultation processes.', 'Some of its responsibilities include: 1) to advise the IMCC and provide them with recommendations to conduct studies, policies, actions, and goals to combat climate change, and 2) to promote social participation, through public consultation processes. Federal Congress, comprised by the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies, has different responsibilities to propose, discuss, and approve laws or amendments to existing legislation that lead to a reduction of greenhouse gases emissions, climate change mitigation, and adaptation strategies. In the Senate, this work is done by the Special Commission on Climate Change and by the Commission on the Environment and Natural Resources. In the Chamber of Deputies the Climate Change Commission does this work. The functions of the States include: a) Develop, conduct, and evaluate the state-level climate change policy.', 'The functions of the States include: a) Develop, conduct, and evaluate the state-level climate change policy. This can mean implementing climate change mitigation and adaptation actions in the following areas: preservation, restoration, management, and sustainable use of ecosystems and water resources within their own jurisdictions; food security; agriculture, cattle ranching, rural development, fishing, and aquaculture; education; efficient and sustainable infrastructure and transportation; land-use planning of human settlements and urban development; natural resources and environmental protectionMexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy within their own jurisdiction; hazardous waste; civil protection; and prevention of and attention to diseases resulting from the effects of climate change; b) Develop and implement their own climate change programs.', 'This can mean implementing climate change mitigation and adaptation actions in the following areas: preservation, restoration, management, and sustainable use of ecosystems and water resources within their own jurisdictions; food security; agriculture, cattle ranching, rural development, fishing, and aquaculture; education; efficient and sustainable infrastructure and transportation; land-use planning of human settlements and urban development; natural resources and environmental protectionMexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy within their own jurisdiction; hazardous waste; civil protection; and prevention of and attention to diseases resulting from the effects of climate change; b) Develop and implement their own climate change programs. This includes establishing monitoring and evaluation for: compliance with their climate change program, realization of goals, program effectiveness, and performance indicators for the mitigation and adaptation actions implemented; c) Foster scientific and technological research and the development, transfer, and deployment of technologies, equipment, and processes for climate change mitigation and adaptation; d) Develop comprehensive greenhouse gas mitigation strategies, programs, and projects in order to promote efficient and sustainable public and private transportation; e) Process and integrate state-level emission source data for incorporation into the National Emissions Inventory and the state risk atlas.', 'This includes establishing monitoring and evaluation for: compliance with their climate change program, realization of goals, program effectiveness, and performance indicators for the mitigation and adaptation actions implemented; c) Foster scientific and technological research and the development, transfer, and deployment of technologies, equipment, and processes for climate change mitigation and adaptation; d) Develop comprehensive greenhouse gas mitigation strategies, programs, and projects in order to promote efficient and sustainable public and private transportation; e) Process and integrate state-level emission source data for incorporation into the National Emissions Inventory and the state risk atlas. National Association of Municipal Officials is composed of the Mexican National Confederation of Municipalities, the Mexican Association of Local Authorities, and the National Association of Mayors. The functions of the municipalities include: a) Develop, conduct, and evaluate municipal climate change policy.', 'The functions of the municipalities include: a) Develop, conduct, and evaluate municipal climate change policy. This means implementing policies and actions to combat climate change in the following ways: provision of potable water and sanitation services; local ecological and urban planning; local natural resource and environmental protection; civil protection; management of municipal solid waste b) Foster scientific and technological research and the development, transfer, and deployment of technologies, equipment, and processes for climate change mitigation and adaptation; c) Develop comprehensive strategies, programs, and projects on climate change mitigation in order to promote efficient and sustainable public and private transportation; d) Participate in the design and implementation of incentives and; e) Process and integrate municipal-level emissions source data for incorporation into the National Emissions Inventory.', 'This means implementing policies and actions to combat climate change in the following ways: provision of potable water and sanitation services; local ecological and urban planning; local natural resource and environmental protection; civil protection; management of municipal solid waste b) Foster scientific and technological research and the development, transfer, and deployment of technologies, equipment, and processes for climate change mitigation and adaptation; c) Develop comprehensive strategies, programs, and projects on climate change mitigation in order to promote efficient and sustainable public and private transportation; d) Participate in the design and implementation of incentives and; e) Process and integrate municipal-level emissions source data for incorporation into the National Emissions Inventory. Policy instruments and principles The GLCC establishes 3 main climate-planning instruments: a) The National Climate Change Strategy: provides the long-term vision for the country with a time horizon of 10, 20 and 40 years.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy b) Special Climate Change Program: incorporates the planning for each administration, considering specific programs, goals and resources.', 'Policy instruments and principles The GLCC establishes 3 main climate-planning instruments: a) The National Climate Change Strategy: provides the long-term vision for the country with a time horizon of 10, 20 and 40 years.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy b) Special Climate Change Program: incorporates the planning for each administration, considering specific programs, goals and resources. c) State Climate Change Programs: incorporates the planning of each state, considering their specific competences, resources and climate state level regulations. In addition to the guiding and planning instruments, the GLCC defines specific policy instruments on financing, market instruments, policy evaluation, and enforcement to produce critical information, incentivize and mandate mitigation action in line with national mitigation targets, and reduce vulnerability and increase resilience of strategic infrastructure, economic activities and that of society at large.', 'In addition to the guiding and planning instruments, the GLCC defines specific policy instruments on financing, market instruments, policy evaluation, and enforcement to produce critical information, incentivize and mandate mitigation action in line with national mitigation targets, and reduce vulnerability and increase resilience of strategic infrastructure, economic activities and that of society at large. Figure 7 Climate Change Institutional Arrangements and Policy Instruments Source: (SEMARNAT, 2013a) Regarding information, the GLCC mandates INECC to elaborate the National GHG Emissions Inventory, an essential input for domestic policy design and for international reporting. Also as an information instrument, the National Emissions Registry is created under the law, with a specific mandate for industries and other sources to report emissions and quantified mitigation actions.', 'Also as an information instrument, the National Emissions Registry is created under the law, with a specific mandate for industries and other sources to report emissions and quantified mitigation actions. The Climate Change Information System was also established under the GLCC to collect, integrate and make publicly available all information considered of “national interest”, including the national GHG inventory and other information, such as the vulnerability atlas. On financing, the GLCC provides the legal basis for market-based instruments, such as emissions trading and carbon taxes. It also creates the Climate Change Fund, to help finance climate projects in the country. Regulatory instruments are also included in the law, particularly emissions limits standards and efficiency standards and regulations.', 'Regulatory instruments are also included in the law, particularly emissions limits standards and efficiency standards and regulations. Figure 7 summarizes the institutional arrangements and instruments set by the GLCC.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Principles The GCCL climate policy guiding principles are the following: • Sustainable use natural resources and ecosystem stewardship • Co-responsibility between the government and society • Precaution when faced with uncertainty • Prevention of environmental damage and preservation of ecological equilibrium • Adoption of responsible production and consumption patterns • Comprehensiveness and cross-cutting nature of policy design considering cooperative approaches between different levels of government, as well as with the social and private sectors • Effective public participation • Environmental responsibility • Transparency and access to information and environmental justice • Commitment to low-carbon economic development without undermining competitiveness in international marketsMexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Objective The National Climate Change Strategy is the guiding instrument of the national climate change policy, both in the medium and long-term, to face the impacts of climate change and to transition towards a competitive, sustainable low-carbon economy.', 'Figure 7 summarizes the institutional arrangements and instruments set by the GLCC.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Principles The GCCL climate policy guiding principles are the following: • Sustainable use natural resources and ecosystem stewardship • Co-responsibility between the government and society • Precaution when faced with uncertainty • Prevention of environmental damage and preservation of ecological equilibrium • Adoption of responsible production and consumption patterns • Comprehensiveness and cross-cutting nature of policy design considering cooperative approaches between different levels of government, as well as with the social and private sectors • Effective public participation • Environmental responsibility • Transparency and access to information and environmental justice • Commitment to low-carbon economic development without undermining competitiveness in international marketsMexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Objective The National Climate Change Strategy is the guiding instrument of the national climate change policy, both in the medium and long-term, to face the impacts of climate change and to transition towards a competitive, sustainable low-carbon economy. As the guiding instrument and based on best available information, it describes the strategic lines of action guiding policies of the three government levels.', 'As the guiding instrument and based on best available information, it describes the strategic lines of action guiding policies of the three government levels. It also aims to encourage social participation and co-responsibility. More broadly, the long-term climate strategy aims to address climate change along with national priorities, and to contribute in building the Mexico we envision in the long-term. Scope The Strategy does not intend to define concrete short-term actions or specific responsible federal institutions. At the federal level, the Special Climate Change Program will define, for each six-year term, the objectives and specific actions for mitigation and adaptation, as well as allocate human and financial resources to achieve these goals.', 'At the federal level, the Special Climate Change Program will define, for each six-year term, the objectives and specific actions for mitigation and adaptation, as well as allocate human and financial resources to achieve these goals. State and Municipal Climate Change Programs at the local level will similarly describe specific plans of action for the short-term. The medium and long-term goals will be achieved through the instrumentation of all GCCL planning instruments, the effective operation of the institutional framework, the development of economic instruments and other instruments, including regulatory technical standards. All instruments should be aligned with the ultimate goals of this Strategy. Elaboration process The technical and scientific inputs have been provided mainly by INECC, and other research centers across the country.', 'Elaboration process The technical and scientific inputs have been provided mainly by INECC, and other research centers across the country. The Strategy has been elaborated by SEMARNAT, with the participation of the INECC. It has been enriched with contributions from everyMexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy federal institution within the CICC and with contributions gathered in bilateral meetings with climate change areas of the federal government. The Strategy was also reinforced through an ample participative and consultative process. Firstly, inputs were received from Core Advisory Councils on Sustainable Development in all states. 5 Secondly, input was also received from a workshop carried out in Mexico City with over 80 experts from the organized civil society, the academic community, and the private sector. Thirdly, a nationwide online consultation process was carried out.', 'Thirdly, a nationwide online consultation process was carried out. In addition, important contributions by the Climate Change Council were considered in Strategy. Structure The Strategy contains 6 cross cutting issues that set the foundation of climate policy in the country, both for adaptation and mitigation. Then, it delves into our adaptation three specific strategic lines of action, considering Mexico’s vulnerability assessment and an ecosystem-based adaptation approach. Thirdly, it presents Mexico’s lines of action envisioned for a transition towards a long-term low greenhouse gas emission development. This strategy has five main lines of action, including plans for the clean energy transition, energy efficiency and sustainable consumption, sustainable cities, agriculture and forestry mitigation, and action to reduce Short-lived Climate Pollutants (SLCP). Figure 8 presents a snapshot of Mexico’s Strategy.', 'Figure 8 presents a snapshot of Mexico’s Strategy. Both adaptation and mitigation sections include prioritization criteria. Considering the limited resources for policy implementation, these criteria are expected to guide decision- makers to maximize benefits. 5 Core Advisory Councils on Sustainable Development are plural spaces integrated by actors from private, academic, and governmental sectorsMexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Figure 8 Structure of Mexico’s Climate Change Strategy Source: (SEMARNAT, 2013a)Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Long-term vision Mexico experiences sustainable development and low-emissions growth through an efficient management of natural resources and the use of clean and clean energy resources. Mexico is a thriving, competitive, socially inclusive, and globally responsible country. The Mexican population has rewarding and well-paid jobs, and especially the most vulnerable population has advancement opportunities.', 'The Mexican population has rewarding and well-paid jobs, and especially the most vulnerable population has advancement opportunities. Mexico has a climate resilient society and ecosystems, sustainable cities, and a green economy. Table 1 describes the milestones for the next 10, 20, and 40 years to build our envisioned country. Society Policy actions reach the most vulnerable groups reducing impacts of climate change on them. Society is involved and actively participates in climate policy. Society is committed to reducing impacts of climate change. Human settlements have expanded their capacity to adapt climate risks. Society is culturally and socially integrated to tackle climate change. Rural vulnerability has been reduced and is low Ecosystem s The most vulnerable ecosystems are protected, with appropriate policies and financial resources Ecosystem and sustainable management are part of a natural conservation strategy. Actions for conservation and sustainable consumption are implemented across the country. Integrated land- management schemes are implemented. Appropriate financing schemes to promote Ecosystems and all species are conserved or used sustainably.', 'Appropriate financing schemes to promote Ecosystems and all species are conserved or used sustainably. Natural resources are economically valued and adequately managed Sufficient infrastructure exists for a sustainable and efficient water management Efficient use of water resources helps restoring ecological and physical functions of water bodies. Improving its natural capital enhances the economic and social development of the Water balance is ensured through sustainable and efficient use Conservation and sustainable ecosystems management improve climate resilience Local levels of resilience are adequate.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy sustainable landscape planning are in place Technologies for local adaptation are used Mexico has zero percent rate of carbon loss in original ecosystems. country. Energy Clean technologies are deployed and start advancing the energy transition, with a goal of 35% of clean energy in the power sector Specific schemes are developed to incentivize clean energy, energy efficiency and saving, and sustainable public transportation, reducing our use of fossil fuels. At least 40% of electric power generation comes from clean energy resources. Power generation through clean sources creates jobs, including jobs for the vulnerable population.', 'Power generation through clean sources creates jobs, including jobs for the vulnerable population. Residential, tourism, and industrial sectors use clean energy resources, energy efficiency and power saving schemes. Clean energy generation supports economic development of every sector in a sustainable way. At least 50% of energy generation comes from clean sources. Emission s Mexico substantially reduces emissions of Short-Lived Climate Pollutants State-productive- industries in the energy sector implement energy efficiency schemes in all its operations and increase the use of renewable energy Urban centers with population size larger than fifty thousand inhabitants have waste management infrastructure, mitigating all methane emissions. Economic growth decoupled from the dependency on fossil fuels and their environmental impacts. Short-lived Climate Pollutant emissions are minimized. reduction compared to those of 2000. Productiv Environmental Positive rate in forest Production systemsMexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy e Systems impacts in the production sector are understood, acknowledged, monitored and addressed. New technologies and practices reduce the climate change risk. NAMAs (Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions) are implemented in various economic sectors. carbon sinks.', 'NAMAs (Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions) are implemented in various economic sectors. carbon sinks. Sustainable forest management stops deforestation Sustainable management practices in extractive, agricultural and livestock and forestry sectors increase productivity, reduce vulnerability and conserves land. are climate resilient. Private sector The climate concern is considered in production planning Industry reports GHG emissions in the National Emissions Registry. Companies reduce their gas and compound emissions, and take advantage of opportunities in energy efficiency, power saving, and use of clean and renewable energy. Companies adopt advance waste- management practices Production and sustainable consumption schemes are implemented. Companies have sustainable production cycles. Mobility Both public and private sectors adopt sustainable mobility systems. Socioeconomic schemes encourage the use of sustainable transportation. Common use of electric vehicles in public transportation. Freight transportation is multimodal, efficient and low emissions Cargo transportation is multimodal, efficient, and low- emission.', 'Freight transportation is multimodal, efficient and low emissions Cargo transportation is multimodal, efficient, and low- emission. Common use of trains and electric vehicles Table 1 Milestones of the Strategy for the next 10, 20 and 40 years Source: (SEMARNAT, 2013a)Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Cross-cutting policies Inter-institutional collaboration Climate change is identified as a crosscutting challenge because of the variety of stakeholders from the public and private sectors that interact, make decisions, and ultimately drive climate change mitigation and adaptation in the country. The country envisioned by the Strategy considers that society sectors such as non-governmental organizations or interest-based groups, together with private sector and the institutions and organizations from three levels of government play a role. Thus, the fight against climate change implies and requires dialogue, information generation and dissemination, and decision-making.', 'Thus, the fight against climate change implies and requires dialogue, information generation and dissemination, and decision-making. The government has instruments that require recognizing regional, state, and local realities. To date, however, only one fourth of the Mexican states have completed their State Climate Change Programs; five states have enacted state legislation on climate change; and at the municipal level, the creation of climate change programs has begun. Market-based instruments To tackle climate change, Mexico needs accessible, timely, and sufficient economic resources that allow for timely and decisive action on mitigation of and adaptation to climate change. The limited resources of the country – while facing a diversity of challenges – force us towards more efficient planning and execution.', 'The limited resources of the country – while facing a diversity of challenges – force us towards more efficient planning and execution. On that regard, Mexico has been exploring different market-based instruments to support policy implementation and action on climate change. One instrument is a carbon tax. As a fiscal instrument, Mexico’s carbon tax aims to induce a reduction in the importation and commercialization of fossil fuels. He tax assigns a price per unit of fuel and exempts natural gas, as a way to create an incentive to switch from more to less carbon intensive fuels. The tax has adopted as fiscal instrument in 2014.', 'The tax has adopted as fiscal instrument in 2014. In addition to the carbon tax, Mexico is exploring the development of a cap and trade system that would provide the means for cost-effective emission reductions in certain economic activities. The development of the technical and regulatory components of such a system is under way. In addition, Mexico has been collaborating with other governments for the development of an offsets generation and validation system particularly for thoseMexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy activities or sectors that may not be incorporated into a cap and trade system but that may equally contribute to mitigation actions that also support adaptation to climate change. Innovation, research & development and technology adoption Science-based action to limit climate change implies knowledge, innovation, and technology.', 'Innovation, research & development and technology adoption Science-based action to limit climate change implies knowledge, innovation, and technology. Applying knowledge through the use of science, technological innovation, and education will protect and enhance sustainable development. Research on climate change is relatively new in Mexico. Therefore, building knowledge and awareness around this topic has become extremely significant and requires an ongoing dedication from the three levels of government, academic institutions (universities and research networks, among others), the private sector, and society as a whole. Training of professionals that understand and act on climate change requires a transformation of the courses and programs of study used by public and private universities, technical colleges and other education institutions in the country.', 'Training of professionals that understand and act on climate change requires a transformation of the courses and programs of study used by public and private universities, technical colleges and other education institutions in the country. The content of what it thought and learned must clearly consider the causes and implications of climate change, and must drive research and development, and become an incentive for innovation and technology development and adoption. Some support programs for innovation, research and development on climate change exist in Mexico, but must be upgraded and enhanced, and their number and funding increased.', 'Some support programs for innovation, research and development on climate change exist in Mexico, but must be upgraded and enhanced, and their number and funding increased. Research programs that address national needs on mitigation and adaptation must be created and supported, to complement the spectrum of what exists in public and private organizations such as INECC, IMTA, Illustration 1 Mexican Energy Innovation Centers Source: (Mexico Energy & Sustainability Review, 2015/16)Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy INEL6, or others. Efforts are also being carried out to promote adaptation actions and to strengthen mitigation actions. However, we need to integrate the research on climate change effects in a single platform to facilitate its accessibility and use. Similarly the development of mitigation technology and the identification of best practices is a matter of utmost importance.', 'Similarly the development of mitigation technology and the identification of best practices is a matter of utmost importance. This will result in the generation, spreading, integration and use of climate change knowledge towards different regions of the country. Knowledge requirements include: research on habitat fragmentation through land management; vulnerability assessment of the population; identification of infrastructure projects; private sector equipment to improve adaptation; private sector related research; the diffusion of technologies to measure climate parameters; clean energy production accompanied by patent generation; and waste management, among others. Building a climate culture Mexico has a growing population that is increasingly diverse and dynamic, producing and demanding intellectual, cultural, and scientific resources. Education and knowledge are indispensable tools for citizens to exercise their rights, acknowledge their responsibilities, and become capable of well-informed decision- making in everyday life.', 'Education and knowledge are indispensable tools for citizens to exercise their rights, acknowledge their responsibilities, and become capable of well-informed decision- making in everyday life. In our country, the scope of basic level schooling is practically universal, which makes it an effective vehicle for spreading climate change awareness. Moreover, elementary and middle level schools already teach principles of environmental education. Training programs about sustainability and climate change have been implemented in the private, social, and academic sectors. A few products and 6 IMTA is the Mexican Institute for Water Technology and INEL is the National Institute for Clean Energy. Climate Change Exhibition, National Institute of Ecology and Climate Change Mexico City, 2016Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy services already inform consumers of their ecologic footprint. Alas, those that account for and inform their users about life-cycle emissions are few and far between.', 'Alas, those that account for and inform their users about life-cycle emissions are few and far between. A study conducted between 2009 and 2012 to measure climate change perception levels among citizens (CECADESU, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012) provided a first glimpse of how climate change is understood in Mexico.7 In 2009, 87% of the polled population said they were concerned about climate change; in 2012, almost 97% of the polled people expressed they were very, somehow, or a little concerned about climate change, and only less than 4% said they were not worried at all. These results show that the Mexican population is concerned about the matter.', 'These results show that the Mexican population is concerned about the matter. This strategy’s proposed lines of action will serve as guides for citizens to cooperatively protect the environment and act on climate change. Social participation This strategy emphasizes the 10th principle of the 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development: “Environmental issues are best handled with the participation of all concerned citizens, at the relevant level. At the national level, each individual shall have appropriate access to information concerning the environment that is held by public authorities […] and the opportunity to participate in decision-making processes. States shall facilitate and encourage public awareness and participation by making information widely available.', 'States shall facilitate and encourage public awareness and participation by making information widely available. Effective access to judicial and administrative proceedings, including redress and remedy, shall be provided.” The introduction of “environmental responsibility” to our Constitution – through an amendment to article 4 in February 2012 – along with the approval of the Environmental Responsibility Federal Law in April 2013 – strengthens environmental law in Mexico. These amendments allow individuals to access the national justice system to demand the remedy of environmental damage.8 7 In the context of the 6th National Communication, INECC is conducted a new study on social perception of climate change.', 'These amendments allow individuals to access the national justice system to demand the remedy of environmental damage.8 7 In the context of the 6th National Communication, INECC is conducted a new study on social perception of climate change. 8 In principle, this could include damages associated with climate change.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Illustration 2 Workshop for community involvement on mapping vulnerability to climate change Source: INECC, 2016 Measurement, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) and Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) A system for Measurement, Reporting, and Verification, along with that for Monitoring and Evaluation, help us ensure transparency, whilst also guaranteeing environmental integrity, comparability, consistency, and data accuracy.', '8 In principle, this could include damages associated with climate change.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Illustration 2 Workshop for community involvement on mapping vulnerability to climate change Source: INECC, 2016 Measurement, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) and Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) A system for Measurement, Reporting, and Verification, along with that for Monitoring and Evaluation, help us ensure transparency, whilst also guaranteeing environmental integrity, comparability, consistency, and data accuracy. Their development and use reinforce the quality of adaptation and mitigation actions, and are fundamental in the design, implementation, and evaluation of the national climate change policy. Mexico has actively participated in the setting of international criteria that define the use and scope of methodologies for MRV of mitigation actions and M&E of adaptation measures.', 'Mexico has actively participated in the setting of international criteria that define the use and scope of methodologies for MRV of mitigation actions and M&E of adaptation measures. We have also begun training to incorporate MRV and M&E into national activities against climate change. Regarding this national strategy, the GCCL mandates that the national climate change policy be based upon essential MRV and M&E activities. Thus, the three levels of government must actively incorporate these criteria in public policy.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Conceptual progress on MRV systems. Illustration 3 Towards a strong Mitigation MRV System Panel a shows the conceptual progress and Panel b the interaction of different institutions on building the MRV system for mitigation.', 'Illustration 3 Towards a strong Mitigation MRV System Panel a shows the conceptual progress and Panel b the interaction of different institutions on building the MRV system for mitigation. International leadership Mexico has positioned itself as a key actor among developing countries, and among those countries committed to effectively combatting of climate change. The country is a party of the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol. Additionally, Mexico served as president and host of COP 16 in 2010, and participates in other institutions and international organizations related to climate change. Our active participation in negotiations to secure and improve the international response to climate change is a reflection of the values of the people of Mexico. This has resulted in a unique leadership position.', 'This has resulted in a unique leadership position. We have been able to strengthen climate change action within Latin America and the Caribbean through South-South cooperation. Mexico aspires to maintain and increase its leadership role, whilst seeking to translate it into the achievement of more and better global agreements. For that, we will position ourselves as a key actor in the region, and we will serve as a bridge to other developing countries. A solid national commitment will signal a congruent stance towards solving problems faced by the international community whilst fighting climate change. This topic has gained prominence in Mexico.', 'This topic has gained prominence in Mexico. However, it is necessary to reinforce past achievements and to generate better results in the future through the exploration of new ways of implementing public policies which reach the whole population. Remaining tasks consist of improved coordination between the different branches of government and their • Interrelated process • Measurement and report systems, while still under construction, are advancing • Verification requires work and capacity buildingMexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy institutions. This coordination must then be expanded to the rest of society. This will be achieved by: implementing new governance systems, greater public participation, and the generation of a strong sense of shared responsibility which will lead to the establishment of useful institutional agreements to combat climate change.', 'This will be achieved by: implementing new governance systems, greater public participation, and the generation of a strong sense of shared responsibility which will lead to the establishment of useful institutional agreements to combat climate change. In next few years, Mexico must set standards that allow for the lines of action proposed in this strategy to be implemented in a coordinated, coherent, cross-cutting manner in order to achieve the objectives set for the country. Therefore, the pillars of the national climate change policy constitute the cornerstone of this National Climate Change Strategy. Lines of action Inter-institutional collaboration The effective implementation of national climate change policy requires crosscutting coordination between sectors and actors, the revision of the judicial framework in order to avoid opposition, and the inclusion of all social groups.', 'Lines of action Inter-institutional collaboration The effective implementation of national climate change policy requires crosscutting coordination between sectors and actors, the revision of the judicial framework in order to avoid opposition, and the inclusion of all social groups. The participation of these actors is indispensable for the execution of adaptation and mitigation policies and actions posed in the National Climate Change Strategy • To integrate objectives and goals for climate change adaptation and mitigation into the National, State and municipal level plans and programs. • To implement the National Climate Change System as a coordination mechanism between public, private, and social sectors, and as a platform for articulated planning between branches of government.', '• To implement the National Climate Change System as a coordination mechanism between public, private, and social sectors, and as a platform for articulated planning between branches of government. • To encourage the involvement of academic, private, and social sectors through the Climate Change Council to inform the CICC decision-making • To harmonize and strengthen the current legal framework, incorporating climate change criteria throughout the coordination the branches of government. • To promote individuals’ access to environmental justice and remediation of environmental damage whenever possible, or else equivalent improvements in priority zones for climate change. • To consolidate the climate change institutional framework through intersectoral, crosscutting agreements, and the creation of climate change specific areas and local advisory groups, among others, within all levels of government and sectors of society.', '• To consolidate the climate change institutional framework through intersectoral, crosscutting agreements, and the creation of climate change specific areas and local advisory groups, among others, within all levels of government and sectors of society. • To consider gender, ethnicity, disability, inequality, wellbeing, and inequity whilst designing climate change policies, as well as the involvement of different sectors of society in their implementation. Wherever relevant, introduce the principle of “free, prior, and informed consent”.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy • To implement intersectoral mitigation and adaptation actions through the coordination and cooperation between federal institutions, public actors, and private actors.', 'Wherever relevant, introduce the principle of “free, prior, and informed consent”.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy • To implement intersectoral mitigation and adaptation actions through the coordination and cooperation between federal institutions, public actors, and private actors. • To guarantee the integration of climate change adaptation and mitigation criteria in political instruments such as: the evaluation of environmental impacts; general, state, and municipal land-use planning; ecological marine planning, and land-use planning for tourism and urban development. • To align land-use planning, urban development, sustainable buildings, housing, energy, transport, mobility, green areas, coastlines, comprehensive waste management, and water policies, in order to reduce the carbon footprint of human settlements. • To guarantee crosscutting integration of water-related criteria in the formulation and implementation of climate change policies.', '• To guarantee crosscutting integration of water-related criteria in the formulation and implementation of climate change policies. • To guarantee the coherence between climate change and rural sustainable development policies, programs, and institutional agreements regarding deforestation and woodland degradation as a multifactorial problem in the three government levels. • To introduce climate change criteria for articulating and improving legislation, policies, and instruments that promote sustainable forest management. • To encourage inter-state and inter-municipal associations of producers and other technical public agents towards environmental management that is coherent at a landscape unit level. • To create and strengthen local institutions for the regulation and planning of regional and metropolitan transportation, particularly in terms of mobility, infrastructure optimization, transportation routes, and maximized efficiency.', '• To create and strengthen local institutions for the regulation and planning of regional and metropolitan transportation, particularly in terms of mobility, infrastructure optimization, transportation routes, and maximized efficiency. • To guarantee the consistency between instruments and programs of the agriculture, fishing, forestry, and urban sectors, in order to achieve synergies between adaptation and mitigation, and to avoid contradictory policy. • To encourage the evaluation of environmental impacts in sectoral programs and projects. • To strengthen existent epidemiological surveillance systems and to include the following in the design of actions for epidemiological attention: climate change related health impacts such as infectious intestinal disease; acute respiratory infections; food-poisoning related to phenomena like red tide; and attention to populations affected by disasters as hurricanes and flooding.', '• To strengthen existent epidemiological surveillance systems and to include the following in the design of actions for epidemiological attention: climate change related health impacts such as infectious intestinal disease; acute respiratory infections; food-poisoning related to phenomena like red tide; and attention to populations affected by disasters as hurricanes and flooding. Market-based instruments To effectively implement actions against climate change, we need accessible, timely, and sufficient economic resources. Simultaneously, economic signals need to be sent to reflect the cost of environmental damage caused by greenhouse gases. Mexico can increase the useMexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy of market-based instruments. The development of climate-specific fiscal policies and economic instruments will promote a low-emission economic development and will increase our global competitiveness.', 'The development of climate-specific fiscal policies and economic instruments will promote a low-emission economic development and will increase our global competitiveness. • To design a national policy of economic, fiscal, financial, and market-based instruments in order to incentivize mitigation and adaptation actions, including: the use of targeted subsidies, the elimination or decoupling of inefficient subsidies, and the creation of both public and private financial instruments. • To establish the mechanisms needed to turn the National Climate Change Fund into an efficient and effective platform for channeling resources, including those of international origin. • To assign enough budgetary resources to execute adaptation and mitigation actions, and to allocate them in federal, state, and municipal budgets.', '• To assign enough budgetary resources to execute adaptation and mitigation actions, and to allocate them in federal, state, and municipal budgets. • To articulate bring together national funds and other financial sources in order to foster climate change actions. • To ensure that economic and financial resources are directed towards priority climate actions, including the consideration of social and environmental safeguards. • To promote sustainable production in the country through the use of economic incentives. • To favour the funding of national research and technology development for climate change adaptation and mitigation. • To encourage new economic and financial mechanisms, including NAMAs and possible emissions markets, in order to incentivize mitigation actions.', '• To encourage new economic and financial mechanisms, including NAMAs and possible emissions markets, in order to incentivize mitigation actions. • To define energy prices according to a life cycle analysis that considers externalities, including the cost of greenhouse emissions. • To redefine the current energy and water subsidies structure in order to increase efficiency both in power and water consumption. • To gradually adjust residential electricity and water prices to more accurate prices, compensating the vulnerable groups through targeted measures. • To redirect fossil fuel subsidies in order to strengthen sustainable, efficient, and safe public transportation such as the railway system, among others.', '• To redirect fossil fuel subsidies in order to strengthen sustainable, efficient, and safe public transportation such as the railway system, among others. • To guarantee the incorporation of climate change criteria in development bank guidelines for favoring projects that involve renewable and clean energies, and that promote the transition towards less carbon-intensive technologies. • To encourage a mechanism to promote voluntary carbon markets, including forest carbon offset credits. • To identify, strengthen or create specific economic and financial instruments that incentivize the restoration, conservation, sustainable use, and resilience of ecosystems and the ecosystem services they provide.', '• To identify, strengthen or create specific economic and financial instruments that incentivize the restoration, conservation, sustainable use, and resilience of ecosystems and the ecosystem services they provide. • To design and adjust economic and financial instruments and incentives for REDD+, whilst guaranteeing a fair and equitable distribution of the benefits obtained for avoiding emissions.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy • To consolidate the participation of social and private sectors in financial and market- based mechanisms which promote climate change adaptation and mitigation. Innovation, research & development and technology adoption In order to make the right choices for climate change abatement and adaptation, our country needs to produce scientific and technological knowledge which can be shared. This will create synergies, promote collaboration and avoid duplicity.', 'This will create synergies, promote collaboration and avoid duplicity. Technological innovation will permit the development of new production capacities as well as the recovery of economic resources. Simultaneously, Mexico needs to create national capacities in the three government branches through training in priority adaptation and mitigation opportunities. Training decision-makers as a base for the formulation of policy will promote climate change awareness and successful policy application. • To create and operate an information platform in order to make publicly available the advances in the climate change national research. • To conduct national, regional, and local research, as well as developing technological exchange and development platforms in order to communicate state, municipal, and regional priorities. • To establish consortiums for research, development, and innovation in low-emission services and technologies.', '• To establish consortiums for research, development, and innovation in low-emission services and technologies. • To generate mechanisms so that every governmental and social actor can make decisions founded on scientific information and climate change knowledge. • To promote climate change-related scientific and technological research studies and projects within a state, regional or municipal scope through research groups. These research groups will include an effective coordination between academia, the public sector, the private sector, national research institutions, and international institutions. • To identify, organize, analyze, and disseminate existing climate change knowledge in the country, according to national requirements, in order to serve as the foundation of the national climate change policy.', '• To identify, organize, analyze, and disseminate existing climate change knowledge in the country, according to national requirements, in order to serve as the foundation of the national climate change policy. • To encourage research and technological innovation on assessing vulnerability and designing adaptation measures, by region, ecosystems, population settlements, equipment and infrastructure, production sectors, and social groups; in order for the country infrastructure to be prepared for the risks of disasters caused by climate change. The technological innovation will also lead to Mexico becoming an emergent power in the following years.', 'The technological innovation will also lead to Mexico becoming an emergent power in the following years. • To ensure academic-private sector collaboration for development and transfer of technology for reducing and controlling greenhouse gases.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy • To encourage research, development and national integration of advanced technologies for generating renewable, clean energy such as tidal, solar, hydrogen, and biofuel energy sources, among others. • To encourage technology improvement for monitoring meteorological, climatological, and hydrometric conditions. • To identify, organize, and analyze existing climate change information in the country, particularly on adaptation. This analysis will focus research on industries facing climate risks such as droughts and hurricanes • Too define the country’s infrastructurevulnerability and to generate building and urban planning regulations which allow for ecologically-resilient land-use planning.', 'This analysis will focus research on industries facing climate risks such as droughts and hurricanes • Too define the country’s infrastructurevulnerability and to generate building and urban planning regulations which allow for ecologically-resilient land-use planning. • To produce national research for understanding and forecasting climate change and its impacts in Mexico. • To create and strengthen coordination, collaboration and networking that integrate and make the most of the local knowledge. • To create and strengthen climate change training schemes in the three levels of government, as well as in the Legislative and Judicial Branches. • To strengthen capacities ithroughout government in order to gain access to both national and international financial sources.', '• To strengthen capacities ithroughout government in order to gain access to both national and international financial sources. • To train different government branches in the use of effective planning instruments for mitigation and adaptation. • To strengthen the capacities for land management on a landscape unit level, by creating, for example, local technical agents, local development agents and new spaces for collaborative management agents. • To train those responsible for budget assignment in government on climate change, with a special focus on the importance of allocating funds to adaptation, disaster prevention and mitigation actions. • To create institutional capacities for establishing mechanisms and procedures to measure, report, verify, monitor, and evaluate mitigation and adaptation actions.', '• To create institutional capacities for establishing mechanisms and procedures to measure, report, verify, monitor, and evaluate mitigation and adaptation actions. • To encourage the development of a strategy for connectivity and complementarity among terrestrial, coastal, and marine ecosystems. This will result in well-managed regional ecological processes and promote state and municipal natural protected areas. • To build capacity for research and technological innovation on SLCPs and their warming potential, in order to identify local and national actions that could be included in mitigation strategies due to its co-benefits. Building a climate culture The climate challenge mandates a transformation of production and consumption patterns. To do so, Mexico requires a civically engaged society that demands accountability from theMexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy government.', 'To do so, Mexico requires a civically engaged society that demands accountability from theMexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy government. Educational programs and effective knowledge diffusion are fundamental to successfully implement such a transcendent policy. • To induce a change towards sustainable consumption and production patterns through massive communication campaigns and training programs which educate, inform and raise awareness • To offer educational projects focused on climate change for elementary schools, middle schools, and beyond.This will form a recognition of climate change as a problem which can be overcome. • To encourage social participation in the formulation, implementation, and surveillance of the national climate change policy. • To encourage government accountability on climate change from by effectively disseminating national climate change policy and the associated results.', '• To encourage government accountability on climate change from by effectively disseminating national climate change policy and the associated results. • To enact consumer regulations to obtain timely and relevant information on emissions resulting from production and consumption of goods and services available in the market. • To use technology to keep the public informed about the climate change situation in the country, greenhouse gas emissions inventories, the National Emissions Registry, and the Climate Change Information System. • To design and enforce an effective communication strategy for every sector of society according to the appropriate context, be it cultural, economic, political, ethnic, or gender-related.', '• To design and enforce an effective communication strategy for every sector of society according to the appropriate context, be it cultural, economic, political, ethnic, or gender-related. Measurement, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) and Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) Climate change mitigation and adaptation actions require the development of greenhouse gas Measurement, Reporting and Verification, as well as Monitoring and Evaluation instruments. These instruments provide transparency and certainty to actions, whilst guaranteeing environmental integrity, comparability, consistency, transparency and data accuracy. MRV in particular will allow for evaluation and feedback to inform climate change policies. This emissions data will also improve policy efficiency and impact. Particularly, the correct and efficient use of resources will directly impact the achievement of national adaptation and mitigation policy objectives .', 'Particularly, the correct and efficient use of resources will directly impact the achievement of national adaptation and mitigation policy objectives . • To implement Measurement, Reporting and Verification, as well as Monitoring and Evaluation instruments for mitigation and adaptation measures. • To develop an M&E system for public policies including climate change adaptation criteria and indicators. • To measure, report and verify the source, use and results of international, private, and public support resources for tackling climate change in Mexico.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy • To gradually strengthen verification mechanisms according to the type of measure and financial impacts. • To provide information about emissions, reductions and potential carbon market transactions from stationary and mobile sources reporting to the National Emissions Registry.', '• To provide information about emissions, reductions and potential carbon market transactions from stationary and mobile sources reporting to the National Emissions Registry. • To transparently establish and update emissions inventories, national and sector baselines and mitigation trajectories in order to monitor evaluate mitigation policies. • To establish mechanisms for ensuring that recommendations from the Evaluation Committee are considered and, where appropriate, reflected in the national climate change policy. • To establish and develop transparent methodologies for the measurement, monitoring, verification and reporting of mitigation actions. • To develop a national forestry monitoring system for the transparent and rigorous monitoring, reporting, and verification of mitigation actions in the forestry sector. • To develop and maintain a national information system for safeguards related to the implementation of REDD+ actions.', '• To develop and maintain a national information system for safeguards related to the implementation of REDD+ actions. This will ensure implementation of the safeguards and provide a grievance system. • To establish mechanisms for measuring financial, human, and ecological risks related to diverse climate effects in all economic sectors and regions of the country. • To strengthen the design of climate change related health indicators. This includes analyzing environmental, labor, and social factors to provide updated information to the National Epidemiologic Surveillance System. That system will carry out preventative and reactive actions to protect vulnerable populations. International leadership With these efforts, we aim to maintain and strengthen Mexico’s position as a relevant actor in the international arena, as well as in the Latin American and Caribbean region.', 'International leadership With these efforts, we aim to maintain and strengthen Mexico’s position as a relevant actor in the international arena, as well as in the Latin American and Caribbean region. This positioning will incorporate recognition of our high vulnerability to climate change, and our potential for greenhouse gas emissions mitigation. This position may result in international climate funding and strengthened bilateral and regional cooperation. • To contribute to global efforts towards strengthening climate change action within the United Nations, seeking to increase the level of ambition, and seeingparticipation from all countries. • To promote and benefit from the implementation of additional efforts in mitigation and adaptation within the framework of multilateral, regional, or bilateral processes complementary to the UNFCCC.', '• To promote and benefit from the implementation of additional efforts in mitigation and adaptation within the framework of multilateral, regional, or bilateral processes complementary to the UNFCCC. • To promote opportunities for bilateral cooperation and sharing of experiences and best practices within a South-South cooperation framework.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy • To maintain a proactive presence in international climate change negotiations. This presence will be based on an inclusive national dialogue. • To position Mexico in the international arena by increasing its level of ambition in regards to mitigation and its need for adaptation. This is especially important due to Mexico’s elevated climate vulnerability. • To identify and promote access to international climate funding sources.', '• To identify and promote access to international climate funding sources. These sources should permit recipient countries to define specific mitigation and adaptation actions • To capitalize on synergies between the three Rio conventions (the Convention on Biological Diversity, the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, and the UNFCCC) in order to enhance their impact. • To consistently link Mexico’s international climate change position to national actions.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Climate change adaptation The Special Climate Change Program SCCP 2014-2018 (PECC 2014-2018 in Spanish) is one of the planning instruments of the Climate Change General Law and is aligned to the National Development Plan and related programs, as well as to the Climate Change National Strategy: 10-20-40 Vision, and to the sector programs of the 14 Secretariats or Ministries.', '• To consistently link Mexico’s international climate change position to national actions.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Climate change adaptation The Special Climate Change Program SCCP 2014-2018 (PECC 2014-2018 in Spanish) is one of the planning instruments of the Climate Change General Law and is aligned to the National Development Plan and related programs, as well as to the Climate Change National Strategy: 10-20-40 Vision, and to the sector programs of the 14 Secretariats or Ministries. The Secretariats that participated in the development of the PECC 2014-2018 were: Environment and Natural Resources; Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food; Health; Communications and Transportation; Economy; Tourism; Social Development; State Department; Naval; Energy; Public Education; Treasury and Public Credit; Foreign Affairs; and Rural, Land, and Urban Development.', 'The Secretariats that participated in the development of the PECC 2014-2018 were: Environment and Natural Resources; Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food; Health; Communications and Transportation; Economy; Tourism; Social Development; State Department; Naval; Energy; Public Education; Treasury and Public Credit; Foreign Affairs; and Rural, Land, and Urban Development. In the PECC 2014-2018, the adaptation section describes the objective of reducing the vulnerability of the populations and the productive sectors, as well as to preserve and protect ecosystems and environmental services, and increase resistance of the strategic infrastructure to the adverse impacts of climate change.', 'In the PECC 2014-2018, the adaptation section describes the objective of reducing the vulnerability of the populations and the productive sectors, as well as to preserve and protect ecosystems and environmental services, and increase resistance of the strategic infrastructure to the adverse impacts of climate change. It also presents the contribution of the Federal Public Administration for the 2014-2018 period to meet the objective set for 2020 of reducing by 30% the Greenhouse Gases (GHG) with respect to a trend scenario. To reach the objectives set by Mexico on climate change mitigation and adaptation, however, it is essential to have the contribution of all states and municipalities, the private sector, and the society at large.', 'To reach the objectives set by Mexico on climate change mitigation and adaptation, however, it is essential to have the contribution of all states and municipalities, the private sector, and the society at large. The Program includes 5 objectives, 26 strategies and 199 lines of action, of which 77 lines of action correspond to climate change adaptation, 81 to mitigation, and 41 to the development of a governmental policies in these matters. The assessment section related to adaptation includes information on the impacts that the population, the ecosystems, productive sectors, and infrastructure are and would be exposed to as a result of climate change.', 'The assessment section related to adaptation includes information on the impacts that the population, the ecosystems, productive sectors, and infrastructure are and would be exposed to as a result of climate change. It also presents data of the economic impact due to extreme hydrometeorological events from 2009 to date, as well as the asymmetry in public financial support between prevention and attention of disasters during the period 2005-2011.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Likewise, the assessment identifies those municipalities with a higher vulnerability to climate change in Mexico. Aligning with those national guidelines, Mexico included in the INDC an adaptation component with unconditional and conditional commitments by 2030.', 'Aligning with those national guidelines, Mexico included in the INDC an adaptation component with unconditional and conditional commitments by 2030. Priority actions are: the protection of the population from adverse impacts of climate change, such as extreme hydrometeorological events; as well as to increase the resilience of strategic infrastructure and ecosystems. In order to reach these adaptation priorities Mexico will strengthen the adaptive capacity of at least 50% the number of municipalities in the category of “most vulnerable”, establish early warning systems and risk management at every level of government and reach a rate of 0% deforestation by the year 2030. These unconditional commitments are grouped into three sections: social sector, ecosystem- based adaptation, and strategic infrastructure and productive systems.', 'These unconditional commitments are grouped into three sections: social sector, ecosystem- based adaptation, and strategic infrastructure and productive systems. Vulnerability assessment Mexico has geographical characteristics that make it a highly vulnerable country to climate change impacts. Its location between two oceans, and its latitude and topography increase the country´s the exposure to extreme hydrometeorological phenomena. Mexico has become warmer since the 1960s (MET Office Hadley Centre, 2012). Average temperatures nationwide have risen 0.85°C, which coincides with the global increase reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and for winter temperatures have increased 1.3°C. The numbers of cooler days have also declined, and warm nights have increased. Rainfall has decreased in southeast Mexico in the last 50 years.', 'Rainfall has decreased in southeast Mexico in the last 50 years. Temperatures have risen by region, with the northern areas showing the highest increase, 0.25°C to 0.50°C per decade (MET Office Hadley Centre, 2012), between 1960 and 2010 (MET Office Hadley Centre, 2012, p. 14). Several models that project possible changes in temperature and rainfall have been developed and perfected in the last decade.', 'Several models that project possible changes in temperature and rainfall have been developed and perfected in the last decade. The most recent for Mexico were developedMexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy based on the best available information using the results of 15 climate models (Cavazos et al., 2013), and those regional scenarios where updated recently.9 Considering precipitation, different models show different projections, although in average for Mexico, it is estimated that precipitations will decline to -10% in most areas of Mexico, but there will be regions where such decline could be higher (e.g. Northwestern area in Figure 9). Worth noting is that the State of Baja California would show the highest decline in annual precipitation (- 40%).', 'Worth noting is that the State of Baja California would show the highest decline in annual precipitation (- 40%). As it may be seen in Figure 10, Northern Mexico could show a 3-4°C increase in temperature, while in most areas of the country changes are projected within a range of 1.5°C–2.5°C, except for some areas in the peninsular zones where changes could be lower to a maximum increase of 1-2°C. A number of vulnerability assessments for several climate change scenarios have been developed in Mexico during the last two decades. There is evidence showing that the effects of climate change together with other pressure factors will have very negative ecological, economic, and social consequences.', 'There is evidence showing that the effects of climate change together with other pressure factors will have very negative ecological, economic, and social consequences. Figure 9 Change in mean annual precipitation (in percent) according to RCP 8.5 scenario in the 2075-2099 time-horizon. Source: (SEMARNAT, 2014)Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Vulnerability depends not only on adverse climate conditions, but also on the capabilities of society to anticipate, face, resist, and recover from an impact. Thus, the vulnerability of a society is determined by its exposure to climate events, its sensitivity and its adaptive capacity (institutional and social capacities). Figure 10 Change in mean annual temperature (°C), according to RCP 8.5 scenario in the 2075-2099 time-horizon.', 'Figure 10 Change in mean annual temperature (°C), according to RCP 8.5 scenario in the 2075-2099 time-horizon. Source: (SEMARNAT, 2014) Given the vulnerability described above it is imperative to strengthen risk management in Mexico. The country has been characterized until now for having a reactive responses, more than a preventive ones to disasters. An example of this is the federal budget allocated to the National Natural Disaster Fund (FONDEN) and the Natural Disasters Prevention Fund (FOPREDEN) shown in the Figure 11.', 'An example of this is the federal budget allocated to the National Natural Disaster Fund (FONDEN) and the Natural Disasters Prevention Fund (FOPREDEN) shown in the Figure 11. Given the greater recurrence of extreme weather phenomena and their impact on the social sector, as well as the scarce budget dedicated to disaster prevention, we must reinforce our expertise on hazards and threats to which we are exposed and give priority to prevention to address those disasters.', 'Given the greater recurrence of extreme weather phenomena and their impact on the social sector, as well as the scarce budget dedicated to disaster prevention, we must reinforce our expertise on hazards and threats to which we are exposed and give priority to prevention to address those disasters. Likewise, it is crucial to continue promoting research on the vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in Mexico, as it is an instrumental tool to a well-informed decision-making.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Figure 11 Comparison of federal budget allocated to FONDEN and to FOPREDEN Source: (SEMARNAT, 2013b) An example of this is the research conducted by the National Institute of Ecology and Climate Change (INECC in Spanish), which defined the municipalities most vulnerable to climate change.', 'Likewise, it is crucial to continue promoting research on the vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in Mexico, as it is an instrumental tool to a well-informed decision-making.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Figure 11 Comparison of federal budget allocated to FONDEN and to FOPREDEN Source: (SEMARNAT, 2013b) An example of this is the research conducted by the National Institute of Ecology and Climate Change (INECC in Spanish), which defined the municipalities most vulnerable to climate change. This research considered in a first stage three studies (Monterroso, Conde, Gay, Gómez, & López, 2014; Monterroso R. . and A. Fernández and R. Trejo and C. Conde and J. Escandon and L. Villers and C. Gay, 2014) and took as reference another two (Arreguín Cortés, 2015; Borja-Vega & de la Fuente, 2013; CENAPRED, 2016).', 'This research considered in a first stage three studies (Monterroso, Conde, Gay, Gómez, & López, 2014; Monterroso R. . and A. Fernández and R. Trejo and C. Conde and J. Escandon and L. Villers and C. Gay, 2014) and took as reference another two (Arreguín Cortés, 2015; Borja-Vega & de la Fuente, 2013; CENAPRED, 2016). As a result of this analysis 480 municipalities of Mexico were identified with "very high" or "high" vulnerability. In a second stage, and taking those 480 selected municipalities as a baseline, the most vulnerable to climate change municipalities (state by state) were identified.', 'In a second stage, and taking those 480 selected municipalities as a baseline, the most vulnerable to climate change municipalities (state by state) were identified. This analysis resulted in a list of 319 municipalities (a 13% of the total municipalities of Mexico; shown in Figure 12).Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Figure 12 Municipalities most vulnerable to climate change at a state-level analysis. Source: (SEMARNAT, 2013b) The climate change adaptation process in Mexico The climate change adaptation process (CCAP) followed in Mexico is a methodological framework embedded in a system holistic approach (SEMARNAT-INECC, 2015). This process is constructed by means of the sum of actions aimed to reduce the vulnerability of communities, ecosystems and other priorities systems, such as infrastructure. The first phase of CCAP considers: I.1.', 'The first phase of CCAP considers: I.1. Geographical characterization of the natural, social and economic environment in terms of priority issues linked to climate change. I.2. Establishment of the spatial units of reference through the study area, which defines a regionalization from an integrated territorial approach considering: the political- administrative units (municipalities), biophysical landscapes, watersheds, urban-peri-urban systems, socio-ecosystems, coastal zones, natural protected areas, etc.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy I.3. Identification of the possible climate change impacts in priority sectors, based on experts and stakeholders involvement (i.e. climate agenda), and the spatial localization of the causes and its impacts (from climatic and non-climatic sources). The second phase of the process considers: II.1.', 'The second phase of the process considers: II.1. Current vulnerability assessment, taking into account the climate drivers and its dominant impacts in the sectors identified in the climate agenda, as well as the conditions of future vulnerability that result from climate change scenarios analysis. The conceptual framework applied follows the one suggested by the IPCC (IPCC, 2007), which integrates the indices of exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. II.2. Analysis of the possible adaptation actions to climate change, designed to respond to the results of the climate agenda and the dimensions obtained from current and future vulnerability. These actions should be linked to strategies, objectives and adaptation approaches of public policy instruments.', 'These actions should be linked to strategies, objectives and adaptation approaches of public policy instruments. The main adaptation approaches considered in the described processes could be: ecosystem based adaptation (EbA)(Lhumeau & Cordero, 2012), human communities based adaptation (HCbA) (International, 2010) and disaster risk reduction based adaptation (DRRbA) (UNEP, 2015). These are non-exclusive and complementary to each other. The third phase of the process considers: III.1. Proposals of climate change adaptation measures (CCAM). A set of possible measures for climate change adaptation should be stated, based on participatory workshops with different local stakeholders and experts in different, focal (Social, economic, biophysical) and sub focal topics (Health, education, agriculture, energy, infrastructure, biodiversity, water, etc.). Their viability and relevance must be considered. III.2. Prioritization of CCAM.', 'Their viability and relevance must be considered. III.2. Prioritization of CCAM. Different methodologies, i.e., cost-benefit analyzes; cost- effective, multi-criteria analysis, participatory approach, engineering of optimization decision-making, etc., must be applied. In the case of Mexico the criteria published in the National Strategy of Climate Change Vision 10-20-40 (INECC, 2013), must be taken into account. III.3. Design and implementation of priority CCAM. Adaptation actions must respond to the problems identified in the corresponding diagnoses; therefore, they must meet the following characteristics: Feasible, budgeted, synergistic, co-benefits, alignment, evaluable, equity, credibility, no regret, reversibility (non-hard measures) and barriers.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy III.4. Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of CCAM is essential in the design of a climate change program at subnational level.', 'Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of CCAM is essential in the design of a climate change program at subnational level. This process helps to know the impact and effectiveness of the implementation of actions and if necessary consider adjustments, rethinking the design or if the CCAM have the expected results in the first stage of process. In addition, the M&E will promote better data for decision making also allow to have adaptation indicators. Characteristics of climate change adaptation measures (CCAM) Some characteristics of the adaptation measures that could be considered are as follows: Feasible. A feasibility analysis should be developed, that takes into account different variables: political, financial, legal, technical or technological, social, institutional, among others. This will ensure a more effective implementation. Budget.', 'This will ensure a more effective implementation. Budget. Actions should identify and include in their description the source of funding with which the action will be implemented. This will ensure, as far as possible, their implementation and monitoring. It should include a cost-benefit analysis. Synergy. Providing benefits or impacts for both, adaptation to climate change and mitigation of GHG. Co-benefits. Actions should consider or include additional co-benefits such as environmental, social, or economic (e.g., employment generation, positive health impacts), among others. Alignment.', 'Actions should consider or include additional co-benefits such as environmental, social, or economic (e.g., employment generation, positive health impacts), among others. Alignment. Actions should take into account the national climate change policies and instruments (e.g., General Law on Climate Change, National Strategy on Climate Change 10-20-40 Vision, Special Program on Climate Change 2014-2018 and Mexico’s INDC) as well as in legislation and programs at local level (State Programs on Climate Change). Evaluable. They should consider a baseline and a unit of measurement in order to develop monitoring and evaluation of adaptation measures (M&E).', 'They should consider a baseline and a unit of measurement in order to develop monitoring and evaluation of adaptation measures (M&E). Objectives and strategies of climate change adaptation (PECC 2014-2018)Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy The PECC 2014-2018 (SEMARNAT, 2013b) program propose two objectives that promote the strengthening of institutional and population capacities, and the design, prioritization and implementation of actions to reduce the vulnerability of different systems (i.e. environmental, social and economic). Moreover, these objectives seek to give a priority to prevention acknowledging that it has a lower cost in comparison to disaster attention. The PECC 2014-2018 seeks the cross-cutting character and the integration of actions to consolidate climate change adaptation in Mexico.', 'The PECC 2014-2018 seeks the cross-cutting character and the integration of actions to consolidate climate change adaptation in Mexico. Reduce vulnerability of population and productive sectors and increase its resilience and the resistance of strategic infrastructure. The objective seeks to consolidate actions and instruments that reduce social vulnerability, favoring prevention and risk management over disaster reconstruction. Strategies 1.1 Develop, strengthen and modernize necessary tools to reduce vulnerability to climate change. The aim of this strategy is designing and implementing territorial planning instruments, early risk detection and management which incorporate climate change criteria to reinforce decision-making and reduce the vulnerability of the population, the productive sector and the infrastructure of Mexico.', 'The aim of this strategy is designing and implementing territorial planning instruments, early risk detection and management which incorporate climate change criteria to reinforce decision-making and reduce the vulnerability of the population, the productive sector and the infrastructure of Mexico. 1.2 Implement actions to reduce climate change risks in rural and urban populations Giving priority to disaster prevention is crucial to strengthen the climate change adaptation process. Undertaking specific actions in the territory, such as those contained in this strategy, as well as incorporating a climate change approach to programs and regulations, with the participation of society, could contribute to the reduction of the risks to which the population is exposed in a climate change context.', 'Undertaking specific actions in the territory, such as those contained in this strategy, as well as incorporating a climate change approach to programs and regulations, with the participation of society, could contribute to the reduction of the risks to which the population is exposed in a climate change context. 1.3 Strengthen strategic infrastructure adding climate change criteria in its planning and building stages Mexico’s strategic infrastructure, including the communications, transportation, tourism and energy infrastructure, is vulnerable to climate change effects. Therefore, it is essential to incorporate climate change criteria into its design, construction, and maintenance, to reduce its vulnerability and increase its resistance.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy 1.4 Promote adaptation actions in productive sectors Mexico s productive sector is key to the economy and social welfare.', 'Therefore, it is essential to incorporate climate change criteria into its design, construction, and maintenance, to reduce its vulnerability and increase its resistance.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy 1.4 Promote adaptation actions in productive sectors Mexico s productive sector is key to the economy and social welfare. Given the effects of climate change, this strategy intends to implement actions to reduce its vulnerability and ensure productivity and competitiveness. Conserve, restore and sustainably manage ecosystems to guarantee their environmental services to promote climate change mitigation and adaptation. This objective seeks to implement and modernize actions and instruments that simultaneously reduce emissions and the vulnerability of ecosystems. Mexico has a great diversity of ecosystems which provide significant environmental services currently under threat.', 'Mexico has a great diversity of ecosystems which provide significant environmental services currently under threat. This objective sets 6 strategies and 45 lines of action aimed to strengthening the sustainable preservation, use, management and development of ecosystems to guarantee the environmental services which they provide and face the negative impacts of climate change. Moreover, this objective intends to reinforce the community management of ecosystems, reduce environmental threats aggravated by climate change and develop instruments that enhance ecosystemic connectivity. Strategies 2.1 Promote protection, conservation and restoration actions and schemes of terrestrial, marine and coastal ecosystems and their biodiversity This strategy aims at implementing climate change adaptation actions in Mexico which lead to reduce the vulnerability of ecosystems by means of their restoration, protection, and preservation.', 'Strategies 2.1 Promote protection, conservation and restoration actions and schemes of terrestrial, marine and coastal ecosystems and their biodiversity This strategy aims at implementing climate change adaptation actions in Mexico which lead to reduce the vulnerability of ecosystems by means of their restoration, protection, and preservation. 2.2 Increment and strengthen ecosystem connectivity The ecosystem connectivity is essential to protect wildlife against the changes projected under climate change scenarios. This strategy contains actions oriented to promote this connectivity. 2.3 Implement sustainable agricultureMexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy The strategy includes actions aimed at sustainable practices in the agricultural sector.', '2.3 Implement sustainable agricultureMexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy The strategy includes actions aimed at sustainable practices in the agricultural sector. 2.4 Develop tools to promote sustainability and emission reductions in agriculture This strategy considers the development of economic, legal, and technical instruments which incorporate climate change criteria to foster better practices in the agricultural sector and that promote side benefits during the development of the production chain. 2.5 Reduce environmental threats aggravated by climate change Climate change induces the recurrence of phenomena such as wildfires and the presence and settlement of invasive species in native habitats. This strategy aims at preventing these threats and ensuring the conservation of the ecosystems. 2.6 Integrated restoration and management of hydrological basins This strategy includes actions related to land and soils.', '2.6 Integrated restoration and management of hydrological basins This strategy includes actions related to land and soils. Specifically, a hydrological basin approach allows the development of an integrated management of the territory and its resources. This approach should involve the population and all parties involved in the management of hydrological basins. Equity. Adaptation measures must consider the gender equity approach. Credibility. Adaptation measures must include scientific support and cultural and social acceptance. No Regret. Verify that the implementation of an action does not have a negative impacts on sites or sectors Reversibility. This issue considers the approach of those measures or actions that could irreversibly affect ecosystems (EbA), highlighting the recovery of goods, services and ecosystem functionality. Barriers.', 'This issue considers the approach of those measures or actions that could irreversibly affect ecosystems (EbA), highlighting the recovery of goods, services and ecosystem functionality. Barriers. The design of adaptation measures should consider possible barriers in the implementation phase (e.g., legal, cultural, technological, economic, social and institutional).Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Adaptation action areas Reducing vulnerability and building a resilient society (A1) Mexico is especially vulnerable to climate change effects. In recent decades, some of these effects have occurred, such as: a decrease in water availability and the presence of floods, droughts, and diseases such as dengue or acute diarrheic infections. The intensity of the problem may grow due to geographical characteristics and socio-environmental, economic, and public health conditions.', 'The intensity of the problem may grow due to geographical characteristics and socio-environmental, economic, and public health conditions. The vulnerability assessment and the implementation of adaptation measures must be carried out locally, in response to specific conditions. This section establishes lines of action that create the conditions for vulnerability reduction and the increase of systems and population resiliency, contributing to a better quality of life. Illustration 4 Adaptation project in Cardenas, Tabasco. Refugees for domestic animals help people secure their property and relocate during natural disasters (instead of refusing to leave). Source: INECC (2016) Lines of action: A1.1 To better identify and attend to zones, settlements, and social groups which are priorities for reducing vulnerability and increasing resilience.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy A1.2 To strengthen Integral Risk Management for climate vulnerability.', 'Source: INECC (2016) Lines of action: A1.1 To better identify and attend to zones, settlements, and social groups which are priorities for reducing vulnerability and increasing resilience.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy A1.2 To strengthen Integral Risk Management for climate vulnerability. This will include communication systems, early warning systems, local evacuation plans, and the reduction and management of risk caused by extreme hydrometeorological events. A1.3 To increase resources for disaster management, with a focus on prevention. A1.4 To strengthen, as part of civil protection plans and actions, mechanisms for immediate and effective responses in zones impacted by the effects of climate change. A1.5 To strengthen enforcement of land-use regulations to reduce the number of illegal settlements in endangered zones.', 'A1.5 To strengthen enforcement of land-use regulations to reduce the number of illegal settlements in endangered zones. A1.6 To implement and strengthen public policies which guarantee water quality and quantity availability in priority zones. These zones are identified as priorities due to the probability of climate change related water scarcity. The public policies will emphasize the strengthening of eco-hydrological services provided by ecosystems. A1.7 To ensure food security against climate threats by giving preference to integrated watershed management measures, biodiversity conservation, and soil restoration, among other ecological support systems. A1.8 To implement and strengthen public policies focused on reducing health risks associated with climate change effects. These policies will focus on the most susceptible and sensitive groups.', 'These policies will focus on the most susceptible and sensitive groups. A1.9 To design and strengthen public policies which protect assets (housing, infrastructure, etc.) from climate change impacts. A1.10 To increase and strengthen public policies focused on reducing risk to public health infrastructure. A1.11 To design social vulnerability reduction strategies which include a gender approach. A1.12 To implement and strengthen public policies for raising awareness of disaster risk management. A1.13 To implement transparent and inclusive public participation mechanisms in the design and implementation of climate change adaptation strategies.', 'A1.13 To implement transparent and inclusive public participation mechanisms in the design and implementation of climate change adaptation strategies. This may include communal, district, municipal, and state councils focused on reducing social vulnerability.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Illustration 5 Mangrove restoration to protect coastline in Alvarado, Veracruz (25 ha using “chinampas”) Source: (INECC, 2015) Infrastructure and productive systems Climate change poses huge challenges to the adaptation of economic sectors. The characteristics and respective responses to its impacts will depend on the type of system: agriculture, forestry, exploitation of wildlife, aquaculture, fishing, industrial, extraction, tourism and strategic infrastructure. Likewise, the sectoral response will depend on the risk exposure of the system. Each economic sector needs to take into account different aspects of climate change in order to increase its productivity and competitiveness.', 'Each economic sector needs to take into account different aspects of climate change in order to increase its productivity and competitiveness. This section presents lines of action that aim to strengthen resilience and reducing climate change vulnerability in economic sectors and strategic infrastructure. Lines of action: A2.1 To publish periodic vulnerability assessments for each economic sector, and to disseminate them to the private sector and policymakers. A2.2 To integrate climate change adaptation criteria in existing economic development programs.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy A2.3 To ensure public participation through the creation of inter-municipal boards for defining and applying adaptation criteria in local production projects. These projects require collaboration between municipal governments and local residents. A2.4 To design and strengthen tools for local risk monitoring, vulnerability analysis, and adaptation options for economic sectors.', 'A2.4 To design and strengthen tools for local risk monitoring, vulnerability analysis, and adaptation options for economic sectors. A2.5 To consider climate change scenarios in job development and adaptation of land-use for economic development activities. A2.6 To encourage efficient and sustainable use of water resources in every economic activity by periodically updating total water availability. A2.7 To build quality infrastructure, employ state-of-the-art techniques, and strengthen operations for guaranteeing water availability for agriculture. A2.8 To identify economic opportunities presented by climate change through the elaboration of local and regional adaptation strategies. A2.9 To implement techniques and technologies which foster efficient use of resources and manage climate change associated risks in various economic sectors.', 'A2.9 To implement techniques and technologies which foster efficient use of resources and manage climate change associated risks in various economic sectors. A2.11 To strengthen existing strategic infrastructure (communications, transportation, energy, among others) in light of climate change scenarios. A2.12 To incorporate climate change criteria into the planning and building of new infrastructure. Ecosystems based adaptation (A3) Mexico has great ecological diversity that provides a vast quantity of environmental services to society (such as oxygen, water, fuels, and food). These ecosystems are seriously threatened by human activities, including by the effects of climate change.', 'These ecosystems are seriously threatened by human activities, including by the effects of climate change. The following lines of action aim to guide policies and instruments in order to sustainably exploit ecosystems and restore their eco-hydrological functionality and the services provided to society, thereby increasing their resilience.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Lines of action: A3.1 To encourage integrated land-use planning for reducing ecosystem vulnerability to climate change. With emphasis on priority regions and watersheds this land-use planning includes: sustainable use and management, protection, conservation and restoration.', 'With emphasis on priority regions and watersheds this land-use planning includes: sustainable use and management, protection, conservation and restoration. Illustration 6 Coral reef restoration project (high temperature resilient corals), Punta Allen, Quintana Roo, Mexico Source: INECC, 2016 A3.2 To guarantee restoration, connectivity, sustainable use, and conservation of ecosystems such as forests, jungles, coastal systems, oceans, riparian ecosystems, wetlands, and the biotic communities contained within, as well as associated environmental services. A3.3 To define, by territory, existing programs which foster activities that stabilize agricultural-urban boundaries. This is a way to reduce pressure on ecosystems and ensure their ecological functionality. A3.4 To ensure that ecosystem vulnerability, biological communities, and priority species are included in climate change vulnerability atlases.', 'A3.4 To ensure that ecosystem vulnerability, biological communities, and priority species are included in climate change vulnerability atlases. A3.5 To guarantee eco-hydrological connectivity for the preservation of biodiversity and environmental services, the integrity of ecosystems, the conservation of species, and the increase of their resilience in the face of climate change.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy A3.6 To generate or modify legal and land-use planning instruments for the reduction of climate change vulnerability of ecosystems and biological communities. This will start with the implementation of adaptation measures. A3.7 To develop adaptation programs to maintain and increase surface and ground water availability, with a focus on integrated watershed management. A3.8 To establish and strengthen sustainable community management schemes for forest ecosystems.', 'A3.8 To establish and strengthen sustainable community management schemes for forest ecosystems. A3.9 To increase the amount of reforestation and ecosystem restoration with native species suitable for regional climate conditions. A3.10 To increase awareness of problems exacerbated by climate change. These problems include forest fire management, and an increase in disease. A3.11 To guarantee environmental protection of ecosystems from public works, industrial services and economic development projects (mining, textiles, cement, energy, agriculture, tourism, etc.). This will be accomplished by incorporating climate change criteria in planning instruments, such as environmental impact assessments and ecological land-use planning. A3.12 To develop tools and create valuation schemes for ecosystem services in order to contribute to conservation and sustainable development.', 'A3.12 To develop tools and create valuation schemes for ecosystem services in order to contribute to conservation and sustainable development. A3.13 To allocate state funds for the restoration of the most degraded and vulnerable ecosystems, as well as for the prevention and recovery of ecosystems that have been affected by extreme climate events. A3.14 To establish and implement mechanisms for assessing the impact of locally implemented adaptation measures as a means to ensure their effectiveness in the face of climate change. A3.15 To strengthen environmental surveillance and protection institutions; to foster their cooperation and coordination, as well as to reinforce their inspection, monitoring, and enforcement capacities. A3.16 To encourage public participation and training in processes that incentivize ecosystem adaptation to climate change.', 'A3.16 To encourage public participation and training in processes that incentivize ecosystem adaptation to climate change. This can include the establishment of bodies suchMexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy as citizen watchdogs groups for forest fires, disease outbreaks, and plant and animal lifecycle changes, among others. Prioritization criteria for adaptation measures Within the scope of this Strategy, a guide is provided for the selection, design and implementation processes of specific adaptation measures. Adaptation to climate change must be achieved through local processes; the design of measures to be developed will depend on the region and context of implementation. Assuming that resources will always be limited to face the magnitude of this challenge, it is necessary to strategically choose the measures to carry out.', 'Assuming that resources will always be limited to face the magnitude of this challenge, it is necessary to strategically choose the measures to carry out. This section provides criteria for guiding the prioritization of measures at the local level, in order to serve as a tool for decision- makers. The main criteria to be considered for the selection of adaptation measures are described on the following page. The review of prospecive measures must be based on a multi-criteria analysis that considers environmental, social, and economical perspectives. Each criterion could be assigned a different weight, according to its importance within a specific context, or new criteria might be added as needed. Table 2 describes the criteria to prioritize adaptation actions.', 'Table 2 describes the criteria to prioritize adaptation actions. CRITERIA DESCRIPTION Attention to the most vulnerable population The measure focuses on supporting the population whose conditions make them most vulnerable to climate change effects Cross-cutting policies, programs or projects The measures are coherent and articulated with climate change policy instruments, such as the National Climate Change Strategy, State and Municipal Programs, Sector Programs of different government order, among others Prevention encouragement The measure promotes organized adaptation based on a preventative approach and invests in prevention rather than reaction. Sustainability in the use and exploitation of natural resources The measure promotes sustainable management of natural resources, including water, soil and biotic resources.', 'Sustainability in the use and exploitation of natural resources The measure promotes sustainable management of natural resources, including water, soil and biotic resources. Conservation of ecosystems and their biodiversity The measure considers preservation and restores ecosystems and the services they provide, in order to increase climate change resilience and stop the deterioration processes.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Active participation of target population and strengthening of adaptation capacities The population is actively involved and takes control of the measure, contributing their knowledge and experience in each stage of the process. Strengthening of adaptation capacities The measure encourages strengthening individual, group or network capacities in matters of adaptation to climate change. Feasibility The measure considers institutional, financial, political, regulatory, technical and social capacities that will allow for implementation and sustainability. Cost-effectiveness or cost- benefit The measure costs are low compared with its effectiveness or benefits, thus reducing vulnerability.', 'Cost-effectiveness or cost- benefit The measure costs are low compared with its effectiveness or benefits, thus reducing vulnerability. Coordination between actors and sectors The measure promotes the coordination between sectors and institutions from the three government branches, academy and civil society. Flexibility The measure can be adjusted in response to specific needs, and produces benefits under any climate change scenario. Monitoring and evaluation The measure includes a monitoring and evaluation proposal that contains strategic impact indicators focused on its fulfillment and effectiveness. Table 2 Criteria to prioritize adaptation actions Source: (SEMARNAT, 2013a)Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Climate change mitigation Low-carbon emissions development should start with cost-effective mitigation action that, while addressing climate change, have important social and environmental benefits. Energy efficiency and strategies to reduce short-lived climate pollutant (SLCP) emissions are example of measures that Mexico’s strategy has prioritized.', 'Energy efficiency and strategies to reduce short-lived climate pollutant (SLCP) emissions are example of measures that Mexico’s strategy has prioritized. In order to design mitigation policy and prioritize actions, the General Law on Climate Change provided specific criteria and directed policymakers to consider short-term, lower-cost alternatives first while develop alternatives to reduce future technology costs. Table 3and Figure 5 summarize this decision- making guidance. CRITERIA DESCRIPTION Mitigation potential The quantity of emissions that can be reduced or avoided by implementing mitigation actions, compared to current trends and technologies. Marginal abatement cost Cost of an additional unit of carbon reduced. It is an economic concept that allows a comparison of the marginal cost and benefits in order to assess “optimal” reduction goals in terms of economic efficiency.', 'It is an economic concept that allows a comparison of the marginal cost and benefits in order to assess “optimal” reduction goals in terms of economic efficiency. Environmental and social co-benefits Mitigation action can derive important benefits in terms of improving life quality and development of marginalized population. For example, access to renewable energy infrastructure in marginal communities can trigger important benefits for the population promoting low-carbon development and access to services from education to better equipped hospitals; reforestation programs and good practices for soil management increase environmental services and thus benefits for the population; better municipal solid waste management reduces diseases, odors, and improve the environment of population close to landfills and other waste disposal sites . While difficult to quantify and value, these benefits must be incorporated into selection of mitigation measures.', 'While difficult to quantify and value, these benefits must be incorporated into selection of mitigation measures. Health co-benefits Some mitigation actions, generally associated to fossil fuels reduction, generate economic savings because of their positive health impacts. The actions focused on SLCPs reduction are a clear example of measures that contribute to improving air quality, and thus improve health.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Increased productivity Other benefits that should be considered include increases in productivity associated with mitigation measures. For example, the optimization of urban transportation routes, urban planning, and large-scale transportation projects reduce traffic congestion whilst diminishing travel-times, vehicle operation costs, and increasing mobility. Energy efficiency measures come often with productivity increases in the industrial sector. Enabling environments Financial, technology, regulatory, and social barriers might prevent the implementation of mitigation actions.', 'Enabling environments Financial, technology, regulatory, and social barriers might prevent the implementation of mitigation actions. Barriers must be analyzed during the planning and measures selection process, considering ways to overcome them and policies to promote adequate enabling environments. Table 3 Criteria to prioritize mitigation actions Source: (SEMARNAT, 2013a) Figure 13 Short-term vs. long-term alternatives Source: (SEMARNAT, 2013a)Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy GHG emissions In 2013, Mexico’s GHG emissions from all economic activities in the country totaled . These emissions include energy, industrial processes, agriculture, land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF), and waste sectors, without including carbon removals. Accounting for removals is important to estimate Mexico’s net emissions, since the LULUCF sector acts as a net sink, offsetting approximately 26 percent of greenhouse gas emissions.', 'Accounting for removals is important to estimate Mexico’s net emissions, since the LULUCF sector acts as a net sink, offsetting approximately 26 percent of greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, net emissions, including removals, were 492,307.31 Gg equivalent (see Figure 14 and Table 4). A full description of methodologies and developments to improve the reporting of national emissions can be found in Mexico’s First Biennial Report to the UNFCCC (INECC and SEMARNAT, 2015). Figure 14 Mexico’s GHGs emissions by economic sector and gas Source: (INECC and SEMARNAT, 2015) Emissions in 2013 increased 40%, compared to the level in 1990. Figure 15 shows historical emissions, without considering LULUCF sector removals.', 'Figure 15 shows historical emissions, without considering LULUCF sector removals. Energy related GHG emissions have experienced the largest growth, with an annual growth rate of 2.3% between 1990 and 2010, growing in absolute terms 63% in that period. In the period 2002-2012, GHG emissions’ average annual growth rate was 2.5%, whilst GDP average annual growth for theMexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy same period was 2.4%; showing that emissions in Mexico and GDP have not yet been decoupled. GHG emissions by economic sector (Gg de CO2e ) Sector Total GHG CO2 O HFC PFC SF6 Table 4 Mexico’s GHG emissions by sector baseline year 2013 Table notes: 1) Includes absorptions from forestland; 2) Includes urban solid waste, hazardous waste and water treatment; 3) Includes permanences from forest, grasslands and agriculture.', 'GHG emissions by economic sector (Gg de CO2e ) Sector Total GHG CO2 O HFC PFC SF6 Table 4 Mexico’s GHG emissions by sector baseline year 2013 Table notes: 1) Includes absorptions from forestland; 2) Includes urban solid waste, hazardous waste and water treatment; 3) Includes permanences from forest, grasslands and agriculture. Source: (INECC and SEMARNAT, 2015) Figure 15 Mexico’s emissions trends Source: (INECC and SEMARNAT, 2015)Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Mobile sources In 2013, emissions from on-road and non-road mobile sources reached 174,156.53 Gg of , contributing 26% of the total national emissions. Important methodological improvements were used in our latest inventory for this sector, including the use of modeling tools that include in-detail vehicle fleet characteristics to obtain emission factors (i.e. technology characteristics, maintenance parameters, and travel-speed estimations, among others.)', 'technology characteristics, maintenance parameters, and travel-speed estimations, among others.) Electricity Emissions from electricity generation sector contributed 126,607.66 Gg of CO2e , corresponding to 19% of total GHG emissions nationally. This sector has experienced important technological changes in past years. Between 2010-2013, an important retirement of conventional thermal power plants and gas turbines occurred, with new combined cycle and wind plants coming online. Compared to 2010, changes in fossil use are as follows: (from 12.8 to 25.3 PJ); and natural gas: 20.3% (from 988.3 to 1,189.3 PJ) (SENER, 2014). Industry Emissions of CO2 , and N2 O from the burning of fuels in the industrial sector and CO2 , , and N2 O, HFCs, and SF6 coming from industrial processes totaled 114,949.19 Gg of , contributing to 17% of national emissions.', 'Industry Emissions of CO2 , and N2 O from the burning of fuels in the industrial sector and CO2 , , and N2 O, HFCs, and SF6 coming from industrial processes totaled 114,949.19 Gg of , contributing to 17% of national emissions. Subsectors that contribute the most to this category include cement, steel, chemical, mining and metallurgy. Oil and gas Oil and gas sector plays an important role in Mexico. Emissions from production, transportation, distribution, processing, and use of hydrocarbons in the country were estimated, considering fuel used in different combustion processes as well as fugitive emissions from processes of production, burning, venting, and distribution of hydrocarbons. In 2013, the oil and gas sector emitted 80,455.26 Gg of CO2e , which accounted for 12% of total GHG total emissions.', 'In 2013, the oil and gas sector emitted 80,455.26 Gg of CO2e , which accounted for 12% of total GHG total emissions. Agriculture In the agriculture and livestock sector, CH4 O, occur from livestock activities (livestock enteric fermentation and manure management), as well as agricultural activities (soil management, rice cultivation, and field burning for crop residues). Also, CO2 , and O emissions from the use of fuels for energy purposes - mainly used in irrigation systems - contribute to the sector’s emissions. Emissions from the sector were 80,169.09 Gg of CO2e , which represents 12.0% of total GHG total emissions.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Land Use, Land Use Change, and Forestry In 2013, emissions from the LULUCF sector were 32,424.86 Gg of CO2e , representing 4.9% of total emissions.', 'Emissions from the sector were 80,169.09 Gg of CO2e , which represents 12.0% of total GHG total emissions.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Land Use, Land Use Change, and Forestry In 2013, emissions from the LULUCF sector were 32,424.86 Gg of CO2e , representing 4.9% of total emissions. Thus, emissions from land converted to grassland, settlements, and other land, as well as fires, contributed 45,007.61 Gg of CO2e in total. Meanwhile, reforestation and afforestation sequestered a total of 12,582.75 Gg of CO2 . Carbon sequestration from permanence of forest land, grassland, and agricultural land totaled -172,997.61 Gg of CO2 . Therefore, net LULUCF emissions totaled 141,536.00 Gg of CO2e , which makes this sector an important carbon reservoir.', 'Therefore, net LULUCF emissions totaled 141,536.00 Gg of CO2e , which makes this sector an important carbon reservoir. Important improvements in the methodology used to estimate LULUCF emissions include: the use of data on carbon content of different types of vegetation from the updated National Forest and Soil Inventory (CONAFOR, 2013) in two sampling periods (2004-2007 and 2009-2013); updated information on vegetation and land use cover from the National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Informatics (INEGI, 2013); derivation of allometric equations suitable for Mexico; and estimation of national emission and removal factors. Waste This sector includes emissions of municipal solid waste (MSW) and hazardous waste as well as the treatment and disposal of municipal and industrial wastewater.', 'Waste This sector includes emissions of municipal solid waste (MSW) and hazardous waste as well as the treatment and disposal of municipal and industrial wastewater. In 2013, emissions from this sector totaled 30,903.02 Gg CO2e , of which 21,462.65 Gg CO2e correspond to MSW and 9,440.37 Gg CO2e to wastewater. A full bottom-up approach was used, accounting for emissions at a very disaggregate level, particularly for MSW and wastewater treatment. Short Lived Climate Pollutant emissions Short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs), also known as short-lived climate forcers, include: methane, black carbon, tropospheric ozone, and some hydro fluorocarbons. These pollutants shorter lifespan in the atmosphere compared to CO2 , but therefore have a relevant short-term impact on climate. In general, the impact of different gas species on climate change is determined by its radiative forcing (W/m2).', 'In general, the impact of different gas species on climate change is determined by its radiative forcing (W/m2). Along with global efforts to reduce and the other long-lived climate pollutants (LLCP), action on SLCPs offers significant opportunities to tackle climate change in the coming decades with significant co-benefits for public health. Due to the role that these emissions could play on climate change mitigation, and its important co-benefits in human health, Mexico has already included in its inventory and in its NDC the quantification and mitigation action for black carbon.10 10 The country is working on developing strategies for the other SLCP.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy In 2013, total BC emissions were estimated in 125.1 Gg (see Table 5).', 'Due to the role that these emissions could play on climate change mitigation, and its important co-benefits in human health, Mexico has already included in its inventory and in its NDC the quantification and mitigation action for black carbon.10 10 The country is working on developing strategies for the other SLCP.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy In 2013, total BC emissions were estimated in 125.1 Gg (see Table 5). Again, transportation was the main source of emissions, with 37.8%, followed by the industrial sector and the residential sector with 28.3%, the latter mainly due to household’s wood use. Electricity generation and agriculture contributed 6.8% and 7.1%, respectively. The remaining sectors, oil and gas, LULUCF, and waste sum up the remaining 4.8%.', 'The remaining sectors, oil and gas, LULUCF, and waste sum up the remaining 4.8%. Sectors Gg Mobile Sources 47.34 Residential and Commercial Agriculture and Livestock 8.86 Electricity Generation 8.46 Oil and Gas 2.17 Table 5 Mexico’s Black Carbon Emissions (INECC and SEMARNAT, 2015) Emissions projections Designing a long-term GHG development strategy requires an exercise of emissions projection often expanding many decades into the future. Economic modeling normally assists this type of analysis in order to integrate social, economic and technology variables that influence future emissions development. Given the complexity of estimating future emissions, economic models are often supported by sector-specific models such as energy, land, agriculture and water models, as well as by climate models which provide some feedback effects with the earth system.', 'Given the complexity of estimating future emissions, economic models are often supported by sector-specific models such as energy, land, agriculture and water models, as well as by climate models which provide some feedback effects with the earth system. Modeling frameworks that integrate different types of models to understand policy issues are often refer to as “integrated assessment models”. They have been widely used in the climate change research community. The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report on mitigation issues recognizes that there are multiple pathways towards a world that limits temperature change to 2ºC.', 'The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report on mitigation issues recognizes that there are multiple pathways towards a world that limits temperature change to 2ºC. Our current state of knowledge indicates that significant emissions reductions over the next few decades must be realized in all of the 2ºC scenarios, and the global economy must reach near zero emissions and other GHGs by the end of the century. Scenario analysis shows that stabilizing GHG concentrations at 450 ppm by 2100 would require a reduction of 40 to 70% of global anthropogenic GHG emissions reductions by 2050 compared to 2010 (IPCC, 2014).Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Of course, an important ethical question arises regarding the fair burden sharing of the global mitigation effort.', 'Scenario analysis shows that stabilizing GHG concentrations at 450 ppm by 2100 would require a reduction of 40 to 70% of global anthropogenic GHG emissions reductions by 2050 compared to 2010 (IPCC, 2014).Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Of course, an important ethical question arises regarding the fair burden sharing of the global mitigation effort. The Paris Agreement helped us break the impasse in the climate negotiations by providing a framework through the NDCs submissions where all countries act considering a fairness principle and their national circumstances. Also, a number of studies have provided some basis of analysis to assist countries crafting climate policy, particularly considering cost-effective mitigation. For instance, Figure 16 shows abatement potential in 2030 for different stabilization scenarios for selected Latin American countries, including Mexico.', 'For instance, Figure 16 shows abatement potential in 2030 for different stabilization scenarios for selected Latin American countries, including Mexico. These scenarios were run under the auspices of the CLIMACAP and Figure 16 Fossil fuel and industrial CO2 emissions in 2030 relative to 2010 in the 650, 550, and 450 concentration scenarios Table Notes: Fossil fuel and industrial CO2 emissions in 2030 relative to 2010 in the 650, 550, and 450 concentration scenarios (bars, 1st column, from the CLIMACAP–LAMP scenarios; stars are the high and low values from the AMPERE study for the 450 and 550 scenarios—see (Kriegler et al., 2015), under projected baselines (2nd column), and policy baseline (3rd column) for the world, Latin America, Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico.', 'These scenarios were run under the auspices of the CLIMACAP and Figure 16 Fossil fuel and industrial CO2 emissions in 2030 relative to 2010 in the 650, 550, and 450 concentration scenarios Table Notes: Fossil fuel and industrial CO2 emissions in 2030 relative to 2010 in the 650, 550, and 450 concentration scenarios (bars, 1st column, from the CLIMACAP–LAMP scenarios; stars are the high and low values from the AMPERE study for the 450 and 550 scenarios—see (Kriegler et al., 2015), under projected baselines (2nd column), and policy baseline (3rd column) for the world, Latin America, Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico. For Mexico, the policy scenario shows a policy of 30% emissions reduction from 2010.', 'For Mexico, the policy scenario shows a policy of 30% emissions reduction from 2010. Source: (Clarke et al., 2016) 11 An important research effort to study climate policy in Latin America was funded by the European Union in the context of the CLIMACAP project (EuropeAid/131944/C/SER/Multi) and of the U.S. Agency for International Development and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in the context of the LAMP Project. This section draws from results of this international collaboration project for the literature review, given the wide arrange of modeling tools that were used in that assessment and the participation of modeling groups from Latin America and international experts.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy As shown in the figure, for a 450 ppm world, important reductions worldwide must be accomplished by 2030.', 'This section draws from results of this international collaboration project for the literature review, given the wide arrange of modeling tools that were used in that assessment and the participation of modeling groups from Latin America and international experts.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy As shown in the figure, for a 450 ppm world, important reductions worldwide must be accomplished by 2030. This goal is consistent with previous literature that looked at the global effort. Latin American countries show different feasible reductions depending on their demographics and abatement cost, which varies regarding country resource endowments and current technology mix (Octaviano, Paltsev, & Gurgel, 2016).', 'Latin American countries show different feasible reductions depending on their demographics and abatement cost, which varies regarding country resource endowments and current technology mix (Octaviano, Paltsev, & Gurgel, 2016). In principle, the results of the abovementioned multi-model analysis suggest that Mexico should, based on cost-effectiveness mitigation criteria to reach global temperature goals by 2030, keep emissions within a range close to its emissions in 2010.12 Mexico’s NDC falls within this range, since economy-wide emissions in our NDC compared to 2010 would only increase 10% by 2030 (Gobierno de la República de México, 2015). Quantification of the mitigation effort and cost provides an important set of information for the Paris global stocktake.', 'Quantification of the mitigation effort and cost provides an important set of information for the Paris global stocktake. Therefore, we aim in this section of our strategy to run specific modeling scenarios that can help us assess our mitigation to 2050. While Mexico is a developing country, we acknowledge the need to take action that can trigger the level of ambition needed to reach the 40 to 70% global reduction by 2050. We believe these metrics could be useful as we discuss both the 2050 targets, and the means required to implement them.', 'We believe these metrics could be useful as we discuss both the 2050 targets, and the means required to implement them. Literature review In this section, we briefly discuss some results from the literature looking at mitigation pathways for Mexico, in order to provide a brief overview and identify key studies that can support the long-term mitigation goal of Mexico. In the following section, we develop original modeling analysis to assess the NDC goal of Mexico and the 2050 trajectory. A first quantification of the mitigation potential often starts with a bottom-up analysis of abatement opportunities and costs.', 'A first quantification of the mitigation potential often starts with a bottom-up analysis of abatement opportunities and costs. Mexico has conducted a number of these type of studies over the last years, which have been important to help us design our National Climate Change Strategy (SEMARNAT, 2013a) and the Special Program on Climate Change (SEMARNAT, 2014). Figure 17 shows an estimation of the marginal abatement cost curve 12 For a 450 ppm the Figure shows that Mexico could hold emissions approximately between 90- 140% of 2010 levels.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy in the country (INECC and SEMARNAT, 2012).', 'Figure 17 shows an estimation of the marginal abatement cost curve 12 For a 450 ppm the Figure shows that Mexico could hold emissions approximately between 90- 140% of 2010 levels.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy in the country (INECC and SEMARNAT, 2012). As shown, several negative cost measures were identified, mainly regarding energy efficiency potential.13As aforementioned, Mexico’s GLCC and NSCC mandate the evaluation of marginal costs of mitigation actions, and thus marginal abatement curves (MAC) are useful to help us comply with the legal criteria for assessing measures.', 'As shown, several negative cost measures were identified, mainly regarding energy efficiency potential.13As aforementioned, Mexico’s GLCC and NSCC mandate the evaluation of marginal costs of mitigation actions, and thus marginal abatement curves (MAC) are useful to help us comply with the legal criteria for assessing measures. Figure 17 Marginal abatement cost in Mexico estimated for 2030 (using 2010 data) Source: (INECC and SEMARNAT, 2012) While this type of bottom-up analysis is useful as a first approximation, economy-wide mitigation policy can have price effects and interactions between different systems in the economy (i.e. the energy system with the transportation system, and others) that make an isolated bottom-up analysis limited.', 'the energy system with the transportation system, and others) that make an isolated bottom-up analysis limited. For this, economy-wide and energy systems models have been used to look at the interaction of different technologies and potential mitigation costs in Mexico. Figure 18 and Figure 19 present marginal abatement cost curves for Mexico in 2030 and 2050, respectively, resulting from CLIMACAP/LAMP cross-modeling exercise which included a wide-range of modeling techniques such as general equilibrium models, energy systems models and market equilibrium models. 13 Some of these measures, while cost-effective, often require policy actions and incentives to change current behavior.', '13 Some of these measures, while cost-effective, often require policy actions and incentives to change current behavior. In strict terms of course, they are no zero cost, but their implementation could report more economic benefits than costs.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Figure 18 Marginal abatement cost functions in 2030 for fossil fuel and industrial CO2 emissions, relative to baseline emissions, across countries in Latin America Source: (Clarke et al., 2016) As shown in the figures, marginal abatement costs differ among countries and across models. Also, the curves are different if we compare 2030 to 2050. For the same 50% reduction from baseline in 2050, more abatement is needed than in 2030, and thus more expensive mitigation measures are required.', 'For the same 50% reduction from baseline in 2050, more abatement is needed than in 2030, and thus more expensive mitigation measures are required. By comparing different abatement costs of the models presented, we can infer that marginal mitigation costs could range from less than 50 to around 200 dollars per ton considering fossil and industrial emissions. This range is for CO2 per ton from a scenario similar to Mexico’s NDC of 22% reduction by 2030.', 'This range is for CO2 per ton from a scenario similar to Mexico’s NDC of 22% reduction by 2030. A mitigation of 50% reduction of emissions from fossil energy by 2050, could imply costs from 100-450 dollars per ton looking only at results from fossil fuel and industrial CO2 (Clarke et 14 A brief description of the models used in this cross-comparison exercise by the authors Clarke et al is included in the annex for quick reference.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Figure 19 Marginal abatement cost functions in 2050 for fossil fuel and industrial CO2 emissions, relative to baseline emissions, across countries in Latin America Source: (Clarke et al., 2016) Many variables influence differences across models, such as: baseline assumptions (van Ruijven et al., 2016), assumptions regarding the potential deployment of low-carbon technologies (van der Zwaan et al., 2016) and structural differences among models (i.e.', 'A mitigation of 50% reduction of emissions from fossil energy by 2050, could imply costs from 100-450 dollars per ton looking only at results from fossil fuel and industrial CO2 (Clarke et 14 A brief description of the models used in this cross-comparison exercise by the authors Clarke et al is included in the annex for quick reference.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Figure 19 Marginal abatement cost functions in 2050 for fossil fuel and industrial CO2 emissions, relative to baseline emissions, across countries in Latin America Source: (Clarke et al., 2016) Many variables influence differences across models, such as: baseline assumptions (van Ruijven et al., 2016), assumptions regarding the potential deployment of low-carbon technologies (van der Zwaan et al., 2016) and structural differences among models (i.e. whether models include all sectors of the economy, different gases, land-use or focus mainly in the energy sector).', 'whether models include all sectors of the economy, different gases, land-use or focus mainly in the energy sector). While models differ in their specific answer to technology options and overall cost, there is a clear agreement of the need of low-carbon technologies rollout. As an example, Figure 20 shows modeling results for the penetration of low-carbon technologies in Mexico’s electricity sector. For an scenario of 50% reduction of emissions by 2050, all models rely on energy efficiency measures and the deployment of renewable energy. This includes important shares of bioelectricity in some cases, or gas or coal with carbon capture and storage, in other cases.', 'This includes important shares of bioelectricity in some cases, or gas or coal with carbon capture and storage, in other cases. *Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Figure 20 Electricity generation in 2050 by technology and scenario (Veysey et al., 2016) Recent studies in Mexico, funded by the Ministry of Energy, have also found a large potential for energy efficiency measures in combination with renewable energy for low- carbon energy supply by 2030 (Jorge Islas Samperio and Fabio Manzini and Paloma Macías and Genice Grande, 2016). This study assessed 84 mitigation actions in the residential, commercial, public, industrial, hydrocarbon and transportation sectors.', 'This study assessed 84 mitigation actions in the residential, commercial, public, industrial, hydrocarbon and transportation sectors. Such actions were estimated to cost 98.3 billion US dollars .15 These researchers’ findings point out that the transportation sector has the highest abatement potential at 49%, followed by electricity at 27% and industry at 15%. Also, Mexico participated in the Deep decarbonization project under the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network with a modeling exercise funded by INECC in 2015 (Tovilla, 2015). The deep decarbonization modeling exercise in Mexico showed an important role for natural gas CCS technology for 2050, along with energy efficiency improvements in the industry and a fast penetration of electric vehicles.', 'The deep decarbonization modeling exercise in Mexico showed an important role for natural gas CCS technology for 2050, along with energy efficiency improvements in the industry and a fast penetration of electric vehicles. In particular, this study estimates that full electric light duty vehicles are expected to represent a 45% of the fleet while the rest uses flexi fuel systems. It also projects a full decarbonization of the power sector. 15 In 2007 prices.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy In sum, there is already a nascent body of literature focusing on understanding and quantifying climate change mitigation policy in Mexico. Studies point to an important mitigation potential in the country, with different pathways available for Mexico to transition to low-carbon development (Veysey et al., 2016).', 'Studies point to an important mitigation potential in the country, with different pathways available for Mexico to transition to low-carbon development (Veysey et al., 2016). Mid-century mitigation scenarios For the economic analysis and emissions projection of the Mid-century Strategy (MCS), we selected one model that has the capability of simulating the global mitigation efforts. This model considers Mexico in detail, and captures all of GHGs and economic sectors. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology Economic Projection and Policy Analysis (EPPA) Model is a multi-sector, multi-region computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of the world economy, with Mexico disaggregated as a region.', 'The Massachusetts Institute of Technology Economic Projection and Policy Analysis (EPPA) Model is a multi-sector, multi-region computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of the world economy, with Mexico disaggregated as a region. It has updated information for Mexico regarding economic structure and the energy sector, resulting from a scientific research collaboration project between Mexico and the MIT.16 It utilizes the GTAP dataset17, augmented by data on the emissions of greenhouse gases, aerosols and other relevant gases, taxes, and details of selected economic sectors. For this exercise, we also updated information regarding current cost of renewable energy technologies in Mexico.18 The model projects economic variables (GDP, energy use, sectoral output, consumption, etc.)', 'For this exercise, we also updated information regarding current cost of renewable energy technologies in Mexico.18 The model projects economic variables (GDP, energy use, sectoral output, consumption, etc.) and emissions of greenhouse gases (CO2 O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 ) and other air pollutants (CO, VOC, NOx , black carbon, and organic carbon) from the combustion of carbon-based fuels, industrial processes, waste handling, and agricultural activities. EPPA can simulate emissions limits, carbon markets with domestic and international trading, and technology regulations, such as energy efficiency standards for vehicles, among others (Y.H. Chen and S. Paltsev and J. Reilly and J. Morris, 2015).', 'Chen and S. Paltsev and J. Reilly and J. Morris, 2015). This model has been widely used for the analysis of climate and energy policy, including a number of studies in the US, EU, Mexico, Brazil, China and other developing countries (H. 16 The model version used is EPPA 6 and has been updated with Mexico’s information as part of the research collaboration between Centro Mario Molina and the MIT Joint Program for the Science and Policy of Global Change, with funding from the Molina fellowship and Mexico’s Council for Science and Technology (CONACYT). 17 Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP), hosted by Purdue University, is a global network of researchers and policy makers conducting quantitative analysis of international policy issues.', '17 Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP), hosted by Purdue University, is a global network of researchers and policy makers conducting quantitative analysis of international policy issues. The dataset compiles and systematizes input-output tables to be used for economic analysis. 18 The last electricity bidding processes in Mexico showed record low prices for solar energy, and also lower costs than previous projects for wind energy. We reduced the “mark-up” parameters of renewable energy technology in the EPPA model to make them similar to efficient combined cycle technologies; although they are not perfect substitutes due to intermittency of solar and wind.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Jacoby and H. Chen & 2014., 2014; Jacoby., 2012; Octaviano et al., 2016; Sergey Paltsev, 2009).', 'We reduced the “mark-up” parameters of renewable energy technology in the EPPA model to make them similar to efficient combined cycle technologies; although they are not perfect substitutes due to intermittency of solar and wind.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Jacoby and H. Chen & 2014., 2014; Jacoby., 2012; Octaviano et al., 2016; Sergey Paltsev, 2009). From the outset, we must acknowledge that all modeling exercises have limitations and that there are intrinsic uncertainties in predicting such long-term horizons. Our purpose in presenting the quantitative analysis of Mexico’s mitigation goal is to advance the understanding of our mitigation options.', 'Our purpose in presenting the quantitative analysis of Mexico’s mitigation goal is to advance the understanding of our mitigation options. It should not, at any moment, be understood that Mexico has fixed mitigation policies for the decades to come, nor that all of the reductions resulting from the model will be required for sectors strictly based on economic efficiency. On the contrary, we will remain flexible in the face of a quickly changing technology and climate policy innovation environment. What are fixed are our commitments, long-term goals, and policy principles as mandated by our laws. We present the modeling analysis for the insights it provides to guide long-term action, as it helps in identifying critical actions to scale-up mitigation.', 'We present the modeling analysis for the insights it provides to guide long-term action, as it helps in identifying critical actions to scale-up mitigation. We believe that there is high value in systematizing the information of Mexico and other countries’ emissions and emissions drivers. This systematization can be done with our best available modeling tools, without being dogmatic about their use. The quantification of our strategy can provide a basis to better address potential implications. It can also inform a discussion about the importance of international collaboration for the fast mobilization of means of implementation, including technology, finance and capacity building needs.', 'It can also inform a discussion about the importance of international collaboration for the fast mobilization of means of implementation, including technology, finance and capacity building needs. Baseline emissions projection to 2050 Mexico’s population of 121 million people in 2015 is expected to reach 137 million by 2030; and by mid-century Mexico’s total population could reach 150 million (CONAPO, 2010). The size of our economy, as measured by GDP, in 2015, was 1.144 trillion dollars, making it the second largest economy in Latin America (World Bank, 2016). The EPPA model endogenously estimates GDP growth rate for the policy scenarios; however, the business as usual scenario requires data about future growth expectations.', 'The EPPA model endogenously estimates GDP growth rate for the policy scenarios; however, the business as usual scenario requires data about future growth expectations. A 3% average annual growth was used, which was derived from domestic data and the IMF mid-term projection for Mexico (International Monetary Fund, 2016; SENER, 2016).19 For the baseline projection, we allow the MIT EPPA model to estimate the emissions trajectory without imposing climate or energy policy constraints. The model considers 19 SENER uses a 3.3% growth rate for long-term planning; IMF projected worth rate for the medium term 2021 is 2.9%.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy population growth, GDP growth rate, technology costs and resource endowments in the country to assess the business as usual scenario. Mitigation scenarios We defined two mitigation scenarios: a) NDC policy.', 'Mitigation scenarios We defined two mitigation scenarios: a) NDC policy. This mitigation scenario simulates a reduction target of 22% of economy-wide GHGs by 2030, and 51% of black carbon. For 2050, the MCS goal simulated a trajectory after 2030 that reaches a 50% reduction of GHGs, compared to Mexico’s 2000 emissions. For assumptions regarding the rest of the world’s mitigation, we consider that all countries deliver on their INDC mitigation pledges by 2030, and that by 2050, global mitigation reaches 50% below 2010 level. We consider this could be in line with a 2ºC stabilization scenario of 450 ppm, drawing from previous IPCC reviewed research. We also allowed for domestic trading of GHGs using IPCC AR5 global warming potentials for trading tons of CO2 equivalent across gases.', 'We also allowed for domestic trading of GHGs using IPCC AR5 global warming potentials for trading tons of CO2 equivalent across gases. We did not simulate international emissions trading.20 b) NDC more ambition. This mitigation scenario simulates a more ambitious policy of reducing 36% of economy-wide GHGs in the economy by 2030, and 70% of black carbon. For 2050, the MCS goal simulated a trajectory after 2030 that reaches a 50% reduction of GHGs, compared to Mexico’s 2000 emissions. It has additional constraints to simulate a minimum of 50% of clean electricity production by 2025, in line with Mexico’s energy transition law, and a 40% methane reduction considering coordinated action in North America.', 'It has additional constraints to simulate a minimum of 50% of clean electricity production by 2025, in line with Mexico’s energy transition law, and a 40% methane reduction considering coordinated action in North America. For assumptions regarding the rest of the world’s mitigation, we consider that all countries deliver on their INDC mitigation pledges by 2030, and that by 2050, global mitigation reaches 50% below 2010 level. We consider this could be in line with a 2ºC stabilization scenario of 450 ppm, drawing from previous IPCC reviewed research. We also allowed for domestic trading of GHGs using IPCC AR5 global warming potentials. We did not simulate international emissions trading. Modeling results GHGs emissions pathways resulting from our modeling exercise are shown in Figure 21.', 'Modeling results GHGs emissions pathways resulting from our modeling exercise are shown in Figure 21. Our baseline projection (in blue) shows that economy-wide emissions could reach 973 20 This can of course be added to the analysis since the EPPA model allows for international exchange of emissions permits; however, we considered premature to simulate a global emissions trading system at the moment.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy million tons of CO2e by 2030, and 1,236 million tons of CO2e by 2050.21 Our NDC policy emissions trajectory (orange) shows that emissions would be reduced to 762 million tons by 2030, a 22% reduction compared to the baseline projection, and reach 311 million tons by 2050.', 'Our baseline projection (in blue) shows that economy-wide emissions could reach 973 20 This can of course be added to the analysis since the EPPA model allows for international exchange of emissions permits; however, we considered premature to simulate a global emissions trading system at the moment.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy million tons of CO2e by 2030, and 1,236 million tons of CO2e by 2050.21 Our NDC policy emissions trajectory (orange) shows that emissions would be reduced to 762 million tons by 2030, a 22% reduction compared to the baseline projection, and reach 311 million tons by 2050. The NDC more ambition trajectory (green) estimates a reduction of 36% GHG emissions reductions from the baseline and reaches the 311 million tons of CO2e by 2050.', 'The NDC more ambition trajectory (green) estimates a reduction of 36% GHG emissions reductions from the baseline and reaches the 311 million tons of CO2e by 2050. The gray area represents the total cumulative emissions reduction that our economy could deliver in the NDC policy scenario. Total emissions reduction potential, with additional efforts to accelerate mitigation actions, is represented by the gray area plus the orange area. As shown in Figure 21, the NDC more ambition trajectory implies a peaking of national GHG emissions by or before 2026, as stated in Mexico’s NDC. Figure 21 Mexico’s GHG mitigation scenarios Figure 22 shows emissions reductions for CO2 (the size of the bubble represents total emissions by source; and on the vertical axes the CO2 baseline allows comparison with the baseline projection).', 'Figure 21 Mexico’s GHG mitigation scenarios Figure 22 shows emissions reductions for CO2 (the size of the bubble represents total emissions by source; and on the vertical axes the CO2 baseline allows comparison with the baseline projection). These reductions are defined by gas species for all other GHGs, including methane (CH4 ), nitrous oxide (S2 O), perfluorocarbons (PFC), sulfur hexafluoride 21 This estimate is lower than the previous emissions projection in the NSCC, mainly driven by reduced costs of renewable energy that allow for some penetration of it in the baseline trajectory.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy ). An important flexibility mechanism in our simulation is emissions permits trading including different gases.', 'An important flexibility mechanism in our simulation is emissions permits trading including different gases. Understanding the critical role of emissions trading for cost- effective mitigation, Mexico has started the policy design of this instrument and plans to launch a pilot trading exercise this year.22 emissions reductions in the policy scenarios 22 Due to the importance of this instrument, accelerated policy design and implementation is required. More collaboration and capacity building in this area could help speed the process.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Figure 23 Other GHG emissions by scenario An essential component of Mexico’s climate policy is the reduction of short-lived climate pollutants. We also modeled explicitly the goals for black carbon (see Figure 24).', 'We also modeled explicitly the goals for black carbon (see Figure 24). 23 We underscore that these are additional policies that can help raise global ambition, and thus Mexico has started unilateral action in this regard and committed to this as part of our NDC. As explained in previous chapters, Mexico prioritized these measures for their important benefits in health and ecosystems.', 'As explained in previous chapters, Mexico prioritized these measures for their important benefits in health and ecosystems. Figure 25 shows the reductions of other air pollutants that could be associated with both the GHGs and BC policy goals.24 The pollutants in Figure 25 (SO2 , NOx and VOC) are well known ozone precursors which is a secondary pollutant that is of major concern in many cities in Mexico, as shown by our National System for Air Quality monitoring (SINAICA).25 23 An additional constraint was needed to reach the 51% reduction goal on BC, meaning that the level of reduction of this pollutant will not be achieved only with GHG policy measures and thus requires additional policies. 24 We did not model other policies targeting particularly SO2 , NOx or VOC.', '24 We did not model other policies targeting particularly SO2 , NOx or VOC. Of course some policies targeting specifically this pollution could be analyzed as a follow-up study to better understand the interaction with climate policies (i.e. measures to introduce emissions control equipment for these pollutants such as current standards for fuel charging stations, power plants, etc.) 25 Air quality can be monitored in real time in many cities of Mexico Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Figure 24 Black carbon emissions by scenario Figure 25 Other air pollutants reduction (other co-benefits of climate action)Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Regarding technological trends, the model allows evaluation of the potential role of new technology adoption in different sectors. For example, in the energy sector, the model allows forecasting required changes in energy use.', 'For example, in the energy sector, the model allows forecasting required changes in energy use. Figure 26 shows primary energy use in the different scenarios. As shown in the figures, in a baseline scenario oil and natural gas dominate the energy mix. It is interesting to point out that renewable energy does gradually enters the mix in a business as usual scenario, though only slowly without specific policies supporting adoption.', 'It is interesting to point out that renewable energy does gradually enters the mix in a business as usual scenario, though only slowly without specific policies supporting adoption. In both policy scenarios renewable energy penetrates rapidly replacing oil and coal use.26 The relevance of renewables as a mitigation option was explored by the IPCC work on renewable energy mitigation potential, as well as other reference studies for the future of renewable energy (Maureen Hand and Sam Baldwin and Ed DeMeo and John Reilly and Trieu Mai and Douglas Arent and G. Porro and M. Meshek and D Sandor, 2012; Ottmar Edenhofer and R. Pichs- Madruga and Y.Sokona and K. Seyboth, Gerrit, & Stechow, 2011). Energy efficiency is also a critical mitigation option, as shown by the decrease in total energy demand in both scenarios.', 'Energy efficiency is also a critical mitigation option, as shown by the decrease in total energy demand in both scenarios. The replacement of oil though more energy efficiency is a critical component of the policy scenarios. Particularly, the transportation sector requires fast new efficient technologies in a short timeframe, as shown 26 Renewable energy reported is a sum of solar, wind and biomass (both biofuels and bioelectricity). In Mexico, an important resource could also be geothermal energy, which is not explicitly modeled here. Figure 26 Primary Energy Use by ScenarioMexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy by the miles per gallon indicator resulting from the policy simulation exercise (see Figure 27.) In addition to energy efficiency, an important share of reductions comes from the introduction of electric vehicles.', 'In addition to energy efficiency, an important share of reductions comes from the introduction of electric vehicles. Modeling results suggest that incentives for a rapid increase of fleet efficiency and hybrid and electric vehicle adoptions will be important to achieve the 2050 goal. Clean electricity is particularly important in both policy scenarios for all sectors in the economy.', 'Clean electricity is particularly important in both policy scenarios for all sectors in the economy. As shown in the policy scenarios for a 50% economy-wide emissions reduction, the power sector must be almost fully decarbonized by 2050.27 This is particularly relevant in the context of the transformation of the electricity market where solar and wind power are increasing their share in the electricity matrix, driven in part by changes in the legal framework for the sector, and by important reductions in the cost per MWh for those technologies. It should also be noted that Mexico has already established in its long-term Energy Transition Strategy a goal of 50% clean electricity by 2050.', 'It should also be noted that Mexico has already established in its long-term Energy Transition Strategy a goal of 50% clean electricity by 2050. Compliance with that goal relies on the design and operation of the recently created Clean Energy Certificates market, and on compliance with annual targets on clean energy for qualified electricity suppliers. Whether a full decarbonization of the electricity sector can be achieved is still an open discussion in Mexico. For that reasons, other mitigation options could complement the clean electricity goal if more time is required, such as more or enhanced action on reducing emissions of SLCP.', 'For that reasons, other mitigation options could complement the clean electricity goal if more time is required, such as more or enhanced action on reducing emissions of SLCP. Of course, the complete transformation of electricity supply comes with a myriad of challenges ahead; particularly as the sector has long-lived infrastructure and the lock-in problem of fossil-fuel based generation. In addition to the economic questions, deploying large shares of renewable energy could be technically challenging given the intermittent nature of solar and wind resources (IEA, 2011; NERC, 2009; Pérez-Arriaga, 2011), although the recently created CENACE, as independent electricity dispatcher, estimates that the integration of up to 30% intermittent renewable energy in the system is manageable.', 'In addition to the economic questions, deploying large shares of renewable energy could be technically challenging given the intermittent nature of solar and wind resources (IEA, 2011; NERC, 2009; Pérez-Arriaga, 2011), although the recently created CENACE, as independent electricity dispatcher, estimates that the integration of up to 30% intermittent renewable energy in the system is manageable. Mexico is collaborating with the USA, Canada, Denmark and other countries in the assessment and resolution of integration challenges and the identification of needed infrastructure. Collaboration in planning for new technology adoption will surely be important as our countries advance in climate policy goals.', 'Collaboration in planning for new technology adoption will surely be important as our countries advance in climate policy goals. 27 This finding is supported by the deep decarbonization modeling exercise for Mexico, and has been also found in other countries’ analysis of 50% and more mitigation strategies.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Figure 27 Transportation Energy Efficiency Improvement Finally, in addition to emissions and technology trends, the economic model provides socioeconomic indicators to assess potential climate policy costs. Figure 28 shows populations trends (input data), GDP per capita and consumption component of GDP.28 As shown in the figure, it is particularly in the last decade of the policy evaluated, where emissions reduction becomes more burdensome for the economy.', 'Figure 28 shows populations trends (input data), GDP per capita and consumption component of GDP.28 As shown in the figure, it is particularly in the last decade of the policy evaluated, where emissions reduction becomes more burdensome for the economy. The results underscore the value of investing today in innovation and research development in order to reduce low- carbon technologies cost and prepare for the high ambition mitigation scenarios needed. It is important to highlight that this model estimates only mitigation costs, and does not include the benefits of reducing climate change impacts in the economy or the value of reducing the climate risk more generally. The benefits of action, while difficult to quantify in economic terms, are much higher.', 'The benefits of action, while difficult to quantify in economic terms, are much higher. Figure 28 Socioeconomic indicators of climate policy cost 28 Consumption is a good indicator of welfare changes to the domestic population.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy A closer look at the electric power sector Given the critical role of the electricity sector for reaching climate goals, having a closer look at technology deployment in the sector is important. The power sector is a very complex one, since many variables are required for the proper analysis of power demand and supply at many different time scales.29 Sector specific models can support the analysis of top-down models in this sector to better understand the technology implications of climate policy.', 'The power sector is a very complex one, since many variables are required for the proper analysis of power demand and supply at many different time scales.29 Sector specific models can support the analysis of top-down models in this sector to better understand the technology implications of climate policy. Denmark and Mexico have initiated The Climate Change Mitigation and Energy Programme, with a specific component on developing more tools to support planning in the electric power sector. Therefore, the Ministry of Energy provided some modeling results from the Balmorel model that explore the technology implications of reaching the current clean electricity medium and long-term goals. The Danish-Mexico project used the Balmorel model.30 This tool is useful for analyzing the electricity and combined heat and power sectors.', 'The Danish-Mexico project used the Balmorel model.30 This tool is useful for analyzing the electricity and combined heat and power sectors. It may be applied for long range planning as well as shorter-term operational analysis. This cost-optimizing model can compute both the capacity needed to meet demand and the energy dispatch for short-term time horizons. It has been calibrated to represent Mexico’s electricity system and is used along with the SIMICE model platform, a modeling tool by SENER.31 Figure 29 shows the expansion of the system estimated by the Balmorel model, and total electricity generation for the MCS period. This modeling was done with the goal of assessing electricity system needs to meet a 50% clean energy goal.', 'This modeling was done with the goal of assessing electricity system needs to meet a 50% clean energy goal. As shown in the detailed electricity sector model, a wide range of technologies could be expected to play a role. Consistent with the EPPA model results, renewable energy plays an important role (wind, solar, bioenergy, geothermal and hydro). Cogeneration also plays an important role, along with natural gas technologies. 29 Electricity supply and demand must be balanced at all time, thus timescales span from seconds to minutes and hours. Also, medium and long term planning requires careful consideration of fixed and operational variables costs, demand projections and other uncertainties both in short term and long term variables.', 'Also, medium and long term planning requires careful consideration of fixed and operational variables costs, demand projections and other uncertainties both in short term and long term variables. 30 The Balmorel model information can be found here: 31 A Mexican model system that integrates other important energy and economic variables.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Figure 29 Results of the Balmorel Model: Installed capacity and Electricity Generation in Mexico for the Clean Energy Standard Policy Source: (Togeby, 2016)Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Design and assessment of forest carbon mitigation actions32 Mexico’s Land Use, Land Use Change, and Forestry (LULUCF) sector is considered a net greenhouse gas (GHG) sink and thus has an important role in balancing GHG emissions and removals at the national level (INECC and SEMARNAT, 2015).', '30 The Balmorel model information can be found here: 31 A Mexican model system that integrates other important energy and economic variables.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Figure 29 Results of the Balmorel Model: Installed capacity and Electricity Generation in Mexico for the Clean Energy Standard Policy Source: (Togeby, 2016)Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Design and assessment of forest carbon mitigation actions32 Mexico’s Land Use, Land Use Change, and Forestry (LULUCF) sector is considered a net greenhouse gas (GHG) sink and thus has an important role in balancing GHG emissions and removals at the national level (INECC and SEMARNAT, 2015). However, key challenges remain to identify and understand the main drivers of this sink, and consequently, to design and prioritize mitigation action that reduce future GHG emissions and increase sinks in a cost-effective manner.', 'However, key challenges remain to identify and understand the main drivers of this sink, and consequently, to design and prioritize mitigation action that reduce future GHG emissions and increase sinks in a cost-effective manner. Since 2012, the National Forestry Commission (CONAFOR), with international cooperation of the Government of Norway, the Canadian Forest Service (CFS), the U.S. Forest Service (USFS), and the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC), has been developing methods and tools to advance the understanding of the role of natural carbon sinks in climate change mitigation for Mexico (Olguín M. and Kurz W.A. and Wayson C. and Fellows M. and Maldonado V. and López-Merlín D., 2016; Olguín M. and Wayson C. and Kurz W. and Birdsey R. and Fellows M. and Maldonado V., 2015).', 'and Wayson C. and Fellows M. and Maldonado V. and López-Merlín D., 2016; Olguín M. and Wayson C. and Kurz W. and Birdsey R. and Fellows M. and Maldonado V., 2015). This collaboration recognizes the importance of policy priorities for the Mid-Century Strategy, and thus identifies short-term (avoided deforestation), medium-term (degradation and forest restoration) and long-term (sustainable forest management, ecosystem-based adaptation) mitigation strategies. Both the role of ecosystems in vulnerability reduction and future potential impacts of climate change on forests and climate sensitive ecosystems are considered in this collaboration. Methods 32 This section was elaborated by Mexican forestry researcher, M.Sc. Marcela Olguín, with funding from the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC), a trinational organization through which the governments of Canada, Mexico and the United States collaborate on environmental issues.', 'Marcela Olguín, with funding from the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC), a trinational organization through which the governments of Canada, Mexico and the United States collaborate on environmental issues. The National Forestry Commission (CONAFOR), and experts from the Canada and the US provided useful comments. Illustration 7 Panthera onca, Mexico Source: National Commission for Biodiversity, CONABIOMexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy The analytical framework used was the Carbon Budget Model CBM-CFS3 (Kurz et al., 2009). This model follows the Gain-Loss method of the IPCC to estimate annual GHG emissions and removals from all five IPCC carbon pools and has been used in many other countries (e.g. Canada, 26 EU countries, Korea, Russia, and China).', 'Canada, 26 EU countries, Korea, Russia, and China). During the initial phase of the model adaptation, Mexico was stratified based on the intersection of the 32 federal states and 7 ecoregions of the North America Level 1 classification creating 94 spatial units nation-wide (Olguín M. and Wayson C. and Kurz W. and Birdsey R. and Fellows M. and Maldonado V., 2015). The model was then run for CONAFOR’s early actions on REDD+ (Figure 1).', 'The model was then run for CONAFOR’s early actions on REDD+ (Figure 1). Using the CBM-CFS3 in a spatially-referenced approach (IPCC, 2003), forest GHG emissions and removals were estimated by combining: a) forest distribution and forest growth data (derived from Mexico’s National Forest and Soil Inventory), rates on fires and land-use changes (i.e., deforestation and forest recovery/afforestation), ecological parameters (e.g., litter fall and decomposition of dead organic matter) and climate data. Results Figure 31a shows an example of the business-as-usual scenario generated for the Yucatan peninsula (3 states, 6 spatial units) by extending the historic time series of activity data into the future and calculating the resulting GHG fluxes. Overall, forests represent a net sink of e due to removals from growth of remaining and newly established forests.', 'Overall, forests represent a net sink of e due to removals from growth of remaining and newly established forests. However, the size of the sink decreases over time (even when a constant disturbance rate is assumed) due to the cumulative effect of the aging of the forest (lower average growth rate and higher biomass), plus the reduction of forest area by deforestation. Figure 31 shows the effect of a mitigation scenario that gradually reduces the rate of deforestation by 2.5% per year for the period 2011 to 2030. The estimated trends show that halving the deforestation rate over 20 years would yield a cumulative 40% reduction in net GHG emissions (Olguín et al. 2016).', 'The estimated trends show that halving the deforestation rate over 20 years would yield a cumulative 40% reduction in net GHG emissions (Olguín et al. 2016). Relative to other activities, such as increasing Figure 30 Proposed spatial framework highlighting the five states used in the first phase of modeling mitigation scenarios.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy reforestation (results not shown in the figure), reducing deforestation generates immediate and significant avoided GHG emissions. This type of analysis can be extended to the remaining forested states in Mexico. 30a. Net GHG fluxes in the Yucatan Peninsula, affected by forest growth and disturbances, from 1995 to 2020 (negative values represent sinks). 30b. Estimated mitigation potential in the Yucatan Peninsula (negative values represent sinks).', 'Estimated mitigation potential in the Yucatan Peninsula (negative values represent sinks). Figure 31 Evaluation of forestry dynamics and mitigation potential in the Yucatan Peninsula Progress and next steps Several activities are being conducted to refine the simulation of carbon dynamics in Mexico and to increase the level of complexity of the scenarios (e.g. by including forest degradation and sustainable forest management). However, even at this preliminary stage, this study showed the potential use of an analytical framework that integrates data from multiple Mexican sources and resolutions into an internally-consistent reporting and accounting system of past and future GHG emissions in Mexico.', 'However, even at this preliminary stage, this study showed the potential use of an analytical framework that integrates data from multiple Mexican sources and resolutions into an internally-consistent reporting and accounting system of past and future GHG emissions in Mexico. This approach can also assess the effect of different human activities on future GHG fluxes and enhances the collaboration between policy-makers and the scientific community in Mexico to analyze and rank alternative policy scenarios.', 'This approach can also assess the effect of different human activities on future GHG fluxes and enhances the collaboration between policy-makers and the scientific community in Mexico to analyze and rank alternative policy scenarios. Finally, improving information exchange and capacity building on the design and assessments of mitigation activities in the forest sector contributes to harmonizing GHG emissions reductions strategies at a regional level in North America, where forests cover about 720 million hectares (FAO-FRA 2015) and all three countries are among the top 12 highest GHG emitters globally (IEA 2013). Thus, collaborative work continues with support from the CEC to assess carbon in forests ecosystems and the use of harvested wood products (including trade among the three countries) to assess portfolios of mitigation options (e.g.', 'Thus, collaborative work continues with support from the CEC to assess carbon in forests ecosystems and the use of harvested wood products (including trade among the three countries) to assess portfolios of mitigation options (e.g. NDCs and Mid-Century emission reductions assessments).Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Mitigation action areas Clean energy transition (M1) Mexico’s energy reform has set in motion a complete transformation of the energy sector in the country. New legal arrangements provide incentives for the participation of the private sector in many areas previously reserved for the State. While maintaining some activities to independent regulatory bodies and the Ministry of Energy, the new environment uses market forces to attract investment and new technologies to the energy sector.', 'While maintaining some activities to independent regulatory bodies and the Ministry of Energy, the new environment uses market forces to attract investment and new technologies to the energy sector. An important instrument of the energy reform is the mandate to craft an Energy Transition Strategy.33 This strategy has the goal to promote clean electricity generation to reach the General Law on Climate Change and promote the use of clean fuels. During 2016, Mexico ran an extensive consultation process for the development of the Energy Transition Strategy. A Council for Consultation of the Energy Transition Strategy was on April 7, 2016, pursuant to the Energy Transition Law, with four working groups: 1) production, 2) consumption, 3) energy efficiency and 4) energy storage.', 'A Council for Consultation of the Energy Transition Strategy was on April 7, 2016, pursuant to the Energy Transition Law, with four working groups: 1) production, 2) consumption, 3) energy efficiency and 4) energy storage. A vision for 2050 for the sector has two components: • An energy sector operating with clean technologies that is energy efficient and promotes productivity, sustainable development and social equity in the country. • An energy supply that allows for universal access and that is diversified, sufficient, of high quality and competitive prices.', '• An energy supply that allows for universal access and that is diversified, sufficient, of high quality and competitive prices. In terms of clean energy, the reform: • Eliminates entry barriers and simplifies interconnections, to promote investments • Sets clean energy goals • Establishes the evaluation of social impacts of projects • Promotes energy trading through a competitive approach, by using the new electricity market • Creates the Clean Energy Certificates program, and specific fiscal incentives. • Creates regulation to allow the participation of clean distributed energy resources • Promotes more transmission infrastructure For each energy technology, the Energy Strategy states measures in four areas: regulation and policies, capacities and human resources, institutions, markets and financing.', '• Creates regulation to allow the participation of clean distributed energy resources • Promotes more transmission infrastructure For each energy technology, the Energy Strategy states measures in four areas: regulation and policies, capacities and human resources, institutions, markets and financing. 33 The Energy Transition Strategy will be launched by the end of 2016.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Lines of action: M1.1 To strengthen the regulatory and institutional framework, as well as the use of economic instruments in order to harness clean energy sources and more efficient technologies. M1.2 To encourage less-polluting power generation and more efficient technologies to replace fossil fuels, minimizing environmental and social impacts. M1.3 To increase the penetration of renewable energies and to reduce energy losses by using smart grids and distributed generation in national electric system.', 'M1.3 To increase the penetration of renewable energies and to reduce energy losses by using smart grids and distributed generation in national electric system. M1.4 To turn state-owned power enterprises into a central platform for fighting climate change, so they foster a strategy for the development of renewable energy and energy saving. M1.5 To encourage participation of private in power generation through renewable energy sources and efficient cogeneration. M1.6 To facilitate interconnections between power plants and renewable energy projects in the regions of the country with greater potential and economic feasibility. Wind M1.7 To encourage wind powered energy generation and to benefit from its onshore and offshore potential to ensure technological, social, and environmental compatibility. Photovoltaic M1.8 To promote investment in photovoltaic systems in high potential regions of the country.', 'Photovoltaic M1.8 To promote investment in photovoltaic systems in high potential regions of the country. M1.9 To encourage distributed generation by using photovoltaic systems in industrial, residential, and service sectors. Figure 32 Wind Energy in Mexico Source: SENERMexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Illustration 8 PV installations in Yucatán and University of Querétaro, Mexico Source: SENER Geothermal M1.10 To promote technological development of geothermal energy projects to reduce exploration risks and guarantee resource rights. Hydroelectric M1.11 To harness existing electric power potential by installing new large hydropower plants. These plants would only be built in zones where social and environmental impacts can be compensated. Likewise, to use water stored in these installations for other uses such as irrigation, protection against floods, water supply for cities, roads, recreation, environmental services, landscaping, and tourism.', 'Likewise, to use water stored in these installations for other uses such as irrigation, protection against floods, water supply for cities, roads, recreation, environmental services, landscaping, and tourism. M1.12 To encourage power generation in small, mini, and micro hydroelectric plants. The niches for this technology is in industrial self-sufficiency, rural production, and in areas with high costs of interconnection to the grid. These niches ensure thei ecological and social compatibility of small hydro. Nuclear M1.13 To consider, among the plans for diversification of generating facilities, the implementation of a nuclear program as a possible substitute to fossil fuel use. Solar Thermal M1.14 To encourage the use of solar thermal energy, including using it for water heating in the services, industry, residential, and tourism sectors.', 'Solar Thermal M1.14 To encourage the use of solar thermal energy, including using it for water heating in the services, industry, residential, and tourism sectors. Energy efficiency and sustainable consumption (M2)Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Energy efficiency, whilst resulting in savings, also contributes to reducing GHG emissions. This dual role supports the goals of growth and competitiveness in the country. This effort aims to promote measures that accompany responsible energy consumption resulting from changes in consumption patterns and technological improvements. Lines of action: M2.1 To promote energy efficiency and savings in the national energy system, and in every activity that contributes to the economy. M2.2 To harness the mitigation potential of actions including: efficient cogeneration, energy efficiency in lighting, air conditioning, efficient refrigeration, and water heating.', 'M2.2 To harness the mitigation potential of actions including: efficient cogeneration, energy efficiency in lighting, air conditioning, efficient refrigeration, and water heating. Consumption habits and Certification M2.3 To promote changes in the practices and behavior of end users. Primarily, this would be in the residential, service, tourism, and industry sectors. Such changes could be incentivized through economic instruments, energy efficiency and power saving campaigns. M2.4 To promote and encourage the development of mechanisms to provide reliable and timely information to consumers on energy efficiency and GHG emissions. Examples of such efforts include labeling and certification. M2.5 To implement sustainable practices in the public and private sectors, using high efficiency standards and green procurement criteria.', 'M2.5 To implement sustainable practices in the public and private sectors, using high efficiency standards and green procurement criteria. State of the art technology M2.6 To increase energy efficiency of public and private passenger and freight transportation by establishing Official Standards and logistic and technological improvement programs, including modal shift for fuel consumption and emissions reductions. M2.7 To reduce emissions through the modernization of the vehicle fleet and removal and disposal of inefficient units. M2.8 To develop wáter-efficiency in agriculture, including efficient irrigation systems. This will in turn reduce energy consumption. M2.9 To continue exploring carbon capture and sequestration(CCS) technologies aimed at the implementation of projects. This will include the possibility of using CCS for enhanced hydrocarbon recovery.', 'This will include the possibility of using CCS for enhanced hydrocarbon recovery. Illustration 9 Los azufres geothermal plant Source: AlstomMexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Transformation processes M2.10 To promote highly efficient technologies,, fuel substitution, industrial process redesign, and CO2 capture technologies in energy-intensive industries such as cement, steel, petroleum, chemical, and petrochemical industries. M2.11 To reduce energy consumption and GHG emissions by implementing energy efficiency projects informed by comprehensive energy audits in the petroleum, industrial, and electrical sectors. M2.12 To reduce losses in power transmission and distribution by modernizing electric lines and substations as well as improving the distribution grid. Regulation and standards M2.13 To adapt and, if necessary, design the legal and regulatory framework applicable to fuels in order to reduce GHG emissions.', 'Regulation and standards M2.13 To adapt and, if necessary, design the legal and regulatory framework applicable to fuels in order to reduce GHG emissions. This would particularly focus on fuels which are not currently regulated, such as fuel oil and marine diesel. M2.14 To create a national system of mandatory vehicle inspection, including control mechanisms. Additionally, to review and adjust emission standards of the vehicle fleet with the participation of the three levels of government to ensure high levels of efficiency in all additions to the national vehicle fleet, including imported used vehicles. Sustainable cities This line of action is based upon an urban development model that is capable of regulating land-use, considering efficient transportation systems, low-carbon buildings, and integrated water and waste management.', 'Sustainable cities This line of action is based upon an urban development model that is capable of regulating land-use, considering efficient transportation systems, low-carbon buildings, and integrated water and waste management. The policy is implemented fundamentally on a local scope. Lines of action: Sustainable urban development M3.1 To increase planned and efficient land-use by diminishing urban sprawl and guaranteeing access to intra-urban land; to promote mixed-use development and vertical buildings; to incentivize densification instead of greenfield development; to connect urban forests; and to define urban growth limits.', 'Lines of action: Sustainable urban development M3.1 To increase planned and efficient land-use by diminishing urban sprawl and guaranteeing access to intra-urban land; to promote mixed-use development and vertical buildings; to incentivize densification instead of greenfield development; to connect urban forests; and to define urban growth limits. Buildings M3.2 To promote strengthening, adoption, and application of regulations, standards, and legislations which boost efficient technologies for new and existing buildings in the following áreas: water, energy, gas, thermal isolation, renewable energy, and carbon capture practices (for example: green roofs, vertical gardens, and urban orchards).Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Mobility M3.3 To encourage the evolution towards safe, clean, low-emission, accessible, and comfortable public transportation systems.', 'Buildings M3.2 To promote strengthening, adoption, and application of regulations, standards, and legislations which boost efficient technologies for new and existing buildings in the following áreas: water, energy, gas, thermal isolation, renewable energy, and carbon capture practices (for example: green roofs, vertical gardens, and urban orchards).Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Mobility M3.3 To encourage the evolution towards safe, clean, low-emission, accessible, and comfortable public transportation systems. This is to be accomplished by strengthening regional and national interconnectivity through the generation of multimodal efficient networks supported by the Federal Government.Greater interconnectivity will take place in a context of urban development and transportation policy that reduces travel times and distances. M3.4 To develop transport regulatory entities with understanding of national and regional demand. The regulatory entity will optimize transportation systems to reduce travel times and distances.', 'The regulatory entity will optimize transportation systems to reduce travel times and distances. M3.5 To encourage programs which reduce the need for transportation, such as: telework, housing exchange or leasing to bring people closer to their academic or work placess, collective transportation services for companies, and flexible work schedules. To accomplish this, Mexico will diversify and prioritize urban services and equipment in areas with mixed—use development. M3.6 To promote efficient and low-emission transportation systems, and to modify the regulatory and pricing framework in order to foster reinvestment and continuous improvement. M3.7 To generate incentives, infrastructure, and programs for non-motorized transportation as part of integrated transportation systems in which the pedestrian and the cyclist are given priority. This will create immediate environmental and health benefits.', 'This will create immediate environmental and health benefits. Integrated waste management M3.8 To incentivize private sector participation in projects for waste sorting, reuse and recycling, the development of biogas plants, water treatment plants, and the establishment of recycling centers. These type of projects will be incentivized by developing an adequate enabling environment with new mechanisms, regulations, and markets. M3.9 To encourage new technologies and infrastructure for wastewater treatment, integrated solid waste management, and biogas energy exploitation. These developments will be financed through co-investment schemes and economic instruments which cover the operating costs and maintenance of new and existing infrastructure. M3.10 To create regional bodies with a long-term national and regional vision for the development of landfills and wastewater treatment plants.', 'M3.10 To create regional bodies with a long-term national and regional vision for the development of landfills and wastewater treatment plants. These regional bodies will give certainty to projects with long development periods and benefit from economies of scale. To encourage reinvestment and continuous improvement, Mexico will adjust the regulatory and pricing framework. M3.11 To promote and develop state and municipal integrated waste management plans which foster social participation in waste sorting and recovery in accordance with the National Integrated Waste Management ProgramMexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy M3.12 To revise and promote pricing systems for collection and disposal services in order to incentivize reinvestment in technological and logistic improvements. M3.13 To improve monitoring, inspection, and enforcement actions for compliance with integrated waste management regulation.', 'M3.13 To improve monitoring, inspection, and enforcement actions for compliance with integrated waste management regulation. Agriculture and Forestry Forests are important carbon reservoirs; their destruction and degradation constitutes one of the most important emission sources globally. Simultaneously, conservation and sustainable management can contribute to increasing the quantity of carbon stored in forests. On the other hand agriculture and livestock activities are key for food security, but significantly contribute to GHG. In this strategic effort, key lines of action are proposed within the agriculture and forestry sectors in order to encourage practices that reduce emissions and avoid policies that may diminish their mitigation scope. Applying a landscape-level approach on policies of large compacted areas such as biological corridors or watersheds, is key for deeply considering the conditions of: natural resources, trends, human influence, conservation, restoration and development opportunities.', 'Applying a landscape-level approach on policies of large compacted areas such as biological corridors or watersheds, is key for deeply considering the conditions of: natural resources, trends, human influence, conservation, restoration and development opportunities. Lines of action: M4.1 To encourage local communities to plan the sustainable use of forest resources to incentivize preservation and conservation of forests. This will reduce deforestation and avoid land-use changes whilst protecting natural assets. M4.2 To strengthen sustainable forest management and restoration of degraded forest ecosystems in order to increase carbon capture and storage. M4.3 To promote the incorporation of forests into sustainable management and certification schemes in order to stop degradation and maximize the carbon capture and storage. Illustration 10 Maíz Zea.', 'M4.3 To promote the incorporation of forests into sustainable management and certification schemes in order to stop degradation and maximize the carbon capture and storage. Illustration 10 Maíz Zea. Source: National Commission for Biodiversity, CONABIOMexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy M4.4 To encourage programs for the preservation of forest ecosystems in priority regions in order to maintain carbon sinks and guarantee federal, state, and municipal intervention. M4.5 To formulate and implement plans, programs, and policies for reducing deforestation and degradation of forests within a REDD Strategy.These policies must include a sustainable rural development and landscaping approach, and they must observe social and environmental safeguards. M4.6 To establish restoration, regeneration, or reforestation schemes for carbon capture and storage in Natural Protected Areas. This may include other instruments for land and terrestrial ecosystem conservation.', 'This may include other instruments for land and terrestrial ecosystem conservation. M4.7 To implement land conservation programs that guarantee integrity and increase carbon capture. M4.8 To increase the establishment of agriculture, livestock and forestry production programs with greater mitigation potential and environmental and social co- benefits.This can include silvopasture agroforestry systems and linking traditional knowledge with current agriculture and livestock problems. M4.9 To encourage agriculture practices that preserve and increase carbon capture in soil and biomass, such as conservation cultivation and productive reconversión. These practices replace monoculture with polyculture or perennial crops. M4.10 To generate programes which result in reducing emissions from the inefficient use of fire in forests and agriculture and livestock lands.', 'M4.10 To generate programes which result in reducing emissions from the inefficient use of fire in forests and agriculture and livestock lands. M4.11 To implement agricultural policies oriented towards the better use of fertilizers, a more calculated application of fertilizers, producing and applying biofertilizers, as well as efficiently using nitrogenates. M4.12 To implement efficient resource recovery programs for livestock waste management. M4.13 To implement actions for energy efficiency and use of renewable energy in agriculture, livestock, and fishing projects. This may includ the encouragment of biodigesters. M4.14 To establish livestock production programs that reduce emissions and capture carbon in grazing lands through appropriate livestock management, stocking rate, and planned grazing. M4.15 To strengthen forest monitoring in order to avoid illegal logging and forest fires.', 'M4.15 To strengthen forest monitoring in order to avoid illegal logging and forest fires. This may be accopmlished through the establishment of community monitoring groups. Short-Lived Climate Pollutants and health co-benefits of climate action These actions focus on reducing SLCP emissions, targeting cost-effective mitigation actions that have multiple benefits including air quality improvement, reduced water pollution, reduced crop damages and other important co-benefits.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Lines of action: M5.1 To promote the regulation of SLCP sources and uses. M5.2 To classify SLCP emission sources according to emissions magnitude, global warming potential, and mitigation costs. This is to be followed by the development of abatement mechanisms. M5.3 To accelerate the penetration of low global warming potential refrigerants in different sectors including: air conditioning, refrigeration, and foaming agents.', 'M5.3 To accelerate the penetration of low global warming potential refrigerants in different sectors including: air conditioning, refrigeration, and foaming agents. This will be accompanied by the reduction of leaks, HFCs management and adequate disposal. M5.4 To strengthen best practice programs for refrigeration, recovery and final disposal of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). M5.5 To strengthen regulation and programs for preventing and controlling forest fires, prescribed fires, and slash and burn practices. M5.6 To implement sustainable resource recovery programs for forest biomass and agriculture waste. M5.7 To implement clean transportation systems in freight corridors. M5.8 To encourage the implementation of emission reduction and operational efficiency programs focused on operational, administrative, technological, and financial characteristics within the freight sector.', 'M5.8 To encourage the implementation of emission reduction and operational efficiency programs focused on operational, administrative, technological, and financial characteristics within the freight sector. This will be balanced by the needs of the owner-operator and small truckers. M5.9 To substitute cooking overa n open fire for efficient, low- emission stoves. To disincentive the unsustainable use of wood, we will focus on municipalities with high and very high level of marginalization. M5.10 To encourage the use of technologies and fuels that reduce BC emission, such as particle filters and ultra-low sulfur diesel. M5.11 To encourage BC emissions reduction in medium and large scale industries by changing coke fuel, fuel oil, and diesel for low black carbon emission fuels.', 'M5.11 To encourage BC emissions reduction in medium and large scale industries by changing coke fuel, fuel oil, and diesel for low black carbon emission fuels. Additionally, emission control systems and energy efficiency will be implemented within processes. M5.12 To encourage BC emissions reduction in the micro and small scale industries through productive reconversion, technological change, and energy efficiency in industries such as the brick industry. M5.13 To eliminate open air burning in dumps, landfills, and in backyards. M5.14 To establish MRV mechanisms in operations of methane burning and venting during gas and petroleum production. This MRV will be reinforced through monitoring. M5.15 To implement actions which reduce fugitive methane emissions coming mainly from petroleum, gas, and mining operations.', 'M5.15 To implement actions which reduce fugitive methane emissions coming mainly from petroleum, gas, and mining operations. These emissions may also be reduced in natural gas piping, processing, and distributing systems.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy M5.16 To encourage electricity generation from biogas projects in landfill and wastewater treatment plants. This will have the additional benefit of avoiding methane and volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. M5.17 To incentivize the control of VOC emissions and tropospheric ozone precursors in organic waste aerobic treatment (composting). M5.18 To control VOC emissions in industrial sources, gasoline service stations, and from solvent use.', 'M5.18 To control VOC emissions in industrial sources, gasoline service stations, and from solvent use. M5.19 To implement a measurement and accounting system for SLCP emissions, for tracking emission sources, and for monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of implemented policies for SLCP emission reduction.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Evaluation and updating of the MCS The Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, with the participation of the Inter- Ministerial Commission on Climate Change, will review the National Climate Change Strategy at least once every ten years regarding mitigation policy, and every six years regarding adaptation policy. Corresponding scenarios, projections, objectives, and goals must then be updated, and deviations from previously stated projections must be explained.', 'Corresponding scenarios, projections, objectives, and goals must then be updated, and deviations from previously stated projections must be explained. Based upon these reviews and the evaluations results conducted by the INECC’s Coordination for Evaluation and the Climate Change Council, the National Climate Change Strategy might be updated. The Special Climate Change Program and the State Programs must be adjusted to consider these updates. Under no circumstance will the reviews and updates lessen the goals, projections, and objectives previously stated.', 'Under no circumstance will the reviews and updates lessen the goals, projections, and objectives previously stated. The IMCC may propose and approve adjustments or modifications to scenarios, trajectories, actions, or goals comprised in the National Strategy when: 1) new international commitments on the matter have been adopted; 2) new relevant scientific or technological knowledge is developed; 3) required by environment, natural resources, economy, energy, sustainable transportation, health, and alimentary security policies; and 4) indicated by the evaluations results carried by INECC Coordination for Evaluation.', 'The IMCC may propose and approve adjustments or modifications to scenarios, trajectories, actions, or goals comprised in the National Strategy when: 1) new international commitments on the matter have been adopted; 2) new relevant scientific or technological knowledge is developed; 3) required by environment, natural resources, economy, energy, sustainable transportation, health, and alimentary security policies; and 4) indicated by the evaluations results carried by INECC Coordination for Evaluation. Mexico will resubmit its MCS to the UNFCCC, if as a result of the evaluation process new information becomes available germane to the Convention and the global stocktake referred in the Paris Agreement.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy References Arreguín Cortés, F. I. a. L. P. M. a. R. L. O. a. M. M. M. J. (2015).', 'Mexico will resubmit its MCS to the UNFCCC, if as a result of the evaluation process new information becomes available germane to the Convention and the global stocktake referred in the Paris Agreement.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy References Arreguín Cortés, F. I. a. L. P. M. a. R. L. O. a. M. M. M. J. (2015). Atlas de vulnerabilidad hídrica en México ante el cambio climático I. M. d. T. d. Agua (Ed.) (pp. 148). Retrieved from Borja-Vega, C., & de la Fuente, A. (2013). Municipal Vulnerability to Climate Change and Climate-Related Events in Mexico. Policy Research Working Paper. The World Bank, Social Development Department Sustainable Development NetworkDC. © World Bank., 6417. Cavazos, T., Salinas, J. A., Martínez, B., Colorado, G., Grau, P. d., González, R. P., .', 'A., Martínez, B., Colorado, G., Grau, P. d., González, R. P., . . . Bravo, M. E. (2013). Actualización de escenarios de cambio climático para México como parte de los productos de la Quinta Comunicación Nacional. Informe Final del Proyecto al INECC. Retrieved from CECADESU. (2009). National Study on Climate Change Perception. Retrieved from Mexico City, Mexico: CECADESU. (2010). National Study on Climate Change Perception. Retrieved from Mexico City, Mexico: CECADESU. (2011). National Study on Climate Change Perception. Retrieved from Mexico City, Mexico: CECADESU. (2012). Assessment on Climate Change Social Perception. Retrieved from Mexico City, Mexico. : CENAPRED. (2016). Mapas de índices de riesgo a escala municipal por fenómenos hidrometeorológicos. Retrieved from df Clarke, L., McFarland, J., Octaviano, C., van Ruijven, B., Beach, R., Daenzer, K., . . . van der Zwaan, B. (2016).', '. . van der Zwaan, B. (2016). Long-term abatement potential and current policy trajectories in Latin American countries. Energy Economics, 56, 513-525. CONAFOR. (2013). Inventario Nacional Forestal y de Suelos. Retrieved from CONAPO. (2010). Proyecciones de población 2010-2050. Retrieved from Earth System Research Laboratory. (2016). Trends in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide. Retrieved from Hawaii. USA: Fedorov, A. V. E., Kerry. (2010). Tropical cyclones and permanent El Niño in the early Pliocene epoch. Nature, 463 7284, 1066-1070.Mexico’s Climate Change Mid-Century Strategy Gobierno de la República de México. (2015). Intended nationally determined contribution. Retrieved from H. Jacoby and H. Chen, & 2014. (2014). Expectations for a New Climate Agreement. Retrieved from IEA. (2011). Harnessing variable renewables, a guide to the balancing challenge. 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Community -Based Adaptation Toolkit I. I. f. S. D. (IISD) (Ed.) (pp. 66). Retrieved from International Monetary Fund. (2016). World Economic Outlook: Subdued Demand: Symptoms and Remedies. . Retrieved from Washington, DC: IPCC. (2003). Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry. Retrieved from Hayama, Japan: IPCC. (2007). Summary for policymakers. In: Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Retrieved from Cambridge, UK: IPCC. (2013). Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K.', 'Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Retrieved from Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: IPCC. (2014). Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. . Retrieved from Geneva, Switzerland: Jacoby., S. P. a. J. M. a. Y. C. a. V. K. a. H. (2012). The role of China in mitigating climate change. Energy Economics. Jorge Islas Samperio and Fabio Manzini and Paloma Macías and Genice Grande. (2016).', 'Jorge Islas Samperio and Fabio Manzini and Paloma Macías and Genice Grande. (2016). Hacia un sistema energético mexicano bajo en carbono: UNAM. Kriegler, E., Riahi, K., Bauer, N., Schwanitz, V. J., Petermann, N., Bosetti, V., . . . Edenhofer, O. (2015). 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World Development Indicators. Y.H. Chen and S. Paltsev and J. Reilly and J. Morris. (2015). The MIT EPPA6 Model: Economic Growth, Energy Use, Emissions, and Food Consumptions. . Retrieved from Boston, USA:']

fr-FR

MEX

Mexico

1st NDC

2016-09-21 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/MEXICO%20INDC%2003.30.2015.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Latin America and the Caribbean

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/fdd5906415971fe41a5703d3e244033fac81e86fab925a9fe1932d767ae770b7.pdf

['INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Mexico is a country committed to address climate change, as demonstrated by the mitigation and adaptation actions undertaken over the last few years in a systematic way and supported mainly with national resources. In the international arena, Mexico has expressed its willingness to achieve a legally binding agreement with the participation of all Parties in order to keep the global average atmospheric temperature below 2oC. Since the year 2000, Mexico has published three National Strategies on Climate Change and in 2009 adopted its first Special Program on Climate Change. In addition, Mexico has presented five National Communications with their respective greenhouse gas inventories to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.', 'In addition, Mexico has presented five National Communications with their respective greenhouse gas inventories to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. In April 2012, the Mexican Congress unanimously approved the General Law on Climate Change (LGCC in Spanish), which entered into force in October of that year and made Mexico the first developing country to have a comprehensive law on this subject. As a result of the implementation of this new LGCC, the country has established institutions and effective instruments to reduce greenhouse gases (GHG) and particle emissions, as well as to increase the adaptive capacity of the country.', 'As a result of the implementation of this new LGCC, the country has established institutions and effective instruments to reduce greenhouse gases (GHG) and particle emissions, as well as to increase the adaptive capacity of the country. Regarding mitigation, the LGCC sets a clear obligation to give priority to the least costly mitigation actions, that at the same time derived in health and wellbeing co-benefits to the Mexican population. For this reason, both the National Strategy on Climate Change adopted in June 2013 - which sets the vision for the next 10, 20 and 40 years - as well as the Special Program on Climate Change (PECC in Spanish) 2014-2018 incorporate greenhouse gases and particles, also known as Short Lived Climate Pollutants (SLCPs).', 'For this reason, both the National Strategy on Climate Change adopted in June 2013 - which sets the vision for the next 10, 20 and 40 years - as well as the Special Program on Climate Change (PECC in Spanish) 2014-2018 incorporate greenhouse gases and particles, also known as Short Lived Climate Pollutants (SLCPs). The INDC that Mexico is submitting encompasses for mitigation purposes both the reduction of all GHG and SLCPs. SLCPs have an important Global Warming Potential and a shorter life span in the atmosphere .', 'SLCPs have an important Global Warming Potential and a shorter life span in the atmosphere . Actions to abate SLCPs simultaneously contribute to climate change mitigation in the near term and to the immediate improvement of air quality, as well as to generate positive impacts on human health and ecosystems conservation; in consistence with the recommendations contained in the 5th Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), as well as with the guidelines of the Clean Air and Climate Coalition (CCAC) of which Mexico is a member. SECRETARÍA DE MEDIO AMBIENTE Y RECURSOS NATURALES SEMARNAT MÉXICO GOBIERNO DE LA REPÚBLICAFor Mexico, the inclusion of SLCPs constitutes an increase of its level of ambition and commitment since it is additional to what the country has committed to previously.', 'SECRETARÍA DE MEDIO AMBIENTE Y RECURSOS NATURALES SEMARNAT MÉXICO GOBIERNO DE LA REPÚBLICAFor Mexico, the inclusion of SLCPs constitutes an increase of its level of ambition and commitment since it is additional to what the country has committed to previously. The INDC of Mexico has two components, one for mitigation and another one related to adaptation. In turn, the mitigation portion includes two types of measures: unconditional and conditional. The unconditional set of measures are those that Mexico will implement with its own resources, while the conditional actions are those that Mexico could develop if a new multilateral climate regime is adopted and if additional resources and transfer of technology are available through international cooperation.', 'The unconditional set of measures are those that Mexico will implement with its own resources, while the conditional actions are those that Mexico could develop if a new multilateral climate regime is adopted and if additional resources and transfer of technology are available through international cooperation. This is unprecedented, since it is the first time Mexico assumes an unconditional international commitment to carry out certain mitigation actions. This INDC is consistent with Mexico´s pathway to reduce 50% of emissions by the year 2050, with respect to the year 2000, as mandated by the LGCC.', 'This INDC is consistent with Mexico´s pathway to reduce 50% of emissions by the year 2050, with respect to the year 2000, as mandated by the LGCC. In presenting its INDC, Mexico reaffirms its commitment to combat climate change, to the multilateral rules-based climate regime that requires the participation of all countries, and to sustainable development, as well as its solidarity with the most vulnerable countries. Multiple stakeholders were consulted during the preparation of the INDC, including non- governmental organizations, academia and representatives from private industry of all economic sectors, through workshops and consultations at the national level. In sum, the INDC of Mexico is ambitious provided that for the first time it translates previous aspirational commitments into mandatory goals.', 'In sum, the INDC of Mexico is ambitious provided that for the first time it translates previous aspirational commitments into mandatory goals. This constitutes a considerable increase in the level of ambition for a developing country with moderate levels of emissions. Unconditional Reduction Mexico is committed to reduce unconditionally 25% of its Greenhouse Gases and Short Lived Climate Pollutants emissions (below BAU) for the year 2030. This commitment implies a reduction of 22% of GHG and a reduction of 51% of Black Carbon1. This commitment implies a net emissions peak starting from 2026, decoupling GHG emissions from economic growth: emissions intensity per unit of GDP will reduce by around 40% from 2013 to 2030.', 'This commitment implies a net emissions peak starting from 2026, decoupling GHG emissions from economic growth: emissions intensity per unit of GDP will reduce by around 40% from 2013 to 2030. Conditional Reduction The 25% reduction commitment expressed above could increase up to a 40% in a conditional manner, subject to a global agreement addressing important topics including international carbon price, carbon border adjustments, technical cooperation, access to low- cost financial resources and technology transfer, all at a scale commensurate to the challenge of global climate change. Within the same conditions, GHG reductions could increase up to 36%, and Black Carbon reductions to 70% in 2030.', 'Within the same conditions, GHG reductions could increase up to 36%, and Black Carbon reductions to 70% in 2030. Type Emissions reduction relative to a Business As Usual baseline This commitment is coherent to the mandate established in Mexico´s Climate Change Law to prioritize cost-effective mitigation actions with social benefits such as the improvement of public health.Coverage Nation -wide Scope Carbon Dioxide (CO2 ) Methane (CH4 ) Nitrous Oxide (N2 O) Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6 ) Black Carbon Baseline Business As Usual scenario of emission projections based on economic growth in the absence of climate change policies, starting from 2013 (first year of applicability of Mexico´s General Climate Change Law) Adaptation Mexico includes an Adaptation component with commitments by 2030 described in the Annex I of this document.', 'Type Emissions reduction relative to a Business As Usual baseline This commitment is coherent to the mandate established in Mexico´s Climate Change Law to prioritize cost-effective mitigation actions with social benefits such as the improvement of public health.Coverage Nation -wide Scope Carbon Dioxide (CO2 ) Methane (CH4 ) Nitrous Oxide (N2 O) Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6 ) Black Carbon Baseline Business As Usual scenario of emission projections based on economic growth in the absence of climate change policies, starting from 2013 (first year of applicability of Mexico´s General Climate Change Law) Adaptation Mexico includes an Adaptation component with commitments by 2030 described in the Annex I of this document. The priority of these actions are: the protection of communities from adverse impacts of climate change, such as extreme hydro meteorological events related to global changes in temperature; as well as the increment in the resilience of strategic infrastructure and of the ecosystems that host national biodiversity.', 'The priority of these actions are: the protection of communities from adverse impacts of climate change, such as extreme hydro meteorological events related to global changes in temperature; as well as the increment in the resilience of strategic infrastructure and of the ecosystems that host national biodiversity. In order to reach those priorities Mexico will, inter alia, strengthen the adaptive capacity of at least by 50% the number of municipalities in the category of “most vulnerable”, establish early warning systems and risk management at every level of government and reach a rate of 0% deforestation by the year 2030. Some of the adaptation actions presented foster positive synergies with mitigation actions.', 'Some of the adaptation actions presented foster positive synergies with mitigation actions. Planning Process Mexico supports its INDC in a robust national climate change policy that includes, inter alia, the following instruments: General Climate Change Law. 2012 National Strategy on Climate Change, 10-20-40 years. 2013 Carbon tax.2014 National Emissions and Emissions Reductions Registry. 2014 Energy reform (laws and regulations). 2014 Ongoing process for new set of standards and regulations The elaboration of this INDC includes a public participatory process through multiple sectorial meetings and a web based public survey. Fair and ambitious Mexico is a developing country, highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change.', 'Fair and ambitious Mexico is a developing country, highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change. National emissions of GHG represents only 1.4% of global emissions and our net per capita emissions, inclusive of all sectors, are 5.9 tCO2 e. Nevertheless, Mexico is a responsible party committed to tackling global climate change by transforming its development route to a low emissions pathway, which requires progressive decoupling of carbon emissions from economic growth.Existing commitments adopted by Mexico under its General Climate Change Law and presented to the UNFCCC are indicative and aspirational, subject to international support from developed countries.', 'National emissions of GHG represents only 1.4% of global emissions and our net per capita emissions, inclusive of all sectors, are 5.9 tCO2 e. Nevertheless, Mexico is a responsible party committed to tackling global climate change by transforming its development route to a low emissions pathway, which requires progressive decoupling of carbon emissions from economic growth.Existing commitments adopted by Mexico under its General Climate Change Law and presented to the UNFCCC are indicative and aspirational, subject to international support from developed countries. The INDC submitted by Mexico is fair and ambitious because it includes for the first time an unconditional GHG mitigation commitment of 22% by 2030 that increases to 25% reduction by including Black Carbon, a well-known Short-Lived Climate Pollutant. The SLCPs reductions actions will be done with national resources, in an unconditional manner.', 'The SLCPs reductions actions will be done with national resources, in an unconditional manner. These reductions are additional to other mitigation actions. Further ambition is reflected in the efforts of the Government of Mexico to establish synergies between adaptation and mitigation, using national resources. These actions not only help tackle global warming and reduce social and ecosystem vulnerability, but also promote inclusive green growth in the country. In summary, Mexico’s INDC is highly ambitious as it entails unconditional and transformational investments to change our patterns of production and consumption and achieve peak net emissions within the commitment period. Gender perspective These policies and actions include a cross-cutting human rights and gender perspective in order for the measures to be implemented to take into account women as important decision makers regarding energy consumption.', 'Gender perspective These policies and actions include a cross-cutting human rights and gender perspective in order for the measures to be implemented to take into account women as important decision makers regarding energy consumption. They also emphasize the importance of implementing them such that they do not exacerbate the impacts of climate change that already have disproportionate adverse effects based solely on gender. Key Assumptions on Mitigation Metric Applied GWP 100y values published in IPCC AR5 (CO2 e): O = 265 GWP 100y for Black Carbon (CO2 e) described in Bond et al. \uf0a7 BC = 900 Methodologies for Estimating Emissions IPCC guidelines; national statistics: sector activity and economic forecasts.', '\uf0a7 BC = 900 Methodologies for Estimating Emissions IPCC guidelines; national statistics: sector activity and economic forecasts. e (792 GHG and 114 BC / 127,177 metric tons) e (888 GHG and 125 BC / 138,489 metric tons) e (973 GHG and 137 BC / 152,332 metric tons)Coverage Sectors/Source Categories Energy o Fuel Combustion \uf0a7 Energy industries \uf0a7 Manufacturing industries and construction \uf0a7 Transport \uf0a7 Other sectors o Fugitive emissions from fuels \uf0a7 Solid fuels \uf0a7 Oil and natural gas and other emissions from energy production transport and storage Industrial processes and product use o Mineral industry o Chemical and Iron&Steel industry o Non-energy products from fuels and solvent use o Electronic industry o Product uses as substitutes for ODS o Other product manufacture and use o Other Agriculture o Enteric fermentation o Manure management o Rice cultivation o Agricultural soils o Field burning of agricultural residues o Other Waste o Solid waste disposal o Biological treatment of solid waste o Incineration and open burning of waste o Wastewater treatment and discharge o Other Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry o Afforestation, reforestation o Deforestation o Forest management o Cropland management o Grazing land management o Or equivalent land-based accounting using UNFCCC reporting categories o Other categories International Market Based Mechanisms In order to achieve rapid and cost efficient mitigation, robust global market based mechanism will be essential.', 'e (792 GHG and 114 BC / 127,177 metric tons) e (888 GHG and 125 BC / 138,489 metric tons) e (973 GHG and 137 BC / 152,332 metric tons)Coverage Sectors/Source Categories Energy o Fuel Combustion \uf0a7 Energy industries \uf0a7 Manufacturing industries and construction \uf0a7 Transport \uf0a7 Other sectors o Fugitive emissions from fuels \uf0a7 Solid fuels \uf0a7 Oil and natural gas and other emissions from energy production transport and storage Industrial processes and product use o Mineral industry o Chemical and Iron&Steel industry o Non-energy products from fuels and solvent use o Electronic industry o Product uses as substitutes for ODS o Other product manufacture and use o Other Agriculture o Enteric fermentation o Manure management o Rice cultivation o Agricultural soils o Field burning of agricultural residues o Other Waste o Solid waste disposal o Biological treatment of solid waste o Incineration and open burning of waste o Wastewater treatment and discharge o Other Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry o Afforestation, reforestation o Deforestation o Forest management o Cropland management o Grazing land management o Or equivalent land-based accounting using UNFCCC reporting categories o Other categories International Market Based Mechanisms In order to achieve rapid and cost efficient mitigation, robust global market based mechanism will be essential. Mexico´s unconditional INDC commitment will be met regardless of such mechanisms, although these would assist cost-effective implementation.', 'Mexico´s unconditional INDC commitment will be met regardless of such mechanisms, although these would assist cost-effective implementation. Achieving our conditional goal will require fully functional bilateral, regional and international market mechanisms.ANNEX I – ADAPTATION INTRODUCTION The government of Mexico considers adaptation to climate change as a priority to reduce the country’s vulnerability. Furthermore, there are opportunities to foster mitigation measures and actions that also increase the adaptive capacity of its population as well as its natural and productive systems.', 'Furthermore, there are opportunities to foster mitigation measures and actions that also increase the adaptive capacity of its population as well as its natural and productive systems. This is captured in the General Law on Climate Change, the National Strategy on Climate Change and the Special Program on Climate Change 2014-2018, which describes specific actions grouped according to planning instruments; schemes and actions to protect, conserve and restore marine and terrestrial coastal ecosystems and their biodiversity; integral management of risk and sectorial vulnerability. At the subnational level, States and Municipalities have also embarked on adaptation efforts as reflected in their own Climate Change Plans. MEXICO’S VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE Mexico´s geographic characteristics make it a highly vulnerable country to the adverse impacts of climate change.', 'MEXICO’S VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE Mexico´s geographic characteristics make it a highly vulnerable country to the adverse impacts of climate change. Its location between two oceans, as well as its latitude and topography significantly increase Mexico’s exposure to extreme hydro meteorological events. In the last 50 years, Mexico has experienced changes in temperature and mean precipitation. The country has become warmer, with an average temperature increase greater than 0.85°C. At the same time, Mexico has suffered an increased number of extreme weather events such as tropical cyclones, floods and droughts that have led to the loss of human lives as well as high social and economic costs.', 'At the same time, Mexico has suffered an increased number of extreme weather events such as tropical cyclones, floods and droughts that have led to the loss of human lives as well as high social and economic costs. Under various climate change scenarios for Mexico, there are projections of changes in the mean annual temperature of up to 2°C in the North of the country in the near term (2015-2039), while in most of the territory the scenarios project a range of 1°C to 1.5°C. Regarding annual precipitation reduction is projected to be in a range of 10 to 20 % across the country.', 'Regarding annual precipitation reduction is projected to be in a range of 10 to 20 % across the country. Furthermore impacts of hydrometeorological events have resulted in economic losses over an annual amount of 730 million pesos (around 48 million USD) between 1980-1999 and 21,950 million pesos (around 1.4 billion USD)2 for 2000 – 2012. In accordance to the PECC 2014–2018, in 2014 there were 319 Municipalities (13% of the total number of Municipalities in Mexico) highly vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change including droughts, floods and landslides. ADAPTATION ACTIONS IN MEXICO IN THE PERIOD 2020-2030 The adaptation component of the INDC of Mexico was elaborated taking into account a gender equality and human rights approach.', 'ADAPTATION ACTIONS IN MEXICO IN THE PERIOD 2020-2030 The adaptation component of the INDC of Mexico was elaborated taking into account a gender equality and human rights approach. As stated earlier, it prioritizes synergies between mitigation and adaptation. The INDC includes concrete actions to be undertaken from 2020 to 2030 in the following three areas: 1. Adaptation to climate change for the social sector Poverty is a determining factor of social vulnerability in Mexico. Some estimates indicate that up to 60% of the population has been affected at some point by natural disasters, coinciding with the percentage of population living in poverty and extreme poverty in the country.', 'Some estimates indicate that up to 60% of the population has been affected at some point by natural disasters, coinciding with the percentage of population living in poverty and extreme poverty in the country. These groups inhabit precarious housing facilities and high-risks areas prone to climate disasters such as mountain landslides, cliffs or areas prone to flooding. Actions to be taken in order to reduce vulnerability in this sector for the period 2020 – 2030 are the following: 2 Exchange rate 1 USD = 14.99 MXN, as of March 25, 2015.i. Guarantee food security and water access in light of growing climate threats through integral watershed management, biodiversity and land conservation. ii.', 'Guarantee food security and water access in light of growing climate threats through integral watershed management, biodiversity and land conservation. ii. Ensure capacity building and participation of the society, local communities, indigenous peoples, women, men, youth, civil organizations and private sector in national and subnational climate change planning. iii. Reduce the population´s vulnerability and increase its adaptive capacity through early warning systems, risk management, as well as hydrometeorological monitoring, at every level of government. iv. Strengthen the adaptive capacity of the population through transparent and inclusive mechanisms of social participation, designed with a gender and human rights approach. v. Reduce vulnerability of the population through territorial planning tools and risk management such as the National Vulnerability Atlas and the National Risk Atlas. vi.', 'v. Reduce vulnerability of the population through territorial planning tools and risk management such as the National Vulnerability Atlas and the National Risk Atlas. vi. Invert the proportion of financing currently provided to hydrometeorological disasters attention by increasing the ones invested for disasters prevention. vii. Prevent illnesses that are exacerbated by climate change through an early warning system with epidemiologic information. viii. Reduce at least by 50% the number of municipalities in the category of “most vulnerable” in the PECC 2014-2018 and avoid any other Municipality falling into this category. ix. Relocate irregular human settlements in zones prone to disasters through land use regulations. 2.', 'Relocate irregular human settlements in zones prone to disasters through land use regulations. 2. Ecosystem-Based Adaptation In Mexico there is a large diversity of ecosystems that provide society with a vast amount of environmental services such as carbon sequestration, provision and maintenance of water, habitat conservation for the permanence of species, reduction of impacts caused by meteorological disasters, and the formation and maintenance of soils. These environmental services are seriously threatened by human activities and by the effects of climate change. Ecosystem-based adaptation consists of the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services as part of an integral adaptation strategy to assist human communities to adapt to the adverse effects of climate change. Actions to be implemented for the period 2020 – 2030 on this topic are the following: i.', 'Actions to be implemented for the period 2020 – 2030 on this topic are the following: i. Reach a rate of 0% deforestation by the year 2030. ii. Reforest high, medium and low watersheds with special attention to riparian zones and taking into account native species in the area. iii. Conserve and restore ecosystems in order to increase ecological connectivity of all Natural Protected Areas and other conservation schemes, through biological corridors and sustainable productive activities. This approach will take into account the equitable participation of the population and will have a territorial approach. iv. Substantially increase the Programs of Action and Conservation of Species in order to strengthen the protection of priority species from the negative impacts of climate change.', 'Substantially increase the Programs of Action and Conservation of Species in order to strengthen the protection of priority species from the negative impacts of climate change. v. Increase carbon capture and strengthen coastal protection with the implementation of a scheme of conservation and recovery of coastal and marine ecosystems such as coral reefs, mangroves, sea grass and dunes. vi. Guarantee the integral management of water for its different uses (agriculture, ecological, urban, industrial and domestic). 3. Adaptation of strategic infrastructure and productive systems Climate change poses significant challenges in terms of adaptation of productive systems. The characteristics of impacts and the different ways of dealing with them will depend on the type of system: agriculture and livestock, forestry, wildlife use, aquaculture, fisheries, industrial, mining and tourism.', 'The characteristics of impacts and the different ways of dealing with them will depend on the type of system: agriculture and livestock, forestry, wildlife use, aquaculture, fisheries, industrial, mining and tourism. They will also depend on the risks these productive systems are exposed to. In each production system it is necessary to take into account climate change aspects to increment their productivity and competitiveness.Strategic infrastructure, including communications, transport, tourism, energy, sanitation, water and waste management, is vulnerable to the effects of climate change. Therefore, it is necessary to incorporate climate change criteria as part of its design, construction and throughout its useful life span, in order to reduce its vulnerability and increment its resilience.', 'Therefore, it is necessary to incorporate climate change criteria as part of its design, construction and throughout its useful life span, in order to reduce its vulnerability and increment its resilience. Actions to be implemented for the period 2020 – 2030 on this topic are the following: i. Execute infrastructure relocation programs currently located in high-risk zones in priority tourism destinations and implement restoration actions of vacated locations. ii. Incorporate adaptation criteria for public investment projects that include infrastructure construction and maintenance. iii. Guarantee urban and industrial waste water treatment, ensuring quantity and good quality of water in human settlements larger than 500,000 inhabitants and to monitor their performance. iv.', 'Guarantee urban and industrial waste water treatment, ensuring quantity and good quality of water in human settlements larger than 500,000 inhabitants and to monitor their performance. iv. Apply the norm on specifications for environmental protection and adaptation to the adverse effects of climate change in the planning, design, construction, operation and abandonment of tourism facilities in coastal ecosystems. v. Guarantee the security of dams and strategic hydraulic infrastructure, as well as communications and transportation strategic infrastructure. vi. Strengthen the diversification of sustainable agriculture by conserving germplasm and native maize species, thermal comfort for livestock, development of agro-ecosystems, through the incorporation of climate criteria in agriculture programs.', 'Strengthen the diversification of sustainable agriculture by conserving germplasm and native maize species, thermal comfort for livestock, development of agro-ecosystems, through the incorporation of climate criteria in agriculture programs. CAPACITY BUILDING, TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY AND FINANCE FOR ADAPTATION The implementation of the abovementioned adaptation actions for the period 2020 – 2030 requires the continuous development and strengthening of Mexico’s capacities. Therefore, it is imperative to consolidate platforms for the exchange of knowledge and information related to adaptation at the three levels of government, as well as to strengthen the networks with academic institutions and civil society.', 'Therefore, it is imperative to consolidate platforms for the exchange of knowledge and information related to adaptation at the three levels of government, as well as to strengthen the networks with academic institutions and civil society. Furthermore, it is fundamental to incorporate a gender and human rights approach into capacity building, prioritizing the most vulnerable sectors and regions in order to reduce social inequality and the gap between women and men rights. Capacity building requires both cooperation from developed countries to developing countries as well as south-south cooperation. Furthermore, Mexico requires international support for the development of its own technologies as well as for technology transfer and innovation to increase its adaptive capacity.', 'Furthermore, Mexico requires international support for the development of its own technologies as well as for technology transfer and innovation to increase its adaptive capacity. For Mexico, the increase of investment in disaster prevention is of utmost relevance, as well as the development of an insurance market against hydrometeorological and catastrophic risks, in which the private sector is invited and expected to play a relevant role. The Mexican Government has identified a series of areas where technology transfer could be of benefit of the country for adaptation, including through: Access to information systems in order to monitor hydrometeorological events in real time and thus consolidate and enhance early warning systems.', 'The Mexican Government has identified a series of areas where technology transfer could be of benefit of the country for adaptation, including through: Access to information systems in order to monitor hydrometeorological events in real time and thus consolidate and enhance early warning systems. Availability of methods and tools to assess climate impacts, vulnerability and adaptation in specific sectors and regions. Water technologies for savings, recycling, capture, irrigation and sustainable management for agriculture purposes. Transportation technologies that are resilient to the adverse effects of climate change in particular for roads and massive transportation Technologies for the protection of coastal and river infrastructure.']

en-US

MEX

Mexico

Archived Updated NDC

2020-12-30 00:00:00

NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/NDC-Eng-Dec30.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Latin America and the Caribbean

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/500cc1fa23a603f35d5afd290b9ab1f58ba30c35f15b02f486f677f75d179a7c.pdf

['Nationally Determined ContributionsAcknowledgements We thank our colleagues from the Intersecretarial Commission on Climate Change (CICC) and their Working Groups, the National System for Climate Change (SINACC) and members of the Climate Change Council (C3), as well as representatives of the academic community, society organizations, Mexican youth, private sector and general population who participated and provided insight and expertise in the process of updating of thisNDC. Citation format (APA) Government of Mexico. Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. (2020). Nationally Determined Contributions. 2020 Update. Published by Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT) Avenida Ejército Nacional 223, Anáhuac - Primera Sección, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, ZIP Code 11320, Mexico City National Institute of Ecology and Climate Change (INECC) Carr.', 'Published by Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT) Avenida Ejército Nacional 223, Anáhuac - Primera Sección, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, ZIP Code 11320, Mexico City National Institute of Ecology and Climate Change (INECC) Carr. Picacho-Ajusco 4219, Jardines en la Montaña, Tlalpan, ZIP Code 14210, Mexico City Edited by Department of Climate Change Policies of SEMARNAT.', 'Picacho-Ajusco 4219, Jardines en la Montaña, Tlalpan, ZIP Code 14210, Mexico City Edited by Department of Climate Change Policies of SEMARNAT. Design, proofreading and English translation Laguna • lagunadentro.com Photographic Credits Page 21: Pablo Leautaud Valenzuela © CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 Page 28: Rene De la Garza © CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 The SEMARNAT, would like to thank the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH for their valuable support in the editorial design of this publication through the projects "Enhancing the coherence of climate and energy policies in Mexico" (CONECC) and Mexican-German Climate Change Alliance, implemented on behalf of the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) of Germany, in coordination with the Mexican Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT), in the framework of German-Mexican cooperation and the International Climate Initiative.', 'Design, proofreading and English translation Laguna • lagunadentro.com Photographic Credits Page 21: Pablo Leautaud Valenzuela © CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 Page 28: Rene De la Garza © CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 The SEMARNAT, would like to thank the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH for their valuable support in the editorial design of this publication through the projects "Enhancing the coherence of climate and energy policies in Mexico" (CONECC) and Mexican-German Climate Change Alliance, implemented on behalf of the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) of Germany, in coordination with the Mexican Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT), in the framework of German-Mexican cooperation and the International Climate Initiative. (IKI).', 'Design, proofreading and English translation Laguna • lagunadentro.com Photographic Credits Page 21: Pablo Leautaud Valenzuela © CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 Page 28: Rene De la Garza © CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 The SEMARNAT, would like to thank the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH for their valuable support in the editorial design of this publication through the projects "Enhancing the coherence of climate and energy policies in Mexico" (CONECC) and Mexican-German Climate Change Alliance, implemented on behalf of the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) of Germany, in coordination with the Mexican Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT), in the framework of German-Mexican cooperation and the International Climate Initiative. (IKI). We would also like to acknowledge and thank the NDC Partnership for their collaboration.Nationally Determined ContributionsPREFACE This document constitutes an update of Mexico s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) in accor- dance with the General Law on Climate Change (LGCC, by its acronym in Spanish) and pursuant to de- cisions 1/CMA.2 and 1/CP.21 and Article 4 of the Paris Agreement.', 'We would also like to acknowledge and thank the NDC Partnership for their collaboration.Nationally Determined ContributionsPREFACE This document constitutes an update of Mexico s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) in accor- dance with the General Law on Climate Change (LGCC, by its acronym in Spanish) and pursuant to de- cisions 1/CMA.2 and 1/CP.21 and Article 4 of the Paris Agreement. The Government of Mexico hereby ratifies the commitments submitted to the United Nations Frame- work Convention’s Secretariat in 2015 under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), as well as its interest in working collaboratively with the international communi- ty in order to keep the increase in global temperature well below 2°C and to pursue additional efforts to limit to 1.5°C, by acting both on adaptation and mitigation actions on equal degrees of importance.', 'The Government of Mexico hereby ratifies the commitments submitted to the United Nations Frame- work Convention’s Secretariat in 2015 under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), as well as its interest in working collaboratively with the international communi- ty in order to keep the increase in global temperature well below 2°C and to pursue additional efforts to limit to 1.5°C, by acting both on adaptation and mitigation actions on equal degrees of importance. The mitigation component considers unconditional contributions, which will be implemented with the country s own resources, and conditional contributions, which require the support of financial, techni- cal and technological instruments, as well as capacity-building which will accelerate the implementa- tion of mitigation actions across the country.', 'The mitigation component considers unconditional contributions, which will be implemented with the country s own resources, and conditional contributions, which require the support of financial, techni- cal and technological instruments, as well as capacity-building which will accelerate the implementa- tion of mitigation actions across the country. ظ ظ Unconditional contributions: Consist of, alternatively: Reduction of 22% of greenhouse gas emis- sions (GHG) and 51% of black carbon emissions by 2030 as compared to the baseline business-as- usual scenario (BAU). ظ ظ Conditional contributions: A reduction of up to 36% of GHG emissions and 70% of black carbon emissions by 2030 compared to the BAU scenario.', 'ظ ظ Conditional contributions: A reduction of up to 36% of GHG emissions and 70% of black carbon emissions by 2030 compared to the BAU scenario. The adaptation component reflects a greater understanding of the country s vulnerability to the im- pacts of climate change, and it includes 5 general themes, or axes, and 27 lines of action focused on implementation. This document features the criteria employed by Mexico to define the scope of the NDC’s update, the expanded adaptation component, and the strengthened mitigation component. It also contains, as a single annex, information pertaining to 4/CMA.1 of the Katowice Rulebook on the Enhanced Transpar- ency Framework regarding implementation and monitoring of the NDC.I Introduction 8 II Adaptation Component 11 Axis A.', 'It also contains, as a single annex, information pertaining to 4/CMA.1 of the Katowice Rulebook on the Enhanced Transpar- ency Framework regarding implementation and monitoring of the NDC.I Introduction 8 II Adaptation Component 11 Axis A. Prevention and management of negative impacts on the human population and the territory Axis B. Resilient production systems and food safety 15 Axis C. Conservation, restoration and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystem services Axis D. Comprehensive water resources management with a focus on climate change Axis E. Protection of strategic infrastructure and tangible cultural heritage III Mitigation Component 21 Power Generation 26 Residential and commercial 26 Oil and Gas 26 Agriculture and livestock 27 Land use, land-use change and forestry 27 IV Annex. NDC synthesis in compliance with the Katowice Rulebook CONTENTSI INTRODUCTION Adaptation in grasslands, Mapimi Biosphere Reserve, Durango.', 'NDC synthesis in compliance with the Katowice Rulebook CONTENTSI INTRODUCTION Adaptation in grasslands, Mapimi Biosphere Reserve, Durango. CONANP Archive.Through this NDC update, Mexico ratifies its commitment to tackle climate change, a global effort that requires, today more than ever, the action of all countries.', 'CONANP Archive.Through this NDC update, Mexico ratifies its commitment to tackle climate change, a global effort that requires, today more than ever, the action of all countries. Our world and our civilization are facing a far-reach- ing crisis with multiple facets; the adverse effects of climate change which represent systemic and ecological imbalances, ex- acerbated by an economic growth mod- el that has not considered the limits of the environment and the planetary ability to maintain life-supporting systems; a loss of traditions and biocultural wealth that characterize our societies, where extreme poverty is a disruptive manifestation of an exclusionary and predatory growth model; and a health crisis, which reminds us that the degradation of ecosystems and the excessive exploitation of wildlife is linked intrinsically to our health, compromising the social and economic well-being of our common home.', 'Our world and our civilization are facing a far-reach- ing crisis with multiple facets; the adverse effects of climate change which represent systemic and ecological imbalances, ex- acerbated by an economic growth mod- el that has not considered the limits of the environment and the planetary ability to maintain life-supporting systems; a loss of traditions and biocultural wealth that characterize our societies, where extreme poverty is a disruptive manifestation of an exclusionary and predatory growth model; and a health crisis, which reminds us that the degradation of ecosystems and the excessive exploitation of wildlife is linked intrinsically to our health, compromising the social and economic well-being of our common home. The SARS-CoV2 pandemic has forced na- tions to rethink their development mod- els.', 'The SARS-CoV2 pandemic has forced na- tions to rethink their development mod- els. In this context, Mexico’s NDC update within the framework of the Paris Agree- ment establishes the basis for moving to- wards a responsible and sustainable recov- ery. The Mexican Government recognizes the close link between environmental pro- tection and well-being of the population as a necessary condition to access other dimensions of well-being such as health, food security and employment. In light of this, Mexico has adopted the United Na- tions 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Devel- opment and its 17 Sustainable Develop- ment Goals (SDGs) as the guiding axis for this inclusive development. Actions planned to be undertaken with- in the framework of the NDC consider the synergies between the adaptation and mitigation components as well as their re- lationship with the SDGs and other inter- national conventions.', 'Actions planned to be undertaken with- in the framework of the NDC consider the synergies between the adaptation and mitigation components as well as their re- lationship with the SDGs and other inter- national conventions. As a result, Mexico has focused its public policies on poverty abatement with an orientation that seeks to lay the foundations for a more balanced, and equitable sustainable development, 1 Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) / High Commissioner for Human Rights (HCHR). (2019). Climate Change and Human Rights: Contributions from and for Latin America and the Caribbean (LC/TS.2019/94/Corr.1), 3 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2019). Global Warming 1.5°. following the premise established in the National Development Plan 2019-2024 of "leaving no one behind, leaving no one out".', 'following the premise established in the National Development Plan 2019-2024 of "leaving no one behind, leaving no one out". The adverse effects of climate change threaten the exercise of fundamental hu- man rights: access to a healthy environ- ment, health, food, drinking water, ade- quate housing, education, and culture, as well as the right to self-development and to life itself1. With this awareness, the in- separable link between the protection of human rights and action against climate change is becoming increasingly evident. The consequences of the adverse effects of this global phenomenon are even more serious for individuals and groups in vul- nerable social, economic and environ- mental situations, including women, in- digenous and Afro-Mexican communities, children, youth, migrants, people with dis- abilities, sexual minorities, low-income groups, and the elderly2.', 'The consequences of the adverse effects of this global phenomenon are even more serious for individuals and groups in vul- nerable social, economic and environ- mental situations, including women, in- digenous and Afro-Mexican communities, children, youth, migrants, people with dis- abilities, sexual minorities, low-income groups, and the elderly2. Mexico is amongst the top 20 emitters of the 195 considered by the United Nations. In the last 20 years, its position has shifted between the 11th and the 13th place.', 'In the last 20 years, its position has shifted between the 11th and the 13th place. While the first to ten emitters are responsible for around 66% of the total emissions, it is rather clear that Mexico has a myriad of opportunities to undertake changes lead- ing to the diversification of its energy ma- trix, and to lead transformational chang- es in its productive sector focusing on the population´s welfare and in the protection and sustainable use of its cultural and nat- ural wealth. The effects of climate change are already tangible in the national territory, there- by confirming that adaptation and risk reduction are tasks that cannot be post- poned, so they must be integrated into so- cioeconomic planning and development.', 'The effects of climate change are already tangible in the national territory, there- by confirming that adaptation and risk reduction are tasks that cannot be post- poned, so they must be integrated into so- cioeconomic planning and development. In the last 50 years, average temperatures in the country have increased approxi- mately 0.85°C above the climate normal, or climatological normal, in line with the global increase reported by the Intergov- ernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)3.Minimum and maximum temperatures show a trend towards an increase in warm nights and a decrease of cold ones throughout the country4. Regarding pre- cipitation, observations show that the spa- tial and temporal distribution has changed in a differential way throughout the ter- ritory, even though the volume has re- mained constant.', 'Regarding pre- cipitation, observations show that the spa- tial and temporal distribution has changed in a differential way throughout the ter- ritory, even though the volume has re- mained constant. These situations have impacts on ecological and productive sys- tems that are highly sensitive to tempera- ture and precipitation variations, resulting in economic loss, which may increase in the future under climate change scenarios. In order to fulfill the mandate to increase the population’s engagement in the con- struction of the NDC, during 2020, a partici- patory process was conducted nationwide. This process included Ministries of State, through the Intersecretarial Commission on Climate Change (CICC, by its acronym in Spanish), as well as state governments, scholars, social organizations, the private sector, and the public.', 'This process included Ministries of State, through the Intersecretarial Commission on Climate Change (CICC, by its acronym in Spanish), as well as state governments, scholars, social organizations, the private sector, and the public. It is noteworthy to underline the participation of young gen- erations who have shown leadership and a growing commitment in addressing cli- mate change. Their active participation in this participatory process allowed for the inclusion of their concerns and proposals in this document. In addition, as a result of this process, the NDC enhances its means of implementation to meet the objectives of development of science and technolo- gy, encouraging research, education, train- ing, social awareness, access to information and citizen participation within a frame- work of constant technological innovation in order to achieve full territorialization and engagement in adaptation and mitigation actions.', 'In addition, as a result of this process, the NDC enhances its means of implementation to meet the objectives of development of science and technolo- gy, encouraging research, education, train- ing, social awareness, access to information and citizen participation within a frame- work of constant technological innovation in order to achieve full territorialization and engagement in adaptation and mitigation actions. Mexico has strengthened the means and mechanisms to implement its climate poli- cy and the NDC itself, through its incorpora- tion into the LGCC. It has also taken strong steps to integrate and execute actions that address climate change in programs, proj- ects, and actions at different orders of gov- ernment that will serve as enhanced mech- anisms for the implementation of the NDC.', 'It has also taken strong steps to integrate and execute actions that address climate change in programs, proj- ects, and actions at different orders of gov- ernment that will serve as enhanced mech- anisms for the implementation of the NDC. 4 Instituto Nacional de Ecología y Cambio Climático (INECC) - Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (SEMARNAT). (2018). Sexta Comunicación de México ante la Convención Marco de las Na- ciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático. The Mexican Government ratifies its com- mitment to implement the NDC respect- ing human rights, integrating a gender equality approach, prioritizing the needs of vulnerable groups, and promoting the inclusion and recognition of science and traditional knowledge of native indige- nous communities under the principle of intergenerational equity.', 'The Mexican Government ratifies its com- mitment to implement the NDC respect- ing human rights, integrating a gender equality approach, prioritizing the needs of vulnerable groups, and promoting the inclusion and recognition of science and traditional knowledge of native indige- nous communities under the principle of intergenerational equity. Reports on the progress of the NDC’s implementation will incorporate the objectives and goals of the Lima Work Program on Gender and the UNCCD Gender Action Plan. As a signa- tory of the Escazú Agreement, Mexico will abide by the objectives of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, under the principle of equal rights between women and men, as well as the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women.', 'As a signa- tory of the Escazú Agreement, Mexico will abide by the objectives of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, under the principle of equal rights between women and men, as well as the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women. In this context, as a middle-income de- veloping country, Mexico is committed to foster south-south and triangular cooper- ation in order to support other countries in achieving more ambitious adaptation and mitigation goals in accordance with national development priorities for each country. Mexico will focus on scientific and technological cooperation as well as the promotion of research capacity building regarding adaptation and mitigation, and considering its strategic position, will strive to develop partnerships with Latin Amer- ica and the Caribbean to foster regional development.', 'Mexico will focus on scientific and technological cooperation as well as the promotion of research capacity building regarding adaptation and mitigation, and considering its strategic position, will strive to develop partnerships with Latin Amer- ica and the Caribbean to foster regional development. Lastly, Mexico recognizes that coopera- tion and climate finance are tools that can bolster the implementation of its com- mitments and expresses its interest in ad- vancing and implementing Article 6 of the Paris Agreement in order to increase its climate ambition.', 'Lastly, Mexico recognizes that coopera- tion and climate finance are tools that can bolster the implementation of its com- mitments and expresses its interest in ad- vancing and implementing Article 6 of the Paris Agreement in order to increase its climate ambition. Therefore, the Mexican Government reaffirms the call on the inter- national community to adopt Conference of the Parties, the required rules to make this mechanism operational and thus al- low for cost-effective international cooper- ation, enhancing a greater participation of the private sector in global mitigation.II ADAPTATION COMPONENT Laguna del Amor, West Coast of Isla Mujeres National Park, Punta Cancun and Punta Nizuc, Quintana Roo. CONANP ArchiveMexico is a megadiverse country with coastline on both the Atlantic and the Pa- cific oceans5 unique in its biological wealth at the continental, coastal and marine lev- els.', 'CONANP ArchiveMexico is a megadiverse country with coastline on both the Atlantic and the Pa- cific oceans5 unique in its biological wealth at the continental, coastal and marine lev- els. In addition, it has a vast and diverse cul- tural heritage that results in a wide range of languages and cultural identities. Since the presentation of its first NDC in 2015, the country has acted upon its commitments regarding adaptation, addressing local vul- nerability in order to protect its biological and cultural diversity and richness. In recent decades, knowledge on vulner- ability to climate change, thus reaffirming that adaptation and the reduction of risks to the population, ecosystems and pro- ductive sectors are not deferrable deeds', 'In recent decades, knowledge on vulner- ability to climate change, thus reaffirming that adaptation and the reduction of risks to the population, ecosystems and pro- ductive sectors are not deferrable deeds The interaction of factors such Mexico’s position, environmental and socioeco- nomic conditions, along with a high social inequality, results in a country that is high- ly vulnerable to the potential impacts of climate change. Recent studies, as well as the analysis of the information presented in special re- ports by the IPCC, provide solid ground for the construction of a National Adaptation Policy (NAP) foreseen by the LGCC whose objective is to guide the implementation of this component through collaborative, multi-sectoral processes that recognize the comprehensive, complex and urgent6 nature of adaptation.', 'Recent studies, as well as the analysis of the information presented in special re- ports by the IPCC, provide solid ground for the construction of a National Adaptation Policy (NAP) foreseen by the LGCC whose objective is to guide the implementation of this component through collaborative, multi-sectoral processes that recognize the comprehensive, complex and urgent6 nature of adaptation. This component expands its scope by inte- grating cross-cutting elements such as Na- ture-based Solutions (NBS) and Commu- nity-Based Adaptation (CBA) approaches; Ecosystem-Based Adaptation (EBA); as well as Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) based Adaptation. The NDC is strength- ened by incorporating the results of a na- tionwide participatory process, which con- sidered all three orders of government, 5 Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO). (2020).', 'The NDC is strength- ened by incorporating the results of a na- tionwide participatory process, which con- sidered all three orders of government, 5 Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO). (2020). México Megadi- 6 Comprehensive refers to the diversity of traditional, scientific, and specialized knowledge; complex points to the fact that not everything is measurable in adaptation matters; and urgent because it re- sponds to principles of social and environmental justice. specialists, scholars, productive sectors, social organizations, youth and the pub- lic. Additional elements were included to strengthen the adaptive capacity of the country s population, its ecosystems as well as its strategic infrastructure and tan- gible cultural heritage. Consequently, the adaptation component increases its scope of action.', 'Consequently, the adaptation component increases its scope of action. While defining actions included in this component, particular attention was giv- en to identify the necessary means of im- plementation. This resulted in actions pertaining capacity building, knowledge generation, scientific research and edu- cation, technological transfer and devel- opment, as well as the consolidation of financial mechanisms required by adap- tation actions that will be implemented during the period leading to 2030. Consequently, this NDC update presents a greater ambition in the actions that will be undertaken in the territory and fore- sees the consolidation of Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) mechanisms which will enhance the System for Information on Advances in Transparency (SIAT) of the Nationally Determined Contribution (SI- AT – NDC). These actions will reinforce re- porting mechanisms and provide further insights and transparency of the progress towards the reduction of vulnerability.', 'These actions will reinforce re- porting mechanisms and provide further insights and transparency of the progress towards the reduction of vulnerability. This framework considers increased participa- tion of different sectors and organizations involved in decision making and planning, thereby optimizing the use of. This, by rec- ognizing opportunities and establishing requirements for adequate implementa- tion with a long-term perspective.', 'This, by rec- ognizing opportunities and establishing requirements for adequate implementa- tion with a long-term perspective. The following sections present the five gen- eral axes included in the component and describe the 27 action lines identified in or- der to decrease the country’s vulnerability.Axis Axis Icon Action Lines Prevention and management of negative impacts on the human population and the territory 7 lines of action Comprehensive water resources management with a focus on climate change 4 lines of action Conservation, restoration and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystem services 7 lines of action Resilient production systems and food safety 5 lines of action Protection of strategic infrastructure and tangible cultural heritage 4 lines of actionAXIS A. PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF NEGATIVE IMPACTS ON THE HUMAN POPULATION AND THE TERRITORY In Mexico, several social groups are partic- ularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change.', 'PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF NEGATIVE IMPACTS ON THE HUMAN POPULATION AND THE TERRITORY In Mexico, several social groups are partic- ularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Among them are indigenous and Afro-Mexican communities, the vast ma- jority of whom live in impoverished, high- risk areas. On the other hand, the inequal- ity that persists in Mexico, further stresses geographical vulnerability as well as age and gender disparities. Restricting wom- en s access to means of production such as land, financing, training, education and information, all of which diminishes their adaptive capacity in the face of climate change. These social and economic conditions, coupled with the increase of adverse hy- dro-meteorological phenomena, such as flooding and droughts, have forced people to leave their homes and seek new oppor- tunities in other territories.', 'These social and economic conditions, coupled with the increase of adverse hy- dro-meteorological phenomena, such as flooding and droughts, have forced people to leave their homes and seek new oppor- tunities in other territories. These process- es sometimes lead to conflicts and com- petition for resources that can aggravate pre-existing vulnerabilities. Axis A is composed of seven lines of ac- tion whose main objective is to ensure the implementation of actions in the territory. It addresses the gaps in social inequality and aims to reduce the impacts associat- ed with climate change by raising aware- ness among the population, providing ac- cess to information and developing tools for decision-making. This axis considers a preventive, long-term approach. This section contributes towards the fulfill- ment of strategic issues related to 15 SDGs and 45 of its goals.', 'This section contributes towards the fulfill- ment of strategic issues related to 15 SDGs and 45 of its goals. Amongst the most sa- lient are the following: Cities and human settlements adopting and implementing comprehensive policy and plans for cli- mate adaptation; resilience of personas in climate vulnerability and reduction of their exposure; preventive health, consid- ering gender equality criteria intersection- ality and human rights, to mention a few elements. The following table features actions, high- lighting new commitments, existing syn- ergies with mitigation and, where appro- priate, linkages with the SDGs. Axis A. Prevention and management of negative impacts on the human population and the territory ACTION LINES NEW ACTION SYNERGY WITH MITIGATION SDG A1.', 'Prevention and management of negative impacts on the human population and the territory ACTION LINES NEW ACTION SYNERGY WITH MITIGATION SDG A1. Implement actions in 50% of munic- ipalities identified as vulnerable accord- ing to the National Vulnerability Atlas and the Special Climate Change Pro- gram 2020—2024, prioritizing those with the greatest social inequalities A2. Implement comprehensive adapta- tion strategies that strengthen resilience in human settlementsAxis A. Prevention and management of negative impacts on the human population and the territory ACTION LINES NEW ACTION SYNERGY WITH MITIGATION SDG A3. Strengthen early warning systems and protocols for prevention and action against hydro-meteorological and cli- matic hazards in different natural and human systems at all three levels of government A4. Incorporate climate change adapta- tion criteria in planning instruments, ter- ritorial and disaster risk management in all sectors and orders of government A5.', 'Incorporate climate change adapta- tion criteria in planning instruments, ter- ritorial and disaster risk management in all sectors and orders of government A5. Strengthen financial instruments for disaster and risk management and at- tention through the integration of cli- mate change adaptation criteria A6. Implementing strategies to reduce health impacts related to diseases exac- erbated by climate change A7. Identify and address forced displace- ment of people due to the negative im- pacts of climate change AXIS B. RESILIENT PRODUCTION SYSTEMS AND FOOD SAFETY Food is a fundamental human right that is warranted when people have timely and permanent physical, economic, and social access to food in sufficient quan- tity and quality for adequate consump- tion. This right contributes both to their well-being and to the satisfaction of their dietary and cultural needs.', 'This right contributes both to their well-being and to the satisfaction of their dietary and cultural needs. In Mexico, the increase in temperature and changes in rainfall resulting from climate change may result in the displacement of tradition- al crops, which may become unsuitable for the region where they are currently produced. Similarly, the ecological struc- ture and functions of marine ecosystems, as well as the goods and services they pro- vide are expected to be altered. The con- servation of agrobiodiversity, the battle against desertification and the reduction of overexploitation of land and marine nat- ural resources, represent challenges close- ly related to food security. Extensive cattle farming has important so- cial and environmental impacts.', 'Extensive cattle farming has important so- cial and environmental impacts. The con- stant increase in the demand for livestockproducts accelerates the deforestation of large areas of forests and results in the pol- lution and depletion of water bodies. Fur- thermore, feeding and thermal comfort requirements for livestock, demand com- prehensive strategies of sustainable man- agement, such as the establishment of silvopastoral systems and regenerative cattle farming. These considerations are addressed in Axis B, which proposes five action lines that support the fulfillment of 9 SDGs and 11 of its goals, related to the sustainabili- ty of food production systems and resil- ient agricultural practices that contribute to the maintenance of ecosystems and strengthen the countries adaptive capac- ity.', 'These considerations are addressed in Axis B, which proposes five action lines that support the fulfillment of 9 SDGs and 11 of its goals, related to the sustainabili- ty of food production systems and resil- ient agricultural practices that contribute to the maintenance of ecosystems and strengthen the countries adaptive capac- ity. It also address the fair and equitable distribution of benefits provided by ge- netic diversity and species diversification, as well as the adaptation of value chains and investment plans that integrate cli- mate change criteria, fostering tradition- al knowledge that favors the reduction of inequality gaps, placing the rights, needs and realities of all people in a situation of vulnerability at the center of the processes of adaptation to climate change , encour- aging research, development and appli- cation of scientific and traditional knowl- edge.', 'It also address the fair and equitable distribution of benefits provided by ge- netic diversity and species diversification, as well as the adaptation of value chains and investment plans that integrate cli- mate change criteria, fostering tradition- al knowledge that favors the reduction of inequality gaps, placing the rights, needs and realities of all people in a situation of vulnerability at the center of the processes of adaptation to climate change , encour- aging research, development and appli- cation of scientific and traditional knowl- edge. The following table highlights new action lines, synergies, and connections with the SDGs. Axis B. Resilient production systems and food security ACTION LINES NEW ACTION SYNERGY WITH MITIGATION SDG B1. Promote sustainable production and consumption practices, conservation of genetic resources and the recovery of biocultural landscapes B2. Incorporate climate change risk in- to value chains and investment plans of productive sectors B3.', 'Incorporate climate change risk in- to value chains and investment plans of productive sectors B3. To contribute to the prevention and management of pests and diseases in domestic animal species and vegetable crops aggravated by climate change B4. Strengthen environmental policy in- struments and implement actions to en- sure the protection of native crops rele- vant to agriculture and food security from the potential impacts of climate change B5. Promote financing mechanisms that address the negative impacts of climate change on the primary productive sector AXIS C. CONSERVATION, RESTORATION AND SUSTAINABLE USE OF BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES Biodiversity plays a key role in carbon se- questration and the regulation of the glob- al climate through the ecosystem services it provides.', 'Promote financing mechanisms that address the negative impacts of climate change on the primary productive sector AXIS C. CONSERVATION, RESTORATION AND SUSTAINABLE USE OF BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES Biodiversity plays a key role in carbon se- questration and the regulation of the glob- al climate through the ecosystem services it provides. Mexico is the 5th most diverse country in the world, home to approxi- mately 12% of the planet s biodiversity.A high percentage of the country s ter- restrial and aquatic biodiversity is threat- ened by factors such as habitat destruc- tion, over-exploitation of resources, air pollution, the presence of invasive exotic species and the adverse effects of climate change. The degradation and loss of eco- systems will increase the vulnerability of the population and biodiversity to the ef- fects of climate change.', 'The degradation and loss of eco- systems will increase the vulnerability of the population and biodiversity to the ef- fects of climate change. Human rights, such as the right to pota- ble water and access to food, the right to health and a healthy environment are strongly dependent on ecosystems and the diversity they provide. This biodiversi- ty is an intrinsic part of the traditions and culture of indigenous communities and, as such, it should be preserved. 7 Suárez, G. (August 6, 2017). Las comunidades indígenas, custodias de los bosques y la biodiversidad, Comunicado, en Consejo Civil Mexicano para la Silvicultura Sostenible. CCMSS. In this sense, Axis C integrates crucial is- sues for the country based on the con- servation and restoration of blue carbon ecosystems, seas and oceans, forests, and key species.', 'In this sense, Axis C integrates crucial is- sues for the country based on the con- servation and restoration of blue carbon ecosystems, seas and oceans, forests, and key species. It also integrates actions to strengthen the management of Nat- ural Protected Areas and increase their connectivity. Additional conservation schemes are considered based on mutual respect for the collective rights and com- mon goods7 belonging to the commu- nities that inhabit them. Through these actions, this section seeks to integrate re- silience and development, ensuring syner- gies for the mitigation of GHGs. The follow- ing table highlights new actions, synergies, and connections with the SDGs. Axis C. Conservation, restoration and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystem services ACTION LINES NEW ACTION SYNERGY WITH MITIGATION SDG C1. Reach a zero-net deforestation rate C2.', 'Reach a zero-net deforestation rate C2. Strengthen environmental policy instruments and implement actions to conserve and restore continental ecosystems, increase their ecological connectivity, and promote their resilience C3. Strengthen instruments and imple- ment actions for the conservation of bio- diversity and the restoration of marine, coastal and freshwater ecosystems, as well as to increase and permanence of car- bon reservoirs, emphasizing blue carbon C4. Promote actions to prevent the es- tablishment, control and eradication of invasive species, diseases and pests, whose impacts are exacerbated by the effects of climate change C5. Design and implement actions that contribute to control desertification and foster soil conservationAxis C. Conservation, restoration and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystem services ACTION LINES NEW ACTION SYNERGY WITH MITIGATION SDG C6. Strengthen environmental policy in- struments and implement actions to conserve and restore insular systems and increase their resilience C7.', 'Strengthen environmental policy in- struments and implement actions to conserve and restore insular systems and increase their resilience C7. Implement actions for the conser- vation and restoration of the seas and oceans to enhance their resilience in the face of climate change 8 Comisión Nacional del Agua (conagua). (2018). Estadísticas del Agua en México 2018. gob.mx/publicaciones/EAM_2018.pdf. AXIS D. COMPREHENSIVE WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT WITH A FOCUS ON CLIMATE CHANGE Water is one of the most valuable resourc- es required for the integral and sustain- able development of the country. Life and health, as well as the balance of ecosys- tems depend directly on water. This re- source is crucial for social and econom- ic development.', 'This re- source is crucial for social and econom- ic development. Having access to water in sufficient quality and quantity is a hu- man right that serves as a precondition for the exercise of other rights such as ac- cess to healthcare, food, a healthy environ- ment, adequate housing and education. The adverse conditions generated by cli- mate change can severely affect the avail- ability of this resource. The availability of water in Mexico is threat- ened. At least 14% of water basins are cur- rently in deficit and 16% of aquifers are overexploited8. Constant water supply and modern sanitation in households is not universal. In rural zones, this percentage is lower than in urban areas, sharpening this situation in marginalized areas.', 'In rural zones, this percentage is lower than in urban areas, sharpening this situation in marginalized areas. Social asymmetries, as well as gender inequali- ties, affect the availability and accessibility of water in sufficient quantity and quality. Axis D proposes four action lines to pro- mote the integrated management of wa- ter resources and the improvement in the provision of services focusing on the most vulnerable communities.', 'Axis D proposes four action lines to pro- mote the integrated management of wa- ter resources and the improvement in the provision of services focusing on the most vulnerable communities. These ac- tions, which will work towards 8 SDGs and 21 of its goals, address the following is- sues: efficient use of water resources in all sectors and sustainability of freshwa- ter extraction and supply against short- ages; capacity-building in activities and programs related to water and sanitation; promotion of climate technologies for wa- ter collection, efficient use of water re- sources, wastewater treatment, recycling, and reuse; protection and restoration of water-related ecosystems, including for- ests, mountains, wetlands, rivers, aqui- fers, and lakes; value integration of ecosys- tems and biological diversity into national and local planning, as well as strategies for development and poverty reduction.', 'These ac- tions, which will work towards 8 SDGs and 21 of its goals, address the following is- sues: efficient use of water resources in all sectors and sustainability of freshwa- ter extraction and supply against short- ages; capacity-building in activities and programs related to water and sanitation; promotion of climate technologies for wa- ter collection, efficient use of water re- sources, wastewater treatment, recycling, and reuse; protection and restoration of water-related ecosystems, including for- ests, mountains, wetlands, rivers, aqui- fers, and lakes; value integration of ecosys- tems and biological diversity into national and local planning, as well as strategies for development and poverty reduction. The following table shows new actions, synergies, and connections to the SDGs.Axis D. Comprehensive water resources management with a focus on climate change ACTION LINES NEW ACTION SYNERGY WITH MITIGATION SDG D1.', 'The following table shows new actions, synergies, and connections to the SDGs.Axis D. Comprehensive water resources management with a focus on climate change ACTION LINES NEW ACTION SYNERGY WITH MITIGATION SDG D1. Implement actions towards the sus- tainable use of water in all of its different consumptive uses with a focus on cli- mate change D2. Promote hydrological environmental services, through the conservation, pro- tection, and restoration of watersheds with special attention to nature-based solutions D3. Ensure the quantity and quality of water in human settlements with more than 500,000 inhabitants and increase the treatment of industrial and urban wastewater D4. Guarantee access to water –in quan- tity and quality– for human use and consumption 9 INECC – SEMARNAT. (2012). Quinta Comunicación Nacional sobre el Cambio Climático.', 'Quinta Comunicación Nacional sobre el Cambio Climático. AXIS E. PROTECTION OF STRATEGIC INFRASTRUCTURE AND TANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE Strategic infrastructure provides the tech- nical means, necessary facilities, and ser- vices for the development of essential ac- tivities. Furthermore, it is a fundamental framework to guarantee human rights to health, security, physical integrity, well-be- ing, and sustainable development of the population. Mexico has a tangible cultural heritage that includes both natural and cultural goods that, due to their natural, aesthet- ic, artistic or scientific value, contribute to the Mexican identity. This heritage is com- posed, on the one hand, of environmen- tal weatlh and assets comprising that in- clude natural areas, habitat and shelter of numerous endemic species, and on the other, of buildings, enclosures and archae- ological vestiges that contain a historical legacy of societies that preceded the cur- rent one.', 'This heritage is com- posed, on the one hand, of environmen- tal weatlh and assets comprising that in- clude natural areas, habitat and shelter of numerous endemic species, and on the other, of buildings, enclosures and archae- ological vestiges that contain a historical legacy of societies that preceded the cur- rent one. The conservation of infrastructure and her- itage represents challenges that will be exacerbated by the adverse effects of cli- mate change. For example, energy sec- tor infrastructure is vulnerable to climate variability, as severe droughts or rains can affect the optimal functioning of power generation plants9. The four action lines of Axis E promote that the planning, design, construction, maintenance, and operation of infrastruc- ture review focused on strengthening its resistance to ensure the continuity of the provision of services.', 'The four action lines of Axis E promote that the planning, design, construction, maintenance, and operation of infrastruc- ture review focused on strengthening its resistance to ensure the continuity of the provision of services. The main of this ax- is is to ensure the resilience of new and existing infrastructure, as well as tangible cultural heritage, going beyond the usual designs and promoting the development and incorporation of criteria for adaptation and identification of science-based risks to climate change that integrate tradition- al and innovation knowledge to increase the strength of the elements that make it up. These actions incorporate knowledge on the risks generated by climate change and seek to adapt to current and futurerealities, integrating traditional and inno- vative knowledge to increase the strength of the elements that comprise them.', 'These actions incorporate knowledge on the risks generated by climate change and seek to adapt to current and futurerealities, integrating traditional and inno- vative knowledge to increase the strength of the elements that comprise them. Actions undertaken to protect tangible cultural heritage from the effects of cli- mate change will consider the respect for spiritual or religious beliefs, as well as for the roles of women and men. They will seek to ensure the right to enjoy existing heritage and guarantee its accessibility and to promote the positive influence that culture, heritage and traditional knowl- edge provides for our society.', 'They will seek to ensure the right to enjoy existing heritage and guarantee its accessibility and to promote the positive influence that culture, heritage and traditional knowl- edge provides for our society. Through these actions, Axis E will contrib- ute to 9 SDGs and 21 of its goals; reliable, sustainable, resilient, high-quality, afford- able and equitable infrastructure to sup- port economic development and human well-being; resilience of infrastructure in cities and human settlements by imple- menting integrated policies and plans for climate change mitigation and adaptation, as well as integrated disaster risk manage- ment; protection and safeguard of cultur- al and natural heritage; modernization of infrastructure and converting industries to become sustainable. The following table shows new activities, synergies with miti- gation and relationship with SDGs. Axis E. Protection of strategic infrastructure and tangible cultural heritage ACTION LINES NEW ACTION SYNERGY WITH MITIGATION SDG E1.', 'Axis E. Protection of strategic infrastructure and tangible cultural heritage ACTION LINES NEW ACTION SYNERGY WITH MITIGATION SDG E1. Increase the structural and function- al security of current and future strategic infrastructure against events associated with climate change E2. Incorporate climate change adap- tation and integrated disaster and risk management criteria in strategic infra- structure investment projects E3. Protect, restore, and conserve tangi- ble cultural heritage from the impacts of climate change E4. Generate and strengthen public fi- nancing instruments, and promote pri- vate investment, for infrastructure and cultural heritage projects that incorpo- rate adaptation criteriaIII MITIGATION COMPONENT San Luis Tlaxialtemalco, Xochimilco, Mexico City.• FINANCIAL • TECHNICAL • TECHCNOLOGICAL • CAPACITY BUILDING Black Carbon Instruments NDC Unconditional commitments Conditional commitments GHG BC GHG BC Power Transport Industry Residential Oil and gas Agriculture Waste LUCF Synergy with adaptation Sectors Mexico is unconditionally committed to re- duce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 22% and its black carbon emissions by 51% by 2030 compared to a baseline un- der a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario.', 'Generate and strengthen public fi- nancing instruments, and promote pri- vate investment, for infrastructure and cultural heritage projects that incorpo- rate adaptation criteriaIII MITIGATION COMPONENT San Luis Tlaxialtemalco, Xochimilco, Mexico City.• FINANCIAL • TECHNICAL • TECHCNOLOGICAL • CAPACITY BUILDING Black Carbon Instruments NDC Unconditional commitments Conditional commitments GHG BC GHG BC Power Transport Industry Residential Oil and gas Agriculture Waste LUCF Synergy with adaptation Sectors Mexico is unconditionally committed to re- duce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 22% and its black carbon emissions by 51% by 2030 compared to a baseline un- der a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario. In addition, conditional commitments would allow for increased emissions mitigation, reaching a target of up to 36% reduction of GHG emissions and 70% of black carbon emissions by 2030 compared to the BAU.', 'In addition, conditional commitments would allow for increased emissions mitigation, reaching a target of up to 36% reduction of GHG emissions and 70% of black carbon emissions by 2030 compared to the BAU. These commitments rely on the consoli- dation, at international level, of technolo- gy transfer mechanisms, an internation- al price for carbon trading, adjustment of tariffs for carbon content, technical coop- eration and access to low-cost financial re- sources, all on a scale equivalent to the chal- lenge required to address climate change.', 'These commitments rely on the consoli- dation, at international level, of technolo- gy transfer mechanisms, an internation- al price for carbon trading, adjustment of tariffs for carbon content, technical coop- eration and access to low-cost financial re- sources, all on a scale equivalent to the chal- lenge required to address climate change. The projected BAU scenario to 2030, with- out any mitigation policy intervention, was quantified at 991 MtCO e. The reduction of unconditional emissions by 2030 trans- lates into a reduction of approximately 210 MtCO e that year, while compliance with conditional commitments would imply re- ductions of an additional 137 MtCO e. The implementation period of this NDC ranges from 2020 to 2030 and the policies under- taken are considered based on the infor- mation for emissions in 2013.', 'The projected BAU scenario to 2030, with- out any mitigation policy intervention, was quantified at 991 MtCO e. The reduction of unconditional emissions by 2030 trans- lates into a reduction of approximately 210 MtCO e that year, while compliance with conditional commitments would imply re- ductions of an additional 137 MtCO e. The implementation period of this NDC ranges from 2020 to 2030 and the policies under- taken are considered based on the infor- mation for emissions in 2013. In order to update this NDC and strength- en the country s climate action based on the best available knowledge, working groups were formed with representatives from the public, private and social sectors, each of which collaborated in the develop- ment of specific studies for each sector of the economy reflected in the NDC.', 'In order to update this NDC and strength- en the country s climate action based on the best available knowledge, working groups were formed with representatives from the public, private and social sectors, each of which collaborated in the develop- ment of specific studies for each sector of the economy reflected in the NDC. As a re- sult, taking advantage of a shared respon- sibility and the best interest of the sector’s stakeholders, it was possible to identify the most viable initiatives for implementation,the best cost-benefit ratio, and the great- est opportunities for reducing emissions in the short, medium, and long term. These studies, known as implementation routes10, have been fundamental in de- fining sectoral and programmatic action lines, as well as in assessing potential re- ductions in black carbon (BC) and other short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs).', 'These studies, known as implementation routes10, have been fundamental in de- fining sectoral and programmatic action lines, as well as in assessing potential re- ductions in black carbon (BC) and other short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs). Likewise, the NDC identifies the syner- gies between the adaptation and mitiga- tion components, thereby promoting the reduction of barriers to their implementa- tion in the territory and enhancing co-ben- efits in the short and long term. Mexico recognizes that both adaptation and mit- igation are key elements for the consolida- tion of more climate-resilient trajectories and that enhancing these synergies will have an end-to-end benefit for the coun- try s development and they may gener- ate structural changes and modifications in production and consumption patterns.', 'Mexico recognizes that both adaptation and mit- igation are key elements for the consolida- tion of more climate-resilient trajectories and that enhancing these synergies will have an end-to-end benefit for the coun- try s development and they may gener- ate structural changes and modifications in production and consumption patterns. Similarly, strengthening the benefits of these synergies in the short term will con- tribute to a better allocation of financial 10 INECC. (2018). Desarrollo de rutas de instrumentación de las Contribuciones Nacionales Determinadas en materia de mitigación de gases y compuestos de efecto invernadero: (Estudio plurianual 2017-2018). bio-climatico 11 Vallejo, C., Chacón, M. & Cifuentes, M. (2016). Sinergias entre adaptación y mitigación del cambio climáti- co (SAM) en los sectores agrícola y forestal. Concepto y propuesta de acción. USAID – CATIES.', 'Concepto y propuesta de acción. USAID – CATIES. and institutional resources11 in the imple- mentation of the NDC. Through integral and inter-institutional projects, conceptu- al elements will be generated to support transparency and reporting, which will shorten the conceptual gap between mit- igation and adaptation contributing to sci- ence-based decision making. Regarding the 2030 Agenda for Sustain- able Development, Mexico has dedicat- ed efforts towards the global objectives of poverty eradication, protection of the plan- et, protection of environmental health and of the population to ensure that prosperi- ty reaches everyone. Consequently, the af- finity of policies and actions towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) has been evaluated. While the NDC is com- posed of specific measures, it is the result of a comprehensive approach that supports additional mitigation and development ob- jectives.', 'While the NDC is com- posed of specific measures, it is the result of a comprehensive approach that supports additional mitigation and development ob- jectives. The results of these synergies are summarized in the following table, which highlights the sectors, focus on black car- bon emissions, synergies with adaptation and connections with the SDGs. Economic activities included at the NDC Activity Black Carbon Synergy with Adaptation SDG Section Transport Power Generation Residential and commercial Oil and GasEconomic activities included at the NDC Activity Black Carbon Synergy with Adaptation SDG Section Industry Agriculture and Livestock Waste Land use, land-use change and forestry In order to increase the ambition in the implementation of the NDC, Mexico is de- veloping a system of cross-sectoral tools to accelerate the implementation of the committed actions.', 'Economic activities included at the NDC Activity Black Carbon Synergy with Adaptation SDG Section Transport Power Generation Residential and commercial Oil and GasEconomic activities included at the NDC Activity Black Carbon Synergy with Adaptation SDG Section Industry Agriculture and Livestock Waste Land use, land-use change and forestry In order to increase the ambition in the implementation of the NDC, Mexico is de- veloping a system of cross-sectoral tools to accelerate the implementation of the committed actions. Among these, it iden- tifies policies to promote open innovation and environmental care, accelerate the adoption and transfer of environmentally sound and socially appropriate technolo- gies for mitigation, prioritizing those that achieve the greatest social benefits. Also, training programs have been implement- ed addressing public servants, from all three spheres of government and the gen- eral public.', 'Also, training programs have been implement- ed addressing public servants, from all three spheres of government and the gen- eral public. From the experience accumulated in Mex- ico in the implementation of climate pro- grams and projects, as well as the results obtained in the sectoral studies of the im- plementation routes, it has been deter- mined that one of the most important cross-cutting elements for achieving the committed goals is energy efficiency in all sectors, both public and non-public, na- tionwide. Through the progressive opti- mization of energy use, it will be possible to achieve efficient energy planning that contemplates a reduced energy demand.', 'Through the progressive opti- mization of energy use, it will be possible to achieve efficient energy planning that contemplates a reduced energy demand. The commitments adopted by Mexico re- quire a timely and ample set of financing options, therefore a climate finance strat- egy has been designed and it includes participation of the national and inter- national financial sector, which will allow for the coordinated targeting of resourc- es on the country s top priorities. In ad- dition, Mexico has made progress in the implementation of a variety of economic instruments, such as the issuance of green bonds, the establishment of a Carbon Tax and the Emissions Trading System.', 'In ad- dition, Mexico has made progress in the implementation of a variety of economic instruments, such as the issuance of green bonds, the establishment of a Carbon Tax and the Emissions Trading System. Finally, with the aim of ensuring envi- ronmental integrity and transparency, a sound accounting of implemented ac- tions will be undertaken by means of the System of Information for the Transpar- ency Agenda or SIAT, for both the Spe- cial Program on Climate Change and the NDC. The results will be periodically eval- uated by the Coordination of Evaluation of the National Policy on Climate Change, which will provide feedback on the ac- tions that have been developed, in order to ensure that the designed transforma- tional measures are progressive and can be gradually improved or strengthened.', 'The results will be periodically eval- uated by the Coordination of Evaluation of the National Policy on Climate Change, which will provide feedback on the ac- tions that have been developed, in order to ensure that the designed transforma- tional measures are progressive and can be gradually improved or strengthened. The cross-sectoral approaches described in the previous paragraphs are set out in the table below and are complemented by actions and strategies that will strengthen the cross-cutting action of the mitigation component.', 'The cross-sectoral approaches described in the previous paragraphs are set out in the table below and are complemented by actions and strategies that will strengthen the cross-cutting action of the mitigation component. Existing synergies with the adaptation component as well as its rela- tionship with several SDGs are included.Cross-Sectoral Approaches and Actions Synergies with Adaptation Connection to SDGs Nature-based solutions Blue Carbon and Protection of Seas and Coasts National Strategy for Circular Economy Efficient Use of Energy Emissions Trading System Climate Finance Strategy and Building Criteria for Optimization Environmental Education and Capacity Building Monitoring, Reporting and Verification of Actions The following is a list of the activities in which it has been possible to identi- fy opportunities to implement actions that will enable the achievement of the percentages of mitigation goals commit- ted through the NDC.', 'Existing synergies with the adaptation component as well as its rela- tionship with several SDGs are included.Cross-Sectoral Approaches and Actions Synergies with Adaptation Connection to SDGs Nature-based solutions Blue Carbon and Protection of Seas and Coasts National Strategy for Circular Economy Efficient Use of Energy Emissions Trading System Climate Finance Strategy and Building Criteria for Optimization Environmental Education and Capacity Building Monitoring, Reporting and Verification of Actions The following is a list of the activities in which it has been possible to identi- fy opportunities to implement actions that will enable the achievement of the percentages of mitigation goals commit- ted through the NDC. The detail of the ac- tions will be developed in a NDC imple- mentation roadmap and presented in theBiennial Update Reports related to the contributions set forth in the LGCC12.', 'The detail of the ac- tions will be developed in a NDC imple- mentation roadmap and presented in theBiennial Update Reports related to the contributions set forth in the LGCC12. The following lines present sectorial areas of opportunity identified in the studies ad- dressing implementation routes; these were defined based on the implementa- tion roadmap and national priorities; they were established through a participatory process conducted within the framework of the updating of the NDC with the corre- sponding economic sectors. TRANSPORT This sector is one of the largest green- house gas emitters in Mexico, therefore, the implementation of policies and mea- sures in this field will considerably support the reduction of associated emissions.', 'TRANSPORT This sector is one of the largest green- house gas emitters in Mexico, therefore, the implementation of policies and mea- sures in this field will considerably support the reduction of associated emissions. The implementation routes and the participa- tory process identified opportunities re- garding the strengthening of regulations applicable to motor vehicles, the encour- agement of alternative transportation sys- tems, the promotion of clean transpor- tation programs, the development and implementation of the National Electric Mobility Strategy and urban planning ori- ented towards efficient public transporta- tion systems. POWER GENERATION The power generation sector is one of the most salient in GHG emissions national- ly and globally due to the consumption of fossil fuels for the production of electri- cal and thermal energy.', 'POWER GENERATION The power generation sector is one of the most salient in GHG emissions national- ly and globally due to the consumption of fossil fuels for the production of electri- cal and thermal energy. Through actions that increase the participation of clean en- ergy in the national electric network, the strengthening and optimization of exist- ing infrastructure and the promotion of in- novative technologies in the areas of stor- age and smart grids, the energy sector will be constantly innovating to achieve the mitigation levels established by the LGCC. 12 General Law on Climate Change (LGCC), last reform published DOF 06-11-2020. (2020). www.diputados. gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/ref/lgcc.htm RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL The sector has been one of the most dy- namic over the last few years in terms of the implementation of mitigation mea- sures.', 'gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/ref/lgcc.htm RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL The sector has been one of the most dy- namic over the last few years in terms of the implementation of mitigation mea- sures. From the actions undertaken since the presentation of the first NDC in 2015, results have been achieved in multi-sec- toral projects that optimize energy con- sumption in buildings and reduce the im- pacts of new constructions. On this basis, opportunities have been identified in the design of programs and actions at all lev- els of government to optimize energy con- sumption in housing and businesses, but also to promote mechanisms and regula- tions that encourage the inclusion of best practices in constructions and renova- tions, such as the strengthening of distrib- uted generation. OIL AND GAS Emissions in this sector include the pro- duction, transportation, distribution, pro- cessing, and refining of hydrocarbons in the country.', 'OIL AND GAS Emissions in this sector include the pro- duction, transportation, distribution, pro- cessing, and refining of hydrocarbons in the country. Based on consultation pro- cesses and the transversalities of the NDC, actions that will promote the optimization of the processes of the refining and pro- cessing systems have been identified, in- cluding the implementation of the Meth- ane Emissions Reduction Policy. INDUSTRY Public and private industrial activity in Mexico is of great relevance, not only as an economic engine but also as a source of employment for a large part of the pop- ulation. Through constant and close col- laboration with the many chambers and industry associations, considerable oppor- tunities were identified for reducing emis- sions and increasing energy efficiency.', 'Through constant and close col- laboration with the many chambers and industry associations, considerable oppor- tunities were identified for reducing emis- sions and increasing energy efficiency. The actions consider a systemic approach to industrial activity, encompassing the entire production system to promote a circular economy by recognizing theexternalities of the processes employed and at the same time optimizing the use of inputs and energy required. These actions will not only have an impact on the reduc- tion of emissions, but also on the economy and competitiveness of companies. AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK The mitigation component is reinforced in the present NDC through the traceabili- ty of synergies with the adaptation com- ponent.', 'AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK The mitigation component is reinforced in the present NDC through the traceabili- ty of synergies with the adaptation com- ponent. The agriculture and livestock sec- tor has been strengthened considerably through the coordinated and cross-cut- ting action of a number of federal agen- cies in close collaboration with state and municipal governments. In the implemen- tation phase, agricultural practices will be designed considering environmental and climatic variables, which will allow their territorialization in the most vulnerable ar- eas of the country, strengthening activities based on scientific knowledge, research and its application with traditional knowl- edge. The foreseen actions consider best agricultural and conservation practices, the promotion of agroforestry and agro- ecological systems, the reduction of agri- cultural fires and the promotion of bio-di- gester technologies for a sustainable treatment of livestock residues.', 'The foreseen actions consider best agricultural and conservation practices, the promotion of agroforestry and agro- ecological systems, the reduction of agri- cultural fires and the promotion of bio-di- gester technologies for a sustainable treatment of livestock residues. WASTE In this area, the NDC addresses opportu- nities related to solid waste management and disposal activities. considers or fore- sees an increase in treatment of waste- water from both municipal and industrial sources. As well as other activities relat- ed to their final disposal, reuse, recycling, composting, and bio digestion. LAND USE, LAND-USE CHANGE AND FORESTRY Mexico maintains and strengthens the strategy towards a zero-net deforestation rate, which will be achieved under the Na- tional Strategy to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (ENAREDD+, by its acronym in Spanish).', 'LAND USE, LAND-USE CHANGE AND FORESTRY Mexico maintains and strengthens the strategy towards a zero-net deforestation rate, which will be achieved under the Na- tional Strategy to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (ENAREDD+, by its acronym in Spanish). Likewise, strategies for the management and administration of Natural Protected Areas are strengthened through coordi- nated action among the different orders of government by means of ecological res- toration projects that will allow the recov- ery of unused and degraded soils. As with agriculture, this sector has high synergies with adaptation, its impact on the lives of rural communities and biodiversity con- servation should be addressed strategi- cally, strengthening its positive impact on sustainable development.', 'As with agriculture, this sector has high synergies with adaptation, its impact on the lives of rural communities and biodiversity con- servation should be addressed strategi- cally, strengthening its positive impact on sustainable development. The lines of action previously presented are the result of a participatory process with the productive sectors aligned with the in- struments of environmental policy and co- ordination between the three levels of gov- ernment that will allow diversifying the energy matrix and making efficient use and saving of energy, as well how to lead productive transformations focused on the well-being of the population and on the protection and sustainable development. Through these actions, the mitigation com- ponent aims to promote low-carbon eco- nomic development that allows access to structural changes and less carbon-inten- sive forms of production and consump- tion.', 'Through these actions, the mitigation com- ponent aims to promote low-carbon eco- nomic development that allows access to structural changes and less carbon-inten- sive forms of production and consump- tion. The actions will have a system of con- stant monitoring and follow-up to ensure their effectiveness and to comply with the commitments of the Enhanced Transpar- ency Framework of the Paris Agreement. In this sense, the NDC constitutes a fun- damental path to articulate the climate ac- tions that will allow the transition to a sus- tainable development model, which is one of the objectives of Agenda 2030 and to which the development priorities of our country are aligned. For its implementa- tion, a roadmap is generated with those responsible, times, costs and financing options and compliance indicators.IV ANNEX.', 'For its implementa- tion, a roadmap is generated with those responsible, times, costs and financing options and compliance indicators.IV ANNEX. NDC SYNTHESIS IN COMPLIANCE WITH THE KATOWICE RULEBOOK Poza de la Becerra, Cuatro Ciénegas, Coahuila.INFORMATION TO PROVIDE A CLEAR, TRANSPARENT AND COMPREHENSIBLE OVERVIEW OF THE 2020-2030 NDC S UPDATE IN COMPLIANCE WITH THE KATOWICE RULEBOOK 1. Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year): a) Reference year(s), base year(s), ref- erence period(s) or other starting point(s); Mexico is committed to reduce its emissions from its projected BAU baseline by the year 2030.', 'Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year): a) Reference year(s), base year(s), ref- erence period(s) or other starting point(s); Mexico is committed to reduce its emissions from its projected BAU baseline by the year 2030. NDC’s implementation timeframe spans from 2020 to 2030, and the undertaken policies are considered based on the information available in 2013. b) Quantifiable information on the ref- erence indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), ref- erence period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the tar- get year; The reference point was quantified under a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario of emission projections based on economic growth in the absence of climate change policies. In this scenario, 991 MtCO e were quantified in 2030. Ac- tions implemented after 2013 will be considered towards mitigation.', 'Ac- tions implemented after 2013 will be considered towards mitigation. The fol- lowing table presents the BAU values. Business as usual (BAU) baseline Sector MtCO e Land-use change and forestry (LUCF) (emission) c) For strategies, plans and actions re- ferred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where point ii above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information; Not applicable d) Mitigation contribution relative to the reference indicator, expressed nu- merically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction; Unconditional Reduction Mexico has committed to reduce of 22% of its GHG emissions and 51% of Black Carbon (BC) by 2030. Additionally, as a conditional contribution, Mexico could increase its reductions up to 36% for GHG and 70% for black carbon.', 'Additionally, as a conditional contribution, Mexico could increase its reductions up to 36% for GHG and 70% for black carbon. In order to increase the ambition, Mexico is committed to the following topics, with a special focus in increasing the population’s engagement:d) Mitigation contribution relative to the reference indicator, expressed nu- merically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction; ظ ظ Nature-based Solutions ظ ظ Blue Carbon and Protection of Seas and Coasts ظ ظ National Emissions Trading System ظ ظ National Strategy for Electric Mobility ظ ظ National Strategy for Circular Economy ظ ظ National Cooling Strategy, as part of the compliance with the Kigali Amend- ment, which promotes HFC reduction actions ظ ظ Participation in the Nitric Acid Climate Action Group (NACAG) for N O mitigation In addition, in terms of strengthening the means of implementation and trans- parency, the following actions will be performed: Climate finance strategy Technological innovation policy to combat climate change International cooperation based on Article 6 of the Paris Agreement Strengthening of MRV systems for GHG emissions Evaluation of public policies in mitigation and adaptation e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s); The emissions projection was based on the activity data and emission fac- tors reported in the National Inventory Report (NIR) (see reply 5.f.i of this doc- ument).', 'In order to increase the ambition, Mexico is committed to the following topics, with a special focus in increasing the population’s engagement:d) Mitigation contribution relative to the reference indicator, expressed nu- merically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction; ظ ظ Nature-based Solutions ظ ظ Blue Carbon and Protection of Seas and Coasts ظ ظ National Emissions Trading System ظ ظ National Strategy for Electric Mobility ظ ظ National Strategy for Circular Economy ظ ظ National Cooling Strategy, as part of the compliance with the Kigali Amend- ment, which promotes HFC reduction actions ظ ظ Participation in the Nitric Acid Climate Action Group (NACAG) for N O mitigation In addition, in terms of strengthening the means of implementation and trans- parency, the following actions will be performed: Climate finance strategy Technological innovation policy to combat climate change International cooperation based on Article 6 of the Paris Agreement Strengthening of MRV systems for GHG emissions Evaluation of public policies in mitigation and adaptation e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s); The emissions projection was based on the activity data and emission fac- tors reported in the National Inventory Report (NIR) (see reply 5.f.i of this doc- ument). The baseline was developed by experts from each of the sectors and went through an expert consultation process.', 'The baseline was developed by experts from each of the sectors and went through an expert consultation process. The calculation report is available f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators; Mexico generates its National Inventory of Greenhouse Gases and Compounds (INEGyCEI), with IPCC 2006 the methodologies and established by the IPCC 2006 and, in accordance with the guidelines of the Convention, the country will submit its reports by means of the Biennial Update Reports. Subsequent reports will describe the advances and methodological improvements of IN- EGyCEI, as well as the baseline. Available at inventario-nacional-de-emisiones-de-gases-y-compuestos-de-efecto-invernadero-inegycei 2.', 'Subsequent reports will describe the advances and methodological improvements of IN- EGyCEI, as well as the baseline. Available at inventario-nacional-de-emisiones-de-gases-y-compuestos-de-efecto-invernadero-inegycei 2. Time frames and/or periods for implementation: a) Time frame and/or period for im- plementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further rel- evant decision adopted by the Con- ference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CP/RA)(CMA); b) Whether it is a single-year or multi- year target, as applicable; Single year target referred to 2030. 3. Scope and coverage: a) General description of the target; Mexico established an unconditional commitment to reduce its GHG emissions by 22% and 5 1% of its BC emissions by 2030, compared to BAU scenario.', 'Scope and coverage: a) General description of the target; Mexico established an unconditional commitment to reduce its GHG emissions by 22% and 5 1% of its BC emissions by 2030, compared to BAU scenario. Regard- ing the conditional commitments, the reduction of GHG emissions can be in- creased up to 36% and 70% of its BC emissions if there are more resources avail- able for the implementation. b) Sectors, gases, categories, and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applica- ble, consistent with Intergovernmen- tal Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines; The NDC includes all sectors defined by IPCC Guidelines: 1] Energy; [2] Industri- al processes and product use; [3] Agriculture, forestry, and other land use; and [4] Waste.', 'b) Sectors, gases, categories, and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applica- ble, consistent with Intergovernmen- tal Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines; The NDC includes all sectors defined by IPCC Guidelines: 1] Energy; [2] Industri- al processes and product use; [3] Agriculture, forestry, and other land use; and [4] Waste. Greenhouse gases included are carbon dioxide (CO ), methane (CH ), nitrous ox- ide (N O), perfluorocarbon (PFC), hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) and sulfur hexafluo- ride (SF ). Mexico s NDC also includes actions to reduce short-lived climate pol- lutant (SLCP), with a goal for black carbon, whose mitigation improves air quality with co-benefits to human health and ecosystems.', 'Mexico s NDC also includes actions to reduce short-lived climate pol- lutant (SLCP), with a goal for black carbon, whose mitigation improves air quality with co-benefits to human health and ecosystems. Mexico reaffirms the impor- tance of mitigation of SLCPs to increase the ambition of the NDC, consistent with the best available science presented by the IPCC in its 1.5°C report.b) Sectors, gases, categories, and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applica- ble, consistent with Intergovernmen- tal Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines; Regarding the land category, both in emissions and sinks, the changes and per- manence of: 3B1] forest, [3B2] cropland, [3B3] grassland and [3B5] settlements. In the case of energy, the sub-source [1A1a] electricity and heat production were included, as well as emissions from distributed generation power plants.', 'In the case of energy, the sub-source [1A1a] electricity and heat production were included, as well as emissions from distributed generation power plants. All five carbon sinks are included: 1) aerial biomass, 2) underground biomass, 3) litter, 4) dead wood, and 5) soil organic matter. c) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, includ- ing description of specific projects, measures, and initiatives of Parties’ ad- aptation actions and/or economic di- versification plans; In accordance with Article 4, paragraph 7 of the Paris Agreement, Mexico s NDC, includes a component regarding adaptation to climate change, includes 5 axes, with 27 action lines, out of which 18 will have, during its implementation phase, benefits towards for the mitigation of GHGs.', 'c) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, includ- ing description of specific projects, measures, and initiatives of Parties’ ad- aptation actions and/or economic di- versification plans; In accordance with Article 4, paragraph 7 of the Paris Agreement, Mexico s NDC, includes a component regarding adaptation to climate change, includes 5 axes, with 27 action lines, out of which 18 will have, during its implementation phase, benefits towards for the mitigation of GHGs. Among the most relevant issues addressed in the component of adaptation with synergies to mitigation, are protection of strategic infrastructure; integrated water resources management; conservation and restoration of marine ecosystems; soil restoration; restoration and conservation of blue carbon ecosystems and coral reefs; as well as actions to strengthen the management and conservation of forests and rainforests.', 'Among the most relevant issues addressed in the component of adaptation with synergies to mitigation, are protection of strategic infrastructure; integrated water resources management; conservation and restoration of marine ecosystems; soil restoration; restoration and conservation of blue carbon ecosystems and coral reefs; as well as actions to strengthen the management and conservation of forests and rainforests. It is important to stress that approaches such as Adaptation based on Ecosys- tems, Communities and Disaster Risk Reduction, as well as Nature-based Solu- tions are cross-cutting to the implementation of the commitments established in the adaptation component, thereby also supporting the reduction of GHG emissions and the establishment and permanence of carbon reservoirs in eco- systems and agro-ecosystems. 4.', 'It is important to stress that approaches such as Adaptation based on Ecosys- tems, Communities and Disaster Risk Reduction, as well as Nature-based Solu- tions are cross-cutting to the implementation of the commitments established in the adaptation component, thereby also supporting the reduction of GHG emissions and the establishment and permanence of carbon reservoirs in eco- systems and agro-ecosystems. 4. Planning processes: a) Information on the planning pro- cesses that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined con- tribution and, if available, on the Par- ty’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: Following Mexico s ratification of the Paris Agreement and its entry in force in 2016, the necessary legal adaptations were made to include the provisions of the Paris Agreement in the national legal framework, and the institutional frameworks for its application were defined.', 'Planning processes: a) Information on the planning pro- cesses that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined con- tribution and, if available, on the Par- ty’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: Following Mexico s ratification of the Paris Agreement and its entry in force in 2016, the necessary legal adaptations were made to include the provisions of the Paris Agreement in the national legal framework, and the institutional frameworks for its application were defined. Thus, the General Law on Climate Change (LGCC) was reformed in 2018 to establish the figure of "Nationally Deter- mined Contributions" as the "set of objectives and goals, assumed by Mexico, within the framework of the Paris Agreement, in matters of mitigation and ad- aptation to climate change to meet the long-term objectives of the United Na- tions Framework Convention on Climate Change", as set out in Article 3, section X of the LGCC.', 'Thus, the General Law on Climate Change (LGCC) was reformed in 2018 to establish the figure of "Nationally Deter- mined Contributions" as the "set of objectives and goals, assumed by Mexico, within the framework of the Paris Agreement, in matters of mitigation and ad- aptation to climate change to meet the long-term objectives of the United Na- tions Framework Convention on Climate Change", as set out in Article 3, section X of the LGCC. In the same Law, the commitment to reduce emissions estab- lished by Mexico’s NDC is stipulated as follows: "The country commits to reduce in an unconditional manner twenty-two percent of its greenhouse gas emis- sions and fifty-one percent of its black carbon emissions by 2030 compared to the baseline.', 'In the same Law, the commitment to reduce emissions estab- lished by Mexico’s NDC is stipulated as follows: "The country commits to reduce in an unconditional manner twenty-two percent of its greenhouse gas emis- sions and fifty-one percent of its black carbon emissions by 2030 compared to the baseline. This contribution, assumed as a Nationally Determined Contribu- tion, implies reaching a maximum of national emissions by 2026; and decou- pling greenhouse gas emissions from economic growth, the intensity of emis- sions per unit of gross domestic product will be reduced by about forty percent between 2013 and 2030".', 'This contribution, assumed as a Nationally Determined Contribu- tion, implies reaching a maximum of national emissions by 2026; and decou- pling greenhouse gas emissions from economic growth, the intensity of emis- sions per unit of gross domestic product will be reduced by about forty percent between 2013 and 2030". The Special Climate Change Program (2020-2024) is a planning instrument de- rived from the LGCC and is closely aligned with the National Development Plan (2018—2024) and the National Climate Change Strategy vision 10–20–40, as well as the sectoral programs of 14 Ministries of State. The National Climate Change Strategy, as it is described in the Law, is the basis of the Mid-Century Strategy that Mexico submitted to the Convention in 2016, which establishes the long- term approach for low emission development.', 'The National Climate Change Strategy, as it is described in the Law, is the basis of the Mid-Century Strategy that Mexico submitted to the Convention in 2016, which establishes the long- term approach for low emission development. One of its objectives is to identify and assess the actions of the Ministries that contribute to the reduction of emis- sions, ensuring that these measures are in line with Mexico s NDC emission re- duction goals. Additionally, the NDC identifies actions undertaken by the states to reduce emis- sions within their jurisdiction and will be registered by the Federal Government, who will supervise and quantify these actions through a monitoring system.i.', 'Additionally, the NDC identifies actions undertaken by the states to reduce emis- sions within their jurisdiction and will be registered by the Federal Government, who will supervise and quantify these actions through a monitoring system.i. Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indige- nous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner; Mexico has an institutional and governance structure established by the LGCC (2012), the National Climate Change System, (SINACC), designed to operate as the permanent mechanism for consultation, communication, collaboration, co- ordination, and coordination on national climate policy, which includes a series of institutional arrangements for its implementation.', 'Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indige- nous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner; Mexico has an institutional and governance structure established by the LGCC (2012), the National Climate Change System, (SINACC), designed to operate as the permanent mechanism for consultation, communication, collaboration, co- ordination, and coordination on national climate policy, which includes a series of institutional arrangements for its implementation. The role of the SINACC is essential for the interaction between the National Institute of Ecology and Cli- mate Change (INECC), which is responsible for conducting studies and research projects and providing technical and scientific support for climate policy deci- sion-making.', 'The role of the SINACC is essential for the interaction between the National Institute of Ecology and Cli- mate Change (INECC), which is responsible for conducting studies and research projects and providing technical and scientific support for climate policy deci- sion-making. The Coordination of Evaluation, as the pluralistic body responsible for assessing national climate change policy; the Intersecretarial Commission on Climate Change (CICC), composed of fifteen ministries, as a space for coordinat- ing the actions of national agencies and entities in relation to climate change; the Council on Climate Change (C3), composed of experts from the academic and so- cial sectors who provides recommendations on mitigation and adaptation; the Federal Congress; state governments; and national associations of duly accred- ited municipal authorities.', 'The Coordination of Evaluation, as the pluralistic body responsible for assessing national climate change policy; the Intersecretarial Commission on Climate Change (CICC), composed of fifteen ministries, as a space for coordinat- ing the actions of national agencies and entities in relation to climate change; the Council on Climate Change (C3), composed of experts from the academic and so- cial sectors who provides recommendations on mitigation and adaptation; the Federal Congress; state governments; and national associations of duly accred- ited municipal authorities. Several state level, some states replicate the federal scheme and included an Inter-Ministerial Commission on Climate Change. During this NDC’s update, government agencies and state governments were involved, along with the private sector and social organizations.', 'During this NDC’s update, government agencies and state governments were involved, along with the private sector and social organizations. Public and pri- vate discussions were conducted with representatives of each of the sectors in- cluded in the NDC, comprising human rights, gender perspective and youth associations. In addition, online consultation procedures were implemented, in order to engage society as a whole in the process of developing climate policy and updating the NDC. The impacts of climate change affect people differently; the consequenc- es of climate change are even more acute for people and groups in vulnerable situations.', 'The impacts of climate change affect people differently; the consequenc- es of climate change are even more acute for people and groups in vulnerable situations. Recognizing the legacy of a structural system that has systematically placed vulnerable groups, especially women, at a disadvantage, this NDC update is based on gender-responsive approaches that will contribute to a more just and egalitarian society by prioritizing the needs of vulnerable communities and pro- moting the inclusion and recognition of the knowledge of indigenous commu- nities, under the principle of intergenerational equity. ii. Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: a) National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sus- tainable development, and poverty eradication; Mexico is a federal, representative, democratic and non-religious republic, com- posed of 32 states: 31 free and sovereign states, and Mexico City.', 'Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: a) National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sus- tainable development, and poverty eradication; Mexico is a federal, representative, democratic and non-religious republic, com- posed of 32 states: 31 free and sovereign states, and Mexico City. The federal states, in turn, are divided into free municipalities, each governed by a city coun- cil; there are 2 457 municipalities across the country. Due to the magnitude of its gross domestic product (GDP), the country occu- pied the 12th position among the largest economies in the world in 2017. The country produces around 1.4% of the world s energy and is the fifteenth largest producer on a global scale. It is also the thirteenth largest oil exporter, with 2.8% of world production.', 'It is also the thirteenth largest oil exporter, with 2.8% of world production. Due to its geographical position, in the southern part of the Northern Hemi- sphere, and surrounded by two oceans, the country is particularly affected by the impacts of climate change. The climate change scenarios estimated for the period 2015 to 2039 project annual temperatures as much as 2°C higher in the north of the country, while, in most of the territory, they could range between 1 and 1.5°C. A decrease of between 10 and 20% of precipitation is projected. Mexico is exposed to the impact of extreme hydrometeorological events that put the lives of the population, their well-being and heritage at risk.', 'Mexico is exposed to the impact of extreme hydrometeorological events that put the lives of the population, their well-being and heritage at risk. These im- pacts increase the incidence and intensity of forest fires; they endanger the con- servation of ecosystems, their biodiversity and the services they provide; it also affects the availability of water resources in terms of quantity and quality (water security). At the same time, climate change has negative consequences on the yield of corn and other key crops, putting food security at risk and it causes dam- age to infrastructure and human settlements limiting development opportuni- ties in the short and medium-term.', 'At the same time, climate change has negative consequences on the yield of corn and other key crops, putting food security at risk and it causes dam- age to infrastructure and human settlements limiting development opportuni- ties in the short and medium-term. The fight against poverty has aligned all public policies with the National Devel- opment Plan 2019—2024, whose main objective and priority is to increase so- cial well-being.b) Best practices and experience relat- ed to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution; Mexico supports its NDC by means of a solid national climate change poli- cy, framed under the LGCC, from which public policy instruments such as the SINACC, the CICC and its Working Groups derive.', 'The fight against poverty has aligned all public policies with the National Devel- opment Plan 2019—2024, whose main objective and priority is to increase so- cial well-being.b) Best practices and experience relat- ed to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution; Mexico supports its NDC by means of a solid national climate change poli- cy, framed under the LGCC, from which public policy instruments such as the SINACC, the CICC and its Working Groups derive. All of these have facilitated a broad public engagement process at the national level within the framework of updating and establishing commitments in the area of climate change mitiga- tion and adaptation.', 'All of these have facilitated a broad public engagement process at the national level within the framework of updating and establishing commitments in the area of climate change mitiga- tion and adaptation. Mexico held a citizen consultation process at national level, regulated by law, and including specialized and key groups to improve and promote climate ac- tion through social engagement and access to information. This process includ- ed forums and workshops with citizens, specialists, private sector, federal and subnational public administration departments, as well as representatives of youth associations, who contributed with information. Mexico has the support of international cooperation agencies to share best practices and international experiences, in order to integrate the information within the national context, through capacity-building, knowledge and tech- nological transfer.', 'Mexico has the support of international cooperation agencies to share best practices and international experiences, in order to integrate the information within the national context, through capacity-building, knowledge and tech- nological transfer. In addition, the information presented in the NDC has been updated in accordance with the latest reports published by the UNFCCC, con- sidering the methodologies of the IPCC 2006 and the relevant updates of the in- formation contained therein. A strengthened component of adaptation to climate change is included, which reflects the country s priority to accelerate the processes of reducing vulnerabil- ity in the territory in order to promote the well-being of the population.', 'A strengthened component of adaptation to climate change is included, which reflects the country s priority to accelerate the processes of reducing vulnerabil- ity in the territory in order to promote the well-being of the population. Mexico counts with the support of INECC, an institution responsible for gener- ating and integrating scientific and technological knowledge and for evaluating national climate change policy, in conjunction with the academic and research sector, in order to provide the best available information to the processes of de- signing and implementing climate policy.', 'Mexico counts with the support of INECC, an institution responsible for gener- ating and integrating scientific and technological knowledge and for evaluating national climate change policy, in conjunction with the academic and research sector, in order to provide the best available information to the processes of de- signing and implementing climate policy. c) Other contextual aspirations and pri- orities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement; With the purpose of complying with the commitments established in the Par- is Agreement, beginning in 2015, Mexico proposed a comprehensive mitigation strategy that would include black carbon as a short-lived climate pollutant. Re- ducing black carbon decreases the negative impact on ecosystems and human health, strategic infrastructure, tangible cultural heritage, and productive sec- tors, including agro-ecosystems.', 'Re- ducing black carbon decreases the negative impact on ecosystems and human health, strategic infrastructure, tangible cultural heritage, and productive sec- tors, including agro-ecosystems. Mexico ratifies its commitment to integrate, in both the design and implemen- tation of its NDC, gender and human rights approaches with the participation of subnational and local governments and cities, in addition to indigenous groups and local communities, social organizations, women s and youth organizations, the private and financial sectors, and other stakeholders.', 'Mexico ratifies its commitment to integrate, in both the design and implemen- tation of its NDC, gender and human rights approaches with the participation of subnational and local governments and cities, in addition to indigenous groups and local communities, social organizations, women s and youth organizations, the private and financial sectors, and other stakeholders. d) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; Not applicable e) How the Party’s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the global stock take, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; Mexico will utilize the results of the Global Stocktake to be issued by the UNFCCC.', 'd) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; Not applicable e) How the Party’s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the global stock take, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; Mexico will utilize the results of the Global Stocktake to be issued by the UNFCCC. It also considers the emissions gap that the UNFCCC secretariat prepared and the 1.5°C Special Report of the IPCC, as well as the obligation of countries to act according to their possibilities and national circumstances, considering that developed countries should act first.f) Each Party with a nationally deter- mined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic di- versification plans resulting in mitiga- tion co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on how the economic and social conse- quences of response measures have been considered in developing the na- tionally determined contribution; i.', 'It also considers the emissions gap that the UNFCCC secretariat prepared and the 1.5°C Special Report of the IPCC, as well as the obligation of countries to act according to their possibilities and national circumstances, considering that developed countries should act first.f) Each Party with a nationally deter- mined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic di- versification plans resulting in mitiga- tion co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on how the economic and social conse- quences of response measures have been considered in developing the na- tionally determined contribution; i. The extent to which the econom- ic and social consequences of the re- sponse measures have been ad- dressed in developing the nationally determined contribution; Mexico recognizes that climate change affects different groups within a com- munity in unequal ways which often exacerbate social, economic, gender and resource access inequalities.', 'The extent to which the econom- ic and social consequences of the re- sponse measures have been ad- dressed in developing the nationally determined contribution; Mexico recognizes that climate change affects different groups within a com- munity in unequal ways which often exacerbate social, economic, gender and resource access inequalities. In this sense, the country integrates adaptation and mitigation approaches across the country s strategic systems and sectors, in coordination with the three levels of government, the academia, the private sector, and social organizations. In particular, in the area of adaptation, an anal- ysis of vulnerability to climate change was performed to identify the social in- equalities and the benefits of the reduction of these problems to help decide in the design and implementation of the actions to be undertaken.', 'In particular, in the area of adaptation, an anal- ysis of vulnerability to climate change was performed to identify the social in- equalities and the benefits of the reduction of these problems to help decide in the design and implementation of the actions to be undertaken. This approach also responds to human rights protection. ii. The specific projects, measures and activities to be pursued to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, include in- formation on adaptation plans that al- so produce mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, among others, key sectors such as energy resources, wa- ter resources, coastal resources, hu- man settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; as well as eco- nomic diversification measures, which may cover, inter alia, sectors such as industry and manufacturing, energy and mining, transport and communi- cations, construction, tourism, real es- tate, agriculture and fisheries.', 'The specific projects, measures and activities to be pursued to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, include in- formation on adaptation plans that al- so produce mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, among others, key sectors such as energy resources, wa- ter resources, coastal resources, hu- man settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; as well as eco- nomic diversification measures, which may cover, inter alia, sectors such as industry and manufacturing, energy and mining, transport and communi- cations, construction, tourism, real es- tate, agriculture and fisheries. The adaptation component is integrated by five strategic axes: ظ ظ Axis A.', 'The adaptation component is integrated by five strategic axes: ظ ظ Axis A. Prevention and management of negative impacts on the human pop- ulation and the territory ظ ظ Axis B. Resilient production systems and food security ظ ظ Axis C. Conservation, restoration and sustainable use of biodiversity and eco- system services ظ ظ Axis D. Comprehensive water resources management with a focus on climate change ظ ظ Axis E. Protection of strategic infrastructure and tangible cultural heritage Among the most relevant issues addressed in the adaptation component are synergies whit mitigation. These include strategic infrastructure protection; in- tegrated water resource management and wastewater treatment; conservation and restoration of marine ecosystems; soil restoration, restoration and conser- vation of blue carbon ecosystems and coral reefs; as well as actions to strength- en the management and conservation of forests and rainforests.', 'These include strategic infrastructure protection; in- tegrated water resource management and wastewater treatment; conservation and restoration of marine ecosystems; soil restoration, restoration and conser- vation of blue carbon ecosystems and coral reefs; as well as actions to strength- en the management and conservation of forests and rainforests. For detailed in- formation, please refer to the adaptation and synergies component of the NDC. 5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emis- sions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined con- tribution, consistent with decision 1/ CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CP/RA (CMA); The methodological approach employed to estimate greenhouse gases is es- tablished by the IPCC 2006.', 'Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emis- sions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined con- tribution, consistent with decision 1/ CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CP/RA (CMA); The methodological approach employed to estimate greenhouse gases is es- tablished by the IPCC 2006. The methodology, activity data and emission fac- tors are described in Mexico s NIR and will be further updated in subsequent Bi- ennial Update Reports. b) Assumptions and methodologi- cal approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the national- ly determined contribution; Refer to section 5a above.', 'b) Assumptions and methodologi- cal approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the national- ly determined contribution; Refer to section 5a above. Specific assumptions and methodologies will also be applied, where appropriate, in accounting for the progress of policies and mea- sures presented in the corresponding biennial reports. c) If applicable, information on how the Party will consider existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; The methodological approach employed for the assessment of greenhouse gas- es is set out in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, as well as subsequent updates to the IPCC Guidelines when they were technically applicable, given the availability of data, as appropriate to national circumstances.', 'c) If applicable, information on how the Party will consider existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; The methodological approach employed for the assessment of greenhouse gas- es is set out in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, as well as subsequent updates to the IPCC Guidelines when they were technically applicable, given the availability of data, as appropriate to national circumstances. The methodology, activity data and emission factors are described in Mexico s NIR (Refer to sections 5a and 5b). d) IPCC methodologies and met- rics used for estimating anthropo- genic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; The 2006 IPCC Guidelines are used to estimate GHG emissions and removals.', 'd) IPCC methodologies and met- rics used for estimating anthropo- genic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; The 2006 IPCC Guidelines are used to estimate GHG emissions and removals. Future updates of the IPCC Guidelines will be used when technically possible, along with the availability of activity data according to national circumstances.e) Sector-, category- or activity-spe- cific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guid- ance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: i. Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; To address CO emissions and carbon sinks from natural disturbances on treat- ed land and from reforestation, the methodology and approach of carbon pools changes are based on the variations that occur in ecosystems, mainly through CO exchange processes between the land surface and the atmosphere.', 'Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; To address CO emissions and carbon sinks from natural disturbances on treat- ed land and from reforestation, the methodology and approach of carbon pools changes are based on the variations that occur in ecosystems, mainly through CO exchange processes between the land surface and the atmosphere. There- fore, increases in carbon sinks over time will be equated to the net absorption of CO from the atmosphere, while reductions in total carbon pools will be equated to the net emission of CO . This is in accordance with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. Methodological details for estimating carbon sink variations of 1) gains and loss- es and 2) differences in storage are presented in Mexico s NIR. ii.', 'Methodological details for estimating carbon sink variations of 1) gains and loss- es and 2) differences in storage are presented in Mexico s NIR. ii. Approach used to account for emis- sions and removals from harvested wood products; The INEGyCEI is not able to quantify the emissions and removals coming from harvested wood products because the country does not have the necessary da- tabases for this quantification. This is an area in which Mexico needs to build ca- pacity and would benefit from international technical support. iii. Approach used to address the ef- fects of age-class structure in forests; To address the effects of age structure on forests, information from the Nation- al Forest and Soil Inventory (INFyS) is considered.', 'Approach used to address the ef- fects of age-class structure in forests; To address the effects of age structure on forests, information from the Nation- al Forest and Soil Inventory (INFyS) is considered. The inventory establishes clus- ters or sampling units throughout the national territory, where forest mensura- tion information on the country s forest vegetation is collected. The information from INFyS is processed to perform stratified sampling by type of vegetation that allows us to know the structure and characteristics of the country s forests. The methodological details are found in the NIR and its improvements will be presented in the subsequent BUR/ BTR. f) Other assumptions and methodolog- ical approaches used for understand- ing the nationally determined contri- bution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and remov- als, including: i.', 'f) Other assumptions and methodolog- ical approaches used for understand- ing the nationally determined contri- bution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and remov- als, including: i. How the reference indicators, base- line(s) and/or reference level(s), includ- ing, where applicable, sector-, catego- ry- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for exam- ple, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and mod- els used; According to the above baseline definition (see 3a), the BAU scenario estimates emission reaching 991 Mt CO e in 2030. The development of the baseline is the projection of the historical trend of key drivers of the different emission sources. For this projection, the updated methodological information of the INEGyCEI is employed.', 'For this projection, the updated methodological information of the INEGyCEI is employed. In order to include the emission trajectory at a national level, projec- tions are developed for each sector, category and, in some cases, for each emis- sion source. The stages of the baseline development process to 2030 are: 1. Identification of key variables: considers the variables that characterize the generation of emissions of greenhouse gases and compounds (GyCEI); 2. Detection of information sources: From which the necessary activity data is obtained to estimate the projections of energy consumption, production, demand, among others.', 'Detection of information sources: From which the necessary activity data is obtained to estimate the projections of energy consumption, production, demand, among others. The main sources of information, for the sectors of the identified gray agenda are: The Energy Information System of the Min- istry of Energy; The Statistical Yearbook of Mexican Mining; The Prospects of the Ministry of Energy, The National Electrical System Development Program (PRODESEN) and reports and public documents developed by the different Boards and Industrial Associations; among others. As for the sectors of the so-called green agenda, the sources of information con- sulted were: Long-term perspectives for Mexico s agricultural sector 2011—2020, SAGARPA; National Agricultural Planning 2017—2030, SADER; Fertilizer Outlook 2017—2021, International Fertilizer Association; Agricultural and Fisheries Infor- mation Service (SIAP, by its acronym in Spanish), SADER.', 'As for the sectors of the so-called green agenda, the sources of information con- sulted were: Long-term perspectives for Mexico s agricultural sector 2011—2020, SAGARPA; National Agricultural Planning 2017—2030, SADER; Fertilizer Outlook 2017—2021, International Fertilizer Association; Agricultural and Fisheries Infor- mation Service (SIAP, by its acronym in Spanish), SADER. Similarly, the feedback with key factors such as industries, boards, associations and diverse dependen- cies and organizations, represents a source of relevant information for the devel- opment of this work; 3. Activity data projection to 2030: With the relevant information collected, the activity data projections are integrated by sector, category and in some cas- es even emission source, such as energy consumption, production, livestock, among others, that could be reported in 2030 from the base year 2013 under a BAU scenario.', 'Activity data projection to 2030: With the relevant information collected, the activity data projections are integrated by sector, category and in some cas- es even emission source, such as energy consumption, production, livestock, among others, that could be reported in 2030 from the base year 2013 under a BAU scenario. In this sense, for the development of the projections it was necessary to analyze the characteristics of each one, defining individually the most convenient route to estimate future values, being sometimes the result of applying an average growth rate considering a stable historical period of the activity data behavior, or, through indicators that associate the demand or production expectations, demand, growth or others with the requirements of the activity itself, always seeking to reflect, in a conservative and representa- tive manner, the nature of each activity;f) Other assumptions and methodolog- ical approaches used for understand- ing the nationally determined contri- bution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and remov- als, including: i.', 'In this sense, for the development of the projections it was necessary to analyze the characteristics of each one, defining individually the most convenient route to estimate future values, being sometimes the result of applying an average growth rate considering a stable historical period of the activity data behavior, or, through indicators that associate the demand or production expectations, demand, growth or others with the requirements of the activity itself, always seeking to reflect, in a conservative and representa- tive manner, the nature of each activity;f) Other assumptions and methodolog- ical approaches used for understand- ing the nationally determined contri- bution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and remov- als, including: i. How the reference indicators, base- line(s) and/or reference level(s), includ- ing, where applicable, sector-, cate- gory- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assump- tions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; 4.', 'How the reference indicators, base- line(s) and/or reference level(s), includ- ing, where applicable, sector-, cate- gory- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assump- tions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; 4. Emission estimates: The estimation of emissions associated with the project- ed data for each sector was made taking into consideration the methodolog- ical approach (emission factors, considerations, and parameters) provided in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Inventories, which was used to update the INEGyCEI; 5. Integration of the baseline: Finally, with the data on emissions from the base- line scenario in each of the applicable sectors, it is possible to integrate, at the national level, the 2014—2030 emission trajectory expected under a BAU sce- nario, with the starting point being 2013 with data from the INEGyCEI. ii.', 'Integration of the baseline: Finally, with the data on emissions from the base- line scenario in each of the applicable sectors, it is possible to integrate, at the national level, the 2014—2030 emission trajectory expected under a BAU sce- nario, with the starting point being 2013 with data from the INEGyCEI. ii. For Parties with nationally deter- mined contributions that contain non-greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and meth- odological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; The methodology for estimating black carbon emissions is presented in NIR. iii. For climate forcers included in na- tionally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, informa- tion on how the climate forcers are estimated; For black carbon, the construction of the baseline is done as described in sec- tion 5.f.i.', 'For climate forcers included in na- tionally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, informa- tion on how the climate forcers are estimated; For black carbon, the construction of the baseline is done as described in sec- tion 5.f.i. The methodology for estimating black carbon emissions is presented in NIR. iv. Further technical information, as necessary; Not applicable g)The intention to use voluntary co- operation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable; Mexico expresses its interest in participating in international carbon markets under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. It is expected that these transfers will support the country in increasing the target to 36% of emission reductions. 6.', 'It is expected that these transfers will support the country in increasing the target to 36% of emission reductions. 6. How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances: a) How the Party considers that its na- tionally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its nation- al circumstances; The reduction of GHG emissions that Mexico proposes to achieve by 2030 in the update of its NDC. It is ambitious since the NDC contains unconditional contri- butions and additional actions which take into account that Mexico is a develop- ing country.', 'It is ambitious since the NDC contains unconditional contri- butions and additional actions which take into account that Mexico is a develop- ing country. It is appropriate to emphasize that Mexico is currently facing severe difficulties associated with the economic crisis, so endorsing our commitments and providing additional resources to implement new policies is an effort that is being made to allow more countries to join the increase in ambition. The NDC is considered ambitious since it incorporates all the recommendations regarding means of updating the NDC and adheres to the methodologies de- veloped by the IPCC, to the effect of the registration of emissions in the INEGy- CEI.', 'The NDC is considered ambitious since it incorporates all the recommendations regarding means of updating the NDC and adheres to the methodologies de- veloped by the IPCC, to the effect of the registration of emissions in the INEGy- CEI. Likewise, national funding mechanisms and efforts have been developed in the context of the guidelines and recommendations of the UNFCCC and other relevant international organizations on the subject. The increased ambition in the adaptation component aims to be fair with the Mexican population by recognizing the particular vulnerability of certain com- munities and highlighting the coordinated and common efforts as a nation but differentiated in terms of early attention to the most affected sectors.', 'The increased ambition in the adaptation component aims to be fair with the Mexican population by recognizing the particular vulnerability of certain com- munities and highlighting the coordinated and common efforts as a nation but differentiated in terms of early attention to the most affected sectors. b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; Even though Mexico is not one of the countries that contributes the most green- house gas emissions to the atmosphere, the National Development Plan 2019— 2024 establishes the premise of "Leave no one out, leave no one behind" and defines "We advocate for a development model that respects the inhabitants and the habitat, equitable, aimed at correcting rather than exacerbating in- equalities, a protector of cultural diversity and the natural environment, sensi- tive to regional and local economic modalities and singularities, and aware of the needs of the country s future inhabitants, to whom we cannot inherit a ter- ritory in ruins”.b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; Mexico has incorporated the NDC in its legislation and planning processes, en- suring ways and processes for its implementation.', 'b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; Even though Mexico is not one of the countries that contributes the most green- house gas emissions to the atmosphere, the National Development Plan 2019— 2024 establishes the premise of "Leave no one out, leave no one behind" and defines "We advocate for a development model that respects the inhabitants and the habitat, equitable, aimed at correcting rather than exacerbating in- equalities, a protector of cultural diversity and the natural environment, sensi- tive to regional and local economic modalities and singularities, and aware of the needs of the country s future inhabitants, to whom we cannot inherit a ter- ritory in ruins”.b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; Mexico has incorporated the NDC in its legislation and planning processes, en- suring ways and processes for its implementation. This NDC is a considerable ef- fort undertaken by the country and it demonstrates the highest degree of am- bition considering the current possibilities.', 'This NDC is a considerable ef- fort undertaken by the country and it demonstrates the highest degree of am- bition considering the current possibilities. Thus, the NDC is considered fair and ambitious. Through the coordinated action of society, Mexico is convinced that it will be able to achieve the goals, and through the solidarity of the international com- munity it will be possible to reach the conditional commitments, contributing to the accomplishment of the Paris Agreement. c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; Mexico presented its Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) and its unconditional mitigation commitment considering national circumstances in 2015, which are updated in this document.', 'c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; Mexico presented its Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) and its unconditional mitigation commitment considering national circumstances in 2015, which are updated in this document. The NDC represents the highest level of ambition possible for the country at this time, given its level of develop- ment. It is considered to be fair, since Mexico s contribution to global emissions is 1.3% of the global total, with per capita emissions of 3.7 tons, which is below the global average of 5 tons per capita, that is, 4.4 times less than that of our main trading partner, the United States of America with 16.5 tons per capita and half of the world s largest emitter, 7.5 tons per capita.', 'It is considered to be fair, since Mexico s contribution to global emissions is 1.3% of the global total, with per capita emissions of 3.7 tons, which is below the global average of 5 tons per capita, that is, 4.4 times less than that of our main trading partner, the United States of America with 16.5 tons per capita and half of the world s largest emitter, 7.5 tons per capita. d) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; Mexico, as a middle-income developing country, which is among the 20 largest emitters, recognizes its role in the global responsibility for mitigation and has established commitments that cover all sectors considered by the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, with goals set for 2030.', 'd) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; Mexico, as a middle-income developing country, which is among the 20 largest emitters, recognizes its role in the global responsibility for mitigation and has established commitments that cover all sectors considered by the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, with goals set for 2030. In defining these commitments, it adheres to IPCC reports and guidelines, takes into account the country’s level of develop- ment, poverty reduction priorities, the need to integrate policies on Short-Lived Climate Pollutants, and other promising policies under development, such as the first Emissions Trading System in Latin America. It also considers the cur- rent state of climate policies in developed countries, the possibilities of climate finance and current technology transfer.', 'It also considers the cur- rent state of climate policies in developed countries, the possibilities of climate finance and current technology transfer. Other considerations include the anal- ysis and strengthening of public policy on carbon pricing and policies in other government levels. e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement; Not applicable 7. How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2: a) How the nationally determined con- tribution contributes towards achiev- ing the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2; paragraph 1(a) Mexico s NDC is consistent with the objective of the Paris Agreement to keep the increase in global average temperature well below 2°C from pre-industri- al levels.', 'How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2: a) How the nationally determined con- tribution contributes towards achiev- ing the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2; paragraph 1(a) Mexico s NDC is consistent with the objective of the Paris Agreement to keep the increase in global average temperature well below 2°C from pre-industri- al levels. Likewise, economic, and national circumstances have been considered both for the construction of the foundations and for the possible pathway of the mitigation potential. In particular, the objectives consider the need to acceler- ate action to achieve peak emissions as soon as possible and decarbonization by the second half of the century, as Article 2 notes for developing countries.', 'In particular, the objectives consider the need to acceler- ate action to achieve peak emissions as soon as possible and decarbonization by the second half of the century, as Article 2 notes for developing countries. How the nationally determined con- tribution contributes towards Article graph 1, of the Paris Agreement; Mexico s NDC is consistent with the objective of the Paris Agreement to keep the increase in global average temperature well below 2°C from pre-industrial levels. Mexico s emissions represent 1.3% of global emissions, in such a way that the reduction of 22% in its emissions in 2030 translates into avoiding the emis- sion of around 210 MtCO e in that year to contribute to the global goal.', 'Mexico s emissions represent 1.3% of global emissions, in such a way that the reduction of 22% in its emissions in 2030 translates into avoiding the emis- sion of around 210 MtCO e in that year to contribute to the global goal. In ad- dition, the country could reduce up to 36% if the following conditions are met: 1) The Paris Agreement as a whole achieves greater global ambition led by the countries with the highest emissions and the greatest economic development; 2) Mexico obtains additional financial resources to increase ambition on a scale that allows for implementation projects and not only studies addressing tech- nical or institutional issues; 3) the transfer of available technology is facilitated through international cooperation; and 4) progress is made at the international level on policies to establish an international price for carbon and adjustments on tariffs for carbon content.', 'In ad- dition, the country could reduce up to 36% if the following conditions are met: 1) The Paris Agreement as a whole achieves greater global ambition led by the countries with the highest emissions and the greatest economic development; 2) Mexico obtains additional financial resources to increase ambition on a scale that allows for implementation projects and not only studies addressing tech- nical or institutional issues; 3) the transfer of available technology is facilitated through international cooperation; and 4) progress is made at the international level on policies to establish an international price for carbon and adjustments on tariffs for carbon content. These actions could help reduce an additional 137 MtCO e by 2030 and would support the implementation of a more accelerated decarbonization pathway in the country.APF Public Federal Administration BAU Business-as-Usual BC Black Carbon C3 Council on Climate Change CBA Community-based Adaptation CICC Intersecretarial Commission on Climate Change DRR Disaster Risk Reduction-based Adaptation EBA Ecosystem-based Adaptation ENAREDD+ National Strategy to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation GDP Gross Domestic Product GHG Greenhouse Gases GyCEI Greenhouse Gases and Volatile Organic Compounds HFC Hydrofluorocarbon INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contributions INECC National Institute of Ecology and Climate Change INEGyCEI National Inventory of Greenhouse Gases and Compounds INFyS National Forest and Soil Inventory IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change LGCC General Law on Climate Change M&E Monitoring and Evaluation NACAG Nitric Acid Climate Action Group NAP National Adaptation Policy NBS Nature-based Solutions LIST OF ACRONYMSNDC Nationally Determined Contribution NIR National Inventory Report PECC Special Climate Change Program PFC Perfluorocarbon PND National Development Plan 2019—2024 PRODESEN National Electrical System Development Program SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SIAP Agricultural and Fisheries Information Service SIAT-NDC Transversal Agenda Information System SINACC National Climate Change System SLCPs Short-Lived Climate Pollutants UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change West Coast of Isla Mujeres National Park, Punta Cancun and Punta Nizuc, Quintana Roo.', 'These actions could help reduce an additional 137 MtCO e by 2030 and would support the implementation of a more accelerated decarbonization pathway in the country.APF Public Federal Administration BAU Business-as-Usual BC Black Carbon C3 Council on Climate Change CBA Community-based Adaptation CICC Intersecretarial Commission on Climate Change DRR Disaster Risk Reduction-based Adaptation EBA Ecosystem-based Adaptation ENAREDD+ National Strategy to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation GDP Gross Domestic Product GHG Greenhouse Gases GyCEI Greenhouse Gases and Volatile Organic Compounds HFC Hydrofluorocarbon INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contributions INECC National Institute of Ecology and Climate Change INEGyCEI National Inventory of Greenhouse Gases and Compounds INFyS National Forest and Soil Inventory IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change LGCC General Law on Climate Change M&E Monitoring and Evaluation NACAG Nitric Acid Climate Action Group NAP National Adaptation Policy NBS Nature-based Solutions LIST OF ACRONYMSNDC Nationally Determined Contribution NIR National Inventory Report PECC Special Climate Change Program PFC Perfluorocarbon PND National Development Plan 2019—2024 PRODESEN National Electrical System Development Program SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SIAP Agricultural and Fisheries Information Service SIAT-NDC Transversal Agenda Information System SINACC National Climate Change System SLCPs Short-Lived Climate Pollutants UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change West Coast of Isla Mujeres National Park, Punta Cancun and Punta Nizuc, Quintana Roo. CONANP Archive.This report was published on December 30, 2020 All rights reserved SEMARNATgob.mx/semarnat']

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Mexico

Updated NDC

2022-11-17 00:00:00

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NDC 1.2

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-11/Mexico_NDC_UNFCCC_update2022_FINAL.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Latin America and the Caribbean

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['Contribución Determinada a Nivel NacionalContribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (SEMARNAT) Instituto Nacional de Ecología y Cambio Climático (INECC)ÍNDICE Componentes de mitigación Uso de suelo, cambio de uso de suelo y Silvicultura Generación Eléctrica 12 Petróleo y Gas 14 Agricultura y ganadería 14 Residencial y comercial 14 Información 4/CMA.1 y su Anexo 16 Componente de Adaptación 31 Eje A. Prevención y atención de impactos negativos en la población humana y en el territorio Eje B. Sistemas productivos resilientes y seguridad alimentaria Eje C. Conservación, restauración y aprovechamiento 38 Eje D. Gestión integrada de los recursos hídricos con enfoque de cambio climático Eje E. Protección de infraestructura estratégica y del patrimonio cultural tangible| PÁG.', 'Contribución Determinada a Nivel NacionalContribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (SEMARNAT) Instituto Nacional de Ecología y Cambio Climático (INECC)ÍNDICE Componentes de mitigación Uso de suelo, cambio de uso de suelo y Silvicultura Generación Eléctrica 12 Petróleo y Gas 14 Agricultura y ganadería 14 Residencial y comercial 14 Información 4/CMA.1 y su Anexo 16 Componente de Adaptación 31 Eje A. Prevención y atención de impactos negativos en la población humana y en el territorio Eje B. Sistemas productivos resilientes y seguridad alimentaria Eje C. Conservación, restauración y aprovechamiento 38 Eje D. Gestión integrada de los recursos hídricos con enfoque de cambio climático Eje E. Protección de infraestructura estratégica y del patrimonio cultural tangible| PÁG. 4 PRESENTACIÓN México presenta ante la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático la actualización de su Contribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional (NDC, por sus siglas en inglés) en concordancia con la Ley General de Cambio Climático (LGCC) y el Artículo 4 del Acuerdo de París, y de conformidad con las decisiones 1/CP.21 y 4/CMA.1 y su Anexo.', '4 PRESENTACIÓN México presenta ante la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático la actualización de su Contribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional (NDC, por sus siglas en inglés) en concordancia con la Ley General de Cambio Climático (LGCC) y el Artículo 4 del Acuerdo de París, y de conformidad con las decisiones 1/CP.21 y 4/CMA.1 y su Anexo. En esta NDC México establece un aumento de ambición con nuevos compromisos de mitigación de gases de efecto invernadero y refrenda sus compromisos de adaptación al cambio climático. Con base a la mejor ciencia disponible, contenida en el Sexto Informe de Evaluación del Panel Intergubernamental de Cambio Climático (IPCC), es imperante que la comunidad internacional aumente su ambición para mantener la posibilidad de detener el calentamiento global en 1.5ºC.', 'Con base a la mejor ciencia disponible, contenida en el Sexto Informe de Evaluación del Panel Intergubernamental de Cambio Climático (IPCC), es imperante que la comunidad internacional aumente su ambición para mantener la posibilidad de detener el calentamiento global en 1.5ºC. Para ello se requiere que las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero a escala global se reduzcan en un 43 % en 2030, y alcancen un punto máximo en 2025. Asimismo, se requerirá de reducir un 30% las emisiones de metano, así como otros contaminantes climáticos de vida corta.', 'Asimismo, se requerirá de reducir un 30% las emisiones de metano, así como otros contaminantes climáticos de vida corta. Considerando el principio de responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas, así como las capacidades de los países, a la luz de las diferentes circunstancias nacionales, México ha evaluado sus políticas e identificado acciones adicionales para poder actualizar su NDC con la mayor ambición en la mitigación posible en 2030. México contribuye con 1.3% de las emisiones globales, por lo que, para lograr el objetivo de 1.5ºC, se requiere de la acción coordinada y liderazgo de los grandes emisores del mundo.', 'México contribuye con 1.3% de las emisiones globales, por lo que, para lograr el objetivo de 1.5ºC, se requiere de la acción coordinada y liderazgo de los grandes emisores del mundo. Se requiere también aumentar la ambición en el apoyo que los países desarrollados brindan a los países en desarrollo, principalmente en materia de financiamiento climático, y acelerar la innovación y transferencia de tecnologías para la mitigación y la adaptación. Los efectos del cambio climático ya se están percibiendo en nuestro país, y como ha documentado el IPCC, en todas las regiones del mundo. México se compromete de forma no condicionada a realizar acciones integrales para reducir la vulnerabilidad de nuestro pueblo al cambio climático e iniciar un proceso de adaptación.', 'México se compromete de forma no condicionada a realizar acciones integrales para reducir la vulnerabilidad de nuestro pueblo al cambio climático e iniciar un proceso de adaptación. Esperamos que durante la COP 27, se logre también un acuerdo para que la comunidad internacional, principalmente aquellos países que más han contribuido con las emisiones históricas, pueda resarcir las pérdidas y daños asociados al cambio climático que ya se experimentan en todo el globo. México también se compromete a apoyar, en la medida de nuestras capacidades, a otros países en desarrollo a adaptarse al cambio climático, principalmente a nuestros países hermanos de la región latinoamericana.', 'México también se compromete a apoyar, en la medida de nuestras capacidades, a otros países en desarrollo a adaptarse al cambio climático, principalmente a nuestros países hermanos de la región latinoamericana. Por nuestro hogar común, debemos actuar en pro de la adaptación a escala global y mitigar las emisiones que son la causa raíz del problema.Contribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional | PÁG. 5 INTRODUCCIÓN México refrenda su compromiso con el Acuerdo de París y presenta la actualización a su Contribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional (NDC) con un incremento de la ambición climática.', '5 INTRODUCCIÓN México refrenda su compromiso con el Acuerdo de París y presenta la actualización a su Contribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional (NDC) con un incremento de la ambición climática. El aumento de la meta nacional de mitigación de gases de efecto invernadero responde a un llamado de solidaridad y responsabilidad internacional en el que todos los países deben presentar compromisos renovados y de mayor escala, para enfrentar la crisis climática planetaria. Esta crisis demanda un cambio profundo en el modelo económico imperante que ha destruido la naturaleza y ha posicionado el lucro sobre el hombre. Con base en la justicia climática, debemos construir un nuevo modelo económico sustentable, que privilegie a los más pobres y vulnerables, y que pueda dejar un legado duradero a las nuevas generaciones.', 'Con base en la justicia climática, debemos construir un nuevo modelo económico sustentable, que privilegie a los más pobres y vulnerables, y que pueda dejar un legado duradero a las nuevas generaciones. México ha iniciado un proceso histórico de gran envergadura, la Cuarta Transformación Nacional, en la que buscamos resarcir injusticias del pasado y terminar con la corrupción, fenómenos que han dejado a más de 52% de la población mexicana en la pobreza. El cambio climático acentúa la desigualdad, impacta desproporcionalmente a los pobres y desposeídos, a mujeres y hombres trabajadores, a comunidades indígenas, campesinas, y a migrantes. Se requiere una atención inmediata en el proyecto nacional a la problemática climática para reducir la pobreza y la extrema desigualdad económica, étnica y geográfica.', 'Se requiere una atención inmediata en el proyecto nacional a la problemática climática para reducir la pobreza y la extrema desigualdad económica, étnica y geográfica. En consecuencia, México ha focalizado sus políticas públicas hacia la erradicación de la pobreza con una orientación que permita sentar las bases para un desarrollo sustentable más equilibrado y justo, siguiendo la premisa establecida en el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2019—2024 de “no dejar a nadie atrás, no dejar a nadie afuera”. Nuestra NDC incluye compromisos de mitigación y de adaptación de mayor ambición.', 'Nuestra NDC incluye compromisos de mitigación y de adaptación de mayor ambición. Las metas de mitigación de México y su mayor ambición conllevan acciones en toda la economía nacional: energía, transporte, manejo de residuos, sector residencial y comercial, uso de la tierra, cambio de uso de la tierra y silvicultura; también en la industria, la agricultura y ganadería y en el sector petróleo y gas. Los esfuerzos que realiza actualmente nuestro país para reducir el cambio climático podrán traducirse también en beneficios económicos y políticos relevantes para nuestra nación. Hemos estudiado todas las medidas de nuestro NDC y las inversiones que se requieren son cuantiosas, pero redundarán en mayores beneficios que costos.', 'Hemos estudiado todas las medidas de nuestro NDC y las inversiones que se requieren son cuantiosas, pero redundarán en mayores beneficios que costos. Además, ayudarán a México a insertarse en la nueva economía de bajo carbono, y liderar la transformación de los sistemas energéticos y agroalimentarios globales que requiere un mundo de emisiones netas cero. Estamos convencidos| PÁG. 6 que esta transformación permitirá a la economía mexicana ser mucho más competitiva y que puede lograrse en un contexto de transición justa y soberana.', '6 que esta transformación permitirá a la economía mexicana ser mucho más competitiva y que puede lograrse en un contexto de transición justa y soberana. Por su parte, las acciones de adaptación se articulan en 5 ejes temáticos: a) Prevención y atención de impactos negativos en la población humana y en el territorio, b) Sistemas productivos resilientes y seguridad alimentaria, c) Conservación, restauración y aprovechamiento sostenible de la biodiversidad y de los servicios ecosistémicos, d) Gestión integrada de los recursos hídricos con enfoque de cambio climático, y e) Protección de infraestructura estratégica y del patrimonio cultural tangible.', 'Por su parte, las acciones de adaptación se articulan en 5 ejes temáticos: a) Prevención y atención de impactos negativos en la población humana y en el territorio, b) Sistemas productivos resilientes y seguridad alimentaria, c) Conservación, restauración y aprovechamiento sostenible de la biodiversidad y de los servicios ecosistémicos, d) Gestión integrada de los recursos hídricos con enfoque de cambio climático, y e) Protección de infraestructura estratégica y del patrimonio cultural tangible. Hemos iniciado un proceso de construcción de abajo hacia arriba para la política de adaptación, donde se escucha a la gente, a los pueblos indígenas y su conocimiento ancestral, a las mujeres y jóvenes, y se busca apoyar en las soluciones que emanan del pueblo.', 'Hemos iniciado un proceso de construcción de abajo hacia arriba para la política de adaptación, donde se escucha a la gente, a los pueblos indígenas y su conocimiento ancestral, a las mujeres y jóvenes, y se busca apoyar en las soluciones que emanan del pueblo. El proceso de adaptación es en una forma uno de resistencia y lucha, en el que se debe empoderar a aquellos que defienden sus espacios y territorios, sus formas de vida que se ven afectadas por problemas multifactoriales que se acentúan con el cambio climático. El Gobierno de México reconoce también su compromiso con la Agenda 2030 y sus 17 Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible.', 'El Gobierno de México reconoce también su compromiso con la Agenda 2030 y sus 17 Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. La agenda climática y ambiental están intrínsecamente vinculadas a un desarrollo incluyente en el que otras dimensiones del bienestar como la salud, el empleo, la equidad de género y la innovación son impostergables. México subraya que la acción climática debe ser respetuosa de los derechos humanos, y que debe vigilar en todo momento y promover todos los derechos para todas y todos, mujeres, pueblos originarios indígenas y afromexicanos, niños y niñas, juventudes, migrantes, personas con discapacidad, población LGBTQ, grupos de bajos ingresos y personas adultas mayores1.', 'México subraya que la acción climática debe ser respetuosa de los derechos humanos, y que debe vigilar en todo momento y promover todos los derechos para todas y todos, mujeres, pueblos originarios indígenas y afromexicanos, niños y niñas, juventudes, migrantes, personas con discapacidad, población LGBTQ, grupos de bajos ingresos y personas adultas mayores1. La acción climática nacional de nuestro NDC se potencia con las sinergias de acciones de la Agenda 2030 y es respetuosa de los derechos humanos fundamentales de todos los individuos.', 'La acción climática nacional de nuestro NDC se potencia con las sinergias de acciones de la Agenda 2030 y es respetuosa de los derechos humanos fundamentales de todos los individuos. El reporte de los avances de la implementación de la NDC responderá a los objetivos y metas del Programa de Trabajo Reforzado de Lima y del Plan de Acción de Género de la CMNUCC y, como signatario del Acuerdo de Escazú, con apego a los objetivos de la Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos, bajo el principio de igualdad de derechos entre mujeres y hombres y la eliminación de todas las formas de discriminación contra la mujer.', 'El reporte de los avances de la implementación de la NDC responderá a los objetivos y metas del Programa de Trabajo Reforzado de Lima y del Plan de Acción de Género de la CMNUCC y, como signatario del Acuerdo de Escazú, con apego a los objetivos de la Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos, bajo el principio de igualdad de derechos entre mujeres y hombres y la eliminación de todas las formas de discriminación contra la mujer. Con objeto de atender el mandato de promover la participación y consulta de la población en la construcción de la NDC, durante el 2020 y 2022, se llevó a cabo a nivel nacional un proceso participativo en el que colaboraron las Secretarías de 1 Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) – Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos (ACNUDH).', 'Con objeto de atender el mandato de promover la participación y consulta de la población en la construcción de la NDC, durante el 2020 y 2022, se llevó a cabo a nivel nacional un proceso participativo en el que colaboraron las Secretarías de 1 Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) – Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos (ACNUDH). (2019). Cambio climático y derechos humanos: contribuciones desde y para América Latina y el Caribe (LC/TS.2019/94/Corr.1), Determinada a Nivel Nacional | PÁG. 7 Estado, a través de la Comisión Intersecretarial de Cambio Climático (CICC), así como gobiernos estatales, miembros de la academia, organizaciones de la sociedad civil, el sector privado y el público en general.', '7 Estado, a través de la Comisión Intersecretarial de Cambio Climático (CICC), así como gobiernos estatales, miembros de la academia, organizaciones de la sociedad civil, el sector privado y el público en general. Destaca dentro de este último grupo la participación de jóvenes que demostraron liderazgo y un creciente compromiso en la atención del cambio climático. Esto se vio reflejado en su activa participación en diálogos que permitieron incluir sus inquietudes y propuestas en este documento.', 'Esto se vio reflejado en su activa participación en diálogos que permitieron incluir sus inquietudes y propuestas en este documento. Adicionalmente, como resultado de este proceso, la NDC refuerza los medios de implementación para atender objetivos de desarrollo de la ciencia y tecnología, fomento a la investigación, educación, formación, sensibilización social, acceso a la información y participación ciudadana en un marco de innovación tecnológica constante para lograr una territorialización y apropiación plena de las acciones de adaptación y mitigación. El Estado Mexicano ha fortalecido los medios y mecanismos para implementar su política climática y la propia NDC, la cual ha sido incorporada en la LGCC.', 'El Estado Mexicano ha fortalecido los medios y mecanismos para implementar su política climática y la propia NDC, la cual ha sido incorporada en la LGCC. Asimismo, ha dado pasos firmes para integrar y ejecutar acciones que atienden el cambio climático en programas, proyectos y acciones en los diferentes órdenes de gobierno que servirán como mecanismos de implementación reforzada de la NDC. En este contexto, México, como país en desarrollo de renta media, se compromete a impulsar la cooperación sur-sur y triangular, para apoyar a otros países a lograr metas más ambiciosas de adaptación y mitigación de acuerdo con las prioridades nacionales de cada país.', 'En este contexto, México, como país en desarrollo de renta media, se compromete a impulsar la cooperación sur-sur y triangular, para apoyar a otros países a lograr metas más ambiciosas de adaptación y mitigación de acuerdo con las prioridades nacionales de cada país. Priorizará la cooperación científica y tecnológica, el fomento a la investigación para la adaptación y mitigación, así como la creación de capacidades y considerando su posición estratégica, el país trabajará en desarrollar vínculos con América Latina y el Caribe para impulsar el desarrollo regional. Por último, México reconoce que la cooperación y el financiamiento climático son herramientas que permiten acelerar la implementación de sus compromisos y manifiesta interés en los enfoques cooperativos que establece el Artículo 6 del Acuerdo de París para aumentar su ambición.| PÁG.', 'Por último, México reconoce que la cooperación y el financiamiento climático son herramientas que permiten acelerar la implementación de sus compromisos y manifiesta interés en los enfoques cooperativos que establece el Artículo 6 del Acuerdo de París para aumentar su ambición.| PÁG. 8Contribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional | PÁG. 9 Componente de mitigación Nuestra Contribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional en materia de mitigación con un mayor nivel de ambición establece las siguientes metas: México aumenta su meta de reducción de gases de efecto invernadero de 22% a 35% en 2030, con respecto a su línea base, con recursos nacionales que aportarán al menos un 30% y 5% con cooperación y financiamiento internacional previsto para energías limpias.', '9 Componente de mitigación Nuestra Contribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional en materia de mitigación con un mayor nivel de ambición establece las siguientes metas: México aumenta su meta de reducción de gases de efecto invernadero de 22% a 35% en 2030, con respecto a su línea base, con recursos nacionales que aportarán al menos un 30% y 5% con cooperación y financiamiento internacional previsto para energías limpias. De forma condicionada, México puede aumentar su meta al 2030 hasta 40%, con respecto a su línea base en 2030, si se escala el financiamiento internacional, la innovación y transferencia tecnológica, y si otros países, principalmente los mayores emisores, realizan esfuerzos conmensurados a los objetivos más ambiciosos del Acuerdo de París.', 'De forma condicionada, México puede aumentar su meta al 2030 hasta 40%, con respecto a su línea base en 2030, si se escala el financiamiento internacional, la innovación y transferencia tecnológica, y si otros países, principalmente los mayores emisores, realizan esfuerzos conmensurados a los objetivos más ambiciosos del Acuerdo de París. Finalmente, se ratifica la meta de reducción de las emisiones de carbono negro de 51% de forma no condicionada en 2030, y 70% de forma condicionada. El escenario tendencial proyectado al 2030, sin intervención de política de mitigación se cuantificó en 991 MtCO2 e como punto de referencia para 2030.', 'El escenario tendencial proyectado al 2030, sin intervención de política de mitigación se cuantificó en 991 MtCO2 e como punto de referencia para 2030. Se precisa que este punto de referencia es 1.8% superior al establecido en 2015 en la iNDC debido a mejoras metodológicas derivadas de la actualización del Inventario Nacional de Emisiones de Gases y Compuestos de Efecto Invernadero, mismo que se actualizó con las metodologías del IPCC 2006 y su Refinamiento de 20192. La aplicación de mejoras metodológicas permite sustentar las metas nacionales con la mejor información científica disponible.', 'La aplicación de mejoras metodológicas permite sustentar las metas nacionales con la mejor información científica disponible. La reducción de emisiones de 35% al 2030 implica 347 MtCO2 e reducidas en dicho año, mientras que el cumplimiento de los compromisos condicionados e. El periodo de implementación de la NDC es de 2020 a 2030, y se consideran las políticas implementadas a partir del año 2013, tras la publicación de la Ley General de Cambio Climático de México. Esta meta coadyuvaría a reducir la intensidad de emisiones por unidad de producto interno bruto en alrededor de cuarenta por ciento entre 2013 y 2030. México hará esfuerzos para que sus emisiones logren un pico lo antes posible, y se desarrollarán estudios de trayectorias de descarbonización de largo plazo3. A 2 Gobierno de México.', 'México hará esfuerzos para que sus emisiones logren un pico lo antes posible, y se desarrollarán estudios de trayectorias de descarbonización de largo plazo3. A 2 Gobierno de México. Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales. (2022). México: Tercer Informe Bienal de Actualización ante la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (2022). 3 En el iNDC de 2015, de carácter intencionado y no vinculante, México planteó un pico de emisiones en 2026; sin embargo, en el marco de las negociaciones del Acuerdo de París se acordó que los países en desarrollo buscarían un pico de emisiones lo antes posible, sin especificar un año, teniendo presente que las Partes que son países en desarrollo tardarán más en lograrlo.', '3 En el iNDC de 2015, de carácter intencionado y no vinculante, México planteó un pico de emisiones en 2026; sin embargo, en el marco de las negociaciones del Acuerdo de París se acordó que los países en desarrollo buscarían un pico de emisiones lo antes posible, sin especificar un año, teniendo presente que las Partes que son países en desarrollo tardarán más en lograrlo. Asimismo, por causas de fuerza mayor derivadas del confinamiento asociado a la pandemia del COVID 19, la tendencia de las emisiones de México requerirá de un análisis detallado que se realizará en el marco de los trabajos de la actualización de la Estrategia Nacional de Largo Plazo.| PÁG.', 'Asimismo, por causas de fuerza mayor derivadas del confinamiento asociado a la pandemia del COVID 19, la tendencia de las emisiones de México requerirá de un análisis detallado que se realizará en el marco de los trabajos de la actualización de la Estrategia Nacional de Largo Plazo.| PÁG. 10 continuación, se describen de forma general las medidas a nivel sectorial que se consideran en la NDC de México. USO DE SUELO, CAMBIO DE USO DE SUELO Y SILVICULTURA Las soluciones basadas en la naturaleza se encuentran al centro del cumplimiento de nuestro NDC.', 'USO DE SUELO, CAMBIO DE USO DE SUELO Y SILVICULTURA Las soluciones basadas en la naturaleza se encuentran al centro del cumplimiento de nuestro NDC. México acrecentará sus acciones y la canalización de recursos de forma prioritaria para la conservación de sus ecosistemas, y para el desarrollo de programas basados un una economía solidaria y sustentable, que fomenten la participación de hombres y mujeres en la recuperación de nuestro capital biocultural, de los bosques, de la biodiversidad de México, y que al mismo tiempo que capturan de carbono y generan mayor bienestar para la población en nuestro país.', 'México acrecentará sus acciones y la canalización de recursos de forma prioritaria para la conservación de sus ecosistemas, y para el desarrollo de programas basados un una economía solidaria y sustentable, que fomenten la participación de hombres y mujeres en la recuperación de nuestro capital biocultural, de los bosques, de la biodiversidad de México, y que al mismo tiempo que capturan de carbono y generan mayor bienestar para la población en nuestro país. La prioridad que se da a las Soluciones Basadas en la Naturaleza emana también de un amplio reconocimiento de las sinergias que existen entre la mitigación y la adaptación al cambio climático; la adaptación basada en ecosistemas es esencial para incrementar la resiliencia de nuestras comunidades y para asegurar el respeto y conservación de sus formas de vida.', 'La prioridad que se da a las Soluciones Basadas en la Naturaleza emana también de un amplio reconocimiento de las sinergias que existen entre la mitigación y la adaptación al cambio climático; la adaptación basada en ecosistemas es esencial para incrementar la resiliencia de nuestras comunidades y para asegurar el respeto y conservación de sus formas de vida. México continuará en la implementación de su Estrategia Nacional de Reducción de Emisiones por Deforestación y Degradación Forestal (ENAREDD+), y ratifica su compromiso con lograr una meta de tasa neta de cero deforestación. Asimismo, la NDC fortalecida plantea metas ambiciosas de incremento a las Áreas Naturales Protegidas (ANPs).', 'Asimismo, la NDC fortalecida plantea metas ambiciosas de incremento a las Áreas Naturales Protegidas (ANPs). Nuestro país busca decretar más de 2 millones de hectáreas (ha) de nuevas ANPs, 1 millón de ha en Áreas Destinadas Voluntariamente a la Conservación, y 40,785 ha de restauración. Adicionalmente, México impulsa el Programa Sembrando Vida, que ya abarca 22 entidades federativas beneficiando a campesinos y campesinas a lo largo y ancho del país, fomentando la agroforestería, la milpa intercalada con árboles frutales con acciones agroecológicas, y diversificando la economía de las comunidades que más lo necesitan. El programa incluye la creación de Centros de Aprendizaje Campesino, en los que se crea la capacidad técnica y financiera necesaria en las comunidades para un cambio de paradigma productivo y fortalecimiento del tejido social.', 'El programa incluye la creación de Centros de Aprendizaje Campesino, en los que se crea la capacidad técnica y financiera necesaria en las comunidades para un cambio de paradigma productivo y fortalecimiento del tejido social. Finalmente, en el aumento de ambición se contempla una Estrategia Nacional de Carbono Azul, en la que nuestro país trabajará para proteger los manglares, pastos marinos y marismas nacionales, reservorio importante de carbono en nuestro país que actualmente se ve amenazado por actividades económicas no sustentables. México es el 12° país con mayores recursos y ecosistemas marino- costeros. Cuenta con: 775,555 hectáreas de manglares 400,000 hectáreas de pastos marinos, y 133,000 hectáreas de marismas.Contribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional | PÁG.', 'Cuenta con: 775,555 hectáreas de manglares 400,000 hectáreas de pastos marinos, y 133,000 hectáreas de marismas.Contribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional | PÁG. 11 TRANSPORTE El sector transporte en nuestro país es una de las principales fuentes de gases de efecto invernadero y de contaminantes climáticos de vida corta. Éstos últimos, además de contribuir con el calentamiento global, generan impactos importantes en la salud de la población, por lo que, la LGCC ha priorizado su mitigación. Nuestro NDC contiene una ambición ampliada en el sector transporte, tras los compromisos establecidos en la COP 26, en Glasgow, en la que México acelerará esfuerzos, en coordinación con el sector privado y las ciudades del país, para la movilidad eléctrica.', 'Nuestro NDC contiene una ambición ampliada en el sector transporte, tras los compromisos establecidos en la COP 26, en Glasgow, en la que México acelerará esfuerzos, en coordinación con el sector privado y las ciudades del país, para la movilidad eléctrica. En ese sentido, México trabaja en la consolidación de una Estrategia Nacional de Movilidad Eléctrica para lograr estos objetivos y para implementar mecanismos justos y seguros, además de promover primordialmente la transformación en el transporte público, puesto que es el sector con mayor impacto social.', 'En ese sentido, México trabaja en la consolidación de una Estrategia Nacional de Movilidad Eléctrica para lograr estos objetivos y para implementar mecanismos justos y seguros, además de promover primordialmente la transformación en el transporte público, puesto que es el sector con mayor impacto social. En adición, nuestro gobierno ha decretado el litio como un mineral estratégico, y ha establecido el organismo público descentralizado denominado Litio para México, cuyo objetivo es la exploración, explotación, beneficio y aprovechamiento del litio, ubicado en territorio nacional, así como la administración y control de las cadenas de valor económico de dicho mineral. Con ello se busca garantizar la soberanía energética de la Nación sobre el litio y demás minerales que resulten estratégicos y necesarios para la transición energética, la innovación tecnológica y el desarrollo nacional.', 'Con ello se busca garantizar la soberanía energética de la Nación sobre el litio y demás minerales que resulten estratégicos y necesarios para la transición energética, la innovación tecnológica y el desarrollo nacional. Todo ello en pleno cumplimiento en materia de protección al medio ambiente y de derechos de los pueblos originarios, comunidades indígenas y afromexicanas. Además del impulso a la electromovilidad se fortalecerá la normatividad referente a la eficiencia energética vehicular, tanto de vehículos ligeros como de pesados, para disminuir la huella de carbono del parque vehicular, y fomentar la transición hacia vehículos más eficientes, así como el fomento de programas de transporte limpio. Entre las medidas necesarias, en adición a las nuevas tecnologías eléctricas y la normativa, México contempla la expansión y rehabilitación de la red ferroviaria nacional.', 'Entre las medidas necesarias, en adición a las nuevas tecnologías eléctricas y la normativa, México contempla la expansión y rehabilitación de la red ferroviaria nacional. El fomento al transporte ferroviario permite reducir emisiones GEI, debido a su mayor eficiencia energética al transportar bienes y/o personas. Otra medida innovadora que se incluye en nuestro NDC se refiere a una Estrategia Nacional de Trabajo Remoto que se impulsa de forma colaborativa con industrias y autoridades para, capitalizando los aprendizajes del confinamiento por la pandemia del COVID 19, se apoye a los trabajadores para| PÁG. 12 realizar sus labores en esta modalidad.', '12 realizar sus labores en esta modalidad. El trabajo remoto o teletrabajo contribuye a reducir la huella de carbono, así como de otros contaminantes atmosféricos, lo que fortalece las políticas de cambio climático y también las de calidad del aire. Finalmente, la estrategia para el sector transporte conlleva una mejora en la vinculación de la planeación urbana con criterios de cambio climático y de recuperación del espacio público para el peatón, considerando un ordenamiento orientado a sistemas de transporte público eficiente y a sistemas de transporte alternativos y no motorizados. Todas estas acciones apoyan el cumplimiento de la meta de GEI y son esenciales también para la meta de carbono negro.', 'Todas estas acciones apoyan el cumplimiento de la meta de GEI y son esenciales también para la meta de carbono negro. GENERACIÓN ELÉCTRICA Para cumplir con la política de cambio climático, la Secretaría de Energía coadyuva con el acompañamiento de acciones para poder disminuir la emisión de gases y compuestos de efecto invernadero, a través del Programa de Desarrollo del Sistema Eléctrico Nacional y el Plan de Negocios de CFE. En particular, el país cuenta con medidas en tres grandes líneas de acción: a) la integración de energía limpia en la generación eléctrica; b) la sustitución de combustibles de alto contenido de carbono por gas natural en centrales de alta eficiencia, y c) la reducción de las pérdidas técnicas de la red eléctrica.', 'En particular, el país cuenta con medidas en tres grandes líneas de acción: a) la integración de energía limpia en la generación eléctrica; b) la sustitución de combustibles de alto contenido de carbono por gas natural en centrales de alta eficiencia, y c) la reducción de las pérdidas técnicas de la red eléctrica. En la primera línea de acción se destaca el Plan Modernización de las Hidroeléctricas de la CFE mediante acciones de rehabilitación y de repotenciación, cambio de turbinas y desazolves que tiene por objetivo modernizar más del 40% de las centrales hidroeléctricas actuales, así como construir 4 nuevas centrales hidroeléctricas con una capacidad de 284 MW. Asimismo, se busca aumentar la capacidad de generación con centrales fotovoltaicas, eólicas, geotérmicas y se fomenta la generación distribuida renovable.', 'Asimismo, se busca aumentar la capacidad de generación con centrales fotovoltaicas, eólicas, geotérmicas y se fomenta la generación distribuida renovable. Además, la Secretaría de Energía impulsará nuevas tecnologías para la generación eléctrica, como el hidrógeno verde en centrales híbridas, entre otras. En adición al cumplimiento de las metas de cambio climático, se impulsa la energía limpia para apoyar el acceso universal a la energía, por ejemplo, a través de proyectos de electrificación rural y un piloto de hogares solares.Contribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional | PÁG. 13 Nuestro país continuará abierto a la colaboración internacional, y buscará alianzas estratégicas en pleno respeto de la soberanía nacional, que fomenten la energía renovable.', '13 Nuestro país continuará abierto a la colaboración internacional, y buscará alianzas estratégicas en pleno respeto de la soberanía nacional, que fomenten la energía renovable. Se destaca en este rubro de cooperación internacional la meta de integrar 40 GW de capacidad de energías limpias, movilizando financiamiento climático, en el marco de la consolidación de una región norteamericana próspera y sustentable con Estados Unidos y Canadá. Un ejemplo de ello es el Plan Sonora, ya en marcha, que busca la colaboración binacional con Estados Unidos, y con los actores locales, en beneficio del pueblo de México, su medio ambiente y en el marco de la lucha global contra el cambio climático.', 'Un ejemplo de ello es el Plan Sonora, ya en marcha, que busca la colaboración binacional con Estados Unidos, y con los actores locales, en beneficio del pueblo de México, su medio ambiente y en el marco de la lucha global contra el cambio climático. INDUSTRIA La industria mexicana se encuentra comprometida con la lucha contra el cambio climático global, y muestra de ello es su activa participación en el diseño y puesta en marcha del Sistema de Comercio de Emisiones de México (SCE), primero en Latinoamérica, que regulará las emisiones de las grandes fuentes industriales en nuestro país. Con instrumentos innovadores se busca establecer un precio de carbono, que dé los incentivos necesarios para la innovación y las acciones necesarias para que este sector pueda aportar a la mitigación con soluciones costo eficientes.', 'Con instrumentos innovadores se busca establecer un precio de carbono, que dé los incentivos necesarios para la innovación y las acciones necesarias para que este sector pueda aportar a la mitigación con soluciones costo eficientes. En adición al SCE, nuestro país fomenta acciones en las micro, pequeñas y medianas industrias, de forma particular a través de la NAMA MIPYME, que busca apoyar con medidas costo efectivas, principalmente de eficiencia energética, a este sector de gran relevancia para la economía nacional y la generación de empleo.', 'En adición al SCE, nuestro país fomenta acciones en las micro, pequeñas y medianas industrias, de forma particular a través de la NAMA MIPYME, que busca apoyar con medidas costo efectivas, principalmente de eficiencia energética, a este sector de gran relevancia para la economía nacional y la generación de empleo. El incremento de ambición también contempla el desarrollo de una Estrategia Nacional de Economía Circular, así como programas e incentivos para la eficiencia energética, considerando tanto programas de normatividad como el fomento a la cogeneración eficiente en la industria, los servicios y comercios, y en los ingenios azucareros.', 'El incremento de ambición también contempla el desarrollo de una Estrategia Nacional de Economía Circular, así como programas e incentivos para la eficiencia energética, considerando tanto programas de normatividad como el fomento a la cogeneración eficiente en la industria, los servicios y comercios, y en los ingenios azucareros. Existen posibilidades múltiples para fomentar una industria circular y eficiente nacional, que contemple colaboraciones e innovaciones de alcance internacional, para generar mayor competitividad y un uso más sustentable de materiales, agua y energía, con cobeneficios en la reducción de emisiones. Finalmente, México implementa una Estrategia Nacional de Enfriamiento, como parte del cumplimiento de la Enmienda de Kigali, que promueve acciones de reducción de HFC y participa en el Grupo de Acción Climática del Ácido Nítrico (NACAG) para mitigación de óxido nitroso (N2 O).| PÁG.', 'Finalmente, México implementa una Estrategia Nacional de Enfriamiento, como parte del cumplimiento de la Enmienda de Kigali, que promueve acciones de reducción de HFC y participa en el Grupo de Acción Climática del Ácido Nítrico (NACAG) para mitigación de óxido nitroso (N2 O).| PÁG. 14 PETRÓLEO Y GAS El sector petróleo y gas tiene una meta de 14% de reducción de emisiones y contempla medidas para su cumplimiento que se agrupan en tres ejes de actuación: a) el incremento de la cogeneración, tanto en centros procesadores de gas como en la refinación del petróleo; b) reducción de las emisiones fugitivas del subsector gas y del subsector petróleo, y c) el Programa de Eficiencia Energética en Petróleos Mexicanos y sus empresas productivas.', '14 PETRÓLEO Y GAS El sector petróleo y gas tiene una meta de 14% de reducción de emisiones y contempla medidas para su cumplimiento que se agrupan en tres ejes de actuación: a) el incremento de la cogeneración, tanto en centros procesadores de gas como en la refinación del petróleo; b) reducción de las emisiones fugitivas del subsector gas y del subsector petróleo, y c) el Programa de Eficiencia Energética en Petróleos Mexicanos y sus empresas productivas. Petróleos Mexicanos ha establecido una meta de aprovechamiento de gas metano del 98%, considerando la producción de campos existentes y nuevos, para lo cual se desarrollará una Estrategia de aprovechamiento de gas en pozos existentes, y se realizarán obras prioritarias en los nuevos desarrollos, con inversiones estimadas en más de 2000 mil millones de dólares.', 'Petróleos Mexicanos ha establecido una meta de aprovechamiento de gas metano del 98%, considerando la producción de campos existentes y nuevos, para lo cual se desarrollará una Estrategia de aprovechamiento de gas en pozos existentes, y se realizarán obras prioritarias en los nuevos desarrollos, con inversiones estimadas en más de 2000 mil millones de dólares. Estas acciones son esenciales también para cumplir con el Compromiso Global de Metano al que México se suma con acciones concretas. Con la colaboración del gobierno de Estados Unidos, conforme a los compromisos de ambos países en la lucha contra el cambio climático y en pleno respeto a la soberanía de nuestro país, se diseñará un Plan de implementación de acciones de mitigación en PEMEX.', 'Con la colaboración del gobierno de Estados Unidos, conforme a los compromisos de ambos países en la lucha contra el cambio climático y en pleno respeto a la soberanía de nuestro país, se diseñará un Plan de implementación de acciones de mitigación en PEMEX. AGRICULTURA Y GANADERÍA El sector agropecuario es esencial en las acciones de mitigación, la ganadería en particular es la tercera fuente de emisión de gases de efecto invernadero en el país. Llevar a cabo acciones para el manejo sustentable de estas actividades es esencial también para la adaptación y para la seguridad alimentaria.', 'Llevar a cabo acciones para el manejo sustentable de estas actividades es esencial también para la adaptación y para la seguridad alimentaria. Así, se tienen previstas medidas para fomentar las prácticas agroecológicas y la agricultura de conservación- entre ellas la sustitución de fertilizantes, la aplicación de bioinsumos, y disminución de quemas agrícolas – e impulsar sistemas agrosilvopastoriles, así como medidas para la captura y manejo del biogás de residuos pecuarios, tales como sistemas de composta, de biodigestión y de tratamiento diario para evitar la generación de gas metano.Contribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional | PÁG. 15 RESIDENCIAL Y COMERCIAL Las medidas del sector residencial y comercial presentan beneficios importantes al fomentar la eficiencia energética y con ello reducir la factura eléctrica en hogares y comercios.', '15 RESIDENCIAL Y COMERCIAL Las medidas del sector residencial y comercial presentan beneficios importantes al fomentar la eficiencia energética y con ello reducir la factura eléctrica en hogares y comercios. Se han identificado oportunidades en el diseño de programas y acciones en diversos órdenes de gobierno que permitan optimizar el consumo de energía e impulsar mecanismos y normativas que fomenten la inclusión de mejores prácticas en construcciones nuevas y renovaciones. Se reconoce el gran impacto de este sector en la población, por lo que estas acciones se deben reforzar con campañas de difusión y un fuerte componente de perspectiva de género.', 'Se reconoce el gran impacto de este sector en la población, por lo que estas acciones se deben reforzar con campañas de difusión y un fuerte componente de perspectiva de género. Asimismo, se impulsa el fortalecimiento de la generación distribuida, la cual tiene un gran potencial tanto en las ciudades mexicanas como en las comunidades alejadas de la red eléctrica, donde las tecnologías renovables y de almacenamiento presentan una oportunidad valiosa para el acceso universal a la energía. De la misma forma, se apoya a las comunidades rurales para reducir el uso de leña y para tener procesos de combustión más eficientes, y con ello proteger la salud de la población, principalmente de mujeres y niños en los hogares rurales que actualmente tienen una exposición alta a este contaminante.', 'De la misma forma, se apoya a las comunidades rurales para reducir el uso de leña y para tener procesos de combustión más eficientes, y con ello proteger la salud de la población, principalmente de mujeres y niños en los hogares rurales que actualmente tienen una exposición alta a este contaminante. Esta medida es muy relevante para el logro de la meta de carbono negro. RESIDUOS Las emisiones de metano por el sector residuos son una fuente importante de GEI; pero además el manejo de residuos en el país genera problemas de contaminación importantes en las localidades donde se disponen, así como, de los cuerpos de agua y océanos.', 'RESIDUOS Las emisiones de metano por el sector residuos son una fuente importante de GEI; pero además el manejo de residuos en el país genera problemas de contaminación importantes en las localidades donde se disponen, así como, de los cuerpos de agua y océanos. Desde el punto de vista ambiental, mejorar la gestión integral de residuos conllevará beneficios múltiples en nuestro país, en la salud de la población y de los ecosistemas. Las medidas en este sector consideran la mejora en la gestión integral de los residuos sólidos municipales, así como el tratamiento de aguas residuales tanto municipales como industriales, y otras actividades relacionadas a su disposición final, reaprovechamiento, reciclaje, compostaje y biodigestión.', 'Las medidas en este sector consideran la mejora en la gestión integral de los residuos sólidos municipales, así como el tratamiento de aguas residuales tanto municipales como industriales, y otras actividades relacionadas a su disposición final, reaprovechamiento, reciclaje, compostaje y biodigestión. Se considera también avanzar en la captura y aprovechamiento del biogás, tanto de los rellenos sanitarios como de las plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales.| PÁG.', 'Se considera también avanzar en la captura y aprovechamiento del biogás, tanto de los rellenos sanitarios como de las plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales.| PÁG. 16 La Estrategia Nacional de Economía Circular también incluirá acciones específicas que mejoran el desempeño de este sector, y que se espera, puedan traer cobeneficios importantes, por ejemplo, a través de un mejor manejo de los residuos alimenticios y en el reciclaje de electrónicos y residuos de la construcción, mismos que tienen un alto potencial de mitigación si se considera el análisis de ciclo de vida de sus materiales.', '16 La Estrategia Nacional de Economía Circular también incluirá acciones específicas que mejoran el desempeño de este sector, y que se espera, puedan traer cobeneficios importantes, por ejemplo, a través de un mejor manejo de los residuos alimenticios y en el reciclaje de electrónicos y residuos de la construcción, mismos que tienen un alto potencial de mitigación si se considera el análisis de ciclo de vida de sus materiales. INFORMACIÓN PARA FACILITAR LA CLARIDAD, TRANSPARENCIA Y COMPRENSIÓN A continuación, se presenta, en la Tabla 1, la información para brindar claridad, transparencia y mejorar el entendimiento de la NDC, en su componente de mitigación, en cumplimiento de la decisión 4/CMA.1 y su Anexo. TABLA 1.', 'INFORMACIÓN PARA FACILITAR LA CLARIDAD, TRANSPARENCIA Y COMPRENSIÓN A continuación, se presenta, en la Tabla 1, la información para brindar claridad, transparencia y mejorar el entendimiento de la NDC, en su componente de mitigación, en cumplimiento de la decisión 4/CMA.1 y su Anexo. TABLA 1. INFORMACIÓN PARA FACILITAR LA CLARIDAD, TRANSPARENCIA Y COMPRENSIÓN DE LA ACTUALIZACIÓN DE LA NDC PARA EL PERIODO 2020-2030 CONFORME A LAS REGLAS DE KATOWICE 1. Información cuantificable sobre el punto de referencia (con indicación, si corresponde, de un año de base): a) Años de referencia, años de base, períodos de referencia u otros puntos de partida México se compromete a reducir sus emisiones con respecto a su línea base proyectada en 2030.', 'Información cuantificable sobre el punto de referencia (con indicación, si corresponde, de un año de base): a) Años de referencia, años de base, períodos de referencia u otros puntos de partida México se compromete a reducir sus emisiones con respecto a su línea base proyectada en 2030. El periodo de implementación de la NDC es de 2020 a 2030, y se consideran las políticas implementadas con base en la información del año 2013. b) Información cuantificable sobre los indicadores de referencia, sus valores en los correspondientes años de referencia, años de base, períodos de referencia u otros puntos de partida y, según corresponda, en el año de referencia; Se cuantificó la línea base bajo un escenario tendencial al 2030, es decir sin intervención de política de mitigación. En este escenario se e como punto de referencia sin políticas de mitigación en 2030.', 'En este escenario se e como punto de referencia sin políticas de mitigación en 2030. En las acciones de mitigación sólo se consideran las acciones implementadas a partir de 2013. En la siguiente tabla se presentan los valores de la línea base. eContribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional | PÁG.', 'eContribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional | PÁG. 17 c) En el caso de las estrategias, planes y medidas a que se hace referencia en el Artículo 4, párrafo 6, del Acuerdo de París, o de las políticas y medidas que integren las contribuciones determinadas a nivel nacional cuando no sea aplicable el párrafo 1 b) supra, las Partes deberán proporcionar otra información pertinente; No aplica d) Meta relativa al indicador de referencia, expresada numéricamente, por ejemplo, en forma de porcentaje o cuantía de la reducción; México aumenta su meta de reducción de gases de efecto invernadero de 22% a 35% en 2030, con respecto a su línea base, con recursos nacionales que aportarán al menos un 30% y 5% con cooperación y financiamiento internacional previsto para energías limpias.', '17 c) En el caso de las estrategias, planes y medidas a que se hace referencia en el Artículo 4, párrafo 6, del Acuerdo de París, o de las políticas y medidas que integren las contribuciones determinadas a nivel nacional cuando no sea aplicable el párrafo 1 b) supra, las Partes deberán proporcionar otra información pertinente; No aplica d) Meta relativa al indicador de referencia, expresada numéricamente, por ejemplo, en forma de porcentaje o cuantía de la reducción; México aumenta su meta de reducción de gases de efecto invernadero de 22% a 35% en 2030, con respecto a su línea base, con recursos nacionales que aportarán al menos un 30% y 5% con cooperación y financiamiento internacional previsto para energías limpias. De forma condicionada, México puede aumentar su meta al 2030 hasta 40%, con respecto a su línea base en 2030, si se escala el financiamiento internacional, la innovación y transferencia tecnológica, y si otros países, principalmente los mayores emisores, realizan esfuerzos conmensurados a los objetivos más ambiciosos del Acuerdo de París.', 'De forma condicionada, México puede aumentar su meta al 2030 hasta 40%, con respecto a su línea base en 2030, si se escala el financiamiento internacional, la innovación y transferencia tecnológica, y si otros países, principalmente los mayores emisores, realizan esfuerzos conmensurados a los objetivos más ambiciosos del Acuerdo de París. Finalmente, se ratifican la meta no condicionada de 51% de reducción de las emisiones de carbono negro, contaminante climático de vida corta, y 70% de forma condicionada, ambas en 2030. e) Información sobre las fuentes de datos utilizadas para cuantificar los puntos de referencia; La proyección de emisiones se realiza con datos de actividad y factores de emisiones como se reporta en el Informe de Inventario Nacional (NIR) (ver respuesta 5.f.i de esta tabla).', 'Finalmente, se ratifican la meta no condicionada de 51% de reducción de las emisiones de carbono negro, contaminante climático de vida corta, y 70% de forma condicionada, ambas en 2030. e) Información sobre las fuentes de datos utilizadas para cuantificar los puntos de referencia; La proyección de emisiones se realiza con datos de actividad y factores de emisiones como se reporta en el Informe de Inventario Nacional (NIR) (ver respuesta 5.f.i de esta tabla). La línea base fue desarrollada con expertos de cada uno de los sectores y sometida a un proceso de consulta de expertos y de los sectores económicos nacionales, de conformidad con el Art. 31 de la LGCC. f) Información sobre las circunstancias en las que la Parte puede actualizar los valores de los indicadores de referencia.', 'f) Información sobre las circunstancias en las que la Parte puede actualizar los valores de los indicadores de referencia. México integra su Inventario Nacional de Emisiones de Gases y Compuestos de Efecto Invernadero (INEGyCEI), con las metodologías del IPCC 2006 y su Refinamiento 2019. Conforme a las directrices de la Convención se presentará la actualización de los inventarios a través de los Informes Bienales de Transparencia en los que se describen los avances y las mejoras metodológicas del INEGyCEI, así como de la línea base. 2. Plazos y/o períodos de aplicación:| PÁG.', 'Plazos y/o períodos de aplicación:| PÁG. 18 a) Plazo y/o período de aplicación, incluidas las fechas de inicio y finalización, de conformidad con cualquier otra decisión pertinente que adopte la Conferencia de las Partes en calidad de reunión de las Partes en el Acuerdo de París (CP/RA) (CMA); De 2020 a 2030. b) Si se trata de una meta de un sólo año o de una meta plurianual, según corresponda. Meta de un solo año referida al 2030. 3. Alcance y cobertura: a) Descripción general de la meta; México aumenta su meta de reducción de gases de efecto invernadero de 22% a 35%, en 2030 con respecto a su línea base, con recursos nacionales que aportarán al menos un 30% y 5% con cooperación y financiamiento internacional previsto para energías limpias.', 'Alcance y cobertura: a) Descripción general de la meta; México aumenta su meta de reducción de gases de efecto invernadero de 22% a 35%, en 2030 con respecto a su línea base, con recursos nacionales que aportarán al menos un 30% y 5% con cooperación y financiamiento internacional previsto para energías limpias. De forma condicionada, México puede aumentar su meta al 2030 hasta 40%, con respecto a su línea base en 2030, si se escala el financiamiento internacional, la innovación y transferencia tecnológica, y si otros países, principalmente los mayores emisores, realizan esfuerzos conmensurados a los objetivos más ambiciosos del Acuerdo de París.', 'De forma condicionada, México puede aumentar su meta al 2030 hasta 40%, con respecto a su línea base en 2030, si se escala el financiamiento internacional, la innovación y transferencia tecnológica, y si otros países, principalmente los mayores emisores, realizan esfuerzos conmensurados a los objetivos más ambiciosos del Acuerdo de París. Finalmente, se ratifican las metas de 51% de reducción de las emisiones de carbono negro, contaminante climático de vida corta, de forma no condicionada, y de forma condicionada en 70%, ambas en 2030. b) Sectores, gases, categorías y reservorios cubiertos por la contribución determinada a nivel nacional, que, cuando proceda, se ajusten a las directrices del Grupo Intergubernamenta l de Expertos sobre el Cambio Climático (IPCC); La NDC incluye todos los sectores establecidos en las Directrices del IPCC: [1] Energía; [2] Procesos Industriales y uso de productos; [3] Agricultura, silvicultura y otros usos de la tierra; y [4] Residuos.', 'Finalmente, se ratifican las metas de 51% de reducción de las emisiones de carbono negro, contaminante climático de vida corta, de forma no condicionada, y de forma condicionada en 70%, ambas en 2030. b) Sectores, gases, categorías y reservorios cubiertos por la contribución determinada a nivel nacional, que, cuando proceda, se ajusten a las directrices del Grupo Intergubernamenta l de Expertos sobre el Cambio Climático (IPCC); La NDC incluye todos los sectores establecidos en las Directrices del IPCC: [1] Energía; [2] Procesos Industriales y uso de productos; [3] Agricultura, silvicultura y otros usos de la tierra; y [4] Residuos. Los gases de efecto invernadero incluidos son: dióxido de carbono ), metano (CH4 ), óxido nitroso (N2 O), perfluorocarbono (PFC), hidrofluorocarbono (HFC), y hexafloruro de azufre (SF6 ).', 'Los gases de efecto invernadero incluidos son: dióxido de carbono ), metano (CH4 ), óxido nitroso (N2 O), perfluorocarbono (PFC), hidrofluorocarbono (HFC), y hexafloruro de azufre (SF6 ). También se incluye el carbono negro en la NDC de México por ser un contaminante climático de vida corta (CCVC) cuya mitigación mejora la calidad del aire con cobeneficios para la salud humana y en los ecosistemas. México reitera la importancia que tiene la mitigación de los CCVC para aumentar la ambición de la NDC, alineado a la mejor ciencia disponible que presenta el IPCC en su informe de 1.5 grados. Respecto a la categoría de tierras, tanto en emisiones como en absorciones, se incluyen los cambios y permanencias de: [3B1] tierras forestales, [3B2] tierras de cultivo, [3B3] praderas, [3B4] humedales y [3B5] asentamientos.', 'Respecto a la categoría de tierras, tanto en emisiones como en absorciones, se incluyen los cambios y permanencias de: [3B1] tierras forestales, [3B2] tierras de cultivo, [3B3] praderas, [3B4] humedales y [3B5] asentamientos. Se incluyen los cinco reservorios de carbono: 1) de biomasa aérea, 2) biomasa subterránea, 3) hojarasca, 4) madera muerta y 5) materia orgánica del suelo. c) Beneficios secundarios de mitigación En concordancia con el Artículo 4 párrafo 7 del Acuerdo de París, la NDC de México, integrada también por un componente de adaptación al cambio climático, incluye 5 ejes, con 27 líneas de acción, de las cuales 18Contribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional | PÁG.', 'c) Beneficios secundarios de mitigación En concordancia con el Artículo 4 párrafo 7 del Acuerdo de París, la NDC de México, integrada también por un componente de adaptación al cambio climático, incluye 5 ejes, con 27 líneas de acción, de las cuales 18Contribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional | PÁG. 19 resultantes de las medidas de adaptación y/o los planes de diversificación económica de las Partes, con una descripción de los proyectos, medidas e iniciativas específicos que formen parte de las medidas de adaptación y/o los planes de diversificación económica de las Partes. tendrán, durante su fase de implementación, beneficios a la mitigación de GEI.', 'tendrán, durante su fase de implementación, beneficios a la mitigación de GEI. Entre los temas más relevantes que se abordan en el componente de adaptación con sinergias a mitigación, se encuentran: protección de infraestructura estratégica; gestión integrada de los recursos hídricos; conservación y restauración de ecosistemas marinos; restauración de suelos; restauración y conservación de ecosistemas de carbono azul y arrecifes coralinos; así como acciones para fortalecer el manejo y conservación de bosques y selvas.', 'Entre los temas más relevantes que se abordan en el componente de adaptación con sinergias a mitigación, se encuentran: protección de infraestructura estratégica; gestión integrada de los recursos hídricos; conservación y restauración de ecosistemas marinos; restauración de suelos; restauración y conservación de ecosistemas de carbono azul y arrecifes coralinos; así como acciones para fortalecer el manejo y conservación de bosques y selvas. Es importante destacar que enfoques tales como adaptación basada en ecosistemas, comunidades y reducción de riesgo de desastres, así como las soluciones basadas en la naturaleza son transversales a la implementación de los compromisos establecidos en el componente de adaptación, apoyando con ello también la reducción de emisiones de GEI y el establecimiento y permanencia de reservorios de carbono en los ecosistemas. 4.', 'Es importante destacar que enfoques tales como adaptación basada en ecosistemas, comunidades y reducción de riesgo de desastres, así como las soluciones basadas en la naturaleza son transversales a la implementación de los compromisos establecidos en el componente de adaptación, apoyando con ello también la reducción de emisiones de GEI y el establecimiento y permanencia de reservorios de carbono en los ecosistemas. 4. Procesos de planificación: a) Información sobre los procesos de planificación que la Parte haya emprendido para preparar su contribución determinada a nivel nacional y, si se dispone de ella, sobre los planes de aplicación de la Parte, incluidos, según proceda: Tras la ratificación de México del Acuerdo de París y su entrada en vigor en 2016, se realizaron las adecuaciones legales necesarias para incorporar las estipulaciones del Acuerdo de París en el marco jurídico nacional, y se definieron los marcos institucionales para su implementación.', 'Procesos de planificación: a) Información sobre los procesos de planificación que la Parte haya emprendido para preparar su contribución determinada a nivel nacional y, si se dispone de ella, sobre los planes de aplicación de la Parte, incluidos, según proceda: Tras la ratificación de México del Acuerdo de París y su entrada en vigor en 2016, se realizaron las adecuaciones legales necesarias para incorporar las estipulaciones del Acuerdo de París en el marco jurídico nacional, y se definieron los marcos institucionales para su implementación. Así, la Ley General de Cambio Climático (LGCC) fue reformada en el año 2018 para establecer la figura de las "Contribuciones Determinadas a nivel Nacional" como el "conjunto de objetivos y metas, asumidas por México, en el marco del Acuerdo de París, en materia de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático para cumplir los objetivos a largo plazo de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas para el Cambio Climático”, de acuerdo con el Artículo 3 fracción X de la LGCC.', 'Así, la Ley General de Cambio Climático (LGCC) fue reformada en el año 2018 para establecer la figura de las "Contribuciones Determinadas a nivel Nacional" como el "conjunto de objetivos y metas, asumidas por México, en el marco del Acuerdo de París, en materia de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático para cumplir los objetivos a largo plazo de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas para el Cambio Climático”, de acuerdo con el Artículo 3 fracción X de la LGCC. En este mismo ordenamiento legal, se señala la atribución de la SEMARNAT de elaborar la NDC, con apoyo del INECC, y de la CICC y el C3.', 'En este mismo ordenamiento legal, se señala la atribución de la SEMARNAT de elaborar la NDC, con apoyo del INECC, y de la CICC y el C3. Por otra parte, el Programa Especial de Cambio Climático (2020-2024) es un instrumento de planeación derivado de la LGCC, y está alineado al Plan Nacional de Desarrollo (2018—2024) y a la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático visión 10–20–40, así como a los programas sectoriales de 15 Secretarías de Estado. La Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático prevista en la Ley es la base de la Estrategia de Medio Siglo que México entregó a la Convención en 2016, que establece la visión de largo plazo para un desarrollo bajo en emisiones.', 'La Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático prevista en la Ley es la base de la Estrategia de Medio Siglo que México entregó a la Convención en 2016, que establece la visión de largo plazo para un desarrollo bajo en emisiones. Entre sus objetivos está el de identificar y dar seguimiento a las acciones de las Secretarías que contribuyan a la reducción de las emisiones y estén acordes a las líneas de reducción de emisiones de la NDC de México. Adicionalmente, se cuenta con acciones de reducción de las emisiones que realizan las entidades federativas en su ámbito de competencia. i.', 'Adicionalmente, se cuenta con acciones de reducción de las emisiones que realizan las entidades federativas en su ámbito de competencia. i. Los arreglos institucionales nacionales, la participación del público y el compromiso con las comunidades lo- cales y los México cuenta con una estructura institucional y de gobernanza establecida en la LGCC, encabezada por el Sistema Nacional de Cambio Climático (SINACC), diseñado para operar como el mecanismo permanente de concurrencia, comunicación, colaboración, coordinación y concertación de la política climática nacional que incluye una serie de arreglos institucionales para su implementación. El papel del SINACC es esencial para la interacción entre el Instituto Nacional de Ecología y Cambio Climático (INECC) como responsable de| PÁG.', 'El papel del SINACC es esencial para la interacción entre el Instituto Nacional de Ecología y Cambio Climático (INECC) como responsable de| PÁG. 20 pueblos indígenas, con una perspectiva de género; realizar estudios y proyectos de investigación y brindar apoyo técnico y científico para la toma de decisiones de política climática; la Coordinación de Evaluación, como órgano plural responsable de evaluar la política nacional de cambio climático; la Comisión Intersecretarial de Cambio Climático (CICC), integrada por quince Secretarías de Estado y coordinada por SEMARNAT, conformada como espacio de coordinación de acciones de las dependencias y entidades de la APF en materia de cambio climático; el Consejo de Cambio Climático (C3) integrado por expertos del sector académico y social para emitir recomendaciones en materia de mitigación y adaptación; el Congreso Federal; los gobiernos estatales; y las asociaciones nacionales de autoridades municipales debidamente acreditadas.', '20 pueblos indígenas, con una perspectiva de género; realizar estudios y proyectos de investigación y brindar apoyo técnico y científico para la toma de decisiones de política climática; la Coordinación de Evaluación, como órgano plural responsable de evaluar la política nacional de cambio climático; la Comisión Intersecretarial de Cambio Climático (CICC), integrada por quince Secretarías de Estado y coordinada por SEMARNAT, conformada como espacio de coordinación de acciones de las dependencias y entidades de la APF en materia de cambio climático; el Consejo de Cambio Climático (C3) integrado por expertos del sector académico y social para emitir recomendaciones en materia de mitigación y adaptación; el Congreso Federal; los gobiernos estatales; y las asociaciones nacionales de autoridades municipales debidamente acreditadas. A nivel de entidad federativa, algunos estados replican el esquema federal y cuentan con una Comisión Intersecretarial de Cambio Climático.', 'A nivel de entidad federativa, algunos estados replican el esquema federal y cuentan con una Comisión Intersecretarial de Cambio Climático. Durante el proceso de la actualización de la NDC, se contó con la participación de dependencias gubernamentales y de gobiernos estatales, y se llevaron a cabo consultas con el sector privado y grupos de la sociedad civil. Se realizaron Diálogos Público–Privados con representantes de cada uno de los sectores incluidos en la NDC; asociaciones de derechos humanos, de perspectiva de género y de juventudes. Adicionalmente, se establecieron procedimientos de consulta en línea para que la sociedad en su conjunto pudiera participar en el proceso de la elaboración de la política climática y de la actualización de la NDC.', 'Adicionalmente, se establecieron procedimientos de consulta en línea para que la sociedad en su conjunto pudiera participar en el proceso de la elaboración de la política climática y de la actualización de la NDC. Los impactos del cambio climático afectan a las personas de forma diferenciada, las consecuencias del cambio climático resultan aún más agudas para las personas y grupos en situación de vulnerabilidad social.', 'Los impactos del cambio climático afectan a las personas de forma diferenciada, las consecuencias del cambio climático resultan aún más agudas para las personas y grupos en situación de vulnerabilidad social. Reconociendo la herencia de un sistema estructural que ha puesto en desventaja a grupos vulnerables, especialmente a las mujeres de manera sistemática, la presente actualización de la NDC incorpora en su construcción, así como en las estrategias de implementación de acciones de adaptación y mitigación, enfoques género-responsivos que contribuirán a una sociedad más justa e igualitaria priorizando las necesidades de los grupos en condiciones de vulnerabilidad, fomentando la inclusión y el reconocimiento de los saberes de los pueblos indígenas, bajo el principio de equidad intergeneracional. ii.', 'Reconociendo la herencia de un sistema estructural que ha puesto en desventaja a grupos vulnerables, especialmente a las mujeres de manera sistemática, la presente actualización de la NDC incorpora en su construcción, así como en las estrategias de implementación de acciones de adaptación y mitigación, enfoques género-responsivos que contribuirán a una sociedad más justa e igualitaria priorizando las necesidades de los grupos en condiciones de vulnerabilidad, fomentando la inclusión y el reconocimiento de los saberes de los pueblos indígenas, bajo el principio de equidad intergeneracional. ii. Los asuntos contextuales, incluidos, entre otros, según proceda: a) Las circunstancias nacionales, como la geografía, el clima, la economía, el desarrollo sostenible y la erradicación de la pobreza; México es una república federal, representativa, democrática y laica, integrada por 32 entidades federativas: 31 estados libres y soberanos, y la Ciudad de México.', 'Los asuntos contextuales, incluidos, entre otros, según proceda: a) Las circunstancias nacionales, como la geografía, el clima, la economía, el desarrollo sostenible y la erradicación de la pobreza; México es una república federal, representativa, democrática y laica, integrada por 32 entidades federativas: 31 estados libres y soberanos, y la Ciudad de México. Las entidades federativas, a su vez, se dividen en municipios libres, cada uno de ellos gobernado por un ayuntamiento; en el territorio nacional hay 2,457 municipios. Por la magnitud de su producto interno bruto (PIB), el país ocupó la decimosegunda posición entre las economías más grandes del mundo en 2017. El país produce alrededor de 1.4% de la energía del mundo y es el decimoquinto productor a escala global. Además, ocupa el decimotercer lugar como exportador de petróleo, con 2.8% de la producción mundial.', 'Además, ocupa el decimotercer lugar como exportador de petróleo, con 2.8% de la producción mundial. Por su posición geográfica en la parte sur del hemisferio norte, entre dos océanos, el país se ve afectado de manera particular por los impactos del cambio climático. Los escenarios de cambio climático que se estiman para el periodo 2015 a 2039 proyectan temperaturas anuales mayores hasta en 2°C en el norte del país, mientras que en la mayoría del territorio podrían oscilar entre 1 y 1.5°C. En el caso de la precipitación, se proyecta, en general, una disminución de entre el 10% y el 20%.Contribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional | PÁG.', 'En el caso de la precipitación, se proyecta, en general, una disminución de entre el 10% y el 20%.Contribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional | PÁG. 21 Asimismo, el país está expuesto al impacto de eventos hidrometeorológicos extremos que ponen en riesgo la vida de la población, su bienestar y patrimonio; incrementan la incidencia e intensidad de incendios forestales; comprometen la conservación de los ecosistemas, su biodiversidad y los servicios que estos proveen; afectan la disponibilidad de recursos hídricos en términos de cantidad y calidad (seguridad hídrica); han afectado negativamente el rendimiento del maíz y otros cultivos clave, poniendo en riesgo la seguridad alimentaria; y ocasionan daños a la infraestructura y a los asentamientos humanos y limitan las oportunidades de desarrollo en el corto y mediano plazo.', '21 Asimismo, el país está expuesto al impacto de eventos hidrometeorológicos extremos que ponen en riesgo la vida de la población, su bienestar y patrimonio; incrementan la incidencia e intensidad de incendios forestales; comprometen la conservación de los ecosistemas, su biodiversidad y los servicios que estos proveen; afectan la disponibilidad de recursos hídricos en términos de cantidad y calidad (seguridad hídrica); han afectado negativamente el rendimiento del maíz y otros cultivos clave, poniendo en riesgo la seguridad alimentaria; y ocasionan daños a la infraestructura y a los asentamientos humanos y limitan las oportunidades de desarrollo en el corto y mediano plazo. Se destaca como prioridad nacional el combate a la pobreza y el que todas las políticas públicas se alineen al Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2019-2024 que tiene como objetivo central aumentar el bienestar social.', 'Se destaca como prioridad nacional el combate a la pobreza y el que todas las políticas públicas se alineen al Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2019-2024 que tiene como objetivo central aumentar el bienestar social. b) Las mejores prácticas y experiencias relacionadas con la preparación de la contribución determinada a nivel nacional; México sustenta la NDC en una política nacional de cambio climático robusta, enmarcada en la Ley General de Cambio Climático de la que derivan instrumentos de política pública como el SINACC, la CICC y sus Grupos de Trabajo, los cuales han permitido contar con un proceso de participación amplia a nivel nacional en el marco de la actualización y establecimiento de los compromisos en materia de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático.', 'b) Las mejores prácticas y experiencias relacionadas con la preparación de la contribución determinada a nivel nacional; México sustenta la NDC en una política nacional de cambio climático robusta, enmarcada en la Ley General de Cambio Climático de la que derivan instrumentos de política pública como el SINACC, la CICC y sus Grupos de Trabajo, los cuales han permitido contar con un proceso de participación amplia a nivel nacional en el marco de la actualización y establecimiento de los compromisos en materia de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático. México llevó a cabo un proceso de consulta ciudadana, normado por ley a nivel nacional y con grupos especializados y clave para mejorar e impulsar la acción climática mediante la participación social y el acceso a la información.', 'México llevó a cabo un proceso de consulta ciudadana, normado por ley a nivel nacional y con grupos especializados y clave para mejorar e impulsar la acción climática mediante la participación social y el acceso a la información. Este proceso incluyó foros y talleres con la ciudadanía, especialistas, sector privado, Secretarías de la administración pública federal y estatal, así como representantes de las juventudes mexicanas, quienes aportaron información y propuestas para la fase de actualización de la NDC. De igual manera, el Gobierno de México cuenta con el apoyo de instancias de cooperación internacional para compartir experiencias, mejores prácticas y resultados con la finalidad de integrar las mejores experiencias internacionales dentro del contexto nacional, a través de capacitaciones, transferencia de conocimientos y de tecnología.', 'De igual manera, el Gobierno de México cuenta con el apoyo de instancias de cooperación internacional para compartir experiencias, mejores prácticas y resultados con la finalidad de integrar las mejores experiencias internacionales dentro del contexto nacional, a través de capacitaciones, transferencia de conocimientos y de tecnología. Además, la información presentada en la NDC actualizada en materia de mitigación se encuentra en concordancia con los últimos reportes publicados por la CMNUCC, atendiendo las metodologías del IPCC 2006 y las respectivas actualizaciones de la información ahí contenida. En materia de adaptación al cambio climático, se incluye un componente fortalecido que refleja la prioridad del país de acelerar los procesos de reducción de la vulnerabilidad en el territorio en favor del bienestar de las personas.', 'En materia de adaptación al cambio climático, se incluye un componente fortalecido que refleja la prioridad del país de acelerar los procesos de reducción de la vulnerabilidad en el territorio en favor del bienestar de las personas. México cuenta con el INECC, que es la institución responsable de generar e integrar conocimiento científico y tecnológico y de evaluar la política nacional de cambio climático, en vinculación con el sector académico y de investigación, con el fin de aportar la mejor información disponible a los procesos de diseño e implementación de la política climática.', 'México cuenta con el INECC, que es la institución responsable de generar e integrar conocimiento científico y tecnológico y de evaluar la política nacional de cambio climático, en vinculación con el sector académico y de investigación, con el fin de aportar la mejor información disponible a los procesos de diseño e implementación de la política climática. c) Otras aspiraciones y prioridades contextuales reconocidas en el momento de la adhesión al Con el propósito de cumplir con los compromisos establecidos en el Acuerdo de París, desde la NDC de 2015, México propuso una estrategia de mitigación integral que incluyera al carbono negro como un contaminante climático de vida corta. Al reducir el carbono negro se disminuye el impacto negativo sobre los ecosistemas y la salud humana, la infraestructura estratégica, el patrimonio cultural tangible y los| PÁG.', 'Al reducir el carbono negro se disminuye el impacto negativo sobre los ecosistemas y la salud humana, la infraestructura estratégica, el patrimonio cultural tangible y los| PÁG. 22 Acuerdo de París; sectores productivos, incluidos los agroecosistemas. Asimismo, México fue el primer país en presentar compromisos en materia de adaptación, entendiendo la importancia de trabajar paralelamente en la reducción de emisiones y mejorar la respuesta nacional. De igual manera, el Gobierno de México expresa su compromiso de integrar, tanto en el diseño como implementación de la NDC, los enfoques de género y derechos humanos con la participación de los gobiernos subnacionales, locales y ciudades, así ́ como pueblos indígenas y comunidades locales, organizaciones de la sociedad civil, organizaciones de mujeres y de jóvenes, los sectores privado y financiero y otros interesados directos.', 'De igual manera, el Gobierno de México expresa su compromiso de integrar, tanto en el diseño como implementación de la NDC, los enfoques de género y derechos humanos con la participación de los gobiernos subnacionales, locales y ciudades, así ́ como pueblos indígenas y comunidades locales, organizaciones de la sociedad civil, organizaciones de mujeres y de jóvenes, los sectores privado y financiero y otros interesados directos. d) Información específica aplicable a las Partes, incluidas las organizaciones regionales de integración económica y sus Estados miembros, que hayan convenido en actuar conjuntamente en virtud del Artículo 4, párrafo 2, del Acuerdo de París, incluidas las Partes que hayan acordado actuar conjuntamente y las condiciones del acuerdo, de conformidad con el Artículo 4, del Acuerdo de París; No aplica e) En qué medida la Parte ha basado la preparación de su contribución determinada a nivel nacional en los resultados del balance mundial, de conformidad con el Artículo 4, párrafo 9, del Acuerdo de París; México utilizará los resultados del balance mundial que sean publicados por la CMNUCC.', 'd) Información específica aplicable a las Partes, incluidas las organizaciones regionales de integración económica y sus Estados miembros, que hayan convenido en actuar conjuntamente en virtud del Artículo 4, párrafo 2, del Acuerdo de París, incluidas las Partes que hayan acordado actuar conjuntamente y las condiciones del acuerdo, de conformidad con el Artículo 4, del Acuerdo de París; No aplica e) En qué medida la Parte ha basado la preparación de su contribución determinada a nivel nacional en los resultados del balance mundial, de conformidad con el Artículo 4, párrafo 9, del Acuerdo de París; México utilizará los resultados del balance mundial que sean publicados por la CMNUCC. Considera también la brecha de emisiones que el secretariado de la CMNUCC preparó y el Informe Especial de 1.5ºC del IPCC, así como la obligación de los países de actuar en la medida de sus posibilidades y circunstancias nacionales, considerando que los países desarrollados deben actuar primero.Contribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional | PÁG.', 'Considera también la brecha de emisiones que el secretariado de la CMNUCC preparó y el Informe Especial de 1.5ºC del IPCC, así como la obligación de los países de actuar en la medida de sus posibilidades y circunstancias nacionales, considerando que los países desarrollados deben actuar primero.Contribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional | PÁG. 23 f) Cada una de las Partes con una contribución determinada a nivel nacional en virtud del Artículo 4 del Acuerdo de París que consista en medidas de adaptación y/o planes de diversificación económica que den lugar a beneficios secundarios de mitigación, conforme a lo dispuesto en el Artículo 4, párrafo 7, del Acuerdo de París deberá presentar información sobre: i. Cómo se han tenido en cuenta las consecuencias económicas y sociales de las medidas de respuesta al elaborar la contribución determinada a nivel nacional; México reconoce que el cambio climático afecta de manera diferenciada a distintos grupos dentro de una comunidad y que, con frecuencia, exacerba las desigualdades sociales, económicas, de género y de acceso a los recursos.', '23 f) Cada una de las Partes con una contribución determinada a nivel nacional en virtud del Artículo 4 del Acuerdo de París que consista en medidas de adaptación y/o planes de diversificación económica que den lugar a beneficios secundarios de mitigación, conforme a lo dispuesto en el Artículo 4, párrafo 7, del Acuerdo de París deberá presentar información sobre: i. Cómo se han tenido en cuenta las consecuencias económicas y sociales de las medidas de respuesta al elaborar la contribución determinada a nivel nacional; México reconoce que el cambio climático afecta de manera diferenciada a distintos grupos dentro de una comunidad y que, con frecuencia, exacerba las desigualdades sociales, económicas, de género y de acceso a los recursos. En este sentido, integra el enfoque de cambio climático de manera transversal a los sistemas y sectores estratégicos del país de manera coordinada con los tres órdenes de gobierno, la academia, el sector privado y las organizaciones de la sociedad civil.', 'En este sentido, integra el enfoque de cambio climático de manera transversal a los sistemas y sectores estratégicos del país de manera coordinada con los tres órdenes de gobierno, la academia, el sector privado y las organizaciones de la sociedad civil. De manera particular, en materia de adaptación se realizó un análisis de vulnerabilidad al cambio climático para el diseño e implementación de acciones, en las cuales se identificaron brechas sociales y beneficios en reducción de desigualdades, que a su vez atiendan los principios de derechos humanos ii.', 'De manera particular, en materia de adaptación se realizó un análisis de vulnerabilidad al cambio climático para el diseño e implementación de acciones, en las cuales se identificaron brechas sociales y beneficios en reducción de desigualdades, que a su vez atiendan los principios de derechos humanos ii. Los proyectos, medidas y actividades específicos que se llevarán a cabo para contribuir a los beneficios secundarios de mitigación, incluida la información sobre los planes de adaptación que también produzcan beneficios secundarios de mitigación, que pueden abarcar, El componente de adaptación se integra por cinco ejes estratégicos: • Eje A. Prevención y atención de impactos negativos en la población humana y en el territorio; • Eje B. Sistemas productivos resilientes y seguridad alimentaria; • Eje C. Conservación, restauración y aprovechamiento sostenible de la biodiversidad y de los servicios ecosistémicos; • Eje D. Gestión integrada de los recursos hídricos con enfoque de cambio climático; • Eje E. Protección de infraestructura estratégica y del patrimonio cultural tangible; Entre los temas más relevantes que se abordan en el componente de adaptación con sinergias a mitigación, se encuentran: protección de infraestructura estratégica; gestión integrada de los recursos hídricos y tratamiento de aguas residuales; conservación y restauración de| PÁG.', 'Los proyectos, medidas y actividades específicos que se llevarán a cabo para contribuir a los beneficios secundarios de mitigación, incluida la información sobre los planes de adaptación que también produzcan beneficios secundarios de mitigación, que pueden abarcar, El componente de adaptación se integra por cinco ejes estratégicos: • Eje A. Prevención y atención de impactos negativos en la población humana y en el territorio; • Eje B. Sistemas productivos resilientes y seguridad alimentaria; • Eje C. Conservación, restauración y aprovechamiento sostenible de la biodiversidad y de los servicios ecosistémicos; • Eje D. Gestión integrada de los recursos hídricos con enfoque de cambio climático; • Eje E. Protección de infraestructura estratégica y del patrimonio cultural tangible; Entre los temas más relevantes que se abordan en el componente de adaptación con sinergias a mitigación, se encuentran: protección de infraestructura estratégica; gestión integrada de los recursos hídricos y tratamiento de aguas residuales; conservación y restauración de| PÁG. 24 entre otros, sectores clave como los recursos energéticos, los recursos hídricos, los recursos costeros, los asentamientos humanos y la planificación urbana, la agricultura y la silvicultura; así como las medidas de diversificación económica, que pueden abarcar, entre otros, sectores como la industria y las manufacturas, la energía y la minería, el transporte y las comunicaciones, la construcción, el turismo, el sector inmobiliario, la agricultura y la pesca.', '24 entre otros, sectores clave como los recursos energéticos, los recursos hídricos, los recursos costeros, los asentamientos humanos y la planificación urbana, la agricultura y la silvicultura; así como las medidas de diversificación económica, que pueden abarcar, entre otros, sectores como la industria y las manufacturas, la energía y la minería, el transporte y las comunicaciones, la construcción, el turismo, el sector inmobiliario, la agricultura y la pesca. ecosistemas marinos; restauración de suelos, restauración y conservación de ecosistemas de carbono azul y arrecifes coralinos; así como acciones para fortalecer el manejo y conservación de bosques y selvas. Para información detallada, se sugiere ver componente de adaptación y de sinergias de la NDC. 5.', 'Para información detallada, se sugiere ver componente de adaptación y de sinergias de la NDC. 5. Supuestos y enfoques metodológicos, incluidos los utilizados para estimar y contabilizar las emisiones antropógenas de gases de efecto invernadero y, en su caso, la absorción antropógenas: a) Los supuestos y los enfoques metodológicos utilizados para contabilizar las emisiones y la absorción antropógenas de gases de efecto invernadero correspondientes a la contribución determinada a nivel nacional de la Parte, de conformidad con la decisión 31, y con las orientaciones sobre la El enfoque metodológico que se emplea para la estimación de los gases de efecto invernadero es el establecido por el IPCC 2006 y su Refinamiento 2019. La metodología, los datos de actividad y los factores de emisión se describen en el NIR de México mismo que se actualizará conforme sea necesario en los Informes Bienales de Transparencia.Contribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional | PÁG.', 'La metodología, los datos de actividad y los factores de emisión se describen en el NIR de México mismo que se actualizará conforme sea necesario en los Informes Bienales de Transparencia.Contribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional | PÁG. 25 rendición de cuentas aprobadas por la CP/RA (CMA); b) Los supuestos y los enfoques metodológicos utilizados para rendir cuentas de la aplicación de políticas y medidas o estrategias en la contribución determinada a nivel nacional; Ver punto 5a anterior. También se aplicarán supuestos y metodologías específicas, cuando proceda, al contabilizar el progreso de diversas políticas y medidas mismas que se presentarán en los informes bienales correspondientes.', 'También se aplicarán supuestos y metodologías específicas, cuando proceda, al contabilizar el progreso de diversas políticas y medidas mismas que se presentarán en los informes bienales correspondientes. c) Si procede, información sobre la forma en que la Parte tendrá en cuenta los métodos y orientaciones existentes en el marco de la Convención para contabilizar las emisiones y la absorción antropógenas, de conformidad con el Artículo 4, párrafo 14, del Acuerdo de París, según corresponda; El enfoque metodológico para la estimación de los gases de efecto invernadero es el establecido por las Directrices 2006 del IPCC, así como sus actualizaciones, cuando sea técnicamente aplicable dada la disponibilidad de los datos, de acuerdo con las circunstancias nacionales. La metodología, los datos de actividad y los factores de emisión se describen en el NIR de México.', 'La metodología, los datos de actividad y los factores de emisión se describen en el NIR de México. d) Las metodologías y los sistemas de medición del IPCC utilizados para estimar las emisiones y la absorción antropógenas de gases de efecto invernadero; Las Directrices del IPCC 2006 y su Refinamiento 2019 se utilizan para estimar las emisiones y remociones de GEI. Se utilizarán futuras actualizaciones de las Directrices IPCC cuando sea técnicamente posible su aplicación, así como la disponibilidad de los datos de actividad de acuerdo con las circunstancias nacionales.', 'Se utilizarán futuras actualizaciones de las Directrices IPCC cuando sea técnicamente posible su aplicación, así como la disponibilidad de los datos de actividad de acuerdo con las circunstancias nacionales. e) Supuestos, metodologías y enfoques específicos para cada sector, categoría o actividad, Para abordar las emisiones y absorciones de CO2 por las perturbaciones naturales de las tierras gestionadas y de la reforestación se utiliza la metodología y el enfoque del cambio en las existencias de carbono con base en las variaciones que se producen en los ecosistemas, principalmente, a través de procesos de intercambio de CO2 entre la superficie terrestre y la atmósfera. Por lo tanto, los incrementos en las existencias de carbono en el tiempo se equiparán con la absorción neta| PÁG.', 'Por lo tanto, los incrementos en las existencias de carbono en el tiempo se equiparán con la absorción neta| PÁG. 26 coherentes con la orientación del IPCC, según proceda, incluso, llegado el caso: i. El enfoque utilizado para abordar las emisiones y la subsiguiente absorción resultantes de las perturbaciones naturales en las tierras explotadas; de la atmósfera, mientras que las reducciones en las existencias totales de carbono se equiparán con la emisión neta de CO2 . Lo anterior de acuerdo con las Directrices IPCC del 2006. Los detalles metodológicos para estimar las variaciones de las reservas de carbono de 1) pérdidas y ganancias y 2) diferencias en los almacenes se presentan en el NIR de México. ii. El enfoque utilizado para contabilizar las emisiones y la absorción resultantes de los productos de madera recolectada; Se cuantifican las absorciones de los productos de madera en el INEGyCEI. iii.', 'El enfoque utilizado para contabilizar las emisiones y la absorción resultantes de los productos de madera recolectada; Se cuantifican las absorciones de los productos de madera en el INEGyCEI. iii. El enfoque utilizado para abordar los efectos de la estructura de edad de los bosques; Para abordar los efectos de la estructura de edad en los bosques se considera la información del Inventario Nacional Forestal y de Suelos (INFyS) el cual tiene establecidos conglomerados o unidades de muestreo a lo largo del todo el territorio nacional en donde se colecta la información dasométrica de la vegetación forestal del país. La información del INFyS se procesa para realizar muestreos estratificados por tipo de vegetación que permiten conocer la estructura y características de los bosques del país. Los detalles metodológicos se encuentran en el NIR y sus mejoras se presentarán en los BTR subsecuentes.', 'Los detalles metodológicos se encuentran en el NIR y sus mejoras se presentarán en los BTR subsecuentes. f) Otros supuestos y enfoques metodológicos utilizados para comprender la contribución determinada a nivel nacional y, si procede, estimar las emisiones y las absorciones correspondientes, indicando: i. Cómo se construyen los indicadores de referencia, las líneas de base y/o los niveles de referencia, Conforme a la definición de línea base anteriormente mencionada (ver 3a), en el 2030 en un escenario hipotético tendencial se emitirían 991 Mt e. El desarrollo de la línea base es la proyección de la tendencia histórica de variables impulsoras de las diferentes fuentes de emisión. Para esta proyección se utiliza la información metodológica actualizada del INEGyCEI. Para integrar la trayectoria de emisiones a nivel nacional se desarrollan las proyecciones por cada sector, categoría y en algunos casos por fuente de emisión.', 'Para integrar la trayectoria de emisiones a nivel nacional se desarrollan las proyecciones por cada sector, categoría y en algunos casos por fuente de emisión. Las etapas del proceso del desarrollo de la línea base a 2030 son: 1. Identificación de variables impulsoras: Se identifican aquellas que se caracterizan en términos de la generación de emisiones de gases y compuestos de efecto invernadero (GyCEI); 2. Detección de fuentes de información: A partir de las cuales se obtienen los datos de actividad necesarios para estimar las proyecciones de consumos energéticos, producción, demanda, entre otras. Entre las principales fuentes de información, para los sectores de la agenda gris, identificadas podemos destacar:Contribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional | PÁG.', 'Entre las principales fuentes de información, para los sectores de la agenda gris, identificadas podemos destacar:Contribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional | PÁG. 27 incluidos, cuando proceda, los niveles de referencia específicos para cada sector, categoría o actividad, señalando, por ejemplo, los parámetros clave, los supuestos, las definiciones, las metodologías, las fuentes de datos y los modelos utilizados; El Sistema de Información Energética de la Secretaría de Energía; El Anuario Estadístico de la Minería Mexicana; Las Prospectivas de la Secretaría de Energía, El Programa de Desarrollo del Sistema Eléctrico Nacional (PRODESEN) e informes y documentos públicos desarrollados por diversas Cámaras y Asociaciones industriales; entre otros.', '27 incluidos, cuando proceda, los niveles de referencia específicos para cada sector, categoría o actividad, señalando, por ejemplo, los parámetros clave, los supuestos, las definiciones, las metodologías, las fuentes de datos y los modelos utilizados; El Sistema de Información Energética de la Secretaría de Energía; El Anuario Estadístico de la Minería Mexicana; Las Prospectivas de la Secretaría de Energía, El Programa de Desarrollo del Sistema Eléctrico Nacional (PRODESEN) e informes y documentos públicos desarrollados por diversas Cámaras y Asociaciones industriales; entre otros. Por su parte, en lo concerniente a los sectores de la denominada agenda verde, las fuentes de información consultadas fueron: Perspectivas de largo plazo para el sector agropecuario de México 2011—2020, SAGARPA; Planeación Nacional Agrícola 2017—2030, SADER; Fertilizer Outlook 2017—2021, International Fertilizer Association; Servicio de Información Agroalimentaria y Pesquera (SIAP), SADER.', 'Por su parte, en lo concerniente a los sectores de la denominada agenda verde, las fuentes de información consultadas fueron: Perspectivas de largo plazo para el sector agropecuario de México 2011—2020, SAGARPA; Planeación Nacional Agrícola 2017—2030, SADER; Fertilizer Outlook 2017—2021, International Fertilizer Association; Servicio de Información Agroalimentaria y Pesquera (SIAP), SADER. De igual forma, la retroalimentación con actores clave como industrias, cámaras, asociaciones y diversas dependencias y organizaciones, representa una fuente de información relevante para el desarrollo del presente trabajo; f) Otros supuestos y enfoques metodológicos utilizados para comprender la contribución determinada a nivel nacional y, si procede, estimar las emisiones y las absorciones correspondientes, indicando: i. Cómo se construyen los indicadores de referencia, las líneas de base y/o los niveles de referencia, incluidos, cuando proceda, los niveles de referencia específicos para cada sector, categoría o actividad, señalando, por ejemplo, los parámetros clave, los supuestos, las definiciones, las metodologías, las fuentes de datos y los modelos utilizados; 3.', 'De igual forma, la retroalimentación con actores clave como industrias, cámaras, asociaciones y diversas dependencias y organizaciones, representa una fuente de información relevante para el desarrollo del presente trabajo; f) Otros supuestos y enfoques metodológicos utilizados para comprender la contribución determinada a nivel nacional y, si procede, estimar las emisiones y las absorciones correspondientes, indicando: i. Cómo se construyen los indicadores de referencia, las líneas de base y/o los niveles de referencia, incluidos, cuando proceda, los niveles de referencia específicos para cada sector, categoría o actividad, señalando, por ejemplo, los parámetros clave, los supuestos, las definiciones, las metodologías, las fuentes de datos y los modelos utilizados; 3. Proyección de datos de actividad a 2030: Con la información pertinente recopilada, se integran por sector, categoría y en algunos casos hasta fuente de emisión, las proyecciones de los datos de actividad, como, por ejemplo, consumos energéticos, producción, cabezas de ganado, entre otros, que en 2030 se estima puedan presentarse a partir del año base 2013 bajo un escenario BAU.', 'Proyección de datos de actividad a 2030: Con la información pertinente recopilada, se integran por sector, categoría y en algunos casos hasta fuente de emisión, las proyecciones de los datos de actividad, como, por ejemplo, consumos energéticos, producción, cabezas de ganado, entre otros, que en 2030 se estima puedan presentarse a partir del año base 2013 bajo un escenario BAU. En este sentido, para el desarrollo de las proyecciones fue necesario analizar las características de cada uno, definiendo individualmente la ruta más conveniente para estimar valores futuros, siendo en ocasiones resultado de aplicar una tasa de crecimiento promedio considerando un periodo de tiempo histórico estable del comportamiento de los datos de actividad, o bien, a través de indicadores que asociaran la demanda o las expectativas de producción, demanda, crecimiento u otros con los requerimientos propios de la actividad, buscando siempre reflejar, de manera conservadora y representativa, la naturaleza de cada actividad; 4.', 'En este sentido, para el desarrollo de las proyecciones fue necesario analizar las características de cada uno, definiendo individualmente la ruta más conveniente para estimar valores futuros, siendo en ocasiones resultado de aplicar una tasa de crecimiento promedio considerando un periodo de tiempo histórico estable del comportamiento de los datos de actividad, o bien, a través de indicadores que asociaran la demanda o las expectativas de producción, demanda, crecimiento u otros con los requerimientos propios de la actividad, buscando siempre reflejar, de manera conservadora y representativa, la naturaleza de cada actividad; 4. Estimación de emisiones: La estimación de emisiones asociadas a los datos proyectados para cada sector fue realizada tomando en consideración el enfoque metodológico (factores de emisión, consideraciones y parámetros) pro- visto en las Directrices de IPCC para inventarios nacionales 2006, misma que fue utilizada para la actualización del INEGyCEI; Integración de la línea base: Finalmente, con los datos sobre emisiones en el escenario de línea base en cada uno de los sectores aplicables, es posible integrar a nivel nacional la trayectoria de emisiones 2014-2030 esperada bajo un escenario BAU, siendo el punto de partida el 2013 con los datos del INEGyCEI.', 'Estimación de emisiones: La estimación de emisiones asociadas a los datos proyectados para cada sector fue realizada tomando en consideración el enfoque metodológico (factores de emisión, consideraciones y parámetros) pro- visto en las Directrices de IPCC para inventarios nacionales 2006, misma que fue utilizada para la actualización del INEGyCEI; Integración de la línea base: Finalmente, con los datos sobre emisiones en el escenario de línea base en cada uno de los sectores aplicables, es posible integrar a nivel nacional la trayectoria de emisiones 2014-2030 esperada bajo un escenario BAU, siendo el punto de partida el 2013 con los datos del INEGyCEI. ii. En el caso de las La metodología de la estimación de las emisiones de carbono negro se| PÁG.', 'En el caso de las La metodología de la estimación de las emisiones de carbono negro se| PÁG. 28 Partes con contribuciones determinadas a nivel nacional que contengan componentes que no sean gases de efecto invernadero, información sobre los supuestos y los enfoques metodológicos utilizados en relación con esos componentes, según proceda; presenta en el NIR. iii. En el caso de los forzadores climáticos incluidos en las contribuciones determinadas a nivel nacional que no estén abarcados por las directrices del IPCC, información sobre cómo se estiman los forzadores climáticos; Para el caso del carbono negro, la construcción de la línea base se realiza conforme a lo descrito en 5.f.i. La metodología de la estimación de las emisiones de carbono negro se presenta en el NIR. iv. Información técnica adicional, de ser necesaria; No aplica g) La intención de recurrir a la cooperación voluntaria en virtud del Artículo 6 del Acuerdo de París, si procede.', 'Información técnica adicional, de ser necesaria; No aplica g) La intención de recurrir a la cooperación voluntaria en virtud del Artículo 6 del Acuerdo de París, si procede. México manifiesta su interés de participar en los mercados de carbono internacionales bajo el marco del Artículo 6 del Acuerdo de París. 6. Cómo considera la Parte que su contribución determinada a nivel nacional es justa y ambiciosa a la luz de sus circunstancias nacionales: a) Cómo considera la Parte que su contribución determinada a nivel nacional es justa y ambiciosa a la luz de sus circunstancias nacionales; Se considera justa y ambiciosa toda vez que requiere fomentar cambios estructurales en todos los sectores de la economía nacional y movilizar financiamiento climático por más de 185 mil millones de dólares.', 'Cómo considera la Parte que su contribución determinada a nivel nacional es justa y ambiciosa a la luz de sus circunstancias nacionales: a) Cómo considera la Parte que su contribución determinada a nivel nacional es justa y ambiciosa a la luz de sus circunstancias nacionales; Se considera justa y ambiciosa toda vez que requiere fomentar cambios estructurales en todos los sectores de la economía nacional y movilizar financiamiento climático por más de 185 mil millones de dólares. Se considera que estas medidas tendrán mayores beneficios que costos para el país, sin embargo, movilizar esta suma requerirá de un esfuerzo colectivo multiactor de gran magnitud. Si se considera la meta condicionada y la contribución en materia de carbono negro, México estaría contribuyendo con una reducción en elContribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional | PÁG.', 'Si se considera la meta condicionada y la contribución en materia de carbono negro, México estaría contribuyendo con una reducción en elContribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional | PÁG. 29 orden de magnitud de lo que el IPCC señala que los países deben de lograr para mantener en alcance la meta de 1.5ºC. El aumento de ambición en el componente de adaptación pretende ser justo con la población mexicana, al reconocer la vulnerabilidad particular de ciertas comunidades y resaltar los esfuerzos coordinados y comunes como nación, pero diferenciados respecto a la atención temprana de los sectores más afectados.', 'El aumento de ambición en el componente de adaptación pretende ser justo con la población mexicana, al reconocer la vulnerabilidad particular de ciertas comunidades y resaltar los esfuerzos coordinados y comunes como nación, pero diferenciados respecto a la atención temprana de los sectores más afectados. b) Consideraciones de equidad, incluida una reflexión sobre la equidad; A pesar de que México no es uno de los países que aporta las mayores emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero a la atmósfera, el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2019—2024 establece la premisa de “No dejar a nadie fuera, no dejar a nadie atrás” y define; “Propugnamos un modelo de desarrollo respetuoso de los habitantes y del hábitat, equitativo, orientado a subsanar y no a agudizar las desigualdades, defensor de la diversidad cultural y del ambiente natural, sensible a las modalidades y singularidades económicas regionales y locales y consciente de las necesidades de los habitantes futuros del país, a quienes no podemos heredar un territorio en ruinas”.', 'b) Consideraciones de equidad, incluida una reflexión sobre la equidad; A pesar de que México no es uno de los países que aporta las mayores emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero a la atmósfera, el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2019—2024 establece la premisa de “No dejar a nadie fuera, no dejar a nadie atrás” y define; “Propugnamos un modelo de desarrollo respetuoso de los habitantes y del hábitat, equitativo, orientado a subsanar y no a agudizar las desigualdades, defensor de la diversidad cultural y del ambiente natural, sensible a las modalidades y singularidades económicas regionales y locales y consciente de las necesidades de los habitantes futuros del país, a quienes no podemos heredar un territorio en ruinas”. México ha incorporado la NDC en su legislación y sus procesos de planeación, asegurando vías y procesos para su implementación.', 'México ha incorporado la NDC en su legislación y sus procesos de planeación, asegurando vías y procesos para su implementación. La presente NDC es un esfuerzo considerable emprendido por el país y demuestra el más alto grado de ambición considerando las posibilidades actuales. De esta forma, la NDC se considera justa y ambiciosa. A través de la acción coordinada de la sociedad, México está convencido que podrá realizar las metas comprometidas, y a través de la actuación solidaria de la comunidad internacional será posible alcanzar las metas establecidas en el Acuerdo de París.', 'A través de la acción coordinada de la sociedad, México está convencido que podrá realizar las metas comprometidas, y a través de la actuación solidaria de la comunidad internacional será posible alcanzar las metas establecidas en el Acuerdo de París. c) Cómo ha abordado la Parte el Artículo 4, párrafo 3, del Acuerdo de París; México presentó su Contribución Prevista Determinada a nivel Nacional (INDC) y su compromiso de mitigación no condicionado considerando las circunstancias nacionales en el 2015, la cual se actualiza en este documento. La NDC representa el mayor nivel de ambición posible en este momento para el país, tomando en cuenta su nivel de desarrollo.', 'La NDC representa el mayor nivel de ambición posible en este momento para el país, tomando en cuenta su nivel de desarrollo. Se considera que es justa, dado que la contribución de México a las emisiones globales de 1.3% del total global, con emisiones per cápita de 3.7 ton, el cual se encuentra por debajo de la media global de 5 ton per cápita, es decir 4.4 veces menor que la de nuestro principal socio comercial, Estados Unidos con 16.5 ton per cápita y la mitad del mayor emisor mundial, 7.5 ton per cápita.', 'Se considera que es justa, dado que la contribución de México a las emisiones globales de 1.3% del total global, con emisiones per cápita de 3.7 ton, el cual se encuentra por debajo de la media global de 5 ton per cápita, es decir 4.4 veces menor que la de nuestro principal socio comercial, Estados Unidos con 16.5 ton per cápita y la mitad del mayor emisor mundial, 7.5 ton per cápita. d) Cómo ha abordado la Parte el Artículo 4, párrafo 4, del Acuerdo de París; México como país en desarrollo de renta media, que se sitúa entre los 20 mayores emisores, reconoce su participación en la responsabilidad global en materia de mitigación y ha establecido compromisos que abarcan todos los sectores considerados en las Directrices del IPCC 2006, con objetivos al 2030.', 'd) Cómo ha abordado la Parte el Artículo 4, párrafo 4, del Acuerdo de París; México como país en desarrollo de renta media, que se sitúa entre los 20 mayores emisores, reconoce su participación en la responsabilidad global en materia de mitigación y ha establecido compromisos que abarcan todos los sectores considerados en las Directrices del IPCC 2006, con objetivos al 2030. Para la definición de tales compromisos, se ciñe al contenido de los informes del IPCC, el estado de desarrollo y las prioridades de combate a la pobreza, la necesidad de integrar políticas en materia de Contaminantes Climáticos de Vida Corta, y otras políticas prometedoras que están en proceso de desarrollo, como el primer Sistema de Comercio de Emisiones de América Latina.', 'Para la definición de tales compromisos, se ciñe al contenido de los informes del IPCC, el estado de desarrollo y las prioridades de combate a la pobreza, la necesidad de integrar políticas en materia de Contaminantes Climáticos de Vida Corta, y otras políticas prometedoras que están en proceso de desarrollo, como el primer Sistema de Comercio de Emisiones de América Latina. Asimismo, se consideró el estado actual de las políticas climáticas en los países desarrollados, las posibilidades de financiamiento climático y de transferencia de tecnologías actuales. Otras consideraciones incluyen el análisis y fortalecimiento de la política pública sobre las políticas de precios de carbono en otras jurisdicciones.| PÁG. 30 e) Cómo ha abordado la Parte el Artículo 4, párrafo 6, del Acuerdo de París. No aplica 7.', '30 e) Cómo ha abordado la Parte el Artículo 4, párrafo 6, del Acuerdo de París. No aplica 7. La forma en que la contribución determinada a nivel nacional contribuye a la consecución del objetivo de la Convención, enunciado en su artículo 2: a) La forma en que la contribución determinada a nivel nacional contribuye a la consecución del objetivo de la Convención, enunciado en su Artículo 2; párrafo La NDC de México está alineada al objetivo del Acuerdo de París de mantener el aumento de la temperatura media mundial muy por debajo de 2ºC con respecto a los niveles preindustriales. Asimismo, se han considerado las circunstancias económicas y nacionales tanto para la construcción de las bases, como para la posible ruta del potencial de mitigación.', 'Asimismo, se han considerado las circunstancias económicas y nacionales tanto para la construcción de las bases, como para la posible ruta del potencial de mitigación. En particular, los objetivos consideran la necesidad de acelerar acciones para lograr un pico de emisiones lo antes posible y la descarbonización en la segunda mitad del siglo, como apunta el Artículo 2 para los países en desarrollo. b. La forma en que la contribución determinada a nivel nacional contribuye a la aplicación del Artículo 2, párrafo 1 a), y del Artículo Acuerdo de París. La NDC de México está alineada al objetivo del Acuerdo de París de mantener el aumento de la temperatura media mundial muy por debajo de 2ºC con respecto a los niveles preindustriales y a hacer esfuerzos adicionales para lograr incluso el 1.5ºC.', 'La NDC de México está alineada al objetivo del Acuerdo de París de mantener el aumento de la temperatura media mundial muy por debajo de 2ºC con respecto a los niveles preindustriales y a hacer esfuerzos adicionales para lograr incluso el 1.5ºC. Las emisiones de México representan el 1.3% de las emisiones globales, por lo que para lograr estos objetivos es necesario que los grandes emisores reduzcan rápida y profundamente sus emisiones. La reducción del 35% de las emisiones de México en el 2030 se traducen en evitar la emisión de alrededor de 347 MtCO2 e en dicho año para contribuir a la meta global.', 'La reducción del 35% de las emisiones de México en el 2030 se traducen en evitar la emisión de alrededor de 347 MtCO2 e en dicho año para contribuir a la meta global. Además, el país podría reducir hasta 4o% si se cumplen las siguientes condiciones: a) recibir mayor financiamiento internacional, principalmente para las medidas de mayor costo económico, b) contar con mayores apoyos internacionales para la innovación tecnológica y transferencia de tecnología, b) que los demás países logren un aumento global de la ambición, particularmente de los países de mayor emisión, que permita una ruta de descarbonización mundial consistente con el objetivo ambicioso de mantener la temperatura global en 1.5ºC.Contribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional | PÁG. 31| PÁG.', 'Además, el país podría reducir hasta 4o% si se cumplen las siguientes condiciones: a) recibir mayor financiamiento internacional, principalmente para las medidas de mayor costo económico, b) contar con mayores apoyos internacionales para la innovación tecnológica y transferencia de tecnología, b) que los demás países logren un aumento global de la ambición, particularmente de los países de mayor emisión, que permita una ruta de descarbonización mundial consistente con el objetivo ambicioso de mantener la temperatura global en 1.5ºC.Contribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional | PÁG. 31| PÁG. 32 COMPONENTE DE ADAPTACIÓN México es un país megadiverso con litorales tanto en el Atlántico como en el Pacífico4 único en su riqueza biológica a nivel continental y marino-costero.', '32 COMPONENTE DE ADAPTACIÓN México es un país megadiverso con litorales tanto en el Atlántico como en el Pacífico4 único en su riqueza biológica a nivel continental y marino-costero. Además, cuenta con una vasta y diversa riqueza cultural que se traduce en una amplia gama de lenguas e identidades culturales. Desde la presentación de la primera NDC en 2015, el país incorporó compromisos en materia de adaptación, reflejando con ello el compromiso de atender su vulnerabilidad y proteger su diversidad y riqueza biológica y cultural. En las últimas décadas, el conocimiento sobre la vulnerabilidad nacional al cambio climático ha avanzado sustancialmente, dando como resultado una evolución en el tratamiento de la información y la aplicación de los enfoques que se plantean y ejecutan para el diseño de medidas de adaptación.', 'En las últimas décadas, el conocimiento sobre la vulnerabilidad nacional al cambio climático ha avanzado sustancialmente, dando como resultado una evolución en el tratamiento de la información y la aplicación de los enfoques que se plantean y ejecutan para el diseño de medidas de adaptación. La interacción de factores tales como la posición geográfica, las condiciones ambientales, socioeconómicas y de alto rezago social en combinación con elementos culturales confluyen dando como resultado un país altamente vulnerable a impactos potenciales del cambio climático, confirmando nuevamente que la adaptación y la reducción de riesgos son tareas inaplazables.', 'La interacción de factores tales como la posición geográfica, las condiciones ambientales, socioeconómicas y de alto rezago social en combinación con elementos culturales confluyen dando como resultado un país altamente vulnerable a impactos potenciales del cambio climático, confirmando nuevamente que la adaptación y la reducción de riesgos son tareas inaplazables. Los avances en el conocimiento acerca de la vulnerabilidad, así como el considerar la información presentada en los informes especiales del IPCC, dan pauta para la construcción de una Política Nacional de Adaptación (NAP, por sus siglas en inglés) prevista en la LGCC que tiene como objetivo orientar la implementación de este componente a través de procesos colaborativos, multisectoriales, que reconozcan la naturaleza amplia, compleja y urgente5 de la adaptación.', 'Los avances en el conocimiento acerca de la vulnerabilidad, así como el considerar la información presentada en los informes especiales del IPCC, dan pauta para la construcción de una Política Nacional de Adaptación (NAP, por sus siglas en inglés) prevista en la LGCC que tiene como objetivo orientar la implementación de este componente a través de procesos colaborativos, multisectoriales, que reconozcan la naturaleza amplia, compleja y urgente5 de la adaptación. Este componente amplía su ámbito de actuación al integrar elementos transversales como las Soluciones basadas en Naturaleza (SbN) y los enfoques de Adaptación basada en Comunidades (AbC); Adaptación basada en Ecosistemas (AbE); así como Adaptación basada en la Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres (AbRRD).', 'Este componente amplía su ámbito de actuación al integrar elementos transversales como las Soluciones basadas en Naturaleza (SbN) y los enfoques de Adaptación basada en Comunidades (AbC); Adaptación basada en Ecosistemas (AbE); así como Adaptación basada en la Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres (AbRRD). Asimismo, y como resultado de un proceso participativo desarrollado a nivel nacional, entre marzo de 2019 y noviembre de 2020, se incorpora la retroalimentación de los tres órdenes de gobierno, expertos, academia, sectores productivos, organizaciones de la sociedad civil, juventudes y público en general. Igualmente, se integran elementos para impulsar la adaptación de la población, los ecosistemas, sistemas productivos, seguridad 4 Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO). (2020).', 'Igualmente, se integran elementos para impulsar la adaptación de la población, los ecosistemas, sistemas productivos, seguridad 4 Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO). (2020). México 5 Amplia se refiere a la diversidad de saberes tanto tradicionales como científicos y especializados; complejo señala el hecho de que por el momento no todo es medible en materia de adaptación y urgente porque responde a principios de justicia social y medioambiental.Contribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional | PÁG. 33 alimentaria, gestión integral de los recursos hídricos, y la infraestructura estratégica y el patrimonio cultural tangible del país. De esta forma, el componente de adaptación incrementa su ámbito de actuación.', 'De esta forma, el componente de adaptación incrementa su ámbito de actuación. Durante la caracterización de las líneas de acción, se definieron los medios de implementación requeridos en cuanto al desarrollo y fortalecimiento de capacidades, generación de conocimiento e investigación científica, así como el desarrollo y transferencia de tecnología y la consolidación de mecanismos financieros para acciones de adaptación que serán desarrolladas para el año 2030. Consecuentemente, la actualización del componente de adaptación de la NDC presenta una mayor ambición en las acciones que se llevarán a cabo en el territorio y prevé establecer y consolidar mecanismos de Monitoreo y Evaluación (M&E) con el fin de fortalecer la transparencia en el reporte de los avances y resultados obtenidos en la reducción de la vulnerabilidad.', 'Consecuentemente, la actualización del componente de adaptación de la NDC presenta una mayor ambición en las acciones que se llevarán a cabo en el territorio y prevé establecer y consolidar mecanismos de Monitoreo y Evaluación (M&E) con el fin de fortalecer la transparencia en el reporte de los avances y resultados obtenidos en la reducción de la vulnerabilidad. También considera incrementar la participación de los diferentes sectores y organismos involucrados en la toma de decisiones, así como en la planeación y uso del financiamiento al reconocer las oportunidades y establecer requerimientos para su adecuada implementación con una visión de largo plazo.', 'También considera incrementar la participación de los diferentes sectores y organismos involucrados en la toma de decisiones, así como en la planeación y uso del financiamiento al reconocer las oportunidades y establecer requerimientos para su adecuada implementación con una visión de largo plazo. A continuación, se presentan los cinco ejes y las 27 líneas de acción que reflejan el compromiso de adaptación al cambio climático del Gobierno de México en el marco de la NDC.| PÁG. 34Contribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional | PÁG. 35 EJE A. PREVENCIÓN Y ATENCIÓN DE IMPACTOS NEGATIVOS EN LA POBLACIÓN HUMANA Y EN EL TERRITORIO En México, diversos grupos sociales son particularmente vulnerables a los impactos del cambio climático.', '35 EJE A. PREVENCIÓN Y ATENCIÓN DE IMPACTOS NEGATIVOS EN LA POBLACIÓN HUMANA Y EN EL TERRITORIO En México, diversos grupos sociales son particularmente vulnerables a los impactos del cambio climático. Destacan entre ellos, los pueblos indígenas y afromexicanos que habitan en su gran mayoría en zonas de alto riesgo y se encuentran en situaciones de pobreza y marginación. Por otra parte, las brechas de desigualdad presentes en la población mexicana aumentan la vulnerabilidad geográfica, etaria y de género al restringir a las mujeres el acceso a medios de producción como la tierra, al financiamiento, a procesos de capacitación o a la educación e información, con lo cual se disminuye su capacidad adaptativa frente al cambio climático.', 'Por otra parte, las brechas de desigualdad presentes en la población mexicana aumentan la vulnerabilidad geográfica, etaria y de género al restringir a las mujeres el acceso a medios de producción como la tierra, al financiamiento, a procesos de capacitación o a la educación e información, con lo cual se disminuye su capacidad adaptativa frente al cambio climático. Son estas condiciones socioeconómicas, aunadas al incremento de los fenómenos hidrometeorológicos, como inundaciones y sequías, circunstancias que han forzado a las personas a desplazarse de sus hogares y buscar nuevas oportunidades en otros territorios. Estos procesos en ocasiones derivan en conflictos y en una competencia por los recursos que pueden agravar las vulnerabilidades preexistentes.', 'Estos procesos en ocasiones derivan en conflictos y en una competencia por los recursos que pueden agravar las vulnerabilidades preexistentes. El Eje A se compone de 7 líneas de acción que tienen como principal objetivo transitar hacia la implementación de acciones en el territorio. Toma en cuenta las brechas de desigualdad social y se orienta a reducir los impactos asociados al cambio climático a través de la sensibilización de la población, el acceso a la información y el desarrollo de herramientas e instrumentos para la toma de decisiones. Considera un enfoque preventivo y una visión de largo plazo.', 'Considera un enfoque preventivo y una visión de largo plazo. De igual manera, considera contribuir al cumplimiento de temáticas estratégicas relacionadas con 15 ODS y 45 de sus metas, entre las que destacan: ciudades y asentamientos humanos que adoptan e implementan políticas y planes integrados para la adaptación; resiliencia de las personas en situaciones vulnerables y reducción de su exposición y vulnerabilidad climática; y salud preventiva, considerando criterios de igualdad de género, interseccionalidad y derechos humanos, por mencionar algunos. En la siguiente tabla se muestran las líneas de acción correspondientes, resaltando las acciones nuevas, sinergias existentes con mitigación y, en su caso, la vinculación con los ODS.| PÁG. 36 Eje A. Prevención y atención de impactos negativos en la población humana y en el territorio LÍNEA DE ACCIÓN LÍNEA DE ACCIÓN NUEVA SINERGIA CON MITIGACIÓN ODS A1.', '36 Eje A. Prevención y atención de impactos negativos en la población humana y en el territorio LÍNEA DE ACCIÓN LÍNEA DE ACCIÓN NUEVA SINERGIA CON MITIGACIÓN ODS A1. Implementar acciones en 50% de los municipios identificados como vulnerables de acuerdo con el Atlas Nacional de Vulnerabilidad al Cambio Climático y el Programa Especial de Cambio Climático 2020-2024 priorizando a los de mayor rezago social A2. Implementar estrategias integrales de adaptación que fortalezcan la resiliencia en asentamientos humanos A3. Fortalecer en los tres órdenes de gobierno los sistemas de alerta temprana y protocolos de prevención y acción ante peligros hidrometeorológicos y climáticos en diferentes sistemas naturales y humanos A4. Incorporar criterios de adaptación al cambio climático en los instrumentos de planeación, gestión territorial y del riesgo de desastres en todos los sectores y órdenes de gobierno A5.', 'Incorporar criterios de adaptación al cambio climático en los instrumentos de planeación, gestión territorial y del riesgo de desastres en todos los sectores y órdenes de gobierno A5. Fortalecer instrumentos financieros, para la gestión del riesgo de desastres y atención mediante la integración de criterios de adaptación al cambio climático A6. Implementar estrategias para reducir los impactos en la salud, relacionados con enfermedades exacerbadas por el cambio climático A7. Identificar y atender el desplazamiento forzado de personas por los impactos negativos del cambio climáticoContribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional | PÁG. 37 EJE B. SISTEMAS PRODUCTIVOS RESILIENTES Y SEGURIDAD ALIMENTARIA La alimentación es un derecho humano fundamental que se garantiza cuando las personas gozan de forma oportuna y permanente, del acceso físico, económico y social a los alimentos en cantidad y calidad suficientes para su adecuado consumo.', '37 EJE B. SISTEMAS PRODUCTIVOS RESILIENTES Y SEGURIDAD ALIMENTARIA La alimentación es un derecho humano fundamental que se garantiza cuando las personas gozan de forma oportuna y permanente, del acceso físico, económico y social a los alimentos en cantidad y calidad suficientes para su adecuado consumo. Este derecho contribuye tanto a su bienestar como a la satisfacción de necesidades alimenticias y culturales. En México, el incremento de la temperatura y las modificaciones en los patrones de lluvia, resultado del cambio climático, podrían provocar que muchos cultivos se tornen inadecuados para la región en donde actualmente se producen. De igual forma, se prevén afectaciones en la estructura ecológica y el funcionamiento de los ecosistemas marinos, así como en los bienes y servicios que éstos proveen.', 'De igual forma, se prevén afectaciones en la estructura ecológica y el funcionamiento de los ecosistemas marinos, así como en los bienes y servicios que éstos proveen. En dichos escenarios, se reconoce que la conservación de la agrobiodiversidad, la lucha contra la desertificación y la reducción de la sobreexplotación de los recursos naturales terrestres y marinos representan un desafío estrechamente relacionado con la seguridad alimentaria. De manera similar, la ganadería extensiva tiene importantes impactos sociales y medioambientales. El constante incremento en la demanda de productos pecuarios acelera la deforestación de grandes extensiones de bosques y tiene como consecuencia la contaminación y agotamiento de cuerpos de agua.', 'El constante incremento en la demanda de productos pecuarios acelera la deforestación de grandes extensiones de bosques y tiene como consecuencia la contaminación y agotamiento de cuerpos de agua. Así mismo, ante un contexto de cambio climático, los requerimientos de alimentación y confort térmico del ganado requerirán de estrategias integrales de manejo sostenible como el establecimiento de sistemas silvopastoriles y de ganadería regenerativa.', 'Así mismo, ante un contexto de cambio climático, los requerimientos de alimentación y confort térmico del ganado requerirán de estrategias integrales de manejo sostenible como el establecimiento de sistemas silvopastoriles y de ganadería regenerativa. Ante este escenario, el Eje B plantea 5 líneas de acción con las que se apoya primordialmente el cumplimiento de 9 ODS y 11 de sus metas, relacionadas con la sostenibilidad de los sistemas de producción de alimentos y prácticas agrícolas resilientes que contribuyan al mantenimiento de los ecosistemas y fortalezcan la capacidad de adaptación al cambio climático incentivando la investigación, el desarrollo y la aplicación del conocimiento científico y tradicional.', 'Ante este escenario, el Eje B plantea 5 líneas de acción con las que se apoya primordialmente el cumplimiento de 9 ODS y 11 de sus metas, relacionadas con la sostenibilidad de los sistemas de producción de alimentos y prácticas agrícolas resilientes que contribuyan al mantenimiento de los ecosistemas y fortalezcan la capacidad de adaptación al cambio climático incentivando la investigación, el desarrollo y la aplicación del conocimiento científico y tradicional. Se atienden también la distribución justa y equitativa de los beneficios que aporta la diversidad genética y diversificación de especies; la adecuación de las cadenas de valor y planes de inversión que integren criterios de cambio climático y desarrollo tecnológico sustentable; y conocimientos tradicionales que favorezcan la reducción de las brechas de desigualdad, colocando los derechos, necesidades y realidades de todas las personas en situación de vulnerabilidad en el centro de los| PÁG.', 'Se atienden también la distribución justa y equitativa de los beneficios que aporta la diversidad genética y diversificación de especies; la adecuación de las cadenas de valor y planes de inversión que integren criterios de cambio climático y desarrollo tecnológico sustentable; y conocimientos tradicionales que favorezcan la reducción de las brechas de desigualdad, colocando los derechos, necesidades y realidades de todas las personas en situación de vulnerabilidad en el centro de los| PÁG. 38 procesos de adaptación ante el cambio climático. En la siguiente tabla se destacan líneas de acción nuevas, sinergias y la vinculación con los ODS. Eje B. Sistemas productivos resilientes y seguridad alimentaria LÍNEA DE ACCIÓN LINEA DE ACCIÓN NUEVA SINERGIA CON MITIGACIÓN ODS B1. Promover prácticas de producción y consumo sostenibles, la conservación de los recursos genéticos y la recuperación de paisajes bioculturales B2.', 'Promover prácticas de producción y consumo sostenibles, la conservación de los recursos genéticos y la recuperación de paisajes bioculturales B2. Incorporar el riesgo por cambio climático dentro de las cadenas de valor y planes de inversión de los sectores productivos B3. Contribuir a la prevención y atención de plagas y enfermedades de especies animales domesticadas y cultivos vegetales, facilitadas y exacerbadas por el cambio climático B4. Fortalecer instrumentos de política ambiental e implementar acciones para asegurar la protección ante impactos potenciales del cambio climático de los cultivos nativos, relevantes para la agricultura y la seguridad alimentaria B5.', 'Fortalecer instrumentos de política ambiental e implementar acciones para asegurar la protección ante impactos potenciales del cambio climático de los cultivos nativos, relevantes para la agricultura y la seguridad alimentaria B5. Impulsar mecanismos de financiamiento que permitan enfrentar los impactos negativos del cambio climático en el sector primario EJE C. CONSERVACIÓN, RESTAURACIÓN Y APROVECHAMIENTO SOSTENIBLE DE LA BIODIVERSIDAD Y DE LOS SERVICIOS ECOSISTÉMICOS La diversidad biológica desempeña un papel fundamental en el secuestro de carbono y la regulación del clima global a través de los servicios ecosistémicos que proporciona. México ocupa el 5º lugar entre los países con mayor diversidad en el mundo, albergando aproximadamente el 12% de la biodiversidad del planeta. Un alto porcentaje de la diversidad biológica terrestre y acuática del paísContribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional | PÁG.', 'Un alto porcentaje de la diversidad biológica terrestre y acuática del paísContribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional | PÁG. 39 se encuentra amenazada por factores como la destrucción del hábitat, la sobreexplotación de recursos, la contaminación de suelo, agua y aire; la presencia de especies exóticas invasoras y los efectos adversos del cambio climático. La degradación y pérdida de ecosistemas incrementará la vulnerabilidad de la población y de la biodiversidad ante los efectos del cambio climático. Los derechos humanos, como el derecho al agua potable y la alimentación, el derecho a la salud y a un medio ambiente sano, dependen fuertemente de los ecosistemas y la diversidad que en ellos se encuentra. Esta biodiversidad, en el caso de los pueblos originarios, forma parte intrínseca de la cultura y del conocimiento tradicional.', 'Esta biodiversidad, en el caso de los pueblos originarios, forma parte intrínseca de la cultura y del conocimiento tradicional. En este sentido, el Eje C integra temas prioritarios para el país basados en la conservación y restauración de ecosistemas de carbono azul, mares y océanos, bosques y especies prioritarias, entre otros. También integra acciones para fortalecer el manejo y aumento de la conectividad de las Áreas Naturales Protegidas y otros esquemas de conservación bajo escenarios de cambio climático con respeto a los derechos colectivos y los bienes comunes6 de las comunidades que habitan en ellas. A través de estas acciones se busca aumentar la resiliencia y el desarrollo, asegurando las sinergias para la mitigación de GyCEI.', 'A través de estas acciones se busca aumentar la resiliencia y el desarrollo, asegurando las sinergias para la mitigación de GyCEI. Lo anterior, se expresa en 7 líneas de acción que contribuyen prioritariamente al logro de 11 ODS y 32 de sus metas orientadas a temas como: la reducción de la degradación de los hábitats naturales, detener la pérdida de la diversidad biológica y la protección de especies amenazadas; conservación de ecosistemas y su diversidad biológica para el desarrollo sostenible; e impulsar acciones para contrarrestar la desertificación, rehabilitar las tierras y los suelos degradados. En esta tabla se destacan igualmente acciones nuevas, sinergias y vinculación con los ODS. 6 Suárez, G. (6 de agosto de 2017).', '6 Suárez, G. (6 de agosto de 2017). Las comunidades indígenas, custodias de los bosques y la biodiversidad, Comunicado, en Consejo Civil Mexicano para la Silvicultura Sostenible. CCMSS. PÁG. 40 Eje C. Conservación, restauración y aprovechamiento sostenible de la biodiversidad y de los servicios ecosistémicos LÍNEA DE ACCIÓN LINEA DE ACCIÓN NUEVA SINERGIA CON MITIGACIÓN ODS C1. Alcanzar al 2030 una tasa cero de deforestación neta C2. Fortalecer instrumentos de política ambiental e implementar acciones para conservar y restaurar los ecosistemas continentales, incrementar su conectividad ecológica y favorecer su resiliencia| C3.Fortalecer instrumentos e implementar acciones para la conservación de la biodiversidad y restauración en ecosistemas marinos, costeros y dulceacuícolas, así como promover el incremento y permanencia de reservorios de carbono, haciendo énfasis en el carbono azul C4.', 'Fortalecer instrumentos de política ambiental e implementar acciones para conservar y restaurar los ecosistemas continentales, incrementar su conectividad ecológica y favorecer su resiliencia| C3.Fortalecer instrumentos e implementar acciones para la conservación de la biodiversidad y restauración en ecosistemas marinos, costeros y dulceacuícolas, así como promover el incremento y permanencia de reservorios de carbono, haciendo énfasis en el carbono azul C4. Impulsar acciones para prevenir el establecimiento, controlar y erradicar las especies invasoras, enfermedades y plagas, cuyos impactos se exacerban por efectos del cambio climático C5. Diseñar e implementar acciones que contribuyan al combate de la desertificación y a la conservación de suelos C6. Fortalecer instrumentos de política ambiental e implementar acciones para conservar y restaurar las islas e incrementar su resiliencia C7. Implementar acciones de conservación y restauración de los mares y océanos para favorecer su resiliencia ante el cambio climáticoContribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional | PÁG.', 'Implementar acciones de conservación y restauración de los mares y océanos para favorecer su resiliencia ante el cambio climáticoContribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional | PÁG. 41 EJE D. GESTIÓN INTEGRADA DE LOS RECURSOS HÍDRICOS CON ENFOQUE DE CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO El agua es uno de los recursos más valiosos para el desarrollo integral y sustentable del país. De los recursos hídricos dependen directamente la vida y la salud, además del equilibrio de los ecosistemas, el desarrollo de la sociedad y de los sectores de la economía. Tener acceso al agua en calidad y cantidad suficiente, es un derecho humano que sirve como precondición para el ejercicio de otros derechos como la salud, la alimentación, un medio ambiente sano, la vivienda digna y la educación, entre otros.', 'Tener acceso al agua en calidad y cantidad suficiente, es un derecho humano que sirve como precondición para el ejercicio de otros derechos como la salud, la alimentación, un medio ambiente sano, la vivienda digna y la educación, entre otros. Las condiciones adversas que genera el cambio climático pueden afectar severamente el ejercicio de este derecho humano. La disponibilidad de agua en nuestro país está amenazada. Al menos 14% de las cuencas hidrológicas se encuentran en déficit y 16% de los acuíferos se encuentran sobreexplotados7. Adicionalmente, el servicio diario de suministro de agua y de saneamiento dentro de la vivienda, no tiene una cobertura universal. En las zonas rurales, este porcentaje es menor que en las áreas urbanas, agudizándose esta situación en las zonas marginadas.', 'En las zonas rurales, este porcentaje es menor que en las áreas urbanas, agudizándose esta situación en las zonas marginadas. Las asimetrías sociales, así como las desigualdades de género, afectan la disponibilidad y accesibilidad al agua en cantidad y calidad suficientes.', 'Las asimetrías sociales, así como las desigualdades de género, afectan la disponibilidad y accesibilidad al agua en cantidad y calidad suficientes. Ante este panorama, el Eje D propone 4 líneas de acción para fomentar la gestión integrada de los recursos hídricos y la mejora en la provisión de servicios desde el enfoque de cambio climático, mismas que contribuirán al logro de 8 ODS y 21 de sus metas, en las que se observan las siguientes temáticas: uso eficiente de los recursos hídricos en todos los sectores y sostenibilidad de la extracción y el abastecimiento de agua dulce ante la escasez; creación de capacidades en actividades y programas relativos al agua y el saneamiento; el fomento a la investigación y el desarrollo tecnológico, impulsar tecnologías climáticas para captación de agua, uso eficiente de los recursos hídricos, tratamiento de agua residual, reciclado y reutilización; protección y restablecimiento de ecosistemas relacionados con el agua, incluidos bosques, montañas, humedales, ríos, acuíferos y lagos; integración del valor de los ecosistemas y la diversidad biológica en la planificación nacional y local, así como estrategias para el desarrollo y la reducción de la pobreza.', 'Ante este panorama, el Eje D propone 4 líneas de acción para fomentar la gestión integrada de los recursos hídricos y la mejora en la provisión de servicios desde el enfoque de cambio climático, mismas que contribuirán al logro de 8 ODS y 21 de sus metas, en las que se observan las siguientes temáticas: uso eficiente de los recursos hídricos en todos los sectores y sostenibilidad de la extracción y el abastecimiento de agua dulce ante la escasez; creación de capacidades en actividades y programas relativos al agua y el saneamiento; el fomento a la investigación y el desarrollo tecnológico, impulsar tecnologías climáticas para captación de agua, uso eficiente de los recursos hídricos, tratamiento de agua residual, reciclado y reutilización; protección y restablecimiento de ecosistemas relacionados con el agua, incluidos bosques, montañas, humedales, ríos, acuíferos y lagos; integración del valor de los ecosistemas y la diversidad biológica en la planificación nacional y local, así como estrategias para el desarrollo y la reducción de la pobreza. En la siguiente tabla se muestran las acciones nuevas, las sinergias y la vinculación con los ODS.', 'En la siguiente tabla se muestran las acciones nuevas, las sinergias y la vinculación con los ODS. 7 Comisión Nacional del Agua (CONAGUA). (2018). Estadísticas del Agua en México 2018. PÁG. 42 Eje D. Gestión integrada de los recursos hídricos con enfoque de cambio climático LÍNEA DE ACCIÓN LÍNEA DE ACCIÓN NUEVA SINERGIA CON MITIGACION ODS D1. Implementar acciones para el uso sostenible de los recursos hídricos en sus diferentes usos consuntivos con enfoque de cambio climático D2. Promover los servicios ambientales hidrológicos, mediante la conservación, protección y restauración en las cuencas con especial atención en Soluciones basadas en la Naturaleza D3. Aumentar el tratamiento de aguas residuales industriales y urbanas, asegurando la cantidad y buena calidad del agua en asentamientos humanos mayores a 500,000 habitantes D4.', 'Aumentar el tratamiento de aguas residuales industriales y urbanas, asegurando la cantidad y buena calidad del agua en asentamientos humanos mayores a 500,000 habitantes D4. Garantizar el acceso al agua en cantidad y calidad para uso y consumo humano, ante condiciones de cambio climático EJE E. PROTECCIÓN DE INFRAESTRUCTURA ESTRATÉGICA Y DEL PATRIMONIO CULTURAL TANGIBLE La infraestructura estratégica provee los medios técnicos, instalaciones necesarias y los servicios para el desarrollo de las actividades esenciales. De la misma forma, representa un soporte fundamental para garantizar los derechos humanos a la salud, la seguridad, la integridad física, el bienestar y el desarrollo sostenible del país. México posee una herencia cultural tangible que incluye bienes tanto naturales como culturales que, por su valor natural, estético, artístico o científico contribuyen a la identidad mexicana.', 'México posee una herencia cultural tangible que incluye bienes tanto naturales como culturales que, por su valor natural, estético, artístico o científico contribuyen a la identidad mexicana. Esta herencia se conforma, por una parte, de bienes y riquezas ambientales que incluyen áreas naturales que son hábitat y resguardo de numerosas especies, muchas de ellas endémicas, y por otra, de edificaciones, recintos y vestigios arqueológicos que concentran un legado histórico de las sociedades que anteceden a la actual. La conservación de la infraestructura estratégica y del patrimonio representa retos inherentes que serán exacerbados debido a los efectos adversos del cambioContribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional | PÁG. 43 climático.', 'La conservación de la infraestructura estratégica y del patrimonio representa retos inherentes que serán exacerbados debido a los efectos adversos del cambioContribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional | PÁG. 43 climático. Por ejemplo, la infraestructura del sector energético es vulnerable ante la variabilidad climática, ya que sequías o lluvias severas pueden afectar el funcionamiento óptimo de la generación hidroeléctrica8, entre otras. Atendiendo lo anteriormente expuesto, las cuatro líneas de acción del Eje E promueven que la planeación, diseño, construcción, mantenimiento y operación de la infraestructura estén enfocados a fortalecer su resistencia para asegurar la continuidad de la prestación de los servicios.', 'Atendiendo lo anteriormente expuesto, las cuatro líneas de acción del Eje E promueven que la planeación, diseño, construcción, mantenimiento y operación de la infraestructura estén enfocados a fortalecer su resistencia para asegurar la continuidad de la prestación de los servicios. Esto tiene como objetivo principal asegurar la resiliencia de la infraestructura nueva y existente, así como del patrimonio cultural tangible, yendo más allá de los diseños habituales y fomentando el desarrollo e incorporación de criterios de adaptación e identificación de riesgos al cambio climático basados en ciencia que integren conocimientos tradicionales y de innovación para aumentar la fortaleza de los elementos que la conforman.', 'Esto tiene como objetivo principal asegurar la resiliencia de la infraestructura nueva y existente, así como del patrimonio cultural tangible, yendo más allá de los diseños habituales y fomentando el desarrollo e incorporación de criterios de adaptación e identificación de riesgos al cambio climático basados en ciencia que integren conocimientos tradicionales y de innovación para aumentar la fortaleza de los elementos que la conforman. De manera particular, para las acciones que atienden la protección del patrimonio cultural tangible ante efectos del cambio climático se considerará el respeto a las creencias espirituales o religiosas, así como hacia los roles de las mujeres y los hombres, buscando asegurar el derecho a disfrutar del patrimonio cultural y garantizar su acceso; de igual forma se considerará el potencial positivo de la cultura, del patrimonio y de los conocimientos tradicionales y del disfrute de los derechos culturales.', 'De manera particular, para las acciones que atienden la protección del patrimonio cultural tangible ante efectos del cambio climático se considerará el respeto a las creencias espirituales o religiosas, así como hacia los roles de las mujeres y los hombres, buscando asegurar el derecho a disfrutar del patrimonio cultural y garantizar su acceso; de igual forma se considerará el potencial positivo de la cultura, del patrimonio y de los conocimientos tradicionales y del disfrute de los derechos culturales. Lo anterior contribuirá, sobre todo, a cumplir con 9 ODS y 21 de sus metas, destacando temáticas como: infraestructuras fiables, sostenibles, resilientes, de calidad y de acceso asequible y equitativo, para apoyar el desarrollo económico y el bienestar humano; resiliencia de la infraestructura en ciudades y asentamientos humanos, implementando políticas y planes integrados para la mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático, así como la gestión integral del riesgo de desastres; proteger y salvaguardar el patrimonio cultural y natural; y modernizar la infraestructura y reconvertir las industrias para que sean sostenibles.', 'Lo anterior contribuirá, sobre todo, a cumplir con 9 ODS y 21 de sus metas, destacando temáticas como: infraestructuras fiables, sostenibles, resilientes, de calidad y de acceso asequible y equitativo, para apoyar el desarrollo económico y el bienestar humano; resiliencia de la infraestructura en ciudades y asentamientos humanos, implementando políticas y planes integrados para la mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático, así como la gestión integral del riesgo de desastres; proteger y salvaguardar el patrimonio cultural y natural; y modernizar la infraestructura y reconvertir las industrias para que sean sostenibles. En la siguiente tabla se muestran las actividades nuevas, las sinergias con mitigación y la vinculación con los ODS. 8 INECC – SEMARNAT. (2012). Quinta Comunicación de México ante la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático.', 'Quinta Comunicación de México ante la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático. PÁG. 44 Eje E. Protección de infraestructura estratégica y del patrimonio cultural tangible LÍNEA DE ACCIÓN LINEA DE ACCIÓN NUEVA SINERGIA CON MITIGACIÓN ODS E1. Incrementar la seguridad estructural y funcional de la infraestructura estratégica actual y por desarrollar ante eventos asociados al cambio climático E2. Incorporar criterios de adaptación al cambio climático y gestión integral del riesgo de desastres en proyectos de inversión de infraestructura estratégica E3. Proteger, restaurar y conservar el patrimonio cultural tangible ante impactos del cambio climático E4. Generar y fortalecer los instrumentos de financiamiento público, así como promover la inversión privada, para proyectos de infraestructura y patrimonio cultural que incorporen criterios de adaptaciónContribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional | PÁG. 45']

es-ES

FSM

Micronesia

Updated NDC

2022-10-17 00:00:00

missing

x

NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-10/Updated%20NDC%20of%20the%20MICRONESIA.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Oceania

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/4636dc7d8b748598e5c09ba060f87010417351efa88237d5f2721a4500399324.pdf

['UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF THE FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA for the period through 2030GLOSSARY ADB Asian Development Bank AW-REP Access to Water through Renewable Energy Project BPC Blue Prosperity Coalition BPM Blue Prosperity Micronesia C4L Coconuts for Life Initiative CFA Compact of Free Association CocoNES Coconut National Export Strategy CP Green Climate Fund Country Program EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone EU European Union FAD Fish Aggregating Device FBUR First Biennial Update Report FBD Food borne disease FSM Federated States of Micronesia FSM PAN FSM Protected Areas Network National Guiding Policy Framework GAP Gender Action Plan GCF Green Climate Fund GEF Global Environment Facility IDP FSM Infrastructure Development Plan ILMP Integrated Land Management Plans JSAP Joint State Action Plan on Disaster Risk Management and Climate Change MC Micronesia Challenge MCT Micronesia Conservation Trust MPSBEE Micronesia Public Sector Buildings Energy Efficiency NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NGP National Gender Policy PA Protected Area PAN Protected Area Network SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SFP Sustainable Finance Plan SIDS Small Island Developing States TNC Third National Communication UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change VBD Vector borne disease WBD Water borne diseaseThe Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) has the honor to submit this updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) pursuant to Article 4.2 of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change.1 This updated NDC covers the time period through 2030 and builds upon our initial NDC, which was submitted on 15 September 2016.2 The FSM’s climate actions are aligned with national efforts to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), with a view to improving the safety, security, resilience, and quality of life of our people.', 'UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF THE FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA for the period through 2030GLOSSARY ADB Asian Development Bank AW-REP Access to Water through Renewable Energy Project BPC Blue Prosperity Coalition BPM Blue Prosperity Micronesia C4L Coconuts for Life Initiative CFA Compact of Free Association CocoNES Coconut National Export Strategy CP Green Climate Fund Country Program EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone EU European Union FAD Fish Aggregating Device FBUR First Biennial Update Report FBD Food borne disease FSM Federated States of Micronesia FSM PAN FSM Protected Areas Network National Guiding Policy Framework GAP Gender Action Plan GCF Green Climate Fund GEF Global Environment Facility IDP FSM Infrastructure Development Plan ILMP Integrated Land Management Plans JSAP Joint State Action Plan on Disaster Risk Management and Climate Change MC Micronesia Challenge MCT Micronesia Conservation Trust MPSBEE Micronesia Public Sector Buildings Energy Efficiency NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NGP National Gender Policy PA Protected Area PAN Protected Area Network SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SFP Sustainable Finance Plan SIDS Small Island Developing States TNC Third National Communication UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change VBD Vector borne disease WBD Water borne diseaseThe Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) has the honor to submit this updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) pursuant to Article 4.2 of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change.1 This updated NDC covers the time period through 2030 and builds upon our initial NDC, which was submitted on 15 September 2016.2 The FSM’s climate actions are aligned with national efforts to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), with a view to improving the safety, security, resilience, and quality of life of our people. As a Small Island Developing State (SIDS), the FSM is extremely vulnerable to the negative impacts of climate change, and therefore adaptation is an urgent priority.', 'As a Small Island Developing State (SIDS), the FSM is extremely vulnerable to the negative impacts of climate change, and therefore adaptation is an urgent priority. The FSM also recognizes the importance of all countries taking action to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions as part of the shared effort to limit global average temperature rise to below 1.5°C. With a population of approximately 105,000 people and a developing economy, the FSM emits a negligible quantity of greenhouse gas emissions. However, we are taking ambitious action to rapidly reduce our emissions over the next decade, and we strongly urge other nations to do the same.', 'However, we are taking ambitious action to rapidly reduce our emissions over the next decade, and we strongly urge other nations to do the same. This updated NDC describes the contributions of the FSM, including the adaptation and mitigation co-benefits, across eight core economic and policy areas: (i) energy security, (ii) short-lived climate pollutants, (iii) food security, (iv) water security, (v) ecosystems management, (vi) resilient transport systems, (vii) public health, and (viii) emergency management and response. The contributions of the FSM in each of these eight policy areas are summarized in Section 2 below. Section 3 of this updated NDC describes the national context within which the FSM is building a more resilient and low-emission society.', 'Section 3 of this updated NDC describes the national context within which the FSM is building a more resilient and low-emission society. Section 4 explains how the contributions listed in this updated NDC are fair and ambitious, particularly in light of the FSM’s significant sustainable development challenges and urgent climate change adaptation needs. Section 5 highlights several efforts the FSM is making to integrate a more gender-responsive approach in its climate action planning and implementation. Section 6 addresses national planning for net-zero emissions. Finally, Section 7 provides a detailed description of the FSM’s national contributions, including the means of implementation required when applicable. 1 Financial support for the development of this updated NDC was generously provided by the Government of Italy.', '1 Financial support for the development of this updated NDC was generously provided by the Government of Italy. Project coordination and technical support was provided by the Institute for Energy and Climate Strategies. 2 First NDC available at:', '2 First NDC available at: SUMMARY OF NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS Contributions for 2030 Conditions Climate Change Co-Benefits SDGs Energy Security By 2030, increase access to electricity to 100% nationwide Conditional on access to means of implementation Adaptation Co-benefits • Distributed renewable energy increases the resilience of the energy system to sea-level rise and extreme weather events • Domestically produced renewable energy is less vulnerable than imported fossil fuels to climate change-induced disruption of global supply chains Mitigation Co-benefits • Reduced emissions of carbon dioxide • Reduced demand for, and use and transport of, diesel fuel • Reductions of non-CO2 diesel emissions, e.g., black carbon, methane (see below) By 2030, increase electricity generation from renewable energy to more than 70% of total generation Conditional on access to means of implementation By 2030, reduce carbon dioxide emissions from electricity generation by more than 65% below 2000 levels Conditional on access to means of implementation Short-Lived Climate Pollutants Meet Kigali Amendment HFC phase down commitments (in advance of schedule if possible) Conditional on access to means of implementation Mitigation Co-benefits • Reduced emissions of black carbon • Reduced emissions of HFCs • Reduced emissions of methane By 2030, reduce black carbon and methane emissions related to diesel electric generation by more than 65% below 2000 levels Conditional on access to means of implementation Undertake a national methane inventory and assessment of methane abatement opportunities Conditional on access to means of implementation Food Security By 2030, establish and/or strengthen farmer cooperatives across all four FSM States Unconditional Adaptation Co-benefits • Increased resilience to climate change impacts on local food production, including sea-level rise, saltwater intrusion into freshwater lens, and changes in precipitation patterns • Increased resilience to price spikes and shortages of key food imports caused by climate change impacts on the global food system Mitigation Co-benefits • Reduced shipping emissions due to a decreased reliance on food imports • Potential for increased production of coconut-derived biofuels to replace certain uses of fossil fuels By 2030, establish and support state-level farmer associations to provide training in climate-smart agriculture practices, and establish local seed banks Unconditional By 2030, improve market access for farmers by facilitating development of commercial agreements with local purchasers Unconditional By 2030, increase annual production of coconuts and coconut-based products to improve resilience of the food system to climate change impacts Conditional on access to means of implementationWater Security By 2030, provide universal access to clean drinking water through refurbishment of existing water infrastructure and extension of network to unserved and underserved areas Conditional on access to means of implementation Adaptation Co-benefits • Increased resilience of the local water supply to climate change impacts, including sea-level rise, storm surge, saltwater intrusion into freshwater lens, and more severe drought Ecosystems Management: Marine, Terrestrial and Coastal By 2030, effectively manage 50% of marine resources and 30% of terrestrial resources, including restricting commercial fishing in up to 30% of the FSM marine environment Unconditional Adaptation Co-benefits • Increased resilience of fisheries to climate change impacts by improving sustainability, reducing by-catch, reducing IUU fishing, and providing protected areas for stocks to recover • Preservation of ecosystems services and livelihoods • Preservation of food supply/security • Improved capacity of governments and communities to respond to climate change impacts on coastal and marine ecosystems • Improved climate-resilience of livelihoods and businesses reliant on coastal and marine ecosystems • Improved flood resilience through protection of mangroves and implementation of other nature-based solutions • Reduction of coastal erosion • Improved resilience to more extreme droughts through water conservation / groundwater protection • Increased resilience of coral reefs, mangrove forests, and wetlands to climate change impacts Mitigation Co-benefits • Reduced emissions from fishing fuel • Less disturbance of land and ocean-based carbon sinks By 2030, develop non-entangling and biodegradable Fish Aggregating Devices (FAD) to be used by all purse seine flag vessels in the FSM EEZ Unconditional By 2023, achieve full tuna fishery transparency, through electronic monitoring of all FSM-flagged longline fishing vessels Unconditional By 2030, develop Integrated Land Management Plans and Shoreline Development Plans to effectively protect and sustain terrestrial and coastal ecosystems Conditional on access to means of implementation By 2030, expand the number of Protected Areas and their coordination through Protected Area Networks Conditional on access to means of implementation Resilient Transport Systems By 2030, climate-proof all major island ring roads, airport access roads, and arterial roads Conditional on access to means of implementation Adaptation Co-benefits • Resilience to flooding from sea-level rise and king tides • Maintenance of public and commercial services during weather-related emergencies Mitigation Co-benefits • Reduction of emissions from idling vessels by reducing time spent waiting to dock • Reduction of emissions from large transportation idling vessels waiting to dock by incorporating renewable energy technology for powering their auxiliary equipment By 2030, complete climate-proofing of major ports (larger and more resilient docks meeting ISPS standards) Conditional on access to means of implementationPublic Health By 2030, establish a surveillance system, including a laboratory facility, to detect and monitor VBD, WBD, and FBD to enable rapid response and control of outbreaks Conditional on access to means of implementation Adaptation Co-benefits • Improved preparedness of the public health system to respond to VBD, WBD, and FBD outbreaks, which are projected to increase due to climate change By 2030, provide training in the detection and treatment of VBD, WBD, and FBD to all medical personnel and public health officials Conditional on access to means of implementation By 2030, equip all hospitals and other relevant medical facilities to receive and effectively treat patients suffering from VBD, WBD, and FBD Conditional on access to means of implementation Emergency Management & Response By 2025, complete an update of the National Disaster Response Plan Unconditional Adaptation Co-benefits • Enhancement of emergency management and disaster response to extreme weather events, including improved delivery of essential supplies and services (e.g., food, water, medical, transportation) • Improved monitoring of coastal erosion, sea level-rise, groundwater supplies, and other natural resources Mitigation Co-benefits • Reduction of carbon dioxide emissions from emergency response vessels By 2030, complete comprehensive nationwide GIS mapping Conditional on access to means of implementation By 2030, update vessels and/or secure additional vessels for inter-state transportation and emergency response operations, incorporating renewable energy technology Conditional on access to means of implementation3.', 'SUMMARY OF NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS Contributions for 2030 Conditions Climate Change Co-Benefits SDGs Energy Security By 2030, increase access to electricity to 100% nationwide Conditional on access to means of implementation Adaptation Co-benefits • Distributed renewable energy increases the resilience of the energy system to sea-level rise and extreme weather events • Domestically produced renewable energy is less vulnerable than imported fossil fuels to climate change-induced disruption of global supply chains Mitigation Co-benefits • Reduced emissions of carbon dioxide • Reduced demand for, and use and transport of, diesel fuel • Reductions of non-CO2 diesel emissions, e.g., black carbon, methane (see below) By 2030, increase electricity generation from renewable energy to more than 70% of total generation Conditional on access to means of implementation By 2030, reduce carbon dioxide emissions from electricity generation by more than 65% below 2000 levels Conditional on access to means of implementation Short-Lived Climate Pollutants Meet Kigali Amendment HFC phase down commitments (in advance of schedule if possible) Conditional on access to means of implementation Mitigation Co-benefits • Reduced emissions of black carbon • Reduced emissions of HFCs • Reduced emissions of methane By 2030, reduce black carbon and methane emissions related to diesel electric generation by more than 65% below 2000 levels Conditional on access to means of implementation Undertake a national methane inventory and assessment of methane abatement opportunities Conditional on access to means of implementation Food Security By 2030, establish and/or strengthen farmer cooperatives across all four FSM States Unconditional Adaptation Co-benefits • Increased resilience to climate change impacts on local food production, including sea-level rise, saltwater intrusion into freshwater lens, and changes in precipitation patterns • Increased resilience to price spikes and shortages of key food imports caused by climate change impacts on the global food system Mitigation Co-benefits • Reduced shipping emissions due to a decreased reliance on food imports • Potential for increased production of coconut-derived biofuels to replace certain uses of fossil fuels By 2030, establish and support state-level farmer associations to provide training in climate-smart agriculture practices, and establish local seed banks Unconditional By 2030, improve market access for farmers by facilitating development of commercial agreements with local purchasers Unconditional By 2030, increase annual production of coconuts and coconut-based products to improve resilience of the food system to climate change impacts Conditional on access to means of implementationWater Security By 2030, provide universal access to clean drinking water through refurbishment of existing water infrastructure and extension of network to unserved and underserved areas Conditional on access to means of implementation Adaptation Co-benefits • Increased resilience of the local water supply to climate change impacts, including sea-level rise, storm surge, saltwater intrusion into freshwater lens, and more severe drought Ecosystems Management: Marine, Terrestrial and Coastal By 2030, effectively manage 50% of marine resources and 30% of terrestrial resources, including restricting commercial fishing in up to 30% of the FSM marine environment Unconditional Adaptation Co-benefits • Increased resilience of fisheries to climate change impacts by improving sustainability, reducing by-catch, reducing IUU fishing, and providing protected areas for stocks to recover • Preservation of ecosystems services and livelihoods • Preservation of food supply/security • Improved capacity of governments and communities to respond to climate change impacts on coastal and marine ecosystems • Improved climate-resilience of livelihoods and businesses reliant on coastal and marine ecosystems • Improved flood resilience through protection of mangroves and implementation of other nature-based solutions • Reduction of coastal erosion • Improved resilience to more extreme droughts through water conservation / groundwater protection • Increased resilience of coral reefs, mangrove forests, and wetlands to climate change impacts Mitigation Co-benefits • Reduced emissions from fishing fuel • Less disturbance of land and ocean-based carbon sinks By 2030, develop non-entangling and biodegradable Fish Aggregating Devices (FAD) to be used by all purse seine flag vessels in the FSM EEZ Unconditional By 2023, achieve full tuna fishery transparency, through electronic monitoring of all FSM-flagged longline fishing vessels Unconditional By 2030, develop Integrated Land Management Plans and Shoreline Development Plans to effectively protect and sustain terrestrial and coastal ecosystems Conditional on access to means of implementation By 2030, expand the number of Protected Areas and their coordination through Protected Area Networks Conditional on access to means of implementation Resilient Transport Systems By 2030, climate-proof all major island ring roads, airport access roads, and arterial roads Conditional on access to means of implementation Adaptation Co-benefits • Resilience to flooding from sea-level rise and king tides • Maintenance of public and commercial services during weather-related emergencies Mitigation Co-benefits • Reduction of emissions from idling vessels by reducing time spent waiting to dock • Reduction of emissions from large transportation idling vessels waiting to dock by incorporating renewable energy technology for powering their auxiliary equipment By 2030, complete climate-proofing of major ports (larger and more resilient docks meeting ISPS standards) Conditional on access to means of implementationPublic Health By 2030, establish a surveillance system, including a laboratory facility, to detect and monitor VBD, WBD, and FBD to enable rapid response and control of outbreaks Conditional on access to means of implementation Adaptation Co-benefits • Improved preparedness of the public health system to respond to VBD, WBD, and FBD outbreaks, which are projected to increase due to climate change By 2030, provide training in the detection and treatment of VBD, WBD, and FBD to all medical personnel and public health officials Conditional on access to means of implementation By 2030, equip all hospitals and other relevant medical facilities to receive and effectively treat patients suffering from VBD, WBD, and FBD Conditional on access to means of implementation Emergency Management & Response By 2025, complete an update of the National Disaster Response Plan Unconditional Adaptation Co-benefits • Enhancement of emergency management and disaster response to extreme weather events, including improved delivery of essential supplies and services (e.g., food, water, medical, transportation) • Improved monitoring of coastal erosion, sea level-rise, groundwater supplies, and other natural resources Mitigation Co-benefits • Reduction of carbon dioxide emissions from emergency response vessels By 2030, complete comprehensive nationwide GIS mapping Conditional on access to means of implementation By 2030, update vessels and/or secure additional vessels for inter-state transportation and emergency response operations, incorporating renewable energy technology Conditional on access to means of implementation3. NATIONAL CONTEXT Geography, Political Organization, and Economy The FSM is an archipelagic nation in the Western Pacific Ocean.', 'NATIONAL CONTEXT Geography, Political Organization, and Economy The FSM is an archipelagic nation in the Western Pacific Ocean. The country’s relatively small land area of just over 700 km2 is spread over 607 islands, of which 74 are inhabited. However, at nearly 3 million km2, the FSM has the fourteenth (14th) largest Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) in the world. The Federation consists of four semi-autonomous states: Yap, Chuuk, Pohnpei and Kosrae. The population of the FSM is estimated to be approximately 105,000, with 45% living in Chuuk, 37% in Pohnpei, 11% in Yap and 7% in Kosrae. Each of the four states consists of a main island surrounded by numerous outer islands, with the exception of Kosrae, which has no outer islands.', 'Each of the four states consists of a main island surrounded by numerous outer islands, with the exception of Kosrae, which has no outer islands. While some of the outer islands have higher elevations, the vast majority are low-lying atolls that are especially vulnerable to sea-level rise. The outer atolls also tend to be much less developed, creating challenges for building resilience, as they are not served by the nation’s main water and energy systems, nor are they frequently served by national transportation systems. The western islands of the FSM, especially in the states of Chuuk and Yap, lie at the edge of the typhoon belt and are the most often impacted by typhoons.', 'The western islands of the FSM, especially in the states of Chuuk and Yap, lie at the edge of the typhoon belt and are the most often impacted by typhoons. However, the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) affects precipitation patterns nationwide by bringing the Western Pacific monsoon further east and thus delivering more rain during El Nino, and shifting the monsoon farther east, and therefore bringing less rain, during La Nina. The ENSO system can also amplifyseasonal variations in some regions, leading to more rain in the rainy season or less rain during the dry season. Fisheries and agriculture are the mainstays of the economy, with almost half of employed persons working as subsistence fishers or farmers.', 'Fisheries and agriculture are the mainstays of the economy, with almost half of employed persons working as subsistence fishers or farmers. Incoming tourism and trade in manufactured goods make up the remainder of the private sector economy. The public sector employs over 45% of all workers in the FSM. Most of the Government’s revenue derives from fishing fees and the Compact of Free Association (CFA) with the United States, as well as other foreign aid. Agriculture, fisheries, and tourism are considered the most promising sectors for future economic growth. Under the CFA, the FSM benefits from annual financial transfers to the Government, access to some U.S. national services, and open migration to, and employment opportunities in, the United States for FSM citizens, and vice versa.', 'Under the CFA, the FSM benefits from annual financial transfers to the Government, access to some U.S. national services, and open migration to, and employment opportunities in, the United States for FSM citizens, and vice versa. The CFA has also provides for contributions to a national trust fund intended to replace direct contributions from the United States upon the CFA’s expiration. However, the CFA is set to expire in 2023 and the trust fund is not adequately funded to sustainably support the FSM’s needs thereafter. Discussions are presently underway within the FSM and between the FSM and the United States about potential next steps.', 'Discussions are presently underway within the FSM and between the FSM and the United States about potential next steps. In any scenario, for the FSM, access to affordable finance and other means of implementation will be essential to achieve the ambitious goals elaborated in this updated NDC. Climate Change Vulnerabilities The FSM is particularly vulnerable to extreme weather events, such as droughts, typhoons, storm surges, flooding, and landslides, all of which are being exacerbated by climate change and sea-level rise. Sea-level rise increases coastal erosion and threatens agricultural productivity and water security due to intrusions of saltwater into croplands and freshwater reservoirs. Over the longer- term, sea-level rise may even affect the viability of some of the FSM’s low-lying islands.', 'Over the longer- term, sea-level rise may even affect the viability of some of the FSM’s low-lying islands. As most of the population lives near the coast and much of the major economic and government infrastructure is located along or near the coasts, damage from storms and flooding to critical infrastructure, such as roads, seaports, and airports, can severely impact the economy and key public services. The FSM also faces threats from worsening ocean acidification and coral bleaching, which damage the reef ecosystems that are essential to food security, livelihoods, and tourism. Ocean temperature rise may also negatively impact fisheries stocks and alter tuna migration routes.', 'Ocean temperature rise may also negatively impact fisheries stocks and alter tuna migration routes. In addition, climate change is projected to increase health risks in Micronesia, including the prevalence of certain vector-borne, food-borne, and water-borne diseases. Overall, the FSM is expected to see increases in all of the following: sea-surface and air temperatures, sea level, ocean acidification, the number of very hot days, and the number of extreme rainfall days. Changes to precipitation and typhoon patterns can also be expected, but are less certain. Some studies estimate fewer, but more severe typhoons. Given that Typhoon Maysak in 2015 wiped out up to 90% of key agricultural products in both Chuuk and Yap, such projections are of serious concern.', 'Given that Typhoon Maysak in 2015 wiped out up to 90% of key agricultural products in both Chuuk and Yap, such projections are of serious concern. Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic Like many countries, the FSM has been adversely affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. Stringent travel restrictions led to no cases reported until July of 2022, when the FSM suffered its first outbreak. As of September 2022, there had been 8,549 confirmed cases and twenty-seven deaths,with the outbreak having largely abated since August, but with remaining concerns as the virus had yet to spread broadly in Chuuk, the most populous state. In the first two years of the pandemic, impacts included diminished access to goods, and some depression of demand for labor, goods, and services.', 'In the first two years of the pandemic, impacts included diminished access to goods, and some depression of demand for labor, goods, and services. Some major infrastructure improvements were put on hold as needed management, engineering, and technical experts were unable to enter the country to advance these projects. Closed borders also limited repatriation for hundreds of citizens stranded abroad. Nonetheless, through use of Economic Stimulus measures, such as the nationally funded Tourism Sector Mitigation Fund, and support from the U.S.-funded pandemic unemployment programs, as well as the government of China and the ADB-funded Low-Income Household Assistance Program, the FSM has been able to respond to disruptions, and effectively minimize longer-term economic damages from the pandemic.', 'Nonetheless, through use of Economic Stimulus measures, such as the nationally funded Tourism Sector Mitigation Fund, and support from the U.S.-funded pandemic unemployment programs, as well as the government of China and the ADB-funded Low-Income Household Assistance Program, the FSM has been able to respond to disruptions, and effectively minimize longer-term economic damages from the pandemic. National Vision for Sustainable Economic Development The FSM has a strongly positive view of its near-term sustainable economic development. Despite the challenges and threats posed by climate change, the FSM sees a promising future for large ocean states such as itself. Indeed, climate action will be a key driver of sustainable economic development in the FSM in the decades to come.', 'Indeed, climate action will be a key driver of sustainable economic development in the FSM in the decades to come. In 2017, a year-long stakeholder consultation with the Green Climate Fund (GCF) produced “The FSM-GCF CP strategic framework on a ‘green growth’ development pathway” (GCF-CP). It represents an increasing commitment in the FSM towards green growth and provides great potential for the country to meet the SDGs.', 'It represents an increasing commitment in the FSM towards green growth and provides great potential for the country to meet the SDGs. It takes the FSM SDP’s ‘sustained growth’ approach in the last few decades to the next step, where economic-centered growth is reconciled with social inclusivity and environmental sustainability; thus from sustained growth to ‘sustainable growth.’ With the GCF-CP, the FSM now has in-country processes that simplify and enhance the review and approval processes for accessing the GCF and other complementing sources of climate finance, across the National Government and the country’s four State Governments.', 'It takes the FSM SDP’s ‘sustained growth’ approach in the last few decades to the next step, where economic-centered growth is reconciled with social inclusivity and environmental sustainability; thus from sustained growth to ‘sustainable growth.’ With the GCF-CP, the FSM now has in-country processes that simplify and enhance the review and approval processes for accessing the GCF and other complementing sources of climate finance, across the National Government and the country’s four State Governments. This consolidated framework aims to develop large scale, cross-sectoral priority projects and programs to transform the current fossil fuel-reliant economy into a ‘green economy.’ With new practices to protect and manage its diverse ecosystems, the FSM is committed to sustaining its enormous endowment of natural resources for the benefit of current and future generations.', 'This consolidated framework aims to develop large scale, cross-sectoral priority projects and programs to transform the current fossil fuel-reliant economy into a ‘green economy.’ With new practices to protect and manage its diverse ecosystems, the FSM is committed to sustaining its enormous endowment of natural resources for the benefit of current and future generations. New domestic sources of clean, affordable energy will move the country toward a more sustainable balance of trade, and will reduce economic insecurity caused by fluctuations in the price of imported fossil fuels. With access to affordable finance and durable partnerships, these and other actions described in this updated NDC can deliver a more resilient and prosperous future.', 'With access to affordable finance and durable partnerships, these and other actions described in this updated NDC can deliver a more resilient and prosperous future. The FSM looks forward to further cultivating and sharing its vast ocean of opportunities with its people and with its partners in the international community. 4. FAIRNESS & AMBITION Article 2 paragraph 2 of the Paris Agreement states that it will be implemented “to reflect equity and the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of different national circumstances.” The FSM is a developing country that is extremely vulnerable to many impacts of climate change. It is also a SIDS, whose particular needs in the context of climate change are recognized in Article 9 paragraph 4.', 'It is also a SIDS, whose particular needs in the context of climate change are recognized in Article 9 paragraph 4. Considered in this context, theFSM is of the view that this updated NDC is fair and ambitious. This updated NDC also represents a significant progression over previous efforts reflected in our initial NDC. Relative to the FSM’s initial NDC, which was focused on emissions reductions in the energy sector, this updated NDC encompasses action across nearly all sectors of the economy. It also integrates a range of urgent climate change adaptation priorities. This updated NDC is headlined by the contribution of producing more than 70% of the FSM’s electricity through renewable energy sources by 2030.', 'This updated NDC is headlined by the contribution of producing more than 70% of the FSM’s electricity through renewable energy sources by 2030. The FSM is committed to supporting equal rights, equal opportunities, and access to services for all people. The Government has taken steps to meet its international commitments by ratifying the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women, the Pacific Leaders Gender Equality Declaration, and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. The National Gender Policy was adopted in 2018 to implement these commitments.', 'The National Gender Policy was adopted in 2018 to implement these commitments. The NGP has five goals: Goal One: Better representation of women in decision-making Goal Two: Elimination of gender-based violence Goal Three: Equitable education outcomes Goal Four: Address barriers facing women in the workforce Goal Five: Women have better healthcare and choices over their fertility This gender-responsive approach has been integrated into the FSM’s climate action. The FSM has created a Gender Action Plan (GAP) to guide the collection and reporting of data under its Third National Communication (TNC) and First Biennial Update Report (FBUR). This will include gender data to ascertain where key informational gaps exist and to facilitate the development of structures that support the implementation of gender policies.', 'This will include gender data to ascertain where key informational gaps exist and to facilitate the development of structures that support the implementation of gender policies. This gender-responsive approach will ensure that women and men are represented in the development and implementation stages of the TNC and FBUR. Including a gender dimension to the TNC and FBUR processes will provide vital information about differential access to available resources and the influence of broader socioeconomic and cultural conditions. A gender-responsive approach has also been adopted at the sectoral level. In the FSM, women play a very important role in the food system.', 'In the FSM, women play a very important role in the food system. The GCF-funded project, “Climate resilient food security for farming households across the Federated States of Micronesia,” will identify the constraints and opportunities for women and men identified during a gender analysis, with a view to fully integrating them into the project design. With regard to the energy sector, the FSM has set a goal to increase the number of women in senior positions, and has created various capacity building programs to achieve it. Ultimately, improving gender balance in the design, planning, and implementation of climate action will promote greater community resilience.6.', 'Ultimately, improving gender balance in the design, planning, and implementation of climate action will promote greater community resilience.6. ACHIEVING NET-ZERO EMISSIONS The FSM recognizes the humanitarian imperative to achieve net zero greenhouse gas emissions at the global level by 2050 in order to preserve a reasonable chance at achieving the long-term temperature goal under Article 2 of the Paris Agreement. The FSM’s ambitious contributions in the energy sector are well in line with this objective, particularly when considered in light of the country’s development circumstances.', 'The FSM’s ambitious contributions in the energy sector are well in line with this objective, particularly when considered in light of the country’s development circumstances. With the provision of the necessary means of implementation from international sources, the FSM has the potential and the political will to take even greater action in the energy sector and other high emitting sectors with a view to achieving net zero emissions as soon as possible. The FSM also recognizes the substantial sustainable development co-benefits that would accompany such an ambitious undertaking. 7.', 'The FSM also recognizes the substantial sustainable development co-benefits that would accompany such an ambitious undertaking. 7. DETAILED CONTRIBUTIONS The following sections provide more detailed information on each of the contributions, including the sectoral context, the means of implementation required, the climate change adaptation and mitigation co-benefits, and the relevant SDGs advanced by the contributions.ENERGY SECURITY Sectoral Context The FSM presently imports petroleum fuels for electricity generation and transportation, an annual expenditure of USD 30-40 million or about 10-15% of GDP. These fuels are responsible for almost 80% of the FSM’s carbon dioxide emissions. However, the FSM has set strong goals for improving equitable access to energy for the population and for reducing reliance on fossil fuels for energy generation.', 'However, the FSM has set strong goals for improving equitable access to energy for the population and for reducing reliance on fossil fuels for energy generation. The FSM presently envisions achieving 100% access to energy by the end of the decade and an 80% reduction of fossil fuel diesel for electricity generation use over the next two decades. Large-scale nationwide deployment of renewable energy is the backbone of the FSM’s “National Vision” for energy security: “To improve the life and livelihood of all FSM citizens with affordable, reliable and environmentally sound energy.” By diversifying energy sources and reducing reliance on imported fossil fuels in favor of domestic renewable sources, the FSM will greatly reduce emissions and recurring expenses, while improving economic efficiency and productivity.', 'Large-scale nationwide deployment of renewable energy is the backbone of the FSM’s “National Vision” for energy security: “To improve the life and livelihood of all FSM citizens with affordable, reliable and environmentally sound energy.” By diversifying energy sources and reducing reliance on imported fossil fuels in favor of domestic renewable sources, the FSM will greatly reduce emissions and recurring expenses, while improving economic efficiency and productivity. By moving to more distributed energy such as solar, the FSM will also avoid longer term adaptation costs, such as moving utility infrastructure from low-lying areas more vulnerable to sea level rise and storm surge.', 'By moving to more distributed energy such as solar, the FSM will also avoid longer term adaptation costs, such as moving utility infrastructure from low-lying areas more vulnerable to sea level rise and storm surge. Overall, the FSM is poised to make rapid advances on its stated national energy objective: "to promote the sustainable social and economic development of the FSM through the provision and utilization of cost-effective, safe, reliable and sustainable energy services." National Outcomes from State-Level Energy Security Actions The FSM’s national energy goals will largely be achieved through action planned and implemented at the state level. For example, each of Micronesia’s four states has an Energy Master Plan that contains very specific and ambitious actions in the energy sector.', 'For example, each of Micronesia’s four states has an Energy Master Plan that contains very specific and ambitious actions in the energy sector. A central theme of these state plans is rapidly increasing the deployment of renewable energy and reducing the use of imported fossil fuel for electric generation. The table below summarizes the projected outcomes at the national level from full implementation of the four states’ Energy Master Plans over the twenty years from 2018-2037. As shown, by 2037, the full implementation of these plans would increase overall electricity access from 67% to 100% and would increase renewable energy generation from 19% to 84%. As shown below, it would also reduce both diesel fuel generation and the resulting carbon dioxide emissions by almost 65%.', 'As shown below, it would also reduce both diesel fuel generation and the resulting carbon dioxide emissions by almost 65%. While these projected results are impressive, complete financing for these plans remains to be secured and institutional capacity to implement the plans needs improvement. Indeed, although some states are on track, or may even be ahead of plans, due to the Covid-19 pandemic and other challenges, at the national level the FSM is not presently on track to meet the nearer term targets and will need significant additional support to achieve the longer term goals on schedule.One specific challenge is the state of Chuuk, where presently only two of forty municipalities across forty separate islands have access to electricity.', 'Indeed, although some states are on track, or may even be ahead of plans, due to the Covid-19 pandemic and other challenges, at the national level the FSM is not presently on track to meet the nearer term targets and will need significant additional support to achieve the longer term goals on schedule.One specific challenge is the state of Chuuk, where presently only two of forty municipalities across forty separate islands have access to electricity. Although the scale of the individual projects needed to provide electricity is relatively small, several dozen projects are needed across numerous outer islands.', 'Although the scale of the individual projects needed to provide electricity is relatively small, several dozen projects are needed across numerous outer islands. Present estimates indicate that about ten islands will gain electricity access every five years, running up to a decade or more behind the FSM’s 2027 vision for 100% access to energy nationwide. However, Chuuk’s timeframe for achieving full access to electricity might be significantly improved with greater support to deploy these projects in more rapid succession across the outer islands. The tables below show the diesel fuel use, carbon dioxide emissions and capital expenditure at the state and national levels for full, timely implementation of the four states’ Energy Master plans.', 'The tables below show the diesel fuel use, carbon dioxide emissions and capital expenditure at the state and national levels for full, timely implementation of the four states’ Energy Master plans. Declining Diesel Fuel Use for Electric Power Generation (national annual average in gallons) Declining Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Electric Generation (annual average in tonnes) Capital Expenditure for a Shift to 84% Renewable Energy Electric Generation by 2037 ($ US millions 2016) Energy Efficiency The 2012 FSM National and State Energy Policy set a target of fifty percent (50%) improvement in energy efficiency by 2020. However, due to implementation resource constraints and other barriers, the FSM has not been able to achieve its energy efficiency targets to date.', 'However, due to implementation resource constraints and other barriers, the FSM has not been able to achieve its energy efficiency targets to date. To address someof these challenges, the FSM launched the Micronesia Public Sector Buildings Energy Efficiency (MPSBEE) project in 2021. The MPSBEE covers a range of issues that will strengthen the energy efficiency strategies of the FSM, including: • formulation of recommended energy conservation and energy efficiency policies, practices, and applications in public sector buildings; • development of a public sector Building Energy Audit System (BEAS); • design of energy conservation and efficiency technology application demonstrations; and • implementation of building energy conservation and energy efficiency demonstrations.', 'The MPSBEE covers a range of issues that will strengthen the energy efficiency strategies of the FSM, including: • formulation of recommended energy conservation and energy efficiency policies, practices, and applications in public sector buildings; • development of a public sector Building Energy Audit System (BEAS); • design of energy conservation and efficiency technology application demonstrations; and • implementation of building energy conservation and energy efficiency demonstrations. These are especially important measures since the largest use of electricity in the FSM is for air conditioning (largely in government buildings) and lighting. The goal of the project is to help the FSM achieve its energy efficiency targets within three years.', 'The goal of the project is to help the FSM achieve its energy efficiency targets within three years. Contributions Conditional By 2030, increase access to electricity to 100% nationwide Conditional By 2030, increase electricity generation from renewable energy to more than 70% of total generation Conditional By 2030, reduce carbon dioxide emissions from electricity generation by more than 65% below 2000 levels Climate Change Co-benefits Mitigation Adaptation • Carbon dioxide emissions reductions • Reduced demand for and use of diesel fuel • Reductions of non-CO2 diesel emissions, e.g., black carbon, methane (see SLCP section) • Distributed renewable energy increases the resilience of the energy system to sea-level rise and extreme weather events • Domestically produced renewable energy is less vulnerable than imported fossil fuels to climate change-induced disruption of global supply chains Means of Implementation Requirements The FSM National Energy Master Plans estimate an approximate cost of USD 296 million to implement the plans over a 20-year period, plus an added cost of approximately 5% of the total budget to provide additional capacity building and technical assistance—e.g., for coordinating and monitoring implementation—over the course of the projects.', 'Contributions Conditional By 2030, increase access to electricity to 100% nationwide Conditional By 2030, increase electricity generation from renewable energy to more than 70% of total generation Conditional By 2030, reduce carbon dioxide emissions from electricity generation by more than 65% below 2000 levels Climate Change Co-benefits Mitigation Adaptation • Carbon dioxide emissions reductions • Reduced demand for and use of diesel fuel • Reductions of non-CO2 diesel emissions, e.g., black carbon, methane (see SLCP section) • Distributed renewable energy increases the resilience of the energy system to sea-level rise and extreme weather events • Domestically produced renewable energy is less vulnerable than imported fossil fuels to climate change-induced disruption of global supply chains Means of Implementation Requirements The FSM National Energy Master Plans estimate an approximate cost of USD 296 million to implement the plans over a 20-year period, plus an added cost of approximately 5% of the total budget to provide additional capacity building and technical assistance—e.g., for coordinating and monitoring implementation—over the course of the projects. Relevant SDGs Gender equality is advanced through a capacity building program focused on increasing the number of women working in the energy sector.', 'Relevant SDGs Gender equality is advanced through a capacity building program focused on increasing the number of women working in the energy sector. Affordable and clean energy are advanced by replacing expensive, imported diesel fuels with clean, domestic renewable energy sources.Decent work is created in the energy sector with proper investments in capacity building, so that local workers have the skills to install, operate, and maintain a renewable energy system. Economic growth is advanced by deploying domestic sources of renewable energy, which is much less vulnerable to international price fluctuations or supply disruptions. Resilient infrastructure and sustainable industrialization are advanced by deploying clean energy systems that are more distributed and less vulnerable to climate impacts.', 'Resilient infrastructure and sustainable industrialization are advanced by deploying clean energy systems that are more distributed and less vulnerable to climate impacts. Climate action is enhanced by creating an energy system that is more resilient to climate change impacts and by reducing emissions of carbon dioxide, as well as co-emitted SLCPs (black carbon and methane). Durable partnerships, access to adequate means of implementation, and technology transfer will be required to fully achieve these goals.SHORT-LIVED CLIMATE POLLUTANTS Sectoral Context For over a decade the FSM has been a global leader on Short-Lived Climate Pollutants (SLCPs), both by calling attention to the near-term climate change and air quality benefits of reducing SLCPs, and by developing and advancing policies and frameworks to reduce them.', 'Durable partnerships, access to adequate means of implementation, and technology transfer will be required to fully achieve these goals.SHORT-LIVED CLIMATE POLLUTANTS Sectoral Context For over a decade the FSM has been a global leader on Short-Lived Climate Pollutants (SLCPs), both by calling attention to the near-term climate change and air quality benefits of reducing SLCPs, and by developing and advancing policies and frameworks to reduce them. In 2009 the FSM became the first country to formally propose an international initiative to reduce Short-Lived Climate Pollutants. The same year the FSM and Mauritius became the first countries to propose an amendment to the Montreal Protocol to phase down the production and consumption of HFCs.', 'The same year the FSM and Mauritius became the first countries to propose an amendment to the Montreal Protocol to phase down the production and consumption of HFCs. Now, as a partner country of the Climate and Clean Air Coalition to Reduce Short-Lived Climate Pollutants (CCAC) and a signatory to the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol, the FSM looks forward to continuing its leadership in addressing SLCPs both domestically and internationally. The FSM’s domestic energy plans to replace diesel electric power generation with renewable electric generation will greatly reduce related black carbon and methane emissions from electric generation, by up to 65%.', 'The FSM’s domestic energy plans to replace diesel electric power generation with renewable electric generation will greatly reduce related black carbon and methane emissions from electric generation, by up to 65%. The FSM sees the near-term climate and air quality co-benefits of SLCP reductions as strong incentives (in addition to carbon dioxide reductions) to rapidly replace fossil fuel energy sources with renewable energy sources. The FSM also looks forward to phasing down its HFC use in accordance with its commitments under the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol. If the means of implementation were to become available, the FSM would even consider acting in advance of the schedule elaborated in the amendment.', 'If the means of implementation were to become available, the FSM would even consider acting in advance of the schedule elaborated in the amendment. Moreover, as the FSM emphasized in the Kigali negotiations, the HFC phase down presents an important opportunity to improve the energy efficiency of the cooling appliances and other equipment that utilize refrigerants. Therefore, in implementing its HFC phase down, the FSM will look for opportunities to complement the switch to climate-friendly refrigerants by also improving the energy efficiency of the equipment that uses those refrigerants, thereby maximizing the climate benefits of its HFC phase down.', 'Therefore, in implementing its HFC phase down, the FSM will look for opportunities to complement the switch to climate-friendly refrigerants by also improving the energy efficiency of the equipment that uses those refrigerants, thereby maximizing the climate benefits of its HFC phase down. More recently, the FSM signed the Global Methane Pledge in October 2021 and now aims to undertake a national methane inventory and assessment of potential domestic methane abatement opportunities, including in its energy, agriculture and solid waste sectors.', 'More recently, the FSM signed the Global Methane Pledge in October 2021 and now aims to undertake a national methane inventory and assessment of potential domestic methane abatement opportunities, including in its energy, agriculture and solid waste sectors. Contributions Conditional Phase down HFC consumption in accordance with the commitments in the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol Conditional By 2030, reduce black carbon and methane emissions related to diesel electric generation more than Conditional Undertake a national methane inventory and assessment of potential methane abatement opportunities.Climate Change Co-Benefits Mitigation • Reduced emissions of black carbon • Reduced emissions of HFCs • Reduced emissions of methane Means of Implementation Requirements Means of implementation for the HFC phase down are expected to be provided by the Multilateral Fund of the Montreal Protocol and complementary sources, such as those supporting energy efficiency improvements in the cooling sector.', 'Contributions Conditional Phase down HFC consumption in accordance with the commitments in the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol Conditional By 2030, reduce black carbon and methane emissions related to diesel electric generation more than Conditional Undertake a national methane inventory and assessment of potential methane abatement opportunities.Climate Change Co-Benefits Mitigation • Reduced emissions of black carbon • Reduced emissions of HFCs • Reduced emissions of methane Means of Implementation Requirements Means of implementation for the HFC phase down are expected to be provided by the Multilateral Fund of the Montreal Protocol and complementary sources, such as those supporting energy efficiency improvements in the cooling sector. The black carbon and methane emissions reductions resulting from decreasing diesel-powered electric generation are co-benefits from this switch to renewable energy.', 'The black carbon and methane emissions reductions resulting from decreasing diesel-powered electric generation are co-benefits from this switch to renewable energy. They will not require more funding than is detailed in the energy section for power generation. However, these additional emissions reductions provide concrete added returns on, and therefore additional incentives for, investment in the FSM’s renewable energy projects. Relevant SDGs Good health and well-being are enhanced by reducing traditional air pollutants such as black carbon soot (a component of PM2.5) and methane, which contributes to the formation of tropospheric ozone pollution. Affordable and clean energy are advanced by replacing fossil diesel with solar and clean electric generation sources.', 'Affordable and clean energy are advanced by replacing fossil diesel with solar and clean electric generation sources. Industry innovation and infrastructure are advanced by driving a shift at the factory level away from production of HFCs to production and use of more climate-friendly, often not-in-kind, alternatives. Responsible consumption and production are enhanced by phasing down production and consumption of highly warming HFCs.', 'Responsible consumption and production are enhanced by phasing down production and consumption of highly warming HFCs. Climate action is enhanced by reducing emissions of potent climate-forcing agents such as black carbon, HFCs and methane Durable partnerships are enhanced by utilizing existing governance regimes like the Montreal Protocol to guide the global HFC phase down, and by effectively cooperating in the CCAC to undertake projects and share knowledge and resources related to reducing climate and air pollutants.FOOD SECURITY Sectoral Context Food security in the FSM has worsened significantly over the last few decades due to falling local production per capita, poor growth in the agriculture sector, and increased and costly dependence on food imports.', 'Climate action is enhanced by reducing emissions of potent climate-forcing agents such as black carbon, HFCs and methane Durable partnerships are enhanced by utilizing existing governance regimes like the Montreal Protocol to guide the global HFC phase down, and by effectively cooperating in the CCAC to undertake projects and share knowledge and resources related to reducing climate and air pollutants.FOOD SECURITY Sectoral Context Food security in the FSM has worsened significantly over the last few decades due to falling local production per capita, poor growth in the agriculture sector, and increased and costly dependence on food imports. The country’s heavy reliance on imported foodstuff, especially fruits, vegetables, and animal products, is also economically detrimental and has contributed to the overall decline in local production.', 'The country’s heavy reliance on imported foodstuff, especially fruits, vegetables, and animal products, is also economically detrimental and has contributed to the overall decline in local production. Climate change is projected to exacerbate these negative trends and further undermine food security in the FSM through a number of channels, which include: • Loss of arable land due to sea level rise • Saltwater intrusion into soil and freshwater lens • Reduced crop yields due to higher temperatures and changes in precipitation patterns, including flooding and drought • Reduced local fish stocks due to damage to coral reef and other marine ecosystems, as well as changes in fish migration patterns, and • Greater global price volatility in food staples due to crop failures and other shocks in major food-producing regions.', 'Climate change is projected to exacerbate these negative trends and further undermine food security in the FSM through a number of channels, which include: • Loss of arable land due to sea level rise • Saltwater intrusion into soil and freshwater lens • Reduced crop yields due to higher temperatures and changes in precipitation patterns, including flooding and drought • Reduced local fish stocks due to damage to coral reef and other marine ecosystems, as well as changes in fish migration patterns, and • Greater global price volatility in food staples due to crop failures and other shocks in major food-producing regions. Therefore, taking action to improve food security is a critical climate change adaptation measure for the FSM.', 'Therefore, taking action to improve food security is a critical climate change adaptation measure for the FSM. Improving traditional agricultural systems livestock production with higher yield growing and processing methods is critical to reducing poverty and meeting overall food security objectives, while also maintaining environmental integrity. Restoring the health of coastal fisheries is also an urgent priority after years of over-harvesting, destruction of natural habitats, and growing climate change impacts. The development of hatchery- based aquaculture production is being considered as one such strategy to address these issues. However, the introduction of sustainable aquaculture has been slow due to local limitations, including lack of knowledge and skills, lack of financial support, and non-availability or reliable supply of seeds and other critical inputs.', 'However, the introduction of sustainable aquaculture has been slow due to local limitations, including lack of knowledge and skills, lack of financial support, and non-availability or reliable supply of seeds and other critical inputs. The FSM has secured funding from the GCF for the project, “Climate resilient food security for farming households across the Federated States of Micronesia,” with Micronesia Conservation Trust (MCT) serving as the accredited entity. The project includes three components: (i) establishing an enabling environment for adaptive action and investment, (ii) enhancing the food security of vulnerable households by introducing climate-smart agriculture practices, and (iii) strengthening climate-resilient value-chains and market linkages across the agriculture sector.', 'The project includes three components: (i) establishing an enabling environment for adaptive action and investment, (ii) enhancing the food security of vulnerable households by introducing climate-smart agriculture practices, and (iii) strengthening climate-resilient value-chains and market linkages across the agriculture sector. Food security in the FSM will be further enhanced through implementation of the measures described in the Ecosystems Management section below. For example, the effective management of commercial fishing, along with protection and restoration of coral reefs, will help to improve the health of domestic fisheries, as well as the food supply and livelihoods they support.', 'For example, the effective management of commercial fishing, along with protection and restoration of coral reefs, will help to improve the health of domestic fisheries, as well as the food supply and livelihoods they support. Similarly, restoration of the upland forest and wetlands management techniques can protect groundwater used in agriculture, while improved siting and use of natural barriers can protect taro patches from floodwater intrusion.His Excellency David W. Panuelo, President of the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM), recently launched the Coconut National Export Strategy (CocoNES) to bring the FSM’s coconut products from local farmers to communities and for export to the rest of the world. CocoNES will encourage local families and farmers to grow and sell whole coconuts to Vital.', 'CocoNES will encourage local families and farmers to grow and sell whole coconuts to Vital. These whole coconuts will then be processed by local workers into healthy value-added products that will be competitive both in the domestic and international markets. In addition to increasing food security in the FSM, CocoNES will provide alternative income streams and good paying jobs, and enable communities to address their priority development needs. The Coconut Sector Development Coalition will create a shared understanding of key market challenges and opportunities facing the coconut industry, build consensus on the best growth path for the coconut industry, set goals and targets that will strengthen the coconut sector’s competitive position, and contribute to the identification of resources for implementing priority programs and projects, among other duties.', 'The Coconut Sector Development Coalition will create a shared understanding of key market challenges and opportunities facing the coconut industry, build consensus on the best growth path for the coconut industry, set goals and targets that will strengthen the coconut sector’s competitive position, and contribute to the identification of resources for implementing priority programs and projects, among other duties. Coconut oil and agricultural waste by-products also have the potential to become potential feed stocks for biofuels in the future, which could advance emissions reduction efforts in some local sectors. Food security efforts in the FSM are also supported through targeted capacity-building programs.', 'Food security efforts in the FSM are also supported through targeted capacity-building programs. The College of Micronesia, for example, offers programs in key areas such as increasing food production in agriculture and livestock systems, climate-smart agriculture (e.g., crop diversification soil protection, water conservation and agroforestry), and the development and maintenance of aquaculture systems. Contributions Unconditional By 2030, establish and/or strengthen farmer cooperatives across all high island chains in the four FSM States. Unconditional By 2030, establish and support State-level farmer associations to provide training for local farmers in climate-smart agriculture practices and establish local seed banks. Unconditional By 2030, improve market access for local farmers by facilitating durable relationships and the development commercial agreements between local producers and purchasers.', 'Unconditional By 2030, improve market access for local farmers by facilitating durable relationships and the development commercial agreements between local producers and purchasers. Conditional By 2030, increase annual production of coconuts and coconut-based products to improve resilience of the food system to climate change impacts.Climate Change Co-Benefits Mitigation Adaptation • Reduced shipping emissions due to a decreased reliance on food imports • Potential for increased production of coconut-derived biofuels to replace certain uses of fossil fuels • Increased resilience to climate change impacts on local food production, including sea-level rise, saltwater intrusion into freshwater lens, and changes in precipitation patterns • Increased resilience to price spikes and shortages of key food imports caused by climate change impacts on the global food system • Reduced fish waste Means of Implementation Requirements GCF funding in the amount of USD 9,393,350 will enable the implementation of the first three contributions on food security.', 'Conditional By 2030, increase annual production of coconuts and coconut-based products to improve resilience of the food system to climate change impacts.Climate Change Co-Benefits Mitigation Adaptation • Reduced shipping emissions due to a decreased reliance on food imports • Potential for increased production of coconut-derived biofuels to replace certain uses of fossil fuels • Increased resilience to climate change impacts on local food production, including sea-level rise, saltwater intrusion into freshwater lens, and changes in precipitation patterns • Increased resilience to price spikes and shortages of key food imports caused by climate change impacts on the global food system • Reduced fish waste Means of Implementation Requirements GCF funding in the amount of USD 9,393,350 will enable the implementation of the first three contributions on food security. Increasing production under CocoNES will require new capital investment.', 'Increasing production under CocoNES will require new capital investment. Relevant SDGs Food security is enhanced by increasing local food production and improving food distribution. Good health and well-being are enhanced by increasing the availability of locally produced, fresh fruits and vegetables. Decent work and economic growth are enhanced by improving market opportunities for small farmers. Climate action is enhanced by improving the resilience to disruptions of food imports due to climate change impacts by increasing domestic food production.', 'Climate action is enhanced by improving the resilience to disruptions of food imports due to climate change impacts by increasing domestic food production. These contributions to enhance food security will be funded in part by a grant from the GCF.WATER SECURITY Sectoral Context Water security in the FSM is likely to become an increasingly difficult challenge in the context of climate change, which will negatively impact the quality and quantity of both surface freshwater and groundwater. Sea-level rise and more severe storm surge can lead to saltwater intrusion into the freshwater lens. Increased variability in precipitation patterns, including more prolonged droughts, can also decrease recharge of both natural and artificial reservoirs.', 'Increased variability in precipitation patterns, including more prolonged droughts, can also decrease recharge of both natural and artificial reservoirs. Protracted La Niña- like conditions in recent years have already caused episodes of marine inundation, which required the provision of emergency water supplies. These impacts of climate change will compound existing drivers of water insecurity. The high islands of the FSM have significant surface and groundwater supplies, however, many important watersheds have been degraded due to human development. Storms, droughts, wildfires, and invasive species have also taken their toll.3 The smaller, outlying islands and atolls typically have no surface water and very shallow freshwater lens, and so are extremely vulnerable to droughts.', 'Storms, droughts, wildfires, and invasive species have also taken their toll.3 The smaller, outlying islands and atolls typically have no surface water and very shallow freshwater lens, and so are extremely vulnerable to droughts. In addition, population growth and increased demand from households, the agriculture sector, and businesses can lead to over-pumping of groundwater and exacerbate salination. Limited waste and sanitation infrastructure in some of the more rural areas can pollute freshwater sources and render them unfit for certain uses. Water insecurity and poor water quality can also increase the incidence of water borne illness.', 'Water insecurity and poor water quality can also increase the incidence of water borne illness. FSM WATER INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS (amounts in USD) Pohnpei Yap Extend Water Distribution System - COM to Diadi 6,380,000 Central Water - Refurbish Water Storage Tanks 1,500,000 Extend Water Distribution System - Diadi to NMS 2,200,000 Central Water - Replace Water Treatment System 1,800,000 Extend Water Distribution System - KinaKapw to Lehn Diadi 8,000,000 Central Water - Water Main Rehabilitation Phase 1 500,000 Develop New Surface Water Supply Sources 1,500,000 Central Water - Water Main Rehabilitation Phase 2 500,000 Develop New Sub-Surface Water Supply Sources 2,000,000 Central Water - Water Well Renewal & Replacement 200,000 Improve Water Supply Distribution - Phase 1 8,643,000 Southern Water – Treatment Plant/Distribution Improvements Connect Sokehs Island to Kolonia Wastewater Plant 3,000,000 Southern Water - Well Rehabilitation 870,000 Improve Existing Wastewater System 2,000,000 Southern Water – Water Storage 300,000 Improve Water Supply in Outer Islands 2,000,000 Southern Water - Office and Storage Improvements 250,000 Kosrae Central Wastewater - Sewer Main Rehabilitation Phase 1 450,000 Malem Water System Improvements 3,000,000 Central Wastewater - Sewer Main Rehabilitation Phase 2 450,000 Muntunte/Yata Water System Improvements 3,500,000 Central Wastewater - Renew Treatment Plant Outfall 3,000,000 Walung Water System Storage Tank & Treatment 1,000,000 Yap Septic Tank Program 6,500,000 Lelu Water System Improvements 3,148,000 Chuuk Lelu/Tofol Wastewater System Improvements 4,000,000 Weno Water Supply Improvements 7,000,000 3 FSM State of the Environment Report 2018, available at: WHO found that the FSM is one of only four countries in the world that saw basic water coverage decrease from 2000-2015.4 Improving the country’s water security will require significant new investments in the repair and extension of the current system.', 'FSM WATER INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS (amounts in USD) Pohnpei Yap Extend Water Distribution System - COM to Diadi 6,380,000 Central Water - Refurbish Water Storage Tanks 1,500,000 Extend Water Distribution System - Diadi to NMS 2,200,000 Central Water - Replace Water Treatment System 1,800,000 Extend Water Distribution System - KinaKapw to Lehn Diadi 8,000,000 Central Water - Water Main Rehabilitation Phase 1 500,000 Develop New Surface Water Supply Sources 1,500,000 Central Water - Water Main Rehabilitation Phase 2 500,000 Develop New Sub-Surface Water Supply Sources 2,000,000 Central Water - Water Well Renewal & Replacement 200,000 Improve Water Supply Distribution - Phase 1 8,643,000 Southern Water – Treatment Plant/Distribution Improvements Connect Sokehs Island to Kolonia Wastewater Plant 3,000,000 Southern Water - Well Rehabilitation 870,000 Improve Existing Wastewater System 2,000,000 Southern Water – Water Storage 300,000 Improve Water Supply in Outer Islands 2,000,000 Southern Water - Office and Storage Improvements 250,000 Kosrae Central Wastewater - Sewer Main Rehabilitation Phase 1 450,000 Malem Water System Improvements 3,000,000 Central Wastewater - Sewer Main Rehabilitation Phase 2 450,000 Muntunte/Yata Water System Improvements 3,500,000 Central Wastewater - Renew Treatment Plant Outfall 3,000,000 Walung Water System Storage Tank & Treatment 1,000,000 Yap Septic Tank Program 6,500,000 Lelu Water System Improvements 3,148,000 Chuuk Lelu/Tofol Wastewater System Improvements 4,000,000 Weno Water Supply Improvements 7,000,000 3 FSM State of the Environment Report 2018, available at: WHO found that the FSM is one of only four countries in the world that saw basic water coverage decrease from 2000-2015.4 Improving the country’s water security will require significant new investments in the repair and extension of the current system. A number of projects to improve the water system were identified in the FSM Infrastructure Development Plans (see table above), which will require additional financial support to complete.', 'A number of projects to improve the water system were identified in the FSM Infrastructure Development Plans (see table above), which will require additional financial support to complete. However, without the benefit of a master plan, water system improvements are currently being addressed on an ad-hoc, non-coordinated basis, across different national and state agencies and jurisdictions. With the support of a USD $3 million grant from the European Union, the FSM Department of Resources & Development is developing new master plans for water, sanitation, and transport under the Access to Water through Renewable Energy Project (AW-REP), which includes the objective to make all water solutions carbon neutral/negative and powered by 100% renewable energy.', 'With the support of a USD $3 million grant from the European Union, the FSM Department of Resources & Development is developing new master plans for water, sanitation, and transport under the Access to Water through Renewable Energy Project (AW-REP), which includes the objective to make all water solutions carbon neutral/negative and powered by 100% renewable energy. The AW-REP will consist of the following components: Component 1: Strengthening of Project Management Capacity at the National level Component 2: Support Measures to the Association of Micronesian Utilities Secretariat Component 3: Pohnpei Utilities Corporation Improved Access to Potable Water and Sanitation Component 4: Kosrae Utilities Authority Improved Access to Potable Water and Sanitation Component 5: Chuuk Public Utilities Corporation Improved Access to Potable Water Component 6: Yap State Public Service Corporation Improved Access to Potable Water Progress in Chuuk will be aided by a US$12.8 million grant from the ADB for a water supply and sanitation project scheduled to run through 2027.', 'The AW-REP will consist of the following components: Component 1: Strengthening of Project Management Capacity at the National level Component 2: Support Measures to the Association of Micronesian Utilities Secretariat Component 3: Pohnpei Utilities Corporation Improved Access to Potable Water and Sanitation Component 4: Kosrae Utilities Authority Improved Access to Potable Water and Sanitation Component 5: Chuuk Public Utilities Corporation Improved Access to Potable Water Component 6: Yap State Public Service Corporation Improved Access to Potable Water Progress in Chuuk will be aided by a US$12.8 million grant from the ADB for a water supply and sanitation project scheduled to run through 2027. The project will benefit the residents of Weno, the second-largest urban center of the FSM, the administration center of Chuuk State, and home to some 14,000 people.', 'The project will benefit the residents of Weno, the second-largest urban center of the FSM, the administration center of Chuuk State, and home to some 14,000 people. The FSM is also taking steps to improve the management and protection of its watersheds through a combination of increased monitoring, strengthened regulations, and improved education and public awareness. Expanding protected areas, such as the Yela Easement and Mahkontowe Conservation Area in Kosrae, and the Weloy Forest Stewardship Conservation Area and Tamil Watershed Managed Area in Yap will contribute to local water security. Contribution Conditional By 2030, provide universal access to clean drinking water for people through refurbishment of existing water infrastructure and extension of network to unserved and underserved areas.', 'Contribution Conditional By 2030, provide universal access to clean drinking water for people through refurbishment of existing water infrastructure and extension of network to unserved and underserved areas. 4 A Snapshot of Water and Sanitation in the Pacific, 2017 Regional Analysis of UNICEF Programme Countries.Climate Change Co-Benefits Adaptation • Increased resilience of the local water supply to climate change impacts, including sea-level rise, storm surge, saltwater intrusion into freshwater lens, and more severe drought Means of Implementation Requirements The implementation costs of all water infrastructure improvements in the FSM Infrastructure Development Plan totals USD 74,141,000, which is only partially funded at the time of submission. Additional financial support will be required to achieve FSM’s contribution of 100% access to clean water.', 'Additional financial support will be required to achieve FSM’s contribution of 100% access to clean water. Relevant SDGs Good health and well-being are enhanced by providing a more reliable source of clean water to communities, which will improve general health and reduce the incidence of water borne disease. Water security will be increased by providing reliable water delivery to presently unserved and underserved communities. Climate action will be enhanced by strengthening resilience and adaptive capacity to climate related changes to rain patterns and saltwater intrusion into groundwater supplies.', 'Climate action will be enhanced by strengthening resilience and adaptive capacity to climate related changes to rain patterns and saltwater intrusion into groundwater supplies. Durable partnerships and access to adequate means of implementation will be required to implement these contributions.ECOSYSTEMS MANAGEMENT: MARINE, COASTAL & TERRESTRIAL Sectoral Context A core element of the FSM’s vision for climate change adaptation and sustainable development is the integrated management of its marine, coastal and terrestrial ecosystems. Protecting the health of these systems by understanding the links between them, and managing the stresses upon them, helps communities conserve natural resources, protect critical biodiversity, and enhance ecosystems services that sustain local livelihoods.', 'Protecting the health of these systems by understanding the links between them, and managing the stresses upon them, helps communities conserve natural resources, protect critical biodiversity, and enhance ecosystems services that sustain local livelihoods. With increasing climate change impacts such as severe typhoons, sea level rise, ocean acidification, saltwater intrusion, coastal flooding, and marine species geographical shifts, climate change adaptation is now a fundamental component of the FSM’s integrated ecosystems management strategy. As described below, this strategy has multiple, cross-cutting benefits, including sustaining healthy ecosystems and building climate change resilience, while also improving economic opportunity, food and water security, and overall social well-being. Two signature projects that exemplify this integrated vision of marine, terrestrial and coastal ecosystems management are the Micronesia Challenge and the Ridge to Reef Project.', 'Two signature projects that exemplify this integrated vision of marine, terrestrial and coastal ecosystems management are the Micronesia Challenge and the Ridge to Reef Project. Together these and other ecosystems management and ecosystems-based adaptation projects demonstrate the FSM’s comprehensive vision for preparing for and responding to climate change, while also cultivating sustainable economic opportunities. The Micronesia Challenge The ocean constitutes more than 99.9 percent of the FSM’s territory and is by far the country’s most valuable economic resource. For centuries Micronesians have understood the importance of protecting and sustainably cultivating marine ecosystems.', 'For centuries Micronesians have understood the importance of protecting and sustainably cultivating marine ecosystems. In 2006, the FSM joined with the Marshall Islands, Palau, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands to launch the Micronesia Challenge (MC), a commitment to effectively conserve at least 30% of near-shore marine resources and 20% of terrestrial resources by 2020. This regional inter- governmental conservation initiative demonstrates the commitment by these Micronesian leaders and governments to balance the use of their natural resources today with the need to sustain those resources for future generations. In 2019, at the 24th Micronesian Islands Forum leaders expanded the commitment—now referred to as the Micronesia Challenge 2030 or MC2030—to effectively manage 50% of marine resources and 30% of terrestrial resources by 2030 across the region.', 'In 2019, at the 24th Micronesian Islands Forum leaders expanded the commitment—now referred to as the Micronesia Challenge 2030 or MC2030—to effectively manage 50% of marine resources and 30% of terrestrial resources by 2030 across the region. MC2030 also expands the partnership to include goals focused on increasing livelihoods from sustainable resources, integrating fisheries management with Protected Area Networks, increasing capacity for effective management, reducing invasive species and restoring habitats, and reducing risks from climate change impacts. To guide fundraising efforts, a Sustainable Finance Plan (SFP) was developed, which has currently helped the FSM secure over USD $7 million in an endowment fund to support ongoing implementation of Protected Area Networks (PANs) at the local level. An updated SFP is being developed based on new MC2030 targets.', 'An updated SFP is being developed based on new MC2030 targets. Related to these efforts is the Bill Raynor Micronesia Challenge Scholarship. This capacity building effort enables Micronesian individuals to pursue Masters or Doctorate degrees in conservation- related fields in order to foster responsible and environmentally friendly development,biodiversity conservation, research and knowledge management, and sustainable livelihoods across the region. The scholarship was first awarded in 2017 and has supported over a dozen scholars so far across Micronesia. One specific achievement under the MC that the FSM continues to enhance is the Protected Areas Network National Guiding Policy Framework (FSM PAN).', 'One specific achievement under the MC that the FSM continues to enhance is the Protected Areas Network National Guiding Policy Framework (FSM PAN). The overarching goal of the FSM PAN is to support effective management of sites through marine protected area design, capacity building, setting up state and national level PAN implementing mechanisms, and providing sustainable funding to enable communities to lead on conservation and management, as well as developing sustainable livelihoods toward food security and building community resilience. The Ridge to Reef Project has been key in supporting the institutionalization of the FSM PAN and protected area management in the FSM.', 'The Ridge to Reef Project has been key in supporting the institutionalization of the FSM PAN and protected area management in the FSM. Also related to the marine conservation work of the Micronesia Challenge are the efforts of the Blue Prosperity Coalition (BPC), a network of global partners committed to the long-term goal of protecting 30% of the ocean and assisting committed governments in developing and implementing comprehensive Marine Spatial Plans to protect the environment and improve the economy at the same time. Their approach provides expertise, funding, and tools, to promote growth and prosperity through empowering sustainable management of marine resources and ecosystems. In 2019, President Panuelo signed a MOU with the BPC on behalf of the FSM to protect 30% of its ocean by 2030.', 'In 2019, President Panuelo signed a MOU with the BPC on behalf of the FSM to protect 30% of its ocean by 2030. Through this MOU a 5-year program known as Blue Prosperity Micronesia (BPM) was launched to support the sustainable growth of marine resources in the Federated States of Micronesia. This program is government-led, through a Task Force, with the goal to optimize ocean uses, protect 30% of the FSM s waters, strengthen fisheries management, and support the development of marine industries. The Task Force and its working groups collaborate closely with the Micronesia Conservation Trust, as the in-country member of the BPC.', 'The Task Force and its working groups collaborate closely with the Micronesia Conservation Trust, as the in-country member of the BPC. With these new partnerships, approaches and monitoring tools, the FSM’s ability to effectively manage and sustainably benefit from our tremendous, maritime resources is only expected to increase in the decades ahead. Ridge to Reef Project The Ridge to Reef program focuses on the main, or High Islands, of the four states of the FSM. Its objective is to strengthen local, State and National actions and capacities to implement integrated ecosystems management across the islands, from the terrestrial high points, the ridges, to the coastal ecosystems, the reefs.', 'Its objective is to strengthen local, State and National actions and capacities to implement integrated ecosystems management across the islands, from the terrestrial high points, the ridges, to the coastal ecosystems, the reefs. Working with institutions and individuals in state and national government, environmental NGOs and local communities, Reef to Ridge focuses on two principal areas: Sustainable Land Management (SLM) and Protected Areas (PAs). The focus of the SLM work is on developing Integrated Land Management Plans (ILMPs) based upon data-driven Strategic Environmental Assessments (SEAs) to promote allocation of land resources in a manner that balances development and environmental interests. These tools and guidelines are based on key data including information about biodiversity as well as the physical environment.', 'These tools and guidelines are based on key data including information about biodiversity as well as the physical environment. The SLM work also includes efforts to coordinate management and access to information among state, national, local, private, civil society and other key stakeholders, and to develop means of securing finance for further implementation of these practices. Finally, it involvesspecific initial demonstrations, including projects to reduce water pollution from pig farming and to restore sections of upland forest. Together, these efforts will protect biodiversity, reduce erosion, increase water quality and quantity, and reduce coastal flooding. The focus of the Protected Areas work is on enhancing the capacity for management of both existing and new Protected Areas and Protected Area Networks (PANs).', 'The focus of the Protected Areas work is on enhancing the capacity for management of both existing and new Protected Areas and Protected Area Networks (PANs). This involves developing institutional frameworks at the State and National levels for managing protected areas, including planning, financing, monitoring and reporting. It also involves ensuring that the PAs have adequate legal status and that the various managing bodies, especially for newly established PAs and PANs, are coordinated and have the capacity to undertake their responsibilities. The program helps by providing a broad range of resources including guidelines and tools related to zoning and boundaries, biological and ecological monitoring and enforcement, as well as by improving stakeholder engagement, community awareness and management capacity.', 'The program helps by providing a broad range of resources including guidelines and tools related to zoning and boundaries, biological and ecological monitoring and enforcement, as well as by improving stakeholder engagement, community awareness and management capacity. Additional Ecosystems Management and Ecosystems-based Adaptation Projects The National and State governments have numerous other ongoing partnerships with NGOs and communities to help effectively manage the coastal zone in a sustainable manner while building resilience to climate change impacts. Like the Ridge to Reef project, these projects take an integrated approach towards shoreline and marine management and ecosystem-based adaptation, seeking to balance environmental and development needs.', 'Like the Ridge to Reef project, these projects take an integrated approach towards shoreline and marine management and ecosystem-based adaptation, seeking to balance environmental and development needs. Most often, these involve one or more of three components: soft engineering interventions or technology demonstrations; capacity- building and training for government officials and stakeholders; and development of guidance on policies, regulations, and implementation of these management approaches. Typical soft engineering techniques include using natural defense systems such as outer reefs, mangroves, beaches and coastal vegetation to improve flood resilience and to climate-proof livelihoods and businesses. Tree planting, reef rehabilitation, and beach ridge enhancement can also be used for coastal and watershed drainage management.', 'Tree planting, reef rehabilitation, and beach ridge enhancement can also be used for coastal and watershed drainage management. Capacity-building programs in coastal and watershed management for communities and stakeholders include helping fisheries- dependent communities restore and sustain coral reefs and training farmers in resilient agricultural planting and groundwater protection techniques. In the FSM, widespread private ownership of land and aquatic areas makes the active involvement and ongoing capacity building of local communities and stakeholders absolutely essential to building climate change resilience through ecosystems management. Another important component of many of these adaptation and ecosystems management projects is the development of guidance for policies and legislation at the local, state and/or national levels.', 'Another important component of many of these adaptation and ecosystems management projects is the development of guidance for policies and legislation at the local, state and/or national levels. This guidance can be used to promulgate land and shoreline management plans and legal regimes for protected areas and networks, as well as to help communities and other stakeholders in their monitoring and enforcement efforts.Contributions Unconditional By 2030, effectively manage 50% of marine resources and 30% of terrestrial resources, including restricting commercial fishing in up to 30% of the marine environment. Unconditional By 2023, achieve full tuna fishery transparency through electronic monitoring of all FSM-flagged longline fishing vessels.', 'Unconditional By 2023, achieve full tuna fishery transparency through electronic monitoring of all FSM-flagged longline fishing vessels. Unconditional By 2030, develop non-entangling and biodegradable Fish Aggregating Devices (FAD) to be used by all purse seine flag vessels in the FSM EEZ Unconditional By 2030, develop Integrated Land Management Plans and Shoreline Development Plans to effectively sustain and protect terrestrial and coastal ecosystems Unconditional By 2030, expand the number of Protected Areas and their coordination through Protected Area Networks Climate Change Co-benefits Mitigation Adaptation • Reduced emissions from fishing fuel • Less disturbance of land and ocean-based carbon sinks • Increased resilience of fisheries to climate change impacts by improving sustainability, reducing by-catch, reducing IUU fishing, and providing protected areas for stocks to recover • Preservation of ecosystems services and livelihoods • Preservation of food supply/security • Improved capacity of governments and communities to respond to climate change impacts on coastal and marine ecosystems • Improved climate-resilience of livelihoods and businesses reliant on coastal and marine ecosystems • Improved flood resilience through protection of mangroves and implementation of other nature-based solutions • Reduction of coastal erosion • Improved resilience to more extreme droughts through water conservation / groundwater protection • Increased resilience of coral reefs, mangrove forests, and wetlands to climate change impacts Means of Implementation Requirements Support has been obtained from the Adaptation Fund and Green Climate Fund to undertake food and water security measures that complement the integrated ecosystems management approach described above.', 'Unconditional By 2030, develop non-entangling and biodegradable Fish Aggregating Devices (FAD) to be used by all purse seine flag vessels in the FSM EEZ Unconditional By 2030, develop Integrated Land Management Plans and Shoreline Development Plans to effectively sustain and protect terrestrial and coastal ecosystems Unconditional By 2030, expand the number of Protected Areas and their coordination through Protected Area Networks Climate Change Co-benefits Mitigation Adaptation • Reduced emissions from fishing fuel • Less disturbance of land and ocean-based carbon sinks • Increased resilience of fisheries to climate change impacts by improving sustainability, reducing by-catch, reducing IUU fishing, and providing protected areas for stocks to recover • Preservation of ecosystems services and livelihoods • Preservation of food supply/security • Improved capacity of governments and communities to respond to climate change impacts on coastal and marine ecosystems • Improved climate-resilience of livelihoods and businesses reliant on coastal and marine ecosystems • Improved flood resilience through protection of mangroves and implementation of other nature-based solutions • Reduction of coastal erosion • Improved resilience to more extreme droughts through water conservation / groundwater protection • Increased resilience of coral reefs, mangrove forests, and wetlands to climate change impacts Means of Implementation Requirements Support has been obtained from the Adaptation Fund and Green Climate Fund to undertake food and water security measures that complement the integrated ecosystems management approach described above. Full implementation of these and other ecosystems management and ecosystems- based adaptation measures will require additional funding.Relevant SDGs Ending poverty is advanced by protecting ecosystems and ecosystems services that sustain livelihoods.', 'Full implementation of these and other ecosystems management and ecosystems- based adaptation measures will require additional funding.Relevant SDGs Ending poverty is advanced by protecting ecosystems and ecosystems services that sustain livelihoods. Food security is advanced by protecting ecosystems such as reefs and fisheries that provide food and through adaptation measures to protect groundwater supplies for drinking and agriculture. Good health and well-being are advanced through the reduction of pollution from development and economic activity in protected and effectively managed ecosystems. Good Jobs and Economic Growth are enhanced by protecting the ecosystems upon which fishers and farmers rely.', 'Good Jobs and Economic Growth are enhanced by protecting the ecosystems upon which fishers and farmers rely. Climate action will be enhanced by reducing emissions from commercial fishing due to marine conservation measures and by protecting and strengthening marine, coastal and terrestrial ecosystems through management approaches that involve ecosystems-based climate change adaptation measures The conservation and sustainable use of the Ocean are among the primary objectives of the Contributions in this Ecosystems Management policy area. The protection and sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems and halting biodiversity loss are among the primary objectives of the Contributions in this Ecosystems Management policy area.', 'The protection and sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems and halting biodiversity loss are among the primary objectives of the Contributions in this Ecosystems Management policy area. Durable partnerships and access to adequate means of implementation will be required to implement these contributions.RESILIENT TRANSPORT SYSTEMS Sectoral Context A resilient transport network to ensure reliable transport of goods and people by air, sea, and roads is crucial to the FSM’s economy, public health and safety. The FSM is extremely dependent on the importation of most goods, including a significant portion of its food, and nearly all of its medicine and fuel, both for transportation and electric power generation. Many of the outer islands have very limited infrastructure, including roads and health care.', 'Many of the outer islands have very limited infrastructure, including roads and health care. Residents of outer islands rely on maritime transport to main and other outlying islands, and for access to education, markets and health services. Only seven of the around seventy total inhabited outer islands have airstrips. These airstrips are presently serviced by only two aircraft, including one with a seven-person capacity and one with a fifteen-person capacity The impacts of climate change, such as sea level rise and more severe weather events are already posing challenges to the transportation system and will require significant investment to increase its resilience. In many instances, the existing capacity of infrastructure, particularly at port facilities, is already inadequate and requires expansion just to meet current needs.', 'In many instances, the existing capacity of infrastructure, particularly at port facilities, is already inadequate and requires expansion just to meet current needs. This imposes additional costs on the country by slowing the transfer of goods to and from shipping vessels. Improving the capacity and resilience of the transport network and ports of entry is essential for building the country’s broader economic resilience to climate change and its impacts on global supply chains. The FSM is considering the use of battery powered land, sea, and air transportation powered by renewable energy. The FSM recognizes that all private sector operations and government functions, including education, health, social and emergency services, depend on an effectively functioning and climate-resilient transportation infrastructure system.', 'The FSM recognizes that all private sector operations and government functions, including education, health, social and emergency services, depend on an effectively functioning and climate-resilient transportation infrastructure system. All four states therefore include climate-proofing and possible relocation of critical infrastructure as priorities in their Joint State Action Plans on Disaster Risk Management and Climate Change. Seaports The importance of seaports to a small island state such as the FSM cannot be overstated, as they are the principal hubs of commercial goods for the economy, as well as for tourists and for emergency transportation purposes. Improving the four states’ main seaports is presently a top priority for the FSM.', 'Improving the four states’ main seaports is presently a top priority for the FSM. Key improvements needed and planned include bringing the ports up to International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Standards, improving the resilience of piers and docks to worsening currents and higher waves, and making berths larger to accommodate more traffic and larger ships. Accommodating more ships will also reduce fuel use and the associated emissions from vessels idling at sea while waiting to dock. In addition to benefiting commerce, food security, fuel conservation and emergency services, these improvements will decrease damage to ships and improve safety and security in the dock area. More recent considerations include planning potential quarantine facilities located at or near seaports and airports.', 'More recent considerations include planning potential quarantine facilities located at or near seaports and airports. As a country with limited healthcare infrastructure, the FSM has effectively maintained a zero-COVID strategy that has resulted in no cases to date. Minimizing incoming travel and requiring that incoming persons quarantine before joining the general population has been a critical part of that successful strategy. Therefore, developing appropriate accommodations nearports for persons needing to quarantine upon arrival may become a necessary component of port security and public health in the FSM. In addition, FSM is looking into developing a master plan to coordinate data on incoming flights and vessels across airports and seaports, especially those within close vicinity of each other.', 'In addition, FSM is looking into developing a master plan to coordinate data on incoming flights and vessels across airports and seaports, especially those within close vicinity of each other. Roads and Runways The FSM has just over 200 kilometers of roads, ranging from very poor to good condition. Each of the four states’ main islands has one primary circumferential road along the coast, as well as some secondary and other access roads. All roads are adversely affected by natural conditions such as high rainfall and undulating terrain. They are further affected by worsening climate-related impacts such as sea level rise, storm surges, flooding and increasing precipitation.', 'They are further affected by worsening climate-related impacts such as sea level rise, storm surges, flooding and increasing precipitation. In addition, roads suffer from inadequate drainage and limited capacity for maintenance, often due to the high costs of getting heavy equipment and operators to remote locations. Since most of the FSM population lives near the coast, and since most of the country’s core infrastructure—including businesses, schools, health facilities, seaports and airports and tourist accommodations—are also located in coastal zones, disruptions to the road system can severely affect the FSM economy, as well as the flow of critical supplies and social services. Immediate improvements are therefore needed to the road system nationwide.', 'Immediate improvements are therefore needed to the road system nationwide. Overview of estimated FSM primary road network length and condition (from World Bank) State Unsealed Sealed Condition Climate Hazard Pohnpei 0 km 100 km asphalt Roads are generally in good and fair condition, with a cautious estimate of approx. 15% of the road network poor and very poor. The road cross-section is very flat and side drainage is regularly missing or inadequate, leading to standing or running water on the road surface. One bridge is in unsafe condition and weight limit / closure is being considered by the government. Road surface and pavement damage from a lack of drainage Kosrae 0 km 35 km asphalt Roads are generally in fair to good condition.', 'Road surface and pavement damage from a lack of drainage Kosrae 0 km 35 km asphalt Roads are generally in fair to good condition. There is no evidence of side drainage, but roads tend to have cross-fall such that run-off drains acceptably on both sides. The Lelu causeway was constructed 50 years ago, is very narrow, is low level, has insufficient drainage, and is suffering from erosion and scouring from tidal action. Bridges are generally in good condition. The road between Malem and Utwe is subject to coastal erosion, which is getting worse under the effects of sea-level rise.', 'The road between Malem and Utwe is subject to coastal erosion, which is getting worse under the effects of sea-level rise. The network is mostly very close to the shore and is low lyingChuuk (Weno Island) 5 km 10 km asphalt 5 km concrete Concrete roads are recently built (between 2015 and 2017) and in very good condition, whilst asphalt roads are relatively old and in generally very poor condition. Bridges are generally in good condition. However, the paved road network is of very limited extent and covers only the north-western part of the island in the area of the airport, the seaport and the main government institutions. The extension of the road network is a priority. Coastal and rainfall related, depending on location. Yap 10 km 40 km asphalt 10 km double seal Roads are generally in good condition in large part due to good drainage.', 'Yap 10 km 40 km asphalt 10 km double seal Roads are generally in good condition in large part due to good drainage. Three bridges are in unsafe condition and weight limit/closure is being considered by the government. Coastal and rainfall related, depending on location. To address the deteriorated state of the FSM’s road network and make it more climate-resilient, President Panuelo launched the Pave the Nation Program as a national priority. This large-scale program includes a USD $75 million project funded by the World Bank to support primary and secondary road improvements nationwide. It also includes USD $ 37 million from the Asian Development Bank and USD $14 million from the government of China to support additional road improvements that have been identified as priorities by the government.', 'It also includes USD $ 37 million from the Asian Development Bank and USD $14 million from the government of China to support additional road improvements that have been identified as priorities by the government. The four states are presently examining further plans to elevate to strengthen, widen, and even relocate their roads to ensure sustainable functioning of principle economic activities and social and emergency services. The Pave the Nation Program will continue to implement such improvement projects as additional funds become available. Officials are also examining opportunities to improve airport infrastructure nationwide, including expanding and restoring runways to make them more resilient to flooding and related climate impacts. In 2021, the US Federal Aviation Authority approved a $37 million grant to rehabilitate the airport in Yap.', 'In 2021, the US Federal Aviation Authority approved a $37 million grant to rehabilitate the airport in Yap. Similar funding will also be sought for such improvements at the other FSM airports. This effort will be bolstered by the EU-funded AW-REP described above, under which the FSM Department of Resources & Development will coordinate the development of a comprehensive national Transport Master Plan and State Action Plans. The AW-REP is also intended to kickstart the transition to electric-powered transport across the Federation in the next 5-10 years.', 'The AW-REP is also intended to kickstart the transition to electric-powered transport across the Federation in the next 5-10 years. Contributions Conditional By 2030, climate-proof (e.g., by widening, elevating, repairing and/or relocating) all major island ring roads, airport access roads and arterial roads Conditional By 2030, complete climate-proofing of major ports (including larger and more resilient docks meeting ISPS standards)Climate Change Co-Benefits Mitigation Adaptation • Reduction of emissions from idling vessels waiting to dock • Reduction of emissions from large transportation idling vessels waiting to dock by incorporating renewable energy technology for powering their auxiliary equipment • Resilience to flooding from sea-level rise and king tides • Maintenance of public and commercial services during weather related emergencies Means of Implementation Requirements The FSM’s Infrastructure Development Plan FY 2016 – FY2025 identifies needs totaling USD 209 million and USD 79 million for road and pedestrian and maritime infrastructure projects, respectively.', 'Contributions Conditional By 2030, climate-proof (e.g., by widening, elevating, repairing and/or relocating) all major island ring roads, airport access roads and arterial roads Conditional By 2030, complete climate-proofing of major ports (including larger and more resilient docks meeting ISPS standards)Climate Change Co-Benefits Mitigation Adaptation • Reduction of emissions from idling vessels waiting to dock • Reduction of emissions from large transportation idling vessels waiting to dock by incorporating renewable energy technology for powering their auxiliary equipment • Resilience to flooding from sea-level rise and king tides • Maintenance of public and commercial services during weather related emergencies Means of Implementation Requirements The FSM’s Infrastructure Development Plan FY 2016 – FY2025 identifies needs totaling USD 209 million and USD 79 million for road and pedestrian and maritime infrastructure projects, respectively. Including air transportation and broader climate change adaptation projects would add another USD 103 million to total requirements for transportation infrastructure over the period.', 'Including air transportation and broader climate change adaptation projects would add another USD 103 million to total requirements for transportation infrastructure over the period. Some of the finances for roads have been secured with support from the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank and the governments of the United States and China. However, the majority of the resources needed for transportation projects over the next decade, including maintenance and repairs, have yet to be secured. Relevant SDGs Good jobs and economic growth are enhanced through improved access to markets and fewer disruptions to commercial activity due to severe climatic events. Inequalities are reduced by providing poorer and underserved communities better access to transportation and public services, including health, education and emergency response.', 'Inequalities are reduced by providing poorer and underserved communities better access to transportation and public services, including health, education and emergency response. Sustainable cities and communities are enhanced by reliable access to transportation, public services and fewer disruptions due to severe climatic events. Climate action is enhanced by climate proofing and relocating roads and ports for adaptation purposes.', 'Climate action is enhanced by climate proofing and relocating roads and ports for adaptation purposes. Durable partnerships and access to adequate means of implementation will be required to implement these contributions.PUBLIC HEALTH Sectoral Context Climate change is projected to have many negative impacts on public health in the Pacific region, including increased vector-borne disease (VBD), such as dengue fever, malaria, Zika, and Chikungunya virus, food borne disease (FBD), such as Salmonella, E. coli, and Staphylococcus arueus, and water borne disease (WBD), such as diarrheal pathogens, gastroenteritis and leptospirosis.5 Communities in tropical climates are generally considered at higher risk. Strengthening public health systems will be an important adaptation response to climate change, particularly in those countries with underdeveloped health care systems.', 'Strengthening public health systems will be an important adaptation response to climate change, particularly in those countries with underdeveloped health care systems. Diarrheal and gastroenteritis infections are already the highest causes of morbidity in the FSM, according to local hospital records. The FSM has also experienced recent outbreaks of dengue fever In addition, there are many risk factors present in the FSM that have the potential to exacerbate the negative health implications of climate change. Poorer parts of the country are often not well served with regard to access to clean water and sanitation.', 'Poorer parts of the country are often not well served with regard to access to clean water and sanitation. Water treatment is not available in all public and community systems on the main islands, and the physical infrastructure is not always well maintained.7 Over-consumption of imported packaged food, lack of physical activity, and use of tobacco and local plant products also contribute to the high incidence of non-communicable diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and various cancers.8 Improving the public health system in the FSM, including with regard to climate-related risks, is already a priority identified in the JSAPs of all four States.', 'Water treatment is not available in all public and community systems on the main islands, and the physical infrastructure is not always well maintained.7 Over-consumption of imported packaged food, lack of physical activity, and use of tobacco and local plant products also contribute to the high incidence of non-communicable diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and various cancers.8 Improving the public health system in the FSM, including with regard to climate-related risks, is already a priority identified in the JSAPs of all four States. The GCF approved on 16 July 2021 the FSM’s application to access the Project Preparation Facility to develop a proposal for increasing resilience to health risks of climate change.9 The following barriers were identified and would need to be addressed in order to cope with VBD, WBD and FBD: • Insufficient current policies, programs and regulations, both within the Department of Health and other Departments, to manage those climate change-related health risks, • Inefficient process of health data recording, collection and analysis, in particular with respect to harmonizing health and climate information systems, • Lack of financial and human resources dedicated to health and climate information systems, biostatistics, epidemiology and public health related to climate change, • Lack of high-level buy-in, cross-sectoral cooperation and inter-agency support for effective project management and implementation of climate change and health projects, 5 McIver et al., Health impacts of climate change in Pacific island countries: a regional assessment of vulnerabilities and adaptation priorities.', 'The GCF approved on 16 July 2021 the FSM’s application to access the Project Preparation Facility to develop a proposal for increasing resilience to health risks of climate change.9 The following barriers were identified and would need to be addressed in order to cope with VBD, WBD and FBD: • Insufficient current policies, programs and regulations, both within the Department of Health and other Departments, to manage those climate change-related health risks, • Inefficient process of health data recording, collection and analysis, in particular with respect to harmonizing health and climate information systems, • Lack of financial and human resources dedicated to health and climate information systems, biostatistics, epidemiology and public health related to climate change, • Lack of high-level buy-in, cross-sectoral cooperation and inter-agency support for effective project management and implementation of climate change and health projects, 5 McIver et al., Health impacts of climate change in Pacific island countries: a regional assessment of vulnerabilities and adaptation priorities. Environ Health Perspective, 2016.', 'The GCF approved on 16 July 2021 the FSM’s application to access the Project Preparation Facility to develop a proposal for increasing resilience to health risks of climate change.9 The following barriers were identified and would need to be addressed in order to cope with VBD, WBD and FBD: • Insufficient current policies, programs and regulations, both within the Department of Health and other Departments, to manage those climate change-related health risks, • Inefficient process of health data recording, collection and analysis, in particular with respect to harmonizing health and climate information systems, • Lack of financial and human resources dedicated to health and climate information systems, biostatistics, epidemiology and public health related to climate change, • Lack of high-level buy-in, cross-sectoral cooperation and inter-agency support for effective project management and implementation of climate change and health projects, 5 McIver et al., Health impacts of climate change in Pacific island countries: a regional assessment of vulnerabilities and adaptation priorities. Environ Health Perspective, 2016. 6 EpiNet Surveillance data provided by FSM Department of Health and Social Affairs, 2020.', '6 EpiNet Surveillance data provided by FSM Department of Health and Social Affairs, 2020. 7 Millennium Development Goals and Status Report 2010 of FSM, pg.', '7 Millennium Development Goals and Status Report 2010 of FSM, pg. 80, available at: 8 FSM-WHO Country Cooperation Strategy 2018-2022, available at: 9 Application available at: climate-change-federated-states• Low technical/organizational/financial capacities to operate and maintain resilient and safe water supply systems, • Lack of knowledge and capacities in the management of mosquitoes breeding zones, and • Lack of public understanding on VBD, WBD and FBD (risks of transmissions, prevention The FSM is also implementing a significant project funded by the Adaptation Fund aimed at enhancing water security in the communities of Woleai, Eauripik, Satawan, Lukunor, Kapingamarangi, Nukuoro, Utwe, and Malem.11 The overall goal of the project is to build social, ecological and economic resilience of the target communities and reduce their vulnerabilities to extreme drought, sea level rise, and other climate risks through water resource management, coastal resource and development planning, and by promoting gender perspectives and ecologically sound climate resilient livelihoods.', '80, available at: 8 FSM-WHO Country Cooperation Strategy 2018-2022, available at: 9 Application available at: climate-change-federated-states• Low technical/organizational/financial capacities to operate and maintain resilient and safe water supply systems, • Lack of knowledge and capacities in the management of mosquitoes breeding zones, and • Lack of public understanding on VBD, WBD and FBD (risks of transmissions, prevention The FSM is also implementing a significant project funded by the Adaptation Fund aimed at enhancing water security in the communities of Woleai, Eauripik, Satawan, Lukunor, Kapingamarangi, Nukuoro, Utwe, and Malem.11 The overall goal of the project is to build social, ecological and economic resilience of the target communities and reduce their vulnerabilities to extreme drought, sea level rise, and other climate risks through water resource management, coastal resource and development planning, and by promoting gender perspectives and ecologically sound climate resilient livelihoods. The College of Micronesia (CoM) can play an important role in the response of the public health system to climate change, particularly in the area of training.', 'The College of Micronesia (CoM) can play an important role in the response of the public health system to climate change, particularly in the area of training. The CoM currently offers a 3rd year certificate in Public Health and operates an Area Health Education Center in each states to provide trainings for State public health workers. These operations can be readily expanded to include preparation for climate change impacts like VBD, WBD, and FBD. With international assistance and access to the required financial support, the FSM is committed to strengthening its public health system, so that it is able to respond to the growing health risks associated with climate change and improve the health and well-being of the population.', 'With international assistance and access to the required financial support, the FSM is committed to strengthening its public health system, so that it is able to respond to the growing health risks associated with climate change and improve the health and well-being of the population. Contributions Conditional By 2030, establish a surveillance system to detect and monitor VBD, WBD, and FBD, including a laboratory, to enable rapid response and control of outbreaks. Conditional By 2030, provide all medical personnel and public health officials with training in the detection and treatment of VBD, WBD, and FBD. Conditional By 2030, equip all hospitals and other relevant medical facilities to receive and effectively treat patients suffering from VBD, WBD, and FBD.', 'Conditional By 2030, equip all hospitals and other relevant medical facilities to receive and effectively treat patients suffering from VBD, WBD, and FBD. 10 GCF Project Preparation Service Application, Increasing resilience to the health risks of climate change in the Federated States of Micronesia, Concept Note pg.10, approved 16 July 2021, available at: preparation-increasing-resilience-health-risks-climate-change-federated-states 11 More information available at: island-communities-federated-states-micronesia/Climate Change Co-Benefits Adaptation • Increased preparedness for the negative impacts of climate change on public health, including increased risk of VBD, WBD, and FBD Means of Implementation Requirements Full implementation of the project for increasing the resilience to the health risks of climate change will require additional funding of USD 9,475,000. The Government of the FSM has committed co- financing of USD 500,000. This project will be submitted to the GCF.', 'This project will be submitted to the GCF. Relevant SDGs Good health and well-being is enhanced by directly addressing the serious and growing health risks posed by VBD, FBD, and WBD to the people of the FSM, all of which are exacerbated by climate change. Climate action is enhanced by improving the responsiveness of the FSM’s public health system to the projected negative impacts of climate change. The FSM will be seeking financial support from the GCF to fully fund the actions associated with these contributions.EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT & RESPONSE Sectoral Context Disaster Risk Management is both critical and difficult in a geographically dispersed SIDS such as the FSM.', 'The FSM will be seeking financial support from the GCF to fully fund the actions associated with these contributions.EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT & RESPONSE Sectoral Context Disaster Risk Management is both critical and difficult in a geographically dispersed SIDS such as the FSM. As listed below, there are numerous possible threats to and impacts on the safety and security of communities in the FSM, most of which are exacerbated by climate change. Damage to economic assets and infrastructure, as well as adverse impacts on livelihoods can be expected. The territorial integrity of some areas and islands is also threatened by sea-level rise, storm surges and other climate-related impacts.', 'The territorial integrity of some areas and islands is also threatened by sea-level rise, storm surges and other climate-related impacts. Near-Term Threats to the FSM Disaster Impacts on the FSM and its People • Tropical storms and typhoons • Pandemics • Tidal and wave surges • Agriculture pests and diseases • Floods • Aviation and maritime disasters • Earthquakes • Fires • Landslides • Industrial accidents • Tsunamis • Marine pollution • Droughts • Loss of life • Disruption of lifestyle • Injury • Disruption of services • Damage to and destruction of property • Damage to infrastructure and disruption of government systems • Damage to subsistence and cash crops • National economic loss • Loss of livelihoods • Sociological and psychological after-effects Just as climate change can exacerbate the threats and impacts of disasters suffered in the FSM, so too can overlapping threats compound the impacts and difficulties in responding effectively.', 'Near-Term Threats to the FSM Disaster Impacts on the FSM and its People • Tropical storms and typhoons • Pandemics • Tidal and wave surges • Agriculture pests and diseases • Floods • Aviation and maritime disasters • Earthquakes • Fires • Landslides • Industrial accidents • Tsunamis • Marine pollution • Droughts • Loss of life • Disruption of lifestyle • Injury • Disruption of services • Damage to and destruction of property • Damage to infrastructure and disruption of government systems • Damage to subsistence and cash crops • National economic loss • Loss of livelihoods • Sociological and psychological after-effects Just as climate change can exacerbate the threats and impacts of disasters suffered in the FSM, so too can overlapping threats compound the impacts and difficulties in responding effectively. For example, the Covid-19 pandemic has strained emergency preparedness and food security efforts, since shipments of key supplies found to be contaminated have had to be turned away.', 'For example, the Covid-19 pandemic has strained emergency preparedness and food security efforts, since shipments of key supplies found to be contaminated have had to be turned away. In the future, climate change impacts could cause similar disruptions to supply chains. Institutions and Governance Cognizant of the challenges ahead, the FSM has taken significant steps towards developing an integrated state and national governance regime. The FSM’s overarching approach to these issues is laid out in the Integrated Disaster Risk Management and Climate Change Policy, adopted in 2013. This was followed in 2014 by passage of the Climate Change Act, which specifies obligation of the various government departments.', 'This was followed in 2014 by passage of the Climate Change Act, which specifies obligation of the various government departments. The National Disaster Response Plan, adopted in 2017, establishes the FSM’s institutional arrangements for preparedness, monitoring and responses to disasters, as well as for state and national coordination and for accessing international support. Also at the national level, the increased focus on climate change and emergency management has led to the elevating of what was formerly the Office of Environment and Emergency Management (OEEM) to become the Department of Environment, Climate Change and Emergency Management (DECEM). This national office consists of separate divisions of Environment, Climate Change and Emergency Management.', 'This national office consists of separate divisions of Environment, Climate Change and Emergency Management. These divisions work closely with each other, with other branches of the national government, with government offices at the state level, and even with schools and communities within the four states. Two of DECEM’s near-term priorities include finalizing thecountry’s National Adaptation Plan (NAP) and updating the National Disaster Response Plan mentioned above. A third key near-term priority is the completion of nationwide GIS mapping to help prepare for climate change impacts and responses.', 'A third key near-term priority is the completion of nationwide GIS mapping to help prepare for climate change impacts and responses. At the state level emergency management plans and programs differ somewhat depending on what each state identifies as its specific priorities, but each state undertakes the following key actions, among others: • Developing materials and resources relevant to the disaster and climate change context of the specific state • Implementing Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management education and awareness programs appropriate for communities and schools in the main and outer islands • Establishing and strengthening early warning systems • Creating disaster response plans for all communities • Developing maps of, and plans for, vulnerable communities • Mapping and communicating information about safe shelters • Equipping communities with disaster proof communications systems • Equipping emergency operations offices with the necessary resources • Providing disaster supplies and aid kits to outer islands • Providing first aid and capacity training for potential responders • Improving evacuation routes (e.g., for floods and tsunamis) and community awareness of them • Conducting capacity building, training and drills regarding evacuation processes and priorities • Building capacity for response operations, including training for Search and Rescue operations Transportation Infrastructure and Emergency Management Synergies At both the national and state levels, investment in intra- and inter-state cargo and transportation vessels not only greatly facilitates and improves economic activity, but it also enhances emergency response capacity, since in times of emergency these vessels serve to deliver vital supplies and to evacuate persons from disaster areas or persons in need of medical help.', 'At the state level emergency management plans and programs differ somewhat depending on what each state identifies as its specific priorities, but each state undertakes the following key actions, among others: • Developing materials and resources relevant to the disaster and climate change context of the specific state • Implementing Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management education and awareness programs appropriate for communities and schools in the main and outer islands • Establishing and strengthening early warning systems • Creating disaster response plans for all communities • Developing maps of, and plans for, vulnerable communities • Mapping and communicating information about safe shelters • Equipping communities with disaster proof communications systems • Equipping emergency operations offices with the necessary resources • Providing disaster supplies and aid kits to outer islands • Providing first aid and capacity training for potential responders • Improving evacuation routes (e.g., for floods and tsunamis) and community awareness of them • Conducting capacity building, training and drills regarding evacuation processes and priorities • Building capacity for response operations, including training for Search and Rescue operations Transportation Infrastructure and Emergency Management Synergies At both the national and state levels, investment in intra- and inter-state cargo and transportation vessels not only greatly facilitates and improves economic activity, but it also enhances emergency response capacity, since in times of emergency these vessels serve to deliver vital supplies and to evacuate persons from disaster areas or persons in need of medical help. Therefore, the FSM aims to carefully maintain and update its primary cargo and transportation vessels, and may look to secure additional vessels.', 'Therefore, the FSM aims to carefully maintain and update its primary cargo and transportation vessels, and may look to secure additional vessels. Indeed, in some circumstances, running smaller vessels more frequently can decrease fuel usage, thereby lowering both costs and emissions, while improving the economy and emergency response capacity.Contributions Unconditional By 2025, complete an update of the National Disaster Response Plan. Conditional By 2030, complete comprehensive nationwide GIS mapping. Conditional By 2030, update vessels and/or secure additional vessels for inter-state transportation and emergency response operations.', 'Conditional By 2030, update vessels and/or secure additional vessels for inter-state transportation and emergency response operations. Climate Change Co-Benefits Mitigation Adaptation • Reduction of carbon dioxide emissions from emergency response vessels • Enhancement of emergency management and disaster response to extreme weather events, including improved delivery of essential supplies and services (e.g., food, water, medical, transportation) • Improved monitoring of coastal erosion, sea level-rise, groundwater supplies and other natural resources Means of Implementation Requirements Completion of GIS mapping is expected to require additional financial resources to pay for technical assistance. Acquiring one to two additional transport and emergency response vessels will either require significant financial support or an in-kind contribution. Relevant SDGs Good health is advanced by preparing communities for severe climatic events and responding to such events in a timely manner.', 'Relevant SDGs Good health is advanced by preparing communities for severe climatic events and responding to such events in a timely manner. Inequalities are reduced when remote outer island communities receive resources to prepare for severe climatic events and gain access to supplies and emergency response services that were previously unavailable. Climate Action is enhanced by GIS mapping that facilitates climate adaptation measures, geophysical monitoring and emergency response. Durable partnerships and access to adequate means of implementation will be required to implement these contributions.']

en-US

FSM

Micronesia (Federated States of)

1st NDC

2016-09-15 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Micronesia%20%28Federated%20State%20of%29%20First%20NDC.pdf

../data/downloaded_documents/933a19c5a559e40a449b36a50b66eecaff7af98b19bb43022154f1bd00bb1bd6.pdf

['Federated States of Micronesia Intended Nationally Determined Contribution Type of INDC The Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) commits to reduce GHGs emission in percentage terms on a base year target. The INDC Unconditional The FSM commits to unconditionally reduce by 2025 a 28% its GHGs emissions below emissions in year 2000. Conditional Similarly, subject to the availability of additional financial, technical and capacity building support from the international community, the FSM could do by 2025 an additional reduction up to 35% below emissions in the 2000 base year. Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding Type Sectoral targets Reference year or period • Total GHG emissions for year 2000 in FSM were 150,000 tCO2e.', 'Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding Type Sectoral targets Reference year or period • Total GHG emissions for year 2000 in FSM were 150,000 tCO2e. • Emission reductions expected from the unconditional INDC are expected to be 28% below emissions in year 2000, at a level of 108,000 tCO2e approximately, as it is shown in the graph below: • Emission reductions expected from the conditional INDC are expected to be 35% below emissions in year 2000 projections, at a level of 94,000 tCO2e approximately.Target year 2025 Scope and coverage Gases Carbon dioxide (CO2 ), Sectors Energy sector: electricity generation and transport subsectors.', '• Emission reductions expected from the unconditional INDC are expected to be 28% below emissions in year 2000, at a level of 108,000 tCO2e approximately, as it is shown in the graph below: • Emission reductions expected from the conditional INDC are expected to be 35% below emissions in year 2000 projections, at a level of 94,000 tCO2e approximately.Target year 2025 Scope and coverage Gases Carbon dioxide (CO2 ), Sectors Energy sector: electricity generation and transport subsectors. Percentage of total greenhouse gas emissions covered Relative to the year 2000 inventory, electricity generation accounts for 42% of the total CO2e emissions, accounting for 64,000 tCO2e; meanwhile transport accounts for 38% of total CO2e emissions, accounting for 57,000 tCO2e, as it is shown in the figure below: Thus, the INDC covers 80% of FSM’s GHGs emissions.', 'Percentage of total greenhouse gas emissions covered Relative to the year 2000 inventory, electricity generation accounts for 42% of the total CO2e emissions, accounting for 64,000 tCO2e; meanwhile transport accounts for 38% of total CO2e emissions, accounting for 57,000 tCO2e, as it is shown in the figure below: Thus, the INDC covers 80% of FSM’s GHGs emissions. General information Planning processes This INDC was developed through a stakeholder consultation process involving representatives of the National Government, the four FSM State Governments, Agencies and representatives from the private sector, civil society and non- government organizations. It builds upon existing renewable energy and transport targets and policies.Assumptions and methodological approaches Fairness and Ambition FSM’s contribution to climate change has always been marginal.', 'It builds upon existing renewable energy and transport targets and policies.Assumptions and methodological approaches Fairness and Ambition FSM’s contribution to climate change has always been marginal. Decision 1/CP.20 paragraph 11 provides the flexibility to SIDS to communicate information on strategies, plans and actions for low greenhouse gas emission development reflecting their special circumstances in the context of intended nationally determined contributions. In this context, the present INDC by FSM is ambitious due to the percentage type considered. Moreover, national efforts to implement INDC in FSM imply that resources to be allocated for development priorities will be arbitrated to take into account the requirements of the implementation of the Paris Agreement.', 'Moreover, national efforts to implement INDC in FSM imply that resources to be allocated for development priorities will be arbitrated to take into account the requirements of the implementation of the Paris Agreement. By presenting an ambitious INDC in the context of the Paris’ agreement, FSM would like to stress that the very survival of many SIDS is at stake without ambitious global emissions reductions that will ensure the stabilisation of the GWPs used Global Warming Potential on a 100 year timescale in accordance with the IPCCs 4th Assessment Report. Inventory methodology The FSM GHG inventory for year 2000 contained in the Second National Communication utilized the revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines. Land sector emissions N/A International market mechanisms FSM does not intend to use international market mechanisms.', 'Land sector emissions N/A International market mechanisms FSM does not intend to use international market mechanisms. Baseline BAU scenarios for the electricity generation and transport sub-sectors were developed using the tool ‘Long-range Energy Alternative Planning System’ (LEAP). The following data was used in the LEAP model: Current electricity rate: International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) Report (2011) Historical electricity use: • 1998 data from the 1999 National Energy Policy of FSM • 2011 kWh sectoral data from Pacific Power Association 2012 • 2010-2013 kWh sectoral sales data calculated from Yap 2012 and 2013 YSPC Annual Report • 2009 kWh sectoral sales data calculated from the 2009 KUA Annual Report Mitigation effects Individual assumptions were made for the mitigation scenarios.', 'The following data was used in the LEAP model: Current electricity rate: International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) Report (2011) Historical electricity use: • 1998 data from the 1999 National Energy Policy of FSM • 2011 kWh sectoral data from Pacific Power Association 2012 • 2010-2013 kWh sectoral sales data calculated from Yap 2012 and 2013 YSPC Annual Report • 2009 kWh sectoral sales data calculated from the 2009 KUA Annual Report Mitigation effects Individual assumptions were made for the mitigation scenarios. These can be found in the technical report ‘Electricity Sector Analysis for Federated States of Micronesia’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution’ prepared by NREL.greenhouse gas emission, ensuring we are on track toward limitation of global temperature rise below 1.5 degree Celsius by 2100.', 'These can be found in the technical report ‘Electricity Sector Analysis for Federated States of Micronesia’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution’ prepared by NREL.greenhouse gas emission, ensuring we are on track toward limitation of global temperature rise below 1.5 degree Celsius by 2100. Priority and needs related to adaptation As for all SIDS, adaptation constitutes a priority for FSM. It is therefore important that the Paris Agreement deals effectively with the adaptation needs in a post 2020 world. FSM does not see this INDC as the vehicle to address its adaptation needs in the post 2020 context, even if these need careful consideration and assessment.', 'FSM does not see this INDC as the vehicle to address its adaptation needs in the post 2020 context, even if these need careful consideration and assessment. Such assessments are being made in the context of the Nation Wide Integrated Disaster Risk Management and Climate Change Policy 2013 and the FSM Climate Change Act 2014, as well as the joint state action plans for disaster risk management and climate change adaptation. All necessary efforts are being made to engage the country in the formulation and implementation of transformational adaptation investment plans to protect the country against climate change, through various sources of funding including from the UNFCCC financial mechanisms, the Green Climate Fund in particular.', 'All necessary efforts are being made to engage the country in the formulation and implementation of transformational adaptation investment plans to protect the country against climate change, through various sources of funding including from the UNFCCC financial mechanisms, the Green Climate Fund in particular. Assumptions and conditions for implementation \uf076 Financial needs: Much will be needed for the implementation of FSM’s INDC. An assessment of the implementation options is needed as soon as possible to ensure implementation no later than 2018. Potential sources will include the financial mechanisms of the Convention, other non-Convention financial and investments sources, as well as international, national and other financial sources. All these will be facilitated and enabled by public policy and regulatory frameworks.', 'All these will be facilitated and enabled by public policy and regulatory frameworks. \uf076 Technical requirements: There is a need to design a national inventory system and to develop a framework for domestic Monitoring Reporting and Verification (MRV) of GHG emissions. There is a further need to access expertise and develop capacities to conduct such a process at the national and state levels. \uf076 Capacity building needs: There is a need to enhance the local capacity to plan, design, implement, manage, operate and maintain installed energy technologies. Similarly, human, technical and institutional capacity development is required in the following areas: GHG inventory, baseline scenario development, emissions projection, vulnerabilityassessment, adaptation needs evaluation and prioritisation, climate finance access, mobilisation and disbursement.', 'Similarly, human, technical and institutional capacity development is required in the following areas: GHG inventory, baseline scenario development, emissions projection, vulnerabilityassessment, adaptation needs evaluation and prioritisation, climate finance access, mobilisation and disbursement. \uf076 Technology needs: Specifically to implement the INDC in the energy sector, locally appropriate technology and equipment (resilient to the elements and extreme events) needs to be assessed and procured. Any relevant additional information FSM’s INDC has been developed with the joint collaboration of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) of the United States Department of Energy and Climate Analytics as implementing agency of the INDC Global Support Project by Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, financed by the Government of Germany Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety.']

en-US

MCO

Monaco

1st NDC

2016-10-26 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Morocco%20First%20NDC-English.pdf

Annex I

High-income

Europe

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/c0d086918c67af81bb635e6b3f8fcb3b5023a73d66eee496695112e77fd4c234.pdf

['Morocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 1 MOROCCO NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION UNDER THE UNFCCC Introduction Morocco’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) is an improved version of the Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) that Morocco presented to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) on June 5, 2015. Although Morocco is responsible for only a small share of the problem of climate change, it developed its NDC with the conviction that the global ambition to counter the effects of climate change calls for a commitment from all parties with regard to mitigation and adaptation, as well as means of implementation, cooperative approaches and transparency.', 'Although Morocco is responsible for only a small share of the problem of climate change, it developed its NDC with the conviction that the global ambition to counter the effects of climate change calls for a commitment from all parties with regard to mitigation and adaptation, as well as means of implementation, cooperative approaches and transparency. As a result, in compliance with Article 3 of the Paris Agreement, Morocco’s NDC presents the kingdom’s efforts to combat climate change across all of the aforementioned themes. Morocco’s National Circumstances Located on the southern shore of the Mediterranean, at the gates of Europe and northern Africa, Morocco has always been a crossroads of civilizations.', 'Morocco’s National Circumstances Located on the southern shore of the Mediterranean, at the gates of Europe and northern Africa, Morocco has always been a crossroads of civilizations. In recent decades, Morocco has experienced substantial economic and social development within the context of climate change that has an impact on all sectors. Consequently, the pressure on natural resources has increased, affecting the resilience of forest ecosystems and the agriculture sector, particularly because of water scarcity. Water availability per capita was over three times higher in 1960 (approximately 2,600 m3 per capita per year) than it is today (approximately 700 m3 per capita per year).', 'Water availability per capita was over three times higher in 1960 (approximately 2,600 m3 per capita per year) than it is today (approximately 700 m3 per capita per year). Aware of this situation, Morocco has voluntarily and resolutely engaged in a process to combat global warming, progressively outlining its own vision while complying with decisions taken collectively at the international level. Morocco’s Vision on Climate Change Make its territory and civilization more resilient to climate change while ensuring a rapid transition to a low-carbon economy. This political will is today embodied by the kingdom’s 2011 Constitution, which gave it a new impetus by enshrining sustainable development as a right for all citizens, and by instituting new instruments of democratic governance, a condition to achieving sustainable development across the country.', 'This political will is today embodied by the kingdom’s 2011 Constitution, which gave it a new impetus by enshrining sustainable development as a right for all citizens, and by instituting new instruments of democratic governance, a condition to achieving sustainable development across the country. This political will is further enshrined in the Framework Law on the National Charter for Environment and Sustainable Development (NCESD), which asserts “the rights and duties inherent to the environment and sustainable development accorded to natural and legal persons and proclaims theseMorocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 2 principles to be respected by the state, local authorities and public institutions and businesses.”1 The operationalization of the charter was undertaken through the preparation of the National Strategy for Sustainable Development (NSSD), which will guide the actions of all public institutions and private actors in furthering social and economic development that is both sustainable and dynamic.', 'This political will is further enshrined in the Framework Law on the National Charter for Environment and Sustainable Development (NCESD), which asserts “the rights and duties inherent to the environment and sustainable development accorded to natural and legal persons and proclaims theseMorocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 2 principles to be respected by the state, local authorities and public institutions and businesses.”1 The operationalization of the charter was undertaken through the preparation of the National Strategy for Sustainable Development (NSSD), which will guide the actions of all public institutions and private actors in furthering social and economic development that is both sustainable and dynamic. Morocco’s NDC finds its institutional roots in the NSSD and outlines a vision of Morocco in 2030.', 'Morocco’s NDC finds its institutional roots in the NSSD and outlines a vision of Morocco in 2030. As a result, the implementation of Morocco’s NDC is part of an integrated approach that goes beyond climate change, to include: • Respect for human rights and gender equality, as enshrined in Morocco’s 2011 Constitution. • Synergies with the two other Rio conventions, which aim to restore, respect and maintain biological diversity and the integrated management of water resources and sustainable land management in order to combat desertification and land degradation. • Alignment of actions related to climate change with the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially goals 1, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, and 17. • Implementation of the advanced regionalization project in Morocco, building on integrated and participatory strategic land planning.', '• Implementation of the advanced regionalization project in Morocco, building on integrated and participatory strategic land planning. This project will substantially contribute to implementing Morocco’s NDC through a national vision for land planning that promotes regional potentials and resources along with solidarity between regions. Morocco has the conviction that significant and unprecedented engagement from Moroccan actors is required, notably those in the financial sector who have the ability to influence investment flows and their peers engaged in international finance. To promote this engagement from stakeholders at different levels, Morocco has established the Moroccan Competence Centre for Climate Change (4C Maroc),2 a capacity-building and information-sharing platform on climate change. The platform is available to various stakeholders and has a regional and African outreach.', 'The platform is available to various stakeholders and has a regional and African outreach. The Mosaïcc portal3 was also established as a result of a partnership between national and international institutions. The portal strives to build capacity around adaptation to climate change in the agricultural, water and forestry sectors. The 4C Maroc and the Mosaïcc portals will be the drivers of this engagement. This is an unofficial translation of the Framework Law for National Charter for Environment and Sustainable Development. See www.changementclimatique.maMorocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 3 Development Process In developing its NDC, Morocco undertook a broad, two-year stakeholder consultation process.', 'See www.changementclimatique.maMorocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 3 Development Process In developing its NDC, Morocco undertook a broad, two-year stakeholder consultation process. During this process, Morocco reviewed the policies and programs that are being implemented to combat global warming and determined how ambitious the country wants to be in its NDC. The process for developing its INDC culminated in a national conference, held on June 2, 2015, in Rabat and chaired by the head of government, to officially present the draft INDC to all Moroccan stakeholders.', 'The process for developing its INDC culminated in a national conference, held on June 2, 2015, in Rabat and chaired by the head of government, to officially present the draft INDC to all Moroccan stakeholders. Consultations held after the adoption of the Paris Agreement strengthened the foundations of the NDC, and enabled a renewal of stakeholder engagement by ensuring their full support for the implementation of the commitments included in the present document.Morocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 4 Morocco’s Commitment: Key Takeaways Morocco, moved by its deeply held convictions of common but differentiated responsibility, by its belief in a common human destiny and its commitment to the principle of equity, strives to outline the path to a global, responsible and fair pledge for the well-being of our planet.', 'Consultations held after the adoption of the Paris Agreement strengthened the foundations of the NDC, and enabled a renewal of stakeholder engagement by ensuring their full support for the implementation of the commitments included in the present document.Morocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 4 Morocco’s Commitment: Key Takeaways Morocco, moved by its deeply held convictions of common but differentiated responsibility, by its belief in a common human destiny and its commitment to the principle of equity, strives to outline the path to a global, responsible and fair pledge for the well-being of our planet. Owing to Morocco’s high vulnerability to the impacts of climate change, Morocco ought to first minimize the risks of these impacts and invest in adaptation compared to mitigation actions.', 'Owing to Morocco’s high vulnerability to the impacts of climate change, Morocco ought to first minimize the risks of these impacts and invest in adaptation compared to mitigation actions. Morocco has made important strides in matters of adaptation since its independence in 1956. Between 2005 and 2010, the kingdom dedicated 64 % of its total climate spending to adaptation efforts, a value equivalent to 9 % of its total investment spending. The proportion of Morocco’s national budget dedicated to adaptation is a testimony to the scale of the challenge facing Moroccan society. Efforts will have to increase over the coming years and decades.', 'Efforts will have to increase over the coming years and decades. As an example, Morocco forecasts that, between 2020 and 2030, the implementation of adaptation programs will cost at a minimum USD 35 billion for the most vulnerable sectors, namely water, forestry and agriculture. With regards to mitigation, Morocco’s GHG emission reduction targets will be achieved through economy-wide actions. Coordination of mitigation targets stemming from all sectoral strategies and all action plans will fall under the auspices of a low-carbon development strategy, which is currently being drafted. Numerous sectors will be addressed by these plans and strategies, namely energy, agriculture, transportation, water, waste, forestry, industry, housing and infrastructure. Morocco commits to reducing its GHG emissions by 42 % below business- as-usual (BAU) levels by 2030.', 'Morocco commits to reducing its GHG emissions by 42 % below business- as-usual (BAU) levels by 2030. This commitment will only be made possible if Morocco gains access to new sources of finance and to additional support relative to support received in recent years. This commitment leads to a total reduction of 527 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (Mt CO2e) between 2020 and 2030.', 'This commitment leads to a total reduction of 527 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (Mt CO2e) between 2020 and 2030. The total cost to reach this goal is USD 50 billion, of which USD 24 billion would be conditional on international support made available through new climate finance mechanisms, including the Green Climate Fund (GCF).Morocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 5 MOROCCO NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION RELATIVE TO MITIGATION In terms of mitigation, Morocco has set a national greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction target of 42 % below BAU emissions by 2030, which can only be reached under the condition of benefitting from substantial support from the international community.', 'The total cost to reach this goal is USD 50 billion, of which USD 24 billion would be conditional on international support made available through new climate finance mechanisms, including the Green Climate Fund (GCF).Morocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 5 MOROCCO NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION RELATIVE TO MITIGATION In terms of mitigation, Morocco has set a national greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction target of 42 % below BAU emissions by 2030, which can only be reached under the condition of benefitting from substantial support from the international community. Morocco also commits to an unconditional reduction target of 17 % below BAU levels by 2030, taking into account reductions in Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use (AFOLU).', 'Morocco also commits to an unconditional reduction target of 17 % below BAU levels by 2030, taking into account reductions in Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use (AFOLU). These GHG emission reduction targets will be achieved by measures taken in all sectors of the economy. Coordination of mitigation targets stemming from all sectoral strategies and all action plans will fall under the auspices of a low-carbon development strategy, which is currently being drafted. Numerous sectors will be targeted by these plans and strategies, namely energy, agriculture, transportation, water, waste, forestry, industry, housing and infrastructure. Morocco’s GHG mitigation goals rely in large part on an important transformation of the country’s energy sector. This transformation is driven by great political will.', 'This transformation is driven by great political will. It aims to reduce the country’s heavy reliance on foreign energy sources and increase the share of renewable energy, while responding to growing demand for energy to ensure the socioeconomic development and well-being of its citizens. The primary goals that underlie this energy transition are the following: • Reaching over 52 % of installed electricity production capacity from renewable sources by 2030. • Reducing energy consumption by 15 % by 2030. • Substantially reducing public fossil fuel subsidies, building on reforms already undertaken in recent years.', '• Substantially reducing public fossil fuel subsidies, building on reforms already undertaken in recent years. • Substantially increasing the use of natural gas, through infrastructure projects allowing liquefied natural gas imports.Morocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 6 Mitigation Targets Unconditional Target A 17 % reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 compared to a BAU scenario, with 4 % coming from AFOLU actions. Without AFOLU actions, the reduction target is 13 %. Conditional Target An additional reduction of 25 % achievable under certain conditions, which would bring the total GHG reduction to 42 % below BAU emission levels by 2030, including AFOLU actions.', 'Conditional Target An additional reduction of 25 % achievable under certain conditions, which would bring the total GHG reduction to 42 % below BAU emission levels by 2030, including AFOLU actions. Without AFOLU actions, the additional reduction would be 21 %, which would bring the conditional reduction target to 34 % Financial Needs and Conditions Meeting the overall target of 42 % requires an investment estimated at USD 50 billion between 2010 and 2030. Meeting the conditional component of the target, for which costs are estimated to reach USD 24 billion, is conditional upon access to new sources of finance and to additional support, compared to that received over the past years.', 'Meeting the conditional component of the target, for which costs are estimated to reach USD 24 billion, is conditional upon access to new sources of finance and to additional support, compared to that received over the past years. Expected Trajectory For reference and planning purposes only, Figure 1 and Table 1 present Morocco’s forecasts of the emissions pathways associated with the targets presented.Morocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 7 Figure 1. Emissions pathways of mitigation scenarios (with and without AFOLU) Table 1.', 'Emissions pathways of mitigation scenarios (with and without AFOLU) Table 1. Summary of Morocco’s key data regarding the mitigation scenarios Emissions —Unconditional Scenario (with AFOLU) Emissions —Unconditional Scenario (without AFOLU) Emissions — Conditional Scenario (with AFOLU) Emissions — Conditional Scenario (without AFOLU) Expected Reductions — Unconditional Scenario (with AFOLU) Expected Reductions — Unconditional Scenario (without AFOLU) Expected Reductions — Conditional Scenario (with AFOLU) Expected Reductions — Conditional Scenario (without AFOLU) e year Scenario BAU Unconditional scenario with AFOLU Conditional scenario with AFOLU Unconditional scenario without AFOLU Conditional scenario without AFOLUMorocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 8 Assumptions and Methodological Approaches Type of Targets Emission reductions from projected emissions for the year 2030, according to a BAU scenario Coverage Economy-wide Gases Covered • Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide • Fluorinated gases are not covered; they are rarely used in Morocco and their emissions are marginal Sectors covered • Electricity production • Housing (residential and tertiary) • Agriculture • Industry • Transportation • Waste • Forestry BAU Scenario GHG emission projections for 2030, starting in 2010, which is the first year of implementation of the National Plan for the Fight against Global Warming.', 'Summary of Morocco’s key data regarding the mitigation scenarios Emissions —Unconditional Scenario (with AFOLU) Emissions —Unconditional Scenario (without AFOLU) Emissions — Conditional Scenario (with AFOLU) Emissions — Conditional Scenario (without AFOLU) Expected Reductions — Unconditional Scenario (with AFOLU) Expected Reductions — Unconditional Scenario (without AFOLU) Expected Reductions — Conditional Scenario (with AFOLU) Expected Reductions — Conditional Scenario (without AFOLU) e year Scenario BAU Unconditional scenario with AFOLU Conditional scenario with AFOLU Unconditional scenario without AFOLU Conditional scenario without AFOLUMorocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 8 Assumptions and Methodological Approaches Type of Targets Emission reductions from projected emissions for the year 2030, according to a BAU scenario Coverage Economy-wide Gases Covered • Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide • Fluorinated gases are not covered; they are rarely used in Morocco and their emissions are marginal Sectors covered • Electricity production • Housing (residential and tertiary) • Agriculture • Industry • Transportation • Waste • Forestry BAU Scenario GHG emission projections for 2030, starting in 2010, which is the first year of implementation of the National Plan for the Fight against Global Warming. Projections do not take into account the mitigation measures and actions implemented from 2010.', 'Projections do not take into account the mitigation measures and actions implemented from 2010. Mitigation Scenarios GHG emission projections for 2030, starting in 2010. The unconditional mitigation scenario is based on the implementation of 24 actions, including 9 AFOLU actions. The conditional scenario assumes the implementation of 31 additional actions over the period 2010–2030, including 11 AFOLU actions (see Annex 1). A 2030 GHG emissions pathway taking into account the elimination of public fossil fuels subsidies has been carried out to consider potential additional GHG reductions coming from these reforms.', 'A 2030 GHG emissions pathway taking into account the elimination of public fossil fuels subsidies has been carried out to consider potential additional GHG reductions coming from these reforms. Global Warming Potential (GWP) The GWP values used are those determined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), according to Decision 17/CP.8 of the UNFCCC, for the preparation of national emissions inventories: • GWP CO2 = 1 (by convention) • •Morocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 9 Methodology for Estimating Emissions The 2010 GHG emissions inventory, as well as BAU and mitigation scenarios, were completed according to the revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines. The BAU and mitigation scenarios were developed based on data from the National Statistics Directory, on data on sectorial activities and on economic, demographic and sectoral prospective analyses.', 'The BAU and mitigation scenarios were developed based on data from the National Statistics Directory, on data on sectorial activities and on economic, demographic and sectoral prospective analyses. Methodology for Estimating Emissions from Agricultural, Forestry and other Land-Use Sectors For the agriculture and forestry sectors, only CO2 stored in biomass was taken into account. For the agricultural sector, GHG emissions and CO2 sequestered from agroforestry programs and development of rangelands included in the Morocco Green Plan (olive cultivation, agroforestry of fruits, citrus, argon, fruit trees, palm trees, date trees and development of rangelands) are taken into account.', 'For the agricultural sector, GHG emissions and CO2 sequestered from agroforestry programs and development of rangelands included in the Morocco Green Plan (olive cultivation, agroforestry of fruits, citrus, argon, fruit trees, palm trees, date trees and development of rangelands) are taken into account. For the forestry sector and other land-use sectors, only GHG emissions and CO2 sequestered related to afforestation and reforestation actions, to the development and management of silvopastoral plans, to projects countering silting, improved home cook stoves and the management of forestry climate risks (for example, wildfires and forest health) are taken into account. Planning for Implementation In recent years, Morocco has thoroughly reformed its institutional, legal and fiscal frameworks to enable the transition to a green economy.', 'Planning for Implementation In recent years, Morocco has thoroughly reformed its institutional, legal and fiscal frameworks to enable the transition to a green economy. A good example of a fiscal reform is Morocco’s reduction of public subsidies to electricity and different petroleum products, such as industrial fuels and gasoline, a move that creates a more attractive environment for investments in renewable energy and the rationing of energy consumption. In addition, institutional reform is underway, which, for example, expands the mandate of the Morocco Agency for Solar Energy (MASEN) to include the development of all renewable energy from all sources.', 'In addition, institutional reform is underway, which, for example, expands the mandate of the Morocco Agency for Solar Energy (MASEN) to include the development of all renewable energy from all sources. The implementation of Morocco’s NDC is based on several laws, strategies and national action plans, including the low-carbon development strategy, which takes its targets from the NDC, as well as clear and ambitious sectorial targets (see Table 2). For reference, Annex 1 presents the portfolio of actions used to estimate Morocco’sMorocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 10 mitigation Contribution by 2030 and those Morocco plans to implement under its Contribution.', 'For reference, Annex 1 presents the portfolio of actions used to estimate Morocco’sMorocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 10 mitigation Contribution by 2030 and those Morocco plans to implement under its Contribution. It follows that 55 actions, of which 20 are AFOLU actions, spanning across all sectors, have been identified to define the mitigation scenario that leads to the conditional target, as shown in Figures 2 and 3. Key sectoral strategies, along with their respective targets for the implementation of Morocco’s Contribution, are outlined in Table 2. Table 2.', 'Key sectoral strategies, along with their respective targets for the implementation of Morocco’s Contribution, are outlined in Table 2. Table 2. Key Sectorial Strategies and Targets for the Implementation of Morocco’s Mitigation Contribution Strategies and action plans Targets National Energy Strategy • Provide 52 % of the installed electrical power from renewable sources, of which 20 % is from solar energy, 20 % is from wind energy and 12 % is from hydraulic energy by 2030. • Achieve 15 % energy savings by 2030, compared to current trends. • Reduce energy consumption in buildings, industry and transport by 12 % by 2020 and 15 % by 2030. The breakdown of expected energy savings per sector is 48 % for industry, 23 % for transport, 19 % for residential and 10 % for services.', 'The breakdown of expected energy savings per sector is 48 % for industry, 23 % for transport, 19 % for residential and 10 % for services. • Install by 2030 an additional capacity of 3,900 MW of combined-cycle technology running on imported natural gas. • Supply major industries with imported and regazified natural gas by pipelines. National Logistics Strategy • Reduce logistical costs from 20 % to 15 % by 2019 to benefit consumers and promote operator competition through optimized management leading to higher security and the maximization of merchandise flows. • Accelerate GDP growth rate by increasing value added through reducing logistic costs.', '• Accelerate GDP growth rate by increasing value added through reducing logistic costs. • Contribute to sustainable development by reducing disruptions (e.g., reduction of the number of tonnes per kilometer by 30 % and reducing traffic density on freeways and within cities).Morocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 11 National Household and Similar Waste Program • Mainstream household waste management master plans and standardize them for all regions and provinces of the kingdom. • Improve the collection of household waste to achieve an urban collection rate of 90 % by 2020 and of 100 % by 2030. • Establish landfill and recycling centers for household waste for the benefit of all urban areas by 2020. • Rehabilitate or close all illegal landfills by 2020. • Make the management of the sector more professional.', '• Make the management of the sector more professional. • Develop chains of “sorting-recycling-recovering” with sorting pilot projects to achieve a 20 % rate for recycled materials by 2020. • Train and raise awareness of stakeholders on waste issues. National Liquid Sanitation and Wastewater Treatment Program • Reach an overall urban sewerage connection rate of 75 % by 2016, 80 % by 2020 and 100 % by 2030. • Reach a 50 % volume of treated wastewater by 2016, of 60 % by 2020 and of 100 % by 2030. • Expand wastewater management to services and reuse 50 % of wastewater in in-land cities by 2020. Morocco Green Plan • Modernize the agricultural sector to make it more competitive and integrated in the global market to create wealth over the entire value chain.', 'Morocco Green Plan • Modernize the agricultural sector to make it more competitive and integrated in the global market to create wealth over the entire value chain. • Take into account the agricultural sector in all its sociological and territorial components by incorporating human development objectives as a key requirement. • Improve the promotion of natural resources and their sustainable management. • Define the necessary policies to support sustainable growth. Preservation and Sustainable Forest Management Strategy • Develop forestry and surrounding areas. • Finalize land demarcation and registry of forested areas. • Complete the suckering, renewal or afforestation of approximately 50,000 hectares per year, with a primary focus on natural species and support for high-quality forest research when rehabilitating territory. • Protect water basins against erosion and siltation of dams.', '• Protect water basins against erosion and siltation of dams. • Rehabilitate ecosystems and protect and promote natural areas as well as endangered species as resources.Morocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 12 Urban Public Transit Improvement Program • Implement large-scale public transit in major urban centers powered by renewable energy • Create a USD 200 million support fund for urban road transportation • Create a Taxi Fleet Renewal ProgramMorocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 13 Figure 2. Distribution of the expected mitigation effort by sector to achieve the overall target (with AFOLU) Electricity Production Residential and Tertiary Industry Transportation Waste Agriculture Forest Distribution of the effort between 2020 and 2030 Electricity Production Residential and Tertiary Industry Transportation Waste Agriculture Forest Distribution of the effort in 2030Morocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 14 Figure 3.', 'Distribution of the expected mitigation effort by sector to achieve the overall target (with AFOLU) Electricity Production Residential and Tertiary Industry Transportation Waste Agriculture Forest Distribution of the effort between 2020 and 2030 Electricity Production Residential and Tertiary Industry Transportation Waste Agriculture Forest Distribution of the effort in 2030Morocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 14 Figure 3. Distribution of the expected mitigation effort in energy generation and consumption for a variety of purposes to achieve the overall target Other Considerations Use of Market Mechanisms Morocco considers the establishment of international market- based mechanisms of primary importance, in order to promote cooperation between parties with respect to their mitigation contributions, as per Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. The mechanisms are vital in reducing total costs for achieving the temperature target outlined in Article 2 of the Paris Agreement.', 'The mechanisms are vital in reducing total costs for achieving the temperature target outlined in Article 2 of the Paris Agreement. Equity and Ambition Morocco considers its NDC to be ambitious and fair for three main reasons: • Morocco makes, for the first time, a formal commitment to limit the growth of its GHG emissions, despite representing only 0.2 % of global GHG emissions in 2010. • Achieving the conditional target would mean that Morocco’s per capita emissions would not exceed capita without AFOLU actions) and the GHG intensity in relation to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) would improve by 4.1 % over the period 2010–2030. • Finally, Morocco must focus on minimizing the risks of Electricity Production Residential and Tertiary Industry TransportationMorocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 15 climate change impacts above and beyond mitigation actions.', '• Finally, Morocco must focus on minimizing the risks of Electricity Production Residential and Tertiary Industry TransportationMorocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 15 climate change impacts above and beyond mitigation actions. Certain economic activities, such as agriculture, fisheries, aquaculture, forestry and tourism, are significantly vulnerable, as are certain ecosystems, such as oases, the coastal zones and mountainous areas.Morocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 16 MOROCCO ADAPTATION COMMUNICATION Morocco’s Vulnerability to Climate Change Morocco is among the Mediterranean and African regions that have been exposed to the impacts of climate change for several decades now. In Morocco, the impacts of climate change take the form of a reduction in precipitation and snow cover, and a general rise in temperatures across the country.', 'In Morocco, the impacts of climate change take the form of a reduction in precipitation and snow cover, and a general rise in temperatures across the country. Historically, Morocco went through 20 years of drought in the past 70 years, which means almost one third of that period. Studies show that in the future, Morocco will become more arid due to a decrease in precipitation, a concurrent temperature increase, and extreme weather events occurring with higher frequency. Projections show that the country’s decrease in precipitation will be to the order of 20 % on a 2050-time horizon, with a greater impact in semi-arid plains.', 'Projections show that the country’s decrease in precipitation will be to the order of 20 % on a 2050-time horizon, with a greater impact in semi-arid plains. Morocco’s Third Communication to the UNFCCC, submitted in 2016, offers an exhaustive status report of Morocco’s vulnerability to climate change, and of the adaptation actions underway. Morocco is very vulnerable to climate change, due to its geographical location, and is prone to water scarcity, declining agricultural production, desertification, flooding and rising sea levels. Thanks to the kingdom’s great efforts with regards to human development, poverty in all forms has largely been eradicated in urban centers and has been greatly reduced in rural areas due to an increase in people’s living standards and efforts to reduce social disparities.', 'Thanks to the kingdom’s great efforts with regards to human development, poverty in all forms has largely been eradicated in urban centers and has been greatly reduced in rural areas due to an increase in people’s living standards and efforts to reduce social disparities. However, these efforts are at risk of being counteracted by climate change’s negative impacts on the domestic economy and communities, including in rural areas. Thus, for Morocco, adaptation to climate change is the cornerstone of any program or policy on sustainable development. Some economic sectors or ecosystems are more sensitive than others to climate change, namely water, agriculture, fisheries, shorelines, forestry and health.', 'Some economic sectors or ecosystems are more sensitive than others to climate change, namely water, agriculture, fisheries, shorelines, forestry and health. For other sectors and ecosystems, a shortcoming of readily available data means that it is not currently available to provide a detailed description of their sensitivities. Water Sector Vulnerability In Morocco, water sources entirely dependent on precipitation are very vulnerable to the spatial and temporal climate variability, as well as climate change. Since the 1980s, these sources have faced the negative impacts of climate change and an increase in demand from resident and economic sectors, and have decreased substantially as a result. Morocco is one of the countries with the smallest volume of water per capita.', 'Morocco is one of the countries with the smallest volume of water per capita. Water potential is estimated to be 22 billion m3 annually, or water availability that is less than 700 m3/capita/year, for a population of 33.9 million people. Despite a considerable effort in the construction of hydraulic structures and access toMorocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 17 unconventional resources, this quantity could fall to 500 m3 by 2030 due to the impacts of climate change, population growth and a growth in economic activity. Forecasts conducted on certain water basins indicate that water available to residents will decrease to the level of water shortage by 2050.', 'Forecasts conducted on certain water basins indicate that water available to residents will decrease to the level of water shortage by 2050. Water sector vulnerability will be affected by the increasing costs of action, and the aging and deteriorating quality of surface and underground resources. Conventional water resources will no longer be enough to fulfill the needs of the citizens and of the various socioeconomic sectors. It has become necessary for Morocco to develop unconventional water resources (such as water desalination, demineralization of brackish water, recycling treated wastewater and harvesting rainwater). Vulnerability of the Agricultural Sector The agricultural sector is a central part of the Moroccan economy, having contributed more than 14 % to national accounts and employed over 39 % of the country’s labor force between 2008 and 2013.', 'Vulnerability of the Agricultural Sector The agricultural sector is a central part of the Moroccan economy, having contributed more than 14 % to national accounts and employed over 39 % of the country’s labor force between 2008 and 2013. A large part of lands used for agriculture are not irrigated, making the sector vulnerable to climate change. Several years of droughts spanning over the last decades have affected the agricultural sector’s main types of crops — and thus the economy — and community living standards, including in rural areas. In addition, the geographic area where multiple arboreal species used for arboriculture are found has shrunk as a result of increasing temperatures.', 'In addition, the geographic area where multiple arboreal species used for arboriculture are found has shrunk as a result of increasing temperatures. Numerous studies in Morocco have found that climate change will substantially affect irrigation capacities and crop yields, as well as the geographic area in which fruit trees and crops important for food security can grow. Climate change will hasten the degradation of natural resources essential to agriculture, notably water, soils and agricultural biodiversity. In addition, rangelands, which cover 82 % of the country’s arid land, are already facing a degradation of plant breeding resources, as a result of both anthropogenic and climate factors. This increasing desertification is having a negative impact on feedstock levels.', 'This increasing desertification is having a negative impact on feedstock levels. Climate change is expected to increase the desertification of these lands, and increase degradation and accelerate the loss of yields in fragile, mountainous areas, in oasis ecosystems, and argan trees, which are already in decline. These ecosystems are vital to subsistence for at-risk populations, the protection of natural resources and the fight against desertification. Vulnerability of the Maritime Fisheries Sector The maritime fisheries sector contributes up to 2.3 % of Morocco’s GDP and directly or indirectly employs 660,000 people. It sustains 3 million people and makes up 15 % of total Moroccan exports, or 59 % of agri-food exports. Despite imprecise predictions, the sector is seen as one of the most vulnerable to climate change.', 'Despite imprecise predictions, the sector is seen as one of the most vulnerable to climate change. The vulnerability stems from “upwelling” zones (which have a high fish density), sensitivities to climate change and the limited economic capacity of the affected communities. Climate change presents additional challenges, direct and indirect, to ocean and coastal ecosystems that are often already made fragile by other anthropogenic effects. The consequences of climate change, in addition to human activity, will affect the distribution and productivity of fishMorocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 18 stocks, as well as the structure and productivity of certain ecosystems and their species’ populations.', 'The consequences of climate change, in addition to human activity, will affect the distribution and productivity of fishMorocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 18 stocks, as well as the structure and productivity of certain ecosystems and their species’ populations. In Morocco, certain impacts of climate change, coupled with the overexploitation of fisheries resources, are already visible in the shift of mating periods, the migration and disappearance of certain species, the rising average temperature of marine waters, the reduction of the number of days amenable to fishing due to increases in flooding and storms, and the reduction of previously very abundant stocks. Vulnerability of the Coastline Morocco has 3,500 km of coastline along the Atlantic and the Mediterranean.', 'Vulnerability of the Coastline Morocco has 3,500 km of coastline along the Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Climate change will lead to an increase in flooding, the erosion of sand coastlines, and loos of coastal biodiversity and marine submersion. Because the vast majority of industrial, urban and tourist activity is clustered around coastal cities, climate change could impede the country’s socioeconomic development and lead to consequential environmental impacts in the absence of countervailing measures. Numerous beaches along both the Mediterranean and Atlantic shorelines have already faced severe erosion or have entirely disappeared, despite measures taken by public powers. Sea-level rise may submerge half of the land area of beaches by 2050 and 72 % of their area by 2100, and 187,400 people could be affected by flooding due to sea-level rise.', 'Sea-level rise may submerge half of the land area of beaches by 2050 and 72 % of their area by 2100, and 187,400 people could be affected by flooding due to sea-level rise. Vulnerability of the Forestry Sector Forest ecosystems serve an important purpose for the country and the lives of vulnerable populations. They play a crucial role in the socioeconomic development of rural and mountain areas, including some of the most remote areas of the country. A great anthropogenic stress is induced on these ecosystems, a stress that Morocco strives to bring back to levels cognizant to their production capacity, through a participative approach with local communities.', 'A great anthropogenic stress is induced on these ecosystems, a stress that Morocco strives to bring back to levels cognizant to their production capacity, through a participative approach with local communities. Forest ecosystems in Morocco are already witnessing the impacts of climate change, such as the sporadic decay of certain Middle Atlas cedar trees. Other imminent risks include more frequent and more severe wildfires, and phytosanitary problems stemming from the emergence of new pests. Climate change will have an impact on how vibrant and dynamic forest ecosystems are, on their ability to regenerate and to adapt to regular climate fluctuations, their biodiversity (both of their fauna and flora), their consistency, and their spatial distribution.', 'Climate change will have an impact on how vibrant and dynamic forest ecosystems are, on their ability to regenerate and to adapt to regular climate fluctuations, their biodiversity (both of their fauna and flora), their consistency, and their spatial distribution. Climate change will also induce catastrophic impacts on current key ecological balances knowing that extremely crucial orographic ranges make up parts of the country’s geography. Climate change will increase the risk that the surface area of some forest ecosystems (cedar trees, cork oak, cypress trees, argan trees, and others) shrinks and makes way for pre- forest, steppes, and desert ecosystems, which will have concomitant impacts both in terms of socioeconomic dynamics and in terms losses of ecosystem services.', 'Climate change will increase the risk that the surface area of some forest ecosystems (cedar trees, cork oak, cypress trees, argan trees, and others) shrinks and makes way for pre- forest, steppes, and desert ecosystems, which will have concomitant impacts both in terms of socioeconomic dynamics and in terms losses of ecosystem services. Vulnerability of the Health Sector Vulnerability to climate change of the health sector is explained by the presence of endemic illnesses such as malaria, schistosomiasis, typhoid and cholera, likely to be made worse by climate change. Even though resources are dedicated to combat the spread of these illnesses, resurgence as a result of the impacts of climate change isMorocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 19 possible.', 'Even though resources are dedicated to combat the spread of these illnesses, resurgence as a result of the impacts of climate change isMorocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 19 possible. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), climate change would increase deaths in Morocco by 250,000 annually between 2030 and 2050 due to malnutrition, malaria, diarrhea and heat-related stress. According climate change scenarios, the vector capacity of the dengue virus would increase from 0.29 to 0.33 in 2070 relative to a reference value of 0.22. Diarrheal deaths attributed to climate change in children 15 and under would reach 10.5 %, or 1,600 deaths, in 2030.', 'Diarrheal deaths attributed to climate change in children 15 and under would reach 10.5 %, or 1,600 deaths, in 2030. According to a high GHG emissions scenario, deaths in elderly populations as a result of heat should reach 50 for every 100,000 people by 2080, based on an estimated baseline of five deaths for every 100,000 people between 1961 and 1990. The impacts of climate change on agriculture will also disproportionally impact those most vulnerable to hunger and malnutrition. Vulnerability of the Tourism Sector Morocco is world-class destination, owing to the riches of its heritage, its diverse landscape and its proximity to Europe, as well as its accommodation, transport and communications facilities. Tourism represents 12 % of Morocco’s GDP, and is a substantial contributor to wealth creation and poverty reduction.', 'Tourism represents 12 % of Morocco’s GDP, and is a substantial contributor to wealth creation and poverty reduction. In 2015, approximately USD 6 billion in revenues were generated from non-residents who visited Morocco, covering for 32 % of the country’s trade balance deficit. Through Vision 2020, the tourism sector is striving to position Morocco as a benchmark with regards to sustainable development across the Mediterranean shorelines by targeting three areas: seaside resorts, culture and nature. Nonetheless, the tourism sector faces significant challenges that are stemming from climate change. Mainly, the sector is anticipating strenuous circumstances with regards to water scarcity, decreasing snowcap, degradation of fragile ecosystems, vulnerability of seaside infrastructure, extreme weather events and new diseases that may spread due to rising temperatures.', 'Mainly, the sector is anticipating strenuous circumstances with regards to water scarcity, decreasing snowcap, degradation of fragile ecosystems, vulnerability of seaside infrastructure, extreme weather events and new diseases that may spread due to rising temperatures. Morocco’s Vision to Address the Risks of Climate Change Impacts Preserve its territory and its civilization in the most appropriate manner, effectively responding to the vulnerabilities of its territory and implementing an adaptation policy that builds resilience for all of its population and its economic actors to face these vulnerabilities. Morocco implements a sectoral approach, adapted to the circumstances and specific features of the territorial entities: mountain regions, the coast, oases, agricultural areas and urban areas.', 'Morocco implements a sectoral approach, adapted to the circumstances and specific features of the territorial entities: mountain regions, the coast, oases, agricultural areas and urban areas. Morocco’s ultimate objectives in addressing climate change, which must also resonate with the international community, are: • The protection of populations, through a risk-prevention management approach, linked to the exodus of rural populations and its socioeconomic consequences, particularly in the most vulnerable areas (coastal zones, mountainous areas, regions with a high propensity for desertification, and oases). This approachMorocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 20 relies on an observation-and-research system to better understand current and future climate risks. • The protection of natural heritage, biodiversity, forestry and fishery resources, through an ecosystem-based adaptation approach.', '• The protection of natural heritage, biodiversity, forestry and fishery resources, through an ecosystem-based adaptation approach. Morocco commits to restoring ecosystems and strengthening their resilience, to combat soil erosion and prevent flooding. • The protection of climate-sensitive production systems, such as agriculture and tourism, as well as high-risk infrastructure. Because water resources are the most constraining factor to sustainable economic and social development in Morocco, the kingdom has recently developed its National Water Strategy (NWS) and its National Water Plan (NWP) with the aim to improve integrated and appropriate water resource management, the development of unconventional water resources, preservation methods, the protection against pollution, training, scientific research and awareness around these themes.', 'Because water resources are the most constraining factor to sustainable economic and social development in Morocco, the kingdom has recently developed its National Water Strategy (NWS) and its National Water Plan (NWP) with the aim to improve integrated and appropriate water resource management, the development of unconventional water resources, preservation methods, the protection against pollution, training, scientific research and awareness around these themes. • The protection of the cultural heritage of the kingdom through education and awareness actions, and efforts to preserve ancestral good practices in highly vulnerable sectors, such as water and agriculture. Objectives to Build Resilience Morocco’s vision for adaptation involves several quantified sectorial goals for 2020 and 2030, presented in Table 3.', 'Objectives to Build Resilience Morocco’s vision for adaptation involves several quantified sectorial goals for 2020 and 2030, presented in Table 3. Even though Morocco already invests heavily in adaptation, reaching these targets will only be possible with significant support from the international community and creditors. Table 3. Main Adaptation Objectives Action Area Main objectives Agriculture For 2020: • Switching from current irrigation systems to localized irrigation systems over an area of 550,000 hectares, for USD 3.7 billion. • Developing the public-private partnerships to delegate irrigation services, including: o Irrigating 15,000 hectares by desalinating water from the Chtouka Ait Baha plain for USD 300 million o Irrigating the coastal Azemmour-Bir Jdid area, over 3,200 hectares for USD 37 million • Hydro-agricultural infrastructure around dams over 160,000 hectares, for a global cost of USD 2.1 billion.', '• Developing the public-private partnerships to delegate irrigation services, including: o Irrigating 15,000 hectares by desalinating water from the Chtouka Ait Baha plain for USD 300 million o Irrigating the coastal Azemmour-Bir Jdid area, over 3,200 hectares for USD 37 million • Hydro-agricultural infrastructure around dams over 160,000 hectares, for a global cost of USD 2.1 billion. • Coverage of risk against climatic variations through multi-risk insurance for cereals and legumes covering 1 million hectares.Morocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 21 • Extension of irrigation to new agricultural areas, over 260,000 hectares for an overall investment of USD 3 billion. • Equipping and modernizing irrigation systems over 290,000 hectares for an overall forecasted USD 2 billion. Water For 2020: • Substitution of water samples from overexploited groundwater tables (85 million m3 annually) with above- ground water sources.', 'Water For 2020: • Substitution of water samples from overexploited groundwater tables (85 million m3 annually) with above- ground water sources. • Artificial replenishment of groundwater tables by up to 180 million m3/year. • Connection to the water treatment network in urban areas at a rate of 75 % by 2016, and 80 % by 2020. • Wastewater treatment at a rate of 50 % by 2016 and 60 % by 2020. • Restructuring the full-service distribution sector at the regional level to reach a rate of 60% for individual connection by 2020. • The construction of three dams per year on average in order to reach 25 billion m3 in stocking capacity, which will require overall investments forecasted at USD 2.7 billion.', '• The construction of three dams per year on average in order to reach 25 billion m3 in stocking capacity, which will require overall investments forecasted at USD 2.7 billion. • Desalinization of seawater in order to reach a capacity of 500 million m3 per year for a forecasted cost of USD 15 billion. • Recycling of wastewater in order to reach a capacity of 325 billion m3 per year for a forecasted cost of USD 3 billion. • Transferring 800 million m3 of water per year from north to south for an overall investment of USD 3 billion. • Improving the efficiency of the drinking water network with a national average target of 80 %. • Connection to the water treatment network in urban areas at a rate of 100 %.', '• Connection to the water treatment network in urban areas at a rate of 100 %. • Various programs and actions aimed at preserving water resources and natural habitats, and at improving the management of extreme climate events, for an overall investment of USD 5.7 billion. • Connection to the water treatment network in urban areas at a rate of 100 %.Morocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 22 Forests For 2020: • The replenishment of 200,000 hectares of forests. • Protecting 1,500,000 hectares against erosion, which will include the prioritization of 22 basins, for USD 260 million. • Afforesting 600,000 hectares for USD 46 million.', '• Afforesting 600,000 hectares for USD 46 million. Fisheries and Aquaculture • Reach a 95 % rate of traded species managed sustainably; • Reduction of discharges by 90 % compared to current levels; • Establishment of a coastal observation network, equipped with four oceanographic and meteorological buoys, and expansion of the environmental and sanitary surveillance and warning system along the coastline to 40 observation zones; • Reduction by 50 % of the quantity of fish meal created from fresh fish. • Establishment of marine protected areas representing 10 % of the Exclusive Economic Zone; • Development of two hatcheries dedicated to restock five endangered coastal species; • Renewal and modernization of 30 % of the fleets, including with greener vessels equipped with observation systems; • Restoring 50 % of damaged marine habitats; • Increasing by 50 % the volume of sea products utilized and marketed.', '• Establishment of marine protected areas representing 10 % of the Exclusive Economic Zone; • Development of two hatcheries dedicated to restock five endangered coastal species; • Renewal and modernization of 30 % of the fleets, including with greener vessels equipped with observation systems; • Restoring 50 % of damaged marine habitats; • Increasing by 50 % the volume of sea products utilized and marketed. To achieve these goals, much planning has already been undertaken. Resilience to climate change is included in the majority of strategies, policies, action plans and programs, including the most important, presented in Table 4. Table 4.', 'Resilience to climate change is included in the majority of strategies, policies, action plans and programs, including the most important, presented in Table 4. Table 4. Main Sectoral Strategies Enabling the Implementation of Adaptation Objectives Action Area Strategies, Action Plans, Programs and Initiatives Multisectoral • National Strategy for Sustainable Development • Morocco’s National Strategy to Combat Global Warming • National Strategy to Protect the Environment • Integrated Management Strategy for Coastal Areas • National Strategy for the Planning and Development of Oases • National Strategy for Integrated Coastal Management • National Strategy for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biological DiversityMorocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 23 • National Strategy for the Planning and Development of Middle Atlas • National Educative and Sensitization Strategy for the Environment and Sustainable Development • National Policy to Combat Global Warming • National Policy for the Environment • Strategic Action Plan for the Preservation of Coastal and Sea Biodiversity in the Mediterranean • Morocco Green Plan • Program for the Sustainable Development of the High Atlas • Program for the Sustainable Development of the Anti-Atlas • National Human Development Initiative Agriculture • Morocco Green Plan: o Conservation and Valuation Strategy of Genetic Resources of Cultivated Crops o National Plan for Water Saving Irrigation o National Plan for the Conversion of Marginal Regions Annual Crops into Fruit Trees Arboriculture o Development Strategy for Rural and Mountain Areas o Development Strategy for Oasis Areas and Argania o National Program for the Development of Pastoral Areas Fisheries and Aquaculture • Halieutis Plan o Plan to Strengthen National Research on Fisheries o Fisheries Development Plans o Program for the Creation of Marine Protected Areas o Artificial Reefs Flooding Program o Fishing Effort Adaptation and Modernization Program o National Aquaculture Development Plan o Program to Strengthen and Develop Fisheries and Marketing Infrastructure o Integrated Projects Program “Fisheries / On-land Promotion of Catches” o Plan for the Promotion of Seafood Competitiveness at both the National and International Levels Water • National Water Strategy • National Water Plan • Drought Management Plan • Guiding Plans for the Integrated Layout of Water Resources • National Plan for the Protection Against FloodsMorocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 24 • National Liquid Sanitation Program • National Rural Sanitation Program • National Used Water Reutilization Program Forests • National Strategy for Humid Areas • National Strategy for the Monitoring of Forest Health • Master Plan to Combat Wildfires • Master Plan for Reforestation • National Action Program to Combat Desertification • National Watershed Maintenance Plan • Master Plan for Protected Areas • National Development Strategy for the Development of the Aromatic and Medicinal Plant Sector Urbanism, Infrastructure, and Management of Territory • National Charter for Territorial Management • National Harbor Strategy • National Household and Similar Waste Program • National Outline for the Management of the Territory • Regional Outlines for the Management of the Territory • 2016-2015 Roadway System Maintenance Program Tourism • Health • Sectoral Health Strategy These strategies, plans, programs and initiatives set in motion numerous projects improving adaptation to climate change.', 'Main Sectoral Strategies Enabling the Implementation of Adaptation Objectives Action Area Strategies, Action Plans, Programs and Initiatives Multisectoral • National Strategy for Sustainable Development • Morocco’s National Strategy to Combat Global Warming • National Strategy to Protect the Environment • Integrated Management Strategy for Coastal Areas • National Strategy for the Planning and Development of Oases • National Strategy for Integrated Coastal Management • National Strategy for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biological DiversityMorocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 23 • National Strategy for the Planning and Development of Middle Atlas • National Educative and Sensitization Strategy for the Environment and Sustainable Development • National Policy to Combat Global Warming • National Policy for the Environment • Strategic Action Plan for the Preservation of Coastal and Sea Biodiversity in the Mediterranean • Morocco Green Plan • Program for the Sustainable Development of the High Atlas • Program for the Sustainable Development of the Anti-Atlas • National Human Development Initiative Agriculture • Morocco Green Plan: o Conservation and Valuation Strategy of Genetic Resources of Cultivated Crops o National Plan for Water Saving Irrigation o National Plan for the Conversion of Marginal Regions Annual Crops into Fruit Trees Arboriculture o Development Strategy for Rural and Mountain Areas o Development Strategy for Oasis Areas and Argania o National Program for the Development of Pastoral Areas Fisheries and Aquaculture • Halieutis Plan o Plan to Strengthen National Research on Fisheries o Fisheries Development Plans o Program for the Creation of Marine Protected Areas o Artificial Reefs Flooding Program o Fishing Effort Adaptation and Modernization Program o National Aquaculture Development Plan o Program to Strengthen and Develop Fisheries and Marketing Infrastructure o Integrated Projects Program “Fisheries / On-land Promotion of Catches” o Plan for the Promotion of Seafood Competitiveness at both the National and International Levels Water • National Water Strategy • National Water Plan • Drought Management Plan • Guiding Plans for the Integrated Layout of Water Resources • National Plan for the Protection Against FloodsMorocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 24 • National Liquid Sanitation Program • National Rural Sanitation Program • National Used Water Reutilization Program Forests • National Strategy for Humid Areas • National Strategy for the Monitoring of Forest Health • Master Plan to Combat Wildfires • Master Plan for Reforestation • National Action Program to Combat Desertification • National Watershed Maintenance Plan • Master Plan for Protected Areas • National Development Strategy for the Development of the Aromatic and Medicinal Plant Sector Urbanism, Infrastructure, and Management of Territory • National Charter for Territorial Management • National Harbor Strategy • National Household and Similar Waste Program • National Outline for the Management of the Territory • Regional Outlines for the Management of the Territory • 2016-2015 Roadway System Maintenance Program Tourism • Health • Sectoral Health Strategy These strategies, plans, programs and initiatives set in motion numerous projects improving adaptation to climate change. In addition, Morocco is currently undergoing a process to elaborate its National Adaptation Plan (NAP), and more broadly its NSSD, to improve its climate change resilience framework.', 'In addition, Morocco is currently undergoing a process to elaborate its National Adaptation Plan (NAP), and more broadly its NSSD, to improve its climate change resilience framework. Morocco’s Adaptation Finance Needs Adaptation needs will have significant budgetary implications for Morocco, for all sectors of the economy, and for the protection of human and animal health. Over the period 2005–2010, Morocco devoted 64 % of all climate-related spending in the country to adaptation, particularly in the water sector, which represents 9 % of overall investment expenditures. More specifically, investments planned to achieve the desired targets in the water, agricultural and forestry sectors are estimated at USD 2.5 billion. Securing the national roadway system against additional climate change-induced floods would cost 5 % more than traditional maintenance costs.', 'Securing the national roadway system against additional climate change-induced floods would cost 5 % more than traditional maintenance costs. This considerable share of the national expenditures budget dedicated to adaptation demonstrates the magnitude of the challenges facing Moroccan society. And this share isMorocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 25 certain to rise over time. Morocco expects to dedicate at least 15 % of its overall investment budgets to adapt to the impacts of climate change. Between 2020 and 2030, Morocco estimates that the cost of implementation of adaptation projects for the water, forestry and agriculture sectors, the sectors most vulnerable to climate change, will at a minimum reach USD 35 billion.', 'Between 2020 and 2030, Morocco estimates that the cost of implementation of adaptation projects for the water, forestry and agriculture sectors, the sectors most vulnerable to climate change, will at a minimum reach USD 35 billion. Morocco is currently drafting its National Adaptation Plan, which will present and quantify measures for the adaptation to climate change. While awaiting the final plan, national priorities in this domain can be summarized as such: • Improving knowledge on climate change and the impacts of climate change, especially with regards to the most vulnerable strategic sectors. • Conserving water resources and securing water supply for both economic sectors and household needs.', '• Conserving water resources and securing water supply for both economic sectors and household needs. • Strengthening food security through natural resource conservation, intensifying sustainable agricultural practices, reducing poverty in rural areas, and tracking stocks and prices on food commodities on international markets. • Conserving fragile ecosystems: mountains, oases, the argan tree, pastoral lands, wetlands and coastal areas. • Protecting coastal areas from rising sea levels in order to safeguard households, as well as industrial and urban infrastructure. • Conserving forest resources by continuing reforestation efforts and fighting wildfires. • Strengthening adaptation of infrastructure against bad weather and future weather conditions. • Improving health and safety of the population, animals and crop production to protect from transmissible illnesses that thrive under climate change.', '• Improving health and safety of the population, animals and crop production to protect from transmissible illnesses that thrive under climate change. • Continuing to improve the institutional and regulatory governance frameworks addressing climate change, as well as ensuring policies are consistent across sectors. • Building capacity with regards to developing, financing, implementing and monitoring climate change adaptation projects at the institutional and local levels (public, private and partnerships). • Promoting scientific research, research and development, innovation, as well as technology and knowledge transfer. • Developing early warning systems for climate events, and agro-meteorological systems for forecasting agricultural production. • Introducing academic curricula specializing in climate risk and climate change in training and learning institutions. In this context, Morocco is seeking the support of the international community to implement these projects.', 'In this context, Morocco is seeking the support of the international community to implement these projects. Beyond financial support, Morocco expects to benefit from technical and institutional capacity building, particularly regarding the creation of dataMorocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 26 and knowledge sharing. It also expects to benefit from legal, financial and engineering support pertaining to designing and implementing projects at the regional and local levels, as well as for the monitoring and evaluation of their socioeconomic impacts.', 'It also expects to benefit from legal, financial and engineering support pertaining to designing and implementing projects at the regional and local levels, as well as for the monitoring and evaluation of their socioeconomic impacts. Monitoring and Evaluation System for Adaptation in Morocco Morocco has put in place a system to monitor and assess vulnerability and adaptation to climate change that aims to provide the country’s regions with an institutional mechanism to monitor climate sensitivities and results stemming from adaptation actions, all the while taking gender issues into account. This pilot project was first tested in southern Moroccan regions.', 'This pilot project was first tested in southern Moroccan regions. The adoption of the monitoring and evaluation system by other regions is planned for the medium term, with the implementation of a national governance mechanism to oversee the monitoring and evaluation system.Morocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 27 This annex presents Morocco’s portfolio of mitigation actions for 2030 and has been used to estimate the kingdom’s NDC relative to mitigation. Morocco’s unconditional target will be reached thanks to the implementation of some of these actions. The annex is included for the sake of transparency in this approach, which strives to provide as much clarity as possible. Table A1 provides an overview of actions considered for implementation as part of the NDC. Table A1.', 'Table A1 provides an overview of actions considered for implementation as part of the NDC. Table A1. Actions Considered to Estimate Morocco’s Mitigation Contribution Type Actions Description Implementation Cost Estimates (USD in millions) Total Emission Reduction Potential e) Unconditional Actions 1. National Wind Plan Put in place multiple wind farms by 2020 3,500 50.183 2. National Solar Plan for Put in place thermodynamic concentrated solar power and photovoltaic power plants in multiple areas by 2020 9,000 42.557 3. National Program for the Promotion of Photovoltaic Put in place solar plants connected to the medium-voltage grid to reach 4.', 'National Program for the Promotion of Photovoltaic Put in place solar plants connected to the medium-voltage grid to reach 4. Hydroelectric Power Plants by 2030 Put in place a 350 MW Pumped-Storage Power Plant (PSPP) at the Abdelmoumen site, 300 MW for another PPSP and 125 MW at the El Menzel hydroelectric facility Plants by 2025 Import liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and use of LPG for electricity generation in combined cycle power plants to reach 3,550 MW by 2025 Labelling of Refrigerators Development of energy-use labelling program for refrigerators 100 1.461 Building Wraps Implementation of the Code for Thermal Regulation for Housing in Morocco in residential and tertiary housing 8.', 'Hydroelectric Power Plants by 2030 Put in place a 350 MW Pumped-Storage Power Plant (PSPP) at the Abdelmoumen site, 300 MW for another PPSP and 125 MW at the El Menzel hydroelectric facility Plants by 2025 Import liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and use of LPG for electricity generation in combined cycle power plants to reach 3,550 MW by 2025 Labelling of Refrigerators Development of energy-use labelling program for refrigerators 100 1.461 Building Wraps Implementation of the Code for Thermal Regulation for Housing in Morocco in residential and tertiary housing 8. Energy Efficiency in Development of an energy-efficiency program in the tourism sector 86 1.229Morocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 28 the Tourism Sector including 300,000 low-energy light bulbs, 300,000 m2 of solar water heaters and the implementation of the Code for Thermal Regulation for Housing in Morocco 9.', 'Energy Efficiency in Development of an energy-efficiency program in the tourism sector 86 1.229Morocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 28 the Tourism Sector including 300,000 low-energy light bulbs, 300,000 m2 of solar water heaters and the implementation of the Code for Thermal Regulation for Housing in Morocco 9. Low-Carbon City Creation of a model, low-carbon city centered on energy efficiency actions, transport and waste management 10. Private Wind Farms Implementation of privately operated wind farms 195 1.255 11. Industrial Energy Efficiency Implementation of energy-efficiency actions in industrial firms 200 0.965 12. Extension of the Rabat Tram Extension of the tram, a perfect option to travel around Rabat 157 0.465 13. Extension of the Casablanca Tram Extension of the tram, a perfect option to travel around Casablanca 1,600 5.915 14.', 'Extension of the Casablanca Tram Extension of the tram, a perfect option to travel around Casablanca 1,600 5.915 14. Large Taxi Upgrade Plan Upgrade of the outdated large taxi fleet in order to reduce their consumption 15. Olive Tree Program Planting of 447,000 hectares of olive trees in areas that are unfit for year- round crops to limit soil erosion and improve small farmers’ income 16. Fruit Arboriculture Program (excluding citrus and olive trees) by Planting of 160,000 hectares of fruit trees to improve and diversify farmers’ income, especially in fragile mountain areas 17. Citrus Planting Program by 2020 Planting of 45,000 hectares of citrus to improve both farmers’ revenues and export earnings 18. Cactus Planting Program by 2020 Revegetation of bare or eroded lands with 128,600 hectares of cacti in drylands to enhance smallholder farmers and women’s cooperative income 19.', 'Cactus Planting Program by 2020 Revegetation of bare or eroded lands with 128,600 hectares of cacti in drylands to enhance smallholder farmers and women’s cooperative income 19. Date Palm Tree Planting program by Planting 3 million date palm trees to enhance oases’ productivity rate, combat desertification and help prevent the exodus of youth people from rural areas Development of Rangelands Program and Regulation of Transhumant Flows: First phase by 2020 Develop rangelands in a way that will combat desertification, enhance livestock farmers’ income and protect biodiversityMorocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 29 21. Afforestation and Reforestation Program Afforestation and deforestation over 40,000 hectares between 2010 and 2030 to combat deforestation, the loss of water resources, animal, plant and land biodiversity. Protect upstream river basins against silting and water erosion 22.', 'Protect upstream river basins against silting and water erosion 22. Program Combatting Stabilization of dunes by planting vegetation between 2010 and 2030 (500 hectares per year) to combat silting and desertification 23. Management of Forestry Climate Risk Launch in May 2016 of a National Centre for Climate and Forestry Risk Management (wildfires, health of forests): surface area of 1,536 hectares per year between 2010 and 2030 24. Energy Efficiency Cook-Stove Program Distribution of 1,600 cook stoves per year between 2010 and 2015, and of 6,000 cook stove per year between 2016 and 2030 to reduce forest fuel wood consumption when compared to traditional cook stoves, to provide for coastal side inhabitants’ cooking and heating needs Total — Unconditional Actions 26,268 257.870 Conditional Actions 25. National Wind Plan 26.', 'Energy Efficiency Cook-Stove Program Distribution of 1,600 cook stoves per year between 2010 and 2015, and of 6,000 cook stove per year between 2016 and 2030 to reduce forest fuel wood consumption when compared to traditional cook stoves, to provide for coastal side inhabitants’ cooking and heating needs Total — Unconditional Actions 26,268 257.870 Conditional Actions 25. National Wind Plan 26. National Solar Plan Extension of action #2 of 2,000 MW from thermodynamic concentrated solar power and photovoltaic power plants 27. Micro-Hydro Power Plants by 2030 Implementation of multiple micro-hydro power plants, reaching a capacity of 100 MW by 2030 Power Plants by 2030 Extension of project #5 to reach a capacity of 4,750 MW 1,020 10.173 Development Plan of Solar Water Heaters Development of the solar thermal field to reach 1,700,000 m2 by 2030 945 15.22 30.', 'Micro-Hydro Power Plants by 2030 Implementation of multiple micro-hydro power plants, reaching a capacity of 100 MW by 2030 Power Plants by 2030 Extension of project #5 to reach a capacity of 4,750 MW 1,020 10.173 Development Plan of Solar Water Heaters Development of the solar thermal field to reach 1,700,000 m2 by 2030 945 15.22 30. Low-energy lighting in residential housing Putting 14,700,000 low-energy light bulbs in the residential sector 18 13.932 31. Installations of Photovoltaic Panels Implementation of a program to promote photovoltaic panels connected to the low-voltage grid with a target of 1,000 MWc by 2030 32. Public Lighting Energy Efficiency Program Implementing a public lighting energy efficiency program in large Moroccan cities 33.', 'Public Lighting Energy Efficiency Program Implementing a public lighting energy efficiency program in large Moroccan cities 33. Natural Gas in the Import liquefied petroleum gas to increase its share in the industrial sector 650 9.548Morocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 30 Industrial Sector by as a substitute for fuel oil, and to improve efficiency and local environment 34. Biomass Valorization Program for Industry Taking stock, organizing and valuing the biomass sector in order to promote biomass use in industry as a substitute for fuel oil Program of an Energy and Output Management System (EOMS), and of the ISO 50001 standard in Industry Creation of an Implementation Program of an Energy and Output Management System (EOMS), and of the ISO 50001 standard in industry 36. Project for Energy Recovery from Compressors between 2021 and 2025.', 'Project for Energy Recovery from Compressors between 2021 and 2025. Implementation of a pilot project for energy recovery from air compressors in 250 industrial companies 37. Pilot Project on Implementation of Centralized Production of Utilities for an Integrated Industrial Park Creation of a pilot project on to implement centralized production of utilities for an integrated industrial park 38. Fly Ash Repurposing within Building Materials Industry Implementation of a Fly Ash Recycling Project within the building materials industry 39. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Recycling Project Implementation of a PVC recycling project 0.2 0.117 40. National Strategy on Logistics Development Implementation of these actions: eco-driving training of truck drivers, installation of photovoltaic parks, the improvement of maintenance and technical control of transport vehicles and a modal shift from road to rail 41.', 'National Strategy on Logistics Development Implementation of these actions: eco-driving training of truck drivers, installation of photovoltaic parks, the improvement of maintenance and technical control of transport vehicles and a modal shift from road to rail 41. Upgrade of Utility Vehicles 20 Years and Older between 2025 and Upgrade utility vehicles of 20 years and older to lower their fuel consumption, between 2025 and 2030 biological treatment and Recycling household waste through co-incineration, mechanical biological treatment. This process involves the following manipulations: mechanicalMorocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 31 co-incineration of household waste sorting and crushing, biological treatment with aerobic drying. 43. Recycling of GHG Emissions from Wastewater Treatment Plants Biogas collection from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) for electricity generation 44. Olive Tree Program 45. Fruit Arboriculture Program (excluding citrus and olive trees) 46. Citrus Planting 47.', 'Fruit Arboriculture Program (excluding citrus and olive trees) 46. Citrus Planting 47. Argan Tree Planting Planting of argan trees on 38,000 hectares to enhance vulnerable communities’ resilience to climate change, increase carbon storage in biomass and soils, and indirectly reduce the industrial and anthropogenic pressure on natural argan tree forests 48. Cactus Planting 49. Fruit Tree-Planting Planting of 15,000 hectares of fruit trees to improve and diversify small farmers’ income 50. Date Palm Tree Planting Program by Extension of action #19 over 1.5 million date palm trees 177 0.195 Development of Rangelands Program and Regulation of Transhumant Flows 52. Afforestation and Reforestation Program Extension of action #21 to reach 60,000 hectares per year 573 25.090Morocco – Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC 32 53. Program Combatting Extension of action #22 to reach 800 hectares of vegetation per year 25 0.735 54.', 'Program Combatting Extension of action #22 to reach 800 hectares of vegetation per year 25 0.735 54. Management of Forestry Climate Risk Extension of action #23 to reach 2,304 hectares per year in managed surface area 55. Energy Efficiency Cook Stove Program Extension of action #24 to distribute 8,000 cook-stoves per year 3 0.023 Total — Conditional Actions 23,401 265.623 Total — All Actions 49,669 523.493']

en-US

MCO

Monaco

Updated NDC

2020-12-28 00:00:00

x

NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Monaco_NDC_2020.pdf

Annex I

High-income

Europe

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/3535a91f0c400db430253b7297ef6f8df5f1b8c799569befcc6c1631b778e754.pdf

['Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National De MONACO Mise à jour 2020 A la Convention–cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques et à l’Accord de Paris Direction de l’EnvironnementContribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement Document établi par : DEPARTEMENT DE L’EQUIPEMENT DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT ET DE L’URBANISME Direction de l’Environnement 3, avenue de Fontvieille MC 98000 Monaco Environnement@gouv.mc En application des paragraphes 24 et 25 et de l’article 4 de la Décision 1/CP.21, ainsi que de la DécisionContribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement SOMMAIRE SOMMAIRE 3 1 CONTEXTE NATIONAL . 5 1.3 Elévation du niveau de la mer 9 1.7 Biodiversité et habitats . 14 1.7.1 Suivi de la Faune et de la Flore 14 1.7.2 Espèces invasives et nouvelles espèces 16 2 MESURES D’ATTENUATION 18 2.1 Evolution des émissions de gaz à effet de serre de 1990 à 2018 18 2.1.1 Evolution des émissions globales 18 2.1.2 Evolution des émissions par grands secteurs d’activité . 19 2.1.3 Détail des émissions de gaz à effet de serre des grands secteurs d’activité en 2018 20 2.1.4 Evolution des émissions du secteur de l’Energie 20 2.1.5 Evolution des émissions du secteur de l’Industrie 21 2.1.6 Evolution des émissions du secteur de UTCATF 21 2.1.7 Evolution des émissions du secteur des Déchets . 22 2.1.8 Evolution des émissions du secteur des Soultes Internationales 22 2.1.9 Evolution des émissions de gaz à effet de serre par gaz 23 2.2 Objectifs de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre 2030 25 2.3 Principales Politiques et Mesures . 26 2.3.5 Actions transversales . 28 3 MESURES D’ADAPTATION . 30 3.1 Adaptation des îlots de chaleur urbains . 30 3.2 La nature en ville 30 3.3 L’adaptation des zones littorales 31 4 FINANCEMENT CLIMATIQUE 32 5 MECANISMES DE MARCHE 33Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement 6 INFORMATIONS A FOURNIR POUR AMELIORER LA CLARTE, LA TRANSPARENCE ET LA COMPREHENSION DES CONTRIBUTIONS DETERMINEES AU NIVEAU NATIONAL 34 6.1 Informations quantifiables sur le point de référence . 34 6.2 Périodes de mise en œuvre 34 6.3 Portée et champ d’application 34 6.4 Processus de planification . 34 6.5 Hypothèses et démarches méthodologiques, y compris celles concernant l’estimation et la comptabilisation des émissions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre et, le cas échéant, des absorptions anthropiques . 35 6.6 La manière dont la Partie considère que sa contribution déterminée au niveau national est équitable et ambitieuse compte tenu de sa situation nationale 35 6.7 La façon dont la contribution déterminée au niveau national concourt à la réalisation de l’objectif de la Convention tel qu’énoncé à son article 2 . 35Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement 1 Contexte National La Principauté de Monaco est une cité-Etat de 208 hectares, dont l’économie, diversifiée, est principalement basée sur les services, la construction, le tourisme et le secteur bancaire.', 'Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National De MONACO Mise à jour 2020 A la Convention–cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques et à l’Accord de Paris Direction de l’EnvironnementContribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement Document établi par : DEPARTEMENT DE L’EQUIPEMENT DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT ET DE L’URBANISME Direction de l’Environnement 3, avenue de Fontvieille MC 98000 Monaco Environnement@gouv.mc En application des paragraphes 24 et 25 et de l’article 4 de la Décision 1/CP.21, ainsi que de la DécisionContribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement SOMMAIRE SOMMAIRE 3 1 CONTEXTE NATIONAL . 5 1.3 Elévation du niveau de la mer 9 1.7 Biodiversité et habitats . 14 1.7.1 Suivi de la Faune et de la Flore 14 1.7.2 Espèces invasives et nouvelles espèces 16 2 MESURES D’ATTENUATION 18 2.1 Evolution des émissions de gaz à effet de serre de 1990 à 2018 18 2.1.1 Evolution des émissions globales 18 2.1.2 Evolution des émissions par grands secteurs d’activité . 19 2.1.3 Détail des émissions de gaz à effet de serre des grands secteurs d’activité en 2018 20 2.1.4 Evolution des émissions du secteur de l’Energie 20 2.1.5 Evolution des émissions du secteur de l’Industrie 21 2.1.6 Evolution des émissions du secteur de UTCATF 21 2.1.7 Evolution des émissions du secteur des Déchets . 22 2.1.8 Evolution des émissions du secteur des Soultes Internationales 22 2.1.9 Evolution des émissions de gaz à effet de serre par gaz 23 2.2 Objectifs de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre 2030 25 2.3 Principales Politiques et Mesures . 26 2.3.5 Actions transversales . 28 3 MESURES D’ADAPTATION . 30 3.1 Adaptation des îlots de chaleur urbains . 30 3.2 La nature en ville 30 3.3 L’adaptation des zones littorales 31 4 FINANCEMENT CLIMATIQUE 32 5 MECANISMES DE MARCHE 33Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement 6 INFORMATIONS A FOURNIR POUR AMELIORER LA CLARTE, LA TRANSPARENCE ET LA COMPREHENSION DES CONTRIBUTIONS DETERMINEES AU NIVEAU NATIONAL 34 6.1 Informations quantifiables sur le point de référence . 34 6.2 Périodes de mise en œuvre 34 6.3 Portée et champ d’application 34 6.4 Processus de planification . 34 6.5 Hypothèses et démarches méthodologiques, y compris celles concernant l’estimation et la comptabilisation des émissions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre et, le cas échéant, des absorptions anthropiques . 35 6.6 La manière dont la Partie considère que sa contribution déterminée au niveau national est équitable et ambitieuse compte tenu de sa situation nationale 35 6.7 La façon dont la contribution déterminée au niveau national concourt à la réalisation de l’objectif de la Convention tel qu’énoncé à son article 2 . 35Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement 1 Contexte National La Principauté de Monaco est une cité-Etat de 208 hectares, dont l’économie, diversifiée, est principalement basée sur les services, la construction, le tourisme et le secteur bancaire. Dès Son avènement en 2005, S.A.S.', 'Dès Son avènement en 2005, S.A.S. le Prince Albert II a fait de la protection de l’environnement un axe prioritaire de la politique conduite par Son Gouvernement, tant sur le plan national qu’international. La Principauté de Monaco a ratifié la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques (CCNUCC) le 20 novembre 1992 et le Protocole de Kyoto le 27 février 2006. Inscrite à l’annexe 1 de la Convention avec un engagement de réduction de 8% par rapport à 1990 dans le cadre de la première période du Protocole de Kyoto, la Principauté a rempli ses obligations en réduisant ses émissions de 13,18% par rapport à 19901. Monaco a poursuivi son engagement en acceptant, le 27 décembre 2013, les amendements de Doha.', 'Monaco a poursuivi son engagement en acceptant, le 27 décembre 2013, les amendements de Doha. L’objectif de Monaco pour la deuxième période du protocole de Kyoto est de 22% de réduction d’émissions en moyenne sur la période 2013-2020. Dans le cadre de sa première Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National, la Principauté de Monaco s’est fixée comme objectif de réduire ses émissions de gaz à effet de serre de 50% en 2030. S.A.S le Prince Souverain s’est également engagé à ce que Monaco atteigne la neutralité carbone en 2050. Consciente du caractère éminemment collectif de l’enjeu de réduction des émissions, la Principauté de Monaco souhaite apporter sa pleine contribution à l’effort commun.', 'Consciente du caractère éminemment collectif de l’enjeu de réduction des émissions, la Principauté de Monaco souhaite apporter sa pleine contribution à l’effort commun. Elle formule le souhait que l’engagement de toutes les Parties permette d’atteindre l’objectif consistant à contenir l’élévation moyenne des températures globales à moins de deux degrés par rapport aux niveaux préindustriels et dans la mesure du possible à moins de 1,5°C. 1 Rapport National d’Inventaire de la Principauté de Monaco, soumis le 3 septembre 2014 :Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement La Principauté de Monaco est un Etat riverain de la mer Méditerranée enclavé dans le territoire français le long de la Côte d’Azur, à mi-chemin entre Nice et la Frontière italienne.', '1 Rapport National d’Inventaire de la Principauté de Monaco, soumis le 3 septembre 2014 :Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement La Principauté de Monaco est un Etat riverain de la mer Méditerranée enclavé dans le territoire français le long de la Côte d’Azur, à mi-chemin entre Nice et la Frontière italienne. Le territoire de la Principauté est frontalier avec quatre communes françaises du Département des Alpes Maritimes (Cap d’Ail, La Turbie, Beausoleil et Roquebrune-Cap-Martin) et possède une façade sur la Méditerranée. Les coordonnées géographiques de la Principauté (au niveau du Musée océanographique) sont 43°43’49’’N et 7°25’36’’E. Le territoire est sous la forme d’une bande côtière étroite et située au pied d un bassin versant de 7 km² et entouré par un cirque de hauts reliefs.', 'Le territoire est sous la forme d’une bande côtière étroite et située au pied d un bassin versant de 7 km² et entouré par un cirque de hauts reliefs. Sa superficie est de 208 hectares, dont près de 40 ont été gagnés sur la mer au cours des 50 dernières années. Ses eaux territoriales forment une bande qui s étend sur une longueur de 12 milles nautiques vers le large et dont la largeur correspond à la bande côtière de la Principauté (soit environ 3 km).Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement La surface des eaux territoriales est d’environ 71 km2, ce qui est largement supérieur à la surface terrestre du pays. La Principauté est le deuxième plus petit Etat indépendant au monde, après le Vatican.', 'La Principauté est le deuxième plus petit Etat indépendant au monde, après le Vatican. La Principauté de Monaco s’établit sur une étroite bande côtière. Ainsi les constructions sont toutes à une distance très limitée de la mer (moins de 800 m). Cette situation, associée à des profondeurs marines importantes disponibles près de la côte, a contribué au développement important des pompes à chaleur sur eau de mer. La première installation a été réalisée en 1963 et cette technologie constitue aujourd’hui la première source de production énergétique locale.', 'La première installation a été réalisée en 1963 et cette technologie constitue aujourd’hui la première source de production énergétique locale. Photographie aérienne du territoire monégasque –Direction de la Prospective, de l’Urbanisme et de la MobilitéContribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement Monaco est située au Nord de la Méditerranée occidentale et bénéficie d’un climat tempéré, qui se caractérise par des étés chauds et secs et des hivers doux et humides. Le territoire est à l’interface d’un vaste adret baigné par la mer et dominé par des montagnes exposées au Sud ; les températures sont sous l’influence directe de la mer. La température moyenne est de 16,5°C (normales 1986-2005) et une amplitude saisonnière inférieure à 15°C.', 'La température moyenne est de 16,5°C (normales 1986-2005) et une amplitude saisonnière inférieure à 15°C. La pluviométrie annuelle est en moyenne de 714.6 mm avec une répartition caractéristique du climat méditerranéen présentant les précipitations les plus importantes en automne et au printemps. L’ensemble des données relevées à l’échelle méditerranéenne indique un réchauffement au cours du 20e siècle et une accélération au cours des dernières décennies. A l échelle du bassin les températures moyennes annuelles sont maintenant supérieures de 1,5 °C par rapport aux niveaux de la fin du 19ème siècle. Le réchauffement s’est accéléré après les années 1980, et augmente à un rythme plus élevé que la moyenne mondiale (Lelieveld et al. 2012; Lionello et al. 2012a; Zittis et Hadjinicolaou 2017; Cramer et coll.', '2012a; Zittis et Hadjinicolaou 2017; Cramer et coll. 2018; Lionello et Scarascia 2018; Zittis et coll. 2019). En rouge - évolution des températures annuelles à Monaco référencé à la Normale 86-05) et en fond - comparaison au scénarios RCP2.6 RCP4.5, RCP8.5 2du rapport AR5 du GIEC, dérivé d’une modélisation climatique régionale pour la zone Nord-ouest Méditerranée, (N.W terre uniquement) selon : A multi-model, multi-scenario, and multi-domain analysis of regional climate projections for the Mediterranean - George Zittis1 & Les températures observées à Monaco depuis le début des année 1970 corroborent ces observations et montrent une élévation régulière de 0.3°C par décennie. Cette élévation est plus sensible sur les températures minimales (+0.4°c) que sur les maximales.', 'Cette élévation est plus sensible sur les températures minimales (+0.4°c) que sur les maximales. En outre les années les plus chaudes ont toutes été observées après 2000. 2 RCP : Representative Concentration Pathway (ou voies de concentration représentative)Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement Moyennes décennales des températures à Monaco de 1971 à 2019 – Direction de l’Environnement 1.3 Elévation du niveau de la mer Avec son caractère maritime et sa façade littorale, la Principauté de Monaco est directement exposée à une élévation, due au réchauffement climatique, du niveau de la mer Méditerranée. La hauteur des eaux marines y est mesurée depuis 1999 par un marégraphe numérique côtier opéré par la Direction de l’Environnement en collaboration avec le Service Hydrographique et Océanographique de la Marine française (SHOM).', 'La hauteur des eaux marines y est mesurée depuis 1999 par un marégraphe numérique côtier opéré par la Direction de l’Environnement en collaboration avec le Service Hydrographique et Océanographique de la Marine française (SHOM). Projection de l’élévation du niveau de la mer à Monaco (en mètres) – Direction de l’Environnement Projection de l’élévation du niveau de la mer à Monaco jusqu’en 2100 suivant la méthodologie IPPC SROCC – Projected rise in global mean sea level. Les projections sont réalisées pour trois voies de concentration (RCP3). 3 RCP : Representative Concentration Pathway (ou voies de concentration représentative) Plage d’incertitude à 2100 Elévation des Moyenne décennale des températures observées à Monaco de 1971 à 2019.', '3 RCP : Representative Concentration Pathway (ou voies de concentration représentative) Plage d’incertitude à 2100 Elévation des Moyenne décennale des températures observées à Monaco de 1971 à 2019. En rapport à la valeur normales 1986- 2005.Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement Sur la façade nord de la méditerranée occidentale, il a été observé une élévation de 1 à 2 mm/an entre 1970 et 2004. Le Rapport de la Plateforme Océan et Climat indique que l’élévation du niveau marin s’est accélérée de 3,6mm par an à partir des années 1990, contre 1,4mm par an auparavant. Les enregistrements effectués à Monaco confirment cette tendance, l’élévation mesurée est de l’ordre de 3.5mm par décennie depuis 2000.', 'Les enregistrements effectués à Monaco confirment cette tendance, l’élévation mesurée est de l’ordre de 3.5mm par décennie depuis 2000. Malgré une hausse qui s’est ralentie sur la décennie 2010-2020, les niveaux actuels des eaux se situent sur la tendance prévue par les scénarii d’augmentions du GIEC. Projection de l’élévation du niveau de la mer à Monaco jusqu’en 2100 suivant la méthodologie IPPC SROCC – Projected rise in global mean sea level. Les projections sont réalisées pour trois voies de concentration (RCP) et comparé aux niveaux actuels.', 'Les projections sont réalisées pour trois voies de concentration (RCP) et comparé aux niveaux actuels. Selon les projections, le niveau moyen de la mer en Méditerranée se situerait à la fin du 21ème siècle dans la fourchette 20 à 110 cm plus haut qu à la fin du 20ème siècle (Special Report on Ocean and Cryosphere - SROCC Oppenheimer et al. 2019, Le Cozannet et al. 2019; Thiéblemont et al. 2019) selon le niveau de émissions, avec écarts locaux jusqu à +10 cm (Carillo et Al. 2012; Adloff et coll. 2015, 2018) par rapport à la moyenne du bassin. La population monégasque (résidente et non résidente) est de 9 486 personnes (31 décembre 2019).', 'La population monégasque (résidente et non résidente) est de 9 486 personnes (31 décembre 2019). La population résidente à Monaco, recensée en juin 2016, était de 37 308 habitants. Elle est estimée au 31 décembre 2019 à 38 100 habitants. La population est cosmopolite, on retrouve environ 120 nationalités différentes, dont 8 675 nationaux (monégasques). La communauté la plus importante est celle des Français représentant 24,8 % de la population, suivie des Italiens avec un peu plus de 21,9 % et des Britanniques avec un peu plus de 7,5%. Niveau actuel des eauxContribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement La Principauté constitue un centre d’expansion économique en forte progression ces dix dernières années.', 'Niveau actuel des eauxContribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement La Principauté constitue un centre d’expansion économique en forte progression ces dix dernières années. Elle constitue un bassin d’emploi important pour les régions françaises et italiennes frontalières. Le PIB monégasque pour l’année 2018 s’élève à 6,087 milliards d’euros, soit une augmentation de 6,1% par rapport à 2017. Après le tassement constaté en 2009, le PIB poursuit sa croissance même si celle-ci a tendance à s’infléchir en 2015. La situation de la Principauté de Monaco est atypique en ce qui concerne d’une part sa population résidente et d’autre part sa population salariée. En effet, pour 38 100 résidents, on compte près de 58 000 salariés, dont 87.8% sont domiciliés hors de Monaco.', 'En effet, pour 38 100 résidents, on compte près de 58 000 salariés, dont 87.8% sont domiciliés hors de Monaco. Cette situation, très singulière, rend les comparaisons délicates et l’utilisation inappropriée de certains indicateurs internationaux traditionnels. C’est le cas en particulier de l’indicateur classique du PIB par habitant. Afin de situer la Principauté dans son environnement et dans son contexte international, deux types de PIB par individu sont calculés : il s’agit d’une part, d’un PIB « per capita », calculé depuis 2005 et d’autre part, d’un PIB par salarié calculé depuis 2010. Le PIB per capita est plus spécifiquement destiné aux comparaisons internationales. La population retenue pour son calcul est la somme des résidents et des salariés non-résidents de Monaco.', 'La population retenue pour son calcul est la somme des résidents et des salariés non-résidents de Monaco. Elle est de 85 876 individus en 2018 Le PIB per capita, s’élève, en 2015, à 68 858 euros en valeur courante. Cette valeur peut être comparée à celle de pays d’Europe du Nord, reflétant un haut niveau de vie de la population.Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement Le PIB par salarié quant à lui, est un indicateur permettant de comparer les niveaux de productivité des pays. Il s’élève à 108 112 euros en 2018.', 'Il s’élève à 108 112 euros en 2018. Plus de la moitié du PIB monégasque (53,4%) est produit par 4 secteurs : • Activités scientifiques et techniques, services administratifs et de soutien (17,9%) ; • Activités financières et d’assurance (15,9%) ; • Activités immobilières (10,0%) ; • Construction (9,5%). L’activité de la Principauté est relativement homogène. Les huit secteurs suivants pèsent entre 3,4% et 9,3%. On retrouve parmi eux le commerce de gros, l’hébergement-restauration, le commerce de détail. La Principauté de Monaco est un importateur net d’énergie. Aucune production n’est revendue à l’extérieur. La consommation totale d’énergie finale était en 2018 d’environ 1073 GWh.', 'La consommation totale d’énergie finale était en 2018 d’environ 1073 GWh. Répartition de la consommation totale d’énergie finale en 2018 – Direction de l’Environnement La moitié de l’énergie totale consommée à Monaco est imputable à l’électricité utilisée pour des usages privés et publics, principalement les habitations, les installations commerciales et industrielles, les bâtiments et équipements publics (hôpitaux, écoles, …), ainsi que l’éclairage urbain. La consommation de carburants pour le transport est le deuxième poste de dépenses énergétiques (14%). Il s’agit de la vente d’essence et de gazole sur le territoire.Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement Viennent ensuite les dépenses de chauffage et de refroidissement avec les pompes à chaleur, les consommations de fioul domestique et de gaz naturel.', 'Il s’agit de la vente d’essence et de gazole sur le territoire.Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement Viennent ensuite les dépenses de chauffage et de refroidissement avec les pompes à chaleur, les consommations de fioul domestique et de gaz naturel. L’énergie produite à Monaco provient essentiellement des pompes à chaleur et de l’usine de valorisation énergétique des déchets. Bien qu’accessoire, la production d’électricité photovoltaïque est en forte augmentation. En 2018, 24,3% de la consommation énergétique finale totale de Monaco était couverte par une production locale renouvelable.', 'En 2018, 24,3% de la consommation énergétique finale totale de Monaco était couverte par une production locale renouvelable. Part de la production énergétique locale par rapport à la consommation totale- Direction de l’Environnement Afin d’évaluer l’effet des politiques et mesures en termes de réduction de la consommation énergétique de la Principauté, deux indicateurs sont suivis : l’intensité énergétique et la consommation énergétique par habitant. • L’intensité énergétique désigne le rapport entre la consommation énergétique finale et le produit intérieur brut (PIB). Une baisse de l’intensité énergétique correspond à une meilleure efficacité énergétique et signifie que le pays peut produire plus avec la même quantité d’énergie. L’intensité énergétique de la Principauté baisse de façon régulière depuis 2011, pour atteindre une diminution de 32,3% en 2018 (par rapport à 2007).', 'L’intensité énergétique de la Principauté baisse de façon régulière depuis 2011, pour atteindre une diminution de 32,3% en 2018 (par rapport à 2007). • Le second indicateur, la consommation énergétique par habitant, désigne le rapport entre la consommation énergétique finale et la population résidente. La quantité d’énergie consommée par la population résidente diminue de façon constante depuis 2007, pour atteindre une diminution de 12,5 % en 2018. Indicateurs énergétiques entre 2007 et 2018 (base 100=2007) - Direction de l’EnvironnementContribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement Comme exposé au chapitre 1.5 Economie, la proportion de salariés pendulaires est extrêmement importante. Aussi, une population de référence est calculée depuis 2013.', 'Aussi, une population de référence est calculée depuis 2013. Si l’on compare l’indicateur de consommation énergétique par habitant et par capita, la diminution observée est plus importante pour ce dernier. L’activité économique a une tendance constance à l’électro- efficacité. Indicateurs énergétiques entre 2013 et 2018 (base 100=2013) - Direction de l’Environnement 1.7 Biodiversité et habitats 1.7.1 Suivi de la Faune et de la Flore La fin des années 90 et le début des années 2000 ont été marqués par une succession d’anomalies thermiques positives, qui ont causé des mortalités massives avec des extinctions locales de population, ou encore des proliférations d’espèces nuisibles (dinophytes et algues filamenteuses). La Principauté réalise, depuis 2003, un suivi permanent de la température de la colonne d’eau et est précurseur en la matière.', 'La Principauté réalise, depuis 2003, un suivi permanent de la température de la colonne d’eau et est précurseur en la matière. Moyennes annuelles des températures sur la colonne d’eau entre 2006 et 2018 - Direction de l’EnvironnementContribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement Mesures quotidienne de la température sur la colonne d’eau entre 2014 et 2018 - Direction de l’Environnement Des disparitions d’espèces thermosensibles ont déjà été observées, à la suite des épisodes thermiques anormaux. Les gorgones présentes sur le tombant des Spélugues (-9m à -37m) ont fortement été impactées, la majorité des gorgones pourpres en est morte. La disparition de ces gorgones, espèce filtreuse, a fortement impacté les espèces vivant à proximité. On retrouve aujourd’hui l’espèce sous les 45m de profondeur.', 'On retrouve aujourd’hui l’espèce sous les 45m de profondeur. Les épisodes anormaux de température des masses d’eau ont également abouti à une diminution quantitative notable du corail rouge monégasque. Les études en laboratoire réalisées par le Centre Scientifique de Monaco montrent que cette espèce thermosensible est également impactée par l’acidification des océans. De cette modification thermique découle d’autres impacts qui entrainent la modification des paramètres physico-chimiques des masses d’eau.Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement Ainsi, la modification du milieu induit soit la disparition de certaines espèces, soit l’implantation et naturalisation d’autres, soit des migrations. Bien que la Méditerranée soit, au niveau du plancton, peu productive, les impacts de ces évolutions thermiques sont également méconnus sur ces êtres vivants et leurs effets devront être étudiés.', 'De cette modification thermique découle d’autres impacts qui entrainent la modification des paramètres physico-chimiques des masses d’eau.Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement Ainsi, la modification du milieu induit soit la disparition de certaines espèces, soit l’implantation et naturalisation d’autres, soit des migrations. Bien que la Méditerranée soit, au niveau du plancton, peu productive, les impacts de ces évolutions thermiques sont également méconnus sur ces êtres vivants et leurs effets devront être étudiés. Fin 2018, toutes les populations de grandes nacres du littoral monégasque ont été impactées par l’épizootie sévissant sur les côtes méditerranéennes, et aucune des nacres présentes n’a résisté à ces mortalités massives. Face à ce constat, l’Etat monégasque a souhaité développer un programme expérimental visant à tenter de reconstituer les populations disparues.', 'Face à ce constat, l’Etat monégasque a souhaité développer un programme expérimental visant à tenter de reconstituer les populations disparues. Ce programme se base sur la mise en place de pièges permettant la capture de larves de grandes nacres. Une fois ces larves capturées, elles seront prélevées du milieu naturel et élevées en aquarium jusqu’à atteindre un stade permettant leur réintroduction dans le milieu. Une première tentative de capture de ces larves a été programmée pour l’été 2019 et se poursuit en 2020. Au niveau terrestre, l’inventaire de la flore vasculaire terrestre indigène de la Principauté de Monaco a permis l’identification de 347 taxons (espèces et sous-espèces) actuellement présents, répartis en 79 familles végétales.', 'Au niveau terrestre, l’inventaire de la flore vasculaire terrestre indigène de la Principauté de Monaco a permis l’identification de 347 taxons (espèces et sous-espèces) actuellement présents, répartis en 79 familles végétales. Toutefois, au moins 49 taxons anciennement mentionnés par les botanistes n’ont pu être retrouvés et ils peuvent être aujourd’hui considérés comme disparus du territoire. 1.7.2 Espèces invasives et nouvelles espèces La présence de certaines espèces invasives s’est accentuée depuis quelques années avec notamment la présence du moustique Aedes albopictus et de l’algue Ostreopsis ovata. La Principauté de Monaco est fortement exposée à l’apparition du moustique Aedes albopictus. Les plantes exotiques présentes en Principauté, telles que le Balisier, sont propices à son développement. Ces moustiques apparaissent plus tôt dans l’année et disparaissent plus tard.', 'Ces moustiques apparaissent plus tôt dans l’année et disparaissent plus tard. Leur diapause est donc de plus en plus courte. En parallèle, on note une diminution de la présence des moustiques de type Culex, en concurrence avec les moustiques « tigres ». L’European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) a observé pour la première fois, en 2006, la présence du moustique Aedes albopictus, sur le territoire monégasque. Ce moustique fait partie des 100 espèces les plus invasives au monde. Le Chikungunya est aujourd’hui considéré comme une maladie « ré-émergente ». Les projections climatiques sur le territoire monégasque montrent une augmentation du nombre de mois où les conditions seraient favorables à la transmission du virus, soit 4 à 5 mois en Principauté.', 'Les projections climatiques sur le territoire monégasque montrent une augmentation du nombre de mois où les conditions seraient favorables à la transmission du virus, soit 4 à 5 mois en Principauté. Depuis 2007, un dispositif de surveillance ainsi qu une gestion préventive du risque lié à la présence de l algue Ostreopsis ovata ont été mis en place. L’apparition de l’algue a été notée en Méditerranée, cependant, les seuils de risque pour la santé publique n’ont jamais été atteints en Principauté. L’observation des méduses sur le littoral, notamment de Pelagia noctiluca, a augmenté depuis les années 90.', 'L’observation des méduses sur le littoral, notamment de Pelagia noctiluca, a augmenté depuis les années 90. L’apparente augmentation de leur nombre, qui reste cependant à confirmer, serait liée à une combinaison de plusieurs facteurs favorisant leur prolifération : augmentation de la température de l’eau, force et direction des courants, ou encore surpêche de poissons prédateurs de méduses et autres espèces planctoniques.Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement Pour les méduses côtières, Aurelia aurita, l’augmentation générale des températures aurait ainsi tendance à favoriser cette prolifération en allongeant leur période de reproduction. Enfin le plastique pourrait servir de nourricière pour celles-ci. Selon l’Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-Mer (France), environ une personne sur 200 000 développerait une hypersensibilité et une réaction allergique immédiate qui peut conduire à un choc anaphylactique.', 'Selon l’Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-Mer (France), environ une personne sur 200 000 développerait une hypersensibilité et une réaction allergique immédiate qui peut conduire à un choc anaphylactique. Par ailleurs, certaines espèces de poissons exotiques sont désormais rencontrées dans les eaux monégasques comme le poisson-flûte (Fistularia commersonii). Originaire des océans indien et pacifique, ce poisson a été signalé pour la première fois en Méditerranée sur les côtes israéliennes en 2000. Le poisson-flûte est une espèce associée aux récifs rocheux, d’importance mineure pour la pêche commerciale. Il fait partie des espèces qui ont colonisé la Méditerranée le plus rapidement. Il a été observé courant 2010 dans les eaux monégasques. Toutefois, même si des individus, adultes pour la plupart, sont arrivés, aucun ne s’est durablement installé.', 'Toutefois, même si des individus, adultes pour la plupart, sont arrivés, aucun ne s’est durablement installé. Même si aucune espèce exotique de poisson ne s’est encore durablement installée dans les eaux monégasques, il est certain que les arrivées de poissons lessepsiens se poursuivront et probablement s’intensifieront en Méditerranée occidentale dans les années à venir.Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement 2 Mesures d’atténuation 2.1 Evolution des émissions de gaz à effet de serre de 1990 à 2018 2.1.1 Evolution des émissions globales Les émissions globales de gaz à effet de serre de Monaco4 sont passées de 102,74 kt5 équivalent CO2 en 1990 (année de base pour le CO2 et le N2 O et 1995 pour les composés fluorés, UTCATF exclu) à eq6 en 2018.', 'Même si aucune espèce exotique de poisson ne s’est encore durablement installée dans les eaux monégasques, il est certain que les arrivées de poissons lessepsiens se poursuivront et probablement s’intensifieront en Méditerranée occidentale dans les années à venir.Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement 2 Mesures d’atténuation 2.1 Evolution des émissions de gaz à effet de serre de 1990 à 2018 2.1.1 Evolution des émissions globales Les émissions globales de gaz à effet de serre de Monaco4 sont passées de 102,74 kt5 équivalent CO2 en 1990 (année de base pour le CO2 et le N2 O et 1995 pour les composés fluorés, UTCATF exclu) à eq6 en 2018. Cette évolution des émissions représente une diminution de 15,4%.', 'Cette évolution des émissions représente une diminution de 15,4%. Sur cette période, on relève tout d’abord une augmentation des émissions de 1990 à 2000. Le maxima a été atteint en 1996 avec des émissions de 109,91 kt CO2 eq. Puis, à partir de 2000, la tendance est globalement décroissante jusqu’à 2018, malgré quelques rebonds. Le secteur de l’agriculture est inexistant à Monaco. Il n’y a pas d’activité agricole ou d’élevage de bétail.', 'Il n’y a pas d’activité agricole ou d’élevage de bétail. Evolution des émissions globales de GES de 1990 à 2018 – Direction de l’Environnement 4 Rapport National d’Inventaire 2020 – Direction de l’Environnement - Monaco 5 kt : kilotonne 6 kt CO2eq : kilotonne équivalent dioxyde de carboneContribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement 2.1.2 Evolution des émissions par grands secteurs d’activité 2.1.2 Evolution des émissions par grands secteurs d’activité entre 1990 et 2018 – Direction de l’Environnement Le présent graphique présente l’évolution des émissions de gaz à effet de serre par grands secteurs d’activité tels que détaillés ci-après : Demande en énergie des bâtiments : intègre les émissions liées à la combustion de fioul domestique et de gaz naturel pour le chauffage et l’eau chaude sanitaire, de fioul lourd et de gaz naturel par le réseau SeaWergie, aux gaz des climatisations stationnaires, aux gaz des transformateurs électriques et aux pertes du réseau de gaz naturel.', 'Evolution des émissions globales de GES de 1990 à 2018 – Direction de l’Environnement 4 Rapport National d’Inventaire 2020 – Direction de l’Environnement - Monaco 5 kt : kilotonne 6 kt CO2eq : kilotonne équivalent dioxyde de carboneContribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement 2.1.2 Evolution des émissions par grands secteurs d’activité 2.1.2 Evolution des émissions par grands secteurs d’activité entre 1990 et 2018 – Direction de l’Environnement Le présent graphique présente l’évolution des émissions de gaz à effet de serre par grands secteurs d’activité tels que détaillés ci-après : Demande en énergie des bâtiments : intègre les émissions liées à la combustion de fioul domestique et de gaz naturel pour le chauffage et l’eau chaude sanitaire, de fioul lourd et de gaz naturel par le réseau SeaWergie, aux gaz des climatisations stationnaires, aux gaz des transformateurs électriques et aux pertes du réseau de gaz naturel. Les émissions de ce secteur ont diminué de 35% entre 1990 et 2018.', 'Les émissions de ce secteur ont diminué de 35% entre 1990 et 2018. Traitement des déchets : intègre les émissions liées à l’incinération des déchets à l’UIRUI Les émissions de ce secteur ont augmenté de 34% entre 1990 et 2018. Mobilité: intègre les émissions relatives aux carburants routiers, aux carburants de la navigation domestique et de l’aviation nationale, aux gaz de climatisation automobile et aux lubrifiants et adjuvants automobile Les émissions de ce secteur ont diminué de 26% entre 1990 et 2018. Construction : intègre les émissions relatives au gasoil non routier, aux peintures, mousses, bitumes et traitements du bois. Les émissions de ce secteur ont augmenté de 107% entre 1990 et 2018.', 'Les émissions de ce secteur ont augmenté de 107% entre 1990 et 2018. Autres: intègre les émissions liées aux gaz des réfrigérateurs, aux gaz des inhalateurs médicaux et accélérateurs de particules, pressings, contenants sous pression type chantilly, aux colles, à la paraffine et aux encres d’imprimerie. Les émissions de ce secteur ont augmenté de 115% entre 1990 et 2018.Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement 2.1.3 Détail des émissions de gaz à effet de serre des grands secteurs d’activité en Le graphique ci-dessus présente la réparation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre en 2018 par grands secteurs d’activité (à l’intérieur) et par sous-catégorie (à l’extérieur).', 'Les émissions de ce secteur ont augmenté de 115% entre 1990 et 2018.Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement 2.1.3 Détail des émissions de gaz à effet de serre des grands secteurs d’activité en Le graphique ci-dessus présente la réparation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre en 2018 par grands secteurs d’activité (à l’intérieur) et par sous-catégorie (à l’extérieur). 2.1.4 Evolution des émissions du secteur de l’Energie Les émissions du secteur de l’Energie sont passées de 101,65 kt CO2 eq en 2018, soit une évolution de -23,76%.', '2.1.4 Evolution des émissions du secteur de l’Energie Les émissions du secteur de l’Energie sont passées de 101,65 kt CO2 eq en 2018, soit une évolution de -23,76%. Evolution des émissions de GES du secteur de l’Energie de 1990 à 2018Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement 2.1.5 Evolution des émissions du secteur de l’Industrie Les émissions du secteur de l’Industrie (hors transport) sont passées de 0,38 kt CO2 eq en 1990 à 8,289 kt eq en 2018, soit une évolution de 2060%.', 'Evolution des émissions de GES du secteur de l’Energie de 1990 à 2018Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement 2.1.5 Evolution des émissions du secteur de l’Industrie Les émissions du secteur de l’Industrie (hors transport) sont passées de 0,38 kt CO2 eq en 1990 à 8,289 kt eq en 2018, soit une évolution de 2060%. Evolution des émissions de GES du secteur de l’Industrie de 1990 à 2018 2.1.6 Evolution des émissions du secteur de UTCATF7 Les émissions du secteur de l’Utilisation des Terres, du Changement d’affectation des terres et de la Foresterie sont passées de 0,00 kt CO2 eq en 2018, soit une évolution de -1286%.', 'Evolution des émissions de GES du secteur de l’Industrie de 1990 à 2018 2.1.6 Evolution des émissions du secteur de UTCATF7 Les émissions du secteur de l’Utilisation des Terres, du Changement d’affectation des terres et de la Foresterie sont passées de 0,00 kt CO2 eq en 2018, soit une évolution de -1286%. Evolution des émissions de GES du secteur de l’UTCF de 1990 à 2018 7 UTCATF : Utilisation des Terres, Changement d’Affectation des Terres et Foresterie.Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement 2.1.7 Evolution des émissions du secteur des Déchets Les émissions du secteur des déchets sont passées de 0,71 kt CO2 eq en 2018, soit une évolution de 63%.', 'Evolution des émissions de GES du secteur de l’UTCF de 1990 à 2018 7 UTCATF : Utilisation des Terres, Changement d’Affectation des Terres et Foresterie.Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement 2.1.7 Evolution des émissions du secteur des Déchets Les émissions du secteur des déchets sont passées de 0,71 kt CO2 eq en 2018, soit une évolution de 63%. Evolution des émissions de GES du secteur des Déchets de 1990 à 2018 2.1.8 Evolution des émissions du secteur des Soultes Internationales Les émissions du secteur des Soultes Internationales sont passées de 6,70 kt CO2 eq en 1990 à 12,61 kt eq en 2018, soit une évolution de 88%.', 'Evolution des émissions de GES du secteur des Déchets de 1990 à 2018 2.1.8 Evolution des émissions du secteur des Soultes Internationales Les émissions du secteur des Soultes Internationales sont passées de 6,70 kt CO2 eq en 1990 à 12,61 kt eq en 2018, soit une évolution de 88%. Evolution des émissions de GES du secteur des Soultes Internationales de 1990 à 2018Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement 2.1.9 Evolution des émissions de gaz à effet de serre par gaz Le dioxyde de carbone est le principal gaz à effet de serre émis en Principauté.', 'Evolution des émissions de GES du secteur des Soultes Internationales de 1990 à 2018Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement 2.1.9 Evolution des émissions de gaz à effet de serre par gaz Le dioxyde de carbone est le principal gaz à effet de serre émis en Principauté. En 2011, les valeurs et les pourcentages des émissions des différents gaz à effet de serre étaient les suivantes (UTCATF exclu) : Dioxyde de carbone CO2 - Le principal gaz émis en 2018 reste le CO2 qui représente 86% des émissions globales. Entre 1990 et 2018, les émissions de CO2 sont passées de 98,23 kt à 74,76kt. - Les émissions de CH4 sont passées de 0,09 kt en 1990 à 0,05 kt en 2018.', '- Les émissions de CH4 sont passées de 0,09 kt en 1990 à 0,05 kt en 2018. Oxyde d’azote N2 O - Les émissions de N2 O sont passées de 0,007 kt en 1990 à 0,01 kt en 2018. HFCs et PFCs - Les émissions de HFC-PFC sont passées de 0,0 kt CO2 eq en eq en 2018. - Les émissions de SF6 sont passées de 3,6 E-6 kt en 1990 (4,1 E-6 kt en 1995) à 5,4 E-6 kt en 2018.', '- Les émissions de SF6 sont passées de 3,6 E-6 kt en 1990 (4,1 E-6 kt en 1995) à 5,4 E-6 kt en 2018. Répartition des émissions de GES par gaz en 2018Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement Evolution des émissions de GES par gaz entre 1990 et 2018Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement 2.2 Objectifs de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre 2030 La Principauté de Monaco s’est fixée comme objectif, dans le cadre de la présente Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National, de réduire ses émissions de gaz à effet de serre de 55% en 2030.Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement 2.3 Principales Politiques et Mesures Pour l’atteinte de ses objectifs à horizon 2030, la Principauté de Monaco a d’ores et déjà mis en œuvre d’importantes politiques et mesures.', 'Répartition des émissions de GES par gaz en 2018Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement Evolution des émissions de GES par gaz entre 1990 et 2018Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement 2.2 Objectifs de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre 2030 La Principauté de Monaco s’est fixée comme objectif, dans le cadre de la présente Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National, de réduire ses émissions de gaz à effet de serre de 55% en 2030.Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement 2.3 Principales Politiques et Mesures Pour l’atteinte de ses objectifs à horizon 2030, la Principauté de Monaco a d’ores et déjà mis en œuvre d’importantes politiques et mesures. Ces politiques visent également à inscrire le territoire dans une tendance de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre pour parvenir à la neutralité carbone en 2050.', 'Ces politiques visent également à inscrire le territoire dans une tendance de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre pour parvenir à la neutralité carbone en 2050. Ainsi, la Principauté met en œuvre des politiques et mesures couvrant les trois principaux secteurs que sont l’énergie, les transports et les déchets détaillées dans Plan Climat Air Energie 2030. Ces politiques et mesures sont d’ordre organisationnel, technique, réglementaire ou incitatif. Les principales actions sont détaillées ci-après : La consommation de carburants fossiles dans les bâtiments constitue l’une des principales sources d’émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Les axes prioritaires développés par la Principauté sur ce secteur visent à décarboner l’énergie consommée par les bâtiments et à améliorer l’efficacité énergétique de ceux-ci.', 'Les axes prioritaires développés par la Principauté sur ce secteur visent à décarboner l’énergie consommée par les bâtiments et à améliorer l’efficacité énergétique de ceux-ci. La décarbonation des énergies fossiles se traduit par une augmentation de la proportion d’énergie renouvelable ou de récupération consommée, via notamment la création de réseaux thalassothermiques, la valorisation des énergies fatales, ainsi que via l’augmentation des productions solaires thermiques et photovoltaïques sur le territoire et à l’étranger (à proportion de l’électricité consommée sur le territoire). En outre, elle se matérialisera par une augmentation de la part biogénique dans les carburants fossiles, voire de la substitution de ces carburants par des nouveaux carburants 100% d’origine biogénique.', 'En outre, elle se matérialisera par une augmentation de la part biogénique dans les carburants fossiles, voire de la substitution de ces carburants par des nouveaux carburants 100% d’origine biogénique. L’amélioration de la performance énergétique et environnementale de tous les bâtiments existants et à venir est également essentielle. La meilleure énergie est celle que l’on ne consomme pas. Les politiques et mesures ciblent simultanément la rénovation du patrimoine déjà bâti (enveloppes et systèmes énergétiques), les usages et l’évolution des comportements et les modes constructifs durables pour le neuf (adaptés au climat méditerranéen et aux spécificités de Monaco) dans un objectif d’optimisation élevée de l’efficacité énergétique de l’ensemble des bâtiments.', 'Les politiques et mesures ciblent simultanément la rénovation du patrimoine déjà bâti (enveloppes et systèmes énergétiques), les usages et l’évolution des comportements et les modes constructifs durables pour le neuf (adaptés au climat méditerranéen et aux spécificités de Monaco) dans un objectif d’optimisation élevée de l’efficacité énergétique de l’ensemble des bâtiments. Cette optimisation nécessite un renforcement progressif des exigences thermiques règlementaires des bâtiments neufs et des rénovations, ainsi qu’une priorisation et une augmentation du taux annuel de rénovation, soutenues par des dispositifs financiers.', 'Cette optimisation nécessite un renforcement progressif des exigences thermiques règlementaires des bâtiments neufs et des rénovations, ainsi qu’une priorisation et une augmentation du taux annuel de rénovation, soutenues par des dispositifs financiers. En complément, le Gouvernement soutient l’adaptation des modes constructifs aux spécificités climatiques locales au travers de la démarche Bâtiment Durable Méditerranéen de Monaco et de la formation des acteurs de la construction aux nouvelles techniques et technologies.Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement Il doit être noté que la Principauté de Monaco porte un fort intérêt à « l’énergie bleue » et en particulier à la thalassothermie afin de substituer les carburants fossiles. Fort de sa façade littorale et d’une bathymétrie importante à proximité des côtes, cette technologie est particulièrement adaptée au territoire.', 'Fort de sa façade littorale et d’une bathymétrie importante à proximité des côtes, cette technologie est particulièrement adaptée au territoire. Les études menées ont en outre démontré un impact environnemental nul du rejet des eaux sur la biodiversité. Les politiques et mesures relatives au transport concerne essentiellement le transport routier. Monaco dispose également d’un héliport et de deux ports de plaisance. Monaco est un important pôle d’activité contiguë au département français des Alpes-Maritimes. Ce dynamisme économique génère d’importants échanges d’actifs (pendulaires avec la France et l’Italie), ainsi que des trafics induits par l’activité économique (entreprise extérieure, livraisons, etc.). Le pôle de services de Monaco (hôtels, équipements sportifs, enseignement.) entraîne une fréquentation importante de visiteurs à la journée (visiteurs de proximité).', 'Le pôle de services de Monaco (hôtels, équipements sportifs, enseignement.) entraîne une fréquentation importante de visiteurs à la journée (visiteurs de proximité). Ainsi, la Principauté poursuit deux axes d’action en matière de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre du transport routier, que sont la réduction du trafic et la décarbonation des moyens de transport. La priorité d’action se situe dans la diminution absolue des kilomètres parcourus en transports individuels motorisés, au bénéfice des modes actifs et des transports publics.', 'La priorité d’action se situe dans la diminution absolue des kilomètres parcourus en transports individuels motorisés, au bénéfice des modes actifs et des transports publics. Les actions structurantes consisteront notamment en la création de parkings relais aux frontières et à la multiplicité des solutions alternatives de mobilité (télécabines, soutien à la marche à pied et à la pratique du vélo par le renforcement des équipements et des offres de e-services). Les transports publics seront progressivement remplacés pour atteindre 0 émission de CO2 en 2030. En complément, le Gouvernement soutient la substitution des véhicules thermiques par des véhicules électriques.', 'En complément, le Gouvernement soutient la substitution des véhicules thermiques par des véhicules électriques. Si elle améliore la situation en termes d’émissions directes de CO2 et de polluants atmosphériques, cette substitution ne résout pas les problèmes de congestion des axes de déplacement (qui conditionnent en premier lieu les possibilités de développement des modes alternatifs) et est difficilement généralisable (consommation et puissance électrique très importante, risque d’incendie en parkings collectifs…) Dans le cadre du transport aérien des efforts sont engagés pour limiter la consommation de carburant des aéronefs. L’héliport de Monaco poursuit une démarche de certification Airport Carbon Accreditation Des hélicoptères électriques pourraient être mis en service à horizon 2030 pour assurer les lignes régulières Monaco – Nice (France).', 'L’héliport de Monaco poursuit une démarche de certification Airport Carbon Accreditation Des hélicoptères électriques pourraient être mis en service à horizon 2030 pour assurer les lignes régulières Monaco – Nice (France). Enfin s’agissant de la navigation, la Principauté a interdit l’utilisation de fioul lourd dans ses eaux territoriales et déploie des dispositifs pour l’alimentation électrique des navires dans les ports. Des réflexions sont menées pour le recours à l’hydrogène par les navires. Ces politiques seront soutenues par une décarbonation progressive des carburants en lien avec les politiques européennes en la matière.Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement La Principauté déploie depuis 2016 une stratégie ambitieuse pour limiter la quantité de déchets produits et orienter prioritairement les déchets vers la valorisation matière.', 'Ces politiques seront soutenues par une décarbonation progressive des carburants en lien avec les politiques européennes en la matière.Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement La Principauté déploie depuis 2016 une stratégie ambitieuse pour limiter la quantité de déchets produits et orienter prioritairement les déchets vers la valorisation matière. Cette stratégie a été complétée par une politique « zéro déchet plastique à usage unique en 2030 ». En matière de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre, la priorité de Monaco dans ce domaine porte sur la réduction des déchets plastiques dont l’incinération est responsable de la majorité des émissions de ce secteur.', 'En matière de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre, la priorité de Monaco dans ce domaine porte sur la réduction des déchets plastiques dont l’incinération est responsable de la majorité des émissions de ce secteur. Celle-ci doit néanmoins s’inscrire dans le cadre d’une politique globale et de long terme qui vise à la fois la réduction à la source de tous les types de déchets et l’amélioration de leur valorisation – matière en premier lieu, énergétique en second lieu– dans une perspective de réduction des impacts énergétiques, climatiques et environnementaux.', 'Celle-ci doit néanmoins s’inscrire dans le cadre d’une politique globale et de long terme qui vise à la fois la réduction à la source de tous les types de déchets et l’amélioration de leur valorisation – matière en premier lieu, énergétique en second lieu– dans une perspective de réduction des impacts énergétiques, climatiques et environnementaux. Ces politiques et mesures prennent la forme de mesures réglementaires visant à l’interdiction de mise sur le marché ou de distribution de certains produits, de mesures visant à la simplification du tri et d’accroitre les quantités collectées. La Principauté ne dispose pas sur son territoire d’industrie lourde et le secteur industriel est très faible. Les émissions de gaz à effet de serre rapportées dans le secteur Industrie concernent essentiellement des activités artisanales.', 'Les émissions de gaz à effet de serre rapportées dans le secteur Industrie concernent essentiellement des activités artisanales. Les politiques et mesures visent essentiellement des mesures générales liées à l’énergie, aux émissions de polluants et aux gaz fluorés. S’agissant des gaz fluorés, la Principauté entend limiter fortement le pouvoir de réchauffement global des gaz fluorés utilisés sur son territoire. Il doit être noté qu’en la matière la Principauté de Monaco bénéficie des évolutions règlementaires de l’Union européenne sur les produits, du fait de l’Union douanière entre les deux territoires. 2.3.5 Actions transversales Si la Principauté s’est engagée dans des objectifs énergétiques et climatiques ambitieux, le Gouvernement Princier ne peut l’atteindre à lui seul.', '2.3.5 Actions transversales Si la Principauté s’est engagée dans des objectifs énergétiques et climatiques ambitieux, le Gouvernement Princier ne peut l’atteindre à lui seul. Il doit être partagé avec les habitants et les acteurs publics et privés qui animent, travaillent et visitent la Principauté. La dynamique vers la neutralité carbone en 2050 nécessite des mutations profondes, en particulier dans les secteurs de l’énergie, des bâtiments et du transport, mais surtout dans les habitudes et choix de chacun.Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement Ces transformations sont sources de nombreux impacts positifs (cadre de vie, emplois, innovation.) mais elles doivent être partagées et imposent un engagement de tous.', 'La dynamique vers la neutralité carbone en 2050 nécessite des mutations profondes, en particulier dans les secteurs de l’énergie, des bâtiments et du transport, mais surtout dans les habitudes et choix de chacun.Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement Ces transformations sont sources de nombreux impacts positifs (cadre de vie, emplois, innovation.) mais elles doivent être partagées et imposent un engagement de tous. Les politiques et mesures transversales concernent à la fois des actions de mobilisation et de sensibilisation des acteurs locaux, que des actions support. A ce titre, la Loi cadre n° 1.456 du 12 décembre 2017 portant Code de l’environnement constitue la base légale à la mise en œuvre d’actions règlementaires et de soutien pécuniaire.', 'A ce titre, la Loi cadre n° 1.456 du 12 décembre 2017 portant Code de l’environnement constitue la base légale à la mise en œuvre d’actions règlementaires et de soutien pécuniaire. Le Gouvernement entend poursuivre et amplifier les efforts de soutien pour orienter et amplifier le passage à l’acte. Mais cet ensemble de mesures offertes par le Gouvernement ne pourra porter ses effets que s’il y a une prise de conscience collective des enjeux, une bonne appropriation des objectifs et des solutions, et surtout une dynamique fédérative autour de l’envie de contribuer et de réussir ensemble.', 'Mais cet ensemble de mesures offertes par le Gouvernement ne pourra porter ses effets que s’il y a une prise de conscience collective des enjeux, une bonne appropriation des objectifs et des solutions, et surtout une dynamique fédérative autour de l’envie de contribuer et de réussir ensemble. Ainsi, différents moyens sont développés au travers de démarches sectorielles telles que « Commerce Engagé » ou « Restaurant Engagé », ou plus globales en fédérant l’ensemble des acteurs telles que le « Pacte National pour la Transition Énergétique Energie ».', 'Ainsi, différents moyens sont développés au travers de démarches sectorielles telles que « Commerce Engagé » ou « Restaurant Engagé », ou plus globales en fédérant l’ensemble des acteurs telles que le « Pacte National pour la Transition Énergétique Energie ». Ces démarches constituent des forums d’échanges et d’apprentissage sur les actions de chacun, ainsi qu’un espace propice à la sensibilisation et à la mobilisationContribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement 3 Mesures d’adaptation Le diagnostic de vulnérabilité au changement climatique pour Monaco doit s’appréhender par les effets directs du changement du climat ; augmentation des périodes chaudes, changement des caractéristiques bioclimatiques, stress énergétique et élévation du niveau de mer.', 'Ces démarches constituent des forums d’échanges et d’apprentissage sur les actions de chacun, ainsi qu’un espace propice à la sensibilisation et à la mobilisationContribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement 3 Mesures d’adaptation Le diagnostic de vulnérabilité au changement climatique pour Monaco doit s’appréhender par les effets directs du changement du climat ; augmentation des périodes chaudes, changement des caractéristiques bioclimatiques, stress énergétique et élévation du niveau de mer. Le climat urbain est généralement caractérisé par une température plus élevée que dans les zones rurales environnantes (surtout en fin de journée et la nuit), des vents spécifiques et la présence de pollution urbaine.', 'Le climat urbain est généralement caractérisé par une température plus élevée que dans les zones rurales environnantes (surtout en fin de journée et la nuit), des vents spécifiques et la présence de pollution urbaine. 3.1 Adaptation des îlots de chaleur urbains La différence de température observée dans les îlots de chaleur urbains (ICU) est liée à la chaleur emmagasinée pendant la journée dans la ville minérale et restituée la nuit, ce qui va ainsi empêcher le refroidissement de l’air dans la ville la nuit. Davantage marquée la nuit, cette différence se caractérise par des températures de l’air (à différentes hauteurs) et de surface (températures des matériaux urbains spécifiques, et est ainsi fortement corrélée à la variation de la densité urbaine, notamment les matériaux des bâtiments.', 'Davantage marquée la nuit, cette différence se caractérise par des températures de l’air (à différentes hauteurs) et de surface (températures des matériaux urbains spécifiques, et est ainsi fortement corrélée à la variation de la densité urbaine, notamment les matériaux des bâtiments. Une étude lancée en 2020 a permis d’identifier les îlots de chaleurs (ICU) et de fraîcheurs urbains, afin de pouvoir évaluer la vulnérabilité du territoire et les zones à forts enjeux. L’objectif sera ensuite de prendre en compte le confort d’été dans les travaux de construction, de réhabilitation et lors de l’exploitation de bâtiments, mais aussi dans les travaux d’aménagement du territoire.', 'L’objectif sera ensuite de prendre en compte le confort d’été dans les travaux de construction, de réhabilitation et lors de l’exploitation de bâtiments, mais aussi dans les travaux d’aménagement du territoire. Une fois finalisée, cette étude servira d’outil de gestion pour les essences d’arbres présentes en Principauté, avec pour but de favoriser les essences possédant un rôle dans la régulation thermique, mais aussi dans la captation des différents polluants atmosphériques en corrélation avec les données de qualité de l’air. Cet enjeu peut se ressentir à deux niveaux : à l’échelle du bâti (inconfort thermique intérieur) et à l’échelle du quartier (îlots de chaleur urbains). En Principauté, l’enjeu d’inconfort thermique dans le bâti n’est pas prédominant. A l’inverse, l’augmentation des températures devrait fortement impacter le phénomène d’ICU.', 'A l’inverse, l’augmentation des températures devrait fortement impacter le phénomène d’ICU. 3.2 La nature en ville Renforcer la place de la nature est une priorité pour la Principauté afin d’améliorer le cadre de vie et d’adapter le territoire aux changements climatiques. Dans un contexte de milieu urbain dense, les milieux favorables à la biodiversité sont rares et doivent donc être à la fois préservés et développés. Il s’agit aujourd’hui de proposer un nouveau modèle urbain pour Monaco où la nature se déploie partout où cela est possible, au cœur de l’espace public comme sur le bâti.', 'Il s’agit aujourd’hui de proposer un nouveau modèle urbain pour Monaco où la nature se déploie partout où cela est possible, au cœur de l’espace public comme sur le bâti. Le Gouvernement Princier, au travers de la Stratégie Nationale pour la Biodiversité à 2030, a pour ambition de placer la biodiversité au service du cadre de vie et de la politique climat de la Principauté de Monaco.Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement Monaco étant la citée côtière la plus densément peuplée au monde, le changement climatique va exercer des pressions supplémentaires sur les populations et la biodiversité du territoire. Il est donc nécessaire de préparer la ville résiliente de demain en intégrant les services rendus par la nature.', 'Il est donc nécessaire de préparer la ville résiliente de demain en intégrant les services rendus par la nature. Ces services concernent l’attractivité, l’amélioration du cadre et de la qualité de vie des habitants, le besoin social de connexion à la nature, la réduction de la vulnérabilité aux risques naturels et l’adaptation du territoire monégasque aux changements climatiques. Avec comme ambition de faire de la biodiversité une composante clé de la qualité de vie de Monaco, un plan de « renaturation » de la ville a été initié. Les surfaces de voirie représentent environ 30% de la superficie du territoire monégasque. Ces surfaces sont autant d’opportunités d’intégration et de développement de la biodiversité.', 'Ces surfaces sont autant d’opportunités d’intégration et de développement de la biodiversité. Un objectif de renaturation d’au moins 20% de ces surfaces a été fixé à l’horizon 2030, soit un gain de plus de 13 ha d’espaces favorables à la biodiversité. Enfin, cette renaturation de l’espace permettra d’améliorer la connectivité entre les espaces naturels ce qui bénéficiera au développement de la biodiversité et participera à l’amélioration du bien-être des habitants de la Principauté et à la réduction de la température. La place de l’arbre en ville veut être renforcée avec un important programme de plantation.', 'La place de l’arbre en ville veut être renforcée avec un important programme de plantation. Une augmentation d’au moins 20% du nombre d’individus, ce qui représente la plantation de 2 400 arbres supplémentaires sur le territoire, est envisagée d’ici 2030, en plus des 12 000 arbres déjà présents sur le territoire. De plus, le développement d’infrastructures vertes sur le bâti, telles que des toitures intensives et des murs végétalisés modulaires, sera favorisé pour « ensauvager » la ville avec pour objectif de faire coexister un nombre élevé d’espèces végétales (semées, plantées, mais aussi spontanées), des strates différentes (arbustives, herbacées, muscinales) adaptées aux conditions climatiques et microclimatiques locales (température, humidité, lumière, vent).', 'De plus, le développement d’infrastructures vertes sur le bâti, telles que des toitures intensives et des murs végétalisés modulaires, sera favorisé pour « ensauvager » la ville avec pour objectif de faire coexister un nombre élevé d’espèces végétales (semées, plantées, mais aussi spontanées), des strates différentes (arbustives, herbacées, muscinales) adaptées aux conditions climatiques et microclimatiques locales (température, humidité, lumière, vent). 3.3 L’adaptation des zones littorales Le changement climatique entraînera à moyen terme la modification du régime de vents lesquels sont à l’origine des vagues, et une rehausse du niveau moyen de la mer. Le littoral monégasque sera soumis à ces évolutions.', 'Le littoral monégasque sera soumis à ces évolutions. Une étude a été réalisée en Principauté afin de définir les zones littorales les plus exposées au risque de submersion, ainsi qu’une cartographie d’identification des risques de submersion sur l’ensemble du littoral monégasque pour l’état actuel et à l’horizon 2100. La Principauté étant largement construite sur la mer, les risques de submersions sont élevés. Ainsi, des aménagements et ouvrages devront être réalisés dans le futur, avec : - A court terme en se basant sur des solutions de réhausse localisées (talus, murets paysagers fixes ou amovibles selon la localisation, poutres de couronnement lorsque possible…) et de régulation des activités en arrière des ouvrages des zones exposées.', 'Ainsi, des aménagements et ouvrages devront être réalisés dans le futur, avec : - A court terme en se basant sur des solutions de réhausse localisées (talus, murets paysagers fixes ou amovibles selon la localisation, poutres de couronnement lorsque possible…) et de régulation des activités en arrière des ouvrages des zones exposées. - A moyen terme par la construction de nouveaux ouvrages agissant comme une ceinture anti-submersion pouvant servir à terme d’extension urbaine de la Principauté de Monaco si ces ouvrages sont construits en mer et non à même le littoral.Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement 4 Financement climatique Fidèle à sa tradition de solidarité, la Principauté de Monaco entend pleinement endosser sa part de responsabilité dans la lutte collective contre les changements climatiques.', '- A moyen terme par la construction de nouveaux ouvrages agissant comme une ceinture anti-submersion pouvant servir à terme d’extension urbaine de la Principauté de Monaco si ces ouvrages sont construits en mer et non à même le littoral.Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement 4 Financement climatique Fidèle à sa tradition de solidarité, la Principauté de Monaco entend pleinement endosser sa part de responsabilité dans la lutte collective contre les changements climatiques. Dans ce sens, Monaco maintiendra son soutien en faveur des pays en développement et de leurs efforts d’atténuation et d’adaptation aux changements climatiques. La stratégie de croissance du financement climatique international du Gouvernement Princier prévoit une augmentation biennale de 100 000 euros dès 2020, à horizon 2030.', 'La stratégie de croissance du financement climatique international du Gouvernement Princier prévoit une augmentation biennale de 100 000 euros dès 2020, à horizon 2030. Une approche transversale, liant plusieurs objectifs de développement durable demeurera privilégiée, notamment les activités à co-bénéfices climat/biodiversité/océan, car ces problématiques ne peuvent être abordées séparément. Comme par le passé, la Principauté continuera de concentrer ses efforts sur les Pays les Moins Avancés et les Petits Etats Insulaires en Développement, qui comptent parmi les premières victimes des changements climatiques. La majorité du financement climatique international de la Principauté est acheminé par des voies bilatérales, notamment au travers du Fonds Vert pour le Climat, que Monaco soutient depuis le démarrage de ses opérations en 2015.', 'La majorité du financement climatique international de la Principauté est acheminé par des voies bilatérales, notamment au travers du Fonds Vert pour le Climat, que Monaco soutient depuis le démarrage de ses opérations en 2015. A l’occasion de la première reconstruction du Fonds, en 2019, le Gouvernement Princier s’est engagé à contribuer à 3,75 millions d’euros sur la période 2020-2023, renforçant ainsi la position de la Principauté en tant qu’important bailleur de fonds per capita. Par cette contribution, Monaco garantit l’allocation équitable de ses ressources financières climatiques entre adaptation et atténuation, tout en s’assurant que celles-ci arrivent bien aux pays en développement Partie.', 'Par cette contribution, Monaco garantit l’allocation équitable de ses ressources financières climatiques entre adaptation et atténuation, tout en s’assurant que celles-ci arrivent bien aux pays en développement Partie. Monaco prête également une attention particulière à la façon dont les changements climatiques affectent la santé humaine et menacent le droit fondamental des individus à vivre dans un environnement sain, propre et durable. Afin d’y remédier, le Gouvernement Princier canalise une partie de son financement international vers des organismes qui œuvrent pour combattre les effets nocifs des changements climatiques, dont l’O.M.S., au travers de sa priorité stratégique B3, et la Climate and Clean Air Coalition.', 'Afin d’y remédier, le Gouvernement Princier canalise une partie de son financement international vers des organismes qui œuvrent pour combattre les effets nocifs des changements climatiques, dont l’O.M.S., au travers de sa priorité stratégique B3, et la Climate and Clean Air Coalition. Enfin, en marge son financement climatique traditionnel, le Gouvernement Princier mène de nombreux programmes de coopération internationale qui, sans y être dédiés, présentent des « co-bénéfices climats » pour les pays partenaires de la Principauté tant en matière d’adaptation que d’atténuation. Pour l’année 2021, ces projets représentaient un total de près de 4,8 millions d’euros, une augmentation d’environ 87% comparé à 2018.', 'Pour l’année 2021, ces projets représentaient un total de près de 4,8 millions d’euros, une augmentation d’environ 87% comparé à 2018. A l’avenir, Monaco prévoit de renforcer davantage l’intégration des considérations climatiques au cœur de sa politique de coopération au développement, afin de rendre l’ensemble de ces financements plus cohérents avec un développement bas carbone et résilient de ses pays partenaires. L’objectif à moyen- terme et de pouvoir se prévaloir d’une coopération totalement « compatible climat ».Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement La Principauté a délivré l’intégralité de ses financements sous forme de dons et entend poursuivre ainsi. Les canaux multilatéraux, régionaux et bilatéraux continueront à être utilisés en fonction de leur capacité à produire des résultats concrets sur le terrain.', 'Les canaux multilatéraux, régionaux et bilatéraux continueront à être utilisés en fonction de leur capacité à produire des résultats concrets sur le terrain. 5 Mécanismes de marché La réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre du territoire est prioritairement l’effet de mesures nationales. Dans l’hypothèse où ces réductions ne permettraient pas d’atteindre les objectifs fixés, la Principauté pourra faire recours aux mécanismes de marché visés à l’article 6 de l’Accord de Paris.Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement 6 Informations à fournir pour améliorer la clarté, la transparence et la compréhension des contributions déterminées au niveau national 6.1 Informations quantifiables sur le point de référence Monaco considère comme année de référence de ses engagements l’année 1990.', 'Dans l’hypothèse où ces réductions ne permettraient pas d’atteindre les objectifs fixés, la Principauté pourra faire recours aux mécanismes de marché visés à l’article 6 de l’Accord de Paris.Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement 6 Informations à fournir pour améliorer la clarté, la transparence et la compréhension des contributions déterminées au niveau national 6.1 Informations quantifiables sur le point de référence Monaco considère comme année de référence de ses engagements l’année 1990. 6.2 Périodes de mise en œuvre La Principauté de Monaco s’engage à réduire ses émissions de 55% à l’horizon 2030. La période de mise en œuvre est du 1er janvier 2021 au 31 décembre 2030.', 'La période de mise en œuvre est du 1er janvier 2021 au 31 décembre 2030. 6.3 Portée et champ d’application L’engagement de Monaco porte sur la totalité des émissions territoriales, telles que rapportées dans les Rapports Nationaux d’Inventaire. Il concerne l’ensemble des secteurs : Energie, Procédés Industriels et Utilisation de Produits, Agriculture, Forêts et utilisation des terres et déchets. Enfin, il couvre l’ensemble des gaz : le dioxyde de carbone (CO2 ), le méthane (CH4 ), le protoxyde d’azote O), les gaz fluorés hydrofluorocarbures(HFC) et perclofluorocarbures (PFC), l’hexafluorure de soufre ) et le trifluorure d azote (NF3 ). L’estimation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre de l’ensemble des secteurs est effectuée conformément aux lignes directrices 2006 (GL 2006) du Groupe d experts intergouvernemental sur l évolution du climat (GIEC).', 'L’estimation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre de l’ensemble des secteurs est effectuée conformément aux lignes directrices 2006 (GL 2006) du Groupe d experts intergouvernemental sur l évolution du climat (GIEC). Les pouvoirs de réchauffement planétaire utilisés sont ceux publiés dans le 4éme Rapport d’évaluation sur l’évolution du climat du GIEC (IPCC – AR 4 – 2007). Les valeurs pourront être modifiées conséquemment à des améliorations méthodologiques réalisées pour l’estimation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre. 6.4 Processus de planification L’élaboration de la Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National s’inscrit dans le cadre de la révision de la planification énergétique et climatique de la Principauté de Monaco à horizon 2030. Dans ce cadre, aux travers de différentes instances, les acteurs publics et privés ont été consultés.', 'Dans ce cadre, aux travers de différentes instances, les acteurs publics et privés ont été consultés. Les projections et politiques et mesures déterminées ont été dictées pour l’atteinte des objectifs 2030 et pour inscrire la Principauté dans la trajectoire de la neutralité carbone à horizon 2050.Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement 6.5 Hypothèses et démarches méthodologiques, y compris celles concernant l’estimation et la comptabilisation des émissions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre et, le cas échéant, des absorptions anthropiques Les hypothèses et démarches méthodologiques, y compris celles concernant l’estimation et la comptabilisation des émissions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre sont celles utilisées dans les rapports nationaux d’inventaire conformément aux lignes directrices du GIEC.', 'Les projections et politiques et mesures déterminées ont été dictées pour l’atteinte des objectifs 2030 et pour inscrire la Principauté dans la trajectoire de la neutralité carbone à horizon 2050.Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement 6.5 Hypothèses et démarches méthodologiques, y compris celles concernant l’estimation et la comptabilisation des émissions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre et, le cas échéant, des absorptions anthropiques Les hypothèses et démarches méthodologiques, y compris celles concernant l’estimation et la comptabilisation des émissions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre sont celles utilisées dans les rapports nationaux d’inventaire conformément aux lignes directrices du GIEC. Le suivi de la mise en œuvre des politiques et mesures sera réalisé dans le cadre de la gouvernance du Plan Climat Air Energie.', 'Le suivi de la mise en œuvre des politiques et mesures sera réalisé dans le cadre de la gouvernance du Plan Climat Air Energie. Le suivi de l’évolution des émissions de gaz à effet de serre, des indicateurs énergétiques et de l’effet des politiques et mesures sera opéré au travers de l’élaboration des rapports nationaux d’inventaire et les autres rapports requis au titre de la Convention et de l’Accord de Paris. 6.6 La manière dont la Partie considère que sa contribution déterminée au niveau national est équitable et ambitieuse compte tenu de sa situation nationale L’engagement de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre de Monaco a été revu et augmenté dans le cadre de la présente Contribution Déterminée au niveau National.', '6.6 La manière dont la Partie considère que sa contribution déterminée au niveau national est équitable et ambitieuse compte tenu de sa situation nationale L’engagement de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre de Monaco a été revu et augmenté dans le cadre de la présente Contribution Déterminée au niveau National. Ainsi, l’engagement chiffré de réduction des émissions de GES à horizon 2030 est passé de -50% à – 55%. Monaco considère son engagement particulièrement ambitieux au regard de sa situation nationale et notamment de son territoire de 2km² qui correspond à un milieu urbain dense. Les politiques et mesures mises en œuvre couvrent l’ensemble des secteurs à l’origine des émissions de gaz à effet de serre.', 'Les politiques et mesures mises en œuvre couvrent l’ensemble des secteurs à l’origine des émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Des politiques de soutien sont mises en œuvre pour accompagner les populations dans les transitions nécessaires pour respecter les engagements fixés.', 'Des politiques de soutien sont mises en œuvre pour accompagner les populations dans les transitions nécessaires pour respecter les engagements fixés. 6.7 La façon dont la contribution déterminée au niveau national concourt à la réalisation de l’objectif de la Convention tel qu’énoncé à son article 2 Le GIEC8 a déterminé la trajectoire pour limiter le réchauffement climatique à 1,5°C « Dans les trajectoires qui limitent le réchauffement planétaire à 1,5 °C sans dépassement ou avec un dépassement minime, les émissions anthropiques mondiales nettes de CO2 diminuent d’environ 45 % depuis les niveaux de 2010 jusqu’en 2030 (intervalle interquartile: 40- 60 %), devenant égales à zéro vers 2050 ».', '6.7 La façon dont la contribution déterminée au niveau national concourt à la réalisation de l’objectif de la Convention tel qu’énoncé à son article 2 Le GIEC8 a déterminé la trajectoire pour limiter le réchauffement climatique à 1,5°C « Dans les trajectoires qui limitent le réchauffement planétaire à 1,5 °C sans dépassement ou avec un dépassement minime, les émissions anthropiques mondiales nettes de CO2 diminuent d’environ 45 % depuis les niveaux de 2010 jusqu’en 2030 (intervalle interquartile: 40- 60 %), devenant égales à zéro vers 2050 ». 8 Rapport spécial du GIEC sur les conséquences d’un réchauffement planétaire de 1,5 °C par rapport aux niveaux préindustriels et les trajectoires associées d’émissions mondiales de gaz à effet de serre, dans le contexte du renforcement de la parade mondiale au changement climatique, du développement durable et de la lutte contre la pauvreté – Résumé à l’intention des décideurs –Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement En décidant de réduire ses émissions de gaz à effet de serre de 55% en 2030 par rapport à 1990, la Principauté de Monaco a décidé d’aligner son engagement à horizon 2030 sur cette trajectoire.', '8 Rapport spécial du GIEC sur les conséquences d’un réchauffement planétaire de 1,5 °C par rapport aux niveaux préindustriels et les trajectoires associées d’émissions mondiales de gaz à effet de serre, dans le contexte du renforcement de la parade mondiale au changement climatique, du développement durable et de la lutte contre la pauvreté – Résumé à l’intention des décideurs –Contribution Déterminée au Niveau National Direction de l’Environnement En décidant de réduire ses émissions de gaz à effet de serre de 55% en 2030 par rapport à 1990, la Principauté de Monaco a décidé d’aligner son engagement à horizon 2030 sur cette trajectoire. Ainsi, la Principauté de Monaco entend assumer sa responsabilité pour permettre aux écosystèmes de s’adapter naturellement aux changements climatiques, que la production alimentaire ne soit pas menacée et que le développement économique puisse se poursuivre d’une manière durable en fixant son objectif de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre sur l’objectif long terme tel qu’énoncé à l’article 2 de la Convention et précisé par la Décision 10/CP.21.']

fr-FR

MNG

Mongolia

1st NDC

2016-09-21 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/150924_INDCs%20of%20Mongolia.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Asia

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/5a208f82462af364ee908d036624abab62f37a2e1ebe2f26cfe20094fb269524.pdf

['MONGOLIA Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Submission by Mongolia to the Ad-Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (ADP) Introduction Mongolia is fully committed to the UNFCCC negotiation process towards adopting at COP21 a legal instrument or an agreed outcome with legal force under the Convention, applicable to all Parties, in line with confining global warming below 2°C. Mongolia hereby communicates its intended nationally determined contribution to reiterate its determination to support the multilateral negotiation process and international community efforts in fulfilling the objectives of the UNFCCC. National context Mongolia is a landlocked country located in the centre of the Eurasian continent in a temperate climate zone. The climate is characterised by high fluctuations and extremes in temperature and precipitation.', 'The climate is characterised by high fluctuations and extremes in temperature and precipitation. The annual mean temperature ranges from -8°C to 6°C across regions and the annual precipitation varies from 50 mm in the Gobi desert to 400 mm in the northern mountainous area. Climate change assessments undertaken in Mongolia in 2009 and 2014, demonstrated that fragile ecosystems, a reliance on pastoral animal husbandry and rain-fed agriculture, and the growing population with a tendency of urbanization, all combine to make Mongolia’s socio-economic development vulnerable to climate change. Development of Mongolia’s INDC Mongolia’s INDC has its conceptual roots in the Green Development Policy of Mongolia, approved by the Parliament in 2014, to which key sectorial action plans at the national level, including energy sector, are being adjusted.', 'Development of Mongolia’s INDC Mongolia’s INDC has its conceptual roots in the Green Development Policy of Mongolia, approved by the Parliament in 2014, to which key sectorial action plans at the national level, including energy sector, are being adjusted. Key indicators for measuring progress in the implementation of the Green Development Policy include, among others, efficient use of energy, GHG emissions and ecological footprint per unit of GDP. The National Action Programme on Climate Change (NAPCC) endorsed by the Parliament 2011 includes concrete measures in response to climate change covering all principal sectors of economy. These and other relevant national level policy documents served as a basis for the development of Mongolia’s INDC, which was shaped and finalized through comprehensive consultation exercises with a broad range of stakeholders.', 'These and other relevant national level policy documents served as a basis for the development of Mongolia’s INDC, which was shaped and finalized through comprehensive consultation exercises with a broad range of stakeholders. Mitigation contribution In its INDC, Mongolia has outlined a series of policies and measures that the country commits to implement up to 2030, in the energy, industry, agriculture and waste sectors. The expected mitigation impact of these policies and measures will be a 14% reduction in total national GHG emissions excluding Land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) by 2030, compared to the projected emissions under a business as usual scenario.', 'The expected mitigation impact of these policies and measures will be a 14% reduction in total national GHG emissions excluding Land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) by 2030, compared to the projected emissions under a business as usual scenario. Those and other potentially more ambitious commitments are contingent upon gaining access to new technologies and sources of finance through internationally agreed mechanisms and instruments under the auspices of the UNFCCC (see Annex A). Adaptation component The melting of permafrost and glaciers, surface water shortages, and soil and pasture degradation have been identified as particular challenges faced by Mongolia as a result of climate change.', 'Adaptation component The melting of permafrost and glaciers, surface water shortages, and soil and pasture degradation have been identified as particular challenges faced by Mongolia as a result of climate change. Due to a high degree of vulnerability to climate change, adaptation is particularly important for Mongolia, and as such a distinct adaptation component is therefore included in the INDC. The selection of priorities for the adaptation component is based on a detailed analysis of the expected impacts, potential solutions and challenges, and of possible synergies between adaptation and mitigation activities (see Annex B).Annex A: Mitigation contribution Up to 2030 2. Type of contribution Policies and measures 3. Target level 3a.', 'Type of contribution Policies and measures 3. Target level 3a. National contribution By 2030, Mongolia intends to contribute to global efforts to mitigate GHG emissions by implementing the policies and measures listed in Table 1, contingent upon the continuation of international support to complement domestic efforts. Table 1. Policies and measures for implementation up to 2030 Sector Measure Policy/strategy document Energy (power and heat) Increase renewable electricity capacity from 7.62% in 2014 to 20% by 2020 and to 30% by 2030 as a share of total electricity generation capacity. State policy on energy (Parliament resolution development policy, Reduce electricity transmission losses from 13.7% in 2014 to 10.8% by 2020 and to 7.8% by 2030. Reduce building heat loss by 20% by 2020 and by 40% by 2030, compared to 2014 levels.', 'Reduce building heat loss by 20% by 2020 and by 40% by 2030, compared to 2014 levels. Reduce internal energy use of Combined Heat and Power plants (improved plant efficiency) from 14.4% in 2014 to 11.2% by 2020 and 9.14% by 2030. Implement advanced technology in energy production such as super critical pressure coal combustion technology by 2030. Energy (Transport) Improve national paved road network. Upgrading/Paving 8000 km by 2016, 11000 km by 2021. National Action Programme on Climate Change (NAPCC), 2011; Urban public transport investment Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs), 2010; Mid- term new development Improve Ulaanbaatar city road network to decrease all traffic by 30-40% by 2023. Increase the share of private hybrid road vehicles from approximately 6.5% in 2014 to approximately 13% by 2030.', 'Increase the share of private hybrid road vehicles from approximately 6.5% in 2014 to approximately 13% by 2030. Shift from liquid fuel to LPG for vehicles in Ulaanbaatar and aimag (province) centres by improving taxation and environmental fee system. Improve enforcement mechanism of standards for road vehicles and non-road based transport. Industrial sector Reduce emissions in the cement industry through upgrading the processing technology from wet- to dry- processing and through the construction of a new cement plant with dry processing up to 2030. NAMAs, 2010; NAPCC, resolution No. 171, 2012: Building materials programme Agriculture Maintain livestock population at appropriate levels according to the pasture carrying capacity. Mongolian national livestock programme,3b.', '171, 2012: Building materials programme Agriculture Maintain livestock population at appropriate levels according to the pasture carrying capacity. Mongolian national livestock programme,3b. Additional actions Mongolia is also interested to pursue some additional mitigation actions: Reduce fuel use in individual households through improving stove efficiency (with co-benefit of air pollution reduction), Transport (development of a Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system and improvement of the public transport system in Ulaanbaatar), Agriculture (development of a comprehensive plan for emission reductions in the livestock sub-sector for implementation between 2020 and 2030), Waste sector (development of a waste management plan, including recycling, waste-to-energy, and best management practices), Industry (motor-efficiency and housekeeping improvements). Furthermore, in the forestry sector, a programme is underway to develop a detailed inventory along with the identification of mitigation options.', 'Furthermore, in the forestry sector, a programme is underway to develop a detailed inventory along with the identification of mitigation options. In future communications, Mongolia intends to include actions for mitigation in the forestry sector to reduce GHG emissions from deforestation and forest degradation by 2% by 2020 and 5% by 2030 (according to State policy on forest, 2015). The INDC of Mongolia includes proposed measures and additional actions for energy (including transport), industrial processes, agriculture and waste. Projected emissions by sector for 2010 and 2030 are shown in Figure 1. Figure 1.', 'Projected emissions by sector for 2010 and 2030 are shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. GHG emissions share by sector in 2010 and 2030 [forecast, excluding LULUCF].1 GHG emissions, reported here, exclude LULUCF sector, which are currently being estimated through the preparation of a national GHG inventory, within scope of the responsibility of the Ministry of Environment, Green Development and Tourism of Mongolia (MEGDT). 5. GHG emission reductions In order to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding, this section provides an indicative estimate of potential emission reductions for the measures targeting all major GHG gases (CO2 O) in the sectors mentioned. The cumulative impact of the measures listed in Table 1 is estimated to result in approximately an annual reduction of 7.3 Mt CO2 -eq.', 'The cumulative impact of the measures listed in Table 1 is estimated to result in approximately an annual reduction of 7.3 Mt CO2 -eq. of economy-wide emissions in 2030, corresponding to a 14% reduction compared 1 The Ministry of Nature, Environment and Tourism (MNET), UNEP: Mongolia Second National Communication Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Ulaanbaatar, 2010 Agriculture Industry, Energy, Waste, -eq. Agriculture, Industry, Energy, Waste, -eq.to a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario, excluding LULUCF. Figure 2. Indicative potential emission reductions of the measures compared to BAU emissions 6. Accounting methodologies The latest official GHG emissions inventory was compiled for the year 2006 using the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, as described in Mongolia’s Second National Communication (SNC). The projected emissions for 2010, as indicated in this document, were presented in the SNC.', 'The projected emissions for 2010, as indicated in this document, were presented in the SNC. The BAU baseline was defined according to the methodology given in Mongolia’s SNC. Indicative emission reductions were determined using LEAP modelling (energy: power and heat; energy: transport) and Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (industry). A description of the methodology could be found in the INDC detailed report. The potential impact of agricultural emission reduction measures could not be estimated due to lack of available background information, and are thus not included in the indicative estimate. Actual and forecast emission reductions will be recalculated annually, based on improved data availability and appropriate adjustments to the BAU baseline’s assumptions. 7.', 'Actual and forecast emission reductions will be recalculated annually, based on improved data availability and appropriate adjustments to the BAU baseline’s assumptions. 7. Fairness and ambition Mongolia has a low responsibility for climate change mitigation in terms of its historic emissions, and limited capacity due to relatively challenging environmental conditions including a long lasting heating season, a coal based electricity production system, a lack of access to cleaner fossil fuels and a highly dispersed population particularly in remote areas (lack of access to the electricity grid). This has led to a high emissions per capita ratio. Mongolia is committed to the decarbonisation of its growing economy and intends to reduce its emissions intensity by implementing the proposed measures.', 'Mongolia is committed to the decarbonisation of its growing economy and intends to reduce its emissions intensity by implementing the proposed measures. The proposed targets have their origins in the Green Development Policy of Mongolia, which is an over- arching and comprehensive approach to deliver low-carbon economic growth taking into account national circumstances in the context of its sustainable development. This ambitious strategy mainstreams both mitigation and adaptation in a way to reduce social and environmental vulnerability. Parliamentary approval of the most significant energy measures, and corresponding commitment to implement an important part of the mitigation actions with domestic means, demonstrates the ambition of the Mongolian Government. 8.', 'Parliamentary approval of the most significant energy measures, and corresponding commitment to implement an important part of the mitigation actions with domestic means, demonstrates the ambition of the Mongolian Government. 8. Planning process and means of implementation Planning Processes The Ministry of Environment, Green Development and Tourism is the key ministry to develop, update and implement climate related policies. In addition, other line ministries including the Ministry of Finance, Ministry Total GHG emissions (excl. LULUCF) -eq.) BAU Mitigation scenario Energy: power and heat -eq. Industry -eq. Energy: transport -eq. Potential reductions Total potential emissions reduction of 14% in 2030of Energy, Ministry of Industry, Ministry of Building and Urban Development, Ministry of Road and Transport and Ministry of Agriculture will be involved.', 'Potential reductions Total potential emissions reduction of 14% in 2030of Energy, Ministry of Industry, Ministry of Building and Urban Development, Ministry of Road and Transport and Ministry of Agriculture will be involved. The elaboration of this INDC involved a multi-stakeholder process and consultations with key public bodies. It is largely based on existing legal frameworks and adopted policies of the Mongolian government, approved by the Parliament.', 'It is largely based on existing legal frameworks and adopted policies of the Mongolian government, approved by the Parliament. Domestic legally-binding legislation already in place includes: Green development policy, 2014 (2014-2030) National Action Programme on Climate Change (NAPCC), 2011 (2011-2021) State policy on energy, 2015 (2015-2030) National agriculture development policy, 2010 (2010-2021) State policy on forest, 2015 (2016-2030) MDGs based comprehensive national development programme, 2008 (2008-2021) Law on renewable energy, 2015 Law on energy, 2015 State policy on Industry, 2015 (2015-2030) Majority of the development and climate policies and programmes cover periods up to 2016 and 2020.', 'Domestic legally-binding legislation already in place includes: Green development policy, 2014 (2014-2030) National Action Programme on Climate Change (NAPCC), 2011 (2011-2021) State policy on energy, 2015 (2015-2030) National agriculture development policy, 2010 (2010-2021) State policy on forest, 2015 (2016-2030) MDGs based comprehensive national development programme, 2008 (2008-2021) Law on renewable energy, 2015 Law on energy, 2015 State policy on Industry, 2015 (2015-2030) Majority of the development and climate policies and programmes cover periods up to 2016 and 2020. Thus, during the period of 2016-2020, Mongolia will elaborate relevant policy documents for consultation at the national level for its development and national climate policies for the period 2021-2030.', 'Thus, during the period of 2016-2020, Mongolia will elaborate relevant policy documents for consultation at the national level for its development and national climate policies for the period 2021-2030. Progress towards the fulfilment of the contribution will be assessed through an annual review of the implementation progress of the proposed policies and measures. Means of implementation The measures outlined in this INDC have been presented as legislation and/or proposed in national development strategies and plans. As such, responsibility for implementation will follow existing institutional arrangements that define roles and responsibilities for the relevant sectors.', 'As such, responsibility for implementation will follow existing institutional arrangements that define roles and responsibilities for the relevant sectors. In order to successfully implement the policies and measures as part of this contribution (Table 1), as well as the proposed additional measures (described in section 3b), Mongolia will seek international funding, capacity building and technology supports to complement its domestic resource allocations and efforts. Mongolia will articulate its specific needs, and communicate the potential supporting role of the international community. As a preliminary indication, some specific measures that will be important to reach the proposed targets are described in Table 2, with estimated investment needs of 3.5 billion USD.', 'As a preliminary indication, some specific measures that will be important to reach the proposed targets are described in Table 2, with estimated investment needs of 3.5 billion USD. The anticipated financing modalities will be described at a later date, but a substantial private sector share is expected (leveraged by public funds) to be a part of the funding. Mongolia is interested in opportunities to access international climate funds namely the Green Climate Fund and in participation with crediting mechanisms to implement these measures. Table 2. Policies and measures for implementation up to 2030 Stated contribution Specific measures Investment needs Source Increase the share of renewable electricity capacity to 30% of total electricity generation capacity by 2030, from 7.62% in 2014. Installation of 675 MW capacity large hydro power facilities.', 'Installation of 675 MW capacity large hydro power facilities. 1,350 million USD LEAP analysis with costs based on average of IPCC Installation of 354 MW wind power facilities. 584 million USD Installation of 145 MW solar PV power facilities. 573 million USD Reduce building heat loss by 40% by 2030, compared to 2010 levels. Improved insulation for existing panel apartment buildings of 18,184 households in Ulaanbaatar. 90 million USD Technology Needs Assessment (TNA), Improved efficiency of coal fired heating plants and thermal power plants. Improved efficiency of coal fired plants. 900 million USD TNA, 2013Annex B: Adaptation component 1. Rationale for Adaptation Considering the importance of adaptation to climate change in Mongolia, this adaptation component has been included in the INDC, due to its high degree of vulnerability to climate change.', 'Rationale for Adaptation Considering the importance of adaptation to climate change in Mongolia, this adaptation component has been included in the INDC, due to its high degree of vulnerability to climate change. It is based on a detailed analysis of the anticipated impacts of climate change and those challenges would pose to socio- economic development. Adaptation targets have been identified, along with the funding, capacity, and technologies necessary to achieve them. Implementing these actions will support sustainable development and improve Mongolia’s resilience to climate change. There is a need further to use more differentiated approaches such as defining the role of passive adaptation based on traditional ways of life, active adaptation based on gained knowledge and experiences, and proactive adaptation involving modern technology and know-how. 2.', 'There is a need further to use more differentiated approaches such as defining the role of passive adaptation based on traditional ways of life, active adaptation based on gained knowledge and experiences, and proactive adaptation involving modern technology and know-how. 2. Summary of climate change trends, impacts and vulnerabilities The annual mean air temperature over Mongolia has increased by 2.07°C from 1940 to 2014. The ten warmest years in the last 70 years have occurred since 1997. In this period, annual precipitation has decreased slightly and the seasonal rainfall pattern has changed: winter precipitation has gradually increased and summer rain has decreased in some regions. Climate projections show intensification of these changes in the first half of the 21st century.', 'Climate projections show intensification of these changes in the first half of the 21st century. Some of the key impacts and vulnerabilities are: Approximately 70% of pastoral land has degraded, while changing plant composition. Winter dzud (heavy snow, cold waves, storms etc.) risk is likely to increase leading to more losses in livestock sector. Non-irrigated crop production is becoming more unstable. Assessments show that wheat production might be decreased by 15% by 2030 due to climate change. The drying up of lakes, rivers and springs and melting of glaciers has intensified in the last decades. The recent surface water resource inventory confirmed that 12% of rivers, 21% of lakes and 15% of springs have dried up.', 'The recent surface water resource inventory confirmed that 12% of rivers, 21% of lakes and 15% of springs have dried up. Water temperature and evaporation are continuously increasing, leading to declining water resources. The intensification of dry climatic conditions cause the increase of the frequency of forest and steppe fires, the occurrence and the intensity of forest insect and pest outbreaks. As a result, the forest area is reduced by 0.46% annually, and forest resources have been degraded significantly. The frequency of extreme weather phenomena has doubled in the last two decades. This is expected to increase by 23-60% by the middle of the century as compared to present conditions.', 'This is expected to increase by 23-60% by the middle of the century as compared to present conditions. Assessment of current and future impact of climate change confirms that animal husbandry, arable farming, human health, and natural resources including water, forest, pasture and soil are the most vulnerable sectors in Mongolia, and also reinforces the importance of natural disaster management. 3. Long and short-term adaptation visions, goals and targets Vision for adaptation: Increased adaptive capacity to overcome negative impacts of climate change, and to strengthen resilience of ecosystem and socio-economic sectors. Adaptation aims to reduce risks and vulnerabilities for the following sectors: Animal husbandry aims to maintain ecosystem balance through improving pasture management.', 'Adaptation aims to reduce risks and vulnerabilities for the following sectors: Animal husbandry aims to maintain ecosystem balance through improving pasture management. Arable farming aspires to meet the total national need in crops by reducing bare fallow and soil moisture loss, introducing medium and long-term varieties of crops, increased irrigation with water saving technologies including snow, and rain water harvesting. Water resources sector’s objectives are to expand state protected areas covering especially river headwater areas, where 70% of water resources are formed, to ensure proper use of water resources, and to strengthen integrated water resource management in river basins. Forest resource aims to reduce forest degradation, and to implement re-forestation and sustainable forest management strategies.', 'Forest resource aims to reduce forest degradation, and to implement re-forestation and sustainable forest management strategies. Natural disaster management seeks to build effective disaster management to prevent environmental and socio-economic losses. Some adaptation activities under these goals will also have mitigation co-benefits: Improving pasture management would increase the carbon sink of CO2 equivalent to 29 million tons per year, which is equal to 1/3 of emission reduction in energy sector. Reducing bare fallow to 30% in rain-fed crop land, increasing variety of crops, zero-tillage and crop rotation would consequently increase a carbon sink. Increasing protected areas up to 25-30% of the total territory will help maintain natural ecosystems and preserve water resources with a certain synergy effects for emission reduction.', 'Increasing protected areas up to 25-30% of the total territory will help maintain natural ecosystems and preserve water resources with a certain synergy effects for emission reduction. Increasing forest area up to 9.0% by 2030 and reducing forest fire affected area by 30% would conserve ecosystems and increase carbon sink. In general, carbon sinks of natural ecosystems will be increased with a capacity to absorb almost a half of emissions from energy sector in the country by implementing adaptation policies in agriculture, forestry, and water resource sectors. 4. Current and planned adaptation undertakings Animal husbandry and pasture: Every year, around 1.0 million USD is allocated from Government budget to facilitate scientific, environmentally sound measures against pasture insects and rodents.', 'Current and planned adaptation undertakings Animal husbandry and pasture: Every year, around 1.0 million USD is allocated from Government budget to facilitate scientific, environmentally sound measures against pasture insects and rodents. Monitoring system for pasture and soil has been created and is being strengthened. Existing national policy documents include strategic objectives to protect pasture, which occupy about 80% of the territory. These objectives include improved pasture management, regulation of livestock numbers and herds’ composition by matching with pasture carrying capacities, improved animal breeds, and regional development of intensified animal farming. Arable farming: As of 2015, the total cropland has been accounted as 750 thousand ha and 450 thousand ha is re-used cropland, which was abandoned.', 'Arable farming: As of 2015, the total cropland has been accounted as 750 thousand ha and 450 thousand ha is re-used cropland, which was abandoned. Drip irrigation systems have been experimented since 1997 and currently used for limited area of vegetable field. Water resource: As of 2015, state protected area covers 17.4% of the total national land including a certain part of river headwater areas. Integrated river basin management plans have been developed for 7 river basins out of the planned 29. Forestry: Community based forest resource management has been introduced and about 20% of the forest area is currently under protection of community forestry groups, which comprise 74.8% of the total community groups on environmental protection. Multi-purpose forest resource inventory is under the process. 5.', 'Multi-purpose forest resource inventory is under the process. 5. Gaps and barriers Mongolia faces some challenges in mobilization of its full potential to achieve the adaptation goals and targets. Major barriers include: A lack of funding, financial incentives and investments. Challenges to introduce advanced new technologies and equipment due to lack of domesticproduction. Weak management of disaster risks at local level, weak and inadequate early warning systems for prevention of droughts and dzuds, a lack of an enabling legal environment. Weak coordination and integration among various sectors. Insufficient human resources capacity and a lack of technical training on climate change and limited engagement of academic institutions. Weak monitoring and evaluation system for sectors, climate events and programmes. 6.', 'Weak monitoring and evaluation system for sectors, climate events and programmes. 6. Summary of adaptation needs Based on current adaptation undertakings and gaps, the needs to achieve adaptation goals and targets for 2021-2030 are given in (Table 3). Rough estimations of adaptation measures, listed in Table 3, shows that in the future Mongolia will need around 3.4 billion USD for funding in technology and capacity building. Up to 80% of total need expected to be financed from international sources and donor institutions. Table 3.', 'Up to 80% of total need expected to be financed from international sources and donor institutions. Table 3. Adaptation needs (2021-2030) Sector Adaptation goals Adaptation Targets Needs Capacity Technology Financial (international, investments), million USD Animal husbandry and pastures -To implement sustainable pasture management -Reduce rate of pasture degradation -Regulate headcounts and types of animals including wild animals to match with pasture carrying capacities -To create regulations for pasture use -To set up taxation system for pasture use -To increase community participation in proper use of pastures, their monitoring and conservation -To build an early warning system for drought and dzuds to prevent animal loss -To improve livestock quality and breeds -To improve livestock health (epidemic and infectious diseases) management Arable farming -To increase irrigated cropland, reduce soil water loss and decrease soil carbon emissions -To reduce bare fallow to 30% -To introduce crop rotation system with 3-4 routes and 3-5 crops -To expand irrigated cropland by 2- -To create regulations on soil protection (soil texture, nutrient and moisture) -To diffuse zero-tillage technology -To increase variety of crops and rotation -To introduce effective drip irrigation technology reducing water use by 2.5-5.0 timesWater resources -To maintain availability of water resources through protection of runoff formation zones and their native ecosystems in river basins -30 % of the territory will be state protected by 2030 and sustainable financial mechanism will be introduced -To implement Integrated water resource management systems -To coordinate multi-stakeholder relations through improved legal policies and efficient management -To strengthen human resource capacity to deal with technical issues -To implement ecosystem based technologies -To support ecosystem services through hydrological monitoring, construction of water diversion canals to lakes located in flood plains and re- forestation actions -To construct reservoirs for glacier melt water harvesting -To regulate river streams and flows -To create water reservoirs at rivers and at outlets of lakes, and to construct multipurpose systems of water use - To enhance hydrological monitoring and research for river flow regulation -To construct water reservoirs and water diversion facilities to transfer water resources to dry regions -To introduce water saving and water treatment technologies -To find solutions (and subsequently implement) for sustainable water supply in Ulaanbaatar and for industries and mining in the Gobi region - To conduct studies and introduce sustainable water supply with closed systems preventing evaporation loss -To introduce new technologies for water saving, and treatment Forest resource -To increase efficiency of reforestation actions -Forest area will be increased to through reforestation activities -To build capacity of community forestry groups to conduct modern technologies for forest seedlings and tree plantations -To introduce technology to plant seedlings -To reduce forest degradation rate -To reduce forest degradation rate caused by human activities, fires, insects and diseases -To set up fully equipped stations fighting forest fires and insects outburst and capacity building -To use airplanes to fight against fires -To introduce biological technologies against insectsand pests -To improve effectiveness of forest management -To make forests resilient to climate change by improving their productivity and changing their composition and structure -To provide equipment and machineries to carry out forest cleaning activities -To train human resources for forest management practices -To improve efficiency of forest cleaning technologies Natural disaster management -To enhance and improve early warning and prevention systems for natural disasters -To strengthen early warning system for natural disasters -To establish early detection and prediction system -To conduct disaster risk assessments at local and sub- national levels -To improve forecast quality through increasing super computer capacity -To establish Doppler radar network covering entire territory of the country 7.', 'Adaptation needs (2021-2030) Sector Adaptation goals Adaptation Targets Needs Capacity Technology Financial (international, investments), million USD Animal husbandry and pastures -To implement sustainable pasture management -Reduce rate of pasture degradation -Regulate headcounts and types of animals including wild animals to match with pasture carrying capacities -To create regulations for pasture use -To set up taxation system for pasture use -To increase community participation in proper use of pastures, their monitoring and conservation -To build an early warning system for drought and dzuds to prevent animal loss -To improve livestock quality and breeds -To improve livestock health (epidemic and infectious diseases) management Arable farming -To increase irrigated cropland, reduce soil water loss and decrease soil carbon emissions -To reduce bare fallow to 30% -To introduce crop rotation system with 3-4 routes and 3-5 crops -To expand irrigated cropland by 2- -To create regulations on soil protection (soil texture, nutrient and moisture) -To diffuse zero-tillage technology -To increase variety of crops and rotation -To introduce effective drip irrigation technology reducing water use by 2.5-5.0 timesWater resources -To maintain availability of water resources through protection of runoff formation zones and their native ecosystems in river basins -30 % of the territory will be state protected by 2030 and sustainable financial mechanism will be introduced -To implement Integrated water resource management systems -To coordinate multi-stakeholder relations through improved legal policies and efficient management -To strengthen human resource capacity to deal with technical issues -To implement ecosystem based technologies -To support ecosystem services through hydrological monitoring, construction of water diversion canals to lakes located in flood plains and re- forestation actions -To construct reservoirs for glacier melt water harvesting -To regulate river streams and flows -To create water reservoirs at rivers and at outlets of lakes, and to construct multipurpose systems of water use - To enhance hydrological monitoring and research for river flow regulation -To construct water reservoirs and water diversion facilities to transfer water resources to dry regions -To introduce water saving and water treatment technologies -To find solutions (and subsequently implement) for sustainable water supply in Ulaanbaatar and for industries and mining in the Gobi region - To conduct studies and introduce sustainable water supply with closed systems preventing evaporation loss -To introduce new technologies for water saving, and treatment Forest resource -To increase efficiency of reforestation actions -Forest area will be increased to through reforestation activities -To build capacity of community forestry groups to conduct modern technologies for forest seedlings and tree plantations -To introduce technology to plant seedlings -To reduce forest degradation rate -To reduce forest degradation rate caused by human activities, fires, insects and diseases -To set up fully equipped stations fighting forest fires and insects outburst and capacity building -To use airplanes to fight against fires -To introduce biological technologies against insectsand pests -To improve effectiveness of forest management -To make forests resilient to climate change by improving their productivity and changing their composition and structure -To provide equipment and machineries to carry out forest cleaning activities -To train human resources for forest management practices -To improve efficiency of forest cleaning technologies Natural disaster management -To enhance and improve early warning and prevention systems for natural disasters -To strengthen early warning system for natural disasters -To establish early detection and prediction system -To conduct disaster risk assessments at local and sub- national levels -To improve forecast quality through increasing super computer capacity -To establish Doppler radar network covering entire territory of the country 7. Monitoring and reporting process Monitoring of climate change adaptation measures will be conducted in an integrated way as per the existing national programmes.', 'Monitoring and reporting process Monitoring of climate change adaptation measures will be conducted in an integrated way as per the existing national programmes. Required funding for adaptation measures, listed in Table 3, could be provided from State budget, Government special funds, international funds and through other financial mechanisms. Monitoring will be based on achievement of adaptation goals and targets. Baselines and targets for indicators will be assessed quantitatively and qualitatively at every phase of its implementation. ------ xXx ------']

en-US

MNG

Mongolia

Updated NDC

2020-10-13 00:00:00

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NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/First%20Submission%20of%20Mongolia's%20NDC.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Asia

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/3a84099b15685f31f9904aaaad541d40abb5d362af072935702e53cc35bfc055.pdf

['MONGOLIA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION TO THE UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE Overview of Mongolia’s Nationally Determined Contribution Mongolia has developed its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), which was approved by the Government Decree No.407 of November 2019, with the aim to contribute to the Paris Agreement. In the NDC, Mongolia has enhanced its mitigation efforts with policies and measures to be implemented in key economic and natural resource management sectors by 2030. The mitigation target of Mongolia’s NDC will be a 22.7% reduction in total national greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2030 (Figure 1), compared to the projected emissions under a business as usual scenario for 2010.', 'The mitigation target of Mongolia’s NDC will be a 22.7% reduction in total national greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2030 (Figure 1), compared to the projected emissions under a business as usual scenario for 2010. In addition, if conditional mitigation measures such as the carbon capture and storage and waste-to-energy technology are implemented, then Mongolia could achieve a 27.2% reduction in total national GHG emissions. Along with that, actions and measures to remove GHG emissions by forest are determined, which set the total mitigation target of Mongolia as 44.9% of GHG emission reduction by 2030. Figure 1. Comparison of BAU baseline GHG emission and mitigation scenarios (Mt СО2-eq.) GHG emission, Mt CO2 -eq.', 'Comparison of BAU baseline GHG emission and mitigation scenarios (Mt СО2-eq.) GHG emission, Mt CO2 -eq. Baseline scenario Mitigation scenarioIn the development of this NDC, Mongolia re-calculated the baseline emissions up to 2030, which are estimated to reach 74.3 Mt СО2 -eq. in 2030 without LULUCF, compared to 2015’s INDC baseline of 51.3 Mt -eq. The difference between these baseline emissions is primarily due to a variance in the methodology applied for base year emission (Revised 1996 IPCC GLs for INDC and 2006 IPCC GLs for NDC), as well as increasing the number of livestock and additional policy plans in the industrial processing sector, e.g. coal gasification project. This NDC now includes sectors that were not previously considered such as agriculture, waste and some industrial sectors.', 'This NDC now includes sectors that were not previously considered such as agriculture, waste and some industrial sectors. Under the new baseline, the mitigation target is a 22.7% reduction in total national GHG emissions. Under the 2015 baseline and INDC, the mitigation target was a 14% reduction in total national GHG emissions excluding land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) by 2030. Adaptation needs and priorities are determined broadly in the NDC, considering the country specific vulnerabilities and climate risks for key socio-economic and natural resource management sectors. Moreover, there is an ongoing project (2018-2021) aimed to develop the national adaptation plan (NAP), and through this effort, the specific adaptation action will be identified.', 'Moreover, there is an ongoing project (2018-2021) aimed to develop the national adaptation plan (NAP), and through this effort, the specific adaptation action will be identified. For the development of NAP, Mongolia is taking special consideration of the co-benefits between mitigation and adaptation actions, as well as on nature-based solutions in order to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of response measures to climate change. By 2030, Mongolia intends to contribute to global efforts to mitigate GHG emissions by implementing the policies and measures listed in Annex 1, facilitating continued international support to complement domestic efforts. The initial estimate of financial needs for this NDC implementation is around US$11.5 billion, of which US$6.3 billion for mitigation, and US$5.2 billion for adaptation.ANNEX 1: Mongolia’s NDC target by 2030 A.', 'The initial estimate of financial needs for this NDC implementation is around US$11.5 billion, of which US$6.3 billion for mitigation, and US$5.2 billion for adaptation.ANNEX 1: Mongolia’s NDC target by 2030 A. Nationally Determined Contribution Target Mongolia intends to achieve a target to mitigate its greenhouse gas emissions by 22.7 percent by 2030, compared to the business as usual scenario, excluding LULUCF. B.', 'Nationally Determined Contribution Target Mongolia intends to achieve a target to mitigate its greenhouse gas emissions by 22.7 percent by 2030, compared to the business as usual scenario, excluding LULUCF. B. Methodology and Assumptions Metric applied IPCC Second Assessment Report (SAP), 100-year time horizon Global Warming Potential (GWP) Methodologies for estimating GHG emissions LEAP (energy sector) 2006 IPCC Guidelines for national GHG inventories (non-energy sector) Approach to accounting for agriculture, forestry and other land uses 2006 IPCC Guidelines for national GHG inventories Multiple Forest Reference Level, 2018 Implementation and integration of NDC into the national development policy and strategies For the achievement of NDC targets, it is imperative to develop a national roadmap, which reflects all actions and measures along with guidelines for sectors and integrate these actions into the Government action program and the national budget.', 'Methodology and Assumptions Metric applied IPCC Second Assessment Report (SAP), 100-year time horizon Global Warming Potential (GWP) Methodologies for estimating GHG emissions LEAP (energy sector) 2006 IPCC Guidelines for national GHG inventories (non-energy sector) Approach to accounting for agriculture, forestry and other land uses 2006 IPCC Guidelines for national GHG inventories Multiple Forest Reference Level, 2018 Implementation and integration of NDC into the national development policy and strategies For the achievement of NDC targets, it is imperative to develop a national roadmap, which reflects all actions and measures along with guidelines for sectors and integrate these actions into the Government action program and the national budget. The integration of NDC targets into the development of policy documents is beneficial to mobilize climate finance and explore international cooperation and support.', 'The integration of NDC targets into the development of policy documents is beneficial to mobilize climate finance and explore international cooperation and support. One of the advantages of the NDC is that the principle targets presented in the NDC are in line with the national development policy documents such as the Vision-2050, which covers the development framework reflected in the following documents: - Green development policy of Mongolia, 2014 - National action program on climate change, 2011 - Sustainable development vision-2030, 2016 - State policy on the energy sector of Mongolia, 2015 - State policy on food and agricultural sector, 2010 - State policy on forest, 2015 - Law on renewable energy, 2015 - Law on energy, 2015 - National program on energy saving, 2017 These national strategy and policy documents, as well as relevant legal instruments define stakeholders’ responsibilities and monitoring structure for implementation of the NDC.C.', 'One of the advantages of the NDC is that the principle targets presented in the NDC are in line with the national development policy documents such as the Vision-2050, which covers the development framework reflected in the following documents: - Green development policy of Mongolia, 2014 - National action program on climate change, 2011 - Sustainable development vision-2030, 2016 - State policy on the energy sector of Mongolia, 2015 - State policy on food and agricultural sector, 2010 - State policy on forest, 2015 - Law on renewable energy, 2015 - Law on energy, 2015 - National program on energy saving, 2017 These national strategy and policy documents, as well as relevant legal instruments define stakeholders’ responsibilities and monitoring structure for implementation of the NDC.C. Mitigation Targets Base year 2010 Base year emission (Mt СО2 Target year 2030 Emission target by 2030 (Mt CO2 BAU emission in 2030 (Mt CO2 Emission reduction target GHG emission reduction target (Mt СО2 GHG EMISSION REDUCTION TARGET (%) 22.7% Type Policies and measures Coverage Nationwide Gases covered Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) ) Nitrous oxide (N2 O) Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Sectors Energy sector: - Energy production - Energy consumption Non-energy sector: - Agriculture - Industry - Waste Conditional mitigation measures GHG emission reduction from conditional measures, (Mt СО2 Total GHG emission reduction (including conditional measures), (%) 27.2% GHG removals measures GHG removals by forest, (Mt СО2 Total GHG emission reduction (including conditional measures and forest sink), (Mt СО2 -eq.)', 'Mitigation Targets Base year 2010 Base year emission (Mt СО2 Target year 2030 Emission target by 2030 (Mt CO2 BAU emission in 2030 (Mt CO2 Emission reduction target GHG emission reduction target (Mt СО2 GHG EMISSION REDUCTION TARGET (%) 22.7% Type Policies and measures Coverage Nationwide Gases covered Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) ) Nitrous oxide (N2 O) Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Sectors Energy sector: - Energy production - Energy consumption Non-energy sector: - Agriculture - Industry - Waste Conditional mitigation measures GHG emission reduction from conditional measures, (Mt СО2 Total GHG emission reduction (including conditional measures), (%) 27.2% GHG removals measures GHG removals by forest, (Mt СО2 Total GHG emission reduction (including conditional measures and forest sink), (Mt СО2 -eq.) TOTAL GHG EMISSION REDUCTION, (%) (including conditional measures and forest sinks)C.1. Mitigation Actions and Measures Actions planned GHG emissions reduction, -eq. One.', 'Mitigation Actions and Measures Actions planned GHG emissions reduction, -eq. One. ENERGY SECTOR 1.1 Energy sector (production) Use of renewable energy sources • Hydro Power Plants • Wind Power Plants • Solar Power Plants • Heat pumps for heating utilities Improved efficiency of energy production • Reduce electricity and heat transmission and distribution grid losses • Reduce the internal use of combined heat and power plants (CHPP) • Improve the efficiency of power plants • Improve the heat supply in cities and towns (improving the efficiency of heat only boilers) 1.2 Energy sector (consumption) Transportation: • Switch to Euro-5 standard fuel • Switch the coal export transportation to rail transport from auto transportation • Switch the heating of passenger train to electric heating Construction: • Insulate old precast panel buildings in Ulaanbaatar city • Limit the use of raw coal in Ulaanbaatar city and switch to the use of improved fuel Industry: Energy saving measures Total GHG emission reduction from the energy sector 11,264.6 Two.', 'ENERGY SECTOR 1.1 Energy sector (production) Use of renewable energy sources • Hydro Power Plants • Wind Power Plants • Solar Power Plants • Heat pumps for heating utilities Improved efficiency of energy production • Reduce electricity and heat transmission and distribution grid losses • Reduce the internal use of combined heat and power plants (CHPP) • Improve the efficiency of power plants • Improve the heat supply in cities and towns (improving the efficiency of heat only boilers) 1.2 Energy sector (consumption) Transportation: • Switch to Euro-5 standard fuel • Switch the coal export transportation to rail transport from auto transportation • Switch the heating of passenger train to electric heating Construction: • Insulate old precast panel buildings in Ulaanbaatar city • Limit the use of raw coal in Ulaanbaatar city and switch to the use of improved fuel Industry: Energy saving measures Total GHG emission reduction from the energy sector 11,264.6 Two. NON-ENERGY SECTOR Agriculture: • Regulate and reduce the livestock number • Improve the livestock manure management Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU): • Use waste heat from cement plants • Use fly ash in cement production • Use coal bed methaneWaste: • Reduce the waste volume for landfill through the improved waste treatment and recycling process • Increase the share of the population with access to improved sanitation and hygiene facilities Total GHG emission reduction from the non-energy sector 5,623.5 Total GHG emission reduction 16,888.1 D. Adaptation Targets Goals Targets Animal husbandry and pastureland Increase the productivity of the animal husbandry sector while ensuring the sustainable development of the sector and reducing the impacts and risks associated with climate change.', 'NON-ENERGY SECTOR Agriculture: • Regulate and reduce the livestock number • Improve the livestock manure management Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU): • Use waste heat from cement plants • Use fly ash in cement production • Use coal bed methaneWaste: • Reduce the waste volume for landfill through the improved waste treatment and recycling process • Increase the share of the population with access to improved sanitation and hygiene facilities Total GHG emission reduction from the non-energy sector 5,623.5 Total GHG emission reduction 16,888.1 D. Adaptation Targets Goals Targets Animal husbandry and pastureland Increase the productivity of the animal husbandry sector while ensuring the sustainable development of the sector and reducing the impacts and risks associated with climate change. • Maintain the ecosystem balance by strengthening the legal environment and pastureland management; • Sustainable use of pastureland by increasing the forage cultivation and water supply for livestock; • Enhance the disaster prevention system against drought and dzud.', '• Maintain the ecosystem balance by strengthening the legal environment and pastureland management; • Sustainable use of pastureland by increasing the forage cultivation and water supply for livestock; • Enhance the disaster prevention system against drought and dzud. Arable farming Enable the sustainable supply of healthy food for the population, fodder for livestock, raw materials for the light and food industries through the agricultural products, by properly utilizing the positive impacts and reducing the adverse impacts of climate change in the agriculture sector.', 'Arable farming Enable the sustainable supply of healthy food for the population, fodder for livestock, raw materials for the light and food industries through the agricultural products, by properly utilizing the positive impacts and reducing the adverse impacts of climate change in the agriculture sector. • Save water for irrigation by using plastic- films/mulches on potato and vegetable fields; • Reduce water use and irrigation costs by applying drip and infusion systems in irrigated potato, vegetable, fruit, and berry productions; • Protect the soil from wind, water erosion and damages, and sustain a high yield by applying straw mulches for non-irrigated crop and forage fields; • Reduce soil moisture loss and damage of mechanical structure soil and reduce direct tillage costs by eliminating mechanical tillage and implementing zero- tillage technologies.', '• Save water for irrigation by using plastic- films/mulches on potato and vegetable fields; • Reduce water use and irrigation costs by applying drip and infusion systems in irrigated potato, vegetable, fruit, and berry productions; • Protect the soil from wind, water erosion and damages, and sustain a high yield by applying straw mulches for non-irrigated crop and forage fields; • Reduce soil moisture loss and damage of mechanical structure soil and reduce direct tillage costs by eliminating mechanical tillage and implementing zero- tillage technologies. Water resources Increase efficient water use methods, enhance the adaptive capacity of the water sector.', 'Water resources Increase efficient water use methods, enhance the adaptive capacity of the water sector. • Strengthen the legal and institutional frameworks for integrating sectoral coordination to ensure water security; • Enhance the resilience of the water sector through the utilization of appropriate technologies for conservation, restoration, sustainable use and increase water resources.Forest resources Create forest ecosystems well adapted to climate change and enhance carbon sink by implementing sustainable forest management. • Implementing forestry measures such as thinning and deadwood removal to improve forest structure and conditions and to create a highly productive and climate change-resilient forest; • Increasing non-carbon and socio-economic benefits of forests by implementing sustainable forest management. Biodiversity Enable adaptation opportunities and adaptive capacities for vulnerable biodiversity to climate change.', 'Biodiversity Enable adaptation opportunities and adaptive capacities for vulnerable biodiversity to climate change. • Maintain the long-term adaptive opportunities for vulnerable biodiversity to climate change by increasing special protected areas through the better management of protected areas’ border and connectivity; • Determine vulnerable dry-land ecosystems and soil organisms to climate change, and identify and evaluate vulnerable functional groups, indicator species, and develop and implement a relevant plan for action; • Implement protection and sustainable management measures for enhancing the recovery capacity of vulnerable and unique ecosystems; implement a pilot research project on climate change in different landscapes covering high mountain, forest, meadow, fresh water, wetland, peatland, steppe, Gobi Desert, etc. Natural disaster Build resilience to natural disasters by reducing the risks and adapting to impacts of climate and weather-related hazards and disasters.', 'Natural disaster Build resilience to natural disasters by reducing the risks and adapting to impacts of climate and weather-related hazards and disasters. • Conduct and regularly update risk assessments for natural disasters, and reduce the disaster risks based on the partnership of various stakeholders; • Reduce disaster-related losses and damages by strengthening the capacity of early warning systems for climate, weather-related hazards and disasters, and by enhancing the system for effective and timely dissemination of climate and disaster-related information; • Integrate disaster risk reduction measures into development policy planning, introduce techniques and technologies in disaster risk reduction, and increase investment and financing.Public health Strengthen healthcare services and capacities for early warning of potential health risks, and provision of proactive and response measures through the comprehensive study of climate change impacts on public health.', '• Conduct and regularly update risk assessments for natural disasters, and reduce the disaster risks based on the partnership of various stakeholders; • Reduce disaster-related losses and damages by strengthening the capacity of early warning systems for climate, weather-related hazards and disasters, and by enhancing the system for effective and timely dissemination of climate and disaster-related information; • Integrate disaster risk reduction measures into development policy planning, introduce techniques and technologies in disaster risk reduction, and increase investment and financing.Public health Strengthen healthcare services and capacities for early warning of potential health risks, and provision of proactive and response measures through the comprehensive study of climate change impacts on public health. • Assess the risks and impacts of climate change on public health, and conduct research specifically focusing on the risk of spreading tropical diseases and infections from other regions with endemic diseases due to a possible shift of climate zones, while considering the common immune system of Mongolian people; develop plans to reduce potential risks; • Build knowledge and awareness regarding climate change impacts and adverse effects on human health, and empower the general public for adopting protective behaviours; • Strengthen the readiness and capacities of health institutions and organizations to respond to public health risks induced by climate change.', '• Assess the risks and impacts of climate change on public health, and conduct research specifically focusing on the risk of spreading tropical diseases and infections from other regions with endemic diseases due to a possible shift of climate zones, while considering the common immune system of Mongolian people; develop plans to reduce potential risks; • Build knowledge and awareness regarding climate change impacts and adverse effects on human health, and empower the general public for adopting protective behaviours; • Strengthen the readiness and capacities of health institutions and organizations to respond to public health risks induced by climate change. Livelihood and social safeguard Establish a system providing social safeguard, insurance and prevention measures to reduce the vulnerability of social groups and build their resilience to climate change impacts by identifying groups vulnerable to climate change.', 'Livelihood and social safeguard Establish a system providing social safeguard, insurance and prevention measures to reduce the vulnerability of social groups and build their resilience to climate change impacts by identifying groups vulnerable to climate change. • Identify social groups vulnerable to climate change and build their resilience to overcome the risks; • Reduce vulnerability by diversifying economic activities, increasing income, expanding income sources and supporting sustainable livelihoods; • Ensure equality for the vulnerable groups and increase employment by providing knowledge and education. E. Needs for Support Financial Support The financial needs for the NDC implementation are estimated initially as US$11.5 billion, of which US$6.3 billion for mitigation, and US$5.2 billion for adaptation.', 'E. Needs for Support Financial Support The financial needs for the NDC implementation are estimated initially as US$11.5 billion, of which US$6.3 billion for mitigation, and US$5.2 billion for adaptation. Technology Transfer In order to solve problems, the focus has to be made on soft approaches rather than solely relying on hard ones, including indigenous knowledge of local communities, combining traditional practices with modern know-hows. For determining the most suitable, efficient, and effective technologies, Mongolia needs to conduct the technology needs assessment. Capacity Building and Knowledge Sharing Building capacities to disseminate and transfer scientific information and knowledge and educating the public and various stakeholders on climate change, its impacts, as well as potential mitigation and adaptation measures are an essential precondition for the successful implementation of Mongolia’s NDC.']

en-US

MNE

Montenegro

1st NDC

2017-12-21 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/INDCSubmission_%20Montenegro.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Europe

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/b2ebd526cfdb87288ef963d47d822492ed26fcec46c1592f7d2e01ab309fbbf6.pdf

['Government of Montenegro Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) of Montenegro following decision 1/CP.19 and decision 1/CP.20 Podgorica, September 2015 This document presents Montenegro’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution following decision 1/CP.19 and decision 1/CP.20 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which invited Parties to communicate the UNFCCC Secretariat their INDCs, with the aim to achieve the ultimate objective of the UNFCCC as set out in Article 2 of the Convention. The region of South East Europe, including Montenegro, is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change thus avoiding dangerous climate change is of paramount importance for the country. Montenegro is a non-Annex I country with a population of 621 200. According to 2013 data GDP per capita is 5 356 EUR.', 'According to 2013 data GDP per capita is 5 356 EUR. Size of country causes reduced flexibility in the application of policies in some emitting sectors where single source of emissions can be dominant, distorting the emission profile of the country. Also, it should be noted that tourism is one of the main drivers of the economy, having the number of tourists visiting the country annually more than twice of the number of local population. Montenegro’s contribution to the international effort to avoid dangerous climate change is expressed in 30 % emission reduction by 2030 compared to the 1990 base year.', 'Montenegro’s contribution to the international effort to avoid dangerous climate change is expressed in 30 % emission reduction by 2030 compared to the 1990 base year. The emission level of greenhouse gases for Montenegro from sectors covered by INDC was 5239 kilotons in 1990 and Montenegro pledges to reduce it at least by 1572 kilotons, to the level below or at 3667 kilotons. The reduction is to be achieved by general increase of energy efficiency, improvement of industrial technologies, increase of the share of renewables and modernization in the power sector.', 'The reduction is to be achieved by general increase of energy efficiency, improvement of industrial technologies, increase of the share of renewables and modernization in the power sector. In the following Annex additional information is provided regarding the INDC in order to ensure clarity, transparency and understanding.ANNEX Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of Montenegro Type Economy-wide base year based emission reduction target Gases covered All greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol: Carbon Dioxide (CO2), ) Nitrous Oxide (N2 O) Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) Solapur hexafluoride (SF6 ) Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3 ) Base year 1990 Target year 2030 Reduction level 30% emission reduction by 2030 compared to the 1990 Sectors covered Sectors included are: Energy Fuel Combustion Fugitive emissions from fuels CO2 transport and storage Industrial processes Mineral industry Chemical industry Metal industry Non-energy products from fuels and solvent use Electronic industry Product uses as substitutes for ODS Other Product Manufacture and Use Other Agriculture Livestock Aggregate sources and non-CO2 emissions sources on land Waste Planning process Planning process of the INDC included the review of available data and modelling work applicable to greenhouse gas reduction pathway as well as consultations with government stakeholders, operators of key installations as well as with the public.', 'In the following Annex additional information is provided regarding the INDC in order to ensure clarity, transparency and understanding.ANNEX Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of Montenegro Type Economy-wide base year based emission reduction target Gases covered All greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol: Carbon Dioxide (CO2), ) Nitrous Oxide (N2 O) Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) Solapur hexafluoride (SF6 ) Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3 ) Base year 1990 Target year 2030 Reduction level 30% emission reduction by 2030 compared to the 1990 Sectors covered Sectors included are: Energy Fuel Combustion Fugitive emissions from fuels CO2 transport and storage Industrial processes Mineral industry Chemical industry Metal industry Non-energy products from fuels and solvent use Electronic industry Product uses as substitutes for ODS Other Product Manufacture and Use Other Agriculture Livestock Aggregate sources and non-CO2 emissions sources on land Waste Planning process Planning process of the INDC included the review of available data and modelling work applicable to greenhouse gas reduction pathway as well as consultations with government stakeholders, operators of key installations as well as with the public. The scenarios for the INDC were developed in consultation with the authors of the National Climate Change Strategy of Montenegro.', 'The scenarios for the INDC were developed in consultation with the authors of the National Climate Change Strategy of Montenegro. Within the preparation process of the INDC it became clear that significant data uncertainty exist regarding the emissions and removal in the land use, land use change and forestry sectors. Participation in international market mechanism Montenegro intends to sell carbon credits during the period to contribute towards achieving its emission reduction objectives as assistance to cost-effective implementation of the low emission development pathway. Montenegro foresees that for the utilization of international market mechanism is conditional on having effective accounting rules developed under the UNFCCC to ensure the environmental integrity of the mechanisms.Fairness, equity, ambition and Means of Implementation Fairness, equity and ambition Montenegro is a non-Annex I country, highly vulnerable to the effects of the climate change.', 'Montenegro foresees that for the utilization of international market mechanism is conditional on having effective accounting rules developed under the UNFCCC to ensure the environmental integrity of the mechanisms.Fairness, equity, ambition and Means of Implementation Fairness, equity and ambition Montenegro is a non-Annex I country, highly vulnerable to the effects of the climate change. National emissions of the greenhouse gases represent only 0,009 % of global emissions and the net per capita GHG emissions in Montenegro was 7.25 eq in 2010. Montenegro will take into account the ultimate objective of the UNFCCC in its future development and will be committed to decouple greenhouse gas emissions from its economic growth and embarks on a low emission development pathway.', 'Montenegro will take into account the ultimate objective of the UNFCCC in its future development and will be committed to decouple greenhouse gas emissions from its economic growth and embarks on a low emission development pathway. The INDC submitted by Montenegro is fair and ambitious because it aims to secure significant reduction of its greenhouse gas emissions while satisfies the country’s need for economic development, allowing a feasible pathway for long-term decarbonisation. Means of implementation The National Climate Change Strategy will be the main planning tool along with its action plans for the implementation of Montenegro’s intended nationally determined contribution until 2030.', 'Means of implementation The National Climate Change Strategy will be the main planning tool along with its action plans for the implementation of Montenegro’s intended nationally determined contribution until 2030. The Energy Development Strategy of Montenegro by 2030 also takes into consideration climate change as one of its six objectives and the INDC is developed in line with the trends foreseen for the energy sector development of Montenegro. Montenegro is in the process of accession to the European Union which involves the gradual transposition and implementation of the European Union’s climate and energy legislation.', 'Montenegro is in the process of accession to the European Union which involves the gradual transposition and implementation of the European Union’s climate and energy legislation. Key Assumptions Metric Applied The metric used for the GHG emissions is the Global Warming Potential on a 100 year timescale in accordance with the IPCC’s 2nd Assessment Report Inventory methodology IPCC 2006 Guidelines are used for the inventory. Improved inventory data was used to the INDC and also for the Biennial Update Report of Montenegro compared to the 2nd National Communication. Approach to accounting for agriculture, forestry and other land uses Greenhouse gas emissions and removals from agriculture, forestry and other land uses are currently not included in the accounting.', 'Approach to accounting for agriculture, forestry and other land uses Greenhouse gas emissions and removals from agriculture, forestry and other land uses are currently not included in the accounting. Emissions and removals from these sectors can be included in the INDC at a later stage when technical conditions allow for that. Having relatively high uncertainty regarding emissions in the LULUCF sector Montenegro reserves its right to review its INDC until 2020 upon the availably of more accurate data and improved technical conditions regarding land use, land use change and forestry and include it in its nationally determined contribution.', 'Having relatively high uncertainty regarding emissions in the LULUCF sector Montenegro reserves its right to review its INDC until 2020 upon the availably of more accurate data and improved technical conditions regarding land use, land use change and forestry and include it in its nationally determined contribution. If the agreement or related COP decisions are amended before their entry into force in such a way that they include rules or provisions that significantly affect the assumptions under which this INDC has been developed, Montenegro reserves the right to revisit the INDC.Montenegro requests the UNFCCC Secretariat that this submission is published on the UNFCCC webpage and that our INDC is included in the synthesis report to be prepared by the Secretariat.']

en-US

MNE

Montenegro

Updated NDC

2021-06-16 00:00:00

x

NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Updated%20NDC%20for%20Montenegro.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Europe

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/e48cf531f80e54e9fdfc2815708a81175df2ff8d28ee391b5ece33b2f2db7b15.pdf

['Updated NDC for Montenegro 1. Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year) (a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s) Base year: 1990 (b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year The reference point is total GHG emissions excl. LULUCF in 1990 as reported in the National GHG inventory. In the GHG inventory compiled in 2020, covering the years 1990–2018, base year emissions amounted to 5 383 Gg CO2 equivalent.', 'In the GHG inventory compiled in 2020, covering the years 1990–2018, base year emissions amounted to 5 383 Gg CO2 equivalent. (c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information Not applicable (d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example as a percentage or amount of reduction At least a 35% reduction in total national GHG emissions (excl. LULUCF) by 2030 compared to 1990 (base year).', 'LULUCF) by 2030 compared to 1990 (base year). (e) Information on the sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s) National GHG inventory prepared in 2020; as this GHG inventory has not been submitted to the UNFCCC yet, a summary table of GHG emissions is included in Annex I. (f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators According to the IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories it is good practice to continuously improve the quality of GHG emission inventories. This implies increases in completeness, accuracy (e.g. use of higher-tier methods), consistency, comparability and transparency. For this reason, updates and recalculations due to methodological improvements will be carried out and will affect the reference level.', 'For this reason, updates and recalculations due to methodological improvements will be carried out and will affect the reference level. Information on recalculations will be included in biennial reporting to the UNFCCC (BUR and from 2024 onwards BTR). For the next NDC revision cycle, the following improvements are planned: • Including the LULUCF sector in the target, which has currently not been possible due to the uncertainty of data in the sector. For Montenegro, the LULUCF carries high potential as a carbon sink. • Including adaptation actions; work on the national adaptation strategy has just started, and adaptation plans are not yet available.• Alignment with energy data included in the National Energy and Climate Plan, which is currently under preparation and will be finalized in 2022. 2.', '• Including adaptation actions; work on the national adaptation strategy has just started, and adaptation plans are not yet available.• Alignment with energy data included in the National Energy and Climate Plan, which is currently under preparation and will be finalized in 2022. 2. Timeframes and/or periods for implementation (a) Timeframe and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA) The implementation period is from 1 January 2021–31 December 2030. Progress will be tracked through the biennial reporting of GHG emission inventories to the UNFCCC and specified progress indicators. The First Biennial Transparency report is to be developed by the end of 2024.', 'The First Biennial Transparency report is to be developed by the end of 2024. (b) Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable Single-year target, namely 2030 3. Scope and coverage (a) General description of the target Economy-wide GHG emission reduction target of 35% by 2030 compared to base year (1990) emissions, excluding LULUCF (b) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, whether it is consistent with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines IPCC sectors included: • Energy • Industrial Processes and Product Use • Agriculture • Waste Emissions/removals from Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) have been estimated in the GHG inventory but are not included in the NDC.', 'Scope and coverage (a) General description of the target Economy-wide GHG emission reduction target of 35% by 2030 compared to base year (1990) emissions, excluding LULUCF (b) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, whether it is consistent with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines IPCC sectors included: • Energy • Industrial Processes and Product Use • Agriculture • Waste Emissions/removals from Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) have been estimated in the GHG inventory but are not included in the NDC. This is due to the limited information available on the future development of the LULUCF sector, which is planned to be solved for the next NDC revision.', 'This is due to the limited information available on the future development of the LULUCF sector, which is planned to be solved for the next NDC revision. Gases included: • Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) • Methane (CH4 ) • Nitrous oxide (N2 O) • Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) • Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)• Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6 ): Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3 ) does not occur in the category ‘2.E Production of HFC/PFC and SF6’ and has not been estimated in the category ‘2.F. Consumption of HFC/PFC and SF6’ due to a lack of data. Therefore NF3 emissions are currently not included. (c) How the Party has taken into consideration paragraph 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21 All sources, sinks and activities included in the previous NDC and GHG inventory continue to be included.', '(c) How the Party has taken into consideration paragraph 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21 All sources, sinks and activities included in the previous NDC and GHG inventory continue to be included. Efforts are being made to further increase the completeness of the GHG inventory. Notation keys have been used in accordance with the IPCC 2006 Guidelines (Volume 1). The notation key ‘not estimated’ (NE) has been used for the following categories due to a lack of activity data.', 'The notation key ‘not estimated’ (NE) has been used for the following categories due to a lack of activity data. - 1A5 Energy: other - 3F Field burning of agricultural residues - 5B Biological treatment of solid waste - 5C Waste incineration The notation key ‘not occurring’ (NO) has been used for the following categories, as these activities are not taking place in Montenegro - 2A Mineral industry - 2B Chemical industry - 2E Production of halocarbons and SF6 - 3C Rice cultivation - 3E Prescribed burning of savannahs Further information on the notation keys used is accessible in the GHG inventory summary tables provided in the Annex of the NDC.', '- 1A5 Energy: other - 3F Field burning of agricultural residues - 5B Biological treatment of solid waste - 5C Waste incineration The notation key ‘not occurring’ (NO) has been used for the following categories, as these activities are not taking place in Montenegro - 2A Mineral industry - 2B Chemical industry - 2E Production of halocarbons and SF6 - 3C Rice cultivation - 3E Prescribed burning of savannahs Further information on the notation keys used is accessible in the GHG inventory summary tables provided in the Annex of the NDC. (d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans While for years the focus of climate change policy has been climate change mitigation, despite there being many vulnerable areas and sectors, a shift toward adaptation is now present.', '(d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans While for years the focus of climate change policy has been climate change mitigation, despite there being many vulnerable areas and sectors, a shift toward adaptation is now present. An improvement was achieved with adoption of the Law on Protection against Climate Change in 2019. It mandates the preparation of the National Adaptation Plan consisting of adaptation measures and an associated financial assessment of adaptation measures.', 'It mandates the preparation of the National Adaptation Plan consisting of adaptation measures and an associated financial assessment of adaptation measures. A limited number of strategies contain adaptation actions, though their implementation is moving slowly due to insufficient financial or institutional support.In the first half of 2021 the Government of Montenegro (GoM), in cooperation with United Nations Development Programme and Green Climate Fund, initiated the project: “Enhancing Montenegro’s capacity to integrate climate change risks into planning”. The project focuses on improving Montenegro’s institutional capacity for long-term adaptation planning, initially focusing on improving the coordination framework and building the capabilities of those involved in the CC and CCA coordination framework.', 'The project focuses on improving Montenegro’s institutional capacity for long-term adaptation planning, initially focusing on improving the coordination framework and building the capabilities of those involved in the CC and CCA coordination framework. Then, as the coordination framework is strengthened, actions will be taken to improve the information base by determining climate risks and identifying appropriate measures – investments, projects and programmes. Relying on consultations conducted with national stakeholders and a stocktaking exercise to inform the development of an adaptation process and preparation of the project “Enhancing Montenegro’s capacity to integrate climate change risks into planning”, the GoM concluded that water, agriculture, tourism and health were the initial sectors that the GoM would like to focus on and these have remained priority intervention sectors to this date.', 'Relying on consultations conducted with national stakeholders and a stocktaking exercise to inform the development of an adaptation process and preparation of the project “Enhancing Montenegro’s capacity to integrate climate change risks into planning”, the GoM concluded that water, agriculture, tourism and health were the initial sectors that the GoM would like to focus on and these have remained priority intervention sectors to this date. The identified sectors were prioritized due to their importance in Montenegro’s development and their high level of vulnerability. An overview of these and additional sectors is presented below: • Water sector: The adaptation activities are focused more on the water sector, as it is most vulnerable to droughts, heavy rains and a high intensity of precipitation.', 'An overview of these and additional sectors is presented below: • Water sector: The adaptation activities are focused more on the water sector, as it is most vulnerable to droughts, heavy rains and a high intensity of precipitation. Due to the observed and projected drought, Montenegro can expect a reduction in gross revenues from hydroelectricity sales, and pressure on water use in the summer as a consequences of the higher population density in the coastal region and tourism. • Infrastructure & transport: Adaptation activities in infrastructure to resist extreme heat or precipitation will also promote a modal shift towards a lower fossil fuel intensity in the transport sector.', '• Infrastructure & transport: Adaptation activities in infrastructure to resist extreme heat or precipitation will also promote a modal shift towards a lower fossil fuel intensity in the transport sector. • Agriculture: The mitigation co-benefits of adaptation actions in agriculture are: the enhancement of carbon sinks by an increase in resilient species in areas vulnerable to forest fires; development of micro-reservoirs; the use of renewable energy for cooling and heating; harvest storage; and changes to food processing.• Soils: Actions carried out to prevent soil degradation (e.g. in the CAMP project) reduce land degradation with green-belt barriers and thereby contribute to increasing carbon sinks. • Forestry: Activities, such as the strengthening of the forestry infrastructure and the monitoring of logging, are also contributing to an increase in carbon sinks.', '• Forestry: Activities, such as the strengthening of the forestry infrastructure and the monitoring of logging, are also contributing to an increase in carbon sinks. • Energy sector: The mitigation co-benefits of adaptation in the energy sector are linked to renewable energies, and accordingly to a decrease in fossil fuel consumption. Also improvements to insulation will reduce the consumption of electricity and wood for heating and decrease cooling needs. • Tourism in Montenegro has increased substantially in the last decade with notable increases in the number of visitors and investments in the tourist infrastructure. As such, tourism has become one of the main sectors of the economy.', 'As such, tourism has become one of the main sectors of the economy. A report from the World Tourism and Travel Council (WTTC), which analyses and ranks the impact of tourism on GDP, employment, exports and investment, and covers 184 countries, estimated that tourism will make up 28% of GDP by 2028. As such, and in accordance with the GoM’s commitment to sustainable development and environmental protection, the concept of the development of green/responsible tourism on the principles of low-carbon development is considered vital and adaptation measures must be taken to protect this sector.', 'As such, and in accordance with the GoM’s commitment to sustainable development and environmental protection, the concept of the development of green/responsible tourism on the principles of low-carbon development is considered vital and adaptation measures must be taken to protect this sector. • Good public health depends on safe drinking water, sufficient food, secure shelter and good social conditions, which may well all be affected by a changing climate – and these are particularly important in the context of economies in transition, such as Montenegro’s. It is important to consider that climate change could affect the capacity of health services to deal with emergencies.', 'It is important to consider that climate change could affect the capacity of health services to deal with emergencies. Adaptation measures in the health sector should focus on the strengthening of existing institutional capacities, information dissemination, resilience of health infrastructure, and monitoring systems to better understand the impacts of climate change on human health in Montenegro. Some climate mitigation measures, such as the refurbishment of the coal power plant in Pljevlja and the technological improvements in the aluminium production facility will have substantial co-benefits for the reduction of air pollutants. These co-benefits havenot been quantified yet. But as a first step, the GHG and air emission inventory are being prepared in parallel, which thereby ensures consistency among the inventories. 4.', 'But as a first step, the GHG and air emission inventory are being prepared in parallel, which thereby ensures consistency among the inventories. 4. Planning processes (a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: The updated NDC was prepared by a team of technical experts in 2020. The emission levels in 2030 were estimated by identifying policies and measures which have a very high chance of being implemented. As a basis, the policies and measures included in the 3rd National Communication ( %20MNE_0.pdf) have been analysed and the impacts and other information have been updated.', 'As a basis, the policies and measures included in the 3rd National Communication ( %20MNE_0.pdf) have been analysed and the impacts and other information have been updated. Secondly, national sector strategies/programmes or action plans have been reviewed for their climate relevance, to identify measures to be additionally considered in the NDC. Also, stakeholders, such as the Ministry of Ecology, Spatial Planning and Urbanism, Ministry of Capital Investments, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Waters, Ministry of Finance, Environment Protection Agency, Hydrometeorological Institute and the State Statistical Office, have been consulted to clarify questions related to the implementation of measures and to discuss the assumptions made. For the determination of macroeconomic parameters, such as GDP and population, national data has been used.', 'For the determination of macroeconomic parameters, such as GDP and population, national data has been used. The Ministry of Finance has been consulted for the determination of the GDP growth considered in the projections. It was agreed to use national GDP data until 2023 and then follow a moderate level of GDP growth. A sensitivity analysis to assess the uncertainty of the GDP trend – also due to the COVID pandemic – has not been carried out yet. A business-as-usual scenario and a NDC scenario have been developed, taking into account the previously identified policies and measures. No policies and measures with a realistic chance of being implemented and with a significant impact on GHG emissions have been identified for the agriculture and the LULUCF sector.', 'No policies and measures with a realistic chance of being implemented and with a significant impact on GHG emissions have been identified for the agriculture and the LULUCF sector. So for these two sectors, the NDC scenario is the same as the BaU scenario. An internal background report was prepared providing all the underlying methodological information and data sources used to derive the updated NDC. This background report and the draft NDC have been shared for comments with ministries, the EnvironmentProtection Agency, the Institute for Public Health, the Institute for Meteorology and Seismology, Water Management Institute, the State Statistical Office and two NGOs. As a final step, the updated NDC was approved by the government on xxxxxx.', 'As a final step, the updated NDC was approved by the government on xxxxxx. (i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner The Law on the Protection against the Adverse Impacts of Climate Change regulates domestic international arrangements. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is the single national entity responsible for the preparation of emission inventories. Provision of data from municipalities, other national institutes and polluters is regulated by a data collection plan. The Ministry of Ecology, Spatial Planning and Urbanism is responsible for preparation and submission of National Communication and Biennial Update Reports, whereby the preparation of GHG projections can be outsourced to a legal entity.', 'The Ministry of Ecology, Spatial Planning and Urbanism is responsible for preparation and submission of National Communication and Biennial Update Reports, whereby the preparation of GHG projections can be outsourced to a legal entity. This law also foresees the preparation of a National Adaptation Plan by the Ministry for Ecology, Spatial Planning and Urbanism. The state administration authorities responsible for energy, industry, agriculture, forestry and transport shall deliver to the ministry a biennial report on measures implemented in line with the strategic documents aimed at preventing adverse impacts of climate change, as well as data on floods, droughts, extreme temperatures, etc.', 'The state administration authorities responsible for energy, industry, agriculture, forestry and transport shall deliver to the ministry a biennial report on measures implemented in line with the strategic documents aimed at preventing adverse impacts of climate change, as well as data on floods, droughts, extreme temperatures, etc. The aforementioned project “Enhancing Montenegro’s capacity to integrate climate change risks into planning” foresees, as one of most urgent activities, the updating of the mission and mandate of the Working Group on Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change in order to appropriately include issues related to adaptation in order to enhance action, coordination and accountability.', 'The aforementioned project “Enhancing Montenegro’s capacity to integrate climate change risks into planning” foresees, as one of most urgent activities, the updating of the mission and mandate of the Working Group on Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change in order to appropriately include issues related to adaptation in order to enhance action, coordination and accountability. The process should result in improved governing processes and institutional arrangements for oversight and coordination of adaptation- related issues, as well as setting up the multi-stakeholder coordination mechanism that includes the private sector, as well as women and other vulnerable groups.', 'The process should result in improved governing processes and institutional arrangements for oversight and coordination of adaptation- related issues, as well as setting up the multi-stakeholder coordination mechanism that includes the private sector, as well as women and other vulnerable groups. This mechanism would take the responsibility of defining the frequency and timeframes of the NAP planning cycles and of the related monitoring and evaluation systems and update of Standard Operating Procedures for coordination of adaptation plans and activities between sectors and agencies, as well as among working groups at the national and municipal levels (SoP to be developed as part of the project activities).', 'This mechanism would take the responsibility of defining the frequency and timeframes of the NAP planning cycles and of the related monitoring and evaluation systems and update of Standard Operating Procedures for coordination of adaptation plans and activities between sectors and agencies, as well as among working groups at the national and municipal levels (SoP to be developed as part of the project activities). The preparation of the NDC also included an impact assessment on gender equality and vulnerable groups showing that gender issues are already being considered in several national laws and strategies, but further institutional capacity development to addressthe various forms of vulnerability is needed. Also, the participation of women in finding and implementing climate change solutions needs to be further addressed.', 'Also, the participation of women in finding and implementing climate change solutions needs to be further addressed. (ii) Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: a. National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication b. Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution c. Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement a. Information on the national circumstances can be found in Chapter 2 of the 3rd National Communication ( %20MNE_0.pdf). b. The preparation of an internal background report, to provide stakeholders with additional information on how the NDC target was derived, proved very useful. The identification of progress indicators per sector and measure will support the progress tracking as required per Decision 18/CMA.1 – “III.', 'The identification of progress indicators per sector and measure will support the progress tracking as required per Decision 18/CMA.1 – “III. Information necessary to track progress made in implementing and achieving nationally determined contributions under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement”. c. Montenegro is among the group of UN member countries which have officially adopted a National Strategy for Sustainable Development until 2030, which follows the UN Agenda 2030.', 'c. Montenegro is among the group of UN member countries which have officially adopted a National Strategy for Sustainable Development until 2030, which follows the UN Agenda 2030. (b) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member states, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement The updated NDC target for 2030 will be fulfilled by the State of Montenegro and is not part of the regional joint agreement. Montenegro is a candidate country for membership of the EU and is currently implementing Negotiation Chapter 27 on ‘The Environment and Climate Change’.', 'Montenegro is a candidate country for membership of the EU and is currently implementing Negotiation Chapter 27 on ‘The Environment and Climate Change’. The chapter was opened in December 2018. Further efforts are needed to align the country with the EU2030 climate and energy policy framework. In 2007, Montenegro acceded to the Energy Community Treaty (ECT), which allows the country to be an active member of the Regional and European Energy Market, obliging the state to align its national energy-related legislation with the community acquis. Currently, work on preparing an Integrated National Energy and Climate Plans, as required by the EU Governance Regulation (EU 2018/1999) has started.', 'Currently, work on preparing an Integrated National Energy and Climate Plans, as required by the EU Governance Regulation (EU 2018/1999) has started. (c) How the Party’s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement Montenegro participated in the Talanoa Dialogue during the COP24 in 2018 dedicated to raising global awareness for the necessary enhancement of NDCs by 2020. According to Article 14.2 of the Paris Agreement, the conference serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Agreement (CMA) shall undertake its first global stocktake in 2023 and every five years thereafter unless otherwise decided by the CMA.', 'According to Article 14.2 of the Paris Agreement, the conference serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Agreement (CMA) shall undertake its first global stocktake in 2023 and every five years thereafter unless otherwise decided by the CMA. It is expected that the reduction commitments of the updated NDC of Montenegro will be considered in the Global Stocktake Report to be published in 2023. (d) Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7 of the Paris Agreement, is to submit information on: (i) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution.', '(d) Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7 of the Paris Agreement, is to submit information on: (i) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution. (ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as: energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries.', '(ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as: energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. As described above under 3(d), Montenegro has recently initiated the project “Enhancing Montenegro’s capacity to integrate climate change risks into planning”, which will contribute to establishing the national adaptation process and the adaptation strategy.', 'As described above under 3(d), Montenegro has recently initiated the project “Enhancing Montenegro’s capacity to integrate climate change risks into planning”, which will contribute to establishing the national adaptation process and the adaptation strategy. Montenegro is also striving to harmonize its GHG and air emission inventories, which will also serve to assess co-benefits in a transparent and consistent way. There is also a CBIT (Capacity-Building Initiative for Transparency) project in the pipeline, which should strengthen the active stakeholder engagement, align MRV requirements with other national priorities (e.g. SDGs) and support technical capacities in view of the enhanced transparency framework (ETF). Information about the relevant outcomes of the mentioned activities will be included in the next NDC revision cycle. 5.', 'Information about the relevant outcomes of the mentioned activities will be included in the next NDC revision cycle. 5. Assumptions and methodological approaches (a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA Montenegro updated its Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventory in 2020, covering the period 1990–2018, applying the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gases. This GHG inventory from 2020 has not been submitted to the UNFCCC yet, so summary tables are annexed to this NDC for transparency reasons.', 'This GHG inventory from 2020 has not been submitted to the UNFCCC yet, so summary tables are annexed to this NDC for transparency reasons. The next reporting to the UNFCCC of the GHG inventory and its National Inventory Report will be made as part of the 3rd Biennial Update Report due in December 2021, which will include additional updates and recalculations, i.e. the addition of 2019, and recalculations of previous time series, where needed. The GHG inventory applies the IPCC 2006 guidelines and uses Tier-1 methods with country-specific activity data and default emission factors. A National Inventory Reporthas been prepared documenting the national system, key categories, the QA/QC plan, methodologies and data sources used, recalculations, planned improvements for all IPCC sources and sinks.', 'A National Inventory Reporthas been prepared documenting the national system, key categories, the QA/QC plan, methodologies and data sources used, recalculations, planned improvements for all IPCC sources and sinks. Consistent methodologies have been applied throughout the reported period (1990– 2018), efforts have been made to apply country-specific data and ensure the application of the IPCC 2006 Guidelines. Any recalculations made take consideration of the whole time series (1990–2018) to ensure time series consistency. The largest recalculations occurred in the LULUCF sector. The application of country-specific and plant-specific emissions factors, especially for stationary combustion, led to higher accuracy. The tool to calculate GHG emissions is also designed to calculate air emissions, contributing to environmental integrity.', 'The tool to calculate GHG emissions is also designed to calculate air emissions, contributing to environmental integrity. Further capacity building and human resources are needed, so that Montenegro can continue reporting on GHG and air emissions without external support. The GHG inventory, specifically the total GHG emissions excl. LULUCF, will serve as the main indicator to track progress in achieving the NDC. (b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution The climate mitigation policies and measures already implemented or with a realistic chance of being implemented in the coming years have been identified, based on the measures included in the 3rd National Communication, a review of national strategies and information received from stakeholders.', '(b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution The climate mitigation policies and measures already implemented or with a realistic chance of being implemented in the coming years have been identified, based on the measures included in the 3rd National Communication, a review of national strategies and information received from stakeholders. A list of the climate mitigation measures relevant to achieving the revised NDC is provided in Annex II. Energy and IPPU: A baseline scenario was developed, which does not take into account any measures but is linked to the projected GDP development. The annual relative GDP growth used in the projections for the energy and IPPU sector is provided in Annex III.', 'The annual relative GDP growth used in the projections for the energy and IPPU sector is provided in Annex III. Then the impact of policies has been estimated and deducted from the BaU scenario to derive the NDC scenario emission path. To estimate the impact of energy efficiency measures, the LEAP has been used. Agriculture: As no measures with relevant impact on GHGs have been identified for the agricultural sector, only a BaU scenario has been developed. The projected trend of livestock numbers and fertilizer use considered in the projections is derived from FAO data and is available in Annex III.', 'The projected trend of livestock numbers and fertilizer use considered in the projections is derived from FAO data and is available in Annex III. The same methodology and emission factors as for the GHG inventory has been applied.Waste: The BaU scenario considers the projected waste generation rate according to population growth, while all other parameters (waste generation rate, waste composition, % deposited on SWDS and landfill gas recovery) are kept constant. The NDC scenario considers a reduction of biowaste landfilled according to the national targets set and a change in the waste composition. In the domestic wastewater sector, increased connection rates to the sewage system have been considered in line with the planned full implementation of the European Urban wastewater treatment Directive.', 'In the domestic wastewater sector, increased connection rates to the sewage system have been considered in line with the planned full implementation of the European Urban wastewater treatment Directive. The parameters used are presented in Annex III. LULUCF: No measures with a realistic chance of being implemented in the coming years have been identified. Therefore, only a BaU scenario has been developed, following the past trend in land use and land use changes, as well as a continuation of the levels of harvesting and forest fires. The LULUCF sector is not part of the target defined in this NDC.', 'The LULUCF sector is not part of the target defined in this NDC. (c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate Not applicable, see below (d) (d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals The GHG emission inventory used to set the updated NDC is in compliance with the IPCC 2006 Guidelines. The GWP values (for a 100-year time horizon) used are consistent with the ones presented in the IPCC 4th Assessment Report.', 'The GWP values (for a 100-year time horizon) used are consistent with the ones presented in the IPCC 4th Assessment Report. (e) Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: (i) The approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands (ii) The approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products Emissions and removals are estimated using 2006 IPCC Guidelines without any special approach to exclude emissions or removals due to natural disturbances. Harvested wood products are estimated based on the production approach (or Approach B) of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. Activity data has been derived from the FAOStat database on forestry production and trade statistics.', 'Activity data has been derived from the FAOStat database on forestry production and trade statistics. Variations on the carbon stock in forest is estimated based on the information of the Montenegro’s National Forest Inventory (NFI). The increase in living biomass has been estimated using increment data from the NFI. While there has only been one inventory cycle so far, increment estimates were derived based on increment borer measurements(iii) The approach used to address the effects of the age- class structure in forests of sample trees. Age classes are taken into account implicitly in the estimation of the growth rates of the different species.', 'Age classes are taken into account implicitly in the estimation of the growth rates of the different species. (f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: (i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used (ii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non-greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable (iii) For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated (iv) Further technical information, as necessary (i) See 5(b) (ii) Not applicable (iii) Not applicable (iv) Not applicable (g) The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable The accounting rules for international carbon markets under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement have not been set yet.', '(f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: (i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used (ii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non-greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable (iii) For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated (iv) Further technical information, as necessary (i) See 5(b) (ii) Not applicable (iii) Not applicable (iv) Not applicable (g) The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable The accounting rules for international carbon markets under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement have not been set yet. Montenegro has not made any national decision on this issue yet but is striving to participate in the EU emission trading scheme from 2025 onwards.', 'Montenegro has not made any national decision on this issue yet but is striving to participate in the EU emission trading scheme from 2025 onwards. 6. How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances (a) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances Montenegro is a non-Annex-I country, highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change. National emissions of the greenhouse gases represent only 0.01% of global emissions (source: CAIT data, excl. LULUCF) and the net per capita GHG emissions in Montenegro in eq per capita; in the EU27 this is 8.4 Mg CO2 eq per capita(source: EEA GHG data viewer).', 'LULUCF) and the net per capita GHG emissions in Montenegro in eq per capita; in the EU27 this is 8.4 Mg CO2 eq per capita(source: EEA GHG data viewer). Since 1990, the total national GHG emissions decreased by 30%, with the emission peaking in the early 1990s. Montenegro will take into account the ultimate objective of the UNFCCC in its future development and will be committed to decoupling greenhouse gas emissions from its economic growth and embark on a low-emission development pathway. The NDC serves as stepping stone and provides a development framework and guidance for more ambitious adaptation goals to be developed under project “Enhancing Montenegro’s capacity to integrate climate change risks into planning”.', 'The NDC serves as stepping stone and provides a development framework and guidance for more ambitious adaptation goals to be developed under project “Enhancing Montenegro’s capacity to integrate climate change risks into planning”. The goals defined by the NDC will have a clear effect on project activities focusing on addressing the gaps of: • An underperforming coordination framework • A lack of institutional capacity • Insufficient information and lack of finance to fund adaptation investments • A private sector that has a low capacity to understand and respond to climate vulnerabilities and risks With the GCF support, Montenegro will strengthen its institutional coordination framework, expanding the technical capacities of those responsible and involved in adaptation planning, enhance the evidence base required for effective decision making, and define a resource mobilization strategy.', 'The goals defined by the NDC will have a clear effect on project activities focusing on addressing the gaps of: • An underperforming coordination framework • A lack of institutional capacity • Insufficient information and lack of finance to fund adaptation investments • A private sector that has a low capacity to understand and respond to climate vulnerabilities and risks With the GCF support, Montenegro will strengthen its institutional coordination framework, expanding the technical capacities of those responsible and involved in adaptation planning, enhance the evidence base required for effective decision making, and define a resource mobilization strategy. The NDC submitted by Montenegro is considered fair, taking into account the relatively low GDP per capita volumes compared to EU member countries.', 'The NDC submitted by Montenegro is considered fair, taking into account the relatively low GDP per capita volumes compared to EU member countries. The ambition has been increased compared to the INDC, not only in relative terms but also absolute emission reductions. Further significant emission reductions will depend on policies targeting the two most important point sources (the thermoelectric power plant and aluminium production unit), which will have substantial social and economic consequences. So, for the moment the proposed NDC target of −35% is ambitious as it aims to secure significant reduction of its greenhouse gas emissions while satisfying the country’s need for economic development.', 'So, for the moment the proposed NDC target of −35% is ambitious as it aims to secure significant reduction of its greenhouse gas emissions while satisfying the country’s need for economic development. (b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity Montenegro considers its update of the INDC from −30% compared to 1990, to −35% compared to 1990 to be achieved in 2030 as ambitious and fair, as the country will have to ensure the implementation of mitigation measures, which require substantial investments, as well as mechanisms and awareness raising to ensure a just transition. Also, with regard to the economic downturn triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic,Montenegro sees itself as currently not being in a position to come forward with a more ambitious target.', 'Also, with regard to the economic downturn triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic,Montenegro sees itself as currently not being in a position to come forward with a more ambitious target. (c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement The updated NDC target represents a progression beyond the current NDC and reflects the highest possible ambition, considering the national circumstances. (d) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement Montenegro is a developing country Party and has hereby enhanced its NDC, which represents an economy-wide emission reduction. (e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement Not applicable. 7.', '(e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement Not applicable. 7. How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2: (a) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 Montenegro respects and supports the ultimate objective of the Convention and contributes with its highest possible ambition, reflected in this updated NDC.', 'How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2: (a) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 Montenegro respects and supports the ultimate objective of the Convention and contributes with its highest possible ambition, reflected in this updated NDC. (b) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement.Annex I: Summary of total national GHG emissions excluding LULUCF (1990, Note: Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3 ) is not included, as it does not occur in category ‘2.E Production of HFC/PFC and SF6 ’ and has not been estimated in category ‘2.F.', '(b) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement.Annex I: Summary of total national GHG emissions excluding LULUCF (1990, Note: Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3 ) is not included, as it does not occur in category ‘2.E Production of HFC/PFC and SF6 ’ and has not been estimated in category ‘2.F. Consumption of HFC/PFC and SF6 ’ due to a lack of data. 1990 Emissions in Gg CO2 equivalent Greenhouse gas source and sink categories GHG CO2 O HFC PFC SF6 emissions & removals removals 5. Other (please specify) NE NE NE NE NA NA NA B. Fugitive emissions from fuels 46.92 NE 46.92 NE NA NA NA 1. Solid fuels 46.92 NA 46.92 NA NA NA NA 2.', 'Solid fuels 46.92 NA 46.92 NA NA NA NA 2. Oil and natural gas NE NE NE NE NA NA NA A. Mineral products 24.75 24.75 NO NO NA NA NA B. Chemical industry NO NO NO NO NA NA NA D. Other production 3.07 3.07 NA NA NA NA NA E. Production of halocarbons and SF6 NO NO NO NO NA NA NA F. Consumption of halocarbons and SF6 NO NE NO NE NO NA NE G Other product manufacture and use 0.78 NE NE NE NA NA 0.78 H. Other 0.11 0.11 NA NA NA NA NA A. Enteric fermentation 483.90 NA 483.90 NA NA NA NA B.', 'Chemical industry NO NO NO NO NA NA NA D. Other production 3.07 3.07 NA NA NA NA NA E. Production of halocarbons and SF6 NO NO NO NO NA NA NA F. Consumption of halocarbons and SF6 NO NE NO NE NO NA NE G Other product manufacture and use 0.78 NE NE NE NA NA 0.78 H. Other 0.11 0.11 NA NA NA NA NA A. Enteric fermentation 483.90 NA 483.90 NA NA NA NA B. Manure management 146.24 NA 100.24 46.00 NA NA NA C. Rice cultivation NO NA NO NA NA NA NA D. Agricultural soils 12.87 NA NA 12.87 NA NA NA E. Prescribed burning of savannahs NE NA NO NO NA NA NA F. Field burning of agricultural residues NE NA NE NE NA NA NA G. Other (urea application) 0.49 0.49 0.00 0.00 NA NA NA B. Cropland 0.04 0.00 NA 0.04 NA NA NA C. Grassland NE 0.00 NA NA NA NA NA D. Wetlands NE 0.00 NA NA NA NA NA E. Settlements 20.84 19.54 NA 1.30 NA NA NA F. Other land 7.87 7.87 NA 0.00 NA NA NA G. Harvested wood products −43.31 −43.31 NA NA NA NA NA A.', 'Manure management 146.24 NA 100.24 46.00 NA NA NA C. Rice cultivation NO NA NO NA NA NA NA D. Agricultural soils 12.87 NA NA 12.87 NA NA NA E. Prescribed burning of savannahs NE NA NO NO NA NA NA F. Field burning of agricultural residues NE NA NE NE NA NA NA G. Other (urea application) 0.49 0.49 0.00 0.00 NA NA NA B. Cropland 0.04 0.00 NA 0.04 NA NA NA C. Grassland NE 0.00 NA NA NA NA NA D. Wetlands NE 0.00 NA NA NA NA NA E. Settlements 20.84 19.54 NA 1.30 NA NA NA F. Other land 7.87 7.87 NA 0.00 NA NA NA G. Harvested wood products −43.31 −43.31 NA NA NA NA NA A. Solid waste disposal on land 150.49 NA 150.49 NA NA NA NA B.', 'Solid waste disposal on land 150.49 NA 150.49 NA NA NA NA B. Biological treatment of solid waste NE NA NE NE NA NA NA C. Waste incineration NE NE NE NE NA NA NAD. Wastewater handling 67.47 NA 60.01 7.47 NA NA NA 6. Other (please specify) NE NO NO NO NA NA NA Memo items International bunkers Marine NE NO NO NO 2005 Emissions in Gg CO2 equivalent Greenhouse gas source and sink categories GHG CO2 O HFC PFC SF6 emissions & removals removals 5. Other (please specify) NE NE NE NE NA NA NA B. Fugitive emissions from fuels 31.14 NE 31.14 NE NA NA NA 1. Solid fuels 31.14 NA 31.14 NA NA NA NA 2. Oil and natural gas NE NE NE NE NA NA NA A.', 'Oil and natural gas NE NE NE NE NA NA NA A. Mineral products 4.51 4.51 NO NO NA NA NA B. Chemical industry NO NO NO NO NA NA NA D. Other production 0.58 0.58 NA NA NA NA NA E. Production of halocarbons and SF6 NO NO NO NO NA NA NA F. Consumption of halocarbons and SF6 90.37 NE NE NE 90.37 NA NE G Other product manufacture and use 1.43 NE NE NE NA NA 1.43 H. Other 0.10 0.10 NA NA NA NA NA A. Enteric fermentation 294.33 NA 294.33 NA NA NA NA B.', 'Chemical industry NO NO NO NO NA NA NA D. Other production 0.58 0.58 NA NA NA NA NA E. Production of halocarbons and SF6 NO NO NO NO NA NA NA F. Consumption of halocarbons and SF6 90.37 NE NE NE 90.37 NA NE G Other product manufacture and use 1.43 NE NE NE NA NA 1.43 H. Other 0.10 0.10 NA NA NA NA NA A. Enteric fermentation 294.33 NA 294.33 NA NA NA NA B. Manure management 89.84 NA 60.56 29.29 NA NA NA C. Rice cultivation NO NA NO NA NA NA NA D. Agricultural soils 7.12 NA NA 7.12 NA NA NA E. Prescribed burning of savannahs NE NA NO NO NA NA NA F. Field burning of agricultural residues NE NA NE NE NA NA NA G. Other (urea application) 0.43 0.43 0.00 0.00 NA NA NA B. Cropland 0.04 0.00 NA 0.04 NA NA NA C. Grassland NE 0.00 NA NA NA NA NA D. Wetlands NE 0.00 NA NA NA NA NA E. Settlements 20.84 19.54 NA 1.30 NA NA NAF.', 'Manure management 89.84 NA 60.56 29.29 NA NA NA C. Rice cultivation NO NA NO NA NA NA NA D. Agricultural soils 7.12 NA NA 7.12 NA NA NA E. Prescribed burning of savannahs NE NA NO NO NA NA NA F. Field burning of agricultural residues NE NA NE NE NA NA NA G. Other (urea application) 0.43 0.43 0.00 0.00 NA NA NA B. Cropland 0.04 0.00 NA 0.04 NA NA NA C. Grassland NE 0.00 NA NA NA NA NA D. Wetlands NE 0.00 NA NA NA NA NA E. Settlements 20.84 19.54 NA 1.30 NA NA NAF. Other land 7.87 7.87 NA 0.00 NA NA NA G. Harvested wood products −5.58 −5.58 NA NA NA NA NA A.', 'Other land 7.87 7.87 NA 0.00 NA NA NA G. Harvested wood products −5.58 −5.58 NA NA NA NA NA A. Solid waste disposal on land 228.66 NA 228.66 NA NA NA NA B. Biological treatment of solid waste NE NA NE NE NA NA NA C. Waste incineration NE NE NE NE NA NA NA D. Wastewater handling 70.89 NA 59.58 11.31 NA NA NA 6. Other (please specify) NE NO NO NO NA NA NA Memo items International bunkers Marine NE NO NO NO emissions from biomass 666.92 666.92 NA NA 2010 Emissions in Gg CO2 equivalent Greenhouse gas source and sink categories GHG CO2 O HFC PFC SF6 emissions & removals removals 5. Other (please specify) NE NE NE NE NA NA NA B. Fugitive emissions from fuels 42.20 NE 42.20 NE NA NA NA 1.', 'Fugitive emissions from fuels 42.20 NE 42.20 NE NA NA NA 1. Solid fuels 42.20 NA 42.20 NA NA NA NA 2. Oil and natural gas NE NE NE NE NA NA NA A. Mineral products 0.63 0.63 NO NO NA NA NA B. Chemical industry NO NO NO NO NA NA NA C. Metal production 633.15 135.96 0.01 NO NA 497.18 NA D. Other production 0.45 0.45 NA NA NA NA NA E. Production of halocarbons and SF6 NO NO NO NO NA NA NA F. Consumption of halocarbons and SF6 141.32 NE NE NE 141.32 NA NE G Other product manufacture and use 1.55 NE NE NE NA NA 1.55 H. Other 0.09 0.09 NA NA NA NA NA A. Enteric fermentation 237.11 NA 237.11 NA NA NA NA B.', 'Chemical industry NO NO NO NO NA NA NA C. Metal production 633.15 135.96 0.01 NO NA 497.18 NA D. Other production 0.45 0.45 NA NA NA NA NA E. Production of halocarbons and SF6 NO NO NO NO NA NA NA F. Consumption of halocarbons and SF6 141.32 NE NE NE 141.32 NA NE G Other product manufacture and use 1.55 NE NE NE NA NA 1.55 H. Other 0.09 0.09 NA NA NA NA NA A. Enteric fermentation 237.11 NA 237.11 NA NA NA NA B. Manure management 72.93 NA 49.15 23.77 NA NA NA C. Rice cultivation NO NA NO NA NA NA NA D. Agricultural soils 10.62 NA NA 10.62 NA NA NA E. Prescribed burning of savannahs NE NA NO NO NA NA NA F. Field burning of agricultural residues NE NA NE NE NA NA NA G. Other (urea application) 0.41 0.41 0.00 0.00 NA NA NAB.', 'Manure management 72.93 NA 49.15 23.77 NA NA NA C. Rice cultivation NO NA NO NA NA NA NA D. Agricultural soils 10.62 NA NA 10.62 NA NA NA E. Prescribed burning of savannahs NE NA NO NO NA NA NA F. Field burning of agricultural residues NE NA NE NE NA NA NA G. Other (urea application) 0.41 0.41 0.00 0.00 NA NA NAB. Cropland 0.76 0.69 NA 0.07 NA NA NA C. Grassland 0.31 0.31 NA NA NA NA NA D. Wetlands NE 0.00 NA NA NA NA NA E. Settlements 37.10 35.53 NA 1.57 NA NA NA F. Other land 1.92 1.92 NA 0.00 NA NA NA G. Harvested wood products 23.98 23.98 NA NA NA NA NA A.', 'Cropland 0.76 0.69 NA 0.07 NA NA NA C. Grassland 0.31 0.31 NA NA NA NA NA D. Wetlands NE 0.00 NA NA NA NA NA E. Settlements 37.10 35.53 NA 1.57 NA NA NA F. Other land 1.92 1.92 NA 0.00 NA NA NA G. Harvested wood products 23.98 23.98 NA NA NA NA NA A. Solid waste disposal on land 240.91 NA 240.91 NA NA NA NA B. Biological treatment of solid waste NE NA NE NE NA NA NA C. Waste incineration NE NE NE NE NA NA NA D. Wastewater handling 71.97 NA 59.03 12.94 NA NA NA 6.', 'Biological treatment of solid waste NE NA NE NE NA NA NA C. Waste incineration NE NE NE NE NA NA NA D. Wastewater handling 71.97 NA 59.03 12.94 NA NA NA 6. Other (please specify) NE NO NO NO NA NA NA Memo items International bunkers Marine NE NO NO NO emissions from biomass 746.22 746.22 NA NA 2015 Emissions in Gg CO2 equivalent Greenhouse gas source and sink categories GHG CO2 O HFC PFC SF6 emissions & removals removals 5. Other (please specify) NE NE NE NE NA NA NA B. Fugitive emissions from fuels 44.36 NE 44.36 NE NA NA NA 1. Solid fuels 44.36 NA 44.36 NA NA NA NA 2. Oil and natural gas NE NE NE NE NA NA NA A. Mineral products NE NO NO NO NA NA NA B.', 'Mineral products NE NO NO NO NA NA NA B. Chemical industry NO NO NO NO NA NA NA C. Metal production 142.87 70.93 0.01 NO NA 71.93 NA D. Other production 20.16 20.16 NA NA NA NA NA E. Production of halocarbons and SF6 NO NO NO NO NA NA NA F. Consumption of halocarbons and SF6 205.27 NE NE NE 205.27 NA NE G Other product manufacture and use 2.23 NE NE NE NA NA 2.23 H. Other 0.08 0.08 NA NA NA NA NA A. Enteric fermentation 229.78 NA 229.78 NA NA NA NAB.', 'Chemical industry NO NO NO NO NA NA NA C. Metal production 142.87 70.93 0.01 NO NA 71.93 NA D. Other production 20.16 20.16 NA NA NA NA NA E. Production of halocarbons and SF6 NO NO NO NO NA NA NA F. Consumption of halocarbons and SF6 205.27 NE NE NE 205.27 NA NE G Other product manufacture and use 2.23 NE NE NE NA NA 2.23 H. Other 0.08 0.08 NA NA NA NA NA A. Enteric fermentation 229.78 NA 229.78 NA NA NA NAB. Manure management 70.99 NA 48.62 22.36 NA NA NA C. Rice cultivation NO NA NO NA NA NA NA D. Agricultural soils 8.20 NA NA 8.20 NA NA NA E. Prescribed burning of savannahs NE NA NO NO NA NA NA F. Field burning of agricultural residues NE NA NE NE NA NA NA G. Other (urea application) 0.38 0.38 0.00 0.00 NA NA NA B. Cropland 0.57 0.48 NA 0.09 NA NA NA C. Grassland −0.62 −0.62 NA NA NA NA NA D. Wetlands NE 0.00 NA NA NA NA NA E. Settlements 55.37 53.35 NA 2.03 NA NA NA F. Other land NE 0.00 NA 0.00 NA NA NA G. Harvested wood products −105.29 −105.29 NA NA NA NA NA A.', 'Manure management 70.99 NA 48.62 22.36 NA NA NA C. Rice cultivation NO NA NO NA NA NA NA D. Agricultural soils 8.20 NA NA 8.20 NA NA NA E. Prescribed burning of savannahs NE NA NO NO NA NA NA F. Field burning of agricultural residues NE NA NE NE NA NA NA G. Other (urea application) 0.38 0.38 0.00 0.00 NA NA NA B. Cropland 0.57 0.48 NA 0.09 NA NA NA C. Grassland −0.62 −0.62 NA NA NA NA NA D. Wetlands NE 0.00 NA NA NA NA NA E. Settlements 55.37 53.35 NA 2.03 NA NA NA F. Other land NE 0.00 NA 0.00 NA NA NA G. Harvested wood products −105.29 −105.29 NA NA NA NA NA A. Solid waste disposal on land 234.43 NA 234.43 NA NA NA NA B.', 'Solid waste disposal on land 234.43 NA 234.43 NA NA NA NA B. Biological treatment of solid waste NE NA NE NE NA NA NA C. Waste incineration NE NE NE NE NA NA NA D. Wastewater handling 70.36 NA 57.25 13.11 NA NA NA 6. Other (please specify) NE NO NO NO NA NA NA Memo items International bunkers Marine NE NO NO NO emissions from biomass 720.67 720.67 NA NA 2018 Emissions in Gg CO2 equivalent Greenhouse gas source and sink categories GHG CO2 O HFC PFC SF6 emissions & removals removals 5. Other (please specify) NE NE NE NE NA NA NA B. Fugitive emissions from fuels 53.37 0.35 53.02 0.00 NA NA NA 1. Solid fuels 53.02 NA 53.02 NA NA NA NA 2. Oil and natural gas 0.35 0.35 NE 0.00 NA NA NA A.', 'Oil and natural gas 0.35 0.35 NE 0.00 NA NA NA A. Mineral products NE NO NO NO NA NA NA B. Chemical industry NO NO NO NO NA NA NA C. Metal production 113.91 67.88 0.01 NO NA 46.02 NA D. Other production 27.77 27.77 NA NA NA NA NAE. Production of halocarbons and SF6 NO NO NO NO NA NA NA F. Consumption of halocarbons and SF6 235.91 NE NE NE 235.91 NA NE G Other product manufacture and use 2.52 NE NE NE NA NA 2.52 H. Other 0.08 0.08 NA NA NA NA NA A. Enteric fermentation 211.49 NA 211.49 NA NA NA NA B.', 'Production of halocarbons and SF6 NO NO NO NO NA NA NA F. Consumption of halocarbons and SF6 235.91 NE NE NE 235.91 NA NE G Other product manufacture and use 2.52 NE NE NE NA NA 2.52 H. Other 0.08 0.08 NA NA NA NA NA A. Enteric fermentation 211.49 NA 211.49 NA NA NA NA B. Manure management 66.35 NA 45.19 21.16 NA NA NA C. Rice cultivation NO NA NO NA NA NA NA D. Agricultural soils 8.20 NA NA 8.20 NA NA NA E. Prescribed burning of savannahs NE NA NO NO NA NA NA F. Field burning of agricultural residues NE NA NE NE NA NA NA G. Other (urea application) 0.37 0.37 0.00 0.00 NA NA NA B. Cropland 0.64 0.55 NA 0.09 NA NA NA C. Grassland −0.90 −0.90 NA NA NA NA NA D. Wetlands NE 0.00 NA NA NA NA NA E. Settlements 58.71 56.35 NA 2.36 NA NA NA F. Other land NE 0.00 NA 0.00 NA NA NA G. Harvested wood products −142.43 −142.43 NA NA NA NA NA A.', 'Manure management 66.35 NA 45.19 21.16 NA NA NA C. Rice cultivation NO NA NO NA NA NA NA D. Agricultural soils 8.20 NA NA 8.20 NA NA NA E. Prescribed burning of savannahs NE NA NO NO NA NA NA F. Field burning of agricultural residues NE NA NE NE NA NA NA G. Other (urea application) 0.37 0.37 0.00 0.00 NA NA NA B. Cropland 0.64 0.55 NA 0.09 NA NA NA C. Grassland −0.90 −0.90 NA NA NA NA NA D. Wetlands NE 0.00 NA NA NA NA NA E. Settlements 58.71 56.35 NA 2.36 NA NA NA F. Other land NE 0.00 NA 0.00 NA NA NA G. Harvested wood products −142.43 −142.43 NA NA NA NA NA A. Solid waste disposal on land 235.03 NA 235.03 NA NA NA NA B.', 'Solid waste disposal on land 235.03 NA 235.03 NA NA NA NA B. Biological treatment of solid waste NE NA NE NE NA NA NA C. Waste incineration NE NE NE NE NA NA NA D. Wastewater handling 68.70 NA 55.59 13.11 NA NA NA 6.', 'Biological treatment of solid waste NE NA NE NE NA NA NA C. Waste incineration NE NE NE NE NA NA NA D. Wastewater handling 68.70 NA 55.59 13.11 NA NA NA 6. Other (please specify) NE NO NO NO NA NA NA Memo items International bunkers Marine NE NO NO NO emissions from biomass 633.30 633.30 NA NA *Notation keys: NA – not applicable; NE – not estimated; NO – not occurring.Annex II: List of climate mitigation measures considered in the revised NDC Name of measure Description reduction in Gg eq Cumulated savings (2019–2030) in Gg eq Ecological refurbishment of Pljevlja Thermoelectric Power Plant (TPP) The TPP ecological refurbishment includes the construction of de-sulphurization (FGD) and de-nitrification (SCR) installations, upgrading the electro-filtering plant, construction of a wastewater treatment facility, and reconstruction of the internal system for transporting by-products, as well as building a heating station, as a part of the district heating system.', 'Other (please specify) NE NO NO NO NA NA NA Memo items International bunkers Marine NE NO NO NO emissions from biomass 633.30 633.30 NA NA *Notation keys: NA – not applicable; NE – not estimated; NO – not occurring.Annex II: List of climate mitigation measures considered in the revised NDC Name of measure Description reduction in Gg eq Cumulated savings (2019–2030) in Gg eq Ecological refurbishment of Pljevlja Thermoelectric Power Plant (TPP) The TPP ecological refurbishment includes the construction of de-sulphurization (FGD) and de-nitrification (SCR) installations, upgrading the electro-filtering plant, construction of a wastewater treatment facility, and reconstruction of the internal system for transporting by-products, as well as building a heating station, as a part of the district heating system. The emission reductions anticipated by 2030 are mainly due to the temporary closure of the plant in 2021 and 2022 due to 2E Carbon pricing for TPP The Decree on activities which emit greenhouse gases, and for which a permit for GHG emission is issued, has been in force since February 2020.', 'The emission reductions anticipated by 2030 are mainly due to the temporary closure of the plant in 2021 and 2022 due to 2E Carbon pricing for TPP The Decree on activities which emit greenhouse gases, and for which a permit for GHG emission is issued, has been in force since February 2020. With this decree the emissions of industrial and energy plants are limited by the introduction of a national emissions trading system. In accordance with a forecast of market electricity prices, there will be a need for minor reductions of annual generation starting from 2023 due to the lower market price. The TPP operator risks not being competitive on the market due to increased generation costs due to high investment costs plus reagents, chemicals and water for FGD and SCR systems operation costs).', 'The TPP operator risks not being competitive on the market due to increased generation costs due to high investment costs plus reagents, chemicals and water for FGD and SCR systems operation costs). Moreover, a significant decrease in generation will take place starting from 2023, due to the new EU Cross- Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM).', 'Moreover, a significant decrease in generation will take place starting from 2023, due to the new EU Cross- Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). 461 2282 New renewable power plants The following renewable power plants are planned: a) New G8 turbine-generator unit in HPP Perućica (additional 58.5 MW, 50 GWh) b) HPP Piva reconstruction (no additional capacity) c) WPP Gvozd (54.6 MW, 150 GWh) d) WPP Brajići (100 MW, 277 GWh) e) SPP Briska Gora (250 MW, 450 GWh) f) HPP Komarnica (172 MW, 213 GWh) g) SPP Velje Brdo (50 MW, 90 GWh) 4E District heating in Pljevlja The district heating development in the town of Pljevlja will follow after Pljevlja TPP eco- refurbishment, while during the refurbishment all the heating system connection-related preparatory works are to be completed.', '461 2282 New renewable power plants The following renewable power plants are planned: a) New G8 turbine-generator unit in HPP Perućica (additional 58.5 MW, 50 GWh) b) HPP Piva reconstruction (no additional capacity) c) WPP Gvozd (54.6 MW, 150 GWh) d) WPP Brajići (100 MW, 277 GWh) e) SPP Briska Gora (250 MW, 450 GWh) f) HPP Komarnica (172 MW, 213 GWh) g) SPP Velje Brdo (50 MW, 90 GWh) 4E District heating in Pljevlja The district heating development in the town of Pljevlja will follow after Pljevlja TPP eco- refurbishment, while during the refurbishment all the heating system connection-related preparatory works are to be completed. The main objective of this project is to supply the town of Pljevlja with heat energy via a modern centralized heat supply system from a central heat source that will close down households’ coal furnaces.', 'The main objective of this project is to supply the town of Pljevlja with heat energy via a modern centralized heat supply system from a central heat source that will close down households’ coal furnaces. It is assumed that this project will 13 61eliminate lignite as a fuel used for heating purposes in Pljevlja at the latest by 2030. The phasing out of lignite used in Pljevlja municipality’s residential sector will result in a GHG emission reduction that follows the dynamics of the lignite decrease throughout the observed period. Development and implementation of an energy efficiency regulatory framework in buildings The implementation of legislation on the minimum requirements for the energy efficiency of buildings, certification of building energy performance and regular energy audits for heating and air- conditioning systems are already generating results in terms of reduced building energy consumption.', 'Development and implementation of an energy efficiency regulatory framework in buildings The implementation of legislation on the minimum requirements for the energy efficiency of buildings, certification of building energy performance and regular energy audits for heating and air- conditioning systems are already generating results in terms of reduced building energy consumption. This measure has a major impact on the refurbishment of existing buildings and new buildings, as all fully refurbished buildings and new buildings must meet the minimum requirements. 22 151 Increased energy efficiency in public buildings The objective of this measure is to improve energy efficiency and comfort conditions in selected public-sector buildings. The implementation of the measure is expected to initiate the development of the services market in the construction sector and cause a positive impact on the overall socio- economic environment.', 'The implementation of the measure is expected to initiate the development of the services market in the construction sector and cause a positive impact on the overall socio- economic environment. It is also expected to achieve remarkable results in the area of Financial incentives for citizens/private households (for energy efficiency investments) The aim of this measure is to make financial support mechanisms available to individuals for investing in energy efficiency and RES. It includes the introduction of dedicated state and local government subsidizing programmes for energy savings in private households and RES use. Measures that contribute to reducing energy needs, as well as use of solar energy and modern forms of biomass (pellets, briquettes, wood chips) should be primarily encouraged. 1 8 Energy labelling and eco- design requirements for energy-related products The energy labelling and eco-design requirements reflect the approximation of the EU’s directives/regulations for energy- related products.', '1 8 Energy labelling and eco- design requirements for energy-related products The energy labelling and eco-design requirements reflect the approximation of the EU’s directives/regulations for energy- related products. The energy labelling legal provisions require that economic operators provide customers with information about the energy consumption of the devices. The eco-design requirements set minimum energy efficiency standards (and in some cases pollution standards) for a number of products, meaning that if they do not meet these standards they cannot be put on the market. These two areas of regulatory intervention choices depend on the energy efficiency of the devices available on the Establishment and implementation of EE criteria in public tendering The main objective of this measure is to establish systematic mechanisms for introducing energy efficiency criteria into the public procurement process, in order to achieve significant energy savings as well as financial and other benefits.', 'These two areas of regulatory intervention choices depend on the energy efficiency of the devices available on the Establishment and implementation of EE criteria in public tendering The main objective of this measure is to establish systematic mechanisms for introducing energy efficiency criteria into the public procurement process, in order to achieve significant energy savings as well as financial and other benefits. The implementation of this measure is one of the 2 11preconditions for meeting the requirements of the EU’s EED approximation. Implementation of energy efficiency measures in public municipal companies In accordance with the Law on Efficient Energy Use, local governments are obliged to prepare a Programme for Improving Local Government Energy Efficiency for a period of three years. The programme shall contain a proposal of energy efficiency measures for the local governments.', 'The programme shall contain a proposal of energy efficiency measures for the local governments. 3 27 Development of transmission and distribution power network (decrease of losses) Network operators are investing in the grid in order to accommodate new consumers and power plants. This will result in a decrease in electricity losses. A decrease in losses will directly affect the electricity deficit or the amount of electricity available for export. 0 41 Refurbishment of small hydroelectric power plants (increased EE) The small hydroelectric power plants included in this measure have been operating for many years without serious investment in them. With a total installed capacity of 2.8 MW, they are characterized by low utilization of the available hydro potentials, so the electrical and mechanical equipment and plants need to be replaced and modernized.', 'With a total installed capacity of 2.8 MW, they are characterized by low utilization of the available hydro potentials, so the electrical and mechanical equipment and plants need to be replaced and modernized. Improving the efficiency of power plants, maximum use of the hydro potential, as well as a higher level of automation and remote control, are the general objectives of the 1T Electric cars This measure foresees the development of a whole set of e-mobility elements, such as: standards, regulatory frameworks, environmental and energy policies, established practices, products and services, user experiences and needs, and charging Financial incentives for electric, plug-in hybrid and full hybrid vehicles, both for citizens and companies/ entrepreneurs The aim of the grant is to directly encourage the procurement of environmentally friendly modes of transport, within the implementation of measures to improve air quality and improve the quality of the environment.', 'Improving the efficiency of power plants, maximum use of the hydro potential, as well as a higher level of automation and remote control, are the general objectives of the 1T Electric cars This measure foresees the development of a whole set of e-mobility elements, such as: standards, regulatory frameworks, environmental and energy policies, established practices, products and services, user experiences and needs, and charging Financial incentives for electric, plug-in hybrid and full hybrid vehicles, both for citizens and companies/ entrepreneurs The aim of the grant is to directly encourage the procurement of environmentally friendly modes of transport, within the implementation of measures to improve air quality and improve the quality of the environment. The total value of the grants for the purchase of electric and hybrid vehicles (category M1) is €100 000, of which €50 000 is intended for the purchase of electric vehicles and the remaining €50 000 for the purchase of hybrid vehicles.', 'The total value of the grants for the purchase of electric and hybrid vehicles (category M1) is €100 000, of which €50 000 is intended for the purchase of electric vehicles and the remaining €50 000 for the purchase of hybrid vehicles. 1 Uniprom KAP: electrolysis cell replacement and and ETS (2025–2030) In recent years, several environmental and technological improvements have been carried out (e.g. use of LNG instead of fuel oil) at the aluminium production plant. According to the operator’s development plan, the technological improvements on the electrolysis cells have been considered, thus achieving an increase in production output and better metal quality with higher environmental standards. From 2025, the industrial plant will participate in the emissions trading scheme and will be bound to emission limits.', 'From 2025, the industrial plant will participate in the emissions trading scheme and will be bound to emission limits. 76 537 Reduction of HFCs in line with the Act Acknowledging In April 2019, Montenegro officially became a member of the Kigali Amendment. The obligations arising from the amendment is to 43 158Amendments to the Montreal Protocol reduce the consumption of HFC substances according to the following dynamics: A freeze of HFCs consumption levels in 2024 keeping them as the baseline (average HFC consumption levels for 2020–2022 + 65% of the HFC baseline): • 10% reduction by 2029 • 30% reduction by 2035 • 50% reduction by 2040 • 80% reduction by 2045 Reduction of bio-waste within municipal waste The implementation of the Landfill Directive (1999/31/EC) requires a reduction of the biodegradable waste being landfilled.', 'The obligations arising from the amendment is to 43 158Amendments to the Montreal Protocol reduce the consumption of HFC substances according to the following dynamics: A freeze of HFCs consumption levels in 2024 keeping them as the baseline (average HFC consumption levels for 2020–2022 + 65% of the HFC baseline): • 10% reduction by 2029 • 30% reduction by 2035 • 50% reduction by 2040 • 80% reduction by 2045 Reduction of bio-waste within municipal waste The implementation of the Landfill Directive (1999/31/EC) requires a reduction of the biodegradable waste being landfilled. Therefore, it is planned to increase the separate collection of municipal waste, hereby achieving a decrease in the organic waste being disposed in landfills.', 'Therefore, it is planned to increase the separate collection of municipal waste, hereby achieving a decrease in the organic waste being disposed in landfills. This is to be achieved by a system of primary separation (two bins – dry and wet), a network of waste collection in rural areas, construction of recycling yards in municipalities, equipment for waste collection, as well as educational and awareness-raising activities.', 'This is to be achieved by a system of primary separation (two bins – dry and wet), a network of waste collection in rural areas, construction of recycling yards in municipalities, equipment for waste collection, as well as educational and awareness-raising activities. The implementation of these measures is already ongoing, and will be continued to achieve the following targets, as set in the Negotiation Share of biodegradable municipal waste disposed to landfills will be reduced: • to 75% of the 2010 level by 2025 • to 50% of the 2010 level by 2029 Increase of connection rate to the sewerage system (target 93% by The construction of sewerage connection systems and wastewater treatment plants in recent years has led to a decreased amount of wastewater collected in septic tanks and released untreated into the aquatic environment.', 'The implementation of these measures is already ongoing, and will be continued to achieve the following targets, as set in the Negotiation Share of biodegradable municipal waste disposed to landfills will be reduced: • to 75% of the 2010 level by 2025 • to 50% of the 2010 level by 2029 Increase of connection rate to the sewerage system (target 93% by The construction of sewerage connection systems and wastewater treatment plants in recent years has led to a decreased amount of wastewater collected in septic tanks and released untreated into the aquatic environment. According to Negotiation Chapter 27 (February 2018), Montenegro, sets the target that by 2035 93% of the population will be connected to sewerage systems except for agglomerations of less than 2000 PE which are not obliged to comply with the UWWTD.', 'According to Negotiation Chapter 27 (February 2018), Montenegro, sets the target that by 2035 93% of the population will be connected to sewerage systems except for agglomerations of less than 2000 PE which are not obliged to comply with the UWWTD. The remaining percentage of the population, which cannot be connected to the network for technical reasons, will be served by individual systems according to UWWTD. With this approach, by the end of 2035, wastewater management in all agglomerations will be provided according to the UWWTD.', 'With this approach, by the end of 2035, wastewater management in all agglomerations will be provided according to the UWWTD. 16 96Annex III: Parameters and Assumptions • Annual relative GDP growth: considering moderate growth after 2023 GDP growth in Source of data: Smjernice makroekonomske i fiskalne politike za period 12020–2023, 3rd National Communication – 2024– • Population: used for projections in the waste sector Source of data: Demografski trendovi u Crnoj Gori od sredine 20. vijeka i perspektive do 2050. godine,2 Table II-6 • Change in livestock numbers and fertilizer use Dairy cows Other cattle Sheep Goats Horses Swine Poultry Fertilizer use Rel.', '16 96Annex III: Parameters and Assumptions • Annual relative GDP growth: considering moderate growth after 2023 GDP growth in Source of data: Smjernice makroekonomske i fiskalne politike za period 12020–2023, 3rd National Communication – 2024– • Population: used for projections in the waste sector Source of data: Demografski trendovi u Crnoj Gori od sredine 20. vijeka i perspektive do 2050. godine,2 Table II-6 • Change in livestock numbers and fertilizer use Dairy cows Other cattle Sheep Goats Horses Swine Poultry Fertilizer use Rel. change Source of data: • Wastewater treatment paths BAU scenario NDC scenario Population connected to sewerage system Population connected to sewerage system Population using latrines or similar 2% 1% 1% 1 Macroeconomic and Fiscal Policy Guidelines for the period 2020-2023 2 Demographic Trends in Montenegro from the Middle of the 20th century and Perspectives until 2050']

en-US

MAR

Morocco

LTS

2021-12-21 00:00:00

uploaded

x

LTS 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/MAR_LTS_Dec2021.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Africa

0

MENA

../data/downloaded_documents/8d2785156616f4ab74a0fd19fbb02ce75d57d7910d96a3e956542c68a96ed86f.pdf

['Stratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme Ministère de la Transition Energétique et du Développement Durable Département du Développement Durable Royaume du MarocListe des Acronymes 4 1. RÉSUMÉ EXÉCUTIF 5 2.1. Contexte général 9 2.2. Méthode d’élaboration de la LT-LEDS Maroc 2050 12 2.3. Ambition climatique à long terme du Maroc . 13 3. CONTEXTE LOCAL ET CADRAGE DE LA VISION . 14 3.1. Cadre politique et socio-économique marocain . 14 3.2. Nouveau modèle de développement du Maroc à horizon 2035 17 3.3. État des lieux de l’action climatique au Maroc . 21 4. STRATÉGIES SECTORIELLES . 24 4.1. Secteur de l’énergie . 24 4.1.1. État des lieux 24 4.1.2. Énoncé de vision sectorielle . 25 4.1.3. Questions et interrogations 26 4.1.4.', 'Questions et interrogations 26 4.1.4. De la vision sectorielle à la stratégie : proposition de travaux sur l’énergie . 27 4.2. Secteur de l’industrie 28 4.2.1. État des lieux 28 4.2.2. Énoncé de la vision sectorielle 29 4.2.3. Questions et interrogations 31 4.2.4. De la vision sectorielle à la stratégie : propositions de travaux sur l’industrie 32 4.3. Secteur du bâtiment . 32 4.3.1. État des lieux 32 4.3.2. Énoncé de la vision sectorielle 33 4.3.3. Les conditions de réussite et les leviers d’action . 35 4.3.4. De la vision sectorielle à la stratégie : propositions de travaux sur le bâtiment 36 S O M M AIR E4.4. Secteur du transport . 37 4.4.1. État des lieux 37 4.4.2.', 'État des lieux 37 4.4.2. Énoncé de la vision sectorielle 39 4.4.3. Questions et interrogations . 40 4.4.4. De la vision sectorielle à la stratégie : propositions de travaux sur les transports . 40 4.5. Secteur de l’agriculture 41 4.5.1. État des lieux 41 4.5.2. Énoncé de la vision sectorielle . 43 4.5.3. Questions et interrogations . 44 4.5.4. De la vision sectorielle à la stratégie : propositions de travaux sur l’agriculture . 45 4.6. Secteur de la forêt 46 4.6.1. État des lieux 46 4.6.2. Énoncé de la vision sectorielle 47 4.6.3. Questions et interrogations 49 4.6.4. De la vision sectorielle à la stratégie : propositions de travaux sur la forêt . 50 4.7. Secteur des déchets 51 4.7.1. État des lieux . 51 4.7.2.', 'État des lieux . 51 4.7.2. Énoncé de vision sectorielle 52 4.7.3. Questions et interrogations . 53 4.7.4. De la vision à la stratégie : propositions de travaux sur le secteur des déchets 53 4.8. Intégration des enjeux sectoriels : identification des nexus-clés pour le développement bas-carbone du Maroc . 54 4.8.1. Dessalement de l’eau et les énergies renouvelables 54 4.8.2. Aménagement du territoire, logement, transports . 55 4.8.3. Industrie, matériaux, économie circulaire 55 4.8.4. Système énergétique décarboné, production locale, smartgrids . 56 4.8.5. Alimentation, usage des sols, eau, agriculture, forêts 57 4.8.6. Satisfaction des besoins de base, modèles de consommation, sobriété 58 4.8.7. Consommation, investissement, finance, nouvelle macro-économie 58 4.8.8. Stratégie industrielle, insertion internationale, emploi, trajectoires professionnelles 59 5.', 'Stratégie industrielle, insertion internationale, emploi, trajectoires professionnelles 59 5. ENJEUX TRANSVERSES DU DÉVELOPPEMENT BAS-CARBONE DU MAROC . 60 5.1. Place Centrale des régions et des villes 60 5.4.', 'Place Centrale des régions et des villes 60 5.4. Autre questions transverses : transition numérique, innovation, formation et éducation . 67 Annexe : Liste des institutions et acteurs consultés . 68 Bibliographie 70Liste des acronymes AMEE BAD BHNS CAEP CCUS CNI CSMD ESCO ESG FAO HPE GES GIEC IGCE ILCE LT-LEDS MRV NAMA NDC NGFS ODD OFPPT OME ONG ONU PCN PDR PIUP PME PNSA PNEEI PPP R&D SNDD SNIGES TPE TCFD UGB UNI UTCATF ZLECAF Agence Marocaine pour l’Efficacité Énergétique Banque Africaine de Développement Bus à Haut Niveau de Service Programme de renforcement de l’action climatique (Climate Action Enhancement Package en anglais) Capture, Utilisation et Stockage (Carbon, Capture and Storage en anglais) Commission Nationale d’Inventaire Commission Spéciale sur le Modèle de Développement du Maroc Société de services énergétiques (Energy Service Companies en anglais) Critères Environnementaux, Sociaux et de Gouvernance Organisation des Nations unies pour l’alimentation et l’agriculture (Food and Agriculture Organization en anglais) Haute Performance Energétique Gaz à Effet de Serre Groupe d’experts Intergouvernemental sur l’Evolution du Climat Industrie Grande Consommatrice d’Énergie Industrie Légère Consommatrice d’Énergie Stratégie de développement à faibles émissions de GES à long terme (Long-Term Low Emission Development Strategy en anglais) Surveillance, Reporting et Vérification (Measuring, Reporting and Verification en anglais) Mesures d’atténuation appropriées au niveau national (Nationally appropriate mitigation actions en anglais) Contribution Déterminée au niveau National (National Determined Contribution en anglais) Réseau des banques centrales et superviseurs pour le verdissement du secteur financier (The Network for Greening the Financial System) Objectifs du Développement Durable Office de la Formation Professionnelle et de la Promotion du Travail Observatoire Marocain de l’Energie Organisations non gouvernementales Organisation des Nations unies Plan Climat National Projets de Développement Régional Processus Industriels et de l’Utilisation des Produits Petites et Moyennes Entreprises Plan National Stratégique d’Adaptation Programme national d’approvisionnement en eau potable et d’irrigation Partenariat Public Privé Recherche et Développement Stratégie Nationale de Développement Durable Système National d’Inventaires des GES Très Petites Entreprises Task Force on Climate-Related Financial Disclosure Unité Gros Bétail Unité Nationale d’Inventaire Utilisation des Terres, Changement d’Affectation des terres et Foresterie Zone de libre-échange continentale africaineLes objectifs d’une ambition à long-terme du Maroc Le Maroc s’est doté d’objectifs climatiques ambitieux pour 2030 dans le cadre de sa Contribution déterminée au niveau national du Maroc (NDC) actualisée, révisée à la hausse en 2021.', 'Autre questions transverses : transition numérique, innovation, formation et éducation . 67 Annexe : Liste des institutions et acteurs consultés . 68 Bibliographie 70Liste des acronymes AMEE BAD BHNS CAEP CCUS CNI CSMD ESCO ESG FAO HPE GES GIEC IGCE ILCE LT-LEDS MRV NAMA NDC NGFS ODD OFPPT OME ONG ONU PCN PDR PIUP PME PNSA PNEEI PPP R&D SNDD SNIGES TPE TCFD UGB UNI UTCATF ZLECAF Agence Marocaine pour l’Efficacité Énergétique Banque Africaine de Développement Bus à Haut Niveau de Service Programme de renforcement de l’action climatique (Climate Action Enhancement Package en anglais) Capture, Utilisation et Stockage (Carbon, Capture and Storage en anglais) Commission Nationale d’Inventaire Commission Spéciale sur le Modèle de Développement du Maroc Société de services énergétiques (Energy Service Companies en anglais) Critères Environnementaux, Sociaux et de Gouvernance Organisation des Nations unies pour l’alimentation et l’agriculture (Food and Agriculture Organization en anglais) Haute Performance Energétique Gaz à Effet de Serre Groupe d’experts Intergouvernemental sur l’Evolution du Climat Industrie Grande Consommatrice d’Énergie Industrie Légère Consommatrice d’Énergie Stratégie de développement à faibles émissions de GES à long terme (Long-Term Low Emission Development Strategy en anglais) Surveillance, Reporting et Vérification (Measuring, Reporting and Verification en anglais) Mesures d’atténuation appropriées au niveau national (Nationally appropriate mitigation actions en anglais) Contribution Déterminée au niveau National (National Determined Contribution en anglais) Réseau des banques centrales et superviseurs pour le verdissement du secteur financier (The Network for Greening the Financial System) Objectifs du Développement Durable Office de la Formation Professionnelle et de la Promotion du Travail Observatoire Marocain de l’Energie Organisations non gouvernementales Organisation des Nations unies Plan Climat National Projets de Développement Régional Processus Industriels et de l’Utilisation des Produits Petites et Moyennes Entreprises Plan National Stratégique d’Adaptation Programme national d’approvisionnement en eau potable et d’irrigation Partenariat Public Privé Recherche et Développement Stratégie Nationale de Développement Durable Système National d’Inventaires des GES Très Petites Entreprises Task Force on Climate-Related Financial Disclosure Unité Gros Bétail Unité Nationale d’Inventaire Utilisation des Terres, Changement d’Affectation des terres et Foresterie Zone de libre-échange continentale africaineLes objectifs d’une ambition à long-terme du Maroc Le Maroc s’est doté d’objectifs climatiques ambitieux pour 2030 dans le cadre de sa Contribution déterminée au niveau national du Maroc (NDC) actualisée, révisée à la hausse en 2021. A ce titre, le Maroc souhaite continuer de montrer la voie de l’ambition climatique dans le cadre de l’Accord de Paris, à l’instar de sa NDC, en contribuant pleinement et à hauteur de ses capacités socio-économiques, actuelles et projetées, à la riposte à l’urgence climatique soulignée par les rapports du GIEC, et en particulier à l’objectif global de neutralité climatique.', 'A ce titre, le Maroc souhaite continuer de montrer la voie de l’ambition climatique dans le cadre de l’Accord de Paris, à l’instar de sa NDC, en contribuant pleinement et à hauteur de ses capacités socio-économiques, actuelles et projetées, à la riposte à l’urgence climatique soulignée par les rapports du GIEC, et en particulier à l’objectif global de neutralité climatique. Pour ce faire, il a entamé un travail de fond sur sa stratégie de développement à faibles émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) à long terme (LT-LEDS) au titre de l’article 4.19 de l’Accord de Paris.', 'Pour ce faire, il a entamé un travail de fond sur sa stratégie de développement à faibles émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) à long terme (LT-LEDS) au titre de l’article 4.19 de l’Accord de Paris. A cet effet, un processus d’élaboration d’une « Stratégie de Développement Bas Carbone à l’horizon 2050 » a été lancé, début 2020, afin de parvenir à une vision intégrée, commune et partagée, établissant les principales orientations de l’économie et de la société marocaines entre 2020 et 2050, et envisageant des transformations économiques et sociales profondes dans un monde neutre en carbone.', 'A cet effet, un processus d’élaboration d’une « Stratégie de Développement Bas Carbone à l’horizon 2050 » a été lancé, début 2020, afin de parvenir à une vision intégrée, commune et partagée, établissant les principales orientations de l’économie et de la société marocaines entre 2020 et 2050, et envisageant des transformations économiques et sociales profondes dans un monde neutre en carbone. Ce processus s’insère dans la réflexion ayant été menée par la Commission Spéciale du Modèle de Développement du Maroc, et constitue un levier stratégique pour rendre le plan de relance en réponse à la pandémie de la COVID-19 équitable, durable, sobre en carbone et résilient.', 'Ce processus s’insère dans la réflexion ayant été menée par la Commission Spéciale du Modèle de Développement du Maroc, et constitue un levier stratégique pour rendre le plan de relance en réponse à la pandémie de la COVID-19 équitable, durable, sobre en carbone et résilient. Cette première LT-LEDS vise également à impulser des réflexions menant au développement de nouvelles chaînes de valeur vertes, à améliorer la compétitivité de l’économie du Maroc, tout en assurant sa décarbonation et son positionnement proactif à l’export, en tenant compte des évolutions dans ce sens de ses partenaires commerciaux et notamment du « Green Deal » de l’Union Européenne et de la nouvelle zone de libre-échange continentale de l’Union Africaine (ZLECAF).', 'Cette première LT-LEDS vise également à impulser des réflexions menant au développement de nouvelles chaînes de valeur vertes, à améliorer la compétitivité de l’économie du Maroc, tout en assurant sa décarbonation et son positionnement proactif à l’export, en tenant compte des évolutions dans ce sens de ses partenaires commerciaux et notamment du « Green Deal » de l’Union Européenne et de la nouvelle zone de libre-échange continentale de l’Union Africaine (ZLECAF). L’élaboration de la LT-LEDS permettra au Maroc, d’une part, de rehausser l’ambition climatique au- delà des objectifs de court terme affichés dans sa NDC, et de l’autre part, de concrétiser des retombées économiques sociales et environnementales potentielles d’un mode de croissance décarbonée, et consolider son positionnement stratégique international et sa compétitivité et attractivité envers les investisseurs et les marchés financiers internationaux.', 'L’élaboration de la LT-LEDS permettra au Maroc, d’une part, de rehausser l’ambition climatique au- delà des objectifs de court terme affichés dans sa NDC, et de l’autre part, de concrétiser des retombées économiques sociales et environnementales potentielles d’un mode de croissance décarbonée, et consolider son positionnement stratégique international et sa compétitivité et attractivité envers les investisseurs et les marchés financiers internationaux. En résumé, l’élaboration par le Maroc de la LT-LEDS, promet des retombées socio-économiques indéniables au niveau national et local, et contribuera à articuler de manière appropriée les efforts de l’ensemble des parties prenantes en vue de : • \x07 Concrétiser l’ambition de « Maroc champion de l’énergie compétitive et verte » et des territoires durables et résilients du nouveau modèle de développement du Maroc à l’horizon 2035 ; • \x07 Aligner le plan de relance économique et sociale du Maroc et ses investissements associés sur les principes de sobriété carbone, de durabilité et de résilience aux effets du dérèglement climatique ; • \x07 Donner un signal politique fort et une visibilité à moyen et long terme aux investisseurs publics et privés et aux institutions financières nationales et internationales ; • \x07 Assurer les synergies entre les stratégies sectorielles qui ont des objectifs différents à moyen terme et long terme ; • \x07 Renforcer la compétitivité économique du pays et la création de nouveaux emplois verts et décents par la croissance économique ; • \x07 Développer le degré d’intégration de l’atténuation et de résilience dans les stratégies sectorielles et les programmes de développement au niveau national et territorial, selon les opportunités qu’ils présentent ; et • \x07 Libérer le potentiel d’une transition énergétique décentralisée et participative des régions et des villes, tout en contribuant à la réduction de la précarité énergétique des ménages et des inégalités territoriales et sociales.', 'En résumé, l’élaboration par le Maroc de la LT-LEDS, promet des retombées socio-économiques indéniables au niveau national et local, et contribuera à articuler de manière appropriée les efforts de l’ensemble des parties prenantes en vue de : • \x07 Concrétiser l’ambition de « Maroc champion de l’énergie compétitive et verte » et des territoires durables et résilients du nouveau modèle de développement du Maroc à l’horizon 2035 ; • \x07 Aligner le plan de relance économique et sociale du Maroc et ses investissements associés sur les principes de sobriété carbone, de durabilité et de résilience aux effets du dérèglement climatique ; • \x07 Donner un signal politique fort et une visibilité à moyen et long terme aux investisseurs publics et privés et aux institutions financières nationales et internationales ; • \x07 Assurer les synergies entre les stratégies sectorielles qui ont des objectifs différents à moyen terme et long terme ; • \x07 Renforcer la compétitivité économique du pays et la création de nouveaux emplois verts et décents par la croissance économique ; • \x07 Développer le degré d’intégration de l’atténuation et de résilience dans les stratégies sectorielles et les programmes de développement au niveau national et territorial, selon les opportunités qu’ils présentent ; et • \x07 Libérer le potentiel d’une transition énergétique décentralisée et participative des régions et des villes, tout en contribuant à la réduction de la précarité énergétique des ménages et des inégalités territoriales et sociales. 1.', 'En résumé, l’élaboration par le Maroc de la LT-LEDS, promet des retombées socio-économiques indéniables au niveau national et local, et contribuera à articuler de manière appropriée les efforts de l’ensemble des parties prenantes en vue de : • \x07 Concrétiser l’ambition de « Maroc champion de l’énergie compétitive et verte » et des territoires durables et résilients du nouveau modèle de développement du Maroc à l’horizon 2035 ; • \x07 Aligner le plan de relance économique et sociale du Maroc et ses investissements associés sur les principes de sobriété carbone, de durabilité et de résilience aux effets du dérèglement climatique ; • \x07 Donner un signal politique fort et une visibilité à moyen et long terme aux investisseurs publics et privés et aux institutions financières nationales et internationales ; • \x07 Assurer les synergies entre les stratégies sectorielles qui ont des objectifs différents à moyen terme et long terme ; • \x07 Renforcer la compétitivité économique du pays et la création de nouveaux emplois verts et décents par la croissance économique ; • \x07 Développer le degré d’intégration de l’atténuation et de résilience dans les stratégies sectorielles et les programmes de développement au niveau national et territorial, selon les opportunités qu’ils présentent ; et • \x07 Libérer le potentiel d’une transition énergétique décentralisée et participative des régions et des villes, tout en contribuant à la réduction de la précarité énergétique des ménages et des inégalités territoriales et sociales. 1. Résumé exécutifStratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme Dans cette perspective, l’ambition de la LEDS du Maroc s’articule autour des 7 orientations stratégiques suivantes : Accélérer le fort développement des énergies renouvelables en vue d’une électricité décarbonée, à partir d’un objectif indicatif de 80% à 2050 ; Hausser l’électrification des usages dans les secteurs de l’industrie, du bâtiment et du transport, et évaluer le potentiel de développement de l’hydrogène vert pour décarboner l’industrie et le fret routier ; Généraliser l’efficacité énergétique et l’efficacité dans l’utilisation des ressources naturelles dans tous les secteurs, tout en développant les normes et l’infrastructure qualité de construction et d’équipements ; 4.', 'Résumé exécutifStratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme Dans cette perspective, l’ambition de la LEDS du Maroc s’articule autour des 7 orientations stratégiques suivantes : Accélérer le fort développement des énergies renouvelables en vue d’une électricité décarbonée, à partir d’un objectif indicatif de 80% à 2050 ; Hausser l’électrification des usages dans les secteurs de l’industrie, du bâtiment et du transport, et évaluer le potentiel de développement de l’hydrogène vert pour décarboner l’industrie et le fret routier ; Généraliser l’efficacité énergétique et l’efficacité dans l’utilisation des ressources naturelles dans tous les secteurs, tout en développant les normes et l’infrastructure qualité de construction et d’équipements ; 4. Stimuler l’économie circulaire, la réduction et la valorisation des déchets ; 5.', 'Stimuler l’économie circulaire, la réduction et la valorisation des déchets ; 5. Développer l’agriculture et les écosystèmes forestiers durables et résilients et les puits de carbone ; Mettre en place des plans de transports et de logistique favorisant la multi-modalité et l’investissement massif dans le développement de nouvelles infrastructures de transport ; et Promouvoir une nouvelle génération de villes sobres et « intelligentes », y compris par l’intégration systémique des technologies de la transition numérique dans tous les secteurs socio-économiques.', 'Développer l’agriculture et les écosystèmes forestiers durables et résilients et les puits de carbone ; Mettre en place des plans de transports et de logistique favorisant la multi-modalité et l’investissement massif dans le développement de nouvelles infrastructures de transport ; et Promouvoir une nouvelle génération de villes sobres et « intelligentes », y compris par l’intégration systémique des technologies de la transition numérique dans tous les secteurs socio-économiques. Pour cela, il sera essentiel de s’appuyer sur les feuilles de route sectorielles existantes, et les améliorer et de suivre une approche systémique à partir de différents « nexus » cruciaux dans la gestion de l’enjeu climatique au Maroc : aménagement du territoire, eau, biodiversité, mobilité, industrie, agriculture, énergie, digitalisation, etc.', 'Pour cela, il sera essentiel de s’appuyer sur les feuilles de route sectorielles existantes, et les améliorer et de suivre une approche systémique à partir de différents « nexus » cruciaux dans la gestion de l’enjeu climatique au Maroc : aménagement du territoire, eau, biodiversité, mobilité, industrie, agriculture, énergie, digitalisation, etc. Processus de développement de la LT-LEDS Avec l’appui de l’alliance internationale NDC Partnership, à travers son Programme de renforcement de l’action climatique (CAEP), l’organisation 2050 Pathways Platform a accompagné le Département ministériel de l’environnement du Gouvernement du Maroc dans le processus d’élaboration de ce document au titre de sa première LT-LEDS.', 'Processus de développement de la LT-LEDS Avec l’appui de l’alliance internationale NDC Partnership, à travers son Programme de renforcement de l’action climatique (CAEP), l’organisation 2050 Pathways Platform a accompagné le Département ministériel de l’environnement du Gouvernement du Maroc dans le processus d’élaboration de ce document au titre de sa première LT-LEDS. Ce document sera complété par un travail de modélisation des trajectoires de développement et des émissions courant 2021/22 et par une analyse nécessaire des dynamiques sectorielles pour évaluer la capacité du Maroc à converger à la neutralité climatique au cours de ce siècle.', 'Ce document sera complété par un travail de modélisation des trajectoires de développement et des émissions courant 2021/22 et par une analyse nécessaire des dynamiques sectorielles pour évaluer la capacité du Maroc à converger à la neutralité climatique au cours de ce siècle. Le développement de la Stratégie Bas carbone 2050 s’est appuyé sur des consultations, bilatérales puis en groupe (1), des parties prenantes publiques et privées et de la société civile, nourries par les derniers travaux sur la réduction des émissions de GES appliqués aux secteurs-clefs de l’économie marocaine. Les secteurs consultés sont ceux identifiés dans la NDC : énergie, industrie, bâtiments, transport, agriculture, forêt et déchets.', 'Les secteurs consultés sont ceux identifiés dans la NDC : énergie, industrie, bâtiments, transport, agriculture, forêt et déchets. Cette approche a été enrichie par des ateliers thématiques dédiés aux acteurs clés des collectivités territoriales et des secteurs de dessalement de l’eau de mer, des déchets et du secteur bancaire et financier national.', 'Cette approche a été enrichie par des ateliers thématiques dédiés aux acteurs clés des collectivités territoriales et des secteurs de dessalement de l’eau de mer, des déchets et du secteur bancaire et financier national. L’objectif recherché, durant tout ce processus, est de co construire par les parties prenantes des objectifs et des orientations stratégiques à l’horizon 2050 et de prendre en compte les conditions impératives de réussite de la mise en œuvre de la LT-LEDS : bonne gouvernance et “leadership fort”, alignement avec les plans nationaux et territoriaux de développement, rôle clé du secteur privé et des collectivités territoriales, mise en œuvre d’un processus de gouvernance, de suivi et d’amélioration continue.', 'L’objectif recherché, durant tout ce processus, est de co construire par les parties prenantes des objectifs et des orientations stratégiques à l’horizon 2050 et de prendre en compte les conditions impératives de réussite de la mise en œuvre de la LT-LEDS : bonne gouvernance et “leadership fort”, alignement avec les plans nationaux et territoriaux de développement, rôle clé du secteur privé et des collectivités territoriales, mise en œuvre d’un processus de gouvernance, de suivi et d’amélioration continue. La démarche méthodologique suivie a capitalisé sur les efforts importants consentis par le Maroc, dans les réformes et avancées majeures dans domaines de développement économique et social, d’adaptation aux changements climatiques et dans le cadre du programme national ambitieux des énergies renouvelables, tenant compte en particulier des orientations de la Stratégie Nationale de Développement Durable (SNDD), de la gouvernance et l’encadrement législatif et réglementaire lié au changement climatique, des résultats de la Quatrième Communication Nationale sur les changements climatiques, des nouveaux objectifs de la NDC actualisée à l’horizon 2030, des propositions des mesures d’atténuation appropriées au niveau national (NAMAs) réalisées et celles en cours de (1) Six ateliers d’experts sectoriels ont eu lieu courant Septembre-Octobre 2020, visant à faire émerger en particulier les questions à traiter pour une stratégie robuste à l’horizon 2050, mais aussi les axes de l’ambition du Maroc en vue d’une décarbonation de l’économie.développement dans les secteurs de l’énergie, de l’industrie, des déchets, de l’agriculture, des forêts, de l’habitat, du transport, etc.', 'La démarche méthodologique suivie a capitalisé sur les efforts importants consentis par le Maroc, dans les réformes et avancées majeures dans domaines de développement économique et social, d’adaptation aux changements climatiques et dans le cadre du programme national ambitieux des énergies renouvelables, tenant compte en particulier des orientations de la Stratégie Nationale de Développement Durable (SNDD), de la gouvernance et l’encadrement législatif et réglementaire lié au changement climatique, des résultats de la Quatrième Communication Nationale sur les changements climatiques, des nouveaux objectifs de la NDC actualisée à l’horizon 2030, des propositions des mesures d’atténuation appropriées au niveau national (NAMAs) réalisées et celles en cours de (1) Six ateliers d’experts sectoriels ont eu lieu courant Septembre-Octobre 2020, visant à faire émerger en particulier les questions à traiter pour une stratégie robuste à l’horizon 2050, mais aussi les axes de l’ambition du Maroc en vue d’une décarbonation de l’économie.développement dans les secteurs de l’énergie, de l’industrie, des déchets, de l’agriculture, des forêts, de l’habitat, du transport, etc. Comme mentionné auparavant, cette première LT-LEDS sera complétée par un exercice de quantification afin d’aboutir à une trajectoire d’émissions de GES du Maroc à long terme, en ligne avec l’objectif global de l’Accord de Paris, et des plans sectoriels de décarbonation à long-terme.', 'Comme mentionné auparavant, cette première LT-LEDS sera complétée par un exercice de quantification afin d’aboutir à une trajectoire d’émissions de GES du Maroc à long terme, en ligne avec l’objectif global de l’Accord de Paris, et des plans sectoriels de décarbonation à long-terme. Les grands axes de travail pour la quantification de la LT-LEDS incluront entre autres : • \x07 Analyser le potentiel du Maroc en énergies renouvelables, et confirmer les scénarios de mix électrique en explorant un scénario de décarbonation totale du mix électrique à 2050 ; • \x07 Analyser et quantifier la part et le rôle de l’autoproduction d’électricité, de l’hydrogène vert, de biomasse et des énergies marines renouvelables ; • \x07 Élaborer des scénarios et des objectifs chiffrés de décarbonation pour les grandes branches et secteurs industriels, et établir une feuille de route technologique et de R&D ; • \x07 Élaborer des scénarios et des objectifs chiffrés de décarbonation totale de l’alimentation en électricité du programme national de dessalement de l’eau de mer, et évaluer ses impacts socioéconomiques ; • \x07Combiner les perspectives démographiques et d’aménagement du territoire, en explorant les formes d’habitat et de transport privilégiées, et établir une typologie de solutions bâtiment-énergie-transport adaptées aux différentes conditions régionales ; • \x07 Évaluer l’impact du développement de l’agriculture sur les émissions GES, en intégrant pleinement la préservation de la biodiversité et les changements climatiques futurs ; • \x07 Évaluer le potentiel de réduction des pertes et gaspillages tout au long de la chaîne d’approvisionnement agricole, ainsi que le potentiel de valorisation des déchets organiques, • \x07 Analyser le scénario et les objectifs chiffrés d’une gestion des déchets basée sur une approche d’économie circulaire et ses impacts carbone (réduction/ évitement) et socioéconomiques ; • \x07 Construire des scénarios permettant d’évaluer les impacts carbone (puits/émissions) du secteur forêt-filière bois à 2050, en traitant les questions de concurrence d’usage des terres, prenant en compte les grandes fonctionnalités de la forêt ; et • \x07 Envisager les scénarios sectoriels de décarbonation dans le cadre du Nouveau Modèle de Développement adopté par le Maroc et ses retombées socio-économiques et notamment en matière de création d’emplois et de besoins en formation et reconversion.', 'Les grands axes de travail pour la quantification de la LT-LEDS incluront entre autres : • \x07 Analyser le potentiel du Maroc en énergies renouvelables, et confirmer les scénarios de mix électrique en explorant un scénario de décarbonation totale du mix électrique à 2050 ; • \x07 Analyser et quantifier la part et le rôle de l’autoproduction d’électricité, de l’hydrogène vert, de biomasse et des énergies marines renouvelables ; • \x07 Élaborer des scénarios et des objectifs chiffrés de décarbonation pour les grandes branches et secteurs industriels, et établir une feuille de route technologique et de R&D ; • \x07 Élaborer des scénarios et des objectifs chiffrés de décarbonation totale de l’alimentation en électricité du programme national de dessalement de l’eau de mer, et évaluer ses impacts socioéconomiques ; • \x07Combiner les perspectives démographiques et d’aménagement du territoire, en explorant les formes d’habitat et de transport privilégiées, et établir une typologie de solutions bâtiment-énergie-transport adaptées aux différentes conditions régionales ; • \x07 Évaluer l’impact du développement de l’agriculture sur les émissions GES, en intégrant pleinement la préservation de la biodiversité et les changements climatiques futurs ; • \x07 Évaluer le potentiel de réduction des pertes et gaspillages tout au long de la chaîne d’approvisionnement agricole, ainsi que le potentiel de valorisation des déchets organiques, • \x07 Analyser le scénario et les objectifs chiffrés d’une gestion des déchets basée sur une approche d’économie circulaire et ses impacts carbone (réduction/ évitement) et socioéconomiques ; • \x07 Construire des scénarios permettant d’évaluer les impacts carbone (puits/émissions) du secteur forêt-filière bois à 2050, en traitant les questions de concurrence d’usage des terres, prenant en compte les grandes fonctionnalités de la forêt ; et • \x07 Envisager les scénarios sectoriels de décarbonation dans le cadre du Nouveau Modèle de Développement adopté par le Maroc et ses retombées socio-économiques et notamment en matière de création d’emplois et de besoins en formation et reconversion. Facteurs clés de la réussite Pour réussir l’implémentation des orientations décrites dans cette stratégie, la gouvernance institutionnelle de la transition vers un développement bas carbone à long terme devra s’adapter aux évolutions futures des secteurs clés de l’énergie, du transport, de l’industrie, de l’urbanisme et de l’habitat, de l’agriculture, des déchets, des forêts et biomasse.', 'Facteurs clés de la réussite Pour réussir l’implémentation des orientations décrites dans cette stratégie, la gouvernance institutionnelle de la transition vers un développement bas carbone à long terme devra s’adapter aux évolutions futures des secteurs clés de l’énergie, du transport, de l’industrie, de l’urbanisme et de l’habitat, de l’agriculture, des déchets, des forêts et biomasse. Elle devra tenir compte des nouvelles compétences des collectivités territoriales instaurées dans le cadre du chantier stratégique de la « Régionalisation avancée », et définies dans les lois organiques afférentes aux Régions, Provinces, Communes et villes du Maroc.', 'Elle devra tenir compte des nouvelles compétences des collectivités territoriales instaurées dans le cadre du chantier stratégique de la « Régionalisation avancée », et définies dans les lois organiques afférentes aux Régions, Provinces, Communes et villes du Maroc. Elle nécessitera une reconfiguration des processus de conception systémique, de coordination et de planification des politiques publiques en vue de garantir une intégration structurée et régulée du développement bas carbone à long terme dans plusieurs politiques connexes, y inclus les politiques de développement régional et local. A ce titre, les Régions, les communes et les villes devront avoir une place centrale dans les politiques publiques liées au changement climatique et de développement bas carbone, voire développer leur propre ambition climatique régionale, à travers des plans climats territoriaux.', 'A ce titre, les Régions, les communes et les villes devront avoir une place centrale dans les politiques publiques liées au changement climatique et de développement bas carbone, voire développer leur propre ambition climatique régionale, à travers des plans climats territoriaux. Du fait de leurs proximités des citoyens, les Régions et les villes favorisent le décloisonnement des logiques institutionnelles, la sensibilisation et la mobilisation des acteurs privés et des citoyens, la prise en compte de façon appropriée des aspirations des populations et des spécificités locales et des vulnérabilités climatiques intrinsèques, ainsi que la participation des citoyens, des jeunes et des femmes dans le processus de prise de décision et l’obtention de consensus.', 'Du fait de leurs proximités des citoyens, les Régions et les villes favorisent le décloisonnement des logiques institutionnelles, la sensibilisation et la mobilisation des acteurs privés et des citoyens, la prise en compte de façon appropriée des aspirations des populations et des spécificités locales et des vulnérabilités climatiques intrinsèques, ainsi que la participation des citoyens, des jeunes et des femmes dans le processus de prise de décision et l’obtention de consensus. Par ailleurs, et au regard des besoins importants en financement de la mise en œuvre de la LT-LEDS et des opportunités que présente la finance climat et la finance durable, le secteur financier et bancaire national, devra réorienter son positionnement stratégique pour accompagner efficacement la transition vers des investissements décarbonés et résilients aux risques climatiques.Stratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme Aussi, le secteur financier et bancaire est appelé à capitaliser sur les efforts importants consentis ces dernières années en matière d’intégration de la dimension environnementale, climatique, sociale et de bonne gouvernance (ESG) et de gestion des risques financiers liés aux changements climatiques et à l’environnement pour développer une feuille de route d’alignement du secteur financier à l’ambition de la LT-LEDS comprenant les attentes à long terme et des actions à court terme.', 'Par ailleurs, et au regard des besoins importants en financement de la mise en œuvre de la LT-LEDS et des opportunités que présente la finance climat et la finance durable, le secteur financier et bancaire national, devra réorienter son positionnement stratégique pour accompagner efficacement la transition vers des investissements décarbonés et résilients aux risques climatiques.Stratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme Aussi, le secteur financier et bancaire est appelé à capitaliser sur les efforts importants consentis ces dernières années en matière d’intégration de la dimension environnementale, climatique, sociale et de bonne gouvernance (ESG) et de gestion des risques financiers liés aux changements climatiques et à l’environnement pour développer une feuille de route d’alignement du secteur financier à l’ambition de la LT-LEDS comprenant les attentes à long terme et des actions à court terme. Cela inclurait la promotion de l’articulation et de la coordination de la réglementation et des actions entre la banque centrale, les autres régulateurs et autorités de contrôle et les différents opérateurs et établissements de crédits et organismes assimilés.', 'Cela inclurait la promotion de l’articulation et de la coordination de la réglementation et des actions entre la banque centrale, les autres régulateurs et autorités de contrôle et les différents opérateurs et établissements de crédits et organismes assimilés. Il convient également de préciser que pour réussir la transition énergétique et sociétale et concrétiser efficacement toutes les opportunités qu’elle offre autour de nombreuses thématiques porteuses, l’intégration industrielle et l’innovation sont déterminantes pour éviter la dépendance technologique mais aussi pour créer une dynamique de développement d’un écosystème industriel vert au Maroc.2.1.', 'Il convient également de préciser que pour réussir la transition énergétique et sociétale et concrétiser efficacement toutes les opportunités qu’elle offre autour de nombreuses thématiques porteuses, l’intégration industrielle et l’innovation sont déterminantes pour éviter la dépendance technologique mais aussi pour créer une dynamique de développement d’un écosystème industriel vert au Maroc.2.1. Contexte général Face aux effets extrêmes de la crise climatique mondiale, les Gouvernements de la communauté internationale se sont engagés dans le cadre de l’Accord de Paris, ratifié par 191 parties, à prendre des mesures ambitieuses pour maintenir l’élévation de la température mondiale en dessous de 2°C et in fine 1,5°C d’ici à la fin du siècle.', 'Contexte général Face aux effets extrêmes de la crise climatique mondiale, les Gouvernements de la communauté internationale se sont engagés dans le cadre de l’Accord de Paris, ratifié par 191 parties, à prendre des mesures ambitieuses pour maintenir l’élévation de la température mondiale en dessous de 2°C et in fine 1,5°C d’ici à la fin du siècle. Ambitieux, évolutif et universel, cet accord sous-tendu par un processus multilatéral vise à accroître et accélérer l’action et les ambitions climatiques et s’applique à tous les pays et à toutes les émissions de GES. C’est un accord historique, qui consolide la coopération internationale en matière de lutte contre les changements climatiques et montre la voie à suivre.', 'C’est un accord historique, qui consolide la coopération internationale en matière de lutte contre les changements climatiques et montre la voie à suivre. A ce titre, l’Accord de Paris, dans son paragraphe 4.19, invite les pays à élaborer avant la COP 26, une LT-LEDS, et ce pour limiter l’augmentation de la température globale à 1.5-2°C. Par ailleurs, selon le rapport spécial du GIEC (2) sur les effets du réchauffement planétaire de 1,5°C, il a été établi que pour limiter le réchauffement planétaire à 1,5°C, des changements rapides, d’une portée considérable et sans précédent seraient nécessaires dans tous les aspects de la société.', 'Par ailleurs, selon le rapport spécial du GIEC (2) sur les effets du réchauffement planétaire de 1,5°C, il a été établi que pour limiter le réchauffement planétaire à 1,5°C, des changements rapides, d’une portée considérable et sans précédent seraient nécessaires dans tous les aspects de la société. Ce rapport précise que la limitation du réchauffement planétaire à 1,5°C nécessiterait des transitions rapides et de grande envergure dans les domaines de l’utilisation des sols, de l’énergie, de l’industrie, du bâtiment, du transport et de l’urbanisme.', 'Ce rapport précise que la limitation du réchauffement planétaire à 1,5°C nécessiterait des transitions rapides et de grande envergure dans les domaines de l’utilisation des sols, de l’énergie, de l’industrie, du bâtiment, du transport et de l’urbanisme. Les émissions mondiales nettes de dioxyde de carbone (CO2) d’origine anthropique devraient être réduites d’environ 45% par rapport aux niveaux de 2010 d’ici à 2030, et il faudrait atteindre un « Net Zéro » des émissions aux alentours de 2050, ce qui signifie que les émissions restantes devraient être compensées en éliminant du CO2 de l’atmosphère grâce aux puits de carbone.', 'Les émissions mondiales nettes de dioxyde de carbone (CO2) d’origine anthropique devraient être réduites d’environ 45% par rapport aux niveaux de 2010 d’ici à 2030, et il faudrait atteindre un « Net Zéro » des émissions aux alentours de 2050, ce qui signifie que les émissions restantes devraient être compensées en éliminant du CO2 de l’atmosphère grâce aux puits de carbone. D’autre part, le Rapport spécial du GIEC sur l’utilisation des terres a démontré qu’au-delà de nos systèmes industriels, de transports ou énergétiques, il faudrait désormais s’attaquer à notre modèle de production alimentaire pour réduire drastiquement nos émissions de GES et préserver notre biodiversité et nos écosystèmes naturels.', 'D’autre part, le Rapport spécial du GIEC sur l’utilisation des terres a démontré qu’au-delà de nos systèmes industriels, de transports ou énergétiques, il faudrait désormais s’attaquer à notre modèle de production alimentaire pour réduire drastiquement nos émissions de GES et préserver notre biodiversité et nos écosystèmes naturels. Enfin le rapport spécial du GIEC, intitulé « Océans et cryosphère » a mis l’océan et la cryosphère au cœur du système climatique mondial et a souligné l’urgence d’une action résolue, rapide, coordonnée et durable afin d’endiguer des changements durables et sans précédent de l’océan et de la cryosphère. Le rapport montre les bénéfices d’une adaptation ambitieuse et efficace au service du développement durable et, inversement, la croissance exponentielle des coûts et les risques d’une action tardive.', 'Le rapport montre les bénéfices d’une adaptation ambitieuse et efficace au service du développement durable et, inversement, la croissance exponentielle des coûts et les risques d’une action tardive. Le Royaume du Maroc est reconnu comme leader à l’échelle globale en matière d’adaptation et d’atténuation du changement climatique grâce à un objectif (NDC 2030) ambitieux au regard de son développement. Selon l’Indice de performance climatique (CCPI) de 2021, le Maroc tient une brillante quatrième place sur les 58 pays évalués, juste derrière la Suède, le Danemark et le Royaume Uni. Selon les résultats de la Quatrième Communication Nationale (QCN), les quantités totales nettes d’émissions anthropiques de GES du Maroc, pour l’année 2018, se sont élevées à 90 944,5 Gg CO2- eq, soit 2,61 tCO2-eq par habitant.', 'Selon les résultats de la Quatrième Communication Nationale (QCN), les quantités totales nettes d’émissions anthropiques de GES du Maroc, pour l’année 2018, se sont élevées à 90 944,5 Gg CO2- eq, soit 2,61 tCO2-eq par habitant. En 2018, les émissions de CO2 représentaient 63 636 Gg, soit 70% des émissions marocaines de GES. Les émissions d’autres gaz que le CO2 représentaient 27 308,5 Gg CO2-eq, soit 30% des émissions de GES émis par le Maroc. (2) Le Groupe d’experts intergouvernemental sur l’évolution du climat.Stratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme L’intensité d’émissions par unité de PIB est passée de 116,2 en 2004 à 85,5 kg CO2-eq/1 000 MAD en 2018, soit une baisse moyenne annuelle de 2,2%.', '(2) Le Groupe d’experts intergouvernemental sur l’évolution du climat.Stratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme L’intensité d’émissions par unité de PIB est passée de 116,2 en 2004 à 85,5 kg CO2-eq/1 000 MAD en 2018, soit une baisse moyenne annuelle de 2,2%. L’économie marocaine devient donc plus sobre en carbone, et ce malgré la période de crise économique et financière enregistrée en 2008. Les performances du Maroc sont tirées par son engagement dans les énergies renouvelables. Le pays a considérablement augmenté la part des énergies renouvelables au cours des dix dernières années, en développant de nouvelles capacités.', 'Le pays a considérablement augmenté la part des énergies renouvelables au cours des dix dernières années, en développant de nouvelles capacités. Avec la connexion de la plus grande centrale solaire au monde au moment de sa mise en service et de plusieurs nouveaux parcs éoliens au réseau électrique, le pays est en voie d’atteindre son objectif de 52% de capacités d’énergies renouvelables installées en 2030.', 'Avec la connexion de la plus grande centrale solaire au monde au moment de sa mise en service et de plusieurs nouveaux parcs éoliens au réseau électrique, le pays est en voie d’atteindre son objectif de 52% de capacités d’énergies renouvelables installées en 2030. L’engagement fort du Royaume du Maroc dans la transition vers un développement durable, s’est concrétisé à travers la mise en place en 2014, de la Loi-Cadre n° 99.12 portant la Charte nationale de l’environnement et de développement durable, et l’élaboration de la SNDD dont l’adoption a été actée lors du Conseil des Ministres, tenu sous la présidence de Sa Majesté le Roi Mohammed VI en date du 25 juin 2017.', 'L’engagement fort du Royaume du Maroc dans la transition vers un développement durable, s’est concrétisé à travers la mise en place en 2014, de la Loi-Cadre n° 99.12 portant la Charte nationale de l’environnement et de développement durable, et l’élaboration de la SNDD dont l’adoption a été actée lors du Conseil des Ministres, tenu sous la présidence de Sa Majesté le Roi Mohammed VI en date du 25 juin 2017. Basée sur les quatre piliers fondamentaux du développement durable, la SNDD constitue une volonté royale et un projet de société et a été élaborée en visant à accélérer la transition vers une économie verte et inclusive d’ici 2030.', 'Basée sur les quatre piliers fondamentaux du développement durable, la SNDD constitue une volonté royale et un projet de société et a été élaborée en visant à accélérer la transition vers une économie verte et inclusive d’ici 2030. Cette vision s’articule autour de sept enjeux prioritaires de développement durable qui ont été déclinés en 31 axes stratégiques et 137 objectifs : 1. Consolider la gouvernance du développement durable ; 2. Réussir la transition vers une économie verte ; Améliorer la gestion et la valorisation des ressources naturelles et renforcer la conservation de la biodiversité ; 4. Accélérer la mise en œuvre de la politique nationale de lutte contre le changement climatique ; 5. Accorder une vigilance particulière aux territoires sensibles (Oasis, Littoral, Zones de Montagne) ; 6.', 'Accorder une vigilance particulière aux territoires sensibles (Oasis, Littoral, Zones de Montagne) ; 6. Promouvoir le développement humain et réduire les inégalités sociales et territoriales ; et 7. Promouvoir une culture du développement durable. Depuis lors, le Gouvernement a pris toutes les dispositions nécessaires pour accélérer sa mise en œuvre, à savoir le renforcement de son cadre de gouvernance, l’élaboration en étroite concertation avec les départements ministériels, des Plans d’Actions sectoriels de Développement Durable (PADD) et du Pacte de l’Exemplarité de l’Administration (PEA), et la mise en place d’un système d’information de suivi de la mise en œuvre de la SNDD.', 'Depuis lors, le Gouvernement a pris toutes les dispositions nécessaires pour accélérer sa mise en œuvre, à savoir le renforcement de son cadre de gouvernance, l’élaboration en étroite concertation avec les départements ministériels, des Plans d’Actions sectoriels de Développement Durable (PADD) et du Pacte de l’Exemplarité de l’Administration (PEA), et la mise en place d’un système d’information de suivi de la mise en œuvre de la SNDD. L’opérationnalisation des différents plans d’actions de la SNDD a ainsi fortement contribué à accélérer l’implémentation de l’Agenda 2030 et de ses 17 Objectifs de Développement Durable, adoptés en 2015 par l’Organisation des Nations unies (ONU).', 'L’opérationnalisation des différents plans d’actions de la SNDD a ainsi fortement contribué à accélérer l’implémentation de l’Agenda 2030 et de ses 17 Objectifs de Développement Durable, adoptés en 2015 par l’Organisation des Nations unies (ONU). Le Royaume du Maroc a également organisé la COP 22, tenue en 2016 à Marrakech, et a réussi une prouesse mondiale d’articulation, selon une logique de complémentarité, entre l’action des gouvernements, et l’implication des acteurs non gouvernementaux, secteur privé, collectivités territoriales et société civile, pour servir d’accélérateur à une action transformationnelle, susceptible de mener vers un développement résilient, sobre en carbone et plus inclusif.', 'Le Royaume du Maroc a également organisé la COP 22, tenue en 2016 à Marrakech, et a réussi une prouesse mondiale d’articulation, selon une logique de complémentarité, entre l’action des gouvernements, et l’implication des acteurs non gouvernementaux, secteur privé, collectivités territoriales et société civile, pour servir d’accélérateur à une action transformationnelle, susceptible de mener vers un développement résilient, sobre en carbone et plus inclusif. Evolution de l’intensité des émissions de GES par PIB Taux de croissance annuel moyen = -2,2%La présidence marocaine s’est fixée comme priorités de transformer les intentions en engagements à travers l’appui à l’implémentation des NDC.', 'Evolution de l’intensité des émissions de GES par PIB Taux de croissance annuel moyen = -2,2%La présidence marocaine s’est fixée comme priorités de transformer les intentions en engagements à travers l’appui à l’implémentation des NDC. Ainsi, la COP 22 a connu la création de l’initiative mondiale « NDC partnership (3) » co-présidé, jusqu’à fin 2018, par le Maroc et l’Allemagne qui a permis d’améliorer la conception des NDC des pays du Sud, de traduire les NDC en projets bancables, d’accélérer l’accès aux financements et de renforcer leurs capacités institutionnelles et techniques en matière de changements climatiques.', 'Ainsi, la COP 22 a connu la création de l’initiative mondiale « NDC partnership (3) » co-présidé, jusqu’à fin 2018, par le Maroc et l’Allemagne qui a permis d’améliorer la conception des NDC des pays du Sud, de traduire les NDC en projets bancables, d’accélérer l’accès aux financements et de renforcer leurs capacités institutionnelles et techniques en matière de changements climatiques. Outre les initiatives concernant les thématiques clé de l’Agenda de l’Action (forêts, eau, industries et commerce, établissements humains, énergie, océans, transport, agriculture), plusieurs nouvelles initiatives internationales ont été annoncées et institutionnalisées par le Maroc durant sa présidence de la COP 22 : • \x07 L’initiative « Triple A », Adaptation de l’agriculture en Afrique, lancée par le Maroc et soutenue par plus de 33 pays d’Afrique, qui s’engage pour l’adaptation de l’agriculture en Afrique, via des programmes de financements et de renforcement des capacités ; • \x07 L’initiative « Triple S », Soutenabilité, Sécurité et Stabilité en Afrique, portée par le Sénégal et le Maroc, visant à prévenir les risques de catastrophes liés aux changements climatiques, à renforcer la résilience et à améliorer les revenus des populations concernées ; • \x07 L’initiative « Water for Africa », lancée sous l’impulsion du Maroc et soutenue par la Banque Africaine de Développement (BAD), pour mobiliser les financements pour les projets structurels de sécurité hydrique ; • \x07 L’initiative « Ceinture Bleue », lancée par le Maroc, est destinée à la promotion de la résilience des communautés côtières, des activités de pêche et d’aquaculture durable ; • \x07 L’initiative internationale « Oasis Durables », présentée par le Maroc et adoptée à la COP 22, vise la protection et le renforcement de la résilience climatique des écosystèmes oasiens ; et • \x07 L’initiative « Arganiers Durable », lancée par le Maroc, en marge du Salon International de l’Arganier tenue à Agadir en décembre 2019.', 'Outre les initiatives concernant les thématiques clé de l’Agenda de l’Action (forêts, eau, industries et commerce, établissements humains, énergie, océans, transport, agriculture), plusieurs nouvelles initiatives internationales ont été annoncées et institutionnalisées par le Maroc durant sa présidence de la COP 22 : • \x07 L’initiative « Triple A », Adaptation de l’agriculture en Afrique, lancée par le Maroc et soutenue par plus de 33 pays d’Afrique, qui s’engage pour l’adaptation de l’agriculture en Afrique, via des programmes de financements et de renforcement des capacités ; • \x07 L’initiative « Triple S », Soutenabilité, Sécurité et Stabilité en Afrique, portée par le Sénégal et le Maroc, visant à prévenir les risques de catastrophes liés aux changements climatiques, à renforcer la résilience et à améliorer les revenus des populations concernées ; • \x07 L’initiative « Water for Africa », lancée sous l’impulsion du Maroc et soutenue par la Banque Africaine de Développement (BAD), pour mobiliser les financements pour les projets structurels de sécurité hydrique ; • \x07 L’initiative « Ceinture Bleue », lancée par le Maroc, est destinée à la promotion de la résilience des communautés côtières, des activités de pêche et d’aquaculture durable ; • \x07 L’initiative internationale « Oasis Durables », présentée par le Maroc et adoptée à la COP 22, vise la protection et le renforcement de la résilience climatique des écosystèmes oasiens ; et • \x07 L’initiative « Arganiers Durable », lancée par le Maroc, en marge du Salon International de l’Arganier tenue à Agadir en décembre 2019. D’autre part, le Royaume du Maroc sous le leadership de Sa Majesté le Roi Mohammed VI, a développé une forte solidarité climatique avec les pays de l’Afrique, à travers l’organisation du premier Sommet Africain de l’action en faveur d’une co-émergence continentale, avec 50 pays africains représentés, dont une trentaine de chefs d’État.', 'D’autre part, le Royaume du Maroc sous le leadership de Sa Majesté le Roi Mohammed VI, a développé une forte solidarité climatique avec les pays de l’Afrique, à travers l’organisation du premier Sommet Africain de l’action en faveur d’une co-émergence continentale, avec 50 pays africains représentés, dont une trentaine de chefs d’État. Ce premier sommet de Chefs d’États, organisé en 2016 en marge de la COP 22, a amorcé une nouvelle dynamique climatique continentale avec la création de trois grandes commissions climatiques pour aider au développement concret de projets : commissions du Bassin de Congo, du Sahel et des États Insulaires. Le Maroc s’est doté d’objectifs climatiques ambitieux pour 2030.', 'Le Maroc s’est doté d’objectifs climatiques ambitieux pour 2030. A ce titre, il souhaite consolider ses acquis et conforter son leadership climatique mondial en disposant d’une LT-LEDS comme stipulé au paragraphe 19 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris, permettant d’envisager des transformations profondes de son économie et de sa société dans un monde « neutre en carbone ». A cet effet, le Maroc a lancé un processus d’élaboration d’une LT-LEDS qui permettra la mise en cohérence des politiques publiques et l’alignement des décisions de court terme avec les objectifs de long terme.', 'A cet effet, le Maroc a lancé un processus d’élaboration d’une LT-LEDS qui permettra la mise en cohérence des politiques publiques et l’alignement des décisions de court terme avec les objectifs de long terme. L’objectif de ce processus est de parvenir à une stratégie intégrée, commune et partagée par toutes les parties prenantes, établissant les principales orientations de l’économie et de la société marocaines entre 2020 et 2050 pour atteindre un objectif de décarbonation à l’horizon 2050 qui soit aligné avec l’Accord de Paris. L’autre objectif de la LT-LEDS est, in fine, de rehausser l’ambition climatique au-delà des objectifs de court terme affichés dans les NDC et consacrer son leadership climatique au niveau mondial en se joignant aux efforts internationaux de neutralité carbone à l’horizon 2050.', 'L’autre objectif de la LT-LEDS est, in fine, de rehausser l’ambition climatique au-delà des objectifs de court terme affichés dans les NDC et consacrer son leadership climatique au niveau mondial en se joignant aux efforts internationaux de neutralité carbone à l’horizon 2050. L’élaboration de la LT-LEDS offrirait également au Maroc plusieurs opportunités majeures de : • \x07 Co-construction d’un cap commun et partagé de transformation systémique du modèle de développement du Maroc et inscription dans une trajectoire à long terme d’une économie sobre en carbone ;Stratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme • \x07 Accélération de l’alignement du développement du Maroc avec les exigences des deux agendas mondiaux des Nations Unies, à savoir l’Accord de Paris et l’Agenda 2030 de développement durable tout en garantissant la sécurité énergétique du Royaume ; • \x07 Exploration des retombées potentielles d’un mode de croissance décarbonée sur les plans économique (PIB, nouvel écosystème industriel vert de TPME, créativité et innovation), social (emplois verts, réduction des inégalités), environnemental et des territoires ; • \x07 Amélioration de l’attractivité économique et sociale des territoires, des régions et des villes, tout en développant des infrastructures résilientes et à faible empreinte carbone ; • \x07 Positionnement proactif dans un environnement international et régional en pleine mutation et porteur d’opportunités d’amélioration de la position commerciale et d’export du Maroc : « Green Deal » de l’UE et éventualité d’un ajustement aux frontières de l’UE du contenu en carbone des importations, initiatives sur le Bassin Méditerranéen, zone de libre-échange continentale (ZLECAF) et enjeux continentaux en Afrique… ; et • \x07 Renforcement de la compétitivité internationale du pays, à travers l’attraction des investissements étrangers et l’accès à de nouvelles sources de financement climatique et au développement des partenariats internationaux.', 'L’élaboration de la LT-LEDS offrirait également au Maroc plusieurs opportunités majeures de : • \x07 Co-construction d’un cap commun et partagé de transformation systémique du modèle de développement du Maroc et inscription dans une trajectoire à long terme d’une économie sobre en carbone ;Stratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme • \x07 Accélération de l’alignement du développement du Maroc avec les exigences des deux agendas mondiaux des Nations Unies, à savoir l’Accord de Paris et l’Agenda 2030 de développement durable tout en garantissant la sécurité énergétique du Royaume ; • \x07 Exploration des retombées potentielles d’un mode de croissance décarbonée sur les plans économique (PIB, nouvel écosystème industriel vert de TPME, créativité et innovation), social (emplois verts, réduction des inégalités), environnemental et des territoires ; • \x07 Amélioration de l’attractivité économique et sociale des territoires, des régions et des villes, tout en développant des infrastructures résilientes et à faible empreinte carbone ; • \x07 Positionnement proactif dans un environnement international et régional en pleine mutation et porteur d’opportunités d’amélioration de la position commerciale et d’export du Maroc : « Green Deal » de l’UE et éventualité d’un ajustement aux frontières de l’UE du contenu en carbone des importations, initiatives sur le Bassin Méditerranéen, zone de libre-échange continentale (ZLECAF) et enjeux continentaux en Afrique… ; et • \x07 Renforcement de la compétitivité internationale du pays, à travers l’attraction des investissements étrangers et l’accès à de nouvelles sources de financement climatique et au développement des partenariats internationaux. 2.2.', 'L’élaboration de la LT-LEDS offrirait également au Maroc plusieurs opportunités majeures de : • \x07 Co-construction d’un cap commun et partagé de transformation systémique du modèle de développement du Maroc et inscription dans une trajectoire à long terme d’une économie sobre en carbone ;Stratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme • \x07 Accélération de l’alignement du développement du Maroc avec les exigences des deux agendas mondiaux des Nations Unies, à savoir l’Accord de Paris et l’Agenda 2030 de développement durable tout en garantissant la sécurité énergétique du Royaume ; • \x07 Exploration des retombées potentielles d’un mode de croissance décarbonée sur les plans économique (PIB, nouvel écosystème industriel vert de TPME, créativité et innovation), social (emplois verts, réduction des inégalités), environnemental et des territoires ; • \x07 Amélioration de l’attractivité économique et sociale des territoires, des régions et des villes, tout en développant des infrastructures résilientes et à faible empreinte carbone ; • \x07 Positionnement proactif dans un environnement international et régional en pleine mutation et porteur d’opportunités d’amélioration de la position commerciale et d’export du Maroc : « Green Deal » de l’UE et éventualité d’un ajustement aux frontières de l’UE du contenu en carbone des importations, initiatives sur le Bassin Méditerranéen, zone de libre-échange continentale (ZLECAF) et enjeux continentaux en Afrique… ; et • \x07 Renforcement de la compétitivité internationale du pays, à travers l’attraction des investissements étrangers et l’accès à de nouvelles sources de financement climatique et au développement des partenariats internationaux. 2.2. Méthode d’élaboration de la LT-LEDS Maroc 2050 Avec l’appui de l’alliance internationale NDC Partnership, à travers son Programme de renforcement de l’action climatique (CAEP), l’organisation 2050 Pathways Platform a accompagné le Département de l’Environnement du Gouvernement du Maroc dans le processus d’élaboration de ce document au titre de sa première LT-LEDS.', 'Méthode d’élaboration de la LT-LEDS Maroc 2050 Avec l’appui de l’alliance internationale NDC Partnership, à travers son Programme de renforcement de l’action climatique (CAEP), l’organisation 2050 Pathways Platform a accompagné le Département de l’Environnement du Gouvernement du Maroc dans le processus d’élaboration de ce document au titre de sa première LT-LEDS. Ce document sera complété par un travail de modélisation des trajectoires de développement et des émissions courant 2021/22 et par une analyse nécessaire des dynamiques sectorielles pour évaluer la capacité du Maroc à converger à la neutralité carbone au cours de ce siècle.', 'Ce document sera complété par un travail de modélisation des trajectoires de développement et des émissions courant 2021/22 et par une analyse nécessaire des dynamiques sectorielles pour évaluer la capacité du Maroc à converger à la neutralité carbone au cours de ce siècle. Pour conduire ce chantier stratégique de co-conception de la stratégie de développement bas carbone à l’horizon 2050, le Département du Développement Durable a d’une part, assuré un processus participatif et inclusif de toutes les parties prenantes : Départements Ministériels, Établissements et entreprises publiques, représentants du secteur privé et financier, collectivités territoriales et associations de la société civile et Instituts de recherche et d’innovation, et d’autre part, a capitalisé sur les efforts consentis par le Maroc, durant les deux dernières décennies, dans les domaines socioéconomiques, démocratiques et institutionnels, et dans la mise en œuvre de sa politique de lutte contre les changements climatiques et de développement durable.', 'Pour conduire ce chantier stratégique de co-conception de la stratégie de développement bas carbone à l’horizon 2050, le Département du Développement Durable a d’une part, assuré un processus participatif et inclusif de toutes les parties prenantes : Départements Ministériels, Établissements et entreprises publiques, représentants du secteur privé et financier, collectivités territoriales et associations de la société civile et Instituts de recherche et d’innovation, et d’autre part, a capitalisé sur les efforts consentis par le Maroc, durant les deux dernières décennies, dans les domaines socioéconomiques, démocratiques et institutionnels, et dans la mise en œuvre de sa politique de lutte contre les changements climatiques et de développement durable. L’objectif est de réussir l’appropriation par les parties prenantes de la LT-LEDS à l’horizon 2050 sur la base d’une approche participative adaptée et de prendre en compte les conditions impératives de réussite de la mise en œuvre de la stratégie de développement à bas carbone à long terme : bonne gouvernance et “Leadership fort”, alignement avec les plans nationaux et territoriaux de développement, rôle clé du secteur privé et des collectivités territoriales, mise en œuvre d’un processus soutenu d’amélioration continue.', 'L’objectif est de réussir l’appropriation par les parties prenantes de la LT-LEDS à l’horizon 2050 sur la base d’une approche participative adaptée et de prendre en compte les conditions impératives de réussite de la mise en œuvre de la stratégie de développement à bas carbone à long terme : bonne gouvernance et “Leadership fort”, alignement avec les plans nationaux et territoriaux de développement, rôle clé du secteur privé et des collectivités territoriales, mise en œuvre d’un processus soutenu d’amélioration continue. A cet effet, plusieurs étapes de travail ont été réalisées : • \x07 Une conférence de lancement réunissant les institutions impliquées dans les aspects énergétiques de ce travail ; • \x07 Plus d’une vingtaine d’entretiens à distance avec une série d’acteurs-clefs du secteur public et privé et des experts nationaux, ayant mis en avant les principaux enjeux et questions dans l’ensemble des secteurs (énergie, industrie, bâtiment, transports, agriculture, forêt et biomasse) ; • \x07 Réalisation d’un benchmark international relatif aux approches méthodologiques et technologiques pour l’élaboration des LT-LEDS ; • \x07 Six ateliers sectoriels (Énergie, Bâtiment, Industrie, Transport, Forêts et biomasse, et Agriculture), avec plus de 200 participants représentants les catégories du secteur public, privé et financier national, les collectivités territoriales et les associations de la société civile, visant à faire émerger les orientations sectorielles à long terme, les leviers d’actions et les questions à traiter pour une stratégie robuste à l’horizon 2050 ;• \x07 Une conférence de synthèse avec les parties prenantes concernées pour recueillir les commentaires sur la vision 2050 ; • \x07 Organisation d’ateliers thématiques dédiés aux collectivités territoriales, aux secteurs de l’eau, déchets et de la finance.', 'A cet effet, plusieurs étapes de travail ont été réalisées : • \x07 Une conférence de lancement réunissant les institutions impliquées dans les aspects énergétiques de ce travail ; • \x07 Plus d’une vingtaine d’entretiens à distance avec une série d’acteurs-clefs du secteur public et privé et des experts nationaux, ayant mis en avant les principaux enjeux et questions dans l’ensemble des secteurs (énergie, industrie, bâtiment, transports, agriculture, forêt et biomasse) ; • \x07 Réalisation d’un benchmark international relatif aux approches méthodologiques et technologiques pour l’élaboration des LT-LEDS ; • \x07 Six ateliers sectoriels (Énergie, Bâtiment, Industrie, Transport, Forêts et biomasse, et Agriculture), avec plus de 200 participants représentants les catégories du secteur public, privé et financier national, les collectivités territoriales et les associations de la société civile, visant à faire émerger les orientations sectorielles à long terme, les leviers d’actions et les questions à traiter pour une stratégie robuste à l’horizon 2050 ;• \x07 Une conférence de synthèse avec les parties prenantes concernées pour recueillir les commentaires sur la vision 2050 ; • \x07 Organisation d’ateliers thématiques dédiés aux collectivités territoriales, aux secteurs de l’eau, déchets et de la finance. 2.3.', 'A cet effet, plusieurs étapes de travail ont été réalisées : • \x07 Une conférence de lancement réunissant les institutions impliquées dans les aspects énergétiques de ce travail ; • \x07 Plus d’une vingtaine d’entretiens à distance avec une série d’acteurs-clefs du secteur public et privé et des experts nationaux, ayant mis en avant les principaux enjeux et questions dans l’ensemble des secteurs (énergie, industrie, bâtiment, transports, agriculture, forêt et biomasse) ; • \x07 Réalisation d’un benchmark international relatif aux approches méthodologiques et technologiques pour l’élaboration des LT-LEDS ; • \x07 Six ateliers sectoriels (Énergie, Bâtiment, Industrie, Transport, Forêts et biomasse, et Agriculture), avec plus de 200 participants représentants les catégories du secteur public, privé et financier national, les collectivités territoriales et les associations de la société civile, visant à faire émerger les orientations sectorielles à long terme, les leviers d’actions et les questions à traiter pour une stratégie robuste à l’horizon 2050 ;• \x07 Une conférence de synthèse avec les parties prenantes concernées pour recueillir les commentaires sur la vision 2050 ; • \x07 Organisation d’ateliers thématiques dédiés aux collectivités territoriales, aux secteurs de l’eau, déchets et de la finance. 2.3. Ambition climatique à long terme du Maroc Le Maroc s’est doté d’objectifs climatiques ambitieux pour 2030 dans le cadre de sa Contribution déterminée au niveau national du Maroc (NDC).', 'Ambition climatique à long terme du Maroc Le Maroc s’est doté d’objectifs climatiques ambitieux pour 2030 dans le cadre de sa Contribution déterminée au niveau national du Maroc (NDC). A ce titre, le Maroc souhaite continuer de montrer la voie de l’ambition climatique dans le cadre de l’Accord de Paris, et ambitionne de contribuer pleinement et à hauteur de ses capacités socio-économiques et physiques, actuelles et projetées, à la riposte à l’urgence climatique soulignée par les derniers rapports du GIEC, et en particulier à l’objectif global de neutralité climatique.', 'A ce titre, le Maroc souhaite continuer de montrer la voie de l’ambition climatique dans le cadre de l’Accord de Paris, et ambitionne de contribuer pleinement et à hauteur de ses capacités socio-économiques et physiques, actuelles et projetées, à la riposte à l’urgence climatique soulignée par les derniers rapports du GIEC, et en particulier à l’objectif global de neutralité climatique. Ce processus s’insère dans la réflexion ayant été menée par la Commission Spéciale du Modèle de Développement du Maroc, et constitue un levier stratégique pour rendre le plan de relance en réponse à la pandémie de la COVID-19 équitable, durable, sobre en carbone et résilient.', 'Ce processus s’insère dans la réflexion ayant été menée par la Commission Spéciale du Modèle de Développement du Maroc, et constitue un levier stratégique pour rendre le plan de relance en réponse à la pandémie de la COVID-19 équitable, durable, sobre en carbone et résilient. Cette première LT-LEDS ambitionne également d’impulser des réflexions menant au développement de nouvelles chaînes de valeur vertes, à améliorer la compétitivité de l’économie du Maroc, tout en assurant sa décarbonation et son positionnement proactif à l’export, en tenant compte des évolutions dans ce sens de ses partenaires commerciaux et notamment du « Green Deal » de l’Union Européenne et de la zone de libre-échange continentale de l’Union Africaine (ZLECAF).', 'Cette première LT-LEDS ambitionne également d’impulser des réflexions menant au développement de nouvelles chaînes de valeur vertes, à améliorer la compétitivité de l’économie du Maroc, tout en assurant sa décarbonation et son positionnement proactif à l’export, en tenant compte des évolutions dans ce sens de ses partenaires commerciaux et notamment du « Green Deal » de l’Union Européenne et de la zone de libre-échange continentale de l’Union Africaine (ZLECAF). Dans cette perspective, l’ambition de la LEDS du Maroc s’articule autour de 7 orientations stratégiques suivantes : Accélérer le fort développement des énergies renouvelables en vue d’une électricité décarbonée, à partir d’un objectif indicatif de 80% à 2050 ; Hausser l’électrification des usages dans les secteurs de l’industrie, du bâtiment et du transport, et évaluer le potentiel de développement de l’hydrogène vert pour décarboner l’industrie et le fret routier ; Généraliser l’efficacité énergétique et l’efficacité dans l’utilisation des ressources naturelles dans tous les secteurs, tout en développant les normes et l’infrastructure qualité de construction et d’équipements ; 4.', 'Dans cette perspective, l’ambition de la LEDS du Maroc s’articule autour de 7 orientations stratégiques suivantes : Accélérer le fort développement des énergies renouvelables en vue d’une électricité décarbonée, à partir d’un objectif indicatif de 80% à 2050 ; Hausser l’électrification des usages dans les secteurs de l’industrie, du bâtiment et du transport, et évaluer le potentiel de développement de l’hydrogène vert pour décarboner l’industrie et le fret routier ; Généraliser l’efficacité énergétique et l’efficacité dans l’utilisation des ressources naturelles dans tous les secteurs, tout en développant les normes et l’infrastructure qualité de construction et d’équipements ; 4. Stimuler l’économie circulaire et la réduction et la valorisation des déchets ; 5. Développer l’agriculture et les écosystèmes forestiers durables et résilients et des puits carbones ; 6.', 'Développer l’agriculture et les écosystèmes forestiers durables et résilients et des puits carbones ; 6. \x07Mettre en place des plans transports et de logistique favorisant la multi-modalité et l’investissement intégrant de nouvelles infrastructures de transport ; et Promouvoir une nouvelle génération de villes sobres et « intelligentes » y compris par l’intégration systémique des technologies de la transition numérique dans tous les secteurs socio-économiques.', '\x07Mettre en place des plans transports et de logistique favorisant la multi-modalité et l’investissement intégrant de nouvelles infrastructures de transport ; et Promouvoir une nouvelle génération de villes sobres et « intelligentes » y compris par l’intégration systémique des technologies de la transition numérique dans tous les secteurs socio-économiques. A terme, la LT-LEDS du Maroc, devra : • \x07 Contribuer à une croissance sobre en carbone, stratégique, durable et minimiser l’ensemble des coûts liés à la transition ; • \x07 Améliorer la capacité de résilience climatique du modèle de développement et les coûts connexes de gestion ; • \x07 Renforcer les capacités de mobilisation de financement des mesures prises en matière climatique ; • \x07 Accroître la compétitivité du pays face à une transition vers une croissance verte inclusive et sobre en carbone nationale et globale ; et • Renforcer le dialogue, l’innovation, les capacités locales et les savoir-faire.Stratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme 3.1.', 'A terme, la LT-LEDS du Maroc, devra : • \x07 Contribuer à une croissance sobre en carbone, stratégique, durable et minimiser l’ensemble des coûts liés à la transition ; • \x07 Améliorer la capacité de résilience climatique du modèle de développement et les coûts connexes de gestion ; • \x07 Renforcer les capacités de mobilisation de financement des mesures prises en matière climatique ; • \x07 Accroître la compétitivité du pays face à une transition vers une croissance verte inclusive et sobre en carbone nationale et globale ; et • Renforcer le dialogue, l’innovation, les capacités locales et les savoir-faire.Stratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme 3.1. Cadre politique et socio-économique marocain Durant les deux dernières décennies, Le Maroc a connu des transformations structurelles notoires, par leur rythme et leur nature, qui lui ont permis d’accéder à un nouveau palier de développement : la transition démographique et l’urbanisation se sont accélérées, l’espérance de vie a augmenté, le revenu par tête de la population a sensiblement augmenté, la pauvreté a été réduite de moitié, et le marché intérieur s’est ouvert progressivement.', 'Cadre politique et socio-économique marocain Durant les deux dernières décennies, Le Maroc a connu des transformations structurelles notoires, par leur rythme et leur nature, qui lui ont permis d’accéder à un nouveau palier de développement : la transition démographique et l’urbanisation se sont accélérées, l’espérance de vie a augmenté, le revenu par tête de la population a sensiblement augmenté, la pauvreté a été réduite de moitié, et le marché intérieur s’est ouvert progressivement. Le pays a conforté sa position de destination régionale attractive pour les investissements directs étrangers et de pôle incontestable de sécurité et de stabilité, connu et reconnu par l’ensemble de la communauté internationale.', 'Le pays a conforté sa position de destination régionale attractive pour les investissements directs étrangers et de pôle incontestable de sécurité et de stabilité, connu et reconnu par l’ensemble de la communauté internationale. Cette évolution est le fruit des avancées notables, réalisées grâce, notamment, à la conduite d’un processus global de consolidation démocratique, d’un intense rattrapage socio-économique et d’une politique d’ouverture et de transformation durables. L’engagement du Royaume, en faveur du respect effectif des droits humains fondamentaux, s’est renforcé par l’adoption d’une nouvelle Constitution, en 2011. Celle-ci affirme aussi le droit à un environnement sain et au développement durable pour tous les citoyens, l’égalité des genres, reconnaît les droits humains de nouvelle génération et favorise le dialogue entre les forces vives de la Nation et la démocratie participative.', 'Celle-ci affirme aussi le droit à un environnement sain et au développement durable pour tous les citoyens, l’égalité des genres, reconnaît les droits humains de nouvelle génération et favorise le dialogue entre les forces vives de la Nation et la démocratie participative. La nouvelle Constitution instaure les fondements de la grande réforme de l’État que représente la régionalisation avancée. Durant cette période, l’économie nationale a pu accéder à un nouveau palier de croissance (4,6% contre 3% au cours des années 90) et le revenu par habitant a presque doublé grâce, notamment aux ambitieuses politiques sectorielles menées, aux grands chantiers d’infrastructure (port Tanger Med, réseau autoroutier et aéroportuaire…) et à la politique de soutien au pouvoir d’achat des citoyens.', 'Durant cette période, l’économie nationale a pu accéder à un nouveau palier de croissance (4,6% contre 3% au cours des années 90) et le revenu par habitant a presque doublé grâce, notamment aux ambitieuses politiques sectorielles menées, aux grands chantiers d’infrastructure (port Tanger Med, réseau autoroutier et aéroportuaire…) et à la politique de soutien au pouvoir d’achat des citoyens. Ces efforts ont permis la réduction du taux de pauvreté et la quasi-généralisation de l’enseignement primaire, la réduction de moitié du déficit en logements, l’accès quasi généralisé des populations rurales à l’eau potable et à l’électricité et le désenclavement de plus de trois millions d’habitants en milieu rural.', 'Ces efforts ont permis la réduction du taux de pauvreté et la quasi-généralisation de l’enseignement primaire, la réduction de moitié du déficit en logements, l’accès quasi généralisé des populations rurales à l’eau potable et à l’électricité et le désenclavement de plus de trois millions d’habitants en milieu rural. Ceci a permis d’accélérer son développement économique social et environnemental, le bien-être pour les citoyens, l’édification d’infrastructures modernes, de renforcer sa stabilité macroéconomique, son efficience institutionnelle et son intégration internationale. Capitalisant sur ses atouts et réalisations, le Maroc aspire désormais à construire un nouveau modèle de développement dynamique qui assure une croissance forte, inclusive et durable, garantit l’égalité des chances, libère les énergies individuelles et renforce ses capacités au sein d’une société prospère et solidaire centrée sur le citoyen.', 'Capitalisant sur ses atouts et réalisations, le Maroc aspire désormais à construire un nouveau modèle de développement dynamique qui assure une croissance forte, inclusive et durable, garantit l’égalité des chances, libère les énergies individuelles et renforce ses capacités au sein d’une société prospère et solidaire centrée sur le citoyen. Malgré ces avancées, un certain nombre de défis reste à relever notamment, la création d’emplois, l’inclusion, la solidarité, et la durabilité. En dépit des efforts et des diverses stratégies sectorielles industrielles qui ont permis l’essor d’un nombre réduit de secteurs (automobile, aéronautique, dérivés des phosphates…), le rythme de croissance affiché durant ces dernières années commence à s’essouffler et l’évolution de la productivité demeure limitée.', 'En dépit des efforts et des diverses stratégies sectorielles industrielles qui ont permis l’essor d’un nombre réduit de secteurs (automobile, aéronautique, dérivés des phosphates…), le rythme de croissance affiché durant ces dernières années commence à s’essouffler et l’évolution de la productivité demeure limitée. La croissance de l’économie marocaine reste toujours dépendante d’une agriculture vulnérable aux effets du changement climatique. L’économie marocaine est également marquée par une tertiarisation, les services développés représentant 51,2% du PIB en moyenne sur la période 2008-2018 contre 15,6% pour l’industrie de transformation hors raffinage. Ces services sont majoritairement à faible valeur ajoutée.', 'Ces services sont majoritairement à faible valeur ajoutée. L’accumulation du capital physique comme moteur de croissance est plombée par un faible rendement de l’investissement (ICOR (4) élevé autour de 8 points) et les exportations nettes contribuent peu à la croissance du PIB, avec un faible degré de sophistication des produits exportés. Selon le rapport de la Direction des études et prévisions financières (DEPF) de septembre 2019, intitulée “Complexité économique et développement : Stratégies pour la diversification structurelle de l’économie (4) Incremental Capital Output Ratio. 3. Contexte local et cadrage de la Visionmarocaine”, le Maroc a connu une légère progression de son classement au titre de l’indice de complexité économique, passant de la 69ème (sur 107) à la 65ème place entre 1990 et 2016 (5).', 'Contexte local et cadrage de la Visionmarocaine”, le Maroc a connu une légère progression de son classement au titre de l’indice de complexité économique, passant de la 69ème (sur 107) à la 65ème place entre 1990 et 2016 (5). La compétitivité de l’entreprise nationale reste insuffisante. La plupart des entreprises opèrent dans des secteurs à faible valeur ajoutée, tels que l’immobilier, le commerce et les services divers, alors que la part de l’industrie et de l’économie numérique ne dépasse pas 10% du total des entreprises. En outre, le tissu entrepreneurial marocain est caractérisé par une faible orientation à l’exportation.', 'En outre, le tissu entrepreneurial marocain est caractérisé par une faible orientation à l’exportation. Ce ralentissement de la croissance est grevé d’une part par une forte dépendance énergétique du Maroc à l’étranger de 91,7% en 2019, atténuée par la montée en puissance des énergies renouvelables nationales qui couvrent actuellement 20% des besoins en énergie électrique, et une facture énergétique de 76,40 Milliards DH à fin décembre 2019, soit 15,6% des importations totales, avec un impact sur le déficit de la balance commerciale et la compétitivité de l’entreprise. D’autre part, le Maroc fait face à une situation de stress hydrique très élevé avec des ressources en eau évaluées actuellement à environ 650 m3/habitant/an, contre 2 500 m3 en 1960.', 'D’autre part, le Maroc fait face à une situation de stress hydrique très élevé avec des ressources en eau évaluées actuellement à environ 650 m3/habitant/an, contre 2 500 m3 en 1960. L’évolution de la demande en eau exprimée pour les différentes catégories d’usages à l’horizon 2050 devrait atteindre 18,7 Milliards de m3 dont 14% pour l’alimentation en eau potable, industrie et le tourisme, et 86% pour l’irrigation. Des écarts entre l’offre et la demande en eau sont évalués à environ 4 Milliards de m3 et vont s’amplifier avec les effets du changement climatique attendus.', 'Des écarts entre l’offre et la demande en eau sont évalués à environ 4 Milliards de m3 et vont s’amplifier avec les effets du changement climatique attendus. La fragilité du modèle est ainsi aggravée par les enjeux liés au climat qui posent des questions de la préservation des ressources non substituables, des stratégies d’adaptation aux impacts du changement climatique (stress hydrique, sécheresse, inondations, désertification ou migrations) et de la valorisation des ressources renouvelables et substituables. En plus des fragilités endogènes, le Maroc fait face à des transitions et mutations mondiales : urbaines, économiques et technologiques, sociales, numériques, écologiques et climatiques, et leurs répercussions à moyen et long terme sur l’économie nationale et la société.', 'En plus des fragilités endogènes, le Maroc fait face à des transitions et mutations mondiales : urbaines, économiques et technologiques, sociales, numériques, écologiques et climatiques, et leurs répercussions à moyen et long terme sur l’économie nationale et la société. Ces transitions à long terme constituent de nouvelles opportunités pour hausser la croissance et la résilience économique et sociale, si on arrive collectivement à les anticiper et à les préparer, mais également des défis à adresser par le biais de nouvelles politiques publiques basées sur des ruptures technologiques, financières et de changement d’approche dans notre conception d’une vision nationale commune et partagée du modèle de développement à long terme.', 'Ces transitions à long terme constituent de nouvelles opportunités pour hausser la croissance et la résilience économique et sociale, si on arrive collectivement à les anticiper et à les préparer, mais également des défis à adresser par le biais de nouvelles politiques publiques basées sur des ruptures technologiques, financières et de changement d’approche dans notre conception d’une vision nationale commune et partagée du modèle de développement à long terme. Ainsi, les défis en matière de développement restent importants et seule une plus forte croissance durable, sobre en carbone et résiliente tirée par le secteur privé et génératrice de nouveaux emplois décents, d’équilibres sociaux et territoriaux sera à même d’y faire face.', 'Ainsi, les défis en matière de développement restent importants et seule une plus forte croissance durable, sobre en carbone et résiliente tirée par le secteur privé et génératrice de nouveaux emplois décents, d’équilibres sociaux et territoriaux sera à même d’y faire face. Pour adresser ces faiblesses et atteindre l’ambition souhaitée dans le cadre d’une approche intégrée, assumée et susceptible de créer l’adhésion, Sa Majesté le Roi Mohammed VI a mis en place en 2019 la Commission Spéciale du Nouveau Modèle de Développement (CSMD), qui a été chargée de faire un diagnostic précis et objectif de la situation actuelle, en vue d’identifier les dysfonctionnements structurels à corriger, pour déterminer les points de force, de manière à renforcer les acquis et de tracer, de manière participative, inclusive et coordonnée, les contours du nouveau Modèle de Développement qui devrait permettre au Maroc d’accéder au rang des pays avancés', 'Pour adresser ces faiblesses et atteindre l’ambition souhaitée dans le cadre d’une approche intégrée, assumée et susceptible de créer l’adhésion, Sa Majesté le Roi Mohammed VI a mis en place en 2019 la Commission Spéciale du Nouveau Modèle de Développement (CSMD), qui a été chargée de faire un diagnostic précis et objectif de la situation actuelle, en vue d’identifier les dysfonctionnements structurels à corriger, pour déterminer les points de force, de manière à renforcer les acquis et de tracer, de manière participative, inclusive et coordonnée, les contours du nouveau Modèle de Développement qui devrait permettre au Maroc d’accéder au rang des pays avancés Par ailleurs, et pour faire face aux répercussions négatives de la crise économique et sociale engendrée par la pandémie COVID-19, le gouvernement a élaboré un Plan de Relance basé sur trois axes énoncés par SM le Roi Mohammed VI : Le premier revêt un caractère social : la nécessité de renforcer les filets sociaux à une vitesse suffisamment forte pour que l’ensemble des Marocains puissent disposer d’une assurance maladie, d’un régime de retraite et d’une allocation familiale en fonction du nombre d’enfants et de la taille de chaque famille ; Le deuxième axe a trait à la relance économique qui s’impose du fait des perturbations qui ont touché un certain nombre de secteurs, notamment ceux en lien avec l’environnement extérieur, comme le tourisme et le transport aérien.', 'Par ailleurs, et pour faire face aux répercussions négatives de la crise économique et sociale engendrée par la pandémie COVID-19, le gouvernement a élaboré un Plan de Relance basé sur trois axes énoncés par SM le Roi Mohammed VI : Le premier revêt un caractère social : la nécessité de renforcer les filets sociaux à une vitesse suffisamment forte pour que l’ensemble des Marocains puissent disposer d’une assurance maladie, d’un régime de retraite et d’une allocation familiale en fonction du nombre d’enfants et de la taille de chaque famille ; Le deuxième axe a trait à la relance économique qui s’impose du fait des perturbations qui ont touché un certain nombre de secteurs, notamment ceux en lien avec l’environnement extérieur, comme le tourisme et le transport aérien. A ce titre, une enveloppe globale de 11% du PIB a été mobilisée pour relancer l’économie ; etStratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme La troisième priorité du Royaume concerne l’exemplarité de l’État par le biais de la réforme du secteur public et le déficit financier structurel des Établissements et des entreprises publics (EEP).', 'A ce titre, une enveloppe globale de 11% du PIB a été mobilisée pour relancer l’économie ; etStratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme La troisième priorité du Royaume concerne l’exemplarité de l’État par le biais de la réforme du secteur public et le déficit financier structurel des Établissements et des entreprises publics (EEP). L’objectif étant de parvenir à une meilleure efficience financière au sein de ces derniers. Dans le même sillage, et pour renforcer le positionnement de l’industrie marocaine dans le cadre du Plan de Relance Industrielle 2021-2023, trois chantiers stratégiques ont été lancés. Le premier vise à confirmer la place industrielle du Royaume et conquérir de nouveaux marchés et des territoires industriels en utilisant la commande publique comme catalyseur.', 'Le premier vise à confirmer la place industrielle du Royaume et conquérir de nouveaux marchés et des territoires industriels en utilisant la commande publique comme catalyseur. Le deuxième chantier porte sur l’amélioration de la compétitivité du Maroc, en déroulant la phase II de la stratégie industrielle pour devenir la base mondiale la plus compétitive à destination de l’Europe. Enfin, le dernier chantier ambitionne de positionner le Royaume comme base industrielle décarbonée et circulaire et de mettre une partie des énergies renouvelables du Royaume au service d’un ancrage industriel.', 'Enfin, le dernier chantier ambitionne de positionner le Royaume comme base industrielle décarbonée et circulaire et de mettre une partie des énergies renouvelables du Royaume au service d’un ancrage industriel. Le contexte de développement ainsi présenté met en exergue les opportunités potentielles et les enjeux d’alignement du futur modèle de développement du Maroc avec les deux agendas mondiaux des Nations Unies auxquels souscrit le Maroc, à savoir l’Accord de Paris sur le climat et l’atteinte des Objectifs du Développement Durable (ODD) de l’Agenda 2030.', 'Le contexte de développement ainsi présenté met en exergue les opportunités potentielles et les enjeux d’alignement du futur modèle de développement du Maroc avec les deux agendas mondiaux des Nations Unies auxquels souscrit le Maroc, à savoir l’Accord de Paris sur le climat et l’atteinte des Objectifs du Développement Durable (ODD) de l’Agenda 2030. A ce titre, l’élaboration par le Maroc de la LT-LEDS, inscrite dans l’article 4.19 de l’Accord de Paris, constitue une approche idoine pour articuler de manière appropriée les efforts de l’ensemble des parties prenantes en vue de : • \x07 Accélérer la mise en œuvre de la Stratégie Nationale de Développement Durable et l’atteinte des ODD de l’Agenda 2030, en considérant la LT-LEDS comme une opportunité pour envisager une autre manière de développement ; • \x07 Aligner le plan de relance économique et sociale du Maroc et ses investissements associés sur les principes de sobriété carbone, de durabilité et de résilience aux effets du dérèglement climatique ; • \x07 Donner un signal politique fort et une visibilité à moyen et long terme aux investisseurs publics et privés et aux institutions financières nationales et internationales ; • \x07 Assurer les synergies entre stratégies sectorielles qui ont des objectifs temporels différents à moyen terme et long terme ; • \x07 Renforcer la compétitivité économique du pays et la création de nouveaux emplois verts et décents par la croissance économique ; • \x07 Développer le degré d’intégration de l’atténuation et de résilience dans les stratégies sectorielles et les programmes de développement au niveau national et territorial, selon les opportunités qu’ils présentent ; • \x07 Libérer le potentiel d’une transition énergétique décentralisée et participative des régions et des villes, tout en contribuant à la réduction de la précarité énergétique des ménages et des inégalités territoriales et sociales ; • \x07 Préciser les engagements des collectivités territoriales et la déclinaison des objectifs d’atténuation et de résilience au niveau territorial et local, en considérant notamment la place centrale des régions, des villes et des métropoles ; et • \x07 Identifier les impacts sur la stratégie de mobilisation des financements publics et privés en vue de sécuriser les moyens nécessaires.', 'A ce titre, l’élaboration par le Maroc de la LT-LEDS, inscrite dans l’article 4.19 de l’Accord de Paris, constitue une approche idoine pour articuler de manière appropriée les efforts de l’ensemble des parties prenantes en vue de : • \x07 Accélérer la mise en œuvre de la Stratégie Nationale de Développement Durable et l’atteinte des ODD de l’Agenda 2030, en considérant la LT-LEDS comme une opportunité pour envisager une autre manière de développement ; • \x07 Aligner le plan de relance économique et sociale du Maroc et ses investissements associés sur les principes de sobriété carbone, de durabilité et de résilience aux effets du dérèglement climatique ; • \x07 Donner un signal politique fort et une visibilité à moyen et long terme aux investisseurs publics et privés et aux institutions financières nationales et internationales ; • \x07 Assurer les synergies entre stratégies sectorielles qui ont des objectifs temporels différents à moyen terme et long terme ; • \x07 Renforcer la compétitivité économique du pays et la création de nouveaux emplois verts et décents par la croissance économique ; • \x07 Développer le degré d’intégration de l’atténuation et de résilience dans les stratégies sectorielles et les programmes de développement au niveau national et territorial, selon les opportunités qu’ils présentent ; • \x07 Libérer le potentiel d’une transition énergétique décentralisée et participative des régions et des villes, tout en contribuant à la réduction de la précarité énergétique des ménages et des inégalités territoriales et sociales ; • \x07 Préciser les engagements des collectivités territoriales et la déclinaison des objectifs d’atténuation et de résilience au niveau territorial et local, en considérant notamment la place centrale des régions, des villes et des métropoles ; et • \x07 Identifier les impacts sur la stratégie de mobilisation des financements publics et privés en vue de sécuriser les moyens nécessaires. Par ailleurs, la nouvelle tendance du commerce mondial, suite aux effets de la pandémie COVID-19, vers la relocalisation des chaînes de valeur mondiales au niveau régional et de proximité des bassins de consommation et l’émergence de nouvelles barrières tarifaires induites par l’intégration des exigences climatiques dans les accords libre échange, et notamment celles projetées par le Green deal européen, porté par l’Union Européenne, présentent pour le Maroc de nouvelles opportunités pour capter de nouveaux investissements directs étrangers, accélérer sa croissance et hausser ses exportations mais également des défis à surmonter.', 'Par ailleurs, la nouvelle tendance du commerce mondial, suite aux effets de la pandémie COVID-19, vers la relocalisation des chaînes de valeur mondiales au niveau régional et de proximité des bassins de consommation et l’émergence de nouvelles barrières tarifaires induites par l’intégration des exigences climatiques dans les accords libre échange, et notamment celles projetées par le Green deal européen, porté par l’Union Européenne, présentent pour le Maroc de nouvelles opportunités pour capter de nouveaux investissements directs étrangers, accélérer sa croissance et hausser ses exportations mais également des défis à surmonter. En effet, l’Union Européenne constitue le marché de référence des produits nationaux avec 65% des exportations marocaines.', 'En effet, l’Union Européenne constitue le marché de référence des produits nationaux avec 65% des exportations marocaines. Ceci conforte l’importance et la pertinence d’élaborer une Stratégie de Développement Bas Carbone à Long Terme en vue d’assurer une approche systémique de décarbonation de notre économie et de son offre d’exportation et assurer en même temps une intégration industrielle locale forte à travers la création de nouveaux écosystèmes industriels verts, et l’accompagnement efficace de la montée en gamme de l’écosystème industriel et de positionnement du Maroc comme un « Best Value Country ».L’enjeu étant d’adapter ces secteurs aux évolutions des marchés internationaux et aux besoins des grands clients et des donneurs d’ordres internationaux. 3.2.', 'Ceci conforte l’importance et la pertinence d’élaborer une Stratégie de Développement Bas Carbone à Long Terme en vue d’assurer une approche systémique de décarbonation de notre économie et de son offre d’exportation et assurer en même temps une intégration industrielle locale forte à travers la création de nouveaux écosystèmes industriels verts, et l’accompagnement efficace de la montée en gamme de l’écosystème industriel et de positionnement du Maroc comme un « Best Value Country ».L’enjeu étant d’adapter ces secteurs aux évolutions des marchés internationaux et aux besoins des grands clients et des donneurs d’ordres internationaux. 3.2. Nouveau modèle de développement du Maroc à horizon 2035 Ambition du Maroc de demain à l’horizon 2035 La Commission Spéciale sur le modèle de Développement (CSMD) a présenté le 25 mai 2021, le rapport général du Nouveau Modèle de développement du Maroc (NMD) à Sa Majesté le Roi Mohammed VI.', 'Nouveau modèle de développement du Maroc à horizon 2035 Ambition du Maroc de demain à l’horizon 2035 La Commission Spéciale sur le modèle de Développement (CSMD) a présenté le 25 mai 2021, le rapport général du Nouveau Modèle de développement du Maroc (NMD) à Sa Majesté le Roi Mohammed VI. Ainsi, conformément à la mission qui lui a été confiée, la Commission CSMD a adopté une approche multidimensionnelle et opéré un cadrage rigoureux de ses travaux. Elle a notamment exploré les nouveaux enjeux et inflexions induits par la pandémie Covid-19, dans une multitude de domaines stratégiques comme la santé, l’agriculture et la sécurité alimentaire, l’énergie, le développement industriel et touristique.', 'Elle a notamment exploré les nouveaux enjeux et inflexions induits par la pandémie Covid-19, dans une multitude de domaines stratégiques comme la santé, l’agriculture et la sécurité alimentaire, l’énergie, le développement industriel et touristique. Partant des atouts et de l’histoire millénaire du Royaume, le nouveau modèle de développement (NMD) du Maroc propose comme ambition commune celle d’un Maroc prospère, d’un Maroc des compétences, d’un Maroc inclusif et solidaire, d’un Maroc durable et d’un Maroc de l’audace. Cette ambition pour le Maroc est définie comme suit : « En 2035, le Maroc est un pays démocratique, où toutes et tous sont en pleine capacité de prendre en main leur devenir et de libérer leur potentiel, de vivre en dignité au sein d’une société ouverte, diverse, juste et équitable.', 'Cette ambition pour le Maroc est définie comme suit : « En 2035, le Maroc est un pays démocratique, où toutes et tous sont en pleine capacité de prendre en main leur devenir et de libérer leur potentiel, de vivre en dignité au sein d’une société ouverte, diverse, juste et équitable. C’est un pays créateur de valeur, qui fructifie ses potentialités de manière durable, partagée et responsable. Capitalisant sur ses progrès significatifs à l’échelle nationale, le Maroc s’érige en puissance régionale exemplaire, à l’avant- garde des grands défis qui interpellent le monde.', 'Capitalisant sur ses progrès significatifs à l’échelle nationale, le Maroc s’érige en puissance régionale exemplaire, à l’avant- garde des grands défis qui interpellent le monde. » Le NMD du Maroc appuie son ambition par sa détermination à relever cinq paris d’avenir audacieux, qui, ensemble, feraient du Maroc un pôle économique et de savoirs parmi les plus dynamiques et les plus attractifs de la région et du continent.', '» Le NMD du Maroc appuie son ambition par sa détermination à relever cinq paris d’avenir audacieux, qui, ensemble, feraient du Maroc un pôle économique et de savoirs parmi les plus dynamiques et les plus attractifs de la région et du continent. Les cinq paris d’avenir sont les suivants : i) Devenir une nation numérique, où le potentiel transformationnel des technologies numériques est pleinement mobilisé ; ii) S’ériger en hub régional de l’enseignement supérieur, de la recherche et de l’innovation ; iii) Devenir le champion régional de l’énergie à bas carbone ; iv) Acquérir le statut de Pôle financier Régional de référence ; v) Faire du Made in Maroc un marqueur de qualité, de compétitivité et de durabilité, accélérant l’intégration dans les chaînes de valeur mondiales et régionales.', 'Les cinq paris d’avenir sont les suivants : i) Devenir une nation numérique, où le potentiel transformationnel des technologies numériques est pleinement mobilisé ; ii) S’ériger en hub régional de l’enseignement supérieur, de la recherche et de l’innovation ; iii) Devenir le champion régional de l’énergie à bas carbone ; iv) Acquérir le statut de Pôle financier Régional de référence ; v) Faire du Made in Maroc un marqueur de qualité, de compétitivité et de durabilité, accélérant l’intégration dans les chaînes de valeur mondiales et régionales. Audacieux, transformationnels et construits sur les avantages compétitifs du Royaume et sur son potentiel, ces domaines d’avenir portent en eux une convergence d’intérêts entre le Royaume et ses principauxStratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme partenaires extérieurs et peuvent ainsi contribuer à renforcer la coopération et les partenariats, et à appuyer de manière transverse de multiples défis sous-jacents au Nouveau Modèle de Développement.', 'Audacieux, transformationnels et construits sur les avantages compétitifs du Royaume et sur son potentiel, ces domaines d’avenir portent en eux une convergence d’intérêts entre le Royaume et ses principauxStratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme partenaires extérieurs et peuvent ainsi contribuer à renforcer la coopération et les partenariats, et à appuyer de manière transverse de multiples défis sous-jacents au Nouveau Modèle de Développement. Il est proposé que cette ambition soit traduite en objectifs de développement ciblés, ambitieux mais tout à fait à la portée, qui propulseraient le Royaume dans beaucoup de domaines dans le tiers supérieur des différents classements mondiaux des Nations d’ici 2035, et qui lui permettraient de consacrer davantage sa vocation de modèle dans sa région et bien au-delà.', 'Il est proposé que cette ambition soit traduite en objectifs de développement ciblés, ambitieux mais tout à fait à la portée, qui propulseraient le Royaume dans beaucoup de domaines dans le tiers supérieur des différents classements mondiaux des Nations d’ici 2035, et qui lui permettraient de consacrer davantage sa vocation de modèle dans sa région et bien au-delà. Parmi ces objectifs, le doublement du produit intérieur brut par habitant à horizon 2035, une maitrise des apprentissages de base à la fin du cycle primaire par plus de 90% des élèves, l’augmentation du nombre de médecins par habitants pour atteindre les normes de l’OMS, la réduction à 20% de la part de l’emploi informel, l’élargissement du taux de participation des femmes à 45%, contre 22% en 2019, un taux de satisfaction des citoyens envers l’administration et les services publics de plus de 80%, l’augmentation de la part du renouvelable dans la consommation totale d’énergie à 40%, une baisse du coût de l’énergie pour les industries énergivores à 0,5 dh/kWh, et la contribution du dessalement de l’eau de mer et des eaux épurées à hauteur de 15% dans la consommation totale de l’eau.', 'Parmi ces objectifs, le doublement du produit intérieur brut par habitant à horizon 2035, une maitrise des apprentissages de base à la fin du cycle primaire par plus de 90% des élèves, l’augmentation du nombre de médecins par habitants pour atteindre les normes de l’OMS, la réduction à 20% de la part de l’emploi informel, l’élargissement du taux de participation des femmes à 45%, contre 22% en 2019, un taux de satisfaction des citoyens envers l’administration et les services publics de plus de 80%, l’augmentation de la part du renouvelable dans la consommation totale d’énergie à 40%, une baisse du coût de l’énergie pour les industries énergivores à 0,5 dh/kWh, et la contribution du dessalement de l’eau de mer et des eaux épurées à hauteur de 15% dans la consommation totale de l’eau. Pour atteindre son ambition et ses objectifs fondamentaux, le NMD propose quatre principaux axes stratégiques de transformation, qu’il sera nécessaire de conduire selon les principes et approches promus par le référentiel du NMD.', 'Pour atteindre son ambition et ses objectifs fondamentaux, le NMD propose quatre principaux axes stratégiques de transformation, qu’il sera nécessaire de conduire selon les principes et approches promus par le référentiel du NMD. D’abord, l’économie doit évoluer d’une économie à faible valeur ajoutée et à basse productivité, avec des niches rentières et protégées, à une économie diversifiée et compétitive, portée par un tissu dense d’entreprises innovantes et résilientes. La transformation économique doit générer plus de croissance et d’emplois de qualité pour intensifier la création de valeur et assurer l’insertion de la population active, en particulier les femmes et les jeunes.', 'La transformation économique doit générer plus de croissance et d’emplois de qualité pour intensifier la création de valeur et assurer l’insertion de la population active, en particulier les femmes et les jeunes. Le capital humain doit être renforcé pour donner à tous les citoyens les capacités de prendre en main leur devenir, de réaliser leur potentiel en toute autonomie, et de participer au développement du pays et à son intégration dans l’économie du savoir et de l’immatériel, portées par les compétences. Cet axe suppose des réformes essentielles, exigeantes et urgentes, des systèmes de santé, d’éducation et d’enseignement supérieur et professionnel. Le troisième axe de transformation, celui de l’inclusion, vise la participation de toutes et de tous, à la dynamique nationale de développement.', 'Le troisième axe de transformation, celui de l’inclusion, vise la participation de toutes et de tous, à la dynamique nationale de développement. Toutes les populations, et tous les territoires, doivent être incluses dans l’effort collectif, principalement à travers la participation et l’accès égal aux opportunités économiques, à travers la protection sociale, et à travers l’ouverture et l’acceptation de la diversité de la société marocaine. Les normes sociales discriminantes et les manques de capacités et de compétences, causes d’exclusion, doivent céder la place à une dynamique d’inclusion par la croissance, le travail, la mobilisation citoyenne et le renforcement du lien social. Les territoires, enfin, sont le lieu du quatrième axe de transformation majeur.', 'Les territoires, enfin, sont le lieu du quatrième axe de transformation majeur. De réceptacle final de politiques conçues au niveau central, les territoires doivent devenir le lieu d’élaboration, d’ancrage et de portage des politiques publiques. Ce sera le levier déterminant pour garantir un accès équitable aux services publics, un cadre de vie sain et de qualité, préservant les ressources, respectant tous les affluents de l’identité nationale et garantissant la dignité de tous les Marocains et en tous milieux, au plus près des besoins et des potentialités. Pour accélérer le changement, la Commission préconise de renouveler l’appareil administratif dans ses compétences et ses méthodes et d’utiliser au maximum le levier du numérique au vu de son potentiel transformationnel rapide.', 'Pour accélérer le changement, la Commission préconise de renouveler l’appareil administratif dans ses compétences et ses méthodes et d’utiliser au maximum le levier du numérique au vu de son potentiel transformationnel rapide. Paris du « Maroc champion de l’énergie compétitive et verte » L’ambition du NMD du Maroc est de faire de l’énergie un levier d’attractivité et de développement, dans la perspective d’enclencher un véritable choc de compétitivité, autour de critères de prix et de modes de production bas carbone.', 'Paris du « Maroc champion de l’énergie compétitive et verte » L’ambition du NMD du Maroc est de faire de l’énergie un levier d’attractivité et de développement, dans la perspective d’enclencher un véritable choc de compétitivité, autour de critères de prix et de modes de production bas carbone. Une telle approche permettra, par ailleurs, de renforcer la sécurité énergétique du pays (en volumes et en prix) et de l’ériger en acteur mondial dans la durabilité et dans le domaine des énergies renouvelables, avec une impulsion forte à la R&D et à l’industrialisation des équipements de production énergétique.', 'Une telle approche permettra, par ailleurs, de renforcer la sécurité énergétique du pays (en volumes et en prix) et de l’ériger en acteur mondial dans la durabilité et dans le domaine des énergies renouvelables, avec une impulsion forte à la R&D et à l’industrialisation des équipements de production énergétique. Tenant compte des éléments du diagnostic et de l’ambition proposée, six orientations stratégiques ont été identifiées dans la perspective d’accélérer le processus de transition énergétique du Maroc et de lui permettre de répondre au mieux à ses besoins en termes de compétitivité économique et de durabilité :Mettre en place une nouvelle architecture institutionnelle autour d’un régulateur fort, indépendant et crédible pour l’ensemble du secteur : cette nouvelle organisation doit accompagner l’augmentation de la production décentralisée et de nouveaux entrants et doit encadrer le rôle des acteurs traditionnels dans une logique de libéralisation et d’efficience.', 'Tenant compte des éléments du diagnostic et de l’ambition proposée, six orientations stratégiques ont été identifiées dans la perspective d’accélérer le processus de transition énergétique du Maroc et de lui permettre de répondre au mieux à ses besoins en termes de compétitivité économique et de durabilité :Mettre en place une nouvelle architecture institutionnelle autour d’un régulateur fort, indépendant et crédible pour l’ensemble du secteur : cette nouvelle organisation doit accompagner l’augmentation de la production décentralisée et de nouveaux entrants et doit encadrer le rôle des acteurs traditionnels dans une logique de libéralisation et d’efficience. Une telle libéralisation doit être assortie d’incitations et de sanctions par un régulateur fort, indépendant et compétent.', 'Une telle libéralisation doit être assortie d’incitations et de sanctions par un régulateur fort, indépendant et compétent. Cela exige d’actionner pleinement le rôle du régulateur dans les phases critiques de la chaîne de valeur de l’énergie (production / approvisionnement – transport – distribution / commercialisation). Enfin, la régionalisation de la distribution constitue l’opportunité de modifier les incitations des sociétés de distribution en levant progressivement le monopole sur la moyenne tension et en autorisant le développement de la génération.', 'Enfin, la régionalisation de la distribution constitue l’opportunité de modifier les incitations des sociétés de distribution en levant progressivement le monopole sur la moyenne tension et en autorisant le développement de la génération. Mettre en place une politique tarifaire transparente, dynamique et compétitive, reposant sur une séparation claire du rôle des acteurs : les objectifs de la politique de tarification de l’énergie doivent être clairement énoncés et doivent favoriser la transparence (accès à l’information du régulateur), le dynamisme (en accompagnant les changements du marché), et la concurrence (garantie des tarifs les plus compétitifs possible).', 'Mettre en place une politique tarifaire transparente, dynamique et compétitive, reposant sur une séparation claire du rôle des acteurs : les objectifs de la politique de tarification de l’énergie doivent être clairement énoncés et doivent favoriser la transparence (accès à l’information du régulateur), le dynamisme (en accompagnant les changements du marché), et la concurrence (garantie des tarifs les plus compétitifs possible). Pour accompagner une telle politique, il est impératif de compléter les réformes consistant à approfondir le marché de l’électricité et du gaz, en mettant en concurrence les sources de génération (électrique) et les sources d’approvisionnement (gaz) et en dégroupant clairement les activités de service public (transport et distribution) et celles du secteur marchand (production et commercialisation).', 'Pour accompagner une telle politique, il est impératif de compléter les réformes consistant à approfondir le marché de l’électricité et du gaz, en mettant en concurrence les sources de génération (électrique) et les sources d’approvisionnement (gaz) et en dégroupant clairement les activités de service public (transport et distribution) et celles du secteur marchand (production et commercialisation). La séparation des rôles de production, transport et distribution pourrait être également accompagnée par un renforcement des acteurs au niveau régional, la région étant le maillon idoine pour traiter et gérer le défi de la continuité et de la sécurisation de l’approvisionnement en électricité. 3.', 'La séparation des rôles de production, transport et distribution pourrait être également accompagnée par un renforcement des acteurs au niveau régional, la région étant le maillon idoine pour traiter et gérer le défi de la continuité et de la sécurisation de l’approvisionnement en électricité. 3. \x07Restructurer l’ONEE pour lui permettre d’assurer sa fonction stratégique de modernisation du réseau de transport d’électricité et d’accompagnement de la réforme du secteur : la restructuration et l’établissement d’une autonomie stratégique et financière de l’ONEE est essentielle pour davantage de transparence sur le coût réel de l’énergie, qui est un préalable nécessaire à la clarification du coût réel pour l’Etat, à la revue de la tarification pour les usagers et à la mise en concurrence entre producteurs sur une base de référence juste et comparable.', '\x07Restructurer l’ONEE pour lui permettre d’assurer sa fonction stratégique de modernisation du réseau de transport d’électricité et d’accompagnement de la réforme du secteur : la restructuration et l’établissement d’une autonomie stratégique et financière de l’ONEE est essentielle pour davantage de transparence sur le coût réel de l’énergie, qui est un préalable nécessaire à la clarification du coût réel pour l’Etat, à la revue de la tarification pour les usagers et à la mise en concurrence entre producteurs sur une base de référence juste et comparable. Développer la production décentralisée, efficace et intelligente, pour donner un accès à une électricité compétitive dans les territoires : la production décentralisée permettra de renforcer la fiabilité, la résilience, l’équilibre et la compétitivité du réseau énergétique en accompagnant les nouvelles formes de production par des technologies optimisant les rendements, minimisant les pertes et capitalisant sur les infrastructures existantes.', 'Développer la production décentralisée, efficace et intelligente, pour donner un accès à une électricité compétitive dans les territoires : la production décentralisée permettra de renforcer la fiabilité, la résilience, l’équilibre et la compétitivité du réseau énergétique en accompagnant les nouvelles formes de production par des technologies optimisant les rendements, minimisant les pertes et capitalisant sur les infrastructures existantes. L’installation de smart grids ou d’installations d’autoproduction de sources d‘énergie renouvelable dans l’industrie, l’agriculture ou encore le résidentiel permettra de maîtriser la consommation énergétique de l’auto-producteur et d’injecter une partie de l’excédent dans un marché régulé et adaptable. Une vision globale de l’efficacité énergétique doit s’articuler autour d’objectifs précis assortis de mécanismes de suivi-évaluation assurant l’atteinte de ces mêmes objectifs.', 'Une vision globale de l’efficacité énergétique doit s’articuler autour d’objectifs précis assortis de mécanismes de suivi-évaluation assurant l’atteinte de ces mêmes objectifs. L’adoption volontariste de technologies comme les smart grids et l’IoT ira dans le sens d’une production et d’une consommation intelligentes. L’efficacité énergétique passe également par l’intégration des considérations énergétiques et éco-climatiques dans la planification de l’aménagement du territoire. La déclinaison de toute politique publique et stratégie sectorielle doit répondre aux impératifs de la transition énergétique, notamment à travers l’alignement sur les standards et législations les plus avancés dans les domaines énergivores tels que les transports, le bâtiment, et l’industrie.', 'La déclinaison de toute politique publique et stratégie sectorielle doit répondre aux impératifs de la transition énergétique, notamment à travers l’alignement sur les standards et législations les plus avancés dans les domaines énergivores tels que les transports, le bâtiment, et l’industrie. Déplafonner l’accès au gaz naturel pour l’industrie et pour le développement du pays : le Maroc devrait recourir au gaz naturel pour la production de l’électricité en complément des unités de production à partir d’énergie solaire ou éolienne, et dans les processus industriels, essentiellement pour produire de la chaleur.', 'Déplafonner l’accès au gaz naturel pour l’industrie et pour le développement du pays : le Maroc devrait recourir au gaz naturel pour la production de l’électricité en complément des unités de production à partir d’énergie solaire ou éolienne, et dans les processus industriels, essentiellement pour produire de la chaleur. Le développement du marché gazier national requiert un choix explicite en faveur de la gestion par les prix et non par plafond de volume, un cadre clair et transparent avec une séparation entre les activités de transport et de distribution et l’établissement d’une société acheteur unique, ou « centrale achat » afin de déplafonner la consommation et assurer une concurrence sur les prix.Stratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme Ériger le Maroc en tant que plateforme régionale dans les échanges énergétiques, la R&D et le contenu local : il est crucial d’augmenter la capacité d’échange des interconnexions avec l’Europe, et conforter la position du Maroc en tant que point d’échange principal d’électricité entre l’Afrique et l’Europe du Sud.', 'Le développement du marché gazier national requiert un choix explicite en faveur de la gestion par les prix et non par plafond de volume, un cadre clair et transparent avec une séparation entre les activités de transport et de distribution et l’établissement d’une société acheteur unique, ou « centrale achat » afin de déplafonner la consommation et assurer une concurrence sur les prix.Stratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme Ériger le Maroc en tant que plateforme régionale dans les échanges énergétiques, la R&D et le contenu local : il est crucial d’augmenter la capacité d’échange des interconnexions avec l’Europe, et conforter la position du Maroc en tant que point d’échange principal d’électricité entre l’Afrique et l’Europe du Sud. Un raccordement du réseau marocain aux pays d’Afrique de l’Ouest serait d’une grande portée stratégique et permettrait de placer le développement et la prospérité, au cœur des discussions géopolitiques dans la région, tout en capitalisant sur les avancées du Maroc dans le domaine du développement des énergies renouvelables.', 'Un raccordement du réseau marocain aux pays d’Afrique de l’Ouest serait d’une grande portée stratégique et permettrait de placer le développement et la prospérité, au cœur des discussions géopolitiques dans la région, tout en capitalisant sur les avancées du Maroc dans le domaine du développement des énergies renouvelables. Le positionnement du Maroc comme hub énergétique devrait s’accompagner d’une véritable intégration industrielle territorialisée. Ainsi, il est capital, lors du développement et de l’exécution de projets industriels énergétiques d’envergure, de s’assurer de l’appropriation technologique et de permettre l’émergence d’expertise et de contenus locaux, avec une attention particulière aux acteurs spécialisés dans les nouvelles niches (techniques de stockage, batteries, smart grids, etc.).', 'Ainsi, il est capital, lors du développement et de l’exécution de projets industriels énergétiques d’envergure, de s’assurer de l’appropriation technologique et de permettre l’émergence d’expertise et de contenus locaux, avec une attention particulière aux acteurs spécialisés dans les nouvelles niches (techniques de stockage, batteries, smart grids, etc.). A long terme, le Power-to-X représente une piste particulièrement intéressante, dans l’optique du remplacement des combustibles fossiles et de la montée en puissance d’une électricité décarbonée. L’ammoniac synthétique représente aussi une opportunité tout aussi prometteuse en raison de l’allègement que pourrait induire la production locale d’ammoniac vert sur la dépendance du pays pour la production d’engrais à base de phosphore.', 'L’ammoniac synthétique représente aussi une opportunité tout aussi prometteuse en raison de l’allègement que pourrait induire la production locale d’ammoniac vert sur la dépendance du pays pour la production d’engrais à base de phosphore. Cela implique de s’investir davantage dans les activités de recherche et développement et d’innovation et de déployer des projets pilotes sur la base de partenariats avec des acteurs expérimentés en s’appuyant sur le socle R&D développé par l’OCP. Les énergies marines renouvelables présentent également un réel potentiel de décarbonation de l’économie mettant ainsi à profit sa façade maritime.', 'Les énergies marines renouvelables présentent également un réel potentiel de décarbonation de l’économie mettant ainsi à profit sa façade maritime. Des territoires résilients et durables, lieux d’ancrage du nouveau modèle de développement Le NMD est porteur d’une nouvelle vision sur le rôle des territoires, espaces de co-conception des politiques publiques avec l’Etat et lieu de leur mise en œuvre réussie. Cette vision consacre, ainsi, la place centrale des territoires comme source de création des richesses matérielles et immatérielles, d’éclosion de la démocratie participative et d’ancrage des principes de la durabilité des ressources et de leur résilience face aux effets du changement climatique. La crise de la Covid-19 a fortement révélé les inégalités territoriales en termes d’accès aux services publics de base et de création de richesses.', 'La crise de la Covid-19 a fortement révélé les inégalités territoriales en termes d’accès aux services publics de base et de création de richesses. Elle a également révélé la nécessité d’aborder ces défis moyennant des approches rénovées et spécifiques. Partant de ce constat, le NMD insiste sur l’impératif d’impulser la capacité des territoires et de renforcer leur résilience de manière pérenne. Cette approche nécessite de repenser les mécanismes de fonctionnement, d’interaction et de décision à l’échelle des territoires, mettant au centre l’efficacité de l’action au service des citoyens. Ainsi, la Commission prône un renouveau de la gouvernance des territoires, notamment en faveur d’une complémentarité Etat-Régions, du développement d’écosystèmes économiques intégrés, de l’aménagement de l’espace et des lieux de vie et de la préservation des ressources naturelles.', 'Ainsi, la Commission prône un renouveau de la gouvernance des territoires, notamment en faveur d’une complémentarité Etat-Régions, du développement d’écosystèmes économiques intégrés, de l’aménagement de l’espace et des lieux de vie et de la préservation des ressources naturelles. Pour favoriser l’émergence de territoires prospères, résilients et durables, la Commission préconise les cinq choix stratégiques ci-après : • Faire émerger un « Maroc des Régions » prospère et dynamique ; • Assurer une réorganisation innovante des échelons territoriaux et favoriser leur articulation ; • \x07 Favoriser un aménagement intégré des territoires, améliorer l’habitat et le cadre de vie, et renforcer la connectivité et la mobilité ; • \x07Préserver les ressources naturelles et renforcer la résilience des territoires au changement climatique ; • Préserver les ressources rares en eau pour nous, nos enfants, et les générations futures.', 'Pour favoriser l’émergence de territoires prospères, résilients et durables, la Commission préconise les cinq choix stratégiques ci-après : • Faire émerger un « Maroc des Régions » prospère et dynamique ; • Assurer une réorganisation innovante des échelons territoriaux et favoriser leur articulation ; • \x07 Favoriser un aménagement intégré des territoires, améliorer l’habitat et le cadre de vie, et renforcer la connectivité et la mobilité ; • \x07Préserver les ressources naturelles et renforcer la résilience des territoires au changement climatique ; • Préserver les ressources rares en eau pour nous, nos enfants, et les générations futures. Il est nécessaire dans cette perspective : i.', 'Il est nécessaire dans cette perspective : i. \x07 d’accélérer la décentralisation et la déconcentration avec des transferts effectifs de pouvoirs et de veiller à ce que les Régions assurent pleinement leurs fonctions et leurs prérogatives ; ii. \x07 de revisiter l’organisation administrative des territoires et mobiliser leurs synergies pour améliorer la qualité de service aux citoyens ;iii. \x07 de simplifier la gouvernance de l’aménagement urbain et d’adopter une politique de l’habitat, notamment pour la composante logement social, qui favorise la mixité sociale, contribue à l’inclusion socioéconomique et à un meilleur cadre de vie, avec des services publics disponibles en proximité, des moyens de transport adaptés aux besoins de mobilité des populations et une connectivité numérique de qualité ; iv.', '\x07 de simplifier la gouvernance de l’aménagement urbain et d’adopter une politique de l’habitat, notamment pour la composante logement social, qui favorise la mixité sociale, contribue à l’inclusion socioéconomique et à un meilleur cadre de vie, avec des services publics disponibles en proximité, des moyens de transport adaptés aux besoins de mobilité des populations et une connectivité numérique de qualité ; iv. de renforcer la protection des ressources naturelles et de la biodiversité ; v. et de réformer le secteur de l’eau en faveur d’usages reflétant la rareté de cette ressource. 3.3.', 'de renforcer la protection des ressources naturelles et de la biodiversité ; v. et de réformer le secteur de l’eau en faveur d’usages reflétant la rareté de cette ressource. 3.3. État des lieux de l’action climatique au Maroc Le Royaume du Maroc s’inscrit dans l’effort international visant l’opérationnalisation de l’Accord de Paris et l’accélération de l’Agenda de l’Action Climatique tout en capitalisant sur la dynamique et la mobilisation des acteurs clés, ainsi que les acquis et les progrès réalisés ces dernières années à différents niveaux.', 'État des lieux de l’action climatique au Maroc Le Royaume du Maroc s’inscrit dans l’effort international visant l’opérationnalisation de l’Accord de Paris et l’accélération de l’Agenda de l’Action Climatique tout en capitalisant sur la dynamique et la mobilisation des acteurs clés, ainsi que les acquis et les progrès réalisés ces dernières années à différents niveaux. Le Maroc a soumis, en juin 2021, sa NDC actualisée avec une nouvelle ambition de 45,5% de réduction des émissions de GES à l’horizon 2030, et dont la mise en œuvre est prévue à travers 61 projets et actions couvrant sept (07) secteurs économiques.', 'Le Maroc a soumis, en juin 2021, sa NDC actualisée avec une nouvelle ambition de 45,5% de réduction des émissions de GES à l’horizon 2030, et dont la mise en œuvre est prévue à travers 61 projets et actions couvrant sept (07) secteurs économiques. La NDC actualisée en chiffres La réduction de 45,5% des émissions exige la mise en œuvre de 61 Actions avec une enveloppe de 38,8 Milliards de Dollars Objectifs non conditionnels 18,3% Taux global et non conditionnel de réduction des émissions de GES de la ligne de base en 2030. 34 Actions. 17,3 Mds USD. Objectifs conditionnels 27,2% Taux global et conditionnel de réduction des émissions de GES. 27 Actions.', 'Objectifs conditionnels 27,2% Taux global et conditionnel de réduction des émissions de GES. 27 Actions. 21,5 Mds USD.Stratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme La NDC à l’horizon 2030 du Maroc est une des rares à être jugée compatible avec l’objectif mondial de limiter l’augmentation de la température mondiale à 1.5°C par l’organisation indépendante Climate Action Tracker (6). La NDC du Maroc se caractérise par sa transparence en identifiant clairement une liste de projets, dont certaines actions contingentées à l’appui international, qui devraient concourir à l’atteinte de l’objectif national.', 'La NDC du Maroc se caractérise par sa transparence en identifiant clairement une liste de projets, dont certaines actions contingentées à l’appui international, qui devraient concourir à l’atteinte de l’objectif national. La réalisation des projets inscrits dans la NDC du Maroc devrait être basée sur un montage financier innovant et optimal entre l’État, les collectivités territoriales, les instruments internationaux de la finance climat, le secteur privé national et international et enfin l’utilisation efficace des opportunités qu’offre le nouveau cadre législatif des Partenariats Publics Privés (PPP).', 'La réalisation des projets inscrits dans la NDC du Maroc devrait être basée sur un montage financier innovant et optimal entre l’État, les collectivités territoriales, les instruments internationaux de la finance climat, le secteur privé national et international et enfin l’utilisation efficace des opportunités qu’offre le nouveau cadre législatif des Partenariats Publics Privés (PPP). En plus, le Maroc a élaboré en 2019, son Plan Climat National 2030 (PCN) qui constitue le socle de coordination et le cadre de développement d’une politique climatique à moyen et long terme permettant de répondre de manière proactive et ambitieuse aux défis que pose le changement climatique et le contexte Marocain.', 'En plus, le Maroc a élaboré en 2019, son Plan Climat National 2030 (PCN) qui constitue le socle de coordination et le cadre de développement d’une politique climatique à moyen et long terme permettant de répondre de manière proactive et ambitieuse aux défis que pose le changement climatique et le contexte Marocain. Le PCN s’appuie sur les cinq piliers suivants : • Asseoir une gouvernance climatique renforcée ; • Renforcer la résilience face aux risques climatiques • Accélérer la transition vers une économie sobre en carbone ; • Inscrire les territoires dans la dynamique climat ; • Renforcer les capacités humaines, technologiques et financières. Pour atténuer ces vulnérabilités climatiques, le Maroc a initié un processus d’élaboration du Plan National Stratégique d’Adaptation (PNSA) selon une approche hautement concertée.', 'Pour atténuer ces vulnérabilités climatiques, le Maroc a initié un processus d’élaboration du Plan National Stratégique d’Adaptation (PNSA) selon une approche hautement concertée. Il s’est assigné trois objectifs majeurs : renforcer la résilience de façon adéquate et urgente de la population et des territoires ; accroître le soutien politique national à haut niveau à l’adaptation ; mobiliser le soutien technique et financier au niveau international à l’adaptation. Ce processus est structuré selon cinq principaux axes : • Gouvernance du PNSA ; • Connaissance et information climatique ; • Évaluation, prévention, et réduction des vulnérabilités et des risques de catastrophes naturelles ; • Résilience des ressources et des écosystèmes vulnérables ; et • Résilience des secteurs productifs.', 'Ce processus est structuré selon cinq principaux axes : • Gouvernance du PNSA ; • Connaissance et information climatique ; • Évaluation, prévention, et réduction des vulnérabilités et des risques de catastrophes naturelles ; • Résilience des ressources et des écosystèmes vulnérables ; et • Résilience des secteurs productifs. Aussi, il est prévu le développement des compétences des acteurs publics, des collectivités territoriales, du secteur privé et des ONG pour accompagner la mise en œuvre du plan PNSA. Le Maroc vise à mobiliser des financements publics ou privés d’origine domestique et internationale et ce, pour soutenir la mise en œuvre du PNSA, contribuant ainsi à l’accomplissement du volet adaptation de la NDC Maroc.', 'Le Maroc vise à mobiliser des financements publics ou privés d’origine domestique et internationale et ce, pour soutenir la mise en œuvre du PNSA, contribuant ainsi à l’accomplissement du volet adaptation de la NDC Maroc. Le coût estimé pour mettre en œuvre des programmes du volet adaptation, inscrits dans la NDC Maroc actualisée, dans les secteurs les plus affectés, notamment les secteurs de l’eau, de l’agriculture, de la pêche et l’aquaculture, la foresterie et la santé, ainsi que les milieux et écosystèmes les plus vulnérables, à l’instar des oasis, du littoral et des montagnes, s’élèvera à plus de 40 milliards USD.', 'Le coût estimé pour mettre en œuvre des programmes du volet adaptation, inscrits dans la NDC Maroc actualisée, dans les secteurs les plus affectés, notamment les secteurs de l’eau, de l’agriculture, de la pêche et l’aquaculture, la foresterie et la santé, ainsi que les milieux et écosystèmes les plus vulnérables, à l’instar des oasis, du littoral et des montagnes, s’élèvera à plus de 40 milliards USD. Les Conseils des Régions du Maroc auront, d’une part, un rôle important dans le suivi de la mise en œuvre des projets inscrits dans la NDC du Maroc et d’autre part, ils devront élaborer leurs propres plans d’adaptation et de résilience aux changements basés sur l’identification de leurs vulnérabilités climatiques.', 'Les Conseils des Régions du Maroc auront, d’une part, un rôle important dans le suivi de la mise en œuvre des projets inscrits dans la NDC du Maroc et d’autre part, ils devront élaborer leurs propres plans d’adaptation et de résilience aux changements basés sur l’identification de leurs vulnérabilités climatiques. D’ores et déjà, certaines régions disposant de plans climat territoriaux ont commencé à intégrer plusieurs projets d’infrastructures d’adaptation et de résilience climat dans leurs Plans de Développement Régionaux.', 'D’ores et déjà, certaines régions disposant de plans climat territoriaux ont commencé à intégrer plusieurs projets d’infrastructures d’adaptation et de résilience climat dans leurs Plans de Développement Régionaux. Les autres acteurs de développement territorial du Maroc et notamment les métropoles, villes intermédiaires et le monde rural sont également concernés par l’intégration du climat dans leurs plans d’actions communaux et plans de développement des pôles urbain, et notamment les investissements dans les infrastructures liées aux domaines de gestion des ressources hydriques, énergétiques et d’adaptation et de résilience.Ceci nécessitera également un effort supplémentaire de la part de l’administration territoriale en matière d’ingénierie financière et de montage technique des projets afin de pouvoir mobiliser les financements nécessaires, et notamment via l’opérationnalisation des mécanismes de cofinancement offerts par le PPP, les instruments internationaux (bilatéraux et multilatéraux) de la finance climat notamment ceux auprès du Fonds Vert Climat.', 'Les autres acteurs de développement territorial du Maroc et notamment les métropoles, villes intermédiaires et le monde rural sont également concernés par l’intégration du climat dans leurs plans d’actions communaux et plans de développement des pôles urbain, et notamment les investissements dans les infrastructures liées aux domaines de gestion des ressources hydriques, énergétiques et d’adaptation et de résilience.Ceci nécessitera également un effort supplémentaire de la part de l’administration territoriale en matière d’ingénierie financière et de montage technique des projets afin de pouvoir mobiliser les financements nécessaires, et notamment via l’opérationnalisation des mécanismes de cofinancement offerts par le PPP, les instruments internationaux (bilatéraux et multilatéraux) de la finance climat notamment ceux auprès du Fonds Vert Climat. Pour accompagner et garantir la réussite de la mise en œuvre de ses stratégies et objectifs, le Maroc a mis en place de nouveaux dispositifs institutionnels de gouvernance et de renforcement des capacités techniques et financières rendant ses ambitions faisables et réalistes, à savoir : • \x07 L’institutionnalisation de la commission nationale de développement durable, présidée par le Chef de Gouvernement avec deux comités : “Comité de suivi et de pilotage de la mise en œuvre de la stratégie nationale de développement durable” et le « comité de suivi et d’accompagnement des objectifs de développement durable » ; • \x07 L’institutionnalisation de la Commission nationale sur le Changement Climatique et la Diversité Biologique.', 'Pour accompagner et garantir la réussite de la mise en œuvre de ses stratégies et objectifs, le Maroc a mis en place de nouveaux dispositifs institutionnels de gouvernance et de renforcement des capacités techniques et financières rendant ses ambitions faisables et réalistes, à savoir : • \x07 L’institutionnalisation de la commission nationale de développement durable, présidée par le Chef de Gouvernement avec deux comités : “Comité de suivi et de pilotage de la mise en œuvre de la stratégie nationale de développement durable” et le « comité de suivi et d’accompagnement des objectifs de développement durable » ; • \x07 L’institutionnalisation de la Commission nationale sur le Changement Climatique et la Diversité Biologique. Cette commission est placée auprès de l’autorité gouvernementale chargée de l’environnement et constitue un organe de concertation et de coordination pour assurer le suivi de la mise en œuvre des engagements prévus dans les conventions internationales et leurs protocoles ayant trait aux changements climatiques et à la diversité biologique, cette commission comprend deux sous commissions : la sous-commission “Diversité Biologique” et une sous-commission “Changements climatiques” ; • \x07 Mise en place du schéma institutionnel du Système national d’inventaires des GES (SNIGES).', 'Cette commission est placée auprès de l’autorité gouvernementale chargée de l’environnement et constitue un organe de concertation et de coordination pour assurer le suivi de la mise en œuvre des engagements prévus dans les conventions internationales et leurs protocoles ayant trait aux changements climatiques et à la diversité biologique, cette commission comprend deux sous commissions : la sous-commission “Diversité Biologique” et une sous-commission “Changements climatiques” ; • \x07 Mise en place du schéma institutionnel du Système national d’inventaires des GES (SNIGES). Le schéma institutionnel convenu comporte une Commission Nationale d’Inventaire (CNI), une Unité Nationale d’Inventaire (UNI), un Coordinateur National, cinq Coordinateurs Sectoriels, des Inventoristes et des Points Focaux.', 'Le schéma institutionnel convenu comporte une Commission Nationale d’Inventaire (CNI), une Unité Nationale d’Inventaire (UNI), un Coordinateur National, cinq Coordinateurs Sectoriels, des Inventoristes et des Points Focaux. En outre, un projet de décret relatif au cadre de suivi évaluation de l’action climatique nationale est en cours de finalisation pour mettre en œuvre l’ensemble des critères MRV et rapports du cadre de transparence ; • \x07L’assujettissement légal des politiques publiques, programmes, plans et schémas du développement sectoriel ou régional à l’évaluation stratégique environnementale et climatique stipulé dans le cadre de la nouvelle loi n° 49.17 relative à l’évaluation environnementale, adoptée en 2020 ; • \x07 Mise en place d’une feuille de route pour l’alignement du secteur financier et bancaire marocain sur le développement durable.', 'En outre, un projet de décret relatif au cadre de suivi évaluation de l’action climatique nationale est en cours de finalisation pour mettre en œuvre l’ensemble des critères MRV et rapports du cadre de transparence ; • \x07L’assujettissement légal des politiques publiques, programmes, plans et schémas du développement sectoriel ou régional à l’évaluation stratégique environnementale et climatique stipulé dans le cadre de la nouvelle loi n° 49.17 relative à l’évaluation environnementale, adoptée en 2020 ; • \x07 Mise en place d’une feuille de route pour l’alignement du secteur financier et bancaire marocain sur le développement durable. Cette feuille de route s’articule autour de 5 axes majeurs : 1) l’extension de la gouvernance fondée sur les risques aux risques socio-environnementaux, 2) le développement d’instruments et de produit financiers durables, 3) la promotion de l’inclusion financière, 4) le renforcement des capacités dans le domaine de la finance durable et 5) la transparence et la discipline de marché ; • \x07 Création en 2016 du Centre de compétences en changement climatique (4C Maroc), qui constitue une plateforme de renforcement des compétences des acteurs relevant de différents secteurs.', 'Cette feuille de route s’articule autour de 5 axes majeurs : 1) l’extension de la gouvernance fondée sur les risques aux risques socio-environnementaux, 2) le développement d’instruments et de produit financiers durables, 3) la promotion de l’inclusion financière, 4) le renforcement des capacités dans le domaine de la finance durable et 5) la transparence et la discipline de marché ; • \x07 Création en 2016 du Centre de compétences en changement climatique (4C Maroc), qui constitue une plateforme de renforcement des compétences des acteurs relevant de différents secteurs. Il est organisé en 4 collèges (Collège secteur public et collectivités territoriales, Collège secteur économique, Collège recherche & formation, Collège société civile) et un hub pour le développement et la diffusion de compétences en matière de changement climatique ouvert sur son environnement national et africain ; • \x07 Lancement d’une réflexion autour d’un projet de Loi sur le changement climatique au Maroc en vue de donner une base juridique et contraignante à l’ambition climatique et aux engagements internationaux ; et • \x07 Publication par Bank Al-Maghrib (Banque Centrale) de la directive réglementaire nationale n° 5/W/2021 relative au dispositif d’identification, de mesure, de gestion, de suivi et de contrôle des risques financiers liés au changement climatique et à l’environnement par les établissements de crédit.', 'Il est organisé en 4 collèges (Collège secteur public et collectivités territoriales, Collège secteur économique, Collège recherche & formation, Collège société civile) et un hub pour le développement et la diffusion de compétences en matière de changement climatique ouvert sur son environnement national et africain ; • \x07 Lancement d’une réflexion autour d’un projet de Loi sur le changement climatique au Maroc en vue de donner une base juridique et contraignante à l’ambition climatique et aux engagements internationaux ; et • \x07 Publication par Bank Al-Maghrib (Banque Centrale) de la directive réglementaire nationale n° 5/W/2021 relative au dispositif d’identification, de mesure, de gestion, de suivi et de contrôle des risques financiers liés au changement climatique et à l’environnement par les établissements de crédit. Cette directive constitue un référentiel méthodologique de référence qui traite les risques physiques, les risques de transition, les risques de responsabilité liés à l’environnement et au changement climatique et prend en compte également, l’empreinte environnementale des établissements de crédit et organismes assimilés.Stratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme 4.1.', 'Cette directive constitue un référentiel méthodologique de référence qui traite les risques physiques, les risques de transition, les risques de responsabilité liés à l’environnement et au changement climatique et prend en compte également, l’empreinte environnementale des établissements de crédit et organismes assimilés.Stratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme 4.1. Secteur de l’énergie 4.1.1. État des lieux Les émissions de CO2-énergie et le mix du secteur électrique au Maroc Au Maroc, en l’absence d’activité de raffinage, la production d’électricité représente actuellement l’essentiel du secteur de la transformation de l’énergie. Le secteur de l’électricité représente à lui seul 40% des émissions de CO2 « énergie » du Maroc, une part qui s’explique par le poids encore élevé des centrales thermiques conventionnelles (charbon, gaz naturel, fioul et diesel), de l’ordre de 80% en 2018.', 'Le secteur de l’électricité représente à lui seul 40% des émissions de CO2 « énergie » du Maroc, une part qui s’explique par le poids encore élevé des centrales thermiques conventionnelles (charbon, gaz naturel, fioul et diesel), de l’ordre de 80% en 2018. La dernière décennie a été marquée par la montée en puissance du gaz naturel et des renouvelables ainsi que par un regain du charbon depuis 2013. Emissions de CO2 du Maroc (combustion, 2018) Mix électrique du Maroc Source : Enerdata, Global Energy & CO2 Data. Source : ONEE, MEM. 4.', 'Source : ONEE, MEM. 4. Stratégies sectoriellesLes émissions du secteur électrique se retrouvant sous forme d’émissions indirectes dans les secteurs où s’effectue la consommation finale d’électricité, la décarbonation profonde de l’électricité constitue un levier essentiel de la décarbonation des autres secteurs de l’économie marocaine : industrie, bâtiment, transport et agriculture. Ce levier reste cependant insuffisant puisque des émissions importantes de GES proviennent d’usages directs de combustibles fossiles ou d’autres sources d’émissions : Processus Industriels et Utilisation des Produits (PIUP) et Utilisation des Terres, Changement d’Affectation des Terres et Foresterie (UTCATF).', 'Ce levier reste cependant insuffisant puisque des émissions importantes de GES proviennent d’usages directs de combustibles fossiles ou d’autres sources d’émissions : Processus Industriels et Utilisation des Produits (PIUP) et Utilisation des Terres, Changement d’Affectation des Terres et Foresterie (UTCATF). État des lieux des travaux et réflexions sur la décarbonation du secteur L’environnement international apparaît très porteur pour le Maroc qui dispose d’atouts exceptionnels tels que son potentiel en énergies renouvelables, sa proximité géographique avec le marché européen et une stratégie volontariste qui s’est d’ores et déjà traduite par la réussite de grands projets structurants dans l’éolien et le solaire.', 'État des lieux des travaux et réflexions sur la décarbonation du secteur L’environnement international apparaît très porteur pour le Maroc qui dispose d’atouts exceptionnels tels que son potentiel en énergies renouvelables, sa proximité géographique avec le marché européen et une stratégie volontariste qui s’est d’ores et déjà traduite par la réussite de grands projets structurants dans l’éolien et le solaire. Le Maroc, en commençant avec le secteur de l’électricité, a débuté un projet de transition énergétique ambitieux et, la possibilité d’une décarbonation très avancée du mix électrique marocain est tout à fait envisageable et même déjà à l’étude. L’objectif actuel prévoit 52% d’énergie renouvelable dans la capacité installée totale à l’horizon 2030.', 'L’objectif actuel prévoit 52% d’énergie renouvelable dans la capacité installée totale à l’horizon 2030. Il est à noter que les objectifs de la NDC du Maroc sont en cours de révision et prévoient un rehaussement des ambitions du Maroc dans ce domaine. La transition vers le renouvelable est un projet qui a été initié et soutenu au plus haut niveau de l’État marocain. Le cadre stratégique dans le secteur de l’électricité est en place dans ses grandes lignes et s’inscrit très clairement sur une trajectoire de décarbonation qui s’appuie sur une montée en puissance progressive de la part des énergies renouvelables. Toutes les parties prenantes consultées s’accordent pour considérer une décarbonation avancée du secteur électrique comme étant l’objectif de long-terme recherché.', 'Toutes les parties prenantes consultées s’accordent pour considérer une décarbonation avancée du secteur électrique comme étant l’objectif de long-terme recherché. Les acteurs du secteur sont en outre très demandeurs d’objectifs chiffrés ambitieux mais réalistes à 2040 et 2050 afin d’orienter leurs anticipations et préparer leurs propres stratégies et plans d’action dans un secteur où le développement de projets prend plusieurs années et où l’horizon d’investissement peut dépasser une ou deux décennies voire plus.', 'Les acteurs du secteur sont en outre très demandeurs d’objectifs chiffrés ambitieux mais réalistes à 2040 et 2050 afin d’orienter leurs anticipations et préparer leurs propres stratégies et plans d’action dans un secteur où le développement de projets prend plusieurs années et où l’horizon d’investissement peut dépasser une ou deux décennies voire plus. De nombreuses études stratégiques et feuilles de route sont en cours de préparation : Schéma Directeur Production de l’ONEE à 2040, Feuille de route Power-to-X, Stratégie biomasse-énergie, feuille de route pour l’exploitation des énergies marines, Cluster Green H2, révision de la loi sur l’autoproduction de l’énergie électrique, Feuille de route gaz naturel 2050, SNDD 2030, Stratégie Nationale d’Efficacité Énergétique 2030, PCN 2030, NDC, économie verte, plan national de l’eau 2050, etc.', 'De nombreuses études stratégiques et feuilles de route sont en cours de préparation : Schéma Directeur Production de l’ONEE à 2040, Feuille de route Power-to-X, Stratégie biomasse-énergie, feuille de route pour l’exploitation des énergies marines, Cluster Green H2, révision de la loi sur l’autoproduction de l’énergie électrique, Feuille de route gaz naturel 2050, SNDD 2030, Stratégie Nationale d’Efficacité Énergétique 2030, PCN 2030, NDC, économie verte, plan national de l’eau 2050, etc. Ces travaux offrent un socle solide et cohérent pour former une ambition à 2040 et 2050 pour le secteur de l’électricité et des autres activités de transformation de l’énergie. 4.1.2.', 'Ces travaux offrent un socle solide et cohérent pour former une ambition à 2040 et 2050 pour le secteur de l’électricité et des autres activités de transformation de l’énergie. 4.1.2. Énoncé de vision sectorielle Un mix d’offre énergétique 2050 largement décarboné La baisse rapide et continue du coût des énergies renouvelables et du stockage valide l’orientation prise par le Maroc et autorise l’adoption de stratégies de décarbonation très ambitieuses axées sur la production d’électricité et d’hydrogène verts. Une part d’énergies renouvelables de 70% à 2040 et 80% à 2050 dans le mix électrique tant en énergie qu’en capacité est envisageable avec les technologies et perspectives de coûts actuelles.', 'Une part d’énergies renouvelables de 70% à 2040 et 80% à 2050 dans le mix électrique tant en énergie qu’en capacité est envisageable avec les technologies et perspectives de coûts actuelles. Aller au-delà de ces taux pourrait induire d’importants surcoûts mais la situation peut évoluer avec les progrès technologiques attendus dans les décennies à venir. A 2050, l’utilisation des centrales thermiques classiques (charbon, gaz naturel, fioul) serait ainsi très fortement réduite et les technologies de réseaux intelligents, de stockage et de pilotage de la demande deviendraient centrales dans la gestion de l’intermittence et l’équilibrage du système. L’hydrogène vert produit par électrolyse à partir d’électricité renouvelable et ses dérivés (ammoniac, méthanol) pourraient contribuer à décarboner des secteurs et usages énergétiques qui ne peuvent pas être directement électrifiés.', 'L’hydrogène vert produit par électrolyse à partir d’électricité renouvelable et ses dérivés (ammoniac, méthanol) pourraient contribuer à décarboner des secteurs et usages énergétiques qui ne peuvent pas être directement électrifiés. On les trouve principalement dans le transport lourd (navires, avions, camions longue distance) et certaines applications industrielles (chaleur industrielle à très haute température).Stratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme Un mix énergétique décarboné est un levier essentiel de la décarbonation des autres secteurs et source d’opportunités industrielles et commerciales L’augmentation de la part d’électricité renouvelable et l’électrification accrue des usages finaux constituent les principaux leviers de décarbonation des mix énergétiques des secteurs de l’industrie, du bâtiment, des transports et de l’agriculture. Cette augmentation de la part des renouvelables ne doit cependant pas se faire au détriment de la compétitivité du Maroc.', 'Cette augmentation de la part des renouvelables ne doit cependant pas se faire au détriment de la compétitivité du Maroc. La transition vers un mix énergétique décarboné doit enfin être pensée de manière à créer des retombées économiques et sociales importantes notamment en termes d’emplois. Sur ce dernier point, la hausse de la part de l’autoproduction basse et moyenne tension dans la production d’électricité serait complémentaire à l’approche basée sur des grands projets industriels solaires et éoliens et permettrait de massifier l’usage des renouvelables et générer des emplois qualifiés de proximité. Le potentiel du Maroc en énergies renouvelables et sa proximité géographique avec les marchés européens et africains lui permettent aussi d’envisager à terme, l’exportation d’électricité verte certifiée et d’hydrogène vert ou de ses produits dérivés.', 'Le potentiel du Maroc en énergies renouvelables et sa proximité géographique avec les marchés européens et africains lui permettent aussi d’envisager à terme, l’exportation d’électricité verte certifiée et d’hydrogène vert ou de ses produits dérivés. Un mix énergétique profondément décarboné conduirait ainsi à des importations évitées (produits pétroliers, ammoniac) et une réduction de la facture énergétique du pays mais aussi à une amélioration de sa sécurité d’approvisionnement.', 'Un mix énergétique profondément décarboné conduirait ainsi à des importations évitées (produits pétroliers, ammoniac) et une réduction de la facture énergétique du pays mais aussi à une amélioration de sa sécurité d’approvisionnement. L’innovation et la R&D permettraient au Maroc de poursuivre son développement industriel et de mieux s’intégrer sur les marchés internationaux Une stratégie d’innovation, de recherche et développement (R&D) appliquée et d’intégration industrielle progressive et adaptée peut permettre au Maroc de réduire sa dépendance technologique, de monter en gamme et de créer une dynamique de développement industriel dans le secteur de l’énergie et des services et équipements associés.', 'L’innovation et la R&D permettraient au Maroc de poursuivre son développement industriel et de mieux s’intégrer sur les marchés internationaux Une stratégie d’innovation, de recherche et développement (R&D) appliquée et d’intégration industrielle progressive et adaptée peut permettre au Maroc de réduire sa dépendance technologique, de monter en gamme et de créer une dynamique de développement industriel dans le secteur de l’énergie et des services et équipements associés. De plus, dans un contexte mondial où l’accès aux marchés internationaux des biens à forte intensité en carbone est remis en cause par la transition globale vers le bas carbone (et l’introduction de taxes carbone aux frontières), le choix d’un mix énergétique profondément décarboné par le Maroc est un outil de renforcement de sa compétitivité et de son attractivité pour les investisseurs étrangers.', 'De plus, dans un contexte mondial où l’accès aux marchés internationaux des biens à forte intensité en carbone est remis en cause par la transition globale vers le bas carbone (et l’introduction de taxes carbone aux frontières), le choix d’un mix énergétique profondément décarboné par le Maroc est un outil de renforcement de sa compétitivité et de son attractivité pour les investisseurs étrangers. Le secteur privé et les territoires jouent un rôle déterminant dans la transformation du secteur énergétique La transition du secteur de l’énergie devra s’appuyer en priorité sur le secteur privé qui seul a la capacité de réaliser les investissements nécessaires à la transformation du système énergétique.', 'Le secteur privé et les territoires jouent un rôle déterminant dans la transformation du secteur énergétique La transition du secteur de l’énergie devra s’appuyer en priorité sur le secteur privé qui seul a la capacité de réaliser les investissements nécessaires à la transformation du système énergétique. L’État marocain peut jouer son rôle de « chef d’orchestre » en définissant les orientations générales et en initiant ou facilitant la mise en œuvre des stratégies définies conjointement avec toutes les parties prenantes. Les territoires ont eux aussi un rôle essentiel à jouer dans l’optimisation et l’intégration des réseaux d’utilités (énergie – eau – déchet – mobilité – bâtiment), ainsi que dans l’accompagnement des entreprises et la création de conditions favorables au développement des énergies renouvelables au niveau local.', 'Les territoires ont eux aussi un rôle essentiel à jouer dans l’optimisation et l’intégration des réseaux d’utilités (énergie – eau – déchet – mobilité – bâtiment), ainsi que dans l’accompagnement des entreprises et la création de conditions favorables au développement des énergies renouvelables au niveau local. Un réseau dense d’experts marocains dans les domaines des énergies renouvelables, des réseaux intelligents, de la mobilité électrique, de l’efficacité énergétique ou de l’économie circulaire est indispensable pour accompagner les entreprises et en particulier les petites et moyennes entreprises (PME) et les très petites entreprises (TPE) dans leur transition énergétique. 4.1.3.', 'Un réseau dense d’experts marocains dans les domaines des énergies renouvelables, des réseaux intelligents, de la mobilité électrique, de l’efficacité énergétique ou de l’économie circulaire est indispensable pour accompagner les entreprises et en particulier les petites et moyennes entreprises (PME) et les très petites entreprises (TPE) dans leur transition énergétique. 4.1.3. Questions et interrogations Les incertitudes liées à l’environnement international La réussite de la stratégie du Maroc repose en partie sur des développements qui ont lieu à l’international tels que l’intégration et le développement des marchés de l’électricité et de l’hydrogène, les taxes carbones aux frontières, les évolutions technologiques, les négociations climatiques, etc. Par exemple, il reste de nombreuses incertitudes concernant l’évolution des technologies, des coûts et des marchés mondiaux de l’hydrogène.', 'Par exemple, il reste de nombreuses incertitudes concernant l’évolution des technologies, des coûts et des marchés mondiaux de l’hydrogène. L’international est donc source d’incertitudes et de risques mais aussi source d’opportunités grâce à la disponibilité de financements internationaux, aux transferts de technologie et de savoir-faire qui doivent être mobilisés et maximisés au mieux grâce à une stratégie proactive du Maroc, stratégie déjà largement initiée.La prise en compte des risques climatiques et environnementaux Le secteur énergétique au même titre que de nombreux secteurs est pour partie vulnérable à la montée des risques climatiques et environnementaux. Par exemple, le potentiel hydroélectrique du Maroc se détériore d’année en année à cause du changement climatique.', 'Par exemple, le potentiel hydroélectrique du Maroc se détériore d’année en année à cause du changement climatique. Il est donc crucial de réfléchir sur la flexibilité et l’adaptabilité du système face à ces risques, et d’entreprendre une évaluation poussée de l’impact du changement climatique à la fois sur les infrastructures et sur le potentiel maximal en énergies renouvelables en tenant compte des différentes options d’aménagement du territoire marocain et de la concurrence entre usages (ex. biomasse).', 'Il est donc crucial de réfléchir sur la flexibilité et l’adaptabilité du système face à ces risques, et d’entreprendre une évaluation poussée de l’impact du changement climatique à la fois sur les infrastructures et sur le potentiel maximal en énergies renouvelables en tenant compte des différentes options d’aménagement du territoire marocain et de la concurrence entre usages (ex. biomasse). La nécessité d’une gouvernance multisectorielle intégrée et décentralisée La réussite de la transition énergétique du Maroc dépasse le seul secteur de l’énergie et nécessite la mise en place d’une approche très intégrée multisectorielle à différents niveaux géographiques incluant l’ensemble des parties prenantes : ministères et agences gouvernementales, entreprises privées et publiques, consommateurs, industriels et équipementiers, élus et décideurs territoriaux et société civile.', 'La nécessité d’une gouvernance multisectorielle intégrée et décentralisée La réussite de la transition énergétique du Maroc dépasse le seul secteur de l’énergie et nécessite la mise en place d’une approche très intégrée multisectorielle à différents niveaux géographiques incluant l’ensemble des parties prenantes : ministères et agences gouvernementales, entreprises privées et publiques, consommateurs, industriels et équipementiers, élus et décideurs territoriaux et société civile. La décentralisation des décisions est essentielle car la majorité des actions à entreprendre se situe à un niveau local. Il serait à cet égard utile de décliner la stratégie de long-terme sous forme de projets concrets à réaliser tant pour la production centralisée que pour l’autoproduction.', 'Il serait à cet égard utile de décliner la stratégie de long-terme sous forme de projets concrets à réaliser tant pour la production centralisée que pour l’autoproduction. Une incertitude importante provient de la méthodologie de définition et d’implémentation de la stratégie 2050 car elle doit intégrer la capacité collective à mettre en œuvre la transition énergétique et identifier les barrières et freins possibles. Par exemple, la capacité du Maroc à réaliser des gains importants d’efficacité énergétique reste à démontrer ; cela implique donc de réaliser de nombreux points d’étape et des rencontres aux niveaux national et local.', 'Par exemple, la capacité du Maroc à réaliser des gains importants d’efficacité énergétique reste à démontrer ; cela implique donc de réaliser de nombreux points d’étape et des rencontres aux niveaux national et local. Mettre en place un système de pilotage des objectifs et des résultats L’importance de l’ambition de transition implique la mise en place de systèmes de veille technologique, de suivi-évaluation et de MRV très réactifs permettant un réajustement fréquent des mesures et actions. Des outils techniques et juridiques d’incitations/sanctions devront être mis en place. La capacité du Maroc en termes de MRV sera à renforcer.', 'La capacité du Maroc en termes de MRV sera à renforcer. Il faut en outre réaliser un travail de sensibilisation notamment en direction des jeunes et mettre en place dès le départ une stratégie de neutralisation des impacts sociaux et environnementaux négatifs de la transition pour en assurer la pérennité en accompagnant et en dédommageant les « perdants » de la transition. 4.1.4. De la vision sectorielle à la stratégie : proposition de travaux sur l’énergie • \x07 Confirmer les scénarios de mix électrique en énergie et en puissance à 2040 et 2050 (respectivement 70% et 80%) et explorer un scénario de décarbonation totale du mix électrique à 2050.', 'De la vision sectorielle à la stratégie : proposition de travaux sur l’énergie • \x07 Confirmer les scénarios de mix électrique en énergie et en puissance à 2040 et 2050 (respectivement 70% et 80%) et explorer un scénario de décarbonation totale du mix électrique à 2050. Ce travail nécessite d’analyser en détail le potentiel du Maroc en énergies renouvelables et sa sensibilité aux aléas climatiques de manière à évaluer leur capacité à couvrir la demande intérieure en électricité, hydrogène ou autres (biogaz, biocarburants, etc.) et, le cas échéant, générer un surplus pour l’exportation ; • \x07 Élaborer des scénarios pour le secteur de la transformation énergétique hors-électricité : raffinage (produits pétroliers et biocarburants), production et transformation de l’hydrogène, production pour réseaux de chaleur et de froid.', 'et, le cas échéant, générer un surplus pour l’exportation ; • \x07 Élaborer des scénarios pour le secteur de la transformation énergétique hors-électricité : raffinage (produits pétroliers et biocarburants), production et transformation de l’hydrogène, production pour réseaux de chaleur et de froid. Cette analyse doit être conduite sur la base d’une étude détaillée de la demande énergétique et des options technico-économiques de décarbonation des différents usages dans les secteurs de l’industrie, du bâtiment et des transports ; • \x07 Analyser et quantifier la part et le rôle de l’autoproduction d’électricité par niveau de tension (basse, moyenne, haute) et par territoire ; • \x07 Établir une feuille de route technologique et de R&D pour le secteur de l’énergie adaptée au Maroc ; et • \x07 Identifier les principaux indicateurs de suivi-évaluation de la décarbonation du secteur de l’énergie et mettre en place un système d’information MRV adéquat.Stratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme Emissions directes et indirectes de CO2 du Maroc Emissions GES de l’industrie (Energie et Procédés Industriels et Utilisation des Produits - PIUP ; en Gg Source : Enerdata, Global Energy & CO2 Data.', 'Cette analyse doit être conduite sur la base d’une étude détaillée de la demande énergétique et des options technico-économiques de décarbonation des différents usages dans les secteurs de l’industrie, du bâtiment et des transports ; • \x07 Analyser et quantifier la part et le rôle de l’autoproduction d’électricité par niveau de tension (basse, moyenne, haute) et par territoire ; • \x07 Établir une feuille de route technologique et de R&D pour le secteur de l’énergie adaptée au Maroc ; et • \x07 Identifier les principaux indicateurs de suivi-évaluation de la décarbonation du secteur de l’énergie et mettre en place un système d’information MRV adéquat.Stratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme Emissions directes et indirectes de CO2 du Maroc Emissions GES de l’industrie (Energie et Procédés Industriels et Utilisation des Produits - PIUP ; en Gg Source : Enerdata, Global Energy & CO2 Data. Source : 2e Rapport Biennal Actualisé du Maroc, décembre 2019.', 'Source : 2e Rapport Biennal Actualisé du Maroc, décembre 2019. Parmi les secteurs industriels fortement émetteurs de GES on peut citer les ciments et phosphates qui représentent à eux seuls plus des trois-quarts des émissions totales de l’industrie marocaine. Le reste provient de sources plus diffuses (BTP, industries agro-alimentaires, textiles et cuirs, papier, biens d’équipement, extraction minière, etc.) utilisant surtout des combustibles fossiles (fioul, diesel, GPL, gaz naturel). On peut donc parler de situation duale entre des Industrie Grande Consommatrice d’Énergie (IGCE) (7) et les Industrie Légère Consommatrice d’Énergie (ILCE) (8). Les IGCE sont très émettrices des GES et le coût de l’énergie est un facteur clé de leur compétitivité.', 'Les IGCE sont très émettrices des GES et le coût de l’énergie est un facteur clé de leur compétitivité. Pour les ILCE dont les procédés sont moins intensifs en GES, la facture énergétique est un facteur important mais non déterminant de leur compétitivité-coût. (7) Sucre, ciment, papier et pâte à papier, matériaux de construction, sidérurgie, phosphate, acides et engrais (source : AMEE). (8) Industries agro-alimentaires, textile et cuir, bâtiment et travaux publics, chimie / parachimie, industrie mécanique, métallurgique et électrique, autres industries diverses (source : AMEE). 4.2. Secteur de l’industrie 4.2.1.', '(8) Industries agro-alimentaires, textile et cuir, bâtiment et travaux publics, chimie / parachimie, industrie mécanique, métallurgique et électrique, autres industries diverses (source : AMEE). 4.2. Secteur de l’industrie 4.2.1. État des lieux Émissions de GES de l’industrie au Maroc Au Maroc, l’industrie représente 30% des émissions de CO2 “énergie” dont 50% d’émissions directes issues de la combustion d’énergies fossiles et 50% d’émissions indirectes liées principalement aux usages de l’électricité. La décarbonation profonde de l’industrie passe donc en grande partie par celle du secteur électrique. A ces émissions « énergie », il faut ajouter les émissions de GES issues des PIUP qui représentent la moitié des émissions totales de GES de l’industrie marocaine.', 'A ces émissions « énergie », il faut ajouter les émissions de GES issues des PIUP qui représentent la moitié des émissions totales de GES de l’industrie marocaine. Ces dernières sont à peu près stables depuis 2010 et ont tendance à augmenter moins vite que celles de secteurs comme le bâtiment ou le transport.État des lieux des travaux et réflexions sur la décarbonation de l’industrie au Maroc Le Ministère de l’Industrie a d’ores et déjà lancé une réflexion stratégique sur la décarbonation du secteur de l’industrie en s’inscrivant dans le cadre de la SNDD (Axe 2 : Économie verte).', 'Ces dernières sont à peu près stables depuis 2010 et ont tendance à augmenter moins vite que celles de secteurs comme le bâtiment ou le transport.État des lieux des travaux et réflexions sur la décarbonation de l’industrie au Maroc Le Ministère de l’Industrie a d’ores et déjà lancé une réflexion stratégique sur la décarbonation du secteur de l’industrie en s’inscrivant dans le cadre de la SNDD (Axe 2 : Économie verte). Les principaux objectifs affichés à ce stade sont les suivants : (i) amélioration de la compétitivité des industriels marocains, (ii) anticipation d’une taxe carbone aux frontières des pays clients, (iii) renforcement du taux d’intégration industrielle et (iv) identification et développement de nouvelles filières industrielles vertes.', 'Les principaux objectifs affichés à ce stade sont les suivants : (i) amélioration de la compétitivité des industriels marocains, (ii) anticipation d’une taxe carbone aux frontières des pays clients, (iii) renforcement du taux d’intégration industrielle et (iv) identification et développement de nouvelles filières industrielles vertes. Un travail de promotion du développement durable dans de nombreux écosystèmes industriels est aussi en cours. Par ailleurs, un récent décret (9) charge le ministère de l’industrie, du commerce et de l’économie verte et numérique de mettre en place, dans le cadre de la SNDD, le programme d’action national de transition vers une économie verte et de veiller à sa mise en œuvre.', 'Par ailleurs, un récent décret (9) charge le ministère de l’industrie, du commerce et de l’économie verte et numérique de mettre en place, dans le cadre de la SNDD, le programme d’action national de transition vers une économie verte et de veiller à sa mise en œuvre. Ce décret organise aussi le transfert de la tutelle de l’État sur l’Agence Marocaine pour l’Efficacité Énergétique (AMEE) vers ce même ministère. L’AMEE voit ses prérogatives élargies à l’économie verte englobant, outre l’efficacité énergétique, la mobilité durable et la production propre dans l’industrie. La décarbonation de l’industrie constitue donc une importante mission pour l’AMEE.', 'La décarbonation de l’industrie constitue donc une importante mission pour l’AMEE. Le Ministère de l’Energie des Mines et de l’Environnement a prévu de son côté la transformation de la SIE en super Société de services énergétiques (ESCO) au service du secteur public. Dans ce sens, le cadre réglementaire de l’efficacité énergétique et de la réduction de l’intensité énergétique a été renforcé, durant ces deux dernières années, par l’adoption de trois décrets relatifs à l’audit énergétique obligatoire et à la création des organismes d’audit ; à la définition du cahier des charges des entreprises de services énergétiques (ESCO) ; et au contrôle des performances énergétiques minimales des appareils et équipements à l’importation et sur le marché national.', 'Dans ce sens, le cadre réglementaire de l’efficacité énergétique et de la réduction de l’intensité énergétique a été renforcé, durant ces deux dernières années, par l’adoption de trois décrets relatifs à l’audit énergétique obligatoire et à la création des organismes d’audit ; à la définition du cahier des charges des entreprises de services énergétiques (ESCO) ; et au contrôle des performances énergétiques minimales des appareils et équipements à l’importation et sur le marché national. Concernant le volet de normalisation, 19 normes marocaines supplémentaires relatives aux produits photovoltaïques et installations solaires thermiques ont été rendus obligatoire, et un projet de développement de l’infrastructure qualité PV a été lancé.', 'Concernant le volet de normalisation, 19 normes marocaines supplémentaires relatives aux produits photovoltaïques et installations solaires thermiques ont été rendus obligatoire, et un projet de développement de l’infrastructure qualité PV a été lancé. Au-delà de cette réflexion stratégique, de nombreuses stratégies et feuilles de route existent ou sont en cours de préparation qui précisent ou éclairent certains aspects de la transition énergétique de l’industrie : SNDD, nouvelle NDC révisée à l’horizon 2030, Plans d’Accélération Industrielle, Feuille de route Power-to-X, Stratégie nationale biomasse-énergie, Stratégie nationale de réduction et de valorisation des déchets, Stratégie nationale des énergies renouvelables, Stratégie nationale de l’efficacité énergétique, économie verte, Programme des cités des métiers et des compétences de l’Office de la formation professionnelle et de la promotion du travail (OFPPT), etc.', 'Au-delà de cette réflexion stratégique, de nombreuses stratégies et feuilles de route existent ou sont en cours de préparation qui précisent ou éclairent certains aspects de la transition énergétique de l’industrie : SNDD, nouvelle NDC révisée à l’horizon 2030, Plans d’Accélération Industrielle, Feuille de route Power-to-X, Stratégie nationale biomasse-énergie, Stratégie nationale de réduction et de valorisation des déchets, Stratégie nationale des énergies renouvelables, Stratégie nationale de l’efficacité énergétique, économie verte, Programme des cités des métiers et des compétences de l’Office de la formation professionnelle et de la promotion du travail (OFPPT), etc. En 2021, le Ministère de l’industrie, du commerce et de l’économie verte et numérique a lancé un programme « Tatwir croissance verte » qui vise à accompagner les TPME industrielles, dans leurs démarches de développement de process et produits décarbonés et à appuyer l’émergence de nouvelles filières industrielles vertes compétitives et la réduction de la pollution industrielle.', 'En 2021, le Ministère de l’industrie, du commerce et de l’économie verte et numérique a lancé un programme « Tatwir croissance verte » qui vise à accompagner les TPME industrielles, dans leurs démarches de développement de process et produits décarbonés et à appuyer l’émergence de nouvelles filières industrielles vertes compétitives et la réduction de la pollution industrielle. Un deuxième programme est en cours de finalisation pour généraliser les énergies renouvelables dans les zones industrielles. Il n’existe pas, à ce stade, d’ambition ou d’objectif chiffrés pour le niveau de décarbonation cible du secteur de l’industrie marocaine considérée dans son ensemble à l’horizon 2050. On peut noter cependant que certains secteurs et entreprises (ex. OCP, Lafarge-Holcim, etc. ), ont déjà établi des objectifs de réduction de leurs émissions de GES.', '), ont déjà établi des objectifs de réduction de leurs émissions de GES. En particulier, les filiales de grandes multinationales doivent poursuivre des objectifs de réduction de GES définis par leur maison-mère au niveau mondial et bénéficient donc par là-même de transferts de technologies et de savoir-faire. 4.2.2. Énoncé de la vision sectorielle Une décarbonation avancée de l’industrie marocaine est un chantier ambitieux mais un objectif réaliste et partagé La décarbonation avancée du secteur électrique et le déploiement à grande échelle des énergies renouvelables offrent un environnement favorable à la décarbonation des activités industrielles. Une décarbonation profonde du mix électrique à 2040 et 2050 à hauteur de 70% ou 80% respectivement est une première étape essentielle et tout à fait envisageable.', 'Une décarbonation profonde du mix électrique à 2040 et 2050 à hauteur de 70% ou 80% respectivement est une première étape essentielle et tout à fait envisageable. Toutefois, une réduction importante des (9) Décret n° 2-19-1085 relatif aux attributions du Ministre de l’Industrie, du Commerce et de l’Économie Verte et Numérique.Stratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme émissions industrielles nécessite d’aller au-delà du verdissement du mix électrique et implique de recourir à un éventail de mesures incluant l’efficacité énergétique, l’électricité décarbonée, l’électrification accrue des usages, les substitutions énergétiques, la réduction des matériaux à la source, la réutilisation et le recyclage des matériaux, la digitalisation des technologies et méthodes industrielles (automatisation et digitalisation des procédés, internet des objets, communication « machine to machine », etc. ), le CCUS, etc.', 'Toutefois, une réduction importante des (9) Décret n° 2-19-1085 relatif aux attributions du Ministre de l’Industrie, du Commerce et de l’Économie Verte et Numérique.Stratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme émissions industrielles nécessite d’aller au-delà du verdissement du mix électrique et implique de recourir à un éventail de mesures incluant l’efficacité énergétique, l’électricité décarbonée, l’électrification accrue des usages, les substitutions énergétiques, la réduction des matériaux à la source, la réutilisation et le recyclage des matériaux, la digitalisation des technologies et méthodes industrielles (automatisation et digitalisation des procédés, internet des objets, communication « machine to machine », etc. ), le CCUS, etc. Si certaines de ces technologies sont disponibles, matures et viables économiquement, ce n’est pas le cas pour d’autres et certaines applications nécessiteront des avancées supplémentaires voire des ruptures technologiques.', 'Si certaines de ces technologies sont disponibles, matures et viables économiquement, ce n’est pas le cas pour d’autres et certaines applications nécessiteront des avancées supplémentaires voire des ruptures technologiques. Le chantier de décarbonation de l’industrie marocaine est aujourd’hui porté par l’AMEE. Une transition bas-carbone ambitieuse est source d’opportunités industrielles, de gains compétitivité et de créations d’emplois Les expériences réussies du Maroc dans le secteur des énergies renouvelables ouvrent des opportunités intéressantes de développement pour l’écosystème industriel « énergies renouvelables » et au-delà l’ensemble de l’industrie marocaine tant pour le marché national que les marchés à l’export, en particulier sur le continent africain.', 'Une transition bas-carbone ambitieuse est source d’opportunités industrielles, de gains compétitivité et de créations d’emplois Les expériences réussies du Maroc dans le secteur des énergies renouvelables ouvrent des opportunités intéressantes de développement pour l’écosystème industriel « énergies renouvelables » et au-delà l’ensemble de l’industrie marocaine tant pour le marché national que les marchés à l’export, en particulier sur le continent africain. La croissance de l’industrie des équipements et services d’énergie « propre » (énergies renouvelables, efficacité énergétique, économie circulaire) s’effectuerait grâce à une hausse progressive du contenu local et à une montée en gamme des entreprises marocaines tirée par une demande intérieure et la commande publique.', 'La croissance de l’industrie des équipements et services d’énergie « propre » (énergies renouvelables, efficacité énergétique, économie circulaire) s’effectuerait grâce à une hausse progressive du contenu local et à une montée en gamme des entreprises marocaines tirée par une demande intérieure et la commande publique. Un système énergétique largement décarboné pourrait aussi faciliter l’implantation d’entreprises étrangères à la recherche d’un mix énergétique « propre » et permettrait de transformer la mise en place de taxes carbone aux frontières par les pays clients du Maroc en atout compétitif. Enfin, la baisse drastique du coût des énergies renouvelables associée à des gains d’efficacité énergétique permet d’envisager la possibilité d’une maîtrise de la facture énergétique pour l’industrie marocaine.', 'Enfin, la baisse drastique du coût des énergies renouvelables associée à des gains d’efficacité énergétique permet d’envisager la possibilité d’une maîtrise de la facture énergétique pour l’industrie marocaine. La transition doit enfin s’organiser de manière à bénéficier aux PME et TPE et à favoriser un transfert des entreprises informelles vers le secteur formel. Dynamiser l’innovation industrielle et instaurer une fiscalité verte pour réussir la transition énergétique de l’industrie La transformation de l’industrie passe par la mise en œuvre d’une stratégie de l’innovation et de la R&D visant à introduire les technologies propres et les bonnes pratiques à tous les échelons des processus de production industriels : matière première, produit fini, collecte et valorisation des produits usagés.', 'Dynamiser l’innovation industrielle et instaurer une fiscalité verte pour réussir la transition énergétique de l’industrie La transformation de l’industrie passe par la mise en œuvre d’une stratégie de l’innovation et de la R&D visant à introduire les technologies propres et les bonnes pratiques à tous les échelons des processus de production industriels : matière première, produit fini, collecte et valorisation des produits usagés. Cette politique de R&D doit être adaptée au contexte marocain et focalisée sur la phase de pré- industrialisation et être aussi proche que possible du terrain et des préoccupations des entreprises. A l’instar du modèle allemand, la R&D pourrait être pilotée par les industriels eux-mêmes, grands groupes, PME ou start-ups.', 'A l’instar du modèle allemand, la R&D pourrait être pilotée par les industriels eux-mêmes, grands groupes, PME ou start-ups. Le verdissement de la commande publique peut jouer un rôle crucial et exemplaire dans l’accompagnement de l’industrie en promouvant la R&D et en créant une demande marocaine pérenne (en particulier pour les PME). La mise en place d’une fiscalité favorable à la transition basée sur l’instauration d’une fiscalité et d’outils incitatifs (éco-taxes, marché du carbone, subventions ciblées…) permettrait aux industriels d’orienter leurs investissements et aux consommateurs marocains d’ajuster leurs préférences et leur volonté à payer pour des produits décarbonés.', 'La mise en place d’une fiscalité favorable à la transition basée sur l’instauration d’une fiscalité et d’outils incitatifs (éco-taxes, marché du carbone, subventions ciblées…) permettrait aux industriels d’orienter leurs investissements et aux consommateurs marocains d’ajuster leurs préférences et leur volonté à payer pour des produits décarbonés. Une approche multisectorielle intégrée qui donne une place importante à l’accompagnement des entreprises et à la formation des personnels La décarbonation de l’industrie nécessite d’identifier et de faire levier sur l’ensemble des synergies et des flux « matière » et « énergie » au sein des différents écosystèmes industriels, en particulier à l’échelle locale au sein de zones industrielles vertes ou “écoparcs circulaires”.', 'Une approche multisectorielle intégrée qui donne une place importante à l’accompagnement des entreprises et à la formation des personnels La décarbonation de l’industrie nécessite d’identifier et de faire levier sur l’ensemble des synergies et des flux « matière » et « énergie » au sein des différents écosystèmes industriels, en particulier à l’échelle locale au sein de zones industrielles vertes ou “écoparcs circulaires”. Ceci implique une analyse et une cartographie très fine des interconnexions entre secteurs et entre entreprises pour tenir compte de leurs spécificités techniques, de leurs complémentarités et besoins mais aussi de leur potentiel en termes d’emplois et de réduction de GES.', 'Ceci implique une analyse et une cartographie très fine des interconnexions entre secteurs et entre entreprises pour tenir compte de leurs spécificités techniques, de leurs complémentarités et besoins mais aussi de leur potentiel en termes d’emplois et de réduction de GES. Les entreprises et les porteurs de projets innovants doivent être accompagnés par de l’assistance technique et du conseil, de la formation et la mise en place de mécanismes de financement appropriés. Les personnels devront être formés et sensibilisés pour travailler sur l’efficacité énergétique, la mise en place d’équipements performants, l’établissement de bilans carbones, l’optimisation et la digitalisation des procédés, etc. Des référents « transition énergétique » pourraient être nommés au sein des entreprises industrielles de moyenne ou grande taille.4.2.3.', 'Des référents « transition énergétique » pourraient être nommés au sein des entreprises industrielles de moyenne ou grande taille.4.2.3. Questions et interrogations Il est important de mobiliser les industriels et d’emporter leur adhésion au projet de transition La capacité à mobiliser efficacement l’ensemble des industriels et des parties prenantes sur les aspects fondamentaux de la transition énergétique et d’une réduction massive des émissions de GES reste à démontrer : efficacité énergétique, gestion des déchets, adoption des bonnes pratiques environnementales, mutualisation des efforts, etc. A titre d’exemple, les résultats dans le domaine de l’efficacité énergétique dans l’industrie (et les autres secteurs) ne sont pas à la hauteur des attentes et le potentiel de l’efficacité énergétique reste à concrétiser.', 'A titre d’exemple, les résultats dans le domaine de l’efficacité énergétique dans l’industrie (et les autres secteurs) ne sont pas à la hauteur des attentes et le potentiel de l’efficacité énergétique reste à concrétiser. Cela tient à de nombreux facteurs tels que la multiplicité des acteurs, les subventions résiduelles pour certains produits pétroliers (butane), la complexité du financement de projets d’efficacité, la petite taille des projets et leur faible visibilité par rapport aux projets d’énergie renouvelable par exemple. Il est donc jugé nécessaire d’accélérer les efforts d’efficacité énergétique dans l’industrie en bâtissant sur le succès de programmes tels que le MORSEFF (10).', 'Il est donc jugé nécessaire d’accélérer les efforts d’efficacité énergétique dans l’industrie en bâtissant sur le succès de programmes tels que le MORSEFF (10). La transition de l’industrie ne pourra s’opérer que si elle est clairement orientée par les pouvoirs publics et poussée grâce un système intégrant incitations (fiscalité, subventions, normes), contrôles et sanctions. D’autres fonds sont déjà en préparation aussi bien au niveau international (la ligne de crédit Green Value Chain et plus récemment la Green Economy Financial Facility) qu’au niveau national avec l’AMEE. Il peut être utile de commencer par les grands industriels, à la fois les plus émetteurs et les plus aptes et les mieux équipés pour effectuer la transition, puis d’étendre l’approche aux entreprises de plus petite taille.', 'Il peut être utile de commencer par les grands industriels, à la fois les plus émetteurs et les plus aptes et les mieux équipés pour effectuer la transition, puis d’étendre l’approche aux entreprises de plus petite taille. Les efforts doivent être focalisés sur le déploiement de solutions favorisant les gains de productivité et la maîtrise de la facture énergétique de manière à emporter rapidement l’adhésion des entrepreneurs. Une contrainte forte réside dans la réticence des industriels à partager des informations et des données par ailleurs essentielles à la mise en œuvre de la transition. Il y a donc besoin de changer les mentalités sur ce point et d’établir un climat de confiance.', 'Il y a donc besoin de changer les mentalités sur ce point et d’établir un climat de confiance. Les trajectoires techno-économiques pour la décarbonation de l’industrie présentent encore des incertitudes Si des options et trajectoires de décarbonation émergent pour des secteurs de l’électricité, du transport et du bâtiment grâce à des percées technologiques et à des baisses de coûts, les perspectives pour l’industrie sont moins clairement établies, notamment pour les industries énergo-intensives (ciment, acier, pétrochimie…) pour lesquelles les solutions de décarbonation sont encore au stade de la R&D. Les industries énergo-intensives représentent une part importante des émissions mais aussi des cas particuliers sur le plan technique compte tenu du fait que la plupart des procédés décarbonés sont encore loin d’être compétitifs en termes de coût.', 'Les industries énergo-intensives représentent une part importante des émissions mais aussi des cas particuliers sur le plan technique compte tenu du fait que la plupart des procédés décarbonés sont encore loin d’être compétitifs en termes de coût. Il est donc important de mettre en place des diagnostics et des feuilles de route « décarbonation » pour chaque secteur industriel et chaque procédé de fabrication car une approche globale reste insuffisante et trop imprécise. Il faut en outre distinguer les secteurs soumis à la concurrence internationale de ceux qui ne le sont pas.', 'Il faut en outre distinguer les secteurs soumis à la concurrence internationale de ceux qui ne le sont pas. En dépit des incertitudes, il est néanmoins important de respecter la hiérarchie des solutions de décarbonation qui débutent par l’efficacité énergétique, suivie par la décarbonation de l’électricité, une électrification poussée des usages et enfin, le recours à des solutions complémentaires pour des usages difficiles à électrifier (ex. l’hydrogène et ses dérivés). Les opportunités qu’offrent la coopération internationale en matière de décarbonation (technologie, financement, marchés) doivent aussi être étudiées et développées. Mettre en place une consultation élargie des parties prenantes Pour assurer son réalisme et son appropriation, la définition d’une stratégie bas carbone ambitieuse nécessite l’implication et l’engagement de toutes les parties prenantes aux niveau national, local et sectoriel.', 'Mettre en place une consultation élargie des parties prenantes Pour assurer son réalisme et son appropriation, la définition d’une stratégie bas carbone ambitieuse nécessite l’implication et l’engagement de toutes les parties prenantes aux niveau national, local et sectoriel. Avoir une vision partagée est nécessaire mais non suffisante. Il faut formuler une stratégie qui réponde aux besoins et attentes des industriels ce qui implique de les placer au centre du processus de programmation et de planification (ex. mise au point conjointe d’objectifs à atteindre).', 'mise au point conjointe d’objectifs à atteindre). Il est aussi proposé d’intégrer la vision dans les prérogatives des collectivités locales en leur donnant une autonomie importante afin de gérer au mieux les spécificités de chaque région en termes de spécialisation industrielle, de ressources naturelles, de potentiel en énergies renouvelables, etc.Stratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme (11) Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats; Forces, Faiblesses, Opportunités et Menaces en français. 4.2.4.', 'Il est aussi proposé d’intégrer la vision dans les prérogatives des collectivités locales en leur donnant une autonomie importante afin de gérer au mieux les spécificités de chaque région en termes de spécialisation industrielle, de ressources naturelles, de potentiel en énergies renouvelables, etc.Stratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme (11) Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats; Forces, Faiblesses, Opportunités et Menaces en français. 4.2.4. De la vision sectorielle à la stratégie : propositions de travaux sur l’industrie • \x07 Caractériser finement les usages énergétiques de l’industrie en distinguant les différents secteurs IGCE et ILCE et évaluer le potentiel de décarbonation de chacun en fonction d’hypothèses techno- économiques sur les différentes solutions envisageables : efficacité énergétique, substitution des combustibles fossiles, réductions à la source (par ex.', 'De la vision sectorielle à la stratégie : propositions de travaux sur l’industrie • \x07 Caractériser finement les usages énergétiques de l’industrie en distinguant les différents secteurs IGCE et ILCE et évaluer le potentiel de décarbonation de chacun en fonction d’hypothèses techno- économiques sur les différentes solutions envisageables : efficacité énergétique, substitution des combustibles fossiles, réductions à la source (par ex. par des solutions d’économie circulaire), modernisation des processus, optimisation et intégration des flux matière et énergie au sein d’écoparcs “circulaires”, etc.', 'par des solutions d’économie circulaire), modernisation des processus, optimisation et intégration des flux matière et énergie au sein d’écoparcs “circulaires”, etc. ; • \x07 Sur cette base, élaborer des scénarios et des objectifs chiffrés de décarbonation pour chacune des grandes branches et secteurs industriels en étroite collaboration avec les entreprises et ministères concernés qui devront in fine valider hypothèses et scénarios ; • \x07Mettre en place une feuille de route indicative de la décarbonation de l’industrie : scénarios et objectifs chiffrés à 2030, 2040 et 2050 par branche d’activité et par type de solution (efficacité énergétique, électrification des usages, réduction des émissions de process, autres.)', '; • \x07 Sur cette base, élaborer des scénarios et des objectifs chiffrés de décarbonation pour chacune des grandes branches et secteurs industriels en étroite collaboration avec les entreprises et ministères concernés qui devront in fine valider hypothèses et scénarios ; • \x07Mettre en place une feuille de route indicative de la décarbonation de l’industrie : scénarios et objectifs chiffrés à 2030, 2040 et 2050 par branche d’activité et par type de solution (efficacité énergétique, électrification des usages, réduction des émissions de process, autres.) ; • \x07 Établir une feuille de route technologique et R&D pour le secteur de l’industrie adaptée à la réalité industrielle et de l’innovation-recherche au Maroc (à décliner par sous-secteur) ; • \x07 Identifier et proposer la mise en place d’une fiscalité et d’incitations favorables aux investissements des entreprises dans les outils et technologies permettant une décarbonation poussée : écotaxes, marché et prix du CO2, subventions ciblées à l’investissement et la R&D, etc.', '; • \x07 Établir une feuille de route technologique et R&D pour le secteur de l’industrie adaptée à la réalité industrielle et de l’innovation-recherche au Maroc (à décliner par sous-secteur) ; • \x07 Identifier et proposer la mise en place d’une fiscalité et d’incitations favorables aux investissements des entreprises dans les outils et technologies permettant une décarbonation poussée : écotaxes, marché et prix du CO2, subventions ciblées à l’investissement et la R&D, etc. ; • \x07 Évaluer les opportunités et les risques de la transition énergétique pour la compétitivité coût et hors- coût du Maroc, la spécialisation de l’industrie marocaine et les retombées en termes d’emplois : analyse SWOT (11), scénarios et trajectoires possibles de l’industrie marocaine à l’horizon 2050 et notamment dans les secteurs des technologies propres (ex. véhicules propres).', '; • \x07 Évaluer les opportunités et les risques de la transition énergétique pour la compétitivité coût et hors- coût du Maroc, la spécialisation de l’industrie marocaine et les retombées en termes d’emplois : analyse SWOT (11), scénarios et trajectoires possibles de l’industrie marocaine à l’horizon 2050 et notamment dans les secteurs des technologies propres (ex. véhicules propres). Une attention particulière sera portée aux PME et TPE, notamment dans le secteur informel ; et • \x07 Identifier les principaux indicateurs de suivi-évaluation de la décarbonation du secteur de l’industrie et mettre en place un système d’information MRV adéquat. 4.3. Secteur du bâtiment 4.3.1.', 'Une attention particulière sera portée aux PME et TPE, notamment dans le secteur informel ; et • \x07 Identifier les principaux indicateurs de suivi-évaluation de la décarbonation du secteur de l’industrie et mettre en place un système d’information MRV adéquat. 4.3. Secteur du bâtiment 4.3.1. État des lieux Au Maroc, le secteur du bâtiment (résidentiel et commercial) ne représente que 12% des émissions directes de CO2 – essentiellement dans le secteur résidentiel – soit un poids apparemment limité, en particulier par rapport à celui du secteur énergétique (40%). Mais il faut tenir compte du fait qu’environ la moitié des émissions du secteur énergétique sont des émissions indirectement induites par le bâtiment, notamment pour la production d’électricité consommée dans ce secteur.', 'Mais il faut tenir compte du fait qu’environ la moitié des émissions du secteur énergétique sont des émissions indirectement induites par le bâtiment, notamment pour la production d’électricité consommée dans ce secteur. Au total, le bâtiment représente donc environ un tiers des émissions, directes et indirectes. Ce qui indique sa juste importance dans les stratégies bas carbone.L’état des lieux au Maroc L’état des lieux fait apparaître une bonne prise en compte des différentes problématiques identifiées à l’international. Les principales difficultés semblent résider dans la mise en application au plan local des orientations nationales. La dimension multi-échelles est reconnue, avec des concepts et des feuilles de route s’appliquant du bâtiment à la ville intelligente.', 'La dimension multi-échelles est reconnue, avec des concepts et des feuilles de route s’appliquant du bâtiment à la ville intelligente. Un potentiel majeur est identifié pour le bâtiment neuf (entre 100 et 150 000 logements par an selon les années). Pour le neuf, il est essentiel de prendre en compte les interactions habitat – transports – accessibilité aux services (publics et commerciaux). Des normes pour les équipements et un guide technique Ville durable ont été élaborés, ce dernier est en voie de régionalisation. La dimension de cycle de vie du bâtiment est de plus en plus prise en compte dans l’effort de normalisation.', 'La dimension de cycle de vie du bâtiment est de plus en plus prise en compte dans l’effort de normalisation. Elle impose de considérer la problématique des matériaux, y-compris les matériaux traditionnels qui sont souvent peu intensifs en énergie et adaptés aux conditions locales. L’introduction des technologies numériques sera de plus en plus importante, tant dans la gestion des bâtiments que dans celle des déplacements urbains. La nécessité d’une meilleure exemplarité des bâtiments publics est notée. Enfin, l’ensemble des efforts déployés s’inscrivent dans l’action de l’Alliance marocaine pour le bâtiment qui participe à la Global Alliance for Building and Construction et la NAMA-Habitat facility.', 'Enfin, l’ensemble des efforts déployés s’inscrivent dans l’action de l’Alliance marocaine pour le bâtiment qui participe à la Global Alliance for Building and Construction et la NAMA-Habitat facility. Les thématiques clés La confrontation des feuilles de route internationales et de l’état des lieux au Maroc conduit à identifier quatre thématiques clés : • \x07 La nécessité d’adopter une approche systémique par l’intégration des politiques urbaines pour les villes nouvelles comme pour l’existant ; • \x07 L’importance de l’approche multi-échelles et d’un « alignement » des politiques, comme des solutions organisationnelles et technologiques, et cela « du territoire au bâtiment » ; • \x07 L’enjeu de l’inclusion sociale sous-jacent à la mise en œuvre des politiques car le bâtiment et les consommations d’énergie associées constituent une part très importante des budgets des ménages en particulier pour les catégories les plus défavorisées ; et • \x07 Les enjeux du développement des bâtiments durables en termes d’activité industrielle, de compétitivité et d’emploi, dans les entreprises du bâtiment et de la production des équipements des ménages HPE.', 'Les thématiques clés La confrontation des feuilles de route internationales et de l’état des lieux au Maroc conduit à identifier quatre thématiques clés : • \x07 La nécessité d’adopter une approche systémique par l’intégration des politiques urbaines pour les villes nouvelles comme pour l’existant ; • \x07 L’importance de l’approche multi-échelles et d’un « alignement » des politiques, comme des solutions organisationnelles et technologiques, et cela « du territoire au bâtiment » ; • \x07 L’enjeu de l’inclusion sociale sous-jacent à la mise en œuvre des politiques car le bâtiment et les consommations d’énergie associées constituent une part très importante des budgets des ménages en particulier pour les catégories les plus défavorisées ; et • \x07 Les enjeux du développement des bâtiments durables en termes d’activité industrielle, de compétitivité et d’emploi, dans les entreprises du bâtiment et de la production des équipements des ménages HPE. 4.3.2.', 'Les thématiques clés La confrontation des feuilles de route internationales et de l’état des lieux au Maroc conduit à identifier quatre thématiques clés : • \x07 La nécessité d’adopter une approche systémique par l’intégration des politiques urbaines pour les villes nouvelles comme pour l’existant ; • \x07 L’importance de l’approche multi-échelles et d’un « alignement » des politiques, comme des solutions organisationnelles et technologiques, et cela « du territoire au bâtiment » ; • \x07 L’enjeu de l’inclusion sociale sous-jacent à la mise en œuvre des politiques car le bâtiment et les consommations d’énergie associées constituent une part très importante des budgets des ménages en particulier pour les catégories les plus défavorisées ; et • \x07 Les enjeux du développement des bâtiments durables en termes d’activité industrielle, de compétitivité et d’emploi, dans les entreprises du bâtiment et de la production des équipements des ménages HPE. 4.3.2. Énoncé de la vision sectorielle (12) Dans la perspective d’un urbanisme durable et bas carbone, le bâtiment constitue sans doute la « brique centrale » qui doit intégrer à la fois les éléments de conception et les équipements qui assureront les exigences de confort des habitants et d’efficacité énergétique : • \x07 En amont, le bâtiment doit être lui-même intégré dans des projets d’organisation urbaine adaptée (1) conçus pour assurer une bonne accessibilité aux services publics et commerciaux, ainsi qu’évidemment aux différentes catégories d’emplois.', 'Énoncé de la vision sectorielle (12) Dans la perspective d’un urbanisme durable et bas carbone, le bâtiment constitue sans doute la « brique centrale » qui doit intégrer à la fois les éléments de conception et les équipements qui assureront les exigences de confort des habitants et d’efficacité énergétique : • \x07 En amont, le bâtiment doit être lui-même intégré dans des projets d’organisation urbaine adaptée (1) conçus pour assurer une bonne accessibilité aux services publics et commerciaux, ainsi qu’évidemment aux différentes catégories d’emplois. • \x07 En aval, les équipements associés pour l’électroménager ou le confort d’ambiance (chauffage- climatisation) devront le plus rapidement possible répondre à des normes Haute Performance Énergétique (5).', '• \x07 En aval, les équipements associés pour l’électroménager ou le confort d’ambiance (chauffage- climatisation) devront le plus rapidement possible répondre à des normes Haute Performance Énergétique (5). Un développement urbain bas carbone suppose la prise en compte des formes d’urbanisation : en privilégiant la densification des tissus existants lors des opérations de renouvellement urbain, en modulant la densité en fonction de la desserte en transports en commun, en optimisant l’utilisation du foncier, en introduisant des formes urbaines compactes mais agréables à vivre et en promouvant la mixité urbaine et limitant la création de zones monofonctionnelles. Il convient également de favoriser les trames vertes en préservant les espaces verts, les paysages et les zones naturelles sensibles, en encourageant la réalisation de toitures végétalisées, les façades vertes, l’agriculture urbaine, etc.', 'Il convient également de favoriser les trames vertes en préservant les espaces verts, les paysages et les zones naturelles sensibles, en encourageant la réalisation de toitures végétalisées, les façades vertes, l’agriculture urbaine, etc. (12) On signale ici les 8 axes stratégiques des feuilles de route par un numéro entre parenthèses.Stratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme Pour la construction neuve (2), l’objectif doit être le développement de bâtiments zéro émissions et si possible « à énergie positive », dans des schémas d’écoquartiers. Dans cette perspective, la première étape est sans doute celle de l’application des solutions dites « passives », fondées sur la conception du bâtiment et l’emploi de matériaux adaptés, selon les principes de l’architecture bioclimatique.', 'Dans cette perspective, la première étape est sans doute celle de l’application des solutions dites « passives », fondées sur la conception du bâtiment et l’emploi de matériaux adaptés, selon les principes de l’architecture bioclimatique. Les conditions climatiques du Maroc permettent une forte mobilisation des énergies renouvelables (8), en particulier par les chauffe-eau solaires et l’autoproduction d’électricité photovoltaïque. Pour l’habitat individuel, le gisement solaire important du Maroc doit permettre une large couverture des besoins par des solutions décentralisées – éventuellement avec la mobilisation d’un stockage d’électricité. Pour les logements collectifs, les contraintes de surfaces disponibles peuvent conduire à développer des centrales de quartier sur des espaces dédiés à cette fin ou d’utilisation mixte (toitures commerciales, parkings).', 'Pour les logements collectifs, les contraintes de surfaces disponibles peuvent conduire à développer des centrales de quartier sur des espaces dédiés à cette fin ou d’utilisation mixte (toitures commerciales, parkings). Le Règlement général de l’efficacité énergétique s’applique aux bâtiments résidentiels et tertiaires à édifier, à l’exception de l’habitat individuel rural. Il vise essentiellement à améliorer les performances thermiques des constructions afin de réduire les besoins de chauffage et de climatisation des bâtiments, améliorer le confort thermique au sein des bâtiments, participer à la baisse de la facture énergétique nationale et diminuer les émissions de GES. Il fixe les caractéristiques thermiques que doit respecter chaque type de bâtiment (résidentiel ou tertiaire), par zone climatique.', 'Il fixe les caractéristiques thermiques que doit respecter chaque type de bâtiment (résidentiel ou tertiaire), par zone climatique. Pour les bâtiments existants (3), dans la rénovation énergétique des logements le travail sur l’enveloppe passe par la valorisation et l’utilisation des techniques et matériaux traditionnels et locaux (6). Ces matériaux présentent des propriétés particulièrement propices à une « gestion passive » des flux énergétiques, adaptée aux conditions climatiques en se référant au zoning climatique de chaque région. Ils permettent également les meilleures options de modernisation, dans le respect du patrimoine architectural historique. Une nouvelle génération de documents d’urbanisme constitue le socle pour tous les projets d’aménagement et réglemente l’implantation des différents bâtiments.', 'Une nouvelle génération de documents d’urbanisme constitue le socle pour tous les projets d’aménagement et réglemente l’implantation des différents bâtiments. Il est à rappeler également qu’un Projet de loi relatif aux documents d’urbanisme est en cours d’élaboration qui intègre les principes de développement durable et promeut une planification bas carbone à travers notamment : la maîtrise de l’étalement urbain à travers la rationalisation de la consommation foncière et l’incitation au renouvellement et à la revitalisation des espaces, en évitant le mitage et la dispersion des périphéries ; la préservation des zones agricoles, des zones sensibles, des espaces littoraux, des sites naturels, archéologiques et culturels et des paysages et la sauvegarde des équilibres et continuités écologiques ; la maîtrise des besoins en déplacement et accessibilité ; la diversité des fonctions, mixité et qualité des espaces.', 'Il est à rappeler également qu’un Projet de loi relatif aux documents d’urbanisme est en cours d’élaboration qui intègre les principes de développement durable et promeut une planification bas carbone à travers notamment : la maîtrise de l’étalement urbain à travers la rationalisation de la consommation foncière et l’incitation au renouvellement et à la revitalisation des espaces, en évitant le mitage et la dispersion des périphéries ; la préservation des zones agricoles, des zones sensibles, des espaces littoraux, des sites naturels, archéologiques et culturels et des paysages et la sauvegarde des équilibres et continuités écologiques ; la maîtrise des besoins en déplacement et accessibilité ; la diversité des fonctions, mixité et qualité des espaces. L’innovation doit jouer un rôle clé.', 'L’innovation doit jouer un rôle clé. Mais si les technologies numériques avancées sont susceptibles d’apporter une optimisation des systèmes de transport, il est probable que le secteur du bâtiment devra faire appel avant tout à des « innovations frugales », visant à optimiser plutôt la conception et le design du bâtiment, dans l’esprit de « l’architecture passive ». Pour autant, la mobilisation des techniques et matériaux traditionnels et locaux ne doit pas conduire à sous-estimer l’importance des autres innovations technologiques, sur les équipements ou les systèmes : d’abord, il sera très important de toujours mobiliser des équipements électroménagers et de conditionnement Haute Performance Énergétique (5) ; ensuite, dans le tertiaire, la gestion numérique des bâtiments aura toutes sa place pour optimiser les usages et limiter les consommations (4).', 'Pour autant, la mobilisation des techniques et matériaux traditionnels et locaux ne doit pas conduire à sous-estimer l’importance des autres innovations technologiques, sur les équipements ou les systèmes : d’abord, il sera très important de toujours mobiliser des équipements électroménagers et de conditionnement Haute Performance Énergétique (5) ; ensuite, dans le tertiaire, la gestion numérique des bâtiments aura toutes sa place pour optimiser les usages et limiter les consommations (4). L’intégration des solutions traditionnelles et des technologies modernes doit être pensée dans une perspective prenant en compte la gestion du bâtiment sur toute sa durée de vie (6), de la construction à la « déconstruction » (plutôt que « démolition »).', 'L’intégration des solutions traditionnelles et des technologies modernes doit être pensée dans une perspective prenant en compte la gestion du bâtiment sur toute sa durée de vie (6), de la construction à la « déconstruction » (plutôt que « démolition »). Ainsi le bâtiment peut-il s’inscrire dans la perspective d’une économie circulaire, minimisant les flux d’énergie et de matières et assurant le recyclage des différents composants. Enfin le bâtiment durable doit assurer la meilleure protection possible des habitants contre les risques naturels (7), qu’il s’agisse des évènements climatiques extrêmes (canicules sécheresse) ou des catastrophes (risques sismiques, inondations submersion). Par ailleurs, la recherche d’une plus grande résilience face aux crises sanitaires doit conduire à renforcer dans la conception architecturale l’intégration des contraintes d’hygiène et de distanciation.4.3.3.', 'Par ailleurs, la recherche d’une plus grande résilience face aux crises sanitaires doit conduire à renforcer dans la conception architecturale l’intégration des contraintes d’hygiène et de distanciation.4.3.3. Les conditions de réussite et les leviers d’action Au-delà des éléments de vision et des leviers d’action spécifiques au secteur du bâtiment, il est clair que la réussite de la transition bas carbone dans ce secteur devra aussi s’appuyer sur plusieurs dimensions stratégiques transversales, telles que celles présentées au chapitre 5 ci-dessous.', 'Les conditions de réussite et les leviers d’action Au-delà des éléments de vision et des leviers d’action spécifiques au secteur du bâtiment, il est clair que la réussite de la transition bas carbone dans ce secteur devra aussi s’appuyer sur plusieurs dimensions stratégiques transversales, telles que celles présentées au chapitre 5 ci-dessous. Une vision partagée La première condition d’une trajectoire bas carbone pour le bâtiment réside dans la nécessaire réflexion sur le futur de l’aménagement du territoire au Maroc : le schéma villes-campagnes, la taille des villes et la structure urbaine seront décisifs pour le choix des solutions adaptées pour le bâtiment.', 'Une vision partagée La première condition d’une trajectoire bas carbone pour le bâtiment réside dans la nécessaire réflexion sur le futur de l’aménagement du territoire au Maroc : le schéma villes-campagnes, la taille des villes et la structure urbaine seront décisifs pour le choix des solutions adaptées pour le bâtiment. Toutes les initiatives visant à gérer de manière intégrée les questions de logement, de transport et d’accessibilité aux services peuvent contribuer à un développement intrinsèquement plus sobre que le modèle actuellement dominant. C’est sans doute la première démarche à mettre en œuvre.', 'C’est sans doute la première démarche à mettre en œuvre. La seconde problématique clé renvoie d’abord à la question du niveau total de la consommation d’énergie et ensuite à celle du bouquet énergétique consommé (part de l’électricité de réseau, des énergies renouvelables locales, éventuellement du gaz vert…). Une vision cohérente ne pourra être pleinement développée qu’à partir d’un exercice de construction de scénarios stratégiques quantifiés (avec ou sans modèle) s’inscrivant dans un tableau de bord énergétique d’ensemble (à l’image des dashboards du projet Deep Decarbonisation Pathways (13)). Une telle vision quantifiée devra être partagée entre les différentes parties prenantes.', 'Une telle vision quantifiée devra être partagée entre les différentes parties prenantes. Elle constitue sans doute la condition d’une convergence des anticipations et ainsi d’une levée partielle des incertitudes dans de nombreux domaines : dynamique de la réglementation, des besoins d’investissement, des besoins en formation du public et des techniciens, des modèles de conception du bâtiment, des besoins en matériaux y compris bas carbone, etc. Le cadrage nécessaire Quelques objectifs quantifiés sont disponibles (par exemple celui de 52% d’électricité d’origine renouvelable en 2030). Mais il est clair qu’il manque aujourd’hui une vision quantifiée permettant de construire une image du système énergétique marocain, incluant les différents types de bâtiments, pour différents horizons de temps, moyen (2030) et long terme (2050) et se référant au zonage climatique.', 'Mais il est clair qu’il manque aujourd’hui une vision quantifiée permettant de construire une image du système énergétique marocain, incluant les différents types de bâtiments, pour différents horizons de temps, moyen (2030) et long terme (2050) et se référant au zonage climatique. Or si ces horizons paraissent éloignés ils se préparent aujourd’hui, compte-tenu de la durée de vie des infrastructures bâties et des évolutions sous-jacentes nécessaires à l’atteinte d’un futur bas carbone. Cette vision devrait pouvoir s’appuyer non seulement sur des variables énergétiques, mais aussi sur des projections en matière de développement urbain (quelles agglomérations, de quelle taille ?) ou de structure des parcs (résidentiel / tertiaire, logements individuels / collectifs).', 'ou de structure des parcs (résidentiel / tertiaire, logements individuels / collectifs). De même, pour les équipements électroménagers et de confort thermique, une « prospective des normes » devrait être établie, en lien étroit avec la prospective énergétique. Le cadrage quantitatif permettrait également de construire et de confronter différentes temporalités : les tendances en cours ; les objectifs à moyen terme (2030) ; et les orientations à plus long terme de la LT-LEDS. Ainsi serait mis en place un dispositif de monitoring continu de la transition dans le bâtiment. Ce dispositif doit permettre d’observer et de mesurer l’évolution des performances tant dans la construction neuve que dans la rénovation de l’ancien, avec des révisions régulières des objectifs et des moyens dans un cadre pluriannuel (4-5 ans).', 'Ce dispositif doit permettre d’observer et de mesurer l’évolution des performances tant dans la construction neuve que dans la rénovation de l’ancien, avec des révisions régulières des objectifs et des moyens dans un cadre pluriannuel (4-5 ans). Les leviers à mobiliser Parmi les premiers leviers à mobiliser apparaît la nécessité d’une élaboration poussée des documents d’urbanisme qui doivent être adaptés à la fois aux conditions locales et aux objectifs poursuivis à l’échelle nationale. Parallèlement, le suivi de la Réglementation Thermique pour la Construction au Maroc doit conduire à un ajustement permanent de cette réglementation en fonction des performances mesurées et des difficultés rencontrées.Stratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme La question des impacts énergétiques des grands projets d’aménagement du territoire est aujourd’hui déjà prise en compte dans la législation.', 'Parallèlement, le suivi de la Réglementation Thermique pour la Construction au Maroc doit conduire à un ajustement permanent de cette réglementation en fonction des performances mesurées et des difficultés rencontrées.Stratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme La question des impacts énergétiques des grands projets d’aménagement du territoire est aujourd’hui déjà prise en compte dans la législation. Il apparaît aussi que la conception des villes nouvelles en structure d’îlots (et non en linéaire) serait susceptible de minimiser les déplacements. De même la vision d’une ville raisonnablement dense avec des quartiers multifonctionnels doit permettre le limiter l’ensemble des besoins énergétiques (confort et déplacement). Il faut dans ces réflexions tenir compte du fait que les aménagements d’aujourd’hui seront une part non négligeable du parc en 2050.', 'Il faut dans ces réflexions tenir compte du fait que les aménagements d’aujourd’hui seront une part non négligeable du parc en 2050. Les bâtiments publics seront importants par leurs effets d’exemplarité pour la performance énergétique et la gestion des déchets. De même la commande publique, donc le code des marchés publics, doit assurer la promotion des solutions adaptées à un développement bas carbone. Cela en tenant compte d’obstacles internes spécifiques à l’administration ou de la méconnaissance de ces solutions, ce qui renvoie à la question de la sensibilisation-formation pour les agents publics, en particulier dans les administrations territoriales. Des référentiels de conception et de normes adaptés aux différentes échelles comme aux conditions régionales locales doivent constituer un support performant pour les professionnels du secteur, architectes, entreprises, artisans.', 'Des référentiels de conception et de normes adaptés aux différentes échelles comme aux conditions régionales locales doivent constituer un support performant pour les professionnels du secteur, architectes, entreprises, artisans. Ces référentiels peuvent permettre de mobiliser les concepts de l’ecodesign, comme les techniques traditionnelles pour le bâtiment, dans une perspective de cycle de vie du bâtiment. Évidemment les référentiels pour la construction doivent accompagner l’évolution constante des normes vers plus de performance. Pour le respect de ces normes, il faut aussi renforcer les dispositifs de contrôle ex post, systématiques ou aléatoires, éventuellement assortis de pénalités. Le développement du bâtiment bas carbone suppose donc la formation et la mobilisation de différents corps de métier et de différentes catégories d’entreprises.', 'Le développement du bâtiment bas carbone suppose donc la formation et la mobilisation de différents corps de métier et de différentes catégories d’entreprises. L’enjeu des compétences spécifiques est essentiel pour l’atteinte des objectifs au Maroc et éventuellement pour l’exportation des savoir-faire dans d’autres pays d’Afrique. Quelles incitations économiques ? Compte-tenu de l’importance des dépenses de logement – y compris l’énergie – dans les budgets des ménages, la dimension économique de la transition ne peut pas être sous-estimée. Elle comprend deux dimensions : les dépenses récurrentes en énergie pour le confort thermique (été-hiver), l’électroménager ; les dépenses d’investissement correspondant, soit à la rénovation énergétique des bâtiments, soit au rééquipement avec équipements HPE.', 'Elle comprend deux dimensions : les dépenses récurrentes en énergie pour le confort thermique (été-hiver), l’électroménager ; les dépenses d’investissement correspondant, soit à la rénovation énergétique des bâtiments, soit au rééquipement avec équipements HPE. Pour les ménages, les actions de transition bas carbone mobilisent le plus souvent un investissement initial pour économiser des consommations récurrentes d’énergies fossiles. Ceci suppose donc que les fondamentaux des équations économiques soient en accord avec ce processus. Une solution théorique consiste à augmenter suffisamment le prix des énergies fossiles pour rendre le bilan d’investissement favorable (taxation du carbone). Elle est séduisante dans sa simplicité mais inapplicable telle quelle.', 'Elle est séduisante dans sa simplicité mais inapplicable telle quelle. Pour pouvoir gérer les conséquences sur les budgets des ménages, surtout des plus modestes, les politiques d’incitation économique doivent donc s’appuyer sur un dosage prudent et progressif de renchérissement des énergies fossiles et au contraire de diminution des coûts d’investissement bas carbone. La question du financement de la maîtrise/efficacité énergétique et des opérations d’autoproduction d’énergie locale est donc essentielle. La commande publique, le système bancaire ou les institutions d’un nouveau type, les (Super) ESCOs, peuvent jouer un rôle moteur dans ce domaine. La dimension industrielle de la production des équipements énergies renouvelables ou équipements de chauffage-climatisation ou électroménager haute performance énergétique ne doit pas être sous- estimée.', 'La dimension industrielle de la production des équipements énergies renouvelables ou équipements de chauffage-climatisation ou électroménager haute performance énergétique ne doit pas être sous- estimée. Elle peut contribuer significativement à la baisse des coûts, à la compétitivité industrielle et à la création d’emploi. 4.3.4.', 'Elle peut contribuer significativement à la baisse des coûts, à la compétitivité industrielle et à la création d’emploi. 4.3.4. De la vision sectorielle à la stratégie : propositions de travaux sur le bâtiment • \x07 Pour le secteur du bâtiment, la base d’un effort de prospective intégratrice doit être la combinaison des perspectives démographiques et des perspectives de l’aménagement du territoire et du logement, notamment du point de vue de l’organisation des grandes métropoles, des villes intermédiaires, des petites agglomérations et enfin des zones rurales ;• \x07 Cette prospective des logements devrait en particulier explorer le type d’habitat privilégié dans les villes ou quartiers nouveaux, en particulier en matière de priorité relative donnée aux logements collectifs et individuels ; • \x07 Le développement du secteur tertiaire doit être étudié en parallèle afin d’apprécier les besoins en bâtiment dédiés dans les différentes régions ; • \x07Une typologie des solutions bâtiment et énergie adaptées aux différentes conditions régionales en termes de zonage climatique, d’agglomération et d’activité pourrait alors être établie.', 'De la vision sectorielle à la stratégie : propositions de travaux sur le bâtiment • \x07 Pour le secteur du bâtiment, la base d’un effort de prospective intégratrice doit être la combinaison des perspectives démographiques et des perspectives de l’aménagement du territoire et du logement, notamment du point de vue de l’organisation des grandes métropoles, des villes intermédiaires, des petites agglomérations et enfin des zones rurales ;• \x07 Cette prospective des logements devrait en particulier explorer le type d’habitat privilégié dans les villes ou quartiers nouveaux, en particulier en matière de priorité relative donnée aux logements collectifs et individuels ; • \x07 Le développement du secteur tertiaire doit être étudié en parallèle afin d’apprécier les besoins en bâtiment dédiés dans les différentes régions ; • \x07Une typologie des solutions bâtiment et énergie adaptées aux différentes conditions régionales en termes de zonage climatique, d’agglomération et d’activité pourrait alors être établie. Cette typologie doit permettre de caractériser des consommations-type d’énergie et des besoins associés en équipements ; • \x07Le chiffrage en prospective des besoins énergétiques et des émissions associées devra s’appuyer sur : a.', 'Cette typologie doit permettre de caractériser des consommations-type d’énergie et des besoins associés en équipements ; • \x07Le chiffrage en prospective des besoins énergétiques et des émissions associées devra s’appuyer sur : a. \x07 les éléments qualitatifs découlant des orientations des politiques d’aménagement, du territoire, d’urbanisation et d’habitat ; b. \x07 l’identification des différentes solutions adaptées pour la satisfaction des besoins de confort des ménages ; et en fin c. \x07 une quantification détaillée cohérente avec les deux points ci-dessus, des principaux déterminants de la demande sur les principaux segments de la demande. 4.4. Secteur du transport 4.4.1. État des lieux Au Maroc, le secteur des transports représente 28% des émissions directes de GES, soit un poids significatif puisque c’est le deuxième secteur pour les émissions directes, après celui de l’énergie (40%).', 'État des lieux Au Maroc, le secteur des transports représente 28% des émissions directes de GES, soit un poids significatif puisque c’est le deuxième secteur pour les émissions directes, après celui de l’énergie (40%). Les consommations et émissions associées découlent presque exclusivement de celles des carburants d’origine fossile, dans le transport routier de personnes et de marchandises. La dynamique des consommations est forte, avec une augmentation de plus d’un quart entre 2010 et 2018. Le secteur représente un enjeu stratégique majeur, en termes de planification des infrastructures, de choix modaux, de développement de nouvelles technologies, dont les véhicules électriques. Une de ses caractéristiques est qu’aujourd’hui le parc d’équipements est largement dépendant des solutions conventionnelles.', 'Une de ses caractéristiques est qu’aujourd’hui le parc d’équipements est largement dépendant des solutions conventionnelles. Une transition bas-carbone imposera donc à la fois une meilleure maîtrise de la demande et, à long terme, un renouvellement complet des parcs de véhicules. L’état des lieux au Maroc La diversité des défis et des solutions sont bien reconnus par les feuilles de route nationales Mobilité durable (département des transports) et Mobilité urbaine durable (Ministère de l’intérieur), ainsi que des études sur la mobilité, réalisées par la Fédération nationale de l’énergie et l’IRESEN.Stratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme La feuille de route “Mobilité durable pour le Maroc” trouve son origine dans le Processus de Paris pour la Mobilité et le Climat (PPMC).', 'L’état des lieux au Maroc La diversité des défis et des solutions sont bien reconnus par les feuilles de route nationales Mobilité durable (département des transports) et Mobilité urbaine durable (Ministère de l’intérieur), ainsi que des études sur la mobilité, réalisées par la Fédération nationale de l’énergie et l’IRESEN.Stratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme La feuille de route “Mobilité durable pour le Maroc” trouve son origine dans le Processus de Paris pour la Mobilité et le Climat (PPMC). Elle s’inscrit dans différents dispositifs nationaux tels que : la Stratégie Nationale du Développement Durable (enjeux : gouvernance, économie verte, politique de lutte contre le changement climatique) ; la Contribution Déterminée au niveau National 2030 (2018) ; la loi cadre 99-12 portant sur la Charte nationale de l’environnement et du développement durable ; la Stratégie marocaine pour la logistique de 2018; la Stratégie d’efficacité énergétique et la Stratégie énergie à 2030 ; la programmation des investissements en infrastructures de transport ; le Plan National d’Adaptation ; la Stratégie sécurité routière 2017-2026 ; le Plan d’accélération industrielle 2020 ; la régionalisation avancée et la modernisation de la fonction publique ; le Pacte pour l’exemplarité de l’administration.', 'Elle s’inscrit dans différents dispositifs nationaux tels que : la Stratégie Nationale du Développement Durable (enjeux : gouvernance, économie verte, politique de lutte contre le changement climatique) ; la Contribution Déterminée au niveau National 2030 (2018) ; la loi cadre 99-12 portant sur la Charte nationale de l’environnement et du développement durable ; la Stratégie marocaine pour la logistique de 2018; la Stratégie d’efficacité énergétique et la Stratégie énergie à 2030 ; la programmation des investissements en infrastructures de transport ; le Plan National d’Adaptation ; la Stratégie sécurité routière 2017-2026 ; le Plan d’accélération industrielle 2020 ; la régionalisation avancée et la modernisation de la fonction publique ; le Pacte pour l’exemplarité de l’administration. Une planification stratégique intégrant ces feuilles de route fournirait une base solide pour mieux gérer les investissements et pour améliorer l’efficacité des politiques, tout particulièrement pour la promotion de l’intermodalité.', 'Une planification stratégique intégrant ces feuilles de route fournirait une base solide pour mieux gérer les investissements et pour améliorer l’efficacité des politiques, tout particulièrement pour la promotion de l’intermodalité. Pour l’heure, on doit toujours constater la prédominance des solutions fondées sur l’usage des véhicules conventionnels à énergies fossiles, que ce soit pour le transport de personnes ou de marchandises. La question de la maîtrise des besoins et de leur dynamique reste rarement abordée en tant que telle. Dans cette perspective, la transformation digitale, parce qu’elle permet de réduire les besoins de déplacement et d’optimiser les systèmes de transport, est porteuse d’une plus grande efficacité globale du système.', 'Dans cette perspective, la transformation digitale, parce qu’elle permet de réduire les besoins de déplacement et d’optimiser les systèmes de transport, est porteuse d’une plus grande efficacité globale du système. Le développement des nouvelles solutions technologiques – véhicules électriques (vélos, scooters, automobiles) et au-delà véhicules à hydrogène – appelle une programmation rigoureuse et articulée sur les différents horizons de temps, court, moyen et long terme qui doit être détaillée dans les feuilles de route : opérations pilotes sur flottes captives, développement progressif des infrastructures de recharge/distribution, développement des capacités industrielles, déploiement à grande échelle. Cinq problématiques stratégiques La confrontation des feuilles de route internationales et de l’état des lieux au Maroc conduit à identifier cinq thématiques clés.', 'Cinq problématiques stratégiques La confrontation des feuilles de route internationales et de l’état des lieux au Maroc conduit à identifier cinq thématiques clés. Les trois premières renvoient à la logique « Comportements - Infrastructures - Technologies ». Les deux suivantes portent plutôt sur les impacts des stratégies de transports bas carbone, d’une part sur les enjeux et filières industrielles, et d’autre part sur les conditions de vie et le budget des ménages.', 'Les deux suivantes portent plutôt sur les impacts des stratégies de transports bas carbone, d’une part sur les enjeux et filières industrielles, et d’autre part sur les conditions de vie et le budget des ménages. Pour favoriser les comportements et investissements soutenant les transports bas carbone, cinq conditions semblent en effet devoir être retenues : Le développement d’infrastructures urbaines propices à une bonne accessibilité aux services publics et commerciaux ; Des politiques pour l’amélioration des performances, l’intensification de l’usage des véhicules (intermodalité, taxis, VTC, covoiturage, autopartage), la diffusion des véhicules zéro émission ; La construction des capacités industrielles pour la production des véhicules du futur et de leurs composants ; Des systèmes d’incitation combinant information-sensibilisation et incitations économiques (politique de prix de l’essence) ; et La prise en compte des contraintes budgétaires des ménages et la mise en œuvre de dispositifs permettant de réduire l’effort d’investissement.', 'Pour favoriser les comportements et investissements soutenant les transports bas carbone, cinq conditions semblent en effet devoir être retenues : Le développement d’infrastructures urbaines propices à une bonne accessibilité aux services publics et commerciaux ; Des politiques pour l’amélioration des performances, l’intensification de l’usage des véhicules (intermodalité, taxis, VTC, covoiturage, autopartage), la diffusion des véhicules zéro émission ; La construction des capacités industrielles pour la production des véhicules du futur et de leurs composants ; Des systèmes d’incitation combinant information-sensibilisation et incitations économiques (politique de prix de l’essence) ; et La prise en compte des contraintes budgétaires des ménages et la mise en œuvre de dispositifs permettant de réduire l’effort d’investissement. En ce qui concerne les infrastructures de transport urbain, un point de passage obligé semble résider dans une coopération renforcée entre Ministère de l’intérieur, Ministère des transports et collectivités locales.', 'En ce qui concerne les infrastructures de transport urbain, un point de passage obligé semble résider dans une coopération renforcée entre Ministère de l’intérieur, Ministère des transports et collectivités locales. La stratégie de déploiement des BHNS et des tramways est aussi essentielle : pour être attractifs, les transports en commun doivent être confortables et sûrs. Pour l’interurbain, le réseau ferré doit assurer le développement des TGV, des trains intercités et du fret. Pour les performances des équipements, la priorité de court terme est celle de l’amélioration des performances des véhicules mis sur le marché par la réglementation. Mais à moyen terme, il convient d’élaborer une stratégie d’électrification de tous les types de véhicules : scooters, automobiles, véhicules utilitaires légers, bus.', 'Mais à moyen terme, il convient d’élaborer une stratégie d’électrification de tous les types de véhicules : scooters, automobiles, véhicules utilitaires légers, bus. Alors que le Maroc déploie une stratégie ambitieuse pour l’hydrogène,à plus long terme (2030) se posera la question de l’introduction de l’hydrogène dans les transports et de l’arbitrage entre cette utilisation et des autres valorisations possibles de l’hydrogène (industrie, équilibrage du réseau électrique, exportation). A ces plans de déploiement des véhicules zéro émissions doit répondre une véritable stratégie pour les filières industrielles de la production des composants et de l’assemblage des véhicules. Ces filières doivent permettre de répondre aux besoins intérieurs, mais potentiellement aussi à certains marchés à l’exportation.', 'Ces filières doivent permettre de répondre aux besoins intérieurs, mais potentiellement aussi à certains marchés à l’exportation. La transition des transports doit aussi permettre de répondre de manière plus satisfaisante et inclusive aux besoins, sans toutefois grever de manière excessive le budget des ménages. Un équilibre dynamique doit être recherché entre politique de renchérissement des carburants fossiles (e.g. taxation du carbone) et soutien aux investissements dans les nouveaux véhicules (primes à la casse, prime de conversion écologique). 4.4.2. Énoncé de la vision sectorielle Dans une stratégie à faible émissions pour 2050, le transport apparaît comme un secteur stratégique du fait de l’importance et de la dynamique des émissions. Le futur du système des transports doit être conçu dans une perspective multiéchelles et multimodale et pour différents horizons de temps.', 'Le futur du système des transports doit être conçu dans une perspective multiéchelles et multimodale et pour différents horizons de temps. Cette approche intégrée est nécessaire pour la conception des systèmes de transport de personnes afin notamment de favoriser la flexibilité dans l’usage. Par ailleurs, l’évolution du secteur de transport de marchandises peut avoir des effets transverses positifs et structurants sur l’ensemble de l’économie, à travers notamment les politiques en matière de logistique et de gestion des continuités de livraison. En amont, une place plus prépondérante doit être faite aux modes de transport non routiers.', 'En amont, une place plus prépondérante doit être faite aux modes de transport non routiers. La politique des infrastructures est, dans ce domaine, essentielle et elle doit s’appuyer sur deux piliers qui doivent être gérés de manière coordonnée : les infrastructures de transport urbain et celles relatives au transport interurbain, de personnes et des marchandises. Pour les transports de personnes la plus grande attention doit être portée au confort, à la qualité et à la sécurité du service. Pour le transport routier, la vision du futur doit être déployée sur différents horizons de temps, et s’appuyer sur un système de suivi avec des indicateurs observables.', 'Pour le transport routier, la vision du futur doit être déployée sur différents horizons de temps, et s’appuyer sur un système de suivi avec des indicateurs observables. D’une part, la bonne gestion des politiques impose que la fixation des objectifs à 2050 considère les trajectoires en cours ainsi que les objectifs antérieurement fixés pour 2030.', 'D’une part, la bonne gestion des politiques impose que la fixation des objectifs à 2050 considère les trajectoires en cours ainsi que les objectifs antérieurement fixés pour 2030. D’autre part, un minutage cohérent des priorités doit être établi : • \x07Pour le court terme (avant 2030) la priorité pourrait être d’introduire rapidement de nouvelles normes pour la consommation et les émissions des véhicules mis sur le marché qu’ils soient neufs ou d’occasion ; • \x07 Le moyen terme (2030-2035) pourrait être dominé par la nécessité d’investir massivement dans le développement de nouvelles infrastructures ; et • \x07 Au-delà se posera la question du déploiement à grande échelle des véhicules zéro émission, d’abord électriques, puis éventuellement hydrogène ainsi que des capacités industrielles correspondantes.', 'D’autre part, un minutage cohérent des priorités doit être établi : • \x07Pour le court terme (avant 2030) la priorité pourrait être d’introduire rapidement de nouvelles normes pour la consommation et les émissions des véhicules mis sur le marché qu’ils soient neufs ou d’occasion ; • \x07 Le moyen terme (2030-2035) pourrait être dominé par la nécessité d’investir massivement dans le développement de nouvelles infrastructures ; et • \x07 Au-delà se posera la question du déploiement à grande échelle des véhicules zéro émission, d’abord électriques, puis éventuellement hydrogène ainsi que des capacités industrielles correspondantes. Pour la maîtrise des consommations des véhicules, des efforts doivent être entrepris pour aligner et pour faire mieux respecter les différentes normes et réglementations (taxes à l’essieu, gestion des pneumatiques, retrait des véhicules anciens…).', 'Pour la maîtrise des consommations des véhicules, des efforts doivent être entrepris pour aligner et pour faire mieux respecter les différentes normes et réglementations (taxes à l’essieu, gestion des pneumatiques, retrait des véhicules anciens…). Pour le développement des nouveaux véhicules, l’Etat doit jouer un rôle exemplaire, en particulier par la gestion des flottes de véhicules publics qui peuvent constituer un marché-niche très important pour la montée en expérience et en compétences professionnelles Une stratégie industrielle adaptée doit permettre de combler les manques dans les chaînes nationales de production, à partir des sites déjà existants.', 'Pour le développement des nouveaux véhicules, l’Etat doit jouer un rôle exemplaire, en particulier par la gestion des flottes de véhicules publics qui peuvent constituer un marché-niche très important pour la montée en expérience et en compétences professionnelles Une stratégie industrielle adaptée doit permettre de combler les manques dans les chaînes nationales de production, à partir des sites déjà existants. Dans cette perspective et pour le développement des véhicules zéro émission, une hiérarchisation des priorités dans le temps doit être établie pour agir en séquence sur : les flottes publiques, les systèmes de transport collectif, les véhicules individuels, etc.Stratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme 4.4.3.', 'Dans cette perspective et pour le développement des véhicules zéro émission, une hiérarchisation des priorités dans le temps doit être établie pour agir en séquence sur : les flottes publiques, les systèmes de transport collectif, les véhicules individuels, etc.Stratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme 4.4.3. Questions et interrogations Incertitudes Dans la situation actuelle, une des principales incertitudes porte sur la mise en cohérence de l’ensemble du cadre législatif et des systèmes de réglementation, qui doit absolument intégrer les régions et les collectivités locales. Une révision des réglementations et des textes législatifs est en effet en cours, elle devrait intégrer les nouvelles problématiques de la mobilité électrique ainsi que de nouvelles perspectives, tracées par exemple dans les partenariats du Maroc sur l’hydrogène.', 'Une révision des réglementations et des textes législatifs est en effet en cours, elle devrait intégrer les nouvelles problématiques de la mobilité électrique ainsi que de nouvelles perspectives, tracées par exemple dans les partenariats du Maroc sur l’hydrogène. Les incertitudes découlent aussi de la difficulté d’articuler un schéma d’ensemble intégré pour les infrastructures, et les conditions et besoins spécifiques des différentes régions. Une perspective multi-échelles des politiques de transport doit en effet permettre de réduire les disparités et d’améliorer l’inclusion sociale dans toutes les régions. La question de l’accessibilité aux services et du désenclavement des zones rurales est particulièrement importante dans une perspective de réduction des inégalités et de développement inclusif.', 'La question de l’accessibilité aux services et du désenclavement des zones rurales est particulièrement importante dans une perspective de réduction des inégalités et de développement inclusif. La révision peut être menée dans le cadre de l’élaboration des Plans rail 2040 et Plan route 2040. Les conditions de la réussite Parmi les objectifs à atteindre, il est possible d’identifier au moins six priorités pour les transports : large accessibilité, abordabilité économique, intermodalité, réduction des inégalités, propreté et sécurité des transports publics, intégration industrielle et emploi. Ces priorités stratégiques devraient être intégrées dans une vision quantifiée, pour assurer la cohérence de la description des systèmes et des flux, aux différents horizons de temps.', 'Ces priorités stratégiques devraient être intégrées dans une vision quantifiée, pour assurer la cohérence de la description des systèmes et des flux, aux différents horizons de temps. Une telle vision quantifiée doit accompagner la construction d’une stratégie à long terme, claire et stable, par exemple dans une loi-cadre. Mais la difficulté est aussi que ce cadre doit pouvoir être révisé à intervalles réguliers, en fonction des résultats obtenus, des tendances anticipées et de la possibilité estimée de l’atteinte des objectifs de moyen et long terme. Pour ce faire, il sera probablement nécessaire d’intégrer la politique des transports et ses objectifs chiffrés dans un Tableau de bord de la LT-LEDS.', 'Pour ce faire, il sera probablement nécessaire d’intégrer la politique des transports et ses objectifs chiffrés dans un Tableau de bord de la LT-LEDS. Les conditions pour satisfaire les différents objectifs de la politique des transports reposent avant tout sur l’adhésion et la participation active des différentes parties prenantes. Dans les conditions apparaît également la nécessité de réviser les objectifs, les conditions et les modes de contrôle par les collectivités locales, y compris s’agissant des délégations de service public. En particulier pour des transports publics sûrs, confortables et durables d’autres formules peuvent être imaginées, par exemple sous la forme de Sociétés de Développement Local associant le privé et un pouvoir fort de contrôle par les collectivités.', 'En particulier pour des transports publics sûrs, confortables et durables d’autres formules peuvent être imaginées, par exemple sous la forme de Sociétés de Développement Local associant le privé et un pouvoir fort de contrôle par les collectivités. Pour le fret, la question de la logistique doit également être abordée à partir de nouveaux modes de gouvernance. La gestion des systèmes de fret devra en tout cas s’appuyer sur un cadre réglementaire bien défini. La gestion des nouvelles zones logistiques et du fret devra anticiper la réduction des volumes transportés du fait de la massification et de l’optimisation technique. La question de la transition du secteur informel, pour les personnes ou les marchandises, devra être abordée afin d’éviter la concurrence déloyale, les conséquences fiscales.', 'La question de la transition du secteur informel, pour les personnes ou les marchandises, devra être abordée afin d’éviter la concurrence déloyale, les conséquences fiscales. Pour le déploiement des véhicules zéro émission il sera nécessaire de définir un cadre clair permettant d’articuler non seulement les différents horizons de temps, mais aussi les différentes dimensions du problème : développement des solutions techniques, prix des énergies et incitations économiques, aides à la conversion, déploiement des infrastructures, capacités industrielles. 4.4.4.', 'Pour le déploiement des véhicules zéro émission il sera nécessaire de définir un cadre clair permettant d’articuler non seulement les différents horizons de temps, mais aussi les différentes dimensions du problème : développement des solutions techniques, prix des énergies et incitations économiques, aides à la conversion, déploiement des infrastructures, capacités industrielles. 4.4.4. De la vision sectorielle à la stratégie : propositions de travaux sur les transports • \x07 Pour les transports, les travaux de prospective en appui de la construction de la stratégie à long terme doivent partir, comme d’ailleurs pour les bâtiments, d’un schéma général d’aménagement du territoire et d’organisation des villes ; • \x07 La prospective des flux de transport doit s’appuyer sur l’analyse de quatre différents segments dans un quadrant : transport de personnes / de marchandise et transport urbain / interurbain ; • \x07 Pour chacun des quatre segments il conviendra d’identifier d’abord les besoins en infrastructures, en commençant par les infrastructures ferroviaires pour l’interurbain ou de transport en commun pour les villes ;• \x07 En complément de cette planification des infrastructures, les conditions d’attractivité des solutions de transport collectif de personnes et de transport ferroviaire des marchandises, dans le cadre d’un plan consacré à la logistique, doivent faire l’objet d’analyses approfondies au plan technique et sociologique ; • \x07 Les perspectives de l’électrification de différentes catégories de véhicules (scooters, automobiles, véhicules utilitaires légers) doivent être quantifiées pour différents horizons de temps en distinguant un phasage : marchés-niche, flottes captives, premières commercialisations et diffusion de masse ; et • \x07 Ces éléments pourront également faire l’objet de discussions spécifiques y compris sur : ◆ \x07 les conséquences de cette montée en puissance de la motorisation électrique pour l’industrie marocaine en termes de développement des infrastructures de recharge, maîtrise des technologies véhicules, production de composants et de véhicules complets ; et ◆ \x07 les schémas d’incitation au développement des mobilités bas carbone, et en particulier des véhicules zéro émission, articulant une bonne gestion du renchérissement progressif des carburants fossiles avec des aides à l’investissement pour la conversion des véhicules.', 'De la vision sectorielle à la stratégie : propositions de travaux sur les transports • \x07 Pour les transports, les travaux de prospective en appui de la construction de la stratégie à long terme doivent partir, comme d’ailleurs pour les bâtiments, d’un schéma général d’aménagement du territoire et d’organisation des villes ; • \x07 La prospective des flux de transport doit s’appuyer sur l’analyse de quatre différents segments dans un quadrant : transport de personnes / de marchandise et transport urbain / interurbain ; • \x07 Pour chacun des quatre segments il conviendra d’identifier d’abord les besoins en infrastructures, en commençant par les infrastructures ferroviaires pour l’interurbain ou de transport en commun pour les villes ;• \x07 En complément de cette planification des infrastructures, les conditions d’attractivité des solutions de transport collectif de personnes et de transport ferroviaire des marchandises, dans le cadre d’un plan consacré à la logistique, doivent faire l’objet d’analyses approfondies au plan technique et sociologique ; • \x07 Les perspectives de l’électrification de différentes catégories de véhicules (scooters, automobiles, véhicules utilitaires légers) doivent être quantifiées pour différents horizons de temps en distinguant un phasage : marchés-niche, flottes captives, premières commercialisations et diffusion de masse ; et • \x07 Ces éléments pourront également faire l’objet de discussions spécifiques y compris sur : ◆ \x07 les conséquences de cette montée en puissance de la motorisation électrique pour l’industrie marocaine en termes de développement des infrastructures de recharge, maîtrise des technologies véhicules, production de composants et de véhicules complets ; et ◆ \x07 les schémas d’incitation au développement des mobilités bas carbone, et en particulier des véhicules zéro émission, articulant une bonne gestion du renchérissement progressif des carburants fossiles avec des aides à l’investissement pour la conversion des véhicules. 4.5.', 'De la vision sectorielle à la stratégie : propositions de travaux sur les transports • \x07 Pour les transports, les travaux de prospective en appui de la construction de la stratégie à long terme doivent partir, comme d’ailleurs pour les bâtiments, d’un schéma général d’aménagement du territoire et d’organisation des villes ; • \x07 La prospective des flux de transport doit s’appuyer sur l’analyse de quatre différents segments dans un quadrant : transport de personnes / de marchandise et transport urbain / interurbain ; • \x07 Pour chacun des quatre segments il conviendra d’identifier d’abord les besoins en infrastructures, en commençant par les infrastructures ferroviaires pour l’interurbain ou de transport en commun pour les villes ;• \x07 En complément de cette planification des infrastructures, les conditions d’attractivité des solutions de transport collectif de personnes et de transport ferroviaire des marchandises, dans le cadre d’un plan consacré à la logistique, doivent faire l’objet d’analyses approfondies au plan technique et sociologique ; • \x07 Les perspectives de l’électrification de différentes catégories de véhicules (scooters, automobiles, véhicules utilitaires légers) doivent être quantifiées pour différents horizons de temps en distinguant un phasage : marchés-niche, flottes captives, premières commercialisations et diffusion de masse ; et • \x07 Ces éléments pourront également faire l’objet de discussions spécifiques y compris sur : ◆ \x07 les conséquences de cette montée en puissance de la motorisation électrique pour l’industrie marocaine en termes de développement des infrastructures de recharge, maîtrise des technologies véhicules, production de composants et de véhicules complets ; et ◆ \x07 les schémas d’incitation au développement des mobilités bas carbone, et en particulier des véhicules zéro émission, articulant une bonne gestion du renchérissement progressif des carburants fossiles avec des aides à l’investissement pour la conversion des véhicules. 4.5. Secteur de l’agriculture 4.5.1.', 'De la vision sectorielle à la stratégie : propositions de travaux sur les transports • \x07 Pour les transports, les travaux de prospective en appui de la construction de la stratégie à long terme doivent partir, comme d’ailleurs pour les bâtiments, d’un schéma général d’aménagement du territoire et d’organisation des villes ; • \x07 La prospective des flux de transport doit s’appuyer sur l’analyse de quatre différents segments dans un quadrant : transport de personnes / de marchandise et transport urbain / interurbain ; • \x07 Pour chacun des quatre segments il conviendra d’identifier d’abord les besoins en infrastructures, en commençant par les infrastructures ferroviaires pour l’interurbain ou de transport en commun pour les villes ;• \x07 En complément de cette planification des infrastructures, les conditions d’attractivité des solutions de transport collectif de personnes et de transport ferroviaire des marchandises, dans le cadre d’un plan consacré à la logistique, doivent faire l’objet d’analyses approfondies au plan technique et sociologique ; • \x07 Les perspectives de l’électrification de différentes catégories de véhicules (scooters, automobiles, véhicules utilitaires légers) doivent être quantifiées pour différents horizons de temps en distinguant un phasage : marchés-niche, flottes captives, premières commercialisations et diffusion de masse ; et • \x07 Ces éléments pourront également faire l’objet de discussions spécifiques y compris sur : ◆ \x07 les conséquences de cette montée en puissance de la motorisation électrique pour l’industrie marocaine en termes de développement des infrastructures de recharge, maîtrise des technologies véhicules, production de composants et de véhicules complets ; et ◆ \x07 les schémas d’incitation au développement des mobilités bas carbone, et en particulier des véhicules zéro émission, articulant une bonne gestion du renchérissement progressif des carburants fossiles avec des aides à l’investissement pour la conversion des véhicules. 4.5. Secteur de l’agriculture 4.5.1. État des lieux Les émissions de gaz à effet de serre de l’agriculture du Maroc Selon l’Inventaire Sectoriel des GES marocains, en 2018, les émissions de GES de l’agriculture marocaine s’élèvent à 20,1 Mt équivalent CO2, en hausse de 25% depuis l’an 2008.', 'État des lieux Les émissions de gaz à effet de serre de l’agriculture du Maroc Selon l’Inventaire Sectoriel des GES marocains, en 2018, les émissions de GES de l’agriculture marocaine s’élèvent à 20,1 Mt équivalent CO2, en hausse de 25% depuis l’an 2008. Elles sont dues à 44% aux élevages (83% selon la FAO), dont environ la moitié par fermentation entérique des ruminants, et la moitié par les déjections laissées aux champs. Les engrais en représentent 11% et les brûlis 7% d’après FAOSTAT. La fonction de puits de l’UTCAT est aussi à prendre en compte puisque le puits brut de carbone que représente l’arboriculture s’élevait à 8 Mt CO2e/an en 2014 selon le SNIGES.', 'La fonction de puits de l’UTCAT est aussi à prendre en compte puisque le puits brut de carbone que représente l’arboriculture s’élevait à 8 Mt CO2e/an en 2014 selon le SNIGES. Le Maroc compte 9,4 millions d’hectares de terres cultivées (dont 8,7 Mha de SAU) et environ 21 millions d’hectares de parcours. La production agricole est dominée par les céréales, qui couvrent 59% des surfaces récoltées, et les cultures oléagineuses (tournesol, sésame, colza, arachides), ainsi que les cultures maraîchères (fruits et légumes) et industrielles (betterave et canne à sucre). Les surfaces irriguées représentent 1,6 million d’hectares. Les rendements céréaliers peuvent varier fortement d’une année à l’autre, avec toutefois une tendance orientée à la hausse.', 'Les rendements céréaliers peuvent varier fortement d’une année à l’autre, avec toutefois une tendance orientée à la hausse. L’élevage comprend un peu moins de 6 millions d’UGB (Unité Gros Bétail) de bovins, ovins, caprins, et d’animaux de trait (ânes, mulets, chevaux, dromadaires) selon la FAO, et près de 500 millions de volailles selon le Ministère de l’Agriculture. Les productions de viande et de lait ont doublé en 20 ans, en partie par la croissance des cheptels (volaille notamment), et en partie par l’augmentation de la productivité en lait et en viande. Selon la FAO, la consommation d’engrais azotés est stable depuis 2002 avec environ 240 000 tonnes par an, soit 26 kg d’azote par hectare et par an.', 'Selon la FAO, la consommation d’engrais azotés est stable depuis 2002 avec environ 240 000 tonnes par an, soit 26 kg d’azote par hectare et par an. Le Maroc est par ailleurs un important pays producteur d’engrais (azote, phosphore). La consommation de pesticides est stable, les surfaces en agriculture biologique sont estimées à 3%.Stratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme La disponibilité alimentaire par personne s’élève à 3 400 kcal par jour, et les apports de protéines sont de 98 grammes par jour et par personne, valeurs nettement supérieures – en moyenne – aux apports nutritionnels conseillés, avec une part de protéines animales de 28%, en hausse de 8 points par rapport à 2000.', 'La consommation de pesticides est stable, les surfaces en agriculture biologique sont estimées à 3%.Stratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme La disponibilité alimentaire par personne s’élève à 3 400 kcal par jour, et les apports de protéines sont de 98 grammes par jour et par personne, valeurs nettement supérieures – en moyenne – aux apports nutritionnels conseillés, avec une part de protéines animales de 28%, en hausse de 8 points par rapport à 2000. Plusieurs indicateurs alimentaires clé se sont améliorés en 20 ans (disponibilité alimentaire), mais certains restent préoccupants (excès pondéral chez l’adulte par exemple ou prévalence de l’anémie chez les femmes). La disponibilité intérieure (i.e.', 'Plusieurs indicateurs alimentaires clé se sont améliorés en 20 ans (disponibilité alimentaire), mais certains restent préoccupants (excès pondéral chez l’adulte par exemple ou prévalence de l’anémie chez les femmes). La disponibilité intérieure (i.e. l’offre) augmente (+20% en 20 ans) d’une part grâce à l’augmentation de la productivité de l’agriculture marocaine en général (+11% pour les céréales, +31% pour la viande rouge, selon le Ministère de l’Agriculture) et d’autre part grâce à l’augmentation des importations (+60%). Notamment les importations de céréales, variables selon la campagne agricole, se rapprochent de 7 millions de tonnes alors que le pays en produit 8 millions. Ce sont surtout les aliments pour animaux qui ont augmenté (x 3) principalement pour nourrir les volailles, dont la consommation a doublé.', 'Ce sont surtout les aliments pour animaux qui ont augmenté (x 3) principalement pour nourrir les volailles, dont la consommation a doublé. La part de l’agriculture dans le PIB se maintient à 12,5%, avec de fortes variations interannuelles en lien avec les fluctuations des rendements céréaliers soumis à la pluviométrie. L’agriculture emploie 37% de la population active et demeure un secteur de main d’œuvre majeur pour le pays. La moitié des exploitations agricoles valorisent moins de 3 hectares.', 'La moitié des exploitations agricoles valorisent moins de 3 hectares. État des lieux des travaux et réflexions sur le changement climatique et le secteur agricole au Maroc La stratégie Génération Green (2020-2030) a succédé au Plan Maroc Vert (2008-2020) comme cadre stratégique des orientations de la politique publique du Maroc ; celle-ci repose sur deux fondements, à savoir la priorité à l’élément humain et la pérennité du développement agricole. Les ambitions de cette stratégie consistent à doubler la part de l’agriculture dans le PIB, presque doubler les recettes des exportations entre 2018 et 2030, créer 350 000 nouveaux emplois agricoles, dont 180 000 jeunes agriculteurs, et renforcer la classe moyenne des ménages agricoles.', 'Les ambitions de cette stratégie consistent à doubler la part de l’agriculture dans le PIB, presque doubler les recettes des exportations entre 2018 et 2030, créer 350 000 nouveaux emplois agricoles, dont 180 000 jeunes agriculteurs, et renforcer la classe moyenne des ménages agricoles. Il existe une volonté forte de développer les filières à haute valeur ajoutée notamment pour l’export, de développer des modèles d’agriculture coopérative et des techniques de conservation des sols, et d’améliorer l’efficacité hydrique tout en promouvant l’usage des énergies renouvelables pour l’irrigation, ainsi que l’utilisation de la biomasse. Ces plans sont également en interaction étroite avec le Programme National d’Economie d’Eau en Irrigation (PNEEI) 2010-2020 puis 2020-2027.', 'Ces plans sont également en interaction étroite avec le Programme National d’Economie d’Eau en Irrigation (PNEEI) 2010-2020 puis 2020-2027. La stratégie nationale biomasse, en cours de publication, concerne également en partie le secteur agricole, de même que la stratégie sur le sylvo- pastoralisme, en interaction entre le secteur de la forêt et celui de l’élevage. D’autres programmes sont en cours, en particulier concernant les zones oasiennes et l’arganier. D’une part, les zones oasiennes, territoires vulnérables au changement climatique mais source de résilience, font l’objet d’une attention particulière dans la Stratégie Nationale de Développement Durable à horizon 2030, qui souligne l’importance de les préserver et de les développer.', 'D’une part, les zones oasiennes, territoires vulnérables au changement climatique mais source de résilience, font l’objet d’une attention particulière dans la Stratégie Nationale de Développement Durable à horizon 2030, qui souligne l’importance de les préserver et de les développer. D’autre part, l’arganier bénéficie depuis 2015 d’un NAMA de l’arganiculture, associé au projet DARED (Développement de l’Arganiculture en Environnement Dégradé) qui a permis la plantation de 10 000 ha d’arganier. Concernant le rôle du secteur agricole dans la politique climatique marocaine, les différentes politiques publiques traitent principalement de la question de l’adaptation. L’agriculture marocaine sera soumise à de fortes contraintes climatiques. La maîtrise de la ressource en eau apparaît comme l’élément critique.', 'La maîtrise de la ressource en eau apparaît comme l’élément critique. Elle est à considérer dans sa dimension quantitative, mais également qualitative, par exemple dans les régions de production intensive avec un usage important d’engrais ou de pesticides. L’accès à l’eau met en jeu des mécanismes de concurrence entre l’irrigation, l’alimentation humaine, l’énergie, et le bon fonctionnement des écosystèmes naturels (dont la forêt), dans un contexte de diminution attendue du potentiel mobilisable, qui ne peut être compensée qu’en partie par le dessalement de l’eau de mer ou la mobilisation de ressources alternatives (eaux usées). L’agriculture irriguée représente 45% de la valeur ajoutée de l’agriculture en année moyenne.', 'L’agriculture irriguée représente 45% de la valeur ajoutée de l’agriculture en année moyenne. Les objectifs des différents programmes visent à améliorer l’irrigation, inciter aux économies d’eau, améliorer la productivité, diminuer les fuites, gérer de manière durable les ressources, améliorer l’usage des fertilisants.Les aléas de la production alimentaire restent une menace pour la sécurité alimentaire de la population. Les variations interannuelles qui ont diminué ces dernières années, pourraient à nouveau fluctuer fortement. Le rôle de l’agriculture en matière de réduction des émissions de CO2 d’origine fossile reste à préciser. L’agriculture consomme 1 200 ktep d’énergie, dont 82% de fossiles et 18% d’électricité. Les économies potentielles peuvent représenter le quart de cette consommation, notamment grâce au développement du pompage solaire.', 'Les économies potentielles peuvent représenter le quart de cette consommation, notamment grâce au développement du pompage solaire. L’agriculture peut également fournir des bioénergies, en quantité toutefois limitée. Concernant la partie UTCAT de l’agriculture, celle-ci représentait en 2014 un puits net de 6 Mt CO2e/ an (notamment grâce au puits brut de 8 Mt CO2e/an lié à l’arboriculture) d’après le SNIGES. Dans les années à venir se posera néanmoins la question du maintien de cette fonction de puits, dans le cadre de transformations liées au changement climatique et du degré de saturation du puits actuel. 4.5.2.', 'Dans les années à venir se posera néanmoins la question du maintien de cette fonction de puits, dans le cadre de transformations liées au changement climatique et du degré de saturation du puits actuel. 4.5.2. Énoncé de la vision sectorielle Adapter le système de production marocain à une demande alimentaire amenée à croître en quantité et en qualité La demande alimentaire globale au Maroc est vouée à augmenter dans les prochaines décennies sous l’action principale de la croissance démographique. Par ailleurs, la dimension qualitative de la demande prendra une place croissante dans les enjeux à traiter.', 'Par ailleurs, la dimension qualitative de la demande prendra une place croissante dans les enjeux à traiter. Les citoyens marocains, préoccupés notamment par des problématiques de santé, opèrent progressivement une mutation de leurs habitudes alimentaires, tant en termes d’exigences de qualité (bio, local…) que de nature des produits consommés (moins de sucres et de céréales). Ces transformations, encore embryonnaires, interviennent plus particulièrement dans les milieux urbains. L’urbanisation en cours au Maroc constitue donc un facteur d’intensification de cette tendance, à l’instar des diverses publications et médias traitant du sujet de l’alimentation. Il est possible et souhaitable d’orienter la demande par l’éducation, la sensibilisation, ou des choix politiques (labels…). A l’inverse, les marchés sont influencés par la demande.', 'A l’inverse, les marchés sont influencés par la demande. La question est alors de savoir qui bénéficie des retombées positives de l’évolution des marchés. Pour y répondre, les notions d’équité sociale et de juste rétribution des producteurs par les intermédiaires doivent être considérées. Dans cette perspective, une intégration amont-aval accrue favoriserait la structuration de la production par la demande intérieure, permettant une meilleure valorisation des productions et une plus juste rémunération des producteurs. Ce couplage pourrait passer par la régulation et la structuration des marchés, ainsi que l’autorisation de vente directe des produits agricoles aux grandes surfaces, favorisant les circuits courts.', 'Ce couplage pourrait passer par la régulation et la structuration des marchés, ainsi que l’autorisation de vente directe des produits agricoles aux grandes surfaces, favorisant les circuits courts. Améliorer la compétitivité des producteurs marocains à l’échelle nationale comme internationale La stratégie Plan Maroc Vert, en insistant sur la qualité et l’efficience des cultures, ainsi que sur le développement des filières à haute valeur ajoutée, a contribué à l’amélioration de la compétitivité de l’agriculture marocaine, notamment vis-à-vis des marchés extérieurs développant entre autres de nouvelles exigences de qualité à valeur réglementaire. Ces programmes ont porté leurs fruits et doivent être poursuivis à l’avenir. Néanmoins, au long terme, et pour une partie plus précaire de la population agricole, d’autres voies doivent être explorées pour atteindre les mêmes niveaux de compétitivité.', 'Néanmoins, au long terme, et pour une partie plus précaire de la population agricole, d’autres voies doivent être explorées pour atteindre les mêmes niveaux de compétitivité. Il est notamment pertinent d’analyser les changements climatiques à venir pour caractériser les futurs modes de production ou de valorisation à mettre en œuvre selon les territoires, et plus largement les vocations futures des terres arables. Ainsi, la mise en valeur des divers services écosystémiques rendus par les espaces agricoles, en particulier dans les zones les plus précaires, favoriserait la résilience des populations fragiles pratiquant une agriculture vivrière (élevage dans les montagnes par exemple). Autrement dit, les terres agricoles sont multifonctionnelles, et il est intéressant de rétribuer leurs multiples rôles.', 'Autrement dit, les terres agricoles sont multifonctionnelles, et il est intéressant de rétribuer leurs multiples rôles. Il est à noter que certains participants avancent que la révision de la vocation des terres agricoles doit concerner l’ensemble des exploitations, et non seulement les plus précaires, car les impacts à venir du changement climatique et d’une exploitation productiviste peuvent affecter tous les territoires. De tels travaux de valorisation nécessiteront la production et l’agglomération de nombreuses données quantitatives permettant d’orienter et de hiérarchiser les prises de décision, de mettre à disposition toute l’information nécessaire pour tous les acteurs et de promouvoir les atouts du secteur.Stratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme Gaspillage et valorisation Les thèmes du gaspillage et de la valorisation des déchets sont inévitables pour imaginer l’avenir d’une agriculture décarbonée.', 'De tels travaux de valorisation nécessiteront la production et l’agglomération de nombreuses données quantitatives permettant d’orienter et de hiérarchiser les prises de décision, de mettre à disposition toute l’information nécessaire pour tous les acteurs et de promouvoir les atouts du secteur.Stratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme Gaspillage et valorisation Les thèmes du gaspillage et de la valorisation des déchets sont inévitables pour imaginer l’avenir d’une agriculture décarbonée. Le Maroc, où les poubelles des particuliers contiennent 60 à 80% de déchets organiques, possède des ressources intéressantes pour exploiter au mieux sa production agricole et diminuer la pression sur cette dernière. En premier lieu, limiter le gaspillage, notamment par l’éducation ou la mise sur le marché de produits non calibrés, permettrait une meilleure optimisation de la production.', 'En premier lieu, limiter le gaspillage, notamment par l’éducation ou la mise sur le marché de produits non calibrés, permettrait une meilleure optimisation de la production. Ensuite, les déchets organiques des particuliers et des professionnels, ainsi que les effluents et sous- produits agricoles (margines, grignons, déjections…) pourraient être valorisés au moyen de processus tels que le compostage ou la méthanisation. Ces derniers, bien que parfois difficilement rentables financièrement, comportent de nombreuses externalités positives, notamment sur la qualité des sols (fertilité) ou l’impact carbone des filières. La possibilité de PPP (comme avec le Groupe OCP, anciennement Office chérifien des phosphates) serait à envisager pour organiser ces débouchés.', 'La possibilité de PPP (comme avec le Groupe OCP, anciennement Office chérifien des phosphates) serait à envisager pour organiser ces débouchés. Mener une politique ambitieuse sur la question de l’eau, facteur de production en crise Les ressources en eau sont indissociables du travail du sol. Pourtant, le Maroc fait face à des stress hydriques importants, amenés à s’intensifier à l’avenir avec la réduction de la pluviométrie annuelle. De nombreuses démarches d’optimisation et d’efficience ont été entreprises avec succès à l’initiative du gouvernement (40% de l’irrigation au goutte-à-goutte), avec notamment de récentes économies d’eau atteignant 2 Gm3.', 'De nombreuses démarches d’optimisation et d’efficience ont été entreprises avec succès à l’initiative du gouvernement (40% de l’irrigation au goutte-à-goutte), avec notamment de récentes économies d’eau atteignant 2 Gm3. Néanmoins, les questions de l’assèchement de différents lacs ou de la prise en compte du sujet crucial de la nappe phréatique marocaine dans le récent Plan National de l’Eau, incitent à ouvrir le débat sur la définition de mesures encore plus ambitieuses d’ici 2050 dans la perspective de la gestion durable de cette précieuse ressource.', 'Néanmoins, les questions de l’assèchement de différents lacs ou de la prise en compte du sujet crucial de la nappe phréatique marocaine dans le récent Plan National de l’Eau, incitent à ouvrir le débat sur la définition de mesures encore plus ambitieuses d’ici 2050 dans la perspective de la gestion durable de cette précieuse ressource. Il est par exemple envisageable de renforcer drastiquement les programmes déjà en cours de désalinisation de l’eau de mer au long terme pour des usages alimentaires (8 stations existantes comme le Grand Agadir et des projets comme à Casablanca), afin de préserver les autres réserves pour l’agriculture.', 'Il est par exemple envisageable de renforcer drastiquement les programmes déjà en cours de désalinisation de l’eau de mer au long terme pour des usages alimentaires (8 stations existantes comme le Grand Agadir et des projets comme à Casablanca), afin de préserver les autres réserves pour l’agriculture. D’autres facteurs de productions essentiels, tels que les forêts (dont arganier, cèdre…) largement dégradées ces dernières années, les écosystèmes oasiens, ou la biodiversité en déclin, représentent des enjeux cruciaux dans la définition de la feuille de route vers 2050. 4.5.3. Questions et interrogations Quelle trajectoire envisager pour la part de protéines animales dans l’assiette marocaine ?', 'Questions et interrogations Quelle trajectoire envisager pour la part de protéines animales dans l’assiette marocaine ? Le sujet de la consommation de protéines d’origine animale, en légère augmentation ces dernières années à la suite du plan Maroc Vert, fait encore débat. Là où certains semblent satisfaits de l’augmentation de la part des viandes, poissons et produits laitiers dans l’alimentation des Marocains, d’autres suggèrent d’infléchir dès aujourd’hui la courbe de la consommation de protéines carnées au profit de légumineuses, tant pour des raisons de santé que environnementales. L’élevage peut-être grossièrement scindé entre animaux ruminants et monogastriques.', 'L’élevage peut-être grossièrement scindé entre animaux ruminants et monogastriques. Si les émissions de GES des ruminants liées notamment à la fermentation entérique, sont problématiques, l’élevage des monogastriques comme les volailles de chair apporte aussi son lot de contraintes, dont la dépendance aux importations de céréales permettant de les nourrir. La quantification de ces impacts dans la perspective du Maroc de 2050 constituera une étape clef pour déterminer les orientations liées à l’élevage et à la consommation de protéines animales dans le pays. Faut-il orienter les modes de production vers des pratiques plus intensives ou agroécologiques ? Ces deux approches peuvent-elles cohabiter dans le modèle actuel ?', 'Ces deux approches peuvent-elles cohabiter dans le modèle actuel ? Ces dernières années, les instances dirigeantes ont accompli un travail important en faveur de la durabilité de l’agriculture marocaine, notamment au travers des Plans Maroc Vert et Génération Green. De nombreux travaux sont en cours pour construire une agriculture marocaine résiliente, efficiente sur les plans hydrique, énergétique et des intrants, compatible avec les normes de qualité internationales, et au service de la population agricole. Cependant, ces choix stratégiques illustrent une volonté de développer un modèle agricole perçu comme trop conventionnel par certaines parties prenantes, qui portent des visions favorables à un développement agroécologique plus marqué.', 'Cependant, ces choix stratégiques illustrent une volonté de développer un modèle agricole perçu comme trop conventionnel par certaines parties prenantes, qui portent des visions favorables à un développement agroécologique plus marqué. Il a notamment été suggéré lors des ateliers que les ambitions actuelles concernant le développement des filières bio pourraient être revues à la hausse, pour ne pas représenter qu’une portion marginaledes terres agricoles. Il a aussi été proposé de renforcer les appellations par des notions de terroirs, afin d’améliorer la compétitivité des zones où l’agriculture intensive n’est pas adaptée. A l’inverse, d’aucuns suggèrent d’investir dans la recherche afin de réduire les effectifs des cultures les moins productives au profit de rendements plus importants. Le débat n’est donc pas clos.', 'Le débat n’est donc pas clos. Dans le modèle actuel, la population agricole semble vouée à diminuer. Afin de s’adapter à cette évolution, certains envisagent de penser la production de manière à faire cohabiter des agricultures intensives et de conservation. La seconde est l’apanage des petits exploitants dont l’accès aux différents facteurs de production est limité, mais qui présentent un fort intérêt local dans la vie des territoires. Dans cette perspective, une territorialisation des modes de production (et des soutiens associés), étayée par un système d’information solide, permettrait de pérenniser le diptyque pluvial / irrigué. La perspective de cette cohabitation n’est cependant pas totalement partagée par tous.', 'La perspective de cette cohabitation n’est cependant pas totalement partagée par tous. Certaines parties prenantes avancent qu’une approche systémique implique de faire coïncider l’ensemble des chaînes de valeur, et qu’une production agroécologique ne serait pas forcément pertinente dans un système intensif par ailleurs (et réciproquement). Un changement de modèle serait donc nécessaire pour imaginer la mise en œuvre de modes de production différents. Cela ne pourrait alors se faire sans les agriculteurs, car ils seraient les premiers à en endosser les contraintes telles qu’un travail jugé plus intensif. Priorités pour la production marocaine : consommateurs marocains ou l’export ? Les exportations alimentaires marocaines sont aujourd’hui majoritairement considérées comme essentielles pour la rentrée de devises qu’elles induisent, permettant d’équilibrer la balance commerciale du pays.', 'Les exportations alimentaires marocaines sont aujourd’hui majoritairement considérées comme essentielles pour la rentrée de devises qu’elles induisent, permettant d’équilibrer la balance commerciale du pays. Cependant, certaines parties prenantes sont attachées à tendre vers une plus grande autonomie alimentaire nationale. Ces deux faces d’une même pièce sont aujourd’hui compatibles dans le cas des fruits et légumes, dont 80% sont exportés sans incidence sur la disponibilité intérieure, mais certaines productions comme les céréales sont encore grandement tributaires des importations, ce qui n’est pas optimal aux yeux de certains, prônant une augmentation de la part des productions nationales dans l’assiette marocaine dans une perspective de résilience et de sécurité alimentaire.', 'Ces deux faces d’une même pièce sont aujourd’hui compatibles dans le cas des fruits et légumes, dont 80% sont exportés sans incidence sur la disponibilité intérieure, mais certaines productions comme les céréales sont encore grandement tributaires des importations, ce qui n’est pas optimal aux yeux de certains, prônant une augmentation de la part des productions nationales dans l’assiette marocaine dans une perspective de résilience et de sécurité alimentaire. Ces visions diverses sur les demandes à satisfaire en priorité sont directement corrélées à des choix de modèles de production différents, et devront être discutées dans le cadre de la création de la feuille de route vers 2050.', 'Ces visions diverses sur les demandes à satisfaire en priorité sont directement corrélées à des choix de modèles de production différents, et devront être discutées dans le cadre de la création de la feuille de route vers 2050. Dans le cadre du développement de la stratégie d’exportation, plusieurs parties prenantes ont fait part de l’importance de la filière de l’arganier, dont le programme DARED a permis de planter 10 000 ha. Il a été suggéré de rebondir sur ce succès pour aller encore plus loin dans l’exploitation de cette culture. 4.5.4.', 'Il a été suggéré de rebondir sur ce succès pour aller encore plus loin dans l’exploitation de cette culture. 4.5.4. De la vision sectorielle à la stratégie : propositions de travaux sur l’agriculture • \x07 Évaluer l’impact sur le climat des stratégies en matière d’agriculture : Génération Green peut être traduit en émissions de GES, en incluant également un volet “exportations et importations” exprimé en contenu carbone des produits agricoles et alimentaires.', 'De la vision sectorielle à la stratégie : propositions de travaux sur l’agriculture • \x07 Évaluer l’impact sur le climat des stratégies en matière d’agriculture : Génération Green peut être traduit en émissions de GES, en incluant également un volet “exportations et importations” exprimé en contenu carbone des produits agricoles et alimentaires. Cette évaluation devrait comporter un bilan de l’utilisation des surfaces, des hypothèses sur l’évolution des modes de production, sur les impacts sociaux et environnementaux ; • \x07Poursuivre les travaux de recherche dans un objectif de prospective, avec la construction d’indicateurs agroclimatiques à l’horizon 2050 permettant d’évaluer les évolutions de rendement des principales productions agricoles, et d’évaluer de manière plus précise les impacts liés à un déficit de ressource en eau notamment ; • \x07 Définir des orientations post-2030, pour faire la part entre des systèmes plus intensifs, potentiellement plus productifs mais générateurs d’effets adverses (dégradation qualitative et quantitative de la ressource en eau, dépendance aux intrants), et des systèmes agroécologiques (agriculture de conservation des sols, agriculture biologique) plus résilients et plus économes en ressources ; • \x07Mieux évaluer le potentiel de stockage de carbone en agriculture avec le développement de l’agroforesterie et des nouvelles pratiques agronomiques ; • \x07 Intégrer pleinement les questions relatives à la biodiversité dans les stratégies agricoles ; • \x07 Définir une stratégie alimentaire intégrant non seulement les questions de sécurité alimentaire, mais également la notion de “santé globale” reposant à la fois sur des notions de nutrition et de santé, et sur des notions d’impacts des modes de production sur l’environnement et la qualité de vie ;Stratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme • \x07Évaluer le potentiel de réduction des pertes et gaspillages tout au long de la chaîne d’approvisionnement, ainsi que le potentiel de valorisation des déchets organiques, et définir les politiques et mesures associées ; et • \x07 Mettre en place une stratégie de communication auprès des organisations professionnelles de l’agriculture et de la population locale pour les sensibiliser aux notions des GES mais aussi aux actions qui peuvent être réalisées à leur niveaux pour réduire ces émissions.', 'Cette évaluation devrait comporter un bilan de l’utilisation des surfaces, des hypothèses sur l’évolution des modes de production, sur les impacts sociaux et environnementaux ; • \x07Poursuivre les travaux de recherche dans un objectif de prospective, avec la construction d’indicateurs agroclimatiques à l’horizon 2050 permettant d’évaluer les évolutions de rendement des principales productions agricoles, et d’évaluer de manière plus précise les impacts liés à un déficit de ressource en eau notamment ; • \x07 Définir des orientations post-2030, pour faire la part entre des systèmes plus intensifs, potentiellement plus productifs mais générateurs d’effets adverses (dégradation qualitative et quantitative de la ressource en eau, dépendance aux intrants), et des systèmes agroécologiques (agriculture de conservation des sols, agriculture biologique) plus résilients et plus économes en ressources ; • \x07Mieux évaluer le potentiel de stockage de carbone en agriculture avec le développement de l’agroforesterie et des nouvelles pratiques agronomiques ; • \x07 Intégrer pleinement les questions relatives à la biodiversité dans les stratégies agricoles ; • \x07 Définir une stratégie alimentaire intégrant non seulement les questions de sécurité alimentaire, mais également la notion de “santé globale” reposant à la fois sur des notions de nutrition et de santé, et sur des notions d’impacts des modes de production sur l’environnement et la qualité de vie ;Stratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme • \x07Évaluer le potentiel de réduction des pertes et gaspillages tout au long de la chaîne d’approvisionnement, ainsi que le potentiel de valorisation des déchets organiques, et définir les politiques et mesures associées ; et • \x07 Mettre en place une stratégie de communication auprès des organisations professionnelles de l’agriculture et de la population locale pour les sensibiliser aux notions des GES mais aussi aux actions qui peuvent être réalisées à leur niveaux pour réduire ces émissions. 4.6.', 'Cette évaluation devrait comporter un bilan de l’utilisation des surfaces, des hypothèses sur l’évolution des modes de production, sur les impacts sociaux et environnementaux ; • \x07Poursuivre les travaux de recherche dans un objectif de prospective, avec la construction d’indicateurs agroclimatiques à l’horizon 2050 permettant d’évaluer les évolutions de rendement des principales productions agricoles, et d’évaluer de manière plus précise les impacts liés à un déficit de ressource en eau notamment ; • \x07 Définir des orientations post-2030, pour faire la part entre des systèmes plus intensifs, potentiellement plus productifs mais générateurs d’effets adverses (dégradation qualitative et quantitative de la ressource en eau, dépendance aux intrants), et des systèmes agroécologiques (agriculture de conservation des sols, agriculture biologique) plus résilients et plus économes en ressources ; • \x07Mieux évaluer le potentiel de stockage de carbone en agriculture avec le développement de l’agroforesterie et des nouvelles pratiques agronomiques ; • \x07 Intégrer pleinement les questions relatives à la biodiversité dans les stratégies agricoles ; • \x07 Définir une stratégie alimentaire intégrant non seulement les questions de sécurité alimentaire, mais également la notion de “santé globale” reposant à la fois sur des notions de nutrition et de santé, et sur des notions d’impacts des modes de production sur l’environnement et la qualité de vie ;Stratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme • \x07Évaluer le potentiel de réduction des pertes et gaspillages tout au long de la chaîne d’approvisionnement, ainsi que le potentiel de valorisation des déchets organiques, et définir les politiques et mesures associées ; et • \x07 Mettre en place une stratégie de communication auprès des organisations professionnelles de l’agriculture et de la population locale pour les sensibiliser aux notions des GES mais aussi aux actions qui peuvent être réalisées à leur niveaux pour réduire ces émissions. 4.6. Secteur de la forêt 4.6.1.', '4.6. Secteur de la forêt 4.6.1. État des lieux Les émissions de gaz à effet de serre de la forêt du Maroc Selon les sources gouvernementales, la forêt marocaine couvre 9,4 millions d’hectares, dont 6,2 Mha de forêts naturelles, 0,6 Mha de reboisements et 2,6 Mha de nappes alfatières. D’après la FAO, la surface forestière augmenterait de 38 000 hectares par an en moyenne, mais 17 000 ha de couvert forestier sont soumis à dégradation tous les ans. La forêt marocaine est surexploitée à la fois par les prélèvements excessifs de bois de feu, et par la surexploitation fourragère, qui est estimée à 2 ou 3 fois les capacités de production. Selon l’Inventaire National des GES, en 2014, la forêt marocaine était un puits de carbone.', 'Selon l’Inventaire National des GES, en 2014, la forêt marocaine était un puits de carbone. Elle stockait 8 Mt CO2e/an, tandis que son exploitation émettait plus de 6 Mt CO2e/an, dont plus de 4 Mt CO2e/an de manière informelle. La forêt à elle seule a donc stocké environ 2 Mt CO2e en 2014. En ajoutant les 1 Mt CO2e/an d’émissions liées aux cultures annuelles et les 8 Mt CO2e/an de stockage imputables à l’arboriculture, le secteur de l’UTCATF dans son ensemble constituait un puits de 9 Mt CO2e/an en 2014. Il existe cependant des variations annuelles des flux forestiers de GES, qui ne sont pas directement corrélées aux évolutions des surfaces forestières.', 'Il existe cependant des variations annuelles des flux forestiers de GES, qui ne sont pas directement corrélées aux évolutions des surfaces forestières. Elles dépendent surtout de la dégradation des espaces boisés et de la densité du couvert par les usages bois-énergie et sylvopastoraux. Les prélèvements et la mortalité semblent supérieurs aux capacités de régénération de la forêt. L’enjeu de la pérennité du puits de carbone forestier est ainsi particulièrement prégnant pour les années à venir, et une attention spéciale devra être portée à sa préservation et sa croissance. La production de bois rond est de 7 millions de m3 par an, elle est destinée à 96% au bois de feu : chauffage, cuisson, hammams.', 'La production de bois rond est de 7 millions de m3 par an, elle est destinée à 96% au bois de feu : chauffage, cuisson, hammams. Les importations de sciages et de panneaux de bois sont d’environ 1,4 millions de m3, elles ont triplé entre 2000 et 2018, de même que les importations de papier, cartons et pâte à papier, qui s’élèvent à 0,6 million de tonnes. La consommation de bois de feu est estimée selon les sources à 5 à 11 millions de tonnes, ce qui témoigne d’un déficit de connaissance du secteur informel de bois de feu.', 'La consommation de bois de feu est estimée selon les sources à 5 à 11 millions de tonnes, ce qui témoigne d’un déficit de connaissance du secteur informel de bois de feu. Secteur particulièrement vulnérable au changement climatique, la forêt constitue également un atout pour l’atténuation et l’adaptation au changement climatique.État des lieux des travaux et réflexions sur le changement climatique et le secteur forestier au Maroc La politique du Maroc concernant la forêt est décrite dans la stratégie Forêt du Maroc 2020-2030 présentée devant le Roi le 13 février 2020. D’autres documents concernent la stratégie en matière de sylvo-pastoralisme, et la stratégie en matière de bois de feu.', 'D’autres documents concernent la stratégie en matière de sylvo-pastoralisme, et la stratégie en matière de bois de feu. La forêt est menacée par la surexploitation des ressources (bois de feu, fourrage), pourtant sources essentielles de revenu ou d’économie pour les populations locales rurales. Limiter l’accès des populations rurales précaires à la forêt sans prendre de dispositions particulières entraînerait donc des conséquences en matière de pauvreté, réduisant considérablement les fourrages nécessaires aux élevages et imposant aux habitants soit une sobriété énergétique subie, soit un recours à d’autres sources énergétiques plus coûteuses. Les stratégies concernées tiennent donc compte de ces aspects en insistant notamment sur des modes de gouvernance qui tiennent compte de l’usager et se situent à un niveau territorial adéquat.', 'Les stratégies concernées tiennent donc compte de ces aspects en insistant notamment sur des modes de gouvernance qui tiennent compte de l’usager et se situent à un niveau territorial adéquat. C’est le principe de la « forêt habitée » qui intègre la problématique sociale, mise en valeur par Forêts du Maroc. La vision 2030 repose également sur une stratégie de durabilité qui vise à ne pas détruire le capital naturel mais au contraire à le préserver, le mettre en valeur, notamment dans les espaces protégés emblématiques.', 'La vision 2030 repose également sur une stratégie de durabilité qui vise à ne pas détruire le capital naturel mais au contraire à le préserver, le mettre en valeur, notamment dans les espaces protégés emblématiques. Enfin la fonction productive de la forêt n’est pas oubliée, et les acteurs privés sont invités à participer à la mobilisation du potentiel productif afin de répondre à la demande du Maroc en bois et en produits issus de la forêt, comme les plantes aromatiques et médicinales. La stratégie Forêt du Maroc vise à restaurer d’ici 2030 133 000 ha de couvert forestier et d’ajouter une valeur marchande de 2 à 5 milliards de dirhams à la valorisation globale de 17 milliards de dirhams annuels attribués à la forêt marocaine.', 'La stratégie Forêt du Maroc vise à restaurer d’ici 2030 133 000 ha de couvert forestier et d’ajouter une valeur marchande de 2 à 5 milliards de dirhams à la valorisation globale de 17 milliards de dirhams annuels attribués à la forêt marocaine. Le taux de réussite des reboisements passés est estimé à 48% seulement après deux ans, et la pérennité des nouvelles plantations est de fait un enjeu important de la stratégie. 4.6.2. Énoncé de la vision sectorielle Un contexte d’augmentation de la pression sur les ressources et de transformation des populations rurales La multifonctionnalité des espaces forestiers en fait un secteur stratégique, qui connaîtra dans les années à venir une augmentation de la pression sur ses ressources, qu’il s’agisse des produits ou des facteurs de production.', 'Énoncé de la vision sectorielle Un contexte d’augmentation de la pression sur les ressources et de transformation des populations rurales La multifonctionnalité des espaces forestiers en fait un secteur stratégique, qui connaîtra dans les années à venir une augmentation de la pression sur ses ressources, qu’il s’agisse des produits ou des facteurs de production. Les forêts accueillent en effet une multiplicité d’usages dont de nombreux autres secteurs, comme l’agriculture, l’industrie pharmaceutique ou les loisirs, sont tributaires. En l’absence d’actions ambitieuses, le secteur risque ainsi une dégradation accentuée des couverts forestiers, entraînant une diminution de la biodiversité et de la séquestration de carbone, ainsi qu’un déséquilibre des cycles hydriques essentiels à la pérennité des territoires marocains.', 'En l’absence d’actions ambitieuses, le secteur risque ainsi une dégradation accentuée des couverts forestiers, entraînant une diminution de la biodiversité et de la séquestration de carbone, ainsi qu’un déséquilibre des cycles hydriques essentiels à la pérennité des territoires marocains. Sur le plan social, le risque d’un exode rural lié aux conditions de précarité pourrait être renforcé par une mondialisation grandissante et les mutations socio-culturelles qu’elle engendre. L’accès aux nouvelles technologies (internet, télécommunications), s’il n’est pas accompagné, pourrait contribuer à déstabiliser le tissu social rural, mettant en péril l’avenir des territoires péri-forestiers. Ces constats impliquent de faire appel à une approche globale, et non uniquement technique.', 'Ces constats impliquent de faire appel à une approche globale, et non uniquement technique. L’implication et l’éducation de la jeunesse autour des enjeux liés aux zones boisées est alors un élément central de la création d’un avenir durable pour les secteurs intriqués des forêts et de l’eau. En effet, ce sont les jeunes qui, dans les zones rurales, sont les plus sensibles aux impacts de la mondialisation et, dans les zones urbaines en croissance, sont de plus en plus étrangers aux réalités socio-environnementales des territoires. Substitution des usages et efficacité Pour limiter la pression sur les ressources forestières, il existe différents leviers. Les deux premiers sont techniques : la substitution et l’efficacité. Concernant la substitution, la notion de secteurs « péri-forestiers » est cruciale.', 'Concernant la substitution, la notion de secteurs « péri-forestiers » est cruciale. Il s’agit de mettre en place des convergences de politiques intersectorielles dans une démarche nationale afin de substituerStratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme des ressources extra-forestières aux productions et services des zones boisées et prévenir ainsi la surexploitation. Les impacts mutuels entre secteurs concernés seraient alors à analyser pour anticiper les conséquences de tels choix. Le sujet du bois de feu, substituable par l’électricité, d’autres biomasses, ou même le butane, est un exemple de cette démarche. Néanmoins cette substitution doit s’appuyer sur une analyse fine du bilan carbone de chacun des combustibles afin de ne pas pénaliser le bilan global, le bois de feu produit durablement bénéficiant d’un bilan carbone très favorable.', 'Néanmoins cette substitution doit s’appuyer sur une analyse fine du bilan carbone de chacun des combustibles afin de ne pas pénaliser le bilan global, le bois de feu produit durablement bénéficiant d’un bilan carbone très favorable. Si la substitution permet de préserver les ressources forestières, elle doit être articulée avec des mesures d’efficacité dans une démarche de faible impact climatique, afin de limiter les besoins au maximum avant de rechercher le combustible le plus pertinent. Réduire le besoin en optimisant l’usage de la ressource est une priorité dans la définition d’une feuille de route vers 2050. Dans cette perspective, la politique autour des foyers améliorés distribués à l’initiative du gouvernement est une démarche à cultiver dans le cadre d’un suivi quantifié des impacts.', 'Dans cette perspective, la politique autour des foyers améliorés distribués à l’initiative du gouvernement est une démarche à cultiver dans le cadre d’un suivi quantifié des impacts. Il est à noter que le gouvernement agit déjà en ce sens, comme en témoigne une étude menée pour diminuer de 70% le bois de chauffage des hammams. Il est désormais essentiel de définir une gouvernance claire autour du sujet pour permettre le passage à l’action. Valorisation des services écosystémiques et nouveaux usages Les leviers suivants concernent la valorisation des espaces forestiers.', 'Valorisation des services écosystémiques et nouveaux usages Les leviers suivants concernent la valorisation des espaces forestiers. Il s’agit d’une part d’attribuer une valeur financière aux services écosystémiques rendus par la forêt, qui bénéficient à de nombreux secteurs, et d’autre part de développer de nouveaux usages des espaces boisés compatibles avec leur rôle de puits de carbone, qu’il s’agisse de productions secondaires ou de pratiques récréatives. La protection des espaces forestiers est tributaire de leur valorisation économique. C’est pourquoi il semble pertinent de renforcer les liens économiques entre le secteur forestier et les secteurs qui bénéficient indirectement des services offerts par les surfaces boisées (régulation hydrique, biodiversité…) afin de rétribuer financièrement ces services.', 'C’est pourquoi il semble pertinent de renforcer les liens économiques entre le secteur forestier et les secteurs qui bénéficient indirectement des services offerts par les surfaces boisées (régulation hydrique, biodiversité…) afin de rétribuer financièrement ces services. Ces liens peuvent par exemple être créés au moyen de PPP ou encore des politiques fiscales incitatives ou dissuasives (comme les paiements pour services environnementaux). Outre la valorisation d’externalités induites, les forêts peuvent bénéficier du développement de filières de production à haute valeur ajoutée endémiques des zones boisées. Si des projets de sylviculture intensive sont déjà en cours, il semble intéressant de développer l’exploitation régulée de plantes aromatiques ou médicinales.', 'Si des projets de sylviculture intensive sont déjà en cours, il semble intéressant de développer l’exploitation régulée de plantes aromatiques ou médicinales. Ces dernières bénéficient d’un marché potentiel dans l’industrie pharmaceutique, très importante dans l’économie marocaine et susceptible de participer à rééquilibrer la balance commerciale du pays en compensant les importations de produits de haute technologie par des exportations à haute valeur ajoutée. De plus, l’ensemble de ces projets de valorisation économique pourrait constituer un levier pertinent pour intéresser des bailleurs de fonds à l’international et créer un effet d’entraînement positif autour du secteur forestier. Enfin, le développement des loisirs et du tourisme offrira des sources de revenus susceptibles de bénéficier aux populations locales tout en favorisant la pérennité des stocks de carbone forestiers.', 'Enfin, le développement des loisirs et du tourisme offrira des sources de revenus susceptibles de bénéficier aux populations locales tout en favorisant la pérennité des stocks de carbone forestiers. Gestion territoriale de la gouvernance et des subventions La multiplicité et la diversité des espaces forestiers marocains impose une gestion différenciée de la production, adaptée à chaque territoire. De même, la répartition des subventions doit certes s’inscrire dans une démarche d’envergure nationale, car les enjeux du secteur l’exigent, mais aussi être adaptée à chaque localité, en mettant en avant la gouvernance locale et en s’appuyant sur une meilleure connaissance des forêts de chaque territoire.', 'De même, la répartition des subventions doit certes s’inscrire dans une démarche d’envergure nationale, car les enjeux du secteur l’exigent, mais aussi être adaptée à chaque localité, en mettant en avant la gouvernance locale et en s’appuyant sur une meilleure connaissance des forêts de chaque territoire. Dans le cadre de la mise en place d’une nouvelle gestion des forêts, il est nécessaire d’implémenter des solutions de financement pour offrir des compensations aux bénéficiaires locaux des services forestiers, dont l’activité sera impactée par les transformations envisagées.', 'Dans le cadre de la mise en place d’une nouvelle gestion des forêts, il est nécessaire d’implémenter des solutions de financement pour offrir des compensations aux bénéficiaires locaux des services forestiers, dont l’activité sera impactée par les transformations envisagées. Deux mécanismes complémentaires sont à considérer : d’une part, le financement de projets de reconversion pour ceux qui ont la possibilité de s’investir dans les futures activités économiques associées aux espaces boisés, et d’autre part des compensations directes pour ceux qui ne pourront transformer leur activité et perdront une partie des bénéfices engendrés par l’usage actuel des ressources forestières.', 'Deux mécanismes complémentaires sont à considérer : d’une part, le financement de projets de reconversion pour ceux qui ont la possibilité de s’investir dans les futures activités économiques associées aux espaces boisés, et d’autre part des compensations directes pour ceux qui ne pourront transformer leur activité et perdront une partie des bénéfices engendrés par l’usage actuel des ressources forestières. Afin de financer les différents programmes envisageables au long terme, il est notamment possible de recourir de manière plus intensive aux aides internationales, en particulier le dispositif REDD+ pourlequel le Maroc ne fait certes pas partie des pays prioritaires, mais qui reste une ressource à envisager.', 'Afin de financer les différents programmes envisageables au long terme, il est notamment possible de recourir de manière plus intensive aux aides internationales, en particulier le dispositif REDD+ pourlequel le Maroc ne fait certes pas partie des pays prioritaires, mais qui reste une ressource à envisager. Certaines parties prenantes à l’inverse, jugent que la construction d’une vision à long terme doit se baser sur les ressources nationales durables. Préservation Malgré les fortes contraintes financières pesant sur le secteur forestier, les projets à fort potentiel économique ne doivent pas occulter les enjeux de résilience et de durabilité liés à la forêt.', 'Préservation Malgré les fortes contraintes financières pesant sur le secteur forestier, les projets à fort potentiel économique ne doivent pas occulter les enjeux de résilience et de durabilité liés à la forêt. La définition d’une feuille de route vers 2050 devra donc concilier ces ambitions avec des impératifs écologiques liés aux rôles de puits de carbone et de réservoir de biodiversité des forêts : la préservation et le développement d’espèces autochtones, la prévention et la lutte contre les incendies ou encore la sécurisation foncière et juridique de certains domaines forestiers font partie des mesures à perpétuer.', 'La définition d’une feuille de route vers 2050 devra donc concilier ces ambitions avec des impératifs écologiques liés aux rôles de puits de carbone et de réservoir de biodiversité des forêts : la préservation et le développement d’espèces autochtones, la prévention et la lutte contre les incendies ou encore la sécurisation foncière et juridique de certains domaines forestiers font partie des mesures à perpétuer. Parmi les propositions d’actions de certaines parties prenantes, on peut citer : • \x07Le reboisement de 3 Mha à l’horizon 2050 dont au moins 50% autours des agglomérations urbaines (grandes villes, villes moyennes et les petites villes) pour l’absorption du carbone des transports, des usines et des ménages.', 'Parmi les propositions d’actions de certaines parties prenantes, on peut citer : • \x07Le reboisement de 3 Mha à l’horizon 2050 dont au moins 50% autours des agglomérations urbaines (grandes villes, villes moyennes et les petites villes) pour l’absorption du carbone des transports, des usines et des ménages. En évaluant le taux d’absorption par rapport aux prévisions des émissions de ces agglomérations durant les 30 prochaines années.', 'En évaluant le taux d’absorption par rapport aux prévisions des émissions de ces agglomérations durant les 30 prochaines années. • \x07 La submersion marché national par du bois d’œuvre importé à un prix très compétitif sur les 10 prochaines années pour dissuader les coupes illicites et “faire face à la mafia du bois”, notamment pour protéger le cèdre de l’Atlas en situation critique Études quantitatives et agrégation des données Pour favoriser l’application concrète et optimale de ces solutions, il sera nécessaire de multiplier les études quantitatives et apports scientifiques afin d’anticiper correctement les impacts sociaux et environnementaux des choix à venir et prendre des décisions éclairées.', '• \x07 La submersion marché national par du bois d’œuvre importé à un prix très compétitif sur les 10 prochaines années pour dissuader les coupes illicites et “faire face à la mafia du bois”, notamment pour protéger le cèdre de l’Atlas en situation critique Études quantitatives et agrégation des données Pour favoriser l’application concrète et optimale de ces solutions, il sera nécessaire de multiplier les études quantitatives et apports scientifiques afin d’anticiper correctement les impacts sociaux et environnementaux des choix à venir et prendre des décisions éclairées. Les diagnostics des impacts potentiels et évaluations des projets a posteriori sont autant d’outils permettant de hiérarchiser les solutions et concentrer les efforts sur des enjeux prioritaires et des actions significatives.', 'Les diagnostics des impacts potentiels et évaluations des projets a posteriori sont autant d’outils permettant de hiérarchiser les solutions et concentrer les efforts sur des enjeux prioritaires et des actions significatives. Dans cette perspective, il faudra effectuer un travail sur la disponibilité des données, qui existent mais sont hétérogènes et éparpillées. Il s’agit donc de coordonner les acteurs intra- et intersectoriels pour mutualiser et agréger les données nécessaires à la modélisation des impacts. Ces données serviront de support aux travaux de R&D qui seront menés ainsi qu’aux actions de sensibilisation auprès des différentes parties prenantes. 4.6.3. Questions et interrogations Quel degré d’appropriation des espaces forestiers par les populations rurales ? Le développement rural constitue l’un des piliers de la préservation des espaces forestiers.', 'Le développement rural constitue l’un des piliers de la préservation des espaces forestiers. A ce titre, il est essentiel d’impliquer les populations locales dans une gestion participative des espaces forestiers afin qu’elles se les approprient. Lors de l’atelier, il a été suggéré que le paradigme actuel garantissant un simple droit d’usage aux populations locales n’était plus suffisant pour assurer la durabilité des territoires ruraux, tant au niveau de la pérennité des ressources que de la qualité de vie des habitants.', 'Lors de l’atelier, il a été suggéré que le paradigme actuel garantissant un simple droit d’usage aux populations locales n’était plus suffisant pour assurer la durabilité des territoires ruraux, tant au niveau de la pérennité des ressources que de la qualité de vie des habitants. Dans un contexte d’industrialisation de l’exploitation des ressources liée notamment au fort développement urbain du Maroc, des solutions permettant la réappropriation des espaces par leurs usagers ont été proposées, comme le reboisement communautaire où des contrats à long terme peuvent être passés avec les chefs de tribus, les coopératives et les associations locales.', 'Dans un contexte d’industrialisation de l’exploitation des ressources liée notamment au fort développement urbain du Maroc, des solutions permettant la réappropriation des espaces par leurs usagers ont été proposées, comme le reboisement communautaire où des contrats à long terme peuvent être passés avec les chefs de tribus, les coopératives et les associations locales. Il a été suggéré qu’un reboisement massif soutenu par d’importants investissements favoriserait la diminution des oppositions, l’emploi de main d’œuvre locale, la création de pépinières communautaires ou encore le gardiennage local tout en évitant les conflits d’intérêt et en responsabilisant les acteurs locaux. La question de l’appropriation des terres forestières est aussi étroitement liée à l’enjeu du surpâturage.', 'La question de l’appropriation des terres forestières est aussi étroitement liée à l’enjeu du surpâturage. En effet, s’il est impératif de préserver les forêts aujourd’hui dégradées par les parcours, entre autres, il est essentiel de veiller à la subsistance des populations qui en dépendent. La question doit alors être posée des mécanismes de substitution, de compensation ou de préservation à développer pour concilier les intérêts écologiques et sociaux.Stratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme Faut-il repenser la gouvernance de la filière et quelles sont les priorités quant au cadre légal ? De grands projets ont été lancés autour de la forêt, mais tous n’ont pas atteint les objectifs ambitieux qu’ils s’étaient fixés (48% de taux de réussite pour les programmes de reboisement).', 'De grands projets ont été lancés autour de la forêt, mais tous n’ont pas atteint les objectifs ambitieux qu’ils s’étaient fixés (48% de taux de réussite pour les programmes de reboisement). Afin d’améliorer les résultats du travail accompli, une précision du cadre de gouvernance, attribuant à toutes les parties prenantes, locales et globales, des responsabilités explicites et un suivi correspondant, pourrait être envisagée. D’autre part, la mise en œuvre des solutions évoquées ci-avant demandera l’amendement du cadre légal. Cependant, la priorité est d’agir sur le plan juridique et de renforcer le respect des règles existantes.', 'Cependant, la priorité est d’agir sur le plan juridique et de renforcer le respect des règles existantes. Ainsi, la mise en place de mécanismes de transparence et de suivi a été demandée lors des ateliers pour lutter contre une exploitation déraisonnable des ressources forestières par certaines entités, pénalisant les populations rurales dans leur usage quotidien de ces espaces et mettant en danger les forêts marocaines à moyen terme. Ces mesures auraient pour objectif de contrôler la demande et d’atteindre un équilibre entre les usagers des surfaces boisées, qu’ils soient des acteurs du monde rural ou de l’industrie.', 'Ces mesures auraient pour objectif de contrôler la demande et d’atteindre un équilibre entre les usagers des surfaces boisées, qu’ils soient des acteurs du monde rural ou de l’industrie. Enfin, dans le but d’équilibrer les débats autour des enjeux d’avenir et prendre des décisions imprégnées de la réalité du terrain, il serait intéressant de regrouper les ONG locales en coopératives et de les impliquer plus fortement dans les débats, aujourd’hui dominés par des acteurs politiques. 4.6.4.', 'Enfin, dans le but d’équilibrer les débats autour des enjeux d’avenir et prendre des décisions imprégnées de la réalité du terrain, il serait intéressant de regrouper les ONG locales en coopératives et de les impliquer plus fortement dans les débats, aujourd’hui dominés par des acteurs politiques. 4.6.4. De la vision sectorielle à la stratégie : propositions de travaux sur la forêt • \x07 Mettre en place une feuille de route indicative long-terme pour le renforcement du rôle la forêt en tant que puits de carbone : ◆ \x07 en particulier, construire des scénarios 2030-2050 permettant d’évaluer les impacts carbone (puits/émissions) du secteur forêt-filière bois avec une vision systémique prenant en compte l’ensemble des fonctionnalités de la forêt : produire des ressources (bois, fourrages, plantes médicinales), stocker du carbone, fournir des services écosystémiques (biodiversité, cycle de l’eau) ; ◆ \x07 identifier les principaux indicateurs d’un système de suivi-évaluation des progrès enregistrés.', 'De la vision sectorielle à la stratégie : propositions de travaux sur la forêt • \x07 Mettre en place une feuille de route indicative long-terme pour le renforcement du rôle la forêt en tant que puits de carbone : ◆ \x07 en particulier, construire des scénarios 2030-2050 permettant d’évaluer les impacts carbone (puits/émissions) du secteur forêt-filière bois avec une vision systémique prenant en compte l’ensemble des fonctionnalités de la forêt : produire des ressources (bois, fourrages, plantes médicinales), stocker du carbone, fournir des services écosystémiques (biodiversité, cycle de l’eau) ; ◆ \x07 identifier les principaux indicateurs d’un système de suivi-évaluation des progrès enregistrés. Ce système doit être réactif permettant un réajustement fréquent des mesures et actions ; ◆ \x07 traiter dans ces scénarios de l’ensemble de la filière bois, avec des scénarios de demande (énergie matériaux), et une évaluation des impacts (en volume, en valeur économique et en valeur carbone) des importations et des exportations.', 'Ce système doit être réactif permettant un réajustement fréquent des mesures et actions ; ◆ \x07 traiter dans ces scénarios de l’ensemble de la filière bois, avec des scénarios de demande (énergie matériaux), et une évaluation des impacts (en volume, en valeur économique et en valeur carbone) des importations et des exportations. • \x07 Traiter des questions de concurrence d’usage des terres notamment avec l’agriculture (compétition entre stratégies de reforestation et maintien des surfaces agricoles, substitution des ressources fourragères fournies par la forêt par l’agriculture) ; • \x07Réaliser une étude d’impact des différents scénarios, sur le plan environnemental, social et économique, en identifiant notamment les enjeux liés à la préservation ou à la restauration de la biodiversité ; • \x07 Arbitrer, sur la base de ces travaux, pour la période 2030-2050 le poids relatif donné à chacune des grandes fonctionnalités de la forêt ; • \x07 Construire une stratégie forestière 2030-2050 à la fois au niveau national et au niveau régional, par grande région forestière ou par type d’écosystème forestier, en associant les parties prenantes pertinentes à chacun de ces échelons ; • \x07Intégrer le rôle des populations locales en tant qu’agents potentiels de préservation du patrimoine forestier et de sa biodiversité, en identifiant les risques de pertes de ressources pour ces populations et des moyens pour y remédier ; et • \x07Établir une feuille de route de Recherche et Développement ainsi que des actions de renforcement des capacités adaptées aux besoins et aux conditions du pays : ◆ \x07 dynamiser l’innovation dans les différentes actions projetées ; ◆ \x07 améliorer et adapter le système de production des écosystèmes forestiers aux besoins nationaux et aux impératifs d’atténuation des émissions des GES et d’adaptation aux effets des changements globaux.4.7.', '• \x07 Traiter des questions de concurrence d’usage des terres notamment avec l’agriculture (compétition entre stratégies de reforestation et maintien des surfaces agricoles, substitution des ressources fourragères fournies par la forêt par l’agriculture) ; • \x07Réaliser une étude d’impact des différents scénarios, sur le plan environnemental, social et économique, en identifiant notamment les enjeux liés à la préservation ou à la restauration de la biodiversité ; • \x07 Arbitrer, sur la base de ces travaux, pour la période 2030-2050 le poids relatif donné à chacune des grandes fonctionnalités de la forêt ; • \x07 Construire une stratégie forestière 2030-2050 à la fois au niveau national et au niveau régional, par grande région forestière ou par type d’écosystème forestier, en associant les parties prenantes pertinentes à chacun de ces échelons ; • \x07Intégrer le rôle des populations locales en tant qu’agents potentiels de préservation du patrimoine forestier et de sa biodiversité, en identifiant les risques de pertes de ressources pour ces populations et des moyens pour y remédier ; et • \x07Établir une feuille de route de Recherche et Développement ainsi que des actions de renforcement des capacités adaptées aux besoins et aux conditions du pays : ◆ \x07 dynamiser l’innovation dans les différentes actions projetées ; ◆ \x07 améliorer et adapter le système de production des écosystèmes forestiers aux besoins nationaux et aux impératifs d’atténuation des émissions des GES et d’adaptation aux effets des changements globaux.4.7. Secteur des déchets 4.7.1.', '• \x07 Traiter des questions de concurrence d’usage des terres notamment avec l’agriculture (compétition entre stratégies de reforestation et maintien des surfaces agricoles, substitution des ressources fourragères fournies par la forêt par l’agriculture) ; • \x07Réaliser une étude d’impact des différents scénarios, sur le plan environnemental, social et économique, en identifiant notamment les enjeux liés à la préservation ou à la restauration de la biodiversité ; • \x07 Arbitrer, sur la base de ces travaux, pour la période 2030-2050 le poids relatif donné à chacune des grandes fonctionnalités de la forêt ; • \x07 Construire une stratégie forestière 2030-2050 à la fois au niveau national et au niveau régional, par grande région forestière ou par type d’écosystème forestier, en associant les parties prenantes pertinentes à chacun de ces échelons ; • \x07Intégrer le rôle des populations locales en tant qu’agents potentiels de préservation du patrimoine forestier et de sa biodiversité, en identifiant les risques de pertes de ressources pour ces populations et des moyens pour y remédier ; et • \x07Établir une feuille de route de Recherche et Développement ainsi que des actions de renforcement des capacités adaptées aux besoins et aux conditions du pays : ◆ \x07 dynamiser l’innovation dans les différentes actions projetées ; ◆ \x07 améliorer et adapter le système de production des écosystèmes forestiers aux besoins nationaux et aux impératifs d’atténuation des émissions des GES et d’adaptation aux effets des changements globaux.4.7. Secteur des déchets 4.7.1. État des lieux Les émissions de CO2 du secteur des déchets du Maroc Selon les chiffres de la Quatrième communication nationale (QCN), les émissions liées à la gestion des déchets représentent 5 086,6 Gg Eq.CO2 en 2018, soit 5,6% des émissions totales de GES du Maroc.', 'État des lieux Les émissions de CO2 du secteur des déchets du Maroc Selon les chiffres de la Quatrième communication nationale (QCN), les émissions liées à la gestion des déchets représentent 5 086,6 Gg Eq.CO2 en 2018, soit 5,6% des émissions totales de GES du Maroc. Les émissions diffuses de méthane des sites gérés d’évacuation des déchets représentent 1 135,0 Gg Eq.CO2, soit 34,1% des émissions totales de GES du secteur des déchets solides. Les sites non gérés d’évacuation des déchets représentent 2 196,0 Gg Eq.CO2, soit 65,9% des émissions totales de GES du secteur des déchets solides. Les émissions du secteur de traitement des eaux usées représentent 1 755,6 Gg Eq.CO2, soit 34,5% des émissions totales de GES du secteur des déchets.', 'Les émissions du secteur de traitement des eaux usées représentent 1 755,6 Gg Eq.CO2, soit 34,5% des émissions totales de GES du secteur des déchets. Répartition des émissiopns du secteur des déchets de 2018 en Gg Eq.CO2 État des lieux du secteur des déchets du Maroc Depuis 2008, le Maroc a adopté la loi 28.00 sur les déchets et a mis en place un Programme National de gestion des Déchets Ménagers et assimilés PNDM, coordonné par le Département de l’environnement et le Ministère de l’Intérieur et visant essentiellement à : • \x07 Assurer la collecte et le nettoiement des déchets ménagers pour atteindre un taux de collecte de • \x07 Réaliser des centres d’enfouissement et de valorisation au profit de tous les centres urbains (100%) en 2020 ;Stratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme • \x07 Réhabiliter ou fermer toutes les décharges existantes (100%) en 2020 ; • \x07 Moderniser le secteur des déchets par la professionnalisation du secteur ; • \x07 Développer la filière de « tri-recyclage-valorisation », avec des actions pilotes de tri, pour atteindre un taux de 20% du recyclage en 2020 ; • \x07 Généraliser les plans directeurs de gestion des déchets ménagers et assimilés pour toutes les préfectures et provinces de Royaume ; et • \x07 Former et sensibiliser tous les acteurs concernés sur la problématique des déchets.', 'Répartition des émissiopns du secteur des déchets de 2018 en Gg Eq.CO2 État des lieux du secteur des déchets du Maroc Depuis 2008, le Maroc a adopté la loi 28.00 sur les déchets et a mis en place un Programme National de gestion des Déchets Ménagers et assimilés PNDM, coordonné par le Département de l’environnement et le Ministère de l’Intérieur et visant essentiellement à : • \x07 Assurer la collecte et le nettoiement des déchets ménagers pour atteindre un taux de collecte de • \x07 Réaliser des centres d’enfouissement et de valorisation au profit de tous les centres urbains (100%) en 2020 ;Stratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme • \x07 Réhabiliter ou fermer toutes les décharges existantes (100%) en 2020 ; • \x07 Moderniser le secteur des déchets par la professionnalisation du secteur ; • \x07 Développer la filière de « tri-recyclage-valorisation », avec des actions pilotes de tri, pour atteindre un taux de 20% du recyclage en 2020 ; • \x07 Généraliser les plans directeurs de gestion des déchets ménagers et assimilés pour toutes les préfectures et provinces de Royaume ; et • \x07 Former et sensibiliser tous les acteurs concernés sur la problématique des déchets. En outre, une NAMA relative au Traitement Mécano-Biologique (TMB) accouplé à la co-incinération a été retenue comme mesure d’atténuation permettant une réduction de près de 4,05 millions de tonnes de CO2eq à l’horizon 2030.', 'En outre, une NAMA relative au Traitement Mécano-Biologique (TMB) accouplé à la co-incinération a été retenue comme mesure d’atténuation permettant une réduction de près de 4,05 millions de tonnes de CO2eq à l’horizon 2030. Ce potentiel de réduction est la résultante des actions combinées du recyclage des déchets, leur mise en décharge avec captage des biogaz et leur valorisation énergétique ainsi que le TMB couplé avec la co-incinération en fours de cimenteries. En ce qui concerne les eaux usées, un Programme National d’Assainissement Liquide et d’Épuration des Eaux Usées (PNA) a été lancé en 2005 conjointement par le Département de l’Environnement et le Ministère de l’Intérieur.', 'En ce qui concerne les eaux usées, un Programme National d’Assainissement Liquide et d’Épuration des Eaux Usées (PNA) a été lancé en 2005 conjointement par le Département de l’Environnement et le Ministère de l’Intérieur. Les objectifs du PNA pour l’horizon 2020 et 2030 sont les suivants : • \x07 Atteindre un taux de raccordement global au réseau d’assainissement en milieu urbain de 75% en • \x07 Atteindre un volume des eaux usées traitées de 40% en 2016, 60% en 2020 et 100% en 2030 ; • \x07 Traiter jusqu’au niveau tertiaire les eaux usées et les réutiliser à 50% en 2020. Depuis la mise en œuvre du PNA, plusieurs projets ont été achevés ou en cours d’achèvement.', 'Depuis la mise en œuvre du PNA, plusieurs projets ont été achevés ou en cours d’achèvement. La situation actuelle se caractérise comme suit : • \x07 Augmentation du taux de raccordement au réseau des eaux usées à 75% (contre 70% en 2005) ; • \x07 Augmentation du taux d’épuration des eaux usées à 340.47 Mm3 par an soit 45,40% du volume global contre 8% en 2005 dont 23% du volume global traitées au niveau tertiaire ; • \x07 Réalisation de 140 STEP (contre 21 en 2005) dont 55 avec le traitement tertiaire ; • \x07 84 STEP en cours de réalisation ; • \x07 Un projet de valorisation énergétique du biogaz (traitement anaérobie) des STEP à raison de 40% à l’horizon 2030.', 'La situation actuelle se caractérise comme suit : • \x07 Augmentation du taux de raccordement au réseau des eaux usées à 75% (contre 70% en 2005) ; • \x07 Augmentation du taux d’épuration des eaux usées à 340.47 Mm3 par an soit 45,40% du volume global contre 8% en 2005 dont 23% du volume global traitées au niveau tertiaire ; • \x07 Réalisation de 140 STEP (contre 21 en 2005) dont 55 avec le traitement tertiaire ; • \x07 84 STEP en cours de réalisation ; • \x07 Un projet de valorisation énergétique du biogaz (traitement anaérobie) des STEP à raison de 40% à l’horizon 2030. L’ensemble des projets du secteur des déchets, d’un coût estimatif de 2 Milliards US$, permettraient de réduire le cumul des émissions évitées entre 2020 et 2030 de 35 226,5 Gg Eq CO2, soit 2,6% du cumul de la ligne de base pour la même période.', 'L’ensemble des projets du secteur des déchets, d’un coût estimatif de 2 Milliards US$, permettraient de réduire le cumul des émissions évitées entre 2020 et 2030 de 35 226,5 Gg Eq CO2, soit 2,6% du cumul de la ligne de base pour la même période. Ces projets permettraient également d’atténuer les émissions de l’année 2030 de 4 194,4 Gg Eq CO2, soit 2,9% des émissions de la ligne de base en 2030.', 'Ces projets permettraient également d’atténuer les émissions de l’année 2030 de 4 194,4 Gg Eq CO2, soit 2,9% des émissions de la ligne de base en 2030. Pour accélérer la valorisation énergétique et matière des déchets, le Département de l’environnement a mis en place en 2018, une stratégie nationale de Valorisation des Déchets (SNVD) qui vise à atteindre un taux de 50% de recyclage, valorisation énergétique et de la fraction organique d’ici 2030 et de 25% de recyclage des déchets industriels d’ici 2030.', 'Pour accélérer la valorisation énergétique et matière des déchets, le Département de l’environnement a mis en place en 2018, une stratégie nationale de Valorisation des Déchets (SNVD) qui vise à atteindre un taux de 50% de recyclage, valorisation énergétique et de la fraction organique d’ici 2030 et de 25% de recyclage des déchets industriels d’ici 2030. Le Département de l’Environnement a également lancé les travaux d’actualisation du cadre législatif relatif aux déchets notamment la Loi 28 00, dans le but de renforcer les aspects liés à la réduction des déchets à la source ; instaurer un système de collecte sélectif des déchets ; assurer la promotion des techniques de valorisation des déchets et l’intégration du principe de responsabilité élargie du producteur ; et de gestion écologique des déchets dangereux.', 'Le Département de l’Environnement a également lancé les travaux d’actualisation du cadre législatif relatif aux déchets notamment la Loi 28 00, dans le but de renforcer les aspects liés à la réduction des déchets à la source ; instaurer un système de collecte sélectif des déchets ; assurer la promotion des techniques de valorisation des déchets et l’intégration du principe de responsabilité élargie du producteur ; et de gestion écologique des déchets dangereux. 4.7.2.', 'Le Département de l’Environnement a également lancé les travaux d’actualisation du cadre législatif relatif aux déchets notamment la Loi 28 00, dans le but de renforcer les aspects liés à la réduction des déchets à la source ; instaurer un système de collecte sélectif des déchets ; assurer la promotion des techniques de valorisation des déchets et l’intégration du principe de responsabilité élargie du producteur ; et de gestion écologique des déchets dangereux. 4.7.2. Énoncé de vision sectorielle Dans la vision d’une stratégie de développement à faible émission de gaz à effet de serre à l’horizon 2050, positionner le Maroc à la fois comme un leader industriel mondial de la valorisation et le recyclage des déchets et comme une des économies décarbonées les plus compétitives et les plus attractives de la région.', 'Énoncé de vision sectorielle Dans la vision d’une stratégie de développement à faible émission de gaz à effet de serre à l’horizon 2050, positionner le Maroc à la fois comme un leader industriel mondial de la valorisation et le recyclage des déchets et comme une des économies décarbonées les plus compétitives et les plus attractives de la région. Cette vision du secteur des déchets s’articule autour de trois axes stratégiques : • \x07 Faire de l’économie circulaire un projet citoyen, durable et inclusif, créateur de valeur sociétale et environnementale, d’attractivité économique, au niveau international, national et territorial ;• \x07Créer un écosystème intégré des déchets, massif, compétitif et performant, à travers la consolidation des filières de valorisation des déchets existantes et l’intégration des filières internationales à fort potentiel ; • \x07 Arrimer le Maroc au Green Deal Européen et répondre aux nouveaux standards environnementaux internationaux à travers une décarbonation de l’économie marocaine.', 'Cette vision du secteur des déchets s’articule autour de trois axes stratégiques : • \x07 Faire de l’économie circulaire un projet citoyen, durable et inclusif, créateur de valeur sociétale et environnementale, d’attractivité économique, au niveau international, national et territorial ;• \x07Créer un écosystème intégré des déchets, massif, compétitif et performant, à travers la consolidation des filières de valorisation des déchets existantes et l’intégration des filières internationales à fort potentiel ; • \x07 Arrimer le Maroc au Green Deal Européen et répondre aux nouveaux standards environnementaux internationaux à travers une décarbonation de l’économie marocaine. L’économie circulaire est un chantier clé de la gestion durable des déchets, elle élargit également les horizons de l’économie sociale et solidaire préconisée par le Maroc, qui ouvre la voie à des projets répondant à des besoins qui ne sont pas totalement couverts par les entreprises conventionnelles.', 'L’économie circulaire est un chantier clé de la gestion durable des déchets, elle élargit également les horizons de l’économie sociale et solidaire préconisée par le Maroc, qui ouvre la voie à des projets répondant à des besoins qui ne sont pas totalement couverts par les entreprises conventionnelles. C’est une source d’innovation sociale et d’opportunités d’emploi pour les plus vulnérables. Il s’agit de mobiliser les régions autour de projets porteurs de sens en particulier pour la population locale. Réussir la transition vers une économie circulaire, fait appel particulièrement à une action proactive de l’État à la fois pour définir un cadre économique en faveur de la valorisation des déchets et pour créer les conditions de collecte de presque la totalité des déchets recyclables.', 'Réussir la transition vers une économie circulaire, fait appel particulièrement à une action proactive de l’État à la fois pour définir un cadre économique en faveur de la valorisation des déchets et pour créer les conditions de collecte de presque la totalité des déchets recyclables. Cela passe également par la structuration des filières de production afin d’intégrer le concept de l’écoconception et promouvoir l’innovation (en cours dans le cadre de l’Ecosystème vert).', 'Cela passe également par la structuration des filières de production afin d’intégrer le concept de l’écoconception et promouvoir l’innovation (en cours dans le cadre de l’Ecosystème vert). Cette transition vers une économie circulaire doit être juste et inclusive à travers une intégration statutaire, financière et sociale des agents informels sur l’ensemble de la chaîne de valeur (collecte, tri, valorisation, recyclage), et transformatrice de la perception du concept des déchets en introduisant les concepts de l’économie circulaire dans l’ensemble du champs éducationnel et culturel du Royaume. 4.7.3. Questions et interrogations La transition vers une économie circulaire, nécessitera de veiller à une adaptation aux spécificités et potentialités régionales, selon les spécificités économiques, les dotations en ressources et l’état environnemental, déterminer les orientations de développement de l’économie circulaire dans les différentes régions.', 'Questions et interrogations La transition vers une économie circulaire, nécessitera de veiller à une adaptation aux spécificités et potentialités régionales, selon les spécificités économiques, les dotations en ressources et l’état environnemental, déterminer les orientations de développement de l’économie circulaire dans les différentes régions. Ainsi, pour activer la mise en œuvre de cette nouvelle économie circulaire, le Maroc devrait apporter des éléments de réponses aux interrogations et prérequis clés suivants : • \x07 Comment mettre en place un système de gouvernance unifié, agile et opérationnel dédié à l’économie circulaire et à l’économie verte qui concilie les prérogatives propres des collectivités territoriales en matière de gestion des déchets et les attributions des Ministères centraux chargés de l’économie verte (ex : Ministère de l’industrie et de l’économie verte et numérique, Ministère de l’intérieur, Ministère de l’énergie et des mines, etc.) ?', 'Ainsi, pour activer la mise en œuvre de cette nouvelle économie circulaire, le Maroc devrait apporter des éléments de réponses aux interrogations et prérequis clés suivants : • \x07 Comment mettre en place un système de gouvernance unifié, agile et opérationnel dédié à l’économie circulaire et à l’économie verte qui concilie les prérogatives propres des collectivités territoriales en matière de gestion des déchets et les attributions des Ministères centraux chargés de l’économie verte (ex : Ministère de l’industrie et de l’économie verte et numérique, Ministère de l’intérieur, Ministère de l’énergie et des mines, etc.) ? • \x07 Quel cadre normatif, réglementaire et fiscal incitatif et adapté aux besoins des opérateurs et des impératifs éco-environnementaux internationaux ?', '• \x07 Quel cadre normatif, réglementaire et fiscal incitatif et adapté aux besoins des opérateurs et des impératifs éco-environnementaux internationaux ? • \x07 Comment penser des mécanismes de financement innovants, adaptés à la fois aux projets industriels de grande envergure et aux micro-projets de valorisation et de recyclage ? • \x07 Comment rendre l’industrie de valorisation et de recyclage compétitive en focalisant sur les économies d’échelle et une politique d’industrialisation de substitution ? • \x07 Faut-il positionner la R&D et l’innovation comme un levier de compétitivité de l’économie circulaire chez le secteur privé, où chez le secteur public ou assurer un pilotage conjoint de ce secteur ? 4.7.4.', '• \x07 Faut-il positionner la R&D et l’innovation comme un levier de compétitivité de l’économie circulaire chez le secteur privé, où chez le secteur public ou assurer un pilotage conjoint de ce secteur ? 4.7.4. De la vision à la stratégie : propositions de travaux sur le secteur des déchets • \x07 Mettre en place une feuille de route indicative long-terme pour le renforcement du rôle de l’économie circulaire et des écosystèmes verts en tant que mesures de décarbonation : ◆ \x07 en particulier, construire des scénarios 2030-2050 permettant d’évaluer l’impact carbone du secteur des déchets avec une vision systémique ; ◆ \x07 identifier les principaux indicateurs d’un système de suivi-évaluation des progrès enregistrés. Ce système doit être réactif permettant un réajustement fréquent des mesures et actions.', 'Ce système doit être réactif permettant un réajustement fréquent des mesures et actions. • \x07Intégrer le rôle des territoires, du secteur industriel et des populations locales en tant qu’acteurs potentiels de l’économie circulaire, en identifiant les bénéfices et les pertes de ressources pour ces populations et les moyens pour y remédier ; etStratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme • \x07Établir une feuille de route de Recherche et développement associée aux filières industrielles vertes identifiées dans la feuille de route long terme de l’économie circulaire. 4.8. Intégration des enjeux sectoriels : identification des nexus-clés pour le développement bas-carbone du Maroc 4.8.1.', 'Intégration des enjeux sectoriels : identification des nexus-clés pour le développement bas-carbone du Maroc 4.8.1. Dessalement de l’eau et les énergies renouvelables Pour faire face aux défis de l’accroissement de la demande en eau pour les besoins d’eau potable et d’usage agricole, et de la situation du stress hydrique aggravée par les effets du dérèglement climatique, le Maroc a fait du développement des ressources non conventionnelles une orientation majeure de sa politique nationale de mobilisation des ressources en eau. Dans ce cadre, le développement du dessalement de l’eau de mer et de la réutilisation des eaux usées épurées ont été retenus comme des choix stratégiques à long terme de son Programme national d’approvisionnement en eau potable et d’irrigation 2020-2027 et du Plan national de l’eau (PNE) d’ici 2020-2050.', 'Dans ce cadre, le développement du dessalement de l’eau de mer et de la réutilisation des eaux usées épurées ont été retenus comme des choix stratégiques à long terme de son Programme national d’approvisionnement en eau potable et d’irrigation 2020-2027 et du Plan national de l’eau (PNE) d’ici 2020-2050. A cet effet, le Maroc prévoit plusieurs projets de mobilisation de nouvelles ressources en eau qui requièrent : • \x07Des projets de dessalement de l’eau de mer pour produire près d’1 milliards de m3/an afin de sécuriser l’eau potable des villes de Casablanca, de Safi, d’Agadir, de Tiznit, des provinces Sahariennes et de consolider l’irrigation des périmètres de Chtouka et Dakhla. Cette technologie est très consommatrice d’énergie qui constitue jusqu’à 60% du coût d’exploitation des stations de dessalement.', 'Cette technologie est très consommatrice d’énergie qui constitue jusqu’à 60% du coût d’exploitation des stations de dessalement. On estime les besoins en électricité des nouveaux projets de dessalement de l’eau de mer à l’horizon 2050 à • \x07 Des projets d’interconnexion envisagés sur les longues distances pour atténuer le déficit en eau au niveau des bassins de la Moulouya, du Bouregreg, de l’Oum Er Rbia et de Tensift. On en déduit que la production de l’eau potable sera dorénavant intrinsèquement dépendante du secteur d’énergie.', 'On en déduit que la production de l’eau potable sera dorénavant intrinsèquement dépendante du secteur d’énergie. Cette dépendance va augmenter avec la mise en service de nouveaux projets d’approvisionnement de la ville de Marrakech à partir du barrage Al Massira (+1000 m de refoulement), de la ville de Meknès à partir du barrage Idriss Ier (+680m), des villes d’Agadir, de la zone côtière Rabat-Casablanca, de la ville d’Al Hoceima, de la ville de Sidi Ifni, de la ville de Tantan, de Tarfaya et de Guelmim et des autres villes Sahariennes. Ces projets, coûteux en énergie, pourraient être avantageusement intégrés dans la stratégie Nationale d’Énergie du pays et particulièrement dans le programme des énergies renouvelables.', 'Ces projets, coûteux en énergie, pourraient être avantageusement intégrés dans la stratégie Nationale d’Énergie du pays et particulièrement dans le programme des énergies renouvelables. Une gestion de l’eau et de l’énergie reposant sur une approche interdépendante devrait donc être adaptée pour rechercher des solutions fondées sur une évaluation intégrée des défis et des couplages des opportunités offertes par les deux secteurs Eau et Énergie. Une approche de gouvernance des ressources naturelles fondée sur l’interdépendance entre les différentes ressources, bien que complexe, ne peut plus être évitée. Une telle approche permettra de trouver des solutions plus efficaces et favoriser le développement économique et social.', 'Une telle approche permettra de trouver des solutions plus efficaces et favoriser le développement économique et social. En conclusion, le développement la LT-LEDS avec son axe stratégique d’augmentation maximale des énergies renouvelables en vue d’une électricité décarbonée, constitue une réelle opportunité pour contribuer à la mise en œuvre du nouveau PNE et assurer la sécurité hydrique du pays, et ce à travers : • L’augmentation de l’efficacité énergétique des installations de traitement et de transport d’eau ; • \x07 La planification de projets intégrés (énergétiques et hydrauliques) pour optimiser la consommation d’énergie ; • \x07Le couplage des projets consommateurs d’énergie avec les sources de l’énergie renouvelable autant que possible, notamment pour les projets de dessalement de l’eau de mer ; • L’amélioration du rendement des usines hydroélectriques ; • L’économie de l’eau et de l’énergie à travers la gestion de la demande en eau ; • \x07 L’examen des possibilités d’utiliser les retenues des barrages pour le développement de parcs solaires photovoltaïques flottants ; et (14) Sur la base d’une consommation moyenne de 2,5 Kwh/m3, Cf.', 'En conclusion, le développement la LT-LEDS avec son axe stratégique d’augmentation maximale des énergies renouvelables en vue d’une électricité décarbonée, constitue une réelle opportunité pour contribuer à la mise en œuvre du nouveau PNE et assurer la sécurité hydrique du pays, et ce à travers : • L’augmentation de l’efficacité énergétique des installations de traitement et de transport d’eau ; • \x07 La planification de projets intégrés (énergétiques et hydrauliques) pour optimiser la consommation d’énergie ; • \x07Le couplage des projets consommateurs d’énergie avec les sources de l’énergie renouvelable autant que possible, notamment pour les projets de dessalement de l’eau de mer ; • L’amélioration du rendement des usines hydroélectriques ; • L’économie de l’eau et de l’énergie à travers la gestion de la demande en eau ; • \x07 L’examen des possibilités d’utiliser les retenues des barrages pour le développement de parcs solaires photovoltaïques flottants ; et (14) Sur la base d’une consommation moyenne de 2,5 Kwh/m3, Cf. Energy use of membrane seawater desalination current status and trends, N. Voutchkov, 2017.• \x07 La réadaptation du cadre réglementaire et institutionnel pour prendre en compte les spécificités du secteur de l’eau et surtout mettre à la disposition de ce secteur des tarifs réduits de l’énergie.', 'Energy use of membrane seawater desalination current status and trends, N. Voutchkov, 2017.• \x07 La réadaptation du cadre réglementaire et institutionnel pour prendre en compte les spécificités du secteur de l’eau et surtout mettre à la disposition de ce secteur des tarifs réduits de l’énergie. 4.8.2. Aménagement du territoire, logement, transports Le déploiement d’une stratégie de développement bas carbone à long terme doit s’appuyer sur un schéma cohérent d’aménagement du territoire, articulant les villes et les campagnes, la hiérarchie des systèmes urbains et les réseaux de transport. Ce schéma d’aménagement est particulièrement impactant pour les consommations d’énergie et les émissions de GES des secteurs du bâtiment et des transports.', 'Ce schéma d’aménagement est particulièrement impactant pour les consommations d’énergie et les émissions de GES des secteurs du bâtiment et des transports. En premier lieu, la distribution des logements entre zones urbaines denses, zones périurbaines ou rurales commandera les solutions, les techniques et les matériaux utilisés pour un habitat bas carbone. Elle aura aussi un fort impact sur la répartition entre logements collectifs et individuels. La localisation des activités et en particulier des locaux tertiaires, auxquels seront attachés un nombre croissant d’emplois, sera aussi très importante pour les flux de transport, en particulier les flux quotidiens pendulaires.', 'La localisation des activités et en particulier des locaux tertiaires, auxquels seront attachés un nombre croissant d’emplois, sera aussi très importante pour les flux de transport, en particulier les flux quotidiens pendulaires. Afin que les flux de transport soient maîtrisés, tous les réseaux de transport doivent être développés dans une logique intégrée « transports – usages des sols » et ce aux différentes échelles territoriales. C’est une condition pour, d’une part, contrôler la croissance de la demande, et d’autre part, laisser toute leur place aux modes « actifs » et « collectifs », dans le cadre d’approches multimodales. Un exemple d’approche intégrée est donné dans le schéma fonctionnel du modèle TRANUS. 4.8.3.', 'Un exemple d’approche intégrée est donné dans le schéma fonctionnel du modèle TRANUS. 4.8.3. Industrie, matériaux, économie circulaire La prise en compte d’une optique de cycle de vie pour les consommations-émissions doit permettre d’identifier, pour différents types de bâtiment des solutions-type adaptées, mobilisant tant des techniques et matériaux traditionnels que des modèles industrialisés. Les équilibres trouvés entre ces différentes solutions auront des conséquences importantes pour les industries de matériaux et pour celles produisant des composants et équipements du bâtiment.', 'Les équilibres trouvés entre ces différentes solutions auront des conséquences importantes pour les industries de matériaux et pour celles produisant des composants et équipements du bâtiment. De même, les choix en matière de transports et de réseaux associés auront des impacts majeurs à la fois sur les industries de matériaux structurels pour les infrastructures (acier, béton) et sur les industries manufacturières pour l’assemblage, la production des pièces et, in fine, celle des véhicules zéro émissions (électriques, voire hydrogène). Que ce soit dans le bâtiment ou les transports, la perspective du cycle de vie doit être adoptée pour le développement de solutions adaptées, dans une perspective « d’économie circulaire », dont les temps-clé peuvent être présentés comme une approche 3R : Reduce-Reuse-Recycle. Source : CEREMA, fiche modèle TRANUS.', 'Source : CEREMA, fiche modèle TRANUS. Activities Transport Equilibrium Equilibrium Location and interaction between activities Demand for transport services Transport demand Accessibility and transport costs Real Estate supply Physical and operative transport supplyStratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme C’est une condition pour gérer conjointement plusieurs problèmes : celui des déchets, celui de la disponibilité en matières premières, celui de l’optimisation des process pour limiter les consommations d’énergie et d’eau. Cette perspective peut s’appuyer sur les concepts de « l’économie de la fonctionnalité », selon lesquels il peut être plus efficace, économiquement et pour l’environnement, de vendre un service plutôt qu’un produit (par exemple, une photocopie plutôt qu’une photocopieuse, un roulage plutôt qu’un pneu). La mise en œuvre de ces concepts, de l’économie circulaire ou de la fonctionnalité appelle un effort massif de formation à tous les niveaux du système éducatif.', 'La mise en œuvre de ces concepts, de l’économie circulaire ou de la fonctionnalité appelle un effort massif de formation à tous les niveaux du système éducatif. Il sera important d’encourager les industries nationales par rapport à la production des matériaux performants énergétiquement ainsi que pour la production des matériaux de construction en général, en vue de potentiels bénéfices en termes de coûts et de décarbonation (réduction des frais d’importation ainsi que des GES engendrés par le transport de ces matériaux). 4.8.4. Système énergétique décarboné, production locale, smartgrids Compte-tenu de l’urgence climatique, la décarbonation des systèmes énergétiques constitue un défi majeur dans tous les pays.', 'Système énergétique décarboné, production locale, smartgrids Compte-tenu de l’urgence climatique, la décarbonation des systèmes énergétiques constitue un défi majeur dans tous les pays. Les efforts dans ce sens se heurtent par ailleurs à la très grande inertie de systèmes techniques fondés sur des équipements et des infrastructures lourdes. Il faut en peu de temps (horizon 2050) à la fois assurer la bonne couverture des besoins énergétiques des ménages et de l’économie et réussir une transition technologique complète vers les solutions bas, ou zéro carbone. Or ces solutions ne sont pas si nombreuses.', 'Or ces solutions ne sont pas si nombreuses. Une fois la maîtrise de la demande est assurée, on peut identifier quatre grandes catégories d’options : les nouvelles énergies renouvelables (éolien et solaire, énergies dites « variables »), les énergies renouvelables conventionnelles (hydraulique et biomasse), l’énergie nucléaire et enfin les énergies fossiles associées à la capture et au stockage du carbone (CSC). Chacune présente des atouts et des coûts ou inconvénients de natures différentes et très spécifiques. La décarbonation quasi-complète de l’énergie en 2050 résultera d’un mix entre ces options. C’est un choix très politique qui dépasse largement la seule dimension économique. Source : ADEME. ÉCONOMIE CIRCULAIREAujourd’hui, une chose est claire néanmoins : les énergies fossiles sans CSC, et en particulier le charbon, doivent sortir du mix énergétique.', 'ÉCONOMIE CIRCULAIREAujourd’hui, une chose est claire néanmoins : les énergies fossiles sans CSC, et en particulier le charbon, doivent sortir du mix énergétique. Parallèlement, la part des énergies renouvelables, et en particulier les énergies renouvelables variables, doit augmenter rapidement et significativement. Ces nouvelles solutions énergétiques ouvrent par ailleurs d’autres perspectives pour l’organisation des systèmes énergétiques puisqu’elles peuvent être exploitées à la fois sous forme de centrales renouvelables connectées au réseau de transport distribution et sous une forme décentralisée, d’application aux besoins à l’échelle locale avec système autonome ou connecté au réseau.', 'Ces nouvelles solutions énergétiques ouvrent par ailleurs d’autres perspectives pour l’organisation des systèmes énergétiques puisqu’elles peuvent être exploitées à la fois sous forme de centrales renouvelables connectées au réseau de transport distribution et sous une forme décentralisée, d’application aux besoins à l’échelle locale avec système autonome ou connecté au réseau. C’est dans cette perspective d’une part de déploiement d’une offre décentralisée et, d’autre part, de gestion fine de la consommation que les technologies numériques peuvent profondément impacter l’architecture des systèmes énergétiques du futur à travers les réseaux intelligents, ou Smart Grids.', 'C’est dans cette perspective d’une part de déploiement d’une offre décentralisée et, d’autre part, de gestion fine de la consommation que les technologies numériques peuvent profondément impacter l’architecture des systèmes énergétiques du futur à travers les réseaux intelligents, ou Smart Grids. Ces réseaux constituent en effet une dimension clé pour une insertion massive des énergies intermittentes dans les systèmes électriques, et ce à différents niveaux : la gestion optimisée des grands réseaux à différentes mailles géographiques, la gestion de sources diversifiées de production locale dans des « centrales virtuelles », la bonne gestion en temps réel et du stockage et de la consommation d’électricité. Le concept de réseau intelligent ne se limite pas à l’électricité.', 'Le concept de réseau intelligent ne se limite pas à l’électricité. Il peut aussi être appliqué pour la gestion combinée, à l’échelle d’un territoire ou d’un quartier de différents vecteurs décarbonés, électricité, mais aussi gaz vert, chaleur ou hydrogène. 4.8.5. Alimentation, usage des sols, eau, agriculture, forêts Le terme nexus – ensemble complexe d’objets inter reliés – est particulièrement adapté pour décrire la problématique alimentation-agriculture-forêt. De manière simplifiée, l’alimentation est le premier besoin essentiel de l’homme, dont la satisfaction dépend des activités de l’agriculture, celle-ci entrant souvent en concurrence, par l’usage des sols (et de l’eau), avec le maintien des écosystèmes naturels en particulier forestiers. Source : ADEME.', 'De manière simplifiée, l’alimentation est le premier besoin essentiel de l’homme, dont la satisfaction dépend des activités de l’agriculture, celle-ci entrant souvent en concurrence, par l’usage des sols (et de l’eau), avec le maintien des écosystèmes naturels en particulier forestiers. Source : ADEME. SMART GRID Factories Control Center Smart Houses Wind Power Plant Electric Vehicle Nuclear Power Plant Thermal Power Plant City & Building Solar Power PlantStratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme Les conditions de développement d’un secteur économique essentiel dépendent du choix des consommateurs en matière d’alimentation ainsi que du maintien d’un ensemble d’écosystèmes assurant le stockage du carbone, la biodiversité, la régularisation du cycle de l’eau… Différents mix alimentaires – entre céréales, légumineuses, volaille, animaux sur pied (ruminants et monogastriques) – auront des impacts très différenciés sur la mobilisation de multiples ressources : sols, eau, engrais, main d’œuvre, machines… On comprend alors l’importance d’une réflexion sur les facteurs culturels et commerciaux (publicité) qui déterminent les préférences alimentaires.', 'SMART GRID Factories Control Center Smart Houses Wind Power Plant Electric Vehicle Nuclear Power Plant Thermal Power Plant City & Building Solar Power PlantStratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme Les conditions de développement d’un secteur économique essentiel dépendent du choix des consommateurs en matière d’alimentation ainsi que du maintien d’un ensemble d’écosystèmes assurant le stockage du carbone, la biodiversité, la régularisation du cycle de l’eau… Différents mix alimentaires – entre céréales, légumineuses, volaille, animaux sur pied (ruminants et monogastriques) – auront des impacts très différenciés sur la mobilisation de multiples ressources : sols, eau, engrais, main d’œuvre, machines… On comprend alors l’importance d’une réflexion sur les facteurs culturels et commerciaux (publicité) qui déterminent les préférences alimentaires. Les politiques dans ce domaine ne peuvent être autoritaires et doivent plutôt s’appuyer sur une information et communication claire.', 'Les politiques dans ce domaine ne peuvent être autoritaires et doivent plutôt s’appuyer sur une information et communication claire. Leur élaboration requiert la construction de scénarios intégrés, assurant la mise en cohérence des besoins, consommations et ressources. 4.8.6. Satisfaction des besoins de base, modèles de consommation, sobriété La question de la satisfaction des besoins élémentaires, qui se pose de manière aiguë pour les parties les moins favorisées de la population, doit aussi être examinée sous l’angle opposé, celui de la limitation des gaspillages et de la surconsommation.', 'Satisfaction des besoins de base, modèles de consommation, sobriété La question de la satisfaction des besoins élémentaires, qui se pose de manière aiguë pour les parties les moins favorisées de la population, doit aussi être examinée sous l’angle opposé, celui de la limitation des gaspillages et de la surconsommation. Pour un pays émergent comme le Maroc, il est clair que la priorité doit être d’assurer à l’ensemble de la population un bon niveau de satisfaction des besoins de base : alimentation, logement, accès à l’énergie et à l’eau, accessibilité à des transports de qualité. Cela implique la mise en œuvre de politiques inclusives pour la maîtrise des prix des produits et services élémentaires et pour le développement des infrastructures associés à ces besoins de base.', 'Cela implique la mise en œuvre de politiques inclusives pour la maîtrise des prix des produits et services élémentaires et pour le développement des infrastructures associés à ces besoins de base. Mais pour respecter les contraintes environnementales globales et locales, il faut une maîtrise des consommations à fort impact en matière d’équipement des logements, de transport, de produits de consommation. Ces consommations ont souvent une forte dimension mimétique ou de démonstration sociale, et elles sont souvent encouragées par le marketing et la publicité. Or pour la mise en œuvre d’un modèle de développement soutenable, une plus grande sobriété est sans doute nécessaire dans plusieurs domaines de consommation critique.', 'Or pour la mise en œuvre d’un modèle de développement soutenable, une plus grande sobriété est sans doute nécessaire dans plusieurs domaines de consommation critique. Les solutions autoritaires – interdiction de certains produits – ne sont sans doute pas les plus socialement acceptables, cependant la limitation de la publicité pour certains produits ou équipements devient un élément qui est considéré dans certains pays. De même, la tarification systématique des externalités environnementales peut constituer une dimension importante des politiques de sobriété et d’efficacité dans l’usage de l’énergie, des matières premières et des ressources naturelles. 4.8.7.', 'De même, la tarification systématique des externalités environnementales peut constituer une dimension importante des politiques de sobriété et d’efficacité dans l’usage de l’énergie, des matières premières et des ressources naturelles. 4.8.7. Consommation, investissement, finance, nouvelle macro-économie Au-delà des modifications dans les modèles de consommation vers des profils moins impactant, il faut s’attendre à ce qu’une stratégie de développement basse émission de carbone entraîne de nouveaux équilibres macroéconomiques. En particulier, le remplacement massif de l’achat récurrent des énergies fossiles par la mise en œuvre d’un investissement d’efficacité énergétique ou de mobilisation des énergies renouvelables conduit à un nouvel équilibre consommation / investissement dans l’ensemble de l’économie. D’une part, ce nouvel équilibre pose évidemment la question du financement des investissements de transition.', 'D’une part, ce nouvel équilibre pose évidemment la question du financement des investissements de transition. Le secteur financier et bancaire doit être prêt à apporter aux entreprises et aux ménages des solutions adaptées à leur besoin. Dans le domaine de l’énergie, c’est bien la fonction des ESCOs ou des formules de “third Party financing”, solutions dans lesquelles le financeur est rétribué sur les économies récurrentes réalisées par chaque projet. D’autre part, on peut poser la question de savoir si les économies annuelles rembourseront intégralement l’investissement initial. C’est possible dans beaucoup de cas, mais ils existent des investissements techniquement rentables mais non réalisés, du fait en particulier des coûts de transaction ou d’information.', 'C’est possible dans beaucoup de cas, mais ils existent des investissements techniquement rentables mais non réalisés, du fait en particulier des coûts de transaction ou d’information. Mais il est possible que dans la transition, des solutions plus coûteuses en termes technico-économiques doivent être mises en œuvre. Elles pèseraient alors sur la consommation des ménages avec un risque de perte d’activité et d’emploi dans les secteurs affectés. Dans quelle mesure et comment ces emplois perdus peuvent-ils être compensés par des emplois créés dans les activités de transition écologique, c’est toute la question posée par la problématique de la New Climate Economy. Les modèles macroéconomiques, lorsqu’ils sont suffisamment détaillés, peuvent éclairer la nature de ces nouveaux équilibres macros.4.8.8.', 'Les modèles macroéconomiques, lorsqu’ils sont suffisamment détaillés, peuvent éclairer la nature de ces nouveaux équilibres macros.4.8.8. Stratégie industrielle, insertion internationale, emploi, trajectoires professionnelles Les nouveaux équilibres macroéconomiques d’un scénario de développement basse émission à long terme reflètent les caractéristiques d’une économie réelle, elle-même profondément transformée. Des branches industrielles entières vont devoir abandonner d’anciennes lignes de produits et développer au contraire de nouvelles lignes : le cas de l’industrie automobile est sans doute emblématique de cette nécessaire transformation. Dans cette transformation, les incertitudes sont nombreuses et les stratégies imitatives sont difficilement applicables.', 'Dans cette transformation, les incertitudes sont nombreuses et les stratégies imitatives sont difficilement applicables. Cela parce que les innovations et leurs potentiels de diffusion ne sont pas encore tous identifiés, et les “modèles dominants” ne sont pas encore bien stabilisés : que l’on pense par exemple à la compétition possible, à moyen terme, entre véhicules électriques et véhicules à hydrogène. Il est clair cependant que dans une perspective internationale, certains pays continuent de miser sur le maintien des solutions établies, alors que d’autres tentent de se positionner sur celles des industries qui seront motrices, ou du moins compatibles, avec un développement basse émission. Les orientations stratégiques de la puissance publique doivent dans ce cas être claires, explicites et partagées par le plus grand nombre possible de parties prenantes.', 'Les orientations stratégiques de la puissance publique doivent dans ce cas être claires, explicites et partagées par le plus grand nombre possible de parties prenantes. C’est sans doute de cette manière que pourront être développées des stratégies industrielles performantes, d’abord pour fournir au marché intérieur, dans des chaînes de valeur intégrées, les équipements nécessaires à la transition. Mais il est aussi possible que ces nouvelles activités industrielles soient la clé d’une bonne insertion internationale sur des marchés dont on peut souhaiter qu’ils connaîtront une forte croissance dans les prochaines années. Une dernière dimension, mais non la moindre, de la transformation industrielle qu’appelle le développement basse émission à long terme est celle de l’emploi et de la formation professionnelle.', 'Une dernière dimension, mais non la moindre, de la transformation industrielle qu’appelle le développement basse émission à long terme est celle de l’emploi et de la formation professionnelle. Certaines branches industrielles pourront réaliser les reconversions “du brun au vert” en leur propre sein. Mais cela ne sera pas le cas pour toutes. Là encore des orientations claires et explicites de la part des pouvoirs publics permettront aux entreprises et aux systèmes de formation d’anticiper et d’assurer la continuité des trajectoires professionnelles.Stratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme 5.1. Place Centrale des régions et des villes Selon le Haut-commissariat au Plan (HCP), les villes du Maroc abritent plus de 60% de la population en 2014 et devrait atteindre 68% vers 2030 et 73,6% à l’horizon 2050.', 'Place Centrale des régions et des villes Selon le Haut-commissariat au Plan (HCP), les villes du Maroc abritent plus de 60% de la population en 2014 et devrait atteindre 68% vers 2030 et 73,6% à l’horizon 2050. On observe également que 51% de la croissance nationale est portée par 9 métropoles. Actuellement, le taux d’urbanisation au niveau mondial est de 55% et augmentera à 68% d’ici à 2050. Les villes génèrent plus de 80% du PIB mondial et sont responsables d’environ 3/4 des émissions mondiales de dioxyde de carbone, et devront être au cœur des stratégies nationales de développement bas carbone.', 'Les villes génèrent plus de 80% du PIB mondial et sont responsables d’environ 3/4 des émissions mondiales de dioxyde de carbone, et devront être au cœur des stratégies nationales de développement bas carbone. Au Maroc, du fait de leur proximité, les régions, villes et métropoles favorisent le décloisonnement des logiques institutionnelles, la sensibilisation et la mobilisation des acteurs publics et privés et des citoyens, l’intégration de façon appropriée des spécificités locales, ainsi que l’obtention de consensus.', 'Au Maroc, du fait de leur proximité, les régions, villes et métropoles favorisent le décloisonnement des logiques institutionnelles, la sensibilisation et la mobilisation des acteurs publics et privés et des citoyens, l’intégration de façon appropriée des spécificités locales, ainsi que l’obtention de consensus. Ainsi, réussir le défi de développement bas carbone et de la transition énergétique nécessite indéniablement l’implication et la mobilisation et la mise en mouvement de tous les acteurs ; depuis la plus petite collectivité rurale aux diverses instances de l’État, des différents services administratifs à chaque acteur associatif et du secteur privé, de chaque entreprise à chaque citoyen.', 'Ainsi, réussir le défi de développement bas carbone et de la transition énergétique nécessite indéniablement l’implication et la mobilisation et la mise en mouvement de tous les acteurs ; depuis la plus petite collectivité rurale aux diverses instances de l’État, des différents services administratifs à chaque acteur associatif et du secteur privé, de chaque entreprise à chaque citoyen. Dans ce processus, compte tenu de leurs nouvelles prérogatives actées, dans le cadre de la régionalisation avancée, par les lois organiques n° 111.14 relative aux régions et n° 113.14 relative aux communes, et dans la loi-cadre n° 99-12 portant Charte Nationale de l’Environnement et de Développement Durable, le rôle des collectivités territoriales, devient primordial en complément des mesures et décisions nationales et plus largement du cadre global de la lutte contre le changement climatique.', 'Dans ce processus, compte tenu de leurs nouvelles prérogatives actées, dans le cadre de la régionalisation avancée, par les lois organiques n° 111.14 relative aux régions et n° 113.14 relative aux communes, et dans la loi-cadre n° 99-12 portant Charte Nationale de l’Environnement et de Développement Durable, le rôle des collectivités territoriales, devient primordial en complément des mesures et décisions nationales et plus largement du cadre global de la lutte contre le changement climatique. L’implication des entités territoriales, permet de tenir compte de la complexité des problèmes à traiter, des décisions à prendre, à tous les niveaux et dans tous les domaines concernés. D’autre part, on observe un engagement fort des régions et des villes du Maroc dans la voie de développement bas carbone à moyen terme.', 'D’autre part, on observe un engagement fort des régions et des villes du Maroc dans la voie de développement bas carbone à moyen terme. Plusieurs initiatives ont été lancées par les villes et les régions du Maroc durant ces cinq dernières années, à titre indicatif : • \x07 Lancement des travaux d’élaboration de Plans Climat Territoriaux de 7 régions en plus de ceux des régions Marrakech-Safi et de Souss-Massa ; • \x07 Programmation de plusieurs projets ER et EE dans tous les programmes de développement régionaux (PDR) élaborés pour la période 2016-2021 ; • \x07 Projet Climat Med pour l’accompagnement de 11 villes marocaines dans le développement de plans d’action pour l’accès à l’énergie durable et le climat ; 5.', 'Plusieurs initiatives ont été lancées par les villes et les régions du Maroc durant ces cinq dernières années, à titre indicatif : • \x07 Lancement des travaux d’élaboration de Plans Climat Territoriaux de 7 régions en plus de ceux des régions Marrakech-Safi et de Souss-Massa ; • \x07 Programmation de plusieurs projets ER et EE dans tous les programmes de développement régionaux (PDR) élaborés pour la période 2016-2021 ; • \x07 Projet Climat Med pour l’accompagnement de 11 villes marocaines dans le développement de plans d’action pour l’accès à l’énergie durable et le climat ; 5. Enjeux transverses du développement bas-carbone du Maroc• \x07 Projet CoMun qui a permis d’améliorer la performance énergétique et environnementale et de gouvernance des communes ; • \x07 Lancement de la nouvelle phase du programme national d’assainissement liquide (PNA) et du programme national des déchets ménagers (PNDM) axée sur la valorisation énergétique et matière ; • \x07 Adoption par la Coalition de la valorisation des déchets (COVAD) d’une feuille de route de mise en place de filières industrielles basées sur la gestion des flux matières ; • \x07 Nouvelle vision de développement durable de transport urbain et inter-villes ; • \x07 Lancement des Schémas directeurs d’aménagement lumière (SDAL) dans plusieurs villes ; • \x07 Programme d’expertise finance climat infranationale (PEFCLI) pour le développement par les régions et les communes de projets d’atténuation et d’adaptation climat, en partenariat avec le Ministère de l’intérieur, l’AMPCC, l’ARM et le fonds mondial des villes (FMDV) ; • \x07 Programme Finance Climat lancé par le Fonds d’équipement Communal (FEC) au profit des collectivités territoriales.', 'Enjeux transverses du développement bas-carbone du Maroc• \x07 Projet CoMun qui a permis d’améliorer la performance énergétique et environnementale et de gouvernance des communes ; • \x07 Lancement de la nouvelle phase du programme national d’assainissement liquide (PNA) et du programme national des déchets ménagers (PNDM) axée sur la valorisation énergétique et matière ; • \x07 Adoption par la Coalition de la valorisation des déchets (COVAD) d’une feuille de route de mise en place de filières industrielles basées sur la gestion des flux matières ; • \x07 Nouvelle vision de développement durable de transport urbain et inter-villes ; • \x07 Lancement des Schémas directeurs d’aménagement lumière (SDAL) dans plusieurs villes ; • \x07 Programme d’expertise finance climat infranationale (PEFCLI) pour le développement par les régions et les communes de projets d’atténuation et d’adaptation climat, en partenariat avec le Ministère de l’intérieur, l’AMPCC, l’ARM et le fonds mondial des villes (FMDV) ; • \x07 Programme Finance Climat lancé par le Fonds d’équipement Communal (FEC) au profit des collectivités territoriales. Pour accélérer l’objectif de décarbonation et de la reprise du COVID-19, la Coalition for Urban Transitions a publié en mars 2021, des orientations importantes pour saisir l’opportunité de l’urbanisation et inciter les gouvernements nationaux à investir dans les villes en tenant compte de l’urgence climatique et de l’impératif de prospérité partagée, durable et résiliente.', 'Pour accélérer l’objectif de décarbonation et de la reprise du COVID-19, la Coalition for Urban Transitions a publié en mars 2021, des orientations importantes pour saisir l’opportunité de l’urbanisation et inciter les gouvernements nationaux à investir dans les villes en tenant compte de l’urgence climatique et de l’impératif de prospérité partagée, durable et résiliente. Dans les six pays étudiés (la Chine, l’Inde, l’Indonésie, le Brésil, le Mexique et l’Afrique du Sud), la mise en œuvre des solutions identifiées, en utilisant les technologies et mesures actuellement disponibles, pourrait collectivement réduire les émissions annuelles dans les villes de 87 à 96% d’ici 2050 au-delà des engagements initiaux des pays pris au titre des NDC. Cette décarbonation massive des villes pourrait générer des avantages climatiques, économiques et sociales très importants.', 'Cette décarbonation massive des villes pourrait générer des avantages climatiques, économiques et sociales très importants. Pour concrétiser ces avantages, les villes des pays émergents doivent bénéficier du soutien total des gouvernements nationaux et agir sur 6 leviers stratégiques, illustrés comme suit :Stratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme Ainsi, pour tirer profit de l’urbanisation tout en visant la décarbonation du développement à long terme, les parties prenantes : État, Régions, Communes et Villes doivent être en mesure de : • \x07 Développer une vision et des objectifs de transformation bas carbone à long terme au niveau national et également au niveau régional et local pour montrer la voie ; • \x07 S’appuyer sur les 3 Drivers de la transformation : 1 Décarbonation 2 Décentralisation et convergence des politiques sectorielles au niveau territorial et 3 Digitalisation ; • \x07 Élaborer des mesures opérationnelles intégrées, au sein de la région, répondant aux défis de limiter l’augmentation de température en dessous à 1,5°C à la fin du siècle ; • \x07 Élaborer des stratégies énergétiques régionales et locales et des plans d’investissements visant un développement bas carbone à long terme à l’horizon 2050 et in fine viser la neutralité carbone ; • \x07 Aligner les outils de planification et de développement des régions (SRAT et PDR) et des villes et des communes (SDAU et PAC) aux objectifs et aux investissements de développement à faibles émission de GES à l’horizon 2050 ; • \x07 Contribuer, à travers un niveau d’ambition régional et local, au relèvement du niveau d’ambition national de la NDC et à l’atteinte des objectifs de la LT-LEDS à l’horizon 2050 ; • \x07 Limiter l’impact du climat sur le territoire en réduisant la vulnérabilité socioéconomique et en renforçant la résilience des écosystèmes naturels ; • \x07 Développer une stratégie nationale d’accès direct des collectivités territoriales aux fonds internationaux de la finance climat ; • \x07 Étudier la faisabilité de conception et la mise en œuvre d’un Fonds/ marché carbone national dédié aux villes ; • \x07 Accélérer la mise en place des règles du système national de fiscalité verte et notamment au niveau des régions et des villes : • \x07 Consolidation de l’expertise nationale au profit de la transition énergétique des régions et des villes du Royaume.', 'Pour concrétiser ces avantages, les villes des pays émergents doivent bénéficier du soutien total des gouvernements nationaux et agir sur 6 leviers stratégiques, illustrés comme suit :Stratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme Ainsi, pour tirer profit de l’urbanisation tout en visant la décarbonation du développement à long terme, les parties prenantes : État, Régions, Communes et Villes doivent être en mesure de : • \x07 Développer une vision et des objectifs de transformation bas carbone à long terme au niveau national et également au niveau régional et local pour montrer la voie ; • \x07 S’appuyer sur les 3 Drivers de la transformation : 1 Décarbonation 2 Décentralisation et convergence des politiques sectorielles au niveau territorial et 3 Digitalisation ; • \x07 Élaborer des mesures opérationnelles intégrées, au sein de la région, répondant aux défis de limiter l’augmentation de température en dessous à 1,5°C à la fin du siècle ; • \x07 Élaborer des stratégies énergétiques régionales et locales et des plans d’investissements visant un développement bas carbone à long terme à l’horizon 2050 et in fine viser la neutralité carbone ; • \x07 Aligner les outils de planification et de développement des régions (SRAT et PDR) et des villes et des communes (SDAU et PAC) aux objectifs et aux investissements de développement à faibles émission de GES à l’horizon 2050 ; • \x07 Contribuer, à travers un niveau d’ambition régional et local, au relèvement du niveau d’ambition national de la NDC et à l’atteinte des objectifs de la LT-LEDS à l’horizon 2050 ; • \x07 Limiter l’impact du climat sur le territoire en réduisant la vulnérabilité socioéconomique et en renforçant la résilience des écosystèmes naturels ; • \x07 Développer une stratégie nationale d’accès direct des collectivités territoriales aux fonds internationaux de la finance climat ; • \x07 Étudier la faisabilité de conception et la mise en œuvre d’un Fonds/ marché carbone national dédié aux villes ; • \x07 Accélérer la mise en place des règles du système national de fiscalité verte et notamment au niveau des régions et des villes : • \x07 Consolidation de l’expertise nationale au profit de la transition énergétique des régions et des villes du Royaume. La détermination du Maroc d’ériger le changement climatique en priorité nationale a été confirmée au plus haut niveau de l’État.', 'La détermination du Maroc d’ériger le changement climatique en priorité nationale a été confirmée au plus haut niveau de l’État. Cette détermination s’illustre notamment à travers le renforcement du cadre institutionnel. Le Maroc a mis en place plusieurs structures pour la prise en charge des aspects transversaux des changements climatiques ainsi qu’une panoplie d’institutions et de conseils qui servent de cadre de concertation et de lieu de participation de toutes les parties prenantes à la prise de décision climatique.', 'Le Maroc a mis en place plusieurs structures pour la prise en charge des aspects transversaux des changements climatiques ainsi qu’une panoplie d’institutions et de conseils qui servent de cadre de concertation et de lieu de participation de toutes les parties prenantes à la prise de décision climatique. La complexité du système de gouvernance du changement climatique au Maroc, et notamment l’intégration de la décarbonation dans son modèle de développement à long terme, s’explique d’une part par son caractère transversal et intersectoriel, et d’autre part, la multitude des acteurs dans le processus de prise de décision au niveau central, tant au niveau de la production énergétique qu’au niveau des secteurs consommateurs.', 'La complexité du système de gouvernance du changement climatique au Maroc, et notamment l’intégration de la décarbonation dans son modèle de développement à long terme, s’explique d’une part par son caractère transversal et intersectoriel, et d’autre part, la multitude des acteurs dans le processus de prise de décision au niveau central, tant au niveau de la production énergétique qu’au niveau des secteurs consommateurs. Le gouvernement central coordonne l’ensemble de la politique climatique et énergétique du pays, par le biais de ministères multiples et d’organismes spécifiques.Dès lors, la décarbonation de l’économie nationale, qui fait partie de l’intégration de la dimension climatique, fait face au double défi de la déclinaison sectorielle et territoriale appropriée et d’une régulation rigoureuse et progressive, à même d’accélérer la transition vers un développement bas carbone à long terme.', 'Le gouvernement central coordonne l’ensemble de la politique climatique et énergétique du pays, par le biais de ministères multiples et d’organismes spécifiques.Dès lors, la décarbonation de l’économie nationale, qui fait partie de l’intégration de la dimension climatique, fait face au double défi de la déclinaison sectorielle et territoriale appropriée et d’une régulation rigoureuse et progressive, à même d’accélérer la transition vers un développement bas carbone à long terme. En effet, la décarbonation du nouveau Modèle de Développement du Maroc, basée essentiellement sur l’utilisation accrue des énergies renouvelables, l’efficacité énergétique, associée à une électrification intensifiée de la demande, s’avère décisive pour que le Maroc concrétise son ambition de croissance économique et social, bas carbone et contribuer à l’atteinte des objectifs climatiques d’ici 2050.', 'En effet, la décarbonation du nouveau Modèle de Développement du Maroc, basée essentiellement sur l’utilisation accrue des énergies renouvelables, l’efficacité énergétique, associée à une électrification intensifiée de la demande, s’avère décisive pour que le Maroc concrétise son ambition de croissance économique et social, bas carbone et contribuer à l’atteinte des objectifs climatiques d’ici 2050. La gouvernance de la transition vers un développement bas carbone à long terme devrait s’adapter aux évolutions futures des secteurs clés de l’énergie, du transport, de l’industrie, de l’urbanisme et de l’habitat, de l’agriculture et des forêts.', 'La gouvernance de la transition vers un développement bas carbone à long terme devrait s’adapter aux évolutions futures des secteurs clés de l’énergie, du transport, de l’industrie, de l’urbanisme et de l’habitat, de l’agriculture et des forêts. Elle doit également tenir compte des nouvelles compétences des collectivités territoriales instaurées dans le cadre du chantier stratégique de la « Régionalisation avancée », et définies dans les nouvelles lois organiques afférentes aux Régions, Provinces, Communes et villes du Maroc.', 'Elle doit également tenir compte des nouvelles compétences des collectivités territoriales instaurées dans le cadre du chantier stratégique de la « Régionalisation avancée », et définies dans les nouvelles lois organiques afférentes aux Régions, Provinces, Communes et villes du Maroc. Elle nécessitera une reconfiguration des processus de conception, de coordination et de planification des politiques publiques en vue de garantir une intégration structurée et régulée du développement bas carbone à long terme dans plusieurs politiques connexes, actuellement, pensées et élaborées en silos, et également dans les politiques de développement régional et local.', 'Elle nécessitera une reconfiguration des processus de conception, de coordination et de planification des politiques publiques en vue de garantir une intégration structurée et régulée du développement bas carbone à long terme dans plusieurs politiques connexes, actuellement, pensées et élaborées en silos, et également dans les politiques de développement régional et local. À cet effet, il convient de s’appuyer sur les leviers d’actions suivants : • \x07 Créer une plateforme de dialogue multi-acteurs et multi-échelles : État, régions et communes dédiée au déploiement de la stratégie de développement bas carbone ; • \x07 Reconfigurer les processus de conception, de coordination et de planification des politiques publiques en vue de garantir une intégration structurée et régulée du développement bas carbone à long terme dans plusieurs politiques connexes, et également dans les politiques de développement régional et local ; • \x07 Utiliser les opportunités que présente la finance climat et durable.', 'À cet effet, il convient de s’appuyer sur les leviers d’actions suivants : • \x07 Créer une plateforme de dialogue multi-acteurs et multi-échelles : État, régions et communes dédiée au déploiement de la stratégie de développement bas carbone ; • \x07 Reconfigurer les processus de conception, de coordination et de planification des politiques publiques en vue de garantir une intégration structurée et régulée du développement bas carbone à long terme dans plusieurs politiques connexes, et également dans les politiques de développement régional et local ; • \x07 Utiliser les opportunités que présente la finance climat et durable. Pour cela, le Maroc devrait se doter d’une stratégie de mobilisation de financement à long terme, basée sur la diversification des ressources domestiques et internationales, l’innovation en matière d’ingénierie financière climat, le marketing climatique des projets énergétiques développés par les régions et les villes du Maroc ; Au niveau des instances de gouvernance territoriale, il est indispensable de concevoir et réaliser un programme de formation et de développement des capacités institutionnelles, et notamment des élus et des cadres de l’administration des régions et des villes, sur les techniques d’intégration des mesures d’adaptation et d’atténuation des changements climatiques dans la planification stratégique territoriale et sur le montage technique et financier des projets climat.', 'Pour cela, le Maroc devrait se doter d’une stratégie de mobilisation de financement à long terme, basée sur la diversification des ressources domestiques et internationales, l’innovation en matière d’ingénierie financière climat, le marketing climatique des projets énergétiques développés par les régions et les villes du Maroc ; Au niveau des instances de gouvernance territoriale, il est indispensable de concevoir et réaliser un programme de formation et de développement des capacités institutionnelles, et notamment des élus et des cadres de l’administration des régions et des villes, sur les techniques d’intégration des mesures d’adaptation et d’atténuation des changements climatiques dans la planification stratégique territoriale et sur le montage technique et financier des projets climat. En outre, les décideurs locaux sont appelés à assurer : • \x07 Le renforcement des capacités de gestion financière et technique de l’administration des régions et des villes pour pouvoir lever des fonds à l’international et notamment ceux de la finance climat, sans recourir nécessairement à la garantie de l’état.', 'En outre, les décideurs locaux sont appelés à assurer : • \x07 Le renforcement des capacités de gestion financière et technique de l’administration des régions et des villes pour pouvoir lever des fonds à l’international et notamment ceux de la finance climat, sans recourir nécessairement à la garantie de l’état. Les deux expériences réussies de la région de Casablanca-Settat et de la Métropole du Grand Casablanca en matière de mobilisation des financements importants de la banque mondiale pour développer leurs infrastructures de transport et de mobilité peut constituer un modèle à suivre ; • \x07 La mobilisation et l’adhésion du secteur privé au niveau régional dans les projets d’adaptation et d’atténuation des effets du changement climatique ; • \x07 La promotion des options innovantes de mobilisation du financement climat international et de partenariat public-privé (PPP).', 'Les deux expériences réussies de la région de Casablanca-Settat et de la Métropole du Grand Casablanca en matière de mobilisation des financements importants de la banque mondiale pour développer leurs infrastructures de transport et de mobilité peut constituer un modèle à suivre ; • \x07 La mobilisation et l’adhésion du secteur privé au niveau régional dans les projets d’adaptation et d’atténuation des effets du changement climatique ; • \x07 La promotion des options innovantes de mobilisation du financement climat international et de partenariat public-privé (PPP). La transition du secteur de l’énergie doit également s’appuyer en priorité sur le secteur privé qui devra réaliser les investissements nécessaires à la transition énergétique, l’État jouant son rôle de stratège, d’initiateur et de facilitateur.', 'La transition du secteur de l’énergie doit également s’appuyer en priorité sur le secteur privé qui devra réaliser les investissements nécessaires à la transition énergétique, l’État jouant son rôle de stratège, d’initiateur et de facilitateur. D’autre part, la hausse de la part des ER ne doit pas se faire au détriment de la continuité du service et des coûts de l’électricité pour les utilisateurs industriels (impératif de compétitivité), sans pour autant oublier que leur accès aux marchés internationaux futurs dépendra de leur décarbonation.', 'D’autre part, la hausse de la part des ER ne doit pas se faire au détriment de la continuité du service et des coûts de l’électricité pour les utilisateurs industriels (impératif de compétitivité), sans pour autant oublier que leur accès aux marchés internationaux futurs dépendra de leur décarbonation. A cet effet, la gouvernance du secteur énergétique doit évoluer pour englober toutes les composantes de la transition vers un développement bas carbone à long terme, y compris celles de la mobilité durable, de l’habitat, du nexus énergie-eau, l’agriculture et les forêts, ainsi que celle de l’industrie,Stratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme l’économie verte et circulaire dans un cadre de dialogue institutionnalisé et participatif.', 'A cet effet, la gouvernance du secteur énergétique doit évoluer pour englober toutes les composantes de la transition vers un développement bas carbone à long terme, y compris celles de la mobilité durable, de l’habitat, du nexus énergie-eau, l’agriculture et les forêts, ainsi que celle de l’industrie,Stratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme l’économie verte et circulaire dans un cadre de dialogue institutionnalisé et participatif. A ce titre, un conseil national supérieur de la « transition énergétique », composé des départements ministériels, des représentants des associations des collectivités territoriales, du secteur privé et financier et de la société civile, pourrait être mis en place pour challenger, valider et évaluer de manière périodique la mise en œuvre des orientations stratégiques proposées.', 'A ce titre, un conseil national supérieur de la « transition énergétique », composé des départements ministériels, des représentants des associations des collectivités territoriales, du secteur privé et financier et de la société civile, pourrait être mis en place pour challenger, valider et évaluer de manière périodique la mise en œuvre des orientations stratégiques proposées. De nombreuses expériences dans ce domaine existent dans d’autres pays, dont pourrait s’inspirer le Maroc pour une gouvernance transparente et efficace de la transition. La réussite de la transition énergétique du Maroc exige aussi un système de suivi-évaluation réactif et permettant un réajustement fréquent des mesures et actions.', 'La réussite de la transition énergétique du Maroc exige aussi un système de suivi-évaluation réactif et permettant un réajustement fréquent des mesures et actions. Dans ce sens, l’observatoire marocain de l’énergie (OME) devrait garantir un accès élargi à l’information et les moyens de production scientifique, et mettre à la disposition des décideurs publics et privés les éléments clés de prise de décision et d’évaluation d’impact socio-économiques des politiques et des mesures avant leur adoption. Un Secteur bancaire et financier national engagé dans l’intégration des risques climatiques dans ses règles de gestion et de communication extra financière Les principales banques et institutions financières privées internationales ont affiché récemment des engagements pour aligner leurs portefeuilles et process internes d’octroi des crédits à l’objectif net zéro émission d’ici 2050.', 'Un Secteur bancaire et financier national engagé dans l’intégration des risques climatiques dans ses règles de gestion et de communication extra financière Les principales banques et institutions financières privées internationales ont affiché récemment des engagements pour aligner leurs portefeuilles et process internes d’octroi des crédits à l’objectif net zéro émission d’ici 2050. En tant qu’autorités de supervisions du système financier, les banques centrales et les autorités de contrôle ont commencé à introduire des stratégies explicites pour soutenir la transition vers le net zéro pour faire face aux risques du changement climatique.', 'En tant qu’autorités de supervisions du système financier, les banques centrales et les autorités de contrôle ont commencé à introduire des stratégies explicites pour soutenir la transition vers le net zéro pour faire face aux risques du changement climatique. Leur objectif est double : premièrement, parvenir à une économie nette zéro est le meilleur moyen de minimiser les risques du changement climatique pour la stabilité du système financier et la macroéconomie ; et deuxièmement, les banques centrales et les autorités de contrôle doivent veiller à ce que leurs activités soient cohérentes avec les politiques climatiques des Gouvernements et notamment les stratégies de développement à faibles émissions de gaz à effet de serre.', 'Leur objectif est double : premièrement, parvenir à une économie nette zéro est le meilleur moyen de minimiser les risques du changement climatique pour la stabilité du système financier et la macroéconomie ; et deuxièmement, les banques centrales et les autorités de contrôle doivent veiller à ce que leurs activités soient cohérentes avec les politiques climatiques des Gouvernements et notamment les stratégies de développement à faibles émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Pour anticiper cette transformation profonde du secteur financier mondial, et s’aligner avec les objectifs de la politique climatique ambitieuse du Maroc, les régulateurs et les acteurs du secteur financier et bancaire national ont élaboré dès 2016, en marge de la COP22, la feuille de route pour l’alignement du secteur financier marocain sur le développement durable qui, vise à favoriser l’émergence d’une finance verte sur le plan régional et continental et le positionnement de la place financière de Casablanca, en tant que hub pour la finance climat.', 'Pour anticiper cette transformation profonde du secteur financier mondial, et s’aligner avec les objectifs de la politique climatique ambitieuse du Maroc, les régulateurs et les acteurs du secteur financier et bancaire national ont élaboré dès 2016, en marge de la COP22, la feuille de route pour l’alignement du secteur financier marocain sur le développement durable qui, vise à favoriser l’émergence d’une finance verte sur le plan régional et continental et le positionnement de la place financière de Casablanca, en tant que hub pour la finance climat. Cette feuille s’articule autour de 5 axes majeurs, à savoir l’extension de la gouvernance aux facteurs des risques socio-environnementaux (ESG), le développement d’instruments et de produits financiers durables, la promotion de l’inclusion financière, le renforcement des capacités dans le domaine de la finance durable et la transparence et la discipline de marché.', 'Cette feuille s’articule autour de 5 axes majeurs, à savoir l’extension de la gouvernance aux facteurs des risques socio-environnementaux (ESG), le développement d’instruments et de produits financiers durables, la promotion de l’inclusion financière, le renforcement des capacités dans le domaine de la finance durable et la transparence et la discipline de marché. D’autre part, l’Autorité Marocaine des Marchés de Capitaux (AMMC) a mis en place des guidelines pour le développement des obligations vertes et durables.En mars 2021, la Banque centrale du Maroc « Bank Al-Maghrib » a publié la Directive n° 5/W/2021 relative au dispositif de gestion des risques financiers liés au changement climatique et à l’environnement.', 'D’autre part, l’Autorité Marocaine des Marchés de Capitaux (AMMC) a mis en place des guidelines pour le développement des obligations vertes et durables.En mars 2021, la Banque centrale du Maroc « Bank Al-Maghrib » a publié la Directive n° 5/W/2021 relative au dispositif de gestion des risques financiers liés au changement climatique et à l’environnement. Cette directive s’inspire des principes internationaux et des meilleures pratiques édictées en matière de finance verte, notamment les Recommandations du Réseau des Banques centrales et superviseurs pour le verdissement du secteur financier (NGFS), les Principes de I’Equateur et les recommandations de la Task Force on Climate-Related Financial Disclosure (TCFD). Elle s’applique aux établissements de crédit et aux organismes assimilés pour la gestion des risques financiers liés au changement climatique et à l’environnement.', 'Elle s’applique aux établissements de crédit et aux organismes assimilés pour la gestion des risques financiers liés au changement climatique et à l’environnement. À cet effet, l’organe d’administration de chaque établissement financier national est tenu d’appréhender et de comprendre les risques financiers auxquels peut s’exposer l’établissement à court, moyen et long terme du fait du changement climatique et de l’environnement. Dans ce cadre, il doit notamment : • \x07 Définir les orientations stratégiques de l’établissement tenant compte de l’intégration de facteurs environnementaux et climatiques ; • \x07 Approuver la stratégie et la politique en matière de risques financiers liés au changement climatique et à l’environnement ; • \x07 Favoriser la compréhension et l’évaluation de la nature et du niveau d’exposition de l’établissement auxdits risques au regard de l’appétence au risque de l’établissement.', 'Dans ce cadre, il doit notamment : • \x07 Définir les orientations stratégiques de l’établissement tenant compte de l’intégration de facteurs environnementaux et climatiques ; • \x07 Approuver la stratégie et la politique en matière de risques financiers liés au changement climatique et à l’environnement ; • \x07 Favoriser la compréhension et l’évaluation de la nature et du niveau d’exposition de l’établissement auxdits risques au regard de l’appétence au risque de l’établissement. Les établissements s’emploient à concevoir des outils analytiques, notamment d’analyses de scénario et de stress-tests, basés sur des tendances futures dans le cadre de la modélisation des effets du changement climatique, pour estimer les risques financiers liés au climat et à l’environnement encourus à court, moyen et long terme et évaluer leur impact sur leur business model et leurs indicateurs financiers.', 'Les établissements s’emploient à concevoir des outils analytiques, notamment d’analyses de scénario et de stress-tests, basés sur des tendances futures dans le cadre de la modélisation des effets du changement climatique, pour estimer les risques financiers liés au climat et à l’environnement encourus à court, moyen et long terme et évaluer leur impact sur leur business model et leurs indicateurs financiers. Le comité chargé du suivi du processus d’identification et de gestion des risques de chaque établissement de crédit, est tenu responsable de la mise en œuvre de cette nouvelle Directive et veille à l’élaboration de la politique de gestion des risques financiers liés au changement climatique et à l’environnement et assure son suivi et son évaluation.', 'Le comité chargé du suivi du processus d’identification et de gestion des risques de chaque établissement de crédit, est tenu responsable de la mise en œuvre de cette nouvelle Directive et veille à l’élaboration de la politique de gestion des risques financiers liés au changement climatique et à l’environnement et assure son suivi et son évaluation. Les établissements procèdent à la publication de leurs pratiques et performances en matière de gestion des risques financiers liés à l’environnement, en convergence avec les recommandations de la Task Force on Climate-Related Financial Disclosure, sur une base annuelle au minimum.', 'Les établissements procèdent à la publication de leurs pratiques et performances en matière de gestion des risques financiers liés à l’environnement, en convergence avec les recommandations de la Task Force on Climate-Related Financial Disclosure, sur une base annuelle au minimum. Les établissements transmettent à Bank Al-Maghrib un reporting périodique sur la gestion des risques financiers liés au changement climatique et à l’environnement, qui intègre des informations d’ordre qualitatif et quantitatif, y compris celles relatives aux principales expositions de l’établissement auxdits risques.', 'Les établissements transmettent à Bank Al-Maghrib un reporting périodique sur la gestion des risques financiers liés au changement climatique et à l’environnement, qui intègre des informations d’ordre qualitatif et quantitatif, y compris celles relatives aux principales expositions de l’établissement auxdits risques. La mise en œuvre de ce nouveau dispositif nécessite la disponibilité et l’accessibilité des datas sur les vulnérabilités et les empreintes climatiques et environnementales des secteurs et des produits et une forte collaboration entre les institutions publiques de production des données, les experts, et les conseils d’administrations du secteur financier.', 'La mise en œuvre de ce nouveau dispositif nécessite la disponibilité et l’accessibilité des datas sur les vulnérabilités et les empreintes climatiques et environnementales des secteurs et des produits et une forte collaboration entre les institutions publiques de production des données, les experts, et les conseils d’administrations du secteur financier. Cette nouvelle directive envisage ainsi de reconfigurer le modèle de management des risques climatiques du secteur financier national et d’orienter les processus, les politiques d’investissements et les flux de financement vers un développement économique et social à faibles émissions de GES à long terme.', 'Cette nouvelle directive envisage ainsi de reconfigurer le modèle de management des risques climatiques du secteur financier national et d’orienter les processus, les politiques d’investissements et les flux de financement vers un développement économique et social à faibles émissions de GES à long terme. Au regard de cet engagement fort, le rôle du secteur financier et bancaire national sera crucial dans les phases futures d’élaboration de la LEDS, et notamment à travers : • \x07 Le développement par Banque Al Maghrib de scénarios prospectifs à long terme qui soit cohérents avec les objectifs définis dans le présent document de la LT-LEDS à l’Horizon Maroc 2050, tout en tenant compte de manière adéquate des impacts de ces scénarios sur les résultats macroéconomiques ; • \x07 Les pratiques d’investissement durables et responsables pour les portefeuilles des banques devraient inclure un objectif d’alignement avec la présente LT-LEDS et publier chacune un plan de transition juste pour y parvenir.', 'Au regard de cet engagement fort, le rôle du secteur financier et bancaire national sera crucial dans les phases futures d’élaboration de la LEDS, et notamment à travers : • \x07 Le développement par Banque Al Maghrib de scénarios prospectifs à long terme qui soit cohérents avec les objectifs définis dans le présent document de la LT-LEDS à l’Horizon Maroc 2050, tout en tenant compte de manière adéquate des impacts de ces scénarios sur les résultats macroéconomiques ; • \x07 Les pratiques d’investissement durables et responsables pour les portefeuilles des banques devraient inclure un objectif d’alignement avec la présente LT-LEDS et publier chacune un plan de transition juste pour y parvenir. Le Maroc a développé également un leadership continental en matière de finance climat.', 'Le Maroc a développé également un leadership continental en matière de finance climat. A ce jour, 9 projets et programmes nationaux ont été approuvés par le Fonds Vert Climat (FVC), pour un montant total des financements de l’ordre de 227,7 millions de dollars USD, dont 6 multi pays et 3 nationaux. Aujourd’hui, le Maroc est le premier pays en Afrique ayant le plus d’entités accréditées (4 entités) par le FVC : l’Agence pour le Développement Agricole, CDG Capital, Attijariwafa Bank et MASEN.', 'Aujourd’hui, le Maroc est le premier pays en Afrique ayant le plus d’entités accréditées (4 entités) par le FVC : l’Agence pour le Développement Agricole, CDG Capital, Attijariwafa Bank et MASEN. Alors que d’autres entités sont en cours d’accréditation, à savoir : Crédit Agricole du Maroc, AMEE, FEC, SIE, Bank of Afica…Stratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme Toutefois, les contraintes financières à la mise en œuvre d’une transition énergétique bas carbone à long terme sont nombreuses et diversifiées.', 'Alors que d’autres entités sont en cours d’accréditation, à savoir : Crédit Agricole du Maroc, AMEE, FEC, SIE, Bank of Afica…Stratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme Toutefois, les contraintes financières à la mise en œuvre d’une transition énergétique bas carbone à long terme sont nombreuses et diversifiées. Parmi les plus importantes, il y a lieu de citer : • \x07 Les coûts réels des investissements initiaux sont élevés et se confrontent à une faible propension à payer pour les investissements propres ; • \x07 La faible attractivité financière des nouvelles solutions bas carbone, le focus est souvent porté sur l’investissement et beaucoup moins sur la viabilité de celui-ci sur la durée de vie du projet ; • \x07 La faible exploitation du potentiel de la finance climat international en raison d’une multitude de facteurs : méconnaissance des différentes sources de financement de l’action climatique et l’engagement limité des parties prenantes, la complexité des mécanismes de la finance conjuguée à la difficulté de se conformer aux exigences, aux normes et aux procédures imposées par les sources de financement et à structurer des projets éligibles ; • \x07 La valorisation des co-bénéfices, économiques, sociaux et environnementaux, n’est pas toujours prise en compte ; • \x07 Les coûts des transactions au niveau de la réalisation des projets sont encore élevés ; • \x07Les subventions directes et indirectes de nature à défavoriser les solutions innovantes.', 'Parmi les plus importantes, il y a lieu de citer : • \x07 Les coûts réels des investissements initiaux sont élevés et se confrontent à une faible propension à payer pour les investissements propres ; • \x07 La faible attractivité financière des nouvelles solutions bas carbone, le focus est souvent porté sur l’investissement et beaucoup moins sur la viabilité de celui-ci sur la durée de vie du projet ; • \x07 La faible exploitation du potentiel de la finance climat international en raison d’une multitude de facteurs : méconnaissance des différentes sources de financement de l’action climatique et l’engagement limité des parties prenantes, la complexité des mécanismes de la finance conjuguée à la difficulté de se conformer aux exigences, aux normes et aux procédures imposées par les sources de financement et à structurer des projets éligibles ; • \x07 La valorisation des co-bénéfices, économiques, sociaux et environnementaux, n’est pas toujours prise en compte ; • \x07 Les coûts des transactions au niveau de la réalisation des projets sont encore élevés ; • \x07Les subventions directes et indirectes de nature à défavoriser les solutions innovantes. Les seuils de rentabilité financière restent souvent non attractifs ; et • \x07 Les courbes d’apprentissage, relatives au développement des marchés des nouvelles technologies, sont lentes et ne permettent pas l’élargissement rapide des marchés.', 'Les seuils de rentabilité financière restent souvent non attractifs ; et • \x07 Les courbes d’apprentissage, relatives au développement des marchés des nouvelles technologies, sont lentes et ne permettent pas l’élargissement rapide des marchés. Ainsi et au regard des besoins importants en financement d’une stratégie de développement bas carbone à long terme et compte tenu des opportunités que présente la finance climat et durable, le Maroc devrait se doter d’une stratégie de mobilisation de financement à long terme, basée sur la diversification des ressources domestiques et internationales, l’innovation en matière d’ingénierie financière climat, le marketing climatique, à l’international de ses projets bas carbone auprès des bailleurs de fonds internationaux et le renforcement des capacités d’exécution des projets.', 'Ainsi et au regard des besoins importants en financement d’une stratégie de développement bas carbone à long terme et compte tenu des opportunités que présente la finance climat et durable, le Maroc devrait se doter d’une stratégie de mobilisation de financement à long terme, basée sur la diversification des ressources domestiques et internationales, l’innovation en matière d’ingénierie financière climat, le marketing climatique, à l’international de ses projets bas carbone auprès des bailleurs de fonds internationaux et le renforcement des capacités d’exécution des projets. Cette stratégie globale de financement de développement bas carbone à long terme devrait être conçue dans un cadre de politiques publiques qui s’alignent progressivement avec l’enjeu de la transition bas carbone : • \x07 Tenir compte du changement climatique et de développement bas carbone dans les politiques macroéconomiques, la planification budgétaire, la budgétisation sectorielle et territoriale, la gestion des investissements publics et les pratiques d’approvisionnement ; • \x07 Amorcer une profonde mutation des modalités du budget d’investissement public et de fonctionnement, des fonds spéciaux du Trésor, intégrant les impératifs de l’atténuation et de l’adaptation, à travers des critères spécifiques de priorisation, des clauses spécifiques nouvelles dans les cahiers des prescriptions spéciales (CPS) de la commande publique, et également dans le reporting annuel « Projet de performance » des départements ministériels ; • \x07 Développer un marché carbone à travers des mesures de tarification efficace du carbone en capitalisant sur les outils de la mise en œuvre de la NDC ; • \x07 Mobiliser des nouvelles sources privées de financement climatique international, et notamment le marché des Green Bonds, en facilitant les investissements directs étrangers et les PPP ; • \x07 Favoriser le développement d’un secteur bancaire et financier national qui intègre les risques climatiques et les mesures d’atténuation et d’adaptation dans son système de management des risques et dans ses process métiers et produits financiers ; • \x07 Mettre en place une taxonomie nationale des activités vertes et durables, en s’appuyant sur le retour d’expérience de l’approche européenne dans ce domaine pour (i) comprendre, identifier et évaluer les risques et les opportunités liés au climat et à l’environnement (ii) réduire les coûts de transaction liés au projets verts et faciliter la structuration des projets éligibles et (iii) améliorer et harmoniser la communication des informations chiffrées sur l’exposition aux risques climatiques et l’atténuation de l’empreinte environnementale ; • \x07 Renforcer l’expertise des opérateurs financiers et bancaires nationaux en matière d’évaluation et de gestion des risques climatiques et environnementaux, et de mesure de l’empreinte carbone pour réussir la mise en œuvre de la nouvelle directive n° 5/W/2021 de Bank Al-Maghrib relative au dispositif de gestion des risques financiers liés au changement climatique et à l’environnement ;• \x07 Appuyer la collaboration et le dialogue entre les régulateurs financiers et les autorités ministérielles concernées pour produire et rendre accessible les données scientifiques liées à l’empreinte carbone et aux risques climatiques liés aux secteurs économiques et également pour assurer le développement et la résilience du marché financier vert ; et • \x07 Concevoir un système de fiscalité verte et ajuster la tarification énergétique pour accélérer la transition énergétique de l’économie nationale, sans perdre de vue les enjeux d’équité et de redistribution afférents.', 'Cette stratégie globale de financement de développement bas carbone à long terme devrait être conçue dans un cadre de politiques publiques qui s’alignent progressivement avec l’enjeu de la transition bas carbone : • \x07 Tenir compte du changement climatique et de développement bas carbone dans les politiques macroéconomiques, la planification budgétaire, la budgétisation sectorielle et territoriale, la gestion des investissements publics et les pratiques d’approvisionnement ; • \x07 Amorcer une profonde mutation des modalités du budget d’investissement public et de fonctionnement, des fonds spéciaux du Trésor, intégrant les impératifs de l’atténuation et de l’adaptation, à travers des critères spécifiques de priorisation, des clauses spécifiques nouvelles dans les cahiers des prescriptions spéciales (CPS) de la commande publique, et également dans le reporting annuel « Projet de performance » des départements ministériels ; • \x07 Développer un marché carbone à travers des mesures de tarification efficace du carbone en capitalisant sur les outils de la mise en œuvre de la NDC ; • \x07 Mobiliser des nouvelles sources privées de financement climatique international, et notamment le marché des Green Bonds, en facilitant les investissements directs étrangers et les PPP ; • \x07 Favoriser le développement d’un secteur bancaire et financier national qui intègre les risques climatiques et les mesures d’atténuation et d’adaptation dans son système de management des risques et dans ses process métiers et produits financiers ; • \x07 Mettre en place une taxonomie nationale des activités vertes et durables, en s’appuyant sur le retour d’expérience de l’approche européenne dans ce domaine pour (i) comprendre, identifier et évaluer les risques et les opportunités liés au climat et à l’environnement (ii) réduire les coûts de transaction liés au projets verts et faciliter la structuration des projets éligibles et (iii) améliorer et harmoniser la communication des informations chiffrées sur l’exposition aux risques climatiques et l’atténuation de l’empreinte environnementale ; • \x07 Renforcer l’expertise des opérateurs financiers et bancaires nationaux en matière d’évaluation et de gestion des risques climatiques et environnementaux, et de mesure de l’empreinte carbone pour réussir la mise en œuvre de la nouvelle directive n° 5/W/2021 de Bank Al-Maghrib relative au dispositif de gestion des risques financiers liés au changement climatique et à l’environnement ;• \x07 Appuyer la collaboration et le dialogue entre les régulateurs financiers et les autorités ministérielles concernées pour produire et rendre accessible les données scientifiques liées à l’empreinte carbone et aux risques climatiques liés aux secteurs économiques et également pour assurer le développement et la résilience du marché financier vert ; et • \x07 Concevoir un système de fiscalité verte et ajuster la tarification énergétique pour accélérer la transition énergétique de l’économie nationale, sans perdre de vue les enjeux d’équité et de redistribution afférents. 5.4.', 'Cette stratégie globale de financement de développement bas carbone à long terme devrait être conçue dans un cadre de politiques publiques qui s’alignent progressivement avec l’enjeu de la transition bas carbone : • \x07 Tenir compte du changement climatique et de développement bas carbone dans les politiques macroéconomiques, la planification budgétaire, la budgétisation sectorielle et territoriale, la gestion des investissements publics et les pratiques d’approvisionnement ; • \x07 Amorcer une profonde mutation des modalités du budget d’investissement public et de fonctionnement, des fonds spéciaux du Trésor, intégrant les impératifs de l’atténuation et de l’adaptation, à travers des critères spécifiques de priorisation, des clauses spécifiques nouvelles dans les cahiers des prescriptions spéciales (CPS) de la commande publique, et également dans le reporting annuel « Projet de performance » des départements ministériels ; • \x07 Développer un marché carbone à travers des mesures de tarification efficace du carbone en capitalisant sur les outils de la mise en œuvre de la NDC ; • \x07 Mobiliser des nouvelles sources privées de financement climatique international, et notamment le marché des Green Bonds, en facilitant les investissements directs étrangers et les PPP ; • \x07 Favoriser le développement d’un secteur bancaire et financier national qui intègre les risques climatiques et les mesures d’atténuation et d’adaptation dans son système de management des risques et dans ses process métiers et produits financiers ; • \x07 Mettre en place une taxonomie nationale des activités vertes et durables, en s’appuyant sur le retour d’expérience de l’approche européenne dans ce domaine pour (i) comprendre, identifier et évaluer les risques et les opportunités liés au climat et à l’environnement (ii) réduire les coûts de transaction liés au projets verts et faciliter la structuration des projets éligibles et (iii) améliorer et harmoniser la communication des informations chiffrées sur l’exposition aux risques climatiques et l’atténuation de l’empreinte environnementale ; • \x07 Renforcer l’expertise des opérateurs financiers et bancaires nationaux en matière d’évaluation et de gestion des risques climatiques et environnementaux, et de mesure de l’empreinte carbone pour réussir la mise en œuvre de la nouvelle directive n° 5/W/2021 de Bank Al-Maghrib relative au dispositif de gestion des risques financiers liés au changement climatique et à l’environnement ;• \x07 Appuyer la collaboration et le dialogue entre les régulateurs financiers et les autorités ministérielles concernées pour produire et rendre accessible les données scientifiques liées à l’empreinte carbone et aux risques climatiques liés aux secteurs économiques et également pour assurer le développement et la résilience du marché financier vert ; et • \x07 Concevoir un système de fiscalité verte et ajuster la tarification énergétique pour accélérer la transition énergétique de l’économie nationale, sans perdre de vue les enjeux d’équité et de redistribution afférents. 5.4. Autres questions transverses : transition numérique, innovation, formation et éducation Pour réussir cette transition énergétique et saisir toutes les opportunités qu’elle offre autour de nombreuses thématiques porteuses, l’intégration industrielle et la R&D sont déterminantes pour éviter la dépendance technologique, mais aussi pour créer une dynamique de développement industriel dans ce secteur au Maroc.', 'Autres questions transverses : transition numérique, innovation, formation et éducation Pour réussir cette transition énergétique et saisir toutes les opportunités qu’elle offre autour de nombreuses thématiques porteuses, l’intégration industrielle et la R&D sont déterminantes pour éviter la dépendance technologique, mais aussi pour créer une dynamique de développement industriel dans ce secteur au Maroc. Cela implique une stratégie de R&D et de formation des techniciens et ingénieurs et de mobilisation des capacités d’innovation locale, dans tous les domaines renfermant des gisements d’économie d’énergie, de sobriété énergétique et de créativité technologique. Dans ce contexte, de plus en plus concurrentiel, il est également indispensable pour les systèmes énergétiques de s’appuyer sur la transformation numérique pour s’adapter rapidement aux nouvelles tendances du marché.', 'Dans ce contexte, de plus en plus concurrentiel, il est également indispensable pour les systèmes énergétiques de s’appuyer sur la transformation numérique pour s’adapter rapidement aux nouvelles tendances du marché. La transition numérique est un levier stratégique d’atténuation des GES et de lutte contre les changements climatiques. L’empreinte carbone de la transformation numérique est également un enjeu important qu’il convient de maitriser et de prendre en compte dans les différentes phases de planification et de choix technologiques futurs.', 'L’empreinte carbone de la transformation numérique est également un enjeu important qu’il convient de maitriser et de prendre en compte dans les différentes phases de planification et de choix technologiques futurs. La transformation numérique est en passe de bouleverser les modèles énergétiques, d’agriculture, de l’habitat, de l’industrie et de mobilité classiques, encouragée par l’évolution des attentes des consommateurs, les effets de la pandémie COVID-19 et impacte l’ensemble des pratiques de ces secteurs, que ce soit : • \x07 Les activités liées directement à l’outil industriel, avec les « smart grids » (réseaux électriques intelligents), les solutions de stockage existantes et les évolutions technologiques à venir qui contribuent à la maîtrise de la gestion de la production et la distribution électrique renouvelable ; • \x07 Les compteurs numériques, l’automatisation des processus de facturation et de recouvrement, le recours à des outils innovants de couverture de risque (salle de marchés) ; et • \x07 La relation client et l’acculturation des collaborateurs.', 'La transformation numérique est en passe de bouleverser les modèles énergétiques, d’agriculture, de l’habitat, de l’industrie et de mobilité classiques, encouragée par l’évolution des attentes des consommateurs, les effets de la pandémie COVID-19 et impacte l’ensemble des pratiques de ces secteurs, que ce soit : • \x07 Les activités liées directement à l’outil industriel, avec les « smart grids » (réseaux électriques intelligents), les solutions de stockage existantes et les évolutions technologiques à venir qui contribuent à la maîtrise de la gestion de la production et la distribution électrique renouvelable ; • \x07 Les compteurs numériques, l’automatisation des processus de facturation et de recouvrement, le recours à des outils innovants de couverture de risque (salle de marchés) ; et • \x07 La relation client et l’acculturation des collaborateurs. Cette évolution numérique des modèles énergétiques exige une agilité des différents acteurs et secteurs (production et distribution électrique, aménagement urbain et bâtiments, industrie, transport et agriculture) pour repenser leurs activités en proposant une nouvelle chaîne de valeur qui intervient de la production à la distribution d’énergie, par la maîtrise et l’intégration d’outils numériques comme Big data, l’intelligence artificielle…, et en identifiant de nouveaux business models des investissements innovants (cleantech, greentech, startups digitales).', 'Cette évolution numérique des modèles énergétiques exige une agilité des différents acteurs et secteurs (production et distribution électrique, aménagement urbain et bâtiments, industrie, transport et agriculture) pour repenser leurs activités en proposant une nouvelle chaîne de valeur qui intervient de la production à la distribution d’énergie, par la maîtrise et l’intégration d’outils numériques comme Big data, l’intelligence artificielle…, et en identifiant de nouveaux business models des investissements innovants (cleantech, greentech, startups digitales). D’autre part, le développement de l’éducation et la formation sur les métiers et les emplois verts de la transition énergétique devrait : • \x07 Concevoir et mettre en œuvre des programmes de formation professionnelle, qui répondent aux besoins du marché, et préparent des experts capables de proposer et mettre en place les technologies actuelles énergétiquement efficaces ; • \x07 Développer et distribuer des équipements de formation et des outils appropriés : matériel de formation, manuels thématiques et manuels de formation ; • \x07 S’assurer de la disponibilité d’instructeurs qualifiés et réaliser des programmes de « formation des formateurs » ; • \x07 Développer la formation continue pour permettre d’actualiser périodiquement les connaissances et compétences sur l’efficacité énergétique et les énergies renouvelables.', 'D’autre part, le développement de l’éducation et la formation sur les métiers et les emplois verts de la transition énergétique devrait : • \x07 Concevoir et mettre en œuvre des programmes de formation professionnelle, qui répondent aux besoins du marché, et préparent des experts capables de proposer et mettre en place les technologies actuelles énergétiquement efficaces ; • \x07 Développer et distribuer des équipements de formation et des outils appropriés : matériel de formation, manuels thématiques et manuels de formation ; • \x07 S’assurer de la disponibilité d’instructeurs qualifiés et réaliser des programmes de « formation des formateurs » ; • \x07 Développer la formation continue pour permettre d’actualiser périodiquement les connaissances et compétences sur l’efficacité énergétique et les énergies renouvelables. En complément à la formation professionnelle et permanente, des opportunités existent pour introduire les notions d’efficacité énergétique, informer sur les technologies et les meilleures pratiques, dans les programmes scolaires pour des enfants.', 'En complément à la formation professionnelle et permanente, des opportunités existent pour introduire les notions d’efficacité énergétique, informer sur les technologies et les meilleures pratiques, dans les programmes scolaires pour des enfants. Les mesures éducatives ciblant les enfants d’âge scolaire et les jeunes amélioreront leurs connaissances, leur comportement et jetteront les bases de consommations énergétique et alimentaire sobres dans l’avenir.Stratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme Départements Ministériels : • \x07 Ministère de l’Aménagement du territoire national, de l’Urbanisme, de l’Habitat et de la Politique de la ville • Ministère de l’Intérieur • Ministère de la Transition énergétique et du Développement durable • Ministère de l’Economie et des Finances • Ministère de l’Equipement et de l’Eau • Ministère du Transport et de la Logistique • Ministère de l’Industrie et du Commerce • Ministère de l’Agriculture, de la Pêche Maritime, du Développement Rural et des Eaux et Forêts • \x07 Ministère délégué auprès du chef du gouvernement chargé de la Transition numérique et de la Réforme administrative Société civile : Alliance Marocaine pour le Climat et le Développement Durable (AMCDD) Collectivités territoriales : • Association des Régions du Maroc (ARM) • Association Marocaine des Présidents des Conseils Communaux (AMPCC) Établissements et entreprises publiques : • Agence Nationale pour le Développement des Zones Oasiennes de l’Arganier (ANDZOA) • Centre de la Recherche Forestière • Agence Nationale des Équipements Publics (ANEP) • Groupe OCP • ONEE-Branche Électricité et Branche Eau • Moroccan Agency for Sustainable Energy (MASEN) • Agence Marocaine de l’Efficacité Énergétique (AMEE) • Société d’Ingénierie Énergétique (SIE) • Institut de Recherche en Énergie Solaire et Énergies Nouvelles (IRESEN) • CDG Développement • Groupe AL OMRANE • Office National des Chemins de Fer (ONCF) • Agence pour le Développement Agricole (ADA) • Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II (IAV Hassan II) • Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) Annexe : Liste des institutions et acteurs consultésSecteur privé et financier national : • Confédération Générale des Entreprises du Maroc (CGEM) • Fédération Nationale de l’Electricité, de l’Electronique et des Energies Renouvelables (FENELEC) • Association des Industries Solaires et Éoliennes (AMISOLE) • Fédération Nationale des Promoteurs Immobiliers (FNPI) • Fédération Nationale de Transport et de logistique (FNTL) • Association Professionnelle des Cimentiers (APC) • Confédération Marocaine de l’Agriculture et du Développement Rural (COMADER) • Fédération Nationale de l’Agroalimentaire (FENAGRI) • Groupe LAFARGE-HOLCIM • \x07 Mutuelle Agricole Marocaine d’Assurances et Mutuelle Centrale Marocaine d’Assurance (MAMDA et MCMA) • Bank Al Maghrib (BAM) • Crédit agricole du Maroc (CAM) • Autorité Marocaine du Marché des Capitaux (AMMC) • Autorité de Contrôle des Assurances et de la Prévoyance Sociale (ACAPS) • Casablanca Finance City Authority (CFCA) • Bourse de Casablanca • Groupement Professionnel des Banques du Maroc (GPBM) • Fédération Marocaine des Sociétés d’Assurances et de Réassurance (FMSAR)Stratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme Commission Spéciale sur le Modèle de Développement (CSMD), Rapport Général sur le nouveau modèle de développement : « Libérer les énergies et restaurer la confiance pour accélérer la marche vers le progrès et la prospérité pour tous », mai 2021.', 'Les mesures éducatives ciblant les enfants d’âge scolaire et les jeunes amélioreront leurs connaissances, leur comportement et jetteront les bases de consommations énergétique et alimentaire sobres dans l’avenir.Stratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme Départements Ministériels : • \x07 Ministère de l’Aménagement du territoire national, de l’Urbanisme, de l’Habitat et de la Politique de la ville • Ministère de l’Intérieur • Ministère de la Transition énergétique et du Développement durable • Ministère de l’Economie et des Finances • Ministère de l’Equipement et de l’Eau • Ministère du Transport et de la Logistique • Ministère de l’Industrie et du Commerce • Ministère de l’Agriculture, de la Pêche Maritime, du Développement Rural et des Eaux et Forêts • \x07 Ministère délégué auprès du chef du gouvernement chargé de la Transition numérique et de la Réforme administrative Société civile : Alliance Marocaine pour le Climat et le Développement Durable (AMCDD) Collectivités territoriales : • Association des Régions du Maroc (ARM) • Association Marocaine des Présidents des Conseils Communaux (AMPCC) Établissements et entreprises publiques : • Agence Nationale pour le Développement des Zones Oasiennes de l’Arganier (ANDZOA) • Centre de la Recherche Forestière • Agence Nationale des Équipements Publics (ANEP) • Groupe OCP • ONEE-Branche Électricité et Branche Eau • Moroccan Agency for Sustainable Energy (MASEN) • Agence Marocaine de l’Efficacité Énergétique (AMEE) • Société d’Ingénierie Énergétique (SIE) • Institut de Recherche en Énergie Solaire et Énergies Nouvelles (IRESEN) • CDG Développement • Groupe AL OMRANE • Office National des Chemins de Fer (ONCF) • Agence pour le Développement Agricole (ADA) • Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II (IAV Hassan II) • Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) Annexe : Liste des institutions et acteurs consultésSecteur privé et financier national : • Confédération Générale des Entreprises du Maroc (CGEM) • Fédération Nationale de l’Electricité, de l’Electronique et des Energies Renouvelables (FENELEC) • Association des Industries Solaires et Éoliennes (AMISOLE) • Fédération Nationale des Promoteurs Immobiliers (FNPI) • Fédération Nationale de Transport et de logistique (FNTL) • Association Professionnelle des Cimentiers (APC) • Confédération Marocaine de l’Agriculture et du Développement Rural (COMADER) • Fédération Nationale de l’Agroalimentaire (FENAGRI) • Groupe LAFARGE-HOLCIM • \x07 Mutuelle Agricole Marocaine d’Assurances et Mutuelle Centrale Marocaine d’Assurance (MAMDA et MCMA) • Bank Al Maghrib (BAM) • Crédit agricole du Maroc (CAM) • Autorité Marocaine du Marché des Capitaux (AMMC) • Autorité de Contrôle des Assurances et de la Prévoyance Sociale (ACAPS) • Casablanca Finance City Authority (CFCA) • Bourse de Casablanca • Groupement Professionnel des Banques du Maroc (GPBM) • Fédération Marocaine des Sociétés d’Assurances et de Réassurance (FMSAR)Stratégie Bas Carbone à Long Terme Commission Spéciale sur le Modèle de Développement (CSMD), Rapport Général sur le nouveau modèle de développement : « Libérer les énergies et restaurer la confiance pour accélérer la marche vers le progrès et la prospérité pour tous », mai 2021. Banque Mondiale (2019), Implementation completion and results report, MA-Partnership For Market Readiness (P128654).', 'Banque Mondiale (2019), Implementation completion and results report, MA-Partnership For Market Readiness (P128654). Confédération Générale des Entreprises du Maroc - CGEM (2020), Mandat 2020-2023, Commission Economie Verte, Présentation, avril 2020. Conseil Economique Social et Environnemental, Richesse globale du Maroc entre 1999 et 2013 (2016). Conseil Economique Social et Environnemental, Contribution au Nouveau Modèle de développement du Maroc (2019). Conseil Economique Social et Environnemental, Avis sur l’Intégration des exigences des changements climatiques dans les politiques publiques (2015). Conseil Economique Social et Environnemental, Rapport annuel (2019). Conseil Economique Social et Environnemental, Avis sur l’économie verte : opportunités de création de richesses et d’emplois (2012). Enerdata (2020), Country Energy Report : Morocco.', 'Enerdata (2020), Country Energy Report : Morocco. Fédération de l’énergie, le Magazine n° 52 (2019), « Le Maroc veut accélérer sa transition énergétique ». Fraunhofer ISI (2019), Study on the opportunities of «power-to-x» in Morocco : 10 hypotheses for discussion. Gouvernement de Finlande, Ministère des Affaires Economiques et de l’Emploi (2020), Finland’s long- term low greenhouse gas emission development strategy. Gouvernement du Maroc, Ministère de l’Energie, des Mines et de l’Environnement (2017), Stratégie nationale de développement durable. Gouvernement du Maroc, Ministère de l’Energie, des Mines et de l’Environnement (2019), Deuxième Rapport Biennal Actualisé dans le cadre de la convention cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques.', 'Gouvernement du Maroc, Ministère de l’Energie, des Mines et de l’Environnement (2019), Deuxième Rapport Biennal Actualisé dans le cadre de la convention cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques. Gouvernement du Maroc, Ministère de l’Energie, des Mines et de l’Environnement (2017), Etude pour l’Élaboration d’une Stratégie Bas Carbone (SBC) 2030. Gouvernement du Maroc, Ministère de l’Energie, des Mines et de l’Environnement (2016), Morocco nationally determined contribution (NDC). Gouvernement du Maroc, Ministre de l’Energie, des Mines et de l’Environnement (2019), La Transition Énergétique : Quelle trajectoire pour le Maroc ? Présentation, mars 2019. Gouvernement du Maroc, Ministère de l’Industrie, du Commerce, de l’Économie Verte et Numérique (2020), Transition énergétique du secteur industriel 2020, présentation.', 'Gouvernement du Maroc, Ministère de l’Industrie, du Commerce, de l’Économie Verte et Numérique (2020), Transition énergétique du secteur industriel 2020, présentation. Gouvernement du Maroc, Ministère de l’Energie, des Mines et de l’Environnement (2019), Stratégie Nationale de Réduction et de Valorisation des Déchets, MEVAC / ECI, Rabat. Gouvernement du Maroc, Ministère de l’Energie, des Mines et de l’Environnement (2019), Pacte de l’Exemplarité de l’Administration en Développement Durable (PEA). Gouvernement du Maroc, Ministère de l’Aménagement du Territoire national, de l’Urbanisme, de l’Habitat et de la Politique de la Ville (2019), Programme NAMA Facility dans le logement. BibliographieGouvernement du Maroc, Ministère de l’Agriculture, de la Pêche Maritime, du Développement Rural et des Eaux et Forêts (2020), Stratégie Nationale « Génération Green 2020-2030 ».', 'BibliographieGouvernement du Maroc, Ministère de l’Agriculture, de la Pêche Maritime, du Développement Rural et des Eaux et Forêts (2020), Stratégie Nationale « Génération Green 2020-2030 ». Gouvernement du Maroc, Ministère de l’Agriculture, de la Pêche Maritime, du Développement Rural et des Eaux et Forêts (2020), Stratégie Nationale de développement de la forêt au Maroc « Forêts du Maroc 2020-203 ». Gouvernement du Maroc, Ministère de l’Agriculture, de la Pêche Maritime, du Développement Rural et des Eaux et Forêts (2016), Stratégie « Bois-énergie ». Gouvernement du Maroc, Ministère de l’Agriculture, de la Pêche Maritime, du Développement Rural et des Eaux et Forêts (2016), Stratégie sylvoastorale.', 'Gouvernement du Maroc, Ministère de l’Agriculture, de la Pêche Maritime, du Développement Rural et des Eaux et Forêts (2016), Stratégie sylvoastorale. Gouvernement du Maroc, Ministère de de l’Equipement, du Transport, de la Logistique et de l’Eau (2018), Feuille de route pour une mobilité durable au Maroc. Gouvernement du Maroc, Ministère de de l’Equipement, du Transport, de la Logistique et de l’Eau (2020), Programme national d’approvisionnement en eau potable et d’irrigation 2020-2027 et orientations stratégiques du projet du Plan National de l’Eau 2050. Gouvernement du Maroc, Ministère de l’Economie, des Finances et de la Réforme de l’Administration (2019), Le Maroc sur la voie de la transition énergétique : avancées, défis et voies d’accélération, Présentation.', 'Gouvernement du Maroc, Ministère de l’Economie, des Finances et de la Réforme de l’Administration (2019), Le Maroc sur la voie de la transition énergétique : avancées, défis et voies d’accélération, Présentation. Gouvernement du Maroc, Ministère de l’economie et des finances, Rapport Économique et Financier accompagnant le Projet de Loi de Finances 2020, Direction des études et des prévisions financières (DEPF). Gouvernement du Maroc, Haut-Commissariat au Plan (2006), Prospective énergétique du Maroc 2030. Gouvernement du Portugal, Ministère de l’Environnement et de la Transition Énergétique (2019), Roadmap for carbon neutrality 2050 (RNC2050), Long-term strategy for carbon neutrality of the Portuguese economy. IEA (2019), Energy policies beyond IEA countries: Morocco 2019, International Energy Agency, Paris.', 'IEA (2019), Energy policies beyond IEA countries: Morocco 2019, International Energy Agency, Paris. IEA (2019), « Fiouls & feedstocks renouvelables & neutres en carbone », Présentation de M. Cédric Philibert à la Division des énergies renouvelables du Ministère de l’énergie, des Mines et du Développement Durable, 3 septembre 2019, Rabat. IRENA (2019), Global energy transformation: A roadmap to 2050 (2019 edition), International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi. IRENA (2020), Reaching zero with renewables: Eliminating CO2 emissions from industry and transport in line with the 1.5oC climate goal, International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi. IRENA (2020), Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2019, International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi. IRESEN (2020), Recherche appliquée et Innovation au service de la transition énergétique, Présentation, juin 2020.', 'IRESEN (2020), Recherche appliquée et Innovation au service de la transition énergétique, Présentation, juin 2020. McKinsey & Company (2018), Decarbonization of industrial sectors: the next frontier. REN21 (2020), Renewables 2020 Global Status Report, REN21 Secretariat, Paris. Union Européenne (Mars 2020), Stratégie de développement à long terme de faibles émissions de gaz à effet de serre de l’UE et de ses États membres.Stratégie Bas Carbone à Long TermeMinistère de la Transition Energétique et du Développement Durable, Département du Développement Durable 9, Avenue Al Araar, Secteur 16, Hay Riad, Rabat']

fr-FR

MAR

Morocco

1st NDC

2016-09-19 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Morocco%20First%20NDC.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Africa

0

MENA

../data/downloaded_documents/003e38f44a882dec0b3c480808f5cc27b7b4bdeb90695498f9eb88ab79d81ac0.pdf

['Maroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 1 MAROC CONTRIBUTION DÉTERMINÉE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL DANS LE CADRE DE LA CCNUCC Introduction La Contribution Déterminée au niveau National (CDN) du Maroc est une version bonifiée de la Contribution prévue déterminée au niveau national (CPDN) que le Maroc a présentée au secrétariat de la Convention cadre des Nations unies sur les changements climatiques (CCNUCC) le 5 juin 2015. Malgré sa faible responsabilité dans le problème du changement climatique, le Maroc a élaboré sa CDN avec la conviction que les ambitions mondiales pour s’attaquer au problème du changement climatique appellent à un engagement conséquent de toutes les parties tant en matière d’atténuation, d’adaptation que de moyens de mise en œuvre, d’approches de coopération et de transparence.', 'Malgré sa faible responsabilité dans le problème du changement climatique, le Maroc a élaboré sa CDN avec la conviction que les ambitions mondiales pour s’attaquer au problème du changement climatique appellent à un engagement conséquent de toutes les parties tant en matière d’atténuation, d’adaptation que de moyens de mise en œuvre, d’approches de coopération et de transparence. Ainsi, en cohérence avec l’Article 3 de l’Accord de Paris, la CDN du Maroc présente les efforts du Royaume dans la lutte contre le changement climatique sur tous ces thèmes. Circonstances nationales du Maroc Situé sur la rive sud de la Méditerranée, et à la fois aux portes de l’Europe et au nord du continent africain, le Maroc est depuis toujours un carrefour de civilisations.', 'Circonstances nationales du Maroc Situé sur la rive sud de la Méditerranée, et à la fois aux portes de l’Europe et au nord du continent africain, le Maroc est depuis toujours un carrefour de civilisations. Au cours des dernières décennies, le Maroc a connu un développement économique et démographique très important dans un contexte de changement climatique qui affecte tous les secteurs. Par exemple, la pression sur les ressources naturelles s’est accentuée en conséquence, affectant la résilience des écosystèmes forestiers et du secteur agricole, notamment en raison de la raréfaction des ressources en eau, dont la disponibilité par habitant était plus de trois fois plus importante en 1960 (environ 2600 m3/an/habitant) qu’aujourd’hui (environ 700 m3/an/habitant).', 'Par exemple, la pression sur les ressources naturelles s’est accentuée en conséquence, affectant la résilience des écosystèmes forestiers et du secteur agricole, notamment en raison de la raréfaction des ressources en eau, dont la disponibilité par habitant était plus de trois fois plus importante en 1960 (environ 2600 m3/an/habitant) qu’aujourd’hui (environ 700 m3/an/habitant). Conscient de cette situation, le Maroc s’est engagé dans une démarche volontaire et sérieuse de lutte contre le réchauffement climatique, en dessinant progressivement les contours de sa propre vision tout en se conformant aux décisions prises collectivement à l’échelle internationale.', 'Conscient de cette situation, le Maroc s’est engagé dans une démarche volontaire et sérieuse de lutte contre le réchauffement climatique, en dessinant progressivement les contours de sa propre vision tout en se conformant aux décisions prises collectivement à l’échelle internationale. La vision du Maroc en matière de changement climatique Rendre son territoire et sa civilisation plus résilients face au changement climatique tout en assurant une transition rapide vers une économie sobre en carbone.Maroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 2 Cette volonté politique trouve aujourd’hui sa place dans la Constitution du Royaume de 2011, qui lui a apporté une nouvelle impulsion en consacrant le développement durable en tant que droit pour tous les citoyens et en instaurant de nouveaux instruments d’une gouvernance démocratique, condition nécessaire pour asseoir les bases d’un développement durable du pays.', 'La vision du Maroc en matière de changement climatique Rendre son territoire et sa civilisation plus résilients face au changement climatique tout en assurant une transition rapide vers une économie sobre en carbone.Maroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 2 Cette volonté politique trouve aujourd’hui sa place dans la Constitution du Royaume de 2011, qui lui a apporté une nouvelle impulsion en consacrant le développement durable en tant que droit pour tous les citoyens et en instaurant de nouveaux instruments d’une gouvernance démocratique, condition nécessaire pour asseoir les bases d’un développement durable du pays. Elle est aussi incarnée au sein de la Loi-cadre portant Charte Nationale de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable (CNEDD) qui précise « les droits et devoirs inhérents à l’environnement et au développement durable reconnus aux personnes physiques et morales et proclame les principes qui devront être respectés par l’État, les collectivités territoriales et les établissements et entreprises publics ».', 'Elle est aussi incarnée au sein de la Loi-cadre portant Charte Nationale de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable (CNEDD) qui précise « les droits et devoirs inhérents à l’environnement et au développement durable reconnus aux personnes physiques et morales et proclame les principes qui devront être respectés par l’État, les collectivités territoriales et les établissements et entreprises publics ». L’opérationnalisation de cette charte a été entreprise à travers l’élaboration de la Stratégie Nationale du Développement Durable (SNDD) qui sera à même de guider les actions de toutes les institutions publiques et des acteurs privés visant la réalisation d’un développement économique et social durable et dynamique. La Contribution du Maroc trouve son ancrage institutionnel dans la SNDD et permet d’esquisser une vision du Maroc à l’horizon 2030.', 'La Contribution du Maroc trouve son ancrage institutionnel dans la SNDD et permet d’esquisser une vision du Maroc à l’horizon 2030. En ce sens, la mise en œuvre de la CDN du Maroc s’inscrit dans une perspective intégrée, allant au-delà du changement climatique, incluant ainsi : • Le respect des droits de la personne et l’égalité homme–femme, reconnu au sein de la Constitution du Maroc de 2011. • Les synergies à exploiter avec les deux autres Conventions de Rio, visant la restauration, le respect et le maintien de la diversité biologique, la gestion intégrée des ressources en eaux ainsi que la gestion durable des terres permettant de contrer la désertification et la dégradation des sols sur son territoire.', '• Les synergies à exploiter avec les deux autres Conventions de Rio, visant la restauration, le respect et le maintien de la diversité biologique, la gestion intégrée des ressources en eaux ainsi que la gestion durable des terres permettant de contrer la désertification et la dégradation des sols sur son territoire. • L’alignement des actions en matière de changement climatique avec le respect des Objectifs de développement durable (ODD) de l’ONU, particulièrement les objectifs 1, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13 et 17. • La mise en œuvre du projet de régionalisation avancée au Maroc, misant sur une démarche de planification stratégique territoriale intégrée et participative.', '• La mise en œuvre du projet de régionalisation avancée au Maroc, misant sur une démarche de planification stratégique territoriale intégrée et participative. Ce projet apportera une contribution significative à la mise en œuvre de la NDC grâce à une vision de l’aménagement du territoire national basée sur la valorisation des potentialités et des ressources propres à chaque région et à la solidarité interrégionale. Le Maroc a la conviction qu’un engagement conséquent et sans précédent des acteurs de la société marocaine s’impose, notamment ceux du secteur financier ayant les moyens d’influencer les flux d’investissement et des partenaires financiers internationaux.', 'Le Maroc a la conviction qu’un engagement conséquent et sans précédent des acteurs de la société marocaine s’impose, notamment ceux du secteur financier ayant les moyens d’influencer les flux d’investissement et des partenaires financiers internationaux. Pour faciliter cette mobilisation des acteurs à différentes échelles, le Maroc a mis sur pied le Centre de Compétences Changement Climatique du Maroc (4CMaroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 3 Maroc),1 qui consiste en une plateforme de renforcement des compétences des différents acteurs et d’échange d’informations en matière de changement climatique, ouvert sur son environnement régional et africain.', 'Pour faciliter cette mobilisation des acteurs à différentes échelles, le Maroc a mis sur pied le Centre de Compétences Changement Climatique du Maroc (4CMaroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 3 Maroc),1 qui consiste en une plateforme de renforcement des compétences des différents acteurs et d’échange d’informations en matière de changement climatique, ouvert sur son environnement régional et africain. Le portail Mosaïcc2 a également été établi grâce à un partenariat entre plusieurs institutions nationales et internationales et vise le renforcement de capacités en matière d’adaptation au changement climatique pour les secteurs de l’agriculture, de l’eau et de la forêt. Le 4C Maroc et le portail Mosaïcc seront les moteurs de cette mobilisation.', 'Le 4C Maroc et le portail Mosaïcc seront les moteurs de cette mobilisation. Processus d’élaboration Pour l’élaboration de sa Contribution, le Maroc a mené un large processus de concertation avec les parties prenantes sur une période de deux ans. Ce processus a permis de passer en revue les politiques et les programmes mis en place par le Maroc pour lutter contre le réchauffement climatique et de définir le niveau d’ambition que le pays souhaite adopter dans le cadre de sa Contribution. Le processus d’élaboration de la CPDN a été couronné par la tenue d’une conférence nationale, le 2 juin 2015 à Rabat, présidée par le chef du Gouvernement, pour présenter officiellement le projet de CPDN du Maroc à l’ensemble des parties prenantes de la société marocaine.', 'Le processus d’élaboration de la CPDN a été couronné par la tenue d’une conférence nationale, le 2 juin 2015 à Rabat, présidée par le chef du Gouvernement, pour présenter officiellement le projet de CPDN du Maroc à l’ensemble des parties prenantes de la société marocaine. À la suite de l’adoption de l’Accord de Paris, de nouvelles concertations ont permis de solidifier les fondements de la Contribution et de renouveler l’engagement de tous les acteurs du Maroc en s’assurant de leur adhésion dans la mise en œuvre des engagements formulés dans le présent document.', 'À la suite de l’adoption de l’Accord de Paris, de nouvelles concertations ont permis de solidifier les fondements de la Contribution et de renouveler l’engagement de tous les acteurs du Maroc en s’assurant de leur adhésion dans la mise en œuvre des engagements formulés dans le présent document. 2 Voir : www.changementclimatique.maMaroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 4 Engagement du Maroc : Points saillants Le Maroc, mû par ses convictions de responsabilité collective mais différenciée, par sa croyance à une destinée commune de l’humanité, par son attachement au principe de l’équité, veut tracer la voie d’un engagement global, responsable et juste pour le bien de l’ensemble de notre planète.', '2 Voir : www.changementclimatique.maMaroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 4 Engagement du Maroc : Points saillants Le Maroc, mû par ses convictions de responsabilité collective mais différenciée, par sa croyance à une destinée commune de l’humanité, par son attachement au principe de l’équité, veut tracer la voie d’un engagement global, responsable et juste pour le bien de l’ensemble de notre planète. En raison de sa grande vulnérabilité aux impacts du changement climatique, le Maroc doit, en priorité, minimiser les risques d’impacts et miser sur l’adaptation par rapport aux actions d’atténuation. En matière d’adaptation, le Maroc a déployé des efforts très importants, et ce, dès son accession à l’indépendance en 1956.', 'En matière d’adaptation, le Maroc a déployé des efforts très importants, et ce, dès son accession à l’indépendance en 1956. Sur la période 2005-2010, le Royaume a consacré 64 % des dépenses climatiques du pays aux efforts d’adaptation, ce qui équivaut à 9 % des dépenses globales d’investissement. La part considérable du budget national d’investissement dédié à l’adaptation démontre l’ampleur des enjeux pour la société marocaine. Cet effort est nécessairement appelé à augmenter dans les années et décennies à venir. Par exemple, pour la période 2020-2030, le Maroc estime que le coût de mise en œuvre des programmes d’adaptation dans les secteurs les plus vulnérables au changement climatique, les secteurs de l’eau, de la forêt et de l’agriculture, s’élèvera au minimum à 35 milliards de dollars américains.', 'Par exemple, pour la période 2020-2030, le Maroc estime que le coût de mise en œuvre des programmes d’adaptation dans les secteurs les plus vulnérables au changement climatique, les secteurs de l’eau, de la forêt et de l’agriculture, s’élèvera au minimum à 35 milliards de dollars américains. En matière d’atténuation, les objectifs de réduction des émissions de GES du Maroc seront réalisés grâce à des mesures prises dans tous les secteurs de l’économie. Une Stratégie de développement sobre en carbone est en cours d’élaboration et coordonnera les objectifs d’atténuation de toutes les stratégies et tous les plans d’action sectoriels, touchant notamment les domaines de l’énergie, l’agriculture, du transport, de l’eau, des déchets, des forêts, de l’industrie, de l’habitat et des infrastructures.', 'Une Stratégie de développement sobre en carbone est en cours d’élaboration et coordonnera les objectifs d’atténuation de toutes les stratégies et tous les plans d’action sectoriels, touchant notamment les domaines de l’énergie, l’agriculture, du transport, de l’eau, des déchets, des forêts, de l’industrie, de l’habitat et des infrastructures. L’engagement du Maroc est de réduire ses émissions de GES en 2030 de 42 % par rapport aux émissions projetées à l’horizon 2030 selon un scénario « cours normal des affaires ». Cet engagement ne sera atteint que si le Maroc accède à de nouvelles sources de financement et à un appui additionnel par rapport à celui mobilisé au cours des dernières années. Cet objectif correspond à une réduction cumulée de 523,5 Mt éq-CO2 sur la période 2020- 2030.', 'Cet objectif correspond à une réduction cumulée de 523,5 Mt éq-CO2 sur la période 2020- 2030. L’effort que le Maroc devra consentir pour atteindre cette ambition nécessite un investissement global de l’ordre de 50 milliards de dollars américains, dont 24 milliards sont conditionnés par un appui international grâce aux nouveaux mécanismes de la finance climat, dont le Fonds Vert pour le Climat (FVC).Maroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 5 MAROC CONTRIBUTION DÉTERMINÉE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL EN MATIÈRE D’ATTÉNUATION En matière d’atténuation, le Maroc s’est fixé un objectif de réduction des émissions de GES de 42 %, par rapport aux émissions projetées pour l’année 2030 selon un scénario « cours normal des affaires » (CNA), qui ne pourra être atteint qu’à la condition de recevoir un appui substantiel de la communauté internationale.', 'L’effort que le Maroc devra consentir pour atteindre cette ambition nécessite un investissement global de l’ordre de 50 milliards de dollars américains, dont 24 milliards sont conditionnés par un appui international grâce aux nouveaux mécanismes de la finance climat, dont le Fonds Vert pour le Climat (FVC).Maroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 5 MAROC CONTRIBUTION DÉTERMINÉE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL EN MATIÈRE D’ATTÉNUATION En matière d’atténuation, le Maroc s’est fixé un objectif de réduction des émissions de GES de 42 %, par rapport aux émissions projetées pour l’année 2030 selon un scénario « cours normal des affaires » (CNA), qui ne pourra être atteint qu’à la condition de recevoir un appui substantiel de la communauté internationale. Le Maroc s’engage également à atteindre un objectif inconditionnel de 17 % par rapport aux émissions CNA en 2030, en comptabilisant les activités de l’Agriculture, de la Forêt et Autres Utilisations des Terres (AFAT).', 'Le Maroc s’engage également à atteindre un objectif inconditionnel de 17 % par rapport aux émissions CNA en 2030, en comptabilisant les activités de l’Agriculture, de la Forêt et Autres Utilisations des Terres (AFAT). Ces objectifs de réduction de GES seront réalisés grâce à des mesures prises dans tous les secteurs de l’économie. Une stratégie de développement sobre en carbone est en cours d’élaboration et coordonnera les objectifs d’atténuation de toutes les stratégies et tous les plans d’action sectoriels, touchant notamment les domaines de l’énergie, de l’agriculture, du transport, de l’eau, des déchets, des forêts, de l’industrie, de l’habitat et des infrastructures. L’ambition du Maroc en matière d’atténuation des GES repose, dans une large mesure, sur une importante transformation du secteur de l’énergie.', 'L’ambition du Maroc en matière d’atténuation des GES repose, dans une large mesure, sur une importante transformation du secteur de l’énergie. Cette transformation est menée avec la plus grande détermination politique et vise à réduire la grande dépendance énergétique du pays aux importations, à accroître l’utilisation de sources d’énergie renouvelable et à répondre à la demande croissante en énergie pour soutenir le développement socio-économique et le bien-être de sa population.', 'Cette transformation est menée avec la plus grande détermination politique et vise à réduire la grande dépendance énergétique du pays aux importations, à accroître l’utilisation de sources d’énergie renouvelable et à répondre à la demande croissante en énergie pour soutenir le développement socio-économique et le bien-être de sa population. Les principaux objectifs qui sous-tendent cette transition énergétique sont les suivants : • Atteindre 52 % de la puissance électrique installée à partir de sources renouvelables à l’horizon 2030; • Réduire la consommation d’énergie de 15 % à l’horizon 2030; • Réduire de façon importante les subventions publiques aux combustibles fossiles, dans la foulée des réductions déjà entreprises au cours des dernières années; • Augmenter de façon substantielle l’utilisation du gaz naturel grâce à des projets d’infrastructures permettant l’importation de gaz naturel liquéfié.Maroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 6 Objectifs d’atténuation Objectif inconditionnel Une réduction de 17 % des émissions de GES en 2030 par rapport aux émissions projetées à la même année selon le scénario CNA, dont 4 % sont réalisés grâce aux activités des secteurs de l’AFAT.', 'Les principaux objectifs qui sous-tendent cette transition énergétique sont les suivants : • Atteindre 52 % de la puissance électrique installée à partir de sources renouvelables à l’horizon 2030; • Réduire la consommation d’énergie de 15 % à l’horizon 2030; • Réduire de façon importante les subventions publiques aux combustibles fossiles, dans la foulée des réductions déjà entreprises au cours des dernières années; • Augmenter de façon substantielle l’utilisation du gaz naturel grâce à des projets d’infrastructures permettant l’importation de gaz naturel liquéfié.Maroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 6 Objectifs d’atténuation Objectif inconditionnel Une réduction de 17 % des émissions de GES en 2030 par rapport aux émissions projetées à la même année selon le scénario CNA, dont 4 % sont réalisés grâce aux activités des secteurs de l’AFAT. En excluant les activités de l’AFAT, l’objectif de réduction est donc de 13 %.', 'En excluant les activités de l’AFAT, l’objectif de réduction est donc de 13 %. Objectif conditionnel Une réduction additionnelle de 25 % réalisable à certaines conditions, ce qui porterait à 42 % la réduction totale des émissions de GES en 2030 par rapport aux émissions projetées à la même année selon le scénario CNA, en comptabilisant les activités de l’AFAT. En excluant les activités de l’AFAT, la réduction additionnelle serait de 21 %, ce qui porterait l’objectif conditionnel à 34 %. Besoins financiers et conditions L’atteinte de l’objectif global de 42 % nécessite un investissement estimé à environ 50 milliards de dollars américains entre 2010 et 2030.', 'Besoins financiers et conditions L’atteinte de l’objectif global de 42 % nécessite un investissement estimé à environ 50 milliards de dollars américains entre 2010 et 2030. L’atteinte de la portion conditionnelle de cet objectif, dont l’investissement est estimé à 24 milliards de dollars américains, est conditionnée par l’accès à de nouvelles sources de financement et un appui additionnel, par rapport à celui reçu au cours des dernières années. Trajectoires escomptées À titre indicatif et seulement pour des fins de planification, le Maroc prévoit que les trajectoires des émissions pour réaliser les objectifs annoncés seront celles présentées à la Figure 1 et dans le Tableau 1.Maroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 7 Figure 1. Trajectoires des émissions pour les scénarios d’atténuation (avec et sans AFAT) Tableau 1.', 'Trajectoires des émissions pour les scénarios d’atténuation (avec et sans AFAT) Tableau 1. Résumé des données clés concernant les scénarios d’atténuation Émissions — CNA Émissions — Scénario inconditionnel (avec ATAF) Émissions — Scénario inconditionnel (sans ATAF) Émissions — Scénario conditionnel (avec ATAF) Émissions — Scénario conditionnel (sans ATAF) Réductions escomptées — Scénario inconditionnel (avec ATAF) Réductions escomptées — Scénario inconditionnel (sans ATAF) Réductions escomptées — Scénario conditionnel (avec ATAF) Réductions escomptées — Scénario conditionnel (sans ATAF) Mt éq -CO2 année Scénario CNA Scénario inconditionnel d atténuation avec AFAT Scénario conditionnel d atténuation avec AFAT Scénario inconditionnel d atténuation sans AFAT Scénario conditionnel d atténuation sans AFATMaroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 8 Hypothèses et approches méthodologiques Type d’objectif Réduction des émissions par rapport aux émissions projetées pour l’année 2030, selon un scénario CNA. Couverture Économie dans son ensemble.', 'Couverture Économie dans son ensemble. Gaz couverts • Dioxyde de carbone (CO2), méthane (CH4) et protoxyde d’azote (N2O). • Les gaz fluorés ne sont pas couverts; ils sont très peu utilisés au Maroc et leurs émissions sont donc marginales. Secteurs couverts • Production d’électricité; • Secteur du bâtiment (résidentiel et tertiaire); • Secteur agricole; • Secteur industriel; • Secteur du transport; • Secteur des déchets; • Secteur forestier. Scénario « cours normal des affaires » (CNA) Projection des émissions de GES à l’horizon 2030, commençant en 2010, première année de mise en œuvre du Plan National de Lutte contre le Réchauffement Climatique. La projection ne prend donc pas en compte les mesures et les actions d’atténuation adoptées à partir de 2010. Scénarios d’atténuation Projections des émissions des GES à l’horizon 2030, commençant en 2010.', 'Scénarios d’atténuation Projections des émissions des GES à l’horizon 2030, commençant en 2010. Le scénario d’atténuation inconditionnel repose sur la mise en œuvre de 24 actions, dont 9 sont des actions de l’AFAT. Le scénario conditionnel pose l’hypothèse de la mise en œuvre de 31 actions supplémentaires sur la période 2010-2030, dont 11 sont des actions de l’AFAT (voir l’Annexe 1).', 'Le scénario conditionnel pose l’hypothèse de la mise en œuvre de 31 actions supplémentaires sur la période 2010-2030, dont 11 sont des actions de l’AFAT (voir l’Annexe 1). En parallèle, une projection des émissions des GES à l’horizon 2030 prenant en compte l’élimination des subventions publiques aux combustibles fossiles a également été réalisée de façon à évaluer les gains additionnels potentiels en matière de GES provenant de ces réformes.Maroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 9 Potentiel de réchauffement global (PRG) Les valeurs de PRG utilisées sont celles déterminées par le Groupe Intergouvernemental des Experts sur le Climat (GIEC), selon la Décision 17/CP.8 de la CCNUCC, pour la préparation des inventaires nationaux d’émissions : • PRG CO2 = 1 (par convention); • PRG CH4 = 21; • PRG N2O = 310.', 'En parallèle, une projection des émissions des GES à l’horizon 2030 prenant en compte l’élimination des subventions publiques aux combustibles fossiles a également été réalisée de façon à évaluer les gains additionnels potentiels en matière de GES provenant de ces réformes.Maroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 9 Potentiel de réchauffement global (PRG) Les valeurs de PRG utilisées sont celles déterminées par le Groupe Intergouvernemental des Experts sur le Climat (GIEC), selon la Décision 17/CP.8 de la CCNUCC, pour la préparation des inventaires nationaux d’émissions : • PRG CO2 = 1 (par convention); • PRG CH4 = 21; • PRG N2O = 310. Méthodologies pour l’estimation des émissions L’inventaire des émissions de GES de 2010, ainsi que les scénarios CNA et d’atténuation, ont été réalisés suivant les lignes directrices révisées du GIEC de 1996.', 'Méthodologies pour l’estimation des émissions L’inventaire des émissions de GES de 2010, ainsi que les scénarios CNA et d’atténuation, ont été réalisés suivant les lignes directrices révisées du GIEC de 1996. Les scénarios CNA et d’atténuation ont été élaborés à partir des données de l’Annuaire des Statistiques Nationales, des données sur les activités sectorielles et des analyses prospectives économiques, démographiques et sectorielles. Méthodologies pour l’estimation des émissions des secteurs agricole, forestier et d’autres types d’utilisation des terres Pour les secteurs agricole et forestier, seule la séquestration du CO2 dans la biomasse a été comptabilisée. Pour le secteur agricole, les émissions et la séquestration des GES comptabilisées sont celles liées à la séquestration du CO2 dans les programmes d’arboriculture et de développement des parcours liés au Plan Maroc Vert (oléiculture, arboriculture fruitière, agrumes, arganiers, cactus, arbustes fruitiers, palmiers dattiers et développement des parcours).', 'Pour le secteur agricole, les émissions et la séquestration des GES comptabilisées sont celles liées à la séquestration du CO2 dans les programmes d’arboriculture et de développement des parcours liés au Plan Maroc Vert (oléiculture, arboriculture fruitière, agrumes, arganiers, cactus, arbustes fruitiers, palmiers dattiers et développement des parcours). Pour le secteur forestier et les autres utilisations des terres, les émissions et la séquestration de GES comptabilisées sont uniquement celles liées aux actions de reboisement et de reforestation, de gestion des parcours et d’aménagement sylvopastoral, de lutte contre l’ensablement, les fours à foyers améliorés et la gestion des risques climatiques forestiers (par exemple, les incendies et la santé des forêts).Maroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 10 Planification de la mise en œuvre Au cours des dernières années, le Maroc a profondément réformé son cadre institutionnel, juridique et fiscal de façon à permettre la transition vers une économie verte.', 'Pour le secteur forestier et les autres utilisations des terres, les émissions et la séquestration de GES comptabilisées sont uniquement celles liées aux actions de reboisement et de reforestation, de gestion des parcours et d’aménagement sylvopastoral, de lutte contre l’ensablement, les fours à foyers améliorés et la gestion des risques climatiques forestiers (par exemple, les incendies et la santé des forêts).Maroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 10 Planification de la mise en œuvre Au cours des dernières années, le Maroc a profondément réformé son cadre institutionnel, juridique et fiscal de façon à permettre la transition vers une économie verte. À titre d’exemple, sur le plan fiscal, le Maroc a réduit les subventions publiques affectées à l’électricité et à différents produits pétroliers, comme les combustibles pour usage industriel et l’essence, créant ainsi un environnement plus propice aux investissements dans les énergies renouvelables et à la rationalisation de la consommation d’énergie.', 'À titre d’exemple, sur le plan fiscal, le Maroc a réduit les subventions publiques affectées à l’électricité et à différents produits pétroliers, comme les combustibles pour usage industriel et l’essence, créant ainsi un environnement plus propice aux investissements dans les énergies renouvelables et à la rationalisation de la consommation d’énergie. De plus, une réforme institutionnelle est en cours de mise en œuvre et qui, par exemple, élargit le mandat de l’Agence Marocaine de l’Énergie Solaire (MASEN) au développement de toutes les sources d’énergie renouvelable. La mise en œuvre de la CDN du Maroc s’appuie sur plusieurs lois, stratégies et plans d’action nationaux, dont la Stratégie pour un développement sobre en carbone, qui reprend les objectifs de la CDN ainsi que des objectifs sectoriels précis et ambitieux (voir Tableau 2).', 'La mise en œuvre de la CDN du Maroc s’appuie sur plusieurs lois, stratégies et plans d’action nationaux, dont la Stratégie pour un développement sobre en carbone, qui reprend les objectifs de la CDN ainsi que des objectifs sectoriels précis et ambitieux (voir Tableau 2). À titre indicatif, l’annexe 1 présente le portefeuille d’actions utilisé pour estimer la Contribution du Maroc en matière d’atténuation à l’horizon 2030 et dont la mise en œuvre est envisagée dans le cadre de la CDN. Ainsi, le scénario d’atténuation menant à l’objectif conditionnel repose sur 55 actions, dont 20 actions AFAT, couvrant l’ensemble des secteurs comme l’illustrent les figures 2 et 3.', 'Ainsi, le scénario d’atténuation menant à l’objectif conditionnel repose sur 55 actions, dont 20 actions AFAT, couvrant l’ensemble des secteurs comme l’illustrent les figures 2 et 3. Les principales stratégies sectorielles et leurs objectifs permettant la mise en œuvre de la CDN figurent dans le Tableau 2.Maroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 11 Tableau 2.', 'Les principales stratégies sectorielles et leurs objectifs permettant la mise en œuvre de la CDN figurent dans le Tableau 2.Maroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 11 Tableau 2. Principales stratégies sectorielles et leurs objectifs permettant la mise en œuvre de la CDN en matière d’atténuation Stratégies et plans d’action Objectifs Stratégie Nationale Énergétique • Réaliser 52 % de la puissance électrique installée à partir de sources renouvelables, dont 20 % en énergie solaire, 20 % en énergie éolienne et 12 % en énergie hydraulique d’ici 2030; • Réaliser une économie d’énergie de 15 % d’ici 2030, par rapport à l’évolution tendancielle; • Réduire la consommation d’énergie dans les bâtiments, l’industrie et le transport de 12 % à l’horizon 2020 et de 15 % en 2030.', 'Principales stratégies sectorielles et leurs objectifs permettant la mise en œuvre de la CDN en matière d’atténuation Stratégies et plans d’action Objectifs Stratégie Nationale Énergétique • Réaliser 52 % de la puissance électrique installée à partir de sources renouvelables, dont 20 % en énergie solaire, 20 % en énergie éolienne et 12 % en énergie hydraulique d’ici 2030; • Réaliser une économie d’énergie de 15 % d’ici 2030, par rapport à l’évolution tendancielle; • Réduire la consommation d’énergie dans les bâtiments, l’industrie et le transport de 12 % à l’horizon 2020 et de 15 % en 2030. La répartition des économies d’énergie escomptées par secteur est de 48 % pour l’industrie, 23 % pour le transport, 19 % pour le résidentiel et 10 % pour le tertiaire; • Installer à l’horizon 2030 une capacité supplémentaire de 3900 MW en technologie de cycle combiné fonctionnant au gaz naturel importé; • Alimenter les principales industries en énergie par pipelines de gaz naturel importé et regazéifié.', 'La répartition des économies d’énergie escomptées par secteur est de 48 % pour l’industrie, 23 % pour le transport, 19 % pour le résidentiel et 10 % pour le tertiaire; • Installer à l’horizon 2030 une capacité supplémentaire de 3900 MW en technologie de cycle combiné fonctionnant au gaz naturel importé; • Alimenter les principales industries en énergie par pipelines de gaz naturel importé et regazéifié. Stratégie Nationale de la Logistique • Réduire les coûts logistiques de 20 % à 15 % en 2019 au profit des consommateurs et de la compétitivité des opérateurs économiques et ceux à travers une gestion optimisée, sécurisée et massifiée des flux de marchandises; • Accélérer la croissance du PIB par l’augmentation de la valeur ajoutée induite par la baisse des coûts logistiques; • Contribuer au développement durable à travers la réduction des nuisances (ex.', 'Stratégie Nationale de la Logistique • Réduire les coûts logistiques de 20 % à 15 % en 2019 au profit des consommateurs et de la compétitivité des opérateurs économiques et ceux à travers une gestion optimisée, sécurisée et massifiée des flux de marchandises; • Accélérer la croissance du PIB par l’augmentation de la valeur ajoutée induite par la baisse des coûts logistiques; • Contribuer au développement durable à travers la réduction des nuisances (ex. : baisse du nombre de tonnes par kilomètre de 30 % et décongestion des routes et des villes).', ': baisse du nombre de tonnes par kilomètre de 30 % et décongestion des routes et des villes). Programme National des Déchets Ménagers et Assimilés • Généraliser les plans directeurs de gestion des déchets ménagers et assimilés pour toutes les préfectures et provinces du Royaume; • Assurer la collecte des déchets ménagers pour atteindre un taux de collecte en milieu urbain de 90 % en 2020 et de 100 % en 2030; • Réaliser des centres d’enfouissement et de valorisationMaroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 12 des déchets ménagers et assimilés au profit de tous les centres urbains à l’horizon 2020; • Réhabiliter ou fermer toutes les décharges sauvages à • Professionnaliser la gestion du secteur; • Développer des filières de « tri-recyclage-valorisation » avec des actions pilotes de tri pour atteindre un taux de 20 % de matières recyclées en 2020; • Former et sensibiliser les acteurs concernés par la problématique des déchets.', 'Programme National des Déchets Ménagers et Assimilés • Généraliser les plans directeurs de gestion des déchets ménagers et assimilés pour toutes les préfectures et provinces du Royaume; • Assurer la collecte des déchets ménagers pour atteindre un taux de collecte en milieu urbain de 90 % en 2020 et de 100 % en 2030; • Réaliser des centres d’enfouissement et de valorisationMaroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 12 des déchets ménagers et assimilés au profit de tous les centres urbains à l’horizon 2020; • Réhabiliter ou fermer toutes les décharges sauvages à • Professionnaliser la gestion du secteur; • Développer des filières de « tri-recyclage-valorisation » avec des actions pilotes de tri pour atteindre un taux de 20 % de matières recyclées en 2020; • Former et sensibiliser les acteurs concernés par la problématique des déchets. Programme National d’Assainissement Liquide et d’Épuration des Eaux Usées • Atteindre un taux de raccordement global au réseau d’assainissement en milieu urbain de 75 % en 2016, • Atteindre un volume d’eau usée traitée de 50 % en • Traiter jusqu’au niveau tertiaire les eaux usées et les réutiliser à 50 % pour les villes intérieures en 2020.', 'Programme National d’Assainissement Liquide et d’Épuration des Eaux Usées • Atteindre un taux de raccordement global au réseau d’assainissement en milieu urbain de 75 % en 2016, • Atteindre un volume d’eau usée traitée de 50 % en • Traiter jusqu’au niveau tertiaire les eaux usées et les réutiliser à 50 % pour les villes intérieures en 2020. Plan Maroc Vert • Moderniser le secteur agricole pour le rendre plus compétitif et intégré au marché mondial en créant de la richesse sur toute la chaîne de valeur; • Prendre en compte le secteur agricole dans toutes ses composantes sociologiques et territoriales en intégrant les objectifs de développement humain comme exigence majeure; • Améliorer la valorisation et la gestion durable des ressources naturelles; • Définir des politiques d’appui nécessaires à une croissance pérenne.', 'Plan Maroc Vert • Moderniser le secteur agricole pour le rendre plus compétitif et intégré au marché mondial en créant de la richesse sur toute la chaîne de valeur; • Prendre en compte le secteur agricole dans toutes ses composantes sociologiques et territoriales en intégrant les objectifs de développement humain comme exigence majeure; • Améliorer la valorisation et la gestion durable des ressources naturelles; • Définir des politiques d’appui nécessaires à une croissance pérenne. Stratégie de Préservation et de Gestion Durable de la Forêt • Développer le domaine forestier et des régions avoisinantes; • Finaliser la délimitation et la conservation foncière du domaine forestier; • Réaliser l’œilletonnage, le renouvellement ou le boisement d’environ 50 000 hectares par an, avec la réhabilitation de l’espace en accordant la priorité aux espèces naturelles ainsi que le soutien de la recherche forestière; • Protéger les bassins hydriques contre l’érosion et l’envasement des barrages; • Réhabiliter les écosystèmes et assurer la protection desMaroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 13 espaces naturels et des espèces animales menacées de disparition et la valorisation de ces ressources.', 'Stratégie de Préservation et de Gestion Durable de la Forêt • Développer le domaine forestier et des régions avoisinantes; • Finaliser la délimitation et la conservation foncière du domaine forestier; • Réaliser l’œilletonnage, le renouvellement ou le boisement d’environ 50 000 hectares par an, avec la réhabilitation de l’espace en accordant la priorité aux espèces naturelles ainsi que le soutien de la recherche forestière; • Protéger les bassins hydriques contre l’érosion et l’envasement des barrages; • Réhabiliter les écosystèmes et assurer la protection desMaroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 13 espaces naturels et des espèces animales menacées de disparition et la valorisation de ces ressources. Programme d’Amélioration du Transport Public Urbain • Doter les grandes agglomérations de moyens de transport public de grandes capacités et utilisant de l’énergie renouvelable; • Mettre sur pied un fonds d accompagnement routier de transport urbain, capitalisé à hauteur de 200 millions de dollars américains; • Mettre sur pied un Programme de renouvellement du parc des taxis.Maroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 14 Figure 2.', 'Programme d’Amélioration du Transport Public Urbain • Doter les grandes agglomérations de moyens de transport public de grandes capacités et utilisant de l’énergie renouvelable; • Mettre sur pied un fonds d accompagnement routier de transport urbain, capitalisé à hauteur de 200 millions de dollars américains; • Mettre sur pied un Programme de renouvellement du parc des taxis.Maroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 14 Figure 2. Répartition de l’effort d’atténuation attendu de chaque secteur pour atteindre l’objectif global (incluant AFAT) Production d électricité Résidentiel & tertiaire Industrie Transport Déchets Agriculture Forêt Répartion de l effort sur la periode 2020-2030 Production d électricité Résidentiel & tertiaire Industrie Transport Déchets Agriculture Forêt Répartion de l effort en 2030Maroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 15 Figure 3.', 'Répartition de l’effort d’atténuation attendu de chaque secteur pour atteindre l’objectif global (incluant AFAT) Production d électricité Résidentiel & tertiaire Industrie Transport Déchets Agriculture Forêt Répartion de l effort sur la periode 2020-2030 Production d électricité Résidentiel & tertiaire Industrie Transport Déchets Agriculture Forêt Répartion de l effort en 2030Maroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 15 Figure 3. Répartition de l’effort d’atténuation attendu en matière de production et de consommation d’énergie pour différentes fins pour atteindre l’objectif global Autres considérations Utilisation des mécanismes de marché Le Maroc considère comme étant primordiale la mise en place de mécanismes de marché internationaux, de façon à favoriser la coopération entre les Parties dans le respect de leur NDC en matière d’atténuation, tel qu’il est prévu à l’Article 6 de l’Accord de Paris, notamment en réduisant les coûts totaux pour atteindre l’objectif de limitation de la hausse des températures, cité à l’Article 2 de l’Accord de Paris.', 'Répartition de l’effort d’atténuation attendu en matière de production et de consommation d’énergie pour différentes fins pour atteindre l’objectif global Autres considérations Utilisation des mécanismes de marché Le Maroc considère comme étant primordiale la mise en place de mécanismes de marché internationaux, de façon à favoriser la coopération entre les Parties dans le respect de leur NDC en matière d’atténuation, tel qu’il est prévu à l’Article 6 de l’Accord de Paris, notamment en réduisant les coûts totaux pour atteindre l’objectif de limitation de la hausse des températures, cité à l’Article 2 de l’Accord de Paris. Équité et ambition Le Maroc considère que sa Contribution est ambitieuse et équitable pour trois principales raisons : • Le Maroc prend pour la première fois un engagement formel à limiter la croissance de ses émissions de GES, alors qu’elles ne représentaient que 0,2 % des émissions mondiales de GES en 2010; • Grâce à l’objectif conditionnel, les émissions ne dépasseraient pas 2,6 t éq-CO2 par habitant en 2030, avec la prise en compte de l’AFAT (3 t éq-CO2 par habitant en excluant les activités de l’AFAT) et l’intensité de GES par rapport au produit intérieur brut (PIB) connaîtrait une amélioration de l’ordre de Production d électricité Résidentiel & tertiaire Industrie TransportMaroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 16 4,1 % sur la période 2010-2030; • Finalement, le Maroc doit, en priorité, minimiser les risques d’impacts du changement climatique par rapport aux actions d’atténuation, en raison de l’importante vulnérabilité de certaines activités économiques, comme l’agriculture, la pêche, l’aquaculture, la foresterie et le tourisme, et certains milieux de vie, comme les oasis, le littoral et les montagnes.Maroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 17 MAROC COMMUNICATION RELATIVE À L’ADAPTATION La vulnérabilité du Maroc au changement climatique Le Maroc fait partie des régions méditerranéenne et africaine où le changement climatique et ses impacts se font sentir depuis plusieurs décennies.', 'Équité et ambition Le Maroc considère que sa Contribution est ambitieuse et équitable pour trois principales raisons : • Le Maroc prend pour la première fois un engagement formel à limiter la croissance de ses émissions de GES, alors qu’elles ne représentaient que 0,2 % des émissions mondiales de GES en 2010; • Grâce à l’objectif conditionnel, les émissions ne dépasseraient pas 2,6 t éq-CO2 par habitant en 2030, avec la prise en compte de l’AFAT (3 t éq-CO2 par habitant en excluant les activités de l’AFAT) et l’intensité de GES par rapport au produit intérieur brut (PIB) connaîtrait une amélioration de l’ordre de Production d électricité Résidentiel & tertiaire Industrie TransportMaroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 16 4,1 % sur la période 2010-2030; • Finalement, le Maroc doit, en priorité, minimiser les risques d’impacts du changement climatique par rapport aux actions d’atténuation, en raison de l’importante vulnérabilité de certaines activités économiques, comme l’agriculture, la pêche, l’aquaculture, la foresterie et le tourisme, et certains milieux de vie, comme les oasis, le littoral et les montagnes.Maroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 17 MAROC COMMUNICATION RELATIVE À L’ADAPTATION La vulnérabilité du Maroc au changement climatique Le Maroc fait partie des régions méditerranéenne et africaine où le changement climatique et ses impacts se font sentir depuis plusieurs décennies. Le changement climatique au Maroc se matérialise notamment par une baisse de la pluviométrie et de l’enneigement ainsi que l’augmentation généralisée de la température dans l’ensemble du pays.', 'Le changement climatique au Maroc se matérialise notamment par une baisse de la pluviométrie et de l’enneigement ainsi que l’augmentation généralisée de la température dans l’ensemble du pays. Historiquement, le Maroc a connu 20 années de sécheresse au cours des 70 dernières années, soit près du tiers de cette période. Pour l’avenir, de nombreuses études prospectives indiquent que le climat va devenir de plus en plus aride au Maroc, en raison d’une baisse de pluviométrie, d’une augmentation de température et de l’apparition plus fréquente d’événements extrêmes. Les projections climatiques montrent que la baisse de pluviométrie sera de l’ordre de 20 % à l’échelle du pays à l’horizon 2050, avec une accentuation dans les plaines semi-arides.', 'Les projections climatiques montrent que la baisse de pluviométrie sera de l’ordre de 20 % à l’échelle du pays à l’horizon 2050, avec une accentuation dans les plaines semi-arides. La Troisième Communication du Maroc à la CCNUCC, déposée en 2016, présente un état de la situation complet de la vulnérabilité du Maroc au changement climatique et des actions d’adaptation entreprises. Le Maroc sera soumis, en raison de sa position géographique, à une grande vulnérabilité au changement climatique : rareté et raréfaction des ressources en eau, baisse de la production agricole, désertification, inondations et l’élévation du niveau de la mer.', 'Le Maroc sera soumis, en raison de sa position géographique, à une grande vulnérabilité au changement climatique : rareté et raréfaction des ressources en eau, baisse de la production agricole, désertification, inondations et l’élévation du niveau de la mer. Grâce aux grands efforts du Royaume en matière de développement humain, la pauvreté sous toutes ses formes a été largement éradiquée en milieu urbain et a fortement baissé en milieu rural, grâce à l’amélioration du niveau de vie des populations et de la lutte contre les disparités sociales. Cependant, ces efforts risquent d’être contrecarrés par le changement climatique en raison de ses impacts négatifs sur l’économie nationale et les communautés, notamment celles vivant en milieu rural.', 'Cependant, ces efforts risquent d’être contrecarrés par le changement climatique en raison de ses impacts négatifs sur l’économie nationale et les communautés, notamment celles vivant en milieu rural. Ainsi, pour le Maroc, l’adaptation aux variations et au changement climatique constitue la pierre angulaire de tout programme ou politique de développement durable. Certains secteurs économiques ou écosystèmes sont particulièrement vulnérables au changement climatique, dont l’eau, l’agriculture, la pêche maritime, le littoral, la forêt et la santé.', 'Certains secteurs économiques ou écosystèmes sont particulièrement vulnérables au changement climatique, dont l’eau, l’agriculture, la pêche maritime, le littoral, la forêt et la santé. Pour les autres, les rares données disponibles ne permettent pas d’en étayer la vulnérabilité de façon détaillée.Maroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 18 Vulnérabilité du secteur de l’eau Au Maroc, les ressources en eau entièrement tributaires des précipitations sont très vulnérables à la variabilité spatiale et temporelle du climat ainsi qu’au changement climatique. Elles connaissent, depuis les années 1980, une baisse substantielle en raison des impacts négatifs du changement climatique et de l’augmentation de la demande domestique et celle des secteurs économiques. Le Maroc fait partie des pays ayant le moins de ressources en eau par habitant.', 'Le Maroc fait partie des pays ayant le moins de ressources en eau par habitant. Le potentiel hydrique au Maroc est évalué à 22 milliards de m3 par an, soit une disponibilité en eau inférieure à 700 m3/habitant/an, pour une population de 33,9 millions d’habitants. Avec une projection à 38 millions d’habitants en 2030 et malgré un effort considérable réalisé, en matière de construction d’ouvrages hydrauliques et d’accès aux ressources non conventionnelles, cette quantité d’eau pourrait chuter à 500 m3 à l’horizon 2030 sous la pression du changement climatique, de la croissance démographique et de l’augmentation des activités économiques. Les projections effectuées sur quelques bassins hydrauliques représentatifs indiquent que les disponibilités en eau par habitant subiront une réduction devant engendrer une situation de pénurie en eau à l’horizon 2050.', 'Les projections effectuées sur quelques bassins hydrauliques représentatifs indiquent que les disponibilités en eau par habitant subiront une réduction devant engendrer une situation de pénurie en eau à l’horizon 2050. La vulnérabilité du secteur de l’eau sera amplifiée par les coûts croissants de mobilisation ainsi que la détérioration de la qualité des ressources superficielles et souterraines. Les ressources en eau conventionnelles ne seront plus suffisantes pour la satisfaction des besoins de la population et des besoins des différents secteurs socio-économiques. Le développement des ressources en eau non conventionnelles (par exemple, le dessalement de l’eau de mer, la déminéralisation des eaux saumâtres, la réutilisation des eaux usées épurées et la collecte des eaux pluviales) devient une nécessité incontournable pour le Maroc.', 'Le développement des ressources en eau non conventionnelles (par exemple, le dessalement de l’eau de mer, la déminéralisation des eaux saumâtres, la réutilisation des eaux usées épurées et la collecte des eaux pluviales) devient une nécessité incontournable pour le Maroc. Vulnérabilité du secteur agricole Le secteur agricole est central pour l’économie du pays, ayant représenté plus de 14 % de la valeur ajoutée nationale et employé plus de 39 % de la population active, sur la période 2008-2013. C’est un secteur très vulnérable au changement climatique, car la très grande majorité des terres agricoles ne sont pas irriguées.', 'C’est un secteur très vulnérable au changement climatique, car la très grande majorité des terres agricoles ne sont pas irriguées. Le secteur agricole a fait face à de nombreuses années de sécheresse durant les dernières décennies, avec des impacts considérables sur les principales productions agricoles, et donc sur l’économie du pays et le niveau de vie des communautés, notamment en milieu rural. De plus, l’aire géographique de répartition de nombreuses espèces arboricoles d’intérêt économique s’est rétrécie, en raison de l’augmentation des températures. De nombreuses études scientifiques réalisées au Maroc montrent que le changement climatique diminuera de façon substantielle les possibilités d’irrigation et les rendements agricoles des cultures et réduira l’aire géographique des espèces d’arbres fruitiers et des principales cultures, dont celles assurant la sécurité alimentaire.', 'De nombreuses études scientifiques réalisées au Maroc montrent que le changement climatique diminuera de façon substantielle les possibilités d’irrigation et les rendements agricoles des cultures et réduira l’aire géographique des espèces d’arbres fruitiers et des principales cultures, dont celles assurant la sécurité alimentaire. Le changement climatique exacerbera la dégradation des ressources naturellesMaroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 19 vitales à l’agriculture, essentiellement l’eau, les sols et l’agrobiodiversité. Également, les terres de parcours, qui couvrent 82 % des terres arides du pays, subissent déjà une dégradation des ressources phytogénétiques, d’origine climatique et anthropique, avec des conséquences importantes en termes de désertification du pays et de diminution des ressources fourragères.', 'Également, les terres de parcours, qui couvrent 82 % des terres arides du pays, subissent déjà une dégradation des ressources phytogénétiques, d’origine climatique et anthropique, avec des conséquences importantes en termes de désertification du pays et de diminution des ressources fourragères. Il est attendu que le changement climatique accroisse le phénomène de désertification de ces terres et accentue ainsi la dégradation et la perte de productivité déjà entamées des écosystèmes fragiles montagneux, oasiens et de l’arganier qui sont vitaux à la subsistance des populations fragiles, à la sauvegarde des ressources naturelles et à la lutte contre la désertification.', 'Il est attendu que le changement climatique accroisse le phénomène de désertification de ces terres et accentue ainsi la dégradation et la perte de productivité déjà entamées des écosystèmes fragiles montagneux, oasiens et de l’arganier qui sont vitaux à la subsistance des populations fragiles, à la sauvegarde des ressources naturelles et à la lutte contre la désertification. Vulnérabilité du secteur de la pêche maritime Le secteur de la pêche maritime contribue à hauteur de 2,3 % du PIB du Maroc, emploie près de 660 000 personnes, de façon directe ou indirecte et fait vivre environ 3 millions de personnes. Il assure 15 % des exportations totales du Maroc et 59 % des exportations agroalimentaires.', 'Il assure 15 % des exportations totales du Maroc et 59 % des exportations agroalimentaires. Dans le monde, le secteur de la pêche est considéré comme l’un des plus vulnérables au changement climatique, même si les projections demeurent insuffisamment précises. Cette vulnérabilité est due à la sensibilité au changement climatique des zones d’« upwelling » fortement poissonneuses et aux moyens économiques limités des communautés concernées. Le changement climatique constitue une menace additionnelle, directe et indirecte, pour les écosystèmes océaniques et côtiers souvent déjà fragilisés par d’autres pressions anthropiques. Les conséquences du changement climatique, ajoutées aux effets des activités humaines, se feront sentir sur la distribution et la productivité des stocks halieutiques, ainsi que sur la structure et la productivité de certains écosystèmes et la distribution des espèces.', 'Les conséquences du changement climatique, ajoutées aux effets des activités humaines, se feront sentir sur la distribution et la productivité des stocks halieutiques, ainsi que sur la structure et la productivité de certains écosystèmes et la distribution des espèces. Au Maroc, certaines manifestations du changement climatique, couplées à la surexploitation des ressources halieutiques, sont déjà perceptibles : le décalage dans la période de reproduction, la migration et la disparition de certaines espèces, l’élévation de la température moyenne des eaux marines, la diminution des jours de pêche à la suite de l’augmentation des tempêtes et des inondations et la diminution de stocks qui jusqu’alors avaient été très abondants. Vulnérabilité du littoral Le Maroc dispose de 3500 km de côtes maritimes, sur ses façades atlantique et méditerranéenne.', 'Vulnérabilité du littoral Le Maroc dispose de 3500 km de côtes maritimes, sur ses façades atlantique et méditerranéenne. Le changement climatique aurait des conséquences sur l’augmentation des phénomènes d’inondation, d’érosion des côtes sableuses, de perte de biodiversité côtière et de submersion marine. Le changement climatique pourrait entraver le développement socio-économique du pays et engendrer des dégâts environnementaux importants en absence de contre- mesures, en raison de la concentration de la grande majorité des activités industrielles, urbaines et touristiques aux abords des villes côtières. Déjà, de nombreuses plages marocaines sont en phase d’érosion intensive ou ont disparu,Maroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 20 aussi bien sur le littoral atlantique que sur le littoral méditerranéen, et ce, malgré les mesures prises par les pouvoirs publics.', 'Déjà, de nombreuses plages marocaines sont en phase d’érosion intensive ou ont disparu,Maroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 20 aussi bien sur le littoral atlantique que sur le littoral méditerranéen, et ce, malgré les mesures prises par les pouvoirs publics. L’élévation du niveau de la mer pourrait engloutir la moitié de la superficie des plages à l’horizon 2050 et 72 % à l’horizon 2100 et 187 400 personnes pourraient être affectées par les inondations dues à la montée du niveau de la mer. Vulnérabilité du secteur de la forêt Les écosystèmes forestiers offrent des services importants pour le pays et les populations vulnérables.', 'Vulnérabilité du secteur de la forêt Les écosystèmes forestiers offrent des services importants pour le pays et les populations vulnérables. Ils jouent un rôle capital pour le développement socio- économique des zones rurales et de montagnes, jusqu’aux plus reculées du pays. Ces écosystèmes sont soumis à une pression anthropique importante que le Maroc œuvre à ramener à des niveaux respectant leur capacité de production, dans un cadre participatif avec les populations locales. Les conséquences du changement climatique sur les écosystèmes forestiers sont déjà ressenties au Maroc. À titre d’exemple, on peut citer le dépérissement sporadique de certaines cédraies du Moyen Atlas. D’autres risques sont imminents, en l’occurrence, la récurrence et la gravité des incendies de forêt et les problèmes phytosanitaires causés par l’apparition de nouveaux ravageurs.', 'D’autres risques sont imminents, en l’occurrence, la récurrence et la gravité des incendies de forêt et les problèmes phytosanitaires causés par l’apparition de nouveaux ravageurs. Le changement climatique affectera la vitalité et la dynamique des écosystèmes forestiers, leurs capacités à se régénérer et à faire face aux variations climatiques ordinaires, leur composition (biodiversité faunistique et floristique), leur consistance et leur répartition spatiale. Le changement climatique aura également des conséquences désastreuses sur les grands équilibres écologiques établis, sachant que la géographie du territoire national est caractérisée par la présence de chaînes orographiques d’une extrême importance.', 'Le changement climatique aura également des conséquences désastreuses sur les grands équilibres écologiques établis, sachant que la géographie du territoire national est caractérisée par la présence de chaînes orographiques d’une extrême importance. Le changement climatique augmentera ainsi le risque que l’aire actuelle de certains écosystèmes forestiers (cédraie, subéraie, tetraclinaie, arganeraie et autres) se rétrécisse au profit des écosystèmes préforestiers, steppiques et sahariens avec toutes les conséquences sur le plan socio-économique et en matière de perte des services écosystémiques. Vulnérabilité du secteur de la santé La vulnérabilité de la santé au changement climatique au Maroc peut être expliquée par la présence des foyers endémiques de maladies susceptibles d’être aggravées par le changement climatique, notamment le paludisme, la bilharziose, la typhoïde et le choléra.', 'Vulnérabilité du secteur de la santé La vulnérabilité de la santé au changement climatique au Maroc peut être expliquée par la présence des foyers endémiques de maladies susceptibles d’être aggravées par le changement climatique, notamment le paludisme, la bilharziose, la typhoïde et le choléra. Bien que des efforts en matière de lutte contre ces maladies soient déployés, le risque de leur réactivation sous l’effet du changement climatique est toujours possible. Selon l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS), le changement climatique provoquerait près de 250 000 décès supplémentaires par an au Maroc entre 2030 et 2050 dus à la malnutrition, au paludisme, à la diarrhée et au stress lié à la chaleur.', 'Selon l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS), le changement climatique provoquerait près de 250 000 décès supplémentaires par an au Maroc entre 2030 et 2050 dus à la malnutrition, au paludisme, à la diarrhée et au stress lié à la chaleur. Selon les scénarios de changement climatique, la capacité vectorielle du virus de la dengue augmenterait de 0,29 à 0,33 en 2070 comparativement à une valeur de référenceMaroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 21 de 0,22. Les décès diarrhéiques attribuables au changement climatique chez les enfants de moins de 15 ans devraient atteindre environ 10,5 %, soit 1600 décès projetés en 2030.', 'Les décès diarrhéiques attribuables au changement climatique chez les enfants de moins de 15 ans devraient atteindre environ 10,5 %, soit 1600 décès projetés en 2030. Les décès liés à la chaleur pour les personnes âgées devraient atteindre 50 pour 100 000 à l’horizon 2080, par rapport à la ligne de base estimée à un peu moins de 5 décès pour 100 000 par an entre 1961 et 1990, selon le scénario à fortes émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Les impacts du changement climatique sur l’agriculture affecteraient également de manière disproportionnée les personnes les plus vulnérables à la faim et à la malnutrition.', 'Les impacts du changement climatique sur l’agriculture affecteraient également de manière disproportionnée les personnes les plus vulnérables à la faim et à la malnutrition. Vulnérabilité du secteur du tourisme Le Maroc est une destination touristique de premier ordre à l’échelle mondiale, en raison de la richesse de son patrimoine historique, la diversité de ses paysages naturels, sa proximité avec l’Europe ainsi que par son infrastructure d’accueil, de transport et de communication. Le tourisme contribue à 12 % du PIB et contribue de façon importante à la création de richesses et à la diminution de la pauvreté. Les recettes générées par les non-résidents ayant séjourné au Maroc en 2015 ont été d’environ 6 milliards de dollars américains, couvrant 32 % du déficit de la balance commerciale en 2015.', 'Les recettes générées par les non-résidents ayant séjourné au Maroc en 2015 ont été d’environ 6 milliards de dollars américains, couvrant 32 % du déficit de la balance commerciale en 2015. La Vision 2020 du secteur du tourisme vise à positionner le Maroc en tant que référence en matière de développement durable dans le pourtour méditerranéen, sur trois thématiques : le balnéaire, le culturel et la nature. Cependant, le secteur touristique est confronté à des défis importants liés au changement climatique. Les principaux effets du changement climatique sur le secteur ont trait à la rareté de l’eau, la diminution du manteau neigeux, la dégradation des écosystèmes fragiles, la vulnérabilité des infrastructures balnéaires, aux événements climatiques extrêmes et à l’occurrence de nouvelles maladies pouvant résulter de l’augmentation des températures.', 'Les principaux effets du changement climatique sur le secteur ont trait à la rareté de l’eau, la diminution du manteau neigeux, la dégradation des écosystèmes fragiles, la vulnérabilité des infrastructures balnéaires, aux événements climatiques extrêmes et à l’occurrence de nouvelles maladies pouvant résulter de l’augmentation des températures. La vision du Maroc face aux risques d’impacts du changement climatique Préserver son territoire et sa civilisation de la manière la plus appropriée, en réagissant efficacement aux vulnérabilités de son territoire et en anticipant une politique d’adaptation qui prépare l’ensemble de sa population et de ses acteurs économiques à faire face à ces vulnérabilités.', 'La vision du Maroc face aux risques d’impacts du changement climatique Préserver son territoire et sa civilisation de la manière la plus appropriée, en réagissant efficacement aux vulnérabilités de son territoire et en anticipant une politique d’adaptation qui prépare l’ensemble de sa population et de ses acteurs économiques à faire face à ces vulnérabilités. Le Maroc met en œuvre une approche sectorielle, adaptée aux circonstances et aux spécificités des entités territoriales : les zones de montagne, le littoral, les oasis, les zones agricoles (dont les zones agricoles désertifiées) et les zones urbaines.', 'Le Maroc met en œuvre une approche sectorielle, adaptée aux circonstances et aux spécificités des entités territoriales : les zones de montagne, le littoral, les oasis, les zones agricoles (dont les zones agricoles désertifiées) et les zones urbaines. Les objectifs finaux du Maroc face au changement du climat, qui trouvent également un écho auprès de la communauté internationale, se traduisent concrètement par :Maroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 22 • La protection des populations, à travers une approche préventive de gestion des risques, liés à l’exode rural et ses conséquences socioéconomiques, notamment dans les zones les plus menacées (le littoral, les zones de montagnes, les zones à forte propension de désertification et les oasis), qui s’appuie sur un système d’observation et de recherche pour mieux appréhender les risques climatiques actuels et à venir ; • La protection du patrimoine naturel, de la biodiversité, des forêts et des ressources halieutiques, à travers une approche d’adaptation ancrée dans la protection des écosystèmes.', 'Les objectifs finaux du Maroc face au changement du climat, qui trouvent également un écho auprès de la communauté internationale, se traduisent concrètement par :Maroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 22 • La protection des populations, à travers une approche préventive de gestion des risques, liés à l’exode rural et ses conséquences socioéconomiques, notamment dans les zones les plus menacées (le littoral, les zones de montagnes, les zones à forte propension de désertification et les oasis), qui s’appuie sur un système d’observation et de recherche pour mieux appréhender les risques climatiques actuels et à venir ; • La protection du patrimoine naturel, de la biodiversité, des forêts et des ressources halieutiques, à travers une approche d’adaptation ancrée dans la protection des écosystèmes. Le Maroc s’engage à restaurer les écosystèmes et à renforcer leur résilience, à lutter contre l’érosion des sols et à prévenir les inondations ; • La protection des systèmes productifs sensibles au changement climatique, comme l’agriculture et le tourisme ainsi que des infrastructures fortement à risque.', 'Le Maroc s’engage à restaurer les écosystèmes et à renforcer leur résilience, à lutter contre l’érosion des sols et à prévenir les inondations ; • La protection des systèmes productifs sensibles au changement climatique, comme l’agriculture et le tourisme ainsi que des infrastructures fortement à risque. La ressource en eau étant le principal facteur limitant pour un développement économique et social durable du Maroc, le Royaume a développé sa nouvelle Stratégie Nationale de l’Eau (SNE) et son Plan National de l’Eau (PNE), qui a pour objectifs l’amélioration de la gestion intégrée et concertée des ressources en eau, le développement des ressources en eau non conventionnelles, la préservation de la ressource, la protection contre la pollution, la formation, la recherche scientifique et la sensibilisation autour de ces thématiques ; • La protection du patrimoine immatériel du Royaume, à travers des actions d’éducation et de sensibilisation et des efforts de conservation des bonnes pratiques ancestrales dans des secteurs hautement vulnérables, comme l’eau et l’agriculture.', 'La ressource en eau étant le principal facteur limitant pour un développement économique et social durable du Maroc, le Royaume a développé sa nouvelle Stratégie Nationale de l’Eau (SNE) et son Plan National de l’Eau (PNE), qui a pour objectifs l’amélioration de la gestion intégrée et concertée des ressources en eau, le développement des ressources en eau non conventionnelles, la préservation de la ressource, la protection contre la pollution, la formation, la recherche scientifique et la sensibilisation autour de ces thématiques ; • La protection du patrimoine immatériel du Royaume, à travers des actions d’éducation et de sensibilisation et des efforts de conservation des bonnes pratiques ancestrales dans des secteurs hautement vulnérables, comme l’eau et l’agriculture. Des objectifs pour renforcer la résilience La vision du Maroc en matière d’adaptation se décline en plusieurs objectifs sectoriels chiffrés pour les horizons 2020 et 2030, présentés dans le tableau 3.', 'Des objectifs pour renforcer la résilience La vision du Maroc en matière d’adaptation se décline en plusieurs objectifs sectoriels chiffrés pour les horizons 2020 et 2030, présentés dans le tableau 3. Bien que le Maroc investisse déjà massivement en adaptation, l’atteinte de ces objectifs ne sera possible qu’avec un appui important de la communauté internationale et des bailleurs de fonds.Maroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 23 Tableau 3.', 'Bien que le Maroc investisse déjà massivement en adaptation, l’atteinte de ces objectifs ne sera possible qu’avec un appui important de la communauté internationale et des bailleurs de fonds.Maroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 23 Tableau 3. Principaux objectifs en matière d’adaptation Champs d’action Principaux objectifs Agriculture À l’horizon 2020 : • Conversion des techniques d’irrigation existantes en irrigation localisée, sur une superficie globale de 550 000 hectares, pour un budget global de 3,7 milliards de dollars américains; • Développement du Partenariat Public-Privé pour la délégation du service public de l’eau d’irrigation, dont : o l’irrigation par dessalement de l’eau de mer de la plaine de Chtouka Ait Baha sur 15 000 hectares, pour un montant de 300 millions de dollars américains; o l’irrigation de la zone côtière Azemmour-BirJdid, sur 3200 hectares, pour un montant de 37 millions de dollars américains; • Aménagement hydroagricole des périmètres associés aux barrages avec une superficie de près de 160 000 hectares, pour un coût global estimé à 2,1 milliards de dollars américains; • Couverture du risque contre les aléas climatiques, par l’assurance multirisque climatique pour les céréales et légumineuses, sur 1 million d’hectares.', 'Principaux objectifs en matière d’adaptation Champs d’action Principaux objectifs Agriculture À l’horizon 2020 : • Conversion des techniques d’irrigation existantes en irrigation localisée, sur une superficie globale de 550 000 hectares, pour un budget global de 3,7 milliards de dollars américains; • Développement du Partenariat Public-Privé pour la délégation du service public de l’eau d’irrigation, dont : o l’irrigation par dessalement de l’eau de mer de la plaine de Chtouka Ait Baha sur 15 000 hectares, pour un montant de 300 millions de dollars américains; o l’irrigation de la zone côtière Azemmour-BirJdid, sur 3200 hectares, pour un montant de 37 millions de dollars américains; • Aménagement hydroagricole des périmètres associés aux barrages avec une superficie de près de 160 000 hectares, pour un coût global estimé à 2,1 milliards de dollars américains; • Couverture du risque contre les aléas climatiques, par l’assurance multirisque climatique pour les céréales et légumineuses, sur 1 million d’hectares. À l’horizon 2030 : • Extension de l’irrigation à de nouveaux périmètres agricoles, sur une superficie de 260 000 hectares, pour un investissement global de 3 milliards de dollars américains; • Équipement et modernisation des réseaux d’irrigation sur 290 000 hectares, pour un investissement global prévisionnel de 2 milliards de dollars américains.Maroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 24 Eau À l’horizon 2020 : • Substitution des prélèvements d’eau souterraine des nappes surexploitées (85 millions de m3/an) par des prélèvements à partir des eaux de surface; • Recharge artificielle des nappes avec un potentiel de • Raccordement au réseau d’assainissement en milieu urbain de 75 % en 2016, de 80 % en 2020; • Traitement des eaux usées de 50 % en 2016 et de • Restructuration du secteur de distribution multiservices à l échelle des régions pour atteindre un taux de raccordement individuel de 60 % à l horizon 2020.', 'À l’horizon 2030 : • Extension de l’irrigation à de nouveaux périmètres agricoles, sur une superficie de 260 000 hectares, pour un investissement global de 3 milliards de dollars américains; • Équipement et modernisation des réseaux d’irrigation sur 290 000 hectares, pour un investissement global prévisionnel de 2 milliards de dollars américains.Maroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 24 Eau À l’horizon 2020 : • Substitution des prélèvements d’eau souterraine des nappes surexploitées (85 millions de m3/an) par des prélèvements à partir des eaux de surface; • Recharge artificielle des nappes avec un potentiel de • Raccordement au réseau d’assainissement en milieu urbain de 75 % en 2016, de 80 % en 2020; • Traitement des eaux usées de 50 % en 2016 et de • Restructuration du secteur de distribution multiservices à l échelle des régions pour atteindre un taux de raccordement individuel de 60 % à l horizon 2020. À l’horizon 2030 : • Construction de trois barrages par an en moyenne pour atteindre une capacité de stockage de 25 milliards de m3, requérant un investissement global estimé à 2,7 milliards de dollars américains; • Dessalement des eaux de mer, pour atteindre une capacité de 500 millions de m3 par an, pour un coût estimé à 15 milliards de dollars américains; • Réutilisation des eaux usées, pour atteindre une capacité de 325 milliards de m3, pour un coût estimé à 3 milliards de dollars américains; • Transfert de 800 millions de m3 par an d’eau du nord vers le sud, pour un investissement global de 3 milliards de dollars américains; • Amélioration du rendement des réseaux d’eau potable, avec un objectif de 80 % comme moyenne nationale; • Raccordement au réseau d’assainissement et d’épuration des eaux usées à 100 % en milieu urbain; • Divers programmes et actions visant à préserver les ressources en eau et le milieu naturel et améliorer la gestion des phénomènes climatiques extrêmes, pour un investissement global de 5,7 milliards de dollars américains.', 'À l’horizon 2030 : • Construction de trois barrages par an en moyenne pour atteindre une capacité de stockage de 25 milliards de m3, requérant un investissement global estimé à 2,7 milliards de dollars américains; • Dessalement des eaux de mer, pour atteindre une capacité de 500 millions de m3 par an, pour un coût estimé à 15 milliards de dollars américains; • Réutilisation des eaux usées, pour atteindre une capacité de 325 milliards de m3, pour un coût estimé à 3 milliards de dollars américains; • Transfert de 800 millions de m3 par an d’eau du nord vers le sud, pour un investissement global de 3 milliards de dollars américains; • Amélioration du rendement des réseaux d’eau potable, avec un objectif de 80 % comme moyenne nationale; • Raccordement au réseau d’assainissement et d’épuration des eaux usées à 100 % en milieu urbain; • Divers programmes et actions visant à préserver les ressources en eau et le milieu naturel et améliorer la gestion des phénomènes climatiques extrêmes, pour un investissement global de 5,7 milliards de dollars américains. • Raccordement au réseau d’assainissement en milieu urbain de 100 %.Maroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 25 Forêts À l’horizon 2020 : • Reconstitution des forêts sur 200 000 hectares À l’horizon 2030 : • Traitement contre l’érosion de 1 500 000 hectares, dans 22 bassins prioritaires, avec un budget de 260 millions de dollars américains; • Reboisement de 600 000 hectares, pour un montant de 46 millions de dollars américains.', '• Raccordement au réseau d’assainissement en milieu urbain de 100 %.Maroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 25 Forêts À l’horizon 2020 : • Reconstitution des forêts sur 200 000 hectares À l’horizon 2030 : • Traitement contre l’érosion de 1 500 000 hectares, dans 22 bassins prioritaires, avec un budget de 260 millions de dollars américains; • Reboisement de 600 000 hectares, pour un montant de 46 millions de dollars américains. Pêche et Aquaculture À l’horizon 2020 : • Atteindre un niveau de 95 % des espèces commercialisées gérées durablement; • Réduction des rejets à 90 % du niveau actuel; • Établissement d’un réseau d’observation côtier, doté de quatre bouées océanographiques et météorologiques et élargissement du système de surveillance et d’alerte environnemental et sanitaire du littoral à 40 zones d’observation; • Réduction de 50 % la quantité de farine de poisson produite à partir de poissons frais.', 'Pêche et Aquaculture À l’horizon 2020 : • Atteindre un niveau de 95 % des espèces commercialisées gérées durablement; • Réduction des rejets à 90 % du niveau actuel; • Établissement d’un réseau d’observation côtier, doté de quatre bouées océanographiques et météorologiques et élargissement du système de surveillance et d’alerte environnemental et sanitaire du littoral à 40 zones d’observation; • Réduction de 50 % la quantité de farine de poisson produite à partir de poissons frais. À l’horizon 2030 : • Établissement d’aires marines protégées correspondant à 10 % de la zone économique exclusive; • Développement de deux écloseries pour le repeuplement de cinq espèces littorales en danger; • Renouvellement et modernisation de 30 % des flottes, notamment avec des bateaux plus écologiques et équipés avec des systèmes d’observations; • Restauration de 50 % des habitats marins dégradés; • Augmentation de 50 % du volume de produits valorisés provenant du milieu marin.', 'À l’horizon 2030 : • Établissement d’aires marines protégées correspondant à 10 % de la zone économique exclusive; • Développement de deux écloseries pour le repeuplement de cinq espèces littorales en danger; • Renouvellement et modernisation de 30 % des flottes, notamment avec des bateaux plus écologiques et équipés avec des systèmes d’observations; • Restauration de 50 % des habitats marins dégradés; • Augmentation de 50 % du volume de produits valorisés provenant du milieu marin. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, un grand travail de planification a d’ores et déjà été entrepris. La résilience face au changement climatique est ainsi inscrite dans la majorité des stratégies, des plans d’action, programmes et initiatives, dont les plus importants sont présentés dans le tableau 4.Maroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 26 Tableau 4.', 'La résilience face au changement climatique est ainsi inscrite dans la majorité des stratégies, des plans d’action, programmes et initiatives, dont les plus importants sont présentés dans le tableau 4.Maroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 26 Tableau 4. Principales stratégies sectorielles permettant la mise en œuvre des objectifs en matière d’adaptation Champs d’action Stratégies, plans d’action, programmes et initiatives Multisectoriel • Stratégie Nationale de Développement Durable • Stratégie Nationale du Maroc en matière de Lutte contre le Réchauffement Climatique • Stratégie Nationale pour la Protection de l’Environnement • Stratégie de Gestion Intégrée des Zones Côtières • Stratégie Nationale d’Aménagement et de Développement des Oasis • Stratégie Nationale de Gestion Intégrée du Littoral • Stratégie Nationale pour la Conservation et l’Utilisation Durable de la Diversité Biologique • Stratégie Nationale d’Aménagement et de Développement du Moyen Atlas • Stratégie Nationale d’Éducation et de Sensibilisation à l’Environnement et au Développement Durable • Plan National de Lutte contre le Réchauffement Climatique • Plan d’Action National pour l’Environnement • Plan d’Action Stratégique pour la Conservation de la Biodiversité Marine et Côtière dans la Méditerranée • Plan d’Investissement Vert du Maroc • Programme d’Aménagement Côtier du Rif Central • Programme de Développement Territorial Durable du Haut Atlas • Programme de Développement Territorial Durable de l’Anti-Atlas • Initiative Nationale de Développement Humain Agriculture • Plan Maroc Vert : o Stratégie de Conservation et de Valorisation des Ressources Génétiques des Plantes Cultivées o Programme National d’Économie d’Eau d’Irrigation o Programme National de Reconversion des Cultures Annuelles dans les Zones Marginales en Arboriculture Fruitière o Stratégie de Développement de l’Espace Rural et des Zones de Montagne o Stratégie de Développement des Zones Oasiennes etMaroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 27 de l’Arganier o Programme National de Développement des Zones Pastorales Pêche et Aquaculture • Plan Halieutis : o Plan de Renforcement de la Recherche Halieutique Nationale o Plans d Aménagement des Pêcheries o Programme de Création d Aires Marines Protégées o Programme d Immersion de Récifs Artificiels o Programme d Adaptation et de Modernisation de l Effort de Pêche o Plan de Développement de l Aquaculture Nationale o Programme de Renforcement et de Développement des Infrastructures de Pêche et de Commercialisation o Programme de Projets Intégrés « Pêche / Valorisation à Terre des Captures » o Plan de Promotion de la Compétitivité des Produits de la Pêche aux Échelles Nationale et Internationale Eau • Stratégie Nationale de l’Eau • Plan National de l’Eau • Plan de Gestion de la Sécheresse • Plans Directeurs d’Aménagement Intégrée des Ressources en Eau • Plan National de Protection Contre les Inondations • Programme National d’Assainissement Liquide • Programme National d’Assainissement Rural • Plan National de Réutilisation des Eaux Usées Forêts • Stratégie Nationale des Zones Humides • Stratégie Nationale pour la Surveillance et le Suivi de la Santé des Forêts • Plan Directeur de Lutte Contre les Incendies de Forêts • Plan Directeur de Reboisement • Programme Forestier National • Programme d’Action National de Lutte Contre la Désertification • Plan National d’Aménagement des Bassins Versants • Plan Directeur des Aires Protégées • Stratégie Nationale de Développement du Secteur des Plantes Aromatiques et MédicinalesMaroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 28 Urbanisme, infrastructures et aménagement du territoire • Charte Nationale de l’Aménagement du Territoire • Stratégie Portuaire Nationale • Programme National des Déchets Ménagers et Assimilés • Schéma National de l’Aménagement du Territoire • Schémas Régionaux d’Aménagement du Territoire • Plan de Maintenance du Réseau Routier 2016-2025 Tourisme • Vision 2020 Santé • Stratégie Sectorielle de la Santé Ces stratégies, plans, programmes et initiatives mettent en œuvre de nombreux projets pour l’amélioration de l’adaptation au changement climatique.', 'Principales stratégies sectorielles permettant la mise en œuvre des objectifs en matière d’adaptation Champs d’action Stratégies, plans d’action, programmes et initiatives Multisectoriel • Stratégie Nationale de Développement Durable • Stratégie Nationale du Maroc en matière de Lutte contre le Réchauffement Climatique • Stratégie Nationale pour la Protection de l’Environnement • Stratégie de Gestion Intégrée des Zones Côtières • Stratégie Nationale d’Aménagement et de Développement des Oasis • Stratégie Nationale de Gestion Intégrée du Littoral • Stratégie Nationale pour la Conservation et l’Utilisation Durable de la Diversité Biologique • Stratégie Nationale d’Aménagement et de Développement du Moyen Atlas • Stratégie Nationale d’Éducation et de Sensibilisation à l’Environnement et au Développement Durable • Plan National de Lutte contre le Réchauffement Climatique • Plan d’Action National pour l’Environnement • Plan d’Action Stratégique pour la Conservation de la Biodiversité Marine et Côtière dans la Méditerranée • Plan d’Investissement Vert du Maroc • Programme d’Aménagement Côtier du Rif Central • Programme de Développement Territorial Durable du Haut Atlas • Programme de Développement Territorial Durable de l’Anti-Atlas • Initiative Nationale de Développement Humain Agriculture • Plan Maroc Vert : o Stratégie de Conservation et de Valorisation des Ressources Génétiques des Plantes Cultivées o Programme National d’Économie d’Eau d’Irrigation o Programme National de Reconversion des Cultures Annuelles dans les Zones Marginales en Arboriculture Fruitière o Stratégie de Développement de l’Espace Rural et des Zones de Montagne o Stratégie de Développement des Zones Oasiennes etMaroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 27 de l’Arganier o Programme National de Développement des Zones Pastorales Pêche et Aquaculture • Plan Halieutis : o Plan de Renforcement de la Recherche Halieutique Nationale o Plans d Aménagement des Pêcheries o Programme de Création d Aires Marines Protégées o Programme d Immersion de Récifs Artificiels o Programme d Adaptation et de Modernisation de l Effort de Pêche o Plan de Développement de l Aquaculture Nationale o Programme de Renforcement et de Développement des Infrastructures de Pêche et de Commercialisation o Programme de Projets Intégrés « Pêche / Valorisation à Terre des Captures » o Plan de Promotion de la Compétitivité des Produits de la Pêche aux Échelles Nationale et Internationale Eau • Stratégie Nationale de l’Eau • Plan National de l’Eau • Plan de Gestion de la Sécheresse • Plans Directeurs d’Aménagement Intégrée des Ressources en Eau • Plan National de Protection Contre les Inondations • Programme National d’Assainissement Liquide • Programme National d’Assainissement Rural • Plan National de Réutilisation des Eaux Usées Forêts • Stratégie Nationale des Zones Humides • Stratégie Nationale pour la Surveillance et le Suivi de la Santé des Forêts • Plan Directeur de Lutte Contre les Incendies de Forêts • Plan Directeur de Reboisement • Programme Forestier National • Programme d’Action National de Lutte Contre la Désertification • Plan National d’Aménagement des Bassins Versants • Plan Directeur des Aires Protégées • Stratégie Nationale de Développement du Secteur des Plantes Aromatiques et MédicinalesMaroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 28 Urbanisme, infrastructures et aménagement du territoire • Charte Nationale de l’Aménagement du Territoire • Stratégie Portuaire Nationale • Programme National des Déchets Ménagers et Assimilés • Schéma National de l’Aménagement du Territoire • Schémas Régionaux d’Aménagement du Territoire • Plan de Maintenance du Réseau Routier 2016-2025 Tourisme • Vision 2020 Santé • Stratégie Sectorielle de la Santé Ces stratégies, plans, programmes et initiatives mettent en œuvre de nombreux projets pour l’amélioration de l’adaptation au changement climatique. De plus, le Maroc est engagé dans une démarche pour l’élaboration de son Plan National d’Adaptation (PNA), et plus globalement de sa SNDD, pour améliorer son cadre de résilience au changement climatique.', 'De plus, le Maroc est engagé dans une démarche pour l’élaboration de son Plan National d’Adaptation (PNA), et plus globalement de sa SNDD, pour améliorer son cadre de résilience au changement climatique. Les besoins financiers du Maroc en matière d’adaptation Les besoins en matière d’adaptation auront des implications budgétaires très importantes pour le Maroc, pour tous les secteurs économiques et pour la protection de la santé humaine et animale. Historiquement, sur la période 2005- 2010, le Maroc a consacré 64 % de ses dépenses climatiques à l’adaptation, notamment dans le secteur de l’eau, soit 9 % des dépenses globales d’investissement. De façon plus spécifique, les investissements prévus pour atteindre les objectifs escomptés dans les secteurs de l’eau, l’agriculture et la forêt ont été évalués à 2,5 milliards de dollars américains.', 'De façon plus spécifique, les investissements prévus pour atteindre les objectifs escomptés dans les secteurs de l’eau, l’agriculture et la forêt ont été évalués à 2,5 milliards de dollars américains. La sécurisation du réseau routier national contre les crues additionnelles dues au changement climatique coûterait 5 % de plus que les coûts de construction et d’entretien traditionnel. La part considérable du budget national d’investissement dédié à l’adaptation démontre l’ampleur des enjeux pour la société marocaine, et cette part est nécessairement appelée à augmenter. Le Maroc envisage qu’au minimum 15 % de ses budgets d’investissement seront dédiés à l’adaptation impacts du changement climatique.', 'Le Maroc envisage qu’au minimum 15 % de ses budgets d’investissement seront dédiés à l’adaptation impacts du changement climatique. Pour la période 2020-2030, le Maroc estime que le coût de mise en œuvre des programmes d’adaptation des secteurs de l’eau, de la forêt et de l’agriculture, qui constituent les secteurs les plus vulnérables au changement climatique, s’élèvera à un minimum de 35 milliards de dollars américains. Le Maroc prépareMaroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 29 actuellement son Plan National d’Adaptation, qui présentera et chiffrera les mesures en matière d’adaptation au changement climatique.', 'Le Maroc prépareMaroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 29 actuellement son Plan National d’Adaptation, qui présentera et chiffrera les mesures en matière d’adaptation au changement climatique. En attendant ce plan, les priorités nationales dans ce domaine peuvent se résumer comme suit : • L’amélioration de la connaissance du phénomène du changement climatique et de ces impacts, notamment sur les secteurs stratégiques les plus vulnérables; • La préservation des ressources hydriques et la sécurisation des apports en eau pour les secteurs économiques et pour les besoins domestiques; • Le renforcement de la sécurité alimentaire, par la préservation des ressources naturelles, l’intensification durable des systèmes de production agricole, la lutte contre la pauvreté en milieu rural et le suivi des stocks et marchés internationaux de denrées alimentaires; • La préservation des écosystèmes fragiles : les montagnes, les oasis, l’arganier, les terres pastorales et les zones humides et côtières; • La protection du littoral contre la remontée du niveau de la mer, afin de sécuriser les installations industrielles et les habitations et infrastructures urbaines; • La préservation des ressources forestières, par la pérennisation des programmes de reboisement et de lutte contre les incendies de forêt; • Le renforcement de l’adaptation des infrastructures, aux intempéries et aux conditions climatiques à venir; • Le renforcement de la sécurité sanitaire des populations, des animaux et la production agricole contre les maladies transhumant à la faveur du changement climatique; • La poursuite des efforts pour l’amélioration du cadre institutionnel et réglementaire de la lutte contre le changement climatique ainsi que la mise en cohérence des stratégies sectorielles; • Le renforcement de capacités en matière de montage, de financement, d’exécution et de suivi des projets d’adaptation au changement climatique, aux échelles institutionnelles et locales (secteurs publics, privés et associatifs); • La promotion de la recherche scientifique, de la recherche et du développement, de l’innovation, du transfert de technologie et de savoir- faire; • Le développement des systèmes d’alerte climatique précoce et de prévision agroclimatique des productions agricoles; • La mise en place de cursus académiques spécialisés en risques climatiques et en changement climatique dans les institutions de formation et d’enseignement.', 'En attendant ce plan, les priorités nationales dans ce domaine peuvent se résumer comme suit : • L’amélioration de la connaissance du phénomène du changement climatique et de ces impacts, notamment sur les secteurs stratégiques les plus vulnérables; • La préservation des ressources hydriques et la sécurisation des apports en eau pour les secteurs économiques et pour les besoins domestiques; • Le renforcement de la sécurité alimentaire, par la préservation des ressources naturelles, l’intensification durable des systèmes de production agricole, la lutte contre la pauvreté en milieu rural et le suivi des stocks et marchés internationaux de denrées alimentaires; • La préservation des écosystèmes fragiles : les montagnes, les oasis, l’arganier, les terres pastorales et les zones humides et côtières; • La protection du littoral contre la remontée du niveau de la mer, afin de sécuriser les installations industrielles et les habitations et infrastructures urbaines; • La préservation des ressources forestières, par la pérennisation des programmes de reboisement et de lutte contre les incendies de forêt; • Le renforcement de l’adaptation des infrastructures, aux intempéries et aux conditions climatiques à venir; • Le renforcement de la sécurité sanitaire des populations, des animaux et la production agricole contre les maladies transhumant à la faveur du changement climatique; • La poursuite des efforts pour l’amélioration du cadre institutionnel et réglementaire de la lutte contre le changement climatique ainsi que la mise en cohérence des stratégies sectorielles; • Le renforcement de capacités en matière de montage, de financement, d’exécution et de suivi des projets d’adaptation au changement climatique, aux échelles institutionnelles et locales (secteurs publics, privés et associatifs); • La promotion de la recherche scientifique, de la recherche et du développement, de l’innovation, du transfert de technologie et de savoir- faire; • Le développement des systèmes d’alerte climatique précoce et de prévision agroclimatique des productions agricoles; • La mise en place de cursus académiques spécialisés en risques climatiques et en changement climatique dans les institutions de formation et d’enseignement. Dans ce contexte, le Maroc sollicite l’appui de la communauté internationale pour mettre en œuvre ces programmes.', 'Dans ce contexte, le Maroc sollicite l’appui de la communauté internationale pour mettre en œuvre ces programmes. Au-delà d’un appui financier, le Maroc compte également pouvoir bénéficier d’un appui en matière de renforcement deMaroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 30 capacités techniques et institutionnelles, notamment en ce qui concerne la production de données et le partage des connaissances, ainsi que les aspects juridique, financier et d’ingénierie pour la conception et la mise en œuvre de projets aux échelles régional et local, leur suivi et l’évaluation de leurs impacts socioéconomiques.', 'Au-delà d’un appui financier, le Maroc compte également pouvoir bénéficier d’un appui en matière de renforcement deMaroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 30 capacités techniques et institutionnelles, notamment en ce qui concerne la production de données et le partage des connaissances, ainsi que les aspects juridique, financier et d’ingénierie pour la conception et la mise en œuvre de projets aux échelles régional et local, leur suivi et l’évaluation de leurs impacts socioéconomiques. Le système de suivi et d’évaluation de l’adaptation au Maroc Le Maroc a développé un système de suivi-évaluation de la vulnérabilité et de l’adaptation au changement climatique visant à doter ses régions d’un dispositif institutionnel permettant d’assurer le suivi de la vulnérabilité climatique et les résultats de l’action en matière d’adaptation en tenant compte de l’aspect genre.', 'Le système de suivi et d’évaluation de l’adaptation au Maroc Le Maroc a développé un système de suivi-évaluation de la vulnérabilité et de l’adaptation au changement climatique visant à doter ses régions d’un dispositif institutionnel permettant d’assurer le suivi de la vulnérabilité climatique et les résultats de l’action en matière d’adaptation en tenant compte de l’aspect genre. Ce projet pilote a d’abord été testé dans des régions du sud du Maroc.', 'Ce projet pilote a d’abord été testé dans des régions du sud du Maroc. L’adoption par les autres régions du pays de ce système de suivi et d’évaluation est prévue pour le moyen terme avec en perspective la mise en œuvre d’un mécanisme national de gouvernance du système de suivi et d’évaluation de l’adaptation au changement climatique.Maroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 31 Cette annexe présente le portefeuille d’actions utilisé pour estimer la Contribution du Maroc en matière d’atténuation à l’horizon 2030. L’objectif inconditionnel du Maroc sera atteint grâce à la mise en œuvre d’une partie de ces actions.', 'L’objectif inconditionnel du Maroc sera atteint grâce à la mise en œuvre d’une partie de ces actions. Elle est présentée dans le but de faire preuve de transparence et dans une démarche visant à fournir le plus de clarté possible. Le tableau A1 donne un aperçu des actions étudiées et dont la mise en œuvre est envisagée dans le cadre de la CDN. Tableau A1. Actions étudiées pour estimer les objectifs du Maroc en matière d’atténuation Type Actions Description Estimation des coûts de mise en œuvre (M US$) Potentiel de réductions d’émission cumulées ) Actions incondi- tionnelles 1. Plan éolien national à l’horizon 2020 Mise en place de parcs éoliens sur plusieurs sites à l’horizon 2020. 2. Plan solaire national à l’horizon 2020 Mise en place de centrales solaires thermodynamiques à concentration et photovoltaïques sur plusieurs sites à l’horizon 2020. 3.', 'Plan solaire national à l’horizon 2020 Mise en place de centrales solaires thermodynamiques à concentration et photovoltaïques sur plusieurs sites à l’horizon 2020. 3. Programme national de promotion de photovoltaïques Mise en place de parcs solaires connectés au réseau de moyenne tension pour un total de 1000 MW à l’horizon 2030. 4. Centrales hydro-électriques à Mise en place d’une station de transfert d’énergie par pompage (STEP)de 350 MW au site Abdelmoumen, 300 MW pour une autre STEP et 125 MW pour le complexe hydroélectrique d’El Menzel. 5. Centrales à cycle combiné à Importation du gaz de pétrole liquéfié (GPL) et utilisation pour la production d’électricité dans des centrales à cycle combiné pour atteindre 3550 MW à l’horizon 2025.Maroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 32 6.', 'Centrales à cycle combiné à Importation du gaz de pétrole liquéfié (GPL) et utilisation pour la production d’électricité dans des centrales à cycle combiné pour atteindre 3550 MW à l’horizon 2025.Maroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 32 6. Étiquetage énergétique des réfrigérateurs Mise en place d’un programme d’étiquetage énergétique des réfrigérateurs. 7. Efficacité énergétique pour les enveloppes de bâtiments Adoption du code de Réglementation Thermique de Construction au Maroc dans le bâtiment résidentiel et tertiaire. 8. Efficacité énergétique dans le secteur du tourisme Mise en place d’un programme d’efficacité énergétique dans le secteur du tourisme, incluant : 300 000 lampes à basse consommation, 300 000 m2 de chauffe-eau solaire et l’application du code de réglementation thermique de construction au Maroc. 9.', 'Efficacité énergétique dans le secteur du tourisme Mise en place d’un programme d’efficacité énergétique dans le secteur du tourisme, incluant : 300 000 lampes à basse consommation, 300 000 m2 de chauffe-eau solaire et l’application du code de réglementation thermique de construction au Maroc. 9. Ville économe en énergie Mise en place d’une ville modèle à faible émission de carbone axée sur des actions efficaces en matière d’énergie, de transport et de gestion des déchets. 10. Parcs éoliens privés Mise en place de parcs éoliens par des opérateurs privés. 195 1,255 11. Efficacité énergétique dans l’industrie Mise en place d’actions d’efficacité énergétique dans les entreprises industrielles. 12. Extension du tramway de Rabat Extension du tramway, qui apporte une solution de choix dans le transport de Rabat, 13.', 'Extension du tramway de Rabat Extension du tramway, qui apporte une solution de choix dans le transport de Rabat, 13. Extension du tramway de Casablanca Extension du tramway, qui apporte une solution de choix dans le transport de Casablanca. 14. Programme de renouvellement du parc des grands taxis Renouvellement du parc vétuste actuel des grands taxis en vue de réduire leurs consommations. 15. Programme oléicole à l’horizon 2020 Plantation de 447 000 hectares d’oliviers dans les zones inadaptées aux cultures annuelles, afin de lutter contre l’érosion des sols et l’amélioration des revenus des petits agriculteurs. 16.', 'Programme oléicole à l’horizon 2020 Plantation de 447 000 hectares d’oliviers dans les zones inadaptées aux cultures annuelles, afin de lutter contre l’érosion des sols et l’amélioration des revenus des petits agriculteurs. 16. Programme arboriculture fruitière (hors agrumes et hors olivier) à Plantation d’arbres fruitiers sur 160 000 hectares afin d’améliorer et de diversifier les revenus des agriculteurs, surtout en zones fragiles de montagne.Maroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 33 17. Programme de plantation des agrumes à l’horizon 2020 Plantation d’agrumes sur 45 000 hectares (densité 600 plants/hectares) afin d’améliorer le revenu des agriculteurs et les recettes à l’export. 18.', 'Programme de plantation des agrumes à l’horizon 2020 Plantation d’agrumes sur 45 000 hectares (densité 600 plants/hectares) afin d’améliorer le revenu des agriculteurs et les recettes à l’export. 18. Programme de plantation de cactus à Végétalisation des terres nues ou érodées par la plantation de 128 600 ha de cactus en zones arides, résultant en une amélioration du revenu des petits exploitants agricoles et des coopératives féminines. 19. Programme de plantation de palmiers dattiers à l’horizon 2020 Plantation de 3 millions de palmiers-dattiers afin d’améliorer la productivité des oasis, de lutter contre la désertification et l’exode rural des jeunes. 20.', 'Programme de plantation de palmiers dattiers à l’horizon 2020 Plantation de 3 millions de palmiers-dattiers afin d’améliorer la productivité des oasis, de lutter contre la désertification et l’exode rural des jeunes. 20. Programme national de développement des parcours et la régulation des flux de transhumants première tranche à 2020 Développement des terres de parcours afin de lutter contre la désertification du pays, améliorant ainsi le revenu des éleveurs et protégeant la biodiversité. 21. Programme de Reboisement et de Reboisement et reforestation de 40 000 hectares par an entre 2010-2013 afin de lutter contre la forte déforestation, la perte en ressource en eau, la biodiversité animale et végétale et dans les sols. Protection en aval des bassins versants contre l’envasement et l’érosion hydrique. 22.', 'Protection en aval des bassins versants contre l’envasement et l’érosion hydrique. 22. Programme de Lutte Contre Fixation des dunes par des techniques de végétalisation entre 2010-2030 (500 hectares par an) afin de lutter contre l’ensablement et la désertification. 23. Gestion des risques climatiques Inauguration en mai 2016 du Centre national de gestion des risques climatiques et forestiers (incendie, santé des forêts) : superficie concernée de 1536 hectares par an entre 2010- 2030. 24.', 'Gestion des risques climatiques Inauguration en mai 2016 du Centre national de gestion des risques climatiques et forestiers (incendie, santé des forêts) : superficie concernée de 1536 hectares par an entre 2010- 2030. 24. Programme de fours à efficacité énergétique : 2010-2030 Distribution de 1600 fours par an entre 2010-2015 et 6000 fours par an entre 2016-2030, afin de réduire la consommation de bois prélevée des forêts, par rapport aux fours traditionnels, pour les besoins de chauffe et de cuisson des populations riveraines.Maroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 34 Actions condition- nelles 25. Plan éolien national à l’horizon 2030 Extension de l’action #1 de 2000 MW. 3500 18,139 26. Plan national solaire à l’horizon 2030 Extension de l’action #2 de 2000 MW en centrales solaires thermodynamiques à concentration et photovoltaïques.', 'Plan national solaire à l’horizon 2030 Extension de l’action #2 de 2000 MW en centrales solaires thermodynamiques à concentration et photovoltaïques. 27. Microcentrales hydrauliques à Mise en place de plusieurs microcentrales totalisant une capacité de 100 MW à l’horizon 2030. 28. Centrales à cycle combiné à Extension de l’action #5 à une capacité de 4750 MW. 1020 10,173 29. Plan national de développement des chauffe-eau solaires Développement de la filière solaire thermique en vue d’atteindre 1 700 000 m2 à l’horizon 2030. 30. Programme de lampes à basse consommation dans le secteur résidentiel Mise en place de 14 700 000 lampes à basse consommation dans le secteur résidentiel. 31. Installations de panneaux solaires photovoltaïques Mise en place d’un programme de promotion des panneaux solaires photovoltaïques connectés aux réseaux basse tension d’une capacité totale de 1000 MWc à l’horizon 2030. 32.', 'Installations de panneaux solaires photovoltaïques Mise en place d’un programme de promotion des panneaux solaires photovoltaïques connectés aux réseaux basse tension d’une capacité totale de 1000 MWc à l’horizon 2030. 32. Programme d’efficacité énergétique dans l’éclairage public Mise en place d’un programme d’efficacité énergétique dans l’éclairage public dans les grandes villes du Maroc. 33. Gaz naturel dans le secteur industriel à Importation du gaz de pétrole liquéfié pour augmenter l’utilisation industrielle en remplacement du mazout pour améliorer le rendement et l’environnement local. 34. Programme de valorisation de la biomasse dans l’industrie Inventaire, organisation et valorisation de la filière biomasse pour utilisation industrielle en substitution du mazout. 35.', 'Programme de valorisation de la biomasse dans l’industrie Inventaire, organisation et valorisation de la filière biomasse pour utilisation industrielle en substitution du mazout. 35. Programme d’implantation de système de gestion de l’énergie et de la productivité (SGEP) et de la norme ISO 50001 dans l’industrie Mise en place d’un programme d’implantation de systèmes de gestion de l’énergie et de la productivité (SGEP) et de la norme ISO 50001 dans l’industrie. 36. Projet de récupération d’énergie par les compresseurs pour la période 2021-2025. Mise en place d’un projet pilote de récupération d’énergie par les compresseurs d’air dans 250 entreprises industriellesMaroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 35 37.', 'Mise en place d’un projet pilote de récupération d’énergie par les compresseurs d’air dans 250 entreprises industriellesMaroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 35 37. Projet-pilote d’implantation de production centralisée des utilités pour un parc industriel intégré Mise en place d’un projet pilote d’implantation de production centralisée des utilités pour un parc industriel intégré. 38. Valorisation des cendres volantes dans l’industrie des matériaux de construction Mise en place d’un projet de valorisation des cendres volantes dans l’industrie des matériaux de construction. 39. Projet de recyclage de Polychlorure de vinyle (PVC) Mise en place d’un projet de recyclage de PVC. 0,2 0,117 40.', 'Projet de recyclage de Polychlorure de vinyle (PVC) Mise en place d’un projet de recyclage de PVC. 0,2 0,117 40. Stratégie nationale de développement de la logistique Mise en œuvre des actions de : formation à l’écoconduite des chauffeurs de camion, installations de parcs photovoltaïques, amélioration de la maintenance et du contrôle technique des véhicules de marchandises et du transfert modal de la route vers le rail. 41. Renouvellement des véhicules utilitaires de plus de 20 ans entre 2025 et Renouvellement des véhicules utilitaires de plus de 20 ans en vue de réduire leurs consommations entre 2025 et 2030. 42. Traitement mécanobiologique et co- incinération des déchets ménagers Valorisation des déchets ménagers par un traitement biomécanique associé à la co-incinération.', 'Traitement mécanobiologique et co- incinération des déchets ménagers Valorisation des déchets ménagers par un traitement biomécanique associé à la co-incinération. Ce procédé consiste à la réalisation des opérations suivantes : tri mécanique et broyage, opération biologique avec séchage en aérobie. 43. Valorisation des émanations de GES en provenance des stations de traitement des eaux usées Collecte du biogaz au niveau des stations de traitement des eaux usées (STEP) en vue de le valoriser dans la production d’énergie électrique. 45. Programme arboriculture fruitière (hors agrumes et hors olivier) 46. Programme de plantation des agrumesMaroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 36 47.', 'Programme de plantation des agrumesMaroc – Contribution déterminée au niveau national dans le cadre de la CCNUCC 36 47. Programme de plantation de l’arganier Plantation de l’arganier sur une superficie de 38 000 hectares afin d’améliorer la résilience des populations vulnérables au changement climatique, d’augmenter le stockage de carbone dans la biomasse et les sols et de réduire indirectement la pression anthropique et industrielle sur les forêts d’arganier sauvage. 48. Projet de plantation de cactus 2020- 49. Projet de plantation d’autres arbustes Plantation d’arbustes fruitiers sur 15 000 hectares afin d’améliorer et de diversifier les revenus des petits agriculteurs. 50. Programme de plantation de palmiers dattiers à l’horizon 2020-2030 Extension de l’action #19 sur 1,5 million de palmiers dattiers. 177 0,195 51. Programme national de développement des parcours et la régulation des flux de transhumants 2020-2030.', 'Programme national de développement des parcours et la régulation des flux de transhumants 2020-2030. Extension de l’action #20 sur 300 000 hectares entre 2020 et 2030. 52. Programme de Reboisement et de Extension de l’action #21 pour atteindre 60 000 hectares par an. 53. Programme de Lutte Contre Extension de l’action #22 pour atteindre 800 hectares de végétation par an. 54. Gestion des risques climatiques Extension de l’action #23 pour atteindre une superficie sauvée de 2304 hectares par an. 55. Programme de fours à efficacité Extension de l’action #24 pour atteindre une distribution de 8000 fours par an. Total — Toutes les actions 49 669 523,493']

fr-FR

MAR

Morocco

Updated NDC

2021-06-22 00:00:00

x

NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Moroccan%20updated%20NDC%202021%20_Fr.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Africa

0

MENA

../data/downloaded_documents/cf28a744523dd8c39e52c31649c59a81e448a1cc546e345928f0c002ae8e0b69.pdf

['CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN-MAROC C DN-MAROC CONTRIBUTION DÉTERMINÉE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL - ACTUALISÉEC DN-MAROC CONTRIBUTION DÉTERMINÉE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL - ACTUALISÉE2 CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN-MAROC Liste d´abréviations . 3 2. Priorités nationales . 5 3.1. Scénario de référence . 7 3.2. Mesures inconditionnelles 8 3.3. Objectif global (mesures inconditionnelles et conditionnelles) . 8 3.4. Répartition sectorielle . 9 3.5. Informations nécessaires à la clarté, la transparence et la compréhension de la CDN 10 3.6. Planification de la mise en œuvre . 18 4.1. Impact du changement climatique sur les secteurs et leurs vulnérabilités . 20 4.2. Le renforcement de la résilience et de l’adaptation au Maroc : un chantier en cours 21 4.2.1. Le Plan National Stratégique d’Adaptation (PNSA) : les grandes orientations (2020-2030) 21 4.2.2.', 'Le Plan National Stratégique d’Adaptation (PNSA) : les grandes orientations (2020-2030) 21 4.2.2. Des objectifs sectoriels pour renforcer la résilience aux horizons 2030 et 2050 . 22 Annexes : Mesures proposées dans le cadre de la CDN 28 S O M M AIR ECONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN-MAROC ADA CCNUCC CMA CNA CCDB CP FVC GES GIEC HFC MDP MRV NMPE ODD PCN PCT PIB PMH PMI PNAM PNUD PRG RBT SNDD STEP Agence pour le Développement Agricole Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques Conférence des Parties agissant comme réunion des Parties à l’Accord de Paris Cours normal des affaires Commission Nationale du Changement Climatique et de la Diversité Biologique Conférence des Parties Fond Vert pour le Climat Gaz à effet de serre Groupe intergouvernemental des experts sur le climat Hydrofluorocarbures Mécanisme pour un Développement Propre Suivi, notification et vérification Normes minimales de performance énergétique Objectifs de développement durable Plan Climat National Plans Climat Territoriaux Produit intérieur brut Petite et moyenne hydraulique Partenariat pour la mise en œuvre du marché Programme d’Assainissement Liquide mutualisé Programme des Nations unies pour le développement Potentiel de réchauffement global Rapports Biennaux de Transparence Stratégie Nationale de Développement Durable Stations de traitement des eaux usées Liste d´abréviationsEn matière d’atténuation, la CDN actualisée revoit à la hausse les objectifs de la première version de la CDN en présentant un objectif de 45,5 % à l’horizon 2030 dont un objectif inconditionnel de 18,3%.', 'Des objectifs sectoriels pour renforcer la résilience aux horizons 2030 et 2050 . 22 Annexes : Mesures proposées dans le cadre de la CDN 28 S O M M AIR ECONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN-MAROC ADA CCNUCC CMA CNA CCDB CP FVC GES GIEC HFC MDP MRV NMPE ODD PCN PCT PIB PMH PMI PNAM PNUD PRG RBT SNDD STEP Agence pour le Développement Agricole Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques Conférence des Parties agissant comme réunion des Parties à l’Accord de Paris Cours normal des affaires Commission Nationale du Changement Climatique et de la Diversité Biologique Conférence des Parties Fond Vert pour le Climat Gaz à effet de serre Groupe intergouvernemental des experts sur le climat Hydrofluorocarbures Mécanisme pour un Développement Propre Suivi, notification et vérification Normes minimales de performance énergétique Objectifs de développement durable Plan Climat National Plans Climat Territoriaux Produit intérieur brut Petite et moyenne hydraulique Partenariat pour la mise en œuvre du marché Programme d’Assainissement Liquide mutualisé Programme des Nations unies pour le développement Potentiel de réchauffement global Rapports Biennaux de Transparence Stratégie Nationale de Développement Durable Stations de traitement des eaux usées Liste d´abréviationsEn matière d’atténuation, la CDN actualisée revoit à la hausse les objectifs de la première version de la CDN en présentant un objectif de 45,5 % à l’horizon 2030 dont un objectif inconditionnel de 18,3%. Ces nouveaux objectifs, traduisent une augmentation significative de l’ambition du Maroc en matière d’atténuation.', 'Ces nouveaux objectifs, traduisent une augmentation significative de l’ambition du Maroc en matière d’atténuation. La CDN actualisée du Maroc est multidimensionnelle et ancrée dans une variété d’éléments porteurs, tels que : • \x07 le respect des droits de la personne et l’égalité homme-femme, reconnu au sein de la Constitution du Maroc de 2011 ; • \x07 les synergies à exploiter avec les deux autres Conventions de Rio, visant la restauration, le respect et le maintien de la diversité biologique, la gestion intégrée des ressources en eau, ainsi que la gestion durable des terres permettant de contrer la désertification et la dégradation des sols sur son territoire ; • \x07 l’alignement des actions en matière de changement climatique, en respect des Objectifs de Développement Durable (ODD) de l’Organisation des Nations Unies (ONU), particulièrement les • \x07 la mise en œuvre de la régionalisation avancée, qui renforcera la mise en œuvre de la CDN en valorisant les potentialités et les ressources propres à chaque région et en encourageant la solidarité interrégionale.', 'La CDN actualisée du Maroc est multidimensionnelle et ancrée dans une variété d’éléments porteurs, tels que : • \x07 le respect des droits de la personne et l’égalité homme-femme, reconnu au sein de la Constitution du Maroc de 2011 ; • \x07 les synergies à exploiter avec les deux autres Conventions de Rio, visant la restauration, le respect et le maintien de la diversité biologique, la gestion intégrée des ressources en eau, ainsi que la gestion durable des terres permettant de contrer la désertification et la dégradation des sols sur son territoire ; • \x07 l’alignement des actions en matière de changement climatique, en respect des Objectifs de Développement Durable (ODD) de l’Organisation des Nations Unies (ONU), particulièrement les • \x07 la mise en œuvre de la régionalisation avancée, qui renforcera la mise en œuvre de la CDN en valorisant les potentialités et les ressources propres à chaque région et en encourageant la solidarité interrégionale. Malgré sa faible contribution dans les émissions globales des GES, le Maroc a élaboré sa CDN avec la firme conviction que les ambitions mondiales pour s’attaquer au problème du changement climatique appellent à un engagement conséquent de toutes les parties tant en matière d’atténuation, d’adaptation que de moyens de mise en œuvre, d’approches de coopération et de transparence.', 'Malgré sa faible contribution dans les émissions globales des GES, le Maroc a élaboré sa CDN avec la firme conviction que les ambitions mondiales pour s’attaquer au problème du changement climatique appellent à un engagement conséquent de toutes les parties tant en matière d’atténuation, d’adaptation que de moyens de mise en œuvre, d’approches de coopération et de transparence. Le Maroc, en restant fermement attaché à l’Accord de Paris, est déterminé à poursuivre les objectifs d’atténuation et d’adaptation au climat en fonction de ses circonstances nationales et de ses capacités.', 'Le Maroc, en restant fermement attaché à l’Accord de Paris, est déterminé à poursuivre les objectifs d’atténuation et d’adaptation au climat en fonction de ses circonstances nationales et de ses capacités. Le Gouvernement du Maroc présente ici une actualisation de sa contribution déterminée au niveau national pour la période 2020-2030, conformément aux articles 4.2 et 4.11 de l’Accord de Paris, aux paragraphes 23 et 24 de la décision 1/CP.21 et aux autres dispositions pertinentes de l’Accord. INTRODUCTION 1.', 'Le Gouvernement du Maroc présente ici une actualisation de sa contribution déterminée au niveau national pour la période 2020-2030, conformément aux articles 4.2 et 4.11 de l’Accord de Paris, aux paragraphes 23 et 24 de la décision 1/CP.21 et aux autres dispositions pertinentes de l’Accord. INTRODUCTION 1. 4 CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN-MAROCCONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN-MAROC La vision du Maroc en matière de changement climatique est ancrée dans la Loi-cadre 99-12 portant Charte Nationale de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable (CNEDD) publiée dans le bulletin officiel le 21 mars 2014 et qui précise « les droits et devoirs inhérents à l’environnement et au développement durable reconnus aux personnes physiques et morales et proclame les principes qui devront être respectés par l’État, les collectivités territoriales et les établissements et entreprises publics ».', '4 CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN-MAROCCONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN-MAROC La vision du Maroc en matière de changement climatique est ancrée dans la Loi-cadre 99-12 portant Charte Nationale de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable (CNEDD) publiée dans le bulletin officiel le 21 mars 2014 et qui précise « les droits et devoirs inhérents à l’environnement et au développement durable reconnus aux personnes physiques et morales et proclame les principes qui devront être respectés par l’État, les collectivités territoriales et les établissements et entreprises publics ». Cette volonté politique est aussi confirmée par la Stratégie nationale du développement durable (SNDD-2030) et le Plan Climat National (PCN 2030) : • \x07la SNDD, adoptée le 25 juin 2017 par le Conseil des ministres, vise à réaliser une transition progressive vers l’économie verte, en prenant en compte les défis environnementaux, en œuvrant pour la promotion du développement humain et de la cohésion sociale et en consolidant d’une manière durable la compétitivité économique ; • \x07 l’élaboration en 2019 du Plan Climat National à l’horizon 2030 (PCN 30) constitue un cadre de convergence pour le développement d’une politique climatique à moyen et long terme et offre au pays l’opportunité de mise en œuvre de ses CDNs.', 'Cette volonté politique est aussi confirmée par la Stratégie nationale du développement durable (SNDD-2030) et le Plan Climat National (PCN 2030) : • \x07la SNDD, adoptée le 25 juin 2017 par le Conseil des ministres, vise à réaliser une transition progressive vers l’économie verte, en prenant en compte les défis environnementaux, en œuvrant pour la promotion du développement humain et de la cohésion sociale et en consolidant d’une manière durable la compétitivité économique ; • \x07 l’élaboration en 2019 du Plan Climat National à l’horizon 2030 (PCN 30) constitue un cadre de convergence pour le développement d’une politique climatique à moyen et long terme et offre au pays l’opportunité de mise en œuvre de ses CDNs. La conception du PCN 30 est le fruit d’un diagnostic détaillé de la vulnérabilité des écosystèmes marocains ainsi qu’une analyse approfondie des plans et politiques sectoriels.', 'La conception du PCN 30 est le fruit d’un diagnostic détaillé de la vulnérabilité des écosystèmes marocains ainsi qu’une analyse approfondie des plans et politiques sectoriels. Il englobe des mesures et projets d’adaptation des écosystèmes et secteurs clés du Maroc notamment en matière de ressources en eau, d’agriculture, de ressources halieutiques et des écosystèmes fragiles. Il se propose également de consolider les objectifs d’atténuation de toutes les stratégies et tous les plans d’action sectoriels, touchant notamment les domaines de l’énergie, l’agriculture, du transport, des déchets, des forêts, de l’industrie et de l’habitat. Il prend en considération la vocation territoriale en prônant la généralisation des Plans Climats Régionaux (PCR) et les Plans Climat des Villes (PCV).', 'Il prend en considération la vocation territoriale en prônant la généralisation des Plans Climats Régionaux (PCR) et les Plans Climat des Villes (PCV). Vision du Maroc en matière de changement climatique Rendre son territoire et sa civilisation plus résilients face au changement climatique tout en assurant une transition rapide vers une économie sobre en carbone. PRIORITÉS NATIONALES 2.6 CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN-MAROC En matière d’adaptation L’adaptation est une priorité pour le Maroc, étant donné sa grande vulnérabilité aux impacts du changement climatique. Le coût pour mettre en œuvre des programmes d’adaptation dans les secteurs les plus affectés est estimé à près de 40 milliards de dollars américains.', 'Le coût pour mettre en œuvre des programmes d’adaptation dans les secteurs les plus affectés est estimé à près de 40 milliards de dollars américains. Les secteurs concernés sont notamment l’eau, l’agriculture, la pêche et l’aquaculture, la foresterie, la santé, l’habitat ainsi que les milieux et écosystèmes les plus vulnérables : oasis, littoral et montagnes. En matière d’atténuation L’objectif actualisé global du Maroc représente une réduction des émissions de GES de son économie de 45,5% à l’horizon 2030 dont un objectif inconditionnel de 18,3% par rapport au scénario de référence, qui correspond à une évolution des émissions suivant le « cours normal des affaires » (CNA). Le scénario d’atténuation menant à l’objectif global repose sur 34 mesures inconditionnelles et 27 mesures conditionnelles au financement international.', 'Le scénario d’atténuation menant à l’objectif global repose sur 34 mesures inconditionnelles et 27 mesures conditionnelles au financement international. Financement et flux d’investissement Le coût total des actions d’atténuation inscrites dans la CDN est estimé à 38,8 milliards de dollars américains dont 21,5 milliards de dollars américains pour les actions conditionnelles. La mise en œuvre de la CDN requiert des investissements importants qui surpassent la capacité d’un seul acteur, et de ce fait requiert une interaction bonifiée entre l’État marocain, le secteur privé, et les institutions financières internationales y compris les nouveaux mécanismes financiers climatiques dont notamment le Fonds Vert pour le Climat (FVC) et les instruments financiers des banques multilatérales de développement.', 'La mise en œuvre de la CDN requiert des investissements importants qui surpassent la capacité d’un seul acteur, et de ce fait requiert une interaction bonifiée entre l’État marocain, le secteur privé, et les institutions financières internationales y compris les nouveaux mécanismes financiers climatiques dont notamment le Fonds Vert pour le Climat (FVC) et les instruments financiers des banques multilatérales de développement. Le Maroc considère, par ailleurs, comme étant primordiale la mise en place de mécanismes de marché de façon à favoriser la coopération entre les Parties, tel qu’il est prévu à l’Article 6 de l’Accord de Paris, notamment en réduisant les coûts totaux pour atteindre l’objectif de limitation de la hausse des températures, cité à l’Article 2 dudit accord.', 'Le Maroc considère, par ailleurs, comme étant primordiale la mise en place de mécanismes de marché de façon à favoriser la coopération entre les Parties, tel qu’il est prévu à l’Article 6 de l’Accord de Paris, notamment en réduisant les coûts totaux pour atteindre l’objectif de limitation de la hausse des températures, cité à l’Article 2 dudit accord. Points saillants de la CDN actualiséeCONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN-MAROC 3.1. Scénario de référence Les objectifs d’atténuation présentés dans cette CDN actualisée sont conformes à la pratique courante des pays en développement, c’est-à-dire qu’ils sont exprimés par rapport à un scénario de référence contrefactuel correspondant à une évolution des émissions suivant le CNA à l’horizon 2030, en utilisant 2010 comme année de référence.', 'Scénario de référence Les objectifs d’atténuation présentés dans cette CDN actualisée sont conformes à la pratique courante des pays en développement, c’est-à-dire qu’ils sont exprimés par rapport à un scénario de référence contrefactuel correspondant à une évolution des émissions suivant le CNA à l’horizon 2030, en utilisant 2010 comme année de référence. Une révision du scénario de référence pendant la période de mise en œuvre de la CDN peut se justifier en raison de mises à jour techniques des paramètres ou de changements fondamentaux dans la méthodologie de détermination du scénario.', 'Une révision du scénario de référence pendant la période de mise en œuvre de la CDN peut se justifier en raison de mises à jour techniques des paramètres ou de changements fondamentaux dans la méthodologie de détermination du scénario. Dans le cas du Maroc, la révision du scénario de référence, à l’occasion de l’actualisation de la CDN, est liée à l’utilisation des lignes directrices de 2006 du Groupe d’experts intergouvernemental sur l’évolution du climat (GIEC) au lieu de celles de 1996 (utilisées dans la CDN initiale) qui a un impact sur les émissions de l’année de référence 2010 point de départ du scénario de référence. Le scénario de référence du Maroc inclut toutes les politiques et/ou mesures d’atténuation adoptées avant l’année de référence 2010.', 'Le scénario de référence du Maroc inclut toutes les politiques et/ou mesures d’atténuation adoptées avant l’année de référence 2010. Les politiques et/ou mesures qui seront adoptées après 2010 seront prises en compte pour la réalisation de l’objectif d’atténuation. Le Maroc, pays engagé dans la modernisation de ses structures productives et sa transition démographique, a des objectifs économiques et sociaux plus ambitieux que le prolongement de la tendance de la dernière décennie. Le choix de l’année de référence 2010 n’est pas arbitraire, il correspond à la première année de mise en œuvre du Plan National de la Lutte contre le Réchauffement Climatique au Maroc. La figure suivante présente le scénario de référence global des émissions de GES de l’ensemble des secteurs pour la période 2010-2030. ATTÉNUATION 3. Fig.', 'La figure suivante présente le scénario de référence global des émissions de GES de l’ensemble des secteurs pour la période 2010-2030. ATTÉNUATION 3. Fig. 1. Ligne de base globale des émissions de GES8 CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN-MAROC 3.2. Mesures inconditionnelles Le scénario des mesures inconditionnelles d’atténuation comprend trente-quatre (34) mesures (Annexe 2) sur lesquelles le Maroc s’engage dans le cadre de sa Contribution Déterminée au niveau National (CDN) tenant compte de ses circonstances et capacités internes. L’objectif inconditionnel se traduit, en termes absolus pour 2030, par des émissions de 116,1 Mt CO2eq. L’ensemble des mesures inconditionnelles, d’un coût estimatif avoisinant 18 Milliards US$, permettent de réduire les émissions de l’année 2030 de 26 119,2 Gg Eq CO2, soit 18,3% des émissions de la ligne de base en 2030.', 'L’ensemble des mesures inconditionnelles, d’un coût estimatif avoisinant 18 Milliards US$, permettent de réduire les émissions de l’année 2030 de 26 119,2 Gg Eq CO2, soit 18,3% des émissions de la ligne de base en 2030. 3.3. Objectif Global (mesures inconditionnelles et conditionnelles) La CDN actualisée présente un objectif d’atténuation global de 45,5 % (mesures inconditionnelles et conditionnelles) à l’horizon 2030 par rapport au scénario de référence. Ce nouvel objectif marque une augmentation de l’ambition d’atténuation par rapport à la première version de la CDN. IL se traduit, en termes absolus pour 2030, par des émissions de 77,5 Mt CO2eq si le Maroc reçoit l’appui nécessaire pour réaliser l’ensemble des mesures proposées (inconditionnelles et conditionnelles).', 'IL se traduit, en termes absolus pour 2030, par des émissions de 77,5 Mt CO2eq si le Maroc reçoit l’appui nécessaire pour réaliser l’ensemble des mesures proposées (inconditionnelles et conditionnelles). L’augmentation de l’ambition de la CDN actualisée est attribuable à trois facteurs : • la révision du scénario de référence suite à l’utilisation des lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC ; • \x07l’inclusion de nouveaux sous-secteurs de l’Industrie, à savoir la production du ciment et la production des phosphates ; • \x07 l’identification de nouvelles actions d’atténuation dans les secteurs couverts par la NDC1 et le changement de l’étendue de certains projets. Fig 2. Variation des émissions de GES des scénarios de référence et d’atténuation des mesures inconditionnelles et conditionnellesCONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN-MAROC 3.4.', 'Variation des émissions de GES des scénarios de référence et d’atténuation des mesures inconditionnelles et conditionnellesCONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN-MAROC 3.4. Répartition sectorielle La CDN actualisée comprend 61 actions d’atténuation (Annexe 1), dont 34 actions inconditionnelles et 27 actions conditionnelles. Sur les 34 actions inconditionnelles, 9 actions notamment dans les secteurs de l’énergie et de l’agriculture sont déjà mises en œuvre (partiellement ou totalement) avant 2020 et continueront à atténuer les émissions de GES au cours de la période 2020-2030.', 'Sur les 34 actions inconditionnelles, 9 actions notamment dans les secteurs de l’énergie et de l’agriculture sont déjà mises en œuvre (partiellement ou totalement) avant 2020 et continueront à atténuer les émissions de GES au cours de la période 2020-2030. Bien que la transition vers une économie sobre en carbone soit un projet transversal reposant sur un éventail de mesures d’atténuation dans tous les secteurs, la production d’électricité et le secteur de l’industrie (y compris les phosphates et le ciment) restent le fer de lance de la décarbonation de l’économie marocaine. Dans le secteur d’électricité le Maroc annonce l’ambition d’atteindre 52% de la puissance électrique installée à partir de sources renouvelables à l’horizon 2030.', 'Dans le secteur d’électricité le Maroc annonce l’ambition d’atteindre 52% de la puissance électrique installée à partir de sources renouvelables à l’horizon 2030. Pour l’objectif inconditionnel, le secteur de l’industrie représente la moitié de l’effort national d’atténuation à l’horizon 2030, boosté par le secteur des phosphates représentant à lui seul 27,5% des objectifs du Maroc en 2030. Les autres secteurs clés inclus dans la CDN actualisée sont : l’agriculture, la gestion de terres et foresterie, les villes, habitat et tertiaire, le transport et les déchets. Les figures 3 et 4 illustrent la répartition de l’effort d’atténuation par secteur de l’objectif global en 2030 et l’objectif global cumulé entre 2020 et 2030.', 'Les figures 3 et 4 illustrent la répartition de l’effort d’atténuation par secteur de l’objectif global en 2030 et l’objectif global cumulé entre 2020 et 2030. Secteur Actions inconditionnelles Actions conditionnelles Total Gestion des terres et Foresterie 4 3 7 Tableau 1 : Nombre d’actions d’atténuation par secteur Fig. 3. Répartition entre secteurs de l’effort global d’atténuation (inconditionnelles et conditionnelles) Fig. 4. Répartition entre secteurs de l’effort global d’atténuation cumulé sur la période 2020-203010 CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN-MAROC 3.5. Informations nécessaires à la clarté, la transparence et la compréhension de la CDN 1. Informations quantifiées sur le point de référence, y compris, le cas échéant, une année de base 2. Délais et/ou délais de mise en œuvre 3.', 'Délais et/ou délais de mise en œuvre 3. Périmètre et couverture a. Année(s) de référence, année(s) de base, période(s) de référence ou autre(s) point(s) de départ. a. Calendrier et/ou période de mise en œuvre, y compris les dates de début et de fin, conformément à toute autre décision pertinente adoptée par la CMA. a. Description générale de l’objectif d’atténuation. b. Informations quantifiables sur les indicateurs de référence, leurs valeurs dans la ou les année(s) de référence, année(s) de base, période(s) de référence ou autre(s) point(s) de départ et, le cas échéant, dans l’année cible.', 'b. Informations quantifiables sur les indicateurs de référence, leurs valeurs dans la ou les année(s) de référence, année(s) de base, période(s) de référence ou autre(s) point(s) de départ et, le cas échéant, dans l’année cible. c. Pour les stratégies, plans et actions visés au paragraphe 6 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris, où les politiques et mesures en tant qu’éléments de contributions déterminées au niveau national lorsque le paragraphe 1 (b) ci-dessus n’est pas applicable, les Parties doivent fournir d’autres informations pertinentes. d. Cible par rapport à l’indicateur de référence, exprimée numériquement, par exemple en pourcentage ou en quantité de réduction. e. Informations sur les sources de données utilisées pour quantifier le (s) point (s) de référence. b. Qu’il s’agisse d’un objectif annuel ou pluriannuel, selon le cas.', 'b. Qu’il s’agisse d’un objectif annuel ou pluriannuel, selon le cas. f. Informations sur les circonstances dans lesquelles le pays partie peut mettre à jour les valeurs des indicateurs de référence. 2010. 2020-2030. Engagement inconditionnel de réduction des émissions de GES de 18,3% ( 26 119,2 Gg Eq CO2) en 2030 comparé au scenario (CNA) avec les niveaux de soutien international en vigueur en 2020 augmenté à 45,5% (64 771,5 Gg Eq CO2) avec un soutien international plus important. L’indicateur de référence est quantifié sur la base des émissions nationales totales de gaz à effet de serre (GES). Pour l’année de référence 2010, Le niveau d’émission de l’année de référence était de 72 979 Gg d’équivalents CO2.', 'Pour l’année de référence 2010, Le niveau d’émission de l’année de référence était de 72 979 Gg d’équivalents CO2. NA Une réduction nette des émissions de GES à l’échelle de l’économie de 18,3% en 2030 par rapport au scénario de référence (CNA), avec les moyens propres du pays appuyé par un soutien international comparatif à celui reçu jusqu’à 2020. Avec un soutien plus conséquent le Maroc pourrait aller jusqu’à une réduction des émissions de 45,5% par rapport au CNA. La quantification des indicateurs de référence a été basée sur les données de l’inventaire national des émissions des GES qui sera communiqué dans la Quatrième Communication Nationale. Une seule année d’objectif : 2030.', 'Une seule année d’objectif : 2030. L’inventaire national des GES est examiné régulièrement par le comité national d’inventaires des GES en suivant les méthodologies et les lignes directrices du GIEC de 2006. Les informations sur les indicateurs de références peuvent être mis à jour et recalculées en raison d’améliorations méthodologiques continues ou mise à dispositions d’informations pertinentes non disponibles auparavant. Les informations sur les mises à jour effectuées seront incluses dans les rapports pertinents de la CCNUCC et, à partir de 2024, dans les rapports biennaux sur la transparence.CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN-MAROC 4. Processus de planification b. Secteurs, gaz, catégories et bassins couverts par la contribution déterminée au niveau national, y compris, le cas échéant, conformément aux lignes directrices du GIEC.', 'Processus de planification b. Secteurs, gaz, catégories et bassins couverts par la contribution déterminée au niveau national, y compris, le cas échéant, conformément aux lignes directrices du GIEC. c. Comment le pays Partie a tenu compte des paragraphes 31 c) et d) de la décision 1 / CP.21. d. Co-avantages d’atténuation résultant des mesures d’adaptation et / ou des plans de diversification économique des Parties, y compris la description des projets, mesures et initiatives spécifiques des mesures d’adaptation et / ou des plans de diversification économique des Parties. i. Arrangements institutionnels nationaux, participation du public et engagement avec les communautés locales et les peuples autochtones, d’une manière sensible au genre.', 'Arrangements institutionnels nationaux, participation du public et engagement avec les communautés locales et les peuples autochtones, d’une manière sensible au genre. a. Informations sur les processus de planification que le pays partie a entrepris pour préparer sa CDN et, le cas échéant, sur les plans de mise en œuvre du pays partie, y compris, le cas échéant : La CDN concerne l’ensemble de l’économie. Elle reflète toutes les émissions et les absorptions anthropogéniques telles que rapportées dans la quatrième communication nationale et le BUR2, et plus particulièrement : • \x07 Tous les secteurs, tels que définis par les lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC notamment : Energie, Procédés Industriels et Utilisation des Produits (PIUP). • \x07 Agriculture, Foresterie et Autres Affectations des Terres (AFAT), Déchets.', '• \x07 Agriculture, Foresterie et Autres Affectations des Terres (AFAT), Déchets. • \x07 Les gaz à effet de serre inclus dans les lignes directrices SO2, COVNM, et CO. • \x07 Toutes les catégories, telles qu’elles sont incluses dans les lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC, se produisant aux Maroc et figurant dans la QCN. • \x07 Tous les réservoirs de carbone au Maroc, tels qu’ils sont inclus dans le volume 5 des lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC. • \x07 La CDN du Maroc inclue toutes les catégories d’émissions ou d’absorptions anthropiques estimés dans les inventaires de gaz à effet de serre. Aucune source, aucun puits, aucune activité qui était inclus dans la version précédente de la CDN n’a été exclue. • \x07 Seules les catégories d’émissions anthropiques ou d’absorptions qui n’existent pas dans le pays sont excluent.', '• \x07 Seules les catégories d’émissions anthropiques ou d’absorptions qui n’existent pas dans le pays sont excluent. Le Maroc n’a décidé d’exclure aucun secteur de sa CDN. • \x07 Les efforts sont concentrés pour le moment sur les secteurs ayant le plus grand potentiel d’atténuation, avec la plus grande probabilité de mise en œuvre, alignés sur l’analyse par catégorie clé de l’inventaire des GES.', '• \x07 Les efforts sont concentrés pour le moment sur les secteurs ayant le plus grand potentiel d’atténuation, avec la plus grande probabilité de mise en œuvre, alignés sur l’analyse par catégorie clé de l’inventaire des GES. NA Processus d’actualisation de la CDN Le processus d’actualisation de la CDN a été lancé, en 2019, et a connu la réalisation des activités phares suivantes : • \x07 Juillet 2019 : réalisation d’une série de consultations bilatérales en vue de démarrer le processus d’actualisation de la CDN ; • \x07 Octobre 2019 : tenue d’ateliers sectoriels pour convenir des principaux changements à apporter à la première version de la CDN ; • \x07 Janvier 2020 : réalisation d’une 2ème série de consultations sectorielles pour statuer sur l’état d’avancement des actions d’atténuation et des objectifs d’adaptation inscrits dans la CDN1 et sur les changements à effectuer lors de l’exercice d’actualisation ;12 CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN-MAROC ii.', 'NA Processus d’actualisation de la CDN Le processus d’actualisation de la CDN a été lancé, en 2019, et a connu la réalisation des activités phares suivantes : • \x07 Juillet 2019 : réalisation d’une série de consultations bilatérales en vue de démarrer le processus d’actualisation de la CDN ; • \x07 Octobre 2019 : tenue d’ateliers sectoriels pour convenir des principaux changements à apporter à la première version de la CDN ; • \x07 Janvier 2020 : réalisation d’une 2ème série de consultations sectorielles pour statuer sur l’état d’avancement des actions d’atténuation et des objectifs d’adaptation inscrits dans la CDN1 et sur les changements à effectuer lors de l’exercice d’actualisation ;12 CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN-MAROC ii. Questions contextuelles, y compris, entre autres, le cas échéant : ii (a).', 'Questions contextuelles, y compris, entre autres, le cas échéant : ii (a). Les circonstances nationales, telles que la géographie, le climat, l’économie, le développement durable et l’élimination de la pauvreté. Position géographique Situé sur la rive Sud de la Méditerranée, à la pointe Nord- Ouest de l’Afrique, aux portes de l’Europe et à la limite Ouest du monde arabo-musulman et du Maghreb, le Maroc occupe une position géostratégique de choix et est depuis toujours un carrefour de civilisations. La position géographique particulière du Maroc lui confère une gamme remarquable de bioclimats, allant de l’humide au désertique. Il en découle la grande diversité bioécologique dont il dispose et qui compte parmi les plus importantes du bassin méditerranéen.', 'Il en découle la grande diversité bioécologique dont il dispose et qui compte parmi les plus importantes du bassin méditerranéen. • \x07Février à Juillet 2020 : échange avec les diverses parties prenantes pour recueillir les données nécessaires pour informer le processus technique d’actualisation de la CDN ; • \x07 Septembre à Novembre 2020 : rédaction et processus de réajustement avec les secteurs et de validation du Draft de la CDN actualisée ; • \x07 Décembre 2020 et Février 2021 : présentation officielle à deux reprises de la CDN actualisée à la Commission Nationale des Changements Climatiques et de la Diversité Biologique.', '• \x07Février à Juillet 2020 : échange avec les diverses parties prenantes pour recueillir les données nécessaires pour informer le processus technique d’actualisation de la CDN ; • \x07 Septembre à Novembre 2020 : rédaction et processus de réajustement avec les secteurs et de validation du Draft de la CDN actualisée ; • \x07 Décembre 2020 et Février 2021 : présentation officielle à deux reprises de la CDN actualisée à la Commission Nationale des Changements Climatiques et de la Diversité Biologique. Arrangements institutionnels pour la mise en œuvre de la politique climatique Le Maroc a mis en place de nouveaux dispositifs institutionnels de gouvernance et de renforcement des capacités techniques et financières rendant ses ambitions faisables et réalistes, à savoir : • \x07 L’institutionnalisation de la Commission Nationale sur le Changement Climatique et la Diversité Biologique.', 'Arrangements institutionnels pour la mise en œuvre de la politique climatique Le Maroc a mis en place de nouveaux dispositifs institutionnels de gouvernance et de renforcement des capacités techniques et financières rendant ses ambitions faisables et réalistes, à savoir : • \x07 L’institutionnalisation de la Commission Nationale sur le Changement Climatique et la Diversité Biologique. Cette commission est placée auprès de l’autorité gouvernementale chargée de l’environnement et constitue un organe de concertation et de coordination pour assurer le suivi de la mise en œuvre des engagements prévus dans les conventions internationales et leurs protocoles ayant trait aux changements climatiques et à la diversité biologique, cette commission comprends deux sous commissions : la sous-commission Diversité Biologique et une sous- commission “Changements climatiques” qui est composée de 4 groupes de travail en fonction des enjeux du changement climatique (Négociation, Adaptation, Atténuation et Finance) ; • \x07 L’institutionnalisation de la Commission Nationale de Développement Durable, présidée par le Chef de Gouvernement avec deux comités :« Comité de suivi et de pilotage de la mise en œuvre de la stratégie nationale de développement durable » et le « Comité de suivi et d’accompagnement des objectifs de développement durable » ; • \x07 Mise en place du Système national d’inventaires des GES (SNIGES).', 'Cette commission est placée auprès de l’autorité gouvernementale chargée de l’environnement et constitue un organe de concertation et de coordination pour assurer le suivi de la mise en œuvre des engagements prévus dans les conventions internationales et leurs protocoles ayant trait aux changements climatiques et à la diversité biologique, cette commission comprends deux sous commissions : la sous-commission Diversité Biologique et une sous- commission “Changements climatiques” qui est composée de 4 groupes de travail en fonction des enjeux du changement climatique (Négociation, Adaptation, Atténuation et Finance) ; • \x07 L’institutionnalisation de la Commission Nationale de Développement Durable, présidée par le Chef de Gouvernement avec deux comités :« Comité de suivi et de pilotage de la mise en œuvre de la stratégie nationale de développement durable » et le « Comité de suivi et d’accompagnement des objectifs de développement durable » ; • \x07 Mise en place du Système national d’inventaires des GES (SNIGES). Le schéma institutionnel convenu comporte une Commission Nationale d’Inventaire (CNI), une Unité Nationale d’Inventaire (UNI), un Coordinateur National, cinq Coordinateurs Sectoriels, des Inventoristes et des Points Focaux.', 'Le schéma institutionnel convenu comporte une Commission Nationale d’Inventaire (CNI), une Unité Nationale d’Inventaire (UNI), un Coordinateur National, cinq Coordinateurs Sectoriels, des Inventoristes et des Points Focaux. En outre, un projet de décret relatif au cadre de suivi évaluation de l’action climatique nationale est en cours de finalisation pour mettre en œuvre l’ensemble des critères MRV et rapports du cadre de transparence.CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN-MAROC Climat Le climat du Maroc est très varié : il est aride et désertique sur les provinces sud et le sud-est de la chaine de l’Atlas, tempéré sur la moitié nord avec apparition de zones semi-aride notamment à Souss, Haouz et l’Oriental. En effet, les quantités moyennes annuelles des précipitations se dégradent en allant du nord vers le sud et du nord-ouest vers le sud-est.', 'En effet, les quantités moyennes annuelles des précipitations se dégradent en allant du nord vers le sud et du nord-ouest vers le sud-est. Le Maroc fait partie des pays les plus concernés par le CC et ses impacts. L’analyse des données climatiques sur la période 1960-2018 montre que le Maroc a connu une réduction des précipitations, une augmentation des températures et une accentuation de l’aridité du climat. Selon la Direction Générale de la Météorologie (DGM, 2020), les différents scénarios de CC projettent sur le Maroc une baisse pluviométrique durant la saison d’hiver. Cette baisse serait accompagnée d’une augmentation de la persistance temporelle de la sécheresse.', 'Cette baisse serait accompagnée d’une augmentation de la persistance temporelle de la sécheresse. Le changement de la distribution des précipitations coïnciderait avec un réchauffement qui se manifesterait à la fois aux échelles saisonnière et annuelle donnant lieu à l’intensification des phénomènes météorologiques extrêmes (vagues de chaleurs, forts orages, vents violents. Economie nationale L’économie nationale est fortement corrélée au secteur agricole et à la conjoncture mondiale. Après une année 2016 marquée par une croissance à la baisse (1,6%) en raison de la sécheresse, le taux de croissance est remonté à 4% en 2017. Le Maroc accuse un ralentissement de sa croissance économique, à 3,1% en 2018, qui s’est confirmé en 2019 avec un taux de 2,5% et une croissance négative en 2020 à cause de la crise sanitaire du covid 19.', 'Le Maroc accuse un ralentissement de sa croissance économique, à 3,1% en 2018, qui s’est confirmé en 2019 avec un taux de 2,5% et une croissance négative en 2020 à cause de la crise sanitaire du covid 19. Le Royaume s’applique à favoriser une meilleure résilience de l’économie marocaine aux fluctuations agricoles fortement impactées par le changement climatique. En ce sens, d’importantes réformes ont ainsi vu le jour dans le cadre d’une stratégie de diversification sectorielle (décompensation de l’essence, du gasoil et du fuel industriel, adoption d’une loi organique relative aux lois de finances - LOLF -, nouveau plan de développement industriel, nouvelle stratégie agricole…).', 'En ce sens, d’importantes réformes ont ainsi vu le jour dans le cadre d’une stratégie de diversification sectorielle (décompensation de l’essence, du gasoil et du fuel industriel, adoption d’une loi organique relative aux lois de finances - LOLF -, nouveau plan de développement industriel, nouvelle stratégie agricole…). Au-delà du plan de relance à court terme, nécessaire au redémarrage de l’économie après une année difficile marquée par une crise sanitaire sans précédent, définir l’ambition de développement à moyen et long terme devient impératif. Cette crise révèle et accélère des tendances économiques de fond et déclenche également de nouvelles dynamiques.', 'Cette crise révèle et accélère des tendances économiques de fond et déclenche également de nouvelles dynamiques. Un Maroc social, créateur de richesse au niveau des territoires, avec une économie durable décarbonnée et résiliente au changement climatique, telles sont les priorités en matière de modèle de développement que devrait avoir le Royaume, à moyen terme, après cette crise.', 'Un Maroc social, créateur de richesse au niveau des territoires, avec une économie durable décarbonnée et résiliente au changement climatique, telles sont les priorités en matière de modèle de développement que devrait avoir le Royaume, à moyen terme, après cette crise. Développement durable Le Conseil des Ministres a adoptée le 25 juin 2017 la stratégie nationale de Développement Durable qui vise à réaliser une transition progressive vers l’économie verte, en prenant en compte les défis environnementaux, en œuvrant pour la promotion du développement humain et de la cohésion sociale et en consolidant d’une manière durable la compétitivité économique.14 CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN-MAROC Lutte contre la pauvreté Pour éradiquer le fléau de la pauvreté, les pouvoirs publics ont opté pour un développement durable basé sur des politiques publiques intégrées s’inscrivant dans un projet global auquel toutes les composantes de la société doivent adhérer.', 'Développement durable Le Conseil des Ministres a adoptée le 25 juin 2017 la stratégie nationale de Développement Durable qui vise à réaliser une transition progressive vers l’économie verte, en prenant en compte les défis environnementaux, en œuvrant pour la promotion du développement humain et de la cohésion sociale et en consolidant d’une manière durable la compétitivité économique.14 CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN-MAROC Lutte contre la pauvreté Pour éradiquer le fléau de la pauvreté, les pouvoirs publics ont opté pour un développement durable basé sur des politiques publiques intégrées s’inscrivant dans un projet global auquel toutes les composantes de la société doivent adhérer. L’Initiative Nationale de Développement Humain, lancée par le SM le Roi Mohammed VI en mai 2005, s’inscrit dans cette vision et vise la lutte contre la pauvreté, la précarité et l’exclusion sociale à travers la réalisation de projets d’appui aux infrastructures de base, projets de formation et de renforcement de capacités, d’animation sociale, culturelle et sportive ainsi que la promotion d’activités génératrices de revenus et d’emplois.', 'L’Initiative Nationale de Développement Humain, lancée par le SM le Roi Mohammed VI en mai 2005, s’inscrit dans cette vision et vise la lutte contre la pauvreté, la précarité et l’exclusion sociale à travers la réalisation de projets d’appui aux infrastructures de base, projets de formation et de renforcement de capacités, d’animation sociale, culturelle et sportive ainsi que la promotion d’activités génératrices de revenus et d’emplois. L’INDH est à sa troisième phase 2019-2023. Cette phase s’articule autour de quatre programmes : • \x07 Programme 1 : Rattrapage des déficits en infrastructures et services sociaux de base ; • \x07 Programme 2 : Accompagnement des personnes en situation de précarité ; • \x07 Programme 3 : Amélioration du revenu et inclusion économique des jeunes ; • \x07 Programme 4 : Impulsion du capital humain des générations montantes. ii (b).', 'Cette phase s’articule autour de quatre programmes : • \x07 Programme 1 : Rattrapage des déficits en infrastructures et services sociaux de base ; • \x07 Programme 2 : Accompagnement des personnes en situation de précarité ; • \x07 Programme 3 : Amélioration du revenu et inclusion économique des jeunes ; • \x07 Programme 4 : Impulsion du capital humain des générations montantes. ii (b). Meilleures pratiques et expérience liées à la préparation de la CDN. ii (c). Autres aspirations et priorités contextuelles reconnues lors de l’adhésion à l’Accord de Paris.', 'Autres aspirations et priorités contextuelles reconnues lors de l’adhésion à l’Accord de Paris. b. Informations spécifiques applicables aux Parties, y compris les organisations d’intégration économique régionale et leurs États membres, qui sont parvenus à un accord pour agir conjointement en vertu du paragraphe 2 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris, y compris les Parties qui ont accepté d’agir conjointement et les termes de l’accord, conformément aux paragraphes 16 à 18 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris. c. Comment le pays partie préparant sa CDN a-t-elle été informée par les résultats du bilan mondial, conformément au paragraphe 9 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris. ii.', 'c. Comment le pays partie préparant sa CDN a-t-elle été informée par les résultats du bilan mondial, conformément au paragraphe 9 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris. ii. Projets, mesures et activités spécifiques à mettre en œuvre pour contribuer aux co-bénéfices d’atténuation, y compris des informations sur les plans d’adaptation qui produisent également des co-bénéfices d’atténuation, qui peuvent couvrir, mais sans s’y limiter, des secteurs i. Comment les conséquences économiques et sociales des mesures de réponse ont-elles été prises en compte dans le développement de la CDN.', 'Comment les conséquences économiques et sociales des mesures de réponse ont-elles été prises en compte dans le développement de la CDN. d. Chaque Partie ayant une CDN au titre de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris qui consiste en des mesures d’adaptation et/ou des plans de diversification économique aboutissant à des co-avantages d’atténuation conformes au paragraphe 7 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris à soumettre des informations sur : • \x07 La CDN du Maroc est élaborée dans un cadre de transparence facilement vérifiable. 61 mesures sectorielles avec des objectifs quantifiables de réductions individuelles ont été identifiées avec leur coût de mise en œuvre. • \x07 Le Maroc a mis en place une plateforme MRV en ligne dédiée pour le suivi de la mise en œuvre des actions de la CDN.', '• \x07 Le Maroc a mis en place une plateforme MRV en ligne dédiée pour le suivi de la mise en œuvre des actions de la CDN. Des points focaux sectoriels ont été formés pour assurer le suivi de la mise en œuvre de leurs actions. NA NA NA NA NACONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN-MAROC clés, tels que l’énergie, les ressources, l’eau ressources, ressources côtières, établissements humains et planification urbaine, agriculture et foresterie; et des actions de diversification économique, qui peuvent couvrir, mais sans s’y limiter, des secteurs tels que la fabrication et l’industrie, l’énergie et les mines, les transports et les communications, la construction, le tourisme, l’immobilier, l’agriculture et la pêche.', 'NA NA NA NA NACONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN-MAROC clés, tels que l’énergie, les ressources, l’eau ressources, ressources côtières, établissements humains et planification urbaine, agriculture et foresterie; et des actions de diversification économique, qui peuvent couvrir, mais sans s’y limiter, des secteurs tels que la fabrication et l’industrie, l’énergie et les mines, les transports et les communications, la construction, le tourisme, l’immobilier, l’agriculture et la pêche. a. Hypothèses et approches méthodologiques utilisées pour comptabiliser les émissions et absorptions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre correspondant à la contribution déterminée au niveau national de le pays partie, conformément au paragraphe 31 de la décision 1/ CP.21 et aux orientations comptables adoptées par la CMA. b. Hypothèses et approches méthodologiques utilisées pour rendre compte de la mise en œuvre des politiques et mesures ou stratégies dans la contribution déterminée au niveau national.', 'b. Hypothèses et approches méthodologiques utilisées pour rendre compte de la mise en œuvre des politiques et mesures ou stratégies dans la contribution déterminée au niveau national. c. Le cas échéant, des informations sur la manière dont le pays partie tiendra compte des méthodes et des orientations existantes au titre de la Convention pour comptabiliser les émissions et absorptions anthropiques, conformément au paragraphe 14 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris, le cas échéant. d. Méthodologies et paramètres utilisés par GIEC pour estimer les émissions et les absorptions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre. i. Approche pour traiter les émissions et les absorptions subséquentes des perturbations naturelles sur les terres gérées. iii. Approche utilisée pour traiter les effets de la structure des classes d’âge dans les forêts. ii.', 'Approche utilisée pour traiter les effets de la structure des classes d’âge dans les forêts. ii. Approche utilisée pour tenir compte des émissions et des absorptions des produits ligneux récoltés. e. Hypothèses, méthodologies et approches propres au secteur, à la catégorie ou à l’activité, conformément aux orientations du GIEC, le cas échéant, y compris, le cas échéant : L’approche méthodologique adoptée pour comptabiliser les émissions et absorptions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre de la CDN est identique à celle utilisée dans l’inventaire de GES qui est conforme aux directives des lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC. Il est prévu qu’au plus tard le 31 décembre 2024, l’approche sera en conformément aux directives comptables pour les CDN figurant à l’annexe II du décision 4 / CMA.1.', 'Il est prévu qu’au plus tard le 31 décembre 2024, l’approche sera en conformément aux directives comptables pour les CDN figurant à l’annexe II du décision 4 / CMA.1. Les mêmes hypothèses et approches sont utilisées pour rendre compte de la mise en œuvre des politiques et mesures ou stratégies dans la NDC. L’inventaire actuel des GES du Maroc est soumis conformément à la décision 24 / CP.19 et utilise les Lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC pour les inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre. Dans sa comptabilisation des émissions et des absorptions anthropiques correspondant à la CDN, le Maroc a mis en avant l’intégrité environnementale, la transparence, l’exactitude, l’exhaustivité, la comparabilité et la cohérence. Il a veillé aussi à éviter tout double comptage. Méthodologies : Lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC.', 'Méthodologies : Lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC. Métriques : Potentiel de réchauffement Global conformément au quatrième rapport d’évaluation du GIEC (AR4). Les valeurs de PRG utilisées sont celles déterminées dans le (AR4) : PRG CO2 = 1 (par convention) ; PRG CH4 = 25 ; PRG N2O = 298 ; PRG HFCs = 1.5 - 14 800. Toutes les émissions et absorptions déclarées dans l’inventaire des GES du Royaume du Maroc sont inclus dans la CDN, sans approche spécifique pour exclure les émissions des perturbations naturelles. Les effets de la structure des classes d’âge dans les forêts ne sont pas pris en compte. Les produits ligneux récoltés informels ont été estimés. 5.', 'Les produits ligneux récoltés informels ont été estimés. 5. Hypothèses et approches méthodologiques, y compris celles permettant d’estimer et de comptabiliser les émissions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre et, le cas échéant, les absorptions16 CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN-MAROC i. Comment les indicateurs de référence, les niveaux de référence et / ou les niveaux de référence, y compris, le cas échéant, les niveaux de référence spécifiques au secteur, à la catégorie ou à l’activité, sont construits, y compris, par exemple, les paramètres clés, les hypothèses, les définitions, méthodologies, sources de données et modèles utilisés. ii.', 'Comment les indicateurs de référence, les niveaux de référence et / ou les niveaux de référence, y compris, le cas échéant, les niveaux de référence spécifiques au secteur, à la catégorie ou à l’activité, sont construits, y compris, par exemple, les paramètres clés, les hypothèses, les définitions, méthodologies, sources de données et modèles utilisés. ii. Pour les Parties dont les contributions déterminées au niveau national contiennent des éléments autres que les gaz à effet de serre, des informations sur les hypothèses et les approches méthodologiques utilisées en relation avec ces éléments, le cas échéant. g. L’intention d’utiliser la coopération volontaire au titre de l’article 6 de l’Accord de Paris, le cas échéant. b. Les considérations d’équité, y compris la réflexion sur l’équité. iii.', 'b. Les considérations d’équité, y compris la réflexion sur l’équité. iii. Pour les forçeurs climatiques inclus dans les contributions déterminées au niveau national non couvertes par les lignes directrices du GIEC, des informations sur la manière dont les forçateurs climatiques sont estimés. iv. Informations techniques complémentaires, si nécessaire. a. Comment le pays Partie considère que sa CDN est juste et ambitieuse à la lumière de sa situation nationale. f. Autres hypothèses et approches méthodologiques utilisées pour comprendre la contribution déterminée au niveau national et, le cas échéant, estimer les émissions et absorptions correspondantes, notamment : La CDN actualisée revoit à la hausse les objectifs de la première version de sa CDN du Maroc), en présentant un objectif de 45,5% à l’horizon 2030 dont un objectif inconditionnel de 18,3%.', 'f. Autres hypothèses et approches méthodologiques utilisées pour comprendre la contribution déterminée au niveau national et, le cas échéant, estimer les émissions et absorptions correspondantes, notamment : La CDN actualisée revoit à la hausse les objectifs de la première version de sa CDN du Maroc), en présentant un objectif de 45,5% à l’horizon 2030 dont un objectif inconditionnel de 18,3%. Ces nouveaux objectifs, traduisent une augmentation significative de l’ambition du Maroc en matière d’atténuation. La CDN1 était universellement reconnue comme étant très ambitieuse avec les cibles d’atténuation de 17% (inconditionnelle) 42% (inconditionnelle +conditionnelle) comparée au scénario de référence pour 2030, lesquelles seront augmentées dans la CDN2 à 18,3% et 45,5%, respectivement, comparés au scénario de référence.', 'La CDN1 était universellement reconnue comme étant très ambitieuse avec les cibles d’atténuation de 17% (inconditionnelle) 42% (inconditionnelle +conditionnelle) comparée au scénario de référence pour 2030, lesquelles seront augmentées dans la CDN2 à 18,3% et 45,5%, respectivement, comparés au scénario de référence. L’inventaire des émissions de GES de 2010 et les scénarios de référence et d’atténuation ont été réalisés suivant les lignes directrices du GIEC de 2006. Les scénarios de référence CNA et d’atténuation ont été élaborés à partir des données de l’Annuaire des Statistiques Nationales, des données sur les activités sectorielles et des analyses prospectives économiques, démographiques et sectorielles. Le scénario de référence du Maroc a été construit en se basant sur les données historiques et prévisionnelles des politiques et/ou mesures d’atténuation adoptées avant l’année de référence 2010.', 'Le scénario de référence du Maroc a été construit en se basant sur les données historiques et prévisionnelles des politiques et/ou mesures d’atténuation adoptées avant l’année de référence 2010. Les politiques et/ou mesures qui seront adoptées après 2010 seront prises en compte pour la réalisation de l’objectif d’atténuation. NA Le Maroc se prépare activement à participer aux mécanismes financiers et de coopération prévues à l’article 6 de l’Accord de Paris. Dans le contexte du partenariat pour la mise en œuvre du marché (PMI, selon le sigle anglais) et de la Transformative Carbon Asset Facility (TCAF) de la Banque mondiale, le Maroc vise à établir les bases pour participer aux activités pilotes de l’article 6.', 'Dans le contexte du partenariat pour la mise en œuvre du marché (PMI, selon le sigle anglais) et de la Transformative Carbon Asset Facility (TCAF) de la Banque mondiale, le Maroc vise à établir les bases pour participer aux activités pilotes de l’article 6. Le Maroc envisage aussi d’utiliser ses expériences acquises dans le développement et la gestion des projets sous le MDP pour sa participation aux mécanismes de l’article 6. Équité Avec un niveau de 0,2% des émissions totales de GES mondiales en 2018, les émissions du Maroc par habitant sont disproportionnellement basses comparées à la moyenne mondiale. De plus, sur le plan de l’intensité des émissions par unité de PIB corrigée du pouvoir d’achat, le Maroc se situe à 38,5% au-dessous de la moyenne mondiale. NA NA 6.', 'De plus, sur le plan de l’intensité des émissions par unité de PIB corrigée du pouvoir d’achat, le Maroc se situe à 38,5% au-dessous de la moyenne mondiale. NA NA 6. Comment le pays partie considère que son CDN est juste et ambitieux à la lumière de sa situation nationaleCONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN-MAROC L’accumulation des émissions historiques reste faible comparée à celles des pays industrialisés. Cela prouve la faible responsabilité du Maroc relativement aux causes anthropogènes du changement climatique. Le pays a une grande vulnérabilité aux impacts du changement climatique en raison de sa position géographique.', 'Le pays a une grande vulnérabilité aux impacts du changement climatique en raison de sa position géographique. Néanmoins, en reconnaissant les responsabilités communes, mais différenciées, formulées sous la CCNUCC et reconfirmées dans l’Accord de Paris, le Maroc vise à assumer une contribution d’atténuation des émissions de GES plus signifiante que celle qui lui serait conforme selon sa responsabilité historique. Cela est basé sur la conception d’une idée d’équité globale ainsi que sur le constat de l’urgence planétaire dans laquelle l’humanité dans son ensemble est engagée. c. Comment le pays Partie a traité le paragraphe 3 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris. d. Comment le pays Partie a traité le paragraphe 4 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris. b.', 'd. Comment le pays Partie a traité le paragraphe 4 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris. b. Comment la CDN contribue à la réalisation de l’article 2, paragraphe 1 a), et de l’article 4, paragraphe 1, de l’Accord de Paris. e. Comment le pays Partie a traité le paragraphe 6 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris. Le gouvernement du Maroc présente une actualisation de sa contribution déterminée au niveau national (CDN 2) au titre de l’Accord de Paris pour la période 2020-2030, conformément aux articles 4.2 et 4.11 de l’Accord de Paris, aux paragraphes 23 et 24 de la décision 1/CP.21 et aux autres dispositions pertinentes de l’Accord. La CDN actualisée représente une progression par rapport à la CDN antérieure, elle correspond au niveau d’ambition le plus élevé possible.', 'La CDN actualisée représente une progression par rapport à la CDN antérieure, elle correspond au niveau d’ambition le plus élevé possible. La CDN du Royaume du Maroc est un objectif absolu de réduction des émissions à l’échelle de l’économie comme stipulé dans l’Article 4.4 de l’Accord de Paris. Les sections 4 et 6 détaillent l’ambition d’atténuation du Royaume du Maroc qui contribuera à la réalisation de l’article 2 de la CCNUCC. NA a. Comment la CDN contribue à atteindre l’objectif de la Convention tel qu’énoncé à son article 2. Le Maroc considère que sa CDN révisée est conforme à l’objectif de la CCNUCC et à l’objectif à long terme de l’Accord de Paris de la CCNUCC, comme expliqué aux points 6a et 6b.', 'Le Maroc considère que sa CDN révisée est conforme à l’objectif de la CCNUCC et à l’objectif à long terme de l’Accord de Paris de la CCNUCC, comme expliqué aux points 6a et 6b. La CDN du Maroc représente la contribution du Maroc aux objectifs de l’article 2 de la Convention visant à stabiliser les concentrations de GES dans l’atmosphère à un niveau qui empêcherait l’interférence dangereuse et anthropique avec le système climatique. Les sections 4 et 6 détaillent l’ambition d’atténuation du Royaume du Maroc qui contribuera à la réalisation de l’article 2 de la Convention. 7. Comment la CDN contribue à la réalisation des objectifs de la Convention tels qu’énoncés à son article 218 CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN-MAROC 3.6.', 'Comment la CDN contribue à la réalisation des objectifs de la Convention tels qu’énoncés à son article 218 CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN-MAROC 3.6. Planification de la mise en œuvre Le tableau suivant donne une vue d’ensemble des stratégies sectorielles les plus importantes et leurs objectifs en matière d’atténuation qui contribuent à la mise en œuvre de la CDN.', 'Planification de la mise en œuvre Le tableau suivant donne une vue d’ensemble des stratégies sectorielles les plus importantes et leurs objectifs en matière d’atténuation qui contribuent à la mise en œuvre de la CDN. Tableau 2 : Principales stratégies, plans et programmes sectoriels et leurs objectifs permettant la mise en œuvre de la CDN en matière d’atténuation Stratégie Nationale Énergétique Stratégie Nationale de la Logistique Stratégie Nationale de Réduction et de Valorisation des Déchets Programme National d’Assainissement Liquide et d’Épuration des Eaux Usées Plan Maroc Vert • \x07 Réaliser 52% de la puissance électrique installée à partir de sources renouvelables, dont 20 % en énergie solaire, 20% en énergie éolienne et 12% en énergie hydraulique d’ici 2030 ; • \x07 Réaliser une économie d’énergie de 20% d’ici 2030 par rapport à l’évolution tendancielle ; • \x07 Réduire la consommation d’énergie dans les bâtiments, l’industrie et le transport de 5% à l’horizon 2020 et de 20% en 2030.', 'Tableau 2 : Principales stratégies, plans et programmes sectoriels et leurs objectifs permettant la mise en œuvre de la CDN en matière d’atténuation Stratégie Nationale Énergétique Stratégie Nationale de la Logistique Stratégie Nationale de Réduction et de Valorisation des Déchets Programme National d’Assainissement Liquide et d’Épuration des Eaux Usées Plan Maroc Vert • \x07 Réaliser 52% de la puissance électrique installée à partir de sources renouvelables, dont 20 % en énergie solaire, 20% en énergie éolienne et 12% en énergie hydraulique d’ici 2030 ; • \x07 Réaliser une économie d’énergie de 20% d’ici 2030 par rapport à l’évolution tendancielle ; • \x07 Réduire la consommation d’énergie dans les bâtiments, l’industrie et le transport de 5% à l’horizon 2020 et de 20% en 2030. Pour l’année 2030, les économies d’énergie par secteur seraient de 17% pour l’industrie, 24,5% pour le transport, 14% pour le secteur ville, habitat et tertiaire et 13,5% pour l’agriculture et la pêche maritime ; • \x07 Installer une capacité supplémentaire de 450 MW en technologie de cycle combiné fonctionnant au gaz naturel importé à l’horizon 2030 ; • \x07 Alimenter les principales industries en énergie par pipelines de gaz naturel importé et regazéifié.', 'Pour l’année 2030, les économies d’énergie par secteur seraient de 17% pour l’industrie, 24,5% pour le transport, 14% pour le secteur ville, habitat et tertiaire et 13,5% pour l’agriculture et la pêche maritime ; • \x07 Installer une capacité supplémentaire de 450 MW en technologie de cycle combiné fonctionnant au gaz naturel importé à l’horizon 2030 ; • \x07 Alimenter les principales industries en énergie par pipelines de gaz naturel importé et regazéifié. • \x07 Réduire les coûts logistiques au profit des consommateurs et de la compétitivité des opérateurs économiques et par une gestion optimisée, sécurisée et massifiée des flux de marchandises ; • \x07 Accélérer la croissance du PIB par l’augmentation de la valeur ajoutée induite par la baisse des coûts logistiques ; • Contribuer au développement durable par la réduction des nuisances.', '• \x07 Réduire les coûts logistiques au profit des consommateurs et de la compétitivité des opérateurs économiques et par une gestion optimisée, sécurisée et massifiée des flux de marchandises ; • \x07 Accélérer la croissance du PIB par l’augmentation de la valeur ajoutée induite par la baisse des coûts logistiques ; • Contribuer au développement durable par la réduction des nuisances. • \x07 Réduire les déchets à éliminer dans les décharges contrôlées et améliorer le taux de recyclage-valorisation à l’horizon 2030, dont : ◆ 20 % de recyclage des déchets ménagers et assimilés (DMA) ; ◆ 20 % de valorisation de la matière organique des DMA ; ◆ 10 % de valorisation énergétique des déchets ; ◆ 25 % de recyclage des déchets industriels ; ◆ 70 % de recyclage des véhicules en fin de vie ; • \x07 Créer des emplois verts durables, notamment avec l’insertion des chiffonniers, la création de plus de Centres d’Enfouissement et de Valorisation (CEV), l’encouragement à la création d’unités de recyclage et la multiplication des conventions publiques-privées.', '• \x07 Réduire les déchets à éliminer dans les décharges contrôlées et améliorer le taux de recyclage-valorisation à l’horizon 2030, dont : ◆ 20 % de recyclage des déchets ménagers et assimilés (DMA) ; ◆ 20 % de valorisation de la matière organique des DMA ; ◆ 10 % de valorisation énergétique des déchets ; ◆ 25 % de recyclage des déchets industriels ; ◆ 70 % de recyclage des véhicules en fin de vie ; • \x07 Créer des emplois verts durables, notamment avec l’insertion des chiffonniers, la création de plus de Centres d’Enfouissement et de Valorisation (CEV), l’encouragement à la création d’unités de recyclage et la multiplication des conventions publiques-privées. • \x07 Atteindre un taux de raccordement global au réseau d’assainissement en • \x07 Atteindre un volume d’eaux usées traitées de 50% en 2016, 60% en 2020 et • \x07 Traiter les eaux usées jusqu’au secteur tertiaire et les réutiliser à 50% pour les villes intérieures en 2020.', '• \x07 Atteindre un taux de raccordement global au réseau d’assainissement en • \x07 Atteindre un volume d’eaux usées traitées de 50% en 2016, 60% en 2020 et • \x07 Traiter les eaux usées jusqu’au secteur tertiaire et les réutiliser à 50% pour les villes intérieures en 2020. • \x07 Moderniser le secteur agricole afin d’augmenter le PIB agricole de +60 à 90 Milliards DHs pour atteindre 110 à 150 Milliards DHs à l’horizon 2020, et atteindre une valeur des exportations de 44 Milliards Dhs à l’horizon 2020 ; • \x07 Prendre en compte le secteur agricole dans toutes ses composantes sociologiques et territoriales, notamment à travers le développement de l’agriculture solidaire et des zones sensibles et vulnérables comme les oasis et les montagnes ; • \x07 Améliorer de 2 fois le revenu de 2 à 3 millions de ruraux ; • \x07 Gérer de manière plus efficiente les ressources naturelles, notamment les ressources en eau (économie de 20 à 50%).', '• \x07 Moderniser le secteur agricole afin d’augmenter le PIB agricole de +60 à 90 Milliards DHs pour atteindre 110 à 150 Milliards DHs à l’horizon 2020, et atteindre une valeur des exportations de 44 Milliards Dhs à l’horizon 2020 ; • \x07 Prendre en compte le secteur agricole dans toutes ses composantes sociologiques et territoriales, notamment à travers le développement de l’agriculture solidaire et des zones sensibles et vulnérables comme les oasis et les montagnes ; • \x07 Améliorer de 2 fois le revenu de 2 à 3 millions de ruraux ; • \x07 Gérer de manière plus efficiente les ressources naturelles, notamment les ressources en eau (économie de 20 à 50%). Stratégies, plans et programmes ObjectifsCONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN-MAROC Stratégie Génération Green Stratégie « Forêt du Maroc » Programme d’Amélioration du Transport Public Urbain Ratification de l’Amendement de Kigali Plan de l’exemplarité de l’Administration (développé dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre de la SNDD 2030) • \x07 Consolider les filières agricoles, en particulier poursuivre les programmes de plantation notamment d’oliviers, de palmiers dattiers, d’arganiers, d’arbres fruitiers, de cactus, etc.', 'Stratégies, plans et programmes ObjectifsCONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN-MAROC Stratégie Génération Green Stratégie « Forêt du Maroc » Programme d’Amélioration du Transport Public Urbain Ratification de l’Amendement de Kigali Plan de l’exemplarité de l’Administration (développé dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre de la SNDD 2030) • \x07 Consolider les filières agricoles, en particulier poursuivre les programmes de plantation notamment d’oliviers, de palmiers dattiers, d’arganiers, d’arbres fruitiers, de cactus, etc. ; • \x07 Développer l’agriculture biologique ; • \x07 Promouvoir les énergies renouvelables (biomasse, solaire, etc.) notamment dans le domaine de l’irrigation par la promotion de l’utilisation du pompage solaire dans les projets d’irrigation économes en eau ; • Préserver les écosystèmes notamment le développement des parcours.', 'notamment dans le domaine de l’irrigation par la promotion de l’utilisation du pompage solaire dans les projets d’irrigation économes en eau ; • Préserver les écosystèmes notamment le développement des parcours. La Stratégie Forêts du Maroc vise à répondre aux objectifs liés à l’arrêt de la déforestation et ambitionne de récupérer 30 années de dégradation des forêts et de rendre le secteur forestier plus compétitif et moderne, et elle vise quatre axes d’intervention fondamentaux : 1. Réinventer et structurer l’approche participative ; 2. Différencier et développer les espaces selon leur vocation ; 3. Investir et moderniser le cœur de métier et 4. Refonder l’institution.', 'Investir et moderniser le cœur de métier et 4. Refonder l’institution. • \x07 Doter les grandes agglomérations de moyens de transport public de grande capacité utilisant les énergies renouvelables ; • Mettre sur pied un programme de renouvellement du parc des taxis ; • \x07 Mettre sur pied un fonds d’accompagnement routier de transport urbain, capitalisé à hauteur de 200 millions de dollars américains. • \x07 Geler la consommation des HFC en 2024 et démarrage de la première étape de réduction à partir de 2029 ; • \x07 Agir de façon précoce sur la réduction des HFC et introduire des solutions respectueuses du climat.', '• \x07 Geler la consommation des HFC en 2024 et démarrage de la première étape de réduction à partir de 2029 ; • \x07 Agir de façon précoce sur la réduction des HFC et introduire des solutions respectueuses du climat. Conformément aux activités d’efficacité énergétique axées sur les réfrigérateurs et les climatiseurs, le Maroc envisage la transition vers des réfrigérateurs et des climatiseurs respectueux de l’environnement et à faible PRG en remplaçant des équipements dangereux et en passant directement aux technologies écologiques et respectueuses du climat.', 'Conformément aux activités d’efficacité énergétique axées sur les réfrigérateurs et les climatiseurs, le Maroc envisage la transition vers des réfrigérateurs et des climatiseurs respectueux de l’environnement et à faible PRG en remplaçant des équipements dangereux et en passant directement aux technologies écologiques et respectueuses du climat. • \x07 Encourager et utiliser les énergies renouvelables et les technologies visant la gestion rationnelle ou l’efficacité énergétique dans l’ensemble des administrations publiques ; • \x07 Augmenter de 30% la part des voitures écologiques (hybrides ou électriques) du parc de l’État ; • Promouvoir le tri des déchets à la source dans les administrations. Stratégies, plans et programmes Objectifs20 CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN-MAROC ADAPTATION 4.1.', 'Stratégies, plans et programmes Objectifs20 CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN-MAROC ADAPTATION 4.1. Impact du changement climatique sur les secteurs et leurs vulnérabilités Le Royaume du Maroc est particulièrement vulnérable à trois types d’impacts climatiques : l’augmentation des températures, les changements dans les régimes de précipitations et l’augmentation de l’aridité. Ces types d’impacts sont associés à l’amplification de la fréquence et de l’intensité des événements météorologiques extrêmes, tels que les sécheresses sévères, les inondations, les incendies de forêt, les vagues de chaleur et de froid, ainsi que les tempêtes et submersions marines, les glissements de terrain, les invasions acridiennes, ou encore les tempêtes de neige. Une part significative de la population du Maroc et plusieurs secteurs clés de son économie, sont particulièrement vulnérables à ces aléas.', 'Une part significative de la population du Maroc et plusieurs secteurs clés de son économie, sont particulièrement vulnérables à ces aléas. Des études d’impacts et de vulnérabilités actuels et projetés au changement climatique sont menées par les différents secteurs clés (ressources en eau, agriculture, pêche, forêt et biodiversité, littoral, habitat et santé). En termes de ressources hydriques, l’analyse des impacts et de la vulnérabilité a montré que l’impact du changement climatique est estimé à une baisse de l’ordre de 25% des ressources en eau, en intégrant l’effet des sécheresses qu’a connues le Maroc depuis les années 80.', 'En termes de ressources hydriques, l’analyse des impacts et de la vulnérabilité a montré que l’impact du changement climatique est estimé à une baisse de l’ordre de 25% des ressources en eau, en intégrant l’effet des sécheresses qu’a connues le Maroc depuis les années 80. L’aggravation du déficit en eau est le résultat conjugué de la baisse des ressources en eau de surface, des eaux souterraines et l’augmentation de la demande en eau d’irrigation et en eau potable. Les projections climatiques selon le scénario d’émission RCP8.5 à l’horizon 2050, montrent une diminution des précipitations qui pourrait se traduire en une baisse des rendements agricoles de 3% à 39% dans plusieurs régions et provinces du Royaume à l’horizon 2050 (ADA, 2017).', 'Les projections climatiques selon le scénario d’émission RCP8.5 à l’horizon 2050, montrent une diminution des précipitations qui pourrait se traduire en une baisse des rendements agricoles de 3% à 39% dans plusieurs régions et provinces du Royaume à l’horizon 2050 (ADA, 2017). Le secteur de la pêche au Maroc est vulnérable aux impacts du changement climatique en raison de sa forte exposition aux variations climatiques et des moyens économiques limités des acteurs. Globalement, les projections climatiques montrent que l’impact du changement climatique et la vulnérabilité du secteur de la pêche augmentent de gravité en passant d’un scénario optimiste à un scénario pessimiste. En effet, selon une étude comparative globale de vulnérabilité des économies nationales menée par Allison et al.', 'En effet, selon une étude comparative globale de vulnérabilité des économies nationales menée par Allison et al. (2009), le Maroc est situé au 11ième rang des pays les plus vulnérables au changement climatique dans le secteur de la pêche, parmi 133 pays. Les écosystèmes forestiers sont soumis à des contraintes d’ordre socioéconomique liées aux conditions précaires des populations rurales usagères, et d’ordre naturel, liées principalement au changement climatique avec l’aridification croissante du climat et l’accentuation des risques de phénomènes extrêmes et amplifiés par la sensibilité des terres à la désertification. Le changement climatique entraînera la dégradation des forêts, la destruction des structures et de l’architecture des écosystèmes, et l’altération de l’aire de distribution des espèces.', 'Le changement climatique entraînera la dégradation des forêts, la destruction des structures et de l’architecture des écosystèmes, et l’altération de l’aire de distribution des espèces. Les répercussions du changement climatique, si minimes soient-elles sur les écosystèmes, auront des conséquences sur les populations qui en dépendent par la réduction de leurs moyens de subsistance et l’accroissement de leur exposition aux phénomènes extrêmes. Outre l’eau, l’agriculture, la pêche et la forêt, d’autres secteurs sont fortement impactés par le changement climatique, notamment l’habitat et la santé. Les projections à l’horizon 2050 montrent que le secteur de l’habitat serait davantage soumis à différents aléas climatiques (inondations, sécheresse, etc.) (MATNHUPV, 2020).', 'Les projections à l’horizon 2050 montrent que le secteur de l’habitat serait davantage soumis à différents aléas climatiques (inondations, sécheresse, etc.) (MATNHUPV, 2020). 4.CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN-MAROC Par ailleurs, la dernière analyse de la vulnérabilité du secteur de la santé a fait ressortir plusieurs types de risques dont les importants sont : • l’introduction et l’émergence de nouvelles maladies (paludisme, leishmaniose…) ; • \x07 l’augmentation de maladies respiratoires et diarrhéiques liées à la modification de la qualité des eaux, de l’air et des aliments.', '4.CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN-MAROC Par ailleurs, la dernière analyse de la vulnérabilité du secteur de la santé a fait ressortir plusieurs types de risques dont les importants sont : • l’introduction et l’émergence de nouvelles maladies (paludisme, leishmaniose…) ; • \x07 l’augmentation de maladies respiratoires et diarrhéiques liées à la modification de la qualité des eaux, de l’air et des aliments. La vulnérabilité du Maroc est exacerbée par la sensibilité accrue des communautés locales, l’insuffisance des financements climatiques dédiés aux politiques et aux mesures d’adaptation, et de capitalisation en matière d’expertise nationale dans les domaines de recherche scientifique de prévision, de prévention et de modélisation climatique, ainsi que l’érosion accrue de la biodiversité et des services environnementaux.', 'La vulnérabilité du Maroc est exacerbée par la sensibilité accrue des communautés locales, l’insuffisance des financements climatiques dédiés aux politiques et aux mesures d’adaptation, et de capitalisation en matière d’expertise nationale dans les domaines de recherche scientifique de prévision, de prévention et de modélisation climatique, ainsi que l’érosion accrue de la biodiversité et des services environnementaux. En absence d’adaptation au changement climatique, les risques engendrés par le profil de vulnérabilité entraveront la réalisation des Objectifs de Développement Durable. 4.2. Le renforcement de la résilience et de l’adaptation au Maroc : un chantier en cours Pour faire face aux graves impacts économiques et sociaux du changement climatique actuel et futur, le Maroc s’est engagé dans la promotion de mesures d’adaptation efficaces dans les secteurs économiques prioritaires pour le climat.', 'Le renforcement de la résilience et de l’adaptation au Maroc : un chantier en cours Pour faire face aux graves impacts économiques et sociaux du changement climatique actuel et futur, le Maroc s’est engagé dans la promotion de mesures d’adaptation efficaces dans les secteurs économiques prioritaires pour le climat. Le renforcement de la résilience face aux risques climatiques est l’un des piliers sur lesquels repose le Plan Climat National 2030. Les risques climatiques sont désormais pris en compte dans les décisions d’investissement et dans la planification du développement. Les Priorités du PCN2030 sont reprises dans le Plan National stratégique d’Adaptation qui constitue désormais une feuille de route pour mettre en place une politique nationale coordonnée d’adaptation au niveau national et territorial. 4.2.1.', 'Les Priorités du PCN2030 sont reprises dans le Plan National stratégique d’Adaptation qui constitue désormais une feuille de route pour mettre en place une politique nationale coordonnée d’adaptation au niveau national et territorial. 4.2.1. Le Plan National Stratégique d’Adaptation (PNSA) : les grandes orientations (2020-2030) Le PNSA promeut aussi des actions pour réduire l’impact climatique grâce à une capacité institutionnelle renforcée à l’échelle nationale, sectorielle et locale, une meilleure gestion des connaissances, et une approche convergente pour l’adaptation au changement climatique et la réduction des risques associés aux catastrophes climatiques.', 'Le Plan National Stratégique d’Adaptation (PNSA) : les grandes orientations (2020-2030) Le PNSA promeut aussi des actions pour réduire l’impact climatique grâce à une capacité institutionnelle renforcée à l’échelle nationale, sectorielle et locale, une meilleure gestion des connaissances, et une approche convergente pour l’adaptation au changement climatique et la réduction des risques associés aux catastrophes climatiques. Bien que les exigences techniques et financières pour renforcer la résilience au changement climatique dans tous les secteurs économiques soient encore en cours d’évaluation, il est déjà clair que des efforts importants seront requis, ainsi que la mobilisation de solutions innovantes, de ressources financières additionnelles et de capacités institutionnelles pour une action d’adaptation efficace.', 'Bien que les exigences techniques et financières pour renforcer la résilience au changement climatique dans tous les secteurs économiques soient encore en cours d’évaluation, il est déjà clair que des efforts importants seront requis, ainsi que la mobilisation de solutions innovantes, de ressources financières additionnelles et de capacités institutionnelles pour une action d’adaptation efficace. L’approche d’adaptation au changement climatique du Maroc intègre également des aspects touchant les systèmes socioéconomiques et naturels les plus vulnérables, à l’instar du littoral marin, des montagnes et des oasis, de groupes de population, et des communautés urbaines et rurales. Ces systèmes sont confrontés à des problèmes critiques qui nécessitent une réponse cohérente et extensive sous la forme d’interventions d’adaptation transformatrices visant à minimiser les risques et vulnérabilités climatiques.', 'Ces systèmes sont confrontés à des problèmes critiques qui nécessitent une réponse cohérente et extensive sous la forme d’interventions d’adaptation transformatrices visant à minimiser les risques et vulnérabilités climatiques. Objectif du PNSA « D’ici 2030, soutenir les décideurs politiques et les parties prenantes à tous les niveaux (national, régional et local) pour développer et mettre en œuvre dans le cadre d’une approche collaborative et coordonnée, des politiques et mesures cohérentes et efficaces, plaçant l’Homme au centre des préoccupations, afin de s’adapter et d’accroître la résilience des systèmes naturels, sociaux et économiques face aux impacts du changement climatique ».22 CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN-MAROC Le PNSA est structuré autour de cinq axes : 4.2.2.', 'Objectif du PNSA « D’ici 2030, soutenir les décideurs politiques et les parties prenantes à tous les niveaux (national, régional et local) pour développer et mettre en œuvre dans le cadre d’une approche collaborative et coordonnée, des politiques et mesures cohérentes et efficaces, plaçant l’Homme au centre des préoccupations, afin de s’adapter et d’accroître la résilience des systèmes naturels, sociaux et économiques face aux impacts du changement climatique ».22 CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN-MAROC Le PNSA est structuré autour de cinq axes : 4.2.2. Des objectifs sectoriels pour renforcer la résilience aux horizons 2030 et 2050 L’un des objectifs poursuivis par la SNDD qui influence directement la qualité de vie des Marocains est d’améliorer la gestion et la valorisation des ressources naturelles pour renforcer la conservation de la biodiversité, ainsi que l’accès des populations à des sources sûres d’eau, de promouvoir le développement humain et de réduire les inégalités sociales et territoriales.', 'Des objectifs sectoriels pour renforcer la résilience aux horizons 2030 et 2050 L’un des objectifs poursuivis par la SNDD qui influence directement la qualité de vie des Marocains est d’améliorer la gestion et la valorisation des ressources naturelles pour renforcer la conservation de la biodiversité, ainsi que l’accès des populations à des sources sûres d’eau, de promouvoir le développement humain et de réduire les inégalités sociales et territoriales. Cet objectif global est à la base des mesures visant les secteurs clés de l’économie marocaine qui peuvent contribuer à la résilience climatique sectorielle et globale du pays, ainsi qu’à son adaptation au changement climatique. Ces mesures contribueront à atteindre les ODD suivants : 1, 2, 3, 6, 11, 12, 13, 14 et 15.', 'Ces mesures contribueront à atteindre les ODD suivants : 1, 2, 3, 6, 11, 12, 13, 14 et 15. La vision du Maroc en matière d’adaptation se décline en plusieurs objectifs sectoriels chiffrés pour l’horizon 2030 à 2050. Bien que le Maroc investisse déjà massivement en adaptation, l’atteinte de ces objectifs ne sera possible qu’avec un appui important de la communauté internationale et des bailleurs de fonds.', 'Bien que le Maroc investisse déjà massivement en adaptation, l’atteinte de ces objectifs ne sera possible qu’avec un appui important de la communauté internationale et des bailleurs de fonds. Les principaux objectifs en matière d’adaptation sont présentés dans le tableau suivant : Gouvernance du plan stratégique Information et connaissance climatique Évaluation, prévention et réduction des vulnérabilités et risques climatiques Résilience des ressources et des écosystèmes sensibles Résilience des secteurs de production Consolider et optimiser la gouvernance et le pilotage stratégique de la politique nationale d’adaptation, incluant une meilleure articulation avec les échelons de gouvernance territoriaux et l’engagement des acteurs de la société civile. Éclairer la prise de décision en améliorant l’accès aux données, à l’information et aux connaissances climatiques, et en appuyant le développement de la recherche scientifique dans le domaine du climat.', 'Éclairer la prise de décision en améliorant l’accès aux données, à l’information et aux connaissances climatiques, et en appuyant le développement de la recherche scientifique dans le domaine du climat. Évaluer et prévenir les risques et les vulnérabilités, et réduire les impacts climatiques sur la sécurité, la santé et les biens économiques (sociaux, culturels, publics, privés, et de la population dans son ensemble). Renforcer la résilience des écosystèmes naturels face au changement climatique dans le cadre d’une approche combinant la préservation des services écosystémiques et des moyens de subsistance durables. Renforcer la résilience des secteurs économiques les plus vulnérables face au changement climatique.', 'Renforcer la résilience des secteurs économiques les plus vulnérables face au changement climatique. Axes Objectifs stratégiques Tableau 3 : Principaux objectifs sectoriels en matière d’adaptation Secteur de Météorologie Objectifs à Renforcement du réseau des stations d’observation météorologique (actuellement au nombre de 200) par l’acquisition de nouvelles stations et la mise en place d’un réseau national météorologique en intégrant les stations des autres partenaires, pour en arriver à un réseau unique de 1000 stations. Élargir la couverture radar météorologique en passant de 7 radars en 2019 à 12 radars. Approfondir le développement de la prévision numérique du temps et du climat à des échelles spatiales et temporelles plus fines (passer d’une résolution de 10 km à une résolution de moins d’un kilomètre).', 'Approfondir le développement de la prévision numérique du temps et du climat à des échelles spatiales et temporelles plus fines (passer d’une résolution de 10 km à une résolution de moins d’un kilomètre). Élargir les études d’impact sur le changement climatique aux secteurs socioéconomiques (15 études à réaliser à raison d’une à deux études par an). Augmenter la puissance des calculateurs de la Direction Générale de la Météorologie (DGM) pour répondre aux besoins de prévision à différentes échelles du temps et pour les simulations de nouvelles projections de changements climatiques.', 'Augmenter la puissance des calculateurs de la Direction Générale de la Météorologie (DGM) pour répondre aux besoins de prévision à différentes échelles du temps et pour les simulations de nouvelles projections de changements climatiques. Passer de 5800 milliards d’opérations par seconde en 2019 à 15 mille billions d’opérations par seconde (15x1015).CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN-MAROC Politiques, stratégies, programmes, plans et actions pour le renforcement de la résilience du secteur et l’adaptation au changement climatique Objectifs à l’horizon Objectifs à l’horizon Objectifs à l’horizon • Stratégie Nationale de l’Eau ; • Plan de Gestion de la Sécheresse ; • Plans Directeurs d’Aménagement Intégré des Ressources en Eau ; • Plan National de Protection Contre les Inondations ; • Programme National d’Assainissement Liquide ; • Programme National d’Assainissement Rural ; • Plan National de Réutilisation des Eaux Usées ; • Stratégie Nationale de l’Eau ; • Plan National de l’Eau ; • Loi sur l’Eau 36/15.', 'Passer de 5800 milliards d’opérations par seconde en 2019 à 15 mille billions d’opérations par seconde (15x1015).CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN-MAROC Politiques, stratégies, programmes, plans et actions pour le renforcement de la résilience du secteur et l’adaptation au changement climatique Objectifs à l’horizon Objectifs à l’horizon Objectifs à l’horizon • Stratégie Nationale de l’Eau ; • Plan de Gestion de la Sécheresse ; • Plans Directeurs d’Aménagement Intégré des Ressources en Eau ; • Plan National de Protection Contre les Inondations ; • Programme National d’Assainissement Liquide ; • Programme National d’Assainissement Rural ; • Plan National de Réutilisation des Eaux Usées ; • Stratégie Nationale de l’Eau ; • Plan National de l’Eau ; • Loi sur l’Eau 36/15. Raccordement au réseau d’assainissement à 90% en milieu urbain avec un taux d’épuration de 80%.', 'Raccordement au réseau d’assainissement à 90% en milieu urbain avec un taux d’épuration de 80%. Raccordement au réseau d’assainissement à 50% en milieu rural (Centres Chef-lieu des communes) avec un taux d’épuration de 40% dans le cadre du PNAM. Réutilisation des eaux usées, pour atteindre une capacité de 275 millions de m3 en milieu urbain et de 16 millions de m3 en milieu rural dans le cadre du PNAM. Réutilisation des eaux usées pour atteindre une capacité de 183 millions de m3 dans les villes côtières. Projet de mobilisation et gestion durable des ressources en eau dans les zones prioritaires de Tanger, Oujda et Meknès affectées par le changement climatique. Protection contre les inondations pour les sites à moyen et haut risque à l’horizon 2040.', 'Protection contre les inondations pour les sites à moyen et haut risque à l’horizon 2040. Réalisation de 50 grands barrages à l’horizon 2050 couvrant l’ensemble du territoire marocain avec une capacité de stockage supplémentaire de 11 milliards de m3. Réalisation de petits barrages et barrages collinaires pour le développement local, avec un inventaire d’environ 900 sites qui seront étudiés et réalisés dans le cadre d’un comité interministériel, et en intégrant les autorités locales. Réalisation de 3 projets d’interconnexion entre différents systèmes hydrauliques pour une gestion dynamique et intégrée des ressources en eau, à savoir : • Interconnexion du système Loukkos-système Tanger ; • Interconnexion du système Oued Laou-Bassin de la Moulouya ; • Interconnexion des Bassins Sebou-Bouregreg et Chaouia-Oum Er Rbia-Tensift.', 'Réalisation de 3 projets d’interconnexion entre différents systèmes hydrauliques pour une gestion dynamique et intégrée des ressources en eau, à savoir : • Interconnexion du système Loukkos-système Tanger ; • Interconnexion du système Oued Laou-Bassin de la Moulouya ; • Interconnexion des Bassins Sebou-Bouregreg et Chaouia-Oum Er Rbia-Tensift. Secteur d’Eau Politiques, stratégies, programmes, plans et actions pour le renforcement de la résilience du secteur et l’adaptation au changement climatique Objectifs à l’horizon Génération Green 2020-2030 : • Stratégie du Plan Maroc Vert ; • \x07 Stratégie de Conservation et de Valorisation des Ressources Génétiques des Plantes Cultivées ; • Programme National d’Économie d’Eau d’Irrigation ; • Stratégie de Développement de l’Espace Rural et des Zones de Montagne ; • Stratégie de Développement des Zones Oasiennes et de l’Arganier ; • \x07 Programme National de Développement des parcours et de régulation des flux de transhumants ; • \x07 Programme de réhabilitation des périmètres de PMH prévu sur 150 000 ha à l’horizon 2030 ; • \x07 Projets de partenariat public-privé novateurs, tels que les Programmes de dessalement de l’eau et de sauvegarde de l’irrigation ; • \x07 Programme d’extension de l’irrigation à l’aval des barrages Assurance multirisque climatique ; • Assurance multirisque climatique.', 'Secteur d’Eau Politiques, stratégies, programmes, plans et actions pour le renforcement de la résilience du secteur et l’adaptation au changement climatique Objectifs à l’horizon Génération Green 2020-2030 : • Stratégie du Plan Maroc Vert ; • \x07 Stratégie de Conservation et de Valorisation des Ressources Génétiques des Plantes Cultivées ; • Programme National d’Économie d’Eau d’Irrigation ; • Stratégie de Développement de l’Espace Rural et des Zones de Montagne ; • Stratégie de Développement des Zones Oasiennes et de l’Arganier ; • \x07 Programme National de Développement des parcours et de régulation des flux de transhumants ; • \x07 Programme de réhabilitation des périmètres de PMH prévu sur 150 000 ha à l’horizon 2030 ; • \x07 Projets de partenariat public-privé novateurs, tels que les Programmes de dessalement de l’eau et de sauvegarde de l’irrigation ; • \x07 Programme d’extension de l’irrigation à l’aval des barrages Assurance multirisque climatique ; • Assurance multirisque climatique. Extension de l’irrigation à de nouveaux périmètres agricoles, sur une superficie de 60 000 ha, pour un investissement global de 3,5 milliards USD.', 'Extension de l’irrigation à de nouveaux périmètres agricoles, sur une superficie de 60 000 ha, pour un investissement global de 3,5 milliards USD. Équipement d’irrigation localisé sur une superficie additionnelle de 350 000 ha pour un investissement global de 1 milliard de dollars américains. Secteur d’Agriculture24 CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN-MAROC Réalisation de six stations de dessalement de l’eau de mer à court et moyen terme à savoir les stations du Grand Casablanca, Tarfaya, Sidi Ifni, et en zone littorale, Safi et Dakhla, le tout représentant une capacité maximale de dessalement qui pourrait atteindre 1 milliard de m3.', 'Secteur d’Agriculture24 CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN-MAROC Réalisation de six stations de dessalement de l’eau de mer à court et moyen terme à savoir les stations du Grand Casablanca, Tarfaya, Sidi Ifni, et en zone littorale, Safi et Dakhla, le tout représentant une capacité maximale de dessalement qui pourrait atteindre 1 milliard de m3. Amélioration des rendements des réseaux de distribution d’eau potable, et d’eau à des fins industrielles et touristiques, avec un objectif de 80% comme moyenne nationale en 2040 et 85% en 2050. Reconversion et mise à niveau de l’irrigation localisée pour atteindre 70% de la superficie irriguée totale. Modernisation des canaux multiservices. Programme de collecte des eaux pluviales de 300 millions de m3/an.', 'Programme de collecte des eaux pluviales de 300 millions de m3/an. Réduction de la surexploitation des nappes par 50 % à l’horizon 2030 et atteinte de l’équilibre en 2050 (recharge artificielle, gestion participative des nappes, amélioration de la reconnaissance des eaux souterraines, etc.). Amélioration de la qualité des ressources en eau en réduisant la pollution à plus de 70% et en augmentant le taux de réutilisation à près de 30% en 2050. Accélération des projets de protection des systèmes écologiques sensibles, notamment les zones humides et les oasis. Création de divers programmes et actions visant à préserver les ressources en eau et le milieu naturel, et amélioration de la gestion des phénomènes climatiques extrêmes, pour un investissement global de 5,7 milliards USD.', 'Création de divers programmes et actions visant à préserver les ressources en eau et le milieu naturel, et amélioration de la gestion des phénomènes climatiques extrêmes, pour un investissement global de 5,7 milliards USD. Politiques, stratégies, programmes, plans et actions pour le renforcement de la résilience du secteur et l’adaptation au changement climatique Objectifs à l’horizon • Plan Halieutis : – Plan de Renforcement de la Recherche Halieutique Nationale ; – Plans d’Aménagement des Pêcheries ; – Programme de Création d’Aires Marines Protégées ; – Programme d’Immersion de Récifs Artificiels ; – Programme d’Adaptation et de Modernisation de l’Effort de Pêche ; – Plan de Développement de l’Aquaculture Nationale ; – \x07 Programme de Renforcement et de Développement des Infrastructures de Pêche et de Commercialisation ; – Programme de Projets Intégrés « Pêche/Valorisation à Terre des Captures » ; – \x07 Plan de Promotion de la Compétitivité des Produits de la Pêche aux Échelles Nationale et Internationale.', 'Politiques, stratégies, programmes, plans et actions pour le renforcement de la résilience du secteur et l’adaptation au changement climatique Objectifs à l’horizon • Plan Halieutis : – Plan de Renforcement de la Recherche Halieutique Nationale ; – Plans d’Aménagement des Pêcheries ; – Programme de Création d’Aires Marines Protégées ; – Programme d’Immersion de Récifs Artificiels ; – Programme d’Adaptation et de Modernisation de l’Effort de Pêche ; – Plan de Développement de l’Aquaculture Nationale ; – \x07 Programme de Renforcement et de Développement des Infrastructures de Pêche et de Commercialisation ; – Programme de Projets Intégrés « Pêche/Valorisation à Terre des Captures » ; – \x07 Plan de Promotion de la Compétitivité des Produits de la Pêche aux Échelles Nationale et Internationale. • \x07IBHAR : programme de mise à niveau et de modernisation des flottes côtières et artisanales.', '• \x07IBHAR : programme de mise à niveau et de modernisation des flottes côtières et artisanales. • \x07 Contrôle des activités de pêche pour lutter contre la pêche illicite, non déclarée et non réglementée. Établissement d’un réseau d’observation côtier, doté de trois bouées océano- graphiques et météorologiques, et élargissement du système de surveillance et d’alerte environnemental et sanitaire du littoral à 40 zones d’observation. Poursuite de la mise en place des mesures de gestion visant l’exploitation durable des ressources halieutiques, fondées sur des avis scientifiques. Établissement d’aires marines protégées correspondant à 10% de la zone économique exclusive. Développement de deux écloseries pour le repeuplement de cinq espèces littorales en danger. Mise en œuvre des plans d’aménagement aquacole dans cinq zones littorales.', 'Mise en œuvre des plans d’aménagement aquacole dans cinq zones littorales. Secteur de la Pêche et aquacultureCONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN-MAROC Politiques, stratégies, programmes, plans et actions pour le renforcement de la résilience du secteur et l’adaptation au changement climatique Objectifs à l’horizon • Nouvelle stratégie « Forêts du Maroc 2020-2030 » ; • Stratégie Bois Énergie ; • Stratégie Nationale pour la Surveillance et le Suivi de la Santé des Forêts ; • Stratégie pour les Forêts Urbaines et Périurbaines ; • Plan Directeur de Lutte Contre les Incendies de Forêts ; • Plan Directeur de Reboisement ; • Programme Forestier National ; • Programme d’Action National de Lutte Contre la Désertification ; • Plan National d’Aménagement des Bassins Versants ; • Plan Directeur des Aires Protégées ; • \x07 Stratégie Nationale de Développement du Secteur des Plantes Aromatiques et Médicinales ; • Stratégie et Plan d’Action National de la Biodiversité du Maroc ; • \x07 Plan d’Action Stratégique pour la Conservation de la Biodiversité Marine et Côtière dans la Méditerranée.', 'Secteur de la Pêche et aquacultureCONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN-MAROC Politiques, stratégies, programmes, plans et actions pour le renforcement de la résilience du secteur et l’adaptation au changement climatique Objectifs à l’horizon • Nouvelle stratégie « Forêts du Maroc 2020-2030 » ; • Stratégie Bois Énergie ; • Stratégie Nationale pour la Surveillance et le Suivi de la Santé des Forêts ; • Stratégie pour les Forêts Urbaines et Périurbaines ; • Plan Directeur de Lutte Contre les Incendies de Forêts ; • Plan Directeur de Reboisement ; • Programme Forestier National ; • Programme d’Action National de Lutte Contre la Désertification ; • Plan National d’Aménagement des Bassins Versants ; • Plan Directeur des Aires Protégées ; • \x07 Stratégie Nationale de Développement du Secteur des Plantes Aromatiques et Médicinales ; • Stratégie et Plan d’Action National de la Biodiversité du Maroc ; • \x07 Plan d’Action Stratégique pour la Conservation de la Biodiversité Marine et Côtière dans la Méditerranée. Gestion durable (organisation de la population et gestion participative) : • \x07 Organisation des populations dans des structures solidaires partenaires avec un objectif inconditionnel de 300 organisations de la société civile (OSC), soit des associations et coopératives, servant de structures d’appui à la gestion durable des forêts ; • \x07 Gestion participative et amélioration des bénéfices pour les populations riveraines avec un objectif inconditionnel de 200 organismes de développement forestier (ODF) servant de structures d’appui à la gestion durable des forêts.', 'Gestion durable (organisation de la population et gestion participative) : • \x07 Organisation des populations dans des structures solidaires partenaires avec un objectif inconditionnel de 300 organisations de la société civile (OSC), soit des associations et coopératives, servant de structures d’appui à la gestion durable des forêts ; • \x07 Gestion participative et amélioration des bénéfices pour les populations riveraines avec un objectif inconditionnel de 200 organismes de développement forestier (ODF) servant de structures d’appui à la gestion durable des forêts. Renforcement de la résilience des socioécosystèmes dans les zones vulnérables (zones de montagnes, déserts et dunes côtières) : • \x07 Aménagement des bassins versants, fixation de ravins et amélioration des bénéfices des populations par des mesures contre l’érosion pour atteindre l’objectif • \x07 Désenclavement des populations vulnérables par l’ouverture de pistes avec un objectif de 240 km/an (inconditionnel) et 60 km/an (conditionnel).', 'Renforcement de la résilience des socioécosystèmes dans les zones vulnérables (zones de montagnes, déserts et dunes côtières) : • \x07 Aménagement des bassins versants, fixation de ravins et amélioration des bénéfices des populations par des mesures contre l’érosion pour atteindre l’objectif • \x07 Désenclavement des populations vulnérables par l’ouverture de pistes avec un objectif de 240 km/an (inconditionnel) et 60 km/an (conditionnel). Secteur de la Forêt Politiques, stratégies, programmes, plans et actions pour le renforcement de la résilience du secteur et l’adaptation au changement climatique Objectifs à l’horizon • Nouvelles Orientations de la Politique Publique d’Aménagement du Territoire ; • Schémas Régionaux d’Aménagement du Territoire (SRAT) ; • Stratégie Nationale d’Aménagement et du Développement des Oasis au Maroc ; • Projet d’Adaptation aux Changements Climatiques des Oasis (PACC-Oasis) ; • Stratégie Nationale de Développement des Zones Oasiennes et de l’Arganier ; • Stratégie de Développement Rural et des Zones de Montagnes ; • Programme de Développement Territorial Durable du Haut Atlas ; • Programme de Développement Territorial Durable de l’Anti-Atlas ; • Programme de Développement Territorial Durable du Rif ; • Stratégie Nationale de Gestion Intégrée du Littoral Marocain ; • \x07 Duplication du Programme de Développement des Oasis de Tafilalet à d’autres zones fragiles ; • \x07 Programme National des Centres Ruraux Émergents : choix de cinq centres émergents ; • Plans d’Aménagement des Pêcheries.', 'Secteur de la Forêt Politiques, stratégies, programmes, plans et actions pour le renforcement de la résilience du secteur et l’adaptation au changement climatique Objectifs à l’horizon • Nouvelles Orientations de la Politique Publique d’Aménagement du Territoire ; • Schémas Régionaux d’Aménagement du Territoire (SRAT) ; • Stratégie Nationale d’Aménagement et du Développement des Oasis au Maroc ; • Projet d’Adaptation aux Changements Climatiques des Oasis (PACC-Oasis) ; • Stratégie Nationale de Développement des Zones Oasiennes et de l’Arganier ; • Stratégie de Développement Rural et des Zones de Montagnes ; • Programme de Développement Territorial Durable du Haut Atlas ; • Programme de Développement Territorial Durable de l’Anti-Atlas ; • Programme de Développement Territorial Durable du Rif ; • Stratégie Nationale de Gestion Intégrée du Littoral Marocain ; • \x07 Duplication du Programme de Développement des Oasis de Tafilalet à d’autres zones fragiles ; • \x07 Programme National des Centres Ruraux Émergents : choix de cinq centres émergents ; • Plans d’Aménagement des Pêcheries. • \x07 Détermination des options de l’État en matière d’aménagement du territoire, tenant compte des vocations et spécificités des différents territoires dans une vision prospective partagée par l’ensemble des acteurs.', '• \x07 Détermination des options de l’État en matière d’aménagement du territoire, tenant compte des vocations et spécificités des différents territoires dans une vision prospective partagée par l’ensemble des acteurs. • \x07 Favorisation de la cohérence territoriale des interventions publiques sur le territoire national. • \x07 Assurance de l’articulation des choix d’aménagement et l’encadrement des documents de planification stratégique territoriaux. • \x07 Utilisation optimale des ressources et création d’un environnement sain et sobre en carbone, où le territoire est un lieu fédérateur des initiatives. Secteur des Milieux sensibles : littoral, montagne et oasis26 CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN-MAROC Renforcement de la résilience des zones de montagne et développement des outils et des bases d’appui à la prise de décision.', 'Secteur des Milieux sensibles : littoral, montagne et oasis26 CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN-MAROC Renforcement de la résilience des zones de montagne et développement des outils et des bases d’appui à la prise de décision. Création d’une vision prospective et d’un mode de gouvernance adéquat et à l’échelle, et accompagnement des acteurs concernés pour une gestion intégrée de l’espace littoral. Encouragement de la promulgation des textes d’application de la loi 22.07 sur les aires protégées. Renforcement des dispositifs d’observation et d’alerte océanographiques. Encouragement de la mise en œuvre des cibles de l’ODD14. Protection et valorisation des écosystèmes fragiles sur des territoires à grand intérêt écologique. Contribution à la réduction des déséquilibres et des inégalités sociospatiales entre villes et zones rurales impactées par le changement climatique.', 'Contribution à la réduction des déséquilibres et des inégalités sociospatiales entre villes et zones rurales impactées par le changement climatique. Politiques, stratégies, programmes, plans et actions pour le renforcement de la résilience du secteur et l’adaptation au changement climatique Objectifs à l’horizon • Schéma Régional d’Aménagement du Territoire (SRAT) ; • Programme de Développement Régional (PDR) ; • Programme de valorisation Durable des Ksour et Kasbah du Maroc ; • Schéma Directeur d’Aménagement et d’Urbanisme (SDAU) ; • Schéma d’Organisation Fonctionnelle et d’Aménagement (SOFA) ; • Plan d’Aménagement (PA) ; • Plan Communal de Développement (PCD) ; • Plan Directeur d’Urbanisme (PDU) ; • Plan Local de l’Habitat et du Développement Urbain (PLHDU) ; • Programme Villes Sans Bidonvilles (PVSB) ; • \x07 Programmes d’« Habitat Menaçant Ruine », « Mise à Niveau Urbaine » et « Quartier d’Habitat Non Réglementaire » ; • Schéma National d’Aménagement du Territoire (SNAT) ; • Stratégie Nationale de Développement Urbain (SNDU) ; • Système de Planification Urbaine (SPU) ; • \x07 Plan d’Adaptation aux Changements Climatiques dans le secteur de l’Habitat dans la région Tanger –Tétouan-Al-Hoceima, élaboré par le Département de l’Habitat et de la Politique de la Ville.', 'Politiques, stratégies, programmes, plans et actions pour le renforcement de la résilience du secteur et l’adaptation au changement climatique Objectifs à l’horizon • Schéma Régional d’Aménagement du Territoire (SRAT) ; • Programme de Développement Régional (PDR) ; • Programme de valorisation Durable des Ksour et Kasbah du Maroc ; • Schéma Directeur d’Aménagement et d’Urbanisme (SDAU) ; • Schéma d’Organisation Fonctionnelle et d’Aménagement (SOFA) ; • Plan d’Aménagement (PA) ; • Plan Communal de Développement (PCD) ; • Plan Directeur d’Urbanisme (PDU) ; • Plan Local de l’Habitat et du Développement Urbain (PLHDU) ; • Programme Villes Sans Bidonvilles (PVSB) ; • \x07 Programmes d’« Habitat Menaçant Ruine », « Mise à Niveau Urbaine » et « Quartier d’Habitat Non Réglementaire » ; • Schéma National d’Aménagement du Territoire (SNAT) ; • Stratégie Nationale de Développement Urbain (SNDU) ; • Système de Planification Urbaine (SPU) ; • \x07 Plan d’Adaptation aux Changements Climatiques dans le secteur de l’Habitat dans la région Tanger –Tétouan-Al-Hoceima, élaboré par le Département de l’Habitat et de la Politique de la Ville. Généraliser les Plans Climat des Villes (PCV) : • \x07 Définition et institutionnalisation d’un cadre de gouvernance pour le portage politique et la mise en œuvre des PCV ; • \x07 Appui aux collectivités territoriales pour réaliser leurs Plans Climat Térritoriaux (PCT) et mettre en place des programmes de renforcement des capacités en la matière ; • \x07 Articulation des PCT avec les SRAT, PDR et les autres projets de planification territoriale ; • Assurance de la cohérence entre les PCT et les PCV ; • Appui aux conseils de ville concernés dans l’élaboration des PCV ; • Accompagnement des collectivités dans la mobilisation de la finance climat ; • \x07 Établissement du socle des connaissances sur les vulnérabilités du territoire exposé au changement climatique ; • \x07 Évaluation des coûts et bénéfices des actions d’adaptation par la réalisation d’études d’analyse pour différents secteurs, en milieu urbain.', 'Généraliser les Plans Climat des Villes (PCV) : • \x07 Définition et institutionnalisation d’un cadre de gouvernance pour le portage politique et la mise en œuvre des PCV ; • \x07 Appui aux collectivités territoriales pour réaliser leurs Plans Climat Térritoriaux (PCT) et mettre en place des programmes de renforcement des capacités en la matière ; • \x07 Articulation des PCT avec les SRAT, PDR et les autres projets de planification territoriale ; • Assurance de la cohérence entre les PCT et les PCV ; • Appui aux conseils de ville concernés dans l’élaboration des PCV ; • Accompagnement des collectivités dans la mobilisation de la finance climat ; • \x07 Établissement du socle des connaissances sur les vulnérabilités du territoire exposé au changement climatique ; • \x07 Évaluation des coûts et bénéfices des actions d’adaptation par la réalisation d’études d’analyse pour différents secteurs, en milieu urbain. Écoquartier, levier vers la ville durable • Capitalisation sur des dispositifs innovants de la ville durable ; • \x07 Instauration d’une charte pour les projets d’écoquartiers pour inciter et engager les citoyens à prendre eux-mêmes en charge les défis environnementaux auxquels ils font face collectivement ; • \x07 Financement annuel des projets de quartiers durables d’ici 2030 par le biais des programmes des départements ministériels concernés (Habitat, Environnement, etc.).', 'Écoquartier, levier vers la ville durable • Capitalisation sur des dispositifs innovants de la ville durable ; • \x07 Instauration d’une charte pour les projets d’écoquartiers pour inciter et engager les citoyens à prendre eux-mêmes en charge les défis environnementaux auxquels ils font face collectivement ; • \x07 Financement annuel des projets de quartiers durables d’ici 2030 par le biais des programmes des départements ministériels concernés (Habitat, Environnement, etc.). Secteur d’Habitat, Aménagement du Territoire et UrbanismeCONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN-MAROC Adaptation fondée sur les écosystèmes pour atténuer les effets des îlots de chaleur urbaine : • \x07 Maintien et amélioration des espaces verts urbains (ex. corridors écologiques, arbres, jardins) ; • \x07 Plantation d’arbres à fort potentiel de séquestration de carbone.', 'corridors écologiques, arbres, jardins) ; • \x07 Plantation d’arbres à fort potentiel de séquestration de carbone. Les plantations pourront se faire dans les cours des établissements scolaires, dans les agglomérations tout autour des zones urbaines et périurbaines, mais aussi le long des cours d’eau ; • \x07 Utilisation des eaux usées traitées pour irriguer et maintenir les surfaces vertes, notamment les pelouses (ex. terrains de golfs) ; • \x07Promotion des murs et toits verts. Les toitures végétalisées et les façades améliorent le confort thermique des bâtiments, en particulier dans un climat chaud et sec ; • \x07Rénaturalisation des systèmes pour les cours d’eau limitrophes des zones urbaines ; • \x07 Récupération et stockage des eaux de toiture dans les zones de faible disponibilité de l’eau.', 'Les toitures végétalisées et les façades améliorent le confort thermique des bâtiments, en particulier dans un climat chaud et sec ; • \x07Rénaturalisation des systèmes pour les cours d’eau limitrophes des zones urbaines ; • \x07 Récupération et stockage des eaux de toiture dans les zones de faible disponibilité de l’eau. Les systèmes de collecte d’eau de toiture sont à encourager dans les constructions à usage résidentiel et pour les édifices à caractère communautaire ayant une surface de toit importante (ex. écoles, mosquées, marchés, etc.)', 'Les systèmes de collecte d’eau de toiture sont à encourager dans les constructions à usage résidentiel et pour les édifices à caractère communautaire ayant une surface de toit importante (ex. écoles, mosquées, marchés, etc.) ; • Contrôle et optimisation du captage et de l’utilisation des ressources en eau ; • Renforcement du programme de réduction des fuites du réseau de distribution ; • \x07 Optimisation des processus industriels pour réduire la consommation en eau, et réutilisation des eaux usées après un traitement adapté ; • \x07 Réutilisation des eaux usées traitées pour l’irrigation de certaines cultures, des parcs et des espaces verts.', '; • Contrôle et optimisation du captage et de l’utilisation des ressources en eau ; • Renforcement du programme de réduction des fuites du réseau de distribution ; • \x07 Optimisation des processus industriels pour réduire la consommation en eau, et réutilisation des eaux usées après un traitement adapté ; • \x07 Réutilisation des eaux usées traitées pour l’irrigation de certaines cultures, des parcs et des espaces verts. Politiques, stratégies, programmes, plans et actions pour le renforcement de la résilience du secteur et l’adaptation face au changement climatique • \x07 Stratégie Nationale d’Adaptation du secteur de la santé au changement climatique (en cours d’élaboration) ; • Plan Santé 2050 ; • \x07Plan d’Action Opérationnel pour l’Adaptation du secteur de la santé au changement climatique 2017-2021 (PAOA) ; • \x07 Stratégie nationale de gestion des urgences médicales et des risques sanitaires liés aux catastrophes naturelles ; • Plan d’urgence hospitalier et d’un plan d’action des urgences médicales.', 'Politiques, stratégies, programmes, plans et actions pour le renforcement de la résilience du secteur et l’adaptation face au changement climatique • \x07 Stratégie Nationale d’Adaptation du secteur de la santé au changement climatique (en cours d’élaboration) ; • Plan Santé 2050 ; • \x07Plan d’Action Opérationnel pour l’Adaptation du secteur de la santé au changement climatique 2017-2021 (PAOA) ; • \x07 Stratégie nationale de gestion des urgences médicales et des risques sanitaires liés aux catastrophes naturelles ; • Plan d’urgence hospitalier et d’un plan d’action des urgences médicales. Secteur de la Santé Objectifs à l’horizon Faire face aux trois grands types de maladies qui risquent de compromettre les programmes sanitaires : • \x07 Les maladies à transmission vectorielle avec risque d’introduction de nouveaux vecteurs ; • \x07 Les maladies cardiovasculaires qui toucheront plus de personnes âgées et une plus grande tranche de travailleurs ; • \x07 Les maladies diarrhéiques et les maladies respiratoires qui toucheront les enfants du fait des vagues de froid et des inondations.', 'Secteur de la Santé Objectifs à l’horizon Faire face aux trois grands types de maladies qui risquent de compromettre les programmes sanitaires : • \x07 Les maladies à transmission vectorielle avec risque d’introduction de nouveaux vecteurs ; • \x07 Les maladies cardiovasculaires qui toucheront plus de personnes âgées et une plus grande tranche de travailleurs ; • \x07 Les maladies diarrhéiques et les maladies respiratoires qui toucheront les enfants du fait des vagues de froid et des inondations. Renforcer les capacités du système en mettant en place des mécanismes et outils d’alerte pour : • \x07 Améliorer l’information et prévenir les populations lors des périodes de forte pollution atmosphérique ; • \x07 Améliorer l’information et la capacité des professionnels de la santé pour qu’ils puissent contribuer efficacement aux campagnes d’information et de sensibilisation et communiquer des mesures de protection appropriées ; • \x07 Faire face aux événements climatiques extrêmes et mettre en place les plans d’intervention sanitaire d’urgence ; • \x07 Renforcer les actions de suivi de la qualité de l’air et de ses conséquences sur la santé ; • \x07Réduire les risques de maladies des cheptels marins sauvages et d’élevage liés aux espèces pathogènes émergentes et à d’autres espèces exotiques envahissantes.', 'Renforcer les capacités du système en mettant en place des mécanismes et outils d’alerte pour : • \x07 Améliorer l’information et prévenir les populations lors des périodes de forte pollution atmosphérique ; • \x07 Améliorer l’information et la capacité des professionnels de la santé pour qu’ils puissent contribuer efficacement aux campagnes d’information et de sensibilisation et communiquer des mesures de protection appropriées ; • \x07 Faire face aux événements climatiques extrêmes et mettre en place les plans d’intervention sanitaire d’urgence ; • \x07 Renforcer les actions de suivi de la qualité de l’air et de ses conséquences sur la santé ; • \x07Réduire les risques de maladies des cheptels marins sauvages et d’élevage liés aux espèces pathogènes émergentes et à d’autres espèces exotiques envahissantes. Développer les capacités du système pour augmenter la résilience des infrastructures et des services de santé par le biais : • De l’élaboration de codes et de normes de conception des infrastructures sanitaires ; • \x07 Du renforcement de la recherche et des études afférentes à la « santé et au changement climatique » ; • \x07 Du développement de programmes de formation communautaire destinés au personnel de la santé sur les risques liés au changement climatique.28 CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN-MAROC ANNEXES 4.', 'Développer les capacités du système pour augmenter la résilience des infrastructures et des services de santé par le biais : • De l’élaboration de codes et de normes de conception des infrastructures sanitaires ; • \x07 Du renforcement de la recherche et des études afférentes à la « santé et au changement climatique » ; • \x07 Du développement de programmes de formation communautaire destinés au personnel de la santé sur les risques liés au changement climatique.28 CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN-MAROC ANNEXES 4. Récapitulatif des mesures d’atténuation de l’objectif global N° Secteur Plan éolien national à l’horizon Plan solaire national à l’horizon Centrales hydrauliques à l’horizon Centrales à cycle combiné à Centrales à cycle combiné à Centrales hydro-électriques à Plan éolien national à l’horizon Plan national solaire à l’horizon Scénario total Programme d’efficacité énergétique dans l’industrie Mise en place des règles de performance énergétique (MEPS) des moteurs électriques supérieurs à 75 kW Gaz naturel dans le secteur industriel à l’horizon 2030 Programme de valorisation de la biomasse dans l’industrie Programme d’installation d’énergies renouvelables (PV) en autoconsommation dans l’industrie Scénario total Mesures NA Mise en place de parcs éoliens sur plusieurs sites à l’horizon 2020 pour une capacité totale de 1 467 MW.', 'Récapitulatif des mesures d’atténuation de l’objectif global N° Secteur Plan éolien national à l’horizon Plan solaire national à l’horizon Centrales hydrauliques à l’horizon Centrales à cycle combiné à Centrales à cycle combiné à Centrales hydro-électriques à Plan éolien national à l’horizon Plan national solaire à l’horizon Scénario total Programme d’efficacité énergétique dans l’industrie Mise en place des règles de performance énergétique (MEPS) des moteurs électriques supérieurs à 75 kW Gaz naturel dans le secteur industriel à l’horizon 2030 Programme de valorisation de la biomasse dans l’industrie Programme d’installation d’énergies renouvelables (PV) en autoconsommation dans l’industrie Scénario total Mesures NA Mise en place de parcs éoliens sur plusieurs sites à l’horizon 2020 pour une capacité totale de 1 467 MW. Mise en place de centrales solaires thermo- dynamiques à concentration et photovoltaïques sur plusieurs sites à l’horizon 2020 pour une capacité totale de 827 MW.', 'Mise en place de centrales solaires thermo- dynamiques à concentration et photovoltaïques sur plusieurs sites à l’horizon 2020 pour une capacité totale de 827 MW. Centrale hydraulique : Tanafnit El Borj (Khénifra) de 40MW en plus de 40 MW de capacités micro- hydrauliques. Extension de 23MW de la centrale de Tahaddart. Il s’agit d’un projet d’extension de 450 MW de la centrale de Tahadart prévu en 2025. Mise en place de plusieurs stations de transferts d’énergie par pompage (STEP) et centrales hydroélectriques totalisant 1098 MW de capacité à l’horizon 2030. Mise en place de plusieurs centrales éoliennes sur plusieurs sites pour une capacité totale équivalente à 2180 MW à l’horizon 2030.', 'Mise en place de plusieurs centrales éoliennes sur plusieurs sites pour une capacité totale équivalente à 2180 MW à l’horizon 2030. Mise en place de centrales solaires thermo- dynamiques à concentration et photo-voltaïques sur plusieurs sites pour une capacité totale équivalente à 4000 MW à l’horizon 2030. Réduction de la consommation énergétique du secteur industriel de 17 % à l’horizon 2030. Mise en place des normes minimales de performance énergétique (NMPE) pour les moteurs électriques. Importation du gaz de pétrole liquéfié pour augmenter l’utilisation industrielle en remplacement du mazout pour améliorer le rendement et l’environnement local. Inventaire, organisation et valorisation de la filière biomasse pour utilisation industrielle en substitution du mazout.', 'Inventaire, organisation et valorisation de la filière biomasse pour utilisation industrielle en substitution du mazout. Programme d’installation de centrales solaires photovoltaïques sur toiture des sites industriels d’une capacité totale de 1 500 MW entre 2021 et 2030 en mode autoconsommation en attendant l’autorisation d’injection du courant sur le réseau moyenne tension. Description Atténuation Coût (Millions U$) Industrie (hors ciment et phosphates) Production électricitéCONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN-MAROC N° Secteur Valorisation des pneus usés Valorisation des boues de STEP Valorisation des déchets ménagers Valorisation des grignons d’olive Valorisation des cendres volantes Scénario total Slurry pipeline Khouribga - Jorf Lasfar Cogénération Energie solaire Séchage solaire du phosphate Captage et valorisation du CO2 des cheminées phosphoriques Scénario total Plan national de développement des chauffe-eaux solaires de 2010 Programme de généralisation des lampes LED dans le secteur résidentiel à l’horizon 2030 Mise en place des Norme Minimale de Performance Energétique (MEPS) des réfrigérateurs éco énergétiques.', 'Description Atténuation Coût (Millions U$) Industrie (hors ciment et phosphates) Production électricitéCONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN-MAROC N° Secteur Valorisation des pneus usés Valorisation des boues de STEP Valorisation des déchets ménagers Valorisation des grignons d’olive Valorisation des cendres volantes Scénario total Slurry pipeline Khouribga - Jorf Lasfar Cogénération Energie solaire Séchage solaire du phosphate Captage et valorisation du CO2 des cheminées phosphoriques Scénario total Plan national de développement des chauffe-eaux solaires de 2010 Programme de généralisation des lampes LED dans le secteur résidentiel à l’horizon 2030 Mise en place des Norme Minimale de Performance Energétique (MEPS) des réfrigérateurs éco énergétiques. Mise en place des Norme Minimale de Performance Energétique (MEPS) des climatiseurs.', 'Mise en place des Norme Minimale de Performance Energétique (MEPS) des climatiseurs. Efficacité énergétique pour les enveloppes des nouveaux bâtiments Efficacité énergétique dans les établissements d’hébergement touristique Plan national de développement des chauffe-eau solaires post Installations de panneaux solaires photovoltaïques, à l’horizon 2030, pour l’autoconsommation dans les secteurs résidentiel et tertiaire Programme d’efficacité énergétique dans l’éclairage public Scénario total Mesures NA NA Remplacement des combustibles fossiles utilisés (coke de pétrole) par les pneus usés. Remplacement des combustibles fossiles utilisés (coke de pétrole) par des boues de STEP. Remplacement des combustibles fossiles utilisés (coke de pétrole) par les déchets ménagers (cas de la décharge d’Oum Azza). Remplacement des combustibles fossiles utilisés (coke de pétrole) par des grignons d’olive.', 'Remplacement des combustibles fossiles utilisés (coke de pétrole) par des grignons d’olive. Substitution d’une partie du clinker par les cendres volantes dans un mélange permettant d’obtenir du ciment aux caractéristiques désirées et contribuer à la réduction des émissions de GES par la réduction de la production du clinker. Transport du phosphate par slurry pipeline en remplacement des trains. Centrales thermiques et systèmes de récupération de chaleur. Fermes solaires. Remplacement du fioul n° 2 utilisé pour le séchage du phosphate par de l’énergie solaire. Captage et valorisation des émissions de CO2 liées au processus. entre 2010 et 2020. Programme d’installation de 40 millions de lampes fluocompactes (LFC) et 40 millions de lampes à diodes électroluminescentes (DEL) entre 2010 et 2030.', 'Programme d’installation de 40 millions de lampes fluocompactes (LFC) et 40 millions de lampes à diodes électroluminescentes (DEL) entre 2010 et 2030. Amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique des réfrigérateurs selon les règles de performance énergétique et la promotion des réfrigérateurs écoénergétiques. Mise en place des NMPE et de l’étiquetage pour les climatiseurs. Adoption du code de Réglementation Thermique de Construction au Maroc dans le bâtiment résidentiel et tertiaire. Mise en place d’un programme d’efficacité énergétique dans le secteur du tourisme, incluant : 300 000 lampes à basse consommation, 300 000 m2 de chauffe-eau solaire et l’application du code de réglementation thermique de construction au Maroc. Installation de l’équivalent de 40 000 m2/an de chauffe-eau solaires.', 'Installation de l’équivalent de 40 000 m2/an de chauffe-eau solaires. Mise en place d’un programme de promotion des panneaux solaires photovoltaïques connectés aux réseaux basse tension d’une capacité totale de 1 000 MWc à l’horizon 2030. Mise en place d’un programme d’efficacité énergétique dans l’éclairage public dans les grandes villes du Maroc.', 'Mise en place d’un programme d’efficacité énergétique dans l’éclairage public dans les grandes villes du Maroc. Description Atténuation Coût (Millions U$) Ciment Phosphates Bâtiment30 CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN-MAROC N° Secteur Extension du tramway de Rabat Extension du tramway de Casablanca Amélioration des normes environnementales des véhicules Système Bonus-Malus Programme de renouvellement et de casse Eco conduite Application des normes de performance en matière d’émissions de CO2 pour les véhicules particuliers neufs et pour les véhicules utilitaires légers neufs Scénario total Valorisation des GES en provenance des STEP Traitement mécano-biologique et co-incinération des déchets ménagers Scénario total Programme oléicole (tranche 1) Programme arboriculture fruitière Programme agrume (tranche 1) Programme palmier dattier Programme national de développement des parcours et de régulation des flux de transhumants – Tranche 1 Mesures Extension du tramway, qui apporte une solution de choix dans le transport de Rabat. Extension du tramway, qui apporte une solution de choix dans le transport de Casablanca.', 'Extension du tramway, qui apporte une solution de choix dans le transport de Casablanca. Limitation des émissions de certains gaz polluants provenant des émissions de véhicules. À partir de 2023, la norme oblige les constructeurs à produire des voitures plus propres, avec le respect, notamment, des taux d’émissions de particules fines et d’oxydes d’azote… Ainsi, à partir de janvier 2023, tous les véhicules particuliers et utilitaires (de catégories M et N) neufs mis sur le marché marocain devront être conformes à la norme Euro 6. Le système du bonus-malus vise à favoriser le choix d’un véhicule peu émetteur de CO2 et à pénaliser l’achat des modèles les plus polluants.', 'Le système du bonus-malus vise à favoriser le choix d’un véhicule peu émetteur de CO2 et à pénaliser l’achat des modèles les plus polluants. Le programme vise à remédier à la vétusté qui caractérise le parc professionnel du transport routier au Maroc à travers l’octroi de primes de renouvellement et de casse selon des conditions d’admissibilité définies dans le cadre des lois de finances. L’adoption des bonnes pratiques de l’écoconduite vise à réduire la facture de consommation de carburant et les frais d’entretien des véhicules, à polluer moins l’environnement et contribuer à améliorer la sécurité routière. Cette action vise la convergence, avec un décalage de 10 ans en 2030, vers l’application du Règlement européen établissant des normes de performance en matière d’émissions de CO2 pour les véhicules particuliers neufs et pour les véhicules utilitaires légers neufs.', 'Cette action vise la convergence, avec un décalage de 10 ans en 2030, vers l’application du Règlement européen établissant des normes de performance en matière d’émissions de CO2 pour les véhicules particuliers neufs et pour les véhicules utilitaires légers neufs. Cette action permettrait de drainer un potentiel d’atténuation des émissions de CO2 plus important. Collecte du biogaz dans les stations de traitement des eaux usées (STEP) en vue de le valoriser dans la production d’énergie électrique. Valorisation des déchets ménagers par un traitement biomécanique associé à la co- incinération. Ce procédé consiste à la réalisation des opérations suivantes : tri mécanique et broyage, opération biologique avec séchage en aérobie. Plantation de 447 000 ha d’oliviers dans les zones inadaptées aux cultures annuelles, afin de lutter contre l’érosion des sols et améliorer les revenus des petits agriculteurs.', 'Plantation de 447 000 ha d’oliviers dans les zones inadaptées aux cultures annuelles, afin de lutter contre l’érosion des sols et améliorer les revenus des petits agriculteurs. Plantation d’arbres fruitiers sur 160 000 ha afin d’améliorer et de diversifier les revenus des agriculteurs surtout en zones fragiles de montagne. Plantation d’agrumes sur 45 000 ha (densité de 600 plantes/ha) afin d’améliorer le revenu des agriculteurs et les recettes à l’export. Plantation de 3 millions de palmiers dattiers afin d’améliorer la productivité des oasis et de lutter contre la désertification et l’exode rural des jeunes. Développement des terres de parcours afin de lutter contre la désertification du pays, améliorer le revenu des éleveurs et protéger la biodiversité (plantation de 14 500 ha d’arbustes fourragers).', 'Développement des terres de parcours afin de lutter contre la désertification du pays, améliorer le revenu des éleveurs et protéger la biodiversité (plantation de 14 500 ha d’arbustes fourragers). Description Atténuation Coût (Millions U$) Agriculture Déchets TransportCONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN-MAROC Projets conditionnels Projets inconditionnels N° Secteur Programme de plantation de cactus (tranche 1) Programme oléicole (tranche 2) Programme arboriculture fruitière Programme palmier dattier Programme national de développement des parcours et de régulation des flux de transhumants – Tranche 2 Programme de plantation de cactus (tranche 2) Programme de plantation de l’arganier Parc éolien 40 MW Dakhla Scénario total Activités restauratrices des écosystèmes (partie inconditionnelle). Dégradation évitée (partie inconditionnelle). Renforcement de la résilience des socio- écosystèmes dans des zones vulnérables (partie inconditionnelle). Activités entre 2010 et 2020. Activités restauratrices des écosystèmes (partie conditionnelle). Dégradation évitée (partie conditionnelle). Renforcement de la résilience des socio- écosystèmes dans des zones vulnérables (partie conditionnelle).', 'Renforcement de la résilience des socio- écosystèmes dans des zones vulnérables (partie conditionnelle). Scénario total Scénario total Mesures Végétalisation des terres nues ou érodées par la plantation de 44 000 ha de cactus en zones arides entraînant une amélioration du revenu des petits exploitants agricoles et des coopératives féminines. Extension du programme oléicole sur 300 000 ha. Extension du programme arboriculture sur 400 000 ha. Extension du programme palmier dattier sur 2 millions de plantes. Extension du programme national de développement des parcours et de régulation des flux de transhumants sur 300 000 ha. Extension du programme de plantation de cactus sur 85 150 ha. Extension des plantations sur 49 300 ha.', 'Extension des plantations sur 49 300 ha. Mise en place d’un parc éolien d’une puissance de 40 MW pour l’alimentation en énergie de la station de dessalement d’eau de mer de Dakhla. A1 : Activités restauratrices comportant des actions biologiques de reboisement et de régénération (50 000 ha par an) plantes par an). B1 : Compensation pour mise en défense (90 000 ha par an) ; B2 : Efficacité énergétique par la distribution de fours améliorés (6000 fours par an) ; B3 : Meilleure gestion des risques d’incendie y compris l’ouverture et l’entretien de tranchées pare- feu (500 km par an) ; aménagement de 65 points d’eau par an ; surveillance au cours des périodes de forte sensibilité (1245 guetteurs par an) ; Suivi et diagnostic (900 observations par an).', 'B1 : Compensation pour mise en défense (90 000 ha par an) ; B2 : Efficacité énergétique par la distribution de fours améliorés (6000 fours par an) ; B3 : Meilleure gestion des risques d’incendie y compris l’ouverture et l’entretien de tranchées pare- feu (500 km par an) ; aménagement de 65 points d’eau par an ; surveillance au cours des périodes de forte sensibilité (1245 guetteurs par an) ; Suivi et diagnostic (900 observations par an). D1 : Fixation de dunes maritimes et continentales (800 ha par an). A1 : Activités restauratrices comportant des actions biologiques de reboisement et de régénération (20 000 ha par an).', 'A1 : Activités restauratrices comportant des actions biologiques de reboisement et de régénération (20 000 ha par an). B1 : Compensation pour mises en défense (30 000 ha par an) ; B2 : Efficacité énergétique par la distribution de fours améliorés (3000 fours par an); B3 : Meilleure gestion des risques d’incendie y compris : Ouverture et entretien de tranchées pare feu (53 km par an) ; aménagement de 5 points d’eau par an ; surveillance au cours des périodes de forte sensibilité (145 guetteurs par an) ; Suivi et diagnostic (220 observations par an). D1 : Fixation de dunes maritimes et continentales (800 ha par an).', 'D1 : Fixation de dunes maritimes et continentales (800 ha par an). Description Atténuation Coût (Millions U$) Agriculture Forêt32 CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN-MAROC Récapitulatif des mesures d’atténuation inconditionnelles N° Secteur Plan éolien national à l’horizon 2020 Plan solaire national à l’horizon 2020 Centrales hydrauliques à l’horizon 2020 Centrales à cycle combiné à l’horizon 2020 Centrales à cycle combiné à l’horizon 2030 Centrales hydro-électriques à l’horizon 2030 Scénario total Programme d’efficacité énergétique dans l’industrie Mise en place des règles de performance énergétique (MEPS) des moteurs électriques supérieurs à 75 kW Scénario total Valorisation des pneus usés Valorisation des boues de STEP Valorisation des déchets ménagers Valorisation des grignons d’olive Valorisation des cendres volantes Scénario total Slurry pipeline Khouribga - Jorf Lasfar Cogénération Energie solaire Scénario total Plan national de développement des chauffe-eaux solaires de 2010 Programme de généralisation des lampes LED dans le secteur résidentiel à l’horizon 2030 Norme Minimale de Performance Energétique (MEPS) des réfrigérateurs.', 'Description Atténuation Coût (Millions U$) Agriculture Forêt32 CONTRIBUTION DETERMINEE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL CDN-MAROC Récapitulatif des mesures d’atténuation inconditionnelles N° Secteur Plan éolien national à l’horizon 2020 Plan solaire national à l’horizon 2020 Centrales hydrauliques à l’horizon 2020 Centrales à cycle combiné à l’horizon 2020 Centrales à cycle combiné à l’horizon 2030 Centrales hydro-électriques à l’horizon 2030 Scénario total Programme d’efficacité énergétique dans l’industrie Mise en place des règles de performance énergétique (MEPS) des moteurs électriques supérieurs à 75 kW Scénario total Valorisation des pneus usés Valorisation des boues de STEP Valorisation des déchets ménagers Valorisation des grignons d’olive Valorisation des cendres volantes Scénario total Slurry pipeline Khouribga - Jorf Lasfar Cogénération Energie solaire Scénario total Plan national de développement des chauffe-eaux solaires de 2010 Programme de généralisation des lampes LED dans le secteur résidentiel à l’horizon 2030 Norme Minimale de Performance Energétique (MEPS) des réfrigérateurs. Norme Minimale de Performance Energétique (MEPS) des climatiseurs Efficacité énergétique pour les enveloppes des nouveaux bâtiments Efficacité énergétique dans les établissements d’hébergement touristique Scénario total Extension du tramway de Rabat Extension du tramway de Casablanca Scénario total Programme oléicole (tranche 1) Programme arboriculture fruitière (tranche 1) Programme agrume (tranche 1) Programme palmier dattier (tranche 1) Programme national de développement des parcours et de régulation des flux de transhumants (tranche 1) Programme de plantation de cactus (tranche 1) Scénario total Activités restauratrices des écosystèmes (partie inconditionnelle) Dégradation évitée (partie inconditionnelle) Renforcement de la résilience des socio- écosystèmes dans des zones vulnérables (partie inconditionnelle) Activités entre 2010 et 2020 Scénario total Scénario total Mesures NA NA Atténuation Mesures inconditionnelles Coût (Millions U$) Bâtiment Agriculture Forêt Production électricité Industrie Ciment Phosphates TransportMinistère de l’Energie, des Mines et de l’Environnement,\x03 Département de l’Environnement 9, Avenue Al Araar, Secteur 16, Hay Riad, Rabat']

fr-FR

MOZ

Mozambique

1st NDC

2018-06-04 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/MOZ_INDC_Final_Version.pdf

Non-Annex I

Low-income

Africa

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/fec56ed9fcde90ee7d0846ae8e28a1586153a128996da54e445c8081daa815a8.pdf

['REPÚBLICA DE MOÇAMBIQUE MINISTÉRIO DA TERRA, AMBIENTE E DESENVOLVIMENTO RURAL Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) of Mozambique to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) National development goals and priorities, climate change context Mozambique is located in the eastern coast of Africa and has frontiers with Tanzania (north), Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe (west) and South Africa and Swaziland (south). The country has an eastern shoreline bathed by the Indian ocean extending to 2700 km. The Mozambican population has been increasing at a rate of 2,4% per year. According to the Demographic Census of 2007, the population was estimated at 20,6 million of inhabitants, from which 48% were men and 52% women.', 'According to the Demographic Census of 2007, the population was estimated at 20,6 million of inhabitants, from which 48% were men and 52% women. The demographic projection of the National Statistics Institute indicates that by 2030 the country will have about 36 million inhabitants, implying that the country will need to prepare the conditions for Mozambique to satisfy the needs of this number of inhabitants. The geographical location and extension of the county provide for the privilege of a big diversity of natural resources, namely wide fertile areas suitable area for aquaculture, forest, wildlife and fisheries, important watersheds, mineral resources including renewable and non-renewable energy sources and a long coastline of great economic, touristic and environmental potential.', 'The geographical location and extension of the county provide for the privilege of a big diversity of natural resources, namely wide fertile areas suitable area for aquaculture, forest, wildlife and fisheries, important watersheds, mineral resources including renewable and non-renewable energy sources and a long coastline of great economic, touristic and environmental potential. However, the country is extremely vulnerable to climate change occurring through alterations in the precipitation and temperature patterns and increased intensity and frequency of the occurrence of extreme weather events like floods, droughts, wind storms, including cyclones, and a rising sea level.', 'However, the country is extremely vulnerable to climate change occurring through alterations in the precipitation and temperature patterns and increased intensity and frequency of the occurrence of extreme weather events like floods, droughts, wind storms, including cyclones, and a rising sea level. Therefore, as established in the National Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Strategy (NCCAMS) (MICOA, 2012), the national priority is defined in its mission “to increase resilience in the communities and the national economy including the reduction of climate risks, and promote a low- carbon development and the green economy through the integration of adaptation and mitigation in sectorial and local planning”.', 'Therefore, as established in the National Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Strategy (NCCAMS) (MICOA, 2012), the national priority is defined in its mission “to increase resilience in the communities and the national economy including the reduction of climate risks, and promote a low- carbon development and the green economy through the integration of adaptation and mitigation in sectorial and local planning”. However, to achieve this goal, and despite the fact that the Government already has put in place a legal and institutional framework, it is still necessary to mobilize, at the national and international levels, the financial and technological resources needed and also to strengthen the national technical and institutional capacities.Adaptation Contribution 1.', 'However, to achieve this goal, and despite the fact that the Government already has put in place a legal and institutional framework, it is still necessary to mobilize, at the national and international levels, the financial and technological resources needed and also to strengthen the national technical and institutional capacities.Adaptation Contribution 1. Rationale and process for developing INDC on adaptation Mozambique has elaborated its Initial and Second1 National Communications and other studies2, which indicate that the country is extremely vulnerable to climate change impacts.', 'Rationale and process for developing INDC on adaptation Mozambique has elaborated its Initial and Second1 National Communications and other studies2, which indicate that the country is extremely vulnerable to climate change impacts. Based on the results of those studies’ and from the experience arising from actions implemented to prepare and protect people, ecosystems and infrastructures from the negative impacts occurring due to extreme weather events, the Inter- Institutional Group on Climate Change (GIIMC) conducted the participatory process to formulate the NCCAMS, which was approved by the Government in November 2012. The NCCAMS identifies adaptation and the reduction of the climate risk as a national priority and presents eight strategic actions aimed at creating resilience and reducing the climate risk in the communities, ecosystems and national economy.', 'The NCCAMS identifies adaptation and the reduction of the climate risk as a national priority and presents eight strategic actions aimed at creating resilience and reducing the climate risk in the communities, ecosystems and national economy. The NCCAMS identifies also a set of key cross cutting actions including (i) institutional and legal reform, (ii) research and systematic observation and (iii) capacity building and technology transfer. These are relevant to achieve a prosperous and climate change resilient Mozambique, with a green economy in all social and economic sectors.', 'These are relevant to achieve a prosperous and climate change resilient Mozambique, with a green economy in all social and economic sectors. Mozambique has decided to include adaptation in its INDC, so as to consider this document as a means to communicate its present and future great climate vulnerability and the effort that the Government, in collaboration with its partners, has to make to create the national capacity to deal with climate change. The INDC formulation process started with the compilation of the strategic action proposed in the adaptation and risk reduction pillar of the NCCAMS, and other climate change studies done as well as the legal ordinances.', 'The INDC formulation process started with the compilation of the strategic action proposed in the adaptation and risk reduction pillar of the NCCAMS, and other climate change studies done as well as the legal ordinances. This resulted in the preliminary version of the document that served as a basis for the consultations at the provincial level and at the central level, in the Technical Council of the National Council for Sustainable Development (CONDES), and with other different stakeholders as the civil society, private sector representatives and governmental institutions. This process ended with the realization of the Forum to debate the validation of the INDC and afterwards with its approval by the Council of Ministers and subsequent submission to the UNFCCC’s Secretariat. 2.', 'This process ended with the realization of the Forum to debate the validation of the INDC and afterwards with its approval by the Council of Ministers and subsequent submission to the UNFCCC’s Secretariat. 2. Summary of climate change trends, impacts and vulnerabilities The analysis of the impacts and frequency of its occurrence in Mozambique in the period covering 1956 to 2008 demonstrates that drought and floods are the events that most affect the population, living in vulnerable areas, and that the latter are the most common occurrences 1 The Second National Communication is in the process of being submitted to the UNFCCC 2 Studies about Climate Change elaborated by the Instituto Nacional de Gestão das Calamidades (INGC), Study on the Economy of Climate Change elaborated by the World Bank, among othersfollowed by tropical cyclones.', 'Summary of climate change trends, impacts and vulnerabilities The analysis of the impacts and frequency of its occurrence in Mozambique in the period covering 1956 to 2008 demonstrates that drought and floods are the events that most affect the population, living in vulnerable areas, and that the latter are the most common occurrences 1 The Second National Communication is in the process of being submitted to the UNFCCC 2 Studies about Climate Change elaborated by the Instituto Nacional de Gestão das Calamidades (INGC), Study on the Economy of Climate Change elaborated by the World Bank, among othersfollowed by tropical cyclones. The consequences of the observed impacts of climate change in the country include the loss of human lives, destruction of socioeconomic infrastructures and property, loss of livelihoods and environmental degradation, including erosion and saltwater intrusion, with impacts in the communities and the national economy.', 'The consequences of the observed impacts of climate change in the country include the loss of human lives, destruction of socioeconomic infrastructures and property, loss of livelihoods and environmental degradation, including erosion and saltwater intrusion, with impacts in the communities and the national economy. The economic impacts of climate change are well described in the study Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change: Mozambique (World Bank, 2010). This indicated that the economic cost of the disasters that occurred in Mozambique between 1980 and 2003 was 1,74 thousand million USD. However, this value underestimates the losses and impacts on the poor populations that live mostly in the coastal zones (60%) and derive their basic subsistence from fisheries and rainfed agriculture.', 'However, this value underestimates the losses and impacts on the poor populations that live mostly in the coastal zones (60%) and derive their basic subsistence from fisheries and rainfed agriculture. This population, the coastal resources and infrastructures are exposed to tropical cyclones and to sea level rise. Based in the same study, the climate scenarios indicate the reduction of the national welfare. The report projects greater losses, estimated between 2 to 7 thousand million USD (real 2003) for the period covering 2003 to 2050. This is equivalent to an annual loss that varies among 0,6 and 1,2 thousand million USD per year until 2030. The major losses are those associated with infrastructures, mainly roads due to floods, although agriculture is also severely affected by drought.', 'The major losses are those associated with infrastructures, mainly roads due to floods, although agriculture is also severely affected by drought. As referred above, the country is vulnerable to climate change. Assessment studies have shown that Mozambique is already suffering the negative impacts, of climate change and the climate projections recommend adoption and implementation of measures to mitigate the future climate change impacts. Some of the observed impacts include: 1. Trend in the increase of the averages of the maximum and minimum temperature (INGC, 2009) all over the country (Table 1), where the central region had the higher variation in the minimum temperature (+1,62ºC) Table 1: Variation of the average maximum and minimum temperature by region, between 1960 and 2005 in four stations (INGC, 2010) Region Trend Variation TMaxAve Variation da TMinAve 2.', 'Trend in the increase of the averages of the maximum and minimum temperature (INGC, 2009) all over the country (Table 1), where the central region had the higher variation in the minimum temperature (+1,62ºC) Table 1: Variation of the average maximum and minimum temperature by region, between 1960 and 2005 in four stations (INGC, 2010) Region Trend Variation TMaxAve Variation da TMinAve 2. Increase of the occurrence of extreme climate events such as floods, droughts, tropical cyclones and epidemics (Figure 1).Número de Eventos Década Seca Cheias Ciclones Tropicais Epidemias Figure 1. Number of climatic events between 1950-2010 (INGC, 2015). 3. Increase of the frequency and intensity of the tropical cyclones between 1980 and 2012.', 'Increase of the frequency and intensity of the tropical cyclones between 1980 and 2012. As seen in Figure 2, from 1980 to 1997 five tropical cyclones hit the Mozambican coast with a wind speed of 92 to 142 km/h and from 2000 to 2012 the country has had 11 tropical cyclones and six had wind speed above 167 km/h; Figure 2. Number of climatic events in the period form 1984 to 2012 (INGC, 2015) deaths and caused damage in 1 176 000 houses, of which 638 700 have been destroyed. Damage also occurred in water storage and flood protection infrastructures, mainly in dyques of Licungo in Nante and Limpopo in Chókwe, Guijá and Xai-Xai, and in railways and ports. The cost of these events was estimated as 1 356,9 million USD; 5.', 'The cost of these events was estimated as 1 356,9 million USD; 5. The damage in roads from 2011 to 2015 include 130 aqueducts, 119 bridges and 41 drifts destroyed or affected, 15 512 km of impassable roads, and the amount of destruction was estimated at 6. The losses in yields due to the occurrence of extremes are summarized in table 2.Table 2: Impact of climate change on yields from 2005 to 2014.', 'The losses in yields due to the occurrence of extremes are summarized in table 2.Table 2: Impact of climate change on yields from 2005 to 2014. Year Event Affected region Loss of area 2005 Severe drought South and Centre 369 ha 2005 Cyclone Fávio Provinces of Inhambane, Sofala and Manica 2007 Moderate drought South and Centre 102 000 ha 2009 Drought and floods South and Centre 715 696 ha 2010/11 Flood South and Centre 21 889 ha 2011/12 Storms Dando and Funso Entire country 41 979 ha 2012/13 Drought and floods Entire country 216 745 ha 2013/14 Floods South and Centre and Province of Cabo Delgado 7. Nowadays the saltwater intrusion represents a problem in the Umbeluzi, Incomati, Limpopo, Save, Púngoe, Buzi and Zambeze rivers where the irrigation is developed.', 'Nowadays the saltwater intrusion represents a problem in the Umbeluzi, Incomati, Limpopo, Save, Púngoe, Buzi and Zambeze rivers where the irrigation is developed. Table 3 (INGC, 2010) shows to which degree some rivers are affected. Table 3: Saltwater intrusion in some rivers. River Distance in the interior (km) Affected area (km2) According to climate projections these impacts will be exacerbated considering the expected increase in temperature of 1,5 to 3,0ºC between 2046 and 2065 and the sea level rise of 15 cm, 30 cm and 45 cm as a consequence of thermic expansion and of 15 cm, 110 cm and 415 cm from ice melting in 2030, 2060 and 2100, respectively. Studies from the World Bank indicate a loss of 0,6 to 1,2 million USD per year until 2030.', 'Studies from the World Bank indicate a loss of 0,6 to 1,2 million USD per year until 2030. 3. Reporting on long- term and near- term adaptation visions, goals and targets The mission is to “reduce climate change vulnerability and improve the wellbeing of Mozambicans through the implementation of concrete measures for adaptation and climate risk reduction, promoting mitigation and low-carbon development, aiming at sustainable development, with the active participation of all stakeholders in the social, environmental and economic sectors”. To achieve that, in the short term (2015-2019), the first NCCAMM action plan is being updated. In this Plan adaptation will be included as the National Adaptation Plan (NAP).', 'In this Plan adaptation will be included as the National Adaptation Plan (NAP). In this period, as in 2013 and 2014, the goal will continue to be the Action Plan, to increase local resilience, fighting poverty and identifying opportunities for adaptation and low- carbon development at community level through its mainstreaming in the process of district planning and budgeting. As the evaluation made shows that the goal has not been accomplished in 2014, and thereby requires delaying the term of the first phase to 2019. The subsequent medium andlong-term goals have also been adjusted to 2025 and 2030, respectively.', 'The subsequent medium andlong-term goals have also been adjusted to 2025 and 2030, respectively. In the medium (2020 to 2025) and long (2026 to 2030) terms Mozambique intends to update its NAP in which the goals will be similar to those in the shorter term, but referring to the provincial and national level, respectively. Therefore, from 2020 to 2025, the country intends to increase its resilience at the provincial level and to include adaptation in that scope of planning and from 2026 to 2030 to do the same at the national level, achieving in this way the vision of the NCCAMS – “A prosperous and climate change resilient Mozambique, with a green economy in all social and economic sectors”.', 'Therefore, from 2020 to 2025, the country intends to increase its resilience at the provincial level and to include adaptation in that scope of planning and from 2026 to 2030 to do the same at the national level, achieving in this way the vision of the NCCAMS – “A prosperous and climate change resilient Mozambique, with a green economy in all social and economic sectors”. This vision is quite ambitious, has been demonstrated during the implementation of the NCCAMS’s first action plan, and the need for financial and technical support and capacity building continues to be necessary. 4.', 'This vision is quite ambitious, has been demonstrated during the implementation of the NCCAMS’s first action plan, and the need for financial and technical support and capacity building continues to be necessary. 4. Reporting on current and planned adaptation undertakings and support According to the NCCAMS, the present and future planned actions (post- 2020) directed at the increase of resilience and risk reduction will correspond to the update of the adaptation component of the Strategy which will correspond to the NAP of Mozambique.', 'Reporting on current and planned adaptation undertakings and support According to the NCCAMS, the present and future planned actions (post- 2020) directed at the increase of resilience and risk reduction will correspond to the update of the adaptation component of the Strategy which will correspond to the NAP of Mozambique. The country will update and implement its NAP for the following time periods: short (2015 to strategic actions to be included in the NAP are: Reduce climate risks through the strengthening of the early warning system and of the capacity to prepare and respond to climate risks; Improve the capacity for integrated water resources management including building climate resilient hydraulic infrastructures; Increase the effectiveness of land use and spatial planning (protection of floodplains, coastal and other areas vulnerable to floods); Increase the resilience of agriculture, livestock and fisheries, guaranteeing the adequate levels of food security and nutrition; Increase the adaptive capacity of the most vulnerable groups; Reduce people’s vulnerability to climate change related vector- borne diseases or other diseases; Ensure biodiversity’s protection; Reduce soil degradation and promote mechanisms for the planting of trees for local use; Develop resilient climate resilience mechanisms for infrastructures,urban areas and other human settlements and tourist and coastal zones; Align the legal and institutional framework with the NCCAMS Strengthen research and systematic observation institutions for the collection of data related to vulnerability assessment and adaptation to climate change; Develop and ameliorate the level of knowledge and capacity to act on climate change; and Promote the transfer and adoption of clean and climate change resilient technologies.', 'The country will update and implement its NAP for the following time periods: short (2015 to strategic actions to be included in the NAP are: Reduce climate risks through the strengthening of the early warning system and of the capacity to prepare and respond to climate risks; Improve the capacity for integrated water resources management including building climate resilient hydraulic infrastructures; Increase the effectiveness of land use and spatial planning (protection of floodplains, coastal and other areas vulnerable to floods); Increase the resilience of agriculture, livestock and fisheries, guaranteeing the adequate levels of food security and nutrition; Increase the adaptive capacity of the most vulnerable groups; Reduce people’s vulnerability to climate change related vector- borne diseases or other diseases; Ensure biodiversity’s protection; Reduce soil degradation and promote mechanisms for the planting of trees for local use; Develop resilient climate resilience mechanisms for infrastructures,urban areas and other human settlements and tourist and coastal zones; Align the legal and institutional framework with the NCCAMS Strengthen research and systematic observation institutions for the collection of data related to vulnerability assessment and adaptation to climate change; Develop and ameliorate the level of knowledge and capacity to act on climate change; and Promote the transfer and adoption of clean and climate change resilient technologies. Mozambique is part of the group of countries which are implementing the Pilot Programme for Climate Resilience (PPCR), which encompasses support for the institutional and policies’ reform, for the funding of pilot projects (roads, agriculture, early warning systems, coastal cities and irrigation) and for knowledge management.', 'Mozambique is part of the group of countries which are implementing the Pilot Programme for Climate Resilience (PPCR), which encompasses support for the institutional and policies’ reform, for the funding of pilot projects (roads, agriculture, early warning systems, coastal cities and irrigation) and for knowledge management. In addition to the PPCR, the World Bank is also funding actions in water resource sectors and conservation areas. The country is also implementing other projects supported by the Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF), the PASA3, the African Development Bank, the JICA, the USAID and the Portuguese Carbon Fund, among others. 5.', 'The country is also implementing other projects supported by the Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF), the PASA3, the African Development Bank, the JICA, the USAID and the Portuguese Carbon Fund, among others. 5. Gaps and barriers Financial Insufficient financing available to climate proof in country, associated with the complexity of the criteria and procedures for accessing the international climate financial resources; Low public investment and private participation in the adaptation actions; Lack of funding to maintain and upgrade data collection stations (meteorological, hydrological, hydrographical, air quality, among others); and Slow payback of the investment in climate change adaptation actions.', 'Gaps and barriers Financial Insufficient financing available to climate proof in country, associated with the complexity of the criteria and procedures for accessing the international climate financial resources; Low public investment and private participation in the adaptation actions; Lack of funding to maintain and upgrade data collection stations (meteorological, hydrological, hydrographical, air quality, among others); and Slow payback of the investment in climate change adaptation actions. Technology and knowledge Weak capacity to determine the cost of the losses and damages caused by the impacts and of the measures to adapt to climate change and few research and investigation actions addressing climate change; 3 Programme of Support to the Environmental Sector supported by DANIDA and the European Commission (Ireland) Unpredictability of the intensity and magnitude of the climate change impacts; Weak capacity to design projects to access climate change financing and funds; Unavailability of adaptation technologies; Low capacity to measure, report and verify (MRV), including the effects of policies, strategies, plans and projects and of the availability and use of financial and technological resources; and Difficulties and weak capacity to disclose knowledge about the climate change risks and actions, associated with a low capacity to manage and communicate the results of studies and projects.', 'Technology and knowledge Weak capacity to determine the cost of the losses and damages caused by the impacts and of the measures to adapt to climate change and few research and investigation actions addressing climate change; 3 Programme of Support to the Environmental Sector supported by DANIDA and the European Commission (Ireland) Unpredictability of the intensity and magnitude of the climate change impacts; Weak capacity to design projects to access climate change financing and funds; Unavailability of adaptation technologies; Low capacity to measure, report and verify (MRV), including the effects of policies, strategies, plans and projects and of the availability and use of financial and technological resources; and Difficulties and weak capacity to disclose knowledge about the climate change risks and actions, associated with a low capacity to manage and communicate the results of studies and projects. Political and institutional Insufficient incentives to attract the participation of the private sector and civil society in developing initiatives to contribute to climate change adaptation; and Weak coordination and charge of the sectors in the implementation of the approved policies, strategies and plans, due to a low ability to verify and enforce the laws and regulations associated to a weak capacity to cross-sectoral and integrated planning.', 'Political and institutional Insufficient incentives to attract the participation of the private sector and civil society in developing initiatives to contribute to climate change adaptation; and Weak coordination and charge of the sectors in the implementation of the approved policies, strategies and plans, due to a low ability to verify and enforce the laws and regulations associated to a weak capacity to cross-sectoral and integrated planning. 6.', 'Political and institutional Insufficient incentives to attract the participation of the private sector and civil society in developing initiatives to contribute to climate change adaptation; and Weak coordination and charge of the sectors in the implementation of the approved policies, strategies and plans, due to a low ability to verify and enforce the laws and regulations associated to a weak capacity to cross-sectoral and integrated planning. 6. Summary of needs To implement the INDC it is necessary to: Operationalize the NCCAMM implementation mechanisms namely the Knowledge Management Centre, the National Climate Change Network and the Financial Mechanism; Assess the capacity needs of the National Climate Change Network and elaborate and implement the capacity plan to conduct research and investigation in the relevant areas; Strengthen the institutions to collect and manage data and information and create a data base about the existent studies and experts; Elaborate and implement a strategy for climate change education, awareness raising, communication and public participation; Assess the adaptation technology needs and formulate and implement the associated plan; Update the sectoral policies to mainstream climate change adaptation and risk reduction; Establish climate insurances; and Build national technical and institutional capacity to design and manage projects to access climate financing.7.', 'Summary of needs To implement the INDC it is necessary to: Operationalize the NCCAMM implementation mechanisms namely the Knowledge Management Centre, the National Climate Change Network and the Financial Mechanism; Assess the capacity needs of the National Climate Change Network and elaborate and implement the capacity plan to conduct research and investigation in the relevant areas; Strengthen the institutions to collect and manage data and information and create a data base about the existent studies and experts; Elaborate and implement a strategy for climate change education, awareness raising, communication and public participation; Assess the adaptation technology needs and formulate and implement the associated plan; Update the sectoral policies to mainstream climate change adaptation and risk reduction; Establish climate insurances; and Build national technical and institutional capacity to design and manage projects to access climate financing.7. Monitoring and reporting progress The government has approved the National System to Monitor and Evaluate Climate Change and this will be used to MRV the adaptation actions.', 'Monitoring and reporting progress The government has approved the National System to Monitor and Evaluate Climate Change and this will be used to MRV the adaptation actions. This system is being tested and will be functioning before 2020 and onwards. Mitigation Contribution 8. Timetable The INDC will be implemented between 2020 and 2030. 9. Type of contribution Implementation of Policies’ and Programmes’ actions: 2. Energy Strategy (being updated and to be approved by 2016); 3. Biofuel Policy and Strategy ; 4. New and Renewable Energy Development Strategy (2011 to 2025); 5. Conservation and Sustainable Use of the Energy from Biomass Energy Strategy (2014 to 2025); 6. Master Plan for Natural Gas (2014 to 2030); 7. Renewable Energy Feed-in Tariff Regulation (REFIT); 8. Mozambique’s Integrated Urban Solid Waste Management 9.', 'Mozambique’s Integrated Urban Solid Waste Management 9. National REDD+ Strategy (in preparation and to be approved in 10. Renewable Energy Atlas for Mozambique; 11. Project to build and manage two solid waste landfills with the recovery of methane; and 12. Project of Urban Mobility in the Municipality of Maputo. 10. Target level Based on the policy actions and programmes outlined above, the country estimates, on a preliminary basis, the total reduction of about 76,5 eq in the period from 2020 to 2030, with 23,0 MtCO2 eq by 2024 and eq from 2025 to 2030. These reductions are estimates with a significant level of uncertainty and will be updated with the results from the BUR to be available by early 2018.', 'These reductions are estimates with a significant level of uncertainty and will be updated with the results from the BUR to be available by early 2018. The implementation of any proposed reduction is conditional on the provision of financial, technological and capacity building from the international community. 11. GHG reductions The implementation of the actions referred will limit the GHG emissions by sources and the removals by sinks at the same time as they contribute to the increase of the well being of the Mozambicans through the increase of the access to renewable energy sources and to basic sanitation services to promote the efficient use of the natural assets, reducing theenvironmental degradation.', 'GHG reductions The implementation of the actions referred will limit the GHG emissions by sources and the removals by sinks at the same time as they contribute to the increase of the well being of the Mozambicans through the increase of the access to renewable energy sources and to basic sanitation services to promote the efficient use of the natural assets, reducing theenvironmental degradation. Mozambique is willing to participate in the market mechanisms to be established which would allow access to clean technologies in order to mitigate the emissions arising from exploiting, managing and using the natural capital that is available. 12.', 'Mozambique is willing to participate in the market mechanisms to be established which would allow access to clean technologies in order to mitigate the emissions arising from exploiting, managing and using the natural capital that is available. 12. Means of Implementation Mozambique is participating in the Second Phase of the Technology Needs Assessment Project (TNA), covering the following sectors: (i) energy and waste, (ii) agriculture and (iii) coastal zones, including infrastructures. This process will result in a Technological Action Plan identifying the needs, including the financial and capacity building needs in those sectors. This information is relevant to identify the necessary means to implement the proposed actions. This exercise will be concluded by the end of 2017.', 'This exercise will be concluded by the end of 2017. Another relevant source of information is the is the ongoing process for making the National Climate Change Network operational which includes the assessment of the existing institutional and technical capacities and their needs for the implementation of the NCCAMS to formulate and implement the Capacity Building Plan, as included in the NCCAMS. 13. Sectors The presently identified actions are related to energy (electricity production, transports and other – residential, commercial and institutional), land use, land use change and forestry (REDD+) and waste (solid waste disposal and treatment). Despite the above identified actions, the country still has potential actions in other sectors such as industry, agriculture including in the other energy sub-sectors. 14.', 'Despite the above identified actions, the country still has potential actions in other sectors such as industry, agriculture including in the other energy sub-sectors. 14. Gases The main gases covered in this contribution are: carbon dioxide (CO2 ), ) and nitrous oxide (N2 O) In the future, other GHG may be included. Methodologies The IPCC Revised 1996 Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and the Good Practise Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories were used to calculate the GHG emissions and removals as described in the Second National Communication and the LEAP software was used to develop emission scenarios for the INDC. The Global Warming Potential values used were those from the IPCC’s Fourth Assessment Report and as stated below: eq eq eq. 16.', 'The Global Warming Potential values used were those from the IPCC’s Fourth Assessment Report and as stated below: eq eq eq. 16. How it is equitable and adequate Considering Mozambique’s historical GHG emissions, which are insignificant in the global total, the effort that the country is willing tomake to create adaptative capacity and face the national challenges of reducing poverty, including those of the most vulnerable, this contribution is fair and adequate considering the ultimate objective of the UNFCCC. It is recognized that achieving a resilient and low carbon development can be a catalyser to reduce poverty and diminish the inequalities towards the most vulnerable.', 'It is recognized that achieving a resilient and low carbon development can be a catalyser to reduce poverty and diminish the inequalities towards the most vulnerable. Therefore, the implementation of the INDC will include the most vulnerable communities, promoting an inclusive climate proofed development, with a higher degree of access to efficient technologies and cleaner energy sources, promoting environmental integrity and the creation of green jobs. arrangements The Institutional Arrangements established to implement and MRV the Mitigation component of the INDC are those established by the NCCAMS and operationalized by the National System to Monitor and Evaluate Climate Change.', 'arrangements The Institutional Arrangements established to implement and MRV the Mitigation component of the INDC are those established by the NCCAMS and operationalized by the National System to Monitor and Evaluate Climate Change. The relevant entities are the Climate Change Unit, the Knowledge Management Centre, hosted in the Science Academy of Mozambique, the National Climate Change Network, the GIIMC and the National Greenhouse Gases Inventory System (SNIGEE), already included in the National System to Monitor and Evaluate Climate Change.Bibliographic References INDC. 2009. Estudo sobre o impacto das alterações climáticas no risco de calamidades em Moçambique Relatório Síntese, 2009 World Bank. 2010. Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change : Mozambique. Washington, DC. © World Bank. License: CC BY 3.0 Unported. Governo de Moçambique. 2014. Proposta do Programa Quinquenal do Governo 2014-2019.', 'Proposta do Programa Quinquenal do Governo 2014-2019. Ministério da Coordenação da Acção Ambiental. 2012. National Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Strategy. INGC, 2015. Apresentação feita pelo INGC no seminário de Lançamento do projecto Avaliação das Necessidades Tecnológicas']

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Updated NDC

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Non-Annex I

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['Update of the First Nationally Determined Contribution to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change MOZAMBIQUE REPUBLIC OF MOZAMBIQUE | MINISTRY OF LAND AND ENVIRONMENTREPUBLIC OF MOZAMBIQUE | MINISTRY OF LAND AND ENVIRONMENT MOZAMBIQUE Update of the First Nationally Determined Contribution to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeUpdate of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE This document is made available by the National Directorate of Climate Change of the Ministry of Land and Environment of Mozambique TRANSLATION AND EDITION Caos Lda. and CEAGRE FINANCIAMENTO Climate Promise REFERENCE Government of Mozambique. Updated First National Determined Contribution of Mozambique Climate Change Directorate. Ministry of Land and the Environment 105 pp.', 'Ministry of Land and the Environment 105 pp. GRAPHIC DESIGN AND PAGINATION Ana Paula Bouças PHOTOGRAPHIC CREDITS Inês de Sousa Mourão SUBMITTED by the Government of Mozambique on November the 1st 2021 DATASHEETUpdate of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE Introduction to Mozambique s NDC 1 Update 15 Contribution to Adaptation 26 Vulnerability of Mozambique 26 Climate Scenarios 33 Adaptation and Resilience Measures in Response to Climate Change 37 Information to Facilitate Clarity, Transparency and Understanding (ICTU) 48 Summary of Measures Presented: Mitigation and Low Carbon Development 74 FIGURES Figure 1: Annual and Accumulated Cost Deficits Since 2016 for Reconstructions 16 Figure 2: Bau, Annual and Accumulated GHG Emission Reduction Estimates 2020-2025 22 Figure 3: Comparison of Emissions per capita 23 Figure 4: Total Number of Extreme Events TABLES Table 1: Impact on the Human Dimension of Rainy Season Events 2016/17 to 2018/19 30 Table 2: Summary of Adaptation and Climate risk Reduction Measures and Transverse Actions 38 Table 3: Information to Facilitate Clarity, Transparency and Understanding (ICTU) 48 Table 4: Summary of Measures Presented: Mitigation and Low Carbon Development 74 INDEXUpdate of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AFOLU Agriculture, Forest and Other Land Use AP Paris Agreement ARA Regional Water Administration BM Bank of Mozambique BTR Biennial Transparency Report BUR Biennial Update Report CA Adaptation Communication CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CCGC Disaster Management Coordination Council CGCMC Centre for Climate Change Knowledge Management CN National Communication CO2 Carbon dioxide CO2eq Carbon dioxide equivalent CONDES National Council for Sustainable Development COP Conference of the Parties CSE Higher Council of Statistics CTCM Technical Council for Methodological Coordination CTGC Disaster Management Technical Council DA Activity data DINAB National Directorate of Environment DNMC National Directorate of Climate Change EBAC Low Carbon Development Strategy EDM Mozambique Electricity ENAMMC National Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Strategy ENH National Hydrocarbon Company ETF Enhanced Transparency Framework FAO United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization FNDS National Sustainable Development Fund FOLU Forest and Other Land Use FREL Forest Reference Level FUNAB National Environment Fund FUNAE National Energy Fund GEE Greenhouse Gases Gg Gigagram GIIMC Inter-Institutional Group for Climate Change HCB Hidroeléctrica de Cahora Bassa, SA ICAT Transparency Initiative for Climate Action IGEE Greenhouse Gas Inventory IIAM Institute of Agricultural Research of Mozambique INAHINA National Institute of Hydrography and Navigation INAM National Institute of Meteorology INATTER National Institute of Land Transport iNDC intended Nationally Determined Contribution INE National Institute of StatisticsUpdate of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE INGD National Institute of Disaster Management INP National Petroleum Institute IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPPU Industrial Processes and Product Use kTOE Thousand tons of oil equivalent (equivalent to thousands of tons of oil) LA Level Assessment LDC Least Developed Countries LEAP Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning System M&A National Monitoring and Evaluation System MADER Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development MEF Ministry of Economy and Finance MGC Matola Gas Company MICOA Ministry for Coordination of Environmental Action MIREME Ministry of Mineral Resources and Energy MISAU Ministry of Health MIT Mitigation Scenario MOPHRH Ministry of Public Works, Housing and Water Resources MRV Measurement, Reporting and Verification MTA Ministry of Land and Environment MTC Ministry of Transport and Communication MtCO2 Millions of tons of carbon dioxide MW Mega Watts N2O Nitrous oxide NAMA Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action NDC Nationally Determined Contribution ODS Sustainable Development Goal PBUR Mozambique s First Biennial Update Report PETROMOC Mozambique National Petroleum Company POCA Agricultural Marketing Plan PODA Agrarian Development Plan PQG Government s Five-Year Plan QNFTM National Strengthened Transparency Framework REDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation REF Reference scenario RI-AAMMC Report on the Implementation of the Determined National Contribution RI-ENAMMC Report on the Implementation of the National Strategy for Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change RIN National Inventory Report SEN National Statistical System TA Trend Assessment UEM Eduardo Mondlane University UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeUpdate of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE INTRODUCTION TO MOZAMBIQUE S NDC 1 UPDATE MOZAMBIQUE submitted its Intended Nationally Deter- mined Contribution (iNDC) to the UNFCCC on 1 October 2015 which became Mozambique s First Nationally Deter- the date on which the country became Party to the Paris Agreement.', 'GRAPHIC DESIGN AND PAGINATION Ana Paula Bouças PHOTOGRAPHIC CREDITS Inês de Sousa Mourão SUBMITTED by the Government of Mozambique on November the 1st 2021 DATASHEETUpdate of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE Introduction to Mozambique s NDC 1 Update 15 Contribution to Adaptation 26 Vulnerability of Mozambique 26 Climate Scenarios 33 Adaptation and Resilience Measures in Response to Climate Change 37 Information to Facilitate Clarity, Transparency and Understanding (ICTU) 48 Summary of Measures Presented: Mitigation and Low Carbon Development 74 FIGURES Figure 1: Annual and Accumulated Cost Deficits Since 2016 for Reconstructions 16 Figure 2: Bau, Annual and Accumulated GHG Emission Reduction Estimates 2020-2025 22 Figure 3: Comparison of Emissions per capita 23 Figure 4: Total Number of Extreme Events TABLES Table 1: Impact on the Human Dimension of Rainy Season Events 2016/17 to 2018/19 30 Table 2: Summary of Adaptation and Climate risk Reduction Measures and Transverse Actions 38 Table 3: Information to Facilitate Clarity, Transparency and Understanding (ICTU) 48 Table 4: Summary of Measures Presented: Mitigation and Low Carbon Development 74 INDEXUpdate of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AFOLU Agriculture, Forest and Other Land Use AP Paris Agreement ARA Regional Water Administration BM Bank of Mozambique BTR Biennial Transparency Report BUR Biennial Update Report CA Adaptation Communication CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CCGC Disaster Management Coordination Council CGCMC Centre for Climate Change Knowledge Management CN National Communication CO2 Carbon dioxide CO2eq Carbon dioxide equivalent CONDES National Council for Sustainable Development COP Conference of the Parties CSE Higher Council of Statistics CTCM Technical Council for Methodological Coordination CTGC Disaster Management Technical Council DA Activity data DINAB National Directorate of Environment DNMC National Directorate of Climate Change EBAC Low Carbon Development Strategy EDM Mozambique Electricity ENAMMC National Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Strategy ENH National Hydrocarbon Company ETF Enhanced Transparency Framework FAO United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization FNDS National Sustainable Development Fund FOLU Forest and Other Land Use FREL Forest Reference Level FUNAB National Environment Fund FUNAE National Energy Fund GEE Greenhouse Gases Gg Gigagram GIIMC Inter-Institutional Group for Climate Change HCB Hidroeléctrica de Cahora Bassa, SA ICAT Transparency Initiative for Climate Action IGEE Greenhouse Gas Inventory IIAM Institute of Agricultural Research of Mozambique INAHINA National Institute of Hydrography and Navigation INAM National Institute of Meteorology INATTER National Institute of Land Transport iNDC intended Nationally Determined Contribution INE National Institute of StatisticsUpdate of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE INGD National Institute of Disaster Management INP National Petroleum Institute IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPPU Industrial Processes and Product Use kTOE Thousand tons of oil equivalent (equivalent to thousands of tons of oil) LA Level Assessment LDC Least Developed Countries LEAP Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning System M&A National Monitoring and Evaluation System MADER Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development MEF Ministry of Economy and Finance MGC Matola Gas Company MICOA Ministry for Coordination of Environmental Action MIREME Ministry of Mineral Resources and Energy MISAU Ministry of Health MIT Mitigation Scenario MOPHRH Ministry of Public Works, Housing and Water Resources MRV Measurement, Reporting and Verification MTA Ministry of Land and Environment MTC Ministry of Transport and Communication MtCO2 Millions of tons of carbon dioxide MW Mega Watts N2O Nitrous oxide NAMA Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action NDC Nationally Determined Contribution ODS Sustainable Development Goal PBUR Mozambique s First Biennial Update Report PETROMOC Mozambique National Petroleum Company POCA Agricultural Marketing Plan PODA Agrarian Development Plan PQG Government s Five-Year Plan QNFTM National Strengthened Transparency Framework REDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation REF Reference scenario RI-AAMMC Report on the Implementation of the Determined National Contribution RI-ENAMMC Report on the Implementation of the National Strategy for Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change RIN National Inventory Report SEN National Statistical System TA Trend Assessment UEM Eduardo Mondlane University UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeUpdate of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE INTRODUCTION TO MOZAMBIQUE S NDC 1 UPDATE MOZAMBIQUE submitted its Intended Nationally Deter- mined Contribution (iNDC) to the UNFCCC on 1 October 2015 which became Mozambique s First Nationally Deter- the date on which the country became Party to the Paris Agreement. This document presents Mozambique s NDC 1 Update, which was prepared following a participatory approach in which the public and private sectors including civil society and academia were also involved with technical assistance from various international partners.', 'This document presents Mozambique s NDC 1 Update, which was prepared following a participatory approach in which the public and private sectors including civil society and academia were also involved with technical assistance from various international partners. The process of updating NDC 1 took place in the context of the spread of COVID-19, combined with the cli- matic shocks that affected the south of the country at the beginning of 2021 and the military insecurity in some locations in the cen- tral and northern regions of the country, combined with weak global demand, led to a downward revision of the economic outlook initially outlined for 2021, with the growth rate falling from 2.1% to 1.5%.', 'The process of updating NDC 1 took place in the context of the spread of COVID-19, combined with the cli- matic shocks that affected the south of the country at the beginning of 2021 and the military insecurity in some locations in the cen- tral and northern regions of the country, combined with weak global demand, led to a downward revision of the economic outlook initially outlined for 2021, with the growth rate falling from 2.1% to 1.5%. In this way, reflecting the expected progress in vacci- nation and the extension of fiscal support in the majorUpdate of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE economies, with repercussions associated with the global economy and the maintenance of monetary policies, the global economy is expected to grow around 4.9% by the year 2022, and the Mozambican economy is expected to recover slightly, growing at a rate of 2.8% conditioned by the prices of the main commodities on the international market that may boost economic growth in the country.', 'In this way, reflecting the expected progress in vacci- nation and the extension of fiscal support in the majorUpdate of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE economies, with repercussions associated with the global economy and the maintenance of monetary policies, the global economy is expected to grow around 4.9% by the year 2022, and the Mozambican economy is expected to recover slightly, growing at a rate of 2.8% conditioned by the prices of the main commodities on the international market that may boost economic growth in the country. This scenario is based on continuing to respond to Public Health Emergencies as part of the response to the nega- tive impact of COVID 19, with the implementation of the COVID-19 Response Plan through vaccination of 80% of the target population by 2022, providing health assistance to displaced populations and strengthening the Health Emergency Operational Centre.', 'This scenario is based on continuing to respond to Public Health Emergencies as part of the response to the nega- tive impact of COVID 19, with the implementation of the COVID-19 Response Plan through vaccination of 80% of the target population by 2022, providing health assistance to displaced populations and strengthening the Health Emergency Operational Centre. Meanwhile, it should be noted that the State s economic planning points to the need to incur increased expenditure to deal with the adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandem- ic and climate events (costs beyond those foreseen in this NDC for adaptation). This will require increased external borrowing to fund investment projects linked to national development.', 'This will require increased external borrowing to fund investment projects linked to national development. Estimates based on current trends indicate that to meet these needs external credit should increase from 39,904.0 million ZZM in 2022 to 64,805.9 million ZZM in 20241. Furthermore, it should be noted that Mozambique is a country that is already facing the adverse impacts of global climate change and in view of the great national socio-economic vulnerabilities, the losses and damages as- sociated with extreme climate events are generating addi- tional difficulties and challenges to the development of the country and the fight against extreme poverty. Since the latest data presented in NDC 1, the National Institute for Disaster Management (INGD) has conducted a preliminary analysis of the costs required for reconstruction following extreme climate events and other emergencies since 2016.', 'Since the latest data presented in NDC 1, the National Institute for Disaster Management (INGD) has conducted a preliminary analysis of the costs required for reconstruction following extreme climate events and other emergencies since 2016. The figure below graphically presents the annual and accumulated figures from 2016 to 2021 of the country s needs regarding the costs necessary for reconstruction after extreme climatic events linked only to the Rainy Sea- son, considering the sectors of Education (classrooms), Health, Agriculture, Miscellaneous Infrastructure and Assistance, as well as the amounts allocated and the defi- cits identified during the period analysed.', 'The figure below graphically presents the annual and accumulated figures from 2016 to 2021 of the country s needs regarding the costs necessary for reconstruction after extreme climatic events linked only to the Rainy Sea- son, considering the sectors of Education (classrooms), Health, Agriculture, Miscellaneous Infrastructure and Assistance, as well as the amounts allocated and the defi- cits identified during the period analysed. This analysis shows a growing financial deficit process related to the impacts linked to extreme climatic events and emergen- cies, which during the period under review has already reached over 8.2 billion meticais.Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE The commitment to actions to address global climate change is real, measurable and grounded in genuine na- tional sovereignty, however, the large and growing barri- ers of finance, technology transfer and training & capaci- ty building faced by Mozambique are undeniable.', 'This analysis shows a growing financial deficit process related to the impacts linked to extreme climatic events and emergen- cies, which during the period under review has already reached over 8.2 billion meticais.Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE The commitment to actions to address global climate change is real, measurable and grounded in genuine na- tional sovereignty, however, the large and growing barri- ers of finance, technology transfer and training & capaci- ty building faced by Mozambique are undeniable. Thus, Mozambique indicates that the implementation of the adaptation and emission reduction actions foreseen in NDC 1 are conditional to international climate support. The country received from the NDC Partnership support that made it possible to budget the proposed NDC actions and identify the commitments whose realization already had international climate support secured.', 'The country received from the NDC Partnership support that made it possible to budget the proposed NDC actions and identify the commitments whose realization already had international climate support secured. This document, as well as Mozambique s NDC 1, includes contributions on adaptation and mitigation, and identifies the financial, technological and capacity building barriers that the country has for its implementation. In terms of both adaptation and mitigation, this document has incor- porated dozens of adaptation, mitigation and cross-cut- ting actions, measures, projects and policies that together would represent a total investment demand from 2020 to 2025 of around USD 7.586 billion. For comparison purpos- es, according to the World Bank, the country s nominal GDP in dollars in 2020 was about USD 14 billion2.', 'For comparison purpos- es, according to the World Bank, the country s nominal GDP in dollars in 2020 was about USD 14 billion2. On one hand, regarding the specific contribution on adaptation, this update has considered several docu- ments elaborated under the Convention and that have relevant information on vulnerability and adaptation measures, namely, the Mozambique National Strategy for Climate Change (ENAMMC), Technological Action Plan Fonte: Instituto Nacional de Gestão de Desastres, 2021 ANNUAL AND ACCUMULATED COST DEFICITS SINCE 2016 FOR RECONSTRUCTION Millions of Meticais Annual Deficit Accumulated (since 2016) Annual Need Annual CostUpdate of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE (for Adaptation covering agriculture and coastal zones and infrastructure and mitigation the energy and waste sec- tors), the Local Adaptation Plans (123 districts with local adaptation plans formulated by October 2021), the Second National Communication of Mozambique and other stra- tegic documents including consultations with sectors and other relevant entities, the adaptation contribution is pre- sented in this document.', 'On one hand, regarding the specific contribution on adaptation, this update has considered several docu- ments elaborated under the Convention and that have relevant information on vulnerability and adaptation measures, namely, the Mozambique National Strategy for Climate Change (ENAMMC), Technological Action Plan Fonte: Instituto Nacional de Gestão de Desastres, 2021 ANNUAL AND ACCUMULATED COST DEFICITS SINCE 2016 FOR RECONSTRUCTION Millions of Meticais Annual Deficit Accumulated (since 2016) Annual Need Annual CostUpdate of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE (for Adaptation covering agriculture and coastal zones and infrastructure and mitigation the energy and waste sec- tors), the Local Adaptation Plans (123 districts with local adaptation plans formulated by October 2021), the Second National Communication of Mozambique and other stra- tegic documents including consultations with sectors and other relevant entities, the adaptation contribution is pre- sented in this document. In chapter 2 below, details on Contribution on Adap- tation are presented, including specific sections on Vul- nerabilities of Mozambique, Climate Scenarios, Adapta- tion & Resilience Measures, and Climate Risk Reduction.', 'In chapter 2 below, details on Contribution on Adap- tation are presented, including specific sections on Vul- nerabilities of Mozambique, Climate Scenarios, Adapta- tion & Resilience Measures, and Climate Risk Reduction. Among the main sectors that are included in the portfolio of adaptation actions, measures, projects and policies are: Early Warning System, Agriculture and Fisheries, Water Resources and Sanitation, Health, Biodiversity, Forestry, Social Security, Infrastructure, Urban Areas, Settlements and Tourism and Coastal Zones, Communication, Edu- cation, Capacity Building and Awareness, among other cross-cutting ones.', 'Among the main sectors that are included in the portfolio of adaptation actions, measures, projects and policies are: Early Warning System, Agriculture and Fisheries, Water Resources and Sanitation, Health, Biodiversity, Forestry, Social Security, Infrastructure, Urban Areas, Settlements and Tourism and Coastal Zones, Communication, Edu- cation, Capacity Building and Awareness, among other cross-cutting ones. It should be noted that in relation to the Health sector, the World Health Organization (WHO) is supporting the Ministry of Health (MISAU) and the Na- tional Institute of Health in strengthening the National Health System to the Impacts of Climate Change and in drafting the Plan for Adaptation of the Health Sector to Climate Change.', 'It should be noted that in relation to the Health sector, the World Health Organization (WHO) is supporting the Ministry of Health (MISAU) and the Na- tional Institute of Health in strengthening the National Health System to the Impacts of Climate Change and in drafting the Plan for Adaptation of the Health Sector to Climate Change. On the other hand, the contributions associated with the mitigation theme count on the implementation of actions, measures, projects, policies and programmes that contem- plate the sectors of Agro-livestock and Sustainable Land Use, Waste Management, Energy Security and Sustainabil- ity of Industries.', 'On the other hand, the contributions associated with the mitigation theme count on the implementation of actions, measures, projects, policies and programmes that contem- plate the sectors of Agro-livestock and Sustainable Land Use, Waste Management, Energy Security and Sustainabil- ity of Industries. Mozambique is recognized as one of the countries that has been most dedicated to and developed national systems for scaling up emission reductions from deforestation and forest degradation and increasing car- bon sinks (REDD+), as evidenced by the fact that it is one of the first countries to receive payment for results under the Forest Carbon initiative with the World Bank. Thus, for Mozambique REDD+ was included in this updated NDC 1 as a key means of implementation to operationalise miti- gation ambitions.', 'Thus, for Mozambique REDD+ was included in this updated NDC 1 as a key means of implementation to operationalise miti- gation ambitions. Finally, Mozambique proposes to carry out a se- ries of mitigation actions that in aggregate expect to achieve a reduction of GHG emissions by about 40 mil- lion tCO2eq between 2020 and 2025 (see graph below). These reductions are estimates with a significant level of uncertainty and will be updated with the results of the BUR to be available in 2022.', 'These reductions are estimates with a significant level of uncertainty and will be updated with the results of the BUR to be available in 2022. It should be notedUpdate of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE that, it was decided not to include as part of the mitiga- tion contribution of this updated NDC 1 the removals and emissions from the commercial-scale tree planting (af- forestation) component, due to the uncertainties of how such emissions and any emission reductions achieved by the activities of this component will be accounted for un- der the Paris Agreement.', 'It should be notedUpdate of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE that, it was decided not to include as part of the mitiga- tion contribution of this updated NDC 1 the removals and emissions from the commercial-scale tree planting (af- forestation) component, due to the uncertainties of how such emissions and any emission reductions achieved by the activities of this component will be accounted for un- der the Paris Agreement. In addition to the uncertainties already identified, we also highlight the lack of clarity on how the accounting rules used to comply with the NDCs will be, especially on the interpretations of how such rules will reflect on the scope of articles 5 and 6, especially on the implications linked to the cooperative approaches provided for in Ar- ticles 6.2 and 6.4, and possible accounting processes for the so-called "corresponding adjustments".', 'In addition to the uncertainties already identified, we also highlight the lack of clarity on how the accounting rules used to comply with the NDCs will be, especially on the interpretations of how such rules will reflect on the scope of articles 5 and 6, especially on the implications linked to the cooperative approaches provided for in Ar- ticles 6.2 and 6.4, and possible accounting processes for the so-called "corresponding adjustments". Although they are not included, Mozambique clarifies that it reserves the right to reconsider their inclusion. The implementation of any proposed reduction is conditional on the provision of financial, technological and capacity building support from the international community.', 'The implementation of any proposed reduction is conditional on the provision of financial, technological and capacity building support from the international community. Finally, in chapter 3 below, information is presented to facilitate clarity, trans- parency and understanding (ICTU) of the mitigation con- tribution of this NDC 1 Update, following the requirements and guidelines set out in Decision 1/CP.21. The emission reductions proposed in Mozambique s mitigation contribution would represent a mitigation effort of about 1.2 tCO2 eq per capita by 2025, a very rel- evant figure when compared to Mozambique s total GHG emissions per capita which were respectively 0.6 tCO2eq in 1990 and about 2 tCO2eq today (total emissions with LULUCF).', 'The emission reductions proposed in Mozambique s mitigation contribution would represent a mitigation effort of about 1.2 tCO2 eq per capita by 2025, a very rel- evant figure when compared to Mozambique s total GHG emissions per capita which were respectively 0.6 tCO2eq in 1990 and about 2 tCO2eq today (total emissions with LULUCF). Just for comparison purposes the per capita emissions of developed countries (listed in Annex I of the UNFCCC) in the base year (1990) and in 2019 were sions per capita without LULUCF). Globally these values are 6 tCO2eq and 7 tCO2 eq when accounting for total GHG emissions per capita with LULUCF.', 'Globally these values are 6 tCO2eq and 7 tCO2 eq when accounting for total GHG emissions per capita with LULUCF. Figure 03 below, graph- ically presents such values presented above to facilitate visual comparison between emissions and emissions re- ductions per capita and comparison of what would be the approximate per capita emissions scenarios for mitigation routes to achieve temperature rise of up to 1.5oC and 2oC.Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE This document is thus the result of the process of pro- gression of ambition in various aspects such as adaptation, mitigation, transparency and international support.', 'Figure 03 below, graph- ically presents such values presented above to facilitate visual comparison between emissions and emissions re- ductions per capita and comparison of what would be the approximate per capita emissions scenarios for mitigation routes to achieve temperature rise of up to 1.5oC and 2oC.Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE This document is thus the result of the process of pro- gression of ambition in various aspects such as adaptation, mitigation, transparency and international support. It is also reiterated that this updated NDC 1 document was pre- pared in an environment of uncertainty due to the meas- ures imposed by the emergence of new waves of infections BAU, ANNUAL AND ACCUMULATED GHG EMISSION REDUCTION ESTIMATES 2020-2025 Emission reductions (Mt CO2eq) Anual reductions Accumulated GHC reductions 2020-2025 COMPARISON OF EMISSIONS PER CAPITA GHG emissions reductions per capita (t CO2eq/person - Accumulated 2025 Global 1.5 ºC Annex I (without LULUCF) Global (without LULUCF) Mozambique (without LULUCF) Mozambique (with LULUCF) Global 2.0 ºC from COVID-19, natural disasters and military instability in some locations in the centre and north of the country.', 'It is also reiterated that this updated NDC 1 document was pre- pared in an environment of uncertainty due to the meas- ures imposed by the emergence of new waves of infections BAU, ANNUAL AND ACCUMULATED GHG EMISSION REDUCTION ESTIMATES 2020-2025 Emission reductions (Mt CO2eq) Anual reductions Accumulated GHC reductions 2020-2025 COMPARISON OF EMISSIONS PER CAPITA GHG emissions reductions per capita (t CO2eq/person - Accumulated 2025 Global 1.5 ºC Annex I (without LULUCF) Global (without LULUCF) Mozambique (without LULUCF) Mozambique (with LULUCF) Global 2.0 ºC from COVID-19, natural disasters and military instability in some locations in the centre and north of the country. The country recorded a negative real growth of 1.2% in 2020, this reflects the negative effects of COVID-19 on eco- nomic activity during the second quarter, with the sectors that were most affected being hotel and restaurant servicesUpdate of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE ufacturing (-5.3%), transport and communications (-4.7%).', 'The country recorded a negative real growth of 1.2% in 2020, this reflects the negative effects of COVID-19 on eco- nomic activity during the second quarter, with the sectors that were most affected being hotel and restaurant servicesUpdate of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE ufacturing (-5.3%), transport and communications (-4.7%). In addition to the budgeting of mitigation and adaptation contributions contained in this document, we highlight the cooperation received under the NDC Partnership, which sup- ported the mobilization and coordination given to the coun- try aimed at updating this updated Mozambique NDC 1. It is important to highlight Mozambique s participation in the Initiative for Climate Action Transparency - ICAT that sup- ported the development of the Strengthened Climate Trans- parency Framework.', 'It is important to highlight Mozambique s participation in the Initiative for Climate Action Transparency - ICAT that sup- ported the development of the Strengthened Climate Trans- parency Framework. It is also reiterated that the existence of a robust response presented in this updated NDC 1 in terms of mitigation transparency is evident by contemplating the content of the ICTU table (presented in the next chapter). Additionally, this update of NDC 1, also represents a significant progression in terms of expanding the coun- try s ambition towards climate action in aspects of its ad- aptation commitments, comprising that dozens of actions will be implemented, among others, through the emerg- ing Public Investment Management (PIM) Climate Smart PIM assessment system coordinated by the Ministry of Economy and Finance, supported by the World Bank and NDC Partnership.', 'Additionally, this update of NDC 1, also represents a significant progression in terms of expanding the coun- try s ambition towards climate action in aspects of its ad- aptation commitments, comprising that dozens of actions will be implemented, among others, through the emerg- ing Public Investment Management (PIM) Climate Smart PIM assessment system coordinated by the Ministry of Economy and Finance, supported by the World Bank and NDC Partnership. One of the technical outputs was the as- sessment of the public budget investments related to cli- mate change already disbursed and proposed for the years 2020 to 20224.', 'One of the technical outputs was the as- sessment of the public budget investments related to cli- mate change already disbursed and proposed for the years 2020 to 20224. Such dynamics demonstrate that Mozam- bique is in a process of defining budget lines that aims to ensure that at least a small portion of the adaptation and mitigation actions and programs foreseen in this NDC are captured and already included in the State budgets. This dimension of mainstreaming climate change into the Pub- lic Investment Management Assessment system will con- tribute to the authorities adopting the guidelines includ- ing climate considerations aligned with the new law on the State Financial Administration System (SISTAFE).', 'This dimension of mainstreaming climate change into the Pub- lic Investment Management Assessment system will con- tribute to the authorities adopting the guidelines includ- ing climate considerations aligned with the new law on the State Financial Administration System (SISTAFE). These advances will contribute to increased fiscal and climate transparency, increasing the efficiency of public spending through the process of pre-assessment and ap- proval of projects planned by the State of Mozambique before they are funded on social and economic impact, as well as, in particular, on vulnerability considerations and other aspects of global climate change.Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE This chapter describes the adaptation and risk reduction actions that the country commits to undertake in the pe- riod 2020 - 2025, aimed at making Mozambique more re- silient to the impacts of climate change, reducing climate risks to people and goods as much as possible, restoring and ensuring the rational use and protection of natural and built capital (MICOA, 2012).', 'These advances will contribute to increased fiscal and climate transparency, increasing the efficiency of public spending through the process of pre-assessment and ap- proval of projects planned by the State of Mozambique before they are funded on social and economic impact, as well as, in particular, on vulnerability considerations and other aspects of global climate change.Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE This chapter describes the adaptation and risk reduction actions that the country commits to undertake in the pe- riod 2020 - 2025, aimed at making Mozambique more re- silient to the impacts of climate change, reducing climate risks to people and goods as much as possible, restoring and ensuring the rational use and protection of natural and built capital (MICOA, 2012). It should be noted that the strategic actions presented in the adaptation component of Mozambique s NDC are part of the adaptation and climate risk reduction pillar of the ENAMMC, which covers the following sectors and/or are- as considered vulnerable to the impacts of climate change: climate risk reduction; water resources; agriculture, fisher- ies, food security and nutrition; social protection; health; biodiversity; forests; and, infrastructure, urban areas, oth- er settlements and tourist and coastal zones.', 'It should be noted that the strategic actions presented in the adaptation component of Mozambique s NDC are part of the adaptation and climate risk reduction pillar of the ENAMMC, which covers the following sectors and/or are- as considered vulnerable to the impacts of climate change: climate risk reduction; water resources; agriculture, fisher- ies, food security and nutrition; social protection; health; biodiversity; forests; and, infrastructure, urban areas, oth- er settlements and tourist and coastal zones. The previous version of Mozambique NDC 2020-2030 an- alysed the extreme events that occurred in the country in the period 1980 to 2016 and indicated that floods, tropi- CONTRIBUTION TO ADAPTATION VULNERABILITY OF MOZAMBIQUE cal cyclones, droughts including epidemics are the events that most affect the population, who live in prone areas. Floods are the most frequent event followed by tropical cy- clones.', 'Floods are the most frequent event followed by tropical cy- clones. This trend has changed a little in recent analyses covering the period 1980 - 2019, which show tropical cy- clones as the most frequent event, followed by floods and followed by droughts (see graph below). This small change is influenced by the phenomenon that occurred during the 2018/2019 rainy season during which the country was affected by two tropical cyclones IDAI and Kenneth and tropical depression Desmond. TOTAL NUMBER OF EXTREME EVENTS Source: data from DeSinventar and reports from INGD Flood Drought Cyclone, Mumber of occurencesUpdate of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE According to the previous figure, it can be concluded that on average, the country is affected by a tropical cy- clone or flood event every two years and a drought event every three years.', 'TOTAL NUMBER OF EXTREME EVENTS Source: data from DeSinventar and reports from INGD Flood Drought Cyclone, Mumber of occurencesUpdate of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE According to the previous figure, it can be concluded that on average, the country is affected by a tropical cy- clone or flood event every two years and a drought event every three years. Tropical cyclone and flood events ac- count for about 77% of the total events that occurred in the period under review. The direct impact of these events is often expressed by the number of human lives lost, people affected through loss of personal property and livelihoods, destruction of the country s critical infrastructure such as roads, bridges, water supply system, schools, hospitals, as well as the outbreak of water borne diseases (e.g. malar- ia, cholera, diarrhoea etc.).', 'The direct impact of these events is often expressed by the number of human lives lost, people affected through loss of personal property and livelihoods, destruction of the country s critical infrastructure such as roads, bridges, water supply system, schools, hospitals, as well as the outbreak of water borne diseases (e.g. malar- ia, cholera, diarrhoea etc.). However, the lack of systematic and homogeneous recording of events and their impacts and, on the one hand, the persistence in considering only large-scale and high-impact disasters over a short period of time have hidden thousands of small and medium-scale disasters that occur every year in the country. Consequent- ly, Mozambique does not know the real value of direct and/ or indirect economic losses associated with these events.', 'Consequent- ly, Mozambique does not know the real value of direct and/ or indirect economic losses associated with these events. It is observed that the events that struck the country in the 2018/2019 rainy season are those that caused the most suffering in people s lives and those that recorded the most losses and destruction. For instance, the tropical cyclones IDA and Kenneth, which occurred in the 2018/2019 rainy season, these resulted in losses in livestock due to the death of 5,428 cattle, 10,305 small ruminants, 3,191 pigs and 124,498 poultry; in fisheries, 2,189 vessels were destroyed and 77 engines damaged, 2,387 fishing gear units lost and 5,210 tonnes of fish lost; in fish farming, 562 ponds and 228 cages totally destroyed and 396 tonnes of fish lost.', 'For instance, the tropical cyclones IDA and Kenneth, which occurred in the 2018/2019 rainy season, these resulted in losses in livestock due to the death of 5,428 cattle, 10,305 small ruminants, 3,191 pigs and 124,498 poultry; in fisheries, 2,189 vessels were destroyed and 77 engines damaged, 2,387 fishing gear units lost and 5,210 tonnes of fish lost; in fish farming, 562 ponds and 228 cages totally destroyed and 396 tonnes of fish lost. Wa- ter supply and sanitation was affected by cyclone IDAI in 2019 and according to assessment by the expert team, 705 water supply boreholes and wells were destroyed affecting about 211,500 people, 47 water supply systems of cities and secondary towns were paralysed which created restriction in water supply to 1,639,244 people.', 'Wa- ter supply and sanitation was affected by cyclone IDAI in 2019 and according to assessment by the expert team, 705 water supply boreholes and wells were destroyed affecting about 211,500 people, 47 water supply systems of cities and secondary towns were paralysed which created restriction in water supply to 1,639,244 people. Some 189,953 house- hold latrines and septic tanks were submerged, forcing 416,047 people to return to open defecation with serious consequences for public health. Regarding the agriculture, water and energy sectors, these were also affected by events during the rainy seasons from 2016/17 to 2019/2020. According to the table below, about 2,960 power poles, 95 water sources were destroyed and 1,529,389 ha of crops were affected.', 'According to the table below, about 2,960 power poles, 95 water sources were destroyed and 1,529,389 ha of crops were affected. On the other hand, more than 30 districts are prone to drought and the population living in these districtsUpdate of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE IMPACTS OF THE EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS DURING RAINY SEASONS FROM 2016 TO 2020 AT HUMAN LEVEL --- Heavy rains and winds, strong winds, rains with lightning and gales Drought, rain and strong winds, sometimes accompanied by lightning, and Desmond, Idai and Kenneth Heavy rains, strong winds, lightning and floods Total --- --- --- --- Source: reports on the rainy seasons from INGD Season Event Affected People Affected Families Flooded Houses Worship Locations Affected Students Affected Schools Health Units Destroyed Classrooms Injured Deaths Partially Partially Totally Totally Destroyed HousesUpdate of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE is deprived of water supply sources for human consump- tion, for the irrigation of small vegetable gardens and for watering livestock.', 'On the other hand, more than 30 districts are prone to drought and the population living in these districtsUpdate of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE IMPACTS OF THE EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS DURING RAINY SEASONS FROM 2016 TO 2020 AT HUMAN LEVEL --- Heavy rains and winds, strong winds, rains with lightning and gales Drought, rain and strong winds, sometimes accompanied by lightning, and Desmond, Idai and Kenneth Heavy rains, strong winds, lightning and floods Total --- --- --- --- Source: reports on the rainy seasons from INGD Season Event Affected People Affected Families Flooded Houses Worship Locations Affected Students Affected Schools Health Units Destroyed Classrooms Injured Deaths Partially Partially Totally Totally Destroyed HousesUpdate of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE is deprived of water supply sources for human consump- tion, for the irrigation of small vegetable gardens and for watering livestock. The lack of access to potable water and the exposure and frequency of droughts on the one hand, and the existence of deep aquifers in the interior of the country with fresh or brackish water on the other hand, make it difficult to access safe water supplies and limit the development and well-being of families living in these re- gions.', 'The lack of access to potable water and the exposure and frequency of droughts on the one hand, and the existence of deep aquifers in the interior of the country with fresh or brackish water on the other hand, make it difficult to access safe water supplies and limit the development and well-being of families living in these re- gions. The country needs infrastructures to develop Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Systems that are sustain- able, safe and resilient to the risk of climate change, in- cluding the taking of measures aimed at protecting public health, preserving the water supply systems and, to this end, the country must develop Water Safety Plans, the ex- ploration and development of deep aquifers as an alterna- tive water supply in areas affected by drought and the con- struction of small water storage infrastructures for human consumption and irrigation, as well as the establishment of an optimum network for Water Resources Monitoring.', 'The country needs infrastructures to develop Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Systems that are sustain- able, safe and resilient to the risk of climate change, in- cluding the taking of measures aimed at protecting public health, preserving the water supply systems and, to this end, the country must develop Water Safety Plans, the ex- ploration and development of deep aquifers as an alterna- tive water supply in areas affected by drought and the con- struction of small water storage infrastructures for human consumption and irrigation, as well as the establishment of an optimum network for Water Resources Monitoring. It should be noted that the occurrence of extreme events has affected the environment and ecosystems, areas that are rarely evaluated for the damage caused.', 'It should be noted that the occurrence of extreme events has affected the environment and ecosystems, areas that are rarely evaluated for the damage caused. In addition to the losses and damages registered with the occurrence of extreme events, the country has annually allocated resources that should fund socio-economic de- velopment activities for search, rescue, human assistance and reconstruction actions aimed at alleviating the suffer- ing of the affected people. These actions are supported by national citizens, the private sector, civil society organisa- tions and cooperation partners. The support needs accumulate from event to event and year to year due to the frequency and intensity with which extreme events occur.', 'The support needs accumulate from event to event and year to year due to the frequency and intensity with which extreme events occur. Figure 01 (introduction chapter above) shows the amounts required for search and rescue, responding to the needs of the affected and post-disaster reconstruction, the amounts mobilised and the shortfall in the sectors of education, health, water supply, sanita- tion, various infrastructures and, mainly, for assistance to the affected. The vulnerability analysis done in the Second National Communication considered the climate projections de- veloped by INGC "Studies on Climate Change Impacts on Disaster Risk in Mozambique Synthesis Report - Second Version" in 2009.', 'The vulnerability analysis done in the Second National Communication considered the climate projections de- veloped by INGC "Studies on Climate Change Impacts on Disaster Risk in Mozambique Synthesis Report - Second Version" in 2009. CLIMATE SCENARIOSUpdate of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE The methodology of the INGC study was based on cli- matological modelling (temperature and rainfall) with the main purpose of understanding how Mozambique s cli- mate may already be changing and how it may be expect- ed to change in the future. This study details the observed changes in the country s seasonal climate over the period 1960 to 2005, in terms of temperatures and rainfall pat- terns (INGC, 2009).', 'This study details the observed changes in the country s seasonal climate over the period 1960 to 2005, in terms of temperatures and rainfall pat- terns (INGC, 2009). Both historical trends and future projections were de- rived from daily temperatures (maximum and minimum) and recorded rainfall values since 1960 from 32 synoptic weather stations within Mozambique (INGC, 2009). Seven general circulation models: ECHAM, GFDL, IPSL, CCCMA, CNRM, CSIRO and GISS were used to project fu- ture climate (temperature and rainfall) scenarios for the country, focusing on the mid-century (2046-2065) and late-century (2080-2100) periods.', 'Seven general circulation models: ECHAM, GFDL, IPSL, CCCMA, CNRM, CSIRO and GISS were used to project fu- ture climate (temperature and rainfall) scenarios for the country, focusing on the mid-century (2046-2065) and late-century (2080-2100) periods. INGC (2009) projections anticipate that CC in Mozam- bique will manifest itself mainly in the following: TEMPERATURE STANDARDS The atmosphere - with an average increase between 1.5oC and 3.0oC in the period between 2046 and 2065 and a record of more warm days and fewer cold days, with an increase in maximum and minimum temperatures; The oceans - with a rise in average sea levels and a change in the distribution and availability of fish stocks and effects on marine ecosystems (such as corals); PRECIPITATION PATTERNS • With irregular rainfall behaviour in terms of starting and ending times, rainfall load (intense precipitation phenomena in a short space of time) and duration of the rainy season (drought), disfiguring the notions of "official start" and "real start" of the agricultural campaign, which may result in some regions in a reduction of current potential yields in the order of 25%; • With the growing reduction in potential agricultural yield levels of up to 20% in the main crops that constitute the basis for food security and an indispensable condition for improving the per capita income of Mozambican families; • Increased frequency and intensity of extreme events (droughts, floods and tropical cyclones); • Persistence of the extraordinary flood situation in identifiable places in the country that can be referred to as "risk areas"; • Cyclones and other strong winds;Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE ADAPTATION AND RESILIENCE MEASURES IN RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE • Prolonged droughts; Sea level rise: 15 cm, 30 cm and 45 cm as a consequence of thermal expansion and 15 cm, 110 cm and 415 cm as a consequence of the reduction of the continental ice caps in the years 2030, 2060 and 2100, respectively; • Identified areas with increased risk potential due to the emergence of other adverse natural phenomena such as the loss by submergence and erosion of coastal areas, saline water intrusion and desertification; • Reduction of areas available for agriculture in green or low-lying areas; • Many of the country s main coastal urban centres, including Maputo, Beira and Quelimane, are already in a critical situation in terms of vulnerability (human lives, property, social infrastructure, etc.)', 'INGC (2009) projections anticipate that CC in Mozam- bique will manifest itself mainly in the following: TEMPERATURE STANDARDS The atmosphere - with an average increase between 1.5oC and 3.0oC in the period between 2046 and 2065 and a record of more warm days and fewer cold days, with an increase in maximum and minimum temperatures; The oceans - with a rise in average sea levels and a change in the distribution and availability of fish stocks and effects on marine ecosystems (such as corals); PRECIPITATION PATTERNS • With irregular rainfall behaviour in terms of starting and ending times, rainfall load (intense precipitation phenomena in a short space of time) and duration of the rainy season (drought), disfiguring the notions of "official start" and "real start" of the agricultural campaign, which may result in some regions in a reduction of current potential yields in the order of 25%; • With the growing reduction in potential agricultural yield levels of up to 20% in the main crops that constitute the basis for food security and an indispensable condition for improving the per capita income of Mozambican families; • Increased frequency and intensity of extreme events (droughts, floods and tropical cyclones); • Persistence of the extraordinary flood situation in identifiable places in the country that can be referred to as "risk areas"; • Cyclones and other strong winds;Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE ADAPTATION AND RESILIENCE MEASURES IN RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE • Prolonged droughts; Sea level rise: 15 cm, 30 cm and 45 cm as a consequence of thermal expansion and 15 cm, 110 cm and 415 cm as a consequence of the reduction of the continental ice caps in the years 2030, 2060 and 2100, respectively; • Identified areas with increased risk potential due to the emergence of other adverse natural phenomena such as the loss by submergence and erosion of coastal areas, saline water intrusion and desertification; • Reduction of areas available for agriculture in green or low-lying areas; • Many of the country s main coastal urban centres, including Maputo, Beira and Quelimane, are already in a critical situation in terms of vulnerability (human lives, property, social infrastructure, etc.) to the effects of climate change.', 'to the effects of climate change. Following is the summary table containing the strategic actions and respective measures that implemented will build climate resilience in communities and natural and built capital in the country.Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE SUMMARY OF ADAPTATION AND CLIMATE RISK REDUCTION MEASURES AND TRANSVERSE ACTIONS Strengthening INAM s capacity to provide dedicated and adequate meteorological information to each user, including fisheries (development of products appropriate to the specific needs of meteorological information users) 4.6.1.1.1 Increasing the scale of the early warning system, reaching district 4.6.1.1.2 Strengthening of systems for storage, data processing and dissemination of timely meteorological and hydrological information (increasing accessibility and quality of meteorological and hydrological Strengthening the role of INAM in coordinating the collection and monitoring of climate data (standardization of the method of collecting hydro-meteorological data under the tutelage of various intuitions/organizations, increasing the number of hydro-meteorological stations in the most vulnerable locations) Setting standards for the development and coordination of multi-event early warning systems (development and approval of an effective coordination mechanism between key SAP actors) Strengthening of the climate and meteorological information system to anticipate the occurrence of droughts (operationalisation of tools to monitor droughts and issue warning notices on the eminence of droughts) The dashboard for the INS National Health Observatory for climate sensitive diseases (Malaria, Dengue, Chikungunya, cholera and diarrhoea) (WHO) was developed.', 'Following is the summary table containing the strategic actions and respective measures that implemented will build climate resilience in communities and natural and built capital in the country.Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE SUMMARY OF ADAPTATION AND CLIMATE RISK REDUCTION MEASURES AND TRANSVERSE ACTIONS Strengthening INAM s capacity to provide dedicated and adequate meteorological information to each user, including fisheries (development of products appropriate to the specific needs of meteorological information users) 4.6.1.1.1 Increasing the scale of the early warning system, reaching district 4.6.1.1.2 Strengthening of systems for storage, data processing and dissemination of timely meteorological and hydrological information (increasing accessibility and quality of meteorological and hydrological Strengthening the role of INAM in coordinating the collection and monitoring of climate data (standardization of the method of collecting hydro-meteorological data under the tutelage of various intuitions/organizations, increasing the number of hydro-meteorological stations in the most vulnerable locations) Setting standards for the development and coordination of multi-event early warning systems (development and approval of an effective coordination mechanism between key SAP actors) Strengthening of the climate and meteorological information system to anticipate the occurrence of droughts (operationalisation of tools to monitor droughts and issue warning notices on the eminence of droughts) The dashboard for the INS National Health Observatory for climate sensitive diseases (Malaria, Dengue, Chikungunya, cholera and diarrhoea) (WHO) was developed. The pilot for integration of climate and epidemiological information and development of early warning system in 4 provinces (Nampula, Sofala, Inhambane and Maputo) is underway.', 'The pilot for integration of climate and epidemiological information and development of early warning system in 4 provinces (Nampula, Sofala, Inhambane and Maputo) is underway. Enhancing preparedness on impending climate disasters (Strengthening provincial and district bodies capacity on disaster preparedness including response capacities) - 4.6.1.1.2.1 Strengthening the role of the INGC in coordinating response and recovery operations to climate disasters (Expansion of the coverage of Early Warning Systems of climatic phenomena to communities at higher risk; Ensuring an effective top-down and bottom-up communication system, Adopting a unified sustainable disaster recovery plan and operationalising tools for assessing the level of resilience at local level) - 4.6.1.1.2.2 Strengthening the coordinating role of the INGC and its partners in reducing vulnerability to drought in arid and semi-arid areas (ensuring a reliable flow of information on the eminence of drought and the dissemination of timely response measures to communities) - 4.6.1.1.2.3 Strengthening the role of the Multiple Use Resource Centres (CERUM) in supporting local communities 4.6.1.1.2.4 Increase and strengthen the capacity of CLGRCs and their equipment with preparedness kits (Promoting the establishment and capacity building of local disaster risk management committees and strengthening local communication capacity in the dissemination of warnings and alerts 4.6.1.1.2.5 Improved early warning dissemination system at local level (Strengthening the capacity and involvement of information and media outlets, including community radios, in the dissemination of early warning information and raising community awareness on climate change and disaster risk management issues) Strengthening the role of CLGRCs in climate risk reduction at local level (Drafting the terms of reference of CLGRCs, including actions for their sustainability; Strengthening their capacity and involvement in the flow of information alerting and sensitizing communities on matters of climate change and disasters; Promoting the exchange of experience among local communities on local knowledge of managing extreme events including actions undertaken to minimize their effects) Strengthening the Early Warning System 4.6.1.1.1 Strengthening Climate Risk Preparedness and Response SISTEMA DE AVISO PRÉVIOUpdate of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE Availability of appropriate technologies and inputs to climate change 4.6.1.3.1.2 Expansion of the electricity grid and improvement of power quality to enable agrarian enterprises and encourage investment in the six agricultural development corridors Transition to a resilient Blue Economy in the western Indian Ocean region Dissemination of improved technologies for agricultural production, agroforestry systems, natural resource management, conservation agriculture, irrigation, vaccinations, artificial insemination, reduction of post-harvest losses and processing of plant and animal products, and food and nutrition education - new Encouraging seed production and conservation: Implementation of the Action Plan for Seed Production and Conservation and Promotion of Low Cost Grain and Seed Storage Systems contained in the Adaptation Technology Action Plan for Agriculture.', 'Enhancing preparedness on impending climate disasters (Strengthening provincial and district bodies capacity on disaster preparedness including response capacities) - 4.6.1.1.2.1 Strengthening the role of the INGC in coordinating response and recovery operations to climate disasters (Expansion of the coverage of Early Warning Systems of climatic phenomena to communities at higher risk; Ensuring an effective top-down and bottom-up communication system, Adopting a unified sustainable disaster recovery plan and operationalising tools for assessing the level of resilience at local level) - 4.6.1.1.2.2 Strengthening the coordinating role of the INGC and its partners in reducing vulnerability to drought in arid and semi-arid areas (ensuring a reliable flow of information on the eminence of drought and the dissemination of timely response measures to communities) - 4.6.1.1.2.3 Strengthening the role of the Multiple Use Resource Centres (CERUM) in supporting local communities 4.6.1.1.2.4 Increase and strengthen the capacity of CLGRCs and their equipment with preparedness kits (Promoting the establishment and capacity building of local disaster risk management committees and strengthening local communication capacity in the dissemination of warnings and alerts 4.6.1.1.2.5 Improved early warning dissemination system at local level (Strengthening the capacity and involvement of information and media outlets, including community radios, in the dissemination of early warning information and raising community awareness on climate change and disaster risk management issues) Strengthening the role of CLGRCs in climate risk reduction at local level (Drafting the terms of reference of CLGRCs, including actions for their sustainability; Strengthening their capacity and involvement in the flow of information alerting and sensitizing communities on matters of climate change and disasters; Promoting the exchange of experience among local communities on local knowledge of managing extreme events including actions undertaken to minimize their effects) Strengthening the Early Warning System 4.6.1.1.1 Strengthening Climate Risk Preparedness and Response SISTEMA DE AVISO PRÉVIOUpdate of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE Availability of appropriate technologies and inputs to climate change 4.6.1.3.1.2 Expansion of the electricity grid and improvement of power quality to enable agrarian enterprises and encourage investment in the six agricultural development corridors Transition to a resilient Blue Economy in the western Indian Ocean region Dissemination of improved technologies for agricultural production, agroforestry systems, natural resource management, conservation agriculture, irrigation, vaccinations, artificial insemination, reduction of post-harvest losses and processing of plant and animal products, and food and nutrition education - new Encouraging seed production and conservation: Implementation of the Action Plan for Seed Production and Conservation and Promotion of Low Cost Grain and Seed Storage Systems contained in the Adaptation Technology Action Plan for Agriculture. Regeneration of mangroves and implementation of protective measures for seaweed and seagrass, corals and other breeding and feeding areas for fish 4.6.1.3.2.2 Development of tools for the integration of adaptation into the planning and budgeting process in fisheries - new Promotion of conservation agriculture/climate-smart agriculture for fodder and food production 4.6.2.3.1.1: Implementation of the Conservation Agriculture Action Plan and the Rainwater Harvesting and Conservation Action Plan (Technological Adaptation Action Plan for Agriculture) Promotion of the use of integrated agroforestry systems to recover areas degraded by shifting cultivation 4.6.2.3.1.2 Promotion of use of methane from rice cultivation systems for energy production/ improved low emission rice production systems 4.6.2.3.1.2 Promotion of renewable energy use for irrigation/water pumping systems 4.6.2.3.1.3 Prevention of uncontrolled burning associated with shifting cultivation Increasing the resilience of agriculture and livestock 4.6.1.3.1 Increasing the resilience of fisheries 4.6.1.3.2 Development of low carbon agricultural AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES WATER RESOURCES AND RESILIENT WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SYSTEMS Increasing water r esources management Increased access and capacity for water collection, storage, treatment and distribution 4.6.1.2.2 Promoting more resilient rural sanitation solutions for floods Conservation of rainwater in excavated and underground reservoirs mainly in the South 4.6.1.2.4 Improving knowledge on the quality and quantity of water resources 4.6.1.2.1.3 Establishment of the Optimal Water Resources Monitoring Network Exploration/development of deep aquifers as alternatives for water supply in drought affected areas Increasing storage capacity at all levels 4.6.1.2.1.3 (Promoting construction of surface and sub-surface water storage infrastructure) PACA II - Community Adaptation Action Plans CUAPA III - Community Adaptation Action Plans Construction of multi-purpose water supply systems including desalination for arid and semi-arid areas using clean energy sources Promotion of the Water Safety Plans and Institutional Capacity Building of the main actors Development of Small Infrastructure for Water repression/storage Development of more appropriate infrastructure construction technologies for rural sanitation from the point of view of environmental protection and preservation Rainwater conservation in excavated and underground reservoirs mainly in the South (improvement of rainwater harvesting, conservation and management through capacity building and promotion of appropriate technologies) 4.6.1.2.4Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE Strengthening the capacity to prevent and control the spread of vector-borne diseases by correctly mapping their distribution and spatial mobility 4.6.1.5.1.1 Conduct baseline study on diseases that are favoured by climate change 4.6.1.5.1.3 Establishment of a surveillance system and specific control measures on climate change diseases 4.6.1.5.1.4 Elaboration of the Health Sector Climate Change Adaptation Plan and finalization is expected by the end of November 2021.', 'Regeneration of mangroves and implementation of protective measures for seaweed and seagrass, corals and other breeding and feeding areas for fish 4.6.1.3.2.2 Development of tools for the integration of adaptation into the planning and budgeting process in fisheries - new Promotion of conservation agriculture/climate-smart agriculture for fodder and food production 4.6.2.3.1.1: Implementation of the Conservation Agriculture Action Plan and the Rainwater Harvesting and Conservation Action Plan (Technological Adaptation Action Plan for Agriculture) Promotion of the use of integrated agroforestry systems to recover areas degraded by shifting cultivation 4.6.2.3.1.2 Promotion of use of methane from rice cultivation systems for energy production/ improved low emission rice production systems 4.6.2.3.1.2 Promotion of renewable energy use for irrigation/water pumping systems 4.6.2.3.1.3 Prevention of uncontrolled burning associated with shifting cultivation Increasing the resilience of agriculture and livestock 4.6.1.3.1 Increasing the resilience of fisheries 4.6.1.3.2 Development of low carbon agricultural AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES WATER RESOURCES AND RESILIENT WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SYSTEMS Increasing water r esources management Increased access and capacity for water collection, storage, treatment and distribution 4.6.1.2.2 Promoting more resilient rural sanitation solutions for floods Conservation of rainwater in excavated and underground reservoirs mainly in the South 4.6.1.2.4 Improving knowledge on the quality and quantity of water resources 4.6.1.2.1.3 Establishment of the Optimal Water Resources Monitoring Network Exploration/development of deep aquifers as alternatives for water supply in drought affected areas Increasing storage capacity at all levels 4.6.1.2.1.3 (Promoting construction of surface and sub-surface water storage infrastructure) PACA II - Community Adaptation Action Plans CUAPA III - Community Adaptation Action Plans Construction of multi-purpose water supply systems including desalination for arid and semi-arid areas using clean energy sources Promotion of the Water Safety Plans and Institutional Capacity Building of the main actors Development of Small Infrastructure for Water repression/storage Development of more appropriate infrastructure construction technologies for rural sanitation from the point of view of environmental protection and preservation Rainwater conservation in excavated and underground reservoirs mainly in the South (improvement of rainwater harvesting, conservation and management through capacity building and promotion of appropriate technologies) 4.6.1.2.4Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE Strengthening the capacity to prevent and control the spread of vector-borne diseases by correctly mapping their distribution and spatial mobility 4.6.1.5.1.1 Conduct baseline study on diseases that are favoured by climate change 4.6.1.5.1.3 Establishment of a surveillance system and specific control measures on climate change diseases 4.6.1.5.1.4 Elaboration of the Health Sector Climate Change Adaptation Plan and finalization is expected by the end of November 2021. The elaboration of the H-Nap is based on the results and recommendation of the assessment of vulnerability and adaptation to climate change of the health sector in Mozambique conducted in 2019.', 'The elaboration of the H-Nap is based on the results and recommendation of the assessment of vulnerability and adaptation to climate change of the health sector in Mozambique conducted in 2019. The Plan is being developed with collaboration of MISAU, INS, Eduardo Mondlane University with technical and financial support from WHO through funds from the Government of Flanders.', 'The Plan is being developed with collaboration of MISAU, INS, Eduardo Mondlane University with technical and financial support from WHO through funds from the Government of Flanders. HEALTH BIODIVERSITY FORESTS Construction of agro-hydraulic infrastructure on major surface Promotion of low water consumption systems and waste reduction 4.6.1.2.1.8 Construction of agro-hydraulic infrastructure on the main surface watercourses and small dams which are easy to maintain for irrigation and animal watering (rehabilitation, construction and maintenance of dams and water reservoirs) 4.6.1.2.6 Promotion of low water consumption systems and reduction of existing waste in the urban water distribution network (Adoption of lower water consumption irrigation technologies) 4.6.1.2.1.8 Reducing people s vulnerability to climate change disease Rehabilitation of deforested areas for pasture creation, agriculture practice, forest resources exploitation 4.6.2.3.3.1 Applying management practices that increase the adaptive capacity of ecosystems - 4.6.1.6.1.5; (linked to the national biodiversity strategy, target 10: By 2035, place at least 20% of ecosystems critically affected by climate change under adaptive ecosystem management) Identification and replication of lessons and good practices on mitigation and adaptation (Target 10.3 of the National Biodiversity Strategy) Establishment of cross-border conservation areas to maintain ecosystem functions and allow wildlife migrations - 4.6.1.6.1.3 Reclassification and re-dimensioning of conservation areas, identifying areas at risk of biodiversity loss Promotion of the survey of knowledge on the contribution of biodiversity to the increase in the carbon stock, with a view to mitigating and adapting to climate change (based on Target 15 of the National Biodiversity Strategy) Planning and management of biodiversity and coastal ecosystems 4.6.2.3.', 'HEALTH BIODIVERSITY FORESTS Construction of agro-hydraulic infrastructure on major surface Promotion of low water consumption systems and waste reduction 4.6.1.2.1.8 Construction of agro-hydraulic infrastructure on the main surface watercourses and small dams which are easy to maintain for irrigation and animal watering (rehabilitation, construction and maintenance of dams and water reservoirs) 4.6.1.2.6 Promotion of low water consumption systems and reduction of existing waste in the urban water distribution network (Adoption of lower water consumption irrigation technologies) 4.6.1.2.1.8 Reducing people s vulnerability to climate change disease Rehabilitation of deforested areas for pasture creation, agriculture practice, forest resources exploitation 4.6.2.3.3.1 Applying management practices that increase the adaptive capacity of ecosystems - 4.6.1.6.1.5; (linked to the national biodiversity strategy, target 10: By 2035, place at least 20% of ecosystems critically affected by climate change under adaptive ecosystem management) Identification and replication of lessons and good practices on mitigation and adaptation (Target 10.3 of the National Biodiversity Strategy) Establishment of cross-border conservation areas to maintain ecosystem functions and allow wildlife migrations - 4.6.1.6.1.3 Reclassification and re-dimensioning of conservation areas, identifying areas at risk of biodiversity loss Promotion of the survey of knowledge on the contribution of biodiversity to the increase in the carbon stock, with a view to mitigating and adapting to climate change (based on Target 15 of the National Biodiversity Strategy) Planning and management of biodiversity and coastal ecosystems 4.6.2.3. Ensuring the protection of biodiversity (4.6.1.6.1 Reducing the rate of deforestation and uncontrolled Establishment and increased adoption of integrated agroforestry systems (agro-silvo-pastoral); use of multiple-use forest species: shade/nitrogen fixing/forage (REDD+, MozBIO, FIP, Sustenta, Payment for Carbon Credits in Zambezia) - new Rehabilitation of degraded ecosystems and grasslands through landscape rehabilitation (REDD+, MozFIP) - newUpdate of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE Increasing the adaptive capacity of vulnerable Developing resilience mechanisms for urban areas and other Suitability of tourist areas and coastal zones development to reduce climate change impacts 4.6.1.8.2 Develop and implement approaches for community-based adaptation through Local Adaptation Plans 4.6.1.4.1.1 Strengthening basic social protection MEASURES in relation to climate change so that it contributes to the resilience of vulnerable populations 4.6.1.4.1.2 Strengthening the capacity for targeting and orientation of the Productive Social Action programme to increase the resilience of vulnerable groups 4.6.1.4.1.3 Strengthening links between the social protection system and the natural disaster response system, including linkage with early warning systems 4.6.1.4.1.4 Drafting and updating climate-robust planning and spatial planning instruments and strengthening their implementation 4.6.1.8.1.1 Mapping of vulnerable infrastructure or infrastructure at risk according to the type of climatic phenomenon (floods, cyclones, sea level rise) 4.6.1.8.1.2 Reformulation of building codes for transport, telecommunications, energy distribution, buildings, water and wastewater treatment infrastructures to make them climate resilient 4.6.1.8.1.3 Ensuring that investments, particularly public, in risk areas are climate-proofed 4.6.1.8.1.4 Promoting the design and implementation of potential climate risk insurance mechanisms in the built heritage 4.6.1.8.1.5 Strengthening the resilience of the cities of Quelimane and Nacala in relation to flood and erosion control 4.6.1.8.1.6 Mapping of regions prone to soil erosion and landslides 4.6.1.8.1.7 Drawing up projects for the construction of water supply infrastructures taking into account the occurrence of the main natural phenomena 4.6.1.8.1.8 Adoption of resilient measures to natural hazards during the implementation of water supply infrastructures (abstraction, storage, transport and distribution) 4.6.1.8.1.9 Assessment of the main climatic risks for resources and areas of interest to tourism 4.6.1.8.2.1 Advising operators on appropriate building codes 4.6.1.8.2.2 Promoting good practices among operators and tourists, through public-private partnerships, aimed at the resilience of the sector and the conservation of ecosystems 4.6.1.8.2.3 Development of conservation and coastal protection practices 4.6.1.8.2.4 Promoting the adoption of climate insurance for tourism activities and infrastructures 4.6.1.8.2.5 Implementation of the Technological Action Plan and Project Ideas for Coastal Zone and Infrastructure Implementation of the communication and awareness raising plan for climate change adaptation and mitigation Mainstreaming climate change issues and curriculum development in school curricula from grade 1 to 11 Formulation and implementation of a technical-institutional capacity-building plan for NDC implementation under the Capacity Building Initiative for Transparency (CBIT) of the Paris Agreement Promoting studies and research on climate change aimed at reducing climate risk and potential for low-carbon development SOCIAL SECURITY COMMUNICATION, EDUCATION, TRAINING AND AWARENESS-RAISING (TRANSVERSAL ACTIONS) INFRASTRUCTURE, URBAN AREAS, SETTLEMENTS AND TOURIST AND COASTAL ZONESUpdate of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE Mainstreaming climate change issues and programmatic content development at the technical staff training institute Establishment of infrastructure and human resources to support laboratories dedicated to research, monitoring and verification of climate change adaptation and mitigation projects Maintenance and feeding of the NDC transparency portalDC Institutionalising the GIIMC, the CGCMC and the Climate Change Network and strengthening them with a view to their sustainability National Climate Change Conference to be held every two years Development of at least 2 national emission factors to achieve the use of TIER 2 in priority sectors (e.g.', 'Ensuring the protection of biodiversity (4.6.1.6.1 Reducing the rate of deforestation and uncontrolled Establishment and increased adoption of integrated agroforestry systems (agro-silvo-pastoral); use of multiple-use forest species: shade/nitrogen fixing/forage (REDD+, MozBIO, FIP, Sustenta, Payment for Carbon Credits in Zambezia) - new Rehabilitation of degraded ecosystems and grasslands through landscape rehabilitation (REDD+, MozFIP) - newUpdate of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE Increasing the adaptive capacity of vulnerable Developing resilience mechanisms for urban areas and other Suitability of tourist areas and coastal zones development to reduce climate change impacts 4.6.1.8.2 Develop and implement approaches for community-based adaptation through Local Adaptation Plans 4.6.1.4.1.1 Strengthening basic social protection MEASURES in relation to climate change so that it contributes to the resilience of vulnerable populations 4.6.1.4.1.2 Strengthening the capacity for targeting and orientation of the Productive Social Action programme to increase the resilience of vulnerable groups 4.6.1.4.1.3 Strengthening links between the social protection system and the natural disaster response system, including linkage with early warning systems 4.6.1.4.1.4 Drafting and updating climate-robust planning and spatial planning instruments and strengthening their implementation 4.6.1.8.1.1 Mapping of vulnerable infrastructure or infrastructure at risk according to the type of climatic phenomenon (floods, cyclones, sea level rise) 4.6.1.8.1.2 Reformulation of building codes for transport, telecommunications, energy distribution, buildings, water and wastewater treatment infrastructures to make them climate resilient 4.6.1.8.1.3 Ensuring that investments, particularly public, in risk areas are climate-proofed 4.6.1.8.1.4 Promoting the design and implementation of potential climate risk insurance mechanisms in the built heritage 4.6.1.8.1.5 Strengthening the resilience of the cities of Quelimane and Nacala in relation to flood and erosion control 4.6.1.8.1.6 Mapping of regions prone to soil erosion and landslides 4.6.1.8.1.7 Drawing up projects for the construction of water supply infrastructures taking into account the occurrence of the main natural phenomena 4.6.1.8.1.8 Adoption of resilient measures to natural hazards during the implementation of water supply infrastructures (abstraction, storage, transport and distribution) 4.6.1.8.1.9 Assessment of the main climatic risks for resources and areas of interest to tourism 4.6.1.8.2.1 Advising operators on appropriate building codes 4.6.1.8.2.2 Promoting good practices among operators and tourists, through public-private partnerships, aimed at the resilience of the sector and the conservation of ecosystems 4.6.1.8.2.3 Development of conservation and coastal protection practices 4.6.1.8.2.4 Promoting the adoption of climate insurance for tourism activities and infrastructures 4.6.1.8.2.5 Implementation of the Technological Action Plan and Project Ideas for Coastal Zone and Infrastructure Implementation of the communication and awareness raising plan for climate change adaptation and mitigation Mainstreaming climate change issues and curriculum development in school curricula from grade 1 to 11 Formulation and implementation of a technical-institutional capacity-building plan for NDC implementation under the Capacity Building Initiative for Transparency (CBIT) of the Paris Agreement Promoting studies and research on climate change aimed at reducing climate risk and potential for low-carbon development SOCIAL SECURITY COMMUNICATION, EDUCATION, TRAINING AND AWARENESS-RAISING (TRANSVERSAL ACTIONS) INFRASTRUCTURE, URBAN AREAS, SETTLEMENTS AND TOURIST AND COASTAL ZONESUpdate of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE Mainstreaming climate change issues and programmatic content development at the technical staff training institute Establishment of infrastructure and human resources to support laboratories dedicated to research, monitoring and verification of climate change adaptation and mitigation projects Maintenance and feeding of the NDC transparency portalDC Institutionalising the GIIMC, the CGCMC and the Climate Change Network and strengthening them with a view to their sustainability National Climate Change Conference to be held every two years Development of at least 2 national emission factors to achieve the use of TIER 2 in priority sectors (e.g. energy and waste) Updating climate scenarios and downscaling the results to cover the Mozambican territoryUpdate of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE It is understood that there is no base year and that the results will be compared with the BAU emissions scenarios of the implemented measures, considering two years to reach the target one from 2020 to 2025, made based on the last GHG Inventory provided in PBURM.', 'energy and waste) Updating climate scenarios and downscaling the results to cover the Mozambican territoryUpdate of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE It is understood that there is no base year and that the results will be compared with the BAU emissions scenarios of the implemented measures, considering two years to reach the target one from 2020 to 2025, made based on the last GHG Inventory provided in PBURM. Mozambique developed the BAU scenario based on the sum of mitigation actions for the period 2020 to 2025, proposing expectations for annual emission reductions.', 'Mozambique developed the BAU scenario based on the sum of mitigation actions for the period 2020 to 2025, proposing expectations for annual emission reductions. In the year 2016, total emissions without LULUCF were estimated at about 35 MtCO eq 2and, using data and methodologies appropriate to national circumstances, estimates of projections of each mitigation action and the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, it is projected that in 2025, if the policy actions and programmes presented in this NDC are not implemented, emissions in 2025 will be about 54 MtCO2eq without LULUCF. Based on assumptions of economic and population growth and, it is expected that the country can cumulatively mitigate about 40 MtCO eq 2in the period 2020 - 2025.', 'Based on assumptions of economic and population growth and, it is expected that the country can cumulatively mitigate about 40 MtCO eq 2in the period 2020 - 2025. The contributions associated with the theme of mitigation count on the implementation of actions, measures, projects, policies and programmes, which include the sectors of Agro-livestock and Sustainable Land Use, Waste Management, Energy Security and Sustainability of Industries.', 'The contributions associated with the theme of mitigation count on the implementation of actions, measures, projects, policies and programmes, which include the sectors of Agro-livestock and Sustainable Land Use, Waste Management, Energy Security and Sustainability of Industries. Mozambique is recognized as one of the countries that has been most dedicated to and developed national systems for scaling up emission reductions from deforestation and forest degradation and increasing carbon sinks (REDD+), as evidenced by the fact that it is one of the first countries to receive payment for results under the Forest Carbon initiative with the World Bank. Thus, for Mozambique REDD+ was included in this updated NDC 1 as a key means of implementation to operationalise mitigation ambitions.', 'Thus, for Mozambique REDD+ was included in this updated NDC 1 as a key means of implementation to operationalise mitigation ambitions. Finally, Mozambique proposes to carry out a series of mitigation actions that in aggregate expect to achieve a reduction of GHG emissions by about 40 million tCO2 eq between 2020 and 2025. These reductions are estimates with a significant level of uncertainty and will be updated with the results of the BUR to be available in 2022.', 'These reductions are estimates with a significant level of uncertainty and will be updated with the results of the BUR to be available in 2022. It should be noted that, it was decided not to include as part of the mitigation contribution of this updated NDC 1 the removals and emissions from the commercial-scale tree planting (afforestation) component, due to the uncertainties of how such emissions and any emission reductions achieved by the activities of this component will be accounted for under the Paris Agreement. Mozambique reserves the right to apply this paragraph in the future, including to adjust the information contained in item 1b) above.', 'Mozambique reserves the right to apply this paragraph in the future, including to adjust the information contained in item 1b) above. With the implementation of the identified actions, measures, projects, policies and programmes, Mozambique expects to reduce its GHG emissions by about 40 Mt CO2eq between 2020 and 2025.', 'With the implementation of the identified actions, measures, projects, policies and programmes, Mozambique expects to reduce its GHG emissions by about 40 Mt CO2eq between 2020 and 2025. The indicators are the tons of CO2eq reduced following the baseline parameters and mitigation actions calculated by measures and accounted in annual results, which will be aggregated and compared to the quantities committed in 2025. a) Reference years, base years, reference periods or other starting points; b) Quantifiable information on the benchmarks, their values in the corresponding reference years, base years, reference periods or other starting points and, as the case may be, in the reference year; c) In the case of strategies, plans and measures referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6 of the Paris Agreement5 or policies and measures incorporating nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties shall provide other relevant information; d) Target in relation to the baseline indicator, expressed numerically, for example as a percentage or quantity of reduction; 1.', 'The indicators are the tons of CO2eq reduced following the baseline parameters and mitigation actions calculated by measures and accounted in annual results, which will be aggregated and compared to the quantities committed in 2025. a) Reference years, base years, reference periods or other starting points; b) Quantifiable information on the benchmarks, their values in the corresponding reference years, base years, reference periods or other starting points and, as the case may be, in the reference year; c) In the case of strategies, plans and measures referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6 of the Paris Agreement5 or policies and measures incorporating nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties shall provide other relevant information; d) Target in relation to the baseline indicator, expressed numerically, for example as a percentage or quantity of reduction; 1. INFORMAÇÃO QUANTIFICÁVEL SOBRE O PONTO DE REFERÊNCIA (COM INDICAÇÃO, SE APLICÁVEL, DE UM ANO BASE): 1.', 'INFORMAÇÃO QUANTIFICÁVEL SOBRE O PONTO DE REFERÊNCIA (COM INDICAÇÃO, SE APLICÁVEL, DE UM ANO BASE): 1. QUANTIFIABLE INFORMATION ON THE REFERENCE POINT (WITH INDICATION, IF APPLICABLE, OF A BASE YEAR): INFORMATION TO FACILITATE CLARITY, TRANSPARENCY AND UNDERSTANDING (ICTU)Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE The BAU scenario values may be adjusted in the future, considering possible improvements in GHG emissions calculations covering sectors and gases, and evolutions in inventory techniques, as well as different national circumstances and methods of defining baselines for actions included as part of the NDC. e) Information on the data sources used to quantify the benchmarks; f) Information on the circumstances in which the Party may update the benchmarksa) DATA VALUE Year of the last GHG inventory 2016 Population 27.9 million inhabitants6 in 2017.', 'e) Information on the data sources used to quantify the benchmarks; f) Information on the circumstances in which the Party may update the benchmarksa) DATA VALUE Year of the last GHG inventory 2016 Population 27.9 million inhabitants6 in 2017. The 2017 National Census indicates that the total number is expected to increase from that year to about 34 million in 2025, or a net increase of about 6 million in the total population. Annual population growth 2.8% for the 2 periods (2020-2025). Crescimento de PIB. Taxa de Crescimento Real de1.5% (2021) e 2,8% (para 2022) com taxa de inflação média anual de 5,5%. As fontes para os dados acima são: PSOE 2022 e o documento ”CAEP Support: Mozambique’s Long-term low greenhouse gas emissions development strategy (LT-LEDS) INTERIM REPORT”7 1.', 'As fontes para os dados acima são: PSOE 2022 e o documento ”CAEP Support: Mozambique’s Long-term low greenhouse gas emissions development strategy (LT-LEDS) INTERIM REPORT”7 1. INFORMAÇÃO QUANTIFICÁVEL SOBRE O PONTO DE REFERÊNCIA (COM INDICAÇÃO, SE APLICÁVEL, DE UM ANO BASE): 1. INFORMAÇÃO QUANTIFICÁVEL SOBRE O PONTO DE REFERÊNCIA (COM INDICAÇÃO, SE APLICÁVEL, DE UM ANO BASE): 2. DEADLINES AND / OR PERIODS OF APPLICATION: 3. SCOPE AND COVERAGE: The reference period for operationalization is from 2020 to 2025, so the mitigation results should be achieved by the year 2025. Cumulative targets considering annual reductions but accounted for a single year in 2025.', 'Cumulative targets considering annual reductions but accounted for a single year in 2025. As indicated in 2a) above, they imply comparisons between the emissions of the proposed mitigation actions and the emissions of the BAU scenarios of the specific actions. (a) Timeframe and/or period of implementation, including start and end dates, in accordance with any other relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA); b) Whether it is a one-year target or a multi- year target, as appropriate. The emission reduction target presented by Mozambique is divided into cumulative annual efforts between the years 2020 and 2025, whereby the country commits to reduce its emissions by about 40 MtCO2eq between 2020 and 2025.', 'The emission reduction target presented by Mozambique is divided into cumulative annual efforts between the years 2020 and 2025, whereby the country commits to reduce its emissions by about 40 MtCO2eq between 2020 and 2025. The country expects to reduce these emissions in comparison to the BAU of the specific actions and, should Mozambique benefit from international climate finance, the total investment required to generate these reductions and the other actions foreseen in this updated NDC 1 is estimated to be around USD 7.586 billion (from 2020 to 2025).', 'The country expects to reduce these emissions in comparison to the BAU of the specific actions and, should Mozambique benefit from international climate finance, the total investment required to generate these reductions and the other actions foreseen in this updated NDC 1 is estimated to be around USD 7.586 billion (from 2020 to 2025). (a) General description of the target;Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE Sectors: The scope of the contribution covers the sectors of the national economy relevant for GHG emissions in the actions listed in item 1b above. The sectors covered are those that cover the mitigation actions listed in item 1.b. Mozambique has not yet conducted mitigation co-benefit assessments for economic diversification plans.', 'Mozambique has not yet conducted mitigation co-benefit assessments for economic diversification plans. (b) ) Sectors, gases, categories and sinks covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistency with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines; (c) How the Party has taken into account paragraph 31 (c) and (d)8 of decision 1 / CP.21; (indicating how the Party is striving to include all sources and sinks and why all categories were excluded) (d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans, including the description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans. 4.', '(b) ) Sectors, gases, categories and sinks covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistency with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines; (c) How the Party has taken into account paragraph 31 (c) and (d)8 of decision 1 / CP.21; (indicating how the Party is striving to include all sources and sinks and why all categories were excluded) (d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans, including the description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans. 4. PLANNING PROCESSES: AFollowing the ratification of the Paris Agreement by Parliament in 2017, the then Ministry of Land, Environment and Rural Development submitted to Camões Institute for Cooperation and Language of Portugal the project "Roadmap for the Implementation of Mozambique s Nationally Determined Contribution - NDCMoz "with the aim of designing the roadmap for the implementation of Mozambique s NDC, contributing to the implementation and success of the Paris Agreement, through a country with a low carbon and resilient development and to the pursuit of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).', 'PLANNING PROCESSES: AFollowing the ratification of the Paris Agreement by Parliament in 2017, the then Ministry of Land, Environment and Rural Development submitted to Camões Institute for Cooperation and Language of Portugal the project "Roadmap for the Implementation of Mozambique s Nationally Determined Contribution - NDCMoz "with the aim of designing the roadmap for the implementation of Mozambique s NDC, contributing to the implementation and success of the Paris Agreement, through a country with a low carbon and resilient development and to the pursuit of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In parallel, the country benefited from the World Bank and NDC Partnership initiative through which it intended to support the Government to prioritize the operationalization of Mozambique s NDC targets in the sectors of: agriculture, energy, water, transport and early warning system, aligning them with government policies and priorities.', 'In parallel, the country benefited from the World Bank and NDC Partnership initiative through which it intended to support the Government to prioritize the operationalization of Mozambique s NDC targets in the sectors of: agriculture, energy, water, transport and early warning system, aligning them with government policies and priorities. These two initiatives were harmonised to cover all sectors of the Mozambique NDC 2020 - 2030, and enabled a broad consultation process with stakeholders, including business sectors, provinces and civil society representatives to prioritise the actions to be included in the NDC and the format in which they should be presented.', 'These two initiatives were harmonised to cover all sectors of the Mozambique NDC 2020 - 2030, and enabled a broad consultation process with stakeholders, including business sectors, provinces and civil society representatives to prioritise the actions to be included in the NDC and the format in which they should be presented. The implementation of these two initiatives resulted in the formulation of the Mozambique NDC 2020 - 2025, the Mozambique NDC Operationalisation Plan 2020 - 2025, which details the actions of the NDC. On the other hand, Mozambique has benefited from the support of the NDC Partnership which has resulted in the formulation of the NDC Partnership Plan that identifies both the project and capacity building needs for the implementation of NDC.', 'On the other hand, Mozambique has benefited from the support of the NDC Partnership which has resulted in the formulation of the NDC Partnership Plan that identifies both the project and capacity building needs for the implementation of NDC. (a) Information on the planning processes the Party has undertaken to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party s implementation plans, including, as appropriate:Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE These documents were approved by the Council of Ministers at its 38th Session, held on 11 December 2018. However, some actions of the Mozambique NDC 2020 -2025 and the respective Mozambique NDC Operationalization Plan 2020 - 2025 lacked relevant information for the process of measuring/monitoring, reporting and verifying both the actions and the support.', 'However, some actions of the Mozambique NDC 2020 -2025 and the respective Mozambique NDC Operationalization Plan 2020 - 2025 lacked relevant information for the process of measuring/monitoring, reporting and verifying both the actions and the support. On the other hand, there was a need to have updated inventories, as the estimated contributions in NDC 1 were based on the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report 1995 - 2004. It is in this context that Mozambique has submitted in the two calls made by the NDC Partnership - Climate Action Enhancement Package (CAEP I and II), requests for assistance to adjust its NDC to the Transparency Modalities, Procedures and Guidelines.', 'It is in this context that Mozambique has submitted in the two calls made by the NDC Partnership - Climate Action Enhancement Package (CAEP I and II), requests for assistance to adjust its NDC to the Transparency Modalities, Procedures and Guidelines. Under this support it was possible, amongst other results, to update the NDC budget and identify actions whose implementation is conditioned to international climate support and those that are not conditioned; formulate project ideas for priority actions conditioned to international climate support; formulate Mozambique s Long Term Low Carbon Development Strategy 2020 - 2050; update energy sector statistics; integrate NDC into planning and budgeting processes; detail NDC actions; formulate National Adaptation Plan for the Health Sector; develop Local Adaptation Plans; strengthen gender sensitivity in Mozambique s NDC actions; and, design terms of reference for developing emissions factors for the energy and waste sectors.', 'Under this support it was possible, amongst other results, to update the NDC budget and identify actions whose implementation is conditioned to international climate support and those that are not conditioned; formulate project ideas for priority actions conditioned to international climate support; formulate Mozambique s Long Term Low Carbon Development Strategy 2020 - 2050; update energy sector statistics; integrate NDC into planning and budgeting processes; detail NDC actions; formulate National Adaptation Plan for the Health Sector; develop Local Adaptation Plans; strengthen gender sensitivity in Mozambique s NDC actions; and, design terms of reference for developing emissions factors for the energy and waste sectors. Other initiatives that contributed to the improvement of Mozambique s NDC are: (i) the Initiative for Transparency in Climate Action - ICAT which supported in the formulation of the Strengthened Framework for Transparency including capacity building of technicians; and, the project to formulate the First Biennial Mozambique Transparency Report (PBTRM).', 'Other initiatives that contributed to the improvement of Mozambique s NDC are: (i) the Initiative for Transparency in Climate Action - ICAT which supported in the formulation of the Strengthened Framework for Transparency including capacity building of technicians; and, the project to formulate the First Biennial Mozambique Transparency Report (PBTRM). Since the approval of the ENAMMC, the Government has been strengthening the institutional framework in order to improve the coordination and implementation of climate change actions including the reporting process established in the UNFCCC. It is in this context that in 2020, the Ministry of Land and Environment was created, with the following competencies, in the area of climate change, relevant to the implementation of the NDC: 1.', 'It is in this context that in 2020, the Ministry of Land and Environment was created, with the following competencies, in the area of climate change, relevant to the implementation of the NDC: 1. To propose the enactment of legislation, policies, development strategies and plans conducive to reducing vulnerability, building resilience and adaptive capacity to climate change, as well as promoting low carbon development and mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions in the context of sustainable development; 2. To promote and coordinate the implementation of the commitments assumed in the scope of the UNFCCC and Agreements, with emphasis on the Nationally Determined Contribution and other instruments that the country ratifies in the context of climate change; 3.', 'To promote and coordinate the implementation of the commitments assumed in the scope of the UNFCCC and Agreements, with emphasis on the Nationally Determined Contribution and other instruments that the country ratifies in the context of climate change; 3. Disseminate climate change issues with an emphasis on financial, technological and capacity building opportunities; 4. To coordinate and ensure the timely submission of reports required under the implementation of the Convention and signed Agreements; 5. Monitor, oversee and evaluate climate change adaptation and mitigation actions including support received and report on the status of implementation These competences are attached to the National Directorate of Climate Change which has in its structure the departments of adaptation and mitigation in the Ministry of Land and Environment.', 'Monitor, oversee and evaluate climate change adaptation and mitigation actions including support received and report on the status of implementation These competences are attached to the National Directorate of Climate Change which has in its structure the departments of adaptation and mitigation in the Ministry of Land and Environment. Considering the cross-cutting nature of climate change and the need for the involvement of state and non-state actors in both the formulation of national climate change response instruments and their implementation, including biennial reporting and review commitments, monitoring to support the production of national communication and regular updating of the NDC, the Inter-Institutional Group on Climate Change was established, composed of representatives from the public and private sectors and civil society relevant to the implementation of adaptation and climate risk reduction and mitigation and low carbon development actions including cross-cutting actions (capacity building, technology development and transfer, financing, awareness raising education, etc.).', 'Considering the cross-cutting nature of climate change and the need for the involvement of state and non-state actors in both the formulation of national climate change response instruments and their implementation, including biennial reporting and review commitments, monitoring to support the production of national communication and regular updating of the NDC, the Inter-Institutional Group on Climate Change was established, composed of representatives from the public and private sectors and civil society relevant to the implementation of adaptation and climate risk reduction and mitigation and low carbon development actions including cross-cutting actions (capacity building, technology development and transfer, financing, awareness raising education, etc.). The members of the GIIMC have the responsibility to: • Represent the sector in the national climate change coordination body ensuring harmonization of national climate change actions and their sectoral integration • Report on the implementation of climate change actions in the sectors/areas they represent including challenges and needs encountered and • To technically approve the instruments, reports and other documents formulated in the context of climate change.', 'The members of the GIIMC have the responsibility to: • Represent the sector in the national climate change coordination body ensuring harmonization of national climate change actions and their sectoral integration • Report on the implementation of climate change actions in the sectors/areas they represent including challenges and needs encountered and • To technically approve the instruments, reports and other documents formulated in the context of climate change. (i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples in a gender sensitive manner;Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE (ii) Contextual issues, including, inter alia, as appropriate: a) National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication; b) Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution; c) Other contextual aspirations and priorities recognised when joining the Paris Agreement It is important to mention that for the elaboration of Local Adaptation Plans, multi-sectoral teams have been created at provincial and district level that support local communities in the process of assessing their vulnerability and identifying and prioritising adaptation measures including the identification of potential local development partners.', '(i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples in a gender sensitive manner;Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE (ii) Contextual issues, including, inter alia, as appropriate: a) National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication; b) Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution; c) Other contextual aspirations and priorities recognised when joining the Paris Agreement It is important to mention that for the elaboration of Local Adaptation Plans, multi-sectoral teams have been created at provincial and district level that support local communities in the process of assessing their vulnerability and identifying and prioritising adaptation measures including the identification of potential local development partners. On the other hand, the Ministry of Land and Environment has established the holding of a National Climate Change Conference every two years as a forum open to public participation to, among others, share information, experiences and good practices in the area of climate change; promote education and public awareness on issues related to climate change; and, promote the dissemination and discussion of issues relevant to climate change.', 'On the other hand, the Ministry of Land and Environment has established the holding of a National Climate Change Conference every two years as a forum open to public participation to, among others, share information, experiences and good practices in the area of climate change; promote education and public awareness on issues related to climate change; and, promote the dissemination and discussion of issues relevant to climate change. The First National Conference took place this year with the participation of actors from central, provincial and district levels and the second Conference will take place in 2023, the year in which the country will be preparing its First Biennial Transparency Report.', 'The First National Conference took place this year with the participation of actors from central, provincial and district levels and the second Conference will take place in 2023, the year in which the country will be preparing its First Biennial Transparency Report. The Republic of Mozambique is a country located in the southern hemisphere, on the southeast coast of the African continent. It has an area of 801,590 km²2 of land and about 13,000 km² of internal waters. The eastern part of the country is bathed by the Indian Ocean and has a coastline of approximately 2,700 km². Administratively, the country is divided into 11 Provinces.', 'Administratively, the country is divided into 11 Provinces. The provinces are currently divided into 154 districts which, in turn, are subdivided into 419 local administrative districts called Postos Administrativos. In addition to these subdivisions, there are 53 municipal autarquias, located in the main cities and towns throughout the country. Along the coast there are numerous islands, such as the archipelago of Quirimbas in the province of Cabo Delgado, the Island of Mozambique and the islands Goa and Sena in the province of Nampula, the archipelago of Bazaruto in Inhambane, the islands of Inhaca, Portugueses and Xefina in the province of Maputo. Data from the Anuário Estatístico 2015, estimates that Mozambique had about 25.7 million inhabitants, with about 52% being women and 48% men.', 'Data from the Anuário Estatístico 2015, estimates that Mozambique had about 25.7 million inhabitants, with about 52% being women and 48% men. According to the results of the last population census conducted by the National Institute of Statistics in 2017 indicate that the Mozambican population was 27.9 million, and the percentage of women and men remained the same. INE population projections indicate that by 2025 Mozambique will have about 34.1 million inhabitants, thus projecting a net population expansion of over 6 million inhabitants.', 'INE population projections indicate that by 2025 Mozambique will have about 34.1 million inhabitants, thus projecting a net population expansion of over 6 million inhabitants. With regard to the distribution of the population by age group (table below), particularly between 2017 and 2025, there is a decrease in the population aged between zero and 14 years old; a growth throughout the period in the population aged 15 - 64 years old as well as a growth in the population aged 65 years old and over. The average life expectancy is 54 years, being 51 years for men and 56.5 years for women. Portuguese is the official language of the country, however, there are more than 40 languages spoken throughout the national territory.', 'Portuguese is the official language of the country, however, there are more than 40 languages spoken throughout the national territory. Agriculture is the mainstay of the Mozambican economy, employing more than 80% of the country s economically active population (PEDSA, 2011). Furthermore, it is the sector with the highest average share in GDP, with more than 20% of the total. Manufacturing is the second sector with the highest contribution to GDP (13%), followed by trade and transport and communications services with an average of 10% each. The national economy has considerable potential in the primary sector due to the existence of various natural resources capable of serving as a basis for creating a competitive advantage in various productive sectors.', 'The national economy has considerable potential in the primary sector due to the existence of various natural resources capable of serving as a basis for creating a competitive advantage in various productive sectors. For example, ICF International (2012) and Biggs (2012) have documented that Mozambique has one of the world s largest reserves of natural gas (estimated at 250 trillion cubic feet) and coal (estimated at 25 billion tons). Other natural resources include forests, grasslands, inland waters, 2,400 kilometres of coastline and minerals (FAO, 2006). The main challenge is the development of industries that enable their sustainable exploitation and transformation. Diversification of the national economy is another challenge for more stable, comprehensive and sustainable growth.', 'Diversification of the national economy is another challenge for more stable, comprehensive and sustainable growth. After several years of growth of around 7%, the national economy experienced a slowdown in 2016, growing by only 3.8%, down from 6.6% and 7.4% in 2015 and 2014, respectively. This decline was mainly due to the drought registered in the central and southern areas of the country, and the floods in the central and northern regions, having negatively affected the agriculture sector and electricity production, among other international and national conjunctural factors.Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE The climate of Mozambique is diverse.', 'This decline was mainly due to the drought registered in the central and southern areas of the country, and the floods in the central and northern regions, having negatively affected the agriculture sector and electricity production, among other international and national conjunctural factors.Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE The climate of Mozambique is diverse. Due to its location in the inter-tropical zone, manifestations of the humid tropical, dry tropical, semi-arid tropical as well as altitude-modified climate can be found throughout the country.', 'Due to its location in the inter-tropical zone, manifestations of the humid tropical, dry tropical, semi-arid tropical as well as altitude-modified climate can be found throughout the country. Of these, The most predominant climate is the humid tropical with some pockets of the semi-arid tropical, characterised by having two very distinct seasons, one hot and rainy from October to April and the other cold and dry from May to September (Gelcer et al., 2018). Average rainfall is variable from south to north. The north receives the highest averages, ranging from 800 mm to 1200 mm. In the centre and south, they are comparatively lower compared to the north and vary from the coast to the interior.', 'In the centre and south, they are comparatively lower compared to the north and vary from the coast to the interior. The annual averages in the two regions range from 1000 mm to 600 mm and 800 mm to 300 mm, respectively. In Mozambique, the energy sector is experiencing a remarkable growth in the last two decades, both in terms of production and consumption of electricity and natural gas. However, despite this increase, the majority of the population (77%) continues to depend on forest biomass, such as firewood and charcoal, to meet its energy needs because it lives in rural areas and the electrification of the country, which is estimated at around 34%, is still below expectations.', 'However, despite this increase, the majority of the population (77%) continues to depend on forest biomass, such as firewood and charcoal, to meet its energy needs because it lives in rural areas and the electrification of the country, which is estimated at around 34%, is still below expectations. However, the government has been making efforts to reverse the current scenario through rural electrification, which is estimated to average 120 000 new connections per year over the last 15 years (MTA, 2021). Currently, the national electricity generating capacity is estimated at 2905 MW. Of these, 1045 MW are for domestic consumption and 1,860 MW are for export to neighbouring countries, indicating that the country produces more than it needs for its consumption.', 'Of these, 1045 MW are for domestic consumption and 1,860 MW are for export to neighbouring countries, indicating that the country produces more than it needs for its consumption. The vast majority of the energy generated in the country is from hydroelectric sources (90%) and the remaining 10% is from natural gas. Among the hydroelectric plants, HCB stands out the most with an installed generating capacity of 2075 MW, equivalent to 79.4% of the capacity of the other plants and 71.4% of national generation.', 'Among the hydroelectric plants, HCB stands out the most with an installed generating capacity of 2075 MW, equivalent to 79.4% of the capacity of the other plants and 71.4% of national generation. Recent studies conducted in the country, indicate a huge potential for renewable energy production (Renewable Energy Atlas, 2014), with an estimated capacity of about 23,000 GW of solar resources, followed by hydroelectric sources with 19 GW, wind potential with 5 GW and biomass resources with 2 GW.', 'Recent studies conducted in the country, indicate a huge potential for renewable energy production (Renewable Energy Atlas, 2014), with an estimated capacity of about 23,000 GW of solar resources, followed by hydroelectric sources with 19 GW, wind potential with 5 GW and biomass resources with 2 GW. Of this potential, the government has prioritized the production of 5,645 MW from hydropower sources, 600 MW solar, 1,146 MW wind, 128 MW biomass and 20 MW geothermal energy as a way to accelerate universal access of energy services by the population, climate change mitigation as well as for sustainable use of biomass resources (MTA, 2021). Not applicable. Not applicable, as the Global Stocktake did not occur.', 'Not applicable, as the Global Stocktake did not occur. (b) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, which have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that have agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16-18, of the Paris Agreement; (c) How the Party s preparation of its nationally determined contribution was informed by the results of the global stocktaking, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement;Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE (d) Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement consisting of adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: (i) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution; (ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also generate mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries To date, Mozambique has not undertaken such assessments of how the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in the development of the NDC.', '(b) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, which have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that have agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16-18, of the Paris Agreement; (c) How the Party s preparation of its nationally determined contribution was informed by the results of the global stocktaking, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement;Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE (d) Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement consisting of adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: (i) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution; (ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also generate mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries To date, Mozambique has not undertaken such assessments of how the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in the development of the NDC. To date, Mozambique has only conducted preliminary assessments of the mitigation co-benefits of adaptation actions, supported by UNICEF for Resilient Water Supply and Sanitation Systems and Water Resources with funding from Green Funds for the time horizon 2022 to 2024.', 'To date, Mozambique has only conducted preliminary assessments of the mitigation co-benefits of adaptation actions, supported by UNICEF for Resilient Water Supply and Sanitation Systems and Water Resources with funding from Green Funds for the time horizon 2022 to 2024. These activities propose to exchange diesel power generators for photovoltaic panels. Preliminary calculations show that an emissions reduction of about 180 ktCO2eq annually.Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE 5. METHODOLOGICAL ASSUMPTIONS AND APPROACHES, INCLUDING THOSE FOR ESTIMATING AND ACCOUNTING FOR ANTHROPOGENIC GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND, AS APPROPRIATE, REMOVALS: Under the Initiative for Transparency for Climate Action - ICAT Mozambique formulated in 2018, in Phase 1 of ICAT, the Roadmap for establishing a Strengthened Transparency Framework in Mozambique.', 'METHODOLOGICAL ASSUMPTIONS AND APPROACHES, INCLUDING THOSE FOR ESTIMATING AND ACCOUNTING FOR ANTHROPOGENIC GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND, AS APPROPRIATE, REMOVALS: Under the Initiative for Transparency for Climate Action - ICAT Mozambique formulated in 2018, in Phase 1 of ICAT, the Roadmap for establishing a Strengthened Transparency Framework in Mozambique. This Roadmap came to be implemented in 2020 and resulted in the formulation and approval of the Mozambique National Strengthened Transparency Framework (QNFTM).', 'This Roadmap came to be implemented in 2020 and resulted in the formulation and approval of the Mozambique National Strengthened Transparency Framework (QNFTM). The process of formulating the NTSF was participatory involving public and private sectors and entities, civil society and academia through consultations to, among others, review and validate the monitoring elements of the NDC; present and validate the objectives of the institutional arrangements for the National MRV System; present the proposed Enhanced Transparency Framework; present the model reports on climate change adaptation and mitigation actions; undertake group work to review the proposed Enhanced Transparency Framework and model reports, and achieve consensus on the documents under formulation in plenary discussions for validation.', 'The process of formulating the NTSF was participatory involving public and private sectors and entities, civil society and academia through consultations to, among others, review and validate the monitoring elements of the NDC; present and validate the objectives of the institutional arrangements for the National MRV System; present the proposed Enhanced Transparency Framework; present the model reports on climate change adaptation and mitigation actions; undertake group work to review the proposed Enhanced Transparency Framework and model reports, and achieve consensus on the documents under formulation in plenary discussions for validation. Thus, the QNTFM was developed to systematically produce the following reports: Biennial Transparency Report (BTR), National Communication (CN) and the Implementation Report (a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used to account for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party s nationally determined contribution, in accordance with decision 1 /CP .21, paragraph 31, and the accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; Energy Sector IPPU Sector AFOLU Sector Transport Sector Natural Resources Sector Water Resources Sector Healthy Sector Finance Sector Gender Sector Science and Tecnology Sector Public Works and Housing Sector Early Warning Sector Disaster Manage- ment Sector Marine and Inner Waters Resouces Sector Waste Sector Tourism Sector Biodiver- sity Sector GHG INVENTORIES PRIVATE SECTOR CIVIL SOCIETY NGOs RASTREIO DA IMPLEMENTAÇÃO DE ENAMMC E NDC MEASURING AND REPORTING ACADEMY TECHNICAL SUPPORT Nacional MRV System: - National Communications - GEE Inventories - Biennial Transparency Reports - Report of Implementation of the ENAMMC GIIMC UNFCCC Academia Statistics Sector Coordination Instituion Concil of Ministers VERIFICATIONUpdate of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE ON INDICATOR INDICATOR VALUE IN THE BASE YEAR CALCULATION METHODOLOGY RESPONSIBLE INSTITUTION UNIT TARGET 2025 COMMENTS This is the sum of all resources allocated to NDC actions This indicator is the total cumulative reduction of GHG emissions This indicator is not related to a single action, it is the result of combined actions and MIREME should develop specific method to calculate this indicator The purpose of this indicator is to monitor the reduction in the area burnt per year of the National Strategy for Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change (RI-ENAMMC), including the following interim reports, the National Inventory Report (RIN), Implementation Report of the Nationally Determined Contribution (RI-AAMMC) and Adaptation Communication (AC) (Figure below).', 'Thus, the QNTFM was developed to systematically produce the following reports: Biennial Transparency Report (BTR), National Communication (CN) and the Implementation Report (a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used to account for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party s nationally determined contribution, in accordance with decision 1 /CP .21, paragraph 31, and the accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; Energy Sector IPPU Sector AFOLU Sector Transport Sector Natural Resources Sector Water Resources Sector Healthy Sector Finance Sector Gender Sector Science and Tecnology Sector Public Works and Housing Sector Early Warning Sector Disaster Manage- ment Sector Marine and Inner Waters Resouces Sector Waste Sector Tourism Sector Biodiver- sity Sector GHG INVENTORIES PRIVATE SECTOR CIVIL SOCIETY NGOs RASTREIO DA IMPLEMENTAÇÃO DE ENAMMC E NDC MEASURING AND REPORTING ACADEMY TECHNICAL SUPPORT Nacional MRV System: - National Communications - GEE Inventories - Biennial Transparency Reports - Report of Implementation of the ENAMMC GIIMC UNFCCC Academia Statistics Sector Coordination Instituion Concil of Ministers VERIFICATIONUpdate of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE ON INDICATOR INDICATOR VALUE IN THE BASE YEAR CALCULATION METHODOLOGY RESPONSIBLE INSTITUTION UNIT TARGET 2025 COMMENTS This is the sum of all resources allocated to NDC actions This indicator is the total cumulative reduction of GHG emissions This indicator is not related to a single action, it is the result of combined actions and MIREME should develop specific method to calculate this indicator The purpose of this indicator is to monitor the reduction in the area burnt per year of the National Strategy for Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change (RI-ENAMMC), including the following interim reports, the National Inventory Report (RIN), Implementation Report of the Nationally Determined Contribution (RI-AAMMC) and Adaptation Communication (AC) (Figure below). The QNTFM has the following systems: Measuring and Reporting System, Verification System and the Academy s Technical Support.', 'The QNTFM has the following systems: Measuring and Reporting System, Verification System and the Academy s Technical Support. In turn, the Measurement and Reporting System is sub-divided into two, one to Measure and Report GHG emissions and removals in the energy sectors including transport, IPPU, AFOLU and Waste - GHG Inventory and the second to Monitor and Report (track) adaptation and risk reduction, mitigation and low carbon development actions and the support received and required contained in the ENAMMC, NAP, NDC and LTS (the latter in formulation).', 'In turn, the Measurement and Reporting System is sub-divided into two, one to Measure and Report GHG emissions and removals in the energy sectors including transport, IPPU, AFOLU and Waste - GHG Inventory and the second to Monitor and Report (track) adaptation and risk reduction, mitigation and low carbon development actions and the support received and required contained in the ENAMMC, NAP, NDC and LTS (the latter in formulation). To be defined Allocated financial resources Avoided GHG emissions Share of renewable energy in total energy consumption Burnt areas Million USD % ha/year MTA MTA MIREME MADER & MTA Specific Soma das emissões de GEE evitadas pela implementação de acções de mitigação Specific Specific thousand million To be defined in the prevalence of uncontrolled firesUpdate of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE This indicator is the result of combined actions by INAM, INGC, MADER and MOPHRH and can only be calculated by the MTA.', 'To be defined Allocated financial resources Avoided GHG emissions Share of renewable energy in total energy consumption Burnt areas Million USD % ha/year MTA MTA MIREME MADER & MTA Specific Soma das emissões de GEE evitadas pela implementação de acções de mitigação Specific Specific thousand million To be defined in the prevalence of uncontrolled firesUpdate of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE This indicator is the result of combined actions by INAM, INGC, MADER and MOPHRH and can only be calculated by the MTA. The consistent methodology should be created with a description sheet Restored area of mangroves Losses due to climatic disasters by number of people in affected areas To be defined Specific Specific MIMAIP MTA, INGC & INAM ha Million USD per capita To be defined One of the major challenges for the operationalisation of the QNTFM and the MRV System will be the strengthening of technical-institutional capacities of the different entities at various levels.', 'The consistent methodology should be created with a description sheet Restored area of mangroves Losses due to climatic disasters by number of people in affected areas To be defined Specific Specific MIMAIP MTA, INGC & INAM ha Million USD per capita To be defined One of the major challenges for the operationalisation of the QNTFM and the MRV System will be the strengthening of technical-institutional capacities of the different entities at various levels. In the first phase, technicians from the central and provincial levels will be trained on: use of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories; tracking of NDC adaptation and mitigation actions and support received and required.', 'In the first phase, technicians from the central and provincial levels will be trained on: use of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories; tracking of NDC adaptation and mitigation actions and support received and required. Considering the need for continuous capacity building of technicians and to cover the provincial level including institutional capacity building, the country is formulating the project proposal under the Capacity Building Initiative for Transparency (CBIT) to be submitted later this year. See 5 (a) above. Mozambique will also apply specific principles and methodologies, where relevant, in accounting for various policies and measures in its Updated Biennial Report, Biennial Transparency Report or National Communication.', 'Mozambique will also apply specific principles and methodologies, where relevant, in accounting for various policies and measures in its Updated Biennial Report, Biennial Transparency Report or National Communication. As part of the PBURM formulation, the country prepared its third national greenhouse gas inventory covering the period 2000 to 2016. This was prepared following the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (IPCC 2006), Good Practice Guidelines on Land Use and Land Cover Change (IPCC 2003) as well as the respective software. To estimate the total emissions, the units of the other gases were converted into CO2equivalent (Gg CO2eq. ), corresponding to the global warming potential of carbon dioxide in a period of 100 years.', '), corresponding to the global warming potential of carbon dioxide in a period of 100 years. (b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used to account for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; (c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 149, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; (d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used to estimate anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; GÁS SYMBOL GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL (Gg CO2eq.)', '(b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used to account for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; (c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 149, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; (d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used to estimate anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; GÁS SYMBOL GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL (Gg CO2eq.) Source: IPCC AR5: Chapter 8: Anthropogenic and natural radiative forcing: of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE (e) Sector, category or activity specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including as applicable: (i) Approach to address emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; (ii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals of harvested wood products; (iii) Approach used to address the effects of age class structure in forests; (f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used to understand the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimate the corresponding emissions and removals, including: (i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector, category or activity- specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; The process of developing emissions scenarios was done using a combination of tools, including GACMO (Greenhouse gas Abatement Cost MOdel) (Heaps, 2016), the IPCC (2006) software for estimation of greenhouse gas emissions, and e-sheets developed in the African region for assessment of mitigation actions.', 'Source: IPCC AR5: Chapter 8: Anthropogenic and natural radiative forcing: of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE (e) Sector, category or activity specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including as applicable: (i) Approach to address emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; (ii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals of harvested wood products; (iii) Approach used to address the effects of age class structure in forests; (f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used to understand the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimate the corresponding emissions and removals, including: (i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector, category or activity- specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; The process of developing emissions scenarios was done using a combination of tools, including GACMO (Greenhouse gas Abatement Cost MOdel) (Heaps, 2016), the IPCC (2006) software for estimation of greenhouse gas emissions, and e-sheets developed in the African region for assessment of mitigation actions. The original structure of the e-sheets was modified to suit the mitigation actions considered a priority in Mozambique, according to the procedure described above.', 'The original structure of the e-sheets was modified to suit the mitigation actions considered a priority in Mozambique, according to the procedure described above. The tools used allow projecting energy production and use and, in other sectors, industrial production (in IPPU), expansion of agricultural and livestock areas, land use changes (in AFOLU) and waste production (in the Waste sector) based on economic-social growth assumptions. Adaptation has also been done to accommodate the mitigation actions considered. Emissions and removals from the Forestry/afforestation component (see item 1b), 5a), 5 b) and 5e and in the specific section on the topic in chapter 1) above) have not been included as part of the mitigation target in this updated NDC 1.', 'Emissions and removals from the Forestry/afforestation component (see item 1b), 5a), 5 b) and 5e and in the specific section on the topic in chapter 1) above) have not been included as part of the mitigation target in this updated NDC 1. The emission reductions included in the updated NDC 1 are estimates with a significant level of uncertainty and will be updated with the BUR results to be available in 2022.', 'The emission reductions included in the updated NDC 1 are estimates with a significant level of uncertainty and will be updated with the BUR results to be available in 2022. Refer to items 1b), 5a), 5b), 5d) and 5e) above.Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE (ii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non-greenhouse gas components, information on assumptions a nd methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; (iii) For climate forcings included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how climate forcings are estimated; (iv) Additional technical information, as necessary; (g) The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable. Not applicable. Not applicable. Mozambique NDC Includes only forcings covered by IPCC 2006 Guidelines (see Section 3 b). Not applicable.', 'Mozambique NDC Includes only forcings covered by IPCC 2006 Guidelines (see Section 3 b). Not applicable. Mozambique recognises the experience gained from implementing the Clean Development Mechanism and wishes to be supported by market mechanisms with high environmental integrity that contribute to sustainable development and establish strong incentives to harness the strength of the private sector. In the medium and long term it intends to plan and use the carbon market or new market mechanisms.', 'In the medium and long term it intends to plan and use the carbon market or new market mechanisms. Mozambique supports the use of market mechanisms including pre-2020 mitigation outcomes such as: • Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) generated by CDM projects and programmes; • Carbon market efforts, so as to make actions economically viable within the specific contexts of least developed countries, developing countries; and • The further development of accounting rules within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to ensure the environmental integrity of market mechanisms and avoid double counting. 6.', 'Mozambique supports the use of market mechanisms including pre-2020 mitigation outcomes such as: • Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) generated by CDM projects and programmes; • Carbon market efforts, so as to make actions economically viable within the specific contexts of least developed countries, developing countries; and • The further development of accounting rules within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to ensure the environmental integrity of market mechanisms and avoid double counting. 6. HOW THE PARTY CONSIDERS ITS NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION TO BE FAIR AND AMBITIOUS IN LIGHT OF ITS NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES: Considering Mozambique s historical emissions, which are insignificant in the global calculation, the effort that the country needs to make to build adaptive capacity and the national challenges of poverty reduction including the most vulnerable, we consider our contribution fair and appropriate in order to pursue the ultimate objective of the Convention.', 'HOW THE PARTY CONSIDERS ITS NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION TO BE FAIR AND AMBITIOUS IN LIGHT OF ITS NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES: Considering Mozambique s historical emissions, which are insignificant in the global calculation, the effort that the country needs to make to build adaptive capacity and the national challenges of poverty reduction including the most vulnerable, we consider our contribution fair and appropriate in order to pursue the ultimate objective of the Convention. This NDC has been prepared in an environment of uncertainty due to the measures imposed by the emergence of new waves of infections from COVID-19, natural calamities and military instability in some localities in the centre and north of the country.', 'This NDC has been prepared in an environment of uncertainty due to the measures imposed by the emergence of new waves of infections from COVID-19, natural calamities and military instability in some localities in the centre and north of the country. The country recorded negative real growth of 1.2% in 2020, this reflects the negative effects of COVID-19 on economic activity during the second quarter, with the sectors that were most affected being hotel and restaurant services (-35.8%), extractive industries (-25.6%), trade (-5.7%), manufacturing (-5.3%), transport and communications (-4.7%).', 'The country recorded negative real growth of 1.2% in 2020, this reflects the negative effects of COVID-19 on economic activity during the second quarter, with the sectors that were most affected being hotel and restaurant services (-35.8%), extractive industries (-25.6%), trade (-5.7%), manufacturing (-5.3%), transport and communications (-4.7%). The spread of COVID-19, combined with the climatic shocks that affected the south of the country at the beginning of 2021 and the military insecurity in some regions of the Centre and North of the country, associated with weak global demand, led to a downward revision of the economic outlook initially outlined for 2021, with the growth rate falling from 2.1% to 1.5%.', 'The spread of COVID-19, combined with the climatic shocks that affected the south of the country at the beginning of 2021 and the military insecurity in some regions of the Centre and North of the country, associated with weak global demand, led to a downward revision of the economic outlook initially outlined for 2021, with the growth rate falling from 2.1% to 1.5%. In this way, reflecting the progress of vaccination and the extension of fiscal support in the major economies, with repercussions associated with the global economy and the maintenance (a) (a) How the Party considers its nationally determined contribution to be fair and ambitious in light of its national circumstances; (b) Justice considerations, including reflection on equity; (c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement;Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE (d) How the Party addressed Article 4, paragraph 411 , of the Paris Agreement (e) (e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 612 , of the Paris Agreement of monetary policies, a growth of the global economy of around 4.9% is forecast for the year 2022 and that the Mozambican economy will recover slightly, growing at a rate of 2.8% conditioned by the prices of the main commodities on the international market that may boost economic growth in the country.', 'In this way, reflecting the progress of vaccination and the extension of fiscal support in the major economies, with repercussions associated with the global economy and the maintenance (a) (a) How the Party considers its nationally determined contribution to be fair and ambitious in light of its national circumstances; (b) Justice considerations, including reflection on equity; (c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement;Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE (d) How the Party addressed Article 4, paragraph 411 , of the Paris Agreement (e) (e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 612 , of the Paris Agreement of monetary policies, a growth of the global economy of around 4.9% is forecast for the year 2022 and that the Mozambican economy will recover slightly, growing at a rate of 2.8% conditioned by the prices of the main commodities on the international market that may boost economic growth in the country. This scenario is based on continuing to respond to Public Health Emergencies as part of the response to the negative impact of COVID 19, with the implementation of the COVID-19 Response Plan through vaccination of 80% of the target population by 2022, providing health assistance to displaced populations and strengthening the Health Emergency Operational Centre.', 'This scenario is based on continuing to respond to Public Health Emergencies as part of the response to the negative impact of COVID 19, with the implementation of the COVID-19 Response Plan through vaccination of 80% of the target population by 2022, providing health assistance to displaced populations and strengthening the Health Emergency Operational Centre. However, the need to incur expenses to mitigate adverse climatic shocks and the COVID-19 pandemic, makes it necessary for external credit to increase for investment projects. It is estimated by the growing trend of current external resources that these will increase from 39,904.0 million ZZM in 2022 to 64,805.9 million ZZM in 2024.', 'It is estimated by the growing trend of current external resources that these will increase from 39,904.0 million ZZM in 2022 to 64,805.9 million ZZM in 2024. It is recognised that the pursuit of resilient, low-carbon development can be a driver for poverty reduction, reduced inequities for the most vulnerable and post-COVID green economic recovery19. Thus, the implementation of the NDC will take into account the most vulnerable groups in communities, promoting climate-proof and inclusive development with increased access to efficient technologies and clean energy, prioritising environmental integrity, human health and the creation of green jobs.', 'Thus, the implementation of the NDC will take into account the most vulnerable groups in communities, promoting climate-proof and inclusive development with increased access to efficient technologies and clean energy, prioritising environmental integrity, human health and the creation of green jobs. Thus, Mozambique s NDC is fair in that it responds to the country s vulnerability to the impacts of climate change, post-pandemic challenges of COVID19 and puts on the table its contribution as a developing country. It is also ambitious because it presents a reduction target to be achieved by the years 2020 and 2025, that is, an expected reduction of about 40 million tCO 2eq by 2025.', 'It is also ambitious because it presents a reduction target to be achieved by the years 2020 and 2025, that is, an expected reduction of about 40 million tCO 2eq by 2025. The emission reductions proposed in the mitigation contribution of Mozambique would represent a mitigation effort of about 1.2 tCO2 eq per capita by 2025, a very relevant figure when compared to the total GHG emissions per capita in Mozambique which were respectively 0.6 tCO 2eq in 1990 and about 2 tCO2 eq today (total emissions with LULUCF).', 'The emission reductions proposed in the mitigation contribution of Mozambique would represent a mitigation effort of about 1.2 tCO2 eq per capita by 2025, a very relevant figure when compared to the total GHG emissions per capita in Mozambique which were respectively 0.6 tCO 2eq in 1990 and about 2 tCO2 eq today (total emissions with LULUCF). Just for comparison purposes the per capita emissions of developed countries (listed in Annex I of the UNFCCC) in the base year (1990) and in 2019 were respectively 16 tCO 2eq and 12 tCO2 eq (total GHG emissions per capita without LULUCF). Overall these values are 6 tCO 2eq and 7 tCO2 eq when accounting for total GHG emissions per capita with LULUCF.', 'Overall these values are 6 tCO 2eq and 7 tCO2 eq when accounting for total GHG emissions per capita with LULUCF. Figure 03 presented in this updated NDC 1, graphically presents such values presented above to facilitate visual comparison between per capita emissions and emissions reductions and comparison of what would be the approximate per capita emissions scenarios for mitigation pathways to achieve temperature rise of up to 1,5oC e 2oC10. The evolution of Mozambique s emissions is insignificant compared to the global emission and in terms of emissions linked to the electricity sector it has the highest amount of generation from renewable sources until 2015 and continues to be an electricity exporting country.', 'The evolution of Mozambique s emissions is insignificant compared to the global emission and in terms of emissions linked to the electricity sector it has the highest amount of generation from renewable sources until 2015 and continues to be an electricity exporting country. Therefore, in practice its historical and current contribution to global emissions is very small. Mozambique reserves the right to apply this paragraph in the future, including to adjust the information contained in item 1b) above. 7.', 'Mozambique reserves the right to apply this paragraph in the future, including to adjust the information contained in item 1b) above. 7. HOW THE NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION CONTRIBUTES TO ACHIEVING THE OBJECTIVE OF THE CONVENTION AS SET OUT IN ITS ARTICLE 2 Mozambique as a least developed country has no obligation under the Paris Agreement to undertake NDC actions that are not conditional, particularly considering that due to the nature of its development and land management, it has not historically contributed to relevant GHG emissions. Thus, part of Mozambique s contributions in the mitigation area are conditioned to international climate financial, technological and capacity building support to be received from abroad, as well as capacity building.', 'Thus, part of Mozambique s contributions in the mitigation area are conditioned to international climate financial, technological and capacity building support to be received from abroad, as well as capacity building. Meanwhile, in the spirit of increased ambition and in order to demonstrate Mozambique s commitment to fighting global warming, the country has developed, with the support of the Climate Action Transparency Initiative - ICAT implemented by UNEP-DTU the national framework for strengthened transparency - the MRV System that will help the country measure, report and verify actions and support received and requested. Within this framework, Mozambique expects to prepare and submit, on time, national communications, biennial update reports, biennial transparency reports and update the NDC.', 'Within this framework, Mozambique expects to prepare and submit, on time, national communications, biennial update reports, biennial transparency reports and update the NDC. (a) How the nationally determined contribution contributes to achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its (b) The way in which the nationally determined contribution contributes in relation to Article 2, paragraph 1 (a) 13, and Article 4, paragraph 114 , of the Paris Agreement.Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE ACÇÃO DE MITIGAÇÃO MEDIDA META/LOCAL Promotion of the use of renewable energy sources - hydro 4.6.2.2.1.1 Technology Action Plan for Regular Hydro Turbine Technology Promotion of the use of renewable energy sources - wind 4.6.2.2.1.2 Promotion of the use of renewable energy sources - Photovoltaic 4.6.2.2.1.3 Improving access to renewable SUMMARY OF MEASURES PRESENTED: MITIGATION AND LOW CARBON DEVELOPMENT New capacity of Tsate (50 MW) Moamba Major (15 MW) Implementation of the Technological Action Plan for Regular-Scale Photovoltaic Power Plants - TNA Vilanculos (10 MW) Dondo (30 MW) Nacala (30 MW) Boane (30 MW) Cuamba (30 MW) Balama (10 MW) Checua – Maputo (60KW) Alto Changane – Gaza (100Kw) Changanine – Gaza (0.06MW) Zimane – Inhambane (0.06) MW Chiloane – Sofala (0.04 MW) Inhamuchindo - Sofala (0.060 MW) Chissinguana – Sofala (0.01 MW) Chicule – Manica (0/07) Mpego - Manica (40 MW) Garagua Manica (0.04 MW) Fortuna – Tete (20 MW) Mazogo Lualesse (0.04 MW) Chissimbi – Niassa (0.020 MW) Matchedje – Niassa (0.223MW) Ninga - Cabo Delgado (18MW) Ngapa - Cabo Delgado (0,200MW)Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE Expansion of the urban network, making new connections; promoting 100% coverage in the connection of domestic consumers in suburban areas, in the districts and interconnected to the national grid (SILE).', '(a) How the nationally determined contribution contributes to achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its (b) The way in which the nationally determined contribution contributes in relation to Article 2, paragraph 1 (a) 13, and Article 4, paragraph 114 , of the Paris Agreement.Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE ACÇÃO DE MITIGAÇÃO MEDIDA META/LOCAL Promotion of the use of renewable energy sources - hydro 4.6.2.2.1.1 Technology Action Plan for Regular Hydro Turbine Technology Promotion of the use of renewable energy sources - wind 4.6.2.2.1.2 Promotion of the use of renewable energy sources - Photovoltaic 4.6.2.2.1.3 Improving access to renewable SUMMARY OF MEASURES PRESENTED: MITIGATION AND LOW CARBON DEVELOPMENT New capacity of Tsate (50 MW) Moamba Major (15 MW) Implementation of the Technological Action Plan for Regular-Scale Photovoltaic Power Plants - TNA Vilanculos (10 MW) Dondo (30 MW) Nacala (30 MW) Boane (30 MW) Cuamba (30 MW) Balama (10 MW) Checua – Maputo (60KW) Alto Changane – Gaza (100Kw) Changanine – Gaza (0.06MW) Zimane – Inhambane (0.06) MW Chiloane – Sofala (0.04 MW) Inhamuchindo - Sofala (0.060 MW) Chissinguana – Sofala (0.01 MW) Chicule – Manica (0/07) Mpego - Manica (40 MW) Garagua Manica (0.04 MW) Fortuna – Tete (20 MW) Mazogo Lualesse (0.04 MW) Chissimbi – Niassa (0.020 MW) Matchedje – Niassa (0.223MW) Ninga - Cabo Delgado (18MW) Ngapa - Cabo Delgado (0,200MW)Update of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE Expansion of the urban network, making new connections; promoting 100% coverage in the connection of domestic consumers in suburban areas, in the districts and interconnected to the national grid (SILE). Installation of 50 000 photovoltaic or wind turbine lighting systems Installation of 5000 solar PV systems for pumping water for domestic, community or public use in isolated (SIE) or mixed (SILE/SIE) areas, including agricultural irrigation and livestock watering Powering of 5000 glaciers for domestic use, through photovoltaic technology or with wind turbines, in homes in areas isolated from the national electricity grid (SIE) Replacement of 2,500,000 incandescent lamps with efficient lamps in all domestic consumers in the country Productive use of energy - construction of 8 centres for fish conservation Construction of 450 MW thermal power plant based on natural gas: Technological Action Plan for Combined Cycle Natural Gas Technology Massification of LPG - Increasing the number of people with access to cooking gas to around 309.02% compared to today Massification of Natural Gas Use: o Construction of ten (10) Compressed Natural Gas Supply Stations, Massification of Natural Gas Use: o Construction of ten (10) Compressed Natural Gas Supply Stations, • Importation of one hundred and fifty (150) CNG Buses • Import of one thousand (1000) kits and respective conversion Cylinders for Natural Gas.', 'Installation of 50 000 photovoltaic or wind turbine lighting systems Installation of 5000 solar PV systems for pumping water for domestic, community or public use in isolated (SIE) or mixed (SILE/SIE) areas, including agricultural irrigation and livestock watering Powering of 5000 glaciers for domestic use, through photovoltaic technology or with wind turbines, in homes in areas isolated from the national electricity grid (SIE) Replacement of 2,500,000 incandescent lamps with efficient lamps in all domestic consumers in the country Productive use of energy - construction of 8 centres for fish conservation Construction of 450 MW thermal power plant based on natural gas: Technological Action Plan for Combined Cycle Natural Gas Technology Massification of LPG - Increasing the number of people with access to cooking gas to around 309.02% compared to today Massification of Natural Gas Use: o Construction of ten (10) Compressed Natural Gas Supply Stations, Massification of Natural Gas Use: o Construction of ten (10) Compressed Natural Gas Supply Stations, • Importation of one hundred and fifty (150) CNG Buses • Import of one thousand (1000) kits and respective conversion Cylinders for Natural Gas. • Conversion of 1000 cars to NG Repair of 150 NG buses for public transport Urban areas, in districts - nationwide Mozambique, in areas isolated from the national electricity grid (SIE) Areas isolated from the grid (SIE) or mixed (SILE/SIE) Residences in areas isolated from the national electricity grid (SIE).', '• Conversion of 1000 cars to NG Repair of 150 NG buses for public transport Urban areas, in districts - nationwide Mozambique, in areas isolated from the national electricity grid (SIE) Areas isolated from the grid (SIE) or mixed (SILE/SIE) Residences in areas isolated from the national electricity grid (SIE). Residences in all provinces of Maputo Cabo Delgado Inhambane/Temane Cabo Delgado/Pemba, Zambézia/Mocuba, Nampula e Tete Maputo, Gaza and Inhambane Province Maputo Promoting the expansion of the national grid or the creation of energy distribution micro-grids Development of projects and programmes for micro-energy generation in commercial and residential buildings - Increase energy efficiency 4.6.2.1.2 Promotion of the use of efficient household appliances Promotion of low carbon ACÇÃO DE MITIGAÇÃO MEDIDA META/LOCALUpdate of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE Increased energy efficiency in travel Managing and recovering waste 4.6.2.4.1 Enhance and expand conservation agro-livestock farming techniques Increased efficiency in the production and use of biomass fuels Reducing GHG emissions from Industry ACÇÃO DE MITIGAÇÃO MEDIDA META/LOCAL Expansion of Metrobus to the country s main capitals Promotion of sustainable waste management in Mozambique (NAMA Waste) Implementation of the Technological Action Plan and Project Ideas for Solid Urban Waste Management and Treatment Application and expansion of agricultural production techniques of a conservationist and soil protection nature, such as the use of direct planting.', 'Residences in all provinces of Maputo Cabo Delgado Inhambane/Temane Cabo Delgado/Pemba, Zambézia/Mocuba, Nampula e Tete Maputo, Gaza and Inhambane Province Maputo Promoting the expansion of the national grid or the creation of energy distribution micro-grids Development of projects and programmes for micro-energy generation in commercial and residential buildings - Increase energy efficiency 4.6.2.1.2 Promotion of the use of efficient household appliances Promotion of low carbon ACÇÃO DE MITIGAÇÃO MEDIDA META/LOCALUpdate of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE Increased energy efficiency in travel Managing and recovering waste 4.6.2.4.1 Enhance and expand conservation agro-livestock farming techniques Increased efficiency in the production and use of biomass fuels Reducing GHG emissions from Industry ACÇÃO DE MITIGAÇÃO MEDIDA META/LOCAL Expansion of Metrobus to the country s main capitals Promotion of sustainable waste management in Mozambique (NAMA Waste) Implementation of the Technological Action Plan and Project Ideas for Solid Urban Waste Management and Treatment Application and expansion of agricultural production techniques of a conservationist and soil protection nature, such as the use of direct planting. Application and dissemination of production techniques and improved use of firewood and charcoal sustainability.', 'Application and dissemination of production techniques and improved use of firewood and charcoal sustainability. Installation of solid waste recycling industries under PRONAL Creation of Industrial Research and Development Centers Encouraging investors to evaluate GHG emissions in investment projects Promotion of projects and programs of microgeneration of energy in the industrial sector Maputo, Beira e Nampula Whole country Whole country Whole country Not identified Not identified Not identified Not identifiedUpdate of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE BIBLIOGRAPHY Ahmed, A.E. & Alam-Eldin, A.O.M. 2014. An assessment of mechanical vs manual harvesting of the sugarcane in Sudan – The case of Sennar Sugar Factory. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences. Ajibola, C. A. A., John, J. A., Shaba, M. U., Owoniyi, A. C., & Jeremiah, T., 2017. 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Conservation Agriculture in Mozambique. /CSA-in-Mozambique.pdfUpdate of the First NDC MOZAMBIQUE FOOTNOTES 1 The expected average annual exchange rates for the year 2022 is 66 MZM/USD (Source: PSOE, 2021, the costs presented for external credit demand go beyond the calculated and prepared investment needs to operationalise the actions, measures and policies proposed in this updated NDC 1. 2 Source: 3 Such values are 0.5 and 0.7 tCO2 eq for the same periods (1990 and present) when total per capita emissions without LULUCF are accounted for. The current data refers to PBURM data.', 'The current data refers to PBURM data. 4 This information will be updated after the final approval of the PESOEs 2022 and onwards and will be presented in future national communications under the FNCC and updated in the biennial reports. 5 "Least developed countries and small island developing states can prepare and communicate strategies, plans and actions for low greenhouse gas emissions development, reflecting their special circumstances." 6 INE - Population Census, 2017. 7 Carbon Counts Company (UK) Ltd. 8 "(c)Parties shall endeavour to include all categories of anthropogenic emissions or removals in their nationally determined contributions and, once a source, sink or activity is included, continue to include it; (d) Parties shall provide an explanation of why any categories of anthropogenic emissions or removals are excluded;" 9 "14.', '7 Carbon Counts Company (UK) Ltd. 8 "(c)Parties shall endeavour to include all categories of anthropogenic emissions or removals in their nationally determined contributions and, once a source, sink or activity is included, continue to include it; (d) Parties shall provide an explanation of why any categories of anthropogenic emissions or removals are excluded;" 9 "14. In the context of their nationally determined contributions, when recognizing and implementing mitigation actions with respect to anthropogenic emissions and removals, Parties shall take into account, as appropriate, existing methods and guidance under the Convention in light of the provisions of paragraph 13 of this Article."', 'In the context of their nationally determined contributions, when recognizing and implementing mitigation actions with respect to anthropogenic emissions and removals, Parties shall take into account, as appropriate, existing methods and guidance under the Convention in light of the provisions of paragraph 13 of this Article." 10 The bases used to calculate the per capita emissions figures for mitigation pathways to achieve temperature rises of up to 1.5oC and 2oC were derived from the UNFCCC secretariat technical paper FCCC/PA/CMA/2021/8 supported by global population growth projections published by the WorldoMeter platform. 11 "4. developed country Parties should continue to take the lead by taking on absolute economy-wide emission reduction targets.', '11 "4. developed country Parties should continue to take the lead by taking on absolute economy-wide emission reduction targets. Developing country Parties should continue to step up their mitigation efforts and are encouraged to move over time towards economy-wide emission reduction or limitation targets in light of different national circumstances." 12 "6. Least developed countries and small island developing States may prepare and communicate strategies, plans and actions for low greenhouse gas emissions development, reflecting their special circumstances."', 'Least developed countries and small island developing States may prepare and communicate strategies, plans and actions for low greenhouse gas emissions development, reflecting their special circumstances." 13 "This Agreement, by enhancing the implementation of the Convention, including its objective, aims to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change, in the context of sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty, including (a) Maintaining the increase in the global average temperature well below 2oC above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5oC above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change;" 14 "1.', '13 "This Agreement, by enhancing the implementation of the Convention, including its objective, aims to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change, in the context of sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty, including (a) Maintaining the increase in the global average temperature well below 2oC above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5oC above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change;" 14 "1. In order to achieve the long-term temperature goal set out in Article 2, the Parties aim to achieve the global peak in greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible, recognizing that the peak will take longer for developing country Parties and to make rapid reductions thereafter in accordance with the best available science, so as to achieve a balance between anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases in the second half of this century, on the basis of equity and in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication efforts."']

en-US

MMR

Myanmar

1st NDC

2017-09-19 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Myanmar%27s%20INDC.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Asia

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/b48459b13a2db75200e8beeb929e000720ac6865acf4c98bc6913cd7177977a7.pdf

['$\\ The Republic of the Union of Myanmar Myanm ar s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution-IND Ct Foreword Climate Change is the most threatening global challenge faced by humanity. Myanmar is one of the mosthighly vulnerable countries in the world to the adverse impacts of climate change facing threats from extreme weather events, sea level rise, flooding and drought. Without action to adapt to these threats, the prospects for the economic development of our population of over 50 million will be hindered and our environment degraded. With the largest standing forests on mainland South East Asia, Myanmar currenily absorbs more greenhouse gases than it emits, thereby already making a significant contribution to global efforts to tackle climate change.', 'With the largest standing forests on mainland South East Asia, Myanmar currenily absorbs more greenhouse gases than it emits, thereby already making a significant contribution to global efforts to tackle climate change. However, wearecurrently in the process of rapid industrialisation and increasing urbanisation which will lead to an increase in our emissions of greenhouse gases. We therefore intend to implement a series of policies and actions to maintain the harmony between growth and mitigating climate change.This means planning the development of our economy so it takes place in a sustainable manner, whilst also confronting multiple challenges such poverty alleviation and protecting our population against climate related disasters.', 'We therefore intend to implement a series of policies and actions to maintain the harmony between growth and mitigating climate change.This means planning the development of our economy so it takes place in a sustainable manner, whilst also confronting multiple challenges such poverty alleviation and protecting our population against climate related disasters. Ahead of the next UNFCCC Conference of the Parties in Paris (COP21) in Detember 2015, governments are preparing their Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (lNDCs). INDCs are a key input to the negotiations of a new international climate agreement that will be finalised at COP21 and come into effect in 2020.', 'INDCs are a key input to the negotiations of a new international climate agreement that will be finalised at COP21 and come into effect in 2020. By designing ambitious lNDCs, countries have the opportunity to lay the foundation for a new climate agreement that sets the path towards maintaining temperature change below 2oC relative to pre-industrial levels. It is up to each country to determine an ambition level for their INDC that reflects national priorities, capabilities and responsibilities. Myanmar is determined to play its role in the global effort and to crystallise this will into our INDC.', 'Myanmar is determined to play its role in the global effort and to crystallise this will into our INDC. Despite being a relatively low greenhouse gas (GHG) emitter and being a net GHG sink, Myanmar wishes to undertake a series of actions to demonstrate its commitment to climate change mitigation and highlight options for adaptation. The development of the INDC is a nationally led process. Political guidance has been sought from the highest institutional level within the Government of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar. The Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry (MOECAF) has acted as INDC focal point, facilitating the inputs from other line ministries.', 'The Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry (MOECAF) has acted as INDC focal point, facilitating the inputs from other line ministries. In accordance with relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention, Myanmar hereby presents its enhanced mitigation actions, policies, strategies and adaptive efforts on climate change, and wishes to contribute to making the Paris Conference agreement negotiation a great success. Union Minister Ministry of Environmental Conservation The Government of the Republic of the and Forestry Union of Myanmar H.E U Win TunMyanmar’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution-INDC 1. National Circumstances Since 2011, Myanmar has been engaged in an active process of institutional and political reform leading to democratisation, and is gearing towards rapid socio-economic change and development.', 'National Circumstances Since 2011, Myanmar has been engaged in an active process of institutional and political reform leading to democratisation, and is gearing towards rapid socio-economic change and development. As part of this process, the Government of Myanmar is putting in place the necessary legal, procedural and governance instruments while building the institutional, technical and human capacities needed to achieve sustainable development in all sectors of the economy. Myanmar considers climate change as a major challenge to its socio-economic development and is therefore determined to play its part in mitigating global climate change, while actively adapting to its effects. In effect, the country is extremely vulnerable to the negative effects of climate change.', 'In effect, the country is extremely vulnerable to the negative effects of climate change. In 2015, for the third consecutive year, Myanmar was ranked globally by studies, as the second most vulnerable country in the world to extreme weather events over the last 20 yearsi. Tropical Cyclone Nargis caused the loss of 138,000 lives in 2008 and devastated of infrastructure, causing long-term adverse socio- economic impacts. The estimated total cost of loss and damage due to Nargis to the national economy is estimated to be over USD4bnii. During mid-2015, Myanmar experienced floods of unprecedented proportions. Observed changesiii in the last decades include rain patterns variations that are causing climate-driven migration that affect, for instance, the socio-economic conditions of dry regions due to increased occurrences of drought.', 'Observed changesiii in the last decades include rain patterns variations that are causing climate-driven migration that affect, for instance, the socio-economic conditions of dry regions due to increased occurrences of drought. In addition, climate models predict further sustained impacts from climate change in future, which will further expose Myanmar to the negative impacts of climate changeiv The process of socio-economic development will likely lead to increased demand for services, products and infrastructure development, particularly in the energy, agriculture, industry, human settlements and environmental resources sectors, which may increase GHG emissions. Currently Myanmar’s annual electricity consumption is only 180 kWh per capita per annum and access to electricity is relatively low, i.e. 27% in 2011-12 and 31% in 2015-16 per households .', '27% in 2011-12 and 31% in 2015-16 per households . Myanmar is therefore actively engaged in designing and implementing the required policies, governance, financial and programming instruments to address climate change. In terms of policy development, the Government, for example, has made environment one of the seven strategic pillars of its National Comprehensive Development Plan (2011-30); it has promulgated the Environmental Conservation Law (2012); and it is resolute in mainstreaming environment into the national policy and development agenda. This will take place under the guidance of the National Environmental Conservation Committee and Myanmar Climate Change Alliance established by the Union government’s cabinet in 2013.', 'This will take place under the guidance of the National Environmental Conservation Committee and Myanmar Climate Change Alliance established by the Union government’s cabinet in 2013. In addition to fulfilling its reporting responsibility to the UNFCCC, with both the Initial National Communication and the National Adaptation Programme of Action were submitted in 2012, Myanmar is now developing its National Climate Change Strategy and associated action plans. These will present a vision for achieving climate resilient, low-carbon, resource efficient and inclusive development as a contribution to sustainable development. To support this vision, Myanmar is also developing its Green Economy Strategic Framework again with associated action plans.', 'To support this vision, Myanmar is also developing its Green Economy Strategic Framework again with associated action plans. With respect to adaptation, in 2016 Myanmar will start the elaboration of the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) to provide more detail to guide its on- going adaptive efforts. v. Among other means to achieve its Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) of poverty alleviation, the Government of Myanmar wants to increase the electrification rate to 45% by 2020-21, 60% by 2025-26, and 80% by 2030vi. However, Myanmar is willing to limit the emissions through appropriate policies and development choices.', 'However, Myanmar is willing to limit the emissions through appropriate policies and development choices. With the largest expanse of tropical forest in mainland South East Asia, Myanmar is already a net greenhouse gas (GHG) sinkvii.Myanmar will require the cooperation and assistance of the international community to further its capacities to achieve socio-economic development, while containing emissions. This INDC is Myanmar’s opportunity to confirm its commitment to climate change mitigation, by pursuing the correct balance between socio-economic development and environmental sustainability. To this end, Myanmar has identified mitigation actions and policies in the primary areas of forestry and energy, complemented by supporting policies in other sectors. These actions have been selected as they will not only deliver reductions in GHG emissions, but also have significant development co-benefits.', 'These actions have been selected as they will not only deliver reductions in GHG emissions, but also have significant development co-benefits. For example, actions in the forestry sector will not only preserve one of the world’s most important GHG sinks, but will also prevent soil erosion and therefore reduce the risk to the population of floods and landslides. Alongside identified mitigation actions, Myanmar would continue to increase its capacity to adapt to the negative effects of climate change. Adaptation actions in agriculture, forestry, water, infrastructure and bio-diversity, among others, are being currently implemented, while reducing risks of disasters remains a main programme and policy focus.', 'Adaptation actions in agriculture, forestry, water, infrastructure and bio-diversity, among others, are being currently implemented, while reducing risks of disasters remains a main programme and policy focus. Myanmar wishes to highlight to the international community that, while committed to making an evidence-based contribution to global mitigation efforts, the national priority is to adapt to the devastating effects of climate change.', 'Myanmar wishes to highlight to the international community that, while committed to making an evidence-based contribution to global mitigation efforts, the national priority is to adapt to the devastating effects of climate change. In addition, Myanmar recognises a number of important emerging themes which are key to addressing both future emission reductions and adaptation to climate impacts, including the need for sustainable urban development; a more consistent inclusion of civil society perspectives; the empowerment of groups at risk of the short and long-term impacts of climate change, (such as children and other younger members of society); and the integration of gender considerations into climate change policy design.', 'In addition, Myanmar recognises a number of important emerging themes which are key to addressing both future emission reductions and adaptation to climate impacts, including the need for sustainable urban development; a more consistent inclusion of civil society perspectives; the empowerment of groups at risk of the short and long-term impacts of climate change, (such as children and other younger members of society); and the integration of gender considerations into climate change policy design. Ultimately, the effort to mitigate and adapt to climate change is seen as a contribution to alleviate suffering caused by climate change and enable sustainable and durable development of the poor, both in rural and urban areas.', 'Ultimately, the effort to mitigate and adapt to climate change is seen as a contribution to alleviate suffering caused by climate change and enable sustainable and durable development of the poor, both in rural and urban areas. However, as one of the world’s least developed countries (an “LDC”), existing technological, financial and capacity gaps limit Myanmar’s ability to achieve its vision for sustainable development while balancing socio-economic development with environmental sustainability. For this reason, Myanmar requires significant support from the international community for capacity building, technology development and transfer and financial resources to implement the actions proposed in this INDC.', 'For this reason, Myanmar requires significant support from the international community for capacity building, technology development and transfer and financial resources to implement the actions proposed in this INDC. Once received Myanmar looks forward to developing its contribution further to the global effort to mitigate climate change while increasing its capacity to adapt to the negative consequences of climate change.2. Mitigation Contribution Myanmar would undertake mitigation actions (Section 2.1 – Mitigation actions) in line with its sustainable development needs, conditional on availability of international support, as its contribution to global action to reduce future emissions of greenhouse gases.', 'Mitigation Contribution Myanmar would undertake mitigation actions (Section 2.1 – Mitigation actions) in line with its sustainable development needs, conditional on availability of international support, as its contribution to global action to reduce future emissions of greenhouse gases. The document also presents planned and existing policies and strategies (Section 2.2 - Institutional Arrangements and Planning for Implementation) which will provide the policy framework to implement identified actions and prioritise future mitigation actions. 2.1. Mitigation Actions The actions presented below will result in significant reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The implementation of these actions will be contingent to a number of factors.', 'The implementation of these actions will be contingent to a number of factors. This includes support for capacity-building, technology development and transfer, and financial resources from the international community, as well as the active participation of the national and international private sector. The information required to estimate GHG emissions was collected and an estimate produced. However, given the deadline and the current available data, it was decided not to include the estimate in the INDC, as deemed not sufficiently reliable. Further analysis to quantify the GHG emission will be conducted as a result of the actions and strategies below, i.e. as part of the implementation plan described in Section 4.', 'as part of the implementation plan described in Section 4. This will allow Myanmar to present projections of anticipated GHG impact assessments in future revisions of its INDC. Action Objective Intended Implementation Plan Forestry Sector National Permanent Forest Estate Target By 2030, Myanmar’s permanent forest estate (PFE) target is to increase national land area as forest land with the following percent of total land area): • Reserved Forest (RF) and Protected Public Forest (PPF) = 30% of total national land area • Protected Area Systems (PAS) = 10% of total national land area The Government of Myanmar is following the implementation plan as set out in the 30-Year National Forestry Master Plan (2001-30).', 'Action Objective Intended Implementation Plan Forestry Sector National Permanent Forest Estate Target By 2030, Myanmar’s permanent forest estate (PFE) target is to increase national land area as forest land with the following percent of total land area): • Reserved Forest (RF) and Protected Public Forest (PPF) = 30% of total national land area • Protected Area Systems (PAS) = 10% of total national land area The Government of Myanmar is following the implementation plan as set out in the 30-Year National Forestry Master Plan (2001-30). To develop its capacity to meet such ambitious targets, Myanmar has set about a number of activities under the plan at the national and regional level: • In 2011, Myanmar joined the UN-REDD Programme (United Nations collaborative initiative on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation in developing countries).', 'To develop its capacity to meet such ambitious targets, Myanmar has set about a number of activities under the plan at the national and regional level: • In 2011, Myanmar joined the UN-REDD Programme (United Nations collaborative initiative on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation in developing countries). The REDD+ Core Unit was established in the Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry (MOECAF), and has the task of coordinating and guiding REDD+ related actions at national level. Myanmar developed its REDD+ Readiness Roadmap in 2013 and prioritised the activities for the implementation. In 2015 a new proposal was submitted for UN-REDD Support for the Implementation of the Myanmar REDD+ Readiness Roadmap.', 'In 2015 a new proposal was submitted for UN-REDD Support for the Implementation of the Myanmar REDD+ Readiness Roadmap. • In 2014, Myanmar joined the European Union’s Forest Law Enforcement Governance Trade (FLEGT) programme which provides capacity building on legal aspects related to forestry.Action Objective Intended Implementation Plan Energy Sector Actions described here are taken on both the supply and demand side of energy. Please see below for identified actions in different sub-sectors of the energy sector. The development of hydropower, depending on the case and scale, will require rigorous Environmental Impact Assessments and Social Safeguarding, to ensure sustainability. MOECAF is in the process of finalizing such instruments. (1) Renewable energy - Hydroelectric power Increase the share of hydroelectric generation within limits of technical Hydroelectric potential.', '(1) Renewable energy - Hydroelectric power Increase the share of hydroelectric generation within limits of technical Hydroelectric potential. Indicative goal - 9.4 GW by The Government of Myanmar is currently developing policies in this area, for example: • The Long Term Energy Master Plan (draft) which estimates that by 2030 total installed hydropower capacity could reach approximately 9.4 GWe. • The National Electrification Master Plan (draft) is being developed alongside the Energy Master Plan. The Electrification Master Plan forecasts, 38% of the primary electricity generation capacity will be hydropower resource in 2030. The specific installed capacities will be confirmed once the draft policies and plans described in section 2.2 are finalised and harmonised. Environmental Impact Assessment and all related tools, including social safeguards, and measurable monitoring framework.', 'Environmental Impact Assessment and all related tools, including social safeguards, and measurable monitoring framework. (2) Renewable energy – Rural electrification To increase access to clean sources of electricity amongst communities and households currently without access to an electric power grid system. Indicative goal: Rural electrification through the use of at least 30% renewable sources as to generate electricity supplies. The Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Rural Development has received co-funding from a number of international development partners to develop mitigation actions in this sub-sector (such as the drafting of the Comprehensive Village Development Plan).', 'The Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Rural Development has received co-funding from a number of international development partners to develop mitigation actions in this sub-sector (such as the drafting of the Comprehensive Village Development Plan). As a final result of the overall action, 6 million people in rural areas will have access to electricity generated by a variety of sources, at least 30 % of which will be sourced from renewables such as of mini-hydro, biomass, solar, wind and solar mini-grid technologies. (3) Energy efficiency – industrial processes To mitigate GHG emissions in the rapidly developing industrial production sector by: The project “Improvement of Industrial Energy Efficiency” (Global Environment Facility (GEF) project #5321) is being carried out by the Government of Myanmar in partnership with UNIDO.', '(3) Energy efficiency – industrial processes To mitigate GHG emissions in the rapidly developing industrial production sector by: The project “Improvement of Industrial Energy Efficiency” (Global Environment Facility (GEF) project #5321) is being carried out by the Government of Myanmar in partnership with UNIDO. The Government of Myanmar and the industrial private sector in Myanmar are providing USD13.8m towards the project which is also being supported a grant from the GEF Trust Fund (the total projectAction Objective Intended Implementation Plan (a) Improving energy efficiency within the Myanmar industry (b) Focusing on the implementation of energy management systems compatible with the international standard (c) Energy system optimisation Indicative goal: To realise a 20% electricity saving potential by 2030 of the total forecast electricity consumption. cost is USD16.5m).', 'The Government of Myanmar and the industrial private sector in Myanmar are providing USD13.8m towards the project which is also being supported a grant from the GEF Trust Fund (the total projectAction Objective Intended Implementation Plan (a) Improving energy efficiency within the Myanmar industry (b) Focusing on the implementation of energy management systems compatible with the international standard (c) Energy system optimisation Indicative goal: To realise a 20% electricity saving potential by 2030 of the total forecast electricity consumption. cost is USD16.5m). The objective is to promote sustained GHGs reduction in the Myanmar Industry by improving policy and regulatory framework, institutional capacity building for industry energy efficiency; implementation of energy management system based on ISO 50001; and optimization of energy system in industry.', 'The objective is to promote sustained GHGs reduction in the Myanmar Industry by improving policy and regulatory framework, institutional capacity building for industry energy efficiency; implementation of energy management system based on ISO 50001; and optimization of energy system in industry. This is an example of a project which will be carried in accordance with the National Energy Efficiency and Conservation Policy, Strategy and Roadmap for Myanmar which is currently being drafted (please see section 2.2 for further details). (4) Energy efficiency - Cook-stoves To increase the number of energy efficient cook-stoves disseminated in order to reduce the amount of fuel wood used for cooking. Indicative goal: To distribute approximately 260,000 cook- stoves between 2016 and 2031.', 'Indicative goal: To distribute approximately 260,000 cook- stoves between 2016 and 2031. MOECAF, as part of the Comprehensive Plan for Dry Zone Greening (2001-31), has distributed approximately 286,000 cook-stoves during 2001-15, and plans to distribute an additional 260,000 cook- stoves between 2016 and 2031. The project falls under the National Forestry Master Plan and National Energy Policy, in order to reduce the use of wood from natural forests for cooking by 2030 (please see section 2.2 for further details).2.2.', 'The project falls under the National Forestry Master Plan and National Energy Policy, in order to reduce the use of wood from natural forests for cooking by 2030 (please see section 2.2 for further details).2.2. Institutional Arrangements and Planning for Implementation In addition to the actions described in Section 2.1, Myanmar has and will implement a number of climate change mitigation policies and strategies, which will not only make the mitigation contributions identified above feasible, but also help to identify other mitigation actions for future implementation. Policy Area Objectives Specific elements Climate Change & Environment • To achieve climate resilient, low-carbon, resource efficient and inclusive development as a contribution to the overall policy for sustainable development. • To mainstream environment and climate change into the national policy development and reform agenda.', '• To mainstream environment and climate change into the national policy development and reform agenda. • To strengthen the climate change related institutional and policy environment through sharing of technical knowledge and best practice, training and institutional support. • To promote evidence-based planning and policy making through the integration of climate change mitigation experience into sub-national, state and regional development planning initiatives. • To increase awareness of climate change at national, state and region and local level. • To promote an economy based on green growth. • To consistently monitor and take stock of the status of national environmental quality(i.e. through the use of standardised indicators). • The National Climate Change Strategy and Action Plans are under development and will be adopted in 2016.', '• The National Climate Change Strategy and Action Plans are under development and will be adopted in 2016. The strategy will devise the means to achieve the overall vision, and will set out a detailed implementation framework to address climate change in each sector. • A National Climate Change Policy will be developed in 2016. • The National Climate Change Policy, Strategy and Action Plan are being developed by the MCCA programme and MOECAF. The programme is funded by the European Union’s Global Climate Change Alliance Programme (approximately USD5m), and implemented by UN-Habitat and UNEP. The programme, which runs from 2013-17 is designed to increase awareness of climate change in Myanmar, to strengthen institutional capacity to develop policies address it, and to develop eco-system based adaptation practices.', 'The programme, which runs from 2013-17 is designed to increase awareness of climate change in Myanmar, to strengthen institutional capacity to develop policies address it, and to develop eco-system based adaptation practices. The programme is supported by a Technical Working Group, with representatives from all relevant ministries, cities, academia, Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) and technical partners. A Climate Change Unit within MOECAF has been established to provide technical support with respect to climate change mitigation and adaptation. • A MCCA has been established by the Union Government’s cabinet, which is chaired at Ministerial level. • The Green Economy Strategic Framework is under development and will be ready in 2016. The framework’s development is supported by the WWF.', 'The framework’s development is supported by the WWF. The National Environmental Policy, Framework and Master Plan (2030) is also currently being developed with UNDP support and will update the National Environmental Policy (1994). • The Environmental Conservation Law (2012) is being implemented, and includes provisions to address climate change, as well as make provisions for Environmental Impact Assessments for development projects. • The State of Environment Report 2015 is being finalised for publicationPolicy Area Objectives Specific elements Forest Management • To decrease the rate of deforestation so that a significant mitigation contribution from the sector can continue to be realised.', '• The State of Environment Report 2015 is being finalised for publicationPolicy Area Objectives Specific elements Forest Management • To decrease the rate of deforestation so that a significant mitigation contribution from the sector can continue to be realised. • To preserve natural forest cover to maintain biodiversity and ecosystems in Myanmar • To realize the co-benefits of the policy such as reducing soil erosion, thereby decreasing the risk of floods and landslides that may occur near rivers • To increase the resilience of mangroves and coastal communities which are at risk of flooding. • To increase capacity Sustainable Forest Management. • The National Forestry Master Plan was implemented in 2001 and will expire in 2030, upon which the next strategy will be designed and implemented.', '• The National Forestry Master Plan was implemented in 2001 and will expire in 2030, upon which the next strategy will be designed and implemented. As part of implementing the Master Plan, each district in Myanmar produces a 10 year management plan so that overall goals can be met by 2030. • In 2011, the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action-Plan was published as a complementary strategy to the Master Plan, and it was here that the level of ambition of increasing Protected Area Systems to 10% of national land cover was made.', '• In 2011, the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action-Plan was published as a complementary strategy to the Master Plan, and it was here that the level of ambition of increasing Protected Area Systems to 10% of national land cover was made. • In the catchment areas of rivers, streams, lakes and dams, forest plantations, agroforestry practice, community forestry have been done and also to reduce soil erosion, contour bunds, sediment trapping dams, conserving natural springs and bioengineering measures are being done. • Developing a coastal zone management plan to effectively conserve terrestrial and under water resources including mangrove forests. Also cooperating with international organizations providing technology and funding to reduce the risk of climate related disaster risk for local communities.', 'Also cooperating with international organizations providing technology and funding to reduce the risk of climate related disaster risk for local communities. The National Strategy Action plan (NSAP, 2015) has been published as well. • Myanmar joined the UN-REDD Programme in November 2011, submitted its REDD+ Readiness Roadmap document in 2013, and developing country programme and taking actions in line with the REDD+ roadmap. Energy • To achieve the optimal level of renewable sources in the primary energy fuel supply mix. • To increase the understanding of the potential of renewable power in Myanmar’s future growth plans of the National Energy Management Committee, to support the preparation of sustainable policies and strategies in the energy sector and assist in the formulation of a long-term Energy Master Plan.', '• To increase the understanding of the potential of renewable power in Myanmar’s future growth plans of the National Energy Management Committee, to support the preparation of sustainable policies and strategies in the energy sector and assist in the formulation of a long-term Energy Master Plan. • To realise a 20% electricity saving potential by 2030 of the total forecast electricity consumption. • The National Energy Policy (2014) is the overarching national policy which provides the framework for energy development and planning in Myanmar. • The Long Term Energy Master Plan is in the final stage of drafting and is expected to be approved by the end of 2016.', '• The Long Term Energy Master Plan is in the final stage of drafting and is expected to be approved by the end of 2016. • The National Energy Efficiency and Conservation Policy, Strategy and Roadmap for Myanmar draft is finalised and is expected to be approved in 2015. • The National Electricity Master Plan, draft is finalised.It aims to harmonise the medium and long term decisions on primary energy source selection and transmission system plannings.Policy Area Objectives Specific elements • Rural electrification through the use of at least 30% renewable sources as to generate electricity supplies. • The Myanmar National Rural Development and Poverty Alleviation Programme includes a Rural Electrification Plan which is currently being drafted and expected to be finalised in 2017.', '• The Myanmar National Rural Development and Poverty Alleviation Programme includes a Rural Electrification Plan which is currently being drafted and expected to be finalised in 2017. Other key sectors • To reduce the increasing rate of GHG emissions and air pollution caused by the transport sector, especially from road transport. • To ensure that increasing urbanisation takes place in a sustainable manner. • To mitigate emissions, generate power and reduce pollution from non-recyclable waste. • To mitigate GHG emissions from the agriculture sector from combustion of agricultural residues and growing rice in paddy fields. • Policies such as the National Transport Master Plan and National Implementation Plan on Environmental Improvement in the Transport Sector are being developed.', '• Policies such as the National Transport Master Plan and National Implementation Plan on Environmental Improvement in the Transport Sector are being developed. Cities, like Yangon, are studying options for sustainable transport development for example, and CSOs are engaged in proposing solutions to challenges for implementation • To promote sustainable urbanisation, the Government of Myanmar is drafting a National Urban and Regional Development Planning Law, a National Housing Policy, National Urban Policy, and is expanding its urban planning capacity. Approximately 75 township-level planners are being to achieve policy goals, they are the first in Myanmar to receive such training. • The National Waste Management Strategy and Action Plans are currently being developed and are expected to be completed in 2017.', '• The National Waste Management Strategy and Action Plans are currently being developed and are expected to be completed in 2017. • The Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation is researching alternative wet and dry paddy production techniques. This is an example of how Myanmar is resolving the need to mitigate climate change whilst also adapting to it. To reduce GHG emissions from the burning of crop residues in fields, the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation is implementing effective mitigation actions such as energy from crop residues, promoting the use of organic fertilisers, and methods to shorten the time of composting agricultural by- products. The bio-char program is also being planned and will reduce GHG emissions to atmosphere as a result of less anaerobic decomposition in the production process.', 'The bio-char program is also being planned and will reduce GHG emissions to atmosphere as a result of less anaerobic decomposition in the production process. At the same time, this will increase crop production. • Research and development is vital to find the means and methods of reducing GHG emissions from agriculture sector. To perform the systematic research necessary Myanmar requires the support of technical experts, access to tools and relevant apparatus. Technology transfer and assistance from experienced countries will therefore be required. The major requirement for research works related to GHG emission reductions will be considered and prioritised in Myanmar’s national comprehensive development strategy.2.3 Fair and Ambitious As set out in Myanmar’s Initial National Communication, due to its rich forest land, Myanmar is a net GHG emissions sink.', 'The major requirement for research works related to GHG emission reductions will be considered and prioritised in Myanmar’s national comprehensive development strategy.2.3 Fair and Ambitious As set out in Myanmar’s Initial National Communication, due to its rich forest land, Myanmar is a net GHG emissions sink. It is therefore already providing a positive contribution to the global fight against climate change. Despite this, Myanmar is facing the serious negative impacts of climate change caused by industrialised nations. Myanmar now wishes to develop its economy, but without measures to address emissions in the future, economic growth may affect its status as a net GHG sink in the years to come.', 'Myanmar now wishes to develop its economy, but without measures to address emissions in the future, economic growth may affect its status as a net GHG sink in the years to come. Myanmar is therefore committed to take the actions set out in this INDC in order to limit growth of its future GHG emissions and by doing so to create harmony and balance between economic development and environmental sustainability. Myanmar has for example been implementing the National Environmental Policy since 1994. A series of strategies are also under development including the National Climate Change Strategy, a National Energy Master Plan, an Energy Efficiency Strategy and a Green Economy Green Growth Strategy.', 'A series of strategies are also under development including the National Climate Change Strategy, a National Energy Master Plan, an Energy Efficiency Strategy and a Green Economy Green Growth Strategy. As the National Environmental Policy stipulates, development activities must integrate environmental considerations in order to achieve harmony and balance between socio-economic development and environmental sustainability. Continued development of such strategies will help in the identification and planning of climate change mitigation and adaptation projects and policies in the future. Myanmar is already implementing projects that will inform these strategies (e.g. in the industrial energy efficiency sector) which will result in significant direct emissions reductions and indirect emissions reductions through demonstrating technologies and processes.', 'in the industrial energy efficiency sector) which will result in significant direct emissions reductions and indirect emissions reductions through demonstrating technologies and processes. This is the first time Myanmar has offered a mitigation undertaking under any UNFCCC process and given its LDC status and low contribution to global emissions, the contents of this INDC are considered to be a fair and ambitious contribution to global action on climate change. 3.1 Rationale for Adaptation As a consequence of its geographic location and characteristics, Myanmar is inherently exposed to severe natural weather events, which have been increasing in intensity and frequency over the last sixty years.', '3.1 Rationale for Adaptation As a consequence of its geographic location and characteristics, Myanmar is inherently exposed to severe natural weather events, which have been increasing in intensity and frequency over the last sixty years. Being located in the centre of the southwest monsoon area of South East Asia, heavy-rain induced floods occur in many parts of the country which is crossed by large river systems and the Delta. The nation’s coastal area covers more than 50% of the entire eastern side of the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea and is therefore particularly prone to cyclones and associated strong winds, heavy rains and storm surges. Droughts are frequent, particularly in central Myanmar.', 'Droughts are frequent, particularly in central Myanmar. Importantly, the largest part of the total 51.4 million population (2014 census) is concentrated in the Ayeyarwaddy basin area, so it sustains many significant socio-economic sectors and many livelihoods. The population is concentrated in two main areas: the Delta area (~50,400 km2) which is most exposed to recurring tropical storms, cyclones and floods and potential storm surge, and the ‘Dry Zone’ area, which is exposed to chronic droughts. In 2014, 70% of the population that resided in rural areas and depended on rain-fed agriculture, livestock and fishery and forest resources. According to the National Implementation Report of the Department of National Planning in 2012-13, the agriculture sector contributed 32.9% of national GDP.', 'According to the National Implementation Report of the Department of National Planning in 2012-13, the agriculture sector contributed 32.9% of national GDP. The livelihood of rural communities and the productivity of the agricultural sector as a whole are therefore largely influenced by climate conditions in these areas. The economy of Myanmar and its society is therefore highly sensitive and vulnerable to climate change, climate variability and natural disasters. Adaptation to the changing climate is a priority. However the capacity to reduce risk and mitigate the effects of climate change is limited due to lack of technical, human resources, financial and legislative processes.', 'However the capacity to reduce risk and mitigate the effects of climate change is limited due to lack of technical, human resources, financial and legislative processes. This results in significant loss and damage, hampering the process of national development.Myanmar’s population recurrently suffers from loss of life and damage to infrastructure as a result of climate related disasters. Climatic changes have been recorded in the last six decades and they include increased temperatures, changes in total rainfall (increasing in some regions and decreasing in others), decreases in the duration of the south-west monsoon season as a result of late onset and early start times, and increases in the recurrence and severity of extreme weather events, such as floods, cyclones and droughts.', 'Climatic changes have been recorded in the last six decades and they include increased temperatures, changes in total rainfall (increasing in some regions and decreasing in others), decreases in the duration of the south-west monsoon season as a result of late onset and early start times, and increases in the recurrence and severity of extreme weather events, such as floods, cyclones and droughts. Importantly, models predict ever more extreme changes in temperature, drought periods, changing rainfall patterns, increased risk of flooding, cyclones and strong winds, flood/storm surges, intense rains and sea-level rises along the nation’s significantly long coastline by 2100.', 'Importantly, models predict ever more extreme changes in temperature, drought periods, changing rainfall patterns, increased risk of flooding, cyclones and strong winds, flood/storm surges, intense rains and sea-level rises along the nation’s significantly long coastline by 2100. In line with vision (as stated in section 1 - National Circumstances section), Myanmar, after cyclone Nargis in 2008, has consistently invested in improving national capacity to respond to and recover from such disasters by reconstructing in a sustainable manner which will mitigate future loss and damage. However, the dimension and scale of the challenges to achieve sustainable rehabilitation are beyond the nation’s current capacity. Myanmar therefore requires continuing support in this regard. The nature of support from international community has been elaborated under section 5 – Means of Implementation.', 'The nature of support from international community has been elaborated under section 5 – Means of Implementation. 3.2 Priorities for Adaptation and Emerging Issues Increasing climate-induced hazards, significant exposure and vulnerabilities to climate change, make adaptation and disaster risk reduction (DRR) a priority for the country. In 2012, Myanmar identified short, medium and long-term priority actions in the sectors of: i) agriculture; ii) early warning systems; iii) forestry; iv) public health; v) water resources; vi) coastal zone; vii) energy, and industry; and viii) biodiversity by adopting the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA). Within these sectors, the NAPA establishes four priority level sectors: 1. First priority level sector: resilience in the agriculture sector, developing early warning systems and forest preservation measures 2.', 'First priority level sector: resilience in the agriculture sector, developing early warning systems and forest preservation measures 2. Second priority level sector: public health protection and water resource management 3. Third priority level sector: coastal zone protection 4. Fourth priority level sector: energy and industry sectors, and biodiversity preservation In addition, since 2011 the rapid institutional, technical, financial context has evolved and new issues are emerging. Among those, the need to communicate and inform effectively at all levels (primary education, public opinion, policy makers), the need to make fast-growing cities resilient, and to further upscale the achievements in the disaster risk reduction area need to be addressed.', 'Among those, the need to communicate and inform effectively at all levels (primary education, public opinion, policy makers), the need to make fast-growing cities resilient, and to further upscale the achievements in the disaster risk reduction area need to be addressed. Planning and prioritisation capacity is also developed under the Myanmar Action Plan on Disaster Risk Reduction (MAP-DRR, 2012) and the Disaster Management Law (2013). 3.3 Current and Planned Adaptation Efforts In line with the priorities established by the NAPA, and considering priorities that are emerging, the Government of Myanmar is implementing a series of actions both at the policy, legal and programm level.', '3.3 Current and Planned Adaptation Efforts In line with the priorities established by the NAPA, and considering priorities that are emerging, the Government of Myanmar is implementing a series of actions both at the policy, legal and programm level. These actions will facilitate adaptation to climate change in the short, medium and long-term, through both its national budget and with international support. The list of all actions identified is not listed of this document. Instead, this INDC capture several examples of actions which demonstrate the determination of the country to adapt to climate change and to reduce risks of disasters, as follows: 1) Sectoral actions: Ministries are streamlining adaptation to climate change in their planning.', 'Instead, this INDC capture several examples of actions which demonstrate the determination of the country to adapt to climate change and to reduce risks of disasters, as follows: 1) Sectoral actions: Ministries are streamlining adaptation to climate change in their planning. The agriculture sector is implementing climate smart agriculture approaches through implementation actions such as legume crops diversification, measures in the agro-forestry sector and systematic control of soil quality and irrigation water. In addition, Myanmar is working to reduce climate change vulnerability and reduce poverty in rural areas and for subsistence farmers as a priority. Crop varieties are being researched with the involvement of universities, research institutions and local communities across the country for example.', 'Crop varieties are being researched with the involvement of universities, research institutions and local communities across the country for example. For instance, research is being carried out on the resilience of rice varieties’ resilience to drought, flood tolerance, salt tolerance and into alternative varieties that are resistant topests and disease. Another important on-going project is “Addressing Climate Change Risks on Water Resources and Food Security in the Dry Zone of Myanmar” (funded by the Adaptation Fund and implemented by UNDP with line ministries, CSOs, communities and other stakeholders). In the livestock sector, actions have been taken in the recovery stages of areas affected by climate change through livestock management, loans for farmers, animal feed management research and provision of training to minimise risk of disease.', 'In the livestock sector, actions have been taken in the recovery stages of areas affected by climate change through livestock management, loans for farmers, animal feed management research and provision of training to minimise risk of disease. The responsible ministry implement those activities within their own budget as well as with international support and co-operation with national non-governmental organisations (NGOs), international non-governmental organisations (INGOs) and the private sector. In the forestry sector, project examples include restoring degraded and sensitive forest areas through community based reforestation and enhancing rural livelihoods in degraded watershed areas, coastal areas and northern hilly regions.', 'In the forestry sector, project examples include restoring degraded and sensitive forest areas through community based reforestation and enhancing rural livelihoods in degraded watershed areas, coastal areas and northern hilly regions. Specifically, Myanmar is implementing projects such as the Rehabilitation and Restoration of Degraded Land and Reserved Forest through Community Participation, To Contribute to Climate Change Resilience and Socio-Economic Development of Local Communities Living the Central Dry Zone of Myanma. A further example is the Project for Mangrove Rehabilitation Plan for the Enhancement of Disaster Prevention in Coastal and Delta Areas. With respect to early warning systems, projects include assessing the hydrological impact of climate change on river systems and developing flood and drought early warning systems for reducing the vulnerability of local communities to extreme weather events.', 'With respect to early warning systems, projects include assessing the hydrological impact of climate change on river systems and developing flood and drought early warning systems for reducing the vulnerability of local communities to extreme weather events. End-to-end early warning system capacities are being developed with the assistance of international expertise. The Monsoon Forum is organised yearly to provide updates on forecasted data. Technical and financial resources in Myanmar today limit the extent in which data is collected, analysed and used however. Assistance to increase capacity in this area is therefore required. An Emergency Operation Centre (EOC) is being established to upgrade the response capacities to disasters. Among other issues which are being addressed include a focus on townships planning for adaptation.', 'Among other issues which are being addressed include a focus on townships planning for adaptation. Eco-system based approaches to adaptation at township level will be tested during the course of 2016-18, including a vulnerability analysis of the following elements: urban planning, infrastructure development, environmental risk and livelihood patterns. This will be followed by implementation of solutions to identified issues. Adaptation activities are also being conducted in the water sector, with projects on water way improvement to reduce flooding, improving the control of the transportation of commodities and on river bank erosion. Small-scale infrastructure to reduce risk of reduction is also being promoted, with construction of cyclone shelters in coastal areas for instance.', 'Small-scale infrastructure to reduce risk of reduction is also being promoted, with construction of cyclone shelters in coastal areas for instance. 2) Policy and legal instruments: The National Climate Change Strategy and associate action plans (to be approved in 2016), with its associated Capacity Development Assessment, will be used to enable adaptation to be featured into ministerial programming and planning. Existing tools include the Myanmar Action Plan on Disaster Risk Reduction (MAPDRR, 2012) currently being revised with the support of DRR partners, as well as the Disaster Management Law (2013).', 'Existing tools include the Myanmar Action Plan on Disaster Risk Reduction (MAPDRR, 2012) currently being revised with the support of DRR partners, as well as the Disaster Management Law (2013). A Disaster Risk Reduction Working Group (DRR-WG) was formed in 2008 during the early recovery phase of cyclone Nargis, and is increasingly active with a diverse network of agencies working to increase capacity for DRR in Myanmar (over 60 members). Based on the Law of Protection of Farmers’ Rights and Enhancement of their Benefits (2013), farmers are entitled to receive assistance and the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation will provide assistance when affected by disasters. The National Water Resource Committee was formed in 2014 and the Water Policy (2014) and associated water directives were adopted.', 'The National Water Resource Committee was formed in 2014 and the Water Policy (2014) and associated water directives were adopted. The Ministry of Construction is working to develop Myanmar specific national building codes with international support. An integrated water resource management strategy is now also being developed. The Forest Department within MOECAF is focusing on the sustainability of watersheds and to prevent sedimentation inside dams and reservoirs by drafting a National Watershed Management Policy (2014) and formulating Action Plans for establishing watershed plantations in watershed areas of major dams, reservoirs and water sources.', 'The Forest Department within MOECAF is focusing on the sustainability of watersheds and to prevent sedimentation inside dams and reservoirs by drafting a National Watershed Management Policy (2014) and formulating Action Plans for establishing watershed plantations in watershed areas of major dams, reservoirs and water sources. Approaches on eco-system based adaptation are being explored, for instance by the UNDP and by MCCA programme with MOECAF.3) Capacity-building, education, awareness and communication: Myanmar is in the process of establishing a Disaster Management Technical Centre to provide technical support on disaster management to ministries, sub-departments and other institutions at regional, state and lower administrative levels. The Ministry of Education is also including disaster risk reduction and climate change concepts and practices in school curricula and learning materials to achieve long-term positive impacts.', 'The Ministry of Education is also including disaster risk reduction and climate change concepts and practices in school curricula and learning materials to achieve long-term positive impacts. The government, through the MCCA programme, will facilitate a communication campaign with media, working with CSOs and other stakeholders to increase broadcasts and news on climate change and production of awareness materials throughout 2016-17. The government is also increasing awareness and actions to mitigate health risks related to the negative impacts of climate change, including for example seasonal information on vector borne diseases using national media channels.', 'The government is also increasing awareness and actions to mitigate health risks related to the negative impacts of climate change, including for example seasonal information on vector borne diseases using national media channels. Myanmar is benefiting from major programmes, such as the BRACED project (£5m, 2015-18) funded by the UK’s Department of International Development (DFID), a consortium of INGOs and UN partners, which aims at increasing resilience of communities to disasters in Myanmar. The projects funded by Adaptation Fund and Global Environment Facility will also have major impacts in vulnerable regions, as well as the already mentioned MCCA programme. 3.4 Requirements for Additional Planning, Financial and Technical Capacities The information above illustrates the attention given by Myanmar to adaptation, but more support and action is required.', '3.4 Requirements for Additional Planning, Financial and Technical Capacities The information above illustrates the attention given by Myanmar to adaptation, but more support and action is required. The NAPA highlighted priorities which the Government of Myanmar and partners are consistently implementing in the area of climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction. Two elements should be considered. Firstly, priorities level sectors established under NAPA need to be elaborated under the framework of an overall adaptation plan, including the costing and monitoring framework that highlights the roadmap to resilience. Secondly, Myanmar requires sizeable support in terms of capacity-building, technology development and transfer, and financial support for effective implementation as the existing efforts are inadequate.', 'Secondly, Myanmar requires sizeable support in terms of capacity-building, technology development and transfer, and financial support for effective implementation as the existing efforts are inadequate. With respect to institutional capacity building, the MCCA programme is supporting mainstreaming of climate change in various sectors, analysing gaps and promoting training. This action itself will require more coordinated support, with an actionable monitoring and evaluation systems, and close coordination among development partners. Capacity-building is also required in all sectors, to increase the ability to devise and implement adaptive solutions in all key sectors such as forestry, agriculture and early warning systems. Myanmar calls on the international community to continue supporting the development of capacities to achieve self-sustained adaptation as soon as is practically possible.', 'Myanmar calls on the international community to continue supporting the development of capacities to achieve self-sustained adaptation as soon as is practically possible. A major obstacle continues to be access and availability of technologies. This is particularly true, for instance in the area of climate data analysis and short to long- term forecast, i.e. lack of advanced computing facilities to enable accurate warning and information and scenarios. The needs to achieve the goals of the adaptation actions identified, as well realize the intended mitigation actions listed above contribution are described in more detail in Section 5 of this INDC. Finally, Myanmar is budgeting for adaptive actions in all sectors with the national budget.', 'Finally, Myanmar is budgeting for adaptive actions in all sectors with the national budget. However, the scale of the adaptation effort, considering the current level of capacities, and the trend of worsening changes in climate, means major support and investment is required. Investments, both from the Private and Public International Cooperation will be oriented for capacity building and technology development and transfer. 3.5 Ensuring Monitoring of Adaptation Efforts Given the evolving national and climate context and increasing challenges, Myanmar requires further planning to expedite progress and put a cost to the overall effort. A stock-taking exercise is planned by MoECAF with UNEP in September 2015, which will constitute the basis for updating priorities and support advanced planning.', 'A stock-taking exercise is planned by MoECAF with UNEP in September 2015, which will constitute the basis for updating priorities and support advanced planning. A National Adaptation Plan will be developed too, to respond to these needsstarting from 2016. Myanmar will develop appropriate mechanism for monitoring of climate vulnerability, funds allocated for adaptation and the results of adaptation actions. However Myanmar requires the support of the international community in improving its planning and monitoring for adaptation efforts., and to implement priorities which may be re-prioritised. 4. Implementation of the INDC 4.1 Planning Process for Producing the INDC The development of the INDC is a nationally led process. Political guidance has been sought from the highest institutional level within the Government of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar.', 'Political guidance has been sought from the highest institutional level within the Government of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar. MOECAF has acted as INDC focal point, facilitating the inputs from other line ministries. The INDC has been prepared through the review of key documents and a government drafting and validation process with all line ministries, which included: one kick-off meeting in March-April 2015, which highlighted priority areas; three interministerial consultations between April and July 2015 (which refined possible options), and a final validation workshop in August 2015. In addition, specific advanced technical meetings were conducted in priority sectors such as the Ministries of Environmental Conservation and Forestry; Energy, Electric Power, Rail Transportation, Transport, Agriculture and Irrigation, Science and Technology, Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement and Industry.', 'In addition, specific advanced technical meetings were conducted in priority sectors such as the Ministries of Environmental Conservation and Forestry; Energy, Electric Power, Rail Transportation, Transport, Agriculture and Irrigation, Science and Technology, Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement and Industry. Following the consultation process a final round of ministerial consultations was carried out by MOECAF before the INDC was submitted to the Union Government’ cabinet for approval before submission to the UNFCCC. MOECAF also worked with the MCCA for technical facilitation of the process. Technical assistance for the development of the INDC has been received from the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office and delivered by Ricardo-AEA Ltd of the UK, and MCCA.', 'Technical assistance for the development of the INDC has been received from the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office and delivered by Ricardo-AEA Ltd of the UK, and MCCA. Financial support by the Global Environment Facility via the UNEP and technical advice provided by UNEP-DTU partnership was also received to facilitate the preparation of the INDC. 4.2 Implementation Plan Five main aspects are crucial for succesful implementation of the INDC, and international support is required for each aspect. The first is the development of a clear strategy and co-ordination plan which assigns responsibilities and sets deadlines for activities.', 'The first is the development of a clear strategy and co-ordination plan which assigns responsibilities and sets deadlines for activities. The second and third, are separate needs assessments for mitigation and adaptation activities respectively which have to be carried out to identify specific requirements and gaps in technology, finance and to identify capacity building requirements in both areas. This has been detailed out in section 5 - Means of implementation. Fourth, mobilising resources for policy development, identification and purchase of suitable technologies for planned actions will be required. Implementation of projects can then begin and finally the fifth aspect of the plan will need to be implemented; a monitoring system will assist with the implementation of the plan at many stages, as outlined below.', 'Implementation of projects can then begin and finally the fifth aspect of the plan will need to be implemented; a monitoring system will assist with the implementation of the plan at many stages, as outlined below. A costing exercise including considering short, medium and long term priorities will be conducted to ensure the implementation plan has the necessary resources to deliver on intended contributions, intended actions and future policy developement. The coordination of different ministries and stakeholders will be needed at all stages to successfully implement the plan. Therefore, for implementation, the following activities will be necessary: • The Union Government’s cabinet will identify and mandate one of the existing national inter- ministerial committees to supervise and foster the implementation of the INDC.', 'Therefore, for implementation, the following activities will be necessary: • The Union Government’s cabinet will identify and mandate one of the existing national inter- ministerial committees to supervise and foster the implementation of the INDC. This may be the National Environmental Conservation Committee or National Energy Management Committee for example. • Under this arrangement, MOECAF should serve as focal-point for coordination with the guidance of the selected national committee. MOECAF will assist relevant ministries to identify what isneeded to implement identified mitigation and adaptation actions, as well as to develop Myanmar’s ability to attract climate finance. MOECAF’s role will also be to assist with the monitoring of the progress achieved by the line ministries in charge of the respective proposed actions and sectoral strategies outlined in the INDC.', 'MOECAF’s role will also be to assist with the monitoring of the progress achieved by the line ministries in charge of the respective proposed actions and sectoral strategies outlined in the INDC. • Myanmar would like to put in place a monitoring framework so that the selected national committee, through its ministry focal-point, will be able to further define financial and technical means of implementation most accurately, to measure progress on a regular basis and to issue policy guidance to the respective line ministries as needed.', '• Myanmar would like to put in place a monitoring framework so that the selected national committee, through its ministry focal-point, will be able to further define financial and technical means of implementation most accurately, to measure progress on a regular basis and to issue policy guidance to the respective line ministries as needed. Myanmar recognises that high quality Measurement, Reporting and Verification-MRV system is the cornerstone of project management as it demonstrates progress against plans, allows responsible entities to steer activities to achieve set policy goals and provides valuable lessons for improving future design and implementation of activities.', 'Myanmar recognises that high quality Measurement, Reporting and Verification-MRV system is the cornerstone of project management as it demonstrates progress against plans, allows responsible entities to steer activities to achieve set policy goals and provides valuable lessons for improving future design and implementation of activities. The set-up of an MRV system for Myanmar’s INDC implementation will require the clear allocation of responsibilities, e.g.to the implementing agency concerned, the building of capacities within the relevant agency and relevant stakeholders providing data or performing other MRV activities is also necessary. The set-up of clear processes for data collection, evaluation, quality assurance and quality control, reporting and documentation/ archiving. These activities will require international support in the form of capacity building and financing.', 'These activities will require international support in the form of capacity building and financing. Where possible, Myanmar will use existing institutional structures, capacities and processes as a basis for this MRV system. • The MRV system will have to include a component on costs and financial analysis.', '• The MRV system will have to include a component on costs and financial analysis. For this to be developed, Myanmar requires financial and technical assistance in order that the MRV system can efficiently, effectively and economically: o Update and provide financial data to support of the Ministry of Finance and the relevant line-ministries responsible for implementing identified actions o Collect information to provide updates on project progress on a regular basis, by establishing clear and straightforward reporting procedures for the line ministries in charge of the policies and actions which fall within their mandate to develop o Make the process of completing UNFCCC National Communications and other data requests with respect to emissions data a more efficient and accurate process o Provide analysis of observed changes in climate, as well as providing data for the update of models and projections for projects implemented with domestic resources and / or international partnerships o Can continue to improve collection of sectoral data and other key information.', 'For this to be developed, Myanmar requires financial and technical assistance in order that the MRV system can efficiently, effectively and economically: o Update and provide financial data to support of the Ministry of Finance and the relevant line-ministries responsible for implementing identified actions o Collect information to provide updates on project progress on a regular basis, by establishing clear and straightforward reporting procedures for the line ministries in charge of the policies and actions which fall within their mandate to develop o Make the process of completing UNFCCC National Communications and other data requests with respect to emissions data a more efficient and accurate process o Provide analysis of observed changes in climate, as well as providing data for the update of models and projections for projects implemented with domestic resources and / or international partnerships o Can continue to improve collection of sectoral data and other key information. • In addition, the development of the National Climate Change Strategy and its associated action plans will provide a platform for the coordination of stakeholders involved in the implementation of the INDC.', '• In addition, the development of the National Climate Change Strategy and its associated action plans will provide a platform for the coordination of stakeholders involved in the implementation of the INDC. • Concerning adaptation, a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) will be developed to plan, cost, and guide actions to meet adaptation objectives and priorities. The NAPA implementation will be continued as planned in the document submitted to the INDC. 5. Means of Implementation As an LDC, Myanmar requires further capacity-building along with access to technological and financial support from the international community to implement the INDC. In order to realise the intended mitigation contribution set out above and meet the nation’s needs with respect to adaptation, Myanmar requires a significant amount of international support.', 'In order to realise the intended mitigation contribution set out above and meet the nation’s needs with respect to adaptation, Myanmar requires a significant amount of international support. The success of the mitigation and adaptation activities in Myanmar is wholly dependent on receiving sufficient technology-transfer, capacity-building and financial support from developed and more experienced countries, international agencies, donors, and the wider international community.As defined in Myanmar’s Initial National Communication, the NAPA and other documents related to climate change in Myanmar, support is required as follows: Technology Development and Transfer. A preliminary Technology Needs Assessment (TNA) was completed by MOECAF as part of the preparation of the Initial National Communication.', 'A preliminary Technology Needs Assessment (TNA) was completed by MOECAF as part of the preparation of the Initial National Communication. There is a clear need for the transfer of Environmentally Sound Technologies (ESTs) such as renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies for mitigation and flood control technology and early warning technologies for adaptation. Myanmar’s technology development and transfer needs also include technologies and skills transfer which support the implementation and operation of ESTs such as those that ensure the operation, repair and maintenance of ESTs. The understanding of technology development and transfer needs in Myanmar is still developing and an additional TNA should be completed with international support to better understand these requirements.', 'The understanding of technology development and transfer needs in Myanmar is still developing and an additional TNA should be completed with international support to better understand these requirements. Particularly in the energy sector, Myanmar needs to develop its knowledge, understanding and gain further access to technology that can support goals. Other examples would be the increased use of meteorological modelling technologies as these can help with the planning of renewable which are dependent on seasonal conditions, and also reduce the impact of extreme weather events by improving weather forecasting. Capacity-building. Mitigating climate change and adapting to its impacts will require significant capacity building in all aspects of Myanmar’s plans to implement actions identified in the INDC.', 'Mitigating climate change and adapting to its impacts will require significant capacity building in all aspects of Myanmar’s plans to implement actions identified in the INDC. Further, capacity building will help in the capturing of lessons learned so future policies and actions can be designed and implemented with maximum effect and efficiency. Human resources, scientific research, technical and institutional capacities all require development and international assistance is an important requirement in order that this can be achieved. The Initial National Communication highlighted that further work is required to develop an understanding of the specific capacity-building needs in the above mentioned areas. In addition, and of great importance, is the fact that Myanmar’s current capacity with respect to MRV is at a very primary stage.', 'In addition, and of great importance, is the fact that Myanmar’s current capacity with respect to MRV is at a very primary stage. As a consequence, there is limited reliable data to support the attraction of finance and calculate emission reductions. There are various stages of the MRV capacity building process but Myanmar will require international support at each step. Whilst the end goal may be a national greenhouse gas inventory system, this will most likely take years to develop. The first steps are likely to be readiness assessments, personnel and institutional capacity building and also sector level MRV system design. Financial Support. Myanmar needs sufficient and sustained financial assistance across its climate change agenda.', 'Myanmar needs sufficient and sustained financial assistance across its climate change agenda. Myanmar strongly favours support from the international community in the form of targeted and systematically implemented new funds for LDCs such as the GCF. Increased co-ordination of financial support for mitigation and adaptation measures, outreach programmes and activities, and long-term research projects will make Myanmar’s goals more likely to be realised, therefore Myanmar wishes to work closely with such funds to ensure financial support is used effectively. Myanmar also intends to build its capacity to effectively and efficiently participate in future market based mechanisms. Financial support will first need to be determined by completing a detailed costing estimate in the very short term.', 'Financial support will first need to be determined by completing a detailed costing estimate in the very short term. It is envisaged that financial support will be utilised by Myanmar in a variety of ways including but not limited to: • Financial support required for the Technology needs assessment for mitigation and adaptation activities, financial need assessment for estimation of implementation and operational and maintenance cost, identification of need assessment for capacity building for implementation and monitoring of mitigation and adaptation activities, • Implementing identified actions in the forestry sector (e.g., forest assessments, reducing and stopping deforestation, rehabilitation of degraded forest lands, reforestation, forestry sector specific MRV and implementation of REDD+ projects,• Implementing identified actions in the energy sector.', 'It is envisaged that financial support will be utilised by Myanmar in a variety of ways including but not limited to: • Financial support required for the Technology needs assessment for mitigation and adaptation activities, financial need assessment for estimation of implementation and operational and maintenance cost, identification of need assessment for capacity building for implementation and monitoring of mitigation and adaptation activities, • Implementing identified actions in the forestry sector (e.g., forest assessments, reducing and stopping deforestation, rehabilitation of degraded forest lands, reforestation, forestry sector specific MRV and implementation of REDD+ projects,• Implementing identified actions in the energy sector. For example clean technology development, implementation of technologies, making the use of ESTs financially viable for end users and the private sector, • Addressing financial needs of the other key sectors which are emerging such as sustainable transportation, urbanisation, waste management and agricultural practices • Development and implementation of other sectoral and eventually national MRV systems for monitoring of actions, producing GHG emissions inventories, quantifying development co- benefits, accounting for funds received, • Reduction in vulnerability for example by setting up more effective early warning systems and increasing preparedness for disaster risk reduction, • Recovering from damage already caused by climate change, e.g.', 'For example clean technology development, implementation of technologies, making the use of ESTs financially viable for end users and the private sector, • Addressing financial needs of the other key sectors which are emerging such as sustainable transportation, urbanisation, waste management and agricultural practices • Development and implementation of other sectoral and eventually national MRV systems for monitoring of actions, producing GHG emissions inventories, quantifying development co- benefits, accounting for funds received, • Reduction in vulnerability for example by setting up more effective early warning systems and increasing preparedness for disaster risk reduction, • Recovering from damage already caused by climate change, e.g. rehabilitation of degraded forests and restoration of local ecosystems for people affected due to extreme weather events.', 'rehabilitation of degraded forests and restoration of local ecosystems for people affected due to extreme weather events. i Global Climate Risk Index 2015, Who Suffers Most from Extreme Weather Events? Weather-Related Loss Events in 1994 to 2013 and in 2013, Germanwatch and V. ii Union of Myanmar Post Nargis Joint Assessment, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United Nations, World Health Organization, Union of Myanmar Post Nargis Joint Assessment iii National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) 2012, UNEP with the Department of Meteorology and Hydrology, Ministry of Transport, Republic of the Union of Myanmar, page 26 iv Cit.', 'Weather-Related Loss Events in 1994 to 2013 and in 2013, Germanwatch and V. ii Union of Myanmar Post Nargis Joint Assessment, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United Nations, World Health Organization, Union of Myanmar Post Nargis Joint Assessment iii National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) 2012, UNEP with the Department of Meteorology and Hydrology, Ministry of Transport, Republic of the Union of Myanmar, page 26 iv Cit. NAPA 2012, PRECIS Model still to be validated, page 28 v Myanmar Census 2014 vi National Energy Policy, The Republic of the Union of Myanmar, National Energy Management Committee, 2014 vii Initial National Communication, 2012']

en-US

MMR

Myanmar

Updated NDC

2021-08-03 00:00:00

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NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Myanmar%20Updated%20%20NDC%20July%202021.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Asia

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/55c309a58800c37a6c1f48502b1c7075f5632e1f0ffe5f2108ff189c135cf174.pdf

['The Republic of the Union of Myanmar NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONSi Executive Summary The Republic of the Union of Myanmar located in South East Asia, is a nation that is rich in natural resources and whose area of 676,575 km2 spans a diverse range of topography and ecological zones. However, with a population of 54.8 million people, it is also one of the world‟s most vulnerable countries to climate change. Myanmar will play its part in mitigating global climate change while also developing its adaptation response in order to build climate resilience, taking nature-based solutions to climate change so as to minimize exposure of its people and natural capital, increase resilience and safeguard its economy.', 'Myanmar will play its part in mitigating global climate change while also developing its adaptation response in order to build climate resilience, taking nature-based solutions to climate change so as to minimize exposure of its people and natural capital, increase resilience and safeguard its economy. One means by which the Government of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar will reduce the vulnerability of its population to climate change and raise significant populations out of poverty is selective and strategic investments in the infrastructure needed for its national economic development. Nevertheless, Myanmar is one of the least GHG emitting countries in the world, contributing only 0.61 tons of CO2 e/person, based on 2018 data.', 'Nevertheless, Myanmar is one of the least GHG emitting countries in the world, contributing only 0.61 tons of CO2 e/person, based on 2018 data. Thus, based on its development status, Myanmar’s total emissions reductions contributions as a part of its NDC are 244.52 e unconditionally, and a total of 414.75 million tCO2 e, subject to conditions of international finance and technical support by 2030, which represents a significant commitment to global climate change efforts based on its national circumstances. Myanmar‟s INDC efforts were focused on adaptation, Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR), and mitigation. This NDC builds on those efforts and sets key sectoral conditional targets for energy and agriculture, forestry, and other sectors that the government aims to achieve with international financial and technical assistance.', 'This NDC builds on those efforts and sets key sectoral conditional targets for energy and agriculture, forestry, and other sectors that the government aims to achieve with international financial and technical assistance. National Climate Change Policy Mainstreaming: To ensure that Myanmar continues to develop and maintain conditions that secure the wellbeing and safety of its people, the government has adopted a strategic vision to transform the country into a climate-resilient, low-carbon society that is sustainable, prosperous, and inclusive, for the wellbeing of present and future generations.', 'National Climate Change Policy Mainstreaming: To ensure that Myanmar continues to develop and maintain conditions that secure the wellbeing and safety of its people, the government has adopted a strategic vision to transform the country into a climate-resilient, low-carbon society that is sustainable, prosperous, and inclusive, for the wellbeing of present and future generations. To achieve its goal as set out above, Myanmar needs to direct its development actions (specifically in the key social, infrastructure, and economic sectors) along two strategic pathways: a) Increase the adaptive capacity of vulnerable communities and sectors so that they are resilient to the adverse impacts of climate change, and b) Create and maximize opportunities to pursue a low-carbon growth pathway by ensuring development benefits to communities and all economic sectors.', 'To achieve its goal as set out above, Myanmar needs to direct its development actions (specifically in the key social, infrastructure, and economic sectors) along two strategic pathways: a) Increase the adaptive capacity of vulnerable communities and sectors so that they are resilient to the adverse impacts of climate change, and b) Create and maximize opportunities to pursue a low-carbon growth pathway by ensuring development benefits to communities and all economic sectors. Myanmar has and will be mainstreaming climate change into all relevant short, medium, and long-term national development plans and policies. This includes State and Regional development plans and policies under the guidance of the Myanmar Sustainable Development Plan (2018-2030) which is aligned with the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG).', 'This includes State and Regional development plans and policies under the guidance of the Myanmar Sustainable Development Plan (2018-2030) which is aligned with the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). In addition, the National Environmental Policy (2019)1, Myanmar Climate Change Policy (2019)2, Myanmar Climate Change Strategy (2018-2030)3, and Myanmar Climate Change Master Plan (2018-2030)4 were endorsed in 2019. Myanmar needs cross-cutting support to improve implementation of climate change actions across a diverse array of sectors, broadly defined as: Policy, Institutions, Finance, Capacity, Technology and Partnerships. The Climate Change Strategy and Master Plan outlines six prioritized sectors pertaining to adaptation, mitigation, and cross cutting issues.', 'The Climate Change Strategy and Master Plan outlines six prioritized sectors pertaining to adaptation, mitigation, and cross cutting issues. In order to support implementation these prioritized sectors, Myanmar will use GCF Readiness support to develop Strategies for Natural Resources Management and for Urban Low-Emissions and Climate Resilient Development. Climate Change Mitigation Actions: In the energy sector, Myanmar aims to achieve a conditional annual target of avoiding 144.0 e emissions by 2030 against that predicted under the BAU (Business as Usual) e. Myanmar aims to achieve this target by: increasing the total share of renewable energy (solar and wind) to 53.5% (from 2000MW to 3070MW) by 2030, and decreasing the share of coal by 73.5% (from 7940MW to 2120MW) by 2030.', 'Climate Change Mitigation Actions: In the energy sector, Myanmar aims to achieve a conditional annual target of avoiding 144.0 e emissions by 2030 against that predicted under the BAU (Business as Usual) e. Myanmar aims to achieve this target by: increasing the total share of renewable energy (solar and wind) to 53.5% (from 2000MW to 3070MW) by 2030, and decreasing the share of coal by 73.5% (from 7940MW to 2120MW) by 2030. Under its unconditional target, in the energy sector Myanmar will achieve avoiding 105.24 million e by 2030 from the BAU. In the Agriculture sector, Myanmar has introduced a new conditional cumulative target of e over the period of 2021-2030.', 'In the Agriculture sector, Myanmar has introduced a new conditional cumulative target of e over the period of 2021-2030. Through promotion of tree planting and agroforestry Myanmar will raise the average tree canopy cover across 275,000 ha of its agricultural land with <10% tree canopy cover per hectare. MOALI will increase this ambition level pending success in achieving these initial targets. Within the forest land and other land use sector, Myanmar has set a conditional target of reducing deforestation by 50% by the year 2030, resulting in a cumulative emissions reduction of 256.5 million tCO2 e (against the 2005-2015 baseline) over the period of 2021- 2030.', 'Within the forest land and other land use sector, Myanmar has set a conditional target of reducing deforestation by 50% by the year 2030, resulting in a cumulative emissions reduction of 256.5 million tCO2 e (against the 2005-2015 baseline) over the period of 2021- 2030. Myanmar has also set an unconditional target to reduce deforestation by 25% by the year 2030, resulting in a cumulative net emissions reduction of 123.6 million tCO2 e. Through the distribution of 5.1 million fuel-efficient cookstoves Myanmar will achieve a cumulative emissions reduction of approximately 12.99 million tCO2 e during 2021-2030. Of this amount 10.25 million tCO2 e will be subject to carbon offsetting while 2.74million tCO2 e will contribute to Myanmar‟s NDC target.', 'Of this amount 10.25 million tCO2 e will be subject to carbon offsetting while 2.74million tCO2 e will contribute to Myanmar‟s NDC target. Traditional cookstoves are also replaced by LPG- based technology substitutions to further reduce the emissions from the use of fuelwood and charcoal. The government has set an unconditional target to support the distribution of one million LPG stoves by the private sector resulting in an emission reduction of 14.94 million e by 2030. Under the national program for rural electrification, renewable energy technologies currently contribute an annual electricity generation capacity of 166.4MW.', 'Under the national program for rural electrification, renewable energy technologies currently contribute an annual electricity generation capacity of 166.4MW. Of this total, 44.41MW is generated through RE mini-grids, providing electricity to 1.8m people of the off-grid rural population, and which will generate 0.564 million tons of CO2 e in emissions avoided cumulatively by 2030 as compared to the alternative of power generation using standard diesel generators. The government has set a new NDC conditional target for mini-grid development, that will further increase renewable energy access to the total off-grid rural population of 3.6m people, power generation (88.82MW), and GHG emission avoided will be 0.874 e by 2030.', 'The government has set a new NDC conditional target for mini-grid development, that will further increase renewable energy access to the total off-grid rural population of 3.6m people, power generation (88.82MW), and GHG emission avoided will be 0.874 e by 2030. The government‟s NDC unconditional target will increase renewable energy access through mini-grids to the total off-grid rural population of 2.7m people, power generation (66.62MW), and GHG emission avoided will be 0.719 million tCO2 e by 2030. Myanmar will also initiate its efforts to promote energy efficiency across a range of sectors.', 'Myanmar will also initiate its efforts to promote energy efficiency across a range of sectors. Highlighting the fact that the country is becoming increasingly urban and industrial, Myanmar has set 2030 targets for improvement of energy efficiency of the residential sector by 7.8%, the industrial sector by 6.63%, the commercial sector by 4%, and other sectors by 1.36%.iii Thus, the policy target for energy efficiency is a cumulative of 20% by 2030 avoiding a cumulative of 0.133 million tCO2 e as a conditional energy efficiency target. Myanmar requests support in developing the baseline data and mitigation actions targeting a range of passive and active energy, heating, and cooling standards and technologies for these sub-sectors.', 'Myanmar requests support in developing the baseline data and mitigation actions targeting a range of passive and active energy, heating, and cooling standards and technologies for these sub-sectors. In addition to the defined sectoral targets above, Myanmar welcomes support to increase the use of integrated resource management and planning approaches (such as the urban nexus approach), to promote low carbon city growth models, and urban resilience paradigms for cities of all sizes. Cities are now home to 29% of the population, and thus need to be safe, resilient, environmentally viable, and carbon-efficient without sacrificing development. Similarly, Myanmar is eagerly exploring GHG emission reduction strategies across the land, marine, and aviation transportation sectors.', 'Similarly, Myanmar is eagerly exploring GHG emission reduction strategies across the land, marine, and aviation transportation sectors. Priority will be given to electric vehicles, the development of a Shipping Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) and a Green Shipping Strategy. Climate Change Adaptation Actions Given the high vulnerability of Myanmar, adaptation actions will be a key priority of Myanmar‟s NDC. Myanmar will initiate the process of its National Adaptation Plans and aims to build resilience of all its vulnerable communities and ecosystems identifying and promoting the right community-based and ecosystems-based adaptation measures taking a sectoral approach. The key sectors as identified in the Myanmar Climate Change Strategy to build Myanmar‟s socio- economic resilience are agriculture, natural resources, health, disaster risks, urban planning.', 'The key sectors as identified in the Myanmar Climate Change Strategy to build Myanmar‟s socio- economic resilience are agriculture, natural resources, health, disaster risks, urban planning. Education, training and research will also be a key pillar to enhance local capacities and knowledge to understand and deal with the impacts of climate change. Myanmar will promote climate-resilient productivity and climate smart responses in the agriculture, fisheries, and livestock sectors to support rural food security and livelihood strategies while also promoting resource-efficient and low-carbon practices that may enhance development of new markets and products. Myanmar will engage in sustainable natural resources management that enhances the resilience of biodiversity and ecosystem services to support social and economic development of the local and indigenous/ethnic5 communities while also delivering carbon sequestration.', 'Myanmar will engage in sustainable natural resources management that enhances the resilience of biodiversity and ecosystem services to support social and economic development of the local and indigenous/ethnic5 communities while also delivering carbon sequestration. Myanmar will ensure communities and economic sectors are able to respond to and recover from climate-induced disasters, risks, and health impacts, including COVID-19, and build a healthy society. Climate-smart health, disaster risk management, and minimized loss and damages of economic and non-economic assets and social protection systems could help to secure and sustain Myanmar s social and economic development, putting it on a climate-resilient pathway. Such systems will enable individuals, households, and national and local actors to absorb, adapt and transform in response to climate-induced risks.', 'Such systems will enable individuals, households, and national and local actors to absorb, adapt and transform in response to climate-induced risks. Myanmar will work to develop resilient, inclusive, and sustainable cities and towns where people can live and thrive. Urban planning, physical infrastructure and building designs will be key to contribute to building resilience of cities and towns. Investments in education, science, and technology-transfer will also be crucial areas for building a smart, knowledgeable, climate-responsive society. Limited capacities are a significant issue for Myanmar and capacity building will be an ongoing process. Myanmar will need support to enhance human capacities throughout the various primary, secondary, tertiary education and vocational training domains.', 'Myanmar will need support to enhance human capacities throughout the various primary, secondary, tertiary education and vocational training domains. Likewise, climate appropriate technology transfer 5 All ethnic nationalities residing in Myanmar are regarded as the indigenous peopleiv will play a vital role in enhancing mitigation actions and building resilience and should focus on promoting the development of local green manufacturing and jobs creation. The Myanmar Action Plan on Disaster Risk Reduction (MAPDRR)6 outlines 7 components to work on disaster risk reduction. With increasing frequency and intensity of natural hazards like cyclones, floods, landslides, heatwaves and slow on-set events like sea-level rise, Myanmar will need international support to implement its MAPDRR and improve its forecasting, early warning systems and marine forecasting tools to minimize loss and damage.', 'With increasing frequency and intensity of natural hazards like cyclones, floods, landslides, heatwaves and slow on-set events like sea-level rise, Myanmar will need international support to implement its MAPDRR and improve its forecasting, early warning systems and marine forecasting tools to minimize loss and damage. Institutional Frameworks for Planning and Reporting: A wide range of planning and consultative processes have been utilized, with government agencies and stakeholders followed by ministerial level consultations to get political buy-in. The National Environmental Conservation and Climate Change Central Committee (NECCCCC) provides oversight on all environmental and climate change activities. The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation (MONREC) plays the secretarial role for the NECCCCC and coordinates climate change related activities with relevant line agencies and the State and Regional Governments.', 'The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation (MONREC) plays the secretarial role for the NECCCCC and coordinates climate change related activities with relevant line agencies and the State and Regional Governments. In addition, MONREC is the government focal point for the UNFCCC and its climate financing entity, the Green Climate Fund. Myanmar will also be keen to extend cooperation in the ASEAN region in multiple sectors, including energy, land transport, marine transport, forest conservation and adaptation actions. A Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) system is currently being established to enable Myanmar to meet its obligations within the enhanced transparency framework of the Paris Agreement.', 'A Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) system is currently being established to enable Myanmar to meet its obligations within the enhanced transparency framework of the Paris Agreement. The MRV system envisaged for the country will serve multiple purposes as well as satisfying requirements for mitigation actions; 1) collecting data and information to account for the country‟s GHG inventories; 2) gathering data for preparation of Biennial Transparency Reports (BTR) required for implementation of the NDCs; and 3) identifying supports (finance, technology, and capacity) needed, and received. Myanmar will support the Global Stock-taking process by submitting its Biennial Update Report in 2022 and Biennial Transparency Report (BTR) not later than 2024, as mandated by the PA Rule Book.', 'Myanmar will support the Global Stock-taking process by submitting its Biennial Update Report in 2022 and Biennial Transparency Report (BTR) not later than 2024, as mandated by the PA Rule Book. This will take stock of the progress achieved based on: a) support received - finance, technology transfer and capacity building, and b) mitigation contributions and adaptation actions implemented by the country. Means of Implementation Myanmar will allocate domestic financial resources for the implementation of this NDC but will also need a major share of international financing support to be able to meet its conditional targets, to be able to implement mitigation and adaptation actions tied with the process of building back better through green recovery post COVID-19.', 'Means of Implementation Myanmar will allocate domestic financial resources for the implementation of this NDC but will also need a major share of international financing support to be able to meet its conditional targets, to be able to implement mitigation and adaptation actions tied with the process of building back better through green recovery post COVID-19. In addition to the financial support, Myanmar will also seek technological and capacity building support to help meet the targets set in its NDCs.v Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY I TABLE OF CONTENTS V LIST OF TABLES IX LIST OF FIGURES X ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XI ACRONYMS XII MYANMAR’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 1 2. ENHANCING THE NDC, BUILDING ON THE INDC 4 2.1 VISION, GOAL, OBJECTIVES, AND ACTION AREAS 4 2.2. NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN AND MRV OF CLIMATE FINANCE 6 2.3.', 'NDC IMPLEMENTATION PLAN AND MRV OF CLIMATE FINANCE 6 2.3. NDC REVISION PLANS 6 3.1. ENERGY SECTOR (ELECTRICITY) 7 3.1.1. Quantifiable Information & Reference Years: Energy Sector 8 3.1.1.1 Reference Period for the Energy sector: 2030 8 3.1.1.2 Quantifiable Electrification and Emissions in the Reference Period 8 3.1.1.3 Policies, Strategies and Plans of the Energy Sector (Electricity) 9 3.1.1.4 Unconditional Target for the Energy Sector 9 3.1.1.5 Conditional Target for the Energy Sector 10 3.1.2. Special Circumstances with regard to the Energy Sector (Electricity) 11 3.1.2.1. Renewable Energy Projects identified to help meet NDC Targets 11 3.1.2.2. Financing for the Energy Sector 11 3.1.2.3. Data and Information Collection Systems for the Energy Sector 12 3.2.', 'Data and Information Collection Systems for the Energy Sector 12 3.2. AGRICULTURE SECTOR (AGROFORESTRY) 13 3.2.1 Quantifiable Information & Reference Years: Agriculture Sector 14 3.2.1.1 Reference Period for Agriculture Sector: 2000-2010 14 3.2.1.2 Quantifiable emissions and removals in the reference period 14 3.2.1.3 Policies, Strategies and Plans for the Agriculture Sector 14 3.2.1.4 Unconditional Target for the Agriculture Sector 15 3.2.1.5 Conditional Target for the Agriculture Sector 15 3.2.2. Special Circumstances with regard to the Agriculture Sector 16vi 3.2.2.1 Agriculture projects that could help to meet NDC targets 16 3.2.2.2 Financing for the Agriculture Sector 16 3.2.2.3. Data and Information Collection Systems for the Agriculture Sector 17 3.3. FOREST AND OTHER LAND USE SECTOR (FOLU) 18 3.3.1.', 'FOREST AND OTHER LAND USE SECTOR (FOLU) 18 3.3.1. Quantifiable Information & Reference Years: FOLU Sector 18 3.3.1.1 Reference Period for FOLU SECTOR: 2005-2015 18 3.3.1.2 Quantifiable Emissions and Removals in the Reference Period 18 3.3.1.3 Policies, Strategies and Plans of the Forestry Sector 19 3.3.1.4 Unconditional Target for the FOLU Sector 19 3.3.1.5 Conditional Target for FOLU Sector 20 3.3.2 Special Circumstances regarding the FOLU Sector 22 3.3.2.1 Forestry projects that would help meet NDC Targets 22 3.3.2.2 Financing for the FOLU Sector 23 3.3.2.3 Data and Information Collection Systems for the FOLU Sector 23 3.4. PROGRAMS WITH MEASURABLE MITIGATION CO-BENEFITS 24 3.4.1. Fuel Efficient Stoves 24 3.4.2. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Program 25 3.4.3. Micro-Grids and Off-Grid Rural Electrification 25 3.5. MYANMAR’S CONSOLIDATED NDC MITIGATION COMMITMENTS 30 3.6. OTHER SECTORS WITH MITIGATION BENEFITS 30 3.6.1.', 'OTHER SECTORS WITH MITIGATION BENEFITS 30 3.6.1. Integrated Transport Planning 31 3.6.6. Green Cities Planning 33 4. ADAPTATION, AND LOSS AND DAMAGE 34 4.2. PRIORITY SECTORS AND OUTCOMES FOR ADAPTATION 34 4.2.1. Climate-Smart Agriculture, Fisheries and Livestock for Food Security 35 4.2.1.1 Assessment of Loss and Damage: Agriculture, Fisheries, Livestock 35 4.2.1.2 Prioritization of Adaptation Actions: Agriculture, Fisheries, Livestock 36 4.2.2. Sustainable Management of Natural Resources for Healthy Ecosystem 37 4.2.2.1 Prioritization of Adaptation Actions: Natural Resources 38 4.2.3.', 'Sustainable Management of Natural Resources for Healthy Ecosystem 37 4.2.2.1 Prioritization of Adaptation Actions: Natural Resources 38 4.2.3. Resilient, inclusive, and sustainable cities and towns where people can live, work and 4.2.3.1 Assessment of Loss and Damage: Resilient, inclusive, and sustainable cities 40vii 4.2.3.2 Prioritization of Adaptation Actions: Resilient, inclusive, and sustainable cities 41 4.2.3.3 Enhancements in Urban Planning Tools to Support Resilient Infrastructure and the Importance of Balancing Growth through support for Secondary Cities 42 4.2.4. Climate Risk Management for People’s Health and Wellbeing 43 4.2.4.1 Assessment of Loss and Damage: Peoples‟ health and wellbeing 43 4.2.4.2 Prioritization of Needs: Disaster Risk Reduction 44 4.2.5. Education, Science and Technology for a Resilient Society 45 4.2.5.1 Prioritization of Needs: Education, Science and Technology 46 5. ASSUMPTIONS AND METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES 46 5.1.', 'ASSUMPTIONS AND METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES 46 5.1. SECTORAL GASSES AND POOLS 46 5.2. EMISSION AND REMOVAL FACTORS 47 6.1. INFORMATION ON PLANNING PROCESSES 49 6.2. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF NDC 49 6.4. ENGAGEMENT WITH UNFCCC MONITORING FRAMEWORKS 52 6.4.5. Monitoring Reporting and Verifications (MRV) 53 7. MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION 54 7.1 GAPS AND NEEDS FOR FINANCING THE NDC 54 7.1.1. National Vehicles for Disbursement of Climate Finance 55 7.1.2. Accreditation to key International Funds 56 7.1.4. Climate Finance Registry 56 7.2. TECHNOLOGY GAPS AND TRANSFER NEEDS FOR NDC IMPLEMENTATION 56 7.2.1. Technology Gaps and Needs in Mitigation 56 7.2.2. Technology Gaps and Needs in Adaptation 57 7.3. CAPACITY BUILDING GAPS AND NEEDS FOR NDC IMPLEMENTATION 8.', 'CAPACITY BUILDING GAPS AND NEEDS FOR NDC IMPLEMENTATION 8. HOW IS MYANMAR’S NDC FAIR AND AMBITIOUS ANNEX I: ENERGY SECTOR MITIGATION SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION 61 a) Ongoing and Planned RE Projects that may contribute to the NDC 61 b) Climate Finance requirement for NDC Conditional Target in the Energy Sector 63 ANNEX II: AGRICULTURE SECTOR MITIGATION SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION 65viii a) Ongoing agriculture sector projects that may contribute to the NDC 65 b) Reference period removals due to tree cover change by state/region 66 c) Climate Finance requirements to meet NDC Conditional Target in the Agriculture Sector 66 d) Reference sources for the Agriculture Sector (Agroforestry) 67 ANNEX III.', 'HOW IS MYANMAR’S NDC FAIR AND AMBITIOUS ANNEX I: ENERGY SECTOR MITIGATION SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION 61 a) Ongoing and Planned RE Projects that may contribute to the NDC 61 b) Climate Finance requirement for NDC Conditional Target in the Energy Sector 63 ANNEX II: AGRICULTURE SECTOR MITIGATION SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION 65viii a) Ongoing agriculture sector projects that may contribute to the NDC 65 b) Reference period removals due to tree cover change by state/region 66 c) Climate Finance requirements to meet NDC Conditional Target in the Agriculture Sector 66 d) Reference sources for the Agriculture Sector (Agroforestry) 67 ANNEX III. FORESTRY & OTHER LAND USE SECTOR SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION a) Activity of the Myanmar Reforestation and Rehabilitation Programme b) Ongoing forestry sector project financing (Past and Present) 70 ANNEX IV: ENERGY EFFICIENCY SECTOR MITIGATION SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION 73 ANNEX V: MARINE TRANSPORT MITIGATION SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION 75 ANNEX VI: DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND LOSS & DAMAGE 77 ANNEX VII.', 'FORESTRY & OTHER LAND USE SECTOR SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION a) Activity of the Myanmar Reforestation and Rehabilitation Programme b) Ongoing forestry sector project financing (Past and Present) 70 ANNEX IV: ENERGY EFFICIENCY SECTOR MITIGATION SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION 73 ANNEX V: MARINE TRANSPORT MITIGATION SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION 75 ANNEX VI: DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND LOSS & DAMAGE 77 ANNEX VII. ADAPTATION PROJECTS SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION (ILLUSTRATIVE) 80 a) Ongoing Adaptation Actions: Agriculture, Fisheries, Livestock 80 b) Ongoing Adaptation Actions: Climate Risk Management, and Vulnerability for People‟s Health and Wellbeing 80 c) Ongoing Adaptation Actions: Education, Science and Technology 80 ANNEX VIII: DETAILED NDC PLANNING AND CONSULTATION PROCESS 82 a) Stakeholder preparatory consultations to translate the INDC into NDC Target 82 b) Stakeholder consultations in drafting the NDC 82 c) Finalizing the commitments for the NDC 83ix List of Tables Table 1.', 'ADAPTATION PROJECTS SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION (ILLUSTRATIVE) 80 a) Ongoing Adaptation Actions: Agriculture, Fisheries, Livestock 80 b) Ongoing Adaptation Actions: Climate Risk Management, and Vulnerability for People‟s Health and Wellbeing 80 c) Ongoing Adaptation Actions: Education, Science and Technology 80 ANNEX VIII: DETAILED NDC PLANNING AND CONSULTATION PROCESS 82 a) Stakeholder preparatory consultations to translate the INDC into NDC Target 82 b) Stakeholder consultations in drafting the NDC 82 c) Finalizing the commitments for the NDC 83ix List of Tables Table 1. Proposed Electricity Generation mix – NDC targets compared to BAU . 7 Table 2. Calculation of BAU Energy Sector target by 2030 8 Table 3. Annual BAU Emissions for Electricity Generation (2021-2030) (MtCO2e) . 9 Table 4. Energy Sector Unconditional Targets (2021 - 2030) 9 Table 5.', 'Energy Sector Unconditional Targets (2021 - 2030) 9 Table 5. Annual GHG emission scenario from Electricity under 2021-2030 Unconditional Table 6. Energy Sector Conditional Targets (2020 – 2030) . 10 Table 7. Annual GHG emission scenario from Electricity for 2021-2030 Conditional Targets Table 8. Conditional target for carbon enhancement on agricultural lands (2021-2030) . 15 Table 9. Unconditional GHG emission scenario from FOLU with a target of 25% net reduction Table 10. Projected unconditional GHG emission reductions beyond the NDC (2031-2040) Table 11. Conditional GHG emission scenario with target of 50% net reduction by 2030 . 21 Table 12. Projected conditional GHG emission reductions beyond 2030 (2031-2040) . 22 Table 13. Total emissions reduced by Fuel Efficient Cook Stoves by 2030, . 24 Table 14.', 'Total emissions reduced by Fuel Efficient Cook Stoves by 2030, . 24 Table 14. Annual Total emissions avoided through LPG displacement of Fuelwood cooking Table 15. Solar home system and mini-grid targets under NEP . 26 Table 16. Conditional target for emission reduction through micro and mini-grids using Renewable Energy 28 Table 17. Cumulative emissions avoided through Energy Efficiency actions (2020-2030),, 29 Table 18. Myanmar‟s Consolidated GHG Mitigation targets by 2030 - Conditional and Unconditional 30 Table 19. Average Annual Volume of Fossil fuel used in Maritime Sector. 32 Table 20. Emission Factors for the Energy Sector . 47 Table 21. Removal Factor of agroforestry88 . 47 Table 22. LPG and traditional fuelwood cooking emission factors 48 Table 23. Annual and Cumulative Energy Efficiency (2020-2030) 48 Table 24.', 'Annual and Cumulative Energy Efficiency (2020-2030) 48 Table 24. Ongoing RE and Hydropower Projects under development in Myanmar 61 Table 25. Existing vs Potential Hydropower Capacity in Myanmar 61 Table 26. Potential RE Projects for prefeasibility and feasibility study (some not put as NDC targets as of now) 62 Table 27. Enabling Conditions and associated climate finance requirements for Conditional Table 28: Ongoing Projects in the Agriculture Sector 65 Table 29. Average percent tree cover & areal extent of tree cover in agricultural areas 66 Table 30. Average percent tree cover by province areal extent of tree cover agricultural area in Table 31. Estimated finance requirements for conditional targets in agriculture sector66Table 32.', 'Estimated finance requirements for conditional targets in agriculture sector66Table 32. Targets of Myanmar Reforestation and Rehabilitation Programme (2016/17-2026/27), MRRP . Table 33.Government and External financing received by the Forestry Sector (2014-2019) 70 Table 34. On-going Forest Sector Projects that may contribute to the NDC . 70 Table 35. Potential Energy Efficiency Measures 73 Table 36. Project Objectives of DMA 75x List of Figures Figure 1. Map of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar 1 Figure 2: Working Committees under the NECCCCC . 50 Figure 3. Institutional Arrangement: NDCs & Implementation of Myanmar Climate Change Strategy . 51 Figure 4. Integration of Myanmar‟s NDC MRV Systems . 54 Figure 5. RE Projects with Pre-Feasibility Assessments, Feasibility Assessments, Ongoing . 62 Figure 6.', 'RE Projects with Pre-Feasibility Assessments, Feasibility Assessments, Ongoing . 62 Figure 6. Potential RE Projects (Hydro, Solar, Floating Solar and Wind) for the NDC 63xi Acknowledgements The Environmental Conservation Department (ECD) within the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation is Myanmar‟s focal agency for the UNFCCC. As such ECD is responsible for coordinating the Government of Myanmar‟s process of defining the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) under the Paris Agreement. Under the guidance and supervision of the Union Minister for MONREC, Deputy Minister, Permanent Secretary, Director General U Hla Maung Thein, the Climate Change Division (CCD) has led and coordinated the consultation processes involved in garnering commitments by a diverse range of sectoral departments and ministries for this NDC.', 'Under the guidance and supervision of the Union Minister for MONREC, Deputy Minister, Permanent Secretary, Director General U Hla Maung Thein, the Climate Change Division (CCD) has led and coordinated the consultation processes involved in garnering commitments by a diverse range of sectoral departments and ministries for this NDC. This NDC represents a commitment by the Government of Myanmar as a whole, and therefore could not have been completed without the extensive support, guidance and commitments made by a large array of government agency counterparts.', 'This NDC represents a commitment by the Government of Myanmar as a whole, and therefore could not have been completed without the extensive support, guidance and commitments made by a large array of government agency counterparts. Significant inputs into Myanmar‟s NDC were provided by the following departments: 1) International Organization and Economic Department (Ministry of Foreign Affairs), 2) Planning Department, (Ministry of Planning and Finance), 3) Department of Agriculture (Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation), 4) Department of Rural Development (Ministry of Cooperatives and Rural Development), 5) Road Transport Administration Department (Ministry of Transport and Communications), 6) Department of Meteorology and Hydrology (Ministry of Transports and Communications), 7) Forest Department (Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation – MOREC), 8) Dry Zone Greening Department (MONREC), 9) Department of Electric Power Planning (Ministry of Electricity and Energy), 10) Department of Research and Innovation (Ministry of Science and Technology), 11) Department of Urban and Housing Development (Ministry of Construction), 12) Mayors of Nay Pyi Taw, Nay Pyi Taw Development Committee, 13) Mayors of Yangon, Yangon City Development Committee, 14) Mayors of Mandalay, Mandalay City Development Committee.', 'Significant inputs into Myanmar‟s NDC were provided by the following departments: 1) International Organization and Economic Department (Ministry of Foreign Affairs), 2) Planning Department, (Ministry of Planning and Finance), 3) Department of Agriculture (Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation), 4) Department of Rural Development (Ministry of Cooperatives and Rural Development), 5) Road Transport Administration Department (Ministry of Transport and Communications), 6) Department of Meteorology and Hydrology (Ministry of Transports and Communications), 7) Forest Department (Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation – MOREC), 8) Dry Zone Greening Department (MONREC), 9) Department of Electric Power Planning (Ministry of Electricity and Energy), 10) Department of Research and Innovation (Ministry of Science and Technology), 11) Department of Urban and Housing Development (Ministry of Construction), 12) Mayors of Nay Pyi Taw, Nay Pyi Taw Development Committee, 13) Mayors of Yangon, Yangon City Development Committee, 14) Mayors of Mandalay, Mandalay City Development Committee. In the end, this NDC will only be able to be implemented with the support of Myanmar‟s population at large which expects high levels of accountability, transparency and scientific rigor.', 'In the end, this NDC will only be able to be implemented with the support of Myanmar‟s population at large which expects high levels of accountability, transparency and scientific rigor. To this end, ECD conducted numerous consultation meetings and invited written inputs in response to earlier drafts of the NDC. Inputs were provided by >100 civil societies, INGOs/NGOs, Universities, CSOs, and development partner institutions. The following development partners were invited by ECD to serve as a standing Technical Advisory Panel, whose engagement and support was coordinated by Dr. San Win (CCD, ECD): WWF, the Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI), UNDP/UNREDD, World Agroforestry Center.', 'The following development partners were invited by ECD to serve as a standing Technical Advisory Panel, whose engagement and support was coordinated by Dr. San Win (CCD, ECD): WWF, the Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI), UNDP/UNREDD, World Agroforestry Center. Particular appreciation go to Mr. Ugan Manandhar and Mr. Shoon So Oo (WWF); Dr. Aaron Russell, Mr. Siddhartha Nauduri, Mr. Nicholas Taylor and Mr. Thiha Aung (GGGI); Dr. Tim Boyle and Ms. May New Soe (UNDP/UNREDD); Dr. Khaing Thandar Soe and Dr. Delia Catacutan (Center for International Forestry Research/World Agroforestry); Ms. Yu Yu Naing (UK-FCDO); and Mr. Yazar Minn (Son Sie); Mr. Kyaw Moe Aung, Mr. Deepak Bawari, Mr. Robert O‟Connor (Consultants). WWF and GGGI supported ECD in consolidation of inputs and drafting of the NDC.', 'WWF and GGGI supported ECD in consolidation of inputs and drafting of the NDC. Financial support for this process was provided by: UNEP under GEF project: “Myanmar: Preparation of Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) to the 2015 Paris Agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)”, UNDP under the “Global Climate Promise Project”, and UK-FCDO‟s “Son Sie Project”.xii Acronyms ADB Asian Development Bank AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Land use ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations BAU Business as Usual CBIT Capacity Building Initiative for Transparency CBO Community Based Organizations CCC, Korea Climate Change Centre Korea CCRA Child Centered Risk Assessment CDM Clean Development Mechanism CDZ Central Dry Zone CFAVC Climate Friendly Agribusiness Value Chain Sector Project e Carbon dioxide Equivalent CORSIA Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation CPA Component of Program of Activities CSA Climate Smart Agriculture CSO Civil Society Organizations DDM Department of Disaster Management DM Disaster Management DMA Department of Marine Administration DMH Department of Meteorology and Hydrology DOA Department of Agriculture DOE Department of Education DOPH Department of Public Health DRD Department of Rural Development DUDH Department of Urban Housing and Development DRR Disaster Risk Reduction DZGD Dry Zone Greening Department EAD Expected Annual Damage EAO Ethnic Armed Organizations ECD Environment Conservation Department EE Energy Efficiency EF Emission Factor EITI Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative EMF Environment Management Fund EOC Emergency Operations Centre FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FD Forest Department FFS Farmer Field School FPIC Free Prior Informed Consent FREL Forest Reference Emission Level GAFSP Global Agriculture and Food Security Program GAHP Good Animal Husbandry Practices GCF Green Climate Fund GEF Global Environment Facility GGGI Global Green Growth Institute GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism ICAO International Civil Aviation ICCA Indigenous Community Conserved Areasxiii ICTU Information for Clarity, Transparency and Understanding IMO International Maritime Organization INC Initial National Communications INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contributions IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IP Indigenous People IT Indigenous Technology LPG Liquid Petroleum Gas LULUCF Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry MAPDRR Myanmar Action Plan on Disaster Risk Reduction MCCP Myanmar Climate Change Policy MEPS Minimum of energy Performance Standards MOALI Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation MOST Ministry of Science and Technology MOEE Ministry of Electricity and Energy MOFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs MOHS Ministry of Health and Sports MONREC Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation MOPF Ministry of Planning and Finance MOI Ministry of Industry MOSWRR Ministry of Social Welfare Relief and Resettlement MOTC Ministry of Transport and Communications MOCRD Ministry of Cooperative and Rural Development MPA Marine Protected Area MRRP Myanmar Reforestation and Rehabilitation Program MRV Monitoring, Reporting and Verifications MSDP Myanmar Sustainable Development Plans (2018-2030) MTE Myanmar Timber Enterprise MUDRA Myanmar Unified platform for Disaster Risk Application NAMA Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions NAPA National Adaptation Program of Actions NCRMCC National Coastal Resources Management Central Committee NCS Non-Convention Ships NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NDCP NDC Partnership NECCCCC National Environment Conservation and Climate Change Central Committee NEMP National Energy Master Plan NEP National Electrification Project NFMS National Forest Management Strategy NGO Non-government Organizations PAS Protected Areas System PA Paris Agreement PoA Program of Activities PPF Public Protected Forests RBP Results Based Payments RCP Representative Concentration Pathways RE Renewable Energy REDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation RF Reserved Forests RF Removal Factorxiv S&L Standards and Labelling SDG Sustainable Development Goals SALT Sloping Agriculture and Land Technology SEEMP Ship Energy Efficiency Master Plan SHS Solar Home System SOP Standard Operating Protocol TA Technical Assistance TCP Technical Cooperation Program e tons of carbon di oxide equivalent ToF Trees on Farm ToT Training of Trainers TTE Technical Team of Experts UNDP United Nations Development Program UNEP United Nations Environment Program UPDJC Union Peace Dialogue Joint Committee URDP Law Urban and Regional Development Planning Law VFV Virgin, Fallow and Vacant WWF World Wide Fund for Nature YAU Yezin Agricultural UniversityMyanmar’s Nationally Determined Contributions The Government of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, hereinafter referred to as Myanmar, is rich in natural resources and diverse in topography.', 'Financial support for this process was provided by: UNEP under GEF project: “Myanmar: Preparation of Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) to the 2015 Paris Agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)”, UNDP under the “Global Climate Promise Project”, and UK-FCDO‟s “Son Sie Project”.xii Acronyms ADB Asian Development Bank AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Land use ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations BAU Business as Usual CBIT Capacity Building Initiative for Transparency CBO Community Based Organizations CCC, Korea Climate Change Centre Korea CCRA Child Centered Risk Assessment CDM Clean Development Mechanism CDZ Central Dry Zone CFAVC Climate Friendly Agribusiness Value Chain Sector Project e Carbon dioxide Equivalent CORSIA Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation CPA Component of Program of Activities CSA Climate Smart Agriculture CSO Civil Society Organizations DDM Department of Disaster Management DM Disaster Management DMA Department of Marine Administration DMH Department of Meteorology and Hydrology DOA Department of Agriculture DOE Department of Education DOPH Department of Public Health DRD Department of Rural Development DUDH Department of Urban Housing and Development DRR Disaster Risk Reduction DZGD Dry Zone Greening Department EAD Expected Annual Damage EAO Ethnic Armed Organizations ECD Environment Conservation Department EE Energy Efficiency EF Emission Factor EITI Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative EMF Environment Management Fund EOC Emergency Operations Centre FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FD Forest Department FFS Farmer Field School FPIC Free Prior Informed Consent FREL Forest Reference Emission Level GAFSP Global Agriculture and Food Security Program GAHP Good Animal Husbandry Practices GCF Green Climate Fund GEF Global Environment Facility GGGI Global Green Growth Institute GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism ICAO International Civil Aviation ICCA Indigenous Community Conserved Areasxiii ICTU Information for Clarity, Transparency and Understanding IMO International Maritime Organization INC Initial National Communications INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contributions IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IP Indigenous People IT Indigenous Technology LPG Liquid Petroleum Gas LULUCF Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry MAPDRR Myanmar Action Plan on Disaster Risk Reduction MCCP Myanmar Climate Change Policy MEPS Minimum of energy Performance Standards MOALI Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation MOST Ministry of Science and Technology MOEE Ministry of Electricity and Energy MOFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs MOHS Ministry of Health and Sports MONREC Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation MOPF Ministry of Planning and Finance MOI Ministry of Industry MOSWRR Ministry of Social Welfare Relief and Resettlement MOTC Ministry of Transport and Communications MOCRD Ministry of Cooperative and Rural Development MPA Marine Protected Area MRRP Myanmar Reforestation and Rehabilitation Program MRV Monitoring, Reporting and Verifications MSDP Myanmar Sustainable Development Plans (2018-2030) MTE Myanmar Timber Enterprise MUDRA Myanmar Unified platform for Disaster Risk Application NAMA Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions NAPA National Adaptation Program of Actions NCRMCC National Coastal Resources Management Central Committee NCS Non-Convention Ships NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NDCP NDC Partnership NECCCCC National Environment Conservation and Climate Change Central Committee NEMP National Energy Master Plan NEP National Electrification Project NFMS National Forest Management Strategy NGO Non-government Organizations PAS Protected Areas System PA Paris Agreement PoA Program of Activities PPF Public Protected Forests RBP Results Based Payments RCP Representative Concentration Pathways RE Renewable Energy REDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation RF Reserved Forests RF Removal Factorxiv S&L Standards and Labelling SDG Sustainable Development Goals SALT Sloping Agriculture and Land Technology SEEMP Ship Energy Efficiency Master Plan SHS Solar Home System SOP Standard Operating Protocol TA Technical Assistance TCP Technical Cooperation Program e tons of carbon di oxide equivalent ToF Trees on Farm ToT Training of Trainers TTE Technical Team of Experts UNDP United Nations Development Program UNEP United Nations Environment Program UPDJC Union Peace Dialogue Joint Committee URDP Law Urban and Regional Development Planning Law VFV Virgin, Fallow and Vacant WWF World Wide Fund for Nature YAU Yezin Agricultural UniversityMyanmar’s Nationally Determined Contributions The Government of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, hereinafter referred to as Myanmar, is rich in natural resources and diverse in topography. However, it is one of the world‟s most vulnerable countries to climate change impacts7.', 'However, it is one of the world‟s most vulnerable countries to climate change impacts7. The residents of eight major national races and 135 ethnic groups of Myanmar, in particular the Central Dry Zone (CDZ), the Delta Region, and those living along the 2,851 km of coastline are naturally exposed to severe climatic events. In addition, the people of the hilly regions and the low-lying plains will be adversely affected by the impacts of climate change. Myanmar is currently addressing the climate change risks and is identifying opportunities to enhance its socio-economic development striving for a balance between aspirations to meet its development needs, attract investments and reduce poverty across the country.', 'Myanmar is currently addressing the climate change risks and is identifying opportunities to enhance its socio-economic development striving for a balance between aspirations to meet its development needs, attract investments and reduce poverty across the country. Myanmar is determined to play its part in mitigating global climate change taking into consideration its socio-economic context, while also developing its adaptation responses in order to build climate resilience through promotion of nature-based solutions to climate change. This is to minimize exposure of its people and degradation of natural capital, to increase their resilience, and to safeguard the nation‟s economy given climate change could also have devastating impacts on its GDP.', 'This is to minimize exposure of its people and degradation of natural capital, to increase their resilience, and to safeguard the nation‟s economy given climate change could also have devastating impacts on its GDP. According to the PDNA- Post Disaster Needs Assessment-2015, the losses and damages caused by floods and landslides had an impact of 3.1% of the GDP8. Myanmar is strengthening its institutional frameworks, developing policy tools, identifying opportunities for technology transfer, and investing in human capacity building through an array of domestic initiatives and international partnerships.', 'Myanmar is strengthening its institutional frameworks, developing policy tools, identifying opportunities for technology transfer, and investing in human capacity building through an array of domestic initiatives and international partnerships. The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation – MONREC – plays a focal role in advocating, coordinating, and reporting on environmental and climate change matters and reports on these actions to the inter- ministerial National Environmental Conservation and Climate Change Central Committee (NECCCCC). Figure 1. Map of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar 8 Myanmar Post Disaster Needs Assessment of Flood and Landslides; July-September 2015Myanmar submitted its INDC9 in August 2015 and endorsed the Paris Agreement in 2017. Based on the INDC, work has progressed in the forestry, electricity, and rural renewable energy sectors.', 'Based on the INDC, work has progressed in the forestry, electricity, and rural renewable energy sectors. Adaptation was identified as a priority and work has progressed across a range of sectors. In the coming years, the means of implementation, through international financial support, technology transfer, and capacity building, will allow Myanmar to scale-up enhanced adaptation and mitigation actions as outlined in the following chapters. Furthermore, in the context of COVID- 19, green recovery options will be prioritized by Myanmar. Myanmar acknowledges all of the support it has received from the bilateral and multilateral donors and development partners in the implementation of the INDC as well as in this NDC revision process and welcomes their continued support to enable the country to achieve its NDC objectives going forward.', 'Myanmar acknowledges all of the support it has received from the bilateral and multilateral donors and development partners in the implementation of the INDC as well as in this NDC revision process and welcomes their continued support to enable the country to achieve its NDC objectives going forward. Furthermore, building on the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement (NCA) with Ethnic Armed Organizations (EAO), it recognizes that ensuring and establishing peace and stability across the country will also be vital in assisting Myanmar to achieve its mitigation targets and enhance adaptation throughout the country. However, with the climate change crisis, the COVID-19 pandemic has been the two biggest challenges the world in currently facing.', 'However, with the climate change crisis, the COVID-19 pandemic has been the two biggest challenges the world in currently facing. The pandemic has affected the economic growth and climate agenda including 1) disturbance of supply chains and trade flows, 2) declining retail and discretionary spending, 3) complete termination of tourism, 4) losses of jobs, 5) declining consumer and investment sentiment, and 6) delays and impediments for implementation of both national and international climate actions. In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, Myanmar endorsed the COVID-19 Economic Relief Plan (CERP) that identified priority actions to be undertaken by the government to provide support for the most affected sectors of society in the midst of the COVID-19 and to initiate enhance recovery efforts.', 'In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, Myanmar endorsed the COVID-19 Economic Relief Plan (CERP) that identified priority actions to be undertaken by the government to provide support for the most affected sectors of society in the midst of the COVID-19 and to initiate enhance recovery efforts. While global efforts continue to pursue a breakthrough for a vaccine, a global green recovery is crucial to ensure a mainstreaming of green economic reforms that reinforce the mandate of the Paris Agreement. The government is currently also developing the Myanmar Economic Recovery and Reform Plan (MERRP) to ensure that the post-COVID recovery will mainstream key opportunities to “build back better” by promoting the development of more efficient, effective, and environmentally sustainable technologies and planning approaches.', 'The government is currently also developing the Myanmar Economic Recovery and Reform Plan (MERRP) to ensure that the post-COVID recovery will mainstream key opportunities to “build back better” by promoting the development of more efficient, effective, and environmentally sustainable technologies and planning approaches. Myanmar will also be participating in the UNFCCC: COVID-19 Online Platform, where it will inform the international community about its green recovery policies, measures and actions related to climate adaptation and mitigation actions, and the environment as a whole. Since Myanmar become a member of NDC Partnership in June 2020, it is preparing to implement a COVID-19 recovery support programme with support of the NDC Partnership – NDCP to support integrating climate actions in the national economic recovery planning response to the COVID-19 global pandemic.', 'Since Myanmar become a member of NDC Partnership in June 2020, it is preparing to implement a COVID-19 recovery support programme with support of the NDC Partnership – NDCP to support integrating climate actions in the national economic recovery planning response to the COVID-19 global pandemic. 1.1 Policy Initiatives Myanmar, as a Party to the Paris Agreement (PA), has developed policy instruments and action plans and set-up sectoral coordination mechanisms to play its role in the global efforts on climate change. As part of its domestic actions (for both adaptation and mitigation), the country has taken steps to create enabling environments to enhance collaboration and guide the means of implementation through technology, capacity building, and climate finance.', 'As part of its domestic actions (for both adaptation and mitigation), the country has taken steps to create enabling environments to enhance collaboration and guide the means of implementation through technology, capacity building, and climate finance. has established a clear institutional framework to mainstream climate change into all relevant short, medium, and long-term national development plans and policies. The Myanmar Climate Change Policy (MCCP) (2019)10, Myanmar Climate Change Strategy (MCCS) (2018- 2030)11, and Myanmar Climate Change Master Plan (MCCMP) (2018-2030)12 were endorsed and launched on June 5, 2019. The MCCP outlines the country‟s long-term goals to be a climate- resilient, low-carbon society that is sustainable, prosperous, and inclusive, for the wellbeing of present and future generations.', 'The MCCP outlines the country‟s long-term goals to be a climate- resilient, low-carbon society that is sustainable, prosperous, and inclusive, for the wellbeing of present and future generations. The objectives, which are in accord with implementing the Paris Agreement, are to promote adaptation and mitigation, integrate these actions across all sectors, and take decisions to create and maximize opportunities for sustainable, low-carbon, climate resilient development by 2030. The MCCP‟s nine guiding principles include: (1) Sustainable Development; (2) Precaution; (3) Prevention; (4) Environmental Integrity; (5) Shared responsibility and cooperation; (6) Inclusiveness; (7) Good Governance; (8) Climate justice and equity; and (9) Gender equality and women‟s empowerment.', 'The MCCP‟s nine guiding principles include: (1) Sustainable Development; (2) Precaution; (3) Prevention; (4) Environmental Integrity; (5) Shared responsibility and cooperation; (6) Inclusiveness; (7) Good Governance; (8) Climate justice and equity; and (9) Gender equality and women‟s empowerment. These principles will guide implementation of climate actions on the ground and ensure integration of FPIC (Free Prior and Informed Consent) in all initiatives and as appropriate to promote and protect the rights of Myanmar‟s citizens to live in a healthy environment and a fair, equitable, and sustainable society, in particular the poorest and most vulnerable people.', 'These principles will guide implementation of climate actions on the ground and ensure integration of FPIC (Free Prior and Informed Consent) in all initiatives and as appropriate to promote and protect the rights of Myanmar‟s citizens to live in a healthy environment and a fair, equitable, and sustainable society, in particular the poorest and most vulnerable people. The MCCP was developed in parallel with, and informed the development of the Myanmar Sustainable Development Plan (MSDP) (2018-2030), which has defined clear climate change mitigation and adaptation relevant measures and requirements for reporting against measurable indicators by all National, State and Regional development plans and policies. Two key sectoral policy documents impacting Myanmar‟s future GHG emissions relate to Forestry and Energy. Forestry currently contributes some 80% of Myanmar‟s GHG emissions.', 'Forestry currently contributes some 80% of Myanmar‟s GHG emissions. Myanmar‟s National Forestry Master Plan (NFMP) (2001-2031) and Myanmar Reforestation and Rehabilitation Program (MRRP) (2017-2026) provide clear frameworks for Myanmar‟s mitigation activities related to forestry, while also providing significant biodiversity and adaptation co-benefits. Similarly, whereas the National Electricity Master Plan (2014) was guided by a “Business as Usual” (BAU) implementation of the current generation energy mix, this NDC sets clear targets for GHG emissions reductions and emissions avoided in this sector. Myanmar has developed numerous sectoral policies that will directly support implementation of the MCCP. The National Environmental Policy (NEP) (2019)13 envisions a clean environment with healthy and functioning ecosystems to ensure inclusive development and well-being for all residents.', 'The National Environmental Policy (NEP) (2019)13 envisions a clean environment with healthy and functioning ecosystems to ensure inclusive development and well-being for all residents. Myanmar has also endorsed the National Waste Management Strategy and Master Plan (2018-2030)14 and Hazardous Waste Management Master Plan (2020) and the National Energy Efficiency and Conservation Policy, Strategy and Roadmap (2016)15. Further policies under development to mainstream climate change action, and to promote low-carbon development pathways include the National Green Economy Policy Framework (GEPF), National Environmental Strategic Framework and Master Plan, Environmental Human Resource Development Strategy, and Guidelines on Climate Change Resilient Architecture.', 'Further policies under development to mainstream climate change action, and to promote low-carbon development pathways include the National Green Economy Policy Framework (GEPF), National Environmental Strategic Framework and Master Plan, Environmental Human Resource Development Strategy, and Guidelines on Climate Change Resilient Architecture. myanmar-2019.pdf.In the near future, Myanmar expects to continue expanding the scope of its climate change actions to revise and/or develop new policies and strategic frameworks covering such sectors as transport, energy efficiency, and industrialization. Myanmar has already prioritized the development of national strategies for natural resources management, and low-emissions and climate resilient urban development in its submissions for Green Climate Fund Readiness grants. The Myanmar COVID-19 Economic Relief Plan (2020) also prioritizes climate and environment friendly infrastructure investments (renewable energy) on an expedited basis. 2.', 'The Myanmar COVID-19 Economic Relief Plan (2020) also prioritizes climate and environment friendly infrastructure investments (renewable energy) on an expedited basis. 2. Enhancing the NDC, Building on the INDC 2.1 Vision, Goal, Objectives, and Action Areas 2.1.1. Strategic Vision To ensure Myanmar continues to develop and maintain conditions to secure the wellbeing and safety of its people, Myanmar has adopted a strategic vision to transform Myanmar into a climate-resilient, low-carbon society that is sustainable, prosperous and inclusive, for the wellbeing of present and future generations. With this vision as a beacon over the next 10 years, Myanmar will organize and maximize the efforts of its government, regions, local communities, public and private sectors, and civil society.', 'With this vision as a beacon over the next 10 years, Myanmar will organize and maximize the efforts of its government, regions, local communities, public and private sectors, and civil society. In line with the vision above, Myanmar aims to become a climate-resilient country, while also contributing to global efforts to curb GHG emissions, reducing its contribution to climate change within a realistic timeline of 10 years. Myanmar wishes to develop in a sustainable way to ensure it does not deplete its rich environmental capital beyond its capacity, and to create economic opportunities for everyone in an inclusive manner. The long-term goal of this strategy to achieve this vision is: By 2030, Myanmar has achieved climate-resilience and pursued a low-carbon growth pathway to support inclusive and sustainable development.', 'The long-term goal of this strategy to achieve this vision is: By 2030, Myanmar has achieved climate-resilience and pursued a low-carbon growth pathway to support inclusive and sustainable development. To achieve its goal as set out above, Myanmar needs to direct its development actions (specifically in the key social, infrastructure and economic sectors) along two strategic pathways: ● One pathway is building resilience so that communities, ecosystems, the economy and all assets (whether industrial, urban, educational, domestic and so on) are adapted to current and projected climate change, in a way that allows them to continue to perform and thrive at maximum level under the adverse climate change scenarios where the impacts already being felt and those that are projected to intensify in the coming decades, and face minimum loss and damage once adaptation fails.', 'To achieve its goal as set out above, Myanmar needs to direct its development actions (specifically in the key social, infrastructure and economic sectors) along two strategic pathways: ● One pathway is building resilience so that communities, ecosystems, the economy and all assets (whether industrial, urban, educational, domestic and so on) are adapted to current and projected climate change, in a way that allows them to continue to perform and thrive at maximum level under the adverse climate change scenarios where the impacts already being felt and those that are projected to intensify in the coming decades, and face minimum loss and damage once adaptation fails. ● The second pathway is making development choices that are low-carbon whereby development opportunities are pursued in line with the global effort to combat climate change and provide the correct balance between development and environmental sustainability.', '● The second pathway is making development choices that are low-carbon whereby development opportunities are pursued in line with the global effort to combat climate change and provide the correct balance between development and environmental sustainability. These two pathways reflect the parallel adaptation and mitigation requirements where Myanmar needs to concentrate its efforts to ensure it is a climate-resilient nation pursuing a low-carbondevelopment pathway by 2030.', 'These two pathways reflect the parallel adaptation and mitigation requirements where Myanmar needs to concentrate its efforts to ensure it is a climate-resilient nation pursuing a low-carbondevelopment pathway by 2030. They are expressed as two separate but parallel objectives that the country needs to achieve to meet the long-term goals to: ● Increase the adaptive capacity of vulnerable communities through interventions in Agriculture, Fisheries, Livestock, Water, Marine and Coastal, Infrastructure, Health, Education, Energy, Urban Development sectors so that they are resilient to the adverse impacts of climate change and create and maximize opportunities for sectors to pursue a low-carbon growth pathway while ensuring development benefits to communities and all economic sectors.', 'They are expressed as two separate but parallel objectives that the country needs to achieve to meet the long-term goals to: ● Increase the adaptive capacity of vulnerable communities through interventions in Agriculture, Fisheries, Livestock, Water, Marine and Coastal, Infrastructure, Health, Education, Energy, Urban Development sectors so that they are resilient to the adverse impacts of climate change and create and maximize opportunities for sectors to pursue a low-carbon growth pathway while ensuring development benefits to communities and all economic sectors. In its commitment to implement the Paris Agreement, Myanmar hereby submits this revised and enhanced NDC (Nationally Determined Contribution).', 'In its commitment to implement the Paris Agreement, Myanmar hereby submits this revised and enhanced NDC (Nationally Determined Contribution). This NDC sets ambitious quantified GHG mid-term emissions mitigation targets for the period of 2021-2030 in line with its socio- economic context for the Electricity and Agriculture, Forestry and other Land Use (AFOLU) Sectors. The NDC also identifies an array of programs that will deliver mitigation co-benefits related to energy efficiency, urban development, transportation, rural electrification, and cookstove distribution including LPG.', 'The NDC also identifies an array of programs that will deliver mitigation co-benefits related to energy efficiency, urban development, transportation, rural electrification, and cookstove distribution including LPG. Given Myanmar‟s vulnerability and exposure to climate change, adaptation was and will always remain the nation‟s first priority and this NDC presents a clear assessment of the adaptation needs of the country based on the climate scenarios, trends, vulnerability, and risks faced by Myanmar (please see Annex I for INDC).Climate change linked Loss-and-Damage will therefore be a significant concern for Myanmar and will form a key part of its request for support in implementing this NDC.', 'Given Myanmar‟s vulnerability and exposure to climate change, adaptation was and will always remain the nation‟s first priority and this NDC presents a clear assessment of the adaptation needs of the country based on the climate scenarios, trends, vulnerability, and risks faced by Myanmar (please see Annex I for INDC).Climate change linked Loss-and-Damage will therefore be a significant concern for Myanmar and will form a key part of its request for support in implementing this NDC. This NDC compiles these targets; the different activities, projects, and programs; and the need for technical and financial support to help Myanmar be a worthy global citizen to achieve its mitigation targets as well as its domestic adaptation needs.', 'This NDC compiles these targets; the different activities, projects, and programs; and the need for technical and financial support to help Myanmar be a worthy global citizen to achieve its mitigation targets as well as its domestic adaptation needs. The MCCS (2018-2030)16 and MCCMP (2018-2030)17 are the key guiding documents for the implementation of Myanmar‟s revised NDC, addressing both the current adaptation and mitigation priorities, and allowing scope for future amendments as the country learns from the successes and challenges faced in implementation.', 'The MCCS (2018-2030)16 and MCCMP (2018-2030)17 are the key guiding documents for the implementation of Myanmar‟s revised NDC, addressing both the current adaptation and mitigation priorities, and allowing scope for future amendments as the country learns from the successes and challenges faced in implementation. The MCCS&MP outlines six prioritized sectors pertaining to adaptation, mitigation, and cross cutting issues namely: a) Climate-smart agriculture, fisheries, and livestock for food security b) Sustainable management of natural resources for healthy ecosystems c) Resilient and low carbon energy transport and industrial systems for sustainable growth d) Resilient, inclusive, and sustainable cities and towns where people can live and thrive e) Climate risk management for people‟s health and well being f) Education, science, and technology for a resilient society.', 'The MCCS&MP outlines six prioritized sectors pertaining to adaptation, mitigation, and cross cutting issues namely: a) Climate-smart agriculture, fisheries, and livestock for food security b) Sustainable management of natural resources for healthy ecosystems c) Resilient and low carbon energy transport and industrial systems for sustainable growth d) Resilient, inclusive, and sustainable cities and towns where people can live and thrive e) Climate risk management for people‟s health and well being f) Education, science, and technology for a resilient society. Based on the above six sectors, the MCCMP outlines a total of 311 actions related to adaptation and mitigation or both; out of which 134 results are expected in the short-term; 117 results are expected to be achieved in the mid-term and 60 results are expected to be achieved in the long- term.', 'Based on the above six sectors, the MCCMP outlines a total of 311 actions related to adaptation and mitigation or both; out of which 134 results are expected in the short-term; 117 results are expected to be achieved in the mid-term and 60 results are expected to be achieved in the long- term. In order to inform the development and implementation of the Green Economy Policy Framework (GEPF), and the Climate Change Policy, Strategy and Master Plan, a Green Growth Potential Assessment (GGPA) was undertaken to identify immediate actions that have theparticular potential for promotion of low-carbon development pathways (GGPA Country Report, 2017)18 and that could contribute to achievement of the NDC (GGPA Policy Brief for NDC Implementation, 2017)19.', 'In order to inform the development and implementation of the Green Economy Policy Framework (GEPF), and the Climate Change Policy, Strategy and Master Plan, a Green Growth Potential Assessment (GGPA) was undertaken to identify immediate actions that have theparticular potential for promotion of low-carbon development pathways (GGPA Country Report, 2017)18 and that could contribute to achievement of the NDC (GGPA Policy Brief for NDC Implementation, 2017)19. The six sectors identified were: Agriculture Land use and Forestry (AFOLU), Energy, Mining, and Industry; Commerce and Tourism, Urban development (including waste management) and Infrastructure, and two cross cutting support sectors (Education and Governance).', 'The six sectors identified were: Agriculture Land use and Forestry (AFOLU), Energy, Mining, and Industry; Commerce and Tourism, Urban development (including waste management) and Infrastructure, and two cross cutting support sectors (Education and Governance). Of these, quantifiable GHG emissions mitigation targets related to AFOLU and Energy have been specified in this NDC, and further actions to establish baselines for, and promote future emissions reductions in the sectors of Energy Efficiency and Urban development have been initiated. These and other sectors will be explored from 2020 onward and will inform the development of the next NDC in 2025.', 'These and other sectors will be explored from 2020 onward and will inform the development of the next NDC in 2025. Furthermore, building on the lessons learnt from Myanmar‟s three NAPA projects, as well as on- going climate change adaptation projects, Myanmar will develop National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) for mid and long-term adaptation actions in the priority sectors identified in the Myanmar Climate Change Strategy and Master Plan. These will use the LDC NAPs guidelines and refer to recommendations from a NAPs Stock-take which was completed in Myanmar in 2015. 2.2. NDC Implementation Plan and MRV of Climate Finance Following the submission of this NDC, Myanmar will undertake an assessment of how it can implement the additional actions set in it.', 'NDC Implementation Plan and MRV of Climate Finance Following the submission of this NDC, Myanmar will undertake an assessment of how it can implement the additional actions set in it. Myanmar would like to conduct a detailed analysis of systems and structures and corresponding climate finance needed to implement these actions. The NDC implementation plan will include an assessment of both the conditional and unconditional targets set in this NDC, the necessary enabling environment, the key stakeholders to be consulted in the development of such plans as well as human, technical, and financial resources. It will explore the various pathways in which the NDC targets can be achieved, including an assessment of any market mechanisms that can be deployed to support the country.', 'It will explore the various pathways in which the NDC targets can be achieved, including an assessment of any market mechanisms that can be deployed to support the country. The climate finance assessment will cover the necessary sources of financial resources that will be needed to create the enabling environment, create awareness across different stakeholders, and improve the overall technical training and capacity-building needed. This, in turn, is expected to help estimate the necessary carbon finance needed and different means of mobilizing it, both internal and external.', 'This, in turn, is expected to help estimate the necessary carbon finance needed and different means of mobilizing it, both internal and external. As part of the funding request submitted and approved by the GEF for funding through the Capacity Building Initiative for Transparency (CBIT) stream, Myanmar intends to strengthen its institutional and human capacities to track and report transparently on implementation of this NDC and support received.20 2.3. NDC Revision Plans With this NDC, the Myanmar government lays the foundation for, and expresses its commitment to promote climate change adaptation and GHG mitigation actions across its full range of economic sectors. Future NDC revisions will incorporate updates on the achievements and lessons learned from the challenges in implementing the actions outlined in the INDC and in this NDC.', 'Future NDC revisions will incorporate updates on the achievements and lessons learned from the challenges in implementing the actions outlined in the INDC and in this NDC. This will allow Myanmar to develop long-term, economy-wide targets that are adapted to the national context, and that have the full support of the nation‟s decision makers and considered beyond CO2. 3. Mitigation targets Based on its socio-economic conditions and with limited capacity, resources, and technologies, and in line with UNFCCC Decision 1/CP 21, para 31 (c) and (d), Myanmar is currently not in a position to take an economy-wide approach in quantifying and reducing emissions but will aspire to do so in the future.', 'Mitigation targets Based on its socio-economic conditions and with limited capacity, resources, and technologies, and in line with UNFCCC Decision 1/CP 21, para 31 (c) and (d), Myanmar is currently not in a position to take an economy-wide approach in quantifying and reducing emissions but will aspire to do so in the future. Similarly, Myanmar will only account for reductions in CO2 or a representation in CO2 e and is not able to report on non-CO2 GHG gases at this time. Additional sectoral considerations regarding pools and gasses are presented in Section 6 (Assumptions and Methods). In consideration of “Information to Facilitate Clarity Transparency and Understanding (ICTU),” Myanmar‟s 2021-2030 NDC mitigation contributions primarily set targets for two economic sectors – namely Energy and FOLU (Forestry and Other Land Use).', 'In consideration of “Information to Facilitate Clarity Transparency and Understanding (ICTU),” Myanmar‟s 2021-2030 NDC mitigation contributions primarily set targets for two economic sectors – namely Energy and FOLU (Forestry and Other Land Use). The NDC builds on the ongoing INDC efforts, with the NDC providing better quantification of each sectoral target, and it identifies/updates new targets for several additional sectoral activities such as agriculture (agroforestry), rural electrification (mini-grid development), fuel-efficient cookstove substitution, LPG cookstove substitution, and energy efficiency measures.', 'The NDC builds on the ongoing INDC efforts, with the NDC providing better quantification of each sectoral target, and it identifies/updates new targets for several additional sectoral activities such as agriculture (agroforestry), rural electrification (mini-grid development), fuel-efficient cookstove substitution, LPG cookstove substitution, and energy efficiency measures. This NDC defines two sets of targets: unconditional targets that will be achieved through the actions undertaken by the government with its own national budgetary resources, and conditional targets that build on the unconditional targets and describes the total national GHG emission reduction that may be achieved if international support is provided. 3.1. Energy Sector (Electricity) The primary policy document defining the national energy mix target is the National Electricity Master Plan (2014).', 'Energy Sector (Electricity) The primary policy document defining the national energy mix target is the National Electricity Master Plan (2014). Since that policy document was developed the projections for national energy demand have resulted in an overall reduction by 2030 from 23,594MW under the BAU scenario to 18,239MW-18,329MW under this NDC. At the present time, the Government of Myanmar proposes the following Unconditional and Conditional Targets for its electricity generation-mix. Table 1.', 'At the present time, the Government of Myanmar proposes the following Unconditional and Conditional Targets for its electricity generation-mix. Table 1. Proposed Electricity Generation mix – NDC targets compared to BAU21 Generation Technology BAU22 Unconditional Target Conditional Target (MW) (%) (MW) (%) (MW) (%) Due to increasing national sensitivities around social and environmental safeguards associated with large-scale hydropower infrastructure development, the government has reduced its Business as Usual (BAU) under the Myanmar National Electricity Master Plan 2014intended expansion of this energy source from a BAU of 38% to 28% (5156MW) or 31% (5676MW) under this NDC.', 'Proposed Electricity Generation mix – NDC targets compared to BAU21 Generation Technology BAU22 Unconditional Target Conditional Target (MW) (%) (MW) (%) (MW) (%) Due to increasing national sensitivities around social and environmental safeguards associated with large-scale hydropower infrastructure development, the government has reduced its Business as Usual (BAU) under the Myanmar National Electricity Master Plan 2014intended expansion of this energy source from a BAU of 38% to 28% (5156MW) or 31% (5676MW) under this NDC. The government is committed to reducing its reliance on coal from 33% under a BAU scenario to 20% (3620MW) as an unconditional target by 2030, but with international assistance Myanmar, has set a conditional target of 11% (2120MW). Myanmar commits to an unconditional target for new renewable energy of 11% (2000MW) by 2030.', 'Myanmar commits to an unconditional target for new renewable energy of 11% (2000MW) by 2030. With sufficient international support, Myanmar aims to increase the RE (other) contribution to 3070 MW (17% of the total energy mix) and would make a proportionate reduction in the percentage of energy generation from coal. Myanmar is eager to explore a wide range of technological innovations, first and foremost related to solar and wind energy and potentially exploring mini-hydro, biomass, tidal and other sources of renewable energy as well. Future targets for renewable energy will be achieved with technology that is most suitable at the time. The Government established a National Renewable Energy Management Committee in 2019 under the President‟s mandate to explore improvements in faster, cleaner, and cheaper energy sources. 3.1.1.', 'The Government established a National Renewable Energy Management Committee in 2019 under the President‟s mandate to explore improvements in faster, cleaner, and cheaper energy sources. 3.1.1. Quantifiable Information & Reference Years: Energy Sector 3.1.1.1 Reference Period for the Energy sector: 2030 The Reference year for the energy sector is 2030, comparing the emissions projected under the BAU scenario and emissions avoided under the NDC unconditional and conditional scenarios projected for that year. 3.1.1.2 Quantifiable Electrification and Emissions in the Reference Period The projected annual emissions by 2030 in the BAU scenario (Table 2) is calculated using the IPCC 2006 GPG (Good Practice Guidelines) Emissions Factor23 and (EF) and the efficiency of the technology from the ADB Guidelines24 as elaborated in Section 6 (Methods and Assumptions). Table 2.', '3.1.1.2 Quantifiable Electrification and Emissions in the Reference Period The projected annual emissions by 2030 in the BAU scenario (Table 2) is calculated using the IPCC 2006 GPG (Good Practice Guidelines) Emissions Factor23 and (EF) and the efficiency of the technology from the ADB Guidelines24 as elaborated in Section 6 (Methods and Assumptions). Table 2. Calculation of BAU Energy Sector target by 203025 Generation Technology MW Capacity Factor MW (%) Efficiency RE: Other (Solar & Wind) 2,000 9% Based on a BAU scenario, the average annual emissions during the period 2021-2030 is expected to increase from 5.40 MT CO2 e in 2020 to reach 54.00 MT CO2 e by 2030, with a cumulative GHG emissions of 297.12 MT CO2e between 2021-2030 (Table 3).', 'Calculation of BAU Energy Sector target by 203025 Generation Technology MW Capacity Factor MW (%) Efficiency RE: Other (Solar & Wind) 2,000 9% Based on a BAU scenario, the average annual emissions during the period 2021-2030 is expected to increase from 5.40 MT CO2 e in 2020 to reach 54.00 MT CO2 e by 2030, with a cumulative GHG emissions of 297.12 MT CO2e between 2021-2030 (Table 3). ADB: Guidelines for Estimating GHG Emissions of ADB Projects Page 28, 25 MOEE and MONRECTable 3.', 'ADB: Guidelines for Estimating GHG Emissions of ADB Projects Page 28, 25 MOEE and MONRECTable 3. Annual BAU Emissions for Electricity Generation (2021-2030) (MtCO2e)26 Renewable (Hydro) - - - - - - - - - - - Renewable (Other) - - - - - - - - - - - Intl Interconnection - - - - - - - - - - - 3.1.1.3 Policies, Strategies and Plans of the Energy Sector (Electricity) Myanmar‟s NDC targets for the electricity sector are guided by the Myanmar Energy Policy27 (2015) and the National Electricity Master Plan (2014).', 'Annual BAU Emissions for Electricity Generation (2021-2030) (MtCO2e)26 Renewable (Hydro) - - - - - - - - - - - Renewable (Other) - - - - - - - - - - - Intl Interconnection - - - - - - - - - - - 3.1.1.3 Policies, Strategies and Plans of the Energy Sector (Electricity) Myanmar‟s NDC targets for the electricity sector are guided by the Myanmar Energy Policy27 (2015) and the National Electricity Master Plan (2014). The National Energy Policy aims to systematically explore the available energy resources of the county in order to supply the demand of the country and to export as value added products for surplus resources, thus ultimately targeting to sustainably improve the living standard of the country people.', 'The National Energy Policy aims to systematically explore the available energy resources of the county in order to supply the demand of the country and to export as value added products for surplus resources, thus ultimately targeting to sustainably improve the living standard of the country people. The purpose of the National Electricity Master Plan was to demonstrate a harmonized middle/long term of power sources and transmission systems while sharing information closely with relevant organizations in Myanmar and other development organizations under the necessary technical transfer to the counterpart(s) of Myanmar. Myanmar is also in the process of developing its National Renewable Energy Policy which will be submitted to the UNFCCC once it is endorsed and launched.', 'Myanmar is also in the process of developing its National Renewable Energy Policy which will be submitted to the UNFCCC once it is endorsed and launched. The Myanmar Climate Change Policy28, Myanmar Climate Change Strategy (2018-2030) and Myanmar Climate Change Master Plan 2018-2030) are also relevant in considerations of energy and electricity in line with the strategy on Resilient and low carbon energy transport and industrial systems for sustainable growth. 3.1.1.4 Unconditional Target for the Energy Sector By 2030, the share of new renewable energy technology will remain unchanged as to 2000MW and coal will decrease by 54.4% from BAU (7940MW), reducing to 3620MW.', '3.1.1.4 Unconditional Target for the Energy Sector By 2030, the share of new renewable energy technology will remain unchanged as to 2000MW and coal will decrease by 54.4% from BAU (7940MW), reducing to 3620MW. Due to social and environment safeguards concerns, the proportion of large hydropower generation will also decrease, but both hydropower and coal will be replaced by Natural Gas/LNG (Table 4). Table 4. Energy Sector Unconditional Targets (2020 - 2030)29 Generation Technology MW % MW % MW % The average annual emission by 2030 is 19.2 million tCO2 e and the average annual avoided emission will be 10.5 million tCO2 e (29.7-19.2) in 2030 compared to BAU (Table 5). 26 MOEE and MONRECTable 5.', '26 MOEE and MONRECTable 5. Annual GHG emission scenario from Electricity under 2021-2030 Unconditional Targets RE (Hydro) - - - - - - - - - - - RE (Other) - - - - - - - - - - - Intl Interconnection - - - - - - - - - - - 3.1.1.5 Conditional Target for the Energy Sector If the price and performance of the new RE technologies are satisfactory, and if there is more appetite for investments through international support and access to climate finance, by 2030 the share of new renewable energy technology will increase by 53.5% from BAU (2000 MW) to 3070 MW and coal will decrease by 73.3% (5820 MW) from BAU (7940 MW), reducing it to 2120 MW (Table 6). Table 6.', 'Annual GHG emission scenario from Electricity under 2021-2030 Unconditional Targets RE (Hydro) - - - - - - - - - - - RE (Other) - - - - - - - - - - - Intl Interconnection - - - - - - - - - - - 3.1.1.5 Conditional Target for the Energy Sector If the price and performance of the new RE technologies are satisfactory, and if there is more appetite for investments through international support and access to climate finance, by 2030 the share of new renewable energy technology will increase by 53.5% from BAU (2000 MW) to 3070 MW and coal will decrease by 73.3% (5820 MW) from BAU (7940 MW), reducing it to 2120 MW (Table 6). Table 6. Energy Sector Conditional Targets (2020 – 2030)31 Generation Technology MW % MW % MW % The average annual CO2 emission by 2030 under a conditional target scenario will be 15.3 e and the average annual avoided emission under the conditional targets will be 14.4 e (29.7-15.3) in 2030 compared to BAU (Table 7).', 'Energy Sector Conditional Targets (2020 – 2030)31 Generation Technology MW % MW % MW % The average annual CO2 emission by 2030 under a conditional target scenario will be 15.3 e and the average annual avoided emission under the conditional targets will be 14.4 e (29.7-15.3) in 2030 compared to BAU (Table 7). Table 7. Annual GHG emission scenario from Electricity for 2021-2030 Conditional Targets (MtCO2 Generation TOTA L RE (Hydro) - - - - - - - - - - - RE (Other) - - - - - - - - - - - Coal Nat. Gas/LNG Intl Interconnection . - - - - - - - - - - - Total 30 MOEE and MOREC 32 MOEE and MOREC3.1.2.', '- - - - - - - - - - - Total 30 MOEE and MOREC 32 MOEE and MOREC3.1.2. Special Circumstances with regard to the Energy Sector (Electricity) 44% of Myanmar is yet to be electrified, with electrification being a key driver to boost economic growth across the country. Therefore, the Government has a dedicated and keen interest to deploy cheap, fast, and clean electricity. At the same time, Myanmar faces numerous barriers to investment in renewable energy technologies in the national grid. These include limitations in 1) technical capacities; 2) policies, laws and regulatory processes; and 3) financing mechanisms.', 'These include limitations in 1) technical capacities; 2) policies, laws and regulatory processes; and 3) financing mechanisms. While the Government of Myanmar is sensitive to widespread societal concern over the social and environmental safeguards associated with the development large-scale hydropower, it has identified 19567 MW of additional potential hydropower for development in the MSDP (Table 25). The government is similarly seeking to reduce its reliance on coal. Unfortunately, while solar and wind electricity generation technologies are recognized as being critical for the future, as yet, there is low capability of power system in most renewable energy technologies other than large hydropower. Coal will not increase beyond 2030 and completely phase out in 2050.', 'Coal will not increase beyond 2030 and completely phase out in 2050. In the mid- term, until it develops the technical, institutional, and financial infrastructure needed to scale up its RE generation capacity, Myanmar will rely on natural gas/LNG to provide one third of its national energy mix. The timeframe of this NDC (2021-2030) should be considered as a transition period during which increased investments in financial, technical, and institutional resources will allow new measures to be tested, and during which capacity building will enable the country to learn how best to target its emissions reduction efforts. It is expected that rural electrification through mini-grids, micro-hydro, and solar home systems will expand.', 'It is expected that rural electrification through mini-grids, micro-hydro, and solar home systems will expand. In due course, Myanmar will also investigate feed-in tariff systems and net metering to ensure the sustainability of mini-grids should the national grid extend to these areas. 3.1.2.1. Renewable Energy Projects identified to help meet NDC Targets MOEE has a pipeline of ongoing investments in renewable energy-based projects that are expected to generate 1268.25MW in solar power and wind power by 2030. It should be noted that several of these tenders were just recently announced by the Government as prioritized actions in its COVID-19 Economic Response Plan (CERP).', 'It should be noted that several of these tenders were just recently announced by the Government as prioritized actions in its COVID-19 Economic Response Plan (CERP). (Annex I: Energy Sector Mitigation Supplementary information -Table 24 for detailed projects under development and Figure 5: Projects with Pre-feasibility Assessments, Feasibility Assessments, Ongoing for their location). In addition, the Government has identified a total of 10215MW in potential solar, wind, and floating solar projects to be developed (Annex I: Energy Sector mitigation supplementary information) but feasibility studies pending. Detailed lists of RE Projects that may contribute to the NDC or its next revision, both existing and those under development, and their locations are provided in Annex I: Energy Sector mitigation supplementary information.', 'Detailed lists of RE Projects that may contribute to the NDC or its next revision, both existing and those under development, and their locations are provided in Annex I: Energy Sector mitigation supplementary information. It should be noted that many of the projects under development are at exploratory stages and will be subject to pre- feasibility and feasibility studies. These are currently not included in the national NDC targets. (Ongoing and Planned RE Projects that may contribute to the NDC) 3.1.2.2. Financing for the Energy Sector The Government has committed an allocation of US$ 2.482 billion for hydropower development to support ongoing projects proposed in the energy mix through 2030.', '(Ongoing and Planned RE Projects that may contribute to the NDC) 3.1.2.2. Financing for the Energy Sector The Government has committed an allocation of US$ 2.482 billion for hydropower development to support ongoing projects proposed in the energy mix through 2030. In addition, the countryhas applied for a soft-loan of US$ 310 million to upgrade rural transmissions and distribution systems. In order to support the development of enabling policies, to finance the detailed feasibility analyses, and to allow for the design and implementation of these renewable energy projects, the Government of Myanmar seeks international support, including from the Green Climate Fund, and diverse bilateral and multilateral development partners and financing institutions.', 'In order to support the development of enabling policies, to finance the detailed feasibility analyses, and to allow for the design and implementation of these renewable energy projects, the Government of Myanmar seeks international support, including from the Green Climate Fund, and diverse bilateral and multilateral development partners and financing institutions. The Government estimates a total additional budget needed to support implementation of the NDC conditional target for the energy sector at US$1.209 billion described in Annex 1 (Climate Finance requirement for NDC Conditional Target in the Energy Sector). Support may include different financial models like grants, grants with revolving funds mechanisms, or concessional loans so as to help the Government of Myanmar create enabling conditions. 3.1.2.3.', 'Support may include different financial models like grants, grants with revolving funds mechanisms, or concessional loans so as to help the Government of Myanmar create enabling conditions. 3.1.2.3. Data and Information Collection Systems for the Energy Sector Myanmar has initiated a baseline data collection needs assessment for the energy sector to support development of Myanmar‟s institutional capacity required to Monitor, Report and Verify (MRV) on Myanmar‟s commitments under the NDC. 33 The institutional monitoring and reporting frameworks will be developed with support from the Global Environment Facility (GEF) - Capacity Building Initiative for Transparency (CBIT).', '33 The institutional monitoring and reporting frameworks will be developed with support from the Global Environment Facility (GEF) - Capacity Building Initiative for Transparency (CBIT). This will build on the work carried out in 2018-2020 by ECD, UNEP, and GGGI in defining the scope and top-level data and information systems needed to build the national MRV system for meeting the requirements of the enhanced transparency framework.34 The following data and information will be collected to support the country in future reporting against its NDC targets.', 'This will build on the work carried out in 2018-2020 by ECD, UNEP, and GGGI in defining the scope and top-level data and information systems needed to build the national MRV system for meeting the requirements of the enhanced transparency framework.34 The following data and information will be collected to support the country in future reporting against its NDC targets. Baseline assessment: Policies and measures being implemented in the country will be used to create quantifiable targets, both for estimating the projected emissions from the sector and to assess the impacts of climate-effective policies and measures currently being implemented and planned as a result of these efforts. Data points include: a. Total installed capacity by energy source b.', 'Total installed capacity by energy source b. Planned installed capacity expansions to be installed, and fuel sources c. Assessments of suppressed demand, and how the energy requirements of the country could be adequately met d. Carbon-intensity of the planned and intended capacity expansions, based on fuel sources. Achievements and target setting: Achievements will be reviewed against the targets set under the NDC, and their continued applicability will be evaluated based on projections and planned implementation projects.', 'Achievements and target setting: Achievements will be reviewed against the targets set under the NDC, and their continued applicability will be evaluated based on projections and planned implementation projects. The following data will be collected: a. Year-wise commissioned capacities by energy source category b. Year-wise energy generated and supplied to the grid by energy source category c. Fuel-use by category and sub-category in transport industry d. Energy-efficiency measures: Baseline or control group data will be continually monitored, as well as the results of implemented energy efficiency measures. 33 GGGI (2019), Myanmar MRV Energy Sector Status Assessment & Recommendations For Enhanced Transparency Framework transparency-framework-implementation/) 34 GGGI (2017), The Status of Monitoring, Reporting and Verification of Nationally Determined Contributions to Climate Actions in Myanmar.', '33 GGGI (2019), Myanmar MRV Energy Sector Status Assessment & Recommendations For Enhanced Transparency Framework transparency-framework-implementation/) 34 GGGI (2017), The Status of Monitoring, Reporting and Verification of Nationally Determined Contributions to Climate Actions in Myanmar. ( contributions-to-climate-actions-in-myanmar/)Data and information: Institutional arrangements, procedures, and systems; the key stakeholders, their roles and responsibilities; and the types and formats of data and information provided to the NDC will be monitored. Reporting: The data and information collected through the MRV system being developed will be reported in the first biennial transparency report (BTR) that will be prepared for first reporting under the Paris Agreement. 3.2. Agriculture Sector (Agroforestry) Myanmar‟s INDC did not set any mitigation target for the agriculture sector.', 'Agriculture Sector (Agroforestry) Myanmar‟s INDC did not set any mitigation target for the agriculture sector. However, Myanmar now enhances its NDC by setting a conditional target for agroforestry, recognizing its potential for GHG sequestration, and in supporting productive rural livelihoods under a changing climate. Agriculture is the second largest sectoral source of GHG emissions in Myanmar, accounting for 32.1% in the 2013 baseline year35, with the primary contributors being rice cultivation (~12%), and enteric fermentation (~9%). These GHG emissions are closely associated with deforestation and land-use change for agricultural expansion (both large and small scale).', 'These GHG emissions are closely associated with deforestation and land-use change for agricultural expansion (both large and small scale). The Government‟s commitment to the Paris Agreement provides an opportunity for the Myanmar to recognize the contributions made by the agricultural sector to contribute to climate change adaptation, while also to examining major sources of GHG emissions. Recognizing the inclusion of trees on farms and in agricultural farming systems is crucial as deforestation and forest degradation in Myanmar is increasing thereby accelerating societal vulnerability to climate change impacts. A growing awareness of the roles of trees in supporting rural livelihoods, environmental conservation, and climate change mitigation, has raised the need for targeted promotion of sustainable agroforestry practices among decision makers.', 'A growing awareness of the roles of trees in supporting rural livelihoods, environmental conservation, and climate change mitigation, has raised the need for targeted promotion of sustainable agroforestry practices among decision makers. Being the origin of the internationally well-known „Taungya system‟, Myanmar has been practicing agroforestry since the mid of 1800s, generating economic and environmental benefits for local communities.36,37 With diverse ecological zones, several types of agroforestry systems and practices have been practiced in Myanmar, including agro-silvicultural (shelterbelts, windbreaks, hedgerow, home gardens), silvo-pastoral (tree crops with pasture, trees on rangeland), and agro- silvo-pastoral (home gardens with animals, multipurpose woody hedgerows, aqua-forestry) among others.', 'Being the origin of the internationally well-known „Taungya system‟, Myanmar has been practicing agroforestry since the mid of 1800s, generating economic and environmental benefits for local communities.36,37 With diverse ecological zones, several types of agroforestry systems and practices have been practiced in Myanmar, including agro-silvicultural (shelterbelts, windbreaks, hedgerow, home gardens), silvo-pastoral (tree crops with pasture, trees on rangeland), and agro- silvo-pastoral (home gardens with animals, multipurpose woody hedgerows, aqua-forestry) among others. As Myanmar lacks a national inventory for agroforestry or tree cover on agricultural lands38, the reference period for this sector is based on the global tree cover change analysis of agricultural lands conducted by Zomer et al., (201639).', 'As Myanmar lacks a national inventory for agroforestry or tree cover on agricultural lands38, the reference period for this sector is based on the global tree cover change analysis of agricultural lands conducted by Zomer et al., (201639). This study classifies the % tree cover according to 4 cover loss of 2.19% nation-wide, which corresponds to a decline in biomass carbon (below and above ground) of Myanmar‟s agricultural lands from 28.7t C/ha to 25.7t C/ha. FAOSTAT (2017). Myanmar, emissions: agriculture total. Viewed 18 March 2017. In: USAID. 2017. Greenhouse gas emissions in Burma.', '2017. Greenhouse gas emissions in Burma. 36 Blanford, H. R., Regeneration with the Assistance of Taungya in Burma , Indian Forest Records 11, 3 (1925): 81–121; 37 Bryant, R. L. (1994) The rise and fall of taungya forestry: social forestry in defense of the Empire , The Ecologist 24 (1): 21–6 To be noted, the definition applied in this global analysis was not limited to the official administrative categories of lands under management by MOALI, rather, it includes all lands that are not under some form of forest reserve or protected area. Robert J. Zomer, Henry Neufeldt, Jianchu Xu, Antje Ahrends, Deborah Bossio, Antonio Trabucco, Meine van Noordwijk & Mingcheng Wang (2016).', 'Robert J. Zomer, Henry Neufeldt, Jianchu Xu, Antje Ahrends, Deborah Bossio, Antonio Trabucco, Meine van Noordwijk & Mingcheng Wang (2016). Global Tree Cover and Biomass Carbon on Agricultural Land: The contribution of agroforestry to global and national carbon budgets. Scientific Reports | 6:29987 | DOI: 10.1038/srep29987.With financial and technical support from international development partners, the Government of Myanmar through the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation‟s (MOALI) Department of Agriculture (DoA) is committed to the reduction of GHG emissions from the Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land-Uses sector (AFOLU) by increasing the percentage of tree cover on agricultural landscapes.', 'Scientific Reports | 6:29987 | DOI: 10.1038/srep29987.With financial and technical support from international development partners, the Government of Myanmar through the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation‟s (MOALI) Department of Agriculture (DoA) is committed to the reduction of GHG emissions from the Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land-Uses sector (AFOLU) by increasing the percentage of tree cover on agricultural landscapes. For the current NDC, the <10% tree cover class per hectare is of primary relevance as it covers the largest area of land nation-wide (estimated at 112,068km2or 58% of the total agriculture land in 2010). Furthermore, these tree planting actions need not significantly alter the primary agricultural cropping systems in use by smallholders.', 'Furthermore, these tree planting actions need not significantly alter the primary agricultural cropping systems in use by smallholders. Rather rural stakeholders would be expected to gain a variety of climate change adaptation co-benefits, gaining supplementary sources of food, fuelwood, livestock fodder, and income, as well as enhancing resilience of their agricultural production systems through improved water infiltration, pollination, pest control, soil health, microclimates, and reduced erosion. 3.2.1 Quantifiable Information & Reference Years: Agriculture Sector 3.2.1.1 Reference Period for Agriculture Sector: 2000-2010 The reference period for the Agriculture Sector is 2000-2010. 3.2.1.2 Quantifiable emissions and removals in the reference period A detailed presentation of tree cover change during the reference period (2000-2010) for each state and region is provided in (See: Reference period removals due to tree cover change by state/region).', '3.2.1.2 Quantifiable emissions and removals in the reference period A detailed presentation of tree cover change during the reference period (2000-2010) for each state and region is provided in (See: Reference period removals due to tree cover change by state/region). During this period, the area of land with <10% tree canopy per hectare cover increased by 0.52%, corresponding to a total area of 99,900 ha nationwide.', 'During this period, the area of land with <10% tree canopy per hectare cover increased by 0.52%, corresponding to a total area of 99,900 ha nationwide. 3.2.1.3 Policies, Strategies and Plans for the Agriculture Sector Agroforestry will play a critical role in supporting the long-term goal of Myanmar‟s Climate Change Master Plan (2018–2030) 40 of achieving climate resilience and pursuing a low-carbon pathway for inclusive and sustainable development, specifically in developing innovative climate fund mechanisms (creating incentives for environmentally friendly agroforestry practices) and in improving farmers‟ access to climate-smart technologies and practices (improving land management through agroforestry practices).', '3.2.1.3 Policies, Strategies and Plans for the Agriculture Sector Agroforestry will play a critical role in supporting the long-term goal of Myanmar‟s Climate Change Master Plan (2018–2030) 40 of achieving climate resilience and pursuing a low-carbon pathway for inclusive and sustainable development, specifically in developing innovative climate fund mechanisms (creating incentives for environmentally friendly agroforestry practices) and in improving farmers‟ access to climate-smart technologies and practices (improving land management through agroforestry practices). Myanmar developed its Climate-Smart Agriculture Strategy 2014 (CSA) 41 to promote technologies that could increase agricultural productivity while also enhancing resilience of the agricultural systems and reducing GHG emissions (or increasing carbon sequestration potential).', 'Myanmar developed its Climate-Smart Agriculture Strategy 2014 (CSA) 41 to promote technologies that could increase agricultural productivity while also enhancing resilience of the agricultural systems and reducing GHG emissions (or increasing carbon sequestration potential). The mitigation pillars in the CSA where agroforestry can contribute are: 1) watershed and land management; 2) reducing land degradation and soil erosion; and 3) developing new farming systems and techniques. Likewise, four key adaptation policy areas in the CSA that will benefit from integration of agroforestry interventions in current agricultural practices are 1) encouraging adaptive crop development and farming practices; 2) irrigation and water resource management; 3) disaster risk management; and 4) crop and income loss risk 40 Government of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar. 2019. Myanmar climate change strategy (2018–2030).', 'Myanmar climate change strategy (2018–2030). Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar: Government of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar. ( 41 MOALI (2015). Myanmar climate-smart agriculture strategy (2018–2030). Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar: Government of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar. ( These actions are similarly highlighted in Myanmar‟s Technology Needs Assessment Report for Adaptation (2020)42. Moreover, with a vision to ensure national food and nutritional security, the Agricultural Development Strategy (2018–2023) 43 promotes the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices, including agroforestry, to enhance the well-being of farmers and rural people without harming the environment.', 'Moreover, with a vision to ensure national food and nutritional security, the Agricultural Development Strategy (2018–2023) 43 promotes the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices, including agroforestry, to enhance the well-being of farmers and rural people without harming the environment. Recognizing the important contribution to the reduction of GHG emissions and adaption to the effects of climate change by trees in agricultural landscapes (also known as agroforestry), the Government of Myanmar endorsed the ASEAN Guidelines for Agroforestry Development in 3.2.1.4 Unconditional Target for the Agriculture Sector This is a new sectoral intervention proposed by the Government of Myanmar. While there is no unconditional commitment set at this time, the government will consider increasing this target as international support for agroforestry demonstrates its effectiveness and scalability.', 'While there is no unconditional commitment set at this time, the government will consider increasing this target as international support for agroforestry demonstrates its effectiveness and scalability. 3.2.1.5 Conditional Target for the Agriculture Sector Myanmar‟s Department of Agriculture, with international assistance, will promote tree planting and agroforestry techniques to increase tree canopy cover across 275,000 ha on those agricultural lands with current tree cover <10% per hectare (Table 8). This target will yield a cumulative GHG sequestration of more than 10.4 million tCO2 e over the period 2021-2030. The detailed carbon enhancement scenario for the NDC period (2021–2030) is presented in (Table 8). Table 8.', 'The detailed carbon enhancement scenario for the NDC period (2021–2030) is presented in (Table 8). Table 8. Conditional target for carbon enhancement on agricultural lands (2021-2030)45 Year Annual Plantation (ha) rate (ha) Cumulative area (ha) RF e/Ha/Yr) sequestration e) Based on the baseline analysis of agricultural land covered by <10% tree cover per hectare in 2010, the greatest scope for promoting tree planting on farms would correspond to Myanmar‟s Dry Zone (Magway, Sagaing and Mandalay) and Bago and Ayeyarwady Regions (from Zomer et al (2016), see Annex). Additional factors related to landscape degradation may also justify targeting tree planting activities in hilly states such as Shan and Chin States. 42 GoM (2020), Technology Needs Assessment Report for Adaptation. Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation, Nay Pyi Taw. ( myanmar.pdf); 43 GoM (2018). Myanmar agricultural development strategy (2018-19–2022-23).', 'Myanmar agricultural development strategy (2018-19–2022-23). Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation, Nay Pyi Taw. ( 44Association of South-East Asian Nations (2018). ASEAN Guidelines for Agroforestry Development. Jakarta, Indonesia: ASEAN Senior Officials on Forestry, ASEAN Secretariat. ( 45 MOALI and MOREC3.2.2. Special Circumstances with regard to the Agriculture Sector With a special focus on sustainable development and effective multi-sectoral coordination, the Myanmar Sustainable Development Plan (MSDP) (2018–2030)46 has outlined strategic goals, among others, to increase climate change resilience, reduce exposure to disasters and shocks while protecting livelihoods, and facilitate a shift toward a low-carbon development pathway. One of the priorities of the MSDP is „protecting natural resources and the environment for the posterity of the nation‟ by strengthening legal, institutional, and policy frameworks.', 'One of the priorities of the MSDP is „protecting natural resources and the environment for the posterity of the nation‟ by strengthening legal, institutional, and policy frameworks. Relying mainly on agriculture for its economy, Myanmar‟s GDP per capita, while still low, has increased sharply, from US$ 979.05 in 2010 to US$ 1325.95 in 2018. The GDP growth rate increased from 6.4% to 6.8% during 2018–2019, yet it is still the lowest among Southeast Asian countries.', 'The GDP growth rate increased from 6.4% to 6.8% during 2018–2019, yet it is still the lowest among Southeast Asian countries. While the agricultural, forestry and fishery sectors contributed to about 25% of the country‟s GDP in 2018, the agricultural sector has instigated special policies, strategies, and master plans to address the impacts of climate change, aiming to achieve climate resilience, pursue a low-carbon development pathway for inclusive and sustainable development, and achieve climate-smart production systems. However, the agricultural sector‟s engagement in climate change mitigation efforts has been limited.', 'However, the agricultural sector‟s engagement in climate change mitigation efforts has been limited. Despite the inclusion of agroforestry in national documents related to climate change, food security, income generation, and natural resources management, as well as in many laws and regulations governing the land sector47, many policies and plans of various regulatory bodies need to be reviewed to streamline land-use and natural resources management and provide the enabling environment for agroforestry development. The integration of trees in agricultural systems in large swathes of degraded agricultural lands characterized by low carbon density presents enormous potential for carbon sequestration48.', 'The integration of trees in agricultural systems in large swathes of degraded agricultural lands characterized by low carbon density presents enormous potential for carbon sequestration48. Recognizing the potential for increased carbon storage and reduced emissions while making farming systems resilient through the deployment of trees in agricultural lands, MOALI is eager to explore opportunities to promote agroforestry as a climate mitigation and adaptation strategy, and will increase its ambition level pending success in achieving these initial targets.', 'Recognizing the potential for increased carbon storage and reduced emissions while making farming systems resilient through the deployment of trees in agricultural lands, MOALI is eager to explore opportunities to promote agroforestry as a climate mitigation and adaptation strategy, and will increase its ambition level pending success in achieving these initial targets. 3.2.2.1 Agriculture projects that could help to meet NDC targets There is no centralized registry of the activities implemented by the government and its partners to promote agroforestry on agricultural lands, so it is not yet possible to quantify them in terms of numbers of trees planted, biomass accumulated or tCO2 e removals. Nevertheless, an illustrative list of existing projects that incorporate agroforestry interventions and that may contribute to the NDC is provided. (See Annex II).', 'Nevertheless, an illustrative list of existing projects that incorporate agroforestry interventions and that may contribute to the NDC is provided. (See Annex II). 3.2.2.2 Financing for the Agriculture Sector Financing the achievement of the target is highly possible in complementary ways. First, through parallel activities of the Department of Agriculture under its Climate Smart Agriculture Strategy – the Department will be promoting and implementing climate-smart agricultural practices, including agroforestry, to achieve resilient food systems – and second, through projects funded and implemented by international development and research partners of the Department of Agriculture. The Green Climate Fund (GCF) will be a natural partner to finance the achievement 46 GOM (2018), “Myanmar Sustainable Development Plan, 2018 – 2030 (2018).” Ministry of Planning, and Finance.', 'The Green Climate Fund (GCF) will be a natural partner to finance the achievement 46 GOM (2018), “Myanmar Sustainable Development Plan, 2018 – 2030 (2018).” Ministry of Planning, and Finance. 47 Formulation and operationalization of a national action plan for poverty alleviation and rural development through agriculture (NAPA). 48 See footnote 31.of the target. International assistance will be required to meet several aspects of the target, including but not limited to, the following: ● Inventory of existing agroforestry systems and practices prevalent in the country and assessment of primary barriers to adoption, production efficiency, and value chain inefficiencies.', 'International assistance will be required to meet several aspects of the target, including but not limited to, the following: ● Inventory of existing agroforestry systems and practices prevalent in the country and assessment of primary barriers to adoption, production efficiency, and value chain inefficiencies. ● Assessment of GHG emissions and reductions in agricultural lands under different percentages of tree cover in order to define national reference emission levels for different types of agroforestry systems and practices. ● Establish institutional capacities for a monitoring and reporting system of agroforestry systems adoption and production and adaptation co-benefits related to gendered socio- economic outcomes (i.e., income, labor, etc.).', '● Establish institutional capacities for a monitoring and reporting system of agroforestry systems adoption and production and adaptation co-benefits related to gendered socio- economic outcomes (i.e., income, labor, etc.). ● Field research trials to test and adapt agroforestry production systems in different climatic zones to improve growth and production and to analyze impacts on key regulatory services (soil health and erosion, crop pollination and pest-control, microclimate temperature and rainfall) that enhance climate resilience of cropping systems. ● Capacity-building for agricultural extension workers to provide technical support in production of diverse food, fodder, fibers, fuel, biofuel, etc. products and to support value-addition processes for value chain commercialization.', 'products and to support value-addition processes for value chain commercialization. ● Awareness-raising, learning exchanges, and capacity development for farmers at the local level to support development of gender inclusive production systems and value chain enhancements for small-holders, producer and processing SMEs, cooperatives, and associations. ● Development and implementation of other sectoral and national plans that support mainstreaming of agroforestry activities within existing programs (Good Agriculture Practice, Good Aquaculture Practice, Climate-smart agriculture, organic certification), and that address barriers to adoption and value chain promotion (i.e., land tenure, access to finance, etc.). 3.2.2.3. Data and Information Collection Systems for the Agriculture Sector Establishment of baseline data will be important to monitor progress and evaluate adaptation and mitigation benefits derived from agroforestry.', 'Data and Information Collection Systems for the Agriculture Sector Establishment of baseline data will be important to monitor progress and evaluate adaptation and mitigation benefits derived from agroforestry. The baseline data to be collected and analyzed include the following: ● Laws, policies, and regulations pertaining to agroforestry to identify opportunities for synergies with relevant sectors and to understand and address constraints and challenges hindering agroforestry implementation. ● Geographic distribution by type of agroforestry systems and practices, including areal extent of tree cover, species‟ composition and uses, and gendered-roles and socio- economic outcomes in different agro-ecological zones. ● Mitigation benefits (CO2 emissions and removals) for different types of agroforestry systems and practices in different geographies.', '● Mitigation benefits (CO2 emissions and removals) for different types of agroforestry systems and practices in different geographies. ● Adaptation benefits from agroforestry systems, production and value-chains, and their impacts on key regulatory services (soil health and erosion, crop pollination and pest- control, microclimate temperature and rainfall) that enhance climate resilience of cropping systems. The reporting system will be developed within the Department of Agriculture, which will be led by the Extension Division. Agricultural extension workers at state and district levels will be trained on data/information collection methods, as well as on the reporting system. An inter- agency system of reporting on NDC-relevant activity implementation and outcomes will bedeveloped between DoA and the ECD.', 'An inter- agency system of reporting on NDC-relevant activity implementation and outcomes will bedeveloped between DoA and the ECD. Technical support from relevant agencies, such as the Forest Department, the Environmental Conservation Department, Central Statistical Organization, and international development partners will be sought for spatial data collection and analysis. As deemed necessary, researchers from Yezin Agricultural University and the University of Forestry and Environmental Science will be commissioned to help in data analysis and reporting. 3.3. Forest and Other Land Use Sector (FOLU) Myanmar‟s INDC identified the forest sector (including land use change from forest to non- forest) as a target sector for Myanmar‟s mitigation actions and policies.', 'Forest and Other Land Use Sector (FOLU) Myanmar‟s INDC identified the forest sector (including land use change from forest to non- forest) as a target sector for Myanmar‟s mitigation actions and policies. INDC‟s mitigation targets were derived from the targets set in Myanmar‟s 30-Year National Forestry Master Plan ● increase the area of land under Reserved Forest (RF) and Protected Public Forest (PPF) jurisdiction to 30% of the total national land area by 2030 (25.61% of RF/ PPF is completed as of June 2021); and, ● increase the Protected Areas Systems (PAS) to cover 10% of the total national land area by 2030 ( 6.08% of PAS is completed as of June 2021). Quantifying emissions from the way the INDC target was formulated is somewhat difficult.', 'Quantifying emissions from the way the INDC target was formulated is somewhat difficult. Myanmar submitted its National Forest Reference Emissions Level49 to the UNFCCC and has formulated a National REDD+ Strategy, providing the baselines that frame the current NDC targets based on emissions expected from the implementation of specific forestry sector activities defined in Myanmar‟s [Forest] Reforestation and Rehabilitation Plan (MRRP). In addition, the extensive consultation process of the draft REDD+ strategy over the years of 2017 – 2019 has demonstrated an increasing resistance, for different reasons, of non-state actors against the area- based INDC target in the context of land-based Climate Change mitigation policies and measures. The NDC targets have been adjusted accordingly. 3.3.1.', 'The NDC targets have been adjusted accordingly. 3.3.1. Quantifiable Information & Reference Years: FOLU Sector 3.3.1.1 Reference Period for FOLU SECTOR: 2005-2015 The reference period for the forestry sector will be 10 years starting from 2005 to 2015. This is based on the FREL (Forest Reference Emission Level) submitted to the UNFCCC and technically analyzed by Technical Team of Experts – TTE in 2018. The reference period was identified through consultation meetings due to the availability of the most reliable national existing Activity Data (AD) and Emission Factors (EF) for this period.', 'The reference period was identified through consultation meetings due to the availability of the most reliable national existing Activity Data (AD) and Emission Factors (EF) for this period. 3.3.1.2 Quantifiable Emissions and Removals in the Reference Period Based on the revised FREL, the total annual emissions from 2005- 2015 are 53,807,463 tons of e and annual total removals from 2005-2015 are 3,351,332 tons of CO2 e/year., resulting in net annual emissions of 50,456,131 tons of CO2 e. This calculation is detailed in Annex 3 while the Emission Factor calculation is elaborated in the Section 6 (Methods and Assumptions).', '3.3.1.2 Quantifiable Emissions and Removals in the Reference Period Based on the revised FREL, the total annual emissions from 2005- 2015 are 53,807,463 tons of e and annual total removals from 2005-2015 are 3,351,332 tons of CO2 e/year., resulting in net annual emissions of 50,456,131 tons of CO2 e. This calculation is detailed in Annex 3 while the Emission Factor calculation is elaborated in the Section 6 (Methods and Assumptions). Policies, Strategies and Plans of the Forestry Sector The polices, strategies and plans for the forestry sector that guide the implementation of actions under the NDC include the following: Forest Law 2018, defines as one of its objectives, to contribute to “international agreements relating to conservation of forests and conservation of environment” Myanmar‟s 30- year National Forestry Master Plan (2001-2002 to 2030-2031 one of the objectives of which is “To prevent extreme weather conditions and to support agricultural development by conserving natural forests and establishing forest plantations” The Myanmar Reforestation and Rehabilitation Program (MRRP) from 2017-2027, which aims to conserve 0.59 million hectares of Reserved Forests (RF); engage in management of 0.25 million hectares of plantations in public and private lands; undertake Community Forestry Management and Agroforestry across 0.3 million hectares and establish Reserved Forests and Protected Public Forest (PPF) across 4.1 million hectares.', 'The polices, strategies and plans for the forestry sector that guide the implementation of actions under the NDC include the following: Forest Law 2018, defines as one of its objectives, to contribute to “international agreements relating to conservation of forests and conservation of environment” Myanmar‟s 30- year National Forestry Master Plan (2001-2002 to 2030-2031 one of the objectives of which is “To prevent extreme weather conditions and to support agricultural development by conserving natural forests and establishing forest plantations” The Myanmar Reforestation and Rehabilitation Program (MRRP) from 2017-2027, which aims to conserve 0.59 million hectares of Reserved Forests (RF); engage in management of 0.25 million hectares of plantations in public and private lands; undertake Community Forestry Management and Agroforestry across 0.3 million hectares and establish Reserved Forests and Protected Public Forest (PPF) across 4.1 million hectares. The National REDD+ Strategy aims to reduce the annual rate of deforestation by 50% by the end of 2030 against the baseline deforestation stipulated in the 2019 Myanmar Forest Reference Level.', 'The National REDD+ Strategy aims to reduce the annual rate of deforestation by 50% by the end of 2030 against the baseline deforestation stipulated in the 2019 Myanmar Forest Reference Level. The Land-Use Policy (2016), establishes processes to ensure more democratic land-use planning, and which will be supported by a new National Land Law, currently under development. 3.3.1.4 Unconditional Target for the FOLU Sector The unconditional target for forestry is to reduce net emissions by 25% by 2030, against the 2005 – 2015 baselines of emissions and removals, with an intermediate target of 11% by 2025 and an expected annualized rate of net emission reductions from FOLU of 2.8% over the period of 2021 – 2030 (Table 9). Table 9.', '3.3.1.4 Unconditional Target for the FOLU Sector The unconditional target for forestry is to reduce net emissions by 25% by 2030, against the 2005 – 2015 baselines of emissions and removals, with an intermediate target of 11% by 2025 and an expected annualized rate of net emission reductions from FOLU of 2.8% over the period of 2021 – 2030 (Table 9). Table 9. Unconditional GHG emission scenario from FOLU with a target of 25% net reduction by 2030 Year FRL Baseline emissions Deforestation e) Emissions from deforestation e) FRL Baseline enhance- ment e) Un- conditional Enhance- ment e) BAU Emission (FRL Baseline emission – enhancement) e) Net annual emissions unconditional e) Acc ER in % of FRL baseline un- conditional TotalThis target assumes in implementing the REDD+ Strategy, that: ● Only 50% of the 10-year, MRRP activities will be implemented, resulting in a net carbon stock enhancement of 30 million tons CO2 e over the enhancement baseline of the Myanmar Forest Reference level.', 'Unconditional GHG emission scenario from FOLU with a target of 25% net reduction by 2030 Year FRL Baseline emissions Deforestation e) Emissions from deforestation e) FRL Baseline enhance- ment e) Un- conditional Enhance- ment e) BAU Emission (FRL Baseline emission – enhancement) e) Net annual emissions unconditional e) Acc ER in % of FRL baseline un- conditional TotalThis target assumes in implementing the REDD+ Strategy, that: ● Only 50% of the 10-year, MRRP activities will be implemented, resulting in a net carbon stock enhancement of 30 million tons CO2 e over the enhancement baseline of the Myanmar Forest Reference level. ● There will be a reduction in the annual rate of deforestation by 30% by the end of 2030 against the 2005 – 2015 baseline deforestation (reduction of annualized deforestation from 428,984 ha per year to 300,300 ha per year by 2030).', '● There will be a reduction in the annual rate of deforestation by 30% by the end of 2030 against the 2005 – 2015 baseline deforestation (reduction of annualized deforestation from 428,984 ha per year to 300,300 ha per year by 2030). ● This target assumes that no major upfront international support will be available over the period 2021 – 2030. Under this scenario, Myanmar can be expected to achieve net zero emissions from LUCF on an annual basis by 2037, and net zero emissions on a periodic basis after 2040 (Table 10). REDD+ Results-based Payments (RBP) could be used to enhance implementation of REDD+ policies and measures. However, under this scenario, the magnitude of RBP‟s is unlikely to be adequate for such enhancement before 2030.', 'However, under this scenario, the magnitude of RBP‟s is unlikely to be adequate for such enhancement before 2030. Table 10. Projected unconditional GHG emission reductions beyond the NDC (2031-2040) (MtCO2 Year FRL Baseline emissions Deforestation e) Emissions from deforestation e) FRL Baseline enhancement e) Unconditional Enhancement e) BAU Emission (FRL Baseline emission – enhancement) Net annual emissions unconditional e) Acc ER in % of FRL baseline unconditional 3.3.1.5 Conditional Target for FOLU Sector Building on this unconditional target, the Government of Myanmar sets the following conditional target contingent upon international support, a net emission reduction of 50% by 2030 against a 2005 – 2015 baseline of emissions and removals, with an intermediate target of 27% by 2025 and an expected annualized rate of net emission reductions from land use change and forestry of 6.9% over the period of 2021 – 2030. (Table 11) contingent on support provided.Table 11.', '(Table 11) contingent on support provided.Table 11. Conditional GHG emission scenario with target of 50% net reduction by 203052 Year FRL Baseline emissions Deforestation e) Emissions from deforestation e) FRL Baseline enhancement e) Unconditional Enhancement e) BAU Emission (FRL Baseline emission – enhancement) Net annual emissions conditional e) Acc ER in % of FRL baseline conditional This conditional target assumes: The Myanmar Reforestation and Forest Rehabilitation Programme, MRRP would be fully implemented (Annex III. Forestry & Other Land Use Sector supplementary information (Table 12). Measures identified in the National REDD+ Strategy and Action Plan reduces the annual rate of deforestation by 50% by the end of 2030.', 'Measures identified in the National REDD+ Strategy and Action Plan reduces the annual rate of deforestation by 50% by the end of 2030. Measuring and reporting capacities for REDD+ are further enhanced through a functional fully national scale National Forest Inventory and efficient satellite-based forest degradation/ restoration monitoring tools as mentioned in the National Forest Management Strategy – NFMS be developed for tracking carbon flux changes on forest areas remaining forests. Under this conditional target the country can expect to achieve net zero emissions from FOLU on an annual basis by the end of the year 2031 and net zero emissions from FOLU on a periodic basis by 2040. Under this conditional target, REDD+ RBP‟s could be anticipated in 2025/26.', 'Under this conditional target, REDD+ RBP‟s could be anticipated in 2025/26. The potential amount of accumulated net emission reductions would be between 44 – 68 M t of e with a potential for RBP of ca 150 M USD53. In order to fulfill this target, the country would require substantial upfront finance for REDD+ at least until RBP‟s would be available, i.e., for covering the additional costs of REDD+ measures over the period 2021 – 2026/27. For the time being, the calculations only include emissions and removals from deforestation and carbon stock enhancement through Afforestation/ reforestation (AF/RF).', 'For the time being, the calculations only include emissions and removals from deforestation and carbon stock enhancement through Afforestation/ reforestation (AF/RF). Once MRV capacities have been upgraded to include activities relevant for forests remaining forests including a baseline for target setting and measurements, the scope of the reference level will be updated to include forest management and restoration on existing forests, possibly conservation of forest carbon stocks too. Maximum amount of RBP per country according to the TOR of the REDD+ RBP pilot programme of the GCF.Table 12.', 'Maximum amount of RBP per country according to the TOR of the REDD+ RBP pilot programme of the GCF.Table 12. Projected conditional GHG emission reductions beyond 2030 (2031-2040)54 Year FRL Baseline emissions Deforestation e) Emissions from deforestation e) FRL Baseline enhancement e) BAU Emission (FRL Baseline emission – enhancement) Unconditional Enhancement e) Net annual emissions conditional e) Acc ER in % of FRL baseline conditional 3.3.2 Special Circumstances regarding the FOLU Sector Myanmar is largely a rural and agrarian country, with 70% of the 51.5 million residing in rural areas. Both the urban and rural populations still rely primarily on biomass energy for cooking, hence the enhancement of electrification and alternative low carbon economic growth are needed. The economic and social circumstances in Myanmar as well as its cultural and ethnic diversity make climate change mitigation (including REDD+) challenging.', 'The economic and social circumstances in Myanmar as well as its cultural and ethnic diversity make climate change mitigation (including REDD+) challenging. All proposed policies and measures need to be thoroughly screened for potential negative impacts on people‟s livelihoods. Current economic development is concentrated on the regions and states of the country which are particularly exposed to climate hazards such as cyclones, heavy rain, flooding, drought or erratic rainfall (e.g., Ayeyarwady, Bago, Sagaing, Mandalay, and Magway Regions and Mon and Rakhine States in general), where deforestation has also been the highest in the past 10-15 years. 3.3.2.1 Forestry projects that would help meet NDC Targets The National REDD+ Strategy55 sets a target to achieve net-zero deforestation by the year 2045.', '3.3.2.1 Forestry projects that would help meet NDC Targets The National REDD+ Strategy55 sets a target to achieve net-zero deforestation by the year 2045. This goal underlies the conditional target of net emission reductions of 50% by 2030 and net zero emissions from forestry and other land use (FOLU) by 2040. To achieve this goal, the following major priority actions are envisioned: ● Address drivers of deforestation both inside and outside of the Permanent Forest Estate (PFE), particularly: agricultural expansion on Virgin, Fallow and Vacant land, and transformation of forest land to agro-business plantations (rubber, oil palm, betel nut, bananas, others).', 'To achieve this goal, the following major priority actions are envisioned: ● Address drivers of deforestation both inside and outside of the Permanent Forest Estate (PFE), particularly: agricultural expansion on Virgin, Fallow and Vacant land, and transformation of forest land to agro-business plantations (rubber, oil palm, betel nut, bananas, others). This will require collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation (MOALI), since much forested land is currently under MOALI‟s jurisdiction and the largest deforestation threat is the expansion of agricultural concessions. ● Implementation of the Myanmar Reforestation and Forest Rehabilitation Programme (MRRP) to its full extent.', '● Implementation of the Myanmar Reforestation and Forest Rehabilitation Programme (MRRP) to its full extent. The MRRP (See: Activity of the Myanmar Reforestation and Rehabilitation Programme) aims in two phases at establishing up to 251,000 ha of new forests which, if the MRRP gets extended, as expected under the scenario of the conditional NDC target, could grow up to additional 340,000 ha by 2030. The total from the atmosphere in the country would be by 2030 then ca 580,000 ha. ● Increase collaboration with ethnic regions and states, local and ethnic organizations to promote forest conservation work within and outside of the PFE.', '● Increase collaboration with ethnic regions and states, local and ethnic organizations to promote forest conservation work within and outside of the PFE. ● Prioritize the conservation of important forest areas, such as intact forests (Northern and Southern Forest complex), mangroves, and unique habitat. This refers, e.g., to areas with dry and mixed deciduous forests in central and north-western Myanmar (Chindwin basin area), and especially to mangrove forests, one of the most threatened forest types and likely the forests with the highest per area unit carbon storage potential. 3.3.2.2 Financing for the FOLU Sector During the previous five-year period between 2014-15 and 2019-2020, the Forestry Sector received MMK 120,705.34 million (USD 90.02 million), and MMK 21,824 million (USD 16.28 million) in government and externally financing respectively (Annex III.', '3.3.2.2 Financing for the FOLU Sector During the previous five-year period between 2014-15 and 2019-2020, the Forestry Sector received MMK 120,705.34 million (USD 90.02 million), and MMK 21,824 million (USD 16.28 million) in government and externally financing respectively (Annex III. Forestry & Other Land Use Sector supplementary information). The government currently has more than 25 active technical cooperation programs and grant projects under implementation (Table 33) and a national budget allocation of $ 26.15 million for 2019-2020. (Table 34) International support in terms of financial resources and capacity and the use of local techniques and implementation of policy instruments will be key to help achieving the conditional target and maintaining the sustainable landscapes.', '(Table 34) International support in terms of financial resources and capacity and the use of local techniques and implementation of policy instruments will be key to help achieving the conditional target and maintaining the sustainable landscapes. (1 USD -= 1340.8 MMK on 24 Dec 202056) 3.3.2.3 Data and Information Collection Systems for the FOLU Sector Myanmar is developing a National Forest Monitoring System (NFMS)57 which consist of a satellite-based land monitoring system (SLMS) and a national forest inventory (NFI). The NFMS is the primary information system used to produce relevant data for UNFCCC reporting (GHG inventory, safeguard reports), the definition and eventual adaptation of reference levels for REDD+ and the information necessary for independent verification.', 'The NFMS is the primary information system used to produce relevant data for UNFCCC reporting (GHG inventory, safeguard reports), the definition and eventual adaptation of reference levels for REDD+ and the information necessary for independent verification. As such, the NFMS will provide all information necessary to measure the progress of achievement of targets will be presented under REDD+ implementation. For the land-use and land-use change sector, data and information necessary to report on the NDC will be derived from the GHG Inventory. Under the conditional scenario, the MRV capacities for REDD+ will be further enhanced through a functional fully national scale National Forest Inventory and efficient satellite-based forest degradation/ restoration monitoring tools be developed for tracking carbon flux changes on forest areas remaining forests.', 'Under the conditional scenario, the MRV capacities for REDD+ will be further enhanced through a functional fully national scale National Forest Inventory and efficient satellite-based forest degradation/ restoration monitoring tools be developed for tracking carbon flux changes on forest areas remaining forests. For policies and measures targeting reduction of fuel consumption and deforestation, data and information collection will focus on quantities of forest-derived products, biomass quantities and their energy equivalents. To further expand data coverage of this data and information gathering exercise and to improve the overall quality of the collection systems (including data collection relevant to measuring impacts on climate change adaptation), additional climate finance is needed.', 'To further expand data coverage of this data and information gathering exercise and to improve the overall quality of the collection systems (including data collection relevant to measuring impacts on climate change adaptation), additional climate finance is needed. The CBIT project will be utilized to develop the necessary tools and guidelines to track the progress on targets across all sectors, incorporating the data produced by the NFMS, and to enable these to be reported to the UNFCCC by Myanmar‟s Environmental Conservation Department. 57 UNREDD, MONREC (2015), Development of a National Forest Monitoring System for Myanmar.3.4. Programs with Measurable Mitigation Co-Benefits 3.4.1. Fuel Efficient Stoves According to the national census data, upwards of 80% of the national population uses fuelwood and charcoal as a primary means of cooking food.', 'Fuel Efficient Stoves According to the national census data, upwards of 80% of the national population uses fuelwood and charcoal as a primary means of cooking food. Since submitting its INDC, the Government of Myanmar has promoted the use of improved fuelwood cook-stoves to reduce forest degradation and GHG emissions from unsustainable fuelwood use. The emission reduction contributions (Table 13) to Myanmar‟s NDCs from each program will be as follows: ● DZGD Program: 0.493 MtCO2 e (10%) will contribute to Myanmar‟s NDC targets, while the remaining (90%) emissions will be transferred to CCC, Korea under carbon trading (Article 6). ● DoA Program: 2.246 MtCO2 e (20%) will contribute to Myanmar‟s NDC targets, while the remaining (80%) emissions reductions will be transferred to CCC, Korea under a carbon trading agreement.', '● DoA Program: 2.246 MtCO2 e (20%) will contribute to Myanmar‟s NDC targets, while the remaining (80%) emissions reductions will be transferred to CCC, Korea under a carbon trading agreement. An initial estimate of total emissions reductions, achievable from the two programs based on a leakage factor of 5% and an emissions reductions/stove/year of 1.3 tCO2 e gives a total emission reduction of around 12.99 MtCO2 e. Table 13. Total emissions reduced by Fuel Efficient Cook Stoves by 203058,59 Program Year # Stoves (Units) Emission Reduced/unit Stove Lifespan (Years) Annual Emission Reduced e/yr) Lifetime Emission reduced e) To CCC e) To DoA/ DZGD e) Remarks Total emission reduced from 2021-2030 (tCO2 These calculations represent initial estimated values that will be further revised and validated based on a Program of Activities (PoA); monitoring, reporting and verifications conducted in consultation with CCC and in-line with Article 6; and its rules.', 'Total emissions reduced by Fuel Efficient Cook Stoves by 203058,59 Program Year # Stoves (Units) Emission Reduced/unit Stove Lifespan (Years) Annual Emission Reduced e/yr) Lifetime Emission reduced e) To CCC e) To DoA/ DZGD e) Remarks Total emission reduced from 2021-2030 (tCO2 These calculations represent initial estimated values that will be further revised and validated based on a Program of Activities (PoA); monitoring, reporting and verifications conducted in consultation with CCC and in-line with Article 6; and its rules. During implementation, data and information on the baseline and performance of the cook-stoves will be continually monitored. This will include collection of information on: a) Number of cook-stoves distributed each year, and cumulatively over the implementation period; b) Percentage of continued use of these cook-stoves; 60 Myanmar is in the process of having submitted an fNRB (fractional Non-renewable Biomass) to the UNFCCC.', 'This will include collection of information on: a) Number of cook-stoves distributed each year, and cumulatively over the implementation period; b) Percentage of continued use of these cook-stoves; 60 Myanmar is in the process of having submitted an fNRB (fractional Non-renewable Biomass) to the UNFCCC. If the new value of the fNRB is approved, the emissions per stove is subject to change. 60 The Emissions Reduction per stove is derived from the registered CDM project of Myanmar. Component project activity design document form (Version 09.0)c) Lifetimes of the cookstoves; d) Retrofits or other modifications made to the cook-stoves; e) Performance of the cookstoves. 3.4.2.', 'Component project activity design document form (Version 09.0)c) Lifetimes of the cookstoves; d) Retrofits or other modifications made to the cook-stoves; e) Performance of the cookstoves. 3.4.2. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Program In addition to the Fuel-Efficient Stoves, another approach to reduce emissions from fuelwood and charcoal is to promote use of LPG for households that can afford to do so. Cooking with LPG saves time needed for fuelwood collection and cooking, and reduces health impacts (respiratory disease, eye disease) associated with inefficient combustion of fuelwood and charcoal within the home. The demand for LPG has grown in Myanmar as shown by the statistics of 2019, and the government will work with LPG businesses to address barriers to adoption.', 'The demand for LPG has grown in Myanmar as shown by the statistics of 2019, and the government will work with LPG businesses to address barriers to adoption. Myanmar proposes to slowly expand its LPG program and NDC targets over time and subsidies may be considered to reduce costs and increase fuel substitution by poor communities.', 'Myanmar proposes to slowly expand its LPG program and NDC targets over time and subsidies may be considered to reduce costs and increase fuel substitution by poor communities. The government has set an unconditional target to support the replacement of traditional fuel wood cooking (assuming an average annual household consumption of 2760 kg/HH) by LPG- based cooking technologies across the 1 million households, offering a potential emission reductions of 14.94 million tCO2 (Table 14) Based on existing household adoption of electricity- based cooking technologies in Myanmar, it is expected that users will continue to use fuelwood in addition to the LPG, and may achieve a similar 48% reduction of annual fuel wood consumption (reducing consumption to 1324.8kg/HH). (See Methods and Assumptions) Table 14.', '(See Methods and Assumptions) Table 14. Annual Total emissions avoided through LPG displacement of Fuelwood cooking (2021-2030)61 Annual Fuelwood Emissions/Household Total Fuel wood Emissions (Baseline) Annual LPG Emissions/Household Total LPG Emissions (Projected Emissions) Annual Fuel wood emissions/HH post LPG distribution (52% of BAU) Total Fuel wood emissions post LPG distribution (52% of BAU) Total Emission Avoided Reduced 3.4.3. Micro-Grids and Off-Grid Rural Electrification Rural electrification is a key demand in Myanmar as only 50% of the population has electricity. In the absence of renewable electricity, people in rural areas use diesel generators. Off-grid mini- grids will be located at a distance of at least 10 miles from the national grid.', 'Off-grid mini- grids will be located at a distance of at least 10 miles from the national grid. Under the current update of the ongoing National Electrification Project (NEP- 2016-2021), off- grid program managed by the Department of Rural Development has set targets to increase access to solar home systems and for establishment of mini-grids (Table 15).Table 15.', 'Under the current update of the ongoing National Electrification Project (NEP- 2016-2021), off- grid program managed by the Department of Rural Development has set targets to increase access to solar home systems and for establishment of mini-grids (Table 15).Table 15. Solar home system and mini-grid targets under NEP62 Fiscal Year Solar Home System Mini-Grid Total Remark Village Household Village Household Village Household To support implementation of the NEP, assistance is being received (2016-2021) from KfW and GIZ worth 13.87 million Euros, AICS Italy (2019-2023) worth 30 million Euros, and through results-based financing from the World Bank worth US$ 3.45million (2018-2021) targeting a rural population of 6 million people in the rural areas of Myanmar.', 'Solar home system and mini-grid targets under NEP62 Fiscal Year Solar Home System Mini-Grid Total Remark Village Household Village Household Village Household To support implementation of the NEP, assistance is being received (2016-2021) from KfW and GIZ worth 13.87 million Euros, AICS Italy (2019-2023) worth 30 million Euros, and through results-based financing from the World Bank worth US$ 3.45million (2018-2021) targeting a rural population of 6 million people in the rural areas of Myanmar. In addition, the country has applied for a soft-loan of US$90 million for solar mini-grid rural electrification. It should be noted that DRD also has plans to start a Result Based Financing Program for mini-grid development funded by the World Bank and to reduce SHS installations under NEP starting from 2019-2020 Fiscal Year.', 'It should be noted that DRD also has plans to start a Result Based Financing Program for mini-grid development funded by the World Bank and to reduce SHS installations under NEP starting from 2019-2020 Fiscal Year. As of 2019-2020, the off-grid electrification project had contributed to installing 166.4MW which included 44.41MW of renewable energy mini-grids helping to avoid of 0.0564 million e/year, and a total 0.564 million tCO2 e avoided from 2021-2031 under BAU (Table 16). However, since the rural electrification projects are demand based, Myanmar will report the total energy and emissions reduced/avoided based on the actual results.', 'However, since the rural electrification projects are demand based, Myanmar will report the total energy and emissions reduced/avoided based on the actual results. Having met the INDC objective of reaching 1.8m people (30% of the target rural off-grid population), Myanmar set addition unconditional and conditional NDC objectives to reach the remaining target populations as follows (Table 16): NDC Unconditional Target: Under the NDC, in addition to the 30% INDC target achieved, 15% of the total rural off-grid rural population (0.9 million) will gain access to renewable energy sources through Off-Grid Rural Electrification by 2030, resulting in an additional GHG emissions reduction of 0.155 million tCO2 e emissions by 2030.', 'Having met the INDC objective of reaching 1.8m people (30% of the target rural off-grid population), Myanmar set addition unconditional and conditional NDC objectives to reach the remaining target populations as follows (Table 16): NDC Unconditional Target: Under the NDC, in addition to the 30% INDC target achieved, 15% of the total rural off-grid rural population (0.9 million) will gain access to renewable energy sources through Off-Grid Rural Electrification by 2030, resulting in an additional GHG emissions reduction of 0.155 million tCO2 e emissions by 2030. Taking both the existing INDC implementation mini-grids and the NDC mini-grid contributions into account, the NDC unconditional target would result in a total GHG emissions reduction of 0.719 million tCO2 e emissions by 2030.', 'Taking both the existing INDC implementation mini-grids and the NDC mini-grid contributions into account, the NDC unconditional target would result in a total GHG emissions reduction of 0.719 million tCO2 e emissions by 2030. NDC Conditional Target: Under this NDC, 15% addition to the Unconditional Target a total of 30% of the off-grid rural population will gain access to renewable energy sources through Off-Grid Rural Electrification by 2030, resulting in additional GHG emissions reduction of 0.310 million tCO2 e emissions by 2030. Taking both the existing INDC implementation mini-grids and the NDC mini-grid contributions into account, NDC conditional target would result will result in a total GHG emissions reduction of 0.874 e emissions by 2030.', 'Taking both the existing INDC implementation mini-grids and the NDC mini-grid contributions into account, NDC conditional target would result will result in a total GHG emissions reduction of 0.874 e emissions by 2030. To meet the conditional targets, the DRD will need international financial assistance of USD 20 million per year co-financed with domestic resources of USD 9 million/year to fund implementation and capacity building needs. Myanmar is also interested in understanding and developing NEP projects under Article 6 for up-scaling programs. Myanmar is currently developing small-scale electricity enterprise guidelines to integrate micro- grids to the grids. It nonetheless needs both technical and financial assistance to enhance ruralelectrification under a NEP- Phase 2 project.', 'It nonetheless needs both technical and financial assistance to enhance ruralelectrification under a NEP- Phase 2 project. DRD is also interested to learn more about technologies like biomass gasifiers and mini-hydro.Table 16.', 'DRD is also interested to learn more about technologies like biomass gasifiers and mini-hydro.Table 16. Conditional target for emission reduction through micro and mini-grids using Renewable BAU INDC Target (total 30% off-grid rural population; Solar Capacity Factor = 25%) Conversion Factor to TJ/MWh 0.0036 Emissions Factor (diesel) - IPCC- (tCO2 Efficiency of Diesel generators (ADB- grid connected combined cycle) 46% Total Emissions from Diesel (tCO2 Total Emission Avoided by RE (tCO2 NDC Unconditional Target (15% off-grid rural population in addition to BAU; Solar Capacity Factor = 25%) Conversion to TJ/MWh 0.0036 Emissions Factor (diesel) - IPCC- (tCO2 Efficiency of Diesel generators (ADB- grid connected combined cycle) 46% Total Emissions from Diesel (tCO2 Total Emissions Avoided by RE (tCO2 NDC Conditional Target (30% off-grid rural population in addition to BAU; Solar Capacity Factor = 25%) Conversion to TJ/MWh 0.0036 Emission Factor (diesel) – IPCC (tCO2 Efficiency of Diesel generators (ADB- grid connected combined cycle) 46% Total Emissions from Diesel (tCO2 Total Emissions Avoided by RE (tCO2 63 MONREC and MOALI3.4.4 Energy Efficiency In the INDC, the Directorate of Industrial Collaboration within Ministry of Industry (MOI) set a target to achieve a cumulative energy consumption reduction of 20% by 2030 upon baseline data year 2012.', 'Conditional target for emission reduction through micro and mini-grids using Renewable BAU INDC Target (total 30% off-grid rural population; Solar Capacity Factor = 25%) Conversion Factor to TJ/MWh 0.0036 Emissions Factor (diesel) - IPCC- (tCO2 Efficiency of Diesel generators (ADB- grid connected combined cycle) 46% Total Emissions from Diesel (tCO2 Total Emission Avoided by RE (tCO2 NDC Unconditional Target (15% off-grid rural population in addition to BAU; Solar Capacity Factor = 25%) Conversion to TJ/MWh 0.0036 Emissions Factor (diesel) - IPCC- (tCO2 Efficiency of Diesel generators (ADB- grid connected combined cycle) 46% Total Emissions from Diesel (tCO2 Total Emissions Avoided by RE (tCO2 NDC Conditional Target (30% off-grid rural population in addition to BAU; Solar Capacity Factor = 25%) Conversion to TJ/MWh 0.0036 Emission Factor (diesel) – IPCC (tCO2 Efficiency of Diesel generators (ADB- grid connected combined cycle) 46% Total Emissions from Diesel (tCO2 Total Emissions Avoided by RE (tCO2 63 MONREC and MOALI3.4.4 Energy Efficiency In the INDC, the Directorate of Industrial Collaboration within Ministry of Industry (MOI) set a target to achieve a cumulative energy consumption reduction of 20% by 2030 upon baseline data year 2012. Drawing on the recommendations developed in the National Energy Efficiency and Conservation Policy, Strategy and Roadmap for Myanmar (2015)64, a set of quantifiable targets have been adopted by MOI for inclusion in this NDC.65 Based on the 2012 national baseline energy consumption estimated at 8,254 GWh, within this overall target, Myanmar will aim to improve energy efficiency by 2030 for the following sectors: 6.63% energy reduction in the industrial sector; 4% reduction in the commercial sector; 7.80% energy reduction in the residential sector and 1.36% in other sectors.', 'Drawing on the recommendations developed in the National Energy Efficiency and Conservation Policy, Strategy and Roadmap for Myanmar (2015)64, a set of quantifiable targets have been adopted by MOI for inclusion in this NDC.65 Based on the 2012 national baseline energy consumption estimated at 8,254 GWh, within this overall target, Myanmar will aim to improve energy efficiency by 2030 for the following sectors: 6.63% energy reduction in the industrial sector; 4% reduction in the commercial sector; 7.80% energy reduction in the residential sector and 1.36% in other sectors. To achieve this, Myanmar will progressively improve energy efficiency by reaching 16% in aggregate by 2025 and 20% by 2030.', 'To achieve this, Myanmar will progressively improve energy efficiency by reaching 16% in aggregate by 2025 and 20% by 2030. If fully implemented, these measures will be expected to result in a total energy savings of e as shown in Table 17. Table 17. Cumulative emissions avoided through Energy Efficiency actions (2020-2030)66,67,68 Cumulative Cumulative Energy Efficiency e/ GWh Cumulative emission reduced Million To meet these targets MOI will develop Energy Conservation Guidelines and recruit and train Energy Managers and Energy Auditors to implement Minimum Energy Performance Standards and a Standards and Labelling Program to increase energy efficiency in the residential and commercial sectors. MOI is currently implementing an Industrial Energy Efficiency Program financed by the GEF71, and in developing an Energy Efficiency Financing Strategy with support from the UK-FCDO.', 'MOI is currently implementing an Industrial Energy Efficiency Program financed by the GEF71, and in developing an Energy Efficiency Financing Strategy with support from the UK-FCDO. In line with the key activities recommended within the Energy Efficiency Roadmap, the Ministry of Construction, Department of Urban Housing and Development (MOC-DUHD) and MOI have also developed a Myanmar National Building Code (MNBC) including a chapter concerning Green Building measures. In order to strengthen energy efficiency and urban resilience, together with MONREC ECD, DUHD is proposing the implementation of this code through the development of climate-region specific implementation guidelines that focus on energy efficiency, natural cooling and climate resilient construction. Financial support for this will be requested from international donors.', 'Financial support for this will be requested from international donors. Key areas of capacity development needs will be data collection and analysis of Energy Consumption, and design of 65 It should be noted that this analysis is somewhat dated and it draws heavily from best practices in neighboring countries, so further investments will be needed to update these assessments, recommendations, and that estimates of the baselines and targets may need to be revised in the future. 69 National Energy Efficiency and Conservation, Policy, Strategy and Roadmap for Myanmar 2015; page 40 70 National Energy Efficiency and Conservation, Policy, Strategy and Roadmap for Myanmar 2015; page 45Database Systems for monitoring, reporting, verification and evaluation. Please see Annex for more information on energy efficiency measures to be undertaken.', 'Please see Annex for more information on energy efficiency measures to be undertaken. 3.5. Myanmar’s consolidated NDC Mitigation commitments Herewith, Myanmar presents its consolidated mitigation contributions for the NDC (Table 18). As can be seen below, of the sectors for which Myanmar is reporting within the NDC, the overwhelming source of change in Myanmar‟s progress for reducing its national GHG emissions comes from the Forestry Sector. As an aspirational conditional target, Myanmar is set to achieve net emission reductions of 50% by 2030 and net-zero emissions from forestry and other land use (FOLU) by 2040. Nevertheless, taking into consideration future intentions to develop economy-wide targets, and reporting for other gasses than CO2 in the future.', 'Nevertheless, taking into consideration future intentions to develop economy-wide targets, and reporting for other gasses than CO2 in the future. Therefore, Myanmar is pleased to provide quantifiable targets for the efforts being undertaken to avoid emissions and/or promote further carbon sequestration in a number of additional sectors including fuel-efficient cookstoves, LFG cookstove substitution, rural electrification mini-grid development and energy efficiency. In summary, Myanmar‟s unconditional targets for Total Emissions Avoided/Reduced over the e. If Myanmar receives sufficient and timely technical and financial support from the international community, the government aims to be able to achieve a conditional target for Total Emissions Avoided/Reduced over the period 2021- e. In addition, Myanmar is currently exploring Article 6 carbon trading through fuel efficient cookstove distribution programs of 10,249,200 tCO2 e. Table 18.', 'In summary, Myanmar‟s unconditional targets for Total Emissions Avoided/Reduced over the e. If Myanmar receives sufficient and timely technical and financial support from the international community, the government aims to be able to achieve a conditional target for Total Emissions Avoided/Reduced over the period 2021- e. In addition, Myanmar is currently exploring Article 6 carbon trading through fuel efficient cookstove distribution programs of 10,249,200 tCO2 e. Table 18. Myanmar’s Consolidated GHG Mitigation targets by 2030 - Conditional and Unconditional72 Conditional Targets Unconditional Targets Potential for Carbon Trading No Sector Target Period BAU Emissions e Conditional Target Emission e Total Emissions Avoided/ Reduced e Unconditional Target Emissions e Total Emissions Avoided/ Reduced e Not Calculated - 10.40 - - Fuel Efficient Stoves By 2030 Not Calculated - 2.74 - - 10.25 LPG replace Energy Efficiency By 2030 - - 0.13 - - - 3.6.', 'Myanmar’s Consolidated GHG Mitigation targets by 2030 - Conditional and Unconditional72 Conditional Targets Unconditional Targets Potential for Carbon Trading No Sector Target Period BAU Emissions e Conditional Target Emission e Total Emissions Avoided/ Reduced e Unconditional Target Emissions e Total Emissions Avoided/ Reduced e Not Calculated - 10.40 - - Fuel Efficient Stoves By 2030 Not Calculated - 2.74 - - 10.25 LPG replace Energy Efficiency By 2030 - - 0.13 - - - 3.6. Other Sectors with Mitigation Benefits In addition to the commitments mentioned above, Myanmar has identified a selection of projects mentioned below where the implementation will have mitigation co-benefits that could contribute to the current submission of the NDC or set the platform and basis of learning for the next iteration of the NDC. e3.6.1. Integrated Transport Planning Myanmar is interested in exploring future mitigation actions in the various transport sectors, including understanding mitigation potential, creating required databases (e.g.', 'Integrated Transport Planning Myanmar is interested in exploring future mitigation actions in the various transport sectors, including understanding mitigation potential, creating required databases (e.g. monitoring, reporting and verification) and informing policy reform to meet future climate mitigation targets. Currently, with limited capacities, no transport mitigation commitments are made in this NDC. However, with support from both developed and developing countries, Myanmar would examine how the transport sector could fit into both Article 6 activities and/or commitments in a future NDC. Potential transport sector outcomes would be based on the initiation of work in the coming years and support received. Myanmar also lacks a national government framework that guides intra- urban transport.', 'Myanmar also lacks a national government framework that guides intra- urban transport. A Regional and Urban Development Planning and Intra-Urban Transport law could include transport related policy tools that would guide low carbon, transport-oriented development, which also contributes to the development of compact, sustainable cities. Investment in traditional public transport infrastructure can be beneficial for reducing GHG emissions, but also for preventing negative health outcomes that can result from poor air quality. Worldwide ambient air pollution accounts for up to 29% of all deaths from lung cancer and 43 % of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, due to the burning of fossil fuels in cars, trucks, and various industrial activities sited in cities.', 'Worldwide ambient air pollution accounts for up to 29% of all deaths from lung cancer and 43 % of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, due to the burning of fossil fuels in cars, trucks, and various industrial activities sited in cities. Integrated transport measures must be developed in order to reduce this, including increased use of public transport. This is possible through Bust Rapid Transit (BRT) and Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) development as well as through the use of E-vehicles (EVs). In urban environments especially, improvements falling under the umbrella term of “sustainable mobility” – which includes public transport, walking, and cycling – contribute to both environmental and public health outcomes. There is a clear connection between the increase of car use, and non-communicable diseases related to obesity.', 'There is a clear connection between the increase of car use, and non-communicable diseases related to obesity. City design must encourage walking, cycling, and other forms of “active” transport through features such as bus lanes, bike lanes, and pedestrian-centered streetscape improvements as part of an overall city transport strategy. 3.6.2. Road Transport Road transport in Myanmar currently depends on fossil fuels. Consistent with the commitment of developed and developing counties to end the use of fossil fuel vehicles by 2035 or earlier, Myanmar is interested in introducing EVs for both personal use and (MRT). Allied to this would be a slow phase-out of old, highly inefficient vehicles. Myanmar has already phased-out over 200,000 old, highly inefficient vehicles74.', 'Myanmar has already phased-out over 200,000 old, highly inefficient vehicles74. While no policies currently exist to phase out fossil fuel vehicles, incentives for EVs include tax exemptions on import registration fees. Electric motorcycles are also allowed on Myanmar roads75. At present, reconditioned vehicles up to 3 years old can be imported. Finally, only new vehicles that meet Euro 4 standards will be allowed in Myanmar. Emissions testing of new private vehicles take place three years after registration, whereas commercial vehicles have to be tested annually. However, emissions testing facilities are limited. Of the 55 national Road Transport Offices only 20 have multi-testing systems, of which one is a mobile system, while 8 only have exhaust emissions testing systems.', 'Of the 55 national Road Transport Offices only 20 have multi-testing systems, of which one is a mobile system, while 8 only have exhaust emissions testing systems. Source: Road Transportation Department, MOTC Source: Road Transportation Department, MOTCBased on how markets for EVs progress, Myanmar will develop both infrastructure and policies to further support the sector under bilateral partnerships or public-private partnerships. MRT projects, either private sector or public-private sector partnerships, and light commercial vehicles including vehicles for personal use, will be highly encouraged. In coordination with the Vehicle Import Steering Committee and under the guidance of the MOI, vehicle standards will also be developed to ensure the country has a recycling system in place76.', 'In coordination with the Vehicle Import Steering Committee and under the guidance of the MOI, vehicle standards will also be developed to ensure the country has a recycling system in place76. Similarly, Myanmar‟s Road Transport Administration Department would also like to develop projects with the private sector to improve and increase vehicle testing systems and work with CSOs on vehicle efficiency and standards to decrease fossil fuel consumption. Myanmar thus seeks international technical and financial assistance with grants and concessional loans to engage accordingly. Myanmar‟s railway transport dates back to 1877. However, owing to the slow development of the economy, even after 143 years railway transport has not made spectacular growth. Old diesel locomotive engines continue to be used, with diesel consumptions around 900,000 gallons a month.', 'Old diesel locomotive engines continue to be used, with diesel consumptions around 900,000 gallons a month. Myanmar is in the process of upgrading its existing network of 6100 km, including expanding railway lines across the country. Current upgrades will use electric-diesel hybrid locomotives which are 50% more efficient than existing locomotives, and so use less fossil fuel. The railway network will play a key role in Urban MRT in Myanmar as more trains will be introduced. High speed trains and monorails are also planned to depend on feasibility studies and ensuring social and environmental standards are met, including designing wildlife friendly infrastructure. Myanmar thus seeks international technical and financial assistance in combinations of grants and concessional loans to develop the railway sector.', 'Myanmar thus seeks international technical and financial assistance in combinations of grants and concessional loans to develop the railway sector. It hopes for further bilateral discussions with assisting parties to make the railway sector a part of its low carbon development growth strategy to contribute to its climate commitments by reducing emissions. Some bilateral agreements have been signed to initiate feasibility studies, build up necessary infrastructure and bring new technologies. However, this will need to be scaled up in the coming years in coordination with other sectors like electricity, forestry, and agriculture, as well as various stakeholders. Myanmar has a coastline of 1,300 miles and inland navigational waterways of 2,000 miles. The sector is rapidly growing with annual fossil fuel consumption shown in (Table 19) as well as emissions.', 'The sector is rapidly growing with annual fossil fuel consumption shown in (Table 19) as well as emissions. Table 19. Average Annual Volume of Fossil fuel used in Maritime Sector77 Vessel No. Gross Tonnage Fuel (MT) e Metric Tons The Department of Marine Administration (DMA) has outlined the following project objectives to reduce fossil fuel consumption and facilitate development of Myanmar‟s future NDCs Source: RTD, MOTC Department of Marine Administration, MoTCtargeting actions associated with GHG emissions reductions in the Inland Marine Sector and for development of a Green Ship Strategy (see Annex V). Similar to the Marine sector, the growing aviation sector means Myanmar is interested in enhancing its capacities to engage with the aviation sector (the International Civil Aviation Organisation) regarding climate change, specifically the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme in International Aviation.', 'Similar to the Marine sector, the growing aviation sector means Myanmar is interested in enhancing its capacities to engage with the aviation sector (the International Civil Aviation Organisation) regarding climate change, specifically the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme in International Aviation. Engagement will result in better understanding developments in the sector. Hence, Myanmar seeks international technical and financial assistance for public and/or public-private sector engagements in the Aviation sector as a part of its NDC. 3.6.6. Green Cities Planning With regard to the National Spatial Development Framework Plan (2014), Department of Urban Housing and Development (DUHD) under the Ministry of Construction has been developing conceptual town development plans. These development plans are mainstreaming climate change, guided by the Guidelines for Urban Planning78.', 'These development plans are mainstreaming climate change, guided by the Guidelines for Urban Planning78. To increase mitigation co-benefits in this sector, Myanmar will need international support for institutional strengthening, technical assistance and capacity building. For example, to build key GIS capacities, support is needed for Myanmar‟s Resilient Cities Development plans by strengthening the Urban Research and Development Institute, established in 2012. The Green Climate Fund is supporting the development of a pipeline of low carbon and climate resilient projects in Myanmar through a Readiness grant that was awarded to MONREC‟s Environmental Conservation Department in 2018. These projects will focus on demonstrating scalable best-practice approaches for Myanmar‟s secondary cities.', 'These projects will focus on demonstrating scalable best-practice approaches for Myanmar‟s secondary cities. This represents a significant opportunity for reducing GHG emissions in the process of achieving Myanmar‟s infrastructure growth needs as well as increasing the resilience of these cities to effects of climate change, as highlighted in section 4.2.3.1. In some city types that are experiencing rapid industrial growth such as Bago, projects target opportunities to enhance energy use efficiencies and manage growing energy demand through projects supporting as improved transport planning or on the use of rooftop solar in Industrial areas.', 'In some city types that are experiencing rapid industrial growth such as Bago, projects target opportunities to enhance energy use efficiencies and manage growing energy demand through projects supporting as improved transport planning or on the use of rooftop solar in Industrial areas. In cities such as Taunggyi or Pathein that have greater need for support in basic service delivery, the project pipeline will focus more on supporting integrated solid waste planning, flood management, or passive urban cooling through increased urban tree planting and building retrofits. These approaches will draw upon good urban practices for small and medium sized cities from around the region.', 'These approaches will draw upon good urban practices for small and medium sized cities from around the region. In order to achieve the mitigation actions highlighted above Myanmar‟s towns, cities as well as States and Regional governments will require international assistance to build capacity across all relevant agencies in order to strengthen and build coordination assessment of key vulnerabilities and in development of urban planning frameworks and governance institutions. A variety of revenue generation opportunities may be explored to support implementation of low carbon and resilient infrastructure service delivery. prepared by the Myanmar Climate Change Alliance (MCCA), UN- Habitat, Institute of Housing and Urban Development Studies, Netherlands4. Adaptation, and Loss and Damage Given the high vulnerability of Myanmar, adaptation actions will be a key priority of Myanmar‟s NDC.', 'Adaptation, and Loss and Damage Given the high vulnerability of Myanmar, adaptation actions will be a key priority of Myanmar‟s NDC. Myanmar will initiate the process of its National Adaptation Plans and aims to build resilience of all its vulnerable communities and ecosystems identifying and promoting the right community-based and ecosystems-based adaptation measures taking a sectoral approach. The key sectors as identified in the Myanmar Climate Change Strategy to build Myanmar‟s socio- economic resilience are agriculture, natural resources, health, disaster risks, urban planning. And education, training and research will also be a key pillar to enhance local capacities and knowledge to understand and deal with the impacts of climate change.', 'And education, training and research will also be a key pillar to enhance local capacities and knowledge to understand and deal with the impacts of climate change. The Myanmar Climate Change Master Plan (MCCMP) (2018-2030)79 provides the overarching framework action areas to be developed in order to enable the achievement of sector-specific outcomes covering priority sectors nation-wide. 4.1. Action Areas To increase adaptive capacity and maximize opportunities from low-carbon development in a way that achieves the objectives highlighted in 7.1.3, Myanmar needs to make key improvements to realize the following enabling conditions under six broad action areas: 1. Policy: A climate-responsive policy environment that integrates climate- smart initiatives into sectoral and development policies and plans and provides the knowledge to achieve this. 2.', 'Policy: A climate-responsive policy environment that integrates climate- smart initiatives into sectoral and development policies and plans and provides the knowledge to achieve this. 2. Institutions: Operational institutional arrangements and a coordination mechanism that monitors progress towards achieving objectives and enables an inclusive and effective approach to identifying and implementing climate- smart investments in priority sectors. 3. Finance: Enabling financial environment and mechanisms that mobilize and allocate resources so that sectors can access and channelize climate finance opportunities for inclusive investment in climate-resilient and low-carbon development. 4. Capacity and technology: Increased access to adequate capacity and technology across sectors and actors that enable the delivery of climate- smart responses. 5. Awareness: Building awareness and capacities at all levels of society to enable climate- smart decision making. 6.', 'Awareness: Building awareness and capacities at all levels of society to enable climate- smart decision making. 6. Partnerships: Functional multi-stakeholder partnerships between public, private and civil society sectors across local, national, and international levels that support and promote investment in and implementation of climate- smart initiatives. 4.2. Priority Sectors and Outcomes for Adaptation As highlighted in the problem statement, all the sectors that are crucial for Myanmar s continued development are also highly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change. Climate change considerations are currently limitedly integrated into sectoral development in a way that aligns with the pathways described above and responds to the action areas necessary to enable change along the desired development pathways.', 'Climate change considerations are currently limitedly integrated into sectoral development in a way that aligns with the pathways described above and responds to the action areas necessary to enable change along the desired development pathways. Five out of the six priority sectors were identified for adaptation through the formulation process of the Myanmar Climate Change Strategy (MCCS):a) Climate-smart agriculture, fisheries, and livestock for food security b) Sustainable management of natural resources for healthy ecosystems c) Resilient, inclusive, and sustainable cities and towns where people can live and thrive d) Climate risk Management for people‟s health and well being e) Education, science, and technology for a resilient society.', 'Five out of the six priority sectors were identified for adaptation through the formulation process of the Myanmar Climate Change Strategy (MCCS):a) Climate-smart agriculture, fisheries, and livestock for food security b) Sustainable management of natural resources for healthy ecosystems c) Resilient, inclusive, and sustainable cities and towns where people can live and thrive d) Climate risk Management for people‟s health and well being e) Education, science, and technology for a resilient society. If Myanmar is to reach its long-term desired goal of achieving climate-resilient development and pursuing a low-carbon development pathway to support inclusive and sustainable development, it must generate the following six sectoral outcomes, which encapsulate these changes. 4.2.1.', 'If Myanmar is to reach its long-term desired goal of achieving climate-resilient development and pursuing a low-carbon development pathway to support inclusive and sustainable development, it must generate the following six sectoral outcomes, which encapsulate these changes. 4.2.1. Climate-Smart Agriculture, Fisheries and Livestock for Food Security Agriculture, fisheries, and livestock provide food security for many in Myanmar. They are the principal source of livelihoods, while being very vulnerable to slow-onset changes in climate and extreme weather events. Myanmar needs to maintain productivity and promote growth of agricultural and food systems, for example, by applying new technologies and modifying existing ones to enable the adoption of climate-smart agriculture that can withstand changes in climate and contribute to GHG emissions reductions.', 'Myanmar needs to maintain productivity and promote growth of agricultural and food systems, for example, by applying new technologies and modifying existing ones to enable the adoption of climate-smart agriculture that can withstand changes in climate and contribute to GHG emissions reductions. The sector must integrate climate change into its policies and plans to strategize actions on climate-smart farming systems and improve the adaptive capacity of smallholder, marginalized and landless households based on best assessments of future climate patterns and water resource availability. The Government of Myanmar has developed the Myanmar Climate Smart Agriculture Strategy 201580 which envisions Myanmar as a climate-resilient, with food, water and nutrition secure country by 2030.', 'The Government of Myanmar has developed the Myanmar Climate Smart Agriculture Strategy 201580 which envisions Myanmar as a climate-resilient, with food, water and nutrition secure country by 2030. This strategy promotes a globally competitive highly productive agriculture sector (highly productive sector through climate-smart agricultural practices) that will result in a higher standard of living in the country, especially in the rural areas. A Technology Needs Assessment (TNA) has prioritized the assessment of two sectors namely: agriculture and water resources management. Under these two sectors, Myanmar will support the development and uptake of Climate Smart Villages (CSV), organic farming technologies, solar- powered drip irrigation systems and rainwater harvesting, etc.', 'Under these two sectors, Myanmar will support the development and uptake of Climate Smart Villages (CSV), organic farming technologies, solar- powered drip irrigation systems and rainwater harvesting, etc. Supplementary information on on- going projects under implementation to support climate resilience in general is provided in Annex VII, while specific projects relating to agroforestry are provided in Annex II.', 'Supplementary information on on- going projects under implementation to support climate resilience in general is provided in Annex VII, while specific projects relating to agroforestry are provided in Annex II. 4.2.1.1 Assessment of Loss and Damage: Agriculture, Fisheries, Livestock A draft ADB study that employs probabilistic risk modelling to estimate current and expected annual economic damages from cyclones, floods and winds indicates that that agriculture, livestock and fisheries sector are significantly impacted by climate-associated extreme weather events and that these economic costs will increase in the future under a business-as-usual Agricultural crops currently experience the greatest number of losses and damages from coastal flooding and winds with Annual Economic Damages (AED) estimated at MMK 114.5 billion (USD 0.0854 billion), and MMK 80.5 billion (USD 0.06 billion) respectively).', '4.2.1.1 Assessment of Loss and Damage: Agriculture, Fisheries, Livestock A draft ADB study that employs probabilistic risk modelling to estimate current and expected annual economic damages from cyclones, floods and winds indicates that that agriculture, livestock and fisheries sector are significantly impacted by climate-associated extreme weather events and that these economic costs will increase in the future under a business-as-usual Agricultural crops currently experience the greatest number of losses and damages from coastal flooding and winds with Annual Economic Damages (AED) estimated at MMK 114.5 billion (USD 0.0854 billion), and MMK 80.5 billion (USD 0.06 billion) respectively). Fisheries and agriculture currently face similar levels of loss from riverine flooding with Annual Economic Damages (AED) estimated at MMK 60.8 billion (USD 0.0453 billion), and MMK 57.4 billion (USD 0.0428 billion) respectively).', 'Fisheries and agriculture currently face similar levels of loss from riverine flooding with Annual Economic Damages (AED) estimated at MMK 60.8 billion (USD 0.0453 billion), and MMK 57.4 billion (USD 0.0428 billion) respectively). Livestock are most affected by coastal storm surge with an 81 ADB (unpub. ), “Advancing Disaster Risk Informed Development in Myanmar”. TA-Strengthening Climate and Disaster Resilience of Myanmar Communities.Annual Economic Damage (AED) estimated at MMK 60.8 billion or USD 0.0453 billion). Within the agriculture sector, losses are particularly heavy for paddy rice production, but also notable for several agroforestry crops (i.e. coconut and banana). Supplementary information documenting the Myanmar‟s vulnerability to climate-associated disasters and on loss and damage is provided in Annex VI.', 'Supplementary information documenting the Myanmar‟s vulnerability to climate-associated disasters and on loss and damage is provided in Annex VI. (1 USD = 1340.8 MMK on 24 Dec 202082) 4.2.1.2 Prioritization of Adaptation Actions: Agriculture, Fisheries, Livestock Myanmar‟s Climate Change Strategy aims to support all necessary actions to “achieve climate- resilient productivity and climate-smart responses in the agriculture, fisheries and livestock sectors to support food security and livelihood strategies while also promoting resource-efficient and low- carbon practices” as a sectoral outcome. Furthermore, in order to support the adaptation strategy interventions that are appropriate and adapted to the local environmental, economic and social contexts, these responses should involve integrated technology, policy and financial solutions. This is outlined as follows: 1.', 'This is outlined as follows: 1. The agriculture, fisheries and livestock sectors have integrated climate change into their relevant policies, planning and budgeting procedures and have put these into practice, taking into account gender and socially inclusive considerations. 2. The agriculture, fisheries and livestock sectors have adopted climate-resilient and environmentally sound adaptation technologies and climate-smart management practices, supported by international and domestic finance and best estimates of future climate conditions. 3. Institutional coordination and multi-stakeholder engagement frameworks have been established and support the implementation of climate-smart responses in the agricultural, fisheries and livestock sectors, including innovative business models and gender-sensitive approaches. Myanmar has consulted with local stakeholders to identify and prioritize opportunities to enhance adaptation actions in the agriculture sector in the development of numerous recently policy documents (incl.', 'Myanmar has consulted with local stakeholders to identify and prioritize opportunities to enhance adaptation actions in the agriculture sector in the development of numerous recently policy documents (incl. MCCS, MCCMP, Agriculture Development Strategy (ADS), Technical Needs Assessment (TNA) for Adaptation, the NDC, etc.) and with support from the Green Climate Fund, is presently in the process of developing a National Adaptation Plan (NAP). With international support, the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation would like to engage with local governments, CSOs, (Civil Society Organization) INGOs (International Non- Governmental Organization), the private sector, CBOs, (Community Based Organizations), Women‟s groups, youth groups, national races, indigenous/ ethnic groups, national and international experts, academia etc.', 'With international support, the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation would like to engage with local governments, CSOs, (Civil Society Organization) INGOs (International Non- Governmental Organization), the private sector, CBOs, (Community Based Organizations), Women‟s groups, youth groups, national races, indigenous/ ethnic groups, national and international experts, academia etc. on issues such as: i) Interventions to promote climate and weather monitoring and knowledge sharing: ● Improving climate and weather information systems to all farmers and public, including drought/ flood alerts as well as daily inputs for irrigation and other water management possibilities. ● Establishing and strengthening a network on “Sharing Weather Conditions”. ● Establishing agricultural research facilities and demonstration plots at region and state level on agriculture to better understand climate change impacts.', '● Establishing agricultural research facilities and demonstration plots at region and state level on agriculture to better understand climate change impacts. ● Establishment of Climate Smart Agriculture Villages (CSV) to disseminate models for sustainable agricultural/aquaculture/livestock production throughout Myanmar.ii) Interventions to support adaptation of climate in line with Climate Smart Agriculture, such as: ● Implementing conservation agriculture for integrated soil and water conservation e.g., contour systems and SALT (Sloping Agriculture and Land Technology), windbreak plantations, aquaponics. ● Supporting people displaced due to conflict to improve climate resilient agricultural practices. ● Implementing System of Rice Intensification and improvement of Salinity tolerance and Submergence tolerant rice varieties. ● Supporting farmers in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) promoting organic pesticides use.', '● Supporting farmers in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) promoting organic pesticides use. ● Developing rules and regulations with government to control imported seeds quality and distributing plant/seed varieties that help improve the soil quality. ● Developing and implementing crop insurance mechanisms and ensuring they are designed to reflect ways of overcoming barriers to access and information of the most vulnerable. ● Creating a platform to exchange knowledge and share information on Agriculture and communicate issues in relation to agriculture with related departments. iii) Interventions to promote climate change adaptation through livelihood diversification/growth, such as: ● Support development of community-based adaptation technologies such as paddy dryers, solar dryer technology for high valued crops.', 'iii) Interventions to promote climate change adaptation through livelihood diversification/growth, such as: ● Support development of community-based adaptation technologies such as paddy dryers, solar dryer technology for high valued crops. ● Promotion of circular-economies technologies for reuse of agricultural residues and livestock/aquaculture byproducts, such as bio-fertilizer and biochar production. ● Promotion of solar powered pumping/drip irrigation technologies in cash crop production, plantations, and aquaculture. ● Implementing GAP (Good Agriculture Practices), GAqP (Good Aquaculture Practices), and GAHP (Good Animal Husbandry Practices). ● Protecting and upgrading native agricultural varieties, and support for upgrading rainfed agriculture technology.', '● Protecting and upgrading native agricultural varieties, and support for upgrading rainfed agriculture technology. ● Protecting and genetic upgrading of indigenous livestock breeds, and support for Artificial Insemination Services ● Building capacities of younger farmers and informing them re licensing procedures for overseas export to enhance socio-economic resilience and discourage migration. 4.2.2. Sustainable Management of Natural Resources for Healthy Ecosystem Within the environment and natural resources sector there are many ecosystem services which are crucial to people s livelihoods and wellbeing. As communities are highly dependent on diverse and functional ecosystem services, so such services must be enhanced and protected from unsustainable exploitation. Also, robust ecosystem services enable communities to apply nature- based solutions to climate change and/or ecosystem-based adaptations to build resilience to climate impacts and enrich carbon sequestration.', 'Also, robust ecosystem services enable communities to apply nature- based solutions to climate change and/or ecosystem-based adaptations to build resilience to climate impacts and enrich carbon sequestration. Hence, Myanmar must engage in natural resource management that enhances the resilience of biodiversity and ecosystem services to support social and economic development and deliver carbon sequestration. Three strategies which balance food security, livelihoods, natural resources, and biodiversity to achieve these outcomes are:1. Incorporating and enforcing climate change dimensions in environmental and natural resource management policies, rules, and regulations, including gender considerations with mitigation activities planned so they do not harm water and biodiversity systems. 2. Adopting environmentally sound technologies and good management practices to improve and maintain forest, river, water, land and coastal ecosystems, health, and services. 3.', 'Adopting environmentally sound technologies and good management practices to improve and maintain forest, river, water, land and coastal ecosystems, health, and services. 3. Establishing a framework for institutional coordination and multi-stakeholder engagement that supports access to finance and implementation of responses for health, environment, and natural resource management. 4.2.2.1 Prioritization of Adaptation Actions: Natural Resources Myanmar has consulted with local stakeholders to identify and prioritize opportunities to enhance adaptation actions in the natural resources sector in the development of numerous recently elaborated policy documents (incl. MCCS (2019), MCCMP (2019), Conservation of Biodiversity and Protected Areas Law (2018)83, National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (2015-2020) (NBSAP), Technical Needs Assessment (TNA) for Adaptation, National REDD+ Strategy, the INDC, etc.) and is presently in the process of drafting a new Forestry Rules.', 'and is presently in the process of drafting a new Forestry Rules. Myanmar will also develop a Natural Resource Management Strategy with support from the Green Climate Fund. Myanmar‟s Forest Department and Dry Zone Greening Department, in close coordination with ECD, will seek opportunities to promote and implement nature-based solutions for climate change risk reduction and adaptation in both marine and terrestrial landscapes. Myanmar‟s coastal ecosystems like mangroves, wetlands and corals and terrestrial ecosystems including dryland ecosystems like dry forests and semi-evergreen and/or Dry Upper Mix Deciduous – DUMD forests, are noted to be of particular for their diverse co-benefits for climate change mitigation, adaptation, and biodiversity co-benefits.', 'Myanmar‟s coastal ecosystems like mangroves, wetlands and corals and terrestrial ecosystems including dryland ecosystems like dry forests and semi-evergreen and/or Dry Upper Mix Deciduous – DUMD forests, are noted to be of particular for their diverse co-benefits for climate change mitigation, adaptation, and biodiversity co-benefits. With international support, the Myanmar government would like to engage with local governments, CSOs, INGOs, the private sector, CBOs, Women s‟ group, youth groups, national races, indigenous/ ethnic groups, national and international experts, academia, etc. on issues such as: i) Protection of Critical Watershed Hydrological Services, including actions like: ● Analyzing and sharing of actual water quantity that may be discharged from reservoirs. ● Protecting and conserving natural waterholes, springs, spouts, and supporting water purifying technology in remote villages of Myanmar.', '● Protecting and conserving natural waterholes, springs, spouts, and supporting water purifying technology in remote villages of Myanmar. ● Creating a knowledge platform and mechanism to share information ● Protecting watersheds against climate change using nature-based solutions ● Preserving traditional knowledge on water resource management. ● Establishing community conserved watershed areas. ● Establishing community based small reservoirs. ● Designing and implementing rainwater harvesting. ● Renovation and improvement in village ponds and tube wells (i.e., Central Dry Zone) ● Building Flood resistant wells and lakes. ● Maintaining and conserving water sources like lakes and identifying new lakes ● Promoting community-based afforestation and reforestation ensuring these activities protect and enhance water systems and endemic biodiversity. 83 GoM (2018), “The Conservation of Biodiversity and Protected Areas Law”.', '83 GoM (2018), “The Conservation of Biodiversity and Protected Areas Law”. (The Pyidaungsu Hluttaw Law No 12/2018); MONREC, Forestry Department;ii) Protection of Environmental Quality to support health and livelihoods, including actions like: ● Undertaking effective wastewater treatment. ● Demonstrating and encouraging domestic wastewater management bringing in recycling capabilities for wastewater and solids use in agriculture and other water demand sectors. ● Protecting over consumption of groundwater but promoting other alternatives. ● Address overuse of inorganic fertilizers and poor waste management through support for bio-composting and bio-charring. iii) Protection of Forests and the Ecosystem Services that support Livelihoods, including actions like: ● Assessment of impacts of climate change on biodiversity and wildlife and taking necessary adaptation measures.', 'iii) Protection of Forests and the Ecosystem Services that support Livelihoods, including actions like: ● Assessment of impacts of climate change on biodiversity and wildlife and taking necessary adaptation measures. ● Mainstreaming climate change adaptation into protected areas management and sustainable landscape management including marine ecosystems, MPA (marine Protected Areas), and dryland ecosystem. ● Enhancing climate resilience of coastal communities through promotion of forest and fisheries dependent livelihoods, support for innovative SMEs in sustainable value- addition, and capacity-building for community-based natural resources management institutions. ● Understanding, developing, integrating, and implementing nature-based solutions to climate change. ● Creating knowledge platforms, information dissemination, and stakeholder engagement mechanisms to share information, related to the above. iv) Noting the particular adaptation and mitigation benefits of Myanmar’s coastal ecosystems.', 'iv) Noting the particular adaptation and mitigation benefits of Myanmar’s coastal ecosystems. The natural capital of Myanmar‟s long coastline provides a particularly invaluable natural infrastructure that is critical to both adaptation and mitigation of climate change. The mangroves, sea grasses, mudflats, corals protect communities and major urban settlements from climate induces storms, their ecosystem services support economically important agriculture and fisheries sectors, and they have disproportionate impacts on achievement of the forestry sector‟s NDC GHG sequestration targets, with significant biodiversity co-benefits. In recognition of the importance for inter-ministerial coordination in these regions, a National Coastal Resources Management Central Committee (NCRMC) has been established to formulate policy, strategy, laws, rules and regulations regarding Myanmar s vulnerable coastal resources.', 'In recognition of the importance for inter-ministerial coordination in these regions, a National Coastal Resources Management Central Committee (NCRMC) has been established to formulate policy, strategy, laws, rules and regulations regarding Myanmar s vulnerable coastal resources. Actions will include: ● Establishment of township, district, state/regional Coastal Resource Management Committees, to design, oversee and implement technologies for flood disaster risk reduction, for coastal adaptation actions and marine biodiversity conservation. ● Enhancing and expanding forestry areas, communicating its benefits, promoting ecosystem-based adaptations. ● Increasing private and community-owned mangrove wind and wave breaks. ● Mainstreaming climate change adaptations in Marine Protected Areas (MPA) and promoting nature-based solutions. ● Developing a coastal disaster defense/Green Belt through mangrove restoration and rehabilitation of mangroves having mitigation co-benefits.', '● Developing a coastal disaster defense/Green Belt through mangrove restoration and rehabilitation of mangroves having mitigation co-benefits. ● Increasing PAs to enhance nature-based solutions to climate change.● Identifying and developing opportunities for local communities to benefit from blue carbon mitigation co-benefits. ● Conserving and protecting biodiversity, habitats, ecological hotspots and wildlife and building their resilience against climate change. ● Establishment and support for coastal resource research centers to enhance knowledge management. ● Integrating mangroves sustainable management, restoration and conservation into REDD+ Implementation in Myanmar ● International funding and technical support will be needed for Myanmar to implement these ideas and identify further nature-based solutions to climate change. 4.2.3.', '● Integrating mangroves sustainable management, restoration and conservation into REDD+ Implementation in Myanmar ● International funding and technical support will be needed for Myanmar to implement these ideas and identify further nature-based solutions to climate change. 4.2.3. Resilient, inclusive, and sustainable cities and towns where people can live, work and thrive Cities and human settlements are now home to 29% of Myanmar‟s population. With increasing urbanization, more people are moving into unplanned settlements where they have poor quality housing, poor land tenure security, a lack of access to proper water and sanitation, lack of access to public transportation, and other depredations.', 'With increasing urbanization, more people are moving into unplanned settlements where they have poor quality housing, poor land tenure security, a lack of access to proper water and sanitation, lack of access to public transportation, and other depredations. Partly as a consequence of these limitation, they are significantly more vulnerable to sudden and catastrophic climate induced flooding and coastal storms as well as long onset climatic challenges such as heat stress. The impacts of poorly planned urbanization affect all residents and businesses however, as service providers and infrastructure are forced to serve populations that they were not designed for.', 'The impacts of poorly planned urbanization affect all residents and businesses however, as service providers and infrastructure are forced to serve populations that they were not designed for. Therefore, the solutions to addressing many of the more urgent climatic challenges in cities are closely coupled with improvements in urban planning, physical infrastructure, and the addressing of service provision gaps. Many of these solutions can also have significant impacts in reducing GHG emissions. As described in the MCCP (2019), Myanmar must plan in a way so that “all township and city dwellers, including the most vulnerable, are safe from increased risks of rapid- and slow- onset natural disasters and live in sustainable, inclusive, low-carbon, climate-resilient towns”84.', 'As described in the MCCP (2019), Myanmar must plan in a way so that “all township and city dwellers, including the most vulnerable, are safe from increased risks of rapid- and slow- onset natural disasters and live in sustainable, inclusive, low-carbon, climate-resilient towns”84. 4.2.3.1 Assessment of Loss and Damage: Resilient, inclusive, and sustainable cities As yet, there is very limited information for the losses and damages on urban environment due to climate change. Most of Myanmar‟s cities are, however, exposed on an annual basis to a combination of landslides and flooding during the monsoon months, and/or seasonal water shortages, and peak temperatures due to urban heat islands in the summer months.', 'Most of Myanmar‟s cities are, however, exposed on an annual basis to a combination of landslides and flooding during the monsoon months, and/or seasonal water shortages, and peak temperatures due to urban heat islands in the summer months. Additionally, climate-associated extreme events have exacerbated rural-urban and international migration trends, providing ready a ready supply of labor in urban areas, but also overwhelming the infrastructure and resulting in the development of large areas of informal settlements in Myanmar‟s cities. A draft study by the ADB85 estimates the impacts on rural housing due to losses and damages from windstorms, river flooding, and coastal flooding with Annual Economic Damage (AED) at MMK 193.7 billion (USD 0.1445 billion), MMK 120.8 billion (USD 0.0901 billion), and MMK 26.4 billion (USD 0.0196 billion) respectively.', 'A draft study by the ADB85 estimates the impacts on rural housing due to losses and damages from windstorms, river flooding, and coastal flooding with Annual Economic Damage (AED) at MMK 193.7 billion (USD 0.1445 billion), MMK 120.8 billion (USD 0.0901 billion), and MMK 26.4 billion (USD 0.0196 billion) respectively. This study suggests that the share of loss and Myanmar Climate Change Master Plan (2019) p56 85 ADB (unpub. ), “Advancing Disaster Risk Informed Development in Myanmar”. TA-Strengthening Climate and Disaster Resilience of Myanmar Communities.damage due to climate hazards are expected to be particularly heavy for buildings constructed primarily of bamboo and wood. This underscores the need for development of climate resilient planning and building codes for both rural and urban areas.', 'This underscores the need for development of climate resilient planning and building codes for both rural and urban areas. 4.2.3.2 Prioritization of Adaptation Actions: Resilient, inclusive, and sustainable cities Two key sectoral outcomes envisaged by the MCCMP are to ensure that: 1. Town and city residents have access to resilient infrastructure and services that enable them to adapt to the new climatic context – protecting them from natural hazards of increased intensity and frequency and enabling them to continue to react during and after shocks. 2. Climate change resilience, low-carbon development and socially inclusive approaches become the defining principles of urban planning and development, providing mitigation and adaptation co-benefits.', 'Climate change resilience, low-carbon development and socially inclusive approaches become the defining principles of urban planning and development, providing mitigation and adaptation co-benefits. By providing basic services that respond to the needs of the urban poor, mitigation and adaptation approaches both feed into resilient city models, in turn guiding the social and economic growth of cities. These objectives will be achieved through improved and coordinated planning on the national, regional and eco-systemic scales, and with a focus on development, promotion and prioritization of investments in low carbon and climate resilient infrastructure. In parallel, cities must look towards steps that focus on Disaster Risk Reduction (elaborated in 4.3.4).', 'In parallel, cities must look towards steps that focus on Disaster Risk Reduction (elaborated in 4.3.4). Through the Myanmar Climate Change Alliance and ongoing projects such as the Green Climate Fund Green Cities project, Myanmar has consulted with local stakeholders to enhance adaptation actions in the infrastructure sector. Additionally, with international support, the Myanmar government would like to engage with local governments, CSOs, INGOs, the private sector, CBOs, Women‟s groups, youth groups, ethnic groups, national and international experts, academia etc. Several areas for development of priority projects under current exploration that can enhance urban resilience as well as reduce GHG Emission are highlighted below.', 'Several areas for development of priority projects under current exploration that can enhance urban resilience as well as reduce GHG Emission are highlighted below. i) Interventions related to Integrated Waste Management to strengthen urban resilience, such as: ● Development of city-wide solid waste strategies to explore development of circular economies that enhance efficiencies within and between urban water, energy and food systems, with benefits for agricultural productivity and/or power generation; taking into account specific vulnerabilities of formal and informal waste workers and exposure to pollutants for low-income and marginalized communities. ● Reduce the volume of solid waste that goes to landfills by increasing recycling rates and encouraging the repurposing of urban and agricultural organic waste (incl. landfill gas capture techniques for methane).', 'landfill gas capture techniques for methane). ● Assess the impacts of and rationalize the management of Fecal Solid Waste that is currently discharged as untreated sewage into nature, with potential circular economy opportunities to improve agricultural productivity, generate power, and even promote forest growth. ● Development of sanitary landfills, and facilities to dispose or repurpose plastic and other non- organic commercial and industrial wastes with high calorific and nutritional value, incl. development of Refuse-derived Fuel (RDF).● Ex. The Nay Pyi Taw Development Committee is planning a Solid Waste Management project to compost solid waste of around 100tons/day, which may have GHG mitigation co-benefits and would require financing of US$8.1 million, accompanied by capacity building and technology transfer.', 'The Nay Pyi Taw Development Committee is planning a Solid Waste Management project to compost solid waste of around 100tons/day, which may have GHG mitigation co-benefits and would require financing of US$8.1 million, accompanied by capacity building and technology transfer. ii) Nature-based Solutions that reduce exposure to climate-induced watershed risks, such as: ● Multi-scale analysis and strategy development to reduce risks of landslides and flooding through development with interventions identified at watershed, township, neighborhood and individual household levels to mitigate frequency, severity, and impacts of these events. ● Projects to improve water- and insect-borne disease prevention on the neighborhood scale, integrating climate smart housing design, with urban river course and drainage planning, and waste management to reduce standing water.', '● Projects to improve water- and insect-borne disease prevention on the neighborhood scale, integrating climate smart housing design, with urban river course and drainage planning, and waste management to reduce standing water. ● Explore opportunities to improve the balance of needs between land/agricultural sector actors and urban residents/water users, with potential to explore Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) to provide incentives for upstream watershed actors for watershed afforestation and climate smart agriculture. iii) Interventions to promote climate-sensitive, resource efficient housing, neighborhoods, and industrial zones, such as: ● Promote the design of residential, commercial, and industrial building designs that are adapted to the increased temperatures, humidity, and intensity of rainfall that are predicted under future climate change scenarios.', 'iii) Interventions to promote climate-sensitive, resource efficient housing, neighborhoods, and industrial zones, such as: ● Promote the design of residential, commercial, and industrial building designs that are adapted to the increased temperatures, humidity, and intensity of rainfall that are predicted under future climate change scenarios. ● Improve the guidance for implementation of Myanmar Building Code that enables residents and workers in commercial/industrial properties to benefit both from improved active and passive cooling efficiency designs, and improved safety from flooding and high winds. ● Measures to promote Urban Zoning and Industrial Zone planning that develop circular economies and promote energy and water resource efficiency measures. iv) Nature-based Solutions to protect livelihoods and reduce urban heat island effects, flooding and landslides.', 'iv) Nature-based Solutions to protect livelihoods and reduce urban heat island effects, flooding and landslides. ● Measures to promote and assess the impacts of conservation and expansion of peri-urban and urban green spaces and forests on key climate extreme events: reduction of water runoff, mitigation landslide risks, and reduce urban heat island effects. ● Measures to promote and assess the impacts of conservation and expansion of peri-urban and urban green spaces and forests on diverse co-benefits, including: improvements in air quality, reduced noise pollution, health benefits from access to spaces for outdoor recreation, and aesthetic appeal of cities for residents, investors and tourists, impacts on land values and municipal revenue generation.', '● Measures to promote and assess the impacts of conservation and expansion of peri-urban and urban green spaces and forests on diverse co-benefits, including: improvements in air quality, reduced noise pollution, health benefits from access to spaces for outdoor recreation, and aesthetic appeal of cities for residents, investors and tourists, impacts on land values and municipal revenue generation. 4.2.3.3 Enhancements in Urban Planning Tools to Support Resilient Infrastructure and the Importance of Balancing Growth through support for Secondary Cities The Ministry of Construction‟s (MoC) Department of Urban Development and Housing (DUDH) is currently drafting the Urban and Regional Development Planning (URDP) Law andassociated Rules and Regulations, and the Yangon City Development Act was endorsed in 2019.', '4.2.3.3 Enhancements in Urban Planning Tools to Support Resilient Infrastructure and the Importance of Balancing Growth through support for Secondary Cities The Ministry of Construction‟s (MoC) Department of Urban Development and Housing (DUDH) is currently drafting the Urban and Regional Development Planning (URDP) Law andassociated Rules and Regulations, and the Yangon City Development Act was endorsed in 2019. For the period 2021-2030, DUHD will develop a Resilience Concept Plan for Town Development targeting 140 towns, and will develop Master Plans for 40 towns., The Comprehensive Resilient Town Plan & Strategic Action Plan (2021-2030) will be introduced in 10 cities: Bago, Pyay, Pathein, Monywa, Magway, Myitkyina, Taunggyi, Kalay, Hakha, and Sittwe. These will include water supply management and solid waste management and will have mitigation co-benefits.', 'These will include water supply management and solid waste management and will have mitigation co-benefits. MONREC has also prioritized development of an overarching Low Emissions and Climate Resilient Development Strategy for cities with support from Green Climate Fund. The national budget will be applied for developing Conceptual Plans for 140 towns Concept Plan. In case of developing the 40 Towns Master Plan and developing and implementing the Comprehensive Resilient Town Plan & Strategic Action Plan (2021-2030), international assistance will be sought. Funding for further Technical Infrastructure Plans, and to support Regional Plans will utilize a mix of national funds, although international funding and technical support will be needed. International support is particularly needed to support the provision of basic services that underpin urban resilience (water, sanitation, waste etc.)', 'International support is particularly needed to support the provision of basic services that underpin urban resilience (water, sanitation, waste etc.) as these areas are costly, and less appealing compared to certain economic infrastructure sectors that attract the private sector. Myanmar has clear policy guidance in these areas, but it requires further support to operationalize and finance local capacity and planning implementation. Extensive experience in these fields exists in the ASEAN region, and further support to build exchanges on resilient service provision is also requested. 4.2.4. Climate Risk Management for People’s Health and Wellbeing Climate-smart health, disaster risk management, minimized loss and damages of economic and non-economic assets and social protection systems can help secure and sustain Myanmar s social and economic development, putting it on a climate-resilient pathway.', 'Climate Risk Management for People’s Health and Wellbeing Climate-smart health, disaster risk management, minimized loss and damages of economic and non-economic assets and social protection systems can help secure and sustain Myanmar s social and economic development, putting it on a climate-resilient pathway. Such systems will enable individuals, households, and national and local actors to absorb, adapt and transform in response to climate-induced risks. Health is directly related to climatic conditions, especially in a country that is largely dependent on nature for livelihoods and wellbeing. The human dynamics of climate change indicate high risks for people from new diseases, heat stress and heightened risk of disasters. To protect people, the sector must strengthen climate-responsive health systems, disaster risk reduction through early warning systems and other mechanisms and climate risk information.', 'To protect people, the sector must strengthen climate-responsive health systems, disaster risk reduction through early warning systems and other mechanisms and climate risk information. 4.2.4.1 Assessment of Loss and Damage: Peoples’ health and wellbeing Myanmar‟s is ranked as one of the most highly impacted countries by climate change. To a very large degree this was due to the devastating impact of Cyclone Nargis in 2008. With heavy rains and winds reaching over 200 km/h, 138,000 people were killed and about 800,000 people were displaced. The floods submerged more than 783,000 hectares of paddy rice fields, with much of the land left unproductive due to intrusion of sea water and deposition of ocean sediments.', 'The floods submerged more than 783,000 hectares of paddy rice fields, with much of the land left unproductive due to intrusion of sea water and deposition of ocean sediments. Over 85% of rice seeds were lost and 50% of total draft animals (about 150,000 numbers) died in the affected area (PONJA, 2008). During the following decade, numerous cyclones have caused significant flooding and wind damage to coastal regions and interior regions alike (frequentlyassociated with failure of dam infrastructure), while heat waves are particularly heavily felt in the Central Dry Zone (GoM, 2020).86 A draft study by the ADB87 estimates that roughly 1million of Myanmar‟s citizens are affected annually by riverine floods (roughly 66%), cyclone storm surges (roughly 33%). The proportion of deaths from storm surges (est.', 'The proportion of deaths from storm surges (est. 4078/yr) significantly outnumber that caused by river flooding (est.1,876/yr). Myanmar plans to support “communities and economic sectors to respond to and recover from climate-induced disasters, risks and health impacts and build a healthy society” as a sectoral outcome. Overall, to minimize risks and damage/impacts to people‟s health and wellbeing requires: 1. A climate risk management system that is well established, robust and nationally integrated to respond effectively to increased intensity and impact of risks and hazards on people s health and wellbeing. 2. Myanmar to have improved social protection, gender consideration and risk finance capacity to prepare for and recover from potential loss and damage resulting from climate change.', 'Myanmar to have improved social protection, gender consideration and risk finance capacity to prepare for and recover from potential loss and damage resulting from climate change. Hence, Myanmar s health system needs to improve to be able to deal with climate-induced health hazards and support climate-vulnerable communities to respond effectively to disaster and health hazards from climate change. 4.2.4.2 Prioritization of Needs: Disaster Risk Reduction Myanmar has consulted with local stakeholders to enhance adaptation actions in the health and disaster risk reduction (leading to loss and damage) sector. Supplementary information on on- going and planned interventions related to climate risks to human health and wellbeing is provided in Annex VII.', 'Supplementary information on on- going and planned interventions related to climate risks to human health and wellbeing is provided in Annex VII. Additionally, with international support, the Myanmar government would like to engage with local governments, CSOs, INGOs, the private sector, CBOs, Women‟s groups, youth groups, national races, ethnic groups, national and international experts, academia etc. on issues such as: i) Interventions to improve Forecasting and Warning Systems, such as: ● Need to approach Impact Based Forecast and Warning System ● Establishing local Early Warning Systems (EWS) engaging with local communities and ethnic peoples and linking these drought and flood action plans. ● Developing SMS systems, mobile applications for EWS and information dissemination. ● Improving flood and cyclone forecasting tools and or enhancing international cooperation in forecasting.', '● Improving flood and cyclone forecasting tools and or enhancing international cooperation in forecasting. ● Monitoring sea level rise. ● Improving marine weather observations and forecasting systems by capacity building tools and technology training. ii) Interventions for disaster preparedness, such as: 86 GoM (2020), Technical Needs Assessment for Adaptation. 87 ADB (draft), “Advancing Disaster Risk Informed Development in Myanmar”. TA-Strengthening Climate and Disaster Resilience of Myanmar Communities● Implementing Disaster Management Law (2013) and MAPDRR (2017) and ensure practical emergency and response actions are in place and agreed across ministries and other agencies. ● Constructing cyclone shelters/multipurpose shelters, distributing life jackets, making available fiber boats. ● Establishing post-disaster rapid response networks to meet the immediate nutritional needs of disaster-affected communities.', '● Establishing post-disaster rapid response networks to meet the immediate nutritional needs of disaster-affected communities. ● Mainstreaming gender into addressing and dealing with climate hazards and loss and damage. ● Implementing inclusive and rights-based disaster risk reduction measures to ensure equal opportunities of the community. ● Initiating shock responsive social protection for effective disaster response. iii) Interventions to improve health service responses, such as: ● Developing and implementing the National Adaptation Plan for the health sector that mainstreams climate change into the National Health Policy. ● Reducing the vulnerability of local communities to climate-induced water-related health hazards. ● Integrating climate change adaptation strategies into the prevention of heat-related disorders in agricultural and industrial workers.', '● Integrating climate change adaptation strategies into the prevention of heat-related disorders in agricultural and industrial workers. ● Adapting to climate change through climate-resilient health facilities in Rakhine state, and Ayeyarwady, Bago, Mandalay and Sagaing regions. ● Supporting intensive care units in hospitals to treat heat-related disorders. ● Integrating climate adaptation strategies into the prevention and control of diarrheal diseases and control of malaria and dengue hemorrhagic fever. ● Building capacity of the health sector to determine direct and indirect impacts of climate change on the transmission of current and emerging diseases. ● Adapting to climate change through integrated plague and rodent control strategies. 4.2.5.', '● Adapting to climate change through integrated plague and rodent control strategies. 4.2.5. Education, Science and Technology for a Resilient Society Education, science and technology are crucial areas for building a smart, knowledgeable, climate-responsive society. Through formal education at all levels, Myanmar has prioritized investment in these sectors to increase the country s research and innovation capacity, professional development and training and awareness-raising on climate change. Climate change leading to, for example, more frequent and intense disasters, will affect access education. This, in turn, could result in deteriorating livelihoods. Education is often one of the first expenditure cuts for households to cope with the effects of economic or hazard stresses.', 'Education is often one of the first expenditure cuts for households to cope with the effects of economic or hazard stresses. Children are often the hardest hit, and if their access to education is restricted, this could make them more vulnerable. A sound knowledge base regarding climate change and access to education more broadly are prerequisites for Myanmar to become resilient to climate change impacts and continue to cultivate technology to achieve a climate-resilient and carbon-efficient economy. Supplementary information on project funding needs to support climate resilience education and technology is provided in Annex VII.', 'Supplementary information on project funding needs to support climate resilience education and technology is provided in Annex VII. For this reason, Myanmar must “strengthen education, awareness and technological systems that foster a climate-responsive society and human capital to design and implement climate-resilient and low-carbon development solutions for inclusive and sustainable development” as a sectoral outcome.Three recommendations to achieve the sectoral outcome are: 1. Develop the capacity of educator to integrate principles of sustainability, low-carbon development and resilience into the curricula at primary, secondary and tertiary levels. 2. Develop the capacity of academics/researchers in the science, technology, and education sectors to generate research and build and use climate information systems. 3. Enhance institutional capacity and multi-stakeholder partnerships to access and manage climate finance to ensure climate-responsive education, science, and technology.', 'Enhance institutional capacity and multi-stakeholder partnerships to access and manage climate finance to ensure climate-responsive education, science, and technology. 4.2.5.1 Prioritization of Needs: Education, Science and Technology Myanmar has consulted with local stakeholders to enhance adaptation actions in the education, science, and technology sector. Additionally, with international support, the Myanmar government would like to engage with local governments, CSOs, INGOs, the private sector, CBOs, Women‟s groups, youth groups, national races, ethnic groups, national and international experts, academia etc. on issues such as: ● Undertaking research on a suitable database and developing management tools for priority climate change adaptation and mitigation sectors. ● Dissemination of information to stakeholders and organizations who will use the research findings. ● Integrating climate change subjects into the syllabus at basic education, higher education and University.', '● Integrating climate change subjects into the syllabus at basic education, higher education and University. ● Documenting and distributing local knowledge on climate change. ● Enhancing human resource capacities to increase climate change knowledge and awareness. ● Increasing studies on national and local climate projects and scenarios, and on vulnerability assessments, climate change trends and risks. ● Engaging and educating youth on climate change and conservation. 5. Assumptions and Methodological Approaches 5.1. Sectoral gasses and pools Myanmar is in the process of identifying the relevant sectors, sub-sectors, GHGs and corresponding ministries, departments, and organizations responsible for future reporting. Based on Myanmar‟s national circumstances and limitation in capacity.', 'Based on Myanmar‟s national circumstances and limitation in capacity. In the absence of reliable data sources for the estimation of non-CO2 gases, the only greenhouse gas considered for monitoring in this NDC is CO2 . Strategic planning is currently being developed to facilitate the inclusion of remaining carbon pools and non-CO2 emissions and so are expected to be included in future submissions, conditional on international support. Additional notes are provided to clarify Gases and Pools for specific sectors: i) Energy: The electricity generated and consumed by fossil fuel sources will be converted to tons of CO2 e using an appropriate emissions factor. ii) Agriculture: Above Ground Biomass (AGB) has been considered as the primary carbon pool in developing the reference emissions level for agroforestry using the IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.', 'ii) Agriculture: Above Ground Biomass (AGB) has been considered as the primary carbon pool in developing the reference emissions level for agroforestry using the IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Future efforts may be made to quantify Below Ground Biomass (BGB), and soil organic carbon (SOC), with particular priority for agroforestry in mangrove and peatland soils.iii) Forestry and Other Land Use: Three carbon pools, i.e. Above Ground Biomass (AGB), Below Ground Biomass (BGB) and Litter are considered in developing Myanmar‟s reference emissions levels, using allometric equations derived from district forest management inventories and according to IPCC Good Practice Guidance (2003). Existing national data sources on soil organic carbon in forest soils are very localized, so soil organic carbon was excluded in the NDC submission.', 'Existing national data sources on soil organic carbon in forest soils are very localized, so soil organic carbon was excluded in the NDC submission. The deadwood carbon pools were also excluded due to limited information/data at the national level. Myanmar will take a phased approach to account for and report emissions from other activities including inclusion of other pools (soil, litter, shrubs, harvested wood products- depending on feasibility and availability of data) and gases. 5.2. Emission and Removal Factors In presentation of its NDC, Myanmar has used prescribed methodologies as per IPCC guidelines. Emissions factors have either been generated locally, or where not available, IPCC default values used.', 'Emissions factors have either been generated locally, or where not available, IPCC default values used. Over time Myanmar will continue in its efforts to improve data collection and the precision of local values using IPCC methodologies. i) Energy: Energy data for the different generation sources was obtained from MOEE. GHG emissions generated from the different sources were then converted into CO2 e units using IPCC default value emission factors, as no local values were available. The following table (Table 20) summarizes the emission factors based on fuel source using IPCC values. Table 20.', 'The following table (Table 20) summarizes the emission factors based on fuel source using IPCC values. Table 20. Emission Factors for the Energy Sector88 Power Generation Source Fuel Type IPCC EF of Fuel /TJ) Efficiency (ADB) Renewable - Hydro - - - Renewable - Biomass Biomass - - Renewable - Wind - - - Renewable - Solar - - - Thermal - Coal Sub-Bituminous Coal 96.1 45% Thermal - Gas Natural Gas 56.1 60% Diesel Diesel Oil 74.1 46% ii) Agriculture Sector: The Removal Factor of 9.17 t CO2 e was derived (Table 21)89. Table 21. Removal Factor of agroforestry88 Formula Removal Factor = Biomass accumulation rate (tons C/ha/yr) * CO2 equivalent value Biomass accumulation rate IPCC guideline recommends 2.6 tons of C/ha/yr for perennial crops in tropical moist area.', 'Removal Factor of agroforestry88 Formula Removal Factor = Biomass accumulation rate (tons C/ha/yr) * CO2 equivalent value Biomass accumulation rate IPCC guideline recommends 2.6 tons of C/ha/yr for perennial crops in tropical moist area. As most agroforestry systems in Myanmar are not plantations, a biomass accumulation rate of 2.5 was adopted RF for Myanmar agroforestry RF = 2.5 tons of C/ha/yr * 3.67 CO2 equivalent value = 9.17 tCO2 e/Ha/Yr iii) Forestry and Other Land Use: The weighted emissions factor (125.43 tonsCO2 e/Ha) was calculated using both national data and pantropical allometric equations. The removal factor for plantations used the IPCC Good Practice Guidelines 2006 estimated at 7 tons of biomass increment/Ha. The Government of Myanmar will develop local equations in the foreseeable future either nationally or locally from research students.', 'The Government of Myanmar will develop local equations in the foreseeable future either nationally or locally from research students. IPCC Good Practice Guidelines and ADB: Guidelines for Estimating GHG Emissions of ADB Projects Page 26 MONRECThe Emission Factor 125.43 tCO2 e/Ha was developed in the revised FREL report representing three carbon pools, for the respective forest districts, including the number of sample plots used for the calculation. Myanmar will use the weighted mean values of tCO2 e per ha for a national level EF based on 40 districts. The Removal factor is 10.86tons of CO2 e/ha based on the reference to the IPCC Good Practice Guidelines, while emission factor of 125.43 tCO2 e is estimated in the FREL (2018).', 'The Removal factor is 10.86tons of CO2 e/ha based on the reference to the IPCC Good Practice Guidelines, while emission factor of 125.43 tCO2 e is estimated in the FREL (2018). iv) Fuel Efficient Cookstoves: The emissions reduced per stove (1.3 tCO2 e) was based on Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects submitted to the UNFCCC. The Fuelwood emissions e/TJ) has been obtained from IPCC Good Practice Guidelines (2006). v) Fuelwood to LPG Cook Stove: Household fuelwood consumption is based on the weighted average of fuelwood consumption from the national statistics. The emission factor per LPG is based on the IPCC Good Practice guidelines (2006), while household consumption of LPG is based on national data (MOEE-MOPE), and an assumption of 5 ppl per household ( Table 22). Table 22.', 'The emission factor per LPG is based on the IPCC Good Practice guidelines (2006), while household consumption of LPG is based on national data (MOEE-MOPE), and an assumption of 5 ppl per household ( Table 22). Table 22. LPG and traditional fuelwood cooking emission factors90 Fuel Source Annual Consumption per Household Conversion Factor (NCV) Annual Consumptio n /HH Emission Factor Annual Emissions per HH Kg/HH TJ/Gg TJ kgCO2 e Fuel Wood post LPG (52% of BAU) vi) Energy Efficiency: The emissions factor is taken as 0.256kgCO2 e/GWh) and the periodical cumulative energy efficiency targets (GWh) are taken from the National Energy Efficiency and Conservation Policy, Strategy and Roadmap for Myanmar-2015 (page 40 and 45). have been set in the National Energy Efficiency and Conservation Policy, Strategy and Roadmap for Myanmar-2015.', 'have been set in the National Energy Efficiency and Conservation Policy, Strategy and Roadmap for Myanmar-2015. To calculate the cumulative emissions avoided from the above date, an equal breakdown was done from 2020-2025 and from 2025-2030. Table 23. Annual and Cumulative Energy Efficiency (2020-2030)91 Annual Energy Efficiency (GWh) Cumulative Energy Efficiency (GWh) Thus, annual equal energy-efficiency value from 2020-2025= (428.43-307.39)/5 = 24.208GWh Annual equal energy-efficiency value from 2025-2030= (520.26-428.43)/5 = 18.366GWh 90 MOEE and MONRECEach of the cumulative energy targets were then multiplied by the Emission Factor (256 e/GWh) as mentioned above to get the cumulative emissions avoided.', 'Annual and Cumulative Energy Efficiency (2020-2030)91 Annual Energy Efficiency (GWh) Cumulative Energy Efficiency (GWh) Thus, annual equal energy-efficiency value from 2020-2025= (428.43-307.39)/5 = 24.208GWh Annual equal energy-efficiency value from 2025-2030= (520.26-428.43)/5 = 18.366GWh 90 MOEE and MONRECEach of the cumulative energy targets were then multiplied by the Emission Factor (256 e/GWh) as mentioned above to get the cumulative emissions avoided. The cumulative emissions avoided by 2030 is 0.133 million tCO2 e. vii) Other mitigation co-benefit projects: For other possible projects like transportation, waste, energy efficiency, electrical cooking, biomass projects, industrial energy conservation, building efficiency and mini and micro grids powered by solar, wind or micro hydro, current values prescribed by IPCC Guidelines or locally generated (where available) were used, ensuring a conservative estimate in calculations of emissions reductions. 6. Planning Processes 6.1.', 'The cumulative emissions avoided by 2030 is 0.133 million tCO2 e. vii) Other mitigation co-benefit projects: For other possible projects like transportation, waste, energy efficiency, electrical cooking, biomass projects, industrial energy conservation, building efficiency and mini and micro grids powered by solar, wind or micro hydro, current values prescribed by IPCC Guidelines or locally generated (where available) were used, ensuring a conservative estimate in calculations of emissions reductions. 6. Planning Processes 6.1. Information on Planning Processes Myanmar‟s NDC has largely been informed by sectoral polices and plans developed through sectoral planning processes for both climate change adaptation and mitigation. Thus, the policies, strategies and plans are key inputs to Myanmar‟s second iteration of its INDC/NDC.', 'Thus, the policies, strategies and plans are key inputs to Myanmar‟s second iteration of its INDC/NDC. Key NDC inputs have come from; the Myanmar Climate Change Policy, Strategy and Master plan; Myanmar Electricity Master Plan; Myanmar Forest Reference Emissions Level; and work on the REDD+ Strategies; Myanmar Rehabilitation and Restoration Program; and the National Electrification Program. Key ministries from respective target sectors, Development Partners (international NGOs) and Civil Society in Myanmar provided inputs and feedback via 14 workshops and more than 30 coordination meetings for the improvement of the policy. 6.2. Institutional Arrangements for Implementation of NDC The current NDC has been prepared following several rounds of stakeholder and technical consultations, and contributions from all the relevant ministries, departments, and organizations.', 'Institutional Arrangements for Implementation of NDC The current NDC has been prepared following several rounds of stakeholder and technical consultations, and contributions from all the relevant ministries, departments, and organizations. One of the MCCP‟s nine guiding principle is Environmental integrity “to promote, protect and conserve the natural environment and recognize its complete and intrinsic value, whether tangible or non-tangible, economic or non-economic, to the natural, cultural and spiritual heritage of Myanmar”. Promoting this, Myanmar has established a National Environmental Conservation and Climate Change Central Committee (NECCCCC) to address environmental and climate change issues at the national/union level supported by MONREC, the focal ministry.', 'Promoting this, Myanmar has established a National Environmental Conservation and Climate Change Central Committee (NECCCCC) to address environmental and climate change issues at the national/union level supported by MONREC, the focal ministry. The NECCCCC comprises 23 members (20 representatives from across 18 ministries, one CSO, one NGO, and one private sector), and is advised by six working committees.Figure 2: Working Committees under the NECCCCC At a sub-national level, fifteen Environmental Conservation and Climate Change Supervision Committees (ECCCSC) have been established, one in each of the country‟s 14 States and Regions, as well as the Nay Pyi Taw Union Territory. Each of the NECCCCC‟s working committees meets three times per year, reporting to and providing recommendation for consideration of the NECCCCC itself.', 'Each of the NECCCCC‟s working committees meets three times per year, reporting to and providing recommendation for consideration of the NECCCCC itself. One of the NECCCCC‟s working committees is responsible for overseeing all activities related to Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation, and it is responsible for overseeing and reporting on actions undertaking within the framework of the NDC. This working committee is further supported by the Climate Change Adaptation sub-working committees described in (Figure 3). NECCCCC Policy, Law, Rules, and Quality Standard Working Committee Industrial plans, Urban and rural environment and Waste management Working Committee Natural Resources, Biodiversity and Cultural Heritage Conservation Working Committee Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Working Committee Environmental Conservation, Human Development, Education and Awareness Working Committee Green Economy and Development Working CommitteeFigure 3. Institutional Arrangement92: NDCs & Implementation of Myanmar Climate Change Strategy 6.3.', 'Institutional Arrangement92: NDCs & Implementation of Myanmar Climate Change Strategy 6.3. Regional Integration Myanmar, as an ASEAN member state, hopes to enhance cooperation and collaboration in actions addressing both Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation, as well as contributing to establishing a platform for learning and sharing. Key areas for regional integration could be technology transfer, capacity building and financial support. The Energy Sector has great potential for further regional collaboration. If Myanmar is able to enhance renewable energy production beyond local uptake, it could export energy to a number of neighboring ASEAN and other Asian countries through the use of „smart‟ regional grids. In the forestry sector Myanmar is already working on cross-country conservation efforts in the Dawna Tenasserim Landscape (DTL) between Myanmar and Thailand.', 'In the forestry sector Myanmar is already working on cross-country conservation efforts in the Dawna Tenasserim Landscape (DTL) between Myanmar and Thailand. This has both adaptation and mitigation co-benefits. It promotes sustainable use of the landscapes while improving livelihoods through inclusive engagement with local communities and indigenous people. International support for enhancing sustainable landscape use and engaging communities will continue to be an important pre-requisite to facilitate Myanmar‟s efforts to enhance forest carbon stocks through forest landscape restoration and sustainable forest management. In addition to land-based activities, Myanmar is also interested in ocean and river landscape management (both nationally and regionally), enhancing resilience of deltas in the Asian regions.', 'In addition to land-based activities, Myanmar is also interested in ocean and river landscape management (both nationally and regionally), enhancing resilience of deltas in the Asian regions. This includes understanding the impacts of climate change on marine-scapes, deltas and enhancing knowledge of blue carbon and restoration of riverine habitats and forests.', 'This includes understanding the impacts of climate change on marine-scapes, deltas and enhancing knowledge of blue carbon and restoration of riverine habitats and forests. Under Institutional Arrangements: NGOs cover: Non-government organizational (international/National), Civil Society organizations, Indigenous/ ethnic People‟s Organizations, CBOs cover, Community based Organizations, national races, Indigenous/ethnic Groups Education, Awareness, Science and Technology for a Resilient Society Focal Agency: National Govt (MOST) Implementation agency: Local Govt, NGOs, CBOs, Private Sector Climate Smart Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Security Focal Agency: National Govt (MOALI) Implementation agency: Local Govt, NGOs, CBOs, Private SectorClimate Smart Agriculture, Fisheries and Sustainable Management of Natural Resources for a Healthy Eco-system Focal Agency: National Govt (MONREC) Implementation agency: Local Govt, NGOs, CBOs, Private Sector Sustainable Management of Natural Resources for a Healthy Resilient, Sustainable and Inclusive Cities Focal Agency: National Govt (Alternate between MOEE, MOPF, MOI and MOTC) Implementation agency: Local Govt, NGOs, CBOs, Private Sector Resilient, Sustainable and Inclusive Cities Climate Risk Management for People’s Health and Wellbeing Focal Agency: National Govt (MOSWRR: DMH, MOHS)) Implementation agency: Local Govt, NGOs, CBOs, Private Sector MONREC (Chair) States & Regions Environmental Conservation and Climate Change Supervision Committees (ECCCSC) National Environmental Conservation and Climate Change Central Committee (NECCCCC)The transport sector is also of major interest to Myanmar, in particular a regional railway network to connect with ASEAN and neighboring countries.', 'Under Institutional Arrangements: NGOs cover: Non-government organizational (international/National), Civil Society organizations, Indigenous/ ethnic People‟s Organizations, CBOs cover, Community based Organizations, national races, Indigenous/ethnic Groups Education, Awareness, Science and Technology for a Resilient Society Focal Agency: National Govt (MOST) Implementation agency: Local Govt, NGOs, CBOs, Private Sector Climate Smart Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Security Focal Agency: National Govt (MOALI) Implementation agency: Local Govt, NGOs, CBOs, Private SectorClimate Smart Agriculture, Fisheries and Sustainable Management of Natural Resources for a Healthy Eco-system Focal Agency: National Govt (MONREC) Implementation agency: Local Govt, NGOs, CBOs, Private Sector Sustainable Management of Natural Resources for a Healthy Resilient, Sustainable and Inclusive Cities Focal Agency: National Govt (Alternate between MOEE, MOPF, MOI and MOTC) Implementation agency: Local Govt, NGOs, CBOs, Private Sector Resilient, Sustainable and Inclusive Cities Climate Risk Management for People’s Health and Wellbeing Focal Agency: National Govt (MOSWRR: DMH, MOHS)) Implementation agency: Local Govt, NGOs, CBOs, Private Sector MONREC (Chair) States & Regions Environmental Conservation and Climate Change Supervision Committees (ECCCSC) National Environmental Conservation and Climate Change Central Committee (NECCCCC)The transport sector is also of major interest to Myanmar, in particular a regional railway network to connect with ASEAN and neighboring countries. Electric high-speed railway networks, powered by renewable energy, could be a solution to minimize GHG emissions which are subject to further bilateral and/or multilateral agreements.', 'Electric high-speed railway networks, powered by renewable energy, could be a solution to minimize GHG emissions which are subject to further bilateral and/or multilateral agreements. This could be pursued through ASEAN or under the Greater Mekong Railway Association. Myanmar Railways is also currently working with UNESCAP on activities related to the linkages between Asia and Europe in the northern corridor and India, China and Thailand in the southern corridor. Additionally, within the transport sector, Myanmar is also interested in further regional engagement in the ASEAN Green Ship Strategy to reduce emission from non-convention ships (NCS) where International Maritime Organization (IMO) rules do not apply. 6.4. Engagement with UNFCCC monitoring frameworks 6.4.1.', 'Engagement with UNFCCC monitoring frameworks 6.4.1. Global Stocktake Myanmar will support the Global Stocktake process by submitting its Biennial Transparency Report (BTR) in 2022, as mandated by the PA Rule Book. This will take stock of the progress achieved based on: ● support received - finance, technology transfer and capacity building, and, ● mitigation contributions and adaptation actions implemented by the country. Continued and enhanced international support (financial, technical, and capacity building) is crucial for Myanmar to achieve its NDC targets. Enhanced international support will also enable Myanmar to investigate initiating actions in new climate change sectors such as transport, industrial energy efficiency, waste management, etc. 6.4.2. GHG Inventory Myanmar recognizes the greater requirements under the enhanced transparency framework of the PA and is raising its ambitions to meet them.', 'GHG Inventory Myanmar recognizes the greater requirements under the enhanced transparency framework of the PA and is raising its ambitions to meet them. The country confirms the use of IPCC Guidelines as the basis for preparing future GHG inventory reports, capacity permitting. Myanmar is currently exploring potential Article 6 mechanisms. However, any future adoption will be directed by outcomes from ongoing PA and COP negotiations. These mechanisms will be explored to identify means and methods of supporting NDC implementation. Myanmar needs technical assistance in identifying specific climate actions that can be used to mobilize international climate finance for meeting own NDC targets and those that can be put up on the markets.', 'Myanmar needs technical assistance in identifying specific climate actions that can be used to mobilize international climate finance for meeting own NDC targets and those that can be put up on the markets. Myanmar will continue to prepare for the implementation of its REDD+ Strategy, having undertaken a range of REDD+ readiness activities since 2011. Myanmar‟s National REDD+ Strategy, finalized in 2019, sets out the actions, also known as Policies and Measures (PAMs), through which emission reductions, or increases in forest carbon stocks, are to be achieved, as well as the planned institutional arrangements for REDD+.', 'Myanmar‟s National REDD+ Strategy, finalized in 2019, sets out the actions, also known as Policies and Measures (PAMs), through which emission reductions, or increases in forest carbon stocks, are to be achieved, as well as the planned institutional arrangements for REDD+. In addition, the Strategy describes the key steps undertaken to develop Myanmar‟s national approach to addressing and respecting the Cancun safeguards, including the preparation of key elements such as the assessment of potential benefits and risks of REDD+, the national clarification of the safeguards, the design of aSafeguards Information System, and the development of safeguards instruments, such as a Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM). 6.4.5.', 'In addition, the Strategy describes the key steps undertaken to develop Myanmar‟s national approach to addressing and respecting the Cancun safeguards, including the preparation of key elements such as the assessment of potential benefits and risks of REDD+, the national clarification of the safeguards, the design of aSafeguards Information System, and the development of safeguards instruments, such as a Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM). 6.4.5. Monitoring Reporting and Verifications (MRV) An MRV system is currently being established to enable Myanmar to meet its obligations within the enhanced transparency framework of the PA. Taking lessons learnt from systems setup to meet previous reporting requirements under the UNFCCC, i.e., the preparation of national communications and biennial update reports, Myanmar is in the process of creating suitable institutional arrangements and necessary enabling structures.', 'Taking lessons learnt from systems setup to meet previous reporting requirements under the UNFCCC, i.e., the preparation of national communications and biennial update reports, Myanmar is in the process of creating suitable institutional arrangements and necessary enabling structures. To support creation of these permanent institutional arrangements, Myanmar has applied for funding under the Capacity Building Initiative for Transparency (CBIT) within the Global Environment Facility, the project concept of which was approved, and a complete project design is being submitted for GEF CEO Endorsement.', 'To support creation of these permanent institutional arrangements, Myanmar has applied for funding under the Capacity Building Initiative for Transparency (CBIT) within the Global Environment Facility, the project concept of which was approved, and a complete project design is being submitted for GEF CEO Endorsement. This will strengthen the required institutional and human capacities and is expected to begin in the latter half of 2021.This will build on the current capacity-building program in the country being implemented by GGGI which produced detailed scope and top- level data and information requirements for the Energy, IPPU and Agriculture sectors.', 'This will strengthen the required institutional and human capacities and is expected to begin in the latter half of 2021.This will build on the current capacity-building program in the country being implemented by GGGI which produced detailed scope and top- level data and information requirements for the Energy, IPPU and Agriculture sectors. CBIT Project Scope The CBIT project is being developed with three components to support the country in preparing for future reporting under the Paris Agreement: Strengthening institutional and human capacities for preparing GHG inventories on a regular basis in accordance with Paris Agreement requirements; Strengthening institutional and human capacities to track and report transparently on implementation of its National Determined Contribution and support received; and Strengthening regional cooperation for knowledge and information sharing including cooperative research projects for developing emission factors.', 'CBIT Project Scope The CBIT project is being developed with three components to support the country in preparing for future reporting under the Paris Agreement: Strengthening institutional and human capacities for preparing GHG inventories on a regular basis in accordance with Paris Agreement requirements; Strengthening institutional and human capacities to track and report transparently on implementation of its National Determined Contribution and support received; and Strengthening regional cooperation for knowledge and information sharing including cooperative research projects for developing emission factors. The MRV system envisaged for the country will serve multiple purposes.', 'The MRV system envisaged for the country will serve multiple purposes. As well as satisfying requirements for mitigation actions 1) collecting data and information to account for the country‟s GHG inventories, in accordance with PA requirements, 2) gathering data for preparation of biennial transparency reports (BTRs) required for implementation of the NDCs, and 3) identifying capacity requirements i.e. support received and required, as mandated by the PA, for human capacity, technology and financial-support, the MRV will also cover the appropriate adaptation actions being undertaken, including incorporating updates for the national adaptation action plan (Figure 4).Figure 4. Integration of Myanmar’s NDC MRV Systems 7.', 'Integration of Myanmar’s NDC MRV Systems 7. Means of Implementation 7.1 Gaps and Needs for Financing the NDC Financial support is a core element required by Myanmar, accompanied by technology transfer and capacity-building, for the country to contribute significantly in helping global efforts to achieve the long-term temperature goal of the Paris Agreement. Myanmar will rely on international support to meet its NDC contributions, including setting the pathway for further mitigation contributions. Project results will be delivered more effectively and timely, and ideas identified in the NDC investigated further, with financial support. As part of its unconditional commitments to climate change mitigation and adaptation, the Government of Myanmar, will commit to allocate necessary resources from its annual budgets toward these actions as appropriate.', 'As part of its unconditional commitments to climate change mitigation and adaptation, the Government of Myanmar, will commit to allocate necessary resources from its annual budgets toward these actions as appropriate. Illustrations of this include Government‟s allocation of US$500 million to support implementation of the Myanmar Restoration and Reforestation Program, US$85 million (a contingency fund managed by the President‟s office) for disaster response, and US$2.482 billion for hydropower development.93 In addition, Myanmar will look towards grant-based financing to support additional adaptation actions.', 'Illustrations of this include Government‟s allocation of US$500 million to support implementation of the Myanmar Restoration and Reforestation Program, US$85 million (a contingency fund managed by the President‟s office) for disaster response, and US$2.482 billion for hydropower development.93 In addition, Myanmar will look towards grant-based financing to support additional adaptation actions. Currently, more than US$85 million in grants and co-financing are being invested in adaptation projects and programs.94 These all are multi-year programs and will support implementation of the NDC in various ways, but these must be regarded as representing but a small proportion of the resources needed to support the critical climate change adaptation needs of the country.', 'Currently, more than US$85 million in grants and co-financing are being invested in adaptation projects and programs.94 These all are multi-year programs and will support implementation of the NDC in various ways, but these must be regarded as representing but a small proportion of the resources needed to support the critical climate change adaptation needs of the country. For mitigation actions the Government plans to rely on a mix of grants, support from revolving funds, and project financing through concessional loans, etc. The country applied for a soft-loan of US$400 million for power sector development (US$310 upgrading transmission systems, US$90 million rural electrification), and MOEE has developed a financing needs outline for the further promotion of renewable energy of $874m (See Annex I).', 'The country applied for a soft-loan of US$400 million for power sector development (US$310 upgrading transmission systems, US$90 million rural electrification), and MOEE has developed a financing needs outline for the further promotion of renewable energy of $874m (See Annex I). The country is also in the 93 H.E.U Ohn Win Statement to the UNGA Climate change summit (Sept.21, 2019) 94 WWF (unpub), Analysis of GEF, GCF, Adaptation project pipeline.process of signing a $100m loan to support implementation of the Myanmar Rehabilitation and Reforestation Plan, although the resources will be insufficient to finance its complete implementation nation-wide. The Government of Myanmar will also work with the private sector to leverage domestic finance.', 'The Government of Myanmar will also work with the private sector to leverage domestic finance. The Paris Agreement details the provision of US$ 100 billion by developed countries to LDCs in 2020, thereafter continuing an annual basis. This will provide a reliable source of funding for both LDCs and developing countries to implement their NDC. 7.1.1. National Vehicles for Disbursement of Climate Finance Climate finance is the fundamental means of implementation for all adaptation and mitigation actions in the country, and Myanmar has/is in the process of developing several Trust Funds that will be able to support the government in directing a combination of national and international funding contributions to achievement of Myanmar‟s intended actions related to the NDC.', 'National Vehicles for Disbursement of Climate Finance Climate finance is the fundamental means of implementation for all adaptation and mitigation actions in the country, and Myanmar has/is in the process of developing several Trust Funds that will be able to support the government in directing a combination of national and international funding contributions to achievement of Myanmar‟s intended actions related to the NDC. i) Myanmar Biodiversity Fund: Myanmar has registered an independent Conservation Trust Fund, the Myanmar Biodiversity Fund95, whose mandate is closely aligned with the climate changes mitigation and adaptation priorities identified in the NDC.', 'i) Myanmar Biodiversity Fund: Myanmar has registered an independent Conservation Trust Fund, the Myanmar Biodiversity Fund95, whose mandate is closely aligned with the climate changes mitigation and adaptation priorities identified in the NDC. Specifically, the MBF‟s objectives are as follows: “a) To support the conservation of Myanmar‟s biodiversity, the protection of critical terrestrial and marine ecosystems, habitats and species, within and outside of protected areas and community conservation areas; b) To support local communities and indigenous people as stewards of biodiversity, critical ecosystems and species, through environmentally sound land and resource-use practices and the management of local community conservation areas; applying to forest conservation and REDD+.” The MBF is mandated to receive “funds in support of these objectives from domestic and international sources and invest and manage these funds in order to directly support the biodiversity conservation objectives above.” ii) Environmental Management Fund: Myanmar is also in the process of developing an Environmental Management Fund (EMF) that was mandated by the Environmental Conservation Law (2012)96 and Environmental Conservation Rules (2014)97.', 'Specifically, the MBF‟s objectives are as follows: “a) To support the conservation of Myanmar‟s biodiversity, the protection of critical terrestrial and marine ecosystems, habitats and species, within and outside of protected areas and community conservation areas; b) To support local communities and indigenous people as stewards of biodiversity, critical ecosystems and species, through environmentally sound land and resource-use practices and the management of local community conservation areas; applying to forest conservation and REDD+.” The MBF is mandated to receive “funds in support of these objectives from domestic and international sources and invest and manage these funds in order to directly support the biodiversity conservation objectives above.” ii) Environmental Management Fund: Myanmar is also in the process of developing an Environmental Management Fund (EMF) that was mandated by the Environmental Conservation Law (2012)96 and Environmental Conservation Rules (2014)97. The EMF will operate under an international best practices framework and will provide financial resources for environmental management across the country and support project activities in nine areas.', 'The EMF will operate under an international best practices framework and will provide financial resources for environmental management across the country and support project activities in nine areas. Of the nine areas of work, four are directly linked to climate change: ● Climate change adaptation. ● Environmental emergencies. ● Restoring natural ecosystems and ● Preventing and reducing pollution including GHG gases The remaining five areas of work are indirectly linked to the climate change: ● Strengthening the technical capacity of the Ministry. ● Carrying out scientific research. 95 Myanmar Biodiversity Fund Ltd.Gty. Constitution, (registered under Myanmar Companies Law 2017).● Carrying out environmental impact assessments. ● Collaborating with other ministries. ● Conserving biodiversity.', '● Collaborating with other ministries. ● Conserving biodiversity. The EMF will primarily be funded by domestic sources such as: (i) Union Consolidated Funds; (ii) income earned by the ministry from fees; (iii) compensation paid by polluters; and (iv) Payments for Environmental Services, etc. Myanmar also urges all donor communities engaged with the country to support the Environment Management Fund. 7.1.2. Accreditation to key International Funds Myanmar works closely with a diverse array of development partners that are accredited to the international funds that are central to providing grant or concessional financing for climate change adaptation and mitigation actions (i.e. Green Climate Fund, Adaptation Fund, Global Environment Facility, etc.).', 'Green Climate Fund, Adaptation Fund, Global Environment Facility, etc.). While these partnerships are highly valued, the Government recognizes the importance of increasing access to finance through nationally accredited entities whose missions are directly aligned with national policies and who are directly accountable to national stakeholders. As Myanmar currently does not have any national access entities that are accredited to receive funding from any of these funds, the Government will undertake to develop partnerships that can support the public, private and civil society in undertaking nomination/accreditation processes, and to deliver the technical support/capacity building needed. One such process is currently underway for the nomination of a Direct Access Entity to the Green Climate Fund. 7.1.3.', 'One such process is currently underway for the nomination of a Direct Access Entity to the Green Climate Fund. 7.1.3. Article 6 Climate Finance Myanmar is embarking on identifying measures that can result in a large quantity of emission reductions, which in turn may be leveraged to mobilize eligible climate finance to support the implementation of such an endeavor. Myanmar is preparing the necessary supporting systems and is identifying the enabling environments to be put in place to support potential activities. The country is open to explore other forms of market mechanisms under Article 6. 7.1.4.', 'The country is open to explore other forms of market mechanisms under Article 6. 7.1.4. Climate Finance Registry The Environmental Conservation Department will develop an internal registry to track all the international support and climate financing received to fund the different sectoral adaptation and mitigation projects through both government and non-government agencies. This will assist in the report back under Transparency Mechanism and at the Global Stocktake in 2023. This will also help Myanmar review whether it‟s aspirations for receiving climate financing across the multiple sectors for adaptation and mitigation are met or not. The information will be collected through the coordination mechanisms within the government systems and sending letters to development partners and stakeholders implementing climate change related projects in Myanmar. 7.2.', 'The information will be collected through the coordination mechanisms within the government systems and sending letters to development partners and stakeholders implementing climate change related projects in Myanmar. 7.2. Technology Gaps and Transfer Needs for NDC Implementation 7.2.1. Technology Gaps and Needs in Mitigation Technology transfer will be a key success factor for bringing the necessary changes to BAU practices both within the public and private sectors. Myanmar will promote development of locally feasible, viable and cost-effective low-emissions technologies for the economic development of the country and its people.Key mitigation technologies will be required in industry, power production, waste management, transport, energy efficiency, biomass, clean cooking and the building sector. 7.2.2.', 'Myanmar will promote development of locally feasible, viable and cost-effective low-emissions technologies for the economic development of the country and its people.Key mitigation technologies will be required in industry, power production, waste management, transport, energy efficiency, biomass, clean cooking and the building sector. 7.2.2. Technology Gaps and Needs in Adaptation Similarly, adaptation technologies will be required in agriculture, livestock and fisheries, early warning systems to forecast extreme weather, improving health management and medication, constructing climate resilient buildings, and in nature-based solutions to climate change to protect people and ecosystems. Like capacity building, technology transfer will also not be one-way. Myanmar will share its experiences on the use of new and innovative technologies across countries, and scale-up its use depending on practicality and applicability.', 'Myanmar will share its experiences on the use of new and innovative technologies across countries, and scale-up its use depending on practicality and applicability. Similarly, the lessons learnt from the traditional and indigenous knowledge and technologies that are developed in Myanmar will also be shared internationally for example through the Local Community and Indigenous Peoples Platform- LCIP98. For instance, floating garden technology and stilt housing technology are the unique indigenous technology (IT) have been applied by the Inntharr (Insaar in local name) community at Inle lake in Southern Shan State since early 1960s (Seielstad and Phillips 2015).', 'For instance, floating garden technology and stilt housing technology are the unique indigenous technology (IT) have been applied by the Inntharr (Insaar in local name) community at Inle lake in Southern Shan State since early 1960s (Seielstad and Phillips 2015). The Inntharr people, a Shan ethnic minority, have developed floating gardens by gathering water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes (minimum thickness of 1 m), knitting clumps together, securing them by bamboo poles, then knitting the hyacinth clumps together. As well as growing food crops, mostly tomatoes, onions and beans, the floating farm technology also provides many ecological services: sediment trap, water quality preservation, and evaporation rate control. Myanmar is also in the process of finalizing its TNA.', 'Myanmar is also in the process of finalizing its TNA. The TNA has identified different technologies pertaining to water resources management for agriculture, waste management and renewables Access to these technologies and its deployment will also be help in both adaptation and mitigation actions. 7.3. Capacity Building Gaps and Needs for NDC Implementation Myanmar is currently undergoing a critical process of democratization, having only commenced the journey in 2015. Limited capacities are a significant issue for Myanmar and capacity building will be an ongoing process as contemporary technologies and methodologies are embraced and new innovative ideas and technologies emerge and are implemented. Capacities will gradually be enhanced across the country. Both technical (e.g.', 'Capacities will gradually be enhanced across the country. Both technical (e.g. GHG accounting in all sectors, developing local EF and RF and forecasting of climate and extreme weather) and financial capacities (so as to try new technologies and financial models to sustain the climate action efforts) will need to be incorporated. Myanmar will ensure gender equality in all its capacity building programs. Men and women can participate equally, and their learned capacities then utilized to train the youth and future generations. Within the Myanmar government, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation (MONREC) is leading efforts to develop internal capacity for MRV of the NDCs.', 'Within the Myanmar government, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation (MONREC) is leading efforts to develop internal capacity for MRV of the NDCs. MONREC and the Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI) signed a Memorandum of Understanding to collaborate in establishing the institutional arrangements, data management systems, and building human capacities needed for Myanmar to fulfill its future NDC MRV commitments. This support has comprised the following: Use (AFOLU), Industrial Processes and Product Usage (IPPU), and additional sectoral assessments are anticipated.', 'This support has comprised the following: Use (AFOLU), Industrial Processes and Product Usage (IPPU), and additional sectoral assessments are anticipated. b) Development of capacity building partnership between ECD, GGGI and the Australian Volunteer (AVI) for capacity building for line ministries in MRV, NDC Climate Negotiation, subsector data collection needs, and a MRV capacity-building training-of- trainers (ToT) program. c) Additional resource mobilization to develop institutional frameworks and capacities for MRV Master Plan for Myanmar from the GEF-hosted Capacity Building Initiative for Transparency (CBIT), and potential co-financing from the Green Climate Fund.', 'c) Additional resource mobilization to develop institutional frameworks and capacities for MRV Master Plan for Myanmar from the GEF-hosted Capacity Building Initiative for Transparency (CBIT), and potential co-financing from the Green Climate Fund. d) Additional resources/partnerships are needed to develop MRV capacities and institutionalization at decentralized government (state/region/municipality/township) agencies, and to support the development of NDC action implementation capacity in line ministries. However, capacity building will not be a one-way process. Myanmar will also share its lessons and experiences both nationally across its States and Regions and internationally so as to build international capacities. 8. How Is Myanmar’s NDC Fair and Ambitious Based on 2018 data, Myanmar is one of the least GHG emitting countries in the world, contributing only 0.61 tons of CO2 eq/person99 compared to global emissions.', 'How Is Myanmar’s NDC Fair and Ambitious Based on 2018 data, Myanmar is one of the least GHG emitting countries in the world, contributing only 0.61 tons of CO2 eq/person99 compared to global emissions. Myanmar faces multiple challenges in terms of capacity gaps, data, technologies, financial resources. Furthermore, due to its location and exposure to extreme climatic events, Myanmar is regarded as one of the most highly vulnerable countries to climate change, incurring significant losses and damages. Poverty alleviation and development needs are key aspiration of the country. However, the climate crisis exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic situation further pushes the country into economic stresses and derails the countries sustainable development at the point of time when the country is opening up for investments.', 'However, the climate crisis exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic situation further pushes the country into economic stresses and derails the countries sustainable development at the point of time when the country is opening up for investments. Myanmar has not yet adopted an economy wide emission reductions target. Nevertheless, Myanmar has increased the number of target sectors from the two indicated in the INDC (Forestry and Energy) to five and has identified a number of additional priority sectors that it would like to seek support in the future.', 'Nevertheless, Myanmar has increased the number of target sectors from the two indicated in the INDC (Forestry and Energy) to five and has identified a number of additional priority sectors that it would like to seek support in the future. In the current socio-economic context, as the country is still in the process of developing is basic infrastructure, and with the need to stimulate economic growth, Myanmar‟s emissions are expected to peak during this NDC period as investments materialize in the county. However, if the much-needed international green investments come in a more-timely manner, Myanmar will be able to realize its low carbon vision earlier than expected.', 'However, if the much-needed international green investments come in a more-timely manner, Myanmar will be able to realize its low carbon vision earlier than expected. Based on its development status, Myanmar‟s current and forecast emissions reductions contributions undoubtedly represents a fair commitment to global climate change efforts. With this NDC, Myanmar is proud to demonstrate its commitment to the global effort against climate change by increasing the ambition levels of the INDC and adding tangible emission reduction targets to be achieved by 2030 by a gradually broadening array of sectors.Myanmar is ready and committed to set more ambitious targets in the future, to identify additional sectoral targets altogether, and will hopefully allow economy-wide targets to be set in the future.', 'With this NDC, Myanmar is proud to demonstrate its commitment to the global effort against climate change by increasing the ambition levels of the INDC and adding tangible emission reduction targets to be achieved by 2030 by a gradually broadening array of sectors.Myanmar is ready and committed to set more ambitious targets in the future, to identify additional sectoral targets altogether, and will hopefully allow economy-wide targets to be set in the future. The government intends to learn from the implementation of this NDC to inform development of future NDC submissions, and to build strong partnerships with the international community for technology transfer, financing and technical policy advisory support to enable such increased ambitions to be realized.ANNEXESAnnex I: Energy Sector mitigation supplementary information Initial assessments have identified 3244 MW solar PV generation capacity, of which 245 MW is floating solar power generation capacity, and 6,971 MW of wind power potential.', 'The government intends to learn from the implementation of this NDC to inform development of future NDC submissions, and to build strong partnerships with the international community for technology transfer, financing and technical policy advisory support to enable such increased ambitions to be realized.ANNEXESAnnex I: Energy Sector mitigation supplementary information Initial assessments have identified 3244 MW solar PV generation capacity, of which 245 MW is floating solar power generation capacity, and 6,971 MW of wind power potential. The country‟s first solar project started operations in September 2019 with an installed capacity of 40MW in the Magwe Region, with a planned total capacity of 170 MW. A 1060MW solar tender was also issued in May 2020 in line with COVID-19 Economic Relief Plan.', 'A 1060MW solar tender was also issued in May 2020 in line with COVID-19 Economic Relief Plan. Similarly, Myanmar is implementing the National Electrification Project (NEP) (2016-2021) with World Bank‟s IDA loan of USD 400 Million. According to National Electrification Project, US$ 310 million is being used for grid extension mandated by Ministry of Electricity and Energy for which 9780 villages will be electrified, and 90 million for off-grid electrification mandated by Department of Rural Development for which 456,500 households will be electrified by Solar Home Systems and 35,000 households will be electrified by Mini-Grid Systems using renewable energy resources.', 'According to National Electrification Project, US$ 310 million is being used for grid extension mandated by Ministry of Electricity and Energy for which 9780 villages will be electrified, and 90 million for off-grid electrification mandated by Department of Rural Development for which 456,500 households will be electrified by Solar Home Systems and 35,000 households will be electrified by Mini-Grid Systems using renewable energy resources. As of 2019, 380,000 rural households have been electrified with installed capacity of 142 MW of energy reaching the INDC target of reaching 30% (1.8 million people) of the 6 million rural populations.', 'As of 2019, 380,000 rural households have been electrified with installed capacity of 142 MW of energy reaching the INDC target of reaching 30% (1.8 million people) of the 6 million rural populations. a) Ongoing and Planned RE Projects that may contribute to the NDC The following tables/figures list ongoing and planned RE Projects in Myanmar that may contribute to achievement of the NDC targets (Table 24, Table 25, Table 26; Figure 5, Figure 6). Table 24. Ongoing RE and Hydropower Projects under development in Myanmar100 No. Renewable Projects Capacity Remarks 1. Minbu Solar Project 170 MW 40 MW completed 2. Manaung Hybrid Solar Project 8.25 MW On-going 3. Chaung Tha Wind Power Project 30.0 MW Pre-Feasibility 4.', 'Chaung Tha Wind Power Project 30.0 MW Pre-Feasibility 4. MoEE Solar Tender * 1060 MW Tender process Total RE (Wind, Solar) 1268.25 MW 6. Deedoke Hydro Power Project 60 MW 1.727% complete as of Mar 2020 7. Upper Yeywa Hydro Power Project 280 MW 44.41% complete as of Mar 2020 8. Middle Paunglaung Hydro Power Project 152 MW 5.17% complete as of Mar 2020 9. Upper Kengtawng Hydro Power Project 51 MW 57.85% complete as of Mar 2020 10. Upper Balu Chaung Hydro Power Project 30.4 MW 45.49% complete as of Mar 2020 11. Thahtay Hydro Power Project 111 MW 57.38% complete as of Mar 2020 12. Nan Paw Hydropower Project 20 MW 10% complete as of March 2020 Total hydropower 1376.4 MW Table 25.', 'Nan Paw Hydropower Project 20 MW 10% complete as of March 2020 Total hydropower 1376.4 MW Table 25. Existing vs Potential Hydropower Capacity in Myanmar101 No. Renewable (Hydro) Existing and Potential Projects Capacity Remarks 12. Potential Hydropower Projects 19567 MW 13. Existing Hydropower Stations 3225 MWFigure 5. RE Projects with Pre-Feasibility Assessments, Feasibility Assessments, Ongoing Table 26. Potential RE Projects for prefeasibility and feasibility study (some not put as NDC targets as of Renewable Project Capacity Remarks 1. 2. 3. 4.', 'Potential RE Projects for prefeasibility and feasibility study (some not put as NDC targets as of Renewable Project Capacity Remarks 1. 2. 3. 4. Renewable (Hydro) Project Renewable (Solar) Project Renewable (Floating solar) Project Renewable (Wind) Project On-going Solar Power Plant \uf0a7 Minbu Solar Power Plant \uf0a7 170 MW Investigating Wind Power Project \uf0a7 Chaung Tha Power Plant \uf0a7 30 MW On-going Hybrid Solar Power Plant \uf0a7 Manaung (Island) Project \uf0a7 8.25 MW On-going Hydropower Project \uf0a7 Shweli (3) HPP (672 MW) \uf0a7 Deedoke HPP (60 MW) \uf0a7 Thahtay HPP (111 MW) \uf0a7 Upper Balu Chaung HPP (30.4 MW) \uf0a7 Upper Yeywa HPP (280 MW) \uf0a7 Middle Paunglaung HPP (152 MW) \uf0a7 Upper Keng Tawn HPP (51 MW) Total- 1376.4 MW \uf0a7 Nan Paw HPP (20 MW)Figure 6.', 'Renewable (Hydro) Project Renewable (Solar) Project Renewable (Floating solar) Project Renewable (Wind) Project On-going Solar Power Plant \uf0a7 Minbu Solar Power Plant \uf0a7 170 MW Investigating Wind Power Project \uf0a7 Chaung Tha Power Plant \uf0a7 30 MW On-going Hybrid Solar Power Plant \uf0a7 Manaung (Island) Project \uf0a7 8.25 MW On-going Hydropower Project \uf0a7 Shweli (3) HPP (672 MW) \uf0a7 Deedoke HPP (60 MW) \uf0a7 Thahtay HPP (111 MW) \uf0a7 Upper Balu Chaung HPP (30.4 MW) \uf0a7 Upper Yeywa HPP (280 MW) \uf0a7 Middle Paunglaung HPP (152 MW) \uf0a7 Upper Keng Tawn HPP (51 MW) Total- 1376.4 MW \uf0a7 Nan Paw HPP (20 MW)Figure 6. Potential RE Projects (Hydro, Solar, Floating Solar and Wind) for the NDC b) Climate Finance requirement for NDC Conditional Target in the Energy Sector The estimated financing requirements needed to support development of enabling policies and technical capacities, to conduct required technical analyses, to upgrade facilities and to provide de-risking instruments for the RE projects identified above are summarized in the table below (Table 27).Table 27.', 'Potential RE Projects (Hydro, Solar, Floating Solar and Wind) for the NDC b) Climate Finance requirement for NDC Conditional Target in the Energy Sector The estimated financing requirements needed to support development of enabling policies and technical capacities, to conduct required technical analyses, to upgrade facilities and to provide de-risking instruments for the RE projects identified above are summarized in the table below (Table 27).Table 27. Enabling Conditions and associated climate finance requirements for Conditional Targets103 Category Description Budget Estimate in US$ I. Policy Developments Development of policies: 4,000,000 ● Renewable Energy Law, ● Renewable Energy Regulations, ● Renewable Energy Incentives Scheme, ● Renewable Energy Tariff Sensitivity Model ● Legal Consultant (International and Local) II.', 'Policy Developments Development of policies: 4,000,000 ● Renewable Energy Law, ● Renewable Energy Regulations, ● Renewable Energy Incentives Scheme, ● Renewable Energy Tariff Sensitivity Model ● Legal Consultant (International and Local) II. Technical Analysis Details Feasibility Study and Assessments 200,000,000 ● Solar Potential Projects ● Wind Potential Projects ● Geothermal Potential Projects ● Biomass Potential Projects ● Ocean/Tidal Potential Projects ● Pump Storage Hydropower Potential Projects ● Clean Fuel Projects (CNG, LPG, LNG, Electric Vehicle) Dynamic grid analysis: ● Injection of intermittent Renewables Energy ● Baseload and intermittent power analysis o Time analysis o Capacity analysis ▪ Automatic Generation Control ▪ Power System Analysis o PSS/E Software & Application III. Capacity Building Capacity building for Grid Connected Variable Renewable Energy ● Planning ● Generation ● Smart Grid / Transmission and System Control ● Distribution and Smart Metering System IV.', 'Capacity Building Capacity building for Grid Connected Variable Renewable Energy ● Planning ● Generation ● Smart Grid / Transmission and System Control ● Distribution and Smart Metering System IV. Upgrading for Energy Efficiency Smart Grid and Power System Control ● Upgrading the National Control Centre (Upper and Lower Myanmar) ● Establishment of Regional Control Centre for each Region and State Smart Metering system for Yangon, Mandalay and Nay Pyi Taw to reduce losses V. Finance Blended finance for de-risking of Renewable Energy ProjectsAnnex II: Agriculture Sector mitigation supplementary information a) Ongoing agriculture sector projects that may contribute to the NDC The Department of Agriculture report “Myanmar Agriculture Sector in Brief” (2019) 104, identifies a number of ongoing projects that include various agroforestry system activities, and which may support the government in achieving the conditional NDC target (Table 28).', 'Upgrading for Energy Efficiency Smart Grid and Power System Control ● Upgrading the National Control Centre (Upper and Lower Myanmar) ● Establishment of Regional Control Centre for each Region and State Smart Metering system for Yangon, Mandalay and Nay Pyi Taw to reduce losses V. Finance Blended finance for de-risking of Renewable Energy ProjectsAnnex II: Agriculture Sector mitigation supplementary information a) Ongoing agriculture sector projects that may contribute to the NDC The Department of Agriculture report “Myanmar Agriculture Sector in Brief” (2019) 104, identifies a number of ongoing projects that include various agroforestry system activities, and which may support the government in achieving the conditional NDC target (Table 28). Table 28: Ongoing Projects in the Agriculture Sector105 Project name Project period Main activities Funding agency Implementing partners Eastern state agribusiness project -Land development -Agroforestry/SALT - Capacity building, financing IFAD IWUMD, DAR, DoA, DRD, AMD, DALMS Increasing animal feed security and sustainable environmental management in the Dry Zone -Construction of water saving ponds -Soil conservation practices/ Agroforestry -Animal feed production WB Loan State/regional DoA and Land Use Division Agriculture development support project - ADSP -Cropping intensity -Farm productivity -Technology development and farm advisory services WB IWUMD, AMD, DOA, DAR, DALMS Farming systems for sustainability Myanmar -Sustainable agriculture intensification -Farming systems Wagening en University DOA Establishment of home gardening for poverty alleviation -Home gardening -Agroforestry China DOA Western state agribusiness project - WSAP -Food security and nutrition -Capacity building -Agribusiness, value chains -Improved irrigation IFAD DRD Sustainable agricultural development and food quality initiative -SAFI -Agriculture and nutrition -Agro-food systems -Strengthening of public education GIZ DOA Development of agriculture risk management for climate change adaptation in Myanmar -Climate change measures -Agricultural systems & technologies JIRCAS DAR Myanmar Agriculture Sector in Brief, 2019.', 'Table 28: Ongoing Projects in the Agriculture Sector105 Project name Project period Main activities Funding agency Implementing partners Eastern state agribusiness project -Land development -Agroforestry/SALT - Capacity building, financing IFAD IWUMD, DAR, DoA, DRD, AMD, DALMS Increasing animal feed security and sustainable environmental management in the Dry Zone -Construction of water saving ponds -Soil conservation practices/ Agroforestry -Animal feed production WB Loan State/regional DoA and Land Use Division Agriculture development support project - ADSP -Cropping intensity -Farm productivity -Technology development and farm advisory services WB IWUMD, AMD, DOA, DAR, DALMS Farming systems for sustainability Myanmar -Sustainable agriculture intensification -Farming systems Wagening en University DOA Establishment of home gardening for poverty alleviation -Home gardening -Agroforestry China DOA Western state agribusiness project - WSAP -Food security and nutrition -Capacity building -Agribusiness, value chains -Improved irrigation IFAD DRD Sustainable agricultural development and food quality initiative -SAFI -Agriculture and nutrition -Agro-food systems -Strengthening of public education GIZ DOA Development of agriculture risk management for climate change adaptation in Myanmar -Climate change measures -Agricultural systems & technologies JIRCAS DAR Myanmar Agriculture Sector in Brief, 2019. Department of Agriculture.', 'Table 28: Ongoing Projects in the Agriculture Sector105 Project name Project period Main activities Funding agency Implementing partners Eastern state agribusiness project -Land development -Agroforestry/SALT - Capacity building, financing IFAD IWUMD, DAR, DoA, DRD, AMD, DALMS Increasing animal feed security and sustainable environmental management in the Dry Zone -Construction of water saving ponds -Soil conservation practices/ Agroforestry -Animal feed production WB Loan State/regional DoA and Land Use Division Agriculture development support project - ADSP -Cropping intensity -Farm productivity -Technology development and farm advisory services WB IWUMD, AMD, DOA, DAR, DALMS Farming systems for sustainability Myanmar -Sustainable agriculture intensification -Farming systems Wagening en University DOA Establishment of home gardening for poverty alleviation -Home gardening -Agroforestry China DOA Western state agribusiness project - WSAP -Food security and nutrition -Capacity building -Agribusiness, value chains -Improved irrigation IFAD DRD Sustainable agricultural development and food quality initiative -SAFI -Agriculture and nutrition -Agro-food systems -Strengthening of public education GIZ DOA Development of agriculture risk management for climate change adaptation in Myanmar -Climate change measures -Agricultural systems & technologies JIRCAS DAR Myanmar Agriculture Sector in Brief, 2019. Department of Agriculture. Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation.b) Reference period removals due to tree cover change by state/region A detailed analysis of tree cover change during the reference period (2000-2010) for each state and region is provided in (Table 29 and Table 30).', 'Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation.b) Reference period removals due to tree cover change by state/region A detailed analysis of tree cover change during the reference period (2000-2010) for each state and region is provided in (Table 29 and Table 30). Table 29. Average percent tree cover & areal extent of tree cover in agricultural areas106 Table 30. Average percent tree cover by province areal extent of tree cover agricultural area in km2 107 The approximate financing needed to meet the conditional targets is as follows: c) Climate Finance requirements to meet NDC Conditional Target in the Agriculture Sector The approximate financing needed to meet the conditional targets is as follows (Table 31): Table 31.', 'Average percent tree cover by province areal extent of tree cover agricultural area in km2 107 The approximate financing needed to meet the conditional targets is as follows: c) Climate Finance requirements to meet NDC Conditional Target in the Agriculture Sector The approximate financing needed to meet the conditional targets is as follows (Table 31): Table 31. Estimated finance requirements for conditional targets in agriculture sector108 Category Description Budget Estimate in US$ Technical analysis • Baseline assessment of agroforestry systems and practices across the country 106 Zomer R, Xu JC, Öborn I (2019). Tree cover on agricultural land in the Asia-Pacific region. Working Paper 294. Bogor, Indonesia: World Agroforestry (ICRAF) Southeast Asia Regional Program. DOI: 107 Zomer R, Xu JC, Öborn I (2019).', '107 Zomer R, Xu JC, Öborn I (2019). Tree cover on agricultural land in the Asia-Pacific region. Working Paper 294. Bogor, Indonesia: World Agroforestry (ICRAF) Southeast Asia Regional Program. DOI:', 'Bogor, Indonesia: World Agroforestry (ICRAF) Southeast Asia Regional Program. DOI: 108 ECD, MONREC• Tree-suitability analysis and mapping • Participatory design of agroforestry options by context in target regions • Quantification of A&M benefits (e.g., incomes, CO2 removals) Capacity Development • Agriculture extension training at region and township levels • Farmer trainings at village tracts level Agroforestry establishment & maintenance cost for 3 years • Seedlings 217,684,500 • Irrigation • Fertilization Extension, dissemination, M&E • Local extension-support and field operations Communication and extension materials • Technical guides and other extension materials e.g., videos Total area of land to be implemented – 275,000 ha Estimated cost for 275,000 ha - 224,434,500 US$ Estimated cost for a hectare of land – 816 US$ e Estimated cost for each ton of CO2 - 22 US$ d) Reference sources for the Agriculture Sector (Agroforestry) The sources of data for assessment of areal extent of tree cover in Myanmar and removal factors in agroforestry are: a) Zomer RJ, Neufeldt H, Xu JC, Ahrends A, Bossio D, Trabucco A, van Noordwijk M, Wang MC.', '108 ECD, MONREC• Tree-suitability analysis and mapping • Participatory design of agroforestry options by context in target regions • Quantification of A&M benefits (e.g., incomes, CO2 removals) Capacity Development • Agriculture extension training at region and township levels • Farmer trainings at village tracts level Agroforestry establishment & maintenance cost for 3 years • Seedlings 217,684,500 • Irrigation • Fertilization Extension, dissemination, M&E • Local extension-support and field operations Communication and extension materials • Technical guides and other extension materials e.g., videos Total area of land to be implemented – 275,000 ha Estimated cost for 275,000 ha - 224,434,500 US$ Estimated cost for a hectare of land – 816 US$ e Estimated cost for each ton of CO2 - 22 US$ d) Reference sources for the Agriculture Sector (Agroforestry) The sources of data for assessment of areal extent of tree cover in Myanmar and removal factors in agroforestry are: a) Zomer RJ, Neufeldt H, Xu JC, Ahrends A, Bossio D, Trabucco A, van Noordwijk M, Wang MC. (2016).', '108 ECD, MONREC• Tree-suitability analysis and mapping • Participatory design of agroforestry options by context in target regions • Quantification of A&M benefits (e.g., incomes, CO2 removals) Capacity Development • Agriculture extension training at region and township levels • Farmer trainings at village tracts level Agroforestry establishment & maintenance cost for 3 years • Seedlings 217,684,500 • Irrigation • Fertilization Extension, dissemination, M&E • Local extension-support and field operations Communication and extension materials • Technical guides and other extension materials e.g., videos Total area of land to be implemented – 275,000 ha Estimated cost for 275,000 ha - 224,434,500 US$ Estimated cost for a hectare of land – 816 US$ e Estimated cost for each ton of CO2 - 22 US$ d) Reference sources for the Agriculture Sector (Agroforestry) The sources of data for assessment of areal extent of tree cover in Myanmar and removal factors in agroforestry are: a) Zomer RJ, Neufeldt H, Xu JC, Ahrends A, Bossio D, Trabucco A, van Noordwijk M, Wang MC. (2016). Global tree cover and biomass carbon on agricultural land: The contribution of agroforestry to global and national carbon budget.', 'Global tree cover and biomass carbon on agricultural land: The contribution of agroforestry to global and national carbon budget. Scientific Reports 6:29987. DOI: b) Zomer R, Xu JC, Öborn I (2019). Tree cover on agricultural land in the Asia-Pacific region. Working Paper 294. Bogor, Indonesia: World Agroforestry (ICRAF) Southeast Asia Regional Program. DOI: c) Melissa Chapman, Wayne Walker, Susan Cook-Patton, Peter Ellis, Mary Farina, Bronson Griscom & Alessandro Baccini (2020). Large climate mitigation potential from adding trees to agricultural lands. Chapman. M, Walker WS, Cook‐ Patton SC, Ellis PW, Farina M, Griscom BW, Baccini A. 2020. Large climate mitigation potential from adding trees to agricultural lands. Global Change Biology 17 April 2020. d) Blanca Bernal, Lara Murray & Timothy Pearson (2018).', 'd) Blanca Bernal, Lara Murray & Timothy Pearson (2018). Global carbon dioxide removal rates from forest landscape restoration activities. Carbon Balance Management. Cardineal Remi, Umulisa Vivian, Toudert Anass, Olivier Alain, Bockel Louis & Bernoux Martial (2018). Revisiting IPCC Tier 1 coefficients for soil organic and biomass carbon storage in agroforestry systems. Environs Res. Lett. 13. f) Mulia, R., Khasanah, N., Catacutan, D.C. (2018). Alternative forest plantation systems for Southcentral Coast of Viet Nam: projections of growth and production using the WaNuLCAS model. In: Mulia R and Simelton (Eds. ), Towards low-emission landscapes in Viet Nam. World Agroforestry (ICRAF) Viet Nam. ICRAF Southeast Asia Regional Program, Bogor, Indonesia, pp. 45-60. g) Mulia R, Nguyen MP, Nguyen DD, Stewards P, Pham TV, Rosenstock T, Simelton E. (2020).', '45-60. g) Mulia R, Nguyen MP, Nguyen DD, Stewards P, Pham TV, Rosenstock T, Simelton E. (2020). Enhancing Vietnam‟s Nationally Determined Contribution with mitigation targets for agroforestry: a technical and economic estimate. (publication on process). h) FAO (2019). Forest futures – Sustainable pathways for forests, landscapes and people in the Asia- Pacific region. Asia-Pacific Forest Sector Outlook Study III. Bangkok. 352 pp. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. i) IPCC (2006). Volume 4: agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU). Chapter 5: Cropland IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories ed H Eggleston, L Buendia, K Miwa, T Ngara and K Tanabe (Kanagawa: IGES) p 66. j) IPCC (2007). Climate Change 2007: Mitigation.', 'Chapter 5: Cropland IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories ed H Eggleston, L Buendia, K Miwa, T Ngara and K Tanabe (Kanagawa: IGES) p 66. j) IPCC (2007). Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Inter- Governmental Panel on Climate Change ed B Metz, O R Davidson, P R Bosch, R Dave and L A Meyer (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). k) InfoFLR by IUCN and Winrock International. emissions-and-removals-databases. l) Mulia, R., Nguyen, D. D., Nguyen, M. P., & Steward, P. (2020). Enhancing Vietnam‟ s Nationally Determined Contribution with Mitigation Targets for Agroforestry: A Technical andAnnex III. Forestry & Other Land Use Sector supplementary information a) Activity of the Myanmar Reforestation and Rehabilitation Programme Table 32.', 'Forestry & Other Land Use Sector supplementary information a) Activity of the Myanmar Reforestation and Rehabilitation Programme Table 32. Targets of Myanmar Reforestation and Rehabilitation Programme (2016/17-2026/27), Activities Phase 1 (2017-21) area (ha) Phase 2 (2022-26) area (ha) Total (2017-26) area (ha) Establishment of forest plantations (government) Establishment of forest plantations (private) Community forests and agroforestry Establishment of community forests Establishment of natural regeneration Conservation of remaining natural forests in the Dry Zone Tending operations on old commercial plantations No of seedlings to be distributed to the public Tending operations on above 5- year-old plantations Hedge gardens and seed production areas Increase of PFE by expansion of reserve forests and protected public forests 109 Myanmar Reforestation and Rehabilitation Programme of Forest Department and Dry Zone Greening Department, MONRECb) Ongoing forestry sector project financing (Past and Present) Table 33.Government and External financing received by the Forestry Sector (2014-2019)110 FY (MMK FY (MMK million) FY (MMK million) FY (MMK million) FY Mini Budget (MMK million) FY (MMK million) Government funding External financing received for forestry programs Table 34.', 'Targets of Myanmar Reforestation and Rehabilitation Programme (2016/17-2026/27), Activities Phase 1 (2017-21) area (ha) Phase 2 (2022-26) area (ha) Total (2017-26) area (ha) Establishment of forest plantations (government) Establishment of forest plantations (private) Community forests and agroforestry Establishment of community forests Establishment of natural regeneration Conservation of remaining natural forests in the Dry Zone Tending operations on old commercial plantations No of seedlings to be distributed to the public Tending operations on above 5- year-old plantations Hedge gardens and seed production areas Increase of PFE by expansion of reserve forests and protected public forests 109 Myanmar Reforestation and Rehabilitation Programme of Forest Department and Dry Zone Greening Department, MONRECb) Ongoing forestry sector project financing (Past and Present) Table 33.Government and External financing received by the Forestry Sector (2014-2019)110 FY (MMK FY (MMK million) FY (MMK million) FY (MMK million) FY Mini Budget (MMK million) FY (MMK million) Government funding External financing received for forestry programs Table 34. On-going Forest Sector Projects that may contribute to the NDC112 Project Title Project Period (Start Year - End Year) Project Budget (US $ million) Government Contribution (US $ million) External Financing - Name Financing Institution External Financing is loan or grant?', 'On-going Forest Sector Projects that may contribute to the NDC112 Project Title Project Period (Start Year - End Year) Project Budget (US $ million) Government Contribution (US $ million) External Financing - Name Financing Institution External Financing is loan or grant? Cooperation on the implementation of Small Grant Programmes in ASEAN Heritage Parks of Myanmar 2014 -2023 2.5629 - ASEAN Center for Biodiversity (ACB) TA Collaboration Research Plant and Seed Conservation 2016-2020 0.03 - Korea National Arboretum (KNA), Korea TA Biodiversity Conservation and Research Cooperation Project 2016-2021 TA - China, Chinese Academy Science (CAS) of TA Cooperation in the field of Wildlife Conservation in Myanmar 2017-2022 6.90 - Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) TA Biological Inventory for updating the Flora and Fauna of Myanmar 2016-2021 0.50 - Japan, National Museum of Nature and Science (NMNS) TA Cooperation in the field of the Biodiversity Conservation in Myanmar 2017-2021 0.80 - Italy, Istituto Oikos TA Taninthayi Nature Reserve Project Co., Ltd-MGTC/ Thaninthayi Pipeline Company-TPC, Andaman Transportation Limited-ATL Grant Research on Botanical Diversity of Myanmar‟s Northern Forest Complex 2017-2022 0.5 - US, The New York Botanical Garden (NYBG_ TA Collaboration in the Fields of Terrestrial and Marine Biodiversity Conservation and Forestry-related Activities in Myanmar 2017 - 2022 TA - Fauna and Flora International (FFI) Grant Program on Sustainable Use of Plant Resources with Particular Emphasis on the Medicinal Plants on Botanical Inventory and Subsequent Evaluation TA - Japan, JICA & (Makino Botanical Garden (MBK) TA 110 Forest Department and Dry Zone Greening Department, MONREC 112 Forest Department and Dry Zone Greening Department, MONRECCooperation in Alaungdaw Kathapa National Park and Wildlife Protection) 2018 -2020 TA - USA, Global Conservation, Presidio National Park TA Conservation of Biodiversity and Improved Management of Protected Areas (Phase−II) Agency (NEA) Grant Cooperation in Biodiversity Conservation and Management in Myanmar 2020 - 2025 0.1 - Smithsonian Institution TA Cooperation Concerning Biological Resources and Information 2020 - 2023 TA - Korea, National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR) TA Nesting a REDD+ Project Carbon Accounting and Monitoring System Under the (Sub-) National System 2018 - 2021 0.0134 - Japan, Forest and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI) TA Korea-Myanmar REDD+ Joint Project Phase II 2019 - 2022 0.6 - Korea, Korea Forest Service (KFS) Grant Latt Htoke and Htet Lan Kan Community Forest Plantation Project 2017 - 2021 0.1201 - Japan, Japan International Forestry Promotion and Cooperation Center (JIFPRO) Grant Voices for Mekong Forests 2017 - 2021 0.92 - European Union (EU) TA FAO Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) Programme 2017 - 2020 1.1925 - Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) TA The establishment of ASEAN- ROK Forest Cooperation Regional Education and Training Centre (AFoCo RETC) 2014 - 2024 7.855 - Korea Forest Service (KFS).', 'Cooperation on the implementation of Small Grant Programmes in ASEAN Heritage Parks of Myanmar 2014 -2023 2.5629 - ASEAN Center for Biodiversity (ACB) TA Collaboration Research Plant and Seed Conservation 2016-2020 0.03 - Korea National Arboretum (KNA), Korea TA Biodiversity Conservation and Research Cooperation Project 2016-2021 TA - China, Chinese Academy Science (CAS) of TA Cooperation in the field of Wildlife Conservation in Myanmar 2017-2022 6.90 - Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) TA Biological Inventory for updating the Flora and Fauna of Myanmar 2016-2021 0.50 - Japan, National Museum of Nature and Science (NMNS) TA Cooperation in the field of the Biodiversity Conservation in Myanmar 2017-2021 0.80 - Italy, Istituto Oikos TA Taninthayi Nature Reserve Project Co., Ltd-MGTC/ Thaninthayi Pipeline Company-TPC, Andaman Transportation Limited-ATL Grant Research on Botanical Diversity of Myanmar‟s Northern Forest Complex 2017-2022 0.5 - US, The New York Botanical Garden (NYBG_ TA Collaboration in the Fields of Terrestrial and Marine Biodiversity Conservation and Forestry-related Activities in Myanmar 2017 - 2022 TA - Fauna and Flora International (FFI) Grant Program on Sustainable Use of Plant Resources with Particular Emphasis on the Medicinal Plants on Botanical Inventory and Subsequent Evaluation TA - Japan, JICA & (Makino Botanical Garden (MBK) TA 110 Forest Department and Dry Zone Greening Department, MONREC 112 Forest Department and Dry Zone Greening Department, MONRECCooperation in Alaungdaw Kathapa National Park and Wildlife Protection) 2018 -2020 TA - USA, Global Conservation, Presidio National Park TA Conservation of Biodiversity and Improved Management of Protected Areas (Phase−II) Agency (NEA) Grant Cooperation in Biodiversity Conservation and Management in Myanmar 2020 - 2025 0.1 - Smithsonian Institution TA Cooperation Concerning Biological Resources and Information 2020 - 2023 TA - Korea, National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR) TA Nesting a REDD+ Project Carbon Accounting and Monitoring System Under the (Sub-) National System 2018 - 2021 0.0134 - Japan, Forest and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI) TA Korea-Myanmar REDD+ Joint Project Phase II 2019 - 2022 0.6 - Korea, Korea Forest Service (KFS) Grant Latt Htoke and Htet Lan Kan Community Forest Plantation Project 2017 - 2021 0.1201 - Japan, Japan International Forestry Promotion and Cooperation Center (JIFPRO) Grant Voices for Mekong Forests 2017 - 2021 0.92 - European Union (EU) TA FAO Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) Programme 2017 - 2020 1.1925 - Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) TA The establishment of ASEAN- ROK Forest Cooperation Regional Education and Training Centre (AFoCo RETC) 2014 - 2024 7.855 - Korea Forest Service (KFS). Korea Grant Improving the Capacity of Myanmar National Forest Inventory (IC-MNFI) OneMap Myanmar Project 2015 - 2023 8.06 - Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) TA Capacity Building, Research and Development Activity of Mangrove Reforestation and Conservation of Endangered Orchid Species in Myanmar Foundation (WIF ၊ WML) TA Integrated Planning and Practices for Mangrove Management associated with Agriculture and Aquaculture in Myanmar 2018 - 2020 0.5471 - Asia-Pacific Network fo Sustainable Forest Management in Rehabilitation (APFNet) and The University of Queensland (UQ) TA Climate Adaptation in Coastal Communities of Myanmar: Improved Management of Mangrove Forests 2018 - 2023 4.4 - DANIDA, Denmark Grant Myanmar Stove Campaign 2017 - 2021 0.6593 - Unilever/ DFID, Swedish Postcode Lottery Foundation (SPL), SONEVA Foundation, Mercy Corps TA Sustainable cropland and forest management in priority agro- ecosystems of Myanmar Organization (FAO) TA Cooperation in the Field of Forestry 2017 - 2022 - China, State Forestry Administration (SFA) TA Integrated Forest Ecosystem Management Planning and Demonstration Project in Greater Mekong Sub-region (Myanmar) Sustainable Forest Management and Rehabilitation (APFNet) GrantEnhancing Conservation and Sustainable Management of Teak Forests and Legal and Sustainable Wood Supply Chains in the Greater Mekong Sub- region (PP-A/54-331) 2019 - 2022 0.17 - International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) Grant Myanmar National Forest Inventory (NFI)/ National Forest Monitoring and Information System (NFMIS) with a Human Rights Based Approach Organization (FAO), Finland Government TA Capacity Building for Sustainable Natural Resources Management 2018 - 2023 TA - Japan, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) TA Integrated Water Resources Management- Institutional Building and Training Phase II NIVA-IWRM Phase-II Resilient Mountain Solutions 2020 - 2021 0.21 - The International Center for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) TAAnnex IV: Energy Efficiency Sector mitigation supplementary information Three key energy intensive sectors for Myanmar are the industrial sector, commercial sector and residential sector.', 'Korea Grant Improving the Capacity of Myanmar National Forest Inventory (IC-MNFI) OneMap Myanmar Project 2015 - 2023 8.06 - Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) TA Capacity Building, Research and Development Activity of Mangrove Reforestation and Conservation of Endangered Orchid Species in Myanmar Foundation (WIF ၊ WML) TA Integrated Planning and Practices for Mangrove Management associated with Agriculture and Aquaculture in Myanmar 2018 - 2020 0.5471 - Asia-Pacific Network fo Sustainable Forest Management in Rehabilitation (APFNet) and The University of Queensland (UQ) TA Climate Adaptation in Coastal Communities of Myanmar: Improved Management of Mangrove Forests 2018 - 2023 4.4 - DANIDA, Denmark Grant Myanmar Stove Campaign 2017 - 2021 0.6593 - Unilever/ DFID, Swedish Postcode Lottery Foundation (SPL), SONEVA Foundation, Mercy Corps TA Sustainable cropland and forest management in priority agro- ecosystems of Myanmar Organization (FAO) TA Cooperation in the Field of Forestry 2017 - 2022 - China, State Forestry Administration (SFA) TA Integrated Forest Ecosystem Management Planning and Demonstration Project in Greater Mekong Sub-region (Myanmar) Sustainable Forest Management and Rehabilitation (APFNet) GrantEnhancing Conservation and Sustainable Management of Teak Forests and Legal and Sustainable Wood Supply Chains in the Greater Mekong Sub- region (PP-A/54-331) 2019 - 2022 0.17 - International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) Grant Myanmar National Forest Inventory (NFI)/ National Forest Monitoring and Information System (NFMIS) with a Human Rights Based Approach Organization (FAO), Finland Government TA Capacity Building for Sustainable Natural Resources Management 2018 - 2023 TA - Japan, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) TA Integrated Water Resources Management- Institutional Building and Training Phase II NIVA-IWRM Phase-II Resilient Mountain Solutions 2020 - 2021 0.21 - The International Center for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) TAAnnex IV: Energy Efficiency Sector mitigation supplementary information Three key energy intensive sectors for Myanmar are the industrial sector, commercial sector and residential sector. A sample of potential energy efficiency measures to be undertakes is provided in (Table 35) Table 35.', 'A sample of potential energy efficiency measures to be undertakes is provided in (Table 35) Table 35. Potential Energy Efficiency Measures113 Sector Description Objective by 2030 Residential Setting up Minimum Energy Performance Standards and labeling scheme for electrical home appliances Promotion of Energy Efficiency awareness trainings and campaigns Implementation of prepaid energy meter for gas based cookstoves and increasing consumer awareness of benefits in LPG for cooking To achieve energy consumption reduction target of 7.8 % by 2030 upon baseline data year 2012 To improve the market share of energy efficient appliances and to reduce household electricity bill/costs To improve market share of efficient cookstoves Industry Development of guideline/regulation for machinery and equipment using electrical and thermal energy Enforcement to apply Energy Management System MMS-ISO 50001 and system optimization on significant energy users (SEUs) in energy intensive factories Introduction Energy manager and Auditor certification program To achieve energy consumption reduction target of 6.63 % by 2030 upon baseline data year 2012 To provide energy manager and energy auditor for factories Commercial Establishment of Energy Efficient Building Code Development of guideline/regulation for using energy and conduct of energy audits in commercial buildings Encourage Rooftop solar PV system, solar thermal and solar water heating system etc., in commercial buildings To incorporate EE measures in new building design and refurbishment of existing buildings To achieve energy consumption reduction target of 4 % by 2030 upon baseline data year 2012 To promote using renewable energy usage and technologies in commercial buildings It has been reported that the potential savings for the iron and steel industry are 45%, for the pulp and paper industry it s 65%, and 35% for sugar mills.', 'Potential Energy Efficiency Measures113 Sector Description Objective by 2030 Residential Setting up Minimum Energy Performance Standards and labeling scheme for electrical home appliances Promotion of Energy Efficiency awareness trainings and campaigns Implementation of prepaid energy meter for gas based cookstoves and increasing consumer awareness of benefits in LPG for cooking To achieve energy consumption reduction target of 7.8 % by 2030 upon baseline data year 2012 To improve the market share of energy efficient appliances and to reduce household electricity bill/costs To improve market share of efficient cookstoves Industry Development of guideline/regulation for machinery and equipment using electrical and thermal energy Enforcement to apply Energy Management System MMS-ISO 50001 and system optimization on significant energy users (SEUs) in energy intensive factories Introduction Energy manager and Auditor certification program To achieve energy consumption reduction target of 6.63 % by 2030 upon baseline data year 2012 To provide energy manager and energy auditor for factories Commercial Establishment of Energy Efficient Building Code Development of guideline/regulation for using energy and conduct of energy audits in commercial buildings Encourage Rooftop solar PV system, solar thermal and solar water heating system etc., in commercial buildings To incorporate EE measures in new building design and refurbishment of existing buildings To achieve energy consumption reduction target of 4 % by 2030 upon baseline data year 2012 To promote using renewable energy usage and technologies in commercial buildings It has been reported that the potential savings for the iron and steel industry are 45%, for the pulp and paper industry it s 65%, and 35% for sugar mills. In the commercial sector i.e.', 'In the commercial sector i.e. office buildings and hotels significant energy can be saved by replacing inefficient incandescent lighting and electric hot water systems with high efficiency fluorescent and light-emitting diode lighting and solar hot water systems. In addition, there is no official energy efficiency certification that can be applied to new commercial buildings or those that have been refurbished to meet such standards. In the residential sector, replacement of inefficient lighting cooking and cooling systems by energy efficient options can play a significant role towards achieving EE goals. Biomass is the primary source of fuel for cooking purpose particularly for the rural population, which comprises 70% of the total population.', 'Biomass is the primary source of fuel for cooking purpose particularly for the rural population, which comprises 70% of the total population. Hence, the adoption of efficient technologies, especially in cooking, 113 National Energy Efficiency and Conservation, Policy, Strategy and Roadmap for Myanmar 2015; page 40 and 45would make a significant contribution to improve the quality of life of rural households by enabling affordable and reliable energy supply. The supply chain of energy-efficient appliances i.e., lights, air conditioners, refrigerators, and other home appliances in Myanmar needs attention to make it stronger. Quality control of electrical products imported from neighboring countries is also not so strong due to absence of proper regulation.', 'Quality control of electrical products imported from neighboring countries is also not so strong due to absence of proper regulation. Energy rated products from Thailand are available in some stores but with an extremely low market share due to the cost differential. Therefore, incentive schemes for energy efficiency products should be planned and implemented for reducing the challenge of higher purchase cost. Introduction of Minimum Energy Performance Standards and Energy Labeling schemes is required to create an enabling environment for EE business (ADB, 2016). Myanmar‟s various building sectors also hold significant energy efficiency savings potential for the use of passive design, natural infrastructure, and heat-resistant retrofitting.', 'Myanmar‟s various building sectors also hold significant energy efficiency savings potential for the use of passive design, natural infrastructure, and heat-resistant retrofitting. On the one hand, the improvement of building designs, materials and scaling can help keep buildings cool naturally; on the other, passive cooling and the reduction in Urban Heat Island that is afforded by urban forestry or the use of certain types of water or landscaping would also contribute to the improvement of energy efficiency and therefore a reduction in the need for artificial cooling.', 'On the one hand, the improvement of building designs, materials and scaling can help keep buildings cool naturally; on the other, passive cooling and the reduction in Urban Heat Island that is afforded by urban forestry or the use of certain types of water or landscaping would also contribute to the improvement of energy efficiency and therefore a reduction in the need for artificial cooling. These approaches would be particularly suited to contexts with fewer financial resources, and a less reliable connection to the grid.Annex V: Marine Transport mitigation supplementary information The Department of Marine Administration (DMA) has outlined the following project objectives to reduce fossil fuel consumption and to facilitate the development of Myanmar‟s future NDCs (Table 36).', 'These approaches would be particularly suited to contexts with fewer financial resources, and a less reliable connection to the grid.Annex V: Marine Transport mitigation supplementary information The Department of Marine Administration (DMA) has outlined the following project objectives to reduce fossil fuel consumption and to facilitate the development of Myanmar‟s future NDCs (Table 36). To meet these marine sector objectives, with the involvement of stakeholders such as government, shipping industries and users, feasibility studies could be undertaken and projects developed on: data collection and analysis (e.g. establish and maintain a registry of emission sources); public awareness (seminars, workshops, forums, etc.', 'establish and maintain a registry of emission sources); public awareness (seminars, workshops, forums, etc. ); training and education (technical, professional and academic); management plans and design indices (Shipping Energy Efficiency Management Plan - SEEMP, Energy Efficiency Design Index - EEDI, Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator- EEOI); hull forms and machinery designs (e.g. hull forms optimizations and use of solar energy and fuel cells). These would all involve Green Ship Strategy technologies where ships are more energy-efficient, emit fewer GHGs, and include other alternative types of infrastructure. Table 36. Project Objectives of DMA114 1. Emission Control and Filtering ● Dry and wet scrubber ● Exhaust gas recovery 2. Reduction of propulsion resistance ● Improving the hull form ● Improving hull coatings ● Reducing bottom friction resistance 3. Improvement in propulsion efficiency ● Modifying propeller ● Install energy-saving appendages 4.', 'Improvement in propulsion efficiency ● Modifying propeller ● Install energy-saving appendages 4. Improvement in the main engine‟s efficiency ● Change and convert the main engine ● Recover waste heat 5. Reduction of hull weight ● Improve steel materials used 6. Use of alternative energy/ fuels ● Use wind or solar energy ● Use of LNG Myanmar also seeks to enhance its capacities to engage in IMO discussions and the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL). To achieve results, numerous teams have been developed: Event Team: to organize and conduct public awareness (education, meetings, seminars, workshops, forums, etc.) Technical and Research Team: to do research (hull design, propeller design, emission control, hull coating, energy-saving appendages, waste heat recovery, reduction in hull weight and alternative fuel and energy technology) in particular sectors.', 'Technical and Research Team: to do research (hull design, propeller design, emission control, hull coating, energy-saving appendages, waste heat recovery, reduction in hull weight and alternative fuel and energy technology) in particular sectors. Legal Team: to draft and implement legal instruments for the project such as guidelines, standards, directives, notifications, etc. Data collection Team: to collect and analyze data (e.g. establish and maintain an emissions inventory) Training Team: to deliver training on skills, awareness, technical issues, and training on demand.', 'establish and maintain an emissions inventory) Training Team: to deliver training on skills, awareness, technical issues, and training on demand. Planning and Financial Team: to provide financial management and planning for teams, and Administrative Team: to deliver overall project management Monitoring and Evaluation Team: For program monitoring and evaluation 114 Department of Marine Administration, MoTCAs a part of its NDC, Myanmar thus seeks international public and/or public-private sector engagement and grants for technical and financial assistance, estimated at US$ 2.3 million; - in the Inland Marine sector for GHG Emission Reductions (US$ 1.2million) and the Green Ship Strategy for coastal shipping (US$ 1.1 million).Annex VI: Disaster Risk Reduction and Loss & Damage Myanmar has been prone to extreme weather events for the past two decades which caused significant loss and damage.', 'Planning and Financial Team: to provide financial management and planning for teams, and Administrative Team: to deliver overall project management Monitoring and Evaluation Team: For program monitoring and evaluation 114 Department of Marine Administration, MoTCAs a part of its NDC, Myanmar thus seeks international public and/or public-private sector engagement and grants for technical and financial assistance, estimated at US$ 2.3 million; - in the Inland Marine sector for GHG Emission Reductions (US$ 1.2million) and the Green Ship Strategy for coastal shipping (US$ 1.1 million).Annex VI: Disaster Risk Reduction and Loss & Damage Myanmar has been prone to extreme weather events for the past two decades which caused significant loss and damage. Examples include Cyclone Nargis in May 2008, resulting in over 130,000 human casualties and US$ 4.0 billion worth of economic losses (this was equivalent to 1/5th of the country s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2007)115.', 'Examples include Cyclone Nargis in May 2008, resulting in over 130,000 human casualties and US$ 4.0 billion worth of economic losses (this was equivalent to 1/5th of the country s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2007)115. In 2015, 2018, and 2019116, the country continued to witness unprecedented flooding events that affected 12 states and regions. The loss and damages from the floods are still being assessed with 0.2 million people directly impacted.117. These losses and damages have a direct impact on the GDP, which should therefore be accounted for. Increased intensity and frequency of natural hazards like floods, cyclones and droughts have resulted in huge economic losses.', 'Increased intensity and frequency of natural hazards like floods, cyclones and droughts have resulted in huge economic losses. Such events have caused immense loss to human lives, brought suffering to the community, damaged the infrastructure and assets, and reduced productivity of the economic systems. As per the Myanmar Post Disaster Needs Assessment of Flood and Landslides Report (PDNA- 2015), torrential rains and the onset of Cyclone Komen triggered severe and widespread floods and landslides in July and August 2015 across 12 out of 14 states and regions in Myanmar. An estimated 1.6 million individuals were recorded as having been temporarily displaced from their homes by the disaster, and 132 lost their lives.', 'An estimated 1.6 million individuals were recorded as having been temporarily displaced from their homes by the disaster, and 132 lost their lives. Up to 5.2 million people were exposed to the floods and landslides in the 40 most heavily affected townships. Within the 40 most-affected townships, 775,810 individuals have been displaced, or approximately half of the total displaced population, with loss and damages accruing over US$1.51 billion; equivalent to over 3.1% of the country‟s GDP in 2014-15. According to the World Bank, Myanmar‟s economy grew by 6.8% in 2018-2019.', 'According to the World Bank, Myanmar‟s economy grew by 6.8% in 2018-2019. However, due to high exposure to natural hazards and slow growth in some sectors, its GDP was projected to slow down in the future (yet another estimate by the World Bank projects the country‟s economy recovering to 7.2%118 in the fiscal year 2020-2021 if the corona virus is brought under control, else the country‟s economy could contract by 2.5% or slide down further more if the Corona Virus protracted). However, as per the Disaster Risk Finance Country Diagnostic Note: Myanmar119, Myanmar‟s economic and social vulnerability to natural disasters is the highest in the ASEAN region (Association of Southeast Asian Nations), and its impact on the national GDP is equivalent to 0.9%.', 'However, as per the Disaster Risk Finance Country Diagnostic Note: Myanmar119, Myanmar‟s economic and social vulnerability to natural disasters is the highest in the ASEAN region (Association of Southeast Asian Nations), and its impact on the national GDP is equivalent to 0.9%. In order to better understand the impacts of disaster and its trends, though the task is not very easy, the Government is improving the disaster loss and damage collection and archiving it through a database. Recent probabilistic risk modeling study estimates that on an average more than 1 million people are exposed to riverine (fluvial) floods, cyclone and storm surges in Myanmar. A large proportion of which are women, children, the elderly, and disabled.', 'A large proportion of which are women, children, the elderly, and disabled. Due to climate change, it is expected that the exposed number will increase from 1.1 million to 1.2 million people by 2040 to around 1.5 million by 2080. The expected annual damage in housing and agriculture sector from riverine floods and cyclone can exceed MMK 680 billion (US$444 million) or 0.6% of gross domestic product. In the future, climate change will further increase Myanmar Post Disaster Needs Assessment of Flood and Landslides; July-September 2015 DDM, MOSWRR NDMC- National Disaster Management Committee – Situation Report August 16, 2019such risks to around MMK820 billion (US$530 million) by 2040 and around MMK 1,200 billion (US$760 million) by 2080 due to changes in hazard patterns.', 'In the future, climate change will further increase Myanmar Post Disaster Needs Assessment of Flood and Landslides; July-September 2015 DDM, MOSWRR NDMC- National Disaster Management Committee – Situation Report August 16, 2019such risks to around MMK820 billion (US$530 million) by 2040 and around MMK 1,200 billion (US$760 million) by 2080 due to changes in hazard patterns. Investments with a focus on reducing people‟s exposure to hazards through improved management of land use, natural resources and uptake of protective infrastructure will need to be a key priority for strengthening disaster resilience. Risk-informed and gender responsive programs are critical for building resilience since vulnerable groups comprise a major part of the population exposed to these risks.', 'Risk-informed and gender responsive programs are critical for building resilience since vulnerable groups comprise a major part of the population exposed to these risks. Since Ayeyarwady, Rakhine, and Yangon are at high risk from riverine floods and cyclones priority programs to reduce risk, as well as risk-informed development and humanitarian programs are needed in these areas to build long-term resilience. A large proportion of expected losses are in housing and agriculture are associated primarily in private sector. Mainstreaming disaster risk reductions in these sectors will thus be prioritized120. Examples include adoption of risk-informed land-use zoning and enforcement of building codes in urban and rural areas, promotion of climate smart agriculture practices, and introduction of risk transfer products including disaster insurance.', 'Examples include adoption of risk-informed land-use zoning and enforcement of building codes in urban and rural areas, promotion of climate smart agriculture practices, and introduction of risk transfer products including disaster insurance. Myanmar has also taken other domestic steps to address disaster risk reduction. The Myanmar Action Plan on Disaster Risk Reduction (2017)121 (MAPDRR) has been developed and will be followed to improve the country‟s disaster preparedness and to foster resilient development through integrated action plans in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015 and Sustainable Development Goals- SDG (2016-2030). The backbone of Myanmar is its people; to further enhance community disaster resilience, Myanmar has developed a National Framework for Community Disaster Resilience122.', 'The backbone of Myanmar is its people; to further enhance community disaster resilience, Myanmar has developed a National Framework for Community Disaster Resilience122. Institutional mechanisms like the National Disaster Management Committee at the Union level and the National Disaster Management Bodies at the State and Regional Level have also been formulated under the Disaster Management Law 2013, including the establishment of the National Disaster Management Fund. MUDRA123 is an open, online interactive platform as decision making tool. The current portal includes hazard and risk information for riverine floods, storm surges and strong wind by cyclone for 5-, 10-, 20-, 50- and 100-year return periods, as well as for future climate conditions for 2040 and 2080 and for two emission scenarios- Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5.', 'The current portal includes hazard and risk information for riverine floods, storm surges and strong wind by cyclone for 5-, 10-, 20-, 50- and 100-year return periods, as well as for future climate conditions for 2040 and 2080 and for two emission scenarios- Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5. MUDRA platform provides insights into the level of risk for various return period and its distribution across Myanmar through six risk indicators: (i) number of people exposed; (ii) fatalities; (iii) expected damages for housing and agriculture (the two key sectors that affected by disasters in Myanmar); (iv) population (children, women, disabled, elderly, female- headed households); (v) Gross Domestic Product; and (vi) exposure of critical infrastructure.', 'MUDRA platform provides insights into the level of risk for various return period and its distribution across Myanmar through six risk indicators: (i) number of people exposed; (ii) fatalities; (iii) expected damages for housing and agriculture (the two key sectors that affected by disasters in Myanmar); (iv) population (children, women, disabled, elderly, female- headed households); (v) Gross Domestic Product; and (vi) exposure of critical infrastructure. The portal is intended to act as a common platform across agencies in Myanmar for developing, collaborating and sharing disaster risk information to promote risk-informed development and thereby contributing to the objectives of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, the Paris Agreement and the Sustainable Development Goals.', 'The portal is intended to act as a common platform across agencies in Myanmar for developing, collaborating and sharing disaster risk information to promote risk-informed development and thereby contributing to the objectives of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, the Paris Agreement and the Sustainable Development Goals. Focusing on children, the Government of Myanmar‟s Child Centered Risk Assessment 2017 (CCRA) provides a detailed and extensive view of risk across the country and serves as a [2] Probabilistic disaster risk modelling for riverine floods, cyclone and storm surge by Department of Disaster Management, Department of Meteorology and Hydrology and Environment Conservation Department under Technical Assistance project Strengthening Climate and Disaster Resilience of Myanmar Communities. tool for the government and its partners.', 'centred risk index ranking the 325 townships of Myanmar (ranking based on 32 indicators). Children‟s vulnerability is mapped by combining natural and human-caused hazards. The CCRA also complements the (i) Myanmar Action Plan on Disaster Risk Reduction (MAPDRR), (ii) prioritization of inclusive disaster risk reduction, and (iii) better understanding of vulnerability throughout Myanmar. Similarly, Early Warning Systems (EWS) using different tools, e.g. audio-video forecasting, SMS, smart phone-based applications, etc. have been made functional to minimize human casualties by triggering timely precautionary actions by the target community. Despite measures have been taken to address disaster risks, the financial and technical capacity of the country to satisfactorily respond to disasters is limited.', 'Despite measures have been taken to address disaster risks, the financial and technical capacity of the country to satisfactorily respond to disasters is limited. Recognizing the importance of financing post disaster needs the Government is in the process of developing a disaster risk financing strategy to enhance financial resilience to disasters both for the country as a whole and individual households and business. Myanmar is also participating in the South East Asia Disaster Risk Financing Facility (SEADRIF) to increase preparedness, resilience and cooperation in response to climate and disaster risks.', 'Myanmar is also participating in the South East Asia Disaster Risk Financing Facility (SEADRIF) to increase preparedness, resilience and cooperation in response to climate and disaster risks. Furthermore, under GCF‟s Readiness grant, a flood and drought portal has been developed as a part of the Flood and Drought Management Tools project and has a section on knowledge management as well.124 In addition to this, a four-year Technical Assistance (TA) grant (2017-2021) under Asian Development Bank was initiated in collaboration with the Ministry of Social Welfare Relief and Resettlement, Ministry of Planning and Finance and Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation. The grant focuses on disaster and climate risk in the context of floods and tropical cyclones and storm surges and implementing the Myanmar National Framework for Community Disaster Resilience.', 'The grant focuses on disaster and climate risk in the context of floods and tropical cyclones and storm surges and implementing the Myanmar National Framework for Community Disaster Resilience. As part of the TA, Department of Disaster Management (DDM) led the risk modeling development along with Department of Meteorology and Hydrology and other related a) Ongoing Adaptation Actions: Agriculture, Fisheries, Livestock The Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation (MoALI) through its department (DOA, DRD etc.) is currently implementing Climate Friendly Agribusiness Value Chain Sector Project and as a part of its climate adaptation actions, would like to take up: ● Capacity Building on Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) through Training of Trainers (TOT) and Field Farmers School (FFS). ● Dissemination of CSA.', 'is currently implementing Climate Friendly Agribusiness Value Chain Sector Project and as a part of its climate adaptation actions, would like to take up: ● Capacity Building on Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) through Training of Trainers (TOT) and Field Farmers School (FFS). ● Dissemination of CSA. ● Multiplication and distribution of climate resilient rice, pulses and sesame varieties. ● Rehabilitation of 130 km of farm roads and 300km of tertiary canals into climate resilience conditions in Mandalay, Magway, and Sagaing regions. ● Upgrade the infrastructures of the DOA‟s seed farms making then resilient to climate change.', '● Upgrade the infrastructures of the DOA‟s seed farms making then resilient to climate change. Ministry of Transport and Communications (MOTC) through the Department of Meteorology and Hydrology is expanding the hydro-meteorological networks and also improving the agrometeorological advisories in collaboration with The Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation (MOALI) through its departments (Department of Agriculture, Yezin Agricultural University, and Department of Rural Department). In addition to undertake risk informed planning and decision making, a Decision Support System (DSS) tool is being developed. The Government is currently working in the agriculture sector with a US$ 40.5 million ADB loan and a Global Agriculture and Food Security Program grant of US$ 27 million.', 'The Government is currently working in the agriculture sector with a US$ 40.5 million ADB loan and a Global Agriculture and Food Security Program grant of US$ 27 million. Additional grant funding and technical support is needed to enhance the resilience of the agriculture sector through government or stakeholder programs. b) Ongoing Adaptation Actions: Climate Risk Management, and Vulnerability for People’s Health and Wellbeing At present, in emergency situations related to disaster events, the DDM provides effective response solutions to decision-makers by collecting necessary information; and supports emergency management, response and logistics, through information sharing on its network. During normal situations, Emergency Operation Centres undertake disaster preparedness, information management and coordination for disaster risk reduction.', 'During normal situations, Emergency Operation Centres undertake disaster preparedness, information management and coordination for disaster risk reduction. More funding and technical support will be needed to address climate change related hazards and loss and damage. Myanmar foresees actively participating in the Santiago Network for addressing Loss and Damage. Similarly, the Department of Health is currently working on establishing health specific components of a national adaptation plan, developing SOP (Standard Operating Protocol) for management of climate sensitive diseases; integrating surveillance systems for climate change related diseases; strengthening health emergency operation centres for early warning alert and response system; implementing climate-sensitive disease control programmes (under a 4 year GEF project until 2022 with a budget US$ 0.98 million).', 'Similarly, the Department of Health is currently working on establishing health specific components of a national adaptation plan, developing SOP (Standard Operating Protocol) for management of climate sensitive diseases; integrating surveillance systems for climate change related diseases; strengthening health emergency operation centres for early warning alert and response system; implementing climate-sensitive disease control programmes (under a 4 year GEF project until 2022 with a budget US$ 0.98 million). However, more funding and international support is needed for the health sector to implement the Climate Change Master plans and other new developments in the climate change and health context. c) Ongoing Adaptation Actions: Education, Science and Technology The Research and Innovation Department is currently implementing various research projects through different academic institutions.', 'c) Ongoing Adaptation Actions: Education, Science and Technology The Research and Innovation Department is currently implementing various research projects through different academic institutions. However, capacities among many academic institutions are limited and the department would like to promote research and short-term training courses as follows to improve vocational skills and employment opportunities:● Short term training on practical Renewable Energy (RE) Technologies ● Improved cookstoves An estimated international support budget of US$ 290,000 is needed for a period of ten years, (US$ 40,000 for RE trainings and US$ 250,000 for improved cook-stoves). These trainings will also contribute to mitigation co-benefits.', 'These trainings will also contribute to mitigation co-benefits. To help build national climate change capacity, sector specific research on adaptation and other mitigation actions needs to be conducted in cooperation with respective ministries, agencies, relevant stakeholders, respected academic institutions, and Universities.Annex VIII: Detailed NDC Planning and Consultation Process In addition to the planning and consultations implemented by respective sectoral ministries and departments in development of each sectoral policy, strategy and master plan document, the MONREC has conducted extensive consultations in the process of developing this NDC. This process involved several phases, described as follows: a) Stakeholder preparatory consultations to translate the INDC into NDC Target Following the submission by Myanmar of its INDC commitment, the government implemented several national consultation workshops to further sectoral dialogues for the development of the next NDC.', 'This process involved several phases, described as follows: a) Stakeholder preparatory consultations to translate the INDC into NDC Target Following the submission by Myanmar of its INDC commitment, the government implemented several national consultation workshops to further sectoral dialogues for the development of the next NDC. Key consultations in this process included the following: 1. Consultation Workshop on Implementation Myanmar‟s INDC 18th Mar 2016 2. National Workshop on NDC development in Forestry Sector 15th Mar 2017 3. National Workshop on NDC development in Energy Sector 21st Sep 2017 4. National Workshop on NDC development in Forestry, 20-22nd Jun 2018 Energy, and Fuel-Efficient Stove sectors 5.', 'National Workshop on NDC development in Forestry, 20-22nd Jun 2018 Energy, and Fuel-Efficient Stove sectors 5. Bilateral inter-ministerial consultation meetings on NDC targets Jul 2018 b) Stakeholder consultations in drafting the NDC A series of consultations were implemented in the course of developing Myanmar‟s NDC providing opportunities for input by a range of government, civil society and development partner stakeholder. Coordinated by the Environmental Conservation Department, this process was initiated in a high-level meeting in July 2019 to provided initial guidance on the sectors and targets. At this event sectoral ministries and departments, along with stakeholders, were invited to present their ongoing work and plans for this iteration of the NDC.', 'At this event sectoral ministries and departments, along with stakeholders, were invited to present their ongoing work and plans for this iteration of the NDC. Over the course of November 2019 – March 2020, a series of meetings were organized by the ECD, supported by its Technical Advisory team, to present a series of draft NDCs for wider consultation. These meetings identified and addressed informational gaps in setting NDC GHG mitigation baselines and reference scenarios, identified priority actions for Climate Change Adaptation. This included a second high-level meeting to discuss the Draft NDC v2 in early-February 2020 chaired by MONREC Deputy Minister which provided further guidance on the targets to be set, after which the Heads of Departments discussed specific NDCs targets.', 'This included a second high-level meeting to discuss the Draft NDC v2 in early-February 2020 chaired by MONREC Deputy Minister which provided further guidance on the targets to be set, after which the Heads of Departments discussed specific NDCs targets. A multi-stakeholder dialogue was organized during 10-11th March, in which all participating departments presented their respective targets set in Draft NDC v4 for public comment. This consultation very important for eliciting a wider range of stakeholder inputs which highlighted challenges to be considered and addressed by the government in defining its targets. Unfortunately, due the COVID epidemic, no further public meetings could be held.', 'Unfortunately, due the COVID epidemic, no further public meetings could be held. After all suggestions and feedback from this consultation were incorporated into Draft NDC v5 a further a virtual stakeholder validation consultation was implemented by which written submissions of comments were invited in 17-30th March 2020. Written inputs were incorporated into the NDC, followed by further bilateral consultations with key government ministers to clarify the targets and actions, and resulted in definition of new a NDC GHG mitigation targets (ex. Agriculture). During 1-15 July, all ~250 key stakeholders that had contributed to one of theprevious consultations were invited to contribute in a targeted consultation to provide further comments on Draft NDC v7. 6. High Level Inception Meeting on the preparation of NDC 25th Jul 2019 7.', 'High Level Inception Meeting on the preparation of NDC 25th Jul 2019 7. Bilateral Consultation Meeting on NDC preparation 27th Nov 2019 8. Consultation Meeting on Climate Change Adaptation for the NDC 10th Jan 2020 9. 1st High Level Meeting on NDC targets 19th Feb 2020 10. Technical Meeting on NDC and calculations 26th Feb 2020 11. 1st Stakeholder Consultation on NDC targets 10-11th Mar 2020 12. Bilateral inter-ministerial consultation meetings on NDC targets 12-19th Mar 2020 13. 2nd Stakeholder Consultation (virtual) on NDC targets 17-30th Mar 2020 14. Bilateral inter-ministerial consultation meetings on NDC targets Apr-Jun 2020 15.', 'Bilateral inter-ministerial consultation meetings on NDC targets Apr-Jun 2020 15. 3rd Stakeholder Consultation (virtual) on NDC targets 1-15th July 2020 c) Finalizing the commitments for the NDC Following these stakeholder consultation processes, the ECD and its technical advisory team consolidated the comments received and submitted the Draft NDC v8 for review and comment in a high-level consultation meeting in early September. The following months involved an intensive series of bilateral and high-level consultations to refine emissions targets, define baselines, and to agree on emissions factors.', 'The following months involved an intensive series of bilateral and high-level consultations to refine emissions targets, define baselines, and to agree on emissions factors. These consultations enabled the government to finalize and clarify pre-existing INDC climate change mitigation targets for Energy and Forestry but also set new specific GHG mitigation targets to by respective departments related to Agroforestry, Energy Efficiency, Rural Mini-grids, Fuel-efficient cookstoves and LPG cookstove substitution, and defined the scope for elaborating future NDC targets by diverse urban development and transportation sectors. A final high-level consultation was chaired by MONREC Permanent Secretary Draft to present Draft NDC v10.3 for validation by all government counterparts. Draft NDC v10.5 was submitted for formal approvals from each respective ministry on Dec.15th 2020 and 23rd June 2021. These consultations are outlined below.', 'Draft NDC v10.5 was submitted for formal approvals from each respective ministry on Dec.15th 2020 and 23rd June 2021. These consultations are outlined below. 16. 2nd High Level Meeting on NDC targets 4th Sep 2020 17. Bilateral inter-ministerial consultation meetings on NDC targets Sep-Oct 2020 18. 3rd High Level Meeting on NDC targets 27th Oct 2020 19. Bilateral inter-ministerial consultation meetings on NDC targets Nov 2020 20. Final High-Level Meeting on NDC targets 1st Dec 2020 21. NDC submitted for inter-ministerial endorsement 15th Dec 2020 22. NDC submitted for inter-ministerial endorsement 23rd June 2021 Following endorsement by Government of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, MONREC submitted Myanmar’s NDC document to the UNFCCC in 2021.']

en-US

NAM

Namibia

1st NDC

2016-09-21 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/INDC%20of%20Namibia%20Final%20pdf.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Africa

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/107efb966219601f8cc3521b69f629214a727498edb43f6be340b0f7776f7245.pdf

['REPUBLIC OF NAMIBIA Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) of The Republic of Namibia to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeP a g e | i Table 0f Contents Page Preamble 1 Summary 2 National Circumstances . 5 Mitigation Contribution . 6 Adaptation Contribution 12 Means of Implementation . 15 Summary of Needs . 15 Monitoring and Reporting Progress . 17P a g e | ii List of acronyms and abbreviations °C Degrees centigrade AFOLU Agriculture, Forest and Other Land Use a-INDC Adaptation INDC BAU Business As Usual CCU Climate Change Unit Methane CIA Central Intelligence Agency Carbon dioxide CP or COP Conference Of Parties CSO Civil Society Organisation DSM Demand Side Management eq Equivalent GCM Global Circulation Model GDP Gross Domestic Product Gg Gigagram GHG Greenhouse Gas ha Hectare INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contribution IPCC Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change IPPU Industrial Processes and Product Use km kilometre M Million MET Ministry of Environment and Tourism m-INDC Mitigation INDC O Nitrous oxide NAI Non Annex I NAMA Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action NAP National Adaptation Plan NCCC National Climate Change Committee NGO Non-governmental Organisation NPC National Planning Commission UNFCCC United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change US$ United States DollarP a g e | 1 INDC of the Republic of Namibia to the UNFCCC Preamble Namibia as a Non-Annex I Party to the UNFCCC does not have commitments under the Convention.', 'REPUBLIC OF NAMIBIA Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) of The Republic of Namibia to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeP a g e | i Table 0f Contents Page Preamble 1 Summary 2 National Circumstances . 5 Mitigation Contribution . 6 Adaptation Contribution 12 Means of Implementation . 15 Summary of Needs . 15 Monitoring and Reporting Progress . 17P a g e | ii List of acronyms and abbreviations °C Degrees centigrade AFOLU Agriculture, Forest and Other Land Use a-INDC Adaptation INDC BAU Business As Usual CCU Climate Change Unit Methane CIA Central Intelligence Agency Carbon dioxide CP or COP Conference Of Parties CSO Civil Society Organisation DSM Demand Side Management eq Equivalent GCM Global Circulation Model GDP Gross Domestic Product Gg Gigagram GHG Greenhouse Gas ha Hectare INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contribution IPCC Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change IPPU Industrial Processes and Product Use km kilometre M Million MET Ministry of Environment and Tourism m-INDC Mitigation INDC O Nitrous oxide NAI Non Annex I NAMA Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action NAP National Adaptation Plan NCCC National Climate Change Committee NGO Non-governmental Organisation NPC National Planning Commission UNFCCC United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change US$ United States DollarP a g e | 1 INDC of the Republic of Namibia to the UNFCCC Preamble Namibia as a Non-Annex I Party to the UNFCCC does not have commitments under the Convention. However, Namibia takes climate change issues seriously and the submission of the INDC is a clear testimony that the country is committed to fight climate change.', 'However, Namibia takes climate change issues seriously and the submission of the INDC is a clear testimony that the country is committed to fight climate change. To this end, Namibia has put in place policies and strategies to deal with the adverse impacts of climate change. We see climate change as a major threat to the economic development and the general welfare of the Namibian society. Implementation of this INDC will represent a major challenge to the government of Namibia. Multiple shortcomings and constraints will have to be overcome while fulfilling the needs for systemic, Institutional and human capacity building, access and transfer of the latest environment friendly and clean production technologies, mitigation techniques and sufficient financing in a timely manner for smooth and successful implementation of the INDC.', 'Multiple shortcomings and constraints will have to be overcome while fulfilling the needs for systemic, Institutional and human capacity building, access and transfer of the latest environment friendly and clean production technologies, mitigation techniques and sufficient financing in a timely manner for smooth and successful implementation of the INDC. It is thus of vital importance that the Green Climate Fund be capitalised rapidly in order to provide the much needed funds to developing countries to enable them to meet their intended targeted contribution. The cost of implementation of the INDC components of Namibia will require about US$ 33 billion at 2015 prices. In spite of the country’s socio-economic development being constrained by various factors, Namibia is already unconditionally contributing a share of its resources to combat climate change.', 'In spite of the country’s socio-economic development being constrained by various factors, Namibia is already unconditionally contributing a share of its resources to combat climate change. This is expected to be about 10% of the INDC requirements in the future.', 'This is expected to be about 10% of the INDC requirements in the future. Therefore, the implementation of this INDC is fully conditioned to the provision of the differential 90% of means of implementation required such as finance, technology transfer and the associated capacity building from Annex1 Parties as stipulated under Article 4 of the UNFCCC.P a g e | 2 Summary In conformity with decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20 of the Conference of the Parties, the Republic of Namibia has to submit its Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change towards achieving the ultimate objective of the Convention as set out in Article 2 before the 01 October 2015.', 'Therefore, the implementation of this INDC is fully conditioned to the provision of the differential 90% of means of implementation required such as finance, technology transfer and the associated capacity building from Annex1 Parties as stipulated under Article 4 of the UNFCCC.P a g e | 2 Summary In conformity with decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20 of the Conference of the Parties, the Republic of Namibia has to submit its Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change towards achieving the ultimate objective of the Convention as set out in Article 2 before the 01 October 2015. Namibia is thus pleased to submit its contribution towards meeting this objective along with information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of its INDC.', 'Namibia is thus pleased to submit its contribution towards meeting this objective along with information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of its INDC. The preparation of the INDC report focused mainly on existing policies, strategies and action plans developed and currently being implemented. In the preparation of this report, we prioritised and favoured options from the very broad possibilities that exist for both mitigation and adaptation, as well as the most attractive ones, on the basis of their potential for successful adoption at national level. Some of these actions will yield positive results in both mitigation and adaptation areas while benefiting other sectors of the economy at large.', 'Some of these actions will yield positive results in both mitigation and adaptation areas while benefiting other sectors of the economy at large. Namibia, as a responsible Party, has showed the willingness to tackle climate change in support to international efforts and has already unconditionally embarked on mitigating GHG emissions. The country is geared towards a progressive decoupling of carbon emissions from economic growth to match the low carbon pathway embedded in its policies and strategies. Namibia is now presenting its ambitious potential contribution to reduce its emissions while also increasing its sinks conditional on the support of the international community. The contribution will be economy-wide and addresses the IPCC sectors Energy, IPPU, AFOLU and Waste.', 'The contribution will be economy-wide and addresses the IPCC sectors Energy, IPPU, AFOLU and Waste. The reference is the Business As Usual (BAU) scenario to the 2030 time horizon based on the GHG inventory of 2010 and socio-economic projections (Table below). Mitigation will be achieved in all sectors and the major contributor will be the AFOLU sector as depicted below. Sector Mitigation potential -eq) % BAU scenario Namibia aims at a reduction of about 89% of its GHG emissions at the 2030 time horizon compared to the BAU scenario.', 'Sector Mitigation potential -eq) % BAU scenario Namibia aims at a reduction of about 89% of its GHG emissions at the 2030 time horizon compared to the BAU scenario. The projected GHG emissions to be avoided in 2030 is of the order of 20000 Gg CO2-eq inclusive of sequestration in the AFOLU sector and compared to the BAU scenarioP a g e | 3 The measures contributing to mitigation in the different sectors are provided in the table below.', 'The projected GHG emissions to be avoided in 2030 is of the order of 20000 Gg CO2-eq inclusive of sequestration in the AFOLU sector and compared to the BAU scenarioP a g e | 3 The measures contributing to mitigation in the different sectors are provided in the table below. Measure GHG amount % of BAU scenario ENERGY Increase share renewables in electricity production from 33% to 70% Increase energy efficiency and DSM 51 0.2 Mass transport in Windhoek, car and freight pooling IPPU Replace 20% clinker in cement production 36 0.2 AFOLU Restore 15 M ha of grassland 1359 6.0 Reduce removal of wood by 50 % 701 3.1 Plant 5000 ha of arboriculture per year 358 1.6 WASTE Transform 50% MSW to electricity and compost Emissions already avoided unconditionally by Namibia prior to 2010 are included in the BAU scenario.', 'Measure GHG amount % of BAU scenario ENERGY Increase share renewables in electricity production from 33% to 70% Increase energy efficiency and DSM 51 0.2 Mass transport in Windhoek, car and freight pooling IPPU Replace 20% clinker in cement production 36 0.2 AFOLU Restore 15 M ha of grassland 1359 6.0 Reduce removal of wood by 50 % 701 3.1 Plant 5000 ha of arboriculture per year 358 1.6 WASTE Transform 50% MSW to electricity and compost Emissions already avoided unconditionally by Namibia prior to 2010 are included in the BAU scenario. In 2010 reductions of the order of 162 Gg CO2 -eq was achieved unconditionally through government funding and this is estimated to exceed 216 Gg CO2 -eq in 2015.', 'In 2010 reductions of the order of 162 Gg CO2 -eq was achieved unconditionally through government funding and this is estimated to exceed 216 Gg CO2 -eq in 2015. This emission reduction will result from investments made through the Solar Revolving Fund, the commissioned hydro generation plant of Ruacana and other DSM measures being implemented and planned. This unconditional share will represent about 10% of the mitigation potential when taking into consideration implemented and planned measures up to 2030.', 'This unconditional share will represent about 10% of the mitigation potential when taking into consideration implemented and planned measures up to 2030. The global goal is to meet the ultimate objective of the Convention namely, the stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system and limit global warming to below 2oC and Namibia is willing and strongly committed to contribute its fair share in this global objective. This is so despite the fact that the country is already operating with low emissions compared to the developed countries.', 'This is so despite the fact that the country is already operating with low emissions compared to the developed countries. Namibia aspires to continue its development for improving the welfare of its population while reducing poverty index, increase food security, eliminate societal inequalities, guarantee access to safe water and health, empower and educate all citizens.P a g e | 4 Facts about Namibia Percentage contribution in Global emissions – 0.059% in 2010 Per capita emissions decreased from 0.0146 Gg CO2 -eq to 0.0130 Gg CO2 -eq from 2000 to 2010 GDP production increased from about US$ 200 to 300 per unit emission Considering the above facts, Namibia therefore considers it’s INDC as fair, equitable, ambitious and adequate, given its development status and national circumstances.', 'Namibia aspires to continue its development for improving the welfare of its population while reducing poverty index, increase food security, eliminate societal inequalities, guarantee access to safe water and health, empower and educate all citizens.P a g e | 4 Facts about Namibia Percentage contribution in Global emissions – 0.059% in 2010 Per capita emissions decreased from 0.0146 Gg CO2 -eq to 0.0130 Gg CO2 -eq from 2000 to 2010 GDP production increased from about US$ 200 to 300 per unit emission Considering the above facts, Namibia therefore considers it’s INDC as fair, equitable, ambitious and adequate, given its development status and national circumstances. Subject to provision of appropriate resources after the submission of the INDC, Namibia will strengthen its systemic, institutional and human capacities for the successful implementation, monitoring and reporting on its INDC.', 'Subject to provision of appropriate resources after the submission of the INDC, Namibia will strengthen its systemic, institutional and human capacities for the successful implementation, monitoring and reporting on its INDC. Namibia will need the support of the international community to overcome existing barriers, for the appropriation of technologies for both mitigation and adaptation, a sustained capacity building programme in the prioritized areas, technical support and funding to the tune of some 33 billion US$. This enhanced Measuring, Reporting and Verification framework will better track progress and outcomes of the INDC activities, which will be reported in the National Communications and Biennial Update Reports regularly submitted to the secretariat.', 'This enhanced Measuring, Reporting and Verification framework will better track progress and outcomes of the INDC activities, which will be reported in the National Communications and Biennial Update Reports regularly submitted to the secretariat. Some of the other prerequisites for a successful and quick implementation of the INDC that the country will ensure are: Political stability; Good governance; An independent efficient judicial system; Appropriate legislation; Provision of incentives; and Implementation of robust awareness campaigns The present existing structure for the implementation of climate change activities will be adopted for the INDC. The multi-sectoral NCCC will oversee the implementation and coordination of sector- specific and cross-sectoral INDC activities while also providing advice and guidance on them.', 'The multi-sectoral NCCC will oversee the implementation and coordination of sector- specific and cross-sectoral INDC activities while also providing advice and guidance on them. The NCCC will report to Cabinet through the NPC while the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Economics, Natural Resources and Public Administration which usually advises Cabinet on relevant policy matters will do so for the INDC also. The MET, which is responsible for all environmental issues in the country and is also the National Focal Point to the UNFCCC will report on INDC activities to the UNFCCC. Met will also monitor, track and follow COP decisions on INDCs, including funding possibilities and transmit these to the concerned institutions.', 'Met will also monitor, track and follow COP decisions on INDCs, including funding possibilities and transmit these to the concerned institutions. Sectoral activities will rest with the respective Ministries through their concerned Directorates.P a g e | 5 National Circumstances National development goals and priorities Namibia is still a young nation having obtained its independence since only a quarter of a century. The country is still setting a robust base for economic development to meet the aspirations of its people while meeting the international agenda. In this context, Namibia is signatory to numerous Conventions and is striving to maintain climate change as a priority within its development framework.', 'In this context, Namibia is signatory to numerous Conventions and is striving to maintain climate change as a priority within its development framework. Namibia’s development is guided by its long-term National Policy Framework, Vision 2030, which transcribes into National Development Plans for 5 year periods. The country is currently in its fourth NDP that privileges sustainability within the economic development agenda and aims at a low carbon economy. Climate change goal and context, the long term vision for GHG emissions management Namibia is located in the South western region of the Africa continent, covers a land area of 825 418 km2 and has a 1 500 km long coastline on the South Atlantic Ocean.', 'Climate change goal and context, the long term vision for GHG emissions management Namibia is located in the South western region of the Africa continent, covers a land area of 825 418 km2 and has a 1 500 km long coastline on the South Atlantic Ocean. The country is one of the biggest and driest in sub-Saharan Africa with characteristic high climatic variability in the form of persistent droughts, unpredictable and variable rainfall patterns, high temperature variability and scarcity of water. On account of this climatic situation, Namibia stands a high risks to suffer from the impacts of climate change. This has prompted government to take necessary actions to mitigate and adapt to climate change.', 'This has prompted government to take necessary actions to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Hence, the National Policy on Climate Change for Namibia was produced in 2011 to better translate government’s will and commitment to tackle climate change. Furthermore, a National Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan for the period 2013-2020 has also been developed and paves the way to the strategic options to be adopted for coping with climate change challenges while contributing to the international agenda to meet decisions of the Conference of the Parties (COP). The cross-sectoral National Climate Change Committee (NCCC), which was created in 1999, oversees all climate change related activities.', 'The cross-sectoral National Climate Change Committee (NCCC), which was created in 1999, oversees all climate change related activities. The latter are implemented by the Ministry of Environment and Tourism (MET) through the climate change unit (CCU) that was created to follow and monitor climate change projects. This unit also ensures that the reporting obligations of the country towards the Convention are met as and when necessary. Namibia has thus produced and submitted two National Communications and was the first NAI Party to submit the Biennial Update Report which, included impacts of GHG emission reduction for initiatives implemented up to 2010.', 'Namibia has thus produced and submitted two National Communications and was the first NAI Party to submit the Biennial Update Report which, included impacts of GHG emission reduction for initiatives implemented up to 2010. Though clear mitigation and adaptation plans have not been fully developed up to now, the endeavour is real since these strategies have been mainstreamed in the overall national policy, strategies. Namibia is presently developing its first Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA) and is working on its National Adaptation Plan (NAP) to better guide the country on its way to mitigate and adapt to climate change. The preparation of the INDC report focused mainly on existing policies, strategies and action plans developed and currently being implemented.', 'The preparation of the INDC report focused mainly on existing policies, strategies and action plans developed and currently being implemented. In the preparation of this report, we prioritised and favoured options from the very broad possibilities that exist for both mitigation and adaptation, as well as the most attractive ones, on the basis of their potential for successful adoption at national level. Some of these actions will yield positive results in both mitigation and adaptation areas while benefiting other sectors of the economy at large.P a g e | 6 Mitigation Contribution Type of Contribution The contribution will be economy-wide. Emission reduction measures and actions have already been implemented unconditionally, using the limited resources of the country within the national budgets.', 'Emission reduction measures and actions have already been implemented unconditionally, using the limited resources of the country within the national budgets. Thus, international support will be required to top up on the country’s efforts and initiatives to meet the differential between the unconditional and conditional targets fixed in the INDC. The cost of implementation of the m-INDC component is estimated at US$ 10.4 billion at 2015 prices. Namibia does not rule out the use of international market-based mechanisms to achieve its 2030 target in accordance with agreed accounting rules. Reference The reference is the Business As Usual (BAU) scenario to the 2030 time horizon based on the GHG inventory of 2010 and socio-economic projections.', 'Reference The reference is the Business As Usual (BAU) scenario to the 2030 time horizon based on the GHG inventory of 2010 and socio-economic projections. Target level Namibia aims at a reduction of about 89% of its GHG emissions compared to the BAU scenario at the 2030 time horizon. The projected GHG emissions avoided is of the order of 20 000 Gg CO2-eq in 2030, inclusive of sequestration in the AFOLU sector when compared to the BAU scenario. Emissions avoided prior to 2010 are included in the BAU scenario. Post 2010 reductions of the order of 162 Gg CO2 -eq achieved unconditionally through government funding are not accounted for in the BAU scenario.', 'Post 2010 reductions of the order of 162 Gg CO2 -eq achieved unconditionally through government funding are not accounted for in the BAU scenario. It is estimated at -eq in 2015, already representing about 1% of the BAU scenario in 2030. The unconditional share will reach about 10% when taking into consideration implemented and planned measures up to 2030 which are accounted for in the BAU scenario.P a g e | 7 National emissions (Gg CO2 Eq.) BAU and mitigation scenarios for the year 2030 BAU Mitigation scenario Reduction of emissions by 89 % compared to the BAU scenario in emissions and removals in the AFOLU sector Sectors The contribution of the IPCC sectors are given in the table below.', 'BAU and mitigation scenarios for the year 2030 BAU Mitigation scenario Reduction of emissions by 89 % compared to the BAU scenario in emissions and removals in the AFOLU sector Sectors The contribution of the IPCC sectors are given in the table below. Sector Mitigation potential -eq) % of BAU scenario The sectors covered in this INDC are the four IPCC sectors Energy, Industrial Production and Product Use, Agriculture Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) changes, and Waste. ENERGY The rationale behind the measures in the energy sector relates to broad actions to shift from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources, improve energy efficiency through various DSM measures, and reduce fossil fuel consumption through a series of measures in the road transportation sector.', 'ENERGY The rationale behind the measures in the energy sector relates to broad actions to shift from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources, improve energy efficiency through various DSM measures, and reduce fossil fuel consumption through a series of measures in the road transportation sector. The salient features are: Increase share of renewable energy (hydro, solar, wind and biomass) in electricity production from 33% in 2010 to about 70% in 2030; Implement an energy efficiency programme to reduce consumption by about Commission of a mass transport system in City of Windhoek to reduce number of cars (taxis and private) by about 40%; Implement a car pooling system to reduce fossil fuel consumption; and Improve freight transportation through bulking to reduce the number of light load vehicles by about 20%P a g e | 8 These measures are expected to result in a reduction of some 1300 Gg CO2 -eq.', 'The salient features are: Increase share of renewable energy (hydro, solar, wind and biomass) in electricity production from 33% in 2010 to about 70% in 2030; Implement an energy efficiency programme to reduce consumption by about Commission of a mass transport system in City of Windhoek to reduce number of cars (taxis and private) by about 40%; Implement a car pooling system to reduce fossil fuel consumption; and Improve freight transportation through bulking to reduce the number of light load vehicles by about 20%P a g e | 8 These measures are expected to result in a reduction of some 1300 Gg CO2 -eq. Potential contribution of the different measures in the energy sector are listed below.', 'Potential contribution of the different measures in the energy sector are listed below. Measure GHG amount % of BAU scenario Increase share renewables in electricity production from 33% to 70% Increase energy efficiency and DSM 51 0.2 Mass transport in Windhoek, car and freight pooling IPPU Namibia is not a highly industrialized country and thus emissions from this sector are minimal. However, there exists a cement production unit with clinker production integrated. This process offers a potential for mitigation through the partial replacement of clinker in cement production. Replacing some 20% of the clinker will abate emissions by about 35 Gg CO2 -eq.P a g e | 9 BAU Mitigation scenario Emission reduction (Gg CO2 Eq.) in IPPU sector in 2030 Potential contribution of the different measures in IPPU sector are listed below.', 'in IPPU sector in 2030 Potential contribution of the different measures in IPPU sector are listed below. Measure GHG amount % of BAU scenario Replace 20% clinker in cement production 36 0.2 AFOLU The AFOLU sector is a key category and among the highest emitters. Emissions come from the use of fuelwood, production of charcoal and wood removals for construction and other purposes, especially in the rural areas. The livestock industry is also a major contributor through mainly enteric fermentation but offers restricted mitigation avenues on account of the extensive production system.', 'The livestock industry is also a major contributor through mainly enteric fermentation but offers restricted mitigation avenues on account of the extensive production system. Measures evaluated in the AFOLU sector are: Increasing the number of livestock heads in feedlots to reduce enteric fermentation by some 4%; Reducing N2 O emissions by about 10% through production of biogas from the feedlot manure; Reducing chemical fertilizers by 20% through conservation and climate smart agricultural practices, use of organic manure and composts; Reducing deforestation rate by 75% in 2030; Reforesting 20 000 ha annually as from 2018; Implementing agroforestry systems over 5000 ha annually during the commitment period as from 2018; Converting 5000 ha of grassland annually as from 2018 to arboriculture up to Reducing wood removal in forests by 50%; Combating forest and grassland fires; Restoring 15 million ha of grasslands by 2030; and Conservation agriculture is practiced over about 80 000 ha by 2030.', 'Measures evaluated in the AFOLU sector are: Increasing the number of livestock heads in feedlots to reduce enteric fermentation by some 4%; Reducing N2 O emissions by about 10% through production of biogas from the feedlot manure; Reducing chemical fertilizers by 20% through conservation and climate smart agricultural practices, use of organic manure and composts; Reducing deforestation rate by 75% in 2030; Reforesting 20 000 ha annually as from 2018; Implementing agroforestry systems over 5000 ha annually during the commitment period as from 2018; Converting 5000 ha of grassland annually as from 2018 to arboriculture up to Reducing wood removal in forests by 50%; Combating forest and grassland fires; Restoring 15 million ha of grasslands by 2030; and Conservation agriculture is practiced over about 80 000 ha by 2030. These measures if implemented successfully will result in a combined reduction ofP a g e | 10 emissions and removals of the order of 18 500 Gg CO2 -eq in 2030.', 'These measures if implemented successfully will result in a combined reduction ofP a g e | 10 emissions and removals of the order of 18 500 Gg CO2 -eq in 2030. Emission reduction (Gg CO2 Eq.) in AFOLU sector in 2030 BAU Mitigation potential The potential contribution of the different measures in the AFOLU sector is provided in the Table below. Measure GHG amount % of BAU scenario Restore 15 M ha of grassland 1359 6.0 Reduce removal of wood by 50 % 701 3.1 Plant 5000 ha of arboriculture per year 358 1.6 WASTE Waste can be valorised through various systems to curb down emissions usually associated with the management practices being used presently. These will be reviewed to reduce emissions from both municipal solid waste and wastewater.', 'These will be reviewed to reduce emissions from both municipal solid waste and wastewater. It is planned to convert municipal solid waste and sludge from wastewater management systems from the main cities to energy. This measure will lead to a reduction of some -eq. Additional benefits such as a cleaner environment, better sanitation, with fewer risks for health problems, will be reaped while the treated water can be used for irrigation to alleviate problems linked with water scarcity.P a g e | 11 BAU Mitigation potential Emission reduction (Gg CO2 Eq.) in Waste sector in 2030 Potential contribution of the different measures in Waste sector are listed below.', 'in Waste sector in 2030 Potential contribution of the different measures in Waste sector are listed below. Measure GHG amount % of BAU scenario Transform 50% MSW to electricity and compost Gases The direct gases carbon dioxide (CO2 ), methane (CH4 ) and Nitrous Oxide (N2 O) are covered in this INDC. Accounting Methodologies The implementation and outcome of the contribution will be tracked and accounted for on the basis of the national GHG inventories compiled and presented in the National Communications and Biennial Update Reports submitted regularly to the UNFCCC secretariat. The method used for compiling the inventories will be those recommended by IPCC, namely the IPCC 2006 Guidelines and software. The Global Warming Potentials adopted are from the IPCC Second Assessment Report.', 'The Global Warming Potentials adopted are from the IPCC Second Assessment Report. Carbon Dioxide 1 Methane 21 Nitrous Oxide 310 The accounting methods used for the Land sector will consist of tracking land use changes and fires through remote sensing technology, and forest inventories for improving and developing national emission and stock factors. Furthermore, reduction of wood removals, reducing deforestation, reforestation, forest management, preservation of protected areas and reserves, improved pasture management and curtailing of wild fires will be tracked by respective Ministries through the responsible Directorates, and in close collaboration with other institutions and the private sector. Since this sector is being refined, namely the maps f0r more accurately evaluating changes, Namibia reserves its right to amend this component of its INDC in the future.', 'Since this sector is being refined, namely the maps f0r more accurately evaluating changes, Namibia reserves its right to amend this component of its INDC in the future. Namibia has started to set up a Measuring, Reporting and Verification system and further actions will be taken to strengthen it and make it fully operational within the shortest possible lapse of time. The country also intends to set up a carbon registerP a g e | 12 to record the outcome of all development activities linked with emission reductions and removals. The same carbon register will be used for emission offsets and trading on the international market.', 'The same carbon register will be used for emission offsets and trading on the international market. Equity and Ambition Namibia is geared towards a progressive decoupling of GHG emissions from economic growth to match the low carbon pathway embedded in its policies and strategies. Namibia is now taking steps and presenting its contribution to reduce its emissions while also increasing its sinks subject to the conditional provision of the needed resources by the international community.', 'Namibia is now taking steps and presenting its contribution to reduce its emissions while also increasing its sinks subject to the conditional provision of the needed resources by the international community. The global goal is to meet the ultimate objective of the Convention namely, the stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system and limit global warming to below 2oC and Namibia is willing and strongly committed to contribute its fair share in this global objective. This is so despite the fact that the country is already operating with low emissions compared to the developed countries.', 'This is so despite the fact that the country is already operating with low emissions compared to the developed countries. Namibia aspires to continue its development for improving the welfare of its population while reducing poverty index, increase food security, eliminate societal inequalities, guarantee access to safe water and health, empower and educate all citizens. Some of the facts provided below give the status of the country within the global context.', 'Some of the facts provided below give the status of the country within the global context. Namibia’s contribution in Global emissions – 0.059% in 2010 The country was a net sink over period 2000 to 2010 but the capacity decreased -eq Net per capita removals decreased from 10 to 0.6 Gg CO2 -eq Per capita emissions decreased from 0.0146 Gg CO2 -eq to 0.0130 Gg CO2 -eq from GDP production increased from US$ 198 to 304 per unit emission Moreover, the Government of Namibia has invested in mitigation and sequestration of GHGs for more than a decade unconditionally which is a legitimate proof of the commitment of the country to reduce the global warming threat to humanity.', 'Namibia’s contribution in Global emissions – 0.059% in 2010 The country was a net sink over period 2000 to 2010 but the capacity decreased -eq Net per capita removals decreased from 10 to 0.6 Gg CO2 -eq Per capita emissions decreased from 0.0146 Gg CO2 -eq to 0.0130 Gg CO2 -eq from GDP production increased from US$ 198 to 304 per unit emission Moreover, the Government of Namibia has invested in mitigation and sequestration of GHGs for more than a decade unconditionally which is a legitimate proof of the commitment of the country to reduce the global warming threat to humanity. These initiatives contributed to a reduction of some 160 Gg CO2 -eq of its emissions in 2010.', 'These initiatives contributed to a reduction of some 160 Gg CO2 -eq of its emissions in 2010. Considering this and the above facts, Namibia therefore considers its INDC as fair, equitable, ambitious and adequate, given its development status and national circumstances. Institutional Arrangements and Planning Process The reference document for identifying mitigation opportunities was the GHG inventory that provided the necessary information on activities responsible for emissions and removals and the level of these at national level. Those activities contributing most to GHG emissions (IPCC key categories) were prioritised and targeted for action as well as areas such as waste management that has a direct bearing on the quality of the environment and can provide multiple side benefits. Namibia’s policy is to practice an open transparent economic development with a wide range of partners.', 'Namibia’s policy is to practice an open transparent economic development with a wide range of partners. So, wide stakeholder consultation is current practice in the country when it concerns national issues such as mitigation of GHGs which is the cause for global warming and the resulting climate change. Stakeholders included the parliamentarians, ministries, government departments, city councils, the private sector, NGOs, CSOs, the academia and the communities. There has been one on one consultations and group meetings as the situation dictates to end up with national workshops for developing the INDC, validating it andP a g e | 13 buy in the participation of all in its implementation.', 'There has been one on one consultations and group meetings as the situation dictates to end up with national workshops for developing the INDC, validating it andP a g e | 13 buy in the participation of all in its implementation. Adaptation Contribution Rationale and process for developing INDCs on adaptation Namibia is known to be one of the driest countries in sub-Saharan Africa, and is dependent on development sectors highly sensitive to climate. Primary economic sectors which are natural resource based such as agriculture, fisheries and mining account for about one third of the total GDP. Income distribution in Namibia is unusually inequitable. With an estimated Gini coefficient of 0.6 (2015 CIA World Factbook), Namibia has one of the most inequitable income distribution in the world.', 'With an estimated Gini coefficient of 0.6 (2015 CIA World Factbook), Namibia has one of the most inequitable income distribution in the world. More than half of the population depends on subsistence agriculture and in drought years, food shortages are a major problem in rural areas. Namibia is therefore potentially one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change. The predicted temperature rise and evaporation increase as well as higher rainfall variability will exacerbate the existing challenges that Namibia is facing as the driest sub Saharan country. The potential effects of these climatic changes could prove catastrophic to the communities, population and economy at large.', 'The potential effects of these climatic changes could prove catastrophic to the communities, population and economy at large. Thus, adaptation is of prime importance to the country and is high on government’s agenda to guarantee the welfare of the people while reducing risks and building resilience. Furthermore, Namibia is host to unique biodiversity within fragile ecosystems and is a biodiversity hotspot. The country’s biodiversity stands too high a risk to allow these ecosystems to be destabilized by climate change which will result in the loss of such a precious world heritage. Adaptation is thus an obligation for the country to fulfil its role within the international context.', 'Adaptation is thus an obligation for the country to fulfil its role within the international context. The INDC on adaptation has been developed on the basis of the sectoral strategies, plans, and vulnerability and adaptation assessments to climate change conducted for the country. These assessments have been undertaken to guide policies and strategies, mainstream adaptation to climate change in the development programmes to enable the country adapt while building resilience in the medium to longer term. Climate change trends, impacts and vulnerabilities Historical climate data analysis shows an increase of about 0.2oC for every decade. Projections made using dynamical downscaling of 6 and 10 Global Circulation Models (GCM’s), indicated increases of the order of 0.6 to 3.8oC for the 2035 - 2065 time period relative to 1961 - 2000.', 'Projections made using dynamical downscaling of 6 and 10 Global Circulation Models (GCM’s), indicated increases of the order of 0.6 to 3.8oC for the 2035 - 2065 time period relative to 1961 - 2000. The highest temperature rise is projected to be inland. Historical rainfall data indicate a decreasing trend accompanied by changes in precipitation pattern. Projections for rainfall are more difficult and remain uncertain with a higher probability for a reduction. The most destructive first order climate risks, most evident and experienced in the recent years, are long lasting floods and droughts. These in turn impacted heavily and directly on the population, and indirectly on human activities and resources such as agriculture, livestock, water, the coastal zone, natural ecosystems, biodiversity and health, amongst others.', 'These in turn impacted heavily and directly on the population, and indirectly on human activities and resources such as agriculture, livestock, water, the coastal zone, natural ecosystems, biodiversity and health, amongst others. It has been estimated that this could result to an annual decrease of the GDP by some 6.5%. The resulting decline of the GDP will seriously hinder the country’s progress while also preventing the empowerment of the poorest segments of the population that are most vulnerable to climate change.', 'The resulting decline of the GDP will seriously hinder the country’s progress while also preventing the empowerment of the poorest segments of the population that are most vulnerable to climate change. Some of the observed impacts to-date that will be exacerbated in the future are:P a g e | 14 Lower crop yields and risk of crop failure; Reduced livestock production; Decline in fish stocks, catch and production; Reduced water availability and lower water quality, impacting economic development, food security, health and sanitation; Increased occurrence of water- and vector-borne diseases; Increased pressure on cities following urbanization; Increased damage to infrastructure; Risk of extinction of endemic species and loss of biodiversity; Loss of ecosystem services (such as medicinal plants and biomass energy); Loss of soil fertility and increased soil erosion; Decline in nature-based tourism due to ecosystem degradation; and Shifts in wildlife distribution.', 'Some of the observed impacts to-date that will be exacerbated in the future are:P a g e | 14 Lower crop yields and risk of crop failure; Reduced livestock production; Decline in fish stocks, catch and production; Reduced water availability and lower water quality, impacting economic development, food security, health and sanitation; Increased occurrence of water- and vector-borne diseases; Increased pressure on cities following urbanization; Increased damage to infrastructure; Risk of extinction of endemic species and loss of biodiversity; Loss of ecosystem services (such as medicinal plants and biomass energy); Loss of soil fertility and increased soil erosion; Decline in nature-based tourism due to ecosystem degradation; and Shifts in wildlife distribution. Long-term and near-term adaptation visions, goals and targets Namibia is still to prepare its NAP and as such has not yet developed an advanced adaptation strategy and plan.', 'Long-term and near-term adaptation visions, goals and targets Namibia is still to prepare its NAP and as such has not yet developed an advanced adaptation strategy and plan. Yet, past experiences of disastrous climate change impacts have obliged government to incorporate climate change adaptation in the development agenda. While the near term vision is prevention and repair, the long term goals and targets are to instil resilience to impacts of climate change in the most vulnerable sectors of the economy. This is a necessity as climate change is a reality in the everyday life of all Namibians. Being complacent will only aggravate the situation, as climate change is here to stay and all will have to live with it in the longer term.', 'Being complacent will only aggravate the situation, as climate change is here to stay and all will have to live with it in the longer term. Broad avenues for adaptation to climate change in the future will come from: Improving technical capacity at the national and sub-national levels to develop a greater understanding of climate change and its effects; Developing and implementing appropriate responses and adaptation strategies to reduce the impacts of floods, low rainfall and high temperatures on people, crops, livestock, infrastructure and services; Agricultural adaptation strategies could include: coordinating the timing of ploughing and crop planting with rainfall events; using drought-resistant crop varieties and livestock breeds; shifting livestock to alternative grazing areas and; implementing soil and water conservation policies and practices; Improving ecosystem management, protection and conservation; Developing common goals and facilitating better integration of different policies and practices in vulnerable sectors; and Developing policies and programmes that accommodate and encourage new and diverse livelihood options while generating financial capital.', 'Broad avenues for adaptation to climate change in the future will come from: Improving technical capacity at the national and sub-national levels to develop a greater understanding of climate change and its effects; Developing and implementing appropriate responses and adaptation strategies to reduce the impacts of floods, low rainfall and high temperatures on people, crops, livestock, infrastructure and services; Agricultural adaptation strategies could include: coordinating the timing of ploughing and crop planting with rainfall events; using drought-resistant crop varieties and livestock breeds; shifting livestock to alternative grazing areas and; implementing soil and water conservation policies and practices; Improving ecosystem management, protection and conservation; Developing common goals and facilitating better integration of different policies and practices in vulnerable sectors; and Developing policies and programmes that accommodate and encourage new and diverse livelihood options while generating financial capital. Current and planned adaptation undertakings and support Adaptation to climate change has been an unconditional part of the national development system since quite some time now as a means to build resilience.', 'Current and planned adaptation undertakings and support Adaptation to climate change has been an unconditional part of the national development system since quite some time now as a means to build resilience. It can be anticipatory or reactive, private or public, autonomous or planned. Government has already acted in these directions with a preference for risk reduction and enhancement of resilience, constituting the medium to long term process, as opposed to the reactive approach.', 'Government has already acted in these directions with a preference for risk reduction and enhancement of resilience, constituting the medium to long term process, as opposed to the reactive approach. Some of the major adaptation actions under way are:P a g e | 15 Risk reduction to lower the vulnerability of the people and production systems; Setting up appropriate early warning systems to avoid losses and reduce impacts; Elimination and control of the invader bush to restore pastureland to their original state; Promotion of Climate Smart Agriculture and Conservation Agriculture; Urban and peri-urban agriculture; The green scheme (establishing of irrigation schemes along the perennial rivers of Namibia for food security); Promotion of better adapted crop varieties and livestock species; Biodiversity conservation; Protection of forests; Community forest management; Rationalization of the use of water resources for different economic sectors; Improved rural water supply; Recycling of Windhoek’s wastewater into potable water; Artificial recharge of aquifers – ‘banking water’; Surveillance and prevention of diseases; Protection of the shoreline and beaches; Dredging of the port of Walvis Bay; and Surveillance of the lagoon protecting the port of Walvis Bay.', 'Some of the major adaptation actions under way are:P a g e | 15 Risk reduction to lower the vulnerability of the people and production systems; Setting up appropriate early warning systems to avoid losses and reduce impacts; Elimination and control of the invader bush to restore pastureland to their original state; Promotion of Climate Smart Agriculture and Conservation Agriculture; Urban and peri-urban agriculture; The green scheme (establishing of irrigation schemes along the perennial rivers of Namibia for food security); Promotion of better adapted crop varieties and livestock species; Biodiversity conservation; Protection of forests; Community forest management; Rationalization of the use of water resources for different economic sectors; Improved rural water supply; Recycling of Windhoek’s wastewater into potable water; Artificial recharge of aquifers – ‘banking water’; Surveillance and prevention of diseases; Protection of the shoreline and beaches; Dredging of the port of Walvis Bay; and Surveillance of the lagoon protecting the port of Walvis Bay. Gaps, Barriers and Needs Some of the recurrent gaps faced by the country are inadequate human capacity, lack of in-depth vulnerability studies, restricted access to the latest technologies, limited coverage of the country for systematic observation, relatively low awareness of a large segment of the population and, last but not least, insufficient funds to correct the gaps and barriers while enabling the country to embark on adaptation in sectors already strained by climate change.', 'Gaps, Barriers and Needs Some of the recurrent gaps faced by the country are inadequate human capacity, lack of in-depth vulnerability studies, restricted access to the latest technologies, limited coverage of the country for systematic observation, relatively low awareness of a large segment of the population and, last but not least, insufficient funds to correct the gaps and barriers while enabling the country to embark on adaptation in sectors already strained by climate change. Some of the key barriers are: Lack of coordination and conflicting programme implementation; Framing of climate change as an environmental issue; Lack of access to information; Lack of effective decentralization and limited institutional capacity at the local level; Reactive approach versus long-term planning; and Insufficient evidence based on benefits of adaptation versus costs.', 'Some of the key barriers are: Lack of coordination and conflicting programme implementation; Framing of climate change as an environmental issue; Lack of access to information; Lack of effective decentralization and limited institutional capacity at the local level; Reactive approach versus long-term planning; and Insufficient evidence based on benefits of adaptation versus costs. In addition to capacity building and technology transfer, Namibia estimates that some US$ 22.6 billion at 2015 prices will be required to implement the a-INDC component successfully. Means of Implementation The Cabinet of Namibia is the Government entity responsible for approving policies. The INDC will not be an exception to this rule and after the required technical validation, it will be officially endorsed by Cabinet before submission to the UNFCCC.', 'The INDC will not be an exception to this rule and after the required technical validation, it will be officially endorsed by Cabinet before submission to the UNFCCC. The Parliamentary Standing Committee onP a g e | 16 Economics, Natural Resources and Public Administration which usually advises Cabinet on relevant policy matters will do so for the INDC also. The MET, which is responsible for all environmental issues in the country, is also the National Focal Point to the UNFCCC. It is the coordinating body for all climate change activities through its Climate Change Unit (CCU) of the Directorate of Environmental Affairs.', 'It is the coordinating body for all climate change activities through its Climate Change Unit (CCU) of the Directorate of Environmental Affairs. The CCU is supported directly by a formalized multi-sectoral NCCC for the implementation and coordination of sector-specific and cross-sectoral activities while also providing advice and guidance on climate change issues. Since climate change affects directly or indirectly all socio-economic development sectors, it pays that all Ministries through their various departments, other Organizations and Agencies also actively collaborate and contribute in the implementation of INDC activities at the local, regional and national levels. Existing local and regional structures involved in climate change related activities will similarly form part of the implementation committees at their levels within their areas of jurisdictions.', 'Existing local and regional structures involved in climate change related activities will similarly form part of the implementation committees at their levels within their areas of jurisdictions. Hence, this same structure will be adopted for the implementation of activities of the INDC. The National Planning Commission (NPC) which is usually the government institution responsible for monitoring implementation of the development programme can assist in monitoring of activities stemming from the INDC also. This option will ensure that these activities are integrated within the national strategies and plans with the proper feedback to Cabinet. This will also ensure a good follow-up of activities of a cross-cutting nature as well as those having both mitigation and adaptation benefits concurrently.', 'This will also ensure a good follow-up of activities of a cross-cutting nature as well as those having both mitigation and adaptation benefits concurrently. The private sector will be a privileged partner of government for implementing the INDC, either on their own or as funding partners. Summary of Needs Implementation of this INDC represents a major challenge to the government of Namibia. Multiple shortcomings and constraints will have to be overcome while fulfilling the needs for systemic, individual and institutional capacity building, access and transfer of the latest environment friendly and clean production technologies, mitigation and adaptation techniques and sufficient financing in a timely manner for smooth and successful implementation of the INDC.', 'Multiple shortcomings and constraints will have to be overcome while fulfilling the needs for systemic, individual and institutional capacity building, access and transfer of the latest environment friendly and clean production technologies, mitigation and adaptation techniques and sufficient financing in a timely manner for smooth and successful implementation of the INDC. It is thus of vital importance that the Green Climate Fund be capitalised rapidly in order to provide the much needed funds to the developing countries to enable them to meet their intended targeted contribution.', 'It is thus of vital importance that the Green Climate Fund be capitalised rapidly in order to provide the much needed funds to the developing countries to enable them to meet their intended targeted contribution. Namibia will need the support of the international community to overcome existing barriers, for the appropriation of technologies for both mitigation and adaptation, a sustained capacity building programme in the prioritized areas, technical support and funding to the tune of some 33 billion US$ at 2015 prices. The setting up of an appropriate climate observation system is of prime importance.', 'The setting up of an appropriate climate observation system is of prime importance. Research will be essential to develop and project climate change scenarios at higher resolutions for the different regions of the country, enable precise evaluation and development of vulnerability indices for successful adaptation in the different economic sectors, assess and adapt technologies for adoption under the national circumstances and develop indigenous technologies to support resilience building. Key research areas for mitigation are forest inventories for better assessing the loss in sink capacity, refine emissions and removals estimates and the development of national emission and stock factors.', 'Key research areas for mitigation are forest inventories for better assessing the loss in sink capacity, refine emissions and removals estimates and the development of national emission and stock factors. Sufficient sustained support for capacity and funding will be needed to implement the NAMAs and NAP once they are finalized.P a g e | 17 The implementation spans over the full period of 15 years to 2030 and some of the measures have already been planned. These can be implemented as soon as the enabling environment is created and the necessary appropriate support is made available.', 'These can be implemented as soon as the enabling environment is created and the necessary appropriate support is made available. Given the urgency for actions to curb down emissions and enhance sinks, it is important that the international community reaches an agreement and sets up the needed framework for providing the required support. With regards to possible financing possibilities, the government of Namibia tables on the following; Part contribution of the government; Grants from bilateral and multilateral partners; Soft and low interest loans from national, international and partner countries institutions; Foreign Direct Investments; Independent Private Partners; and The Namibian Private sector.', 'With regards to possible financing possibilities, the government of Namibia tables on the following; Part contribution of the government; Grants from bilateral and multilateral partners; Soft and low interest loans from national, international and partner countries institutions; Foreign Direct Investments; Independent Private Partners; and The Namibian Private sector. Some of the other prerequisites for a successful and quick implementation of the INDC are: Political stability; Good governance; An independent efficient judicial system; Appropriate legislation; Provision of incentives; and Implementation of robust awareness campaigns. It is of note that these factors constitute the environment for attracting investors while offering the guarantee and trust to funding agencies.', 'It is of note that these factors constitute the environment for attracting investors while offering the guarantee and trust to funding agencies. In many cases, legislation can be outdated and can be a serious barrier to implementation of some of the measures of the INDC. In the case of Namibia, there is an urgency to review existing legislation, regulations and norms to frame these in accordance with climate change concerns.', 'In the case of Namibia, there is an urgency to review existing legislation, regulations and norms to frame these in accordance with climate change concerns. There is a need to speed up the process, review and update the following important legislation and/or regulations: Feed-in tariffs for the general public and other organisations to supply the grid with electricity; Finalize Power Purchase Agreements rapidly following the delivery and signature of IPP licences; Implement regulations on energy efficiency, particularly energy audits in the industrial sector that are heavy consumers of energy; Implement the DSM strategy and set regulations to ensure import of energy efficient appliances; Review the taxation policy and legislation to promote the update of cleaner technologies and promote energy savings; Strengthen the enforcement of legislation and regulations; Review the legislations regulating forest exploitation to fit them to the new agenda; and Implement land policy reforms to promote reforestation and afforestation by the different land owner groups.P a g e | 18 Monitoring and Reporting Progress The National Planning Commission (NPC) spearheads the implementation of the activities and the monitoring of the achievements of the National Development Plans, currently the NDP4.', 'There is a need to speed up the process, review and update the following important legislation and/or regulations: Feed-in tariffs for the general public and other organisations to supply the grid with electricity; Finalize Power Purchase Agreements rapidly following the delivery and signature of IPP licences; Implement regulations on energy efficiency, particularly energy audits in the industrial sector that are heavy consumers of energy; Implement the DSM strategy and set regulations to ensure import of energy efficient appliances; Review the taxation policy and legislation to promote the update of cleaner technologies and promote energy savings; Strengthen the enforcement of legislation and regulations; Review the legislations regulating forest exploitation to fit them to the new agenda; and Implement land policy reforms to promote reforestation and afforestation by the different land owner groups.P a g e | 18 Monitoring and Reporting Progress The National Planning Commission (NPC) spearheads the implementation of the activities and the monitoring of the achievements of the National Development Plans, currently the NDP4. The analysis of economic development activities as dependent variables of recorded climatic parameters will indicate whether climate change is the responsible factor for deviations from set targets.', 'The analysis of economic development activities as dependent variables of recorded climatic parameters will indicate whether climate change is the responsible factor for deviations from set targets. Additionally, data are collected by the various government departments and fed to the National Statistics Agency for regular analysis to help assess progress and achievement of government plans and enable updating of strategies and plans. These analyses will serve as a barometer and support Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) for identifying vulnerability areas, mitigation activities and other more specific needs. They will also serve as indicators to evaluate progress of both m-INDC and a- INDC initiatives.']

en-US

NAM

Namibia

Updated NDC

2021-07-30 00:00:00

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NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Namibia's%20Updated%20NDC_%20FINAL%2025%20July%202021.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Africa

0

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['Namibia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contributioni Namibia’s NDC UPDATE REPUBLIC OF NAMIBIAii Namibia’s NDC UPDATE C O V E R P A G E © Cover page image: The demise of Namibia’s oldest and largest trees, the baobabs, some of which have lived for 1,700 years, have begun dying in the last 15 years, because of climate change. The fingerprints represent Namibia’s unique environment and biodiversity which identifies the country. Namibia is home to two global biodiversity hotspots (Succulent Karoo floral kingdom and the Namib escarpment) which also happen to be home to a vast array of endemic plants, animals, and other organisms.', 'Namibia is home to two global biodiversity hotspots (Succulent Karoo floral kingdom and the Namib escarpment) which also happen to be home to a vast array of endemic plants, animals, and other organisms. Notably, Namibia is home to the world’s largest cheetah population and many impressive environmental features, including the oldest desert in the world and Africa’s largest river canyon.iii FOREWORD The existential danger to Namibia remains climate change. We are one of the countries most vulnerable to its adverse impacts. This is partly due to our peculiar geographical climate. Extreme conditions such as persistent droughts and flooding frequently expose our land. In addition to these challenges, we are now tackling a range of global challenges that also threaten our capacity to cope and our desire to achieve sustainable growth.', 'In addition to these challenges, we are now tackling a range of global challenges that also threaten our capacity to cope and our desire to achieve sustainable growth. This is clear from the current COVID-19 pandemic, which has further intensified our vulnerability to external shocks. Thus, without external assistance, the government s recovery strategies and stronger policies cannot be efficiently enforced. Despite these challenges, and while our contribution to GHG emissions is just 0.003% of the global share, we are committed to climate leadership and intend to promote more successful and bold steps to solve the climate problem facing the world today. In our revised NDC, we have made aggressive proposals to avoid 91% of our BAU emissions by 2030.', 'In our revised NDC, we have made aggressive proposals to avoid 91% of our BAU emissions by 2030. In addition, if we obtain sufficient foreign funding and aid, we will aim to reach net-zero beyond 2030. To meet the emission reduction goals, we have set aggressive plans to increase our share of renewable energy in the energy mix through various initiatives. Our NDC puts equal emphasis on further improving our adaptation and developing future climate resilience to reduce climate threats to our populations and their livelihoods.', 'Our NDC puts equal emphasis on further improving our adaptation and developing future climate resilience to reduce climate threats to our populations and their livelihoods. Our contribution to achieving resilient growth is evidenced by a range of ongoing projects, such as the Community Based Adaptation programmes focusing on agricultural and pastoral communities in the north-central and far northeast region of the country, undertaking community-based projects to build resilience to climate change by increasing resilience against climate-induced land degradation. Also, this NDC will encourage efforts to achieve the government s vision for a green economy that encourages balanced economic development while safeguarding our environment. Several stakeholder consultations and reviews of ongoing initiatives, partnerships and programmes in various sectors are part of this revised NDC.', 'Several stakeholder consultations and reviews of ongoing initiatives, partnerships and programmes in various sectors are part of this revised NDC. Efforts were also made to ensure that this NDC is aligned with all the strategies, plans and visions of the Republic of Namibia. Namibia is committed to achieving a climate-resilient and low-emission pathway. On behalf of the Government and the People of Namibia, I am delighted to present this document as our resolve to do our part in the fulfilment of our national obligations to the UNFCCC and the international community at large. Let us save the planet Hon.', 'Let us save the planet Hon. Minister Pohamba Penomwenyo Shifeta Minister of Environment, Forestry and Tourismiv ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AAP NAM Africa Adaptation Project in Namibia AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use BAU Business as Usual BUR Biennial Update report CCA Climate Change Adaptation CCU Climate Change Unit COP Conference of The Parties CRM Climate Risk Management DEGREE Demonstration Gobabeb of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency FE Fuel Economy GCF Green Climate Fund GDP Gross Domestic Product GHGs Greenhouse Gases HFCs Hydrofluorocarbons ICTU Information for Clarity, Transparency and Understanding INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contributions IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPPU Industrial Processes and Product Use LDVs Light-Duty Vehicles MAWLR Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform MEFT Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism MFMR Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources MHSS Ministry of Health and Social Services MRV Monitoring, Reporting and Verification MSW Municipal Solid Wastev NAD Namibian dollar NAMREP Namibian Renewable Energy Programme NAP National Adaptation Plan NC National Communication NCCSAP Namibia Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan NDC Nationally Determined Contributions NDPs National Development Plans NEEP Namibia’s Energy Efficiency Programme NPC National Planning Commission NSA Namibia Statistics Agency RAC Refrigeration and Air Conditioning RES Renewable Energy Sources SADC Southern African Development Community SPA Strategic Priority on Adaptation UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change USD United States Dollarvi CONTENTS FOREWORD III ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS . IV CONTENTS VI List of figures .viii List of tables viii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 Introduction 1 Mitigation contribution . 1 Adaptation contribution . 2 Means of implementation.', 'Minister Pohamba Penomwenyo Shifeta Minister of Environment, Forestry and Tourismiv ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AAP NAM Africa Adaptation Project in Namibia AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use BAU Business as Usual BUR Biennial Update report CCA Climate Change Adaptation CCU Climate Change Unit COP Conference of The Parties CRM Climate Risk Management DEGREE Demonstration Gobabeb of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency FE Fuel Economy GCF Green Climate Fund GDP Gross Domestic Product GHGs Greenhouse Gases HFCs Hydrofluorocarbons ICTU Information for Clarity, Transparency and Understanding INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contributions IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPPU Industrial Processes and Product Use LDVs Light-Duty Vehicles MAWLR Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform MEFT Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism MFMR Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources MHSS Ministry of Health and Social Services MRV Monitoring, Reporting and Verification MSW Municipal Solid Wastev NAD Namibian dollar NAMREP Namibian Renewable Energy Programme NAP National Adaptation Plan NC National Communication NCCSAP Namibia Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan NDC Nationally Determined Contributions NDPs National Development Plans NEEP Namibia’s Energy Efficiency Programme NPC National Planning Commission NSA Namibia Statistics Agency RAC Refrigeration and Air Conditioning RES Renewable Energy Sources SADC Southern African Development Community SPA Strategic Priority on Adaptation UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change USD United States Dollarvi CONTENTS FOREWORD III ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS . IV CONTENTS VI List of figures .viii List of tables viii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 Introduction 1 Mitigation contribution . 1 Adaptation contribution . 2 Means of implementation. . 2 Measuring, reporting and verification (MRV) framework 2 1.1 Namibia’s commitment . 3 1.2 A fair and ambitious contribution to achieve the Conventions objective 3 1.3 NDC implementation process 3 1.3.1 Building Namibia’s Adaptive and Mitigative Capacities 3 1.4 Status of the NDC process in Namibia 4 1.5 Namibia’s Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation: Policy and Planning 5 1.5.1 Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation activities 5 1.6 Namibia’s medium- and long-term development plans. 5 1.6.2 Harambe Prosperity Plan 5 1.6.3 National Development Plan 6 1.7 NDC alignment with long-term mitigation strategies . 6 2 MITIGATION CONTRIBUTION 7 2.1 Accounting for baseline targets in the NDCs . 7 2.2 GHG Inventory . 10 2.3 Baseline targets in NDCs 11 2.4 Mitigation contributions by sector . 11 3.2 Impacts and priorities for adaptation.', '. 2 Measuring, reporting and verification (MRV) framework 2 1.1 Namibia’s commitment . 3 1.2 A fair and ambitious contribution to achieve the Conventions objective 3 1.3 NDC implementation process 3 1.3.1 Building Namibia’s Adaptive and Mitigative Capacities 3 1.4 Status of the NDC process in Namibia 4 1.5 Namibia’s Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation: Policy and Planning 5 1.5.1 Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation activities 5 1.6 Namibia’s medium- and long-term development plans. 5 1.6.2 Harambe Prosperity Plan 5 1.6.3 National Development Plan 6 1.7 NDC alignment with long-term mitigation strategies . 6 2 MITIGATION CONTRIBUTION 7 2.1 Accounting for baseline targets in the NDCs . 7 2.2 GHG Inventory . 10 2.3 Baseline targets in NDCs 11 2.4 Mitigation contributions by sector . 11 3.2 Impacts and priorities for adaptation. . 20 3.2.1 Water resources . 20 3.2.2 Agriculture and forestry 21vii 3.2.3 Coastal zones 21 3.2.6 Disaster risk management . 22 3.3 Prioritised measures . 23 3.4 Cross-cutting areas 28 3.5 Blue carbon opportunities in adaptation . 29 4 MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION . 30 4.1 Mitigation Funding requirements . 30 4.2 Adaptation funding requirements . 31 4.4 NDC financing strategy 33 4.5 Barriers and Opportunities towards the NDCs implementation 34 4.5.2 IPPU including RAC.', '. 20 3.2.1 Water resources . 20 3.2.2 Agriculture and forestry 21vii 3.2.3 Coastal zones 21 3.2.6 Disaster risk management . 22 3.3 Prioritised measures . 23 3.4 Cross-cutting areas 28 3.5 Blue carbon opportunities in adaptation . 29 4 MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION . 30 4.1 Mitigation Funding requirements . 30 4.2 Adaptation funding requirements . 31 4.4 NDC financing strategy 33 4.5 Barriers and Opportunities towards the NDCs implementation 34 4.5.2 IPPU including RAC. 34 5 MONITORING, REPORTING AND VERIFICATION FOR NDC TRACKING . 35 5.1 MRV systems in Namibia 35 5.1.1 Barriers and Opportunities to MRV 36 5.1.2 MRV Capacity Needs 36 5.2 Institutional arrangements to track NDC implementation. 37 Appendix 1: Detailed Mitigation Measures . 46 Appendix 2: Detailed Adaptation Measures 49viii List of figures Figure 2.1.', '37 Appendix 1: Detailed Mitigation Measures . 46 Appendix 2: Detailed Adaptation Measures 49viii List of figures Figure 2.1. Mitigation contribution against business-as-usual (BAU). 12 Figure 2.2. Mitigation potential from all mitigation measures. 13 Figure 4.1. Mitigation investment requirements for all measures. . 31 Figure 4.2. Summary needs for adaptation actions. 32 Figure 5.1. Institutional arrangements for NDC tracking. 38 List of tables Table 2.1. Further information for clarity on baseline target (mitigation). 8 Table 2.2. Types of Information Useful for Contributions Including Adaptation Components. 9 Table 2.3. National GHG emissions (MT, CO₂-eq) by sector (2010 - 2015). . 10 Table 2.4. Summary of BAU emissions and NDC emissions reduction. 11 Table 2.5. Summary of estimated GHG mitigation potential from all measures. 16 Table 2.6.', 'Summary of estimated GHG mitigation potential from all measures. 16 Table 2.6. Updated Mitigation Contributions (Mt CO2e) by sector. 19 Table 3.1. Adaptation actions. . 24 Table 3.2. Proposed Future adaptation activities in Namibia’s blue economy. . 29 Table 4.1. Estimated mitigation and adaptation finance needed. . 32 Table 5.1. Institutional arrangements for Namibia’s NDC MRV management: Responsibilities and roles in climate change management. . 39EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction Namibia is resolutely committed to the Paris Agreement, and to taking practical and ambitious action to reduce emissions and ensure a climate-resilient economy. The revised NDC allows for a robust assessment of Namibia’s mitigation and adaptation actions supported by a comprehensive stakeholder-driven dialogue mechanism and enhanced data.', 'The revised NDC allows for a robust assessment of Namibia’s mitigation and adaptation actions supported by a comprehensive stakeholder-driven dialogue mechanism and enhanced data. This report provides an update on the latest policies, measures and actions that will drive significant emission reductions whilst promoting a climate-resilient Namibia. The updated NDC presents a progressive shift above the 2015 pledge to reduce emissions from 89% to 91% by 2030. Mitigation contribution Namibia s mitigation commitment is in the form of a decrease in GHG emissions compared to the Business as Usual (BAU) baseline over the 2015-2030 period. This update presents an improvement in the commitment of the devotion of Namibia to meeting the Paris Agreement goal and following the road to net zero emissions by 2050.', 'This update presents an improvement in the commitment of the devotion of Namibia to meeting the Paris Agreement goal and following the road to net zero emissions by 2050. In the energy sector, the national sustainable energy strategy of Namibia looks to introduce new emissions- reducing technologies and encourage healthier practices that are more energy efficient.1 The updated NDC includes climate-friendly and energy-efficient refrigeration and air conditioning (RAC). Low Global Warming Potential technology options, particularly technology with natural refrigerants, exist as an alternative to HFCs for almost any RAC appliance. In the AFOLU sector, the main driver of the 2030 goal is to reduce the deforestation rate. The next 10 years will see a decrease in CO2 equivalents by over 13.5 MtCO2e.', 'The next 10 years will see a decrease in CO2 equivalents by over 13.5 MtCO2e. Namibia has acknowledged that reforestation, agroforestry and urban forests are vital to both carbon and timber productivity through best forest management practices. Under the waste sector, energy utilisation measures such as Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) transformation into compost and electricity are the most important opportunities. In the BAU scenario, overall GHG emissions in 2030 are expected to rise by up to 24.167 MtCO2e. The estimated emissions reduction will be 21.996 MtCO2e through 2030 (91% reduction of which 78.7% is from the AFOLU) (Table ES-1). Table ES-1. Sectoral share and percentage of BAU GHG emissions in 2030.', 'Sectoral share and percentage of BAU GHG emissions in 2030. Sector Mitigation potential (MtCO2e) % Reduction compared to BAU scenario in 2030 IPPU & RAC 0.134 0.6% 1 (Ministry of Mines and Energy, 2017) Namibia commits to reduce its GHG emissions conditionally by at least 91% of its BAU scenario emissions by 2030.Adaptation contribution Adaption is still a relevant feature in Namibia and the country is considered one of the most vulnerable countries to the impacts of climate change. The country is particularly vulnerable to flooding and droughts. Ministries with adaptation relevance proposed a total of 49 priority actions. The agriculture, tourism and fisheries sectors are especially critical for adaptation, and several ministries have set goals for both youth and women s participation.', 'The agriculture, tourism and fisheries sectors are especially critical for adaptation, and several ministries have set goals for both youth and women s participation. Therefore, in Namibia, we see gender-balanced training and the promotion of the youth and women as relevant. Means of implementation. The projected net cost of the NDC mitigation measures to be implemented in Namibia is expected to be approximately USD 3.61 billion by 2030 and more than USD 1.72 billion for adaptation targets, representing a total funding need of approximately USD 5.33 billion (or NAD 77 billion). Table ES-2 outlines the estimated funding requirements and conditions for the updated NDC. The unconditional measures comprise about 10 per cent of the total expected funding and 90 per cent for the conditional measures.', 'The unconditional measures comprise about 10 per cent of the total expected funding and 90 per cent for the conditional measures. The funding pool would constitute a mix of national and international funding. TABLE ES-2. ESTIMATED MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION FINANCE NEEDED. Mitigation measures (USD) Adaptation measures (USD) Total (USD) Total (USD) 3.61 billion 1.72 billion 5.33 billion Measuring, reporting and verification (MRV) framework Namibia has institutional reporting arrangements in place. The National Climate Change Committee and its sub- working groups will oversee and track the implementation of the updated NDC. Namibia is currently developing a robust transparency reporting system on its NDC and this would be a final instrument for the national MRV system.', 'Namibia is currently developing a robust transparency reporting system on its NDC and this would be a final instrument for the national MRV system. The new MRV systems will enable the country to monitor the effectiveness of its mitigation and adaptation measures including access to the means of implementation particularly climate finance.1.1 Namibia’s commitment amibia s second Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) according to Article 4 of the Paris Agreement reflects its continued adherence to the goals of the Paris Agreement, to keep the rise in global average temperature well below 2oC above pre-industrial levels. In 2015 the Namibian Government submitted its ambitious NDC with a pledge to reduce its national emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) by 89% by 2030.', 'In 2015 the Namibian Government submitted its ambitious NDC with a pledge to reduce its national emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) by 89% by 2030. Since then, the Parties have agreed to announce a new round of enhanced NDCs. Hence Namibia has taken this major step to raise its mitigation ambition from 89% in 2015 to 91%. Namibia commits to reduce its GHG emissions conditionally by 14% (under limited domestic and international support) and towards 77% (with substantial international support) in 2030 compared to the Business As Usual levels, corresponding to a total reduction by 21.996 MtCO2e. Namibia is committed to combating climate change and accelerating the transition to a climate-resilient, low-carbon sustainable mode of development.', 'Namibia is committed to combating climate change and accelerating the transition to a climate-resilient, low-carbon sustainable mode of development. Namibia continues to play a part in an effective global response to climate change. Namibia is to implement an economy-wide target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from 91 per cent below 2015 levels by 2030. The general statement by most countries is to agree to the Talanoa Dialogue2, which states that there should be no backsliding but progression over time. Namibia endorses the Talanoa Dialogue s commitment to no backsliding in this matter. The details of Namibia’s new contribution are going to be set out in this updated NDC to aid transparency, clarity and understanding.', 'The details of Namibia’s new contribution are going to be set out in this updated NDC to aid transparency, clarity and understanding. 1.2 A fair and ambitious contribution to achieve the Conventions objective Namibia s second updated nationally determined contribution is an ambitious, fair and reasonable contribution to the global efforts to fight climate change. The target is a significant progression above Namibia’s 2015 commitment. In this updated NDC Namibia aims to reduce emissions by 91 per cent below 2030 BAU levels.', 'In this updated NDC Namibia aims to reduce emissions by 91 per cent below 2030 BAU levels. 1.3 NDC implementation process 1.3.1 Building Namibia’s Adaptive and Mitigative Capacities Namibia has put in place a National Climate Change Policy of 2011 and the National Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 2013-2020 (NCCSAP), aimed at building the country s adaptive and mitigative capacities by N Namibia commits to reduce unconditional part and 77% conditional part) in 2030 compared to BAU (24.167 MtCo2e).identifying potential adaptation and mitigation options that can pave way for low carbon and climate-resilient economy. The NCCSAP will be replaced by the NDC Implementation Strategy and Action Plan for 2021-2030.', 'The NCCSAP will be replaced by the NDC Implementation Strategy and Action Plan for 2021-2030. This document will clarify national goals and objectives regarding climate change and lay out a plan for implementing, reporting and monitoring a series of priority activities to implement the updated NDC. 1.4 Status of the NDC process in Namibia The present existing structure for the implementation of climate change activities consists of a multi-sectoral NCCC which oversees the implementation and coordination of sector-specific and cross-sectoral NDC activities while also providing advice and guidance on them. The NCCC reports to Cabinet through the NPC while the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Economics, Natural Resources and Public Administration advises Cabinet on relevant policy matters for the INDC also3.', 'The NCCC reports to Cabinet through the NPC while the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Economics, Natural Resources and Public Administration advises Cabinet on relevant policy matters for the INDC also3. The MET, which is responsible for all environmental issues in the country and is the National Focal Point to the UNFCCC and reports on NDC activities to the UNFCCC. MET monitors, tracks and follows COP decisions on NDCs, including funding possibilities, and transmits these to the concerned institutions. Sectoral activities rest with the respective Ministries through their concerned Directorates. The Namibian Government and development stakeholders have come together to join forces in delivering on the country s commitments to advance the Paris Agreement.', 'The Namibian Government and development stakeholders have come together to join forces in delivering on the country s commitments to advance the Paris Agreement. A newly developed Partnership Plan connects international resources for climate mitigation and adaptation to five priority areas set by the government and builds a community around climate action in Namibia. Building off progress already made through Namibia s existing climate plans and policies, the Namibia NDC Partnership Plan identifies priority areas set by the government for implementation of its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) under the Paris Agreement. The Plan takes ongoing action into account but, more importantly, looks to the future for development partners to deliver on their responsibility in supporting the global south to fight climate change.', 'The Plan takes ongoing action into account but, more importantly, looks to the future for development partners to deliver on their responsibility in supporting the global south to fight climate change. The priority areas set by the Government, and supported by the development community, private sector and • Development of better framework conditions for effective climate change governance. • Strengthening financing of projects that help reduce emissions and enhancing the country s resilience against the effects of climate change. • Tracking progress toward greenhouse gas emission reduction targets. • Strengthening coordination across national and international stakeholders to fast-track decisions and interagency collaboration.', '• Strengthening coordination across national and international stakeholders to fast-track decisions and interagency collaboration. Several members of the NDC Partnership have already pledged to support Namibia’s ambitions through the Partnership Plan, including the African Development Bank, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the French Development Agency (AfD), the European Commission, the Federal Republic of Germany 3 (Republic of Namibia, 2015a)(through GIZ and KfW), the United Nations Development Programme, the World Bank and World Resources Institute. Several Namibian banks, including the Namibia Development Bank and NedBank, have shown strong interest in investing in climate-smart projects.', 'Several Namibian banks, including the Namibia Development Bank and NedBank, have shown strong interest in investing in climate-smart projects. A growing community of development partners, private sector and government institutions is pulling together behind for the need to address climate impacts to achieve global climate goals.5 Namibia has embraced the NDC Partnership’s integrated planning process to strengthen coordination, resource mobilisation and transparency on NDC implementation. 1.5 Namibia’s Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation: Policy and Planning 1.5.1 Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation activities Namibia developed a national climate change strategy and action plan for the period 2013-2020, with two mitigation themes: sustainable energy and prioritized low carbon development, and transportation.', '1.5 Namibia’s Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation: Policy and Planning 1.5.1 Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation activities Namibia developed a national climate change strategy and action plan for the period 2013-2020, with two mitigation themes: sustainable energy and prioritized low carbon development, and transportation. Namibia has placed more focus on adaptation that is currently implemented under four key critical themes, that is, food security and sustainable biological resources; sustainable water resources base; human health and wellbeing; and infrastructure development. Namibia has placed more focus on adaptation that is currently implemented under four key critical themes, that is, food security and sustainable biological resources; sustainable water resources base; human health and wellbeing; and infrastructure development.', 'Namibia has placed more focus on adaptation that is currently implemented under four key critical themes, that is, food security and sustainable biological resources; sustainable water resources base; human health and wellbeing; and infrastructure development. Awareness-raising efforts are a key feature of reaching the goals of Namibia’s climate change policy. As such, cross-sectoral and multi-stakeholder initiatives, such as this collaboration, are significant to support education and public awareness for adapting to and mitigating the impacts of climate change and continuing to oversee the implementation of these activities in line with the Harambee Prosperity Plan.6 1.6 Namibia’s medium- and long-term development plans Namibia’s Vision 2030 document adopts a strategic approach for long-term sustainable development.', 'As such, cross-sectoral and multi-stakeholder initiatives, such as this collaboration, are significant to support education and public awareness for adapting to and mitigating the impacts of climate change and continuing to oversee the implementation of these activities in line with the Harambee Prosperity Plan.6 1.6 Namibia’s medium- and long-term development plans Namibia’s Vision 2030 document adopts a strategic approach for long-term sustainable development. Namibia acknowledges that climate change impacts directly the entire chain of national development and is likely to have negative impacts on efforts to achieve development objectives, including the long-term objectives and targets of Namibia’s Vision 2030.', 'Namibia acknowledges that climate change impacts directly the entire chain of national development and is likely to have negative impacts on efforts to achieve development objectives, including the long-term objectives and targets of Namibia’s Vision 2030. The goal of the NPCC has been to contribute to the attainment of sustainable development in line with Namibia’s Vision 2030 through the strengthening of national capacities to reduce climate change risk and build resilience for any climate change shocks. Namibia’s long-term development vision, Vision 2030 aims to achieve a prosperous and industrialised Namibia.7 Actions on reducing current and future emissions include using renewable energy sources and energy-efficient technology among many other actions.', 'Namibia’s long-term development vision, Vision 2030 aims to achieve a prosperous and industrialised Namibia.7 Actions on reducing current and future emissions include using renewable energy sources and energy-efficient technology among many other actions. Mitigation is rooted in the “transition to move toward a low-carbon development path” taking into consideration Namibia’s long-term Vision 2030. 1.6.2 Harambe Prosperity Plan The Harambee Prosperity Plan (HPP) acknowledges climate change is a reality of our time. Although the degree of contribution to global warming varies, Namibia has committed to reducing carbon dioxide emissions into the 6 (Republic of Namibia, 2016a) 7 (Office of the President, 2004)atmosphere because our planet is at stake8. Namibia fully supports the goals of COP21.', 'Namibia fully supports the goals of COP21. That is why, during the Harambee period, Namibia is targeting a primarily renewable energy mix. The International Community is called upon to support Namibia in financing renewable energy9. The Plan does not replace but complements the long-term goal of the National Development Plans [NDPs] and Vision 2030. HPP introduces an element of flexibility in the Namibian planning system by fast-tracking development in areas where progress is insufficient. It also incorporates new development opportunities and aims to address challenges that have emerged after the formulation of NDPs. 1.6.3 National Development Plan For the first time in a National Development Plan (NDP5), Namibia included an intermediate emissions reduction target (Greenhouse gas emissions 30% reduction against Business As Usual projection, by 2022).', '1.6.3 National Development Plan For the first time in a National Development Plan (NDP5), Namibia included an intermediate emissions reduction target (Greenhouse gas emissions 30% reduction against Business As Usual projection, by 2022). This target is a carbon budget which the country can “spend” in diverse ways by allocating emission rights and commitments among those sectors most responsible for greenhouse gas emissions. The target is an important signal for private stakeholders and potential investors, giving them the incentive to find mitigation opportunities. NDP5 targets10 are subject to domestic monitoring and annual reporting: The Government of Namibia will necessarily follow an emission monitoring and reporting system based on the rules of the Paris Agreement (which were agreed at COP24).', 'NDP5 targets10 are subject to domestic monitoring and annual reporting: The Government of Namibia will necessarily follow an emission monitoring and reporting system based on the rules of the Paris Agreement (which were agreed at COP24). The transition to low carbon and climate-resilient economy offers considerable opportunities to address challenges such as energy and water insecurity. Namibia will seek to aggressively mobilize funding for innovation in these areas through multilateral financing mechanisms such as the Green Climate Fund and Global Environment Facility, and through bilateral relationships and partnerships with the private sector. 1.7 NDC alignment with long-term mitigation strategies Ensuring buy-in and ownership of the final strategy by key ministries, departments and agencies, along with non-governmental stakeholders, is crucial.', '1.7 NDC alignment with long-term mitigation strategies Ensuring buy-in and ownership of the final strategy by key ministries, departments and agencies, along with non-governmental stakeholders, is crucial. Their “visible and felt” support and participation are vital if long- term strategies are to be influential in guiding short, medium as well as long-term planning and investment decisions across all societal levels. The overall objective is to initiate an effective and just transition to a low greenhouse gas emission and resilient future. This will require; involvement of political leadership at the highest level, the creation of institutional arrangements for long-term planning, supportive legal frameworks and stakeholder engagement.', 'This will require; involvement of political leadership at the highest level, the creation of institutional arrangements for long-term planning, supportive legal frameworks and stakeholder engagement. It is envisaged that a shared vision will be realised and that all these constituencies will be effectively harmonised in the implementation of the long-term strategy. 8 (Republic of Namibia, 2016a) 9 (Republic of Namibia, 2016b)2 MITIGATION CONTRIBUTION The mitigation contribution from Namibia is in the form of a reduction in GHG emissions compared to a business- as-usual (BAU) baseline over the period 2015-2030.', '8 (Republic of Namibia, 2016a) 9 (Republic of Namibia, 2016b)2 MITIGATION CONTRIBUTION The mitigation contribution from Namibia is in the form of a reduction in GHG emissions compared to a business- as-usual (BAU) baseline over the period 2015-2030. This update presents an increase in the ambition of Namibia’s11 commitment to achieving the objective of the Paris Agreement and in line with a path to net-zero emissions by 2050.12 To drive this ambition over time, the Paris Agreement contains an ‘ambition mechanism’ or ‘ratcheting mechanism’. This requires countries to submit an updated NDC, with a progression from previous submissions (i.e. no backsliding), reflecting the highest possible ambition given their national circumstances.', 'no backsliding), reflecting the highest possible ambition given their national circumstances. 2.1 Accounting for baseline targets in the NDCs The preparation of the INDC report focused mainly on existing policies, strategies and action plans developed and currently being implemented. In the preparation of this second update report, the focus is on broadening the existing mitigation and adaptation strategies, on the basis that the new actions will yield positive results in both mitigation and adaptation areas while benefiting other sectors of the economy at large. This NDC update improves the first NDC, on comprehensive scientific review and robust stakeholder involvement. Detailed sector- based modelling for mitigation has now been conducted to evaluate the mitigation potential and to develop quantified conditional and unconditional commitments by 2030.', 'Detailed sector- based modelling for mitigation has now been conducted to evaluate the mitigation potential and to develop quantified conditional and unconditional commitments by 2030. 2.1.1.1 ACCOUNTING FOR NDC MITIGATION TARGETS Namibia shall account for its nationally determined contributions. In accounting for anthropogenic emissions and removals corresponding to its nationally determined contributions, the country shall promote environmental integrity, transparency, accuracy, completeness, comparability, consistency, and ensure the avoidance of double counting. This is in line with the guidelines adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Agreement. 2.1.1.2 BASELINE TARGETS IN NDCS Baseline scenarios defined in this updated NDC are presented as a future projected reference level of emissions against which a goal has been established or progress is to be measured.', '2.1.1.2 BASELINE TARGETS IN NDCS Baseline scenarios defined in this updated NDC are presented as a future projected reference level of emissions against which a goal has been established or progress is to be measured. The mitigation contributions presented in this updated NDC are based on achieving a relative GHG emissions reduction through 2015-2030. Baseline scenarios used in this report demonstrate emissions that would have occurred in the absence of certain mitigation policies. Baselines can also be used as a reference to set a target (“target baselines”); this updated NDC will focus on baseline targets as communicated within Parties’. The baseline scenarios were built on Key Assumptions linked to driving variables such as GDP, industrial output, population, consumption, investment etc.', 'The baseline scenarios were built on Key Assumptions linked to driving variables such as GDP, industrial output, population, consumption, investment etc. Namibia’s NDC target has been expressed in relation to the baseline scenario. The first NDC for Namibia expressed its baseline target as unconditionally reducing 89% of its GHGs below BAU for 2030. Similarly, in 11 Namibia is member of Climate Ambition Alliance, brings together countries, businesses, investors, cities, and regions who are working towards achieving net-zero CO2 emissions by 2050.this updated NDC, a baseline target was used to express Namibia’s mitigation response relative to a counterfactual baseline scenario under which certain emissions reductions and associated policies (that could have a direct or indirect effect on emissions) do not take place.', 'Similarly, in 11 Namibia is member of Climate Ambition Alliance, brings together countries, businesses, investors, cities, and regions who are working towards achieving net-zero CO2 emissions by 2050.this updated NDC, a baseline target was used to express Namibia’s mitigation response relative to a counterfactual baseline scenario under which certain emissions reductions and associated policies (that could have a direct or indirect effect on emissions) do not take place. Accounting for baseline targets thus depends on a clear understanding of the baseline scenario. Namibia is providing this information to give greater clarity, transparency and understanding of its baseline and thus, the baseline target, which will facilitate greater understanding of its NDCs, and progress towards and achievement of the mitigation target (Table 2.1). TABLE 2.1.', 'Namibia is providing this information to give greater clarity, transparency and understanding of its baseline and thus, the baseline target, which will facilitate greater understanding of its NDCs, and progress towards and achievement of the mitigation target (Table 2.1). TABLE 2.1. FURTHER INFORMATION FOR CLARITY ON BASELINE TARGET (MITIGATION). Baseline choice: The dynamic baseline can more easily isolate the level of effort associated with meeting a target since it is recalculated to account for changes in exogenous drivers. It can accommodate unforeseen changes in exogenous factors through recalculation.13 Accounting method: Relative to base year/period emissions. Compares net emissions in the target year(s) with net emissions in the base year/base period. The difference between the two values is applied toward target achievement.', 'The difference between the two values is applied toward target achievement. Accounting under this approach reflects changes in emissions relative to past performance. Start year or period: 2015 Emissions drivers, their values and assumptions and data sources: Key drivers that can affect calculations of baseline scenarios in this updated NDC include drivers of economic activity (GDP, sectoral composition), structural changes in economic sectors, energy prices, supply and demand of fuel type, land-use practices and technology development. Policies and actions (planned and implemented) to include in the baseline: The number of actions on policies, plans and strategies are 11. Sector-wise, Energy outnumbered the other three with 31 actions, followed by eight in AFOLU, three in Waste and one in IPPU. Out of these, 24 actions have been completed or implemented in the Energy sector and 7 in the AFOLU sector.', 'Out of these, 24 actions have been completed or implemented in the Energy sector and 7 in the AFOLU sector. Methodologies, latest available data, emissions factors: National objectives and priorities – data sources: Laws, climate change strategy, economic development strategies and plans, energy planning and policies, transportation plans, water plans, coastal zone plans, agriculture plans, forest protection and management plans, electricity plans, green growth plans, five-year budget documents. Current GHG emissions profile – data source: Latest national GHG inventory (based on IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories covering 13 (Vaidyula & Hood, 2018)CO2 emissions, CH4 and N2O emissions, and HFC emissions including PCFs, SFs). If not available, proxies for estimating current GHG emissions profiles, governmental annual estimates. Sources include inventory reports, Biennial Reports and Biennial Update Reports, and National Communications, sector-specific analyses. TABLE 2.2.', 'Sources include inventory reports, Biennial Reports and Biennial Update Reports, and National Communications, sector-specific analyses. TABLE 2.2. TYPES OF INFORMATION USEFUL FOR CONTRIBUTIONS INCLUDING ADAPTATION COMPONENTS.', 'TYPES OF INFORMATION USEFUL FOR CONTRIBUTIONS INCLUDING ADAPTATION COMPONENTS. TYPE OF INFORMATION PURPOSE OF INFORMATION EXAMPLES OF DATA SOURCES Climate change trends, impacts, and vulnerabilities Identify vulnerable groups and sectors within the country National Communications to the UNFCCC; reports by national, multinational, and civil society organizations; IPCC Fifth Assessment Report; academic research; national, sub-national or local assessments and studies associated with projects; international databases such as CRED or insurance industry databases Statement of long-term goals or vision Help guide further adaptation planning and action, if such a goal or vision exists National planning documents; records of planning meetings, including stakeholder consultation processes Statement of current and near-term planning and action Identify current efforts that an INDC can build upon National planning documents; national policies, regulations, or procedural guidelines; national or sectoral databases of projects and programs; subnational (for example, city, state, county, province, district) records of activities and investments Summary of support Understand existing support that can be used for implementation National records; national databases or studies such as Climate Public Expenditure and Institutional Reviews (CPEIRs), and numerous international databases Statement of gaps, barriers, and needs Understand resources needed to execute near-term action or planning National assessment; subnational (sector, location, etc.)', 'TYPE OF INFORMATION PURPOSE OF INFORMATION EXAMPLES OF DATA SOURCES Climate change trends, impacts, and vulnerabilities Identify vulnerable groups and sectors within the country National Communications to the UNFCCC; reports by national, multinational, and civil society organizations; IPCC Fifth Assessment Report; academic research; national, sub-national or local assessments and studies associated with projects; international databases such as CRED or insurance industry databases Statement of long-term goals or vision Help guide further adaptation planning and action, if such a goal or vision exists National planning documents; records of planning meetings, including stakeholder consultation processes Statement of current and near-term planning and action Identify current efforts that an INDC can build upon National planning documents; national policies, regulations, or procedural guidelines; national or sectoral databases of projects and programs; subnational (for example, city, state, county, province, district) records of activities and investments Summary of support Understand existing support that can be used for implementation National records; national databases or studies such as Climate Public Expenditure and Institutional Reviews (CPEIRs), and numerous international databases Statement of gaps, barriers, and needs Understand resources needed to execute near-term action or planning National assessment; subnational (sector, location, etc.) assessments;adaptation project reports or evaluations Monitoring plans Identify existing monitoring systems that can be used to track the goals and/or activities that may be included in the INDC National assessment and/or stakeholder consultation processes; project/program monitoring and evaluation data; national census data or other national statistical bureau resources; environmental monitoring systems, including satellite data.', 'assessments;adaptation project reports or evaluations Monitoring plans Identify existing monitoring systems that can be used to track the goals and/or activities that may be included in the INDC National assessment and/or stakeholder consultation processes; project/program monitoring and evaluation data; national census data or other national statistical bureau resources; environmental monitoring systems, including satellite data. To inform the NDC update process, the Namibian Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism has compiled existing analysis on the sectoral composition of emissions, projected GHG emissions through 2030, sectoral mitigation actions in the sectoral plans, and possible co-benefits, among other issues. Based on this analysis, Namibia prioritised additional data needs in the agriculture, forestry, and other land uses (AFOLU) sectors.', 'Based on this analysis, Namibia prioritised additional data needs in the agriculture, forestry, and other land uses (AFOLU) sectors. The process used all the data to build an economy-wide business-as-usual scenario as well as to assess various mitigation scenarios and their impacts in the NDC update design process (Table 2.2). 2.2 GHG Inventory Namibia’s GHG inventory data in the base year 2015 are shown in Table 2.3 according to IPCC reporting categories for all GHG emissions sources. Total emissions from all the sectors excluding forestry were estimated at 4.22 MtCO2e for 2015. Total national emissions increased by 1.7% over the period 2010 - 2015. The AFOLU sector remained the leading emitter throughout this period followed by Energy, for all years under review. TABLE 2.3.', 'The AFOLU sector remained the leading emitter throughout this period followed by Energy, for all years under review. TABLE 2.3. NATIONAL GHG EMISSIONS (MT, CO₂-EQ) BY SECTOR (2010 - 2015).14 Total emissions Note: The area graphs show the trend in emissions from 2010 to 2015 for the 4 IPCC sectors and total emissions.2.3 Baseline targets in NDCs In this updated NDC, baseline scenarios are defined as a future projected reference level of emissions against which a goal has been established or progress is to be measured. The mitigation contributions in this updated NDC are based on a relative decrease in GHG emissions from 2015 to 2030. The baseline scenarios included in this report depict emissions that would have occurred if specific mitigation strategies had not been implemented.', 'The baseline scenarios included in this report depict emissions that would have occurred if specific mitigation strategies had not been implemented. Baselines can also be used to set an objective ("target baselines"). Namibia s first NDC stated its baseline target as unconditionally reducing its GHGs below BAU by 2030. Similarly, a baseline target was used in this updated NDC to express Namibia s mitigation response relative to a counterfactual baseline scenario in which certain emissions reductions and associated policies (that could have a direct or indirect effect on emissions) do not occur. Namibia is providing this information to improve the clarity, transparency, and understanding of its baseline.', 'Namibia is providing this information to improve the clarity, transparency, and understanding of its baseline. 2.4 Mitigation contributions by sector In the BAU scenario, overall GHG emissions in 2030 are expected to rise by up to 24.167 MtCO2e. The estimated emissions reduction under the NDC scenario will be approximately 21.996 MtCO2e in 2030 (91% reduction of which 78.7% is from the AFOLU) (Table 2.4). TABLE 2.4. SUMMARY OF BAU EMISSIONS AND NDC EMISSIONS REDUCTION. Sector Mitigation potential (MtCO2e) % Reduction compared to BAU scenario in 2030 IPPU & RAC 0.134 0.6% The total mitigation potential is estimated at around 21.996 MtCO2e in 2030 compared to BAU emissions in the same year of 24.167 MtCO2e (Figure 2.1).', 'Sector Mitigation potential (MtCO2e) % Reduction compared to BAU scenario in 2030 IPPU & RAC 0.134 0.6% The total mitigation potential is estimated at around 21.996 MtCO2e in 2030 compared to BAU emissions in the same year of 24.167 MtCO2e (Figure 2.1). According to the analysis, mitigation measures identified within the AFOLU sector account for the highest proportion (approximately 79%) (Table 2.4) compared to other sectors.FIGURE 2.1. MITIGATION CONTRIBUTION AGAINST BUSINESS-AS-USUAL (BAU). Figure 2.1 illustrates the emission projections for the BAU scenario and Namibia’s mitigation contribution for all measures (unconditional and conditional). By 2030 avoided emissions are estimated to be around 21.996 MtCO2e, representing a reduction against BAU of around 91% (figures are given in Table 2.4.).', 'By 2030 avoided emissions are estimated to be around 21.996 MtCO2e, representing a reduction against BAU of around 91% (figures are given in Table 2.4.). With no measures, emissions are estimated to total around 24.167 MtCO2e, equal to 8% more than the mitigation scenario by 2030. Figure 2.2 summarises the estimated emissions reduction potential in 2030 for all mitigation measures assessed from the ‘long list’ of all mitigation measures presented in appendix 1. The pie charts indicate the relative contribution made from measures within the key sectors of energy (electricity generation and transport), IPPU (Cement industry and RAC), AFOLU (forestry), waste (solid waste transformation and recycling), against the BAU baseline described above. e BAU MitigationFIGURE 2.2. MITIGATION POTENTIAL FROM ALL MITIGATION MEASURES.', 'MITIGATION POTENTIAL FROM ALL MITIGATION MEASURES. Energy Electricity generation Transport Solar Thermal Road Map - 20 000 Solar Water heaters (SWH), 3% Solar Rooftop Systems (45 MW PV) - replacing REFIT 170 MW PV - replacing imports plus Ruacana, 45% Embed generation - 13 MW PV replacing … Omburu 20 MW PV & 20 MW Solar IPP Power Plant - replacing Baynes Hydro - Luderitz Wind 40 MW & 50 MW Wind IPP Power Plant - replacing imports , 4% Biomass Energy plant 40MW - replacing imports, Fuel switching - Hydrogen replacing diesel, Vehicles - replacing Transport – LDV – reducing fuel use by 20 per cent, Promote passenger vehicle fuel efficiency,IPPU including RAC AFOLU Replace 23% clinker in cement production, 77% Split residential air conditioners - switch to Car air conditioning - safe disposal of old car Domestic refrigeration - switch to R600a (isobutane) and safe disposal of old refrigerators, 1% Commercial refrigeration (Stand-alone equipment) - switch to R290 (propane) and ) and safe disposal of old Commercial refrigeration (Condensing units) - switch to R290 (propane) and R744 ) and safe disposal of old Reduce deforestation rate by 75 per cent, Reforest of 20,000 ha per year, 9% Restore 15.5 million ha of grassland savanna and soil Plant 10,000 ha of trees per year under Plant 5,000 ha of trees under UrbanWaste In the energy sector, Namibia’s National Renewable Energy Policy aims to drive emerging technologies that reduce emissions and support cleaner practices.', 'Energy Electricity generation Transport Solar Thermal Road Map - 20 000 Solar Water heaters (SWH), 3% Solar Rooftop Systems (45 MW PV) - replacing REFIT 170 MW PV - replacing imports plus Ruacana, 45% Embed generation - 13 MW PV replacing … Omburu 20 MW PV & 20 MW Solar IPP Power Plant - replacing Baynes Hydro - Luderitz Wind 40 MW & 50 MW Wind IPP Power Plant - replacing imports , 4% Biomass Energy plant 40MW - replacing imports, Fuel switching - Hydrogen replacing diesel, Vehicles - replacing Transport – LDV – reducing fuel use by 20 per cent, Promote passenger vehicle fuel efficiency,IPPU including RAC AFOLU Replace 23% clinker in cement production, 77% Split residential air conditioners - switch to Car air conditioning - safe disposal of old car Domestic refrigeration - switch to R600a (isobutane) and safe disposal of old refrigerators, 1% Commercial refrigeration (Stand-alone equipment) - switch to R290 (propane) and ) and safe disposal of old Commercial refrigeration (Condensing units) - switch to R290 (propane) and R744 ) and safe disposal of old Reduce deforestation rate by 75 per cent, Reforest of 20,000 ha per year, 9% Restore 15.5 million ha of grassland savanna and soil Plant 10,000 ha of trees per year under Plant 5,000 ha of trees under UrbanWaste In the energy sector, Namibia’s National Renewable Energy Policy aims to drive emerging technologies that reduce emissions and support cleaner practices. The goal is the substitution of existing higher emission technologies with cleaner, more efficient, and lower-cost technologies.', 'The goal is the substitution of existing higher emission technologies with cleaner, more efficient, and lower-cost technologies. Namibia’s efforts in renewables will contribute to a 30% reduction equivalent in the quantity (2.668 TWh) of electricity imported in 2018 which would result in 0.8 TWh (800 GWh) in new RE generation of 330 MW of Solar PV per annum until 2030. Further measures that will build on Namibia’s existing efforts include fuel switching to replace inefficient fuels with cleaner and economical alternatives, such as substituting hydrocarbons for hydrogen or electric energy. Complimented by modern equipment upgrades, fuel switching is a simple approach that Namibia will use in reducing energy consumption and costs for end-users, while also curbing carbon emissions.', 'Complimented by modern equipment upgrades, fuel switching is a simple approach that Namibia will use in reducing energy consumption and costs for end-users, while also curbing carbon emissions. Fuel economy (FE) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission standards regulations will be used as one of the main instruments available to Namibia to achieve significant improvements in fuel consumption and GHG emissions from light-duty vehicles (LDVs). These standards through continued development and application of fuel-efficient technologies will reduce carbon emissions by 3% of total GHG emissions. Over the years by 2030, Namibia’s adoption of such standards will result in a market transformation towards vehicles that are increasingly fuel-efficient-consuming less fuel per kilometre driven and thus emitting less GHG.', 'Over the years by 2030, Namibia’s adoption of such standards will result in a market transformation towards vehicles that are increasingly fuel-efficient-consuming less fuel per kilometre driven and thus emitting less GHG. The total mitigation potentials of the RAC sector are essential to Namibia s mitigation options including both direct and indirect emission reductions through climate-friendly refrigeration and air conditioning. Emissions of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) used as refrigerants are addressed by the commitments made under the Kigali Amendment of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer which have been ratified by the Republic of Namibia in May 2019.', 'Emissions of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) used as refrigerants are addressed by the commitments made under the Kigali Amendment of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer which have been ratified by the Republic of Namibia in May 2019. To prevent lock-in of highly climate-damaging HFC refrigerants in the time between now and the first Kigali Amendment phase-down step in 2029, the Republic of Namibia aims to implement early action on the reduction of HFCs and the introduction of climate-friendly alternatives. Low GWP Transform 70% MSW to compost and electricity, Increase Recycling of plastic waste and e-waste by 65 per Methane net zero emissions by 2050 (achieve 75% of thetechnology options, particularly natural refrigerant technology options, exist as an alternative to HFCs for almost any RAC appliance.', 'Low GWP Transform 70% MSW to compost and electricity, Increase Recycling of plastic waste and e-waste by 65 per Methane net zero emissions by 2050 (achieve 75% of thetechnology options, particularly natural refrigerant technology options, exist as an alternative to HFCs for almost any RAC appliance. Namibia aims at the introduction of climate-friendly and energy-efficient appliances through the inclusion of a ban on high GWP equipment and the introduction of minimum energy performance standards (MEPS) that generate emission reductions, both from the use of refrigerants (direct emissions) and from low energy consumption (indirect emissions). The measures aim to achieve a penetration of 60% climate- friendly and energy-efficient residential air conditioners, as well as domestic and commercial refrigeration units by 2030.', 'The measures aim to achieve a penetration of 60% climate- friendly and energy-efficient residential air conditioners, as well as domestic and commercial refrigeration units by 2030. This will be accomplished by switching from inefficient HFC-based equipment to energy-efficient natural refrigerant-based equipment. These measures are complemented by training technicians on the proper servicing and handling of low GWP refrigerants. They are to be also trained in the safe and proper disposal of old refrigerators as well as car air conditioning equipment. The mitigation potential for HFC emissions is projected to be 0.031 MtCO2e in 2030. Significant indirect (energy-related) mitigation potential exists, i.e. around 0.048 MtCO2e in 2030. However, the resulting emissions will be accounted for under the Energy sectors. TABLE 2.5.', 'However, the resulting emissions will be accounted for under the Energy sectors. TABLE 2.5. SUMMARY OF ESTIMATED GHG MITIGATION POTENTIAL FROM ALL MEASURES.', 'SUMMARY OF ESTIMATED GHG MITIGATION POTENTIAL FROM ALL MEASURES. Measure Mitigation % of BAU scenario in 2030 Energy Electricity generation: 1) Renewable Energy Feed-in Tariff (REFIT) 70 MW PV - replacing imports plus Ruacana 0.246 1.12 2) Solar Rooftop systems (45 MW PV) - replacing imports 0.016 0.07 3) Embedded generation - 13 MW PV replacing imports 0.005 0.02 4) Solar power - Omburu 20 MW PV - replacing imports & 20 MW Solar IPP Power Plant 0.014 0.06 5) Wind power - Luderitz Wind 40 MW replacing imports & 50 MW Wind IPP Power Plant 0.022 0.05 6) Biomass Energy plant 40MW - replacing imports 0.007 0.11 8) Solar Thermal Road Map - 20 000 Solar Water heaters (SWH) Transport: 9) Promote passenger vehicle fuel efficiency standards (in 80 % of total passenger vehicle population) 11) Fuel switching to low-carbon fuels - Hydrogen replacing diesel 0.946 3.59 12) Light-duty vehicles (LDV) – reducing fuel use by 20% 0.684 3.11 IPPU including RAC Industry: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (Climate-friendly and energy-efficient alternatives): 14) Split residential air conditioners – switch to R290 (propane) 0.015 0.07 15) Car air conditioning – safe disposal of old car ACs 0.0002 0.00116) Domestic refrigeration - R600a (isobutane) and safe disposal of old refrigerators 0.001 17) Commercial refrigeration (Stand-alone equipment) – switch to R290 (propane) and R744 (CO2) and safe disposal of old equipment 0.003 18) Commercial refrigeration (Condensing units) – switch to R290 (propane) and R744 (CO2) and safe disposal of old equipment 0.011 AFOLU 22) Plant 10,000 ha of trees per year under Agroforestry 0.358 1.63 23) Plant 5,000 ha of trees under Urban Forestry 1.056 4.80 Waste 24) Transform 70% MSW to electricity and compost 0.0197 0.07 25) Increase Recycling of plastic waste and e-waste by 70% 0.0016 0.01 26) Zero waste by 2050 through re-use and recycling (75% of target achieved by 2030) Approximately 8.9% or about 7,290,000 ha of Namibia is forested and reducing the deforestation rate by 75% from 0.9% per year to below 0.25% will be the major drive to achieving the 2030 target (Figure 2.2).', 'Measure Mitigation % of BAU scenario in 2030 Energy Electricity generation: 1) Renewable Energy Feed-in Tariff (REFIT) 70 MW PV - replacing imports plus Ruacana 0.246 1.12 2) Solar Rooftop systems (45 MW PV) - replacing imports 0.016 0.07 3) Embedded generation - 13 MW PV replacing imports 0.005 0.02 4) Solar power - Omburu 20 MW PV - replacing imports & 20 MW Solar IPP Power Plant 0.014 0.06 5) Wind power - Luderitz Wind 40 MW replacing imports & 50 MW Wind IPP Power Plant 0.022 0.05 6) Biomass Energy plant 40MW - replacing imports 0.007 0.11 8) Solar Thermal Road Map - 20 000 Solar Water heaters (SWH) Transport: 9) Promote passenger vehicle fuel efficiency standards (in 80 % of total passenger vehicle population) 11) Fuel switching to low-carbon fuels - Hydrogen replacing diesel 0.946 3.59 12) Light-duty vehicles (LDV) – reducing fuel use by 20% 0.684 3.11 IPPU including RAC Industry: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (Climate-friendly and energy-efficient alternatives): 14) Split residential air conditioners – switch to R290 (propane) 0.015 0.07 15) Car air conditioning – safe disposal of old car ACs 0.0002 0.00116) Domestic refrigeration - R600a (isobutane) and safe disposal of old refrigerators 0.001 17) Commercial refrigeration (Stand-alone equipment) – switch to R290 (propane) and R744 (CO2) and safe disposal of old equipment 0.003 18) Commercial refrigeration (Condensing units) – switch to R290 (propane) and R744 (CO2) and safe disposal of old equipment 0.011 AFOLU 22) Plant 10,000 ha of trees per year under Agroforestry 0.358 1.63 23) Plant 5,000 ha of trees under Urban Forestry 1.056 4.80 Waste 24) Transform 70% MSW to electricity and compost 0.0197 0.07 25) Increase Recycling of plastic waste and e-waste by 70% 0.0016 0.01 26) Zero waste by 2050 through re-use and recycling (75% of target achieved by 2030) Approximately 8.9% or about 7,290,000 ha of Namibia is forested and reducing the deforestation rate by 75% from 0.9% per year to below 0.25% will be the major drive to achieving the 2030 target (Figure 2.2). More effort and investment are being put in place by Namibia to achieve this goal in Namibia’s forest areas.', 'More effort and investment are being put in place by Namibia to achieve this goal in Namibia’s forest areas. Over 13.5 Mt CO2 equivalent will be mitigated in the next 10 years. Namibia recognises that reforestation, agroforestry, and urban forestry are key emissions reduction strategies (Table 2.5). Through the restoration of 15.5 million hectares of degraded savanna, it is expected that 2.3 Mt CO2 equivalent will be reduced from total emissions in 2030 (Table 2.5). The central parts of the country are covered by thornbush savanna, which is increasingly being encroached by indigenous woody bush species. This is considered a serious form of land degradation, adversely impacting biodiversity, groundwater recharge and land productivity as well as accessibility for eco-tourism activities.', 'This is considered a serious form of land degradation, adversely impacting biodiversity, groundwater recharge and land productivity as well as accessibility for eco-tourism activities. In total, it is estimated that in total 45 million hectares are affected by woody encroachment at varying intensities. Namibia’s land sector is reported as a large net sink and will remain so even in the scenario of increased bush biomass harvest. Even the largest upscaling scenarios of bush biomass utilization are not expected to compromise this terrestrial sink. Furthermore, the net impact of bush thinning in combination with the restoration of savanna rangelands is still subject to further research, especially with regards to changes in soil organic carbon.', 'Furthermore, the net impact of bush thinning in combination with the restoration of savanna rangelands is still subject to further research, especially with regards to changes in soil organic carbon. While the mitigation impact of bush thinning and rangeland restoration has not been determined conclusively, the climate change adaptation benefits of these measures are undisputed and manifold. Although Namibia’s land sector is very much likely to remain a sink, it may become CO2 neutral under the scenario of increased harvest and use of the invader bush.', 'Although Namibia’s land sector is very much likely to remain a sink, it may become CO2 neutral under the scenario of increased harvest and use of the invader bush. The assumptions made when calculating emissions for the BAU scenario for the Land sector which governs mitigation are: • National programmes for the protection of Forest lands in the north-eastern regions are deemed to reduce deforestation to a strict minimum with a loss of 7500 hectares annually.• Other wooded land (OWL)15 will also stabilize as woody encroachment into grassland in the central and southern part of the country is estimated to be not occurring due to rainfall being limiting.', 'The assumptions made when calculating emissions for the BAU scenario for the Land sector which governs mitigation are: • National programmes for the protection of Forest lands in the north-eastern regions are deemed to reduce deforestation to a strict minimum with a loss of 7500 hectares annually.• Other wooded land (OWL)15 will also stabilize as woody encroachment into grassland in the central and southern part of the country is estimated to be not occurring due to rainfall being limiting. • With no further encroachment of woody species occurring, the Grassland area of 3.8 million ha will remain the same.', '• With no further encroachment of woody species occurring, the Grassland area of 3.8 million ha will remain the same. The utilisation of the encroacher bush in OWL is not expected to affect this land class as it will be primarily bush thinning as opposed to a full clearing. • Settlement’s area will increase marginally by 100 ha on an annual basis from OWL as inclusion from Cropland or Grassland is estimated not to occur. • The area of Wetlands and Other lands is estimated to remain stable.', '• The area of Wetlands and Other lands is estimated to remain stable. The targeted national mitigation contribution from the AFOLU sector is expected to result from the implementation of different strategies that relate mainly to natural forest management (reforestation and urban forestry) and agroforestry, either with domestic or international support. The total area of intervention is expected to reach 15,000 ha with merely domestic support and 20,000 ha with international support. The potential mitigation contribution from Agroforestry, represented by the total C storage of trees outside natural forest lands estimated at 0.358 MtCO2e. However, this figure is a total of ≈10,000 ha of land by 2030.', 'However, this figure is a total of ≈10,000 ha of land by 2030. Like any other land use in Namibia urban forestry16 and its management can have immense potential in mitigating C emissions and performing other environmental services. The transformation of MSW to compost and electricity is the most significant mitigation potential under the Waste sector. Though mitigation potential from waste sources is, by comparison limited, the potential to expand the actions is high. Overall, the updated NDC had a significant increment (22%) in mitigation potential across all sectors from 2015 targets (Table 2.6). Efforts under the IPPU sector increased three times more than the first NDC targets.', 'Efforts under the IPPU sector increased three times more than the first NDC targets. The energy sector’s mitigation potential also grew in the period 2020 – 2030 due to more technology-based options being availed to reduce GHG emissions. AFOLU had the least increment (3%) because of the nature of options created which are non-technological and the mitigation potential of the sector is almost saturated. Beyond that limit, AFOLU may shift to being an emitter of GHGs.', 'Beyond that limit, AFOLU may shift to being an emitter of GHGs. 15 Other wooded land, or OWL, is defined by FRA-2000 as land with a tree crown cover (or equivalent stocking level) of 5– 10% of trees able to reach a height of 5 meters at maturity, a crown cover of more than 10% of trees not able to reach a height of 5 meters at maturity (such as dwarf or stunted trees), or shrub and bush cover of more than 10%. OWL excludes areas with the tree, shrub, or bush cover just specified but of less than 0.5 hectares and width of 20 meters, as well as land predominantly used for agricultural practices (FAO 2000, 2001).', 'OWL excludes areas with the tree, shrub, or bush cover just specified but of less than 0.5 hectares and width of 20 meters, as well as land predominantly used for agricultural practices (FAO 2000, 2001). 16 The term "urban forestry" refers to the management of all trees within a densely populated area, including trees in parks, on streetways, and on private property.TABLE 2.6. UPDATED MITIGATION CONTRIBUTIONS (MT CO2E) BY SECTOR. Sector INDC Updated NDC (2021) Variance % Change Green hydrogen, which uses renewable energy to produce hydrogen from water, is taking off around the globe including Namibia. Green hydrogen will play a crucial role in reaching the emissions neutrality goal, and it would be economically convenient.', 'Green hydrogen will play a crucial role in reaching the emissions neutrality goal, and it would be economically convenient. Opportunities exist today to pilot both green hydrogen for low-emission transport solutions and fuel cells for remote power provision. Meanwhile, in Namibia smaller stationary fuel cell systems have also started to be piloted for residential and tourism consumers 17 The country’s transition to modern fuels in the industry could also be a major area of potential growth for green hydrogen. Namibia is in the process of building the means towards clean energy sources. Currently, a feasibility study to explore whether Namibia can become a leading global contributor to green hydrogen is underway 18. The study will investigate the costs to produce, process and transport the hydrogen.', 'The study will investigate the costs to produce, process and transport the hydrogen. Namibia expects that the decarbonization plan of the electric matrix by 2030 will bring a significant GHG emissions reduction through green hydrogen. Climate change continues to be a real threat to Namibia’s development progress. The country already has a harsh desert and a low precipitation climate. Population growth, extreme inequalities, and development trends will further exacerbate and worsen current challenges and other existing vulnerabilities, with changing rainfall patterns and rising temperatures. The country s climate vulnerability is closely related to its aridity and high-water scarcities. The Namibian land sector is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and is already hard hit.', 'The Namibian land sector is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and is already hard hit. Besides the increasing variability of dry spells and flood events, woody encroachment is having a major impact on this key sector.Among the drivers of woody encroachment is anthropogenic climate change itself. Woody encroachment has adverse impacts on savanna ecosystem services such as groundwater recharge and biodiversity. It further drastically decreases the suitability for eco-tourism and specifically the carrying capacity for both livestock and wildlife in large parts of Namibia, thus adversely affecting the land productivity and rural livelihoods. Bush thinning improves the livestock industry resilience to climate change.', 'Bush thinning improves the livestock industry resilience to climate change. This industry accounts for 90% of all agricultural production in Namibia with approximately 60% of households owning cattle, including nearly 40% of poor households. From an adaptation perspective, bush thinning and the sustainable utilisation of bush biomass in line with the restoration of savanna rangelands thus yield significant benefits. Corresponding activities and value chains are supported by the National Rangeland Management Policy and Strategy and the ongoing Bush Control and Biomass Utilization projects/initiatives. Most of the current climate change adaptation projects, and programs in Namibia tend to focus on capacity building, knowledge communication, field implementation, and policy formation and integration, with all nationally implemented projects supporting community-based adaptation.', 'Most of the current climate change adaptation projects, and programs in Namibia tend to focus on capacity building, knowledge communication, field implementation, and policy formation and integration, with all nationally implemented projects supporting community-based adaptation. Regions within Namibia that are particularly targeted for adaptation interventions are the northern parts of the country, including Kavango, Zambezi, Oshikoto, Oshana, Ohangwena, Omusati, and the northern part of Kunene Region. Most of the adaptation activities are implemented with funding donor and international multilateral institutions such as the Green Climate Fund, Adaptation Fund, Global Environmental Fund (GEF), European Union (EU), United States Agency for International Development (USAID), GIZ, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), etc. However, local institutions such as the Environmental Investment Fund also provide support to climate change adaptation activities.', 'However, local institutions such as the Environmental Investment Fund also provide support to climate change adaptation activities. 3.2 Impacts and priorities for adaptation. For the development of the Fourth National Communication19, climate change impacts and vulnerability was assessed for the most vulnerable sectors, namely water resources, agriculture, forestry, coastal zones, tourism, human health and disaster risk management. 3.2.1 Water resources Namibia relies on dams, ephemeral rivers and aquifers for its water supply. These water resources are supplemented to a limited extent by unconventional sources such as reclaimed water and desalination. The absence of perennial rivers in Namibia’s interior means that the country is reliant on rainfall as its natural water source.', 'The absence of perennial rivers in Namibia’s interior means that the country is reliant on rainfall as its natural water source. The semi-arid climate over most of the country coupled with high evaporation rates makes the country one with a net water deficit (mean annual rainfall minus potential evaporation), ranging from -4000 mm in the southeast to -1600 mm in the northeast. 19 (Republic of Namibia, 2020)To ensure sustainable long-term access to water, and effectively manage and conserve the country’s water resources with the uncertainty of climate change, the following adaptation options are pertinent; promote efficient water harvesting techniques, recycling and re-use of water, promote the use of desalination technologies to increase water supply, promote and encourage integrated water resources management, etc.', '19 (Republic of Namibia, 2020)To ensure sustainable long-term access to water, and effectively manage and conserve the country’s water resources with the uncertainty of climate change, the following adaptation options are pertinent; promote efficient water harvesting techniques, recycling and re-use of water, promote the use of desalination technologies to increase water supply, promote and encourage integrated water resources management, etc. 3.2.2 Agriculture and forestry Agriculture is a key sector of the Namibian economy. It is not only the largest employer and also critical to livelihoods and food security. Over two-thirds of households practice subsistence cropping and pastoralism, mostly on communally held lands. Agricultural production ranges from the intensive production of horticultural crops) to large-scale production of cereals, mainly maize and millet.', 'Agricultural production ranges from the intensive production of horticultural crops) to large-scale production of cereals, mainly maize and millet. Less than 10% of the land surface is used for crop production, while nearly 75% is used for livestock production. Current/potential adaptation options and issues in the agriculture and forestry sectors include implementation of Climate-Smart Agriculture, bush-thinning and the sustainable utilisation of bush biomass, improved water management, improved monitoring and early warning, the development of knowledge and decision-support systems, and the development of new crop varieties and technologies to support farming. Barriers to adaptation include reduced extension service and slow uptake of Climate Smart Agriculture and Conservation Agriculture techniques.', 'Barriers to adaptation include reduced extension service and slow uptake of Climate Smart Agriculture and Conservation Agriculture techniques. 3.2.3 Coastal zones Tide gauge records from Lüderitz and other localities on the west coast of southern Africa over the last 30 years have revealed an estimated sea-level rise that is comparable with the global measurements.20 Given the lack of natural and human-made protective infrastructure to storm surges, the coastal areas are highly vulnerable to sea-level rise. The most significant drivers of climate change risks and vulnerability that are of importance to coastal environments and fisheries are modification of terrestrial climatic and hydrologic processes; change in coastal and oceanic circulation processes; ocean acidification; increased sea surface temperature; sea-level rise; increase in sea storminess and changing wind systems.', 'The most significant drivers of climate change risks and vulnerability that are of importance to coastal environments and fisheries are modification of terrestrial climatic and hydrologic processes; change in coastal and oceanic circulation processes; ocean acidification; increased sea surface temperature; sea-level rise; increase in sea storminess and changing wind systems. The adaptation measures proposed for coastal zones can be classified broadly into “no regrets” and “additional” options that are proactively designed to counter sea-level rise. No regrets options are efforts that are undertaken even if climate change were not happening.', 'No regrets options are efforts that are undertaken even if climate change were not happening. In the context of sea-level rise, no regrets options available to Namibia include enforcement of development restrictions within the coastal buffer zone; reduce the degradation of wetlands, estuaries, dune cordons and sandbars; integration of sea-level rise scenarios into future planning decisions; incorporate sea-level rise risks in disaster management strategies and alleviate poverty and improve living conditions. On the other hand, other options are new interventions or investments, additional to the business as usual and existing efforts, designed to improve wellbeing, maintain the environment, and ultimately counter sea-level rise. These options can be classified into physical, biological, and institutional responses.', 'These options can be classified into physical, biological, and institutional responses. Physical options are hard engineering techniques such as seawalls, groynes, detached breakwaters, and revetments. Biological options are more natural, less likely to produce adverse consequences and more cost-effective than most physical 20 (“The Report on 1.5°C Global Warming-Relevant Aspects for Climate Services,” 2019)options. They include dune cordons, estuary and wetland rehabilitation, and kelp beds. Institutional options are policy or decision-making responses. Added options include vulnerability mapping and risk communication, design and implementation of appropriate and effective legislation, the establishment of early warning systems, research and monitoring and design of appropriate insurance products to address sea-level rise.', 'Added options include vulnerability mapping and risk communication, design and implementation of appropriate and effective legislation, the establishment of early warning systems, research and monitoring and design of appropriate insurance products to address sea-level rise. Based on the 2016/17 Namibia Intercensal Demographic Survey and the 2006/07 National Demographic and Health survey, the main causes of death in children under five years (diarrhoea (42%), undernutrition (40%), malaria (32%), acute respiratory infections (30%)) have a strong environmental component linked to climate. The main causes of adult mortality are AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria. Since these diseases often co-occur, it is difficult to establish the exact cause of death. Climate change is already exacerbating the causes of infant and adult mortality, and this will likely worsen in the future.', 'Climate change is already exacerbating the causes of infant and adult mortality, and this will likely worsen in the future. Adaptation needs and barriers in the Namibian health sector include cross-sectoral cooperation and collaboration, accessibility, and effectiveness of health care infrastructure, especially among the poor segments of the population, a lack of understanding of the linkages between climate and health in Namibia. Namibia’s tourism industry has undergone rapid growth in the past three decades, with an average increase in international arrivals of 16% per year on average. This growth rate has made tourism the fastest-growing sector of the Namibian economy. Tourism in Namibia relies largely on the wildlife sector.', 'Tourism in Namibia relies largely on the wildlife sector. Changes in the quality of wildlife viewing, wildlife numbers and vegetation because of climate change are expected to affect the demand for wildlife tourism, which is estimated to be as much as a 15 % reduction in tourism demand. 3.2.6 Disaster risk management With climate change contributing to an increase in disaster risk, disaster risk management becomes a vital and urgent component of any climate change adaptation program. As part of climate change adaptation policies and investments, Namibia needs to focus on reducing its vulnerability and planning for measures to mitigate natural disaster risks.', 'As part of climate change adaptation policies and investments, Namibia needs to focus on reducing its vulnerability and planning for measures to mitigate natural disaster risks. Adaptation measures proposed in this updated NDC cover the following aspects; minimise the loss of human life, property and damage to the environment from hazards of natural and ecological origin, advocate an approach to disaster risk management that focuses on reducing risks especially to those sections of the population who are most vulnerable due to poverty and a general lack of resources (both urban and rural communities), advocate for a shared awareness and responsibility to reduce disaster risk in communities, and in society generally, and to facilitate partnerships in this regard between organs of state, the private sector, non- governmental organisations and communities.The current updated NDC seeks to accelerate Namibia’s socio-economic growth by a holistic approach to addressing sector-specific vulnerabilities and directing funding to adaptation for effective climate action.', 'Adaptation measures proposed in this updated NDC cover the following aspects; minimise the loss of human life, property and damage to the environment from hazards of natural and ecological origin, advocate an approach to disaster risk management that focuses on reducing risks especially to those sections of the population who are most vulnerable due to poverty and a general lack of resources (both urban and rural communities), advocate for a shared awareness and responsibility to reduce disaster risk in communities, and in society generally, and to facilitate partnerships in this regard between organs of state, the private sector, non- governmental organisations and communities.The current updated NDC seeks to accelerate Namibia’s socio-economic growth by a holistic approach to addressing sector-specific vulnerabilities and directing funding to adaptation for effective climate action. This NDC will seek to foster new jobs and lead to resilient communities across the country.', 'This NDC will seek to foster new jobs and lead to resilient communities across the country. The Government listed seven sectors as being especially vulnerable: water resources; agriculture; forestry; coastal zones; tourism; health; and disaster risk management. The government has prioritized action on climate change and introduced a national climate change policy; however, the success in the implementation of these actions is closely related to donor engagement and financing. 3.3 Prioritised measures Mitigation and adaptation often coexist together and quite a few adaptation actions do have mitigation co- benefits. The Namibian Government is currently formulating the National Adaptation Plan (NAP). The NAP will serve as the guiding document to implement adaptation actions in Namibia.', 'The NAP will serve as the guiding document to implement adaptation actions in Namibia. Namibia’s first NDC in 2015 did not identify blue carbon ecosystem strategies or plans to leverage this potential. As Namibia works to enhance its climate commitments and revise its NDC, there is an opportunity to explore blue carbon potential. In this update, Namibia seeks to highlight the integration of blue carbon in its future NDC revision process. Namibia expects to include these ecosystems in NDCs to benefit from the additional services they provide, including coastal protection, wildlife habitat and water filtration. Table 3.1 provides a summary description of prioritised adaptation actions, timelines for adoption, accountable lead ministries, and the link with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).', 'Table 3.1 provides a summary description of prioritised adaptation actions, timelines for adoption, accountable lead ministries, and the link with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). More details on adaptation measures are outlined in appendix 2. Furthermore, blue economy opportunities are highlighted in Table 3.2.TABLE 3.1. ADAPTATION ACTIONS. Adaptation action Lead Ministry Timeline SDG link Water resources 1. Provide full support for integrated water resources management in Namibia 2. Establish best practice systems for improving the efficiency of water use particularly in irrigation 3. Coordinate use of surface and groundwater resources and artificially increase the recharge rate of groundwater aquifers to reduce evaporation 4. Improve water demand management, particularly at the local level and in the agricultural, industrial, mining and tourism sectors 5. Establish nation-wide monitoring and control of groundwater use more strictly 6. Prioritize seawater desalination MAWLR 2020 - 2030 Agriculture 7.', 'Prioritize seawater desalination MAWLR 2020 - 2030 Agriculture 7. Promoting diversification of crops to hedge against erratic rainfall and shorter seasons (Climate Smart Agriculture) 8. Development of improved crop varieties that adapt to climate change (Climate Resilient Agriculture) 9. Enhancing access to farming inputs (i.e. seed and fertilizer) availability and maintain consistency in yields (Climate Resilient Agriculture) 10. Promote protected cultivation and improved planting methods for enhancing water use efficiency and crop productivity (e.g., greenhouses net houses, mulching, spotAdaptation action Lead Ministry Timeline SDG link planting/zero tillage) (Climate Resilient Agriculture) 11. Promote the use of water targeting only irrigation of high-value crops (Climate Resilient Agriculture) 12. Promoting climate resilience in livestock management through strategies such as the creation of fall-back grazing areas and mixing small and large stock herds of various breeds (Climate Smart Agriculture) 13.', 'Promoting climate resilience in livestock management through strategies such as the creation of fall-back grazing areas and mixing small and large stock herds of various breeds (Climate Smart Agriculture) 13. Enhance integrated pest management as an ecosystem approach to crop production and protection (Climate Resilient Agriculture) 14. Improvement of support services and capacity building to crop production resilient to climate change by promoting research, trials and up- scaling climate-smart farming systems that increase resilience to climate change. Forestry 15. Restoration of the savanna through bush thinning for increased land productivity, improved food security, improved groundwater recharge and increased biodiversity. 16. Bush biomass utilisation and value addition (Bush based animal feed production, biochar application, drought resilience, improved food security, bush-to-energy, employment & income creation)Adaptation action Lead Ministry Timeline SDG link 17.', 'Bush biomass utilisation and value addition (Bush based animal feed production, biochar application, drought resilience, improved food security, bush-to-energy, employment & income creation)Adaptation action Lead Ministry Timeline SDG link 17. Support agroforestry interventions to ensure food security (bush-based livestock feed, other biomass for fodder, meat, and Non-Timber Forest Produces (NTFPs)) in Namibia’s most vulnerable communities. Coastal zones 18. Introduce legislation to reduce property and infrastructure development in environmentally sensitive areas and areas at risk of sea-level rise 19. Research and monitor sea-level rise MFMR 2020 - 2030 20. Undertake vulnerability mapping MFMR 2020 - 2025 21. Collaborate with the insurance market to guide investment in coastal areas 22. Develop an early warning system MFMR 2020 - 2025 23. Rehabilitate wetlands and estuaries MFMR 2020 - 2025 24. Install sea walls barriers and barrages MFMR 2020 - 2030 Tourism 25.', 'Install sea walls barriers and barrages MFMR 2020 - 2030 Tourism 25. Promote sustainable tourism and provide capacity building for climate change innovation in Namibia’s tourism sector. 26. Implement conservancies, tourism and adaptation programs based on community- based natural resource management (CBNRM) 27. Promote community-based natural resource management data collection and archiving 28. Diversify livelihoods in communities dependent on CBNRM initiatives such as the Namibian Conservancy programme and Community Forests.Adaptation action Lead Ministry Timeline SDG link Health 29. Strengthen the capacity of health professionals in epidemic preparedness and response 30. Recruit and train community health workers to provide emergency first aid 31. Improve staff training on prevention and treatment of malnutrition 32. Enhance and further mainstream climate- related awareness 33. Improve access to timely and relevant information 34. Strengthen the policies required to effectively address both slow-onset and catastrophic events 35.', 'Strengthen the policies required to effectively address both slow-onset and catastrophic events 35. Develop health-centred adaptation strategies MHSS 2020 - 2025 36. Climate-proof the public health system MHSS 2020 - 2030 37. Strengthen and provide capacity building for water and sanitation systems Disaster risk management 38. Strengthen capacities for disaster risk preparedness, contingency planning and risk reduction 39. Implement vulnerability and risk mapping MURD 2020 - 2025 40. Improve information flow and communications between formal structures at the national regional and community levels 41. Support community-based adaptation practices in both rural and urban areas 42. Improve monitoring and documentation of extreme eventsAdaptation action Lead Ministry Timeline SDG link 43.', 'Improve monitoring and documentation of extreme eventsAdaptation action Lead Ministry Timeline SDG link 43. Develop pro-poor disaster insurance schemes MURD 2020 - 2025 3.4 Cross-cutting areas In this update, crucial areas of climate change policy and implementation are adequately addressed, specifically 1) Gender; 2) Youth involvement; and 3) Private sector engagement. It is also important to highlight an additional area related to Youth. During the NDC implementation and particularly for mitigation measures in the AFOLU, Namibia will seek to promote youth participation in climate change projects and awareness campaigns. Since young people and future generations will inherit the worst impacts of the climate crisis and bear the future costs of the decisions made today21, Namibia recognises that the youth are a driving force for higher climate ambition.', 'Since young people and future generations will inherit the worst impacts of the climate crisis and bear the future costs of the decisions made today21, Namibia recognises that the youth are a driving force for higher climate ambition. The NDC implementation is set to provide employment opportunities and providing support for youth entrepreneurship. Climate change impacts do not discriminate between men and women; however, the level of resilience differs within the gender stream. According to the Agricultural Survey by the Namibia Statistics Agency22, the greatest percentage of subsistence farming households in the country is headed by women. However, women are also said to have limited access to capital, productive land, knowledge and services and these factors, in turn, decrease the resilience and adaptive capacities of women.', 'However, women are also said to have limited access to capital, productive land, knowledge and services and these factors, in turn, decrease the resilience and adaptive capacities of women. As part of this NDC update, Namibia acknowledges the importance of addressing gender issues, particularly women’s participation in climate action. Most priority actions have a specific target for women’s participation. In the implementation phase of this NDC, detailed baseline gender/youth climate assessments and evaluations which include just transition strategies are to be conducted. These are to include priority sectors of AFOLU, agriculture, energy, waste and IPPU. Consequently, informed capacity building and planning for gender/youth- oriented climate actions and just transition training will be carried out in defined focal points.', 'Consequently, informed capacity building and planning for gender/youth- oriented climate actions and just transition training will be carried out in defined focal points. Considerations are to be given to the following: • Establishment of a gender/youth climate and risk management working group. • Review of gender/review climate legal framework and policy. • Develop and incorporate into NDCs gender/youth climate strategy. • Development of a just transition strategy and a green job assessment model for Namibia. To measure the impact of climate measures on key development indicators, such as GDP, jobs, skills, revenue distribution and inequalities and gender inequality, a national Green Jobs Assessment Model will be developed.', 'To measure the impact of climate measures on key development indicators, such as GDP, jobs, skills, revenue distribution and inequalities and gender inequality, a national Green Jobs Assessment Model will be developed. The assessment s findings and process of multi-stakeholder dialogues will help Namibia foster evidence-based NDC policymaking and a just transition. 21 NDCPartnership, “Youth Engagement | NDC Partnership,” 22 (Namibia Statistics Agency, 2019)3.5 Blue carbon opportunities in adaptation Namibia has an abundance of blue carbon waiting to be discovered and reported. Our challenge is to figure out how and where to act to strengthen blue carbon opportunities. With the tenth longest coastline (1572 km) in Africa 23, Namibia’s Blue Carbon ecosystems hold great potential as Nature-based Solutions to mitigate climate change.', 'With the tenth longest coastline (1572 km) in Africa 23, Namibia’s Blue Carbon ecosystems hold great potential as Nature-based Solutions to mitigate climate change. They also play a unique role in protecting coastlines from the increasing impacts of climate change by absorbing incoming wave energy, providing storm surge protection, and preventing erosion 24. Namibia has therefore, proposed future blue economy adaptation activities (Table 3.2). TABLE 3.2. PROPOSED FUTURE ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN NAMIBIA’S BLUE ECONOMY. Industry Adaptation Objectives 1. Renewable Energy, Engineering and Built Environment • Enhance the use of renewable energy potential across the ocean and coastal environments (hydro, desalination, fogging, solar, wind, biomass and geothermal) • Improve climate-resilient engineering and building standards for infrastructure in housing, rail, transport, coastal, waste management, telecoms, refrigeration, and energy. 2.', 'Renewable Energy, Engineering and Built Environment • Enhance the use of renewable energy potential across the ocean and coastal environments (hydro, desalination, fogging, solar, wind, biomass and geothermal) • Improve climate-resilient engineering and building standards for infrastructure in housing, rail, transport, coastal, waste management, telecoms, refrigeration, and energy. 2. Coastal Land Use Planning • Protect the 1500 km coastline beaches against erosion, which will include the prioritization of EBSAs (islands, wetlands, and riverine basins). • Update the agro-ecological zones to include ocean industries and areas and strengthen coastal beach erosion management systems. • Establish a Coastal Vulnerability Index to sea-level rise. 3. Services (Technology, Weather, Health, Research) • Expand and modernize the coastal weather observation network with technological systems such as the oceanographic and meteorological buoys to ensure adequate climate information service for adaptation.', 'Services (Technology, Weather, Health, Research) • Expand and modernize the coastal weather observation network with technological systems such as the oceanographic and meteorological buoys to ensure adequate climate information service for adaptation. • Improve research on understanding impacts and responses to sea-level rise at some of the vulnerable coastal areas, and through data exchange between Benguela countries and ocean-based economies. • Establish comprehensive early warning and disaster prevention systems specific to areas in the ocean and coastal environments. 4. Eco-Tourism and Wildlife • Support conservation and technological development to enable the tourism sector to deal properly with climate change. 5. Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture • Implement effective environmental monitoring systems including environmental and sanitary surveillance and warning system along the coastline.', 'Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture • Implement effective environmental monitoring systems including environmental and sanitary surveillance and warning system along the coastline. • Establish partnerships to facilitate the generation of knowledge (basic and applied) through the alliance of research institutions, public regulators, and ocean and marine industries. • Identify and proclaim marine protected areas to conserve biologically sensitive sites.6. Marine Mining • Ensure that exploration and mining within the Protected Areas comply with the environmental and economic regulatory frameworks. • Enact a legal framework benchmarked against environmental global best practices to facilitate sound marine exploration and environmentally sustainable mining activities. 7. Value-Addition and Food Manufacturing • Reduce fish meal-based by-products emanating from fresh fish. • Promote innovations in food processing, food losses and waste. 8.', '• Promote innovations in food processing, food losses and waste. 8. Coastal Agriculture • Scale-up climate-smart technologies to increase the crop, livestock, and fisheries productivity. • Adapt conservation agriculture approach as the basis for sustainable coastal farming and improved food security. • Use irrigation water-saving technologies and organic soil nutrient sources. 9. Water Use Efficiency and Management • Promote integrated water resources development and management practices including artificial replenishment of groundwater tables. • Attract investments for desalinization of seawater for human use, blue forestry and urban greening, and food security interventions. • Advance wastewater reuse and recycling technologies at the municipal and industry level. 4 MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION Namibia would need funding, capacity development and technology transfer to fully implement the mitigation and adaptation measures found in this NDC.', '4 MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION Namibia would need funding, capacity development and technology transfer to fully implement the mitigation and adaptation measures found in this NDC. This section presents an overview of the means of implementation across finance, capacity building, and technology. Costing each action involved identifying the cost for sub-actions, including upfront capital costs (e.g., infrastructure), ongoing maintenance costs, capacity-building or training, and the human resources needed to implement the action. A further desk review included an assessment of similar actions previously completed within the country, at national and/or subnational levels. It is important to note that costs for some actions may change over time; it may be necessary to reconsider cost estimates as new information comes to light.', 'It is important to note that costs for some actions may change over time; it may be necessary to reconsider cost estimates as new information comes to light. For example, costs may decrease over time due to falling technology costs or barriers being removed by relevant policies. 4.1 Mitigation Funding requirements Figure 4.1 provides an estimated $3.61 billion in funding required for any identified mitigation options by 2030. These represent the requisite capital investment costs for equipment and infrastructural resources. Investment levels for each sector are roughly equal to the projected mitigation shares for each emitting sector. AFOLU accounts for 49% of the total funding requirements for the 2020-2030 timeline. Investments in energyfacilities account for the bulk of the remaining requirement.', 'Investments in energyfacilities account for the bulk of the remaining requirement. The AFOLU (49%) and energy sector (38%) mitigation actions require the most funds and these are mostly conditional upon international support. FIGURE 4.1. MITIGATION INVESTMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR ALL MEASURES. Energy USD 1.36 billion IPPU including RAC USD 0.23 billion AFOLU USD 1.75 billion Waste USD 0.27 billion Total USD 3.61 billion 4.2 Adaptation funding requirements The following figure 4.2 summarises the financial needs by sector in the adaptation as reported by each Ministry. The total financing needed for adaptation actions is just over USD 1.72 billion. The largest funding is required for agriculture (26%, USD 564 million), forestry (21%, USD 454 million), and coastal zones (12%, USD 255 million). Most of the requested funding depends on international support.FIGURE 4.2.', 'Most of the requested funding depends on international support.FIGURE 4.2. SUMMARY NEEDS FOR ADAPTATION ACTIONS. Financial needs remain high amid ongoing efforts. Most actions that need financing and mobilisation of future resources will be a fair blend of national and foreign funds. The estimated net cost for the established NDC mitigation measures is expected to be about 3.61 USD billion and more than USD 1.72 billion for adaptation goals, reflecting a combined requirement of about USD 5.33 billion in financing. Table 4.1 summarises the approximate worth of the finance needed over the next ten years. The unconditional measures make up 10 per cent of the overall projected support and for the conditional measures 90%. TABLE 4.1. ESTIMATED MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION FINANCE NEEDED.', 'ESTIMATED MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION FINANCE NEEDED. Mitigation measures (USD) Adaptation measures (USD) Total (USD) Total (USD) 3.61 billion 1.72 billion 5.33 billion Water resources Agriculture Forestry Coastal zones Tourism Human helth Disaster risk management USD 1.72 billionExtensive research and consultations with sectoral leads were conducted as part of the NDC revision phase to generate conditional and unconditional cost forecasts for mitigation and adaptation steps from 2020 through 2030. The overall expected cost of the NDC mitigation defined by Namibia by 2030 is estimated to be about USD 3.61 billion and USD 1.72 billion for adaptation goals, reflecting a total finance need of about USD 5.33 billion (approximately 77 billion Namibia dollars) (Table 4.1).', 'The overall expected cost of the NDC mitigation defined by Namibia by 2030 is estimated to be about USD 3.61 billion and USD 1.72 billion for adaptation goals, reflecting a total finance need of about USD 5.33 billion (approximately 77 billion Namibia dollars) (Table 4.1). 4.4 NDC financing strategy Finance is critical for the implementation of the mitigation and adaptation actions set out in Namibia’s updated NDC. International public financing sources will provide the large-scale investment needed. Strengthening finance from domestic and external sources will also be key in supporting the implementation of the mitigation and adaptation actions. Similarly, this NDC update includes conditions for their full implementation, such as additional or enhanced international support in the form of finance, technology transfer, technical assistance and capacity-building.', 'Similarly, this NDC update includes conditions for their full implementation, such as additional or enhanced international support in the form of finance, technology transfer, technical assistance and capacity-building. Improving access to public and private financing sources is, therefore, a high priority for Namibia.', 'Improving access to public and private financing sources is, therefore, a high priority for Namibia. Meeting the additional investment and financial flows would require a combination of: • commitments by developed countries to provide additional financial assistance to developing countries under the Convention; • appropriate national policies to encourage private investment and domestic government investment in mitigation and adaptation measures; • optimal use of the funds available under the Convention and from other sources to spread the risk across public and private sources; • expansion of the carbon market through more stringent commitments by Annex I Parties to increase demand and possible additional mechanisms to increase supply; and • new sources of predictable funds to provide additional external financial flows to developing countries for adaptation and mitigation.', 'Meeting the additional investment and financial flows would require a combination of: • commitments by developed countries to provide additional financial assistance to developing countries under the Convention; • appropriate national policies to encourage private investment and domestic government investment in mitigation and adaptation measures; • optimal use of the funds available under the Convention and from other sources to spread the risk across public and private sources; • expansion of the carbon market through more stringent commitments by Annex I Parties to increase demand and possible additional mechanisms to increase supply; and • new sources of predictable funds to provide additional external financial flows to developing countries for adaptation and mitigation. If the funding available under the financial mechanism of the UNFCCC remains at its current level and continues to rely mainly on voluntary contributions, it would not be sufficient to address the estimated future financial flows needed for mitigation and adaptation.', 'If the funding available under the financial mechanism of the UNFCCC remains at its current level and continues to rely mainly on voluntary contributions, it would not be sufficient to address the estimated future financial flows needed for mitigation and adaptation. However, with the right policies and/or incentives, a substantial part of the required additional investment and financial flows could be covered by currently available sources. National policies can assist in shifting investments and financial flows made by private and public investors into more climate-friendly alternatives and optimizing the use of available funds by spreading the risk across private and public investors.', 'National policies can assist in shifting investments and financial flows made by private and public investors into more climate-friendly alternatives and optimizing the use of available funds by spreading the risk across private and public investors. Improvement in, and an optimal combination of mechanisms, such as the carbon markets, financial mechanism of the Convention, ODA, national policies and, in some cases, new and additional resources– will be needed to mobilize the necessary investment and financial flows to address climate change.4.5 Barriers and Opportunities towards the NDCs implementation The implementation of mitigation actions faces multiple barriers in various areas such as institutional, organisational, financial and technology technological issues. There is an urgent need to improve the enabling environment for tracking climate change activities.', 'There is an urgent need to improve the enabling environment for tracking climate change activities. Many barriers have been removed in recent years to speed up the implementation of mitigation projects. The existing challenges cannot be addressed alone, and coordinated and concerted efforts of all partners are needed. It is for this reason that Namibia has joined the NDC Partnership, and we believe that it will be a valuable partnership to assist the country to achieve NDC targets and contribute to the overall goals outlined in the Paris Agreement. Investment in climate mitigation activities will be associated with high perceived and actual risks related to environmental, technological, financial, and regulatory uncertainties.', 'Investment in climate mitigation activities will be associated with high perceived and actual risks related to environmental, technological, financial, and regulatory uncertainties. Namibia will explore various de-risking instruments that include insurance, guarantees and derivative-based products, as tools that can directly improve the risk-return profile in favour of low carbon technologies. It is also expected that the technical and financial support provided by the NDC Partnership will facilitate the closure of information gaps in areas that are critical to determining the status and effectiveness of the NDCs. Assessment and evaluation of essential baseline data and variables, such as GDP, industrial production, population, consumption, expenditure, land-use, soil quality, water quality, precipitation and evaporation are critical fields.', 'Assessment and evaluation of essential baseline data and variables, such as GDP, industrial production, population, consumption, expenditure, land-use, soil quality, water quality, precipitation and evaporation are critical fields. In essence, the NDC partnership plan is to make provision for the collection of baseline data as well as the expansion of tracking and monitoring data related to the various aspects of the NDC implementation process. Namibia has significant renewable energy potential and has taken steps to direct investment and creating an enabling environment for private sector investment in renewables. Namibia’s transport is dominated by the road component for both passengers and goods.', 'Namibia’s transport is dominated by the road component for both passengers and goods. Taking into consideration the extended geographic nature of the country with low population densities outside its urban areas, there is little prospect for the transport landscape to change in the short or medium term. 4.5.2 IPPU including RAC. In the cement industry use of extenders and other materials to replace GHG-intensive clinker has been one way of reducing the GHG intensity of cementitious products. The challenge is that the long-term properties of these products are not known. This makes it difficult to find an appropriate “properties” metric to use as the denominator.', 'This makes it difficult to find an appropriate “properties” metric to use as the denominator. For the RAC sector the main barriers hindering the uptake of highly efficient, low-GWP RAC appliances include 1) The absence of market guidance and/or incentives for investment in energy-efficient and climate-friendly products, 2) Standardised technician training regarding maximisation of energy efficiency and safe-handling and installation of climate-friendly (natural) refrigerants which are flammable and/or toxic limited and requiresstrengthening and expansion, 3) Lack of a standardised MRV system, 4) Lack of public awareness of climate- friendly refrigerant alternatives, such as natural refrigerants, 5) Current lack of financial mechanisms to support the replacement of high-GWP and inefficient units.', 'For the RAC sector the main barriers hindering the uptake of highly efficient, low-GWP RAC appliances include 1) The absence of market guidance and/or incentives for investment in energy-efficient and climate-friendly products, 2) Standardised technician training regarding maximisation of energy efficiency and safe-handling and installation of climate-friendly (natural) refrigerants which are flammable and/or toxic limited and requiresstrengthening and expansion, 3) Lack of a standardised MRV system, 4) Lack of public awareness of climate- friendly refrigerant alternatives, such as natural refrigerants, 5) Current lack of financial mechanisms to support the replacement of high-GWP and inefficient units. Implementing mitigation actions in the AFOLU sector is challenging given a lack of data and complexities associated with multiple stakeholders at multiple scales.', 'Implementing mitigation actions in the AFOLU sector is challenging given a lack of data and complexities associated with multiple stakeholders at multiple scales. Land ownership coupled with high financial costs, a harsh arid climate, lack of technology and capacity are some of the challenges facing Namibia. Limited waste is generated in Namibia (due to a small population). There are long distances between the municipalities making it expensive to transport waste. There is also inadequate waste characterisation. Viable waste to energy projects requires access to reliable and suitable feedstock which, given the current system, presents may present a potential barrier. Finally, administrative, and technical capacity requirements tend to be quite high.', 'Finally, administrative, and technical capacity requirements tend to be quite high. Namibia is aware that the implementation of our NDC presents several challenges, particularly in terms of financial and technological resources. Substantial funding is required to enable Namibia to meet its pledges. Namibia, as a developing country, faces numerous difficult challenges to maintain the welfare of its population. As such, the country will not be able to allocate adequate funding to meet the climate change agenda, even if this is of prime importance to it. Efforts, including incentives to attract private investors, have been deployed to bring in the funds needed.', 'Efforts, including incentives to attract private investors, have been deployed to bring in the funds needed. 5 MONITORING, REPORTING AND VERIFICATION FOR NDC TRACKING 5.1 MRV systems in Namibia Namibia’s efforts will undoubtedly contribute to the global efforts to mitigate the adverse impacts of climate change. In this context, the country is strengthening the existing institutional arrangements, to ensure a robust and transparent climate action that would enable to build a vibrant national Measurement, Reporting and Verification system (MRV). The system is expected to harmonize and track all data needs of the relevant local and international stakeholders.', 'The system is expected to harmonize and track all data needs of the relevant local and international stakeholders. It is to comprise of the following components: mitigation, adaptation, GHG inventory, support received, and support needed.5.1.1 Barriers and Opportunities to MRV Namibia presented conceptual MRV systems in its BUR1 and BUR2, with the intent of implementing the same. To date, some progress has been recorded but this is still insufficient to meet the reporting requirements. Recognising this gap in the reporting framework, this is a very urgent item on the agenda of the country and is considered of utmost importance in the near future, in line with the revision of the NDC and its implementation post-2020.', 'Recognising this gap in the reporting framework, this is a very urgent item on the agenda of the country and is considered of utmost importance in the near future, in line with the revision of the NDC and its implementation post-2020. Based on the collection of data and other information for producing the last 3 GHG inventories and mitigation and needs chapters of the 3 BURs, it is evident that the present institutional arrangements for the MRV of Emissions (GHG inventory) are still weak and need strengthening while the MRV for Mitigation and Support are still in their infancies.', 'Based on the collection of data and other information for producing the last 3 GHG inventories and mitigation and needs chapters of the 3 BURs, it is evident that the present institutional arrangements for the MRV of Emissions (GHG inventory) are still weak and need strengthening while the MRV for Mitigation and Support are still in their infancies. Further work, brainstorming and consultation with stakeholders has led to the design of an improved MRV concept which will take on board objectively performing institutional arrangements to make the systems functional in the coming years, after appropriate capacity building. The proposed new concepts for the 3 MRV systems are presented in the BUR3, the intent being to meet the requirements of the Paris Agreement (PA).', 'The proposed new concepts for the 3 MRV systems are presented in the BUR3, the intent being to meet the requirements of the Paris Agreement (PA). Efforts have been deployed to develop the MRV systems and build capacity domestically to sustainably assess and report emissions, mitigation actions, including emissions reductions and support needed and received within the framework of the UNFCCC. Progress has been made but there remain challenges relating to: • Systematic availability of all data required for the UNFCCC reports; • Sufficiency of resources to implement the MRV components exhaustively; • Adequate capacity to undertake mitigation assessments; and • Formalised roles and responsibilities of institutions and individuals for accountability.', 'Progress has been made but there remain challenges relating to: • Systematic availability of all data required for the UNFCCC reports; • Sufficiency of resources to implement the MRV components exhaustively; • Adequate capacity to undertake mitigation assessments; and • Formalised roles and responsibilities of institutions and individuals for accountability. 5.1.2 MRV Capacity Needs A major gap identified is the inability of the system to effectively aggregate the cumulative effects of individual mitigations and adaptation actions as well as evaluating policy measures. The following capacity building needs were identified: • Training on the latest IPCC, UNFCCC guidelines, data processing. • Capacity-building on GHG data management and institutional arrangements.', '• Capacity-building on GHG data management and institutional arrangements. • Continuous training of GHG experts, especially new experts on GHGs at the international level; and • Assessment and monitoring of the effects of GHGs on the policy level for mitigation and adaptation actions.5.2 Institutional arrangements to track NDC implementation. An effective MRV system is necessary to successfully implement Namibia s NDC, which enables the country to monitor the effectiveness of its mitigation and adaptation measures and facilitates access to climate finance. Following the national institutional framework for climate change management, the climate change unit in the Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism is responsible for tracking progress. The Project Management Unit coordinates the day-to-day issues related to the development of reports.', 'The Project Management Unit coordinates the day-to-day issues related to the development of reports. Sector leads have been identified for each of the IPCC sectors, see Figure 5.1. The working group members are currently responsible for collecting and providing activity data from their sectors. Namibia Statistics Agency (NSA) has played a key role in providing key national statistics, especially on imports and exports of commodities. Currently, data archiving is done by the MEFT, however, discussions have started to have this task under the NSA. Current existing institutional arrangements are depicted in Figure 5.1.FIGURE 5.1. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR NDC TRACKING. Table 5.1 summarises Namibia’s framework for tracking and reporting on the progress of implementing the mitigation and adaptation goals outlined in this NDC.', 'Table 5.1 summarises Namibia’s framework for tracking and reporting on the progress of implementing the mitigation and adaptation goals outlined in this NDC. It summarises the institutions’ roles and responsibilities to guide and support the implementation of NDC MRV at the national level including policy and strategic decision levels. MRV SYSTEM Archiving (NSA & CCU unit- MEFT QA/QC Coordinator (CCU unit - MEFT) Capacity Building (CCU unit - MEFT & International Consultant) Computation of Emissions and QA (International Consultant) Data Providers NSA & other stakeholders Energy Sector Lead (Ministry of Mines and Energy) Water Sector Lead (Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism) IPPU Sector Lead (Ministry of industrialisation, Trade &SME development) AFOLU Sector Lead (Ministry of Agriculture, Water and LAnd Reform)TABLE 5.1. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR NAMIBIA’S NDC MRV MANAGEMENT: RESPONSIBILITIES AND ROLES IN CLIMATE CHANGE MANAGEMENT.', 'INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR NAMIBIA’S NDC MRV MANAGEMENT: RESPONSIBILITIES AND ROLES IN CLIMATE CHANGE MANAGEMENT. Name of Stakeholder Current role in climate change management Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism (MEFT) Responsible for coordinating, managing climate change issues in the country and implementation of the UNFCCC. The MEFT is also responsible for the coordination of the transposition and implementation of environmental laws in the field of environmental and climate change. The MEFT is the coordinator of the GHG emissions Inventory and is the lead for the estimates of the Waste Sector.', 'The MEFT is the coordinator of the GHG emissions Inventory and is the lead for the estimates of the Waste Sector. National Climate Change Committee (NCCC) The multi-sectoral National Climate Change Committee (NCCC) consisting of representatives from relevant ministries and other stakeholders including the private sector, NGOs, academia and implementing partners, oversees the implementation of the climate change policy, including the preparation of National Communications (NC) and Biennial Update Reports (BUR) Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME) The ministry is in charge of monitoring and reporting in the key sectors relevant to climate change mitigation including energy management, energy efficiency and renewable energy. GHG inventory lead for the Energy sector, including mitigation.', 'GHG inventory lead for the Energy sector, including mitigation. Involved in data collection and transmission activities Ministry of Water, Agriculture and Land Reform (MAWLR) It oversees monitoring and reporting in key sectors of climate change mitigation (AFOLU) and adaptation in agriculture, forestry, and water management. GHG inventory lead for AFOLU Sector, including mitigation. Already involved in data collection and transmission activities. Ministry of Industrialisation Trade and SME Development (MITSMED) It oversees monitoring and reporting on IPPU adaptation and mitigation. GHG inventory lead for IPPU Sector. Already involved in data collection and transmission activities.', 'Already involved in data collection and transmission activities. Office of the Prime Minister Member of NCCC and technical working groups.Name of Stakeholder Current role in climate change management Environmental Investment Fund (EIF) Fund supporting the protection of the environment, its biological diversity and ecological life-support functions; and the promotion of sustainable natural resources use for economic development by supporting green and environmental enterprises. Expertise in gender. Its gender policy is aimed at contributing to better health for both women and men, through health research, policies and programmes which give due attention to gender considerations and promote equity and equality between women and men. Member of NCCC and responsible for resource mobilization for NCCC. National Planning Commission (NPC) Responsible for all national planning activities.', 'National Planning Commission (NPC) Responsible for all national planning activities. Namibia Statistics Agency (NSA) Has the national legal mandate to collect and archive all national data; hence they will be a crucial stakeholder for sex- disaggregated data collection in the project. Key data provider of the GHG emissions inventory, archiving and socio-economics scenarios. Already involved in data collection and transmission activities. Namibia Agronomic Board (NAB) AD and info on agriculture, fertilizer and practices. Already involved in data collection and transmission activities. Civil aviation office Data provider of the GHG emissions inventory on LTOs and bunkering Already involved in data collection and transmission activities. Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME) Data provider for mitigation and adaptation policies, specifically responsible for information on energy policies and electricity generation.', 'Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME) Data provider for mitigation and adaptation policies, specifically responsible for information on energy policies and electricity generation. Namibia Roads Authority (NRA) Data provider of the GHG emissions inventory on vehicles and road transport. Already involved in data collection and transmission activities. Namibia Airports Authority (NAA) Data provider of the GHG emissions inventory on civil aviation. Already involved in data collection and transmission activities. Agribank of Namibia Loan providerName of Stakeholder Current role in climate change management Meat Cooperation of Namibia (Meatco) (Parastatal) Data provider of the GHG emissions inventory on the livestock sector. Already involved in data collection and transmission activities. National Commission on Research Science and Technology Research clearance Namibia Meteorological Services Data provider on adaptation.', 'National Commission on Research Science and Technology Research clearance Namibia Meteorological Services Data provider on adaptation. Promotes the application of meteorology to aviation, maritime operations, water resources, agriculture, health, energy, tourism, environment and other sectors of the national economy. To acquire and preserve Namibia s national climate data for use by the present and future generations and posterity. City Council of Windhoek Data provider of the GHG emissions inventory and mitigation on the waste sector. Already involved in data collection and transmission activities. TransNamib Data provider of the GHG emissions inventory on rail transport. Not involved in data collection and transmission activities. Nampower Data provider of the GHG emissions inventory on electricity generation. Already involved in data collection and transmission activities.', 'Already involved in data collection and transmission activities. Namibian Dairies Data provider of the GHG emissions inventory on information on cattle feeds. Already involved in data collection and transmission activities. Ohorongo Information on carbon emissions related to Portland clinker production. Already involved in data collection and transmission activities. Ohlthaver & List Group of Companies Data provider of the GHG emissions inventory on the IPPU sector. Already involved in data collection and transmission activities.Name of Stakeholder Current role in climate change management Development Bank of Namibia Provides finance for larger enterprises in key economic sectors that are expected to deliver development impact, economic activity and employment. The Bank finances previously disadvantaged Namibians and women entrepreneurs. The DBN has been instrumental in availing climate mitigation funding to non-state actors.', 'The DBN has been instrumental in availing climate mitigation funding to non-state actors. University of Namibia Develop national emission factors. Already involved in data collection and transmission activities. Namibia University of Science & Technology Develop national emission factors. Already involved in data collection and transmission activities. Namibia Energy Institute Serves as a national information resource base for sustainable energy use and management. Already involved in data collection and transmission activities. International University of Management (IUM) Already involved in data collection and transmission activities. Desert Research Foundation Studies and surveys for GHG inventory and EFs Namibia Medical Society Works towards cost-effective and efficient health service provision to the people of Namibia through the existing medical capacity and capability. Red Cross Society Support gender-responsive disaster management and humanitarian action related to climate change.', 'Red Cross Society Support gender-responsive disaster management and humanitarian action related to climate change. The Namibian Association of Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) Support Organisations (NACSO) As an association comprising 8 Non-Government Organisations (NGOs) and the University of Namibia, NACSO provides services to rural communities seeking to manage and utilise their natural resources in a sustainable manner. Could provide support on the linkages between gender and climate change. Integrated Rural Development and Nature Conservation Works towards improving the lives of rural people by diversifying the socio-economy in Namibia’s communal areas to include wildlife and other valuable natural resources. Provides capacity building training with a focus on building women’s leadership skills.', 'Provides capacity building training with a focus on building women’s leadership skills. Namibian Development Trust Seeks to ensure improved livelihoods and empower rural communities Media Institute of Southern Africa (NAMIBIA) MISA is a media institute, providing media and literacy training and access to information.Name of Stakeholder Current role in climate change management NBC As the public broadcaster of Namibia, NBC is uniquely positioned to increase the awareness of the public on climate change mitigation, adaptation and reporting. FAO Supports strengthened capacity for disaster risk reduction, resilience building and climate change adaptation and mitigation in Namibia IOM IOM is the leading inter-governmental organization in the field of migration, and works on climate change-induced migration. UNIDO Specialized agency of the United Nations promoting industrial development for poverty reduction, inclusive globalisation, and environmental sustainability.', 'UNIDO Specialized agency of the United Nations promoting industrial development for poverty reduction, inclusive globalisation, and environmental sustainability. GIZ Specialized agency of the German cooperation for supporting climate action in developing countries. Friedrich-Ebert Stiftung Promotes democracy, development, social justice and peace through capacity-building, policy research, public dialogue, and international exchange. Commissioned research on youth and climate change in Namibia.Kirui, T. K. (2018). Countries in Africa With the Longest Coastlines - WorldAtlas. MET. (2015). National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan 2013 – 2020. MET, N. (2013). National Policy on Climate Change for Namibia. Ministry of Mines and Energy. (2017). National Renewable Energy Policy for Namibia (Issue July). Namibia Statistics Agency. (2019). Namibia Census of Agriculture 2013 2104 - Communal Sector Report (Revised Report) (Issue November). NAZCA.', 'Namibia Census of Agriculture 2013 2104 - Communal Sector Report (Revised Report) (Issue November). NAZCA. (2019). Climate Ambition Alliance: Net Zero 2050. NDCPartnership. (n.d.). Youth Engagement | NDC Partnership. Retrieved May 15, 2021, from Nexentury. (2021). O&L Nexentury Acquires KFW/DEG Grant for Green Hydrogen Study | O&L hydrogen-study/ NPC. (2017). Namibia’s 5th National Development Plan (NDP 5). Office of the President. (2004). Namibia Vision 2030. Republic of Namibia. (2015a). Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) of The Republic of Namibia to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Issue September). Republic of Namibia. (2015b). Republic of Namibia National GHG Inventory Report (Issue August). Republic of Namibia. (2016a). Harambee Prosperity Plan: Namibian Government’s Action Plan towards Prosperity for All. In Harambe Prosperity Plan. Republic of Namibia. (2016b).', 'In Harambe Prosperity Plan. Republic of Namibia. (2016b). Harambee Prosperity Plan 2016 - 2020. Republic of Namibia. (2016c). National GHG Inventory Report NIR 2 (Issue September). Republic of Namibia. (2018). National GHG Inventory Report NIR 3 (Issue October). Republic of Namibia. (2019). National GHG Inventory Report NC4 (Issue September). Republic of Namibia. (2020). Namibia’s Fourth National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Issue March 2020). The report on 1.5°C global warming-relevant aspects for climate services. (2019). Climate Services. UNDP. (2018). NDC Partnership | UNDP in Namibia.partnership.html UNFCCC. (2018). 2018 Talanoa Dialogue Platform. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Vaidyula, M., & Hood, C. (2018). Accounting for baseline targets in NDCs: Issues and options for guidance.', 'Accounting for baseline targets in NDCs: Issues and options for guidance. Climate Change Expert Group Paper No.2018(2). World Bank. (2020). Green Hydrogen in Deeveloping Countries. In Energy Sector Management Assistance Program. WWF. (2020). Enhancing NDCs through nature-based solutions: 8 simple recommedations for integrating nature into NDCs. Authors: Martin, S., Bartlett, R., Kim, M. (S. Martin, R. Bartlett, & M. Kim (Eds. ); Issue March).Appendix 1: Detailed Mitigation Measures No. Mitigation action Baseline and targets Sector GHG mitigation potential - % of BAU scenario Finance costs (USD) Conditionality Energy Feed- in Tariff (REFIT) 170 MW PV - replacing imports plus Ruacana Unconditional 2 Solar Rooftop systems 45 MW PV - replacing imports Unconditional generation 13 MW PV replacing imports Unconditional 4 Solar power generation MW PV - replacing imports & 20 MW Solar IPP Power Plant Unconditional 5 Wind power generation Luderitz Wind replacing imports & 50 MW Wind IPP Power Plant Unconditional Energy plant replacing imports Conditional generation Baynes Hydro MW Unconditional 8 Solar water heaters Through the Solar Thermal Road Map SWH Unconditional vehicle fuel efficiency standards Promote passenger vehicle fuel efficiency standards in 80 % of total passenger vehicle UnconditionalNo.', 'Mitigation action Baseline and targets Sector GHG mitigation potential - % of BAU scenario Finance costs (USD) Conditionality Energy Feed- in Tariff (REFIT) 170 MW PV - replacing imports plus Ruacana Unconditional 2 Solar Rooftop systems 45 MW PV - replacing imports Unconditional generation 13 MW PV replacing imports Unconditional 4 Solar power generation MW PV - replacing imports & 20 MW Solar IPP Power Plant Unconditional 5 Wind power generation Luderitz Wind replacing imports & 50 MW Wind IPP Power Plant Unconditional Energy plant replacing imports Conditional generation Baynes Hydro MW Unconditional 8 Solar water heaters Through the Solar Thermal Road Map SWH Unconditional vehicle fuel efficiency standards Promote passenger vehicle fuel efficiency standards in 80 % of total passenger vehicle UnconditionalNo. Mitigation action Baseline and targets Sector GHG mitigation potential - % of BAU scenario Finance costs (USD) Conditionality population by Vehicles Vehicles - replacing gasoline Conditional switching Hydrogen replacing diesel Conditional vehicles (LDV) Reducing fuel use by 20% Unconditional clinker clinker in cement production Unconditional residential air conditioners Switch to R290 (propane) Conditional 15 Car air conditioning Safe disposal of old car ACs Conditional refrigeration Switch to (isobutane) and safe disposal of old refrigerators Conditional refrigeration (Stand-alone equipment) Switch to R290 (propane) and and safe disposal of old equipment Conditional refrigeration (Condensing units) Switch to R290 (propane) and and safe disposal of old equipment Conditional deforestation reduce deforestation rate by 75 % USD Conditional 20 Reforestation Reforest of 20,000 ha per year ConditionalNo.', 'Mitigation action Baseline and targets Sector GHG mitigation potential - % of BAU scenario Finance costs (USD) Conditionality population by Vehicles Vehicles - replacing gasoline Conditional switching Hydrogen replacing diesel Conditional vehicles (LDV) Reducing fuel use by 20% Unconditional clinker clinker in cement production Unconditional residential air conditioners Switch to R290 (propane) Conditional 15 Car air conditioning Safe disposal of old car ACs Conditional refrigeration Switch to (isobutane) and safe disposal of old refrigerators Conditional refrigeration (Stand-alone equipment) Switch to R290 (propane) and and safe disposal of old equipment Conditional refrigeration (Condensing units) Switch to R290 (propane) and and safe disposal of old equipment Conditional deforestation reduce deforestation rate by 75 % USD Conditional 20 Reforestation Reforest of 20,000 ha per year ConditionalNo. Mitigation action Baseline and targets Sector GHG mitigation potential - % of BAU scenario Finance costs (USD) Conditionality grassland restoration million ha of grassland savanna and soil carbo Conditional practice ha of trees per year under Agroforestry Unconditional Forestry Plant 5,000 ha of trees under Urban Forestry Unconditional Solid Waste (MSW) transformatio n MSW to electricity and compost Conditional recycling Increase Recycling of plastic waste and e-waste by Conditional 26 Methane net zero emissions Methane net zero emissions of the target Conditional TOTAL MITIGATION FUNDING REQUIREMENT: USD 3, 610, 000, 000 (approximately 3.61 billion US dollars)Appendix 2: Detailed Adaptation Measures No. Adaptation action Ministry Co-benefits (mitigation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Conditional/ Unconditional Gender Youth Private sector SDGs Water resources 1 Provide full support for integrated water resources management Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform.', 'Adaptation action Ministry Co-benefits (mitigation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Conditional/ Unconditional Gender Youth Private sector SDGs Water resources 1 Provide full support for integrated water resources management Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform. • Sustainable management of water resources • More positive and water conservative attitudes and practices • Cross-sectoral use of water monitoring and management data USD 17,600,000 Unconditional • Establishment of well-defined gender-inclusive mandates with responsibilities for the implementation of many of the elements of the IWRM Framework. • Empower youth and define mechanisms to enable their engagement and integration of different water resources management processes • Partner with the government on investment for key water infrastructure projects, including rehabilitation and modernization of existing infrastructure. 2 Establish best practice systems for improving the efficiency of water use Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform. • Decrease in water losses and wastages • Decrease in water costs USD 15,000,000 Unconditional 3 Coordinate use of surface and groundwater resources and artificially increase the recharge rate of groundwater aquifers to reduce evaporation Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform. • Improved allocation between users and uses; • Decrease in pressure and treatment of other water resources • Stimulation of water-saving and use efficiency USD 7,200,000 UnconditionalNo.', '• Improved allocation between users and uses; • Decrease in pressure and treatment of other water resources • Stimulation of water-saving and use efficiency USD 7,200,000 UnconditionalNo. Adaptation action Ministry Co-benefits (mitigation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Conditional/ Unconditional Gender Youth Private sector SDGs 4 Improve water demand management, particularly at the local level and in the agricultural, industrial, mining and tourism sectors Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform. • Improvement in synergy and engagement between/among water users • Improved water allocation and abstraction limits • Improved productivity USD 17,400,000 Conditional 5 Monitor and control groundwater use more strictly Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform. • Reduced losses and wastages • Improved productivity USD 58,275,000 Unconditional seawater desalination Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform. • Diversification of water supply. • Increased resilience to reduce per capita freshwater availability. • Provision of safe drinking water due to the high quality of output water. • Decrease in pressure and treatment on other water resources USD 78,650,000 Conditional Agriculture diversification of crops to hedge against erratic rainfall and shorter seasons Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform.', '• Decrease in pressure and treatment on other water resources USD 78,650,000 Conditional Agriculture diversification of crops to hedge against erratic rainfall and shorter seasons Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform. • Increased resilience to climate change and natural disasters • Promotion of climate-friendly agriculture business value chain USD 19,500,000 Conditional • Inclusion of gender considerations in climate agriculture initiatives • Engagements and investments in climate-smart agriculture targeting youths both inNo. Adaptation action Ministry Co-benefits (mitigation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Conditional/ Unconditional Gender Youth Private sector SDGs (Climate Smart Agriculture) • Sustained/increased productivity and profitability urban and rural areas. 8 Development of improved crop varieties that adapt to climate change (Climate Resilient Agriculture) Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform. • Improved plant genetics • Increased resilience to climate change and natural disasters • Improved food production USD 24,750,000 Conditional access to farming inputs (i.e. seed and fertilizer) availability and maintain consistency in yields (Climate Resilient Agriculture) Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform. • Increased productivity facilitates reduced deforestation and helps the integrity of forests which are important carbon sinks • increase the carbon sequestration potential of agricultural soils by contributing to their building up of soil organic matter (SOM). USD 26,250,000 ConditionalNo.', '• Increased productivity facilitates reduced deforestation and helps the integrity of forests which are important carbon sinks • increase the carbon sequestration potential of agricultural soils by contributing to their building up of soil organic matter (SOM). USD 26,250,000 ConditionalNo. Adaptation action Ministry Co-benefits (mitigation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Conditional/ Unconditional Gender Youth Private sector SDGs protected cultivation and improved planting methods for enhancing water use efficiency and crop productivity (e.g. greenhouses, net houses, mulching, spot planting/zero tillage) (Climate Resilient Agriculture) Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform. • Increased productivity facilitates reduced deforestation and helps the integrity of forests which are important carbon sinks USD 9,817,500 Conditional 11 Promote the use of water targeting only irrigation of high-value crops (Climate Resilient Agriculture) Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform. Water conservation and increased availability in other sectors USD 12,925,000 ConditionalNo. Adaptation action Ministry Co-benefits (mitigation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Conditional/ Unconditional Gender Youth Private sector SDGs climate resilience in livestock management through strategies such as the creation of fallback grazing areas and mixing small and large stock herds of various breeds (Climate Smart Agriculture) Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform. • Reduced land degradation • Improved pasture and agroforestry practices USD 283,306,375 Conditional integrated pest management as an ecosystem approach to crop production and protection (Climate Resilient Agriculture) • Decreases negative impacts on the broader ecosystem, making farming systems more resilient to climate change.', '• Reduced land degradation • Improved pasture and agroforestry practices USD 283,306,375 Conditional integrated pest management as an ecosystem approach to crop production and protection (Climate Resilient Agriculture) • Decreases negative impacts on the broader ecosystem, making farming systems more resilient to climate change. • Revitalises the important role of extension, research and the public and private sectors for pest forecasting, surveillance, detection and control, as these are vital services to increase resilience. USD ConditionalNo. Adaptation action Ministry Co-benefits (mitigation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Conditional/ Unconditional Gender Youth Private sector SDGs 14 Improvement of support services and capacity building to crop production resilient to climate change by promoting research, trials and up-scaling climate-smart farming systems that increase resilience to climate change. • Improved knowledge, capacity and buy-in by other agricultural sector players • Job creation and improved capacity of youth involved in the agriculture business USD 3,784,600 Unconditional Forestry savanna restoration through bush thinning for increased land productivity, improved food security, improved groundwater recharge and increased biodiversity • Improved food security and water management; • Conservation of biodiversity USD Conditional • Facilitate affected women’s participation in decision making, thereby assuring that their points of view on forest use are taken into account. • Promote and increase women’s equal participation via gender goals or affirmative action.', '• Promote and increase women’s equal participation via gender goals or affirmative action. Engagements and active participation of youth in sustainable forestry initiatives, adaptation, and policy reforms. • Promote and engage the private sector to monitor rates of deforestation and share with affected and interested stakeholders (e.g., scientists, land managers, traditionalNo. Adaptation action Ministry Co-benefits (mitigation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Conditional/ Unconditional Gender Youth Private sector SDGs 16 Bush biomass utilization and value addition (Bush based animal feed production, biochar application, drought resilience, improved food security, bush- to-energy, employment & income creation) Biodiversity conservation USD116,000,000 Conditional • Include gender indicators in forestry management monitoring and evaluation. authorities, policymakers, general public, etc) agroforestry interventions to ensure food security (biomass of fodder, meat and Non-Timber Forest Produces (NTPs)) in Namibia’s most vulnerable communities. Shade provision, soil fertilization, fruit production, or timber value, because they provide diversified habitats, income sources, and allow alternative adaptation USD 98,000,000 Unconditional Coastal zone and fisheriesNo. Adaptation action Ministry Co-benefits (mitigation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Conditional/ Unconditional Gender Youth Private sector SDGs legislation to reduce property and infrastructure development in environmentally sensitive areas and areas at risk of sea-level rise Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources • Reduced pollution • Conservation of marine ecosystems USD 14,962,500 Conditional 1. Enhancement of understanding of gender differences and addressing inequities. These are critical for improving the effectiveness and sustainability of marines and fisheries.', 'These are critical for improving the effectiveness and sustainability of marines and fisheries. engagement in addressing constraints to improving gender equity and equality in coastal zones and fisheries • Engagement and active involvement of women in potential adaptation actions including building adaptive capacity through education and information, protecting property or land, increasing awareness of impacts, maintaining well-being, sustaining economic growth, or taking advantage of new opportunities. 2. Comprehensive regulatory framework for environmental protection and sustainable development is in place. Most of the country’s coastal areas are protected, national parks and significant areas of the EEZ have restrictions in place regarding access to and the use of natural marine resources. There are existing structures and procedures to monitor industry activities and the exploitation of natural marine and coastal resources. • The National 19 Research and monitor sea- level rise Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources • Keeping track of ocean and coastal areas—monitoring and assessing how these areas are changing—will facilitate keeping coastal communities, economies, and ecosystems healthy.', '• The National 19 Research and monitor sea- level rise Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources • Keeping track of ocean and coastal areas—monitoring and assessing how these areas are changing—will facilitate keeping coastal communities, economies, and ecosystems healthy. • Environmental observations and forecasts • Early detection of water pollution and rapid response • Risk assessment data for pollution impact USD 33,000,000 Conditional vulnerability mapping Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources Guidance on climate change planning and support of resilience to anticipated climate change by enhancing understanding of planners of the nature USD 8,662,500 ConditionalNo. Adaptation action Ministry Co-benefits (mitigation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Conditional/ Unconditional Gender Youth Private sector SDGs of vulnerability to climate change • Monitoring gender balance in fisheries and aquaculture production • Timely decision- making processes for mitigation and adaptation to climate change. These are crucial to avoid the costs of inaction and to ensure environmental, social and economic sustainability of seafood production. Policy on Coastal Management for Namibia, states that one of the policy implementation strategies is to improve the resilience of coastal systems to climate and environmental change. • Develop a blue economy strategy or policy.', '• Develop a blue economy strategy or policy. • Ensure clear roles and responsibilities in government administration and management of coastal areas • Investment in crucial infrastructure and research as well as research and development with the insurance market to guide investment in coastal areas Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources • Adequate risk assessment and eventuality planning and adaptation • Better understanding of climate change property risks and appropriate cover USD 11,134,600 Unconditional 22 Develop an early warning system Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources • Preparation of diverse sectors and communities for climate-related events • Protection of human lives, biodiversity, infrastructure and property, land, jobs and supports long term sustainability • Facilitate public and private sectors in planning, protecting economies and saving money in the long run. USD 30,250,000 Conditional wetlands and estuaries Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources • Restoration of ecosystems and conservation of biodiversity • Water pollution remediation and reduction USD 48,000,000 ConditionalNo. Adaptation action Ministry Co-benefits (mitigation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Conditional/ Unconditional Gender Youth Private sector SDGs 24 Install sea walls barriers and barrages Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources • Protection of infrastructure and property • Reduced replacement, maintenance and insurance costs USD 113,300,000 Conditional Tourism sustainable tourism and provide capacity building for climate change innovation in Namibia’s tourism sector.', 'Adaptation action Ministry Co-benefits (mitigation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Conditional/ Unconditional Gender Youth Private sector SDGs 24 Install sea walls barriers and barrages Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources • Protection of infrastructure and property • Reduced replacement, maintenance and insurance costs USD 113,300,000 Conditional Tourism sustainable tourism and provide capacity building for climate change innovation in Namibia’s tourism sector. Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism (MEFT) • Lower Ecological Impact • Conservation of biodiversity • Reduction of land, air and water pollution • Support of local communities by direct engagement and stimulating their economies • Environmentally aware and conscious tourists USD 57,435,000 Conditional Engage and ensure active participation of women in • discussing policy development, decision-making, and strategies for climate change adaptation and mitigation at all levels of action. • addressing tourism climate change- related issues such as women’s employment in tourism, working conditions, women’s participation in planning and management, gender roles, women’s rights. Possibility for youth awareness raising engagement and active involvement in tourism- related issues and adaptation in a changing climate. This also includes issues such as assessment of the vulnerability of World Heritage sites to climate change impacts and the potential implications conservancies, tourism, and adaptation programs based on community- based natural resource management (CBNRM) Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism (MEFT) USD 4,129400 ConditionalNo.', 'This also includes issues such as assessment of the vulnerability of World Heritage sites to climate change impacts and the potential implications conservancies, tourism, and adaptation programs based on community- based natural resource management (CBNRM) Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism (MEFT) USD 4,129400 ConditionalNo. Adaptation action Ministry Co-benefits (mitigation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Conditional/ Unconditional Gender Youth Private sector SDGs community- based natural resource management data collection and archiving Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism (MEFT) USD 3,580,500 Unconditional for and of tourism. Tourism’s positive role in helping to secure the future of many World Heritage sites in a changing climate is to be taken into account. livelihoods in communities dependent on CBNRM initiatives such as Namibian Conservancy Programme and Community Forests. Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism (MEFT) USD 112,640,000 Conditional Health 29 Strengthen the capacity of health professionals in epidemic preparedness and response Ministry of Health and Social Services • Established mechanisms for developing and implementing an Emergency Risk Management Programme • Competence in the management of the risks of internal and external emergencies, including epidemics; • Adaptation to the specific challenges of an epidemic, whatever the nature of the disease and USD 15,960,000 Conditional • Provision for a climate change sensitive gender dimensions of health care (including mental) and health- seeking behaviours. • Consideration of women’s and men’s relative and different capacities, power, social resilience, vulnerabilities and resources in climate change adaptation strategies.', '• Consideration of women’s and men’s relative and different capacities, power, social resilience, vulnerabilities and resources in climate change adaptation strategies. It is • Awareness raising and conscientisation of the youth of various health- related issues that may arise as a result of climate change. This includes consideration of psychological vulnerabilities such as mental illness,No. Adaptation action Ministry Co-benefits (mitigation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Conditional/ Unconditional Gender Youth Private sector SDGs the resources needed, and even in the event of a concurrent emergency important to note that gender roles and relations can either enable or constrain adaptive capacities. • Identify gender- oriented opportunities to adapt to climate change and to enhance health equity. In addition to putting in place gender-friendly infrastructure, adaptation measures are to address the underlying causes of vulnerability, such as poverty, lack of empowerment, and weaknesses in health care, education, social safety nets and gender equity. • Undertake gender- sensitive assessments and gender- responsive interventions that enhance health and health equity. • Conduct gender- sensitive research, depression, etc and the need to prepare and build resilience in the face of extreme events due to the changing climate. This also includes climate change effects on physical health and building capacity in the resiliency of communities, families, and young people to climate impacts.', 'This also includes climate change effects on physical health and building capacity in the resiliency of communities, families, and young people to climate impacts. • Engagement of youth on adaptation strategies of possible ways communities, youths included, can address anticipated, current, and future climate threats to public health. 30 Recruit and train community health workers to provide emergency first aid Ministry of Health and Social Services Personnel are fully aware of their roles in preparing for, and responding to, an emergency, improving community well-being and confidence in the health care system USD 9,450,000 Unconditional 31 Improve staff training on prevention and treatment of malnutrition Ministry of Health and Social Services • Improved local community being wellbeing • Early detection of malnutrition • Greater awareness in the local community in nutrition planning and supplementation • Improved health care system USD 11,550,000 Conditional 32 Enhance and further mainstream climate-related awareness Ministry of Health and Social Services • Better understanding by the local community on health and other impacts of global warming and measures to address climate change USD 4,830,000 UnconditionalNo. Adaptation action Ministry Co-benefits (mitigation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Conditional/ Unconditional Gender Youth Private sector SDGs • Increase in literacy encourages change in attitudes and behaviour.', 'Adaptation action Ministry Co-benefits (mitigation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Conditional/ Unconditional Gender Youth Private sector SDGs • Increase in literacy encourages change in attitudes and behaviour. It also enables the local community to adapt to climate change trends including collection, analysis and reporting of gender data, to better understand the health implications of climate change and climate policies. 33 Improve access to timely and relevant information Ministry of Health and Social Services USD 9,450,000 Unconditional 34 Strengthen the policies required to effectively address both slow-onset and catastrophic events Ministry of Health and Social Services • Improved health and reduced resources use, • Increased resource efficiency, • Economic security, • Sustainability of ecosystems • Increased economic dynamism USD 8,610,000 Conditional 35 Develop health- centred adaptation strategies Ministry of Health and Social Services • Enhance and further mainstream climate- related awareness • Mitigation of slow onset and catastrophic events (e.g., increase the patient to medical health ratio) • Establishment of a climate-proof the public health system • Strengthened water and sanitation systems USD 3,025,000 UnconditionalNo.', '33 Improve access to timely and relevant information Ministry of Health and Social Services USD 9,450,000 Unconditional 34 Strengthen the policies required to effectively address both slow-onset and catastrophic events Ministry of Health and Social Services • Improved health and reduced resources use, • Increased resource efficiency, • Economic security, • Sustainability of ecosystems • Increased economic dynamism USD 8,610,000 Conditional 35 Develop health- centred adaptation strategies Ministry of Health and Social Services • Enhance and further mainstream climate- related awareness • Mitigation of slow onset and catastrophic events (e.g., increase the patient to medical health ratio) • Establishment of a climate-proof the public health system • Strengthened water and sanitation systems USD 3,025,000 UnconditionalNo. Adaptation action Ministry Co-benefits (mitigation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Conditional/ Unconditional Gender Youth Private sector SDGs • Decrease in vector and water-borne diseases (malaria, cholera) the public health system Ministry of Health and Social Services USD 13,200,000 Conditional 37 Strengthen and provide capacity building for water and sanitation systems Ministry of Health and Social Services USD 23,100,000 Conditional Disaster risk management capacities for disaster risk preparedness, contingency planning and risk reduction Ministry of Urban and Rural Development (MURD) • Establishment of necessary regulatory quality for disaster risk standards to be applied effectively. • Achievement of critical development objectives • Reduced poverty • New partnerships between smallholder farmers and agribusiness. There is potential for more resilient agriculture.', 'There is potential for more resilient agriculture. Through partnerships, businesses can reduce their losses as well as support the public USD 577,500 Unconditional Integrate into the vulnerability and risk assessment gender analysis to establish the different ways in which disasters affect men and women. A full understanding of gender roles and norms is decisive for all vulnerability and risk assessments. Social roles and a gender-specific division of labour lead to different and specific degrees Through innovative youth-centred approach engagement of youth on the forms of emergency and disaster situations that can occur because of climate change a various preparedness and response actions.No. Adaptation action Ministry Co-benefits (mitigation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Conditional/ Unconditional Gender Youth Private sector SDGs sector to more effectively build capacity and reduce disaster risks. • Continual development of institutions, political awareness, financial resources, technology systems, and the wider social and cultural enabling environment • Establishment of early warning systems, designing evacuation strategies of exposure and vulnerability for women and girls concerning men and boys. Ensure adaptation and risk management policies and practices take into account the dynamic nature of vulnerability and exposure, and directly address the drivers of vulnerability, in particular those related to gender.', 'Ensure adaptation and risk management policies and practices take into account the dynamic nature of vulnerability and exposure, and directly address the drivers of vulnerability, in particular those related to gender. Ensure women equal participation and capacity-building of women and men are the cornerstones of effective intervention. Resource management capacities of women are an important basis for designing meaningful responses to climate change and disaster prevention, response vulnerability and risk mapping Ministry of Urban and Rural Development (MURD) Identification of other vulnerable groups that would otherwise be missed and incorporated into the planning and mitigation/adaptation process USD 1,102,500 Unconditional information flow and communications between formal structures at the national regional and community levels Ministry of Urban and Rural Development (MURD) Increased awareness and effective regulation and dedicated investments in disaster management USD 1,102,500 UnconditionalNo. Adaptation action Ministry Co-benefits (mitigation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Conditional/ Unconditional Gender Youth Private sector SDGs community- based adaptation practices in both rural and urban areas Ministry of Urban and Rural Development (MURD) • Establishment of alternative means of income i.e. diverse livelihoods, networks, social protection, etc. • Development of leadership and other managerial/functional capacities in areas such as stakeholder engagement, situation assessment and vision definition, formulation of policies and strategies, etc • Training in first aid for community members and survival skills in adverse conditions USD 1,680,000 Unconditional and recovery.', '• Development of leadership and other managerial/functional capacities in areas such as stakeholder engagement, situation assessment and vision definition, formulation of policies and strategies, etc • Training in first aid for community members and survival skills in adverse conditions USD 1,680,000 Unconditional and recovery. Efficient programming requires a balance between the liabilities and capabilities of both women and men. Ensure participation of women on an equal footing in the green economy, notably in regard to their access to clean energy and technology as users and providers of services as well as in subnational, national and multilateral processes related to climate change and disasters/emergency situations. monitoring and documentation of extreme events Ministry of Urban and Rural Development (MURD) • Improvement in monitoring and evaluation • Improved disaster management and response efforts USD 24,750,000 Conditional 43 Develop pro- poor disaster insurance schemes Ministry of Urban and Rural Development (MURD) 1. Poverty alleviation and enhanced resilience to climate change impacts. 2. Insurance promotes opportunities by helping to lessen financial repercussions of volatility and, in the longer term, USD 7,975,000 UnconditionalNo.', 'Insurance promotes opportunities by helping to lessen financial repercussions of volatility and, in the longer term, USD 7,975,000 UnconditionalNo. Adaptation action Ministry Co-benefits (mitigation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Conditional/ Unconditional Gender Youth Private sector SDGs create a space of certainty within which investments, planning and development activities can be undertaken. 3. Safety net and buffer for people shortly after a catastrophic event 4. Insurance can spur transformation by incentivizing risk reduction behaviour and fostering a culture of prevention- focused risk management. TOTAL ADAPTATION FUNDING REQUIREMENT: USD 1, 718, 130, 875 (approximately 1.72 billion US dollars)BLANK PAGE']

en-US

NRU

Nauru

1st NDC

2016-04-07 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Nauru_NDC.pdf

Non-Annex I

High-income

Oceania

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/595e705b0d4e5b47d0a9d81b495ab9014e479ff0a27c1adc9099c7b3580bc8dd.pdf

['REPUBLIC OF NAURU Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (iNDC) Under the United Nations Convention on Climate Change Introduction The Republic of Nauruis one of the smallest independent, democratic states in the world is fully committed to supporting universaland legally binding agreement under the UNFCCC. In this regard, the Republic of Nauru wishes to submit its Determined Contributions (I paragraphs of Decision1/CP.19 and as per the Lima decision information on strategies, plans and actions for emission development. Nauru reserves the right to revise this initial INDC prior to finalization and/or ratification under a new global climate agreement. Executive Summary Nauru’s Intended Nationally Determined Sustainable Development Strategy (NSDS) 2005 Energy Road Map 2014-2020, The Second National Communication (SNC) to the UNFCCC (submitted in 2015), and The Republic of Nauru Clim Risk Management Framework (RONAdapt).', 'Executive Summary Nauru’s Intended Nationally Determined Sustainable Development Strategy (NSDS) 2005 Energy Road Map 2014-2020, The Second National Communication (SNC) to the UNFCCC (submitted in 2015), and The Republic of Nauru Clim Risk Management Framework (RONAdapt). In addition, relevant data and information ha been used from the Nauru Bureau of Statistics private and civil society organizations. Extens were held during the preparation of Nauru’s been profoundly disturbed with the implications of climate change since the problem appeared on the world scene. Be particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change including sea level rise. REPUBLIC OF NAURU Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (iNDC) Under the United Nations Convention on Climate Change one of the smallest independent, democratic states in the world ing a successful outcome from the COP 21 on a new agreement under the UNFCCC.', 'REPUBLIC OF NAURU Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (iNDC) Under the United Nations Convention on Climate Change one of the smallest independent, democratic states in the world ing a successful outcome from the COP 21 on a new agreement under the UNFCCC. Republic of Nauru wishes to submit its initial Intended Nationally INDC) to the UNFCCC in accordance with the paragraphs of Decision1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20. Being a Small Island Developing State 1/CP.20 in paragraph 11, Nauru is mainly communicating information on strategies, plans and actions for climate resilience and low greenhouse gas Nauru reserves the right to revise this initial INDC prior to finalization and/or ratification under a new global climate agreement.', 'Being a Small Island Developing State 1/CP.20 in paragraph 11, Nauru is mainly communicating information on strategies, plans and actions for climate resilience and low greenhouse gas Nauru reserves the right to revise this initial INDC prior to finalization and/or ratification under a new global climate agreement. ationally Determined Contribution (INDC) hinges on its National Sustainable Development Strategy (NSDS) 2005 – 2025 (revised in 2009), The Nauru 2020, The Second National Communication (SNC) to the UNFCCC The Republic of Nauru Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management Framework (RONAdapt). In addition, relevant data and information ha been used from the Nauru Bureau of Statistics and other,various government departments, private and civil society organizations. Extensive consultations with all relevant stakeholders were held during the preparation of Nauru’s INDC.', 'Extensive consultations with all relevant stakeholders were held during the preparation of Nauru’s INDC. Like other small island nations Nauru has with the implications of climate change since the problem appeared on the world scene. Being one of the smaller low lying island nations it is impacts of climate change including sea level rise. Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (iNDC) Under the United Nations Convention on Climate Change one of the smallest independent, democratic states in the worldand a successful outcome from the COP 21 on a new, ambitious, Intended Nationally CCC in accordance with the relevant 1/CP.20.', 'Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (iNDC) Under the United Nations Convention on Climate Change one of the smallest independent, democratic states in the worldand a successful outcome from the COP 21 on a new, ambitious, Intended Nationally CCC in accordance with the relevant 1/CP.20. Being a Small Island Developing State (SIDS), , Nauru is mainly communicating low greenhouse gas Nauru reserves the right to revise this initial INDC prior to finalization and/or NDC) hinges on its National 2025 (revised in 2009), The Nauru 2020, The Second National Communication (SNC) to the UNFCCC ate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management Framework (RONAdapt). In addition, relevant data and information have various government departments, ive consultations with all relevant stakeholders NDC.', 'In addition, relevant data and information have various government departments, ive consultations with all relevant stakeholders NDC. Like other small island nations Nauru has with the implications of climate change since the problem ing one of the smaller low lying island nations it is impacts of climate change including sea level rise.With only around 10,000 persons, Nauru has very limited capacity to respond to a global threat of this magnitude. As such its response has to be streamlined to sit within its capabilities. In this respect its main concern is adaptation.', 'In this respect its main concern is adaptation. This concern is predicated on projected temperature increases due to existing and inevitable near term future levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere which will be sufficient to cause global warming well beyond the 1.5 degrees Celsius that is considered safe for SIDS. This temperature increase will put in place an inevitable sea level rise that will be an existential threat to the Nauruan population. In terms of adaptation Nauru is keen to improve its resilience which has been severely compromised by nearly a century of intensive phosphate mining. One such improvement will be transition to untapped clean energy sources, such as renewable resources rather than relying on the traditional imported dirty liquid fuels.', 'One such improvement will be transition to untapped clean energy sources, such as renewable resources rather than relying on the traditional imported dirty liquid fuels. The other pressing adaptation strategy is to improve the indigenous food supply and potable water availability and storage. In addition there is a concurrent need to rehabilitate the environment and improve the health of the population. The issue of loss and damage is important to Nauru, particularly when considering the current low level of mitigation ambition internationally and the science is telling us that there will be limits to adaptation. For our very survival it is fundamental that loss and damage must be considered as a separate and distinct element from adaptation in the 2015 COP21 agreement.', 'For our very survival it is fundamental that loss and damage must be considered as a separate and distinct element from adaptation in the 2015 COP21 agreement. The main mitigation contribution is to achieve the outcomes and targets under the National Energy Road Map (NERM), NSDS and recommendations under the SNC and is conditional on receiving adequate funding and resources. The key mitigation intervention is to replace a substantial part of the existing diesel generation with a large scale grid connected solar photovoltaic (PV) system which would assist in reducing the emissions from fossil fuels. Concurrent to the above there needs to be put in place extensive demand side energy management improvements which will complement the PV installation.', 'Concurrent to the above there needs to be put in place extensive demand side energy management improvements which will complement the PV installation. The demand management improvements are expectedto reduceemissions by bringing down diesel consumption further. The cost of these mitigation measures is likely to be around US$50 million ( US$ 42 million for Solar PV and US$ 8 million for demand side energy efficiency measures) with some uncertainty depending on the storage of energy either as electrical ( battery) or thermal (chilled water) to account for the high night time electrical load on the island. Due to somewhat higher phosphate extraction in past years Nauru’s emissions in 1990 were higher than at present and estimated to be around 80kt.', 'Due to somewhat higher phosphate extraction in past years Nauru’s emissions in 1990 were higher than at present and estimated to be around 80kt. If economic activity proceeds at the current pace the BAU estimate for 2030 emissions of CO2 only will also be around 80 kt. The mitigation contribution will be contingent on obtaining funding and technical assistance to put in place the energy transition and energy savings measures. In conclusion, although a very small nation, Nauru wishes to play its part in the enormous challenge presented to the world by threat of global warming. In Nauru’s case the threat is to its very existence.National Circumstances The Republic of Nauru is one of the smallest independent, democratic states in the world housing a little over 10,000 persons.', 'In Nauru’s case the threat is to its very existence.National Circumstances The Republic of Nauru is one of the smallest independent, democratic states in the world housing a little over 10,000 persons. Nauru is a small, isolated, coral capped island which is 21 km2 in area, 20 km in circumference. It islocated in the central Pacific Ocean 42 km south of the equator and 1287 km west of the International Date Line. Nauru is clearly one of the most severely impacted nations on earth from environmental degradation. It has been the subject of intense mining for the critical element phosphate for a good part of the 20th century. The mining has removed a large proportion of original forest, and arable land.', 'The mining has removed a large proportion of original forest, and arable land. Scarcity of arable land and fresh water resources, geographic isolation, dependence on imports for meeting basic food and energy needs, environmental degradation and the emergence of chronic health problems all make achieving sustainable development a difficult task, and at the same time also create vulnerability to other stresses, such as those brought on by climate change. The phosphate, however, is now running out and it has only been recently that the Government has commenced secondary mining of the spent spoils of earlier extraction. The island is very low lying with the coastal areas only a few meters above sea level and not much higher in the central area.', 'The island is very low lying with the coastal areas only a few meters above sea level and not much higher in the central area. Along with the above characterisation the country has a number of challenges that make it quite unique in terms of facing the vagaries of climate change. Nauru faces a full range of geologic and climatic hazards and is also subjected to climatic variability and extremes. The main climate change vulnerabilities in Nauru include drought, sea level rise and the effect that an increase in temperature will have on marine resources and already stressed water and vegetative resources. Due to environmental degradation, the island is already experiencing coastal erosion and declines in the productivity of its coral reef systems.', 'Due to environmental degradation, the island is already experiencing coastal erosion and declines in the productivity of its coral reef systems. Rising ocean temperatures, ocean acidification, sea level rise, and an increase in the number of intense storms and droughtwill cause further damage to these ecosystems. Climate-related disasters have already had huge impacts on the economic growth and national development. A number of development strategies and policy instruments as a response to climate change have been introduced by the Government since 2005 through the economic reform programme which includes: NSDS 2005-2025 (rev 2009); Nauru’s Utility Sector-A Strategy for Reform; National Energy Policy Framework; National Energy Roadmap 2014-2020; Nauru Utilities Cooperation Act and RONAdapt.', 'A number of development strategies and policy instruments as a response to climate change have been introduced by the Government since 2005 through the economic reform programme which includes: NSDS 2005-2025 (rev 2009); Nauru’s Utility Sector-A Strategy for Reform; National Energy Policy Framework; National Energy Roadmap 2014-2020; Nauru Utilities Cooperation Act and RONAdapt. However, Nauru s accomplishment remains on paper and it would require the necessary means of implementation through finance, capacity building and technology development and transfer to achieve tangible outcomes. In common with many other small island nations the Government of Nauru realises the difficulties in terms of mitigation and has adaptation to climate change as its top priority.', 'In common with many other small island nations the Government of Nauru realises the difficulties in terms of mitigation and has adaptation to climate change as its top priority. In this respect a transition from relying on imported fossil fuels by putting in place an indigenous solar energy supply is also an adaptation strategy to become more resilient and has as a co-benefit, mitigation.Adaptation The Government of the Republic of Nauru considers the focus of its INDC to be primarily adaptation, with a strong emphasis on building resilience which also encompasses mitigation in an integrated manner. Through this approach the INDC serves to highlight our national sustainable development priorities, which encompass adaptation priorities.', 'Through this approach the INDC serves to highlight our national sustainable development priorities, which encompass adaptation priorities. These include identifying current gaps and needs for support in terms of addressing adaptation on the ground.ThisINDC does not constitute additional commitments from Nauru. Rather, Nauru views its planned adaptation actions, and broader focus on building resilience, as part of the international commitment to Nauru under the UNFCCC. Climate change adds to the already significant challenges of achieving the NSDS goals and it undermines food and water security, erode coastlines, damage marine ecosystems and will impede on progress already made. The impacts of climate change will also add extra burden to the national budget diverting resources away from other important sectors and activities such as education, health and economic development.', 'The impacts of climate change will also add extra burden to the national budget diverting resources away from other important sectors and activities such as education, health and economic development. Therefore, addressing climate change in the context of sustainable development means that there will be co- benefits for not only achieving the NSDS but also in building the resilience of Nauru to climate change. Vulnerability in the case of Nauru is a combination of different factors including climate change. The NSDS outlines Nauru’s main social, economic and environmental challenges, and key development priorities. These developmental and environmental challenges illustrate Nauru’s vulnerability to external stresses and risks, including those posed by climate change.', 'These developmental and environmental challenges illustrate Nauru’s vulnerability to external stresses and risks, including those posed by climate change. At the national and community scale in Nauru, some of the factors that create vulnerability are: scarce water resources; limited land and soil resources; environmental degradation; high concentration of income activities; dependence on imports; geographical isolation; low human capacity; chronic health problems; aid dependency; and risk of climate change and disaster. Further priorities are expected to emerge over time as Nauru increases its capacity to respond to vulnerability and risk or its lack of capacity to respond.', 'Further priorities are expected to emerge over time as Nauru increases its capacity to respond to vulnerability and risk or its lack of capacity to respond. Nauru has taken successful steps to establish our RONAdapt as part of our national efforts to prepare for adaptation.The RONAdapt represents the Government of Nauru’s response to the risks to climate change and disaster risk reduction and is therefore aligned with the development priorities embedded in the NSDS. It is intended to support achievement of our NSDS goals, by highlighting a series of actions that will also reduce Nauru’s vulnerability to climate change and disasters. In doing so, it will improve the country’s social, economic and environmental resilience.', 'In doing so, it will improve the country’s social, economic and environmental resilience. Priority actions are given to those that will work towards the goals in the NSDS, as well as those in sectoral plans and strategies where these already give consideration to climate change and disaster risks. The priorities outlined targets the following goals: • Water security; • Energy security; • Food security; • A healthy environment; • A healthy people• Productive, secure land resources. High priorities are given to actions that can contribute towards multiple development and resilience objectives simultaneously, often cross cutting across sectors.', 'High priorities are given to actions that can contribute towards multiple development and resilience objectives simultaneously, often cross cutting across sectors. The priority actions are arranged under sectors targeting the following areas: water; health; agriculture; energy; land management and rehabilitation; infrastructure and coastal protection; biodiversity and environment; community development and social inclusion; and education and human capacity development. However, as highlighted earlier, the actions generally contribute to the goals of multiple sectors and at the same time to the overall NSDS goals. Nauru faces a multitude of challenges, barriers and gaps. These include information gaps, limited capacity both institutional and human, and the unavailability of appropriate adaptation technology and lack of funds at the national level.', 'These include information gaps, limited capacity both institutional and human, and the unavailability of appropriate adaptation technology and lack of funds at the national level. Lack of funding at the national level has prevented many larger infrastructure projects from getting underway, such as a new hospital, electricity transmission system, improvements to port and airport, and land rehabilitation. At the national level, there are no nationally focussed adaptation projects due largely to the very limited funds available at the national level.', 'At the national level, there are no nationally focussed adaptation projects due largely to the very limited funds available at the national level. At the regional level, Nauru is also involved in a relatively low but increasing number of adaptation projects and programmes and through the regional projects and programmes, some actions are being implemented on the ground that addresses the needs in relation to coastal zone management, water, capacity building, gender, policy and planning. Addressing the challenges, barriers and gaps are therefore important for building the resilience of Nauru. These can be addressed through building and strengthening the information gap that are vital for planning and management in many sectors as sectors are currently constrained by poor information about current conditions and/or likely future changes.', 'These can be addressed through building and strengthening the information gap that are vital for planning and management in many sectors as sectors are currently constrained by poor information about current conditions and/or likely future changes. Strengthening institutions are also important actions and undertakings for adaptation in Nauru and this includes the finalisation of policies and plans that have only been progressed to draft form. Strengthening institutions for Nauru will also entail the need to build the human capacity of sectors. Human capacity is a critical part of capacity building in Nauru and is currently a major weakness in almost every sector.', 'Human capacity is a critical part of capacity building in Nauru and is currently a major weakness in almost every sector. This could be addressed through activities funded and/or implemented with support of external partners, aiming to maximise opportunities for skills transfer to local staff and/or communities and to require future externally funded development projects, including those focused on climate change adaptation and disaster risk management to emphasise skills transfer components. In addition, the up-skilling of local staff should be a core priority of all project activities, since it will help position Nauru better to be able to respond to an array of future challenges, including planning for and responding to climate change and disasters.', 'In addition, the up-skilling of local staff should be a core priority of all project activities, since it will help position Nauru better to be able to respond to an array of future challenges, including planning for and responding to climate change and disasters. The need for development of new technologies and transfer of existing appropriate technologies for adaptation in Nauru cannot be overstated. Technology Needs Assessment (TNA) will help countries like Nauru track their needs for new equipment, techniques, services, capacities and skills necessary to build resilience to climate change. However, TNA has not been initiated in Nauru due to various constraints including lack of institutional, human and financial capacity. The preparation of a detailed technology needs for adaptation is an important next step.', 'The preparation of a detailed technology needs for adaptation is an important next step. Implementation of many of the adaptation priorities will be heavily dependent on resources being made available by external development partners, to supplement limited domesticfunds. While dedicated climate funds are available at the international level, these can be challenging to access for a small country like Nauru. Therefore, Nauru intends to place considerable emphasis on working with its bilateral partners, regional agencies, for the financial and technical resources needed to implement its adaptation priorities, including the improvement of access and facilitation to international climate finance. Responsibility for implementing climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction related activities is shared across different parts of government and the community.', 'Responsibility for implementing climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction related activities is shared across different parts of government and the community. However, at the operational level, the Department of Environment under the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Environment (CIE) has the primary responsibility for coordination, monitoring progress and reporting on the RONAdapt implementation of Nauru’s climate change activities at all government department/sector levels. Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) are critical tasks for tracking progress on the implementation of climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction priorities and goals. The M&E framework for adaptation reflects the desire for tracking and for learning, but also recognises the limited institutional, human and financial resources available in Nauru to dedicate to M&E.', 'The M&E framework for adaptation reflects the desire for tracking and for learning, but also recognises the limited institutional, human and financial resources available in Nauru to dedicate to M&E. The priority activities highlighted in the RONAdapt require, in most cases, further development through some additional steps before they are ready to be implemented. The financial costs for the activities are not provided, since there is insufficient detail on individual activities to be able to accurately indicate costs. The preparation of detailed cost estimates is an important next step in implementing each activity and it is expected to be undertaken in conjunction with the process of detailed design of the activities. Loss and Damage from climate change Loss and damage is a significant issue for Nauru.', 'Loss and Damage from climate change Loss and damage is a significant issue for Nauru. The inclusion of loss and damage in the INDC is twofold. First, its purpose is to highlight the significance of the issue for Nauru and second, to present our views on loss and damage in the 2015 climate agreement. The reality of the impacts of climate change that Nauru and Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are already experiencing means adaptation is absolutely critical. However, the science is telling us that we are quickly moving towards a reality where adapting will not be sufficient. The prospect for loss and damage associated with climate change for Nauru and SIDS are real.', 'The prospect for loss and damage associated with climate change for Nauru and SIDS are real. The IPCC findings in both the Fourth and Fifth Assessment Report from Working Group II show that there are substantial limits and barriers to adaptation. In Warsaw, Parties also acknowledged that loss and damage associated with the adverse effects of climate change involves more than that which can be reduced by adaptation. The climate change projection for Nauru is expected to increase sea surface temperatures, rise in sea levels, ocean acidification and changes in ocean currents. These will in turn, impact on the whole of Nauru.', 'These will in turn, impact on the whole of Nauru. The ability of corals and invertebrates to form will be affected by ocean acidification; coral bleaching will increase as a result of higher sea-surface temperatures; and the abundance of key oceanic fish species will be affected by changes to ocean currents, such as the Southern Equatorial Current, and to the area and location of the PEQD and the Warm Pool and their convergence. Sea level rise threatens to increase saltwater intrusion into precious groundwater reserves as well as to exacerbate coastal erosion and flooding during storm events, and changes in rainfall patterns will likely affectwater scarcity, while important fish resources may be affected by changes in ocean temperature and acidification.', 'Sea level rise threatens to increase saltwater intrusion into precious groundwater reserves as well as to exacerbate coastal erosion and flooding during storm events, and changes in rainfall patterns will likely affectwater scarcity, while important fish resources may be affected by changes in ocean temperature and acidification. Nauru calls for loss and damage to be included as a separate element of the 2015 agreement, one that is separate and distinct from adaptation. Loss and damage must be addressed in a robust, consistent and sustained manner. This can only be accomplished through a loss and damage mechanism that is anchored in the 2015 agreement. Anchoring the mechanism in the 2015 agreement will ensure that it is permanent.', 'Anchoring the mechanism in the 2015 agreement will ensure that it is permanent. Defining the relationship between mitigation, adaptation and loss and damage needs to be considered and reflected in the 2015 agreement, including a clearly defined relationship between mitigation ambition, adaptation costs as well as loss and damage, particularly when mitigation ambitions are currently grossly inadequate and adaptation measures are not sufficient to address climate impacts.', 'Defining the relationship between mitigation, adaptation and loss and damage needs to be considered and reflected in the 2015 agreement, including a clearly defined relationship between mitigation ambition, adaptation costs as well as loss and damage, particularly when mitigation ambitions are currently grossly inadequate and adaptation measures are not sufficient to address climate impacts. There is also an urgent need for technical work to be undertaken and should include an assessment of impacts and risks at different levels of CO2 concentration and warming, including 1.5 ° C, especially the risks of ocean acidification, global and regional sea level rise and irreversible changes in the physical, ecological and human systems, including for specific regions and key sectors and systems.', 'There is also an urgent need for technical work to be undertaken and should include an assessment of impacts and risks at different levels of CO2 concentration and warming, including 1.5 ° C, especially the risks of ocean acidification, global and regional sea level rise and irreversible changes in the physical, ecological and human systems, including for specific regions and key sectors and systems. Observations and projections relevant to local and regional circumstances should cover exposure and vulnerability to climate change, the resulting impacts, adaptation options and loss and damage.', 'Observations and projections relevant to local and regional circumstances should cover exposure and vulnerability to climate change, the resulting impacts, adaptation options and loss and damage. Nauru acknowledges that there is on-going work under the Warsaw International Mechanism on Loss and Damage, including a 2016 Review, and expects that the results of this on-going work be integrated into the mechanism that is anchored in the 2015 agreement. Immediate and adequate financial, technical and capacity building support for loss and damage is needed and to be provided on a timely basis for Nauru and other SIDS to address loss and damage.', 'Immediate and adequate financial, technical and capacity building support for loss and damage is needed and to be provided on a timely basis for Nauru and other SIDS to address loss and damage. It is beyond our current national means to address loss and damage from climate change and financial flows from developed countries for addressing loss and damage in Nauru and other vulnerable developing countries should be new and additional to financing for those for mitigation and adaptation.', 'It is beyond our current national means to address loss and damage from climate change and financial flows from developed countries for addressing loss and damage in Nauru and other vulnerable developing countries should be new and additional to financing for those for mitigation and adaptation. Mitigation Mitigation Contribution Time Frame 2020 - 2030 Type of Contribution Conditional Reduction based on identified mitigation actions To replace a substantial part of electricity generation with the existing diesel operated plants with a large scale grid connected solar photovoltaic (PV) system with an estimated cost of 42 million US$ which would assist in reducing the emissions from fossil fuels.', 'Mitigation Mitigation Contribution Time Frame 2020 - 2030 Type of Contribution Conditional Reduction based on identified mitigation actions To replace a substantial part of electricity generation with the existing diesel operated plants with a large scale grid connected solar photovoltaic (PV) system with an estimated cost of 42 million US$ which would assist in reducing the emissions from fossil fuels. Concurrent to the above there needs to be put in place extensive demand side energy management improvements with an estimated cost of 8 million US$ which will complement the PV installation.', 'Concurrent to the above there needs to be put in place extensive demand side energy management improvements with an estimated cost of 8 million US$ which will complement the PV installation. The demand management improvements are expectedto reduceemissions by bringing down diesel consumption further.The conditional mitigation contribution discussed above would require a total investment estimated at 50 million US$ including substantial technical, capacity building and logistical assistance due to the limited capacity on the island. Unconditional Reduction The unconditional contribution includes a secured funding of US$5 million for implementation of a 0.6 MW solar PV system which is expected to assist in unconditional reduction of CO2 emissions marginally.', 'Unconditional Reduction The unconditional contribution includes a secured funding of US$5 million for implementation of a 0.6 MW solar PV system which is expected to assist in unconditional reduction of CO2 emissions marginally. This initiative will be used as a model project for the larger Solar PV plant and in addition assist in terms of technology transfer and institutional learning. Type of Reduction Being a Small Island Development State and a developing country with lowest total emissions in the world, Nauru’s mitigation contributions are non-GHG targets through implementation of conditional and unconditional policies, measures and actions. Nauru also recognizes that mitigation contributions from developed countries may be absolute economy-wide emissions reduction targets relative to a base year while the developing countries can communicate policies, measures and actions departing from business as usual emissions.', 'Nauru also recognizes that mitigation contributions from developed countries may be absolute economy-wide emissions reduction targets relative to a base year while the developing countries can communicate policies, measures and actions departing from business as usual emissions. Sectors Sectoral (energy sector) commitment focussed on a transition to renewable energy in the electricity generation sector and energy efficiency through demand side management. ) BAU Emissions The expected trajectory in emissions is highly uncertain due to paucity of reliable data and uncertainties in economic activities on the island. Contributing factors include both the small size of the economy and the uncertainty of phosphate extraction opportunities and the other recently commenced activities including offshore banking and housing Australian bound refugees. An extrapolation of trends in the last three years suggests economic growth of around 2.2% p.a.', 'An extrapolation of trends in the last three years suggests economic growth of around 2.2% p.a. Of concern are high levels of expansion in the electricity sector with growth over the same period being around 13% p.a. Estimates, however, are that CO2 emissions will increase from 57 kt p.a. in 2014 to close to 80 kt p.a. in 2030. The mitigation options are envisaged toassist in reducing CO2 emission levels by 2030.It is important to note that the BAU emission estimates are not accurate due to substantial gaps in data for the sectors. Methodology The baseline, BAU and mitigation scenario assessments was done using best available historical data entered into the GACMO model which uses IPCC 2006 guidelines and conversion factors.', 'Methodology The baseline, BAU and mitigation scenario assessments was done using best available historical data entered into the GACMO model which uses IPCC 2006 guidelines and conversion factors. Where data was not available default factors in the software were used. Planning Process Nauru’s iNDC originates from a series of strategies, policies and assessments concerned with sustainability, environmental protection and energy supply developed or commissioned by the Governmentover the past decade. These include: National Sustainable Development Strategy (NSDS) 2005 – 2025 (revised in 2009), The Nauru Energy Road Map 2014-2020 and The Second National Communication (SNC) to the UNFCCC (submitted in 2015). Further, Extensive consultations with all relevant stakeholders were held during the preparation of Nauru’s iNDC.', 'Further, Extensive consultations with all relevant stakeholders were held during the preparation of Nauru’s iNDC. Fairness, Equity and Ambition Fairness, Equity and Ambition Although a very small nationwith absolute levels of CO2 eq emissions under 0.0002 % of world emissions(2014), Nauru wishes to play its part in the enormous challenge presented to the world by threat of global warming. In Nauru’s case the threat is to its very existence. Nauru is also faced with serious economic challenges. Its once thriving phosphate industry has ceased operation thus depriving Nauru of its major lifeline revenue source. The local infrastructure, including power generation, drinking water and health services, has been adversely affected in recent years by the decline in income from phosphate mining.', 'The local infrastructure, including power generation, drinking water and health services, has been adversely affected in recent years by the decline in income from phosphate mining. With fewer prospects in the phosphate industry, Nauru has to look at other alternative revenue sources to support its economic development. Unfortunately, for a country of the size of Nauru (21 km2) with its limited natural resources, the options are not many. The global goal underlying the assessment of mitigation contribution is to reduce fossil fuel imports by using indigenous renewable energy and implementing energy efficiency measures. In light of the above, for such a remote island already severely damaged by phosphate mining, Nauru’s mitigation contribution is quite ambitious.', 'In light of the above, for such a remote island already severely damaged by phosphate mining, Nauru’s mitigation contribution is quite ambitious. With regards to equity Nauru cannot be expected to mitigate out of its own resources and would need extensive international assistance.']

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Nauru

Updated NDC

2021-10-14 00:00:00

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NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Nauru%20Updated%20NDC%20pdf.pdf

Non-Annex I

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Oceania

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['Republic of NauruUpdated Nationally Determined ContributionGlossary ADB Asian Development Bank GCF Green Climate Fund GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (German Corporation for International Cooperation) GEF NAP Global Environment Facility National Adaptation Plan NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NSDS National Sustainable Development Strategy NUC Nauru Utilities Corporation RPC Regional Processing Centre RONAdapt Republic of Nauru Framework for Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction RONPHOS Republic of Nauru Phosphate Corporation SAMOA Pathway SIDS Accelerated Modalities of Action Pathway SDG Sustainable Development Goals SIDS Small Island Developing States SME Small to Medium Enterprise SPC The Pacific Community UN United NationsUNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework on Climate Change WHO World Health OrganizationI.', 'Republic of NauruUpdated Nationally Determined ContributionGlossary ADB Asian Development Bank GCF Green Climate Fund GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (German Corporation for International Cooperation) GEF NAP Global Environment Facility National Adaptation Plan NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NSDS National Sustainable Development Strategy NUC Nauru Utilities Corporation RPC Regional Processing Centre RONAdapt Republic of Nauru Framework for Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction RONPHOS Republic of Nauru Phosphate Corporation SAMOA Pathway SIDS Accelerated Modalities of Action Pathway SDG Sustainable Development Goals SIDS Small Island Developing States SME Small to Medium Enterprise SPC The Pacific Community UN United NationsUNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework on Climate Change WHO World Health OrganizationI. Introduction / Structure The Republic of Nauru welcomes this opportunity to submit its updated nationally determined contribution pursuant to Article 4.2 of the Paris Agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).', 'Introduction / Structure The Republic of Nauru welcomes this opportunity to submit its updated nationally determined contribution pursuant to Article 4.2 of the Paris Agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). This updated nationally determined contribution (NDC) is intended to cover the time period of 1 January 2021 through 31 December 2030, and replaces the initial NDC submitted by Nauru to the UNFCCC on 17 November 2015. The overriding priority of the Government of Nauru is to eradicate poverty and to improve the safety, security, and quality of life of its citizens. To this end, Nauru’s climate action has been aligned with national efforts to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals and is fully integrated with our National Sustainable Development Strategy (NSDS).', 'To this end, Nauru’s climate action has been aligned with national efforts to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals and is fully integrated with our National Sustainable Development Strategy (NSDS). Therefore, this updated NDC has been similarly structured around the following seven national sustainable development priorities: • Productive Land • Healthy and Productive People • Water Security • Food Security • Energy Security • Healthy Environment • Good Governance In addition, an eighth area of contributions – Loss & Damage – has been included to address climate change impacts that exceed Nauru’s adaptive capacity. Nauru intends to pursue a range of sustainable development actions within these policy areas, which are described in this updated NDC, all of which bring significant climate change adaptation and mitigation co-benefits.', 'Nauru intends to pursue a range of sustainable development actions within these policy areas, which are described in this updated NDC, all of which bring significant climate change adaptation and mitigation co-benefits. There is enormous opportunity for transformational change in Nauru. The centerpiece of our ambitious sustainable development strategy is the Higher Ground Initiative, which will dramatically increase the resilience of the country by migrating vulnerable homes and critical infrastructure to higher elevation, significantly expanding local food production, restoring degraded natural habitats, and pioneering a new Pacific Island urbanism. Combined with construction of the new port facility, jointly funded by the Green Climate Fund and the Asian Development Bank, Nauru can become a new hub of climate-resilient and sustainable economic opportunity for the Pacific region.', 'Combined with construction of the new port facility, jointly funded by the Green Climate Fund and the Asian Development Bank, Nauru can become a new hub of climate-resilient and sustainable economic opportunity for the Pacific region. The Government of Nauru is committed to building genuine and durable partnerships, which will be needed to fully implement this updated NDC, particularly with regard to affordable finance and capacity building. To the extent possible, the resources required are described in this updated NDC.Nauru will continue to show leadership in the effort to address climate change.', 'To the extent possible, the resources required are described in this updated NDC.Nauru will continue to show leadership in the effort to address climate change. As Chair of the Alliance of Small Island States from 2012 through 2014, Nauru fought for a strong Paris Agreement and was one of the first countries in the world to submit its instrument of ratification to the Secretary-General. Nauru also co-chairs, along with the Government of Germany, the Friends of Climate and Security at the United Nations. With this updated NDC, Nauru demonstrates that its commitment to climate action extends to its ambitious national implementation efforts.II. Summary of Nauru’s Nationally Determined Contribution II.', 'Summary of Nauru’s Nationally Determined Contribution II. Summary of Nauru’s Nationally Determined Contribution Contribution Conditions SDGs Advanced Climate Change Co-Benefits Productive Land & Coast HIGHER GROUND INITIATIVE Develop master land use plan for relocation of homes and critical infrastructure to Topside as part of Higher Ground Initiative Unconditional Adaptation • Increased resilience to sea level rise • Increased resilience to extreme rainfall events • Increased resilience to drought • Increased resilience to disruption of food supply Mitigation • Increased land availability for expanded deployment of solar energy • Increased land availability for high efficiency residential development • Reduced dependency on automobile transport Construction of [xx sustainable][pilot Smart Village] residential units on Topside Conditional on access to means of implementation REDUCE COASTAL EROSION Conduct technical assessment of coastal erosion and develop plan for implementing hard and nature-based solutions Conditional on access to means of implementation Adaptation • Increased resilience of housing and critical infrastructure to climate change impacts • Increased resilience of coastal zone ecosystems and biodiversity RESILIENT PORT FACILITY Complete construction of new climate change- resilient port facility Unconditional Adaptation • Increased reliability of imports, including essential food and medical supplies • Increased capacity to receive heavy equipment necessary for large infrastructure improvements Mitigation • Reduced emissions associated with off-shore mooring and loading/unloading of shipping vessels Healthy & Productive People IMPROVE EDUCATION Conduct national assessment of public education system Unconditional Adaptation • Increased domestic capacity to implement effective adaptation actionsMitigation • Increased domestic capacity to implement effective GHG emissions mitigation actions PUBLIC HEALTH Conduct assessment of national public health implications of climate change, including resilience of public health infrastructure Unconditional Adaptation • Increased preparedness for tropical diseases, heat stress, dehydration, and other climate change-driven public health impacts • Increased resilience of public health care infrastructure Integrate climate change into primary school curriculum Unconditional DISPOSAL OF ASBESTOS Collect, transport, and dispose of all asbestos waste at a secure site off island.', 'Summary of Nauru’s Nationally Determined Contribution Contribution Conditions SDGs Advanced Climate Change Co-Benefits Productive Land & Coast HIGHER GROUND INITIATIVE Develop master land use plan for relocation of homes and critical infrastructure to Topside as part of Higher Ground Initiative Unconditional Adaptation • Increased resilience to sea level rise • Increased resilience to extreme rainfall events • Increased resilience to drought • Increased resilience to disruption of food supply Mitigation • Increased land availability for expanded deployment of solar energy • Increased land availability for high efficiency residential development • Reduced dependency on automobile transport Construction of [xx sustainable][pilot Smart Village] residential units on Topside Conditional on access to means of implementation REDUCE COASTAL EROSION Conduct technical assessment of coastal erosion and develop plan for implementing hard and nature-based solutions Conditional on access to means of implementation Adaptation • Increased resilience of housing and critical infrastructure to climate change impacts • Increased resilience of coastal zone ecosystems and biodiversity RESILIENT PORT FACILITY Complete construction of new climate change- resilient port facility Unconditional Adaptation • Increased reliability of imports, including essential food and medical supplies • Increased capacity to receive heavy equipment necessary for large infrastructure improvements Mitigation • Reduced emissions associated with off-shore mooring and loading/unloading of shipping vessels Healthy & Productive People IMPROVE EDUCATION Conduct national assessment of public education system Unconditional Adaptation • Increased domestic capacity to implement effective adaptation actionsMitigation • Increased domestic capacity to implement effective GHG emissions mitigation actions PUBLIC HEALTH Conduct assessment of national public health implications of climate change, including resilience of public health infrastructure Unconditional Adaptation • Increased preparedness for tropical diseases, heat stress, dehydration, and other climate change-driven public health impacts • Increased resilience of public health care infrastructure Integrate climate change into primary school curriculum Unconditional DISPOSAL OF ASBESTOS Collect, transport, and dispose of all asbestos waste at a secure site off island. Conditional on access to means of implementation Adaptation • Decreased risk exposure to asbestos due to flooding and other extreme weather events Water Security Establish NUC water office and laboratory to monitor the quality of water supplied to population Unconditional Adaptation • Improved water supply, storage and distribution would provide water security in the case of prolonged droughts and other changes in precipitation patterns • Increased resilience of domestic food supply to interruption by climate change-driven impacts Mitigation • Potential use of groundwater supplies would reduce energy use for water desalination Undertake repairs to NUC water storage tanks Conditional on access to means of implementation Increase NUC water storage capacity Conditional on access to means of implementation Implement water supply components of the Water and Sanitation Master Plan Conditional on access to means of implementation Modeling of impacts of sea level rise and salt water intrusion into groundwater Conditional on access to means of implementation Assess the condition of groundwater supplies Conditional on access to means of implementation Food Security Prepare and approve the Strategic Plan for the Sustainable Development of Agriculture Unconditional Adaptation • Improve resilience by collecting data to better understanding climate impacts on agriculture, fisheries and marine resources Maintain ongoing agricultural technical trials UnconditionalDraft Coastal Fisheries and Aquaculture Bill Unconditional • Improve resilience by increasing domestic food production • Improve resilience by providing a legislative framework to strengthen governance of fisheries and marine resources Mitigation • Reduced emissions related to the import of foods from great distances Collect and analyze data on climate change impacts on fisheries and marine resources Unconditional Develop milkfish farming in support of the development and expansion of aquaculture Conditional on access to means of implementation Energy Security Establish power grid capable of providing stable and affordable power Conditional on access to means of implementation Adaptation • Infrastructure with increased resilience to climate change impacts and natural disasters • Increased economic resilience and diversification • Increased ability to invest in other sustainable development and climate priorities Mitigation • Increased access to cleaner and affordable energy • Reduced greenhouse gas emissions • Reduced dependency on fossil-fuel intensive technology and transport • Reduced risk to energy supply chain disruptions Renewable energy comprises 50% of Nauru’s power generation Conditional on access to means of implementation Achieve 30% energy savings Conditional on access to means of implementation Healthy Environment ENHANCEMENT OF WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITY Improve organization and physical structure of dumpsite cells to prevent contamination of ground water supplies and minimize run off.', 'Conditional on access to means of implementation Adaptation • Decreased risk exposure to asbestos due to flooding and other extreme weather events Water Security Establish NUC water office and laboratory to monitor the quality of water supplied to population Unconditional Adaptation • Improved water supply, storage and distribution would provide water security in the case of prolonged droughts and other changes in precipitation patterns • Increased resilience of domestic food supply to interruption by climate change-driven impacts Mitigation • Potential use of groundwater supplies would reduce energy use for water desalination Undertake repairs to NUC water storage tanks Conditional on access to means of implementation Increase NUC water storage capacity Conditional on access to means of implementation Implement water supply components of the Water and Sanitation Master Plan Conditional on access to means of implementation Modeling of impacts of sea level rise and salt water intrusion into groundwater Conditional on access to means of implementation Assess the condition of groundwater supplies Conditional on access to means of implementation Food Security Prepare and approve the Strategic Plan for the Sustainable Development of Agriculture Unconditional Adaptation • Improve resilience by collecting data to better understanding climate impacts on agriculture, fisheries and marine resources Maintain ongoing agricultural technical trials UnconditionalDraft Coastal Fisheries and Aquaculture Bill Unconditional • Improve resilience by increasing domestic food production • Improve resilience by providing a legislative framework to strengthen governance of fisheries and marine resources Mitigation • Reduced emissions related to the import of foods from great distances Collect and analyze data on climate change impacts on fisheries and marine resources Unconditional Develop milkfish farming in support of the development and expansion of aquaculture Conditional on access to means of implementation Energy Security Establish power grid capable of providing stable and affordable power Conditional on access to means of implementation Adaptation • Infrastructure with increased resilience to climate change impacts and natural disasters • Increased economic resilience and diversification • Increased ability to invest in other sustainable development and climate priorities Mitigation • Increased access to cleaner and affordable energy • Reduced greenhouse gas emissions • Reduced dependency on fossil-fuel intensive technology and transport • Reduced risk to energy supply chain disruptions Renewable energy comprises 50% of Nauru’s power generation Conditional on access to means of implementation Achieve 30% energy savings Conditional on access to means of implementation Healthy Environment ENHANCEMENT OF WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITY Improve organization and physical structure of dumpsite cells to prevent contamination of ground water supplies and minimize run off. Unconditional Adaptation • Increase resilience of natural ecosystems • Enhance water security by reducing leachate intrusion into groundwater • Increase food security through production of compost for agriculture Mitigation • Reduce methane emissions Build new resource recovery facility for inorganic waste Unconditional Build new organic waste recovery and composting facility to Conditional on access to means of implementation ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION AND SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENTDevelop Land Use & Restoration Plan and begin implementation Unconditional Adaptation • Increased resilience of sensitive ecosystems to climate change impacts • Increased resilience of local water supply to climate change-induced drought by through improved hydrological cycle and ground water recharge • Increased resilience to climate change-induced interruption of affordable food imports through expansion of agro-forestry practices to increase local food production Pilot soil restoration methods and SLM techniques Unconditional Establish terrestrial protected area in Anibare Bay Unconditional SEWERAGE Implementation of the sewerage components of the Water and Sanitation Master Plan Conditional on access to means of implementation Adaptation • Improved resilience by better protection of groundwater supplies Mitigation • Reduced emissions from need to pump and truck sewage • Increased use of groundwater will reduce demand for water from electricity intensive RO plants Addressing household cesspits Conditional on access to means of implementation Governance Develop and Adopt Republic of Nauru Environmental Management and Climate Change Bill Unconditional Adaptation • Improved coordination of Government Ministries in adaptation actions • Increased effectiveness of implementation efforts Mitigation • Improved coordination of Government Ministries in mitigation actions • Increased effectiveness of implementation efforts Develop and Adopt Nauru Climate Change Policy Unconditional Loss & Damage National Long-Term Risk Assessment Conduct a long-term risk assessment to understand the scale, timing, and costs of climate change impacts on important national assets Conditional on technical and financial support mobilized through the Warsaw International Mechanism Loss & Damage • Increased capacity to cope with climate change impacts that cannot be avoided and exceed the capacity to adaptIII.', 'Unconditional Adaptation • Increase resilience of natural ecosystems • Enhance water security by reducing leachate intrusion into groundwater • Increase food security through production of compost for agriculture Mitigation • Reduce methane emissions Build new resource recovery facility for inorganic waste Unconditional Build new organic waste recovery and composting facility to Conditional on access to means of implementation ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION AND SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENTDevelop Land Use & Restoration Plan and begin implementation Unconditional Adaptation • Increased resilience of sensitive ecosystems to climate change impacts • Increased resilience of local water supply to climate change-induced drought by through improved hydrological cycle and ground water recharge • Increased resilience to climate change-induced interruption of affordable food imports through expansion of agro-forestry practices to increase local food production Pilot soil restoration methods and SLM techniques Unconditional Establish terrestrial protected area in Anibare Bay Unconditional SEWERAGE Implementation of the sewerage components of the Water and Sanitation Master Plan Conditional on access to means of implementation Adaptation • Improved resilience by better protection of groundwater supplies Mitigation • Reduced emissions from need to pump and truck sewage • Increased use of groundwater will reduce demand for water from electricity intensive RO plants Addressing household cesspits Conditional on access to means of implementation Governance Develop and Adopt Republic of Nauru Environmental Management and Climate Change Bill Unconditional Adaptation • Improved coordination of Government Ministries in adaptation actions • Increased effectiveness of implementation efforts Mitigation • Improved coordination of Government Ministries in mitigation actions • Increased effectiveness of implementation efforts Develop and Adopt Nauru Climate Change Policy Unconditional Loss & Damage National Long-Term Risk Assessment Conduct a long-term risk assessment to understand the scale, timing, and costs of climate change impacts on important national assets Conditional on technical and financial support mobilized through the Warsaw International Mechanism Loss & Damage • Increased capacity to cope with climate change impacts that cannot be avoided and exceed the capacity to adaptIII. National Context The Republic of Nauru is one of the smallest and most geographically isolated countries in the world.', 'National Context The Republic of Nauru is one of the smallest and most geographically isolated countries in the world. Image courtesy of the U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) user facility Our single, coral-capped island (21 square kilometers) is home to approximately 13,000 residents, over 90% of whom are indigenous Nauruan. The island itself is located in the central Pacific Ocean approximately 40 kilometers south of the Equator, and can be roughly divided into two distinct topographical areas – the low-lying coastal area known as “Bottomside,” and the much higher elevation interior area (up to 65 meters above sea level) known as “Topside.” The vast majority of homes and critical infrastructure is located Bottomside.', 'The island itself is located in the central Pacific Ocean approximately 40 kilometers south of the Equator, and can be roughly divided into two distinct topographical areas – the low-lying coastal area known as “Bottomside,” and the much higher elevation interior area (up to 65 meters above sea level) known as “Topside.” The vast majority of homes and critical infrastructure is located Bottomside. Nauru is currently considered an upper-middle income country, with a gross national income per capita of USD 12,060 in 2018 according to World Bank. Phosphate mining, and more recently Australia’sRegional Processing Center, were reliable sources of revenue for a time, but both are in significant decline and are projected to decline further over the coming years.', 'Phosphate mining, and more recently Australia’sRegional Processing Center, were reliable sources of revenue for a time, but both are in significant decline and are projected to decline further over the coming years. As a micro-state with small landmass and population, few marketable resources, and isolation from major international markets, traditional development indicators fail to provide an accurate picture of the circumstances on the ground and the fact that many traditional development pathways are foreclosed to us. While income has risen in recent years, Nauru remains one of the most economically vulnerable countries in the world and sustainable development is a persistent challenge. Despite our challenges, Nauru is working to leverage its strategic advantages to create new economic opportunities.', 'Despite our challenges, Nauru is working to leverage its strategic advantages to create new economic opportunities. Nauru’s national carrier, Nauru Airlines, already provides important connectivity within the Pacific. Funded by the Green Climate Fund (GCF) and the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the new port facility currently under construction will further establish Nauru as an important regional transportation hub in the central Pacific, and will open opportunities for local businesses to deliver value- added services for the shipping and fishing industries. This will augment the modest but reliable stream of revenue derived from the international sale of fishing licenses under the Parties to the Nauru Agreement, which governs one of the most sustainably managed tuna fisheries in the world.', 'This will augment the modest but reliable stream of revenue derived from the international sale of fishing licenses under the Parties to the Nauru Agreement, which governs one of the most sustainably managed tuna fisheries in the world. Securing these emerging economic opportunities will depend in large part on Nauru’s ability to respond to climate change. Like most Small Island Developing States (SIDS), Nauru is highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change, which has the potential to negatively impact coastal infrastructure, food security, water security, public health and safety, and local terrestrial and marine ecosystems.', 'Like most Small Island Developing States (SIDS), Nauru is highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change, which has the potential to negatively impact coastal infrastructure, food security, water security, public health and safety, and local terrestrial and marine ecosystems. In addition, an ambitious transition to renewable energy has the potential to significantly enhance the reliability and resilience of the energy system, as well as improve the country’s balance of trade, which is currently distorted by a high reliance on imported fossil fuels. Therefore, the Government of Nauru has integrated climate action throughout its NSDS. The NSDS, along with the Republic of Nauru Framework for Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction (RONAdapt), have been the guiding policy documents for three successive administrations.', 'The NSDS, along with the Republic of Nauru Framework for Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction (RONAdapt), have been the guiding policy documents for three successive administrations. Despite the strong commitment of the Government to climate action, Nauru has struggled to secure the financial and capacity resources required for full and effective implementation in an environment of declining foreign assistance.', 'Despite the strong commitment of the Government to climate action, Nauru has struggled to secure the financial and capacity resources required for full and effective implementation in an environment of declining foreign assistance. The barriers to access of support for SIDS are well-established, and include: • Limited institutional capacity, • Burdensome application and reporting requirements, • Small projects that are not eligible for many international and bilateral funds, • Low credit worthiness due to existing levels of public debt and unreliable revenue streams to service new debt, and • Higher per capita cost of projects, which penalizes SIDS with regard to some social impact metrics.', 'The barriers to access of support for SIDS are well-established, and include: • Limited institutional capacity, • Burdensome application and reporting requirements, • Small projects that are not eligible for many international and bilateral funds, • Low credit worthiness due to existing levels of public debt and unreliable revenue streams to service new debt, and • Higher per capita cost of projects, which penalizes SIDS with regard to some social impact metrics. In addition, some multi-lateral development banks evaluate the creditworthiness and income classification of SIDS based on metrics that do not adequately reflect the real economic situation in the country, which presents an additional hurdle to accessing climate and sustainable development finance.', 'In addition, some multi-lateral development banks evaluate the creditworthiness and income classification of SIDS based on metrics that do not adequately reflect the real economic situation in the country, which presents an additional hurdle to accessing climate and sustainable development finance. Like many SIDS, Nauru currently has a very narrow economic base with its national revenue dependent on only a few key sectors that are vulnerable to external economic shocks. Removing these barriers to affordable finance, would significantly accelerate the implementation of the the NSDS and RONAdapt along with this updated NDC. Bringing about transformational change to Nauru through the implementation of these priority country- driven strategies and initiatives, including this updated NDC, is a top priority of the Government.', 'Bringing about transformational change to Nauru through the implementation of these priority country- driven strategies and initiatives, including this updated NDC, is a top priority of the Government. This will require scaled up financial resources from the international community, including grant-based resources, along with technical and capacity building support.IV. Fairness, Ambition and Progress The Republic of Nauru communicates its updated NDC and the accompanying information to facilitate clarity, transparent and understanding. This updated NDC is fair, ambitious, and represents a progression beyond the initial NDC submitted by the Republic of Nauru to the UNFCCC on 17 November 2015.', 'This updated NDC is fair, ambitious, and represents a progression beyond the initial NDC submitted by the Republic of Nauru to the UNFCCC on 17 November 2015. Nauru is one of the world’s smallest republics and one of the least responsible for the impacts of climate change, with levels of CO2 equivalent emissions estimated at 0.000061 gigatons in 2014, or 0.00019% of global emissions. Coupled with its limited natural resources and economic prospects, Nauru’s updated NDC represents a level of climate ambition that far outweighs its size and demonstrates its climate leadership.', 'Coupled with its limited natural resources and economic prospects, Nauru’s updated NDC represents a level of climate ambition that far outweighs its size and demonstrates its climate leadership. The SAMOA Pathway reaffirmed that SIDS “remain a special case for sustainable development in view of their unique and particular vulnerabilities and that they remain constrained in meeting their goals in all three dimensions of sustainable development.” It further recognized that “sea-level rise and other adverse impacts of climate change continue to pose a significant risk to small island developing States and their efforts to achieve sustainable development and, for many, represent the gravest of threats to their survival and viability, including, for some, through the loss of territory.” For these reasons, Nauru is working to integrate climate action into its efforts across all policy areas and economic sectors to achieve its sustainable development priorities.', 'The SAMOA Pathway reaffirmed that SIDS “remain a special case for sustainable development in view of their unique and particular vulnerabilities and that they remain constrained in meeting their goals in all three dimensions of sustainable development.” It further recognized that “sea-level rise and other adverse impacts of climate change continue to pose a significant risk to small island developing States and their efforts to achieve sustainable development and, for many, represent the gravest of threats to their survival and viability, including, for some, through the loss of territory.” For these reasons, Nauru is working to integrate climate action into its efforts across all policy areas and economic sectors to achieve its sustainable development priorities. This updated NDC is a significant enhancement from our initial NDC from 2015 as it elaborates in detail specific policies and actions across a wide array of priority sustainable development sectors that were not previously included, which Nauru aims to undertake with appropriate international assistance and support.', 'This updated NDC is a significant enhancement from our initial NDC from 2015 as it elaborates in detail specific policies and actions across a wide array of priority sustainable development sectors that were not previously included, which Nauru aims to undertake with appropriate international assistance and support. Whereas our initial NDC stated our general desire to increase our country’s resilience to climate impacts through increased adaptation efforts and an overall desire to lower the carbon footprint of the energy sector, this updated NDC enumerates specific targets and actions for which Nauru hopes to implement to achieve our climate and sustainable development objectives and that will deliver significant climate change benefits.', 'Whereas our initial NDC stated our general desire to increase our country’s resilience to climate impacts through increased adaptation efforts and an overall desire to lower the carbon footprint of the energy sector, this updated NDC enumerates specific targets and actions for which Nauru hopes to implement to achieve our climate and sustainable development objectives and that will deliver significant climate change benefits. This NDC increases transparency by specifying specific polices and measures across Nauru’s main priority sustainable development sectors, which were prepared through extensive and inclusive consultation processes with stakeholders and ministries across the Government. V. Gender Achieving gender equality and empowering all women and girls is a key outcome of the NSDS, as doing so improves the overall quality of life for all Nauruans.', 'V. Gender Achieving gender equality and empowering all women and girls is a key outcome of the NSDS, as doing so improves the overall quality of life for all Nauruans. Nauru thus remains committed to advancing gender equality and social inclusiveness through efforts to implement the Paris Agreement, the SAMOA Pathway and the 2030 Agenda. Nauru hereby reaffirms its commitment to the implementation of SDG 5 and to raising capacity for effective climate change action in accordance with SDG 13 and target 13(b). VI. 2050 Aspirational Goal Nauru aspires to achieve a balance between anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks by 2050, on the basis of equity and in the context of sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty.', '2050 Aspirational Goal Nauru aspires to achieve a balance between anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks by 2050, on the basis of equity and in the context of sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty. This updated NDC sets the beginning of the path for Nauru to progress towards our aspiration of achieving net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. But achieving this aspirational goal will be contingent on the effective mobilization of sufficient international financial, technical and capacity building support. This ambitious mitigation effort must be pursued in tandem with urgent adaptationactions, including the full realization of the Higher Ground Initiative, along with major improvements to national food security, water security, and public health and safety.VII.', 'This ambitious mitigation effort must be pursued in tandem with urgent adaptationactions, including the full realization of the Higher Ground Initiative, along with major improvements to national food security, water security, and public health and safety.VII. Detailed Contributions This section provides further details of the contributions enumerated in the summary table in Section II above. These detailed contributions are organized by the following eight thematic areas: 1. Productive Land & Coast 2. Healthy and Productive People 3. Water Security 4. Food Security 5. Energy Security 6. Healthy Environment 7. Good Governance 8. Loss & Damage For each of these thematic areas, specific contributions are identified and details are provided. Additionally, each focus area identifies the SDGs advanced by the contributions.1.', 'Additionally, each focus area identifies the SDGs advanced by the contributions.1. PRODUCTIVE LAND & COAST Higher Ground Initiative One of the dubious legacies of colonialism in Nauru is the phosphate mining industry. For much of the twentieth century, Nauru’s mineral wealth was exported abroad by foreign mining interests, with very little of the economic benefits accruing to Nauruans. Only with its national independence in 1968 was Nauru finally able to purchase control of mining operations. However by then annual production had already begun a steady decline.', 'However by then annual production had already begun a steady decline. While mining operations under the state-owned enterprise RONPHOS did provide a high standard of living for Nauruans up until the late 1990s, it left most of the interior of the island ragged with large limestone pinnacles, which has made further development of the land impossible without their removal. As a consequence, the vast majority of homes and critical infrastructure in Nauru, including the airport, hospital, and major arterial road, are located only a few meters above sea level on the coast.', 'As a consequence, the vast majority of homes and critical infrastructure in Nauru, including the airport, hospital, and major arterial road, are located only a few meters above sea level on the coast. The mined- out interior, known as “Topside” due to its significantly higher elevation, was largely written off by successive governments, but the impacts of climate change, including sea-level rise, have made the restoration and development of Topside under the Higher Ground Initiative an urgent political priority for the Government. The future of Nauru depends on moving to “Higher Ground” Relocating homes and critical infrastructure away from low-lying coastal areas will be an enormous undertaking for our small country. However, the Higher Ground Initiative aspires to achieve far more than simply retreat from the Pacific Ocean.', 'However, the Higher Ground Initiative aspires to achieve far more than simply retreat from the Pacific Ocean. It will pioneer a new model of Pacific urban development that is sensitive to the specific vulnerabilities and constraints of a small island nation, and also celebrate our unique cultural traditions and contributions. It offers a unique and transformational opportunity to build a more sustainable and prosperous future for the citizens of Nauru. The incorporation of sustainable urban planning strategies and concepts into Higher Ground will deliver significant climate change adaptation and mitigation co-benefits and create an enabling environment conducive to sustained and sustainable economic development. This new Pacific “Smart Village” will harness prevailing winds to passively cool homes and buildings. High efficiency appliances will significantly reduce energy demand.', 'High efficiency appliances will significantly reduce energy demand. Ubiquitous rainwater harvesting will support urban agriculture and recharge groundwater aquifers. Mixed-use development, with connectivity to employment centers around the island, has the potential to reduce the need for personal car use and facilitate the adoption of alternative mobility options. In addition to these obvious quality of life improvements, the pressures of human settlement on local ecosystems would be significantly reduced. The Smart Village and the new port facility together would become a new hub of regional economic activity, including value-added services for shipping and fishing vessels, as well as a nascent eco-tourism industry in Nauru.', 'The Smart Village and the new port facility together would become a new hub of regional economic activity, including value-added services for shipping and fishing vessels, as well as a nascent eco-tourism industry in Nauru. Most exciting, the Village will incorporate traditional architectural designs and building materials, so that both the built and natural environment strengthens our Central Pacific cultural heritage. Nauru includes the following actions to implement the Higher Ground Initiative as part of its NDC. Unconditional Contribution Develop Master Land Use Plan for relocation of homes and critical infrastructure to Topside as part of Higher Ground Initiative The next step for the Higher Ground Initiative will be the development of a Master Plan for Topside through a national consultative process with communities and landowners.', 'Unconditional Contribution Develop Master Land Use Plan for relocation of homes and critical infrastructure to Topside as part of Higher Ground Initiative The next step for the Higher Ground Initiative will be the development of a Master Plan for Topside through a national consultative process with communities and landowners. Building a shared national vision will ensure that Nauru’s development meets the needs of current and future generations of Nauruans.The Government of Nauru intends to engage development partners and leading sustainability experts to support this process as appropriate so that Nauru can draw on international best practices suitable for Nauru’s tropical climate and small island circumstances. The target for approval of the Master Plan is the end of 2021.', 'The target for approval of the Master Plan is the end of 2021. Conditional Contribution Construction of pilot Smart Village residential units on Topside A top priority of the Higher Ground Initiative is to increase the stock of affordable climate change- resilient housing available on the island. In addition to the obvious vulnerability of most existing residential buildings in the low-lying coastal areas, Nauru suffers from an acute housing shortage. The country has the highest population density in the Pacific region, and it is now common to find multiple families forced to share single housing units. To address the need for more housing, the Government of Nauru is planning a new residential development on Topside, which would accommodate 120 Houses.', 'To address the need for more housing, the Government of Nauru is planning a new residential development on Topside, which would accommodate 120 Houses. Completion of these new units is expected by 2023 and is contingent on securing approximately USD 16 million in financing.', 'Completion of these new units is expected by 2023 and is contingent on securing approximately USD 16 million in financing. Adaptation Co-Benefits Mitigation Co-Benefits • Increased resilience to sea level rise • Increased resilience to extreme rainfall events • Increased resilience to drought • Increased resilience to disruption of food supply • Increased land availability for expanded deployment of solar energy • Increased land availability for high efficiency residential development • Reduced dependency on automobile transport SDGs Advanced by Nauru’s NDC on the Higher Ground Initiative Poverty will be reduced by the greater availability of safe, sustainable housing, as well as the creation of new jobs and economic opportunities for local businesses. Food security will be increased by supporting urban agriculture and making land available for larger scale domestic food production.', 'Food security will be increased by supporting urban agriculture and making land available for larger scale domestic food production. Water security will be increased by the incorporation of water harvesting into new residential, commercial, and government development, as well as a modern water delivery and sewerage system. Affordable and clean energy will be increased by the increased adoption of energy efficient appliances and other practices to reduce energy consumption and demand. Decent work and economic growth will be increased by new opportunities in eco-tourism, hospitality, agriculture and aquaculture, and servicing of fishing and shipping vessels. Resilience of critical infrastructure will be increased by relocation away from low-lying coastal areas vulnerable to inundation to significantly higher elevation.', 'Resilience of critical infrastructure will be increased by relocation away from low-lying coastal areas vulnerable to inundation to significantly higher elevation. Sustainability of communities will be enhanced by implementing sustainable building and planning practices, including energy efficiency, water harvesting, and transportation alternatives. Climate action will be enhanced by dramatically increasing resilience to negative climate change impacts, including sea level rise, extreme weather events, and variation in precipitation. Terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity will be enhanced by reducing development pressure in ecologically sensitive areas of the island. Durable partnerships and access to adequate means of implementation will be required to fully achieve these goals.1.', 'Durable partnerships and access to adequate means of implementation will be required to fully achieve these goals.1. PRODUCTIVE LAND & COAST Reducing Coastal Erosion Almost all homes and critical infrastructure in Nauru, including schools, the hospital, and the airport, are located along the low-lying coastal perimeter of the island, typically only a few meters above sea level, leaving them highly vulnerable to coastal flooding and storm surge. Coastal erosion, which is clearly visible in many locations around the island and appears to be accelerating, exacerbates this risk. Sea level rise in the Pacific has been occurring at three times the global average and is likely a contributing factor to observed coastal erosion.', 'Sea level rise in the Pacific has been occurring at three times the global average and is likely a contributing factor to observed coastal erosion. Immediate investment in both hard and nature-based protections against coastal erosion are necessary to protect existing assets and to allow for an orderly migration to Topside on a realistic time scale as part of the Higher Ground Initiative. Nauru includes the following action to address coastal erosion as part of its NDC. Conditional Contribution Conduct technical assessment of coastal erosion and develop plan for implementing hard and nature-based solutions A technical assessment will inform the deployment of hard and nature-based solutions for reducing coastal erosion in Nauru. Financial support is required to fund the assessment, which will cost approximately USD 800,000.', 'Financial support is required to fund the assessment, which will cost approximately USD 800,000. The target for completing the assessment is 2021. Adaptation Co-Benefits • Increased resilience of housing and critical infrastructure to climate change impacts • Increased resilience of coastal zone ecosystems and biodiversity SDGs Advanced by Nauru’s NDC to Reducing Coastal Erosion Water security will be increased by reducing salt water intrusion into freshwater lenses. The resilience of coastal infrastructure will be improved by reducing the risk of storm surge and coastal flooding. Climate action will be enhanced by significantly mitigating the near- and medium-term impact of sea level rise. The protection of marine ecosystems as a nature-based solution will augment efforts to reduce coastal erosion. The protection of terrestrial ecosystems as a nature-based solution will augment efforts to reduce coastal erosion.', 'The protection of terrestrial ecosystems as a nature-based solution will augment efforts to reduce coastal erosion. Durable partnerships and access to adequate means of implementation will be required to fully achieve these goals.1. PRODUCTIVE LAND & COAST Resilient Port Facility Nauru depends almost entirely on its port for supplies of food, energy, and most other essential goods. The century-old design of the current port requires vessels to moor offshore, leaving them unprotected from sea and weather conditions. Changing climatic factors are making the offshore loading and unloading more hazardous and difficult. Delays and complete port shutdowns are now expected for three months a year. Some ships refuse to serve the port entirely.', 'Some ships refuse to serve the port entirely. Climate change threatens to exacerbate interruptions to the flow of essential goods into the country, putting Nauru’s food security, energy security, and human security at even greater risk. Fortunately, Nauru has secured financing from the Green Climate Fund and the Asian Development Bank to build a new, climate change-resilient port. The new design comprises (i) a channel through which oceangoing ships can pass between the sea and the shore, (ii) a stable wharf with a turning berth, (iii) a breakwater to shelter the wharf and the berth from waves, and (iv) port buildings, container terminal, and port security provisions complying United Nation conventions.', 'The new design comprises (i) a channel through which oceangoing ships can pass between the sea and the shore, (ii) a stable wharf with a turning berth, (iii) a breakwater to shelter the wharf and the berth from waves, and (iv) port buildings, container terminal, and port security provisions complying United Nation conventions. The project will also help reform port governance and build the capacity of the Nauru Port Authority to ensure financial, economic, and institutional sustainability. In addition to increasing Nauru’s resilience to climate change, the new port facility will also significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Ships will spend considerably less time at sea, and the need to operate a ferry for loading and unloading will be eliminated.', 'Ships will spend considerably less time at sea, and the need to operate a ferry for loading and unloading will be eliminated. Over the 50 years of the port’s lifetime, estimated reductions in CO2 emissions are 535,400 tons. This will also result in large financial savings, not only from a reduction in fuel consumption, but also late penalties incurred when it is not safe to load and unload moored shipping vessels. These savings can then be repurposed toward the delivery of other essential services. The new port also holds the potential to become a new engine of economic growth.', 'The new port also holds the potential to become a new engine of economic growth. This significant upgrade of our critical infrastructure to international standards can catalyse the development of new, value-added industries, as well as create a stronger enabling environment for new private investment. Unconditional Contribution Complete construction of the new port facility Construction of the new port facility commenced on Jan 2018. Completion was expected by Feb 2020, however, the COVID-19 pandemic is expected to cause significant delays, with completion now expected by early 2023.', 'Completion was expected by Feb 2020, however, the COVID-19 pandemic is expected to cause significant delays, with completion now expected by early 2023. Adaptation Co-Benefits Mitigation Co-Benefits • Increased reliability of imports, including essential food and medical supplies • Increased capacity to receive heavy equipment necessary for large infrastructure improvements Mitigation • Reduced emissions associated with off-shore mooring and loading/unloading of shipping vessels SDGs Advanced by Nauru’s NDC on the Resilient Port FacilityFood security will be increased by significantly reducing interruptions to critical food imports, as well as by reducing the cost of healthy foods. Decent work and economic growth will be increased by new opportunities providing value-added services to shipping and other maritime industries.', 'Decent work and economic growth will be increased by new opportunities providing value-added services to shipping and other maritime industries. Resilience of critical infrastructure will be increased by upgrading the main port of entry and exit for goods so that it can continue operating in adverse climate conditions. Climate action will be enhanced by reducing greenhouse gas emissions by enabling the efficient loading and unloading of shipping vessels, which is a large improvement over the current offshore method. Partnership with the Green Climate Fund and the Asian Development is essential for the implementation of the new port facility.2.', 'Partnership with the Green Climate Fund and the Asian Development is essential for the implementation of the new port facility.2. HEALTHY & PRODUCTIVE PEOPLE Improving Education The primary education system in Nauru is facing a number of challenges, including high truancy and low graduation rates, high rates of illiteracy and innumeracy through grade twelve, poor teacher retention and a curriculum ill-suited for national needs and circumstances. Some strategies have been enacted to improve the situation, such as paying for attendance and establishing after school programs, with limited success. A well-educated citizenry is a necessary precursor for the effective implementation of nationally appropriate climate action. Improving the education system is essential to addressing the significant human capacity constraints that Nauru faces in most relevant policy areas and economic sectors.', 'Improving the education system is essential to addressing the significant human capacity constraints that Nauru faces in most relevant policy areas and economic sectors. Nauru’s long-term capacity to successfully respond to climate challenges, particularly with regard to establishing a skilled and well-trained workforce that can ensure domestic ownership over planning and implementation, is dependent on our ability to properly educate our citizens. Thus, Nauru includes the following two actions to improve education as part of its NDC. Unconditional Contribution Conduct national assessment of public education system The Government of Nauru is undertaking a rigorous, formal assessment of the education system in order to address the systemic challenges mentioned above. This process will also deliver a revised primary school curriculum, developed by Nauruan teachers and appropriate for Nauruan students.', 'This process will also deliver a revised primary school curriculum, developed by Nauruan teachers and appropriate for Nauruan students. The assessment will integrate, as appropriate, recommendations from the regional education assessment currently being conducted by The Pacific Community (SPC). The national assessment is scheduled to conclude by the end of 2020, and implementation of its recommendations will begin in 2021. Unconditional Contribution Integrate climate change into primary school curriculum As part of the Government’s effort to prepare students with the knowledge and skills necessary to prosper as a small islanders in the global economy, Nauru is working with Germany’s GIZ to integrate climate change into the school curriculum so that our youth understand the challenges facing their country and are prepared to implement effective climate actions.', 'Unconditional Contribution Integrate climate change into primary school curriculum As part of the Government’s effort to prepare students with the knowledge and skills necessary to prosper as a small islanders in the global economy, Nauru is working with Germany’s GIZ to integrate climate change into the school curriculum so that our youth understand the challenges facing their country and are prepared to implement effective climate actions. The climate change curriculum will be integrated into the revised national curriculum over the course of the next two years.', 'The climate change curriculum will be integrated into the revised national curriculum over the course of the next two years. Adaptation Co-Benefits Mitigation Co-Benefits • Increased domestic capacity to implement effective adaptation actions • Increased domestic capacity to implement effective GHG emissions mitigation actions SDGs Advanced by Nauru’s NDC on Improving Education Education is improved through the development of a curriculum that incorporates climate change in a way that is nationally relevant and prepares youth and adults to better understand and assess climate change risks and effectively implement climate action.Climate action is enhanced by building national capacity to effectively implement actions in all relevant policy areas and economic sectors to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and build resilience to the negative impacts of climate change, including sea level rise, extreme weather events, changes in precipitation patterns and disruption to food production and delivery systems.', 'Adaptation Co-Benefits Mitigation Co-Benefits • Increased domestic capacity to implement effective adaptation actions • Increased domestic capacity to implement effective GHG emissions mitigation actions SDGs Advanced by Nauru’s NDC on Improving Education Education is improved through the development of a curriculum that incorporates climate change in a way that is nationally relevant and prepares youth and adults to better understand and assess climate change risks and effectively implement climate action.Climate action is enhanced by building national capacity to effectively implement actions in all relevant policy areas and economic sectors to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and build resilience to the negative impacts of climate change, including sea level rise, extreme weather events, changes in precipitation patterns and disruption to food production and delivery systems. Nauru’s partnership with GIZ and The Pacific Community will enable the development of a science-informed educational curriculum that incorporates nationally relevant information about climate change, including the risks posed to Nauru, as well as strategies to address them.2.', 'Nauru’s partnership with GIZ and The Pacific Community will enable the development of a science-informed educational curriculum that incorporates nationally relevant information about climate change, including the risks posed to Nauru, as well as strategies to address them.2. HEALTHY & PRODUCTIVE PEOPLE Improving Public Health System Improving Nauru s public health system is an urgent climate change adaptation priority. The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the inadequacies of public health systems around the world. Shortages of medical equipment, hospital beds, and trained medical professionals, often stemming chronic under-investment in the health care sector, have proven deadly during the crisis.', 'Shortages of medical equipment, hospital beds, and trained medical professionals, often stemming chronic under-investment in the health care sector, have proven deadly during the crisis. Pre-existing risk factors, such as high rates of non-communicable diseases, likely increased the morbidity of COVID-19, while disruption in global food supply chains due to a demobilized workforce limited the access of some communities to healthy foods. While clearly different from a viral pandemic in important respects, climate change will have similarly far reaching public health consequences for the most vulnerable countries.', 'While clearly different from a viral pandemic in important respects, climate change will have similarly far reaching public health consequences for the most vulnerable countries. Climate change will undermine the maintenance of good public health in Nauru through a number of channels, including: • Changes in the incidence of vector-borne and other infectious diseases, • Increases in heat stress and dehydration, particularly in the elderly and other vulnerable individuals with underlying health risks, • Negative impacts on water quality and access, including through increased frequency and severity of floods and droughts, • Decreased access to healthy foods, particularly through global price shocks and interruptions of imports, and • Damage to critical health infrastructure, which is overwhelmingly located in low-lying coastal areas, extreme weather events and sea-level rise.', 'Climate change will undermine the maintenance of good public health in Nauru through a number of channels, including: • Changes in the incidence of vector-borne and other infectious diseases, • Increases in heat stress and dehydration, particularly in the elderly and other vulnerable individuals with underlying health risks, • Negative impacts on water quality and access, including through increased frequency and severity of floods and droughts, • Decreased access to healthy foods, particularly through global price shocks and interruptions of imports, and • Damage to critical health infrastructure, which is overwhelmingly located in low-lying coastal areas, extreme weather events and sea-level rise. Nauru includes the following action as part of its NDC.', 'Nauru includes the following action as part of its NDC. Conditional Contribution Conduct assessment of national public health implications of climate change, including on resilience of public health infrastructure Improving the Government’s understanding of the public health implications of climate change in Nauru and assessing the resilience of the hospital and other public health infrastructure to climate change impacts are essential first steps towards developing an adequate response. In partnership with the World Health Organization, the national assessment and its recommendations will inform the development of a national strategy to prepare the nation for the public health implications of climate change.', 'In partnership with the World Health Organization, the national assessment and its recommendations will inform the development of a national strategy to prepare the nation for the public health implications of climate change. Adaptation Co-Benefits • Increased preparedness for tropical diseases, heat stress, dehydration, and other climate change-driven public health impacts • Increased resilience of public health care infrastructure SDGs Advanced by Nauru’s NDC on Improving Public Health Good health and well-being is enhanced by improving Nauru’s preparedness to handle the public health consequences of climate change, including increased incidence of tropical disease, heat stress and barriers to maintaining a proper diet and good hydration.', 'Adaptation Co-Benefits • Increased preparedness for tropical diseases, heat stress, dehydration, and other climate change-driven public health impacts • Increased resilience of public health care infrastructure SDGs Advanced by Nauru’s NDC on Improving Public Health Good health and well-being is enhanced by improving Nauru’s preparedness to handle the public health consequences of climate change, including increased incidence of tropical disease, heat stress and barriers to maintaining a proper diet and good hydration. Climate action is enhanced by improving the resilience of Nauru’s public health infrastructure, as well as its preparedness to handle the negative impacts of climate change on public health.Nauru is partnering with the World Health Organization under its Special Initiative: Climate Change and Health in Small Island Developing States.', 'Climate action is enhanced by improving the resilience of Nauru’s public health infrastructure, as well as its preparedness to handle the negative impacts of climate change on public health.Nauru is partnering with the World Health Organization under its Special Initiative: Climate Change and Health in Small Island Developing States. Nauru will also seek financial support from the GCF to fully fund the assessment and implementation of its recommendations. 2. HEALTHY & PRODUCTIVE PEOPLE Disposal of Asbestos In 2014, the Government of Nauru launched an effort to remove asbestos from all buildings. At the time, estimates put the total area of building surfaces covered by asbestos at around 212,000 square meters.', 'At the time, estimates put the total area of building surfaces covered by asbestos at around 212,000 square meters. Most of the asbestos was in the form of asbestos-cement in roofing and building cladding, including the hospital, schools, and government buildings. All asbestos was old and in various stages of deterioration, with swab and ground testing revealing contamination at multiple testing sites. Since then the asbestos waste has been insecurely stored at various locations around the island, including on the ground surrounding buildings and residences from which it was removed. Asbestos, a known carcinogen, presents an ongoing health risk for all Nauruans. Nauru does not have the facilities for proper disposal and long-term storage, and therefore, it must be collected and transported to a suitable site off-island.', 'Nauru does not have the facilities for proper disposal and long-term storage, and therefore, it must be collected and transported to a suitable site off-island. The negative impacts of climate change, in particular more severe precipitation events and flooding, increases the risk of human exposure to asbestos through the air and groundwater. Therefore, asbestos removal and disposal is an urgent adaptation measure to climate change. Nauru includes the following action as part of its NDC. Conditional Contribution Collect, transport, and dispose of all asbestos waste at a secure site off-island The cost for the collection, transport, and long-term storage of asbestos waste at a secure site was in 2015 estimated to be approximately USD 2.5 million.', 'Conditional Contribution Collect, transport, and dispose of all asbestos waste at a secure site off-island The cost for the collection, transport, and long-term storage of asbestos waste at a secure site was in 2015 estimated to be approximately USD 2.5 million. This would include sealing the asbestos waste in specialized bags, loading the bags into shipping containers and transporting the containers to a suitable site for storage. Given the international transport involved to move the waste to a secure site off-island, the facility would also need to be capable of addressing biosecurity and quarantine issues.', 'Given the international transport involved to move the waste to a secure site off-island, the facility would also need to be capable of addressing biosecurity and quarantine issues. As there has been some good experience of safe removal, handling and storage of asbestos in the past Government hopes to demonstrate best practice of disposal of asbestos off island at a designated landfill in Australia through the PACWaste Plus Project, however this demonstration is only for 4 containers of asbestos which have been safely removed and stored. Achievement of this contribution is contingent on the receipt of financial support, which the Government is currently seeking from development partners. Nauru is targeting 2021 for achievement of this contribution.', 'Nauru is targeting 2021 for achievement of this contribution. Adaptation Co-Benefits • Decreased risk asbestos exposure due to flooding and other extreme weather eventsSDGs Advanced by Nauru’s NDC on Disposal of Asbestos Good health and well-being is enhanced by eliminating the risk of exposure to asbestos, a known carcinogen, currently posed by the insecure storage of asbestos waste around the island. Clean water is protected by eliminating the risk of further contamination of ground water resources currently posed by insecure storage of asbestos. Climate action is enhanced by reducing the risks associated with extreme rainfall, flooding and coastal inundation, which can increase the risk of asbestos exposure from insecure storage.', 'Climate action is enhanced by reducing the risks associated with extreme rainfall, flooding and coastal inundation, which can increase the risk of asbestos exposure from insecure storage. Access to adequate means of implementation is essential to finance the collection, transport and secure disposal of insecurely stored asbestos waste.3. WATER SECURITY Provide a Reliable Supply of Clean Water Securing a safe and reliable water supply for all citizens remains an ongoing priority. Nauru is a permeable island with extremely limited surface runoff and no rivers or reservoirs. Nauru’s water supply is susceptible to climate events such as prolonged droughts which severely undermine the ability to supply water for domestic needs and to which focussed climate change adaptation efforts are required.', 'Nauru’s water supply is susceptible to climate events such as prolonged droughts which severely undermine the ability to supply water for domestic needs and to which focussed climate change adaptation efforts are required. Rainwater Rainwater capture is an important source of water in Nauru, which is captured from the rooftops of households and businesses and is stored in on-site storage tanks. However, changing rain patterns and extended droughts due to climate change leave Nauru vulnerable to water supply challenges. There are also concerns that household rainwater collection infrastructure such as roofs, gutters, pipes and storage tanks are unfit for water collection and storage. Groundwater Groundwater is available in some locations, but these supplies are expected to be contaminated and not suitable for drinking.', 'Groundwater Groundwater is available in some locations, but these supplies are expected to be contaminated and not suitable for drinking. The main use of groundwater is for showering, washing (kitchen & laundry), toilet flushing and for lawn and garden irrigation. There is a risk of saltwater intrusion into groundwater supplies, and a concept note to model these impacts has been prepared. Water Production, Storage & Delivery Nauru’s state-owned utility NUC has installed and operates five reverse-osmosis units to desalinate seawater for potable use around the island. Though NUC has increased water supply capacity, the water supply system is at risk from supply interruptions particularly during drought periods. Additionally, some of NUC’s water storage tanks are in disrepair and will require refurbishment or replacement.', 'Additionally, some of NUC’s water storage tanks are in disrepair and will require refurbishment or replacement. Without a reticulating water supply system, water is distributed through a tanker delivery system that is limited by the availability of water trucks, water production and storage capacity. Nauru includes the following actions to establish a safe and secure water supply as part of its NDC. Unconditional Contribution Establish NUC water office and laboratory to monitor the quality of water supplied to population Currently Nauru’s water is tested in foreign test labs. NUC will open a new water test lab that will allow it to monitor the quality of water supplied by NUC to the population on-island.', 'NUC will open a new water test lab that will allow it to monitor the quality of water supplied by NUC to the population on-island. Conditional Contribution Undertake repairs to NUC water storage tanks There have been ongoing challenges with water storage in Nauru. The NUC storage tanks are in poor condition and are deteriorating quickly and are under need or urgent repair. Necessary repairs to the water storage tanks would cost approximately USD 315,000.', 'Necessary repairs to the water storage tanks would cost approximately USD 315,000. Additionally, all water storage tanks require structural assessments to confirm their integrity and determine whether refurbishment is possible or whether or replacement is necessary.Conditional Contribution Increase NUC water storage capacity There is a need to increase water storage capacity in Nauru in order to provide resilience to drought and other conditions that place high demand on the national water supply system. Increasing capacity to provide sufficient supply for Nauruans will require the installation of additional water storage tanks which would cost approximately USD 530,000 each to install. This project requires financial, technical and capacity support.', 'This project requires financial, technical and capacity support. Conditional Contribution Implement water supply components of the Water and Sanitation Master Plan The Water and Sanitation Master Plan (and the corresponding May 2017 update) provides a detailed proposal to build the necessary water treatment works, water storage facilities, pump stations, reticulation system and household connections, and would cost approximately USD 27M to implement. This project would require financial, technical and capacity support. Conditional Contribution Modeling of impacts of sea level rise and saltwater intrusion into groundwater Given the sea level rise implications of climate change it is imperative that Nauru prepares an assessment of the potential impacts of saltwater intrusion into its groundwater supplies.', 'Conditional Contribution Modeling of impacts of sea level rise and saltwater intrusion into groundwater Given the sea level rise implications of climate change it is imperative that Nauru prepares an assessment of the potential impacts of saltwater intrusion into its groundwater supplies. Conditional Contribution Assess the condition of groundwater supplies An assessment of the current state of groundwater supplies is necessary to determine the levels of contamination from sewerage and other sources. Technical and capacity support will be required to undertake such an assessment.', 'Technical and capacity support will be required to undertake such an assessment. Adaptation Co-Benefits Mitigation Co-Benefits • Improved water supply, storage and distribution would provide water security in the case of prolonged droughts and other changes in precipitation patterns • Increased resilience of domestic food supply to interruption by climate change-driven impacts • Potential use of groundwater supplies would reduce energy use for water desalination SDGs Advanced by Nauru’s NDC to Provide a Reliable Supply of Clean Water Food security will be increased by improving water supply for home gardens and other agricultural and aquaculture facilities. Good health and well-being is enhanced by providing clean tested water to reduce the incidence of water borne and water contamination related illness and by eliminating sewage discharge into ground water supplies.', 'Good health and well-being is enhanced by providing clean tested water to reduce the incidence of water borne and water contamination related illness and by eliminating sewage discharge into ground water supplies. Water security will be increased by providing a modern and reliable water delivery and sewerage system, by eliminating the discharge of untreated household wastewater and by improving water use efficiency. Climate action will be enhanced by strengthening resilience and adaptive capacity to climate related changes to rain patterns.Life below water will be enhanced by treating sewage appropriately before discharge into groundwater, lagoons and the ocean. Life on land will be improved by reducing the discharge of sewage into inland freshwater ecosystems. Durable partnerships and access to adequate means of implementation will be required to implement these contributions.4.', 'Durable partnerships and access to adequate means of implementation will be required to implement these contributions.4. FOOD SECURITY Improve Food Security Through Increased Local Food Production The development of domestic food production for food security is a key national development goal in Nauru’s National Sustainable Development Strategy. However, food security is a persistent challenge for Nauru. Food supplies are primarily imported resulting in high costs, and are limited in supply and variety. The lack of access to fresh and healthy foods results in poor diets and associated health consequences, including a high rate of non-communicable diseases. Climate change has the potential to significantly undermine Nauru’s food security. As a highly import dependent country, Nauru is vulnerable to price fluctuations in global commodity markets.', 'As a highly import dependent country, Nauru is vulnerable to price fluctuations in global commodity markets. Any food shortages at the global level will likely have profound negative impacts on the ability of Nauruans to secure affordable supplies. For example, the 2007-2008 global food crisis resulted in many basic commodities like rice selling for as much as four times the global average in Nauru. In addition, the experience of COVID-19 has demonstrated how interruptions to global supply chains abroad can prevent the timely delivery of food to Nauru. The Government has undertaken programmes in both agriculture and fisheries/aquaculture to trial methods to develop domestic food production, but require further development and support.', 'The Government has undertaken programmes in both agriculture and fisheries/aquaculture to trial methods to develop domestic food production, but require further development and support. Growing fruits and vegetables is challenging in Nauru because of low soil quality and insecure water supplies. There have been a number of successful small-scale and trial projects - vegetable farm, piggery, seedling distribution, kitchen gardens and public education initiatives - established and maintained with the support of the Republic of China (Taiwan) Technical Mission. Efforts to scale up agricultural production are limited by land constraints and are expected to be an important part of the development of Topside.', 'Efforts to scale up agricultural production are limited by land constraints and are expected to be an important part of the development of Topside. There have been successful aquaculture trials in Nauru at the subsistence level and though there is a desire to scale this up to a commercial scale to serve domestic markets, doing so will require technical expertise and financial support. Nauru therefore includes the following efforts towards establishing food security as part of its NDC. In addition to these contributions, the Governance Section includes additional contributions related to the development of food security related national plans.', 'In addition to these contributions, the Governance Section includes additional contributions related to the development of food security related national plans. Unconditional Contribution Maintain ongoing agricultural technical trials The Government of Nauru intends to continue the existing agricultural technical trials to further develop potential scalable long-term food security initiatives in Nauru. Conditional Contribution Implement Food Security Related National Strategic and Action Plans In order to elaborate and define the NSDS goal of “improved food security through increased local food production” the Government of Nauru has developed or is developing a number of food security related national strategic and action plans including, inter alia, Food Security and Nutrition Strategic Plan, Agriculture Strategic Plan, Nauru Climate Smart Agriculture Plan (2021-2025).', 'Conditional Contribution Implement Food Security Related National Strategic and Action Plans In order to elaborate and define the NSDS goal of “improved food security through increased local food production” the Government of Nauru has developed or is developing a number of food security related national strategic and action plans including, inter alia, Food Security and Nutrition Strategic Plan, Agriculture Strategic Plan, Nauru Climate Smart Agriculture Plan (2021-2025). The Government ofNauru will require technology transfer, capacity building and financial support in order to fully implement these food security related National Strategic and Action Plans.', 'The Government ofNauru will require technology transfer, capacity building and financial support in order to fully implement these food security related National Strategic and Action Plans. Unconditional Contribution Collect and analyze data on climate change impacts on fisheries and marine resources The Government of Nauru intends to continue to work with SPC to collect data on the impacts of climate change on fisheries and marine resources along with other coastal fisheries and aquaculture related statistical information. Conditional Contribution Develop milkfish farming in support of the development and expansion of aquaculture Nauru intends to develop a USD 3 million aquaculture pilot project that would rehabilitate the Buada Lagoon and Anabar ponds, set up milkfish aquaculture operations and establish management, marketing and retailing operations.', 'Conditional Contribution Develop milkfish farming in support of the development and expansion of aquaculture Nauru intends to develop a USD 3 million aquaculture pilot project that would rehabilitate the Buada Lagoon and Anabar ponds, set up milkfish aquaculture operations and establish management, marketing and retailing operations. Adaptation Co-Benefits Mitigation Co-Benefits • Improve resilience by collecting data to better understanding climate impacts on agriculture, fisheries and marine resources • Improve resilience by increasing domestic food production • Improve resilience by providing a legislative framework to strengthen governance of fisheries and marine resources • Reduced emissions related to the import of foods from great distances SDGs Advanced by Nauru’s NDC to Improve Food Security Through Increased Local Food Production Food security is enhanced by the development of the Strategic Plan for the Sustainable Development of Agriculture that will provide the blueprint for increased domestic agricultural supply which once implemented will increase food supply and security.', 'Adaptation Co-Benefits Mitigation Co-Benefits • Improve resilience by collecting data to better understanding climate impacts on agriculture, fisheries and marine resources • Improve resilience by increasing domestic food production • Improve resilience by providing a legislative framework to strengthen governance of fisheries and marine resources • Reduced emissions related to the import of foods from great distances SDGs Advanced by Nauru’s NDC to Improve Food Security Through Increased Local Food Production Food security is enhanced by the development of the Strategic Plan for the Sustainable Development of Agriculture that will provide the blueprint for increased domestic agricultural supply which once implemented will increase food supply and security. The ongoing agricultural technical trials will allow for the refinement of agricultural techniques resulting in higher yields and greater food security.', 'The ongoing agricultural technical trials will allow for the refinement of agricultural techniques resulting in higher yields and greater food security. Fisheries and aquaculture-related legislation and data collection will provide a scientific basis and legislative framework to ensure the success of a potential aquaculture technical trial. Good health and well-being is enhanced by being positioned to provide Nauruan citizens will healthy, high quality, domestically produced agricultural and fish products.', 'Good health and well-being is enhanced by being positioned to provide Nauruan citizens will healthy, high quality, domestically produced agricultural and fish products. Climate action is enhanced by reducing the need to import foods from long distances for consumption and by improving resiliency by providing local food supplies.Marine ecosystem resilience will be enhanced by the collection of data to increase the understanding of climate change impacts on fisheries and marine resources and by providing a legislative framework to strengthen governance of fisheries and marine resources Durable partnerships are enhanced by continuing to work with Republic of China (Taiwan) on existing agricultural technical trials and through continued work with SPC to monitor the impacts of climate change on fisheries and marine resources.5.', 'Climate action is enhanced by reducing the need to import foods from long distances for consumption and by improving resiliency by providing local food supplies.Marine ecosystem resilience will be enhanced by the collection of data to increase the understanding of climate change impacts on fisheries and marine resources and by providing a legislative framework to strengthen governance of fisheries and marine resources Durable partnerships are enhanced by continuing to work with Republic of China (Taiwan) on existing agricultural technical trials and through continued work with SPC to monitor the impacts of climate change on fisheries and marine resources.5. ENERGY SECURITY Establishing Energy Security Nauru is almost completely reliant on imported fossil fuels for power generation and transport, which has created and continues to impose a significant financial burden and energy supply risks to our country.', 'ENERGY SECURITY Establishing Energy Security Nauru is almost completely reliant on imported fossil fuels for power generation and transport, which has created and continues to impose a significant financial burden and energy supply risks to our country. In 2018, Nauru generated 97% of its electricity from diesel fuel by a fleet of aging and refurbished generators, with the remaining 3% generated from a 500kW solar farm and a scattering of rooftop solar panels. NUC is responsible for energy generation and distribution in Nauru, and delivered 35.8GWh to the grid in 2018. Approximately USD 6.1 million was spent in fuel expenditures for energy production in 2018 – slightly more than 9.2 million litres of diesel. In recent years, direct government fuel subsidies to NUC have decreased drastically.', 'In recent years, direct government fuel subsidies to NUC have decreased drastically. However, the Government still subsidizes electricity generation – albeit indirectly – through its purchase of power from NUC at some of the highest prices in the Pacific, thereby allowing the average Nauruan to be assessed some of the lowest electricity prices in the region. Nauru has 30 kilometers of roads, 80% of which is paved. Nauru’s road system consists of a single major road that spans along the circumference of the island, with a network of smaller roads that connect phosphate mines with coastal settlements in Bottomside. The Department of Transport estimates that approximately 3400 petrol vehicles, 950 diesel vehicles and 500 unregistered vehicles of a range of sizes and purposes exist in Nauru.', 'The Department of Transport estimates that approximately 3400 petrol vehicles, 950 diesel vehicles and 500 unregistered vehicles of a range of sizes and purposes exist in Nauru. In recent years, Nauru has experienced a large and unexpected growth in vehicle ownership with the influx of disposable income resulting from the operation of the RPC. Nauru’s strategy to establish energy security in the most sustainable and environmentally friendly way possible is encapsulated in the Nauru Energy Road Map. In it, Nauru sets three overarching energy objectives that also serve as Nauru’s contributions under the Paris Agreement, enumerated below.', 'In it, Nauru sets three overarching energy objectives that also serve as Nauru’s contributions under the Paris Agreement, enumerated below. Conditional Contribution Establishing a grid capable of providing stable and affordable power Nauru has made great strides to improve the consistency and durability of its power generation and distribution system, which has and will create a strong foundation for Nauru’s development of renewable energy sources. In addition to recent additions and refurbishments to NUC’s diesel generator fleet, significant investments have been made to rehabilitate Nauru’s high voltage network. Since its inception in 2011, NUC has made great strides to improve the reliability of Nauru’s grid.', 'Since its inception in 2011, NUC has made great strides to improve the reliability of Nauru’s grid. Nauruans suffered from interruptions in the power supply that totaled 47 days over the course of 2015, with outages occurring at least once a day. But by 2017, this was drastically improved so that annual power interruptions decreased to a total of six days and power outages took place only once every four days.', 'But by 2017, this was drastically improved so that annual power interruptions decreased to a total of six days and power outages took place only once every four days. Indicative Actions to Achieve Grid Stability • Develop Nauru Energy Act to create an overarching legislative and governance framework for the energy sector in Nauru and an enabling environment for private sector investment • Create and finance an Energy Infrastructure Investment Fund to establish capital reserve funds dedicated to maintaining Nauru’s energy infrastructure and to anticipated future costs associated with maintaining Nauru’s solar capacity • Undertake energy use and supply analysis that considers the impact of recent changes in consumption behavior and the addition of larger-scale solar photovoltaic systems that can inform future energy systems planning • Build in-country capacity to operate and maintain solar photovoltaic and battery storage systems, particularly with a focus to increase gender representation within NUC and generally.Conditional Contribution Renewable energy comprises half of Nauru’s power generation Increasing the share of renewable energy in Nauru has been slow going, but the current renewable energy share belies our true potential as a renewable energy leader.', 'Indicative Actions to Achieve Grid Stability • Develop Nauru Energy Act to create an overarching legislative and governance framework for the energy sector in Nauru and an enabling environment for private sector investment • Create and finance an Energy Infrastructure Investment Fund to establish capital reserve funds dedicated to maintaining Nauru’s energy infrastructure and to anticipated future costs associated with maintaining Nauru’s solar capacity • Undertake energy use and supply analysis that considers the impact of recent changes in consumption behavior and the addition of larger-scale solar photovoltaic systems that can inform future energy systems planning • Build in-country capacity to operate and maintain solar photovoltaic and battery storage systems, particularly with a focus to increase gender representation within NUC and generally.Conditional Contribution Renewable energy comprises half of Nauru’s power generation Increasing the share of renewable energy in Nauru has been slow going, but the current renewable energy share belies our true potential as a renewable energy leader. Having invested considerably in building a strong foundation that will enable renewable energy expansion, Nauru currently stands at the cusp of dramatically increasing its renewable share from 3% to 47% over the course of the next decade, if not earlier.', 'Having invested considerably in building a strong foundation that will enable renewable energy expansion, Nauru currently stands at the cusp of dramatically increasing its renewable share from 3% to 47% over the course of the next decade, if not earlier. Nauru has in recent years begun to expand our solar generation capacity through a number of projects with the support of the United Arab Emirates, New Zealand and the European Union, and is in the beginning stages of embarking on a major 6MW solar project with 5 MW/2.5MWh battery storage capacity with the ADB. This project, which is projected to reduce Nauru’s greenhouse gas emissions by 11,155 tons of CO2 equivalent annually, will place Nauru within reach of nearly achieving its renewable energy objectives.', 'This project, which is projected to reduce Nauru’s greenhouse gas emissions by 11,155 tons of CO2 equivalent annually, will place Nauru within reach of nearly achieving its renewable energy objectives. But Nauru’s ability to fully reach our 50% renewable energy goal will be tied closely to the success of our efforts on energy efficiency. Past efforts to reduce the carbon footprint of the transport sector in Nauru have been relatively unsuccessful due to several factors, including the corrosive environmental impacts on equipment, inadequate resources and difficulty in transforming the Nauruan mindset towards public shared transport.', 'Past efforts to reduce the carbon footprint of the transport sector in Nauru have been relatively unsuccessful due to several factors, including the corrosive environmental impacts on equipment, inadequate resources and difficulty in transforming the Nauruan mindset towards public shared transport. Nauru has established a limited bus system to serve the island population, but the lack of resources renders it incapable of meeting the transport needs of the people and unable to mobilize a shift away from private vehicle ownership. Past attempts to introduce electric bicycles and scooters were unsuccessful due to mechanical damage to equipment from Nauru’s salty corrosive environment, steep hills and stray dogs.', 'Past attempts to introduce electric bicycles and scooters were unsuccessful due to mechanical damage to equipment from Nauru’s salty corrosive environment, steep hills and stray dogs. Indicative Actions to Achieve 50% Renewable Energy Capacity • Install 6MW solar photovoltaic farm with 5MW/2.5MW battery capacity • Conduct technical assessment of non-solar sources of renewable energy such as ocean thermal energy conversion and waste-to-energy • Conduct technical assessment of low-carbon transport options Conditional Contribution Achieving 30% Energy Savings The ability of Nauru to realize our renewable energy aspirations will depend on placing a strong focus on energy efficiency.', 'Indicative Actions to Achieve 50% Renewable Energy Capacity • Install 6MW solar photovoltaic farm with 5MW/2.5MW battery capacity • Conduct technical assessment of non-solar sources of renewable energy such as ocean thermal energy conversion and waste-to-energy • Conduct technical assessment of low-carbon transport options Conditional Contribution Achieving 30% Energy Savings The ability of Nauru to realize our renewable energy aspirations will depend on placing a strong focus on energy efficiency. Though Nauru has taken some measures to reduce energy demand – such as through the Low Carbon Fund to encourage the uptake of efficient refrigerators and washing machines – much action within the energy sector to date has centered on renewable energy expansion. The coming years will see a greater focus and prioritization by Nauru on energy efficiency.', 'The coming years will see a greater focus and prioritization by Nauru on energy efficiency. In addition to the undisciplined usage of energy by the general public and government employees, Nauru lacks energy efficiency standards for appliances and comprehensive financial incentives that promote energy efficiency. In transport, though some vehicle import restrictions and duties designed to influence the number and quality of vehicles entering Nauru are in place, the impact and efficacy of those measures has been minimal. A major impediment to more effective action on energy efficiency and on low-carbon transport has been the lack of baseline data on historical and current energy use, and this will be one of the first steps Nauru will take towards establishing greater energy efficiency.', 'A major impediment to more effective action on energy efficiency and on low-carbon transport has been the lack of baseline data on historical and current energy use, and this will be one of the first steps Nauru will take towards establishing greater energy efficiency. Indicative Actions to Achieve 30% Energy Efficiency• Promote energy efficient air conditioners and other appliances through an expansion of the Low Carbon Fund • Conduct technical assessments to identify effective energy efficiency options for Nauru • Undertake energy audits of government facilities, high-energy usage properties, residential sector to establish baseline data • Rewire government buildings to maximize energy savings and encourage changes in usage behavior among government staff • Adopt an Appliance Labeling and Energy Standard Programme to encourage the import and uptake of low energy usage products • Induce behavioral change to encourage energy efficient behavior via education campaigns for the general public and within the government Adaptation Co-Benefits Mitigation Co-Benefits • Infrastructure with increased resilience to climate change impacts and natural disasters • Increased economic resilience and diversification • Increased ability to invest in other sustainable development and climate priorities • Increased access to cleaner and affordable energy • Reduced greenhouse gas emissions • Reduced dependency on fossil-fuel intensive technology and transport • Reduced risk to energy supply chain disruptions SDGs Advanced by Nauru’s NDC to Establish Energy Security Increased participation of women in the energy field through targeted efforts to increase the capacity and participation of women during efforts to build domestic institutional capacity of Nauru’s energy sector.', 'Indicative Actions to Achieve 30% Energy Efficiency• Promote energy efficient air conditioners and other appliances through an expansion of the Low Carbon Fund • Conduct technical assessments to identify effective energy efficiency options for Nauru • Undertake energy audits of government facilities, high-energy usage properties, residential sector to establish baseline data • Rewire government buildings to maximize energy savings and encourage changes in usage behavior among government staff • Adopt an Appliance Labeling and Energy Standard Programme to encourage the import and uptake of low energy usage products • Induce behavioral change to encourage energy efficient behavior via education campaigns for the general public and within the government Adaptation Co-Benefits Mitigation Co-Benefits • Infrastructure with increased resilience to climate change impacts and natural disasters • Increased economic resilience and diversification • Increased ability to invest in other sustainable development and climate priorities • Increased access to cleaner and affordable energy • Reduced greenhouse gas emissions • Reduced dependency on fossil-fuel intensive technology and transport • Reduced risk to energy supply chain disruptions SDGs Advanced by Nauru’s NDC to Establish Energy Security Increased participation of women in the energy field through targeted efforts to increase the capacity and participation of women during efforts to build domestic institutional capacity of Nauru’s energy sector. Increased access to affordable and clean energy through the uptake of energy efficient practices and greater deployment of renewable energy.', 'Increased access to affordable and clean energy through the uptake of energy efficient practices and greater deployment of renewable energy. Establishing and maintaining a stable grid and deploying greater renewables will create job opportunities, growth for SMEs, and greater ability to invest in other government priorities. Achievement of Nauru’s energy goals resulting in reliable and resilient infrastructure able to deliver stable and affordable power to increase productivity, and free up resources to be invested in other government priorities to enhance Nauru’s sustainable development and diversify the economy. The sustainability of communities will be enhanced with infrastructure resilient to disaster and climate change impacts, and establishing sustainable transport options. Achievement of Nauru’s energy objectives will result in the reduced consumption of fossil fuels and in fossil-fuel intensive technologies and appliances.', 'Achievement of Nauru’s energy objectives will result in the reduced consumption of fossil fuels and in fossil-fuel intensive technologies and appliances. Enhanced renewable energy based power generation and the uptake of energy efficient practices will lead to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and investment in energy infrastructure resilient to climate change impacts and natural disasters. Successful implementation of Nauru’s energy objectives will require strong governance and institutions capable of implementing and enforcing energy policies and frameworks. Durable partnerships, access to adequate means of implementation, and technology transfer will be required to fully achieve these goals.6. HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT Enhancement of Waste Management Facility The effective management of waste is a persistent challenge for Nauru. The current dumpsite, which is spread over five hectares, has been in operation for several decades.', 'The current dumpsite, which is spread over five hectares, has been in operation for several decades. During this time, the quantity of disposable consumer goods imported into the country has grown significantly, outstripping the capacity of the dumpsite to safely process and store the waste generated. The current waste management facility has clear negative consequences for the local environment. The most dangerous impact stems from leachate, which is produced when rainwater falls on exposed waste. With upgrades to existing facilities and equipment, along with the implementation of best waste management practices, leachate production can be significantly reduced and prevented from draining into neighboring areas and nearby groundwater reserves. Inadequate waste management increases stress on the natural environment.', 'Inadequate waste management increases stress on the natural environment. Reducing this stress will significantly increase the resilience of local biodiversity to the negative impacts of climate change. Climate change is also projected to alter precipitation patterns in the North Pacific region, which could pose a significant threat to Nauru’s water security. Therefore, protecting existing groundwater reserves is an urgent climate change adaptation priority. Enhancing the waste management facilities on Nauru would remove one of the largest stresses on the local water supply. The construction of a new composting facility would improve food security in the country by producing growing medium for local food production and also reduce fugitive methane emissions from the landfill site.', 'The construction of a new composting facility would improve food security in the country by producing growing medium for local food production and also reduce fugitive methane emissions from the landfill site. A Remedial Plan identifies a number of actions that can maximize the utility of the existing dump site in Nauru and significantly reduce the negative impacts on groundwater and the surrounding environment. Nauru includes the following three actions as part of its NDC. Unconditional Contribution Improve organization and physical structure of dumpsite cells to prevent contamination of groundwater supplies More efficient organization of the site will reduce the volume of rainwater that comes into contact with exposed waste.', 'Unconditional Contribution Improve organization and physical structure of dumpsite cells to prevent contamination of groundwater supplies More efficient organization of the site will reduce the volume of rainwater that comes into contact with exposed waste. A liner system, simple leachate collection and treatment, and good waste placement and compaction practices will further limit discharges to the environment. Surface and rainwater successfully diverted from open dumping areas can be treated as clean water to supplement other existing freshwater reserves and be potentially used in on-site composting of organic waste.', 'Surface and rainwater successfully diverted from open dumping areas can be treated as clean water to supplement other existing freshwater reserves and be potentially used in on-site composting of organic waste. Changes at the site will include: • Development of Landfill Master Plan and Operations Plan, • Improving the design of the dumping area, including staging of cell development and filling, • Consolidating the historic waste on the site, either in constructed cells or specific areas, • Developing cell(s) for controlled dumping of waste, • Compacting waste placed in the new landfill cell(s), • Maintaining stockpile of suitable material for cover and construction of bunds and cap on-site, and • Keeping the active tipping area as small as possible to minimise the amount of rainwater falling on open waste dumping areas.', 'Changes at the site will include: • Development of Landfill Master Plan and Operations Plan, • Improving the design of the dumping area, including staging of cell development and filling, • Consolidating the historic waste on the site, either in constructed cells or specific areas, • Developing cell(s) for controlled dumping of waste, • Compacting waste placed in the new landfill cell(s), • Maintaining stockpile of suitable material for cover and construction of bunds and cap on-site, and • Keeping the active tipping area as small as possible to minimise the amount of rainwater falling on open waste dumping areas. Consolidating existing waste on-site and specifying specific areas for future filling provides an opportunity to develop other parts of the site for the resource recovery activities described in the following sections.', 'Consolidating existing waste on-site and specifying specific areas for future filling provides an opportunity to develop other parts of the site for the resource recovery activities described in the following sections. These changes will require capital investment and ongoing resourcing, includingsuitable equipment (i.e. bulldozer, digger and/or loader) for operation and ongoing construction and maintenance activity.', 'bulldozer, digger and/or loader) for operation and ongoing construction and maintenance activity. Support for these efforts is not provided for by any partners, however Nauru is seeking support from potential partners to develop the above-mentioned changes: Phase Cost Timeframe Development of Landfill Master Plan and Operations and Management Plan Development of Cells by Clearing and Filling and Maintaining Stockpiles USD 1.15 million 6 months Unconditional Contribution Build new resource recovery facility for inorganic waste The volume of waste stored at the landfill can be significantly reduced by the construction of a new resource recovery facility for inorganic waste. Recoverable materials include surplus tyres, unwanted white goods, scrap steel, aluminum containers, and recycled plastics. Tyres have continuing value for communities for use in landscaping, and their re-use can significantly reduce the risk of fire at the landfill.', 'Tyres have continuing value for communities for use in landscaping, and their re-use can significantly reduce the risk of fire at the landfill. Stockpiling of unwanted white goods can supply appliance repairers with spare parts. Securing equipment for disassembly, cutting and compacting would facilitate the recovery and export of scrap steel. Aluminum cans are easily collected, and attract strong prices internationally. Collection of plastic drink containers for export and recycling is also worthy of consideration, though measures to minimize the use of plastics are also being pursued. The new facility recovery facility is being developed with the support of the Government of Japan and the Ridge2Reef Initiative, and will require financial support of approximately USD 550,000. The recovery facility is expected to be operational by 2021.', 'The recovery facility is expected to be operational by 2021. Conditional Contribution Build new organic waste recovery and composting facility Nauru has a climate that is well-suited for composting of organic waste materials. Greater availability of compost will significantly contribute to land rehabilitation efforts under the Higher Ground Initiative as the top layer in the backfilling of mined areas. Compost can also accelerate efforts to increase domestic food production, both as a growing media for household gardens and any future large-scale agriculture on Topside. Compost can also be used for re-establishing native vegetation once areas are rehabilitated. Although no data currently available, it can also reasonably be expected that composting would reduce fugitive methane emissions.', 'Although no data currently available, it can also reasonably be expected that composting would reduce fugitive methane emissions. Under the Master Plan a composting facility will be constructed at the current Nauru dump site, which would include provision for pre-processing of materials (shredding, blending), space for several windrows of composting material and stockpile of mature compost. Funding of approximately USD 60,000 for construction will be provided by India South South Cooperation. The target for completing this contribution is 2021.', 'The target for completing this contribution is 2021. Adaptation Co-Benefits Mitigation Co-Benefits • Increase resilience of natural ecosystems • Reduce methane emissions• Enhance water security by reducing leachate intrusion into groundwater • Increase food security through production of compost for agriculture Mitigation SDGs Advanced by Nauru’s NDC on Enhancement of Waste Management Facility Good health and well-being will be enhanced by reducing local pollution and risk of fire. Clean water and sanitation will be improved by significantly reducing leachate, which contaminates groundwater supplies. Enhanced waste management infrastructure will augment sustainability efforts and create economic opportunities from resource recovery and composting. Sustainability of communities will be enhanced by reducing the impacts of pollution and risk of fire, and by encouraging recycling and composting.', 'Sustainability of communities will be enhanced by reducing the impacts of pollution and risk of fire, and by encouraging recycling and composting. Sustainable consumption will be encouraged through the adoption of complementary waste management policies in order to reduce the total volume of waste that must be processed. Climate action will be enhanced by reducing the risk to water security and vulnerable marine ecosystems Marine ecosystem resilience will be enhanced by reducing runoff into coastal ecosystems. Partnerships with the Pacific Community and the Government of India are already assisting with implementation and additional finance will be required to fully implement the composting facility.6.', 'Partnerships with the Pacific Community and the Government of India are already assisting with implementation and additional finance will be required to fully implement the composting facility.6. HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT Ecosystem Restoration and Sustainable Land Management to improve livelihoods and protect biodiversity Before mining began, Nauru was thickly covered with tropical rainforest dominated in parts by the Pacific mahogany (Ijo or Tomano) tree and pandanus. The land was managed by an agroforestry system, whereby productive tree species were planted, tended, and cultivated within an environment that was otherwise largely unmodified. Decades of phosphate mining have had a significant impact on the natural environment.', 'Decades of phosphate mining have had a significant impact on the natural environment. In addition, the increasing environmental pressures associated with economic development, such as greater consumption of consumer goods and production of waste, are an ongoing challenge for a country with limited land area. Many of the native species have been extirpated or are on the verge of extirpation from the island. Although non recorded plant species are endemic to Nauru, some are rare, and their conservation is of global relevance. As highlighted in the Rapid Biodiversity Assessment of Nauru, there remain valuable pockets of natural flora and fauna that are worth protecting and restoring. And although greatly outnumbered by introduced species, the indigenous plant species still constitute the most culturally- useful and ecologically-important species.', 'And although greatly outnumbered by introduced species, the indigenous plant species still constitute the most culturally- useful and ecologically-important species. Due to the unique adaptability of indigenous Pacific island plants to the harsh conditions of coastal and small-island environments, and their cultural and ecological utility, their protection and enhancement are crucial as a basis for sustainable development on Nauru. Restoration of key sites will also aid in recovery of declining bird and other animal species and in maintaining future food security. Climate change impacts, particularly drought, will increase stress on the natural environment, which makes reducing other stressors an urgent priority.', 'Climate change impacts, particularly drought, will increase stress on the natural environment, which makes reducing other stressors an urgent priority. Supported in part by the Global Environment Facility, Nauru will build the foundation for a transition from mining to sustainable development in Nauru by designing and testing integrated strategies for natural resource management and outlining the financial benefits of improved land use planning and options for increasing productivity. The expected outcomes of the project will create an enabling environment for scaling-up and mainstreaming biodiversity, sustainable land management, and land degradation neutrality into priority sectors.', 'The expected outcomes of the project will create an enabling environment for scaling-up and mainstreaming biodiversity, sustainable land management, and land degradation neutrality into priority sectors. The project has four components: 1) Strengthening policy and institutional capacity for sustainable land management and biodiversity conservation, 2) Rehabilitation and restoration of degraded land to protect and reinstate ecosystem services in Nauru, 3) Conservation and sustainable use of Nauru’s remaining forests, and 4) Capacity building and knowledge sharing to enable scaling up towards land degradation neutrality and biodiversity conservation. The project will help restore agricultural productivity in a highly degraded agro-forestry system by improving soil management and increasing soil organic matter content, increasing the vegetation and tree coverage.', 'The project will help restore agricultural productivity in a highly degraded agro-forestry system by improving soil management and increasing soil organic matter content, increasing the vegetation and tree coverage. The project will also mainstream biodiversity conservation into priority sectors (agriculture, tourism, mining and infrastructure development) through land-use planning to ensure that land and resource use maximize production without undermining biodiversity.', 'The project will also mainstream biodiversity conservation into priority sectors (agriculture, tourism, mining and infrastructure development) through land-use planning to ensure that land and resource use maximize production without undermining biodiversity. Lastly, the project will address direct drivers of terrestrial biodiversity loss in Nauru by creating a protected area (Anibare Bay) and implementing sustainable forest management practices in priority areas of important biodiversity and cultural value.Unconditional Contribution Develop Land Use & Restoration Plan and begin implementation The Land Use and Restoration Plan developed, in consultation with the communities and land owners, to guide decision-making, land use management and facilitate mainstreaming of biodiversity into priority sectors to ensure that land and resource use maximize production without undermining biodiversity.', 'Lastly, the project will address direct drivers of terrestrial biodiversity loss in Nauru by creating a protected area (Anibare Bay) and implementing sustainable forest management practices in priority areas of important biodiversity and cultural value.Unconditional Contribution Develop Land Use & Restoration Plan and begin implementation The Land Use and Restoration Plan developed, in consultation with the communities and land owners, to guide decision-making, land use management and facilitate mainstreaming of biodiversity into priority sectors to ensure that land and resource use maximize production without undermining biodiversity. Unconditional Contribution Pilot soil restoration methods and SLM techniques Soil restoration methods and sustainable land management techniques tested at pilot sites after secondary mining for phosphate has been completed to lower erosion, increase organic matter content in soil and improve soil fertility.', 'Unconditional Contribution Pilot soil restoration methods and SLM techniques Soil restoration methods and sustainable land management techniques tested at pilot sites after secondary mining for phosphate has been completed to lower erosion, increase organic matter content in soil and improve soil fertility. A restoration cost analysis for different methodologies will enable subsequent scaling up on new plots. Unconditional Contribution Establish terrestrial protected area in Anibare Bay A line of wooded cliffs overlooking Anibare Bay comprises the richest remaining native vegetation on the island. In 2008, Bird Life International identified the Anibare Bay escarpment as an “Important Bird and Biodiversity Area” (IBA).', 'In 2008, Bird Life International identified the Anibare Bay escarpment as an “Important Bird and Biodiversity Area” (IBA). The Government will take steps to protect the Anibare Bay area, including the coastal area and escarpment, with a view to conserving and managing biodiversity as a means to protect the last undisturbed landscape in Nauru and important bird habitat and refuge for rare and endangered species of plants Adaptation Co-Benefits • Increased resilience of sensitive ecosystems to climate change impacts • Increased resilience of local water supply to climate change-induced drought by through improved hydrological cycle and ground water recharge • Increased resilience to climate change-induced interruption of affordable food imports through expansion of agro-forestry practices to increase local food production SDGs Advanced by Nauru’s NDC to Restore Ecosystems and Protect Biodiversity Food security is enhanced by increasing local production through expansion of agro-forestry methods.', 'The Government will take steps to protect the Anibare Bay area, including the coastal area and escarpment, with a view to conserving and managing biodiversity as a means to protect the last undisturbed landscape in Nauru and important bird habitat and refuge for rare and endangered species of plants Adaptation Co-Benefits • Increased resilience of sensitive ecosystems to climate change impacts • Increased resilience of local water supply to climate change-induced drought by through improved hydrological cycle and ground water recharge • Increased resilience to climate change-induced interruption of affordable food imports through expansion of agro-forestry practices to increase local food production SDGs Advanced by Nauru’s NDC to Restore Ecosystems and Protect Biodiversity Food security is enhanced by increasing local production through expansion of agro-forestry methods. Water security is enhanced by the restoration of natural ecosystems to increase ground water recharge.', 'Water security is enhanced by the restoration of natural ecosystems to increase ground water recharge. Resilience to climate change is enhanced by building the resilience of sensitive ecosystems to negative climate change impacts through the reduction of other local, anthropogenic stresses and the mainstreaming of sustainable land use planning and land degradation neutrality, with additional climate change adaptation co- benefits in the areas of food and water security. Local biodiversity is enhanced by establishing a protected area in Anibare Bay, identified as Nauru’s most important and diverse terrestrial ecosystem, as well as through the wider use of sustainable land management to curb unsustainable development around the island.', 'Local biodiversity is enhanced by establishing a protected area in Anibare Bay, identified as Nauru’s most important and diverse terrestrial ecosystem, as well as through the wider use of sustainable land management to curb unsustainable development around the island. Durable partnerships and access to adequate means of implementation will be critical to the implementation of this contribution, which will include funding provided by the national government and the Global Environment Facility, as well as technical support from the Taiwan Technical Mission.6.', 'Durable partnerships and access to adequate means of implementation will be critical to the implementation of this contribution, which will include funding provided by the national government and the Global Environment Facility, as well as technical support from the Taiwan Technical Mission.6. HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT Establish Effective Sewage Treatment Sewerage is an ongoing challenge in Nauru where the system consists of primary treatment in the form of septic tanks or cesspits provided to treat waste at all households but there are no pollution safeguards, building codes, or other controls for them. The cesspits discharge raw sewage directly into the adjacent ground through the open bottom and perforated sides of the units.', 'The cesspits discharge raw sewage directly into the adjacent ground through the open bottom and perforated sides of the units. It is expected that a number of septic tanks and cesspits are damaged and discharging to the adjacent soil, thereby contaminating groundwater supplies. There is a need for an assessment of the condition of household cesspits, but this will require both funding and technical assistance. The current sewage treatment plant at Nauru Primary School is ineffective, overburdened and poses a potential health risk to children at the school and cannot serve as a long-term reliable sewerage solution to treat and effectively dispose of human waste remains a priority. Thus the following actions to improve the sewerage situation in Nauru are a part of its NDC.', 'Thus the following actions to improve the sewerage situation in Nauru are a part of its NDC. Conditional Contribution Implementation of the sewerage components of the Water and Sanitation Master Plan The Water and Sanitation Master Plan (and the corresponding May 2017 update) provides a detailed proposal and the costs to address short-term repairs to the current sewage treatment plant, construct a new sewage treatment plant and build the necessary sewer reticulation, septic tanks, pump stations and other necessary infrastructure. Full implementation of the sewerage components of the plan would provide Nauru with a modern sewerage treatment system and would cost approximately USD 27 million. This project would require financial, technical and capacity support.', 'This project would require financial, technical and capacity support. Conditional Contribution Addressing household cesspits An assessment of the current state of household cesspits is necessary to determine which cesspits are in need of repairs or replacement to ensure that they are not leaking waste into Nauru’s already limited groundwater supplies. Additionally, building codes or other safeguards for sewerage discharge and cesspits need to be developed and effectively implemented.', 'Additionally, building codes or other safeguards for sewerage discharge and cesspits need to be developed and effectively implemented. Adaptation Co-Benefits Mitigation Co-Benefits • Improved resilience by better protection of groundwater supplies • Reduced emissions from need to pump and truck sewage • Increased use of groundwater will reduce demand for water from electricity intensive RO plants SDGs Advanced by Nauru’s NDC to Establish Effective Sewage Treatment Good health and well-being is enhanced by providing clean, tested water to reduce the incidence of water borne and water contamination related illness and by eliminating sewage discharge into ground water supplies. Water security will be increased by providing a modern and reliable water delivery and sewerage system, by eliminating the discharge of untreated household waste water and by improving water use efficiency.', 'Water security will be increased by providing a modern and reliable water delivery and sewerage system, by eliminating the discharge of untreated household waste water and by improving water use efficiency. Climate action will be enhanced by strengthening resilience and adaptive capacity to climate related changes to rain patterns. Life below water will be enhanced by treating sewage appropriately before discharge into groundwater, lagoons and the ocean.Life on land will be improved by reducing the discharge of sewage into inland freshwater ecosystems. Durable partnerships and access to adequate means of implementation will be required to implement these contributions.Institutional and Governance Arrangements to Support Implementation of Climate Priorities Responding and adapting to climate change and its impacts requires a whole of Government approach and necessitates the involvement of all ministries and departments.', 'Durable partnerships and access to adequate means of implementation will be required to implement these contributions.Institutional and Governance Arrangements to Support Implementation of Climate Priorities Responding and adapting to climate change and its impacts requires a whole of Government approach and necessitates the involvement of all ministries and departments. An effective response to climate change will require strong leadership and coordination within the Government supported by effective legal and policy frameworks. Nauru has recently taken steps to put in place the necessary institutional and governance structures to more effectively address climate change.', 'Nauru has recently taken steps to put in place the necessary institutional and governance structures to more effectively address climate change. In 2020 Nauru adopted the Environmental Management and Climate Change Act which centralizes and codifies authority with the Minister and Department responsible for environment and climate change matters to manage and protect the environment of the Republic of Nauru, promote sustainable development and facilitate compliance with Nauru’s international and regional environment related obligations.', 'In 2020 Nauru adopted the Environmental Management and Climate Change Act which centralizes and codifies authority with the Minister and Department responsible for environment and climate change matters to manage and protect the environment of the Republic of Nauru, promote sustainable development and facilitate compliance with Nauru’s international and regional environment related obligations. Notably the Environmental Management and Climate Change Act includes the establishment of the Climate Change and Environmental Protection Fund for: (a) the protection and conservation of the reef and foreshore; (b) the preservation and protection of flora and fauna; (c) the prevention of coastal erosion and maintenance of high-water mark; (d) food security; (e) health; (f) soil conservation; (g) critical environmental restoration activities; (h) the management of sensitive and fragile ecosystems; (i) the protection from pollution of and removal of pollution from land, water and air; and (j) other purposes consistent with the provisions of this Act and as prescribed by regulations.', 'Notably the Environmental Management and Climate Change Act includes the establishment of the Climate Change and Environmental Protection Fund for: (a) the protection and conservation of the reef and foreshore; (b) the preservation and protection of flora and fauna; (c) the prevention of coastal erosion and maintenance of high-water mark; (d) food security; (e) health; (f) soil conservation; (g) critical environmental restoration activities; (h) the management of sensitive and fragile ecosystems; (i) the protection from pollution of and removal of pollution from land, water and air; and (j) other purposes consistent with the provisions of this Act and as prescribed by regulations. The Climate Change and Environmental Protection Fund will consist of (a) any compensation, expenses or costs awarded by the Court in relation to any offence under this Act which shall be paid into the Fund; (b) grants, donations or contributions from international organisations; (c) any amount appropriated for the Fund from the Treasury Fund; and (d) any environment related levies or taxes imposed by any written law and will play a crucial in supporting the implementation of Nauru’s climate objectives and projects, many of which are enumerated in this updated NDC.', 'The Climate Change and Environmental Protection Fund will consist of (a) any compensation, expenses or costs awarded by the Court in relation to any offence under this Act which shall be paid into the Fund; (b) grants, donations or contributions from international organisations; (c) any amount appropriated for the Fund from the Treasury Fund; and (d) any environment related levies or taxes imposed by any written law and will play a crucial in supporting the implementation of Nauru’s climate objectives and projects, many of which are enumerated in this updated NDC. Nauru will also begin developing its National Adaptation Plan (NAP) in early 2021. The NAP process will enable Nauru to undertake mid and long-term climate adaptation planning.', 'The NAP process will enable Nauru to undertake mid and long-term climate adaptation planning. The NAP process will support the integration of climate change adaptation considerations into development planning and will help to identify areas where further climate change related adaptation projects and programmes may need to be undertaken. Unconditional Contribution Adopt Nauru Climate Change Policy The Nauru Climate Change Policy will integrate Nauru’s existing climate related policies into an overarching climate policy. It will set out the national climate objectives and strategy into a single government document, and the implementation plans to achieve them.', 'It will set out the national climate objectives and strategy into a single government document, and the implementation plans to achieve them. In addition to establishing the processes to develop future climate priorities, the Nauru Climate Change Policy will formally establish the Department of Climate Change and National Resilience as the government authority responsible for overseeing the implementation and priority setting of Nauru’s response to climate change. Unconditional ContributionPrepare and approve the Strategic Plan for the Sustainable Development of Agriculture The Government of Nauru intends to prepare and endorse the Strategic Plan for the Sustainable Development of Agriculture, which will detail a plan to further develop Nauru’s agricultural capacity. Implementation of this plan will be closely linked to the Higher Ground Initiative.', 'Implementation of this plan will be closely linked to the Higher Ground Initiative. Unconditional Contribution Prepare and approve the National Coastal Fisheries Management Plan The Government of Nauru intends to prepare a National Coastal Fisheries Management Plan in accordance with the Coastal Fisheries and Aquaculture Act 2020. Unconditional Contribution Prepare and approve the National Aquaculture Plan The Government of Nauru intends to prepare a National Aquaculture Plan in accordance with the Coastal Fisheries and Aquaculture Act 2020.', 'Unconditional Contribution Prepare and approve the National Aquaculture Plan The Government of Nauru intends to prepare a National Aquaculture Plan in accordance with the Coastal Fisheries and Aquaculture Act 2020. Adaptation Co-Benefits Mitigation Co-Benefits • Improved coordination of Government Ministries in adaptation actions • Increased effectiveness of implementation efforts • Improved coordination of Government Ministries in mitigation actions • Increased effectiveness of implementation efforts SDGs Advanced by Nauru’s NDC to Establish Stronger Institutional and Governance Arrangements Strong and transparent governance and institutions will ensure women’s full and effective participation and equal opportunities in the consultation and decision- making process, which will also translate into greater educational and economic opportunities for women as a part of Nauru’s sustainable and low-carbon future.', 'Adaptation Co-Benefits Mitigation Co-Benefits • Improved coordination of Government Ministries in adaptation actions • Increased effectiveness of implementation efforts • Improved coordination of Government Ministries in mitigation actions • Increased effectiveness of implementation efforts SDGs Advanced by Nauru’s NDC to Establish Stronger Institutional and Governance Arrangements Strong and transparent governance and institutions will ensure women’s full and effective participation and equal opportunities in the consultation and decision- making process, which will also translate into greater educational and economic opportunities for women as a part of Nauru’s sustainable and low-carbon future. Improved governance and institutions could encourage increased official development assistance and foreign direct investment to Nauru, a country with great need of support from partners to successfully implement its national plans and programming.', 'Improved governance and institutions could encourage increased official development assistance and foreign direct investment to Nauru, a country with great need of support from partners to successfully implement its national plans and programming. Strong governance and institutions for climate change and sustainable development are important for the successful implementation of Nauru’s climate objectives, as well as to build domestic and international confidence in Nauru’s institutions. Successful adoption and implementation of Nauru’s Climate Change Bill and Policy would ensure accountability and transparency, as well as to ensure inclusive and representative consultation and decision- making processes. Stronger governance will establish institutions capable of implementing and enforcing climate policies and frameworks. Strong and transparent governance and institutions will support Nauru’s efforts to build durable partnerships, increase access to adequate means of implementation and encourage technology transfer and capacity support to Nauru.8.', 'Strong and transparent governance and institutions will support Nauru’s efforts to build durable partnerships, increase access to adequate means of implementation and encourage technology transfer and capacity support to Nauru.8. LOSS & DAMAGE National Long-Term Risk Assessment The collective failure of the world to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to a level consistent with a rise in average global temperatures of less than 1.5°C has increased the risk Nauru will experience significant loss and damage from the adverse effects of climate change.', 'LOSS & DAMAGE National Long-Term Risk Assessment The collective failure of the world to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to a level consistent with a rise in average global temperatures of less than 1.5°C has increased the risk Nauru will experience significant loss and damage from the adverse effects of climate change. Like other SIDS and particularly vulnerable developing countries, Nauru will require an international response to help it cope with climate change impacts that cannot be avoided and result in loss and damage, including loss of economic opportunities, regression in development indicators, loss of natural ecosystems and ecosystem services, and loss of secure, habitable land.', 'Like other SIDS and particularly vulnerable developing countries, Nauru will require an international response to help it cope with climate change impacts that cannot be avoided and result in loss and damage, including loss of economic opportunities, regression in development indicators, loss of natural ecosystems and ecosystem services, and loss of secure, habitable land. The framework for addressing loss and damage under the UNFCCC process must be able to assist particularly vulnerable developing countries to assess risks that result in loss and damage, quantify the extent of the loss and damage, and assist with damage reduction and risk mitigation measures, and with recovery.', 'The framework for addressing loss and damage under the UNFCCC process must be able to assist particularly vulnerable developing countries to assess risks that result in loss and damage, quantify the extent of the loss and damage, and assist with damage reduction and risk mitigation measures, and with recovery. The kinds of impacts that this loss and damage framework must address are set out in decision 3/CP.18, namely impacts from extreme weather events and slow onset events, and should also include non-economic losses and damages, migration, displacement and human mobility. Conditional Contribution Conduct a national long-term risk assessment on climate change loss and damage Nauru intends to conduct a long-term risk assessment (LTRA).', 'Conditional Contribution Conduct a national long-term risk assessment on climate change loss and damage Nauru intends to conduct a long-term risk assessment (LTRA). The LTRA should be conducted through processes consistent with those agreed and established at the UNFCCC under the Warsaw International Mechanism to address Loss and Damage, The LTRA should include the following: • Quantification of the specific risks of loss and damage under different temperature scenarios; • Timing at which these risks are likely to be experienced; • Economic and social costs of the impacts associated with these risks, including preparation and maintenance of inventories of national assets at risk; • Non-economic losses and damages; and • Options available and under development to manage, transfer, and share risks, as well as for recovery.', 'The LTRA should be conducted through processes consistent with those agreed and established at the UNFCCC under the Warsaw International Mechanism to address Loss and Damage, The LTRA should include the following: • Quantification of the specific risks of loss and damage under different temperature scenarios; • Timing at which these risks are likely to be experienced; • Economic and social costs of the impacts associated with these risks, including preparation and maintenance of inventories of national assets at risk; • Non-economic losses and damages; and • Options available and under development to manage, transfer, and share risks, as well as for recovery. SDGs Advanced by Nauru’s NDC to Conduct a National Long-Term Risk Assessment Climate action will be enhanced by fostering a more detailed and comprehensive understanding of the risks associated with climate change, as well as the options available for mitigating those risks.', 'SDGs Advanced by Nauru’s NDC to Conduct a National Long-Term Risk Assessment Climate action will be enhanced by fostering a more detailed and comprehensive understanding of the risks associated with climate change, as well as the options available for mitigating those risks. Durable partnerships and access to adequate means of implementation, particularly through cooperation under the Warsaw International Mechanism, will be required for implementation.']

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Nepal

LTS

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https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/NepalLTLEDS.pdf

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Middle-income

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['Nepal s Long-term Strategy for Net-zero Emissions Government of Nepal Kathmanduii OFFICIAL Table of Contents ACRONYMS . iii Executive Summary iv List of Figures and Tables . vi Chapter One: Background and Context 1 1.1. International context . 1 1.2. National context 1 1.3. National policy initiatives . 2 1.3.2. Second Nationally Determined Contributions 2 1.3.3. Third National Communication . 3 1.4. Process for the LTS preparation 4 Chapter Two: Nepal s Long-term Strategy for Net-zero Emissions 7 2.2. Sustainable development and other considerations . 7 2.3. Mitigation elements 9 2.3.1. Current inventory of GHG emissions in Nepal . 9 2.2.1. Reference scenarios 10 2.2.2. Mitigation scenarios . 11 2.2.3. Comparison of scenarios 12 2.2.4. Implications of Nepal’s Clean Energy Trade Potential on Global Emissions . 13 2.3. Adaptation elements 15 2.4.', 'Implications of Nepal’s Clean Energy Trade Potential on Global Emissions . 13 2.3. Adaptation elements 15 2.4. Sectoral strategies . 15 Chapter Three: Means of Implementation . 23 3.1. Legal and institutional measures 23 3.2. Means of implementation 23 3.3. Coordination mechanism 25 Chapter Four: Investment and Finance . 26 4.2. Investment costs for the power sector . 26 4.3. Cost savings due to decrease in fuel imports . 27 4.4. Cumulative costs over the decades 29 4.5.', 'Cumulative costs over the decades 29 4.5. Sourcing of Investment and Finance . 29 Annex 1: Co2 Emissions data under various scenarios . 31iii OFFICIAL ACRONYMS $ U.S. dollars AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use AR5 Fifth Assessment Report CCUS carbon dioxide capture, utilization and storage CO carbon monooxide CO2 carbon dioxide COP Conference of the Parties CSO civil society organisations GDP gross domestic product GHG greenhouse gas GON Government of Nepal GRID green, resilient, and inclusive development HFCs hydrofluorocarbons IMCCCC Inter-Ministerial Climate Change Coordination Committee INC Initial National Communication IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPPU industrial processes and product use LDC Least Developed Countries LULUCF land use, land use change, and forestry LEAP Low Emissions Analysis Platform LPG liquified petroleum gas LTS Long-term Strategy MoEWRI Ministry of Energy, Water Resources and Irrigation MOFE Ministry of Forests and Environment mMt million metric tonnes MRV monitoring, reporting and verification N20 nitrous oxide NAP National Adaptation Plan NAPA National Adaptation Programme of Action NOx nitrous oxides NMVOC non-methane volatile organic compound NCCP National Climate Change Policy NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NPC National Planning Comission PFCs perfluorocarbons PA Paris Agreement PIF Policy and Institutions Facility REDD Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SF6 sulphur hexafluoride SNC Second National Communication SO2 organic compound TNC Third National Communication UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change VRE variable renewable energy WAM with additional measures WEM with existing measuresiv OFFICIAL Executive Summary Nepal is committed to accelerating climate action whilst adhering to the principle of shared but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities towards the implementation of the Paris Agreement as per national circumstances.', 'Sourcing of Investment and Finance . 29 Annex 1: Co2 Emissions data under various scenarios . 31iii OFFICIAL ACRONYMS $ U.S. dollars AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use AR5 Fifth Assessment Report CCUS carbon dioxide capture, utilization and storage CO carbon monooxide CO2 carbon dioxide COP Conference of the Parties CSO civil society organisations GDP gross domestic product GHG greenhouse gas GON Government of Nepal GRID green, resilient, and inclusive development HFCs hydrofluorocarbons IMCCCC Inter-Ministerial Climate Change Coordination Committee INC Initial National Communication IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPPU industrial processes and product use LDC Least Developed Countries LULUCF land use, land use change, and forestry LEAP Low Emissions Analysis Platform LPG liquified petroleum gas LTS Long-term Strategy MoEWRI Ministry of Energy, Water Resources and Irrigation MOFE Ministry of Forests and Environment mMt million metric tonnes MRV monitoring, reporting and verification N20 nitrous oxide NAP National Adaptation Plan NAPA National Adaptation Programme of Action NOx nitrous oxides NMVOC non-methane volatile organic compound NCCP National Climate Change Policy NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NPC National Planning Comission PFCs perfluorocarbons PA Paris Agreement PIF Policy and Institutions Facility REDD Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SF6 sulphur hexafluoride SNC Second National Communication SO2 organic compound TNC Third National Communication UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change VRE variable renewable energy WAM with additional measures WEM with existing measuresiv OFFICIAL Executive Summary Nepal is committed to accelerating climate action whilst adhering to the principle of shared but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities towards the implementation of the Paris Agreement as per national circumstances. Nepal s goal is to achieve net zero emissions from 2020-2030 and after a period of very low emissions to full net zero by 2045.', 'Nepal s goal is to achieve net zero emissions from 2020-2030 and after a period of very low emissions to full net zero by 2045. Nepal would also like to gain recognition for its mitigation contributions beyond its border through clean energy trade. Nepal’s Long Term Strategy envisions bold policymaking, social transformation, and technological advancements that will lead to a carbon-neutral, inclusive, and climate- resilient future. Nepal’s total carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in 2019 was 23 mMtCO2 in the reference scenario. This figure is expected to rise to 34 mMtCO2 in 2030 and 79 mMtCO2 in 2050. While non-energy-related emissions accounted for 46 per cent of net CO2 emissions in 2019 the energy sector accounted for 54 per cent.', 'While non-energy-related emissions accounted for 46 per cent of net CO2 emissions in 2019 the energy sector accounted for 54 per cent. In the reference scenario, non-energy emissions would gradually decrease to 32 per cent of total emissions by 2050. Land Use, Land Use Change, and Forestry (LULUCF) CO2 emissions were estimated to be 8 mMtCO2 in 2019 and are expected to rise to 17 mMtCO2 by 2050. In the with existing measures (WEM) scenario, the net CO2 emissions will be reduced by 30 mMtCO2 in 2030 and 50 mMtCO2 in 2050. In this scenario, the energy sector will be one of the most important contributors to emission reductions. LULUCF will contribute significantly to carbon removal in the first 10 years.', 'LULUCF will contribute significantly to carbon removal in the first 10 years. However, the sink potential of LULUCF will decrease overtime per the assumptions used in this scenario. As a result, after 2030, net carbon emissions will rise at an annual rate of 11 per cent. In the additional measures (WAM) scenario ambitious interventions in the energy sector combined with ongoing and additional carbon removal interventions indicate that Nepal’s net emissions will be lower than ‘zero’ in the period 2020 to 2030, then hovering around ‘zero’ throughout 2035 to 2045. Sequestration increases from 2045 onwards reaching -5.7 mMT in 2050.', 'Sequestration increases from 2045 onwards reaching -5.7 mMT in 2050. Comparison of different scenarios shows that the country s carbon emission reduction potential is very high, and with interventions of strategic measures, it is capable of maintaining very low emissions levels. It is even possible, with ambitious, conditional targets, to achieve negative carbon emissions by 2050, whilst reaching net-zero before or by 2045. The sectoral strategy includes the following: 1. Energy: Nepal uses energy in agriculture, transportation, industry, and commercial and residential sectors. As per the 2019 baseline assessment, residential, transportation, industrial, commercial, and agricultural energy use contributes to emissions in descending order. Thus, to reduce carbon emissions in the residential sector the use of liquified petroleum gas (LPG) must be reduced and more electrical appliances e.g.', 'Thus, to reduce carbon emissions in the residential sector the use of liquified petroleum gas (LPG) must be reduced and more electrical appliances e.g. electric cooking and biogas must be used. The transportation sector will need to transition to zero-emission transportation for intercity, intracity, and freight travel across public and private modes. The brick sector needs to shift to zig-zag and tunnel kilns technologies, and then full electric heating. The use of energy-efficient technologies will also help in reducing emissions in the agriculture sector. The main strategy is to power the industrial, commercial, and agricultural sectors with renewable energy and hydrogen technologies, which Nepal has in abundance. Furthermore, in the power generation sector, all electricity will be generated from renewable sources, primarily hydropower plants, as well as solar PV.', 'Furthermore, in the power generation sector, all electricity will be generated from renewable sources, primarily hydropower plants, as well as solar PV. Refer to Table 2 for the strategy in the energy sector. 2. IPPU: Nepal s emissions from industrial processes and product uses are currently low. But with the expected growth forecast, Nepal will switch to renewable energy and waste-related fuel, and raw materials such as limestone for the cement industry.v OFFICIAL Additionally, Nepal will explore the potential for carbon capture and storage, beyond that possible through the forest sector. 3.', 'But with the expected growth forecast, Nepal will switch to renewable energy and waste-related fuel, and raw materials such as limestone for the cement industry.v OFFICIAL Additionally, Nepal will explore the potential for carbon capture and storage, beyond that possible through the forest sector. 3. Agriculutre, Forestry, and Other Land Use (AFOLU): In the agriculture sector, Nepal must switch to better cultivation practices, rice intensification system, better manure management, soil organic matter enrichment, soil management practices such as low soil tillage, adaptive and resilient varieties, and breeds, expanded adoption of controlled release of stabilized fertilizers, better enteric fermentation processes, and promote agroforestry and other sustainable agriculture systems. 4.', 'Agriculutre, Forestry, and Other Land Use (AFOLU): In the agriculture sector, Nepal must switch to better cultivation practices, rice intensification system, better manure management, soil organic matter enrichment, soil management practices such as low soil tillage, adaptive and resilient varieties, and breeds, expanded adoption of controlled release of stabilized fertilizers, better enteric fermentation processes, and promote agroforestry and other sustainable agriculture systems. 4. For Forestry and Other and Land use: Nepal must increase and maintain its forest cover, increase afforestation and achieve net-zero deforestation, adopt measures to decrease forest fire incidents, scale-up sustainable forest management, and agroforestry, and private forestry practices, promote energy-efficient technologies and improve the monitoring and database systems. Refer to Table 4 for a strategy for the forestry sector. 5.', 'Refer to Table 4 for a strategy for the forestry sector. 5. Waste: To reduce waste emissions from solid waste disposal, open burning of waste, and waste-water treatments technologies like methane gas recovery, incineration of waste for heat and power generation, and methane generation from anaerobic digester in wastewater treatment must be promoted. 6. Energy Trade: Significant emissions reductions can be achieved outside of Nepal through Hydro and Solar power exports. These have been included to illustrate the potential, whilst acknowledging that this does not form part of the current National emissions regime.', 'These have been included to illustrate the potential, whilst acknowledging that this does not form part of the current National emissions regime. Nepal’s Long-Term Strategy setups up ambitious sector strategies and its implementation will be guided by transformative policy and legal strategies identified for each sector, clear institutional mechanisms, clarity in roles and responsibilities of all three spheres of Nepal’s governments, engagement of the private sector, and other agencies, enhanced stakeholder collaboration, adequate financial resources, and a robust Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) mechanism. Nepal s ambition-related actions necessitate significant financial resources, upon which its ambition is conditional. Investments: Significant investment will be required to achieve these ambitious GHG mitigations and net abatement targets over the implementation period.', 'Investments: Significant investment will be required to achieve these ambitious GHG mitigations and net abatement targets over the implementation period. Demand-side investment, transformative investments, and non-energy sector investment, such as forestry, are all included, (production costs of green hydrogen are excluded). The required costs are estimated in constant US Dollar prices (2000 AD) for all scenarios. The total costs of the sectors considered in the Reference scenario are estimated to be 4.2 billion dollars from 2021 to 2030, 7 billion dollars from 2031 to 2040, and 17.5 billion dollars from 2041 to 2050.', 'The total costs of the sectors considered in the Reference scenario are estimated to be 4.2 billion dollars from 2021 to 2030, 7 billion dollars from 2031 to 2040, and 17.5 billion dollars from 2041 to 2050. In the WEM scenario, the total costs of the sectors considered are estimated to be 42.8 billion USD from 2021 to 2030, 34.4 billion USD from 2031 to 2040, and 56.2 billion USD from 2041 to 2050. In the WAM scenario, the total costs of the sectors considered are estimated to be 46.4 billion USD from 2021 to 2030, 53.4 billion USD from 2031 to 2040, and 96.3 billion USD from 2041 to 2050.', 'In the WAM scenario, the total costs of the sectors considered are estimated to be 46.4 billion USD from 2021 to 2030, 53.4 billion USD from 2031 to 2040, and 96.3 billion USD from 2041 to 2050. Linkages with other sectors: The ambition of Nepal to minimise emissions and achieve net- zero emissions by 2045 has clear links to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030, and implementation of Nepal’s Climate Change Policy (2019), REDD + strategy, and NAP for 2030 & 2050. The SDGs include both direct and indirect targets and indicators aimed at achieving low-carbon, climate-resilient development in Nepal. Climate action has been fully integrated into the SDGs as a key means of achieving its sectoral goals of sustainable development.', 'Climate action has been fully integrated into the SDGs as a key means of achieving its sectoral goals of sustainable development. Another important aspect is to consider the gender and inclusion issues whilst designing and implementing the mitigation strategies.vi OFFICIAL List of Figures and Tables Figure 1: LTS preparation and approval process 5 Figure 2: Sustainable development considerations in Nepal’s LTS 8 Figure 3: Carbon dioxide emissions in the reference scenario . 10 Figure 4: Carbon dioxide emissions in WEM scenario 11 Figure 5: Carbon dioxide emissions in WAM scenario 12 Figure 6: Carbon dioxide emissions in REF, WEM, and WAM scenarios . 13 Figure 7: Emission reduction from energy trade. 14 Figure 8: Impact of avoided emissions from energy trade on Nepal’s carbon budget .', 'Another important aspect is to consider the gender and inclusion issues whilst designing and implementing the mitigation strategies.vi OFFICIAL List of Figures and Tables Figure 1: LTS preparation and approval process 5 Figure 2: Sustainable development considerations in Nepal’s LTS 8 Figure 3: Carbon dioxide emissions in the reference scenario . 10 Figure 4: Carbon dioxide emissions in WEM scenario 11 Figure 5: Carbon dioxide emissions in WAM scenario 12 Figure 6: Carbon dioxide emissions in REF, WEM, and WAM scenarios . 13 Figure 7: Emission reduction from energy trade. 14 Figure 8: Impact of avoided emissions from energy trade on Nepal’s carbon budget . 14 Figure 9: Proposed MRV system for the LTS . 24 Figure 10: Framework for coordination . 25 Figure 11: Investment requirements for mitigation measures of Reference, WEM, and WAM scenarios compated to GDP 26 Figure 12: Cost of imported fuels under WEM and WAM scenarios 27 Figure 13: Cost savings from decrease in fossil fuel imports . 28 Figure 14: Cumulative costs and comparison to cumulative GDP over the decades . 29 Table 1: Emissions in 2019 (in million Metric tons carbon dioxide equivalent, mMtCO2 e Table 2: Strategy for the energy sector 16 Table 3: Strategy for the agriculture sector 19 Table 4: Strategy for the forestry sector 20 Table 5: Power capacity and investment requirement under WEM and WAM 27OFFICIAL Chapter One: Background and Context 1.1. International context At the Rio Earth Summit in 1992, world leaders agreed to establish international environmental and development activities that would guide international cooperation and development policy for all countries1.', '14 Figure 9: Proposed MRV system for the LTS . 24 Figure 10: Framework for coordination . 25 Figure 11: Investment requirements for mitigation measures of Reference, WEM, and WAM scenarios compated to GDP 26 Figure 12: Cost of imported fuels under WEM and WAM scenarios 27 Figure 13: Cost savings from decrease in fossil fuel imports . 28 Figure 14: Cumulative costs and comparison to cumulative GDP over the decades . 29 Table 1: Emissions in 2019 (in million Metric tons carbon dioxide equivalent, mMtCO2 e Table 2: Strategy for the energy sector 16 Table 3: Strategy for the agriculture sector 19 Table 4: Strategy for the forestry sector 20 Table 5: Power capacity and investment requirement under WEM and WAM 27OFFICIAL Chapter One: Background and Context 1.1. International context At the Rio Earth Summit in 1992, world leaders agreed to establish international environmental and development activities that would guide international cooperation and development policy for all countries1. Since then, developed and developing countries have actively engaged in environmental discussions and dialogue.', 'Since then, developed and developing countries have actively engaged in environmental discussions and dialogue. At the global level, it was shown that human activity had altered the composition of the global atmosphere, resulting in extreme climatic variability which alerted countries to act on reducing anthropogenic GHG emissions after the post- industrial phase. Climate change is now regarded as one of the existential crises that human civilization is confronted with. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) recognizes these global contexts and urges countries to take responsibility to combat dangerous human interference with the climate system by stabilizing GHG concentrations in the atmosphere. The Paris Agreement, signed in 2015, established legally binding international climate goals to keep global temperature rises to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.', 'The Paris Agreement, signed in 2015, established legally binding international climate goals to keep global temperature rises to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. All Parties should strive to formulate and communicate long-term low GHG development strategies, mindful of Article 2, taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in light of different national circumstances, as outlined in Article 4, paragraph 19, of the Paris Agreement. By decision 1/CP 21, paragraph 35, the Conference of the Parties (COP) invited Parties to submit long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies to the UNFCCC secretariat by 2020.', 'By decision 1/CP 21, paragraph 35, the Conference of the Parties (COP) invited Parties to submit long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies to the UNFCCC secretariat by 2020. Countries will determine the scope of the long-term strategy (LTS) in terms of sectoral greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by formulating appropriate policies, measures, and financial pathways that can lead to meeting emission reduction targets. Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) are short-term national climate action plans that serve as the foundation for countries to achieve the long- term mitigation and adaptation goals envisioned on the LTS. 1.2. National context Nepal is among the most vulnerable countries to climate change and is at high risk due to the country’s fragile topography, climate-sensitive and subsistence livelihoods of the people, and their low adaptive capacity.', 'National context Nepal is among the most vulnerable countries to climate change and is at high risk due to the country’s fragile topography, climate-sensitive and subsistence livelihoods of the people, and their low adaptive capacity. Nepal’s gross domestic product (GDP) is highly dependent on climate-sensitive sectors such as agriculture, water, energy, and tourism. With these ongoing climate change impacts, the national GDP is likely to suffer in the future. The economy of Nepal is experiencing uneven GDP growth, hovering between 1 %and 8 % per year. Currently, the agriculture sector contributes significantly to the national GDP (27 per cent of total contribution). With a 7.3 % GDP growth rate over the last three years (2017 to 2019), Nepal has made significant progress.', 'With a 7.3 % GDP growth rate over the last three years (2017 to 2019), Nepal has made significant progress. However, due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, which has a widespread impact on the national economy, GDP growth is has slowed dramatically in 2020 and 2021. Despite its negligible emissions, Nepal is committed to accelerating climate action while adhering to the Paris Agreement s common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities. Nepal submitted its first NDC to the UNFCCC Secretariat in 2016 and the second one in 2020 comprising targets up to 2030, both with a clear national climate action plan. As a result, based on recent reports from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and other scientific evidence, the country is committed to its long-term climate goals.', 'As a result, based on recent reports from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and other scientific evidence, the country is committed to its long-term climate goals. Nepal is 1. 1 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3-14 June 1992 | United NationsOFFICIAL systematically addressing the issue of climate change, with a commitment to keeping emissions to a very low/zero level until achieving sustainable net-zero emissions in 2045. 1.3. National policy initiatives The government of Nepal has developed legal and institutional mechanisms to implement long-term goals as agreed in the Paris Agreements.', 'National policy initiatives The government of Nepal has developed legal and institutional mechanisms to implement long-term goals as agreed in the Paris Agreements. The Environment Protection Act (2019), National Climate Change Policy (2019), Climate Resilient Planning and Budgeting Guideline (2019), Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act (2017) and Regulation (2019), GESI and Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (2019), National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA), National Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) Strategy (2018), Sectoral Policies (forestry, energy, industry, transport, agriculture), the first and second NDCs, national communications, Sustainable Development Goals Strategy, Nepal Energy Strategy (2013), National Energy Efficiency Strategy (2018), sectoral long-term strategies, white papers, and the 15th five-year plan provide policy directives for Nepal to enhance resilience and adopt low-carbon development pathways.', 'The Environment Protection Act (2019), National Climate Change Policy (2019), Climate Resilient Planning and Budgeting Guideline (2019), Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act (2017) and Regulation (2019), GESI and Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (2019), National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA), National Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) Strategy (2018), Sectoral Policies (forestry, energy, industry, transport, agriculture), the first and second NDCs, national communications, Sustainable Development Goals Strategy, Nepal Energy Strategy (2013), National Energy Efficiency Strategy (2018), sectoral long-term strategies, white papers, and the 15th five-year plan provide policy directives for Nepal to enhance resilience and adopt low-carbon development pathways. Some of the specific documents are explained below. 1.3.1.', 'Some of the specific documents are explained below. 1.3.1. National Climate Change Policy 2019 Nepal’s National Climate Change Policy (NCCP) aims to contribute to socio-economic prosperity by building climate resilient society. One of the major objectives of the policy is to promote a green economy by adopting the concept of low carbon emission development. It has developed policies, strategies, and guidelines in eight major sectors and four cross-cutting sectors. The thematic areas are: Agriculture and Food Security Forests, Biodiversity, and Watershed Conservation Water Resources and Energy Rural and Urban Settlements Industry, Transport and Physical Infrastructure Tourism, Natural and Cultural Heritage Health, Drinking Water, and Sanitation Disaster Risk Reduction and Management.', 'The thematic areas are: Agriculture and Food Security Forests, Biodiversity, and Watershed Conservation Water Resources and Energy Rural and Urban Settlements Industry, Transport and Physical Infrastructure Tourism, Natural and Cultural Heritage Health, Drinking Water, and Sanitation Disaster Risk Reduction and Management. The cross-cutting areas are: Gender Equality and Social Inclusion (GESI), Livelihoods and Good Governance Awareness Raising and Capacity Building Research, Technology Development, and Extension Climate Finance Management 1.3.2. Second Nationally Determined Contributions In December 2020, the Government of Nepal (GON) submitted its second NDC for the period 2021-2030, in accordance with Articles 4.2 and 4.11 of the Paris Agreement, as well as Decision 1/CP.21 paragraphs 23 and 24, and other relevant Paris Agreement (PA) provisions.', 'Second Nationally Determined Contributions In December 2020, the Government of Nepal (GON) submitted its second NDC for the period 2021-2030, in accordance with Articles 4.2 and 4.11 of the Paris Agreement, as well as Decision 1/CP.21 paragraphs 23 and 24, and other relevant Paris Agreement (PA) provisions. The 2020 NDC for the first time sets a vision to achieve net zero greenhouse emission by 2050. The NDC considers the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities in light of national circumstances. The NDC has also established quantifiable activity targets as well as policy targets in key sectors.', 'The NDC has also established quantifiable activity targets as well as policy targets in key sectors. The second NDC has set the following targets on key sectors.OFFICIAL a) Energy: By 2030, increase clean energy generation to 15,000 MW, with 5-10 per cent coming from mini- and micro-hydropower plants, solar panels, wind, and bio-energy, ensuring 15 per cent of total energy demand is met by clean energy sources. The unconditional target is 5,000 MW. b) Transport: i) In 2025, electric vehicles (e-vehicles) will account for 25 per cent of all private passenger vehicle sales (including two-wheelers) and 20 per cent of all four- wheeler public passenger vehicle sales (excluding electric rickshaws and electric three-wheelers).', 'b) Transport: i) In 2025, electric vehicles (e-vehicles) will account for 25 per cent of all private passenger vehicle sales (including two-wheelers) and 20 per cent of all four- wheeler public passenger vehicle sales (excluding electric rickshaws and electric three-wheelers). ii) Increase e-vehicle sales to 90 percent of all private passenger vehicle sales (including two-wheelers) and 60 percent of all four-wheeler public passenger vehicle sales by 2030. (excluding electric-rickshaws and electric three- wheelers). iii) Develop a 200-kilometer electric rail network by 2030 to support public transportation and mass transportation of goods.', 'iii) Develop a 200-kilometer electric rail network by 2030 to support public transportation and mass transportation of goods. c) Clean cooking/Residential cooking: The goal is to install 500,000 improved cooking stoves, primarily in rural areas, and an additional 200,000 household biogas plants and 500 large scale biogas plants (institutional/industrial/municipal/community) by 2025. ii) By 2030, ensure that electric stoves are used as the primary mode of cooking in 25 per cent of households.', 'c) Clean cooking/Residential cooking: The goal is to install 500,000 improved cooking stoves, primarily in rural areas, and an additional 200,000 household biogas plants and 500 large scale biogas plants (institutional/industrial/municipal/community) by 2025. ii) By 2030, ensure that electric stoves are used as the primary mode of cooking in 25 per cent of households. d) AFLOU: i) By 2030, 45 per cent of the total area of the country will be under forest cover (including other wooded lands, which will be limited to less than 4 per cent); ii) Half (50 per cent) of the Terai and Inner Terai forests, as well as 25 per cent of the middle hills and mountain forests, will be managed sustainably, including through the use of REDD+ funding.', 'd) AFLOU: i) By 2030, 45 per cent of the total area of the country will be under forest cover (including other wooded lands, which will be limited to less than 4 per cent); ii) Half (50 per cent) of the Terai and Inner Terai forests, as well as 25 per cent of the middle hills and mountain forests, will be managed sustainably, including through the use of REDD+ funding. e) Waste: By 2025, 380 million litres of wastewater will be treated per day and 60,000 cubic metres of faecal sludge will be managed. When compared to BAU, these two activities will save approximately 258 Gg CO2 eq.', 'When compared to BAU, these two activities will save approximately 258 Gg CO2 eq. The second NDC includes policy targets in each section that are well aligned with GON’s 15th five-year plan, relevant sectoral policies and strategies, climate change policy, and other national documents. GESI has also been incorporated into Nepal s second NDC, ensuring meaningful participation of women, indigenous communities, and youths throughout the NDC implementation process. It is estimated that meeting Nepal s NDC conditional mitigation targets will cost U.S. dollars ($) 25 billion. The cost of meeting the NDC s unconditional targets is estimated to be $3.4 billion. This estimate includes only activity-based targets. The cost of implementing the adaptation component will be specified in the upcoming National Adaptation Plan (NAP). 1.3.3.', 'The cost of implementing the adaptation component will be specified in the upcoming National Adaptation Plan (NAP). 1.3.3. Third National Communication Nepal has submitted its Third National Communication (TNC) to the UNFCCC. This TNC builds on Nepal s previous national communications, the Initial National Communication (INC) in 2004 and the Second National Communication (SNC) in 2014. It includes the most recent information on the country s national situation, GHG inventory (for the base year 2010/11), GHG mitigation assessment, vulnerability and adaptation assessment, and policies, plans, programs, and activities designed or implemented to address these issues. For the base year 2010/2011, Nepal s GHG inventory accounts for emissions by source and removal by sinks.', 'For the base year 2010/2011, Nepal s GHG inventory accounts for emissions by source and removal by sinks. The inventory takes into account direct GHGs [carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)] as well as indirect GHGs [carbon monoxide (CO), Nitrous oxides (NOx), Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compound (NMVOC), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2 ). The inventory was conducted in accordance with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for Reporting National Communications from Non-Annex 1 Parties and other relevant documents, primarily using the Tier 1 approach. The inventory tracked emissions and removals from four sectors: energy, IPPU, AFOLU, and waste. According to the TNC report, Nepal s net GHG emissions in 2011 were estimated to be 28,166 MtCO2-eq.', 'According to the TNC report, Nepal s net GHG emissions in 2011 were estimated to be 28,166 MtCO2-eq. This represents a significant increase overOFFICIAL the baseline year s emissions (13,447 MtCO2-eq). The inventory results were also used to develop trends in emissions dating back to 1990 and projecting to 2030. 1.3.4. National Adaptation Plan (NAP) According to Articles 7.10 and 7.11 of the Paris Agreement, Nepal will submit an adaptation communication containing its priorities, implementation and support needs, plans, and actions via the NAP. The government is currently developing a NAP to identify medium- and long-term climate-sensitive sectoral adaptation options for 2030 and 2050. The NAP will outline Nepal s contribution to meeting the Paris Agreement s adaptation goals and the necessary means of implementation and financing.', 'The NAP will outline Nepal s contribution to meeting the Paris Agreement s adaptation goals and the necessary means of implementation and financing. The NAP is being developed to strengthen a country-led, gender-sensitive, participatory, and fully transparent approach to reducing climate risks and vulnerabilities of communities, livelihood resources, natural and physical assets. The NAP will define the medium- to long-term adaptation needs and actions based on the VRA. Generally, vulnerabilities and risks are rising in Nepal and are expected to rise even faster in the future. In terms of vulnerability, Karnali and Sudurpaschim provinces are extremely vulnerable. Provinces one and two, Bagmati Province, Gandaki Province, and Lumbini Province, on the other hand, have experienced higher risks of climate change impact.', 'Provinces one and two, Bagmati Province, Gandaki Province, and Lumbini Province, on the other hand, have experienced higher risks of climate change impact. Similarly, COVID-19 increased risk and vulnerability and exacerbated socioeconomic and health crises, such as the annual loss and damage caused by climate-related disasters which will hit hard poor people, women, indigenous peoples, the marginalized, and smallholder households and communities2. Nepal s NAP will prioritize short-term adaptation options aimed at improving adaptive capacity and addressing physical, socioeconomic, and structural issues, taking into account the population s sensitivity and the livelihood resources on which they rely. Furthermore, through improved forecasting, risk communication, risk transfer, and other disaster risk reduction activities, an integrated vulnerability risk-based approach to adaptation will be focused on reducing the impact of climate-induced extreme events and hazards.', 'Furthermore, through improved forecasting, risk communication, risk transfer, and other disaster risk reduction activities, an integrated vulnerability risk-based approach to adaptation will be focused on reducing the impact of climate-induced extreme events and hazards. 1.4. Process for the LTS preparation The Ministry of Forests and Environment (MOFE) developed the LTS through a participatory and consultative process with assistance from United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the NDC Partnership, and the Policy and Institutions Facility (PIF). A technical committee was formed to provide oversight and technical guidance to the LTS process. The LTS was created in collaboration with several governments, international and national organizations, and government line agencies. A series of consultations were held at the national and provincial levels.', 'A series of consultations were held at the national and provincial levels. It was also based on a review of the best available data, as well as a scenario analysis of the existing sector emission datasets, and national and sectoral plans and policies to determine when to achieve net-zero emissions per the IPCC 2006 guidelines for the GHG inventory. A group of experts reviewed the overarching and sectoral policies, strategies and programmes, and the data collection and analysis processes. These assessments were substantiated at the national and provincial levels through in-person and online consultations with line ministries and experts. Figure 1 shows the overall LTS preparation and approval process. Nepal’s LTS was developed using scenario-based planning.', 'Nepal’s LTS was developed using scenario-based planning. It is a technique for envisioning and planning potential future states based on a variety of scenarios (Schoemaker, 1995). There are numerous tools and software available for scenario analysis and for developing an 2 MoFE. 2021. Vulnerability and Risk Assessment and Identification of Adaptation options: summary for policy makers. Ministry of Forests and Environment.OFFICIAL analysis modeling framework. Most of them, however, serve a specific purpose and have limitations – most are either tied to the energy or non-energy sectors. The low emission analysis platform (LEAP) modeling tool enables the integration of both energy and non-energy emissions into a single model.', 'The low emission analysis platform (LEAP) modeling tool enables the integration of both energy and non-energy emissions into a single model. It includes a provision for incorporating the emission of GHGs and other environmental pollutants’ emission factors per the IPCC guideline for national GHG inventory estimation. Figure 1: LTS preparation and approval process The LEAP model developed for this study categorizes the Energy and Non-Energy sectors (agriculture, LULUCF, waste, and IPPU) with macroeconomic and demographic indicators. In addition, the system draws on technological and resource databases, which are used to build a base model and then develop future scenarios. The study covers the period 2019 to 2050. The energy and non-energy sectors are subdivided into sub-sectors, which are further subdivided based on sectoral activities.', 'The energy and non-energy sectors are subdivided into sub-sectors, which are further subdivided based on sectoral activities. Three different sets of possible future energy demands were considered when developing the scenarios, each of which corresponds to a different level of future economic growth. The energy sector includes emissions from five economic sectors namely residential, industrial, commercial transport, and agriculture. In the reference scenario, the major assumption is that the future trend will follow the current emissions trend. In this scenario, a GDP growth rate of 7% is assumed and there are no technological interventions thus the share of each demand technology remains the same in the future years. The non-energy sector includes agriculture, LULUCF, waste, and IPPU sectors.', 'The non-energy sector includes agriculture, LULUCF, waste, and IPPU sectors. In the agriculture and waste sectors, non-CO2 greenhouse gases (i.e., methane and nitrous oxides) are the major sources of emissions. In the agriculture sector, mitigation measures can be categorized into five emission sub-sectors: enteric fermentation, manure management, rice cultivation, biomass (agri-residue) burning, and soil management. The sources of emissions in the waste sector are categorized into solid waste disposal, waste incineration and open burning, and wastewater treatment and discharge. In the IPPU sector, carbon dioxide is the major source of emissions which is attributed to the calcination process in the cement industry. The emissions in LULUCF is assumed to follow the historical trend up to 2050.', 'The emissions in LULUCF is assumed to follow the historical trend up to 2050. The LULUCF sector would remain as a net emitter in the reference scenario. The reference scenario assumes that there is no technological intervention in the non-energy sub-sectors up to 2050.OFFICIAL Scenarios with low (4.5%), medium (7%), and high (10.3%) economic growth rates were evaluated. The reference scenario was analyzed at the medium economic growth rate. Furthermore, two mitigation scenarios were also investigated at the medium economic growth rate: With the Existing Measures (WEM) scenario is estimated using the same methodology as the reference scenario, but with a focus on the intervention measures specified in the plans and policies implemented and adopted up to 2020.', 'Furthermore, two mitigation scenarios were also investigated at the medium economic growth rate: With the Existing Measures (WEM) scenario is estimated using the same methodology as the reference scenario, but with a focus on the intervention measures specified in the plans and policies implemented and adopted up to 2020. The year 2019 serves as the reference year in this scenario. It assumes the GDP growth rate to be the same as that of the reference scenario. The mitigation measures in the WEM sector were assumed for the implementation of low carbon technologies that were taken into consideration of the NDC 2020, the NPC’s roadmap for achieving the SDGs by 2030, and other government’s existing plans and policies.', 'The mitigation measures in the WEM sector were assumed for the implementation of low carbon technologies that were taken into consideration of the NDC 2020, the NPC’s roadmap for achieving the SDGs by 2030, and other government’s existing plans and policies. Mitigations in the energy sector included electrification in major end-uses in all economic sectors such as efficiency improvement and alternative clean fuel intervention in the industrial process heat, substituting traditional brick kilns with 100% Zigzag brick kilns and biomass fuel mix in the brick industry, fuel switching to modern fuels- electricity, LPG, and renewable energy technologies like solar, and biogas, and modal shift to mass electric mobility in the transport sector. In the agriculture and waste sectors, the strategic action includes measures that reduce both CO2 greenhouse gases.', 'In the agriculture and waste sectors, the strategic action includes measures that reduce both CO2 greenhouse gases. The mitigation measures considered in the agriculture sector include biogas digester in manure management, improved water management in rice cultivation, and low- or no- tillage practices in soil management. In the waste sector, the mitigation options include implementation of methane recovery, anaerobic digester, and waste incinerator, however, the WEM scenario assumes that the implementation level is low. In LULUCF, mitigation measures include reduction in forest degradation and deforestation along with increased plantation and sustainable management of forests. There are no interventions in the IPPU sector in the WEM scenario. With the Additional Measures (WAM) scenario, on the other hand, includes the impact of additional mitigation actions that are feasible for the country.', 'With the Additional Measures (WAM) scenario, on the other hand, includes the impact of additional mitigation actions that are feasible for the country. These additional mitigation actions are based on an analysis of the country s current GHG emissions profile. this scenario assumes the GDP growth rate is the same as that of the reference scenario. The WAM scenario assumed the implementation of all the proven technologies to the maximum technical feasibility to achieve net-zero CO2 emissions before or by 2050. Mitigation measures assumed for the energy sector in this scenario included electrification in major end-uses in all the economic sectors.', 'Mitigation measures assumed for the energy sector in this scenario included electrification in major end-uses in all the economic sectors. In the industrial sector, mitigation measures assumed were electrification in motive power, boilers, and process heat, and switching to alternative fuel mix and hydrogen technology in the cement industry, and adoption of electric tunnel kilns in the brick industry. To reduce CO2 emissions in the transport sector, the mitigation measures assumed were the introduction of fuel cells for the passenger as well as freight vehicles, and the use of electric vehicles, synthetic fuel mix in aviation and modal shift to mass electric transportation.', 'To reduce CO2 emissions in the transport sector, the mitigation measures assumed were the introduction of fuel cells for the passenger as well as freight vehicles, and the use of electric vehicles, synthetic fuel mix in aviation and modal shift to mass electric transportation. In the non-energy agriculture sector, over 20 mitigation measures have been considered, and the mitigation technologies are based on the most recent findings as of 2021 and the implementation potential is assumed to be the maximum technically feasible. Similarly, in the waste sectors, the mitigation measures are implemented at full technical feasibility by 2050. In IPPU sector, carbon capture utilization and storage is considered as the mitigation measure to reduce CO2 emission in the cement industry.', 'In IPPU sector, carbon capture utilization and storage is considered as the mitigation measure to reduce CO2 emission in the cement industry. The mitigation measures in LULUCF are similar to the WEM scenario but the level of implementation is more stringent. It is assumed that agri-residue burning on fields would be completely stopped by 2050. GHG emissions in the WEM and the WAM have been analyzed and compared at the sectoral and the national levels to the reference scenario.', 'GHG emissions in the WEM and the WAM have been analyzed and compared at the sectoral and the national levels to the reference scenario. Furthermore, carbon neutrality in terms of carbon dioxide only has been assessed until 2050.OFFICIAL Chapter Two: Nepal s Long-term Strategy for Net-zero Emissions “Nepal aspires to minimize emissions and sustainably achieve net-zero emissions by the year 2045.” Key elements of the 2045 Vision The LTS envisions bold policymaking, social transformation, and technological innovations that will lead to a carbon-neutral, inclusive, and climate-resilient path. The following are the key elements of the LTS: Increase the use of clean/renewable power in all sectors, including fuel switching to clean and modern energy in all economic sectors.', 'The following are the key elements of the LTS: Increase the use of clean/renewable power in all sectors, including fuel switching to clean and modern energy in all economic sectors. Improve energy efficiency and maximize benefits by utilizing clean energy efficiently in the residential, industrial, and transportation sectors. Adopt clean, secure, and connected mobility. This includes decarbonizing the transportation sector through the use of alternative modes of transportation, shifting to electric mass transportation, and increasing the use of clean fuels. Increase carbon sinks by managing forests and natural resources in a sustainable manner. Encourage sustainable agriculture and land use management to maximize co-benefits.', 'Encourage sustainable agriculture and land use management to maximize co-benefits. Expand the circular economy to improve industrial sustainability, promote industrial sector modernization through installations, and invest in new carbon-neutral and circular-economy compatible technologies and systems. Deploy carbon removal technologies in all economic sectors. Maximise the benefits of the mitigation of clean energy trade where appropriate mechanisms for recognition are in place Enhance international cooperation and support (technical and financial) for climate actions (Mitigation and Adaptation) 2.2. Sustainable development and other considerations The ambition of Nepal to achieve net-zero emissions by 2045 has clear links to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030 and beyond.', 'Sustainable development and other considerations The ambition of Nepal to achieve net-zero emissions by 2045 has clear links to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030 and beyond. Nepal has charted its economic, social, and environmental development course by endorsing the use of 169 targets and 479 indicators to achieve its SDGs by 2030. Climate action is a central cross- cutting policy goal in achieving many of the goals outlined in Nepal s SDG roadmap. The SDGs include both direct and indirect targets and indicators aimed at achieving low-carbon, climate- resilient development in Nepal. Climate action has been fully integrated into the SDGs as a key means of achieving its sectoral goals of sustainable development.', 'Climate action has been fully integrated into the SDGs as a key means of achieving its sectoral goals of sustainable development. Figure 2 depicts the key theme of Nepal s long-term low GHG emission development strategy with ten of the country s SDG goals and key climate objectives.OFFICIAL Figure 2: Sustainable development considerations in Nepal’s LTS At its core, Nepal s LTS and SDGs promote win-win actions for climate and socioeconomic development, providing Nepal with a critical opportunity to transition to climate-smart development and meet the PA goals and SDGs. Nepal is committed to implementing inclusive and transparent policies to transition its economy to carbon-neutral, climate-resilient, and sustainable development.', 'Nepal is committed to implementing inclusive and transparent policies to transition its economy to carbon-neutral, climate-resilient, and sustainable development. By addressing climate action and SDGs in integrated ways, the LTS provides a clear vision with co-benefits for achieving socio-economic prosperity and the kind of future Nepal desires. Based on the most recent scientific, technological, and societal developments, Nepal s current and future NDCs will provide a clear pathway for reflection and adjustment to achieve the country s climate and sustainable development goals and provide opportunities for creating jobs for and increasing the income and standard-of-living of the poor people in Nepal.OFFICIAL 2.3. Mitigation elements 2.3.1. Current inventory of GHG emissions in Nepal The Nepal-LEAP modeling framework was used to determine the current status of GHG emissions.', 'Current inventory of GHG emissions in Nepal The Nepal-LEAP modeling framework was used to determine the current status of GHG emissions. The model s starting year was set to 2010, but because 2019 has already passed, the year 2019 was chosen as the base year for developing the GHG inventory. The demographic and economic data, as well as data on various energy and non-energy activities, were obtained from a statistical database available from government documents. Table 1 shows the emissions of various GHGs from different sectors in 2019. The carbon dioxide from biomass is also included in the table because, in the case of a country like Nepal where biomass is used at an unsustainable rate, the emissions from biomass combustion may not represent renewable energy resources sectors.', 'The carbon dioxide from biomass is also included in the table because, in the case of a country like Nepal where biomass is used at an unsustainable rate, the emissions from biomass combustion may not represent renewable energy resources sectors. Table 1: Emissions in 2019 (in million Metric tons carbon dioxide equivalent, mMtCO2 e Sectors Methane Nitrous Oxide Carbon dioxide -equivalent e Energy Sectors Sub-total Energy sector GHG Emissions Non-Energy Sectors Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) Sub-total Non-energy sector GHG Emissions (excluding removals) Total (energy and non-energy) GHG emissions (excluding removals) Net emissions from LULUCF 8.43 8.43 Total GHG emissions (excluding LULUCF) A scenario analysis was performed to investigate potential intervention strategies over the years until 2050. This analysis provides information on the implications of policies 3 CO2 equivalent based on 100-year global warming potential (GWP).', 'This analysis provides information on the implications of policies 3 CO2 equivalent based on 100-year global warming potential (GWP). The GWP for Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide are adopted from Fifth Assessment Report (AR5)OFFICIAL implemented in the energy and non-energy sectors, as well as their impacts on net carbon emissions reduction. It should be noted that the analysis excludes livestock emissions because livestock husbandry in the country is based on subsistence agricultural activity and has not been commercialized on a large scale. 2.2.1. Reference scenarios Figure 3 shows CO2 emissions from the energy and non-energy sectors over the period 2019- 2050. Total CO2 emissions in 2019 were 23 mMtCO2.', 'Total CO2 emissions in 2019 were 23 mMtCO2. This figure is expected to rise to 34 for 46 per cent of net CO2 emissions, while the energy sector accounted for 54 per cent. Figure 3: Carbon dioxide emissions in the reference scenario Non-energy-related emissions would gradually decline to 32 per cent of total emissions by 2050. The CO2 emissions from LULUCF were estimated to be 8 mMtCO2 in 2019, rising to 17 mMtCO2 by 2050. Million Metric tonnes C02 Energy Agriculture LULUCF IPPU Waste Net EmissionOFFICIAL 2.2.2. Mitigation scenarios Nepal’s pathway for Net Zero Emission, two alternative GHG mitigation scenarios is assessed using With Existing Measures (WEM) and With Additional Measures (WAM) have assumed to compare with the reference scenarios.', 'Mitigation scenarios Nepal’s pathway for Net Zero Emission, two alternative GHG mitigation scenarios is assessed using With Existing Measures (WEM) and With Additional Measures (WAM) have assumed to compare with the reference scenarios. The assumed scenarios include; WEM: The scenario with the existing measures is estimated using the same methodology as the reference scenario, but taking into account the target of the intervention measures mentioned in the plans and policies implemented and adopted up to 2020, as well as potential adoption with a milestone. The year 2019 serves as the reference year for this scenario.', 'The year 2019 serves as the reference year for this scenario. WAM: The impact of additional mitigation actions that are feasible for the country is estimated using the same methodology as the reference scenario, taking into account the intervention measures mentioned in the plans and policies implemented and adopted up to 2020, as well as the impact of additional mitigation actions that are feasible for the country. The working team identified additional mitigation actions based on an analysis of the country s current GHG emission profile, assumptions about potential technological advancement, and investments. a. With Existing Measures the WEM scenario (Figures 4 and 5).', 'With Existing Measures the WEM scenario (Figures 4 and 5). In this scenario, the energy sector will be one of the most important contributors to emissions reductions, while LULUCF will contribute significantly to carbon removal in the earlier period. However, the sink potential of LULUCF will decrease overtime per the assumptions used in this scenario. As a result, after 2030, net carbon emissions will rise at an annual rate of 11%. Under the low intervention carbon reduction measures (described in Section 2.4), it is clear that net-zero emission targets will be impossible to achieve without additional and conditional efforts in carbon removal and sequestration.', 'Under the low intervention carbon reduction measures (described in Section 2.4), it is clear that net-zero emission targets will be impossible to achieve without additional and conditional efforts in carbon removal and sequestration. Figure 4: Carbon dioxide emissions in WEM scenario Million Metric tonnes C02 Energy Agricultu re LULUCF IPPU Waste Net EmissionOFFICIAL b) With Additional Measures The WAM scenario includes very ambitious and conditional targets, which are detailed in Section 2.4 below. This scenario includes new interventions such as fuel cells and biofuels in transportation, green hydrogen for thermal purposes in industry, and carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS). Highly determined interventions in the energy sector, combined with ongoing and additional carbon removal interventions, can pave the way to net zero emissions by 2045, with carbon sequestration potential reaching 5.7 mMtCO2 in 2050. (Figure 5).', 'Highly determined interventions in the energy sector, combined with ongoing and additional carbon removal interventions, can pave the way to net zero emissions by 2045, with carbon sequestration potential reaching 5.7 mMtCO2 in 2050. (Figure 5). By 2050, emissions from the energy sector will be significantly reduced to a nominal level of less than 2 mMtCO2. LULUCF, on the other hand, will act as a carbon sink, contributing to net negative carbon emissions by 2050. Figure 5: Carbon dioxide emissions in WAM scenario Due to the limited capacity of current technologies, there are still emissions from energy and IPPU. However, with future technological advancements, this can be avoided and reduced. 2.2.3.', 'However, with future technological advancements, this can be avoided and reduced. 2.2.3. Comparison of scenarios Figure 6 clearly shows that the country s carbon emissions and reduction potential are very high. With current emissions largely mitigated by carbon capture in the forestry sector and future emissions reduce by aggressive development of clean energy resources. Implementation of strategic measures are capable of reducing emissions to zero to the reference scenario and with ambitious and conditional targets, make net carbon emissions negative, representing net-zero, before or by 2045. The comparative graphs for emissions for all three scenarios show that Nepal has a high potential for reducing carbon emissions at the national level.', 'The comparative graphs for emissions for all three scenarios show that Nepal has a high potential for reducing carbon emissions at the national level. With advanced technological and policy interventions, as well as conditional targets, emissions can be reduced while also increasing total carbon sequestration. The WAM scenario indicates that Nepal’s net CO2 Million Metric tonnes C02 Energy Agriculture LULUCF IPPU Waste Net EmissionOFFICIAL emissions will be lower than ‘zero’ in the period 2020 to 2030, then hovering around ‘zero’ level throughout 2035 to 2045, and the sequestration increases from 2045 onwards reaching -5.7 mMT in 2050. These measures can achieve net carbon neutrality immediately and then sustainably by 2045, with increasing levels of carbon capture possible. This carbon sink can help with regional carbon reductions.', 'This carbon sink can help with regional carbon reductions. Figure 6: Carbon dioxide emissions in REF, WEM, and WAM scenarios 2.2.4. Implications of Nepal’s Clean Energy Trade Potential on Global Emissions In addition to its domestic emissions reduction, potential Nepal has significant clean energy resources that can be exported to offset emissions in neighboring countries. The graph below, based on preliminary analysis shows the potential for ‘carbon offsetting’ by developing Hydropower generation capacity of 37 GW - 45 GW by 2050 and accompanying 7 - 9 GW of solar generation capacity.', 'The graph below, based on preliminary analysis shows the potential for ‘carbon offsetting’ by developing Hydropower generation capacity of 37 GW - 45 GW by 2050 and accompanying 7 - 9 GW of solar generation capacity. These estimates include meeting rising domestic demand for clean electricity in the national WEM and WAM scenarios and decreasing emissions factors in neighboring countries.OFFICIAL Figure 7: Emission reduction from energy trade Clean energy trade potential is not accounted for in Nepal s national LTS due to a lack of clarity under the UNFCCC regime. They have however been included here just to illustrate their significance and their potential contribution to Global Emissions Reductions. This can serve discussion agenda to explore flexible mechanisms of enhancing ambitions through regional collaboration.', 'This can serve discussion agenda to explore flexible mechanisms of enhancing ambitions through regional collaboration. Figure 8: Impact of avoided emissions from energy trade on Nepal’s carbon budgetOFFICIAL Figure 8 above shows the relative significance of clean energy trade (the WEM/WAM+ trade scenarios) in reducing emissions relative to the purely domestic WEM and WAM scenarios. This implies that if recognized Nepal would be substantially carbon-negative far earlier and to a far greater extent. This remains true under conservative assumptions.', 'This remains true under conservative assumptions. For example, even if only 50% of the emissions reductions are achieved or ‘emissions reduction sharing’ agreed with recipients (WEM/WAM + Trade 50%) power trade would allow Nepal’s emissions to offset significantly become negative by 2030 in both WEM and WAM scenarios even if conservative assumptions on the speed of implementation are adopted. This analysis has therefore been included to ensure recognition of the importance of this issue for Nepal’s emissions scenarios and emissions in the region. In particular, it highlights the need for the Article 6 agreement on carbon accounting to take into account the actions of countries like Nepal, who can play a significant role in reducing global emissions, if the right incentives and investment support are put in place. 2.3.', 'In particular, it highlights the need for the Article 6 agreement on carbon accounting to take into account the actions of countries like Nepal, who can play a significant role in reducing global emissions, if the right incentives and investment support are put in place. 2.3. Adaptation elements Mitigation interventions in the energy, agriculture, land use, and forestry sectors will result in adaptation co-benefits that are critical for building resilience at the community, local, provincial, and national levels. Achieving energy security, sustainable forest management, and climate- smart agriculture technologies not only aid mitigation but also develop adaptive capacity and strengthen the livelihood systems of poor people and vulnerable households. In terms of adaptation and resilience building, Nepal has clearly articulated the country s priority for vulnerable households and livelihood resources.', 'In terms of adaptation and resilience building, Nepal has clearly articulated the country s priority for vulnerable households and livelihood resources. The government has set up a goal of becoming a climate-resilient nation, and it has incorporated the green, resilient, and inclusive development (GRID) agenda into its development policies and plans. Adaptation is a priority of the country. The government is planning to approve NAP, which will include the government s priorities, implementation plans, and support requirements for medium-term (2030) and long-term (2050) scenarios, plans, and actions. The NAP will outline Nepal s contribution and the means in implementing the contribution to meeting the adaptation goals of the Paris Agreement. There are limits to adaptation.', 'There are limits to adaptation. The adaptation policy and plan alone will not be able to reduce the risk and vulnerability of climate change, particularly the massive loss and damage that can occur as a result of unprecedented events. GON has already prepared a National framework on Loss and Damage (L&D). This framework defined L&D in the context of the country and provided a framework for assessing economic and non-economic L&D caused by climate- related events. The framework is expected to help strengthen governance to address climate risks and vulnerabilities, build the resilience of the water, energy, and agriculture sectors, and reduce disaster risks for people. 2.4. Sectoral strategies Energy: Nepal uses energy in agriculture, transportation, industry, and commercial and residential sectors.', 'Sectoral strategies Energy: Nepal uses energy in agriculture, transportation, industry, and commercial and residential sectors. Per the 2019 baseline assessment, residential, transportation, industrial, commercial, and agricultural energy uses contribute to emissions in descending order. Thus, to reduce carbon emissions in the residential sector the use of LPG must be reduced and more electrical appliances, ICS, and biogas must be used. The transportation sector will need to transition to zero-emission transportation for intercity, intracity, and freight travel across public and private modes. The idea is to power the industrial, commercial, and agricultural sectors with renewable energy and hydrogen technologies. Furthermore, in the powerOFFICIAL generation sector, all electricity will be generated from renewable sources, primarily hydropower plants, as well as solar PV.', 'Furthermore, in the powerOFFICIAL generation sector, all electricity will be generated from renewable sources, primarily hydropower plants, as well as solar PV. Refer to Table 2 for the strategy in the energy sector.', 'Refer to Table 2 for the strategy in the energy sector. Table 2: Strategy for the energy sector Overall sectoral strategies Sectors Strategic action Milestones WEM WAM Enhance and maximize Power generation from renewable energy Power generation Development of hydropower plants Development and integration of variable renewable energy (VRE) into power systems Scale-up of distributed energy resources (mini- grid, off-grid isolated wind, solar, micro- hydro, and biogas) Development of policy on regional power sector integration, VRE integration, and grid flexibility Required power plant capacity in 2050 will be 34 GW – Hydropower 2.1 GW – grid- connected Solar PV power plants, and 1.1 GW of Off-grid and isolated renewable energy power systems Required power plant capacity in 2050 will be 50 GW – Hydropower 2.1 GW – grid- connected Solar PV power plants, and 1.1 GW of Off- grid and isolated renewable energy power systems Promote electrification and shift to clean technologies in the residential transportation, industrial and commercial sectors: Enhancement of clean fuel access Efficiency improvement Modal shift and e- mobility in transport Adoption of New technology in decarbonization Residential Electrification in all end-use services in urban areas Promotion of clean cooking technologies with high efficiency and low emissions in rural areas Electrification in cooking, space heating, water heating, and lighting in rural areas e emissions reduction in e reduction in per cent and 47 per cent reduction in respectively from the e emissions reduction in e in per cent and 100 per cent reduction in respectively compared to the REF scenarioOFFICIAL Promotion of efficient technologies in all end-use services REF scenario Industry Expansion of efficient and clean production technologies Electrification in process heat, boilers, and in motive power in all industries Replacement of traditional brick kilns (FCBTK) with modern improved brick kilns (zigzag kilns, and electric tunnel kilns) The intervention of CCUS in the cement industry The intervention of green fuels (electricity, waste, and hydrogen) for thermal processes in the industries Introduction of electric technology for process heat in heavy industries (metals, cement, and brick) e emissions reduction in e reduction in 43 per cent and 70 per cent reduction in respectively compared to the REF scenario e emission reduction in e in per cent and 95 per cent reduction in respectively compared to the REF scenario Transport Promotion of electric mass passenger transport Switching fuel to clean energy (electricity, fuel cells, synthetic fuels/biofuels in aviation) e reduction in e reduction in 26 per cent and 41 per cent e emission reduction in e in per cent and 97 per cent reduction inOFFICIAL Electrification in freight transport Installation and expansion of charging stations reduction in respectively compared to the REF scenario respectively compared to the REF scenario Commercia l Achieve total Electrification in all commercial sector e reduction in cent reduction in compared to the REF scenario e emissions reduction in per cent reduction in compared to the REF scenario Agriculture Electrification in farm machinery and water pumping Promotion of Solar PV pumping e emissions reduction in e reduction in 29 per cent and 38 per cent reduction in respectively compared to the REF scenario e emission reduction in e in per cent and 100 per cent reduction in respectively compared to the REF scenario IPPU: Nepal s emissions from industrial products and processing units are currently low.', 'Table 2: Strategy for the energy sector Overall sectoral strategies Sectors Strategic action Milestones WEM WAM Enhance and maximize Power generation from renewable energy Power generation Development of hydropower plants Development and integration of variable renewable energy (VRE) into power systems Scale-up of distributed energy resources (mini- grid, off-grid isolated wind, solar, micro- hydro, and biogas) Development of policy on regional power sector integration, VRE integration, and grid flexibility Required power plant capacity in 2050 will be 34 GW – Hydropower 2.1 GW – grid- connected Solar PV power plants, and 1.1 GW of Off-grid and isolated renewable energy power systems Required power plant capacity in 2050 will be 50 GW – Hydropower 2.1 GW – grid- connected Solar PV power plants, and 1.1 GW of Off- grid and isolated renewable energy power systems Promote electrification and shift to clean technologies in the residential transportation, industrial and commercial sectors: Enhancement of clean fuel access Efficiency improvement Modal shift and e- mobility in transport Adoption of New technology in decarbonization Residential Electrification in all end-use services in urban areas Promotion of clean cooking technologies with high efficiency and low emissions in rural areas Electrification in cooking, space heating, water heating, and lighting in rural areas e emissions reduction in e reduction in per cent and 47 per cent reduction in respectively from the e emissions reduction in e in per cent and 100 per cent reduction in respectively compared to the REF scenarioOFFICIAL Promotion of efficient technologies in all end-use services REF scenario Industry Expansion of efficient and clean production technologies Electrification in process heat, boilers, and in motive power in all industries Replacement of traditional brick kilns (FCBTK) with modern improved brick kilns (zigzag kilns, and electric tunnel kilns) The intervention of CCUS in the cement industry The intervention of green fuels (electricity, waste, and hydrogen) for thermal processes in the industries Introduction of electric technology for process heat in heavy industries (metals, cement, and brick) e emissions reduction in e reduction in 43 per cent and 70 per cent reduction in respectively compared to the REF scenario e emission reduction in e in per cent and 95 per cent reduction in respectively compared to the REF scenario Transport Promotion of electric mass passenger transport Switching fuel to clean energy (electricity, fuel cells, synthetic fuels/biofuels in aviation) e reduction in e reduction in 26 per cent and 41 per cent e emission reduction in e in per cent and 97 per cent reduction inOFFICIAL Electrification in freight transport Installation and expansion of charging stations reduction in respectively compared to the REF scenario respectively compared to the REF scenario Commercia l Achieve total Electrification in all commercial sector e reduction in cent reduction in compared to the REF scenario e emissions reduction in per cent reduction in compared to the REF scenario Agriculture Electrification in farm machinery and water pumping Promotion of Solar PV pumping e emissions reduction in e reduction in 29 per cent and 38 per cent reduction in respectively compared to the REF scenario e emission reduction in e in per cent and 100 per cent reduction in respectively compared to the REF scenario IPPU: Nepal s emissions from industrial products and processing units are currently low. However, with the growth forecast and the recommended switch to renewable energy, it will be critical for Nepal to adopt energy-efficient technologies such as zig-zag waste related to fuel and raw materials such as limestone for the cement industry.', 'However, with the growth forecast and the recommended switch to renewable energy, it will be critical for Nepal to adopt energy-efficient technologies such as zig-zag waste related to fuel and raw materials such as limestone for the cement industry. Nepal must also explore the potential for carbon capture and storage. AFOLU: For the agricultural sector, Nepal must switch to better cultivation practices, a rice intensification system, better manure management, soil organic matter enrichment, soil management practices such as low soil tillage, use of adaptive and resilient varieties, and breeds, expanded adoption of controlled release of stabilized fertilizers, better enteric fermentation processes, and promote agroforestry and other sustainable agriculture systems.', 'AFOLU: For the agricultural sector, Nepal must switch to better cultivation practices, a rice intensification system, better manure management, soil organic matter enrichment, soil management practices such as low soil tillage, use of adaptive and resilient varieties, and breeds, expanded adoption of controlled release of stabilized fertilizers, better enteric fermentation processes, and promote agroforestry and other sustainable agriculture systems. Refer to Table 3 for the strategy on the agriculture sector.OFFICIAL Table 3: Strategy for the agriculture sector Overall strategies Strategic actions WEM milestone WAM milestone Promote agriculture fermentation management practices and technologies Employ GHG-focused genetic selection and breeding Promote animal feeds mix optimization Expand use of animal feed additives Expand use of feed- grain processing for improved digestibility Improve animal health monitoring and illness prevention Improve technologies that increase livestock production efficiencies GHG emissions e emissions reduction e reduction in 2050, i.e., 29 per cent and 38 per cent reduction in respectively compared to REF emissions e emissions reduction e reduction in 2050, i.e., 29 per cent and 38 per cent reduction in respectively compared to REF GHG emissions e emission reduction in 2010 e in cent and 100 per cent reduction in respectively compared to REF emissions e emission reduction in 2010 e in cent and 100 per cent reduction in respectively compared to REF Improve soil carbon, soil health, and soil fertility under grassland and cropland Expand use of anaerobic manure digestion Make efficient use of livestock nutrients Apply Nitrification inhibitors on pasture Promote technologies that increase livestock production efficiencies e emissions reduction e reduction in 2050, i.e., 6.2 per cent and 19.5 per cent reduction in respectively compared to REF e emissions reduction in 2030 e reduction in per cent and 67.1 per cent reduction in 2030 respectively compared to REF Improve nutrient use and manure management towards sustainable and resilient Improve rice paddy water management Expand adoption of dry direct seeding in rice cultivation Improved rice straw management e emissions reduction e reduction per cent and 47.4 per cent reduction e emissions reduction in 2030 e reduction in 2050 i.e., 21.6 per cent and 67.3 per centOFFICIAL agricultural systems Promote optimal rice varietal selection Improve fertilization of rice respectively compared to REF reduction in 2030 respectively compared to REF Scale low- and no- tillage practices Reduce nitrogen over- application Promote Variable-rate fertilization Adopt Nitrogen-fixing rotations Improve fertilization timing Expand adoption of controlled-release and stabilized fertilizers e emissions reduction e reduction in 2050, i.e., 4.2 per cent and 13.2 per cent reduction in respectively compared to REF e emissions reduction in 2030 e reduction in per cent and 63.2 per cent reduction in 2030 respectively compared to REF Improve livestock management systems, including agro- pastoral production systems and others Methane recovery Increase incineration e emissions reduction in 2030 e reduction in cent and 18.0 per cent reduction in 2030 respectively compared to REF For Forestry and Other and Land Use: Nepal must increase and maintain its forest cover, adopt afforestation efforts and achieve net-zero deforestation, adopt measures to decrease forest fire incidents, scale-up sustainable forest management practices, agroforestry, and private forestry practices, promote energy-efficient technologies, and improve the monitoring and database systems.', 'Refer to Table 3 for the strategy on the agriculture sector.OFFICIAL Table 3: Strategy for the agriculture sector Overall strategies Strategic actions WEM milestone WAM milestone Promote agriculture fermentation management practices and technologies Employ GHG-focused genetic selection and breeding Promote animal feeds mix optimization Expand use of animal feed additives Expand use of feed- grain processing for improved digestibility Improve animal health monitoring and illness prevention Improve technologies that increase livestock production efficiencies GHG emissions e emissions reduction e reduction in 2050, i.e., 29 per cent and 38 per cent reduction in respectively compared to REF emissions e emissions reduction e reduction in 2050, i.e., 29 per cent and 38 per cent reduction in respectively compared to REF GHG emissions e emission reduction in 2010 e in cent and 100 per cent reduction in respectively compared to REF emissions e emission reduction in 2010 e in cent and 100 per cent reduction in respectively compared to REF Improve soil carbon, soil health, and soil fertility under grassland and cropland Expand use of anaerobic manure digestion Make efficient use of livestock nutrients Apply Nitrification inhibitors on pasture Promote technologies that increase livestock production efficiencies e emissions reduction e reduction in 2050, i.e., 6.2 per cent and 19.5 per cent reduction in respectively compared to REF e emissions reduction in 2030 e reduction in per cent and 67.1 per cent reduction in 2030 respectively compared to REF Improve nutrient use and manure management towards sustainable and resilient Improve rice paddy water management Expand adoption of dry direct seeding in rice cultivation Improved rice straw management e emissions reduction e reduction per cent and 47.4 per cent reduction e emissions reduction in 2030 e reduction in 2050 i.e., 21.6 per cent and 67.3 per centOFFICIAL agricultural systems Promote optimal rice varietal selection Improve fertilization of rice respectively compared to REF reduction in 2030 respectively compared to REF Scale low- and no- tillage practices Reduce nitrogen over- application Promote Variable-rate fertilization Adopt Nitrogen-fixing rotations Improve fertilization timing Expand adoption of controlled-release and stabilized fertilizers e emissions reduction e reduction in 2050, i.e., 4.2 per cent and 13.2 per cent reduction in respectively compared to REF e emissions reduction in 2030 e reduction in per cent and 63.2 per cent reduction in 2030 respectively compared to REF Improve livestock management systems, including agro- pastoral production systems and others Methane recovery Increase incineration e emissions reduction in 2030 e reduction in cent and 18.0 per cent reduction in 2030 respectively compared to REF For Forestry and Other and Land Use: Nepal must increase and maintain its forest cover, adopt afforestation efforts and achieve net-zero deforestation, adopt measures to decrease forest fire incidents, scale-up sustainable forest management practices, agroforestry, and private forestry practices, promote energy-efficient technologies, and improve the monitoring and database systems. Refer to Table 4 for the strategy for the forestry sector.', 'Refer to Table 4 for the strategy for the forestry sector. Table 4: Strategy for the forestry sector Overall strategies Strategic actions Milestone WEM WAMOFFICIAL Reduction of forest loss (deforestation) and achieve forest area gain by plantation activities Reduce forest loss and stop land cover conversion Increase forest gain through plantation in an open area Promote private forestry Loss: Half of Business As Usual (BAU) 25 per cent of plantation and additional to meet 45 per cent target by 2030 By 2030, net zero Forest Degradation Gain: As per WEM Plantation: Contribution of plantations in removal is doubled, i.e., 50 per cent of plantation area assumed to fall under the definition of forest Reduce forest degradation and promote forest health Reduce degradation from fire, illegal/unsustainable timbering, fuelwood extraction Reduce unsustainable grazing Promote alternative domestic energy sources for cooking and heating (e- cooking, ICS, biogas, etc.)', 'Table 4: Strategy for the forestry sector Overall strategies Strategic actions Milestone WEM WAMOFFICIAL Reduction of forest loss (deforestation) and achieve forest area gain by plantation activities Reduce forest loss and stop land cover conversion Increase forest gain through plantation in an open area Promote private forestry Loss: Half of Business As Usual (BAU) 25 per cent of plantation and additional to meet 45 per cent target by 2030 By 2030, net zero Forest Degradation Gain: As per WEM Plantation: Contribution of plantations in removal is doubled, i.e., 50 per cent of plantation area assumed to fall under the definition of forest Reduce forest degradation and promote forest health Reduce degradation from fire, illegal/unsustainable timbering, fuelwood extraction Reduce unsustainable grazing Promote alternative domestic energy sources for cooking and heating (e- cooking, ICS, biogas, etc.) Half of BAU, deduct area under sustainable forest management Fire: Half of BAU cent reduction in deforestation per cent reduction in forest fire due to different projects for forest fire management and control Enhance/Improve harvested wood products and avoid carbon loss from forest product/wood products Promote the use of harvested wood products in housing and other infrastructure development and construction Promote farm forestry/agroforestry for the production of wood products Improve harvesting technology for efficient forest production Promotion of wood technology (composite wood, particle boards, etc.)', 'Half of BAU, deduct area under sustainable forest management Fire: Half of BAU cent reduction in deforestation per cent reduction in forest fire due to different projects for forest fire management and control Enhance/Improve harvested wood products and avoid carbon loss from forest product/wood products Promote the use of harvested wood products in housing and other infrastructure development and construction Promote farm forestry/agroforestry for the production of wood products Improve harvesting technology for efficient forest production Promotion of wood technology (composite wood, particle boards, etc.) Reduce timber import by half of BAU Self-sufficiency of harvested wood products.', 'Reduce timber import by half of BAU Self-sufficiency of harvested wood products. Adopt an integrated system while using forests for physical infrastructure development and have integrated Balance development and physical infrastructure development Complement forest loss and gain targets Complement forest loss and gain targetsOFFICIAL thinking in its conservation and Plan) Provide compensation for forest land lost in infrastructure development when forest cover change is unavoidable Implement sustainable forest management Development of sustainable forest management directives/guidelines Implementation of silviculture systems to enhance growth in forest growing stock Promote sustainable forest management cent of Terai and Inner-Terai forests, and 25 per cent of middle hills and mountain forests (GoN, Between 2030 and 2050, 75 per cent of Terai and Inner- Terai forests, and 75 per cent of middle hills and mountain forests Enhance forest information, research, and technology development Capacity building for information generation on forest statistics and other forestry-related research Establishment of systematic observation of forest areas from an emission point of view Strengthening and generation of baseline data. Generation of annual average landcover change statistics. Other emission- related forest information (i.e., emission/sink factor of various forest types, emission forest fires, etc.)', 'Other emission- related forest information (i.e., emission/sink factor of various forest types, emission forest fires, etc.) Waste: Under waste emissions from solid waste disposal, open burning of waste, and waste- water treatment technologies like methane gas recovery, incineration of waste for heat and power generation, and methane generation from anaerobic digester in wastewater treatment must be promoted. Refer to Table 5 for the strategy for the waste sector Table 5: Sectoral strategy, strategic action, and a milestone in the waste sector Overall strategies Strategic actions Milestone WEM WAM Implementation of Energy recovery from waste Methane recovery from landfills emissions reduction in 2050, i.e., 11 per cent and 34 per cent reduction in 2030 and compared to REF emissions reduction in 2050, i.e., 26 per cent and 66 per cent reduction in 2030 respectively compared to REF Incineration of waste for heat and power generation Methane generation from anaerobic digester in wastewater treatmentOFFICIAL Chapter Three: Means of Implementation 3.1.', 'Refer to Table 5 for the strategy for the waste sector Table 5: Sectoral strategy, strategic action, and a milestone in the waste sector Overall strategies Strategic actions Milestone WEM WAM Implementation of Energy recovery from waste Methane recovery from landfills emissions reduction in 2050, i.e., 11 per cent and 34 per cent reduction in 2030 and compared to REF emissions reduction in 2050, i.e., 26 per cent and 66 per cent reduction in 2030 respectively compared to REF Incineration of waste for heat and power generation Methane generation from anaerobic digester in wastewater treatmentOFFICIAL Chapter Three: Means of Implementation 3.1. Legal and institutional measures Legal framework: The second enhanced NDC and its future revisions provide a legal basis for the GON to plan and pursue its Long-term Strategy to align its efforts to be very low emissions before and carbon neutrality on or before 2045.', 'Legal and institutional measures Legal framework: The second enhanced NDC and its future revisions provide a legal basis for the GON to plan and pursue its Long-term Strategy to align its efforts to be very low emissions before and carbon neutrality on or before 2045. In addition, sectoral policies should also mainstream climate change to integrate the targets set in the NDC and the aspirations in the Long-term Strategy. Coordinated efforts across the ministries and line agencies, local governments, stakeholders, and rights holders, access to capacity building, technology transfer, and finance will be key to meet targets set under WEM and WAM scenarios.', 'Coordinated efforts across the ministries and line agencies, local governments, stakeholders, and rights holders, access to capacity building, technology transfer, and finance will be key to meet targets set under WEM and WAM scenarios. Institutional mechanism: Implement the LTS through federal, provincial, and local governments, in collaboration with other relevant stakeholders including youth, women, indigenous people, private sector as well as international bodies as it covers multidisciplinary areas. Coordinate LTS implementation through the Environment Protection and Climate Change Management National Council, Inter-Ministerial Climate Change Coordination Committee (IMCCCC), Thematic and Cross-Cutting Working Groups, and Provincial Climate Change Coordination Committees. Partner with the private sector, development partners, bilateral and multilateral agencies, and international and national non-government organizations to implement LTS.', 'Partner with the private sector, development partners, bilateral and multilateral agencies, and international and national non-government organizations to implement LTS. Stakeholder mapping: Government/Non-government organizations, financial institutions, women groups, youth, children, indigenous people, disabled people, LGBTQ, marginalized groups, civil society organizations (CSOs), private sector, media will be major stakeholders of LTS implementation. GESI and Leave no One behind (LNOB): Include the principles of equity, ensuring equal access to women, children, youth, indigenous people, disabled people; lesbian, gay, bisexual transgender and queer (LGBTQ), and marginalized groups during participation, decision- making, and benefit-sharing from LTS implementation. 3.2.', 'GESI and Leave no One behind (LNOB): Include the principles of equity, ensuring equal access to women, children, youth, indigenous people, disabled people; lesbian, gay, bisexual transgender and queer (LGBTQ), and marginalized groups during participation, decision- making, and benefit-sharing from LTS implementation. 3.2. Means of implementation Capacity building: Based on the draft capacity need assessment for the NDC, capacity will be built for (i) institutional capacity for governance and coordination; (ii) technical capacity, including sectoral expertise; (iii) relational capacity to build partnerships and invest time in processes; and (iv) strategic capacity for systemic policy design and implementation. Technology transfer: To meet Nepal’s aspirations to be carbon neutral by or before 2045, technology transfer will play a primary role.', 'Technology transfer: To meet Nepal’s aspirations to be carbon neutral by or before 2045, technology transfer will play a primary role. Moreover, easy access to technology transfer and its affordability will be key incentives in the implementation of long-term strategies. Some technologies will be homegrown for the energy and transport sector, agriculture, IPPU, and waster sector while many will need to be imported. Finance: The cost of achieving unconditional targets outlined in the NDC is estimated to be USD 25 million. This estimate only covers activity-based targets and does not include the cost of policies, measures, and actions. The cost of achieving the adaptation component will be detailed in the upcoming NAP.', 'The cost of achieving the adaptation component will be detailed in the upcoming NAP. To achieve the conditional targets, Nepal anticipates easy access to finance from multilateral climate financing such as the Green Climate Fund, Global Environment Facility, and Adaptation Fund, Least Developed Countries (LDC) Fund, including from bilateral/multilateral agencies and development partners and the private sector. These funds will be utilized to bolster limited national resources and technical capacities for scaling up climate action.OFFICIAL Market mechanism: The carbon market will also play a key role for Nepal to support and implement various GHG mitigation measures across the sectors.', 'These funds will be utilized to bolster limited national resources and technical capacities for scaling up climate action.OFFICIAL Market mechanism: The carbon market will also play a key role for Nepal to support and implement various GHG mitigation measures across the sectors. Currently given the potential energy generation forecast, cross-border energy trade provides Nepal the opportunity to engage in market mechanisms under Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes (ITMOs) as refereed on Article 6 of the PA. Similarly, engaging in the non-market mechanism under Article 6.8 for potentially the AFOLU sector will also help Nepal meet carbon neutrality by 2045. International public support in a form of a grant will be needed in this regard.', 'Similarly, engaging in the non-market mechanism under Article 6.8 for potentially the AFOLU sector will also help Nepal meet carbon neutrality by 2045. International public support in a form of a grant will be needed in this regard. Monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV): Nepal s LTS 2050 reflects the most recent data and information, analysis, and scenario for possible future to contribute to the global climate actions in achieving PA goal. As a developing country, Nepal will likely experience dynamic changes due to national and global changes as well as the current COVID-19 pandemic. In this regard, Nepal’s LTS 2050 will be monitored, reviewed, and updated, as necessary, taking into consideration national circumstances, capacity and capability, and the provision under the Paris Agreement.', 'In this regard, Nepal’s LTS 2050 will be monitored, reviewed, and updated, as necessary, taking into consideration national circumstances, capacity and capability, and the provision under the Paris Agreement. A robust MRV plan will ensure transparency, accuracy, and comparability of information with regards to GHG emissions for each of the five-year periods of the NDC leading towards 2050. The MRV plan, and supporting activities, will strengthen both national and sectoral data and methodologies required to determine GHG emissions across the defined sectors. As MRV is implemented, lessons learned should create a positive feedback loop, strengthening data collection processes and enabling greater accuracy in GHG emission calculations in each sector.', 'As MRV is implemented, lessons learned should create a positive feedback loop, strengthening data collection processes and enabling greater accuracy in GHG emission calculations in each sector. The MRV plan for the LTS should underpin the national and sectoral GHG data quality and assist in identifying downstream national and sectoral priorities and strengthen policy planning and prioritization towards a low carbon future. The MRV process should incorporate assessing existing data, data needs and gap assessment, institutional arrangement, data management along with developing standards and procedures, and finally building and improving the MRV system over time (Figure 9). Figure 9: Proposed MRV system for the LTSOFFICIAL To monitor the national long-term strategy, a set of following indicators should be developed during the monitoring stage.', 'Figure 9: Proposed MRV system for the LTSOFFICIAL To monitor the national long-term strategy, a set of following indicators should be developed during the monitoring stage. These indicators should be specific and elaborated in each specific project. \uf0a7 Performance indicators are directly comparable to national targets and they illustrate the results of the strategy as a whole. Contextual indicators to help put the results into perspective. Indicators relating to the implementation of each cross-cutting and sectoral guidelines Indicators of the level of integration of the strategy’s guidelines into public policies. Additional environmental indicators are provided as part of the strategic environmental assessment. The results indicators will be updated biennially following the publication of the GHG emission inventories.', 'The results indicators will be updated biennially following the publication of the GHG emission inventories. This biennial monitoring makes it possible to progressively assess the progress of the targets. 3.3. Coordination mechanism For improved communication and coordination, Nepal will develop clear lines of communication between different levels of governance (local, provincial, national, and international) and across different sectors and stakeholders (Figure 10). It includes coordination not only among the government bodies but also among different stakeholders including women, indigenous peoples, youth, private sector, international actors, and CSOs. Figure 10: Framework for coordinationOFFICIAL Chapter Four: Investment and Finance According to the cost analysis, significant investment will be required to deliver in GHG mitigation, net abatement costs over the implementation period.', 'Figure 10: Framework for coordinationOFFICIAL Chapter Four: Investment and Finance According to the cost analysis, significant investment will be required to deliver in GHG mitigation, net abatement costs over the implementation period. Demand-side investment, transformation investment, and non-energy sector investment, such as in forestry, are all included in the investment. It excludes the cost of production of green hydrogen. Figure 11 depicts GDP and required costs in 2000 constant US Dollar prices for all scenarios. The investment required under the Reference scenario will be 2.19 percent of the national GDP in 2030, 1.74 percent in 2040, and 6.42 percent in 2050. The investment required under the WEM scenario is 21.39 percent of the national GDP in 2030, 8.03 percent in 2040, and 10.52 percent in 2050.', 'The investment required under the WEM scenario is 21.39 percent of the national GDP in 2030, 8.03 percent in 2040, and 10.52 percent in 2050. Similarly, the annual investment requirement under the WAM scenario will be 22.05 percent of national GDP in 2030, 14.07 percent in 2040, and 16 percent in 2050. Figure 11: Investment requirements for mitigation measures of Reference, WEM, and WAM scenarios compared to GDP 4.2. Investment costs for the power sector The installed capacity of power generation would be 4 GW in 2030 and 10.1 GW in 2050 under the reference scenario. In 2030, 14.9 TWh of electricity would be generated, rising to 37.7 TWh in 2050.', 'In 2030, 14.9 TWh of electricity would be generated, rising to 37.7 TWh in 2050. Under the WEM scenario, electrification measures will result in an additional power generation capacity requirement of 14.3 GW in 2030 and 35.9 GW by 2050, with a 30% reserve margin, mostly through hydropower generation. In 2030, an additional 53 TWh of electricity will be required, rising to 131 TWh by 2050. The required investment in the power sector under the WEM scenario is estimated to be 5.18 billion USD in 2030, 3.78 billion USD in 2040, and 9.85 billion USD in 2050. Similarly, the electrification measures will result in a power generation capacity requirement of 15.2 GW in 2030 and 52 GW by 2050 under the WAM scenario.', 'Similarly, the electrification measures will result in a power generation capacity requirement of 15.2 GW in 2030 and 52 GW by 2050 under the WAM scenario. In 2030, the electricity demand will be 56.2 TWh, and in 2050, it will be 189.5 TWh. The required investment in the power sector under the WAM scenario is estimated to be 5.34 billion dollars in 2030, 6.69 billion dollars in 2040, and 15.05 billion dollars in 2050. The enormous Billion USD GDP Reference WEM WAMOFFICIAL capital requirement for electricity generation exceeds the country s capacity. In the South Asia Region, unconditional capital investments for electricity production should be kept within the range of 6% of GDP4.', 'In the South Asia Region, unconditional capital investments for electricity production should be kept within the range of 6% of GDP4. The magnitude of investment necessitates comprehensive investment planning in the power sector, as well as the review and formulation of fiscal and sectoral policies, rules, and regulations to attract domestic and international investment. Because hydro and solar power generation is a cleaner source of energy and is frequently used to replace fossil fuels, it is also necessary to investigate the possibility of generating carbon revenue from downstream electrification and power trade to improve the competitiveness of climate change mitigation measures.', 'Because hydro and solar power generation is a cleaner source of energy and is frequently used to replace fossil fuels, it is also necessary to investigate the possibility of generating carbon revenue from downstream electrification and power trade to improve the competitiveness of climate change mitigation measures. Table 5: Power capacity and investment requirement under WEM and WAM Investment areas WEM WAM WEM WAM WEM WAM Electricity Generation Nepal s hydropower development potential is estimated to be around 83,000 MW (Shrestha, 1966), and it can export clean power to its neighbors. Nepal could achieve net zero emissions even sooner than 2045 if it receives carbon offset benefits, provided that Nepal s cross-border power prices are competitive, neighboring countries purchase power from Nepal, and they agree to share the carbon offset benefits with Nepal. 4.3.', 'Nepal could achieve net zero emissions even sooner than 2045 if it receives carbon offset benefits, provided that Nepal s cross-border power prices are competitive, neighboring countries purchase power from Nepal, and they agree to share the carbon offset benefits with Nepal. 4.3. Cost savings due to decrease in fuel imports The significant reduction in imported fossil fuels such as diesel, gasoline, kerosene, aviation fuel, coal, and LPG is one of the major co-benefits of implementing GHG mitigation measures identified in the current study. This will eventually help to reduce the country s economic vulnerability, as most of its foreign currency reserves are currently being used to import these fossil fuels, widening the trade deficit.', 'This will eventually help to reduce the country s economic vulnerability, as most of its foreign currency reserves are currently being used to import these fossil fuels, widening the trade deficit. Figure 12: Cost of imported fuels under WEM and WAM scenarios 4 World Bank policy research working paper (WB, 2015). Billion USD GDP Reference WEM WAMOFFICIAL Imported fossil fuel costs would be cut by 1.2 billion dollars in 2030, 3.6 billion dollars in 2040, and 11.1 billion dollars in 2050 under the WEM scenario. As shown in Figure 13, this saving amounts to 4.7 percent of the national GDP in 2030, 7.4 percent in 2040, and 11.6 percent in 2050.', 'As shown in Figure 13, this saving amounts to 4.7 percent of the national GDP in 2030, 7.4 percent in 2040, and 11.6 percent in 2050. Similarly, the annual cost savings from imported fossil fuels under the WAM scenario have been estimated at 1.7 billion USD in 2030, 5.6 billion USD in 2040, and 18.7 billion USD in 2050. As shown in Figure 11, this saving amounts to 6.7 percent of the national GDP in 2030, 11.5 percent in 2040, and 19.6 percent in 2050. Figure 13: Cost savings from the decrease in fossil fuel imports % of GDP WEM WAMOFFICIAL 4.4.', 'Figure 13: Cost savings from the decrease in fossil fuel imports % of GDP WEM WAMOFFICIAL 4.4. Cumulative costs over the decades According to Figure 14, the total costs of the sectors considered in the Reference scenario are estimated to be 4.2 billion dollars from 2021 to 2030, 7 billion dollars from 2031 to 2040, and 17.5 billion dollars from 2041 to 2050. For the years 2021-2030, 2031-2040, and 2041- 2050, this equates to 2.3 percent, 1.9 percent, and 2.4 percent of total GDP, respectively. In the WEM scenario, the total costs of the sectors considered are estimated to be 42.8 billion USD from 2021 to 2030, 34.4 billion USD from 2031 to 2040, and 56.2 billion USD from 2041 to 2050.', 'In the WEM scenario, the total costs of the sectors considered are estimated to be 42.8 billion USD from 2021 to 2030, 34.4 billion USD from 2031 to 2040, and 56.2 billion USD from 2041 to 2050. For the years 2021-2030, 2031-2040, and 2041-2050, this equates to 23.2 percent, 9.5 percent, and 7.9 percent of total GDP, respectively. In the WAM scenario, the total costs of the sectors considered are estimated to be 46.4 billion USD from 2021 to 2030, 53.4 billion USD from 2031 to 2040, and 96.3 billion USD from 2041 to 2050. For the years 2021-2030, 2031-2040, and 2041-2050, this equates to 25.1 percent, 14.7 percent, and 13.5 percent of total GDP, respectively.', 'For the years 2021-2030, 2031-2040, and 2041-2050, this equates to 25.1 percent, 14.7 percent, and 13.5 percent of total GDP, respectively. Figure 14: Cumulative costs and comparison to cumulative GDP over the decades 4.5. Sourcing of Investment and Finance Considerable investment and finance are required to achieve WEM and WAM scenarios. For finance deployed from international sources, the strategy will be to pursue bilateral and multilateral funding sources while utilizing a diverse set of international financing instruments such as grants, private sector investments, soft loans, bonds, etc. supported by the necessary public institutions and mechanisms such as fast-track climate change investment boards and foreign currency hedging funds.', 'supported by the necessary public institutions and mechanisms such as fast-track climate change investment boards and foreign currency hedging funds. These will require further strengthening of climate and financial risk analysis tools such as the development of climate impact forecasting tools as well as international credit ratings of public institutions. Further, the development of climate change-based projects could be supported by income from the sale of carbon credits being discussed under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, depending on the outcome of the negotiations. Billion USD GDP Reference WEM WAMOFFICIAL Apart from international funding, it is important to have a sustainable funding mechanism through domestic sources.', 'Billion USD GDP Reference WEM WAMOFFICIAL Apart from international funding, it is important to have a sustainable funding mechanism through domestic sources. In addition to the public sector, the domestic private sector along with the commercial banking sector will play a major role in mobilizing a large amount of investments. Incentivizing the private sector has multiple benefits from the perspective of the public sector such as sharing of large upfront capital costs required for the financing of climate change projects, smooth operation of projects by private sector companies over the long operation phase of projects, retention of technical knowledge in the market, and sharing of financial liabilities and various risks.', 'Incentivizing the private sector has multiple benefits from the perspective of the public sector such as sharing of large upfront capital costs required for the financing of climate change projects, smooth operation of projects by private sector companies over the long operation phase of projects, retention of technical knowledge in the market, and sharing of financial liabilities and various risks. Some projects can also be developed under a Public- Private-Partnership (PPP) model to ensure investments and best practices from both the public and private sectors. Thus, the private sector and the commercial banking sector will be engaged as the major stakeholders to achieve net-zero emissions.', 'Thus, the private sector and the commercial banking sector will be engaged as the major stakeholders to achieve net-zero emissions. Adequate measures will be undertaken to ensure incentives for the adoption of climate-friendly technologies for the end-user, and promotion of these technologies by investors. The custom duties and taxes by the government levied on climate change-related projects and high debt interest rates levied by local commercial banks are major barriers to domestic investment. Thus, adequate measures will be undertaken to verify projects related to climate change and ensure adequate incentives such as a decrease in the duties and taxes, service-based subsidies or government rebates on sales, and public financing of a substantial portion of interest rates from commercial banks.', 'Thus, adequate measures will be undertaken to verify projects related to climate change and ensure adequate incentives such as a decrease in the duties and taxes, service-based subsidies or government rebates on sales, and public financing of a substantial portion of interest rates from commercial banks. Similarly, deterrents such as taxes and fines on the use of fossil fuels and fossil-fuel-based technologies will be strengthened further, and the income from such deterrents will be invested into climate change projects at the national level. The strategy will be to push the climate change projects towards financial viability through adequate market-based incentives and deterrents to ensure the sustainability of these projects.', 'The strategy will be to push the climate change projects towards financial viability through adequate market-based incentives and deterrents to ensure the sustainability of these projects. These measures to increase domestic investment in the climate change sector will be strengthened through the enactment of necessary Acts and Regulations such that they can be institutionalized over the long run to adequately signal private sector investors and ensure the safeguarding of investments. As climate change projects are multi-disciplinary, adequate measures will be taken to increase awareness and sensitize government institutions at the federal, provincial, and local levels towards the urgent nature of implementing climate change- based projects.', 'As climate change projects are multi-disciplinary, adequate measures will be taken to increase awareness and sensitize government institutions at the federal, provincial, and local levels towards the urgent nature of implementing climate change- based projects. The scale of investment required for climate change projects is immediate and large, thus adequate institutional measures will be undertaken to ensure fast-tracking of both domestic and international climate change-based investments, with a supporting framework for categorization, tracking, monitoring, reporting, verification, and evaluation promptly. By following the aforementioned international and domestic financing strategy, Nepal will aim to achieve net-zero emissions resulting in maximum net socio-economic benefits while ensuring financial feasibility and environmental sustainability.OFFICIAL Annex 1: Co2 Emissions data under various scenarios Scenarios Million metric tons co2 emissions WAM Net WEM Net REF Net']

en-US

NPL

Nepal

1st NDC

2016-10-05 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Nepal%20First%20NDC.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Asia

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/286d28f6b25a1658925e84c38b615a534dbfe0daf375cc12ab18367d7883b28b.pdf

['Government of Nepal Ministry of Population and Environment NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONSA. BACKGROUND Nepal, a least developed mountainous and land-locked country, is one of the least contributors to the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs). With aspirations of development and improving the country’s economy; its development agenda is constrained given that it is one of the most vulnerable countries to the adverse impacts of climate change. 1. Nepal’s vulnerability to climate change Nepal s mountainous and challenging topography and socio-economic conditions (ranks 145 on the Human Development Index, merely one-fourth of its population live below poverty line) make it a highly vulnerable country to climate change. Nepal has experienced changes in temperature and mean precipitation. The country, with the exception of some isolated pockets, has become warmer.', 'The country, with the exception of some isolated pockets, has become warmer. Data on temperature trends from 1975 to 2005 showed 0.060C rise in temperature annually whereas mean rainfall has significantly decreased on an average of 3.7 mm (-3.2%) per month per decade. Under various climate change scenarios for Nepal, mean annual temperatures are projected to increase between 1.3-3.8°C by the 2060s and 1.8-5.8°C by the 2090s. Annual precipitation reduction is projected to be in a range of 10 to 20 % across the country. In Nepal’s Himalaya, total estimated ice reserve between 1977 and 2010 has decreased by 29 percent (129 km3). The number of glacier lakes has increased by 11 percent and glaciers recede on an average by 38 km2 per year.', 'The number of glacier lakes has increased by 11 percent and glaciers recede on an average by 38 km2 per year. Hence, climate change has visible and pronounced impacts on snows and glaciers that are likely to increase the Glacier Lakes Outburst Floods (GLOFs). Nepal has suffered from increased frequency of extreme weather events such as landslides, floods and droughts resulting to the loss of human lives as well as high social and economic costs. The 2013 study on Economic Assessment of Climate Change in Key Sectors (agriculture, hydropower and water-induced disasters) has estimated direct cost of current climate variability and extreme events equivalent to 1.5 to 2 percent of current GDP/year (approximately USD 270-360 million/year in 2013 prices) and much higher in extreme years.', 'The 2013 study on Economic Assessment of Climate Change in Key Sectors (agriculture, hydropower and water-induced disasters) has estimated direct cost of current climate variability and extreme events equivalent to 1.5 to 2 percent of current GDP/year (approximately USD 270-360 million/year in 2013 prices) and much higher in extreme years. In the case of hydropower, the model projected lower dry season flows and thus lower energy availability. The additional energy generation capacity needed to meet future demand under this scenario, due to climate change, was estimated at 2800 MW by 2050 with an increase in costs of USD 2.6 billion (present value) for the period through to 2050.', 'The additional energy generation capacity needed to meet future demand under this scenario, due to climate change, was estimated at 2800 MW by 2050 with an increase in costs of USD 2.6 billion (present value) for the period through to 2050. Overall, the economic costs of climate change in Nepal for these three sectors could be equivalent to 2-3% of current GDP/year by mid-century. In a nutshell, Nepal is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change, water- induced disasters and hydro-meteorological extreme events such as droughts, storms, floods, inundation, landslides, debris flow, soil erosion and avalanches.', 'In a nutshell, Nepal is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change, water- induced disasters and hydro-meteorological extreme events such as droughts, storms, floods, inundation, landslides, debris flow, soil erosion and avalanches. Based on National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) 2010, out of 75 districts, 29 districts are highly vulnerable to natural hazard such as landslides, 22 districts to drought, 12 districts to GLOFs, and 9 districts to flooding.Nepal is ranked the eleventh most earthquake-prone country in the world. It experienced a devastating earthquake o f 7 .6 m a gn it ud e on 25 April 2015 with a r o u n d 9 , 0 0 0 casualties and over 22,000 injuries.', 'It experienced a devastating earthquake o f 7 .6 m a gn it ud e on 25 April 2015 with a r o u n d 9 , 0 0 0 casualties and over 22,000 injuries. The destruction was widespread as it ruined houses, heritage sites, schools, health posts, and infrastructures (roads, bridges and hydro-electricity plants) and social systems (water supply, agricultural land, trekking routes, and sports facilities). Lives of about 8 million people have been severely impacted by this earthquake demanding unbelievably high cost of reconstruction. Earthquake and climate-induced disasters have accelerated vulnerabilities and risks to water and sanitation security, food insecurity and further made the country highly vulnerable to climatic hazards. 2.', 'Earthquake and climate-induced disasters have accelerated vulnerabilities and risks to water and sanitation security, food insecurity and further made the country highly vulnerable to climatic hazards. 2. Nepal s Emission Scenario Nepal s greenhouse gas (GHG) emission is only around 0.027 percent of total global emissions. Based on the Second National Communication (2015), GHG emissions from the energy sector is in increasing trend, and this in industry sector is almost negligible. With an agricultural economy, larger portion of GHGs emissions is from the agricultural sector, but the emissions due to increased use of fossil fuels have risen over time. For 1994, total GHGs emission from energy, industrial processes, agriculture and waste (without LULUCF) was Gg while it has declined to 24,541 CO2-eq Gg for 2000.', 'For 1994, total GHGs emission from energy, industrial processes, agriculture and waste (without LULUCF) was Gg while it has declined to 24,541 CO2-eq Gg for 2000. However, total GHGs emission for 2008 has reached to 30,011 CO2-eq Gg, slightly increased from 1994 emission level. Nepal, as a Party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), pursues and supports efforts to limit temperature rise to well below 2°C leading to 1.5°C above pre- industrial levels in order to reduce the risks and adverse impacts of climate change. Nepal believes that the cumulative impacts of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) submitted to the UNFCCC would greatly contribute to limit temperature rise to safe levels and make this planet livable.', 'Nepal believes that the cumulative impacts of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) submitted to the UNFCCC would greatly contribute to limit temperature rise to safe levels and make this planet livable. Nepal has prepared its NDC in the process of implementing the decisions of the Conference of the Parties (COPs) through a broad-based stakeholder consultation processes. B. NEPAL S ENHANCED ACTIONS TO ADDRESS CLIMATE CHANGE Nepal has initiated several activities to reduce climate hazards and build resiliency, help climate vulnerable communities to cope with climate change impacts, and reduce impacts of climate change on its people, property and natural resources. Key and most relevant activities are briefly mentioned below: a. Institutional Strengthening The Government of Nepal is strengthening its institutions to ensure implementation of climate change and REDD plus programmes.', 'Institutional Strengthening The Government of Nepal is strengthening its institutions to ensure implementation of climate change and REDD plus programmes. The Climate Change Management Division in the Ministry of Population and Environment, and REDD Implementation Centre under the Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation are dedicated to develop necessary prerequisitesfor the effective implementation of the UNFCCC provisions. The National Planning Commission and relevant ministries have also made necessary arrangement to integrate climate change concerns into relevant policies and programmes. Nepal has also established the Recovery and Reconstruction Authority to rebuild after the earthquake and make Nepal greener, smarter and better. Several non-governmental and community-based organizations are also engaged in strengthening national and local entities to provide services to the climate vulnerable communities. b.', 'Several non-governmental and community-based organizations are also engaged in strengthening national and local entities to provide services to the climate vulnerable communities. b. Coordination Mechanism Nepal has established coordination mechanisms at highest political level for necessary policy guidance and coordination and at local level for implementation on the ground. Establishment of Climate Change Council, Climate Change Coordination Committee and REDD Coordination and Monitoring Committee at the political levels and Multi-stakeholder Climate Change Initiatives Coordination Committee and REDD Working Group chaired by Secretaries of the concerned ministries provide guidance, ensure coordination and function to align climate change with development activities. The REDD Multi-Stakeholder Forum acts as an outreach and communication platform.', 'The REDD Multi-Stakeholder Forum acts as an outreach and communication platform. The climate change networks managed by civil society organizations also contribute to generate and share knowledge on climate change and its impacts. 2. Policies, Strategies and Frameworks a. Climate Change Policy Nepal’s Climate Change Policy (2011) envisions a country spared from the adverse impacts of climate change, by considering climate justice, through the pursuit of environmental conservation, human development, and sustainable development – all contributing toward a prosperous society. The Policy has objectives of, inter alia, reducing GHG emissions by promoting the use of clean energy; enhancing the climate adaptation and resilience capacity of local communities for optimum utilization of natural resources and their efficient management; and adopting a low-carbon development path by pursuing climate- resilient socio-economic development.', 'The Policy has objectives of, inter alia, reducing GHG emissions by promoting the use of clean energy; enhancing the climate adaptation and resilience capacity of local communities for optimum utilization of natural resources and their efficient management; and adopting a low-carbon development path by pursuing climate- resilient socio-economic development. b. Forestry Sector Policies and Strategies Nepal emphasizes in mitigating adverse impacts of climate change, and in adopting adaptation measures. It strategizes to develop mitigation-friendly forest management systems. The working policies emphasizes, inter alia, to make community- based forests and watershed management climate adaptation-friendly, enhance carbon sequestration through sustainable management of forests, and support programmes that reduce carbon emissions from forest areas.', 'The working policies emphasizes, inter alia, to make community- based forests and watershed management climate adaptation-friendly, enhance carbon sequestration through sustainable management of forests, and support programmes that reduce carbon emissions from forest areas. More than 25,000 community-based forest management groups across the country are directly engaged in managing about 30 per cent of the country s total forest area. These community-based organizations are not only contributing to sequestering carbon dioxide by sustainable forest management of resources but also playing effective roles in designing and implementing community adaptation plans of action (CAPAs) based on forests and non-forests benefits.', 'These community-based organizations are not only contributing to sequestering carbon dioxide by sustainable forest management of resources but also playing effective roles in designing and implementing community adaptation plans of action (CAPAs) based on forests and non-forests benefits. Considering climate change mitigation and resilience as one of the major strategic pillars, the Forestry Sector Strategy (2016-2025) aims to enhance Nepal s forest carbon stock by at least 5 percent by 2025 as compared to 2015 level, and to decrease mean annualdeforestation rate by 0.05 percent from about 0.44 percent and 0.18 percent in the Terai and Chure respectively. It also aims to put in place forest carbon trade and payment mechanism, protect 0.2 million ha of forests through the implementation of adaptation plans, and mainstream community/ecosystem-based adaptation by 2025.', 'It also aims to put in place forest carbon trade and payment mechanism, protect 0.2 million ha of forests through the implementation of adaptation plans, and mainstream community/ecosystem-based adaptation by 2025. Forest areas are planned to be managed in a variety of modalities and regimes including community forests, leasehold forests, collaborative forests and protected areas following a landscape approach to resource conservation and management. The benefits of forests are projected to use in forest-enterprise development, adaptation to climate change and contribution to local and national economy while sustainably conserving watershed and biodiversity. The Nepal Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (2014-2020) emphasizes biodiversity conservation and ecosystem resilience as keys to national prosperity.', 'The Nepal Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (2014-2020) emphasizes biodiversity conservation and ecosystem resilience as keys to national prosperity. The Strategy recognizes legitimate rights of all Nepali people such as indigenous people and local communities, women, Dalits and other disadvantaged social groups over local biological resources. c. Energy Policy Nepal has a policy for maximum utilization of hydropower potential to meet its domestic demand of electricity by mitigating adverse environmental impacts. It also has a policy to accelerate renewable energy services, and increase access to the RE technologies with subsidy provisions. The National Rural Renewable Energy Programme (NRREP), under implementation, provides the framework to provide energy access and energy efficient technologies to local communities and indigenous people living in the mountains, hills and low lands of Nepal through a subsidy programme.', 'The National Rural Renewable Energy Programme (NRREP), under implementation, provides the framework to provide energy access and energy efficient technologies to local communities and indigenous people living in the mountains, hills and low lands of Nepal through a subsidy programme. d. Environment-Friendly Vehicle and Transport Policy This Environment-friendly Vehicle and Transport Policy (2014) aims, inter alia, to reduce emission from transport sector, increase the share of electric vehicle up to 20% by 2020, promote the transformation of other regular vehicle to electric vehicle, and provide subsidy scheme for the promotion of electric and non-motorized vehicles. It has a strategic approach to avoid unnecessary travel, reduce trip distance, promote the shift towards more sustainable transport modes such as non-motorized transport component in the transport plan, and further promote public transport systems.', 'It has a strategic approach to avoid unnecessary travel, reduce trip distance, promote the shift towards more sustainable transport modes such as non-motorized transport component in the transport plan, and further promote public transport systems. The Policy calls for an improvement in transport practices and technologies through diversifying towards electricity, hybrid and natural gases; promoting progressive and affordable standards for fuel quality, and regulating vehicle emissions in order to ensure compliance with air quality. e. National REDD Strategy Nepal is finalizing the National REDD plus Strategy and considers that REDD plus initiatives would further contribute to promote sustainable management of forests, carbon sequestration and adaptation co-benefits.', 'e. National REDD Strategy Nepal is finalizing the National REDD plus Strategy and considers that REDD plus initiatives would further contribute to promote sustainable management of forests, carbon sequestration and adaptation co-benefits. It has a vision to optimize carbon and non-carbon benefits of forest ecosystems for the prosperity of the Nepali people, and has objectives of, interalia, reducing carbon emission, and enhancing carbon sequestration and climate resilience through both mitigation and adaptation approaches by minimizing the causes and effects of drivers of deforestation and forest degradation, and intensifying sustainable management of forest resources.', 'It has a vision to optimize carbon and non-carbon benefits of forest ecosystems for the prosperity of the Nepali people, and has objectives of, interalia, reducing carbon emission, and enhancing carbon sequestration and climate resilience through both mitigation and adaptation approaches by minimizing the causes and effects of drivers of deforestation and forest degradation, and intensifying sustainable management of forest resources. f. Low Carbon Economic Development Strategy As a roadmap to opt low carbon pathways, Nepal is in the process of finalizing its Low Carbon Economic Development Strategy (LCEDS) to further promote the use of renewable energy and look into the cross-sectoral approaches of the economy where GHGs emissions can be minimized.', 'f. Low Carbon Economic Development Strategy As a roadmap to opt low carbon pathways, Nepal is in the process of finalizing its Low Carbon Economic Development Strategy (LCEDS) to further promote the use of renewable energy and look into the cross-sectoral approaches of the economy where GHGs emissions can be minimized. This pathway will aid Nepal to bolster social and economic developments and ensure environment conservation while achieving the goals of sustainable development by reducing poverty.', 'This pathway will aid Nepal to bolster social and economic developments and ensure environment conservation while achieving the goals of sustainable development by reducing poverty. g. National Adaptation Programme of Action As a least developed country Party to the UNFCCC and in accordance with the decisions of the seventh session of the COP held in Marrakesh, Nepal has prepared its National Adaptation Programme of Actions (NAPA) to Climate Change in September 2010 through extensive consultative processes to address the most urgent and immediate needs of adaptation. The effective implementation of NAPA priorities would provide multiple opportunities to help climate vulnerable communities and ecosystems to cope with the adverse impacts of climate change, and improve livelihoods by addressing most urgent and immediate adaptation needs.', 'The effective implementation of NAPA priorities would provide multiple opportunities to help climate vulnerable communities and ecosystems to cope with the adverse impacts of climate change, and improve livelihoods by addressing most urgent and immediate adaptation needs. h. National Framework on Local Adaptation Plan for Action In order to localize climate change adaptation, Nepal has adopted a National Framework on Local Adaptation Plan for Action (LAPA) to ensure integration of adaptation and resilience into local to national planning processes. This ensures bottom-up, inclusive, responsive and flexible planning. The LAPA contributes to sensitize people and stakeholders, conduct vulnerability and adaptation assessment; identify, select and prioritize adaptation options; and formulate and implement adaptation plan.', 'The LAPA contributes to sensitize people and stakeholders, conduct vulnerability and adaptation assessment; identify, select and prioritize adaptation options; and formulate and implement adaptation plan. The framework provides opportunities to develop and implement a stand-alone LAPA and/or integrate adaptation options into the planning and implementation processes. At present, Nepal is implementing LAPAs in 90 Village Development Committees and 7 Municipalities – the lowest administrative units in the country. Similarly, about 375 local adaptation plans and nearly 2200 community adaptation plan of action (CAPAs) for community forests have been developed. i. National Adaptation Plans In 2015, Nepal launched a process to formulate and implement National Adaptation Plan (NAP) to address medium and long-term adaptation needs and reduce climate vulnerabilities.', 'National Adaptation Plans In 2015, Nepal launched a process to formulate and implement National Adaptation Plan (NAP) to address medium and long-term adaptation needs and reduce climate vulnerabilities. This will also promote integration of climate change adaptation into sectoral policies, strategies, plans and programmes. The NAP will be developed through country- driven, extensive consultation, participatory and transparent approaches and concerned ministry-led Thematic Working Groups. j. Environment Friendly Local Governance Framework Nepal is implementing an Environment-Friendly Local Governance (EFLG) Framework withthe objectives of mainstreaming environment, climate change adaptation and disaster management in the local planning processes. The Framework also aims to make the local governance system environment-friendly and initiate sustainable development activities at the field level such as household and communities.', 'The Framework also aims to make the local governance system environment-friendly and initiate sustainable development activities at the field level such as household and communities. Some of the indicators that the framework prioritizes are: - Promote renewable and clean energy and energy efficient technology - Increase greenery through tree plantation and management of gardens and parks.', 'Some of the indicators that the framework prioritizes are: - Promote renewable and clean energy and energy efficient technology - Increase greenery through tree plantation and management of gardens and parks. - Plants trees in at least 10% of the current open/barren land - Promote rainwater harvesting and ponds construction - Enhance waste management through environment friendly technology - Promote sustainable and organic farming and reduction of agro-chemicals - Increase disaster management skills at the local level - Control industrial pollution through effective regulations In addition, the Local Governance and Community Development Programme has prioritized to implement rural renewable energy programmes, local climate change adaptive living facility and poverty-environment initiatives in selected districts, VDCs and municipalities to mitigate climate change impacts and help communities to adapt to climate change.', '- Plants trees in at least 10% of the current open/barren land - Promote rainwater harvesting and ponds construction - Enhance waste management through environment friendly technology - Promote sustainable and organic farming and reduction of agro-chemicals - Increase disaster management skills at the local level - Control industrial pollution through effective regulations In addition, the Local Governance and Community Development Programme has prioritized to implement rural renewable energy programmes, local climate change adaptive living facility and poverty-environment initiatives in selected districts, VDCs and municipalities to mitigate climate change impacts and help communities to adapt to climate change. k. Channelling funding for climate change activities The Government of Nepal is practicing a dedicated climate change budget code in its fiscal planning and budgeting processes to channel funding for climate change and related activities.', 'k. Channelling funding for climate change activities The Government of Nepal is practicing a dedicated climate change budget code in its fiscal planning and budgeting processes to channel funding for climate change and related activities. The Climate Change Policy obliges to channel over 80 percent of the total climate finance to grassroots level activities. In addition, the Agriculture Development Strategy (2015), National Conservation Strategy Framework (2015), Disaster Risk Reduction Management Strategy and periodical policies provide ample opportunities to help climate vulnerable to adapt and build resilience to climate change impacts. 3. Adaptation Actions The Government of Nepal also realizes the importance of reducing climate change impacts and implements climate adaptation actions to protect life and improve livelihoods of the climate vulnerable communities and also improve ecosystem services.', 'Adaptation Actions The Government of Nepal also realizes the importance of reducing climate change impacts and implements climate adaptation actions to protect life and improve livelihoods of the climate vulnerable communities and also improve ecosystem services. Nepal has also made significant progress in implementing adaptation actions as prioritized in its NAPA to help adapt and build resilience to climate change impacts. The LAPA Framework ensures the process of integrating climate change adaptation and resilience from local-to-national level planning processes that is bottom-up, inclusive, responsive and flexible. a. Adapting to climate change The Government of Nepal is implementing climate change adaptation and resilience programmes and projects with support from Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF), multilateral agencies and bilateral support.', 'Adapting to climate change The Government of Nepal is implementing climate change adaptation and resilience programmes and projects with support from Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF), multilateral agencies and bilateral support. At present, Nepal climate change support programme (NCCSP), community-based flood risk and GLOF risk reduction programme, ecosystem-based adaptation programme, including enhancing capacity, knowledge and technology support to build climate resilience of vulnerable communities, Hariyo Ban Project(climate adaptation component), and Multi-stakeholder Forestry Programme (adaptation co- benefits) are under various stages of implementation. Localising climate adaptation actions has been deeply rooted in planning and implementation of NCCSP target areas. Additional efforts are underway to promote climate change adaptation into planning and programming processes. b.', 'Additional efforts are underway to promote climate change adaptation into planning and programming processes. b. Building climate resilience The Government has accorded high priority to build climate resilience by integrating it into policies, strategies and programmes. At present, projects such as building climate resilient watersheds in mountainous eco-regions, building resilience to climate related hazards, mainstreaming climate change risk management in development, and building climate resilient communities through private sector participation are under various stages of implementation and are contributing to develop human resources so as to integrate climate change concerns in sectoral plans and programmes.', 'At present, projects such as building climate resilient watersheds in mountainous eco-regions, building resilience to climate related hazards, mainstreaming climate change risk management in development, and building climate resilient communities through private sector participation are under various stages of implementation and are contributing to develop human resources so as to integrate climate change concerns in sectoral plans and programmes. Nepal’s PPCR compromises four components i) Building Climate Resilience of Watersheds in Mountain Eco regions ii) Building Resilience to Climate Related Hazards iii) Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk Management in Development iv) Building Climate Resilient Communities through Private Sector Participation. All the PPCR Components are launched and are at different stage of implementation.', 'All the PPCR Components are launched and are at different stage of implementation. The ongoing programs are complimenting each other and varied Climate change programs in Nepal including those to implement LAPAs and other NAPA priorities. 4. Knowledge Management Nepal has initiated knowledge generation and dissemination by establishing a Climate Change Knowledge Management Centre. Several governmental, non-governmental and community-based organizations, academe and research institutions are involved in generating and disseminating data and information on climate change and its impacts in the recent years. 5. Mitigation Actions a. Clean energy development pathways Nepal s energy use is primarily dominated by traditional sources energy, mainly biomass for domestic purposes. Renewable energy contributes to only 1 percent of the total energy use. Currently, 56 % of the population has regular access to electricity for lightning.', 'Currently, 56 % of the population has regular access to electricity for lightning. Despite a huge potential for renewable energies such as hydropower, solar power and wind energy, these resources have not been sustainably captured due to geographical, technical, political and economical reasons. As a result the country is facing acute power shortage of electricity and load shedding may stretch up to 15 hours per day in winter season. Regardless of these difficulties, Nepal has continued to prioritize the generation and utilization of clean energy, particularly through hydro-electricity at a larger scale. For the last two decades, micro- hydro, solar, biogas and improved cook stoves at the rural scale and in line with the National Rural and Renewable Energy Programme in the recent years.', 'For the last two decades, micro- hydro, solar, biogas and improved cook stoves at the rural scale and in line with the National Rural and Renewable Energy Programme in the recent years. The Subsidy Delivery Mechanism for renewable energy was promoted since 2006 to ensure disbursement of subsidy in a cost effective and easy access manner in rural areas. Recently,the Government of Nepal has launched an initiative to promote solar energy, renewable energy technologies and energy-efficient technology in urban areas. Moreover, the recent fuel crisis that sparked from September 2015 has accorded high priority to scale-up production of renewable energy technologies in order to meet the energy demands of urban, peri-urban and rural areas.', 'Moreover, the recent fuel crisis that sparked from September 2015 has accorded high priority to scale-up production of renewable energy technologies in order to meet the energy demands of urban, peri-urban and rural areas. Nepal is planning to generate clean energy as follows: 4,000 MW of hydroelectricity by 2020 and 12,000 MW by 2030; 2,100 MW of solar energy by 2030 with arrangements to distribute it through the grid; Additional 220 MW of electricity from bio-energy by 2030; Additional 50 MW of electricity from small and micro hydropower plants; Increase the share of biogas up to 10% as energy for cooking in rural areas; and Equip every households in rural areas with smokeless (improved) cooking stoves (ICS) by 2030. b. Afforestation and enhancing carbon sequestration The Government has a strategy to maintain at least 40 percent of the total area of the country under forests.', 'Nepal is planning to generate clean energy as follows: 4,000 MW of hydroelectricity by 2020 and 12,000 MW by 2030; 2,100 MW of solar energy by 2030 with arrangements to distribute it through the grid; Additional 220 MW of electricity from bio-energy by 2030; Additional 50 MW of electricity from small and micro hydropower plants; Increase the share of biogas up to 10% as energy for cooking in rural areas; and Equip every households in rural areas with smokeless (improved) cooking stoves (ICS) by 2030. b. Afforestation and enhancing carbon sequestration The Government has a strategy to maintain at least 40 percent of the total area of the country under forests. It further promotes afforestation in public and private lands, environment-friendly infrastructure development and the conservation of biodiversity.', 'It further promotes afforestation in public and private lands, environment-friendly infrastructure development and the conservation of biodiversity. It also promotes the management of ecosystems in different ecoregions of the country which will endorse sustainable management of forests, enhance capacity of local communities in adaptation and resilience, widen carbon storage through sustainable forest management and reduce carbon emissions. It also seeks to make the forest management plan climat adaptation-friendly, and implement REDD+ policies. In order to make the forests a basis for national prosperity, the Government has announced a forest decade for 2014-2023 and programmes such as one house one tree , one village one forest and one town several parks to implement in the Forest Decade.', 'In order to make the forests a basis for national prosperity, the Government has announced a forest decade for 2014-2023 and programmes such as one house one tree , one village one forest and one town several parks to implement in the Forest Decade. The Government has established a Rastrapati (President) Chure-Terai Madesh Conservation Committee to coordinate and oversee conservation and resource utilization in the Chure (Siwalik) area, geologically very weak area of the country. Conservation and management of this area, including implementation of forests, soil and water conservation activities, is expected to greatly sequestrate carbon and could function as the carbon sink.', 'Conservation and management of this area, including implementation of forests, soil and water conservation activities, is expected to greatly sequestrate carbon and could function as the carbon sink. c. Moving towards Environmentally Sustainable Transport System Promotion of public transport system and bicycle use, introduction of fuel tax used in Kathmandu Valley for air quality improvement and further promotion of non-motorised transport would contribute to the reduction of pollution in urban areas. d. Promoting Climate Friendly Practices in Agriculture Nepal is implementing farmers schools where local varieties of crops will be promoted using local and indigenous knowledge and building on efficient technologies. Similarly, efforts are underway to develop flood and drought-resistant crop varieties to cope with climate change impacts.', 'Similarly, efforts are underway to develop flood and drought-resistant crop varieties to cope with climate change impacts. Nepal with its Agriculture Development Strategy will gradually movetowards commercial agriculture considering climate change vulnerabilities. e. Waste management and air pollution Control Nepal promotes the generation of energy from waste converting, managing waste better and minimizing the release of methane. f. Building Codes Nepal in its drive for reconstruction in the post-earthquake situation will strive to promote greener, smarter and better homes as guided by the National Reconstruction Authority. The building code has provisioned for at least two trees in home garden, and rainwater harvesting and solar light in urban homes. C. NEPAL s NDC Nepal, a land-locked mountainous country, has challenges of reducing poverty and addressing people s basic needs.', 'C. NEPAL s NDC Nepal, a land-locked mountainous country, has challenges of reducing poverty and addressing people s basic needs. With the increasing adverse visible impacts of climate change and recent earthquake, Nepal is continuously facing additional burden from climate change and urgently requires huge investments in adapting and building resilience to climate change in order to protect her people, property and natural resources. It is, therefore, imperative for Nepal to tackle the impact of poverty and climate change simultaneously to achieve Sustainable Development Goals. Moreover, the current energy mix of the country shows that most of Nepal’s energy is dependent on biomass followed by fossil fuels. The residential sector consumes most of the energy.', 'The residential sector consumes most of the energy. Nepal has to diversify its energy mix and energy consumption patterns to more renewable and other economically productive sectors. However, given its current economic situation, Nepal will need technical and financial supports from development partners to provide relevant technologies, and build its capacity to be cleaner and greener while flourishing as one of the top tourism destinations in the world. In view of this, Nepal follows the low-carbon development path while promoting climate adaptation and resilience. The Government of Nepal realizes the importance of reducing the impact of climate change and seeks to implement climate adaptation actions to protect life and life-support systems as well as improve the livelihoods of climate vulnerable communities.', 'The Government of Nepal realizes the importance of reducing the impact of climate change and seeks to implement climate adaptation actions to protect life and life-support systems as well as improve the livelihoods of climate vulnerable communities. The cumulative impacts of NDCs would greatly contribute to limit temperature rise to safe levels and make this planet livable. Hence, Nepal has prepared this NDC through a broad-based stakeholder consultation processes. Nepal hereby communicates its NDC in response to the decisions of the Conference of the Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change: 1. Nepal has initiated the process for the formulation of National Adaptation Plans (NAPs). Therefore, Nepal s adaptation needs for future, and in the context of post- 2020 will be envisioned through the NAPs. 2.', 'Therefore, Nepal s adaptation needs for future, and in the context of post- 2020 will be envisioned through the NAPs. 2. Nepal places climate change adaptation at the centre of its development plans and policies. It aims to strengthen implementation of Environment-Friendly Local Governance (EFLG) Framework in Village Development Committees andmunicipalities to complement climate change adaptation, promote renewable energy technologies, water conservation and greenery development. 3. Nepal will undertake scientific (physical and social sciences) approaches t o understand and deal with the impacts of climate change in mountains, hills and low- land ecosystems and landscapes. It will develop and implement adaptation strategies for climate change affected sectors. 4.', 'It will develop and implement adaptation strategies for climate change affected sectors. 4. Nepal will study and understand further loss and damage associated with climate change impacts with the support from scientific and academic communities. 5. Nepal plans to formulate the Low Carbon Economic Development Strategy that will envision country s future plan to promote economic development through low carbon emission with particular focus on: (i) energy; (ii) agriculture and livestock; (iii) forests; (iv) industry; (v) human settlements and wastes; (vi) transport; and vii) commercial sectors 6. By 2050, Nepal will achieve 80% electrification through renewable energy sources having appropriate energy mix. Nepal will also reduce its dependency on fossil fuels by 50%. 7.', 'Nepal will also reduce its dependency on fossil fuels by 50%. 7. Nepal aims to achieve the following target under the National Rural and Renewable Energy Programme (NRREP), reducing its dependency on biomass and making it more efficient. Technologies Targets Mini and Micro Hydro Power 25 MW Solar Home System 600,000 systems Institutional solar power systems (solar PV and solar pumping systems) Improved water mill 4000 number Improved Cooking Stoves 475,000 stoves Biogas 130,000 household systems, 1,000 institutional and 200 community biogas plants 8. By 2020, Nepal intends to expand its energy mix focusing on renewables by 20% and diversifying its energy consumption pattern to more industrial and commercial sectors. 9. By 2020, Nepal aims to increase the share of electric vehicle up to 20% from 2010 level. 10.', 'By 2020, Nepal aims to increase the share of electric vehicle up to 20% from 2010 level. 10. By 2050, Nepal will decrease its dependency on fossils in the transport sector by 50% through effective mass public transport means while promoting energy efficient and electrical vehicles. 11. Nepal will develop its electrical (hydro-powered) rail network by 2040 to support mass transportation of goods and public commuting. 12. Nepal will maintain 40% of the total area of the country under forest cover and forest productivity and products will be increased through sustainable management of forests. Emphasis will equally be given to enhance carbon sequestration and forest carbon storage and improve forest governance. 13.', 'Emphasis will equally be given to enhance carbon sequestration and forest carbon storage and improve forest governance. 13. Nepal will pilot a sub-national project on REDD+ to reduce about 14 million tons of by 2020 by addressing the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation andstrengthening governance mechanisms in all types of forests and protected areas. 14. By 2025, Nepal will strive to decrease the rate of air pollution through proper monitoring of sources of air pollutants like wastes, old and unmaintained vehicles, and industries. Financing Nepal’s NDC Nepal will make efforts to implement its NDC and contribute to the global efforts of reducing GHGs emissions and helping life and life-support systems to adapt and build resilience to climate change impacts.', 'Financing Nepal’s NDC Nepal will make efforts to implement its NDC and contribute to the global efforts of reducing GHGs emissions and helping life and life-support systems to adapt and build resilience to climate change impacts. However, Nepal requires bilateral and multilateral grant support in the following priority areas to meet both qualitative and quantitative targets as mentioned above: a. Formulate and implement NAP and implementation of NAPA and LAPAs; b.', 'However, Nepal requires bilateral and multilateral grant support in the following priority areas to meet both qualitative and quantitative targets as mentioned above: a. Formulate and implement NAP and implementation of NAPA and LAPAs; b. Conduct research and studies on loss and damage associated with climate change impacts, and develop and implement measures to reduce climate vulnerabilities; c. Create an enabling environment to promote private sector investments and foreign direct investments in low carbon (energy efficiency and renewable energy) technologies; d. Develop electrical rail network in the low lands of Nepal; e. Address drivers of deforestation and forest degradation to enhance carbon sequestration; f. Provide better price from carbon markets to ensure an equitable benefiting mechanism and maximize benefits at the local level to help sustainable management of forests; g. Sell carbon credits at a better price from its renewable energy and REDD+ programmes; h. Convert waste to energy; i.', 'Conduct research and studies on loss and damage associated with climate change impacts, and develop and implement measures to reduce climate vulnerabilities; c. Create an enabling environment to promote private sector investments and foreign direct investments in low carbon (energy efficiency and renewable energy) technologies; d. Develop electrical rail network in the low lands of Nepal; e. Address drivers of deforestation and forest degradation to enhance carbon sequestration; f. Provide better price from carbon markets to ensure an equitable benefiting mechanism and maximize benefits at the local level to help sustainable management of forests; g. Sell carbon credits at a better price from its renewable energy and REDD+ programmes; h. Convert waste to energy; i. Address climate-induced disasters in earthquake affected areas and rebuild Nepal better; j.', 'Address climate-induced disasters in earthquake affected areas and rebuild Nepal better; j. Enhance agricultural sector by adopting climate-friendly technologies and reducing climate change impacts; and k. Capacity building at institutional level to plan and implement adaptation and mitigation programmes and projects. Nepal will maximize the use of existing monitoring and evaluation mechanisms to realize the state of implementation of the NDCs along with technical and financial support made available for Nepal.']

en-US

NPL

Nepal

2nd NDC

2020-08-12 00:00:00

x

NDC 2.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Second%20Nationally%20Determined%20Contribution%20(NDC)%20-%202020.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Asia

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/fda501f93f07f229cd11d05d79c89bb2025cae7dea66aa15cdc162136bd6b9fe.pdf

['Second Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Nepal is among the most vulnerable countries to climate change. It is at high-risk due to the country’s fragile topography, the climate-sensitive livelihoods of the people and their limited adaptive capacity. Nepal is committed to acting on climate change in line with the Paris Agreement, despite the country’s negligible emissions. It is because efforts to limit global average temperature rise to 1.5°C would result in significantly lower risks for Nepal when compared to 2°C or higher. These risks are in addition to the existing impacts and vulnerabilities of climate change in the country. Nepal, therefore, calls on all Parties to increase ambition and move collectively onto emission reduction pathways consistent with the Paris Agreement s 1.5°C warming limit.', 'Nepal, therefore, calls on all Parties to increase ambition and move collectively onto emission reduction pathways consistent with the Paris Agreement s 1.5°C warming limit. The Government of Nepal hereby presents its enhanced Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) under the Paris Agreement for the period 2021-2030, following Articles 4.2 and 4.11 of the Paris Agreement, and Decision 1/CP.21 paragraph 23 and 24, and other relevant provisions of the Paris Agreement. The NDC takes into account the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in light of national circumstances. 2. Nepal s Long-Term Low Greenhouse Gas Emission Development Strategy Nepal envisions achieving socio-economic prosperity by building a climate-resilient society. To this end, the country has developed its policy and institutional framework.', 'To this end, the country has developed its policy and institutional framework. In accordance with Article 4, paragraph 19 of the Paris Agreement, Nepal is formulating a long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategy by 2021. The strategy aims to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emission by 2050. 3. Mitigation Component of Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Quantified targets of NDC Type Activity-based targets and policy targets in key sectors, including emissions reduction in some sectorsThe targets in this section, unless otherwise specified, are conditional upon international support.', 'Mitigation Component of Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Quantified targets of NDC Type Activity-based targets and policy targets in key sectors, including emissions reduction in some sectorsThe targets in this section, unless otherwise specified, are conditional upon international support. Coverage Energy; Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU); Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU); and Waste Single year target – 2030, including updates on 2025 targets Energy (Energy generation) By 2030, expand clean energy generation from approximately 1,400 MW to 15,000 MW, of which 5-10 % will be generated from mini and micro-hydro power, solar, wind and bio-energy. Of this, 5,000 MW is an unconditional target. The remainder is dependent upon the provision of funding by the international community.', 'The remainder is dependent upon the provision of funding by the international community. By 2030, ensure 15% of the total energy demand is supplied from clean energy sources. (Transport) Sales of electric vehicles (e-vehicles) in 2025 will be 25% of all private passenger vehicles sales, including two-wheelers and 20% of all four-wheeler public passenger vehicle sales (this public passenger target does not take into account electric- rickshaws and electric-tempos) in 2025. Due to this e-vehicle sales target, fossil fuel energy demand for the transportation sector will decrease from approximately 40 million GJ in the Business As Usual (BAU) scenario in 2025 to 36 million GJ. This would be around a 9% decrease in fossil fuel dependency.', 'This would be around a 9% decrease in fossil fuel dependency. This target will reduce emissions from a projected BAU of 2,988 Gg eq., which is around 8% decrease in emissions. By 2030, increase sales of e-vehicles to cover 90% of all private passenger vehicle sales, including two-wheelers and 60% of all four-wheeler public passenger vehicle sales (the public passenger target does not take into account electric-rickshaws and electric-tempos). As a consequence, energy demand for fossil fuels will decrease from approximately 48 million GJ in the 2030 BAU scenario to 34.5 million GJ, which is around 28% decrease in fossil fuel dependency. This target will reduce emissions from a projected BAU of 3,640 Gg CO2 eq. in 2030 to eq., which is around 28% decrease in emissions.', 'in 2030 to eq., which is around 28% decrease in emissions. By 2030, develop 200 km of the electric rail network to support public commuting and mass transportation of goods. (Residential cooking and biogas) By 2030, ensure 25% of households use electric stoves as their primary mode of cooking. By 2025, install 500,000 improved cookstoves, specifically in rural areas. By 2025, install an additional 200,000 household biogas plants and 500 large scale biogas plants (institutional/industrial/ municipal/community). These three combined targets can reduce emissions from eq. in BAU in 2025 to approximately eq. This is around 11% reduction in emissions from the cooking sector. For 2030, these three targets can reduce emissions from approximately 2,064 Gg CO2 eq. from BAU to 1,599 eq., which is around 23% reduction in emissions.', 'from BAU to 1,599 eq., which is around 23% reduction in emissions. AFOLU (Forestry) By 2030, maintain 45% of the total area of the country under forest cover (including other wooded land limited to less than 4%). By 2030, manage 50% of Tarai and Inner Tarai forests and 25% of middle hills and mountain forests sustainably, including through the use of funding from REDD+ initiatives. Waste By 2025, 380 million litres/day of wastewater will be treated before being discharged, and 60,000 cubic meters/year of faecal sludge will be managed. These two activities will reduce around eq. compared to BAU. Detailed Description of Mitigation Component of NDC1 1.', 'Detailed Description of Mitigation Component of NDC1 1. Quantified information on the reference point, including, as appropriate, a base year a Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s) Nepal s NDC comprises of sectoral activity-based targets. As per the Greenhouse Gas Inventory, prepared for the Third National Communication (TNC), the net GHG emissions of 31,998.91 Gg CO2 eq. was estimated for Nepal in the base year 2011. The direct GHG emission for the following sectors are: eq. eq. eq. eq. b. Quantifiable information on the reference Energy Current total installed capacity for energy 1 Information to facilitate Clarity, Transparency and Understanding (ICTU) Guidelinesindicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year generation is approximately 1400MW, mainly from hydropower. Nepal categorizes mini and micro- hydropower (i.e.', 'Nepal categorizes mini and micro- hydropower (i.e. hydropower of less than 1MW capacity) and solar and wind as renewable energy. Current energy demand satisfied by clean energy sources is well below 15%. The current share of electric vehicles is approximately 1%. The current rail network –a reference not available Currently, around 5% of households use electric induction stoves, either as their primary or secondary mode of cooking. Industry Currently, emission standards are not in place for emissions in the brick and cement industries. Waste Currently, 2.1 % of wastewater and less than 1% of the faecal sludge is treated. AFOLU (Forestry) Nepal s 2016 NDC sets a target to maintain 40% of the total area of the country under forest cover.', 'AFOLU (Forestry) Nepal s 2016 NDC sets a target to maintain 40% of the total area of the country under forest cover. Current forest cover is approximately 44.74% of which 4.38% is another wooded land (OWL). (Agriculture) The current soil organic matter content of agricultural land is 2%. The number of the organic fertilizer production plant is 23. The number of improved cattle shed is 100,000. c. For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or policies and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, The targets in this section, unless specified, are all conditional upon international support and will be implemented by 2030. Energy By 2030, increase the reliable supply of clean energy, ensuring access to all.', 'Energy By 2030, increase the reliable supply of clean energy, ensuring access to all. Increase the quantity (kWh), quality, reliability, and affordability of electricity access fromParties to provide other relevant information renewable sources. Strengthen transmission and distribution links to support upscaling of e-cooking, e-heating, e- transport and charging stations. Develop enabling environment to provide power to small and mid-size enterprises (SMEs) using distributed renewable energy generation sources. Promote public electric mobility through policy incentives, including subsidy policies and other financial mechanisms. By 2025, ensure at least three provinces operate electric public transport, three provinces establish vehicle fitness test centres to monitor and regulate vehicular emissions, and all metropolitan cities have roads paved with bicycle and pedestrian lanes.', 'By 2025, ensure at least three provinces operate electric public transport, three provinces establish vehicle fitness test centres to monitor and regulate vehicular emissions, and all metropolitan cities have roads paved with bicycle and pedestrian lanes. Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land use (AFOLU) (Forestry) Forests under community-based management will comprise at least 60% of Nepal’s forest area; management committees will have 50% women representation and proportional representation of Dalits and Indigenous People in key posts. By 2030, institutional mechanisms and structures in place and adequate provision of budget to ensure social and environmental safeguards including Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC); forest tenure and access to finance and technology for Local Communities, women and Indigenous People.', 'By 2030, institutional mechanisms and structures in place and adequate provision of budget to ensure social and environmental safeguards including Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC); forest tenure and access to finance and technology for Local Communities, women and Indigenous People. Ensure fair and equitable benefits (carbon and non-carbon) from sustainable forest management, watershed management, and biodiversity- conservation among Local Communities, women and Indigenous People. By 2030, upgrade watershed health and vitality in at least 20 districts to a higher condition category. By 2030, create an inventory of wetlands in Nepal and sustainably manage vulnerable wetlands. By 2025, enhance the sink capacity of the land- use sector by instituting the Forest DevelopmentFund (FDF) for compensation of plantations and forest restoration.', 'By 2025, enhance the sink capacity of the land- use sector by instituting the Forest DevelopmentFund (FDF) for compensation of plantations and forest restoration. Increase growing stock including Mean Annual Increment in Tarai, Hills and Mountains. Afforest/reforest viable public and private lands, including agroforestry. Restore and manage degraded forest land, including in the Chure region. (Agriculture) By 2030, soil organic matter content of agriculture land will reach to 3.95%. By 2030, mulberry and fruit orchard areas will be expanded to 6,000 ha. By 2030, the number of additional improved cattle sheds will reach to 5,00,000 for quality farm-yard manure production and use. By 2030, the number of organic fertilizer production plants in the country will reach 100.', 'By 2030, the number of organic fertilizer production plants in the country will reach 100. Integrate climate change in the upcoming revised Agriculture Policy. By 2025, update the Rangeland Policy and develop plans for the sustainable management of rangelands. By 2030, establish 200 climate-smart villages and 500 climate-smart farms. Promote intercropping, agroforestry, conservation tillage, and livestock and agricultural waste management. Ensure increased access of climate-smart agricultural technologies to women, Indigenous People, smallholder farmers and marginalized groups. Protect, promote and support climate-resilient indigenous seeds/crop varieties through community seed banks and national gene banks. Industry By 2030, adopt low emission technologies in brick and cement industries to reduce coal consumption and air pollution, including through the development and/or enactment of emissionstandards.', 'Industry By 2030, adopt low emission technologies in brick and cement industries to reduce coal consumption and air pollution, including through the development and/or enactment of emissionstandards. By 2025, formulate guidelines and establish mechanisms to monitor emissions from large industries. Waste By 2030, create an enabling environment for both public and private sector to treat industrial and municipal waste, including faecal sludge. By 2030, adopt and implement waste segregation, recycling and waste-to-energy programs in at least 100 municipalities. By 2030, the burning of healthcare waste in 1,400 healthcare facilities will be prohibited by proper management of healthcare waste through the application of non-burn technologies. Promote the 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) approach to waste management, along with source segregation and management of degradable and non-degradable waste.', 'Promote the 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) approach to waste management, along with source segregation and management of degradable and non-degradable waste. Focus on co-production of energy and organic fertilizer from solid waste, wastewater and faecal sludge. Other Relevant Targets (Tourism) By 2025, formulate and implement nature-based tourism plans in at least five main tourist destinations. By 2030, ensure at least five tourist destinations are carbon neutral. By 2030, including measures in policies to offset the carbon footprint of emissions resulting from tourism transport. (Urban Settlements) Adopt national building codes and prepare Integrated Urban Development Plans (IUDPs) emphasizing low carbon and climate-resilient urban settlements in all municipalities. By 2025, revise the urban environment management guidelines to incorporate activitiesrelated to promoting low carbon and climate- resilient urban settlements.', 'By 2025, revise the urban environment management guidelines to incorporate activitiesrelated to promoting low carbon and climate- resilient urban settlements. Gender Equality and Social Inclusion (GESI) By 2030, develop an Action Plan for integrating GESI in achieving NDC targets. ● Develop specific programs with dedicated resources (human and financial) to ensure full, equal and meaningful participation of women, children, youth, Indigenous Peoples and marginalized groups in climate change-related policy development; and during the planning, monitoring and implementation processes at local, provincial and national levels. ● Promote the leadership, participation and negotiation capacity of women, Indigenous Peoples and youth in climate change forums. ● Ensure gender-disaggregated data when reporting on progress and achievements. d. Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction See NDC and section 1b.', 'd. Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction See NDC and section 1b. e. Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s) Greenhouse Gas Inventory prepared for the Third National Communication. f. Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators In the next Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Nepal may update the reference indicators of existing sectors and/or may provide new values for sectors not previously covered. Nepal will update the values of reference indicators in such cases. 2. Time frames and/or periods for implementation a. Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the CMA; From 1st January 2021- 31st December 2030. b. Whether it is a single- year or multi-year target, as applicable.', 'Whether it is a single- year or multi-year target, as applicable. Single year target – 2030, including updates on 2025 targets.3. Scope and coverage a. General description of the target; Sectoral activity-based and policy targets, including emissions reduction in some sectors. The Government of Nepal will meet unconditional targets from its resources. Conditional targets are dependent on international support on financing, technology transfer and/or capacity building. b.', 'Conditional targets are dependent on international support on financing, technology transfer and/or capacity building. b. Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with IPCC guidelines; Sectors: ● Energy o Electricity generation o Transportation o Residential demand (energy demand for cooking) ● Agriculture, Forestry and Land Use (AFOLU) o Deforestation and forest degradation o Agriculture ● Industrial process and product use (IPPU) ● Waste Gases: ● Carbon Dioxide (CO2 ) ● Methane (CH4 ) Nitrous Oxide (N2 O) c. How the Party has taken into consideration paragraphs 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21; The detailed assessment carried out during the NDC formulation process concluded that the data needed to define targets and to rigorously assess the impact of policies and actions on emissions for all sectors was not available.', 'Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with IPCC guidelines; Sectors: ● Energy o Electricity generation o Transportation o Residential demand (energy demand for cooking) ● Agriculture, Forestry and Land Use (AFOLU) o Deforestation and forest degradation o Agriculture ● Industrial process and product use (IPPU) ● Waste Gases: ● Carbon Dioxide (CO2 ) ● Methane (CH4 ) Nitrous Oxide (N2 O) c. How the Party has taken into consideration paragraphs 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21; The detailed assessment carried out during the NDC formulation process concluded that the data needed to define targets and to rigorously assess the impact of policies and actions on emissions for all sectors was not available. Nepal will extend the scope of the coverage of its NDC overtime to all categories of anthropogenic emissions and removals, as more robust data becomes available.', 'Nepal will extend the scope of the coverage of its NDC overtime to all categories of anthropogenic emissions and removals, as more robust data becomes available. d. Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including a description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans. Not applicable.4. Planning process a. Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its NDC and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: i. Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous people, in a gender- responsive manner; The NDC was developed through an inclusive and participatory process, with a series of consultations at national and provincial levels. Nepal’s NDC formulation was a country-driven process following the principle of Leave No One Behind (LNOB).', 'Nepal’s NDC formulation was a country-driven process following the principle of Leave No One Behind (LNOB). A team of experts reviewed overarching and sectoral policies, strategies and programs; and coordinated the process of gathering data and performing analysis. These assessments were later verified through in-person and virtual consultations both at national and provincial levels with line ministries, experts, Local Peoples, women, Indigenous Peoples and youth. The reviewed targets served as inputs for the technical work, such as the Low Emissions Analysis Platform (LEAP) modelling for building scenarios and projections. The output of the technical work and inputs from consultations were further reviewed and verified by the NDC Working Committee, established by the Ministry of Forests and Environment and comprising representatives from government agencies and relevant experts.', 'The output of the technical work and inputs from consultations were further reviewed and verified by the NDC Working Committee, established by the Ministry of Forests and Environment and comprising representatives from government agencies and relevant experts. Furthermore, the NDC was discussed at the Inter-Ministerial Coordination Committee on Climate Change (IMCCCC) and shared with respective line ministries and civil society organizations for formal input. Finally, it was submitted to the Cabinet for approval. ii. Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: (a) National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication; Nepal is a landlocked country that lies in the southern face of the Himalayan mountain range. The country is located between 260 22 and 300 27 North latitude and 800 04 and 880 12 East longitude and covers an area of 147,181 square kilometres.', 'The country is located between 260 22 and 300 27 North latitude and 800 04 and 880 12 East longitude and covers an area of 147,181 square kilometres. Physiographic regions within the country include High Himal, High Mountain, Middle Mountain, Siwalik, and the Tarai. Within these regions, elevations range from 59 meters to 8,848 meters. Nepal’s climate is influenced by the Himalayan mountain range and the South Asian Monsoon. The climate has four distinct seasons: pre-monsoon (March-May), monsoon (June-September), post-monsoon (October- November) and winter (December-February).Nepal is a Least Developed Country (LDC) whose economy mostly depends on agriculture and remittances. Nepal’s per capita GDP was USD 1,085 in the fiscal year 2019/2020 with a growth rate of 7.5% from the last fiscal year. However, the impact of COVID- 19 is already bringing these numbers down.', 'However, the impact of COVID- 19 is already bringing these numbers down. In the past two decades, the proportion of Nepali people living in absolute material poverty has more than halved from 49% in 1992 to 23% in 2015. Rates of child and maternal mortality reduced significantly as well. Primary school enrolment now exceeds 96% and has gender parity. Average life expectancy at birth has crossed 70 years. Nepal’s pace of development has been one of the highest in the world. The latest Multi- dimensional Poverty Index (MPI) shows that 28.6% of the population is still low. This means their lives are impacted by several deprivations simultaneously. However, It also reveals that Nepal halved its official MPI between 2006 and 2014.', 'However, It also reveals that Nepal halved its official MPI between 2006 and 2014. Building on the relative success of the Millennium Development Goals, Nepal is committed to pursuing and achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030, including the target set by the Sendai Framework on Disaster Risk Reduction. These global ambitions are broadly aligned with the social, economic, environmental and risk reduction aspirations that Nepal has set for itself in its new constitution.', 'These global ambitions are broadly aligned with the social, economic, environmental and risk reduction aspirations that Nepal has set for itself in its new constitution. (b) Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the NDC; See above 4 (a, i) (c) Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement; The provision in the Paris Agreement to limit global average temperature rise to 1.5°C results in lower risks for Nepal when compared to 2°C or higher temperatures Nepal’s commitment to reduce national GHG emission levels will require international support on financing, technology transfer and/or capacity building. Furthermore, Nepal aspires to avoid the residual risks caused by Loss and Damage and to receive financial and any other support for the risks that may still materialize. b.', 'Furthermore, Nepal aspires to avoid the residual risks caused by Loss and Damage and to receive financial and any other support for the risks that may still materialize. b. Specific information Not applicable.applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; c. How the Party’s preparation of its NDC has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; The first global stocktake will take place in 2023.', 'Specific information Not applicable.applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; c. How the Party’s preparation of its NDC has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; The first global stocktake will take place in 2023. Nepal organized the Talanoa Dialogue in 2018, which generated political momentum for enhanced climate action, including a call for Parties to update their NDCs.', 'Nepal organized the Talanoa Dialogue in 2018, which generated political momentum for enhanced climate action, including a call for Parties to update their NDCs. Nepal’s new NDC is more ambitious than its previous one, both in terms of its sectoral coverage (through the inclusion of land-use change and forestry, energy, and waste) and in terms of its net emission reduction contribution. d. Each Party with an NDC under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: Not Applicable. i. How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the NDC; Not Applicable. ii.', 'How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the NDC; Not Applicable. ii. Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute Not Applicable.to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co- benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. 5.', 'Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute Not Applicable.to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co- benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. 5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: a. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; Nepal will account for its anthropogenic GHG emissions and removals using the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.', 'Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: a. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; Nepal will account for its anthropogenic GHG emissions and removals using the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Two additional guidelines will be considered for quality assurance: The IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National GHG The IPCC Good Practice Guideline for Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry (2003). b. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the See 5(a) above.', 'b. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the See 5(a) above. Nepal will also apply specific assumptions and methodologies where relevant when accounting for various policies and measures in its Biennial Update Report, Biennial Transparency Report, or National Communication.nationally determined contribution; c. If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; See 5 (a) above. The IPCC 2006 Guidelines has been used to calculate emissions in the GHG Inventory of Nepal’s Third National Communication. d. IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; See 5(a) above. Nepal’s emissions will be derived by using the Tier 1 (and in a few cases Tier II) methodologies of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines.', 'Nepal’s emissions will be derived by using the Tier 1 (and in a few cases Tier II) methodologies of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. e. Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: Due to limited data availability, not all sectors are covered in Nepal’s NDC. In the future, Nepal would like to update its emission inventories, develop emission factors for all sectors following the 2006 IPCC guidelines, carry out modelling to build sector-specific scenarios and projections, establish a mechanism to collect, store and maintain datasets and account for conditional targets that require financial, capacity building and technical support. i. Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; See (e) above. ii. Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products; Not applicable. iii.', 'Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products; Not applicable. iii. Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; Not applicable. f. Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determinedcontribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: i. How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity- specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; Not applicable. ii. For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non-greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; Not applicable. iii. For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated; Not applicable. iv. Further technical information, as necessary; Not applicable. g. The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable. Nepal may explore potential markets that allow higher mitigation ambition while promoting sustainable development and environmental integrity. 6.', 'Nepal may explore potential markets that allow higher mitigation ambition while promoting sustainable development and environmental integrity. 6. How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in light of itsnational circumstances a. How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; Nepal is a Least Developed Country with an insignificant contribution to past and current global emissions. Nevertheless, Nepal recognizes that to meet the 1.5°C temperature goal, all countries need to undertake ambitious mitigation actions. This NDC and accompanying information reflect Nepal’s commitment under the Paris Agreement to address climate change. b. Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; See above, 6 (a).', 'Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; See above, 6 (a). c. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; This NDC broadens the ambition of the 2016 NDC, both in terms of sectoral coverage and net emission reduction contribution. d. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; In addition to the sectoral activity-based targets for transport, cooking, forestry and waste sectors, the 2020 NDC also includes policy targets for sectors where data and/or baseline information is not available such as for electric railroads, solid waste management and industries. This paves the way for Nepal to establish an economy-wide emissions target, based on national circumstances and capabilities. e. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement.', 'e. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement. In addition to sectoral activity-based targets, Nepal’s 2020 NDC also includes policy targets (See section 1(d)) for areas where data and/or baseline information is not available. These areas include electric railroads, solid waste management and industries. 7. How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objectives of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 a. How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2; See above, 6 (a). b. How the NDC contributes towards Article Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement. See above, 6 (a) and 7(a). 4.', 'See above, 6 (a) and 7(a). 4. Adaptation Component of NDC As per Article 7.10 and 7.11 of the Paris Agreement, Nepal will submit an adaptation communication, which will include its priorities, implementation and support needs,plans and actions through the National Adaptation Plan (NAP). The NAP will outline Nepal s contribution towards meeting the adaptation goals set out in the Paris Agreement and the required means of implementation to implement that contribution fully. Nepal is at high-risk to the effects of climate change. Thus, adaptation will be a constant requirement for the country. Adaptation priorities and actions, as per the National Climate Change Policy (2019), adopt an integrated approach to cover climate-sensitive sectors exemplifying the inter-sectoral nature of the responses. The adaptation priorities cover eight thematic and four cross-cutting areas.', 'The adaptation priorities cover eight thematic and four cross-cutting areas. The thematic areas are: Agriculture and Food Security; Forests, Biodiversity and Watershed Conservation; Water Resources and Energy; Rural and Urban Settlements; Industry, Transport and Physical Infrastructure; Tourism, Natural and Cultural Heritage; Health, Drinking Water and Sanitation; Disaster Risk Reduction and Management. The cross-cutting areas are: Gender Equality and Social Inclusion (GESI), Livelihoods and Governance; Awareness Raising and Capacity Building; Research, Technology Development and Extension; Climate Finance Management.', 'The cross-cutting areas are: Gender Equality and Social Inclusion (GESI), Livelihoods and Governance; Awareness Raising and Capacity Building; Research, Technology Development and Extension; Climate Finance Management. Nepal will accelerate adaptation by implementing the National Environment Policy (2019), National Climate Change Policy (2019), Environment Protection Act (2019), Environment Protection Regulation (2020), National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA) (2010), Framework on Local Adaptation Plans of Action (LAPA) (2019), Disaster Risk Reduction National Strategic Plan of Action 2018 – 2030, Fifteenth Plan(2019/2020-2023/2024), and other national strategies and action plans. The key policy priorities of Nepal, on adaptation, include the following: By 2030, all 753 local governments will prepare and implement climate-resilient and gender-responsive adaptation plans.', 'The key policy priorities of Nepal, on adaptation, include the following: By 2030, all 753 local governments will prepare and implement climate-resilient and gender-responsive adaptation plans. The plans will address climate change and disaster vulnerability and risks and prioritize adaptation and disaster risk reduction and management measures focusing on women, differently-abled, children, senior citizens, youth, Indigenous Peoples, economically deprived communities and people residing in climate-vulnerable geographical areas. The National Adaptation Plan (NAP) will be updated every ten years. Likewise, a National level Vulnerability and Risk Assessment (VRA) will be carried out every five years to inform climate resource allocation policies.', 'Likewise, a National level Vulnerability and Risk Assessment (VRA) will be carried out every five years to inform climate resource allocation policies. By 2025, institutional mechanisms will be established and/or operationalized including Environment Protection and Climate Change Management National Council, Inter-Ministerial Climate Change Coordination Committee (IMCCCC), thematic and cross-cutting working groups (TWGs/CWGs), Climate Change Research Centre, Provincial Climate Change Coordination Committee and local level institutional structures. By 2021, GESI and Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan, and Climate Resilient Planning and Budgeting Guidelines will be formulated. By 2025, a strategy and action plan on gender-responsive climate-smart technologies and practices will be prepared and implemented. By 2025, climate change-related education will be included in all secondary schools and 2,000 climate change adaptation resource persons will be mobilized locally.', 'By 2025, climate change-related education will be included in all secondary schools and 2,000 climate change adaptation resource persons will be mobilized locally. By 2025, climate-sensitive diseases surveillance systems will be strengthened through the integration of climate and weather information into existing surveillance systems. By 2030, the population with access to the basic water supply will increase from 88% to 99%; and population with improved water supply will increase from 20% to 40%. By 2025, climate risk assessment mechanisms will be integrated into WASH program planning and implementation cycle. Public Weather Services (PWS), including the Agro-Meteorological Information System, will be strengthened and established. By 2030, a multi-hazard monitoring and early warning system covering all the provinces will be established.', 'By 2030, a multi-hazard monitoring and early warning system covering all the provinces will be established. By 2025, a national strategy and action plan on Loss and Damage (L&D) associated with climate change impacts will be devised. By 2022, a Climate Finance Strategy, and National Capacity on Climate Finance Management will be formulated. Adaptation measures based on circular economy and sustainable resource use will be developed and implemented. Nepal is in the process of developing its National Adaptation Plan (NAP). Through this process, Nepal intends to implement medium and long-term adaptation needs, including urgent and immediate priorities. Key outputs of NAP include the following: The NAP will be formulated by 2021.', 'Key outputs of NAP include the following: The NAP will be formulated by 2021. It will incorporate adaptation and resilience milestones to be achieved in the short-term (by 2025), medium-term (by 2030) and long-term (by 2050). By 2025, a Climate Information System will be established and operationalized. By 2022, a NAP Monitoring, Reviewing and Reporting Framework will be developed and operationalized. 5. Means of Implementation The cost of achieving Nepal s NDC conditional mitigation targets is estimated to be USD 25 billion. The cost of achieving unconditional targets outlined in the NDC is estimated to be USD 3.4 billion. This estimate only covers activity-based targets and does not include the cost of policies, measures and actions.', 'This estimate only covers activity-based targets and does not include the cost of policies, measures and actions. The cost of achieving the adaptation component will be detailed in the upcoming National Adaptation Plan (NAP). To achieve the conditional targets, Nepal anticipates financial, technological and capacity-building support from global funds such as the Green Climate Fund, GlobalEnvironment Facility, Adaptation Fund, Least Developed Countries Fund and bilateral/multilateral agencies and development partners. These funds will be utilized to bolster limited national resources and technical capacities for scaling up climate action. The activities will be implemented for 10 years (2021-2030) by integrating them under the fiscal budget as various subsidy policies, projects or programs.', 'The activities will be implemented for 10 years (2021-2030) by integrating them under the fiscal budget as various subsidy policies, projects or programs. As these targets are well aligned with the country’s existing policies and plans, they will have high ownership and will be implemented on time at the national and sub-national levels. The key elements during implementation include: ● Governance: Enact key acts and regulations and strengthen institutional capacity to facilitate NDC implementation. ● Finance: Develop NDC financing and investment framework along with a strategy to streamline access to funds while bridging the gaps in the public and private sectors. ● Economic Efficiency and Cost Effectiveness: Ensure maximization of economic benefits and cost-effectiveness during the implementation of the NDC.', '● Economic Efficiency and Cost Effectiveness: Ensure maximization of economic benefits and cost-effectiveness during the implementation of the NDC. ● Equity and Inclusiveness: Include the principles of equity, ensuring equal access to women, children, youth, Indigenous Peoples and marginalized groups during participation, decision-making and benefit-sharing from NDC implementation. ● Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV): Promote data-driven tracking of NDC targets along with a strengthening of data generation and validation framework. Identify best practices while also incorporating lessons learnt. Maintain transparency by widely disseminating the methodology and results of the MRV. Nepal will prepare a detailed NDC implementation framework/roadmap/plan to ensure the targets will be achieved in a systematic matter.', 'Nepal will prepare a detailed NDC implementation framework/roadmap/plan to ensure the targets will be achieved in a systematic matter. The key elements of this framework/roadmap/plan include:● Capacity Building: Identify and meet capacity-building needs across government bodies to enable implementation of relevant policies and improve collaboration across key ministries. ● Knowledge Management: Establish processes to retain knowledge within institutions, including through data management systems for transparency and MRV purposes. Institutional mechanism: Implement the NDC through federal, provincial and local governments, in collaboration with other relevant stakeholders including youth, women and Indigenous People. Coordinate NDC implementation through the Environment Protection and Climate Change Management National Council, Inter-Ministerial Climate Change Coordination Committee (IMCCCC), Thematic and Cross-Cutting Working Groups, and Provincial Climate Change Coordination Committees.', 'Coordinate NDC implementation through the Environment Protection and Climate Change Management National Council, Inter-Ministerial Climate Change Coordination Committee (IMCCCC), Thematic and Cross-Cutting Working Groups, and Provincial Climate Change Coordination Committees. ● Communication and Coordination: Develop clear lines of communication between different levels of governance (local, provincial, national and international) and across different sectors and stakeholders, including women, Indigenous Peoples and youth. ● Finance: Develop a financing and investment framework that ensures efficient access to climate funds and evidence-based allocations to areas of demand, including the green recovery agenda. Ensure that the framework differentiates between sources of finance to be used in each area, including in adaptation, mitigation, and Loss and Damage. ● Tools: Develop tools and models to support inclusive decision-making during planning and implementation of activities.']

en-US

NLD

Netherlands

LTS

2020-11-12 00:00:00

x

LTS 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/LTS1_Netherlands.pdf

Annex I

High-income

Europe

EU27

0

../data/downloaded_documents/7ef180cf305997968d01bb2dcdffcff78c7ca8da66ea7108e9c4b064739c1410.pdf

['Long term strategy on climate mitigation The NetherlandsClimate change mitigation is a matter of great urgency. Pursuant to the national Climate Act, the Netherlands needs to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 95% by 2050 compared to 1990. This will be a daunting task for the next 30 years. However, the Netherlands is not starting from scratch. In many areas, the transition is already under way and will pick up pace considerably over the coming years. Furthermore, developments in the Netherlands and worldwide have shown that sustainability improvements and economic growth can go hand in hand. This is cause for hope. Nevertheless, the Netherlands will continue to face many challenges during the transition.', 'Nevertheless, the Netherlands will continue to face many challenges during the transition. To ensure that the country will prepare itself, now is a good time to consider the long-term implications of the transition. This long-term strategy has been written with this objective in mind. The preparation of a national long-term strategy follows a European agreement laid down in the Governance Regulation (EU 2018/1999, Article 15). Each Member State is required to use this national strategy to describe how it will contribute towards meeting the goals in the Paris Agreement.', 'Each Member State is required to use this national strategy to describe how it will contribute towards meeting the goals in the Paris Agreement. The strategy must also state what the Member State will contribute towards the European goals in the long term in order for the EU to achieve climate neutrality as soon as possible and arrive at a highly energy-efficient energy system based largely on renewable energy sources. The Climate Act has turned the focus of the Netherlands climate policy emphatically on the long term. The act specifies a final target for 2050 and an interim target for 2030.', 'The act specifies a final target for 2050 and an interim target for 2030. With regard to the sector-specific targets under the national Climate Agreement, the government has not only taken into account cost-efficiency between now and 2030, but also and expressly steps that need to be taken beyond that date to achieve the 2050 target. For this reason, the first Climate Plan under the Climate Act also contains policy initiatives to prepare for the long term. At the two-year and five-year review stages specified in the Climate Act (progress report and Climate Plan review/update, respectively), the government will focus particularly on policies that are geared towards the 2050 perspective by means of exploratory studies.', 'At the two-year and five-year review stages specified in the Climate Act (progress report and Climate Plan review/update, respectively), the government will focus particularly on policies that are geared towards the 2050 perspective by means of exploratory studies. The Climate Act, Climate Agreement and Climate Plan are not only key steps towards 2030, but also form the starting point for trajectories to prepare for the long term and choices that will have to be made in the coming years. As a society we do not have all the answers, nor do we possess all the facts we need.', 'As a society we do not have all the answers, nor do we possess all the facts we need. However, there are numerous social ambitions and points of view about the transition in the longer term that, when taken in combination, provide an overall impression of the long-term targets. This long-term strategy elaborates these elements and outlines their implications for the policy agenda. The objective of this long-term strategy is to serve as a basis for further analysis, discussion and policymaking in the years ahead, both at the national and the international (European and global) level. The Netherlands Scientific Council for Government Policy (Wetenschappelijke Raad voor het Regeringsbeleid, WRR) could make a significant contribution towards this as well.', 'The Netherlands Scientific Council for Government Policy (Wetenschappelijke Raad voor het Regeringsbeleid, WRR) could make a significant contribution towards this as well. The government will therefore consult with the WRR to see how this can be added to WRR s agenda. Structure In the Netherlands, policy is largely determined by the coalition agreement and the Climate Agreement. The government s climate policy has been elaborated in the Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP), which is submitted in Brussels at the same time as the long-term strategy. This meets many of the requirements set by the EU for a national long-term strategy.', 'This meets many of the requirements set by the EU for a national long-term strategy. Instead of reiterating those points, the Netherlands has opted to structure its long-term strategy differently: as a strategy that sets the agenda for the coming years, without pretending to know all the answers in advance. Chapter 2 describes which current and proposed policies form the main contributions to the transition in the longer term. Together, these can be considered to be the current national strategy. Chapter 3 describes the key challenges for the further transition that will require answers, solutions and instruments in the coming years. These form the agenda.', 'Chapter 3 describes the key challenges for the further transition that will require answers, solutions and instruments in the coming years. These form the agenda. Finally, Chapter 4 summarises the policy implications and follow-up steps.Appendix 1 gives an overview of the various sources that were consulted when preparing this document. Appendix 2 lists the elements prescribed in the EU Regulation as being required for a national long-term strategy, with an indication whether the requested information can be found in the NECP or in other public documents.2. Current policies for the longer term This chapter describes the national policies that are entirely or partially focused on the longer term. The national transition is founded on a set of frameworks and objectives.', 'The national transition is founded on a set of frameworks and objectives. The rest of the chapter describes the Netherlands efforts in terms of innovation, its policy for the further transformation of the energy system and its approach for the longer term with regard to the various sectors. 2.1 Frameworks and objectives The Netherlands is a party to the global framework convention on climate change (the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) and the Paris Agreement. As such, it supports the global targets to limit global warming to well below 2 °C, strive for a maximum of 1.5 °C and achieve a balance between greenhouse gas emissions and the storage of CO2 from the atmosphere on earth, in the second half of this century.', 'As such, it supports the global targets to limit global warming to well below 2 °C, strive for a maximum of 1.5 °C and achieve a balance between greenhouse gas emissions and the storage of CO2 from the atmosphere on earth, in the second half of this century. Climate Act The Climate Act, which came into effect in 2019, safeguards the long-term focus of the Netherlands national climate policy. It sets out the objectives of this climate policy. The Climate Act also establishes a quality control cycle, which is based on the European NECP cycle. In 2019, the government finalised the first Climate Plan (national plan, different from NECP). This will be reviewed every five years.', 'This will be reviewed every five years. Pursuant to the Climate Act, the government must report back to parliament annually about the progress made with its climate policy through the Climate Memorandum. The Council of State has an advisory role in relation to the Climate Plan and the Climate Memorandum. The Climate Act stipulates that the Netherlands must reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 95% by 2050 compared to 1990. Like most other EU Member States, the Netherlands agrees that the EU should be climate neutral by 2050. The Netherlands is committed to the 95% target regardless of any other agreements at the European level. This is currently one of the most ambitious targets for 2050 laid down by law worldwide.', 'This is currently one of the most ambitious targets for 2050 laid down by law worldwide. As an interim target, the Climate Act specifies that the Netherlands must strive to cut its emission level by 49% by 2030 compared to 1990. This ambition exceeds the current European reduction target. The Netherlands is striving for a 49% reduction by 2030, as this fits in well with its ambition to achieve a gradual transition in the run-up to 2050. It prevents the need for the introduction of abrupt measures after 2030 to achieve the 2050 target. A gradual transition will contribute to cost- efficiency, offer the Dutch business sector a competitive edge in the longer term and give every Dutch citizen an opportunity to do his or her bit.', 'A gradual transition will contribute to cost- efficiency, offer the Dutch business sector a competitive edge in the longer term and give every Dutch citizen an opportunity to do his or her bit. A single national CO2 emissions target By adopting the Climate Act, the Netherlands has chosen emphatically to focus on a single target: the reduction of its greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, the Climate Act includes a target to -neutral electricity supply by 2050. Energy savings and renewable energy are considered to be means at the Netherlands disposal during the transition, to achieve the reduction target – they are not themselves seen as primary targets.', 'Energy savings and renewable energy are considered to be means at the Netherlands disposal during the transition, to achieve the reduction target – they are not themselves seen as primary targets. Similarly, the Netherlands has elected to shift its primary focus away from the European 2030 sub-targets for emissions reduction in sectors not covered by the European Emissions Trading System (ETS) and for the CO2 emissions source- sink ratio with regard to land use. The adopted policies are expected to lead to the Netherlands meeting the agreed national targets respectively the contributions to the European 2030 targets for these areas.', 'The adopted policies are expected to lead to the Netherlands meeting the agreed national targets respectively the contributions to the European 2030 targets for these areas. As regards the policy proposed for Europe as a whole, the Netherlands is pursuing climate neutrality by 2050 and an increase in the European target of a 40% reduction by 2030 to a 55% reduction by 2030. Exactly what the translation of such a loftier ambition would entail for the Netherlands itself depends on a parallel translation to non-ETS and ETS targets and additionalEuropean source-based policy.', 'Exactly what the translation of such a loftier ambition would entail for the Netherlands itself depends on a parallel translation to non-ETS and ETS targets and additionalEuropean source-based policy. With regard to the development of technology, the planning of investments in the necessary infrastructure and spatial integration planning, the Netherlands is already taking into account the possible need to step up its efforts in case the European 2030 target is raised and its own national target changes as a result. This is because of the lengthy lead times involved. Climate Plan and Climate Agreement In 2019, the government finalised the first Climate Plan. This Climate Plan outlines the key tenets of the climate policy to be implemented over the next 10 years.', 'This Climate Plan outlines the key tenets of the climate policy to be implemented over the next 10 years. In addition, the Climate Plan addresses the latest scientific insights into climate change, technological developments, international policy developments and the consequences for the economy. As such, the Climate Plan summarises the national policy, the context in which this policy is developed and the consequences of this policy. To an important extent, the contents of the Climate Plan are based on the Climate Agreement, which was concluded between more than 100 civil society parties (both public and private). This agreement contains a package of measures that have the active support of as many contributing parties as possible and which will achieve the political reduction target of 49% by 2030.', 'This agreement contains a package of measures that have the active support of as many contributing parties as possible and which will achieve the political reduction target of 49% by 2030. The Climate Agreement intentionally assumes indicative sector-specific targets that are not only based on a cost-effective set of measures until 2030, but also take into account the desirability of longer-term measures to aid transition. Many of the specifics in the agreement therefore have a long-term impact, given that they can either be extended after 2030 or contribute to driving the transition that is required in the longer term. Lastly, the parties to the Climate Agreement have formulated joint ambitions for the period until 2050.', 'Lastly, the parties to the Climate Agreement have formulated joint ambitions for the period until 2050. 2.2 Preparing for the period after 2030: innovation efforts As part of the Climate Agreement, the parties have drawn up an Integrated Knowledge and Innovation Agenda (IKIA), which lists the social as well as technological innovation priorities for all sectors. The IKIA specifies the most important knowledge and innovation challenges for the short term (development, demonstration and rollout) and the long term (research and development). This is key to achieving the 2030 targets and will lay the foundations for achieving the 2050 target. Striving for innovation through applied and fundamental research will lower the costs of the transition in the longer term and help boost the Dutch economy.', 'Striving for innovation through applied and fundamental research will lower the costs of the transition in the longer term and help boost the Dutch economy. The IKIA is mission-driven, i.e. the agenda helps to bring societal missions into perspective and realise those missions. The IKIA has been elaborated into multi-year, mission-driven innovation programmes (MMIPs), for which the involvement of both innovation suppliers and the buyers and users of those innovations in the development and innovation process is crucial. This, in turn, affects the actual implementation of the innovations.', 'This, in turn, affects the actual implementation of the innovations. With regard to the issue of climate and energy, the IKIA determines the use of the public funds of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, NWO) and the applied research institutes (TO2) for the top sectors, as well as the use of the PPP allowance, the SME innovation stimulus and the ministerial innovation budgets for climate and energy. 2.3 Transformation of the energy system The transition to a low-CO2 society will have consequences for the structure of the energy system. Moreover, the interaction and correlation between energy and spatial planning policies will grow. A sustainable energy system requires more space than a fossil-based system.', 'A sustainable energy system requires more space than a fossil-based system. This will have immediate consequences for the physical environment as currently experienced by citizens and business owners. The impact of the transition on the physical environment will be considerable: cities and landscapes will change as a result. This will require careful decision-making at both the central and the decentralised levels. As long as the transition to a sustainable energy system remains incomplete, a hybrid system will remain in place in which renewable and fossil-basedenergy sources will continue to coexist, requiring the government to guarantee the affordability, safety and security of supply.', 'As long as the transition to a sustainable energy system remains incomplete, a hybrid system will remain in place in which renewable and fossil-basedenergy sources will continue to coexist, requiring the government to guarantee the affordability, safety and security of supply. System integration The aim is for a system integration to take place of various sources of energy, resulting in a more efficient use of infrastructure and generation capacity and a greater resilience of the energy system at the decentralised level against outages at the central level. The production of renewable fuels and the capture and reuse of CO2 can also contribute to further integration of the energy system.', 'The production of renewable fuels and the capture and reuse of CO2 can also contribute to further integration of the energy system. The Netherlands is preparing for these system transformations by drawing up a governmental vision on the Organisation of the Market for the Energy Transition to make choices, mainly regarding the structure, regulation and funding of heating, hydrogen and CO2 infrastructure for both public and private parties. This governmental vision will be presented in the second half of 2020. The Netherlands has integrated sufficient flexibility in its arrangements to compensate for a drop in supply or demand, such as through the availability of demand-side response, storage and controllable capacity. The growing importance of solar and wind energy will require further strengthening of this flexibility.', 'The growing importance of solar and wind energy will require further strengthening of this flexibility. For this reason, the government is investing in flexibility demonstration projects and has made this challenge a topic of study for knowledge and innovation programmes. Furthermore, the Netherlands will continue its efforts to expand its interconnection capacity with neighbouring countries. Spatial integration The Netherlands is already preparing for the spatial integration of a transformed energy system in a variety of ways. Regional energy strategies (RES) are being used to chart suitable areas for generating renewable energy onshore. The objective is to formulate a locally supported vision on the development of renewable energy generation and use this as a basis for a predictable pipeline of projects.', 'The objective is to formulate a locally supported vision on the development of renewable energy generation and use this as a basis for a predictable pipeline of projects. The elaboration of the RES is supported by the National Strategy on Spatial Planning and Environment. This specifies balancing principles to facilitate spatial detailing and further guidance for the choices to be made as regards the integration of renewable energy. The government s spatial planning policy is laid down in the national main energy infrastructure programme to guarantee timely and affordable investments in the national energy infrastructure, even beyond 2030, for all links in the energy chain and for electricity as well as heating and industry. The network operators long-term comprehensive infrastructure survey will contribute to this.', 'The network operators long-term comprehensive infrastructure survey will contribute to this. An agreement on the North Sea is planned to determine additional wind farm zones for the period beyond 2030, with specifics regarding careful integration. Sustainable energy sources While the government is convinced that sustainable biomass will be required for the transition to a climate-neutral and circular society, it also believes that a genuine contribution can only be made by biomass that is truly sustainable. To this end, it is working on a uniform sustainability framework to guarantee that all biomass used in the Netherlands is sustainable. The government is also at pains to ensure that use will be restricted in due course and that it will be applied as high- grade as possible.', 'The government is also at pains to ensure that use will be restricted in due course and that it will be applied as high- grade as possible. This means that, in time, sustainable biomass will be used only in sectors where no cost-efficient alternative is available, such as aviation and shipping. To make sure that the supply of sustainable biomass meets the demand, the government is working to increase the availability of domestic biomass, to facilitate cascading for applications that are as high-grade as possible and to monitor supply and demand, so that corrective action can be taken if needed.', 'To make sure that the supply of sustainable biomass meets the demand, the government is working to increase the availability of domestic biomass, to facilitate cascading for applications that are as high-grade as possible and to monitor supply and demand, so that corrective action can be taken if needed. In the long term, the Netherlands has envisaged a significant role for green hydrogen as a fuel for industry and both heavy and long-distance transport, and for the built environment in areas where -free alternatives are more expensive or more difficult to realise. Hydrogen also offers opportunities for the flexibilisation of the electricity system. As a result, the Netherlands haslaunched an ambitious hydrogen programme focused on scaling up the supply of sustainable hydrogen and developing the necessary infrastructure.', 'As a result, the Netherlands haslaunched an ambitious hydrogen programme focused on scaling up the supply of sustainable hydrogen and developing the necessary infrastructure. Green gas is also regarded as part of the industrial feedstock solution, for processes that are difficult to electrify and as a flexible power supply on occasions when there is a limited availability of solar and wind power. The Netherlands is currently working on a roadmap for creating the right conditions for a sufficient supply of green gas and a reduction in production costs. 2.4 Long-term approach in all sectors The Climate Agreement contains agreements for all sectors. The main focus of these is to achieve the 2030 targets, but they also contain specific stipulations for the period beyond 2030.', 'The main focus of these is to achieve the 2030 targets, but they also contain specific stipulations for the period beyond 2030. Even if all sectors speed up the transition to an ambitious extent, as intended, we will still face a significant challenge after 2030 that we should prepare for now. Built environment With regard to the built environment, the Netherlands is making full use of the time available to realise the transition. It is making a start now, so that it will be able to use the full 30-year period to realise this drastic transition. The focal points of this strategy are a district-oriented approach under the supervision of the municipalities and the development of heating plans.', 'The focal points of this strategy are a district-oriented approach under the supervision of the municipalities and the development of heating plans. These are intended to lend shape to the transition at the district level. As part of this approach, individual homeowners will be supported with and given access to government subsidies, loans with advantageous terms and comprehensive information. This information includes the insulation standard and the related long-term target values, which are intended to ensure that homeowners do not make decisions now that will necessitate another round of buildings works further down the line. At the same time, innovation programmes will be used to allow the building sector to develop concepts and products that will enable large-scale, rapid and cheaper sustainability improvements.', 'At the same time, innovation programmes will be used to allow the building sector to develop concepts and products that will enable large-scale, rapid and cheaper sustainability improvements. Sustainable heating will be provided by means of heating networks, electrical heat pumps and the occasional use of green gas and hydrogen, provided the future supply of these latter two resources is assured. Regarding non-residential buildings, a coherent set of standardisation measures and supporting instruments with final standards for 2050 will be developed in collaboration with umbrella organisations. Industry With regard to industry, the focus will be on cost reductions and the development of CO2 -reducing technologies through a combination of innovation, demonstration and pilot projects.', 'Industry With regard to industry, the focus will be on cost reductions and the development of CO2 -reducing technologies through a combination of innovation, demonstration and pilot projects. In each of the five regional energy-intensive industry clusters, a multi-year frontrunner programme will be developed that combines efficiency improvements with more sustainable resource use and CO2 reduction. The rollout will be stimulated by a CO2 tax and supported with an SDE++ subsidy. Furthermore, industry will contribute to the transition of other parties, such as by introducing a buffer in the energy system, providing heating for the built environment and producing sustainable fuels.', 'Furthermore, industry will contribute to the transition of other parties, such as by introducing a buffer in the energy system, providing heating for the built environment and producing sustainable fuels. The government will also investigate how (including by way of carbon accounting) the supply chain impact of circular measures, such as recycling and the use of biobased and other raw materials, can be identified and how this can be integrated into policy. Mobility The mobility measures will contribute to bringing about the fundamental but necessary change to the ways of transporting persons and goods. Efforts will concentrate on reducing car use by making alternative modes of transport more attractive. Another point for attention is to increase the availability of emission-free energy sources.', 'Another point for attention is to increase the availability of emission-free energy sources. As an example, the charging infrastructure for electric vehicles will be brought up to standard and legislation and subsidies will be deployed to increase the production of hydrogen, sustainable advanced biofuels and renewable synthetic fuels. Furthermore, the purchase and use of emission-free vehicles will be stimulated and the use ofemission-producing vehicles will be discouraged through zero-emission zones, amended policies for delivery vans and research into a potential transition to a payment according to use model after 2025. Through innovation programmes, the government will continue to work on social innovation and behavioural change, digitalisation and improved sustainability for vehicles, battery technology and energy carriers.', 'Through innovation programmes, the government will continue to work on social innovation and behavioural change, digitalisation and improved sustainability for vehicles, battery technology and energy carriers. Agriculture and land use With regard to agriculture, the focus will mainly be on the further development of solutions that could contribute to the further transition towards nature-inclusive and circular agriculture. As for livestock farming, efforts will concentrate on making stables emission-free, making changes to animal feed and improving the processing of manure. In the greenhouse horticulture sector, work will continue on achieving energy savings, generating sustainable energy and using heating provided by third parties and CO2 for fertilisation.', 'In the greenhouse horticulture sector, work will continue on achieving energy savings, generating sustainable energy and using heating provided by third parties and CO2 for fertilisation. Efforts will also be made to change the behavioural patterns of food consumers in order to reduce food wastage and increase the uptake of more sustainable, plant-based foods. Smart solutions are also being sought regarding land use, including pilot projects to raise the water level in peat meadow areas. In addition, various measures will be introduced that will contribute to increased carbon capture over time. This will expand the natural area, restore landscape structures, limit deforestation, lead to the planting of new trees and increase carbon capture in agricultural soils through smart and sustainable use.3.', 'This will expand the natural area, restore landscape structures, limit deforestation, lead to the planting of new trees and increase carbon capture in agricultural soils through smart and sustainable use.3. Strategic challenges This chapter outlines three central challenges that the government has designated common threads for the long-term policy agenda: - Working on an attractive prospect for all concerned - Being adaptive without hanging back - Stepping up cross-border cooperation In Chapter 4, these are translated into implications for the policy agenda for the coming years. 3.1 Working on an attractive prospect for all concerned The transition to a low-CO2 society involves much more than the completion of a transition path towards 2050. It affects the way people work and live.', 'It affects the way people work and live. The climate policy unites many policy areas, not only on paper, but also in practice: it makes them visible and tangible in people s living environment. The integrated nature of the transition not only makes explicit that a successful transition depends on the participation of all parties involved, but also and most of all that all parties should focus on the attractive prospect that the transition offers. This appealing, inviting and explainable prospect explicitly connects the climate challenge to other societal challenges that the Netherlands and Europe are faced with. An attractive prospect is an integrated prospect While the target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions is clear, it says little about what the Netherlands will look like in 2050.', 'An attractive prospect is an integrated prospect While the target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions is clear, it says little about what the Netherlands will look like in 2050. What would such a country be like? Recently, the Board of Government Advisers published its recommendation By way of Paris 1, an exploratory study into an answer to the question how the Paris Agreement could make the Netherlands wealthier, cleaner and more united. The recommendation is a successful attempt to visualise the remote future with the help of spatial designers. It also shows how linking societal challenges can lead to integrated solutions and how those solutions manifest themselves in the living environment: on the North Sea and in communities.', 'It also shows how linking societal challenges can lead to integrated solutions and how those solutions manifest themselves in the living environment: on the North Sea and in communities. In order to bring about a transition that all parties can and want to take part in, a focus on the attractive prospect that the transition offers is key.', 'In order to bring about a transition that all parties can and want to take part in, a focus on the attractive prospect that the transition offers is key. Such a prospect offers opportunities such as cleaner air, less noise pollution from traffic and a competitive edge for Dutch businesses and knowledge institutions in the growth markets of the future, while being open about the sometimes complex challenges that need to be answered, such as the changing landscape, the even greater competition for the scarce available space, strategic choices regarding the avoidance of investments on which there will be no return and the question of how to deal with the cost of phasing out climate-unfriendly processes.', 'Such a prospect offers opportunities such as cleaner air, less noise pollution from traffic and a competitive edge for Dutch businesses and knowledge institutions in the growth markets of the future, while being open about the sometimes complex challenges that need to be answered, such as the changing landscape, the even greater competition for the scarce available space, strategic choices regarding the avoidance of investments on which there will be no return and the question of how to deal with the cost of phasing out climate-unfriendly processes. Climate policy can never be self-contained An awareness of the integrated, attractive prospect leads to a realisation that climate policy cannot be limited to the reduction of CO2 emissions alone.', 'Climate policy can never be self-contained An awareness of the integrated, attractive prospect leads to a realisation that climate policy cannot be limited to the reduction of CO2 emissions alone. It is also – or even mainly – about the Dutch economy and the quality of the Dutch living environment. As all parties, citizens and businesses alike, will be affected by the transition differently, climate policy must also deal with challenges regarding burden-sharing and feelings of inequality and injustice. The Climate Agreement emphatically targets an integrated approach to the climate challenge. The measures to be taken for the sectors depart from a vision of the future that encompasses more reduction alone. It is specifically linked to the transitions towards circular agriculture and a circular economy.', 'It is specifically linked to the transitions towards circular agriculture and a circular economy. Spatial integration, support and participation have been important considerations in the discussions about the measures to be taken. The wider social and economic perspective was also considered, in both the narrow and the broad sense. Key points of departureare fair burden-sharing between citizens and businesses and a net zero effect in terms of housing costs in the built environment. Such an integrated approach will remain necessary as the Netherlands moves into the future.', 'Such an integrated approach will remain necessary as the Netherlands moves into the future. With regard to the prospect that the transition offers to all parties involved, it is also important to note that sectoral education and labour market agendas are being developed to ensure that employees are sufficiently qualified and opportunities for the economy and job growth can be seized. This includes a provision for the mitigation of social risks, such as job losses in sectors that rely on fossil fuels. Changes to the school curriculum should ensure that all students and pupils are equipped with the right knowledge and skills to be able to cope effectively with major societal transitions, such as the energy transition.', 'Changes to the school curriculum should ensure that all students and pupils are equipped with the right knowledge and skills to be able to cope effectively with major societal transitions, such as the energy transition. This will give people the confidence that they will not be left behind by this transition. The government welcomes the adoption of a European Green Deal that is ambitious and takes into account both the attractive prospect and the links between societal challenges. It is equally pleased that the Green Deal is not merely focused on policy in the various climate transition sectors, but explicitly provides for the transformation of economic and financial systems.', 'It is equally pleased that the Green Deal is not merely focused on policy in the various climate transition sectors, but explicitly provides for the transformation of economic and financial systems. As far as the Netherlands is concerned, at least 25% of the Multi-Annual Financial Framework (MFF) should be reserved for climate funding and both the MFF and the funding provided by the European Investment Bank should be brought completely into line with the Paris Agreements targets. It also believes that it is important for all instruments to be adjusted in line with the actual target to be achieved in a cost-effective manner and in such a way that carbon leakage is prevented, starting with enshrining the European 2050 target into law.', 'It also believes that it is important for all instruments to be adjusted in line with the actual target to be achieved in a cost-effective manner and in such a way that carbon leakage is prevented, starting with enshrining the European 2050 target into law. The importance of an integrated approach also means getting a grip on administrative complexity In the coming years, the Netherlands will need to both elaborate the ambitions in the Climate Agreement and put them into practice. The country s existing administrative complexity poses a considerable challenge in his regard. This presents itself in different ways. Climate policy is not the preserve of a single ministry, but of nearly all ministries combined.', 'Climate policy is not the preserve of a single ministry, but of nearly all ministries combined. Nor does it affect only a single layer of government, but all of them. It is not a task for either the private or the public sector, but for the private and public sectors together. There are currently a large number of societal activities that have the potential to further the transition. It is important in this context to be wary of coordination problems, as otherwise parties may be less considerate of each other s interests or wait for each other unnecessarily, potentially delaying the transition and letting economic opportunities go to waste.', 'It is important in this context to be wary of coordination problems, as otherwise parties may be less considerate of each other s interests or wait for each other unnecessarily, potentially delaying the transition and letting economic opportunities go to waste. The Climate Agreement is one of the ways in which the government hopes to contribute to the required coordination between parties. An inspirational example has been set by the financial sector, which has the potential to become a driving force behind the transition. This sector has decided to sign up to the Climate Agreement with an ambitious climate commitment, which it intends to convert into specific action in the coming period. The success of the transition ultimately depends on the harmonious cooperation of many different actors.', 'The success of the transition ultimately depends on the harmonious cooperation of many different actors. The challenge for the government is to get a grip on this complexity, starting with a clarification of the supervision, roles and responsibilities of the national government, local governments, private and public parties and citizens. It will also involve a search for new methods of cooperation, both between the various levels of government and between the government and civil society parties. At the European level, a broad stakeholder approach consisting of agreements on each party s contribution could also contribute to kick-starting a larger movement, such as in regard to the financial sector.', 'At the European level, a broad stakeholder approach consisting of agreements on each party s contribution could also contribute to kick-starting a larger movement, such as in regard to the financial sector. This is because all European providers of financial services should bring their entire portfolios in line with the ambitions in the Paris Agreement in due course.3.2 Being adaptive without hanging back The transition will be characterised by many uncertainties. Ideas may change and new solutions may appear out of the blue. That is why it would be sensible not to set every agreement in stone in advance. It must be possible to adapt policy when required. At the same time, the climate policy is based on strict targets.', 'At the same time, the climate policy is based on strict targets. The transition will require swift action and hence clear frameworks that are to be defined by the government. As the 2030 and 2050 deadlines draw closer, these frameworks and the instruments that form part of them will need to become more binding. Climate policy must anticipate new developments The attractive prospect described in 3.1 may offer guidance, but can never offer certainty. Unpredictable economic, political or ecological events on a national or international scale will require adaptability and a capacity for innovation.', 'Unpredictable economic, political or ecological events on a national or international scale will require adaptability and a capacity for innovation. Climate policy must not only involve taking robust steps towards 2030 with well-developed initiatives to put viable and affordable options into practice, but also leave space for the discovery and development of new options. This will allow the parties involved to adapt and learn from any mistakes. The transition in the electricity sector may serve as an illustration. The Netherlands is taking robust steps to increase the availability of solar and wind power.', 'The Netherlands is taking robust steps to increase the availability of solar and wind power. There is now an opportunity to roll out these options in a cost-effective manner, while leaving room in policy initiatives to take other public interests into account, such as with regard to nature and the living environment. In order to enable the large-scale integration of the generation of renewable energy through wind and solar power, the system must become more flexible. Such flexibility could result from interconnectivity, demand-side response, storage and controllable production. Technology neutrality is the point of departure in this regard. To this end, the Climate Agreement specifies adequate monitoring of developments that are currently still uncertain.', 'To this end, the Climate Agreement specifies adequate monitoring of developments that are currently still uncertain. Monitoring should provide insight into whether these options will actually develop according to plan and whether it is possible to use them flexibly in technical and commercial terms. As a result of the further growth of electrification and the ever- decreasing emission allocation, the need for CO2 -free adjustable production will rise even further. It will be possible to feed the electricity system with CO2 -free adjustable production in a number of ways: with electricity from CO2 -free hydrogen or from other renewable sources, such as biomass and green gas, from nuclear power or from fossil sources where CO2 is captured.', 'It will be possible to feed the electricity system with CO2 -free adjustable production in a number of ways: with electricity from CO2 -free hydrogen or from other renewable sources, such as biomass and green gas, from nuclear power or from fossil sources where CO2 is captured. The various technological solutions entail different realisation periods, costs, social support and other traits, making them either more or less realistic for the period leading up to 2030. During this transition period, biomass could be used in a number of different ways. The transition requires the adoption of a broad spectrum of options, with none remaining taboo The government will be required to make choices with consideration for the specific strengths and comparative advantages that the Netherlands enjoys.', 'The transition requires the adoption of a broad spectrum of options, with none remaining taboo The government will be required to make choices with consideration for the specific strengths and comparative advantages that the Netherlands enjoys. This does not mean that it should dismiss options out of hand. Such a course of action could not only prove costly if opportunities are missed; analyses conducted by the IPCC and others show that not many options can be excluded completely, lest governments fail to achieve their targets. The coherent use of biomass, nuclear energy and carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a known trilemma. A cost-efficient transition to a 95% reduction by 2050 is barely conceivable without the use of at least two of these options2.', 'A cost-efficient transition to a 95% reduction by 2050 is barely conceivable without the use of at least two of these options2. For this reason, the government is giving parties space to develop these options further in a way that befits the transition in the longer term. The CCS policy is a good example of this. In potential, the Netherlands offers ample opportunities for CCS. CCS offers an alternative to the use of electricity and biomass on a large scale, which will eventually create problems in terms of space and sustainability. Furthermore, CCS offers the opportunity to as a raw material for the chemical industry and enables negative emissions through a combination with bioenergy. 2 Ros, J and D. Daniëls, 2017, Verkenning van klimaatdoelen.', '2 Ros, J and D. Daniëls, 2017, Verkenning van klimaatdoelen. Van lange termijn beelden naar korte termijn actie (Exploration of climate goals: from long-term vision to short-term action). The Hague: Netherlands Environmental Assessment AgencyAdaptivity should not lead to a lack of commitment; speeding up the transition requires a clear policy framework that becomes more binding as the transition progresses It is widely appreciated that the need to mitigate climate change is a serious challenge, as part of which all parties need to adapt. This will require considerable effort. In many ways, society is not equipped to cope with this transition. This presupposes a change of habits, which is not easy to achieve.', 'This presupposes a change of habits, which is not easy to achieve. It may feel like a loss of privileges without a clear idea of what to expect in return. The transition could be facilitated by instruments of a stimulatory nature that reward citizens and business that have the opportunity and the will to take steps now. This will enable the Netherlands to find out in a positive way what works and what does not. It is equally clear that many of the required changes can be integrated into daily routines fairly straightforwardly. From the perspective of citizens, it is easy to achieve climate benefits by adopting changes to production processes and products that require little behavioural change, such as energy-saving appliances or applications like smart meters.', 'From the perspective of citizens, it is easy to achieve climate benefits by adopting changes to production processes and products that require little behavioural change, such as energy-saving appliances or applications like smart meters. In addition, the climate footprint of citizens will also change autonomously as a result of the increasing availability of climate-friendly products and solutions that they find appealing. Whether they relate to food consumption, mobility needs or the use of technology, it is likely that climate-friendly alternatives will increasingly become the norm. In other cases, citizens will be asked to play a more active role and show greater commitment, such as in terms of changing the way they heat their homes.', 'In other cases, citizens will be asked to play a more active role and show greater commitment, such as in terms of changing the way they heat their homes. This process is fraught with difficulty and will require the government and the private sector to facilitate this and offer a clear perspective for action. In this context, fair burden-sharing will increase trust and help ensure sufficient financial room for the necessary investments. The government has a clear role to play in this regard as well. As the transition gathers pace, the balance between gentle prompting and compulsion will change. When the above conditions for the participation of citizens are met, there will be greater scope for more compulsive instruments, such as normative measures. This requires commitment.', 'When the above conditions for the participation of citizens are met, there will be greater scope for more compulsive instruments, such as normative measures. This requires commitment. The Paris Agreement targets leave governments no room for vacillation; the bus will not wait to depart until everyone has gotten on board. If that were the case, the pace of transition would be set by those lagging behind, leaving the achievement of the Paris Agreement targets an increasingly remote prospect. To a certain extent, what goes for citizens goes for businesses as well. Stimulatory policy initiatives that rewards business that take the lead will stimulate innovation and yield opportunities for growth, but will ultimately not suffice to spur all businesses to action.', 'Stimulatory policy initiatives that rewards business that take the lead will stimulate innovation and yield opportunities for growth, but will ultimately not suffice to spur all businesses to action. Moreover, we will need to accept that not all businesses will be able to join the transition. Sooner or later, the government will therefore need to find an answer to the question of whether to actively counter or compensate for the effect of parties being left behind. 3.3 Stepping up cross-border cooperation An emission reduction target of 95% in the Netherlands and a climate-neutral Europe by 2050 are lofty ambitions in view of the Paris Agreement. Achieving those ambitions will require a considerable step up in terms of cross-border cooperation.', 'Achieving those ambitions will require a considerable step up in terms of cross-border cooperation. There is much to be gained from collaborating with the rest of the world. This cooperation will need to be leveraged to further the transition and ensure that all countries and sectors meet the international targets. The transition requires an increase in cross-border cooperation and solidarity across the EU Climate change is a global problem that can only be tackled on a global scale. The Netherlands is doing its part, without losing sight of its own interests. While there are already many steps that can be taken nationally, the international dimension of climate policy will become ever more important as 2050 approaches.', 'While there are already many steps that can be taken nationally, the international dimension of climate policy will become ever more important as 2050 approaches. The EU is in a unique position to take the lead at the international level and set an ambitious long-term goal, as well as adopt the necessary measures to ensure that the targets in the Paris Agreement remain within reach. Already, the efforts of Member States are guided to a significant extent by European instruments. The European Emissions Trading System ETS is an established instrument for businessesthroughout Europe to achieve emission reductions in areas where they can be most efficient.', 'The European Emissions Trading System ETS is an established instrument for businessesthroughout Europe to achieve emission reductions in areas where they can be most efficient. The Netherlands is an enthusiastic proponent of this instrument due to its cost-efficiency and the level playing field it creates, but there is always room for improvement. A sensible course of action would be to fine-tune the ETS and reduce the number of available allocations at a more rapid pace, in line with the more ambitious European targets for 2030 and 2050. In addition, the ETS could be extended to other sectors, although the effectiveness of this will have to be corroborated by research. In addition, the Netherlands is partnering with others in Europe with regard to a number of specific themes.', 'In addition, the Netherlands is partnering with others in Europe with regard to a number of specific themes. As an example, we are working with other countries to maximise the potential of the North Sea. When shaping these partnerships, each country will need to keep in mind its own national commitments. Nevertheless, the common European challenge will have to play an increasingly vital role. Other countries may wish to use the North Sea as a wind farm zone or to store CO2 if they have fewer opportunities to do so on their own soil. From a Dutch perspective, this may initially seem undesirable, but the wider European challenge necessitates a joint and well-considered decision-making process. A similar example is offered by the further integration of the European electricity system.', 'A similar example is offered by the further integration of the European electricity system. The efficient fossil fuel production facilities in the Netherlands could provide other countries with an opportunity to transition more quickly to renewable sources, without endangering the common security of supply. Vice versa, other countries have more space to plant additional trees than the Netherlands. To sum up, the Netherlands bilateral relations in Europe will need to be characterised to a growing degree by the identification of common interests and opportunities. It will need to keep an open mind to cross-border solutions that may not seem like a good fit with its own commitments, but may be key to addressing the common European challenge.', 'It will need to keep an open mind to cross-border solutions that may not seem like a good fit with its own commitments, but may be key to addressing the common European challenge. Eventually, the role of the market and the desirability of financial agreements between countries will also need to be considered. Existing European instruments allow scope, however limited, for transferring one country s challenges to another. Within the EU, it would be advisable to initiate a timely exploration of further ways to stimulate mutual solidarity, to ensure that the EU as a whole becomes climate- neutral.', 'Within the EU, it would be advisable to initiate a timely exploration of further ways to stimulate mutual solidarity, to ensure that the EU as a whole becomes climate- neutral. An ambitious long-term strategy must go hand in hand with international cooperation To keep the targets in the Paris Agreement within reach, it is important that countries outside the EU take ambitious steps as well. Such steps are necessary to retain support in the Netherlands and throughout Europe for an ambitious climate policy. In the Paris Agreement, all countries agreed to specify a national climate commitment. However, in some cases it is not self-evident that these commitments meet the level of ambition in the agreement.', 'However, in some cases it is not self-evident that these commitments meet the level of ambition in the agreement. Countries may cite geopolitical, economic or other reasons for making less of a transition effort than is desirable from a global perspective. In various countries, the economy depends to a large extent on activities with a detrimental climate effect, such as the extraction of fossil raw materials or activities that lead to deforestation. In most cases, these activities are maintained because of a demand from other countries, including the Netherlands. For this reason, the Netherlands proposes that climate becomes a cornerstone of the EU s foreign, trade and development relations.', 'For this reason, the Netherlands proposes that climate becomes a cornerstone of the EU s foreign, trade and development relations. The government will use climate diplomacy in both bilateral and joint European contacts to spur countries outside of the EU to action. Furthermore, the Netherlands will extend climate funding to developing countries to help them tackle their climate challenges. Signing the Paris Agreement should become an essential precondition for new trade agreements with countries outside the EU. In addition, the Netherlands could contribute to the transition in other countries by entering into international partnerships. This would have the beneficial side effect of offering opportunities for the Dutch earnings model. An example is the formation of alliances regarding green hydrogen.', 'An example is the formation of alliances regarding green hydrogen. This could go hand in hand with stimulating a climate-friendly earnings model in other countries. Foreign demand for synthetic fuels and green hydrogen could offer an attractive prospect for oil-producing countries that benefit from sunny climes and well-functioning existing fuel infrastructures. Partnerships with regard to sustainably grown plants and trees could form a similarly attractive prospect for countries. Plants and trees are in demand due to the increasing appetite for vegetarian food, as raw materials forthe circular economy and as a renewable energy source. This could aid countries in achieving more sustainable land use, while being beneficial to the Netherlands due to its limited space for the production of sustainable biomass.', 'This could aid countries in achieving more sustainable land use, while being beneficial to the Netherlands due to its limited space for the production of sustainable biomass. It could also yield new earnings capacity for businesses in the logistics and processing sectors. Civil society parties could play a key role in making international production chains more sustainable and more climate-friendly, provided they are facilitated in fulfilling that role. A policy aimed at reducing the climate footprint could provide incentives to businesses to adopt more sustainable production methods and to consumers to buy more sustainable products. This is also in line with the chain approach to the transition to a circular economy.', 'This is also in line with the chain approach to the transition to a circular economy. Instruments already exist to chart the climate footprint, such as the European Product Environmental Footprint, and to mitigate the footprint in trade flows, both in terms of private initiatives and public-sector tendering processes. The Netherlands could step up its efforts in the international arena to have these instruments adopted more widely. In addition to instruments with a direct impact on the chain, a carbon border adjustment on Europe s external borders could also aid the transition, as certain less climate-friendly products from outside the EU would become less attractive to European buyers.', 'In addition to instruments with a direct impact on the chain, a carbon border adjustment on Europe s external borders could also aid the transition, as certain less climate-friendly products from outside the EU would become less attractive to European buyers. This would allow certain European business sectors to operate in a more climate-friendly way without fear of competition from products made in countries with lower standards, and incentivise countries outside the EU to take more drastic action against climate change. As such, the Netherlands welcomes the European Commission s initiative to elaborate such an instrument.', 'As such, the Netherlands welcomes the European Commission s initiative to elaborate such an instrument. International sectors must make a suitable contribution as well In addition to the national climate commitments of individual countries, internationally active sectors must also contribute to achieving the global climate targets in the Paris Agreement to ensure that these remain within reach. While international aviation and shipping are outside of the scope of the national targets, they are of vital importance to the Dutch economy. It follows that the Netherlands depends on cooperation within the EU and with other like-minded countries for its perspective for action.', 'It follows that the Netherlands depends on cooperation within the EU and with other like-minded countries for its perspective for action. As regards international aviation, the Netherlands and other European countries are working to raise the current ICAO target of a 50% reduction in emissions by 2050 compared to 2005. A new long-term target is needed to bring the sector s CO2 emissions more in line with the targets in the Paris Agreement. Part of the national focus on innovation is the development and upscaling of renewable kerosene.', 'Part of the national focus on innovation is the development and upscaling of renewable kerosene. As regards international shipping, the Netherlands is working together with a group of ambitious countries to further the implementation of agreements on the phased increase in the strictness of average emission requirements for all vessels and on design requirements for new vessels, so that the international shipping sector will be able to achieve the long-term goal adopted last year by the IMO. Need for a global move towards negative emissions As the transition progresses, it will become more difficult to reduce emissions further, domestically and in terms of cross-border cooperation as well.', 'Need for a global move towards negative emissions As the transition progresses, it will become more difficult to reduce emissions further, domestically and in terms of cross-border cooperation as well. In the case of far-reaching emission reductions on a global scale, the scope for countries to offer resources to other countries will be limited, as they will not be able to use those to meet their own targets. In a climate-neutral world, the remaining emissions will need to be compensated by capturing CO2 from the atmosphere, i.e. negative emissions. According to the IPCC, this approach will need to be adopted worldwide in order to limit global warming to 1.5 °C. Negative emissions can take various forms.', 'Negative emissions can take various forms. The Dutch policy already focuses on the capture of CO2 in farmland, but the remaining capacity in the Netherlands already fertile farmlands is limited. At the same time, the draining of peat meadow areas has resulted in significant remaining emissions. In addition, the Netherlands is focusing on the capture of CO2 with vegetation, for example by planting more trees. This could have a positive effect on other factors, such as biodiversity, landscape diversity and climate adaptability. Again, however, the Netherlands has limited space.On the other hand, there is a significant potential in the country to retain the CO2 captured in vegetation beyond the harvest.', 'Again, however, the Netherlands has limited space.On the other hand, there is a significant potential in the country to retain the CO2 captured in vegetation beyond the harvest. This could be achieved, for instance, by the use of wood as a building material, producing and recycling bioplastics and combining bioenergy with CCS. The European target of climate neutrality for its entire territory is expected to require a significant contribution to be made in this area. Moreover, emissions generated by international aviation and shipping are likely to be extremely difficult to bring down to zero. As 2050 draws near, several parties are therefore expected to require increased capture of CO2 to remain on course to achieve the targets in the Paris Agreement.', 'As 2050 draws near, several parties are therefore expected to require increased capture of CO2 to remain on course to achieve the targets in the Paris Agreement. This raises the question of what kind of contribution the Netherlands and Europe are able and prepared to make in this respect.4. Policy agenda We find ourselves on the eve of a major transition towards a nearly climate-neutral society, to contribute to achieving the Paris Agreement targets. There are 30 years left to go – time that should be spent wisely. The Netherlands has opted for a gradual transition, to avoid compulsory shocks to the system and take full advantage economically and socially from a status as frontrunner. Its policy approach is not to be more stringent, but to start sooner.', 'Its policy approach is not to be more stringent, but to start sooner. While a 30-year transition cannot be planned down to the last detail, it is possible to make thorough preparations. One thing that is certain is that things will not play out as currently expected. That certainty may have a paralysing effect, but it can also put minds at ease. The fact that some of the answers are still unknown leaves room for asking frank questions and confronting dilemmas. The objective of this long-term strategy, therefore, is not to provide cut-and-dried answers, but to shape the discussion about the strategy for the long term.', 'The objective of this long-term strategy, therefore, is not to provide cut-and-dried answers, but to shape the discussion about the strategy for the long term. This long-term strategy outlines the strategic challenges that we will face and that will ever more insistently demand answers from politics and society. Rather than waiting until 2030 or even later, we should start tackling those challenges now. As Chapter 2 of this long-term strategy has shown, in the Netherlands much has already been set in motion. However, there is more that can and should be done. Both the Netherlands and Europe must work towards the 2030 targets, explicitly treating them as an intermediate step on the way to 2050 and beyond.', 'Both the Netherlands and Europe must work towards the 2030 targets, explicitly treating them as an intermediate step on the way to 2050 and beyond. The general implications for the Netherlands national and international policy efforts and the European policy implications are set out below. National and international • A transition that is achievable and affordable for all parties cannot be brought about without an attractive prospect. To achieve the 49% target by 2030, society will need to be transformed. However, a 95% reduction will require additional measures. This requires an attractive prospect for the transition that is appealing, inviting and explainable, featuring coherent visions for the future, the certainty of integrated considerations and clear supervision and responsibilities.', 'This requires an attractive prospect for the transition that is appealing, inviting and explainable, featuring coherent visions for the future, the certainty of integrated considerations and clear supervision and responsibilities. • Part of an attractive prospect is a clear vision for the future of our sustainable earnings capacity and a policy to boost the economic sectors that will be key to future growth. The government will issue a letter on this subject shortly. • The Climate Agreement is a start to an approach that will see climate policy become an increasingly integrated part of all other government policy. In due course, climate policy will have to shift away from being self-contained.', 'In due course, climate policy will have to shift away from being self-contained. Integrated considerations will have to be made in all sectors and policy areas, taking into account the effects on the transition towards climate neutrality. • Within the framework of the Climate Agreement, the government has developed new forms of collaboration to shape the transition together with others, looking beyond the boundaries of existing structures. The regional energy strategies are a prime example. There will be growing need for a clear concept of the roles, responsibilities and innovative supervisory models in addition to existing structures: between the various tiers of government, between public and private parties and across sectors. • Throughout the transition, parties will need to keep learning from what works and what does not.', '• Throughout the transition, parties will need to keep learning from what works and what does not. The government will have to make choices by excluding options that do not work and by experimenting with new options and solutions. There can be no taboos in this respect, and even topics such as CCS, sustainable biomass and nuclear energy must be approached with an open mind. In various areas, choices will need to be made in good time, to ensure security of investment and because investments have a long-term effect on the structure of society. • By taking ample time for the transition and using stimulatory instruments, we can make a start with the transition while working to increase support.', '• By taking ample time for the transition and using stimulatory instruments, we can make a start with the transition while working to increase support. Ultimately, however, the pace of thetransition cannot be set by those lagging behind: the bus will not wait to depart until everyone has gotten on board. Eventually, other instruments of a compensatory or normative nature will need to be deployed to bring those lagging behind into the fold in a timely manner. • Our international economic relationships could prove a powerful tool to support our sustainable earnings capacity, while at the same time helping other countries to make the transition.', '• Our international economic relationships could prove a powerful tool to support our sustainable earnings capacity, while at the same time helping other countries to make the transition. As the transition will only be meaningful if all parties take part, we must actively seek out new forms of international collaboration. • The international aviation and shipping sectors must make a suitable contribution to the transition as well, without losing sight of the Dutch earnings model. It is therefore important to work together with like-minded countries to strive for ambitious international targets and suitable measures. • The international transition requires solidarity at the international level. In the end, even the climate challenge boils down to a matter of burden-sharing.', 'In the end, even the climate challenge boils down to a matter of burden-sharing. In parallel to the ambitious national and European agenda, it would be advisable to consider the options at our disposal for using international instruments to aid the transition elsewhere. • In spite of ambitious emission reduction policies, the capture of CO2 from the atmosphere on a large scale and at a global level will be required in order to limit global warming to 1.5 °C. We will have to determine what kind of contribution we could and should make in this respect.', 'We will have to determine what kind of contribution we could and should make in this respect. European policy implications • Setting a goal of climate neutrality by 2050 is an important condition for the EU to achieve the 1.5 °C target and meet its commitment to the Paris Agreement. In relation to this, a more ambitious 2030 target for the EU as a whole is required to remain on course to achieve the Paris Agreement targets. The Netherlands is focused on the target of a 55% reduction in EU emissions by 2030 compared to 1990.', 'The Netherlands is focused on the target of a 55% reduction in EU emissions by 2030 compared to 1990. It is clear that raising these targets will need to go hand in hand with policies to offer the regions that will be most affected by the social and economic consequences of the transition perspectives for innovation, new economic activities and job growth. A fair and affordable transition is an essential condition for retaining support. • At the heart of the plans of the new European Commission for a European Green Deal is the ambition to work towards an integrated climate and sustainability policy across sectors, with an eye on other policy targets and interests and with the involvement of all relevant parties.', '• At the heart of the plans of the new European Commission for a European Green Deal is the ambition to work towards an integrated climate and sustainability policy across sectors, with an eye on other policy targets and interests and with the involvement of all relevant parties. The Netherlands supports this approach, which is comparable to its own as laid down in the Climate Agreement. Just like in the Netherlands, however, this climate policy will need to be embedded thoroughly in the coming years in both the sectors where the actual greenhouse gas emission reductions are to be achieved and in the transformed economic and financial systems. The purpose of this is to encourage climate-friendly production and consumption practices and discourage those that are less climate-friendly.', 'The purpose of this is to encourage climate-friendly production and consumption practices and discourage those that are less climate-friendly. • Choosing an EU-wide policy means choosing a level playing field. The greater the effort to develop common instruments for cross-border sectors in the EU, the more effective the transition in the whole of Europe will be. For open economies like the Dutch one, this is a critical process. The promotion of a cost-efficient transition requires a tightening of the ETS, including the stimulation of negative emissions to achieve climate neutrality in the EU. • Taking the lead as EU also means providing incentives to others to join the transition. A carbon border adjustment could provide such an incentive.', 'A carbon border adjustment could provide such an incentive. As it protects the level playing field for certain industries in the EU and provides an impetus for emission reduction in the chain at the same time, such a measure would be a good fit with the strategy to speed up the transition in Europe and boost it elsewhere.Appendix 1. Sources Chapter 2 is largely based on the Climate Agreement and the Climate Plan. A variety of sources was used to identify the relevant challenges highlighted in Chapter 3. These include a number of meetings with actors that are relevant to the transition and a consultation between ministries. The following sources also proved particularly useful.', 'The following sources also proved particularly useful. Public opinion Pursuant to the European Governance Regulation, the public should be given effective opportunities at an early stage to have a say in the formulation of the long-term strategy. In addition, the strategy should contain a summary of public opinion. The public was involved in the formulation of the current policy as specified in Chapter 2 in many different ways, including through a broad public consultation as part of the preparation of the Climate Agreement. The strategic challenges outlined in Chapter 3 are based in part on many points of view expressed by the public in a variety of ways, for example in the discussions surrounding the Climate Agreement, in publications issued by stakeholders and through social and other media.', 'The strategic challenges outlined in Chapter 3 are based in part on many points of view expressed by the public in a variety of ways, for example in the discussions surrounding the Climate Agreement, in publications issued by stakeholders and through social and other media. In addition, the internet consultation regarding the Climate Plan and the NECP involved asking members of the wider public to suggest topics that they believed were worthy of particular attention in the Netherlands long-term climate policy (2030–2050). The open character of the question invited an extensive range of opinions.', 'The open character of the question invited an extensive range of opinions. As an example, some believed that nuclear energy, specifically on the basis of thorium, has potential as an energy source due to the limited space required, the low impact on nature and the minimal CO2 emissions. Others regarded hydrogen as a suitable future fuel for transport and heating due to the potential to use the existing infrastructure for gas. Some believed that innovation and behavioural change should be prioritised, mentioning a number of themes. Others suggested the environment and nature as important considerations. Many of those consulted regarded afforestation as a positive development and the burning of biomass as unsustainable. The full consultation report can be found at www.internetconsultatie.nl.', 'The full consultation report can be found at www.internetconsultatie.nl. Essays In order to gather a multitude of opinions on a variety of perspectives, a number of scientists were asked to submit essays on what they considered to be important considerations for the long term regarding those perspectives. These essays can be found at', 'These essays can be found at • De burger en het klimaat- en energiebeleid: een doorkijk naar 2050 (Citizens and the climate and energy policy: a look ahead to 2050), C. Carabain and Y. de Kluizenaar, SCP, 2019 • Van waslijst naar wensbeeld (From a wish list to a vision), H. de Coninck, Radboud University, • Alles draait om adequate datagovernance (It s all about adequate data governance), R. van Est and R. Dekker, Rathenau Institute, 2019 • Een duurzaam verdienmodel voor 2050 (A sustainable earnings model for 2050), R. Gerlagh, Tilburg University, 2019 • Kijken in een spiegel van de toekomst (Looking into the mirror of the future), C. van der Linde, CIEP, Clingendael, 2019 • De energietransitie door een complexiteitsbril (The energy transition through a complexity lens), P. Sloot , R. Kupers and B. van der Zwaan, Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Other sources Below is a list of the main studies and policy documents that were been used:• AIV, 2019, Briefadvies Internationaal Klimaatbeleid (Advisory letter on international climate policy) • Berenschot, 2018, Richting 2050: systeemkeuzes en afhankelijkheden in de energietransitie (Towards 2050: system choices and dependencies in the energy transition) • Berenschot, 2018, Elektronen en/of Moleculen (Electrons and/or molecules) • CPB, 2011, Analyse routekaart 2050 (Analysis of the 2050 roadmap) • CPB/PBL, 2015, Nederland in 2030-2050: twee referentiescenario s – Toekomstverkenning Welvaart en Leefomgeving (WLO) (The Netherlands in 2030–2050: Two reference scenarios – an exploratory study into welfare, prosperity and the human environment) • CIEP, 2019, Van onzichtbare naar meer zichtbare hand?', 'They are: • De burger en het klimaat- en energiebeleid: een doorkijk naar 2050 (Citizens and the climate and energy policy: a look ahead to 2050), C. Carabain and Y. de Kluizenaar, SCP, 2019 • Van waslijst naar wensbeeld (From a wish list to a vision), H. de Coninck, Radboud University, • Alles draait om adequate datagovernance (It s all about adequate data governance), R. van Est and R. Dekker, Rathenau Institute, 2019 • Een duurzaam verdienmodel voor 2050 (A sustainable earnings model for 2050), R. Gerlagh, Tilburg University, 2019 • Kijken in een spiegel van de toekomst (Looking into the mirror of the future), C. van der Linde, CIEP, Clingendael, 2019 • De energietransitie door een complexiteitsbril (The energy transition through a complexity lens), P. Sloot , R. Kupers and B. van der Zwaan, Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Other sources Below is a list of the main studies and policy documents that were been used:• AIV, 2019, Briefadvies Internationaal Klimaatbeleid (Advisory letter on international climate policy) • Berenschot, 2018, Richting 2050: systeemkeuzes en afhankelijkheden in de energietransitie (Towards 2050: system choices and dependencies in the energy transition) • Berenschot, 2018, Elektronen en/of Moleculen (Electrons and/or molecules) • CPB, 2011, Analyse routekaart 2050 (Analysis of the 2050 roadmap) • CPB/PBL, 2015, Nederland in 2030-2050: twee referentiescenario s – Toekomstverkenning Welvaart en Leefomgeving (WLO) (The Netherlands in 2030–2050: Two reference scenarios – an exploratory study into welfare, prosperity and the human environment) • CIEP, 2019, Van onzichtbare naar meer zichtbare hand? Waterstof en elektriciteit: naar een nieuwe ruggengraat voor het energiesysteem (From an invisible to a more visible hand?', 'Waterstof en elektriciteit: naar een nieuwe ruggengraat voor het energiesysteem (From an invisible to a more visible hand? Hydrogen and electricity: towards a new energy system backbone) • CRa, 2019, Via Parijs – een ontwerpverkenning naar een klimaatneutraal Nederland (By way of Paris: an exploratory design study into a climate-neutral Netherlands) • De Gemeijnt, 2018, Routekaart CCS (CCS roadmap) • European Commission, 2018, A Clean Planet for all – A European strategic long-term vision for a prosperous, modern, competitive and climate-neutral economy • Gasunie/EBN, 2017, Transport en opslag van CO2 in Nederland (Transport and storage of CO2 in the Netherlands) • IEA, 2019, The future of hydrogen • KVS, 2018, Preadviezen 2018: Klimaatbeleid: kosten, kansen en keuzes (Preliminary advice 2018 on climate policy: costs, opportunities and choices) • Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations, 2019, draft National Strategy on Spatial Planning and Environment • Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy, 2019, Samen werken aan een duurzaam en ondernemend Nederland (Working together on a sustainable and enterprising Netherlands) (internal publication) • Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management, 2019, Schets Mobiliteit naar 2040 veilig, robuust, duurzaam (Mobility outline towards 2040: safe, robust, sustainable) • Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, 2018, Landbouw, natuur en voedsel: waardevol en verbonden (Agriculture, nature and food: valuable and connected) • PBL, 2011, Naar een schone economie in 2050 – routes verkend (Towards a clean economy in 2050: an exploration of routes) • PBL, 2016, Opties voor energie en klimaatbeleid – vormgeving van de energietransitie (Energy and climate policy options: shaping the energy transition) • PBL, 2017, Kostenanalyse klimaatdoelen (Climate targets cost analysis) • PBL, 2017, Verkenning van klimaatdoelen; Van lange termijn beelden naar korte termijn actie (Exploration of climate goals: from long-term vision to short-term action) • PBL, 2018, Nationale kosten klimaat- en energietransitie in 2030 (National costs of the climate and energy transition in 2030) – 2018 update • PBL, 2018, Negatieve emissies - Technisch potentieel, realistisch potentieel en kosten voor Nederland (Negative emissions: technical potential, realistic potential and costs to the Netherlands) • PBL, 2019, Effecten ontwerp Klimaatakkoord (Effects of the draft Climate Agreement) • PBL, 2019, Oefenen met de toekomst, Ruimtelijke Verkenning 2019 (Practising with the future: 2019 spatial survey) • Quintel Intelligence, 2017, De toekomst van de Nederlandse industrie – het verhaal (The future of Dutch industry: a narrative) • SCP, 2016, Social and cultural report 2016 • Tennet/Gasunie, 2019, Infrastructure Outlook 2050 • TKI New Gas, 2018, Contouren van een Routekaart Waterstof (Outlines of a hydrogen roadmap) • VEMW, 2017, Decisions on the industrial energy transition • WRR, 2016, Klimaatbeleid voor de lange termijn: van vrijblijvend naar verankerd (Climate policy for the long term: from non-binding to binding)Appendix 2.', 'Hydrogen and electricity: towards a new energy system backbone) • CRa, 2019, Via Parijs – een ontwerpverkenning naar een klimaatneutraal Nederland (By way of Paris: an exploratory design study into a climate-neutral Netherlands) • De Gemeijnt, 2018, Routekaart CCS (CCS roadmap) • European Commission, 2018, A Clean Planet for all – A European strategic long-term vision for a prosperous, modern, competitive and climate-neutral economy • Gasunie/EBN, 2017, Transport en opslag van CO2 in Nederland (Transport and storage of CO2 in the Netherlands) • IEA, 2019, The future of hydrogen • KVS, 2018, Preadviezen 2018: Klimaatbeleid: kosten, kansen en keuzes (Preliminary advice 2018 on climate policy: costs, opportunities and choices) • Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations, 2019, draft National Strategy on Spatial Planning and Environment • Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy, 2019, Samen werken aan een duurzaam en ondernemend Nederland (Working together on a sustainable and enterprising Netherlands) (internal publication) • Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management, 2019, Schets Mobiliteit naar 2040 veilig, robuust, duurzaam (Mobility outline towards 2040: safe, robust, sustainable) • Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, 2018, Landbouw, natuur en voedsel: waardevol en verbonden (Agriculture, nature and food: valuable and connected) • PBL, 2011, Naar een schone economie in 2050 – routes verkend (Towards a clean economy in 2050: an exploration of routes) • PBL, 2016, Opties voor energie en klimaatbeleid – vormgeving van de energietransitie (Energy and climate policy options: shaping the energy transition) • PBL, 2017, Kostenanalyse klimaatdoelen (Climate targets cost analysis) • PBL, 2017, Verkenning van klimaatdoelen; Van lange termijn beelden naar korte termijn actie (Exploration of climate goals: from long-term vision to short-term action) • PBL, 2018, Nationale kosten klimaat- en energietransitie in 2030 (National costs of the climate and energy transition in 2030) – 2018 update • PBL, 2018, Negatieve emissies - Technisch potentieel, realistisch potentieel en kosten voor Nederland (Negative emissions: technical potential, realistic potential and costs to the Netherlands) • PBL, 2019, Effecten ontwerp Klimaatakkoord (Effects of the draft Climate Agreement) • PBL, 2019, Oefenen met de toekomst, Ruimtelijke Verkenning 2019 (Practising with the future: 2019 spatial survey) • Quintel Intelligence, 2017, De toekomst van de Nederlandse industrie – het verhaal (The future of Dutch industry: a narrative) • SCP, 2016, Social and cultural report 2016 • Tennet/Gasunie, 2019, Infrastructure Outlook 2050 • TKI New Gas, 2018, Contouren van een Routekaart Waterstof (Outlines of a hydrogen roadmap) • VEMW, 2017, Decisions on the industrial energy transition • WRR, 2016, Klimaatbeleid voor de lange termijn: van vrijblijvend naar verankerd (Climate policy for the long term: from non-binding to binding)Appendix 2. Long-term strategy elements in the EU Regulation The EU Regulation on the Governance of the Energy Union and Climate Action (EU 2018/1999) contains an obligation to draw up a national long-term strategy and specifies elements that should be included in such a strategy.', 'Long-term strategy elements in the EU Regulation The EU Regulation on the Governance of the Energy Union and Climate Action (EU 2018/1999) contains an obligation to draw up a national long-term strategy and specifies elements that should be included in such a strategy. Annex IV of the Regulation serves as a format for a table of contents. The government has elected not to adopt this format, but to use its own approach. For ease of reference and for convenience of comparison with the long-term strategies of other Member States, this appendix summarises how the Netherlands has interpreted the elements in the format and a number of other elements mentioned in the Regulation, referring primarily to sources other than this document.', 'For ease of reference and for convenience of comparison with the long-term strategies of other Member States, this appendix summarises how the Netherlands has interpreted the elements in the format and a number of other elements mentioned in the Regulation, referring primarily to sources other than this document. NECP refers to the Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan, which was drawn up at the same time as this long-term strategy in conformity with the obligation in Article 3 of the Regulation. There are no national prognoses available beyond 2030, as the exogenous and policy uncertainties are such that a scenario study would be more suitable.', 'There are no national prognoses available beyond 2030, as the exogenous and policy uncertainties are such that a scenario study would be more suitable. In order to give an idea of the period after 2030, the NECP contains the key outcomes of the welfare, prosperity and human environment scenarios (Welvaart- en Leefomgevingsscenario s, WLO) drawn up by the Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis (CPB) and the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL) in 2015. For obvious reasons, these outcomes do not take into account more recent developments and policies. Element in the Regulation (The numbers refer to Annex IV or Article 15) Dutch interpretation 1.1. Summary Chapter 2 offers a summary overview of the Netherlands current long-term policy. Chapter 4 contains a summary of the strategic challenges that require additional policies. 1.2.', 'Chapter 4 contains a summary of the strategic challenges that require additional policies. 1.2. Legal and policy context See Chapter 1. 1.3. Public consultation See Appendix 1. 2.1.1. Projected emission reductions and enhancement of removals by 2050 See NECP 4.2.1 for the available data. 2.1.2. National target for 2030 and beyond, if available, and indicative milestones for 2040 • -49% greenhouse gas emissions compared to 1990. • -36% greenhouse gas emissions by non-ETS sectors compared to 2005 (target in the Effort Sharing Regulation [ESR]). • No worsening of the emissions and sinks balance in land use (target in the LULUCF Regulation). • -95% greenhouse gas emissions compared to 1990. 2.1.3. Adaptation policies and measures The climate adaptation policy has been laid down in the National Climate Adaptation Strategy (NAS) 2016 and the NAS Implementation Programme.2.2.1.', 'Adaptation policies and measures The climate adaptation policy has been laid down in the National Climate Adaptation Strategy (NAS) 2016 and the NAS Implementation Programme.2.2.1. To the extent feasible, the estimated likely share of renewable energy in final energy consumption by 2050 See NECP 4.2.2 for the available data. 2.3.1. To the extent feasible, the estimated likely energy consumption by 2050 See NECP 4.3.2 for the available data. 2.4.1.1. Energy system: intended or likely future emissions trajectory or range -free electricity supply; for the 2030 target, see NECP 2.1.1. Likely trajectories: see NECP 4.2.1. 2.4.1.2. Energy system: general description of main drivers for energy efficiency, demand-side flexibility and energy consumption and their evolution from 2021 and beyond See NECP 4.1, 4.3. 2.4.2.1. Industry: expected emission reductions by sector and energy demands See NECP 4.2.1, 4.2.2. 2.4.2.2.', 'Industry: expected emission reductions by sector and energy demands See NECP 4.2.1, 4.2.2. 2.4.2.2. Industry: overview of policies See Section C3 in the Climate Agreement. 2.4.3.1. Transport: expected emissions and energy sources by transport type (e.g. cars and vans, heavy duty road transport, shipping, aviation, rail) See NECP 4.2.1, 4.2.2. 2.4.3.2. Transport: decarbonisation options See Sections 2.8.4 and 3.7.4 in the 2017 PBL report Exploration of climate goals . 2.4.4.1. Agriculture and land use: to the extent feasible, expected emissions by sources and by individual GHGs See NECP 4.2.1. 2.4.4.2. Agriculture and land use: emission reduction options envisaged See Sections 2.8.5 and 3.7.5 in the 2017 PBL report Exploration of climate goals . 2.4.4.3. Links to agricultural and rural development policies See Section C4 in the Climate Agreement. 3.1. Estimates of investment needed See NECP 5.3. 3.2.', 'Estimates of investment needed See NECP 5.3. 3.2. Policies and measures for related research, development and innovation See Section D3 in the Climate Agreement for the Integrated Knowledge and Innovation Agenda. 5. Impact assessment of the socio-economic aspects See NECP 5.2 for the available data. 5.1. Details on modelling (including assumptions) and/or analysis, indicators, etc. See NECP, Appendix 2.Article 15.4.d. To the extent feasible, expected socio-economic effect of the decarbonisation measures, including, inter alia, aspects related to macro-economic and social development, health risks as well as benefits and environmental protection See NECP 5.2 for the available data. Article 15.4.e.', 'To the extent feasible, expected socio-economic effect of the decarbonisation measures, including, inter alia, aspects related to macro-economic and social development, health risks as well as benefits and environmental protection See NECP 5.2 for the available data. Article 15.4.e. Links to other national long-term objectives, planning and other policies and measures, and investments See the National interests section in the draft National Strategy on Spatial Planning and Environment for a description of the policies regarding the physical living environment, including an explanation of/references to existing policy.']

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['Te hau mārohi ki anamata Transitioning to a low-emissions and climate-resilient future AOTEAROA NEW ZEALAND’S LONG-TERM LOW-EMISSIONS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGYPublished in November 2021 by the Ministry for the Environment Manatū Mō Te Taiao PO Box 10362, Wellington 6143, New Zealand Publication number: ME 1607 © Crown copyright New Zealand 2021 This document is available on the Ministry for the Environment website: environment.govt.nzCONTENTS A message from the Minister of Climate Change 4 Transitioning to a low-emissions and climate-resilient future 5 Emissions budgets and emissions reduction plans 11 Our current reality 16 Empower New Zealanders 24 Our long-term emissions reduction strategy 28 System settings 30 Sector plans 44 Equitable transition 60 Next steps 62A message from the Minister of Climate Change In Aotearoa New Zealand, tens of thousands have taken to our streets in climate strikes, focusing attention on the climate crisis and demanding greater urgency.', 'Te hau mārohi ki anamata Transitioning to a low-emissions and climate-resilient future AOTEAROA NEW ZEALAND’S LONG-TERM LOW-EMISSIONS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGYPublished in November 2021 by the Ministry for the Environment Manatū Mō Te Taiao PO Box 10362, Wellington 6143, New Zealand Publication number: ME 1607 © Crown copyright New Zealand 2021 This document is available on the Ministry for the Environment website: environment.govt.nzCONTENTS A message from the Minister of Climate Change 4 Transitioning to a low-emissions and climate-resilient future 5 Emissions budgets and emissions reduction plans 11 Our current reality 16 Empower New Zealanders 24 Our long-term emissions reduction strategy 28 System settings 30 Sector plans 44 Equitable transition 60 Next steps 62A message from the Minister of Climate Change In Aotearoa New Zealand, tens of thousands have taken to our streets in climate strikes, focusing attention on the climate crisis and demanding greater urgency. This is reflected across the political spectrum, with Parliament unanimously passing the Zero Carbon Act in 2019.', 'This is reflected across the political spectrum, with Parliament unanimously passing the Zero Carbon Act in 2019. The private sector is also mobilising, with companies individually and collectively committing to measuring and reporting their emissions, adopting emissions reduction targets and taking the temperature goals in the Paris Agreement seriously. In its most recent report, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change warned that the world will exceed warming of 1.5°C and 2°C during the 21st century unless there are deep cuts to greenhouse gas emissions in the coming decades.1 This means immediate, rapid and large- scale action is needed to avoid a climate catastrophe. However, it also gives us an opportunity to reshape our economy and society, and reap significant environmental, economic and health co-benefits.', 'However, it also gives us an opportunity to reshape our economy and society, and reap significant environmental, economic and health co-benefits. Making the most of this opportunity requires a collective effort involving central and local government, iwi and hapū, as well as businesses, households, communities, and every sector of the economy. 1 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2021. Climate change 2021: The physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. 2021. We are currently consulting on proposals for the emissions reduction plan, which must be published by 31 May 2022.', 'We are currently consulting on proposals for the emissions reduction plan, which must be published by 31 May 2022. This will set out how we will achieve the first emissions budget, while also alleviating the impacts policies may have on employers and employees, regions, iwi and Māori, and wider communities. It is critical that New Zealanders have a say in how we move to a low-emissions and climate- resilient future. In the meantime, this document – the first part of our emissions reduction plan – sets out our long-term vision, as well as how sectors and systems across the economy will contribute to this vision. It also describes our national circumstances and sets the scene for the detailed policies and strategies that follow in May 2022. This is a critical step.', 'This is a critical step. It reiterates our commitment to a low-emissions, climate- resilient future for Aotearoa New Zealand and to playing our part in the fight to stop the climate crisis.', 'It reiterates our commitment to a low-emissions, climate- resilient future for Aotearoa New Zealand and to playing our part in the fight to stop the climate crisis. HON JAMES SHAW MINISTER OF CLIMATE CHANGE Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategyTransitioning to a low-emissions and climate- resilient futureGross emissions: 82.3 Mt CO2 -e Net emissions: 54.9 Mt CO2 -e Change since 1990: + 26% Local government Māori Central government Private sector Civil society Aotearoa New Zealand’s climate change mitigation strategy Emissions budgets and emissions reduction plans Our long-term emissions reduction strategy Empower New Zealanders Our current reality Vision: A productive, sustainable and inclusive economy Purpose: To contribute to the global eff ort to limit warming to 1.5˚C above pre-industrial levels 2046–50: Sixth emissions budget (set 2035) and emissions reduction plan (published 2044) 2041–45: Fifth emissions budget (set 2030) and emissions reduction plan (published 2039) 2036–40: Fourth emissions budget (set 2025) and emissions reduction plan (2034) 2031–35: Third emissions budget (set 2022) and emissions reduction plan (published 2029) 2026–30: Second emissions budget (set 2022) and emissions reduction plan (published 2024) 2022–25: First emissions budget (set 2022) and emissions reduction plan (published 2022) System settings Government accountability and coordination Funding and fi nance Emissions pricing Behaviour change Planning and infrastructure Research, science, technology and innovation Circular economy and bioeconomy Sector plans Transport Energy and industry Building and construction Waste and F-gases Agriculture Forestry and nature-based solutions International cooperation Equitable transition Māori Regional communities Skills and education Workers Population groups Targets: Net zero long-lived gases by 2050 and a 24–47% reduction in biogenic methane by 2050 Nationally Determined Contribution Nationally Determined Contribution Nationally Determined ContributionClimate change is the greatest challenge of our time.', 'HON JAMES SHAW MINISTER OF CLIMATE CHANGE Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategyTransitioning to a low-emissions and climate- resilient futureGross emissions: 82.3 Mt CO2 -e Net emissions: 54.9 Mt CO2 -e Change since 1990: + 26% Local government Māori Central government Private sector Civil society Aotearoa New Zealand’s climate change mitigation strategy Emissions budgets and emissions reduction plans Our long-term emissions reduction strategy Empower New Zealanders Our current reality Vision: A productive, sustainable and inclusive economy Purpose: To contribute to the global eff ort to limit warming to 1.5˚C above pre-industrial levels 2046–50: Sixth emissions budget (set 2035) and emissions reduction plan (published 2044) 2041–45: Fifth emissions budget (set 2030) and emissions reduction plan (published 2039) 2036–40: Fourth emissions budget (set 2025) and emissions reduction plan (2034) 2031–35: Third emissions budget (set 2022) and emissions reduction plan (published 2029) 2026–30: Second emissions budget (set 2022) and emissions reduction plan (published 2024) 2022–25: First emissions budget (set 2022) and emissions reduction plan (published 2022) System settings Government accountability and coordination Funding and fi nance Emissions pricing Behaviour change Planning and infrastructure Research, science, technology and innovation Circular economy and bioeconomy Sector plans Transport Energy and industry Building and construction Waste and F-gases Agriculture Forestry and nature-based solutions International cooperation Equitable transition Māori Regional communities Skills and education Workers Population groups Targets: Net zero long-lived gases by 2050 and a 24–47% reduction in biogenic methane by 2050 Nationally Determined Contribution Nationally Determined Contribution Nationally Determined ContributionClimate change is the greatest challenge of our time. The impacts are already being felt in Aotearoa New Zealand, in the Pacific and around the world.', 'The impacts are already being felt in Aotearoa New Zealand, in the Pacific and around the world. Avoiding worse effects means urgently reducing greenhouse gas emissions and limiting global average temperature rise to 1.5˚C above pre-industrial levels. We also need to adapt to the impacts that are already locked in. The future wellbeing, security and prosperity of New Zealanders depends on climate action. Aotearoa will play its part by contributing to the global fight against climate change, standing with the Pacific and building a low-emissions and climate-resilient future. Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategy 7Vision 2 Te Tiriti o Waitangi (the Treaty of Waitangi) is an agreement between the British Crown and around 540 Māori rangatira (chiefs), which was first signed on 6 February 1840.', 'Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategy 7Vision 2 Te Tiriti o Waitangi (the Treaty of Waitangi) is an agreement between the British Crown and around 540 Māori rangatira (chiefs), which was first signed on 6 February 1840. It is regarded as Aotearoa New Zealand’s founding document and has led to the development of principles that form the basis of Crown–Māori relationships today. These principles include partnership, active protection of Māori interests and participation. The vision for Aotearoa New Zealand is to build thriving, sustainable communities that are good for people and that function within the limits of our planet.', 'The vision for Aotearoa New Zealand is to build thriving, sustainable communities that are good for people and that function within the limits of our planet. We envisage a productive, sustainable and inclusive economy where: ► economic activity is nature-enhancing, carbon neutral, circular and climate resilient ► energy and transport systems are accessible, affordable and sustainable ► production systems are regenerative, providing a way for Aotearoa to innovate and invest to meet future challenges ► every household can meet its material needs, in turn reducing child poverty ► partners under Te Tiriti o Waitangi (Te Tiriti)2 work together to realise mutually beneficial economic opportunities and their obligations as kaitiaki (guardians). We have the chance to use the unique strengths of Aotearoa to turn global climate challenges into economic solutions. We can transform the economy to be more productive, innovative, circular and sustainable.', 'We can transform the economy to be more productive, innovative, circular and sustainable. Our aim is to be globally competitive in a net-zero emissions world and to create a better future for this generation and those to come. Achieving this future means: ► making significant and urgent cuts in our greenhouse gas emissions and expanding our carbon sinks, so that we achieve our 2050 targets and contribute to global efforts to limit warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels ► transitioning in a way that enhances New Zealanders’ wellbeing and creates jobs, new industries, sustainable business models, resilient communities and a healthy environment ► building people’s skills to drive and adapt to the transition ► partnering with Māori and honouring the Government’s obligations under Te Tiriti. The Government is putting in place an ambitious programme of investment in actions to accelerate our transition.', 'The Government is putting in place an ambitious programme of investment in actions to accelerate our transition. These will move Aotearoa away from fossil fuels; increase investment in energy efficiency, renewable energy and bioresources; and reduce agricultural emissions through emissions pricing and emerging technologies and practices. There is also scope for greater investment in forestry. This journey will be challenging. All New Zealanders must play their part and work together in innovative ways to reduce emissions and set the economy up for success in a low-emissions world. There are also significant co-benefits: new jobs, new markets and opportunities for Kiwi businesses, a more renewable energy system, a more sustainable agriculture sector, less air pollution, warmer and drier homes, improved public health, new technologies, protection of native species and ecosystems, cost savings for businesses, and overall resilience.', 'There are also significant co-benefits: new jobs, new markets and opportunities for Kiwi businesses, a more renewable energy system, a more sustainable agriculture sector, less air pollution, warmer and drier homes, improved public health, new technologies, protection of native species and ecosystems, cost savings for businesses, and overall resilience. Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategyPurpose Our main purpose is to urgently reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase carbon sinks, so that we meet our domestic emissions reduction targets. In doing so, we will also contribute to global efforts to limit temperature rise to 1.5°C. WHY WE NEED TO LIMIT TEMPERATURE RISE TO 1.5°C It is critical that the world limits warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. Any additional warming will increase the impacts of climate change.', 'Any additional warming will increase the impacts of climate change. Any warming over 1.5°C will increase the severity and frequency of extreme heat events, the intensity of rainfall and the risk of drought. As flooding, water scarcity and extreme weather events worsen, they will affect industries and the economy. Compared with 2°C, limiting warming to 1.5°C is projected to protect up to 10 million people from risks associated with sea-level rise. Limiting warming to 1.5°C could reduce the proportion of the world population exposed to water stress induced by climate change by up to 50 per cent.3 Limiting temperature rise to 1.5°C is expected to make it easier for ecosystems, food and health systems to adapt, and estimated costs of adaptation may be lower.', 'Limiting warming to 1.5°C could reduce the proportion of the world population exposed to water stress induced by climate change by up to 50 per cent.3 Limiting temperature rise to 1.5°C is expected to make it easier for ecosystems, food and health systems to adapt, and estimated costs of adaptation may be lower. Limiting warming means reducing anthropogenic (produced by humans) emissions of carbon dioxide ) to net zero. Under the 1.5°C limit, net-zero CO2 probably needs to be achieved by around 2050. Emissions of non-CO2 gases, like methane and nitrous oxide, also require deep reductions, though not necessarily to zero. Long-term, net negative emissions and additional reductions in non-CO2 emissions may be needed to prevent further temperature increases and minimise sea-level rise.', 'Long-term, net negative emissions and additional reductions in non-CO2 emissions may be needed to prevent further temperature increases and minimise sea-level rise. As part of its sixth assessment report, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change recently released a new report, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. This provides new estimates of the chances of crossing the global warming level of 1.5°C in the next decades. It finds that, unless there are immediate, rapid and large-scale reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, the 1.5°C and 2°C temperature goals in the Paris Agreement will be beyond reach.3 Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategy 9 3 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2021. Climate change 2021: The physical science basis.', 'Climate change 2021: The physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. 2021.Targets In 2019, Aotearoa legislated a series of emissions reduction targets for the first time. The Climate Change Response Act 2002 requires that all greenhouse gases, other than biogenic methane, reach net zero by 2050. Separate targets for biogenic methane emissions require a 10 per cent reduction by 2030 and a 24–47 per cent reduction by 2050 (compared with 2017 levels). This approach reflects the different warming effects that greenhouse gases have on the atmosphere. It also acknowledges the emissions profile of Aotearoa and will effectively drive change across the economy.', 'It also acknowledges the emissions profile of Aotearoa and will effectively drive change across the economy. BIOGENIC METHANE EMISSIONS IN AOTEAROA The high level of agricultural production in Aotearoa means we produce a lot of methane and nitrous oxide. These have a greater warming effect than carbon dioxide. Nearly half (48 per cent) of our gross emissions come from the agriculture sector. Most of these emissions are biogenic methane, with the sector contributing around 91 per cent of our total biogenic methane in 2019 (the remaining 9 per cent came from the waste sector). Typically, agriculture constitutes only a small proportion of gross emissions in other countries. Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategyEmissions budgets and emissions reduction plansEmissions budgets Emissions budgets set the pace of our transition.', 'Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategyEmissions budgets and emissions reduction plansEmissions budgets Emissions budgets set the pace of our transition. They specify the amount of greenhouse gas emissions that are permitted over a five-year period or, in the case of the first emissions budget, over four years. The emissions budgets act as interim targets that step towards the 2050 target. Emissions budgets focus on reducing emissions in Aotearoa. For this reason, they must be met – as far as possible – through domestic action to reduce emissions and increase removals, for example, through forestry. The use of offshore mitigation to achieve the emissions budgets is strictly limited. On 31 May 2021, the Climate Change Commission advised the Government on the first three emissions budgets (2022–2025, must set the first three emissions budgets by 31 May 2022.', 'On 31 May 2021, the Climate Change Commission advised the Government on the first three emissions budgets (2022–2025, must set the first three emissions budgets by 31 May 2022. Figure 1. Relationship between emissions budgets and Nationally Determined Contributions *The Government will make final decisions on the first three emission budgets by 31 May 2022 Projected greenhouse gas emissions (net) Year Net greenhouse gas emissions Emissions budget 1* Emissions budget 2* Emissions budget 3* Nationally Determined Contribution Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategyFigure 2. Pillars of the Paris Agreement and Zero Carbon Framework NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS Aotearoa is committed to the Paris Agreement and will set progressively ambitious Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). An NDC is a commitment to reduce global emissions over a given period.', 'An NDC is a commitment to reduce global emissions over a given period. Each NDC must represent our highest possible ambition for contributing to efforts to reduce global emissions. Aotearoa recently updated its NDC, committing to reduce net emissions to 50 per cent below gross 2005 levels by 2030. This corresponds to a 41 per cent reduction using a multi-year emissions budget starting from the 2020 emissions target. The update to the NDC followed advice from the Climate Change Commission in May 2021. Our NDC is our contribution to reducing global emissions, and this can be met through a combination of domestic emissions reductions, removals from forestry within Aotearoa, and international cooperation to access offshore mitigation with environmental integrity under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement.', 'Our NDC is our contribution to reducing global emissions, and this can be met through a combination of domestic emissions reductions, removals from forestry within Aotearoa, and international cooperation to access offshore mitigation with environmental integrity under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. In comparison, reducing domestic emissions and transitioning our economy are the focus of the domestic 2050 target, emissions budgets and emissions reduction plans. As noted above, these must be achieved by taking action at home. In using international cooperation (such as international carbon markets) to drive mitigation action offshore for the purposes of meeting our NDC, Aotearoa is committed to ensuring environmental integrity, robust accounting and transparency, and supporting sustainable development. See further details on our approach to carbon market cooperation.', 'See further details on our approach to carbon market cooperation. Paris Agreement An international agreement for the global response to climate change Zero Carbon Framework A domestic framework for reducing our emissions Goals: Hold global average temperature rise to 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursue eff orts to limit temperature rise to 1.5°C Net zero emissions in the second half of the century Increase resilience and make global fi nancial fl ows consistent with low-emissions and climate-resilient development Goals: Contribute to eff orts to limit global average temperature rise to 1.5°C Transiti on Aotearoa to a low-emissions and climate-resilient economy By 2050, long-lived greenhouse gases are net zero and biogenic methane emissions are 24–47% below 2017 levels, and 10% below by 2030 Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) towards the global eff ort Countries must communicate their contributi ons to the global response to climate change New Zealand’s fi rst NDC covers 2021–2030 Contributi ons can be achieved through both domesti c acti on (emissions reducti ons and removals) and internati onal cooperati on (off shore miti gati on) Emissions budgets focus on cutting domestic emissions Aim to meet our domesti c and internati onal commitments To be met through domesti c emissions reducti ons and removals; access to internati onal markets is strictly limited Domesti c abatement will count towards meeti ng our NDC Long-term low-emissions development strategy High-level nati onal strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to be communicated under the Paris Agreement Emissions reductions plans provide the detail Detailed policies and strategies that focus on the next 5–15 years The fi rst plan published at the end of 2021 with a new plan published every fi ve years from 2024 Supplements the long-term low-emissions development strategy Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategy 13Emissions reduction plans 4 These targets were informed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s special report on the impacts of global warming at 1.5°C.', 'Paris Agreement An international agreement for the global response to climate change Zero Carbon Framework A domestic framework for reducing our emissions Goals: Hold global average temperature rise to 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursue eff orts to limit temperature rise to 1.5°C Net zero emissions in the second half of the century Increase resilience and make global fi nancial fl ows consistent with low-emissions and climate-resilient development Goals: Contribute to eff orts to limit global average temperature rise to 1.5°C Transiti on Aotearoa to a low-emissions and climate-resilient economy By 2050, long-lived greenhouse gases are net zero and biogenic methane emissions are 24–47% below 2017 levels, and 10% below by 2030 Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) towards the global eff ort Countries must communicate their contributi ons to the global response to climate change New Zealand’s fi rst NDC covers 2021–2030 Contributi ons can be achieved through both domesti c acti on (emissions reducti ons and removals) and internati onal cooperati on (off shore miti gati on) Emissions budgets focus on cutting domestic emissions Aim to meet our domesti c and internati onal commitments To be met through domesti c emissions reducti ons and removals; access to internati onal markets is strictly limited Domesti c abatement will count towards meeti ng our NDC Long-term low-emissions development strategy High-level nati onal strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to be communicated under the Paris Agreement Emissions reductions plans provide the detail Detailed policies and strategies that focus on the next 5–15 years The fi rst plan published at the end of 2021 with a new plan published every fi ve years from 2024 Supplements the long-term low-emissions development strategy Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategy 13Emissions reduction plans 4 These targets were informed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s special report on the impacts of global warming at 1.5°C. Emissions reduction plans are one of the main requirements in the Zero Carbon Framework (figure 3).', 'Emissions reduction plans are one of the main requirements in the Zero Carbon Framework (figure 3). This was introduced through amendments to our primary piece of climate change legislation, the Climate Change Response Act 2002. Among other things, these amendments: ► referenced the 1.5°C temperature goal in our climate change legislation ► legislated domestic targets for 2050, which require biogenic methane emissions to reduce by 24–47 per cent and all other gases to reach net zero4 ► set up a framework of emissions budgets and emissions reduction plans to manage the transition between now and 2050. By 31 May 2022, the Government will publish: ► the first three budgets (2022–25, ► the first emissions reduction plan. Figure 3.', 'By 31 May 2022, the Government will publish: ► the first three budgets (2022–25, ► the first emissions reduction plan. Figure 3. Zero Carbon Framework Emissions reduction targets Long-lived greenhouse gas emissions are net zero Biogenic methane emissions are 24–47% below 2017 levels Emissions budgets Interim targets that step Emissions reduction plans The policies and strategies to achieve the emissions budgets Adaptation measures Strategies to help us understand and respond to climate change risks The Climate Change Commission provides independent, expert advice to the Government by: Reviewing New Zealand’s emissions targets every fi ve years or at the request of the Minister Recommending emissions budgets every fi ve years Advising on the policy directi on of the emissions reducti on plans Undertaking Nati onal Climate Change Risk Assessments, and reviewing and monitoring the Nati onal Adaptati on Plan Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategyThis document is Part I of the first emissions reduction plan 5 Paris Agreement, Article 4, paragraph 19.', 'Zero Carbon Framework Emissions reduction targets Long-lived greenhouse gas emissions are net zero Biogenic methane emissions are 24–47% below 2017 levels Emissions budgets Interim targets that step Emissions reduction plans The policies and strategies to achieve the emissions budgets Adaptation measures Strategies to help us understand and respond to climate change risks The Climate Change Commission provides independent, expert advice to the Government by: Reviewing New Zealand’s emissions targets every fi ve years or at the request of the Minister Recommending emissions budgets every fi ve years Advising on the policy directi on of the emissions reducti on plans Undertaking Nati onal Climate Change Risk Assessments, and reviewing and monitoring the Nati onal Adaptati on Plan Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategyThis document is Part I of the first emissions reduction plan 5 Paris Agreement, Article 4, paragraph 19. The emissions reduction plan will detail how Aotearoa will meet its first emissions budget, and put the country on a path to meet future emissions budgets and the 2050 target.', 'The emissions reduction plan will detail how Aotearoa will meet its first emissions budget, and put the country on a path to meet future emissions budgets and the 2050 target. The plan also serves as our long-term low- emissions development strategy for the purposes of the Paris Agreement,5 and will be published in two stages (figure 4). Part I is the first stage. This sets out the current reality in Aotearoa, how the emissions reduction plan fits into the country s wider climate response, and the long-term strategy for each sector and system covered by the plan. The second stage involves publishing the full emissions reduction plan in May 2022, following public consultation in October– November 2021 and final decisions.', 'The second stage involves publishing the full emissions reduction plan in May 2022, following public consultation in October– November 2021 and final decisions. This will include detailed policies and strategies for: ► making an equitable transition, including through a fair distribution of costs and benefits, strong partnerships, and ensuring iwi, Māori, businesses and communities have a leading role ► aligning system settings across sectors to enable a streamlined transition throughout the country ► reducing emissions in the key sectors of the economy, increasing removals in the first emissions budget period and setting us up for success in the long term. Figure 4.', 'This will include detailed policies and strategies for: ► making an equitable transition, including through a fair distribution of costs and benefits, strong partnerships, and ensuring iwi, Māori, businesses and communities have a leading role ► aligning system settings across sectors to enable a streamlined transition throughout the country ► reducing emissions in the key sectors of the economy, increasing removals in the first emissions budget period and setting us up for success in the long term. Figure 4. Development of the emissions reduction plan February– The Climate Change Commission consulted on recommendations for the first three emissions budgets and the direction of policy for the emissions reduction plan 31 May 2021 The Government received the Commission’s final advice August 2021 The Government made in-principle decisions on the levels of the first three emissions budgets October– Government consultation on new proposals for the first emissions reduction plan (The final plan may include other policies and strategies that are subject to separate consultation.)', 'Development of the emissions reduction plan February– The Climate Change Commission consulted on recommendations for the first three emissions budgets and the direction of policy for the emissions reduction plan 31 May 2021 The Government received the Commission’s final advice August 2021 The Government made in-principle decisions on the levels of the first three emissions budgets October– Government consultation on new proposals for the first emissions reduction plan (The final plan may include other policies and strategies that are subject to separate consultation.) November 2021 Publish the first part of the emissions reduction plan 31 May 2022 Publish the first three emissions budgets in the New Zealand Gazette.', 'November 2021 Publish the first part of the emissions reduction plan 31 May 2022 Publish the first three emissions budgets in the New Zealand Gazette. Publish the full emissions reduction plan Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategy 15Our current realityNational circumstances Aotearoa New Zealand and our place in the Pacific • Aotearoa lies in the South Pacific and is part of the Realm of New Zealand (along with the Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau and the Ross Dependency). • Tokelau is a territory of Aotearoa. Our ratification of the Paris Agreement was extended to Tokelau in 2017, and Tokelau’s emissions are included in the New Zealand Greenhouse Gas Inventory. Government • Aotearoa has an unwritten constitution and is a constitutional monarchy. Queen Elizabeth II is our Head of State.', 'Queen Elizabeth II is our Head of State. • Executive central government is formed from a democratically elected House of Representatives. • Parliament consists of the House of Representatives and the Sovereign. Its principal functions are to enact laws and hold the Government to account. • Local government has devolved responsibility for local planning and resource management. Te Tiriti o Waitangi • Māori are tangata whenua, the indigenous people of Aotearoa. • Te Tiriti o Waitangi (the Treaty of Waitangi) is our founding document and the source of principles that govern Crown–Māori relationships. • These principles include partnership, participation and the active protection of Māori knowledge, interests, values and other taonga. • The principles of Te Tiriti mean that partnership is a fundamental part of our transition to a low-emissions, climate-resilient economy.', '• The principles of Te Tiriti mean that partnership is a fundamental part of our transition to a low-emissions, climate-resilient economy. Geography • Aotearoa is long, narrow and mountainous, with a combined land area of around 27 million hectares and 17,200 kilometres of coastline. • We have one of the largest exclusive economic zones (EEZs) in the world. • Grassland for agriculture, natural forest and plantation forestry form our main land cover. • One-third of our land area (mainly natural forest) is protected for conservation purposes. Our population • Aotearoa has a population of 5.1 million people (March 2021). • Our population has increased from 3.5 million in 1991 and could reach 6 million by 2050. This is largely driven by net migration to Aotearoa.', 'This is largely driven by net migration to Aotearoa. • The population is widely distributed, which contributes to emissions due to the need for transport (dominated by private petrol and diesel vehicles).Economy • In the year ended March 2021, our nominal gross domestic product (GDP) was NZ$325 billion (US$226.9 billion). Since 1990, our average annual economic growth rate has been 2.6 per cent. • Our economy is based on services (about two-thirds of GDP) and the manufacturing and primary sectors. • The primary sector (agricultural, horticultural, forestry, mining and fishing industries) directly accounts for around 8 per cent of GDP and contributes just over half of total export earnings. It is also an important employer.', 'It is also an important employer. • Before the COVID-19 pandemic, international tourism was an important source of income, directly contributing 5.8 per cent of GDP in 2019. • Trade is critical. From 2008 to 2018, international trade made up 60 per cent of all economic activity. Emissions profile • Our emissions profile is shaped by the size of the land sector (agriculture and forestry) relative to the population. • Our largest sources and sinks of emissions are in the land sector: — in 2019, almost half of gross emissions were methane and nitrous oxide from livestock farming — in 2019, land use, land-use change and the forestry sector were responsible for net removals of 27.4 metric tonnes carbon dioxide equivalent (Mt CO2 -e) and offset 33 per cent of gross emissions.', '• Our largest sources and sinks of emissions are in the land sector: — in 2019, almost half of gross emissions were methane and nitrous oxide from livestock farming — in 2019, land use, land-use change and the forestry sector were responsible for net removals of 27.4 metric tonnes carbon dioxide equivalent (Mt CO2 -e) and offset 33 per cent of gross emissions. • Energy1 is the second largest source of emissions, contributing 42 per cent of gross emissions in 2019. Energy emissions are dominated by transport, manufacturing industries and the production of heat and electricity. 1 In the emissions reduction plan, transport emissions are separate from stationary energy and industrial process emissions.', '1 In the emissions reduction plan, transport emissions are separate from stationary energy and industrial process emissions. Emissions trends • In 2019, gross greenhouse gas emissions were -e and net emissions were 54.9 Mt CO2 -e. • Gross emissions have grown 26 per cent since 1990. • Energy and agriculture emissions have grown between 1990 and 2019. — Energy sector emissions have increased by 44.3 per cent, mainly due to increased use of fossil fuels in road transport, and in manufacturing and construction. — Agriculture sector emissions have increased by 17.1 per cent, mainly due to an 82 per cent rise in the size of the national dairy herd and a 662.7 per cent rise in the use of synthetic nitrogen fertiliser since 1990.', '— Agriculture sector emissions have increased by 17.1 per cent, mainly due to an 82 per cent rise in the size of the national dairy herd and a 662.7 per cent rise in the use of synthetic nitrogen fertiliser since 1990. This increase has been partially offset by a decrease in the populations of sheep, beef cattle and deer by 53.6 per cent, 15.3 per cent and 17.0 per cent respectively since 1990. The overall rise has also occurred despite successful efforts to reduce the emissions intensity of livestock on farms. • While emissions have grown since 1990, they have been largely unchanged since 2003. This shows that emissions efficiency has been increasing and we seek to accelerate this trend.', 'This shows that emissions efficiency has been increasing and we seek to accelerate this trend. Carbon dioxide (CO Nitrous oxide (N greenhouse Methane (CH Other energy 17% Industrial Processes and Product Use 6%Our climate change response Climate change is a global problem that requires a global solution. Aotearoa is committed to doing its part and strengthening that global response. We do this by taking action domestically, in our region and globally. We aim to: ► play our part in limiting global temperature rise to 1.5°C. We take on and meet ambitious emissions reduction targets that are grounded in science; take steps towards a low-emissions economy; contribute to an effective multilateral climate response; provide climate finance and support; and contribute to international efforts to reduce emissions ► adapt and build resilience to the adverse impacts of climate change.', 'We take on and meet ambitious emissions reduction targets that are grounded in science; take steps towards a low-emissions economy; contribute to an effective multilateral climate response; provide climate finance and support; and contribute to international efforts to reduce emissions ► adapt and build resilience to the adverse impacts of climate change. We work to understand and adapt to the climate risks facing Aotearoa; we support others, particularly Pacific Island countries – recognising that climate change is the single greatest threat to livelihoods, security and wellbeing in the Pacific region ► align financial flows and decision-making with the pathway towards low emissions and climate resilience. We do this through international climate finance, pricing emissions, removing environmentally harmful subsidies (and pushing for others to do the same) and requiring climate- related financial disclosures.', 'We do this through international climate finance, pricing emissions, removing environmentally harmful subsidies (and pushing for others to do the same) and requiring climate- related financial disclosures. The following three pages set out our climate change response and the role of the plan. Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategyAt home Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Our commitment to reduce global emissions between 2021 and 2030. Aotearoa recently updated its NDC to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions to 50 per cent below gross 2005 levels by 2030. This corresponds to a 41 per cent reduction using a multi-year emissions budget starting from our 2020 target. See New Zealand s NDC. Legislated domestic emissions reduction target Our commitment to reduce domestic emissions (within New Zealand).', 'Legislated domestic emissions reduction target Our commitment to reduce domestic emissions (within New Zealand). The 2050 targets are: reduce biogenic methane emissions by 10 per cent by 2030, and by 24–47 per cent by 2050 (relative to 2017 levels); reduce emissions of all other gases to net zero by 2050. Emissions budgets Interim targets that limit the amount of domestic emissions permitted over a five-year period. Emissions reduction plans Policies and strategies for meeting emissions budgets and managing the impacts of the transition. Emissions pricing Emissions are priced through the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme and the Synthetic Greenhouse Gas Levy. The He Waka Eke Noa – Primary Sector Climate Action Partnership is working to price agricultural emissions from 2025.', 'The He Waka Eke Noa – Primary Sector Climate Action Partnership is working to price agricultural emissions from 2025. Mitigation National climate change risk assessment A mandatory six-yearly assessment of the risks Aotearoa faces from climate change. It covers the natural environment, built environment, human, economic and governance domains. Read more. National adaptation plan Required every six years, this sets out what we must do to respond to the risks identified in the most recent national climate change risk assessment. Information and reporting The Minister of Climate Change or the Climate Change Commission may request certain organisations to provide information, including the risks faced and how they are managing these. Climate Change Adaptation Act We are developing legislation to address managed retreat and the funding and financing of adaptation. Read more.', 'Climate Change Adaptation Act We are developing legislation to address managed retreat and the funding and financing of adaptation. Read more. Adaptation Climate Change Response Act 2002 Our primary legal framework for climate action in Aotearoa, which includes: • the ‘Zero Carbon Framework’ to manage our transition to a low-emissions and climate- resilient future • independent expert advice and monitoring of progress (via the Climate Change Commission) • emissions pricing via the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme and Synthetic Greenhouse Gas Levy • international climate change obligations including the legal framework to collect information and report on our domestic greenhouse gas emissions. Data and evidence We regularly report on emissions and removals, including through the New Zealand Greenhouse Gas Inventory, environmental reporting, biennial reports and national communications.', 'Data and evidence We regularly report on emissions and removals, including through the New Zealand Greenhouse Gas Inventory, environmental reporting, biennial reports and national communications. Aligning financial flows with low emissions and climate resilience We are doing this by pricing emissions, removing environmentally harmful subsidies, requiring climate-related financial disclosures, funding low-emissions alternatives and research and development, and through our sovereign wealth fund practices. Enablers Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategy 21In the Pacific Ambition We recognise the importance for the region of limiting temperature rise to 1.5°C. We have placed this at the heart of our climate change response, and we are working to influence others to align their actions with 1.5°C. Sea-level rise and maritime zones This year, Pacific Islands Forum leaders issued the Declaration on Preserving Maritime Zones in the Face of Climate Change-Related Sea-Level-Rise.', 'Sea-level rise and maritime zones This year, Pacific Islands Forum leaders issued the Declaration on Preserving Maritime Zones in the Face of Climate Change-Related Sea-Level-Rise. This landmark declaration sets out our collective intention to maintain our maritime zones in the face of sea- level rise. It continues the region’s proud record of leadership on oceans issues, while upholding the integrity of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Regional action Aotearoa and other Pacific Islands Forum members have affirmed that “climate change is the single greatest threat to the livelihoods, security and wellbeing of the peoples of the Pacific” in the Boe Declaration and the Kainaki II Declaration. We will continue to pursue bold and innovative regional solutions to climate change.', 'We will continue to pursue bold and innovative regional solutions to climate change. Amplifying Pacific voices As a Pacific country, Aotearoa will continue to support and amplify the voice of Pacific Island countries in global climate change processes. Standing with the Pacific Aotearoa has increased its international climate finance commitment to $1.3 billion for 2022–2025. At least 50 per cent of this finance will be delivered in the Pacific. This is a considerable change in scale in our climate finance commitments, and underlines the importance we are placing on global efforts for climate change action. Partner-led approach Our approach to climate-related support is based on partner countries national plans and identified needs. We support capacity building targeted to activities, such as agriculture development, renewable electricity generation and building resilience to disaster risk.', 'We support capacity building targeted to activities, such as agriculture development, renewable electricity generation and building resilience to disaster risk. Support for adaptation A major focus is support for adaptation in the Pacific. Of our overall climate finance, at least 50 per cent will be used for adaptation although in the Pacific this proportion will likely be much higher given the priority the Pacific places on adaptation and resilience. This support helps developing countries take practical action, including improving water and food security, protecting the oceans, strengthening ecosystems and improving access to climate science to support decision making. Climate-related support Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategyIn the world Paris Agreement Aotearoa is committed to the global implementation of the Paris Agreement, and effective and ambitious global action.', 'Climate-related support Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategyIn the world Paris Agreement Aotearoa is committed to the global implementation of the Paris Agreement, and effective and ambitious global action. We champion environmental integrity and ambition in the rules for implementing the agreement, and the mechanisms that will allow scrutiny and give confidence in Parties’ actions. Read more. Maritime and aviation emissions We are pushing for action to align international maritime and aviation emissions with limiting temperature rise to 1.5°C. This includes taking part in the International Maritime Organization and International Civil Aviation Organization negotiations on reducing greenhouse gas emissions from these sectors. Multilateral response Developing solutions and sharing best practice We champion international research on measuring and reducing agricultural emissions, by jointly establishing the Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases.', 'Multilateral response Developing solutions and sharing best practice We champion international research on measuring and reducing agricultural emissions, by jointly establishing the Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases. Innovative approaches We co-launched the Agreement on Climate Change, Trade and Sustainability. This brings together some of the inter-related elements of the climate change, trade and sustainable development agendas. International carbon markets We advocate for international carbon markets with high environmental integrity via plurilateral processes (eg, the Ministerial Declaration on Carbon Markets and Asia–Pacific Carbon Markets Roundtable) and working bilaterally (eg, the Florence Process, International Carbon Action Partnership). Trade for All Trade for All will help ensure that our trade policy delivers for all New Zealanders and contributes to addressing issues such as climate change.', 'Trade for All Trade for All will help ensure that our trade policy delivers for all New Zealanders and contributes to addressing issues such as climate change. Climate-related support A significant amount of our $1.3 billion climate finance commitment will be spent outside the Pacific and include support for mitigation and adaptation initiatives. Fossil fuel subsidy reform We are a leading advocate for the reform of environmentally harmful subsidies such as for fossil fuel. We progress this through an informal “Friends” group and the World Trade Organization (WTO), Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).', 'We progress this through an informal “Friends” group and the World Trade Organization (WTO), Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Advocacy and support Cooperation Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategy 23Empower New Zealanders The success of our transition relies on many groups taking leading roles, including central and local government, iwi and Māori, local government, the private sector and civil society.Māori Māori have an important leadership role in the transition to a low-emissions and climate- resilient future. Māori are tangata whenua (the people of the land) and the partner of local and central government.', 'Māori are tangata whenua (the people of the land) and the partner of local and central government. Te Tiriti obliges the Government and Māori to make decisions together about our pathway in a way that balances kāwanatanga (the right for the Government to govern) with rangatiratanga (the right for Māori to make decisions for Māori). Māori have diverse perspectives as whānau, hapū and iwi, land owners, workers, educators and community members. Māori businesses and investors are also significant contributors to the economy. Climate change – and our transition – will have different and intersecting impacts for these groups. A number of iwi, hapū and Māori organisations are building resilience and reducing emissions, and the importance of this leadership will only increase. We must all support these efforts and work with Māori to achieve a fair and inclusive transition.', 'We must all support these efforts and work with Māori to achieve a fair and inclusive transition. Māori have been at the forefront of the call for sustainable management and care for the natural world, as expressed in the ethic of kaitiakitanga (guardianship). It is important to recognise the value of te ao Māori (the Māori world view) and mātauranga Māori (traditional knowledge) to the climate change response. Te ao Māori focuses on maintaining the balance between the physical and spiritual worlds. It recognises anthropogenic global warming and biodiversity loss as reflecting practices that are incorrect, irrational and unsustainable. Te ao Māori and our obligation under Te Tiriti to protect Māori culture and people underscore the urgent need to make changes.', 'Te ao Māori and our obligation under Te Tiriti to protect Māori culture and people underscore the urgent need to make changes. Central government The Government must coordinate efforts to address climate change by factoring it into decision-making and leading by example. A number of governance arrangements and tools already support this shift. GOVERNANCE The transition requires shifts across the economy and actions that span several ministerial portfolios. For greater coordination, the Climate Response Ministerial Group was established in 2020. It is chaired by the Prime Minister and made up of Ministers who hold portfolios relevant to climate change. The Climate Response Ministerial Group meets regularly to discuss the climate change work programme and give direction on key areas, including reducing emissions and adapting to climate change.', 'The Climate Response Ministerial Group meets regularly to discuss the climate change work programme and give direction on key areas, including reducing emissions and adapting to climate change. ADMINISTERING CLIMATE POLICY The Ministry for the Environment is the Government’s primary advisor on climate change, the environment and international matters affecting the environment. It also administers the Climate Change Response Act 2002. Although the Ministry for the Environment leads climate change policy, the response to climate change involves efforts across Aotearoa. Other government agencies contribute policy over a range of sectors, and other actors in the economy implement policy. Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategy 25Since 2019, the Government has driven a whole-of-economy climate change work programme through the Climate Change Chief Executives Board.', 'Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategy 25Since 2019, the Government has driven a whole-of-economy climate change work programme through the Climate Change Chief Executives Board. This brings together chief executives from the Ministry for the Environment, the Treasury, the Ministry of Transport, the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, the Ministry for Primary Industries, the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. INFORMING POLICY DECISIONS Since 1 November 2019, government agencies have been required to undertake (and report on) a greenhouse gas emissions analysis for all policy proposals that go to Cabinet and meet certain criteria. This analysis, called a ‘Climate Implications of Policy Assessment’, must include an estimate of the emissions impacts for Aotearoa if the proposal is brought in.', 'This analysis, called a ‘Climate Implications of Policy Assessment’, must include an estimate of the emissions impacts for Aotearoa if the proposal is brought in. These assessments inform Cabinet’s policy decisions and align them with the emissions reduction targets included in the Climate Change Response Act 2002. LEADING BY EXAMPLE In 2020, the Carbon Neutral Government Programme (CNGP) was set up to accelerate the reduction of emissions in the public sector. The Government will join businesses and communities that are leading the way. The aim is to make a number of public organisations carbon neutral from 2025. CNGP participants should: ► measure, verify and report on their emissions annually ► set gross emissions reduction targets and longer-term reduction plans ► introduce a plan to reduce their organisation’s emissions ► offset remaining gross emissions from 2025.', 'CNGP participants should: ► measure, verify and report on their emissions annually ► set gross emissions reduction targets and longer-term reduction plans ► introduce a plan to reduce their organisation’s emissions ► offset remaining gross emissions from 2025. Local government Local authorities (city, regional, district and unitary councils) are at the forefront of dealing with the impacts of climate change. Local authorities have a decision-making role in the use and management of our natural resources, exercised through planning and permits. For most people, local authorities are the main government interface. They have an important role in providing public education and building support for climate change policy. A number of councils are already addressing the impacts of climate change and the need to reduce emissions. Some are working together on initiatives to support the transition.', 'Some are working together on initiatives to support the transition. These initiatives include strategic planning, providing infrastructure and services, and managing growth. Regional councils are increasingly providing climate data and models that show climate change impacts at a local level. The Government is working to ensure that national policies are in place to help guide local government action. Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategyPrivate sector There is significant support from the private sector for the shift to a low-emissions economy. Organisations are increasingly taking meaningful action to reduce their emissions. Organisations such as the Climate Leaders Coalition and Sustainable Business Council are also making strides. The Climate Leaders Coalition is a CEO-led organisation launched in July 2018 with 60 signatories. It promotes business leadership and collective action on climate change.', 'It promotes business leadership and collective action on climate change. Now with over 100 signatories, it accounts for almost 60 per cent of our gross emissions and around 38 per cent of GDP, and employs over 200,000 people. Signatories commit to measuring and publicly reporting their emissions, setting a public emissions reduction target, in line with the temperature goals of the Paris Agreement, disclosing climate risk and working with their employees and suppliers to reduce emissions. The Sustainable Business Council is a membership organisation with over 115 businesses from all sectors, ambitious for a sustainable Aotearoa. Members represent more than $111 billion of collective turnover, 34 per cent of GDP and nearly 180,000 full- time jobs. The network gives members the ability to take large-scale collective action.', 'The network gives members the ability to take large-scale collective action. The Sustainable Business Council is part of the BusinessNZ network and is the National Global Network partner to the World Business Council for Sustainable Development. Civil society Individuals and non-governmental organisations will continue to play an important role in the transition. It is vital that we provide ongoing, meaningful opportunities for members of the public to have their say. Consultation on proposals for the emissions reduction plan between 13 October and 24 November 2021 will also inform final government decisions on emissions budgets. The Government will continue to consult on new policies and measures that seek to reduce emissions and increase our carbon sinks. Non-governmental organisations will also have a role in raising awareness of climate change, mobilising action and holding the Government to account for progress.', 'Non-governmental organisations will also have a role in raising awareness of climate change, mobilising action and holding the Government to account for progress. One notable example is Generation Zero, a youth- led organisation that was instrumental in delivering the Climate Change Response (Zero Carbon) Amendment Act 2019. Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategy 27Our long-term emissions reduction strategy The emissions reduction plan is a roadmap for meeting the first emissions budget (2022–2025), staying on track to meet our next emissions budgets and reaching the 2050 target. The next sections contextualise the detailed policies and strategies that will follow in mid-2022 and provide the long-term strategic direction for the systems and sectors included in the final emissions reduction plan.System settings To foster low-emissions development and avoid locking in high-emissions pathways, we must align system settings across all sectors.', 'The next sections contextualise the detailed policies and strategies that will follow in mid-2022 and provide the long-term strategic direction for the systems and sectors included in the final emissions reduction plan.System settings To foster low-emissions development and avoid locking in high-emissions pathways, we must align system settings across all sectors. This will help to bring about the economy-wide transformation we need over time.CONTRIBUTION TO OUR LONG-TERM VISION Keep government institutions fit for purpose, moving the country to a low-emissions economy and leading by example. State of play The Government must address climate change when making decisions, lead by example and be accountable for meeting the budgets and wider reduction targets. What we are doing now A number of measures already provide greater accountability and coordination across the Government.', 'What we are doing now A number of measures already provide greater accountability and coordination across the Government. For example, we have: ► made climate change a government priority and established the Climate Response Ministerial Group, chaired by the Prime Minister and supported by the Climate Change Chief Executives Board ► aligned the Government procurement system with low emissions and invested heavily in state sector decarbonisation ► established the CNGP, which aims to make a number of public organisations carbon neutral from 2025. Long-term strategy We will: ► make government institutions and processes fit to respond to climate change challenges, through stronger accountability and better public monitoring and reporting on progress ► continue to strengthen the regulations, to align all policies, investments and strategic direction with a low-emissions future ► provide funding and resources for climate action, and promote greater private sector investment in the transition.', 'Long-term strategy We will: ► make government institutions and processes fit to respond to climate change challenges, through stronger accountability and better public monitoring and reporting on progress ► continue to strengthen the regulations, to align all policies, investments and strategic direction with a low-emissions future ► provide funding and resources for climate action, and promote greater private sector investment in the transition. Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategy 31 Government accountability and coordinationCONTRIBUTION TO OUR LONG-TERM VISION Public and private funding and finance help to drive the transition to a sustainable, low-emissions, climate-resilient future. State of play Finance is an important catalyst for lowering emissions and increasing climate resilience. It can reduce emissions directly, as well as support others to invest in and undertake low-emission activities.', 'It can reduce emissions directly, as well as support others to invest in and undertake low-emission activities. There is no single ‘right’ way to direct the flow of finance towards climate goals; rather we must consider a portfolio of options to achieve the outcomes we seek. For an overview of current government work (at mid-2021), within the context of broader international trends, see International Developments in Sustainability Reporting.6 6 Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment. 2021. International developments in sustainability reporting. Wellington: Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment.', 'Wellington: Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment. What we are doing now Aligning public finance The Government is considering how the public finance system can better support climate objectives, including ways to: ► prioritise spending for positive climate action through the annual government Budget process ► assess and report on what gets funded through public spending, including how well this aligns with our climate objectives ► coordinate and encourage private sector investment in climate-positive initiatives ► effectively co-invest with the private sector to accelerate climate-positive investment ► recycle proceeds from the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme into climate spending. Initial work in these areas will inform the next Government Budget.', 'Initial work in these areas will inform the next Government Budget. It will build on a number of existing government funds and programmes that support low-emissions activities, such as the Government Investment in Decarbonising Industry Fund, the Low Emission Transport Fund and the technology demonstration funding programme. Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategy Funding and financeGovernment agencies are also looking at novel ways to boost public investment in low- emissions activities. For example, Kāinga Ora (the agency that delivers the Government’s priorities for housing and urban development) launched its Sustainability Financing Framework in 2020, to support investment in green buildings. Mobilising private finance The investment needs of a climate change response cannot be met by public finance alone. There are significant opportunities for private investors in expanding green finance markets.', 'There are significant opportunities for private investors in expanding green finance markets. In fact, the private sector is already taking these opportunities, for example, through the recently launched Sustainable Finance Centre. Over the past three years, the Government has taken steps to support the private sector to undertake climate-aligned investment. For example, it has: ► established New Zealand Green Investment Finance Limited (NZGIF) in 2018, to direct private sector capital into investments that reduce emissions. The latest Government Budget provided an additional $300 million for NZGIF to invest in decarbonising public transport, waste and plastics ► banned default KiwiSaver7 funds from investing in fossil fuels 7 KiwiSaver is a voluntary government savings scheme to help New Zealanders save for their retirement.', 'The latest Government Budget provided an additional $300 million for NZGIF to invest in decarbonising public transport, waste and plastics ► banned default KiwiSaver7 funds from investing in fossil fuels 7 KiwiSaver is a voluntary government savings scheme to help New Zealanders save for their retirement. 8 In 2020, a new $200 million strategic partnership fund was established to accelerate the development of local plans by regional economic development agencies while continuing to roll out individually funded Provincial Growth Fund projects over the next parliamentary term. This is administered by the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment’s Kānoa – Regional Economic Development and Investment Unit (REDIU). ► introduced mandatory climate-related disclosures in 2021 to help investors better understand climate-change-related risks and opportunities, and support investor activity.', '► introduced mandatory climate-related disclosures in 2021 to help investors better understand climate-change-related risks and opportunities, and support investor activity. The Financial Markets Markets Authority (the agency responsible for financial regulation) also published its disclosure framework for integrated financial products in late 2020, to support the growing market for environmental, social and governance funds ► mobilised private finance to help regional economies become more productive, resilient, inclusive, sustainable and Māori- enabling. This has been done through the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment’s $200 million Regional Strategic Partnership Fund.8 Long-term strategy Given the breadth, scale and duration of the transition to a low-emissions economy, we will: ► ensure adequate, durable and certain public funding for climate action ► thoroughly consider climate change at every stage of decision-making for the use of public funds ► support climate-positive private investment through co-funding, overcoming information barriers and regulating where necessary.', 'This has been done through the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment’s $200 million Regional Strategic Partnership Fund.8 Long-term strategy Given the breadth, scale and duration of the transition to a low-emissions economy, we will: ► ensure adequate, durable and certain public funding for climate action ► thoroughly consider climate change at every stage of decision-making for the use of public funds ► support climate-positive private investment through co-funding, overcoming information barriers and regulating where necessary. Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategy 33CONTRIBUTION TO OUR LONG-TERM VISION Emissions and removals are priced using appropriate mechanisms. These play a key role in aligning emissions and financial flows with domestic and international targets. By 2050, the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme cap will be at net zero. Only unavoidable emissions will be offset via removals or offshore mitigation.', 'Only unavoidable emissions will be offset via removals or offshore mitigation. State of play The New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme (NZ ETS) plays an important role in driving emissions reductions. Recent amendments ensure it continues to help us meet our domestic and international targets. The NZ ETS has the world’s broadest sector coverage. Gross emissions from all sectors, except agriculture, are priced via the NZ ETS and the Synthetic Greenhouse Gas Levy. Eligible foresters can also choose to join the NZ ETS and take responsibility for emissions and removals from their forests. The He Waka Eke Noa partnership (see page 56) is developing a suitable mechanism to price agricultural emissions by 2025.', 'The He Waka Eke Noa partnership (see page 56) is developing a suitable mechanism to price agricultural emissions by 2025. Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategy Emissions pricingKey challenges The Government sets and reduces the number of units supplied into the NZ ETS over time (not including units provided for removals). This is done through a ‘cap’ set on a rolling five-year basis. Cap settings and auction price controls will be aligned with our targets. Decisions on the emissions reduction plan, and the plan for achieving the NDC will determine these NZ ETS settings. Challenges include managing the settings to account for non-price policies and measures; and coordinating the settings with those for agricultural pricing, to ensure Aotearoa meets its domestic targets.', 'Challenges include managing the settings to account for non-price policies and measures; and coordinating the settings with those for agricultural pricing, to ensure Aotearoa meets its domestic targets. The significant stockpile of units held by private participants puts pressure on the NZ ETS. This is being managed over time by ‘stockpile adjustments’, which decrease the number of units that will be auctioned into the scheme. The risk of emissions leakage remains a concern.9 The current practice of free allocation to emissions-intensive and trade-exposed firms is targeted, and we are phasing out allocation rates. However, there is tension between the purpose of allocation (reducing the risk of emissions leakage) and the purpose of the NZ ETS (reducing emissions). A review of industrial allocation policy is underway.', 'A review of industrial allocation policy is underway. 9 Emissions leakage describes situations where emissions pricing drives production and associated emissions overseas, leading to an increase in global emissions. Long-term strategy We will: ► apply economy-wide emissions pricing through the NZ ETS and an appropriate pricing mechanism for agricultural emissions ► align pricing with the targets and ensure they work with non-pricing policies. The NZ ETS cap, auction price settings and any potential links to international carbon markets will need to be aligned with plans for achieving targets and the NDC.', 'The NZ ETS cap, auction price settings and any potential links to international carbon markets will need to be aligned with plans for achieving targets and the NDC. This will be informed by independent advice from the Climate Change Commission ► strengthen NZ ETS market governance to keep it fit for purpose and discourage market misconduct as the market evolves ► ensure NZ ETS settings are appropriately adjusted as necessary if offshore mitigation is needed to meet the NDC (eg, via the quantitative limit on the use of approved offshore mitigation) ► develop procedures for approving the use of any offshore mitigation within the NZ ETS and ensure compatibility with Paris Agreement requirements.', 'This will be informed by independent advice from the Climate Change Commission ► strengthen NZ ETS market governance to keep it fit for purpose and discourage market misconduct as the market evolves ► ensure NZ ETS settings are appropriately adjusted as necessary if offshore mitigation is needed to meet the NDC (eg, via the quantitative limit on the use of approved offshore mitigation) ► develop procedures for approving the use of any offshore mitigation within the NZ ETS and ensure compatibility with Paris Agreement requirements. Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategy 35CONTRIBUTION TO OUR LONG-TERM VISION Strategic planning, investing in infrastructure, and managing land and resources help us meet our targets, build climate resilience and improve people’s wellbeing. State of play The planning system and infrastructure are not geared towards driving down greenhouse gas emissions.', 'State of play The planning system and infrastructure are not geared towards driving down greenhouse gas emissions. We are in the process of reforming the resource management and planning system. Key challenges Urban development decisions have not prioritised reducing emissions. Recent progress has been made in promoting well- serviced, medium and high-density, mixed-use development. However, these projects remain largely constrained by barriers such as zoning rules, a multi-decade infrastructure deficit and difficulties in coordinating land-use planning with infrastructure investment. Despite significant demand for housing close to urban centres, the barriers have historically led to low-density and often car- dependent greenfield development in outer suburbs, resulting in poorly functioning urban form. This pattern has significantly increased transport emissions and household costs for land, transport and energy; and reduced housing variety and choice. It has also increased embodied and other emissions from construction.', 'It has also increased embodied and other emissions from construction. Competing land use is putting pressure on the environment and economy. Environmental monitoring and reporting highlight the loss of productive land to urban sprawl. There are also mounting environmental pressures from rural and productive land use, such as the impact of farming on freshwater and soil health. There is an urgent need for more housing. The planning system can facilitate where and how we grow towns and cities, and promote low- emissions buildings, transport and urban form. The current system has been piecemeal, with a narrow focus with respect to mitigation. Until recently, it did not nationally address changes to planning laws and development of national direction on industrial greenhouse gas emissions.', 'Until recently, it did not nationally address changes to planning laws and development of national direction on industrial greenhouse gas emissions. There are tensions between environmental values, such as biodiversity and freshwater, and low-emissions activities (eg, renewable electricity generation). Not enough focus has been placed on integrating goals for multiple benefits. Larger councils have taken local action, but this should fit more closely with the actions of other councils and the Government. The planning system has not encouraged the private sector to cut emissions and there are still barriers that affect the ability of planning and infrastructure to support the transition. We need to remove these barriers and boost incentives for low-emissions buildings and medium and high densities in mixed-use neighbourhoods close to centres or rapid transit.', 'We need to remove these barriers and boost incentives for low-emissions buildings and medium and high densities in mixed-use neighbourhoods close to centres or rapid transit. Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategy Planning and infrastructureWhat we are doing now For the past 30 years, the Resource Management Act 1991 has largely governed the way we manage the environment. Reforms are underway and provide an opportunity to integrate emissions reduction into land-use planning and investment.', 'Reforms are underway and provide an opportunity to integrate emissions reduction into land-use planning and investment. Other initiatives include: ► national direction10 for urban development ► national direction on industrial emissions ► urban design schemes for safe, accessible, liveable neighbourhoods at a small scale ► partnerships between the Government, local government, iwi and hapū to produce long-term spatial plans for high-growth regions, with well-planned intensification and public transport-oriented projects ► Kāinga Ora: a large-scale urban regeneration programme, building energy- efficient, low-emissions buildings in neighbourhoods with sustainable transport. This is aided by the Housing Acceleration Fund for infrastructure and by work to apply a climate lens to urban planning. 10 Local authorities largely implement the Resource Management Act 1991. The Government can support implementation on national, regional or local issues using tools we call national direction.', 'The Government can support implementation on national, regional or local issues using tools we call national direction. These support local planning and can take the form of national policy statements, national environmental standards, national planning standards and regulations. We have a national policy statement on urban development that supports well-functioning urban environments and includes objectives for climate mitigation and adaptation. Long-term strategy We will: ► integrate climate objectives into the reformed planning legislation with the necessary levers to drive down emissions.', 'Long-term strategy We will: ► integrate climate objectives into the reformed planning legislation with the necessary levers to drive down emissions. We will increase infrastructure funding for this ► partner with Māori so that planning reforms reflect the relationship of iwi and hapū to the environment, as well as their rights and interests ► support local government climate action and develop frameworks for funding and financing ► remove barriers and encourage low- emissions urban development; this includes reducing embodied and operational and enabled use emissions, and optimising infrastructure types and locations to reduce emissions ► develop tools and gather data and evidence so that urban centres can plan for growth and infrastructure ► drive behaviour change through better public education and increased awareness ► work with the private sector to remove barriers to reducing emissions.', 'We will increase infrastructure funding for this ► partner with Māori so that planning reforms reflect the relationship of iwi and hapū to the environment, as well as their rights and interests ► support local government climate action and develop frameworks for funding and financing ► remove barriers and encourage low- emissions urban development; this includes reducing embodied and operational and enabled use emissions, and optimising infrastructure types and locations to reduce emissions ► develop tools and gather data and evidence so that urban centres can plan for growth and infrastructure ► drive behaviour change through better public education and increased awareness ► work with the private sector to remove barriers to reducing emissions. Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategy 37CONTRIBUTION TO OUR LONG-TERM VISION Research, science and innovation (RSI) provides the knowledge and insights to transform Aotearoa into a low-emissions economy that achieves economic prosperity and improved wellbeing for all.', 'Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategy 37CONTRIBUTION TO OUR LONG-TERM VISION Research, science and innovation (RSI) provides the knowledge and insights to transform Aotearoa into a low-emissions economy that achieves economic prosperity and improved wellbeing for all. Good access to new knowledge, technologies and processes can inform decisions and help communities, iwi, government and businesses remain resilient in a changing climate. RSI drives the development and deployment of innovative low- emissions solutions into existing industries and sectors, accelerating our economic transition. RSI enables the growth of new sectors, market opportunities and high-value jobs, which in turn leads to transformation and an equitable transition. State of play RSI provides new knowledge and technologies that mitigate the risks and realise the opportunities from reducing emissions.', 'State of play RSI provides new knowledge and technologies that mitigate the risks and realise the opportunities from reducing emissions. It partners with the private sector to enable mitigation and adaptation, which is an essential activity in transforming Aotearoa to a prosperous low-emissions future at pace. This, in conjunction with forming strategic partnerships with sectors and international organisations, can accelerate the path towards a higher-value economy delivering a healthy environment and wellbeing for all New Zealanders. The Government invests across the system, from frontier research to business support for innovative firms bringing new solutions to market. This includes enabling Aotearoa to be an active participant globally in the development and adoption of transformative knowledge and technology. However, a lack of coordination and connectedness within the RSI system can be a barrier to fully realising this transformation.', 'However, a lack of coordination and connectedness within the RSI system can be a barrier to fully realising this transformation. Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategy Research, science, technology and innovationThe RSI system structurally supports decarbonisation on three fronts. ► Developing the knowledge needed for informed decision-making: A growing knowledge base helps the Government, iwi, communities and businesses to do things better and make informed decisions. Mātauranga Māori enhances our ability to frame problems and develop solutions, while international partnerships expand our capability frontier. ► Using innovation to overcome barriers to sector decarbonisation by partnering with sectors and providing support to accelerate innovation: Novel methods can solve the challenges in reducing emissions in domestic sectors. RSI can help through the exploration, piloting and translation of international technologies and practices.', 'RSI can help through the exploration, piloting and translation of international technologies and practices. ► Maximising our impact in the global green economy: Cutting-edge science expertise and innovators give Aotearoa an advantage in designing new, low-emissions technology, building frontier firms and creating new sectors. As well as providing an economic growth opportunity, exporting domestic innovation means we can have a global impact on emissions reduction. New opportunities will create jobs that underpin a just transition. At 1.4 per cent of GDP, current investment in RSI is insufficient to transform Aotearoa into a high-value economy that achieves net-zero emissions by 2050 and improves wellbeing. An ongoing programme of sustained investment in areas with the potential to create competitive advantage in the global green economy is needed to achieve the economic transformation required and create a just transition for all.', 'An ongoing programme of sustained investment in areas with the potential to create competitive advantage in the global green economy is needed to achieve the economic transformation required and create a just transition for all. What we are doing now The Government is committed to increasing expenditure to stimulate research and development activity and developing a more connected and coordinated RSI system. This would enhance the existing activity that the RSI system contributes to emissions reduction efforts. Existing initiatives include: ► science funding mechanisms that enable scientists to deliver an increasing volume of public good science that directly addresses our country’s challenges.', 'Existing initiatives include: ► science funding mechanisms that enable scientists to deliver an increasing volume of public good science that directly addresses our country’s challenges. The Government has increased the climate signals in our flagship funds (eg, Endeavour) to encourage this growth ► contributing to an international understanding of the impacts of climate change, for example, through the Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases ► supporting fundamental advances in the technology required to transition our emitting sectors (eg, hydrogen catalysis supported by the Advanced Energy Technology Platform) ► supporting the development and application of mātauranga Māori in the science system, including through the Vision Mātauranga Capability Fund Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategy 39► supporting innovative firms with a range of grants and tax incentives to take advantage of the global demand for green innovation.', 'The Government has increased the climate signals in our flagship funds (eg, Endeavour) to encourage this growth ► contributing to an international understanding of the impacts of climate change, for example, through the Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases ► supporting fundamental advances in the technology required to transition our emitting sectors (eg, hydrogen catalysis supported by the Advanced Energy Technology Platform) ► supporting the development and application of mātauranga Māori in the science system, including through the Vision Mātauranga Capability Fund Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategy 39► supporting innovative firms with a range of grants and tax incentives to take advantage of the global demand for green innovation. These firms include Mint Innovation, which uses biorefining technology to extract precious metals from e-waste, and ZeroJet, which makes electric jet propulsion systems for small boats.', 'These firms include Mint Innovation, which uses biorefining technology to extract precious metals from e-waste, and ZeroJet, which makes electric jet propulsion systems for small boats. The RSI system supports sectors and communities through: ► developing strategic partnerships for impact. Partnering with iwi, regulators, sector policy leads, international research organisations and frontier firms to ensure research and innovation has impact. One existing programme is the Innovative Partnerships Programme, which attracts frontier firms to conduct research and development, invest and build a sustained presence in Aotearoa and ensure the country is an attractive testbed for new technology ► deploying tools to support knowledge development, transitioning sectors and the unlocking of opportunities. This involves funding and co-investing in initiatives and infrastructure that play a fundamental role in our response to climate change.', 'This involves funding and co-investing in initiatives and infrastructure that play a fundamental role in our response to climate change. The RSI system also plays an important role in the talent pipeline for sectors, in the form of both an international talent attraction strategy and domestic talent development ► supporting the development, assessment and deployment of technology. Technology will help sectors to reduce their emissions and underpin many of the new opportunities associated with a low-emissions economy. This support involves initiatives to pilot emerging technologies and de-risk its adoption by providing confidence in the effectiveness of novel low-emissions technologies. This support ensures that Aotearoa is an active participant in the global market for technology, as both a developer and a procurer.', 'This support ensures that Aotearoa is an active participant in the global market for technology, as both a developer and a procurer. A notable example is the Government’s current investment to encourage low-emissions energy innovation and technology including the development of green hydrogen and sustainable aviation fuels. Key challenges Strategic investment required to enable the transformation of our economy The transformation to a prosperous low- emissions future requires a step change in investment. This will involve the creation of new industries and radical changes to existing industries. It will also require the creation of jobs that support a just transition to a low-emissions future. Wider transformation of the economy will require a deeper evaluation of investments in science and innovation, and expanding into new frontiers.', 'Wider transformation of the economy will require a deeper evaluation of investments in science and innovation, and expanding into new frontiers. While we have some idea of the future state of a decarbonised economy, there is still uncertainty around the source and magnitude of gains from future scientific discoveries and innovation. This will mean that, while we have to be pragmatic, we must also balance the need to move swiftly from idea to impact. The Government will need to play a coordinating and facilitating role to support the supply of innovative ideas and increase demand for low-emissions innovation. Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategyNo individual country will produce all of the science and solve all of the innovation challenges associated with the transformation to a low-emissions future.', 'Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategyNo individual country will produce all of the science and solve all of the innovation challenges associated with the transformation to a low-emissions future. In addition to providing local capability, the RSI system must help transform transitioning sectors and communities by identifying and engaging with offshore initiatives. It must also help to translate international technology and practices, so they are suitable in our national context. This will require aligning science priorities and research with international efforts, supporting innovative firms to deliver green technology to consumers, attracting innovation talent from overseas and supporting Aotearoa to become a testbed for low-emissions technology.', 'This will require aligning science priorities and research with international efforts, supporting innovative firms to deliver green technology to consumers, attracting innovation talent from overseas and supporting Aotearoa to become a testbed for low-emissions technology. Absorptive capacity for mitigation and adaption An important challenge is to ensure low- emissions innovation and technologies are available in a much shorter timeframe than is achievable by waiting for market forces to drive demand for innovation. This will require the Government to actively de-risk and support the development and translation of innovation into our national context. To accelerate the impact from innovation, we need to coordinate and align research and development, frontier firms, investment, talent, regulation and market development.', 'To accelerate the impact from innovation, we need to coordinate and align research and development, frontier firms, investment, talent, regulation and market development. With the short timescale for the transition, and the breadth of science and innovation required, our RSI system must be adaptable, resilient, connected to the global frontier, and able to deliver and absorb innovation at pace. Long-term strategy To ensure our RSI system meets these challenges, the Government is supporting: ► a higher-intensity knowledge economy through strategic investments in research and science ► structural reform of the science system to deliver a more coordinated and connected research and innovation system that has clear priorities. This enables deeper integration of the RSI system with all sectors through a fluid exchange of knowledge, talent and solutions.', 'This enables deeper integration of the RSI system with all sectors through a fluid exchange of knowledge, talent and solutions. This will enhance direct support for climate science and advanced technology ► mātauranga Māori both as a frame for understanding the challenges climate change presents and as a source of sustainable, innovative solutions for the future ► strategic international partnerships to deepen our connectedness to the global knowledge and innovation frontier associated with a prosperous low-emissions future. This includes encouraging global innovators to use Aotearoa as a testbed for pioneering low-emissions technologies and approaches, which will promote uptake of innovation by communities and firms ► the accelerated uptake of clean technology into sector. This includes strategic investment in advanced technologies with the potential to play an important role in our low-emissions future.', 'This includes strategic investment in advanced technologies with the potential to play an important role in our low-emissions future. Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategy 41CONTRIBUTION TO OUR LONG-TERM VISION The Aotearoa economy is high- value and underpinned by circular practices, skills, innovation and the efficient use of renewable bioresources. Economic activity is designed to take place within, and to regenerate, the natural environment, create jobs and improve wellbeing for all. 11 Ellen MacArthur Foundation. What is a circular economy? Retrieved 28 October 2021. 12 Ellen MacArthur Foundation. 2019. Completing the picture: How the circular economy tackles climate change. Ellen MacArthur Foundation, p 13.', 'Ellen MacArthur Foundation, p 13. State of play Many parts of the world are shifting to a circular economy: designing out waste and pollution; keeping products and materials in use and maintaining their value; and regenerating natural systems.11 These steps recognise the interdependency between the natural world and economic activity. A distinctive Aotearoa approach to a circular economy is emerging. This draws from te ao Māori worldview, takes responsibility for future generations and builds in equitable and inclusive outcomes for people and communities. It also reflects our unique natural environment and the knowledge of our world-leading primary sector. A bioeconomy provides renewable resources, like wood and other plant products, that can be used to displace fossil fuel-based products.', 'A bioeconomy provides renewable resources, like wood and other plant products, that can be used to displace fossil fuel-based products. When used sustainably, they can lead to high- value products that allow us to operate within the biogenic carbon cycle and regenerate natural systems. In this way, our bioeconomy can be seen as a component of a circular economy. Moving to a circular economy will make an important contribution to reducing emissions. Globally, 45 per cent of emissions come from making products – everyday items like cars and clothes – and activities such as managing land.12 Using finite resources more efficiently and in circular ways can also yield co-benefits, such as less reliance on imported materials and a more resilient economy and society.', 'Globally, 45 per cent of emissions come from making products – everyday items like cars and clothes – and activities such as managing land.12 Using finite resources more efficiently and in circular ways can also yield co-benefits, such as less reliance on imported materials and a more resilient economy and society. Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategy Circular economy and bioeconomyKey challenges and opportunities Aotearoa currently has a largely linear economy – extracting resources, converting them into a product, and using and then discarding them. This model is highly emissions-intensive. The move to a circular economy will involve a significant shift in how many New Zealanders value materials and products. It will also require us to move away from entrenched patterns of production and use. A thriving bioeconomy will require the sustainable management of limited bioresources.', 'A thriving bioeconomy will require the sustainable management of limited bioresources. Both will require learning and change on many fronts: technological, financial, behavioural and cultural. These changes are also an opportunity to rethink and strengthen the economy for the long term. As well as reducing emissions, we can find new ways of doing business in regions and communities that are regenerative, are inclusive by design and enhance wellbeing for current and future generations. Long-term strategy Aotearoa is in the early stages of developing a circular economy with a thriving bioeconomy. To support this shift, we will: ► build on the actions underway in the waste sector, including through a new national waste strategy and updated legislation ► partner with Māori on a long-term, cross-sector strategy that supports this transition.', 'To support this shift, we will: ► build on the actions underway in the waste sector, including through a new national waste strategy and updated legislation ► partner with Māori on a long-term, cross-sector strategy that supports this transition. This will yield benefits across the four wellbeings: social, economic, environmental and cultural. Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategy 43Sector plans Tailored measures will help key sectors take up opportunities, reduce emissions and increase forestry removals.CONTRIBUTION TO OUR LONG-TERM VISION Aotearoa will reduce transport emissions to net zero by 2050, while building a healthy, safe, equitable and accessible transport system. State of play Transport currently produces over 19.6 per cent of our domestic greenhouse gas emissions, and almost half of our CO2 emissions.', 'State of play Transport currently produces over 19.6 per cent of our domestic greenhouse gas emissions, and almost half of our CO2 emissions. Transport emissions have risen more than any other emissions source, with an increase of over 84 per cent between 1990 and 2019. Of the 43 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries that track these emissions, Aotearoa has the fifth-highest per capita rates of CO2 emissions from road transport. Key challenges Causes of these high per capita emissions include: ► heavy reliance on fossil fuels for transport. Electricity and biofuels made up less than 0.2 per cent of transport fuels in 2020. In comparison, in Sweden, renewable fuels contributed 14.7 per cent in 2015 ► poor fuel economy of light vehicles entering our fleet.', 'In comparison, in Sweden, renewable fuels contributed 14.7 per cent in 2015 ► poor fuel economy of light vehicles entering our fleet. In 2020, light passenger vehicles (cars and SUVs) entering the fleet had an average reported emission intensity of 158 grams of CO2 per kilometre travelled /km); for light commercial vehicles (vans and utilities), the figure was 219 g /km. In contrast, the figure for Europe /km for cars and 158 g /km for light commercial vehicles registered in 2019 ► reliance on road freight. Seventy per cent of freight moves by road, 16 per cent by rail and 14 per cent by coastal shipping ► urban areas characterised by sprawling low-density land-use patterns supported by motorways.', 'Seventy per cent of freight moves by road, 16 per cent by rail and 14 per cent by coastal shipping ► urban areas characterised by sprawling low-density land-use patterns supported by motorways. This has contributed to vehicle dependence and has limited the potential for public transport and active transport use ► decades of planning and funding for travel by private car that have encouraged car use over alternatives, for example, by building extra lanes to solve traffic problems, rather than changing how we travel. Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategy 45 TransportSectors connected with the transport sector have a significant impact on transport emissions. It will be important to collaborate with these sectors, which include the planning system, housing and urban development, the energy sector and the tax system.', 'It will be important to collaborate with these sectors, which include the planning system, housing and urban development, the energy sector and the tax system. What we are doing now Existing initiatives include: ► extending the light electric vehicle (EV) exemption from road user charges to 2024, which will continue to encourage New Zealanders to buy light EVs ► the Low Emissions Transport Fund (scope and funding increased from 2021). Co-funding will help industries and groups to demonstrate and adopt low-emissions transport technology, vehicles, innovation and infrastructure ► the Clean Car Discount (implementation underway), which will encourage New Zealanders to buy cleaner vehicles, by addressing the high upfront cost with incentives.', 'Co-funding will help industries and groups to demonstrate and adopt low-emissions transport technology, vehicles, innovation and infrastructure ► the Clean Car Discount (implementation underway), which will encourage New Zealanders to buy cleaner vehicles, by addressing the high upfront cost with incentives. In early 2022, a charge on high-emitting vehicles will apply at point of first registration in Aotearoa, to discourage purchase ► the Clean Car Standard (to be implemented in 2022), which will support a cleaner vehicle fleet by improving the efficiency of imported new and used light vehicles. It will be strengthened over time ► transitioning to a low-emissions government fleet (implemented), with the aim of cleaning up the Government’s fleet by reducing its number of vehicles and choosing electric or hybrid vehicles unless operational requirements prevent this ► the zero-emissions vehicle (ZEV) mandate.', 'It will be strengthened over time ► transitioning to a low-emissions government fleet (implemented), with the aim of cleaning up the Government’s fleet by reducing its number of vehicles and choosing electric or hybrid vehicles unless operational requirements prevent this ► the zero-emissions vehicle (ZEV) mandate. The Government has created a mechanism to ensure there is a minimum percentage of ZEVs in the imported light vehicle supply. It will be used if the Clean Car Standard and Clean Car Discount do not prompt enough supply of ZEVs ► extending heavy EV exemption from road user charges, which will encourage businesses to buy heavy EVs.', 'It will be used if the Clean Car Standard and Clean Car Discount do not prompt enough supply of ZEVs ► extending heavy EV exemption from road user charges, which will encourage businesses to buy heavy EVs. We are looking to amend current legislation (the Road User Charges Act 2012) to expand the duration of the exemption and bring in differential charging based on fuel or emissions ► decarbonising public transport to reduce emissions and improve air quality in towns and cities.', 'We are looking to amend current legislation (the Road User Charges Act 2012) to expand the duration of the exemption and bring in differential charging based on fuel or emissions ► decarbonising public transport to reduce emissions and improve air quality in towns and cities. We have committed to requiring only zero-emissions public transport buses to be purchased by 2025, and to a target of decarbonising the public transport bus fleet by 2035 ► the New Zealand Rail Plan, which lays out a 10-year vision to increase investment and resilience in the rail network Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategy► coastal shipping investment, which allocates $30–45 million from the National Land Transport Fund to identify opportunities for coastal shipping and promote a shift to this lower- emissions mode ► acceding to Annex VI of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL).', 'We have committed to requiring only zero-emissions public transport buses to be purchased by 2025, and to a target of decarbonising the public transport bus fleet by 2035 ► the New Zealand Rail Plan, which lays out a 10-year vision to increase investment and resilience in the rail network Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategy► coastal shipping investment, which allocates $30–45 million from the National Land Transport Fund to identify opportunities for coastal shipping and promote a shift to this lower- emissions mode ► acceding to Annex VI of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL). Aotearoa will ratify this in 2022 and apply new measures to reduce ship emissions.', 'Aotearoa will ratify this in 2022 and apply new measures to reduce ship emissions. We have agreed to prepare a national action plan to reduce maritime emissions, and to research ways to speed the uptake of alternative low- and zero-carbon fuels for shipping ► ensuring planning helps to reduce car dependency by leveraging opportunities associated with resource management reform and the Urban Growth Agenda. However, broader and deeper changes are needed to quickly shift the transport system to a zero-emissions pathway. Long-term strategy We will support central and local government, communities and businesses to work together to reduce emissions and build a healthy, safe and accessible transport system. We will also take opportunities to improve the wellbeing of New Zealanders.', 'We will also take opportunities to improve the wellbeing of New Zealanders. Actions include: ► reducing reliance on cars and supporting people to walk, cycle and use public transport ► rapidly adopting EVs (and low-emission fuels) ► decarbonising heavy transport and freight. Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategy 47CONTRIBUTION TO OUR LONG-TERM VISION Aotearoa has a highly renewable, net-zero emissions energy system. Energy is accessible and affordable and supports the wellbeing of all New Zealanders. Energy supply is secure, resilient and reliable. Energy systems support economic development and productivity growth that align with the transition to a low-emissions future. State of play The energy and industry sectors are essential for the economy and the lives of New Zealanders. They provide electricity to light and heat homes and workplaces, and the heat that powers manufacturing and industry.', 'They provide electricity to light and heat homes and workplaces, and the heat that powers manufacturing and industry. Their performance affects the cost and quality of many goods and services we use on a daily basis, and the competitiveness of businesses. In 2019, these sectors made up 26 per cent of total gross emissions. These emissions are projected to decrease by 22 per cent from and 21 per cent by 2035.13 Key challenges As these sectors transition over the next 30 years, we must ensure that: ► energy remains accessible and affordable to support the wellbeing of all New Zealanders 13 The stationary energy emissions projection is from the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment’s (MBIE’s) updated Electricity Demand and Generation Scenarios (EDGS).', 'These emissions are projected to decrease by 22 per cent from and 21 per cent by 2035.13 Key challenges As these sectors transition over the next 30 years, we must ensure that: ► energy remains accessible and affordable to support the wellbeing of all New Zealanders 13 The stationary energy emissions projection is from the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment’s (MBIE’s) updated Electricity Demand and Generation Scenarios (EDGS). Since the release of the EDGS in 2019, MBIE has included the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the 2021 projection. This will be published in Energy in New Zealand 2021 (forthcoming). The non-energy emissions projection for industrial processes and product use is provided by the Ministry for the Environment.', 'The non-energy emissions projection for industrial processes and product use is provided by the Ministry for the Environment. ► energy supply is secure, resilient and reliable throughout the transition and beyond ► energy systems support economic development and productivity growth, in line with the transition.', '► energy supply is secure, resilient and reliable throughout the transition and beyond ► energy systems support economic development and productivity growth, in line with the transition. Components to manage through this transition include: ► managing the phase-out of fossil fuels, including by: > ensuring reliable energy supply for industry as well as residential and other consumers > supporting the phase-down of domestic fossil fuel production following the ending of new permits for offshore oil and gas exploration > ensuring a just transition for affected businesses, employees and communities ► encouraging investment in new renewable electricity generation and infrastructure, and large-scale energy storage ► assisting New Zealanders to engage in the energy system through household and local technology solutions, including efficient management of energy resources ► increasing the availability and use of low- emissions fuels ► supporting the pathway for transition for other sectors, such as transport, and building and construction.', 'Components to manage through this transition include: ► managing the phase-out of fossil fuels, including by: > ensuring reliable energy supply for industry as well as residential and other consumers > supporting the phase-down of domestic fossil fuel production following the ending of new permits for offshore oil and gas exploration > ensuring a just transition for affected businesses, employees and communities ► encouraging investment in new renewable electricity generation and infrastructure, and large-scale energy storage ► assisting New Zealanders to engage in the energy system through household and local technology solutions, including efficient management of energy resources ► increasing the availability and use of low- emissions fuels ► supporting the pathway for transition for other sectors, such as transport, and building and construction. Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategy Energy and industryWhat we are doing now We are well positioned to tackle emissions in the energy and industry sectors because of the high level of renewable electricity, but we must do more.', 'Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategy Energy and industryWhat we are doing now We are well positioned to tackle emissions in the energy and industry sectors because of the high level of renewable electricity, but we must do more. We must move to a more renewable electricity system as we head towards the 2050 target. Accelerating the rollout of renewable electricity generation will be a significant factor in replacing fossil fuels in other sectors. The Government has an aspirational target of 100 per cent renewable electricity by 2030. This will be reviewed in 2025. It will allow time for more information on solutions to the ‘dry year’ challenge to be identified through the New Zealand Battery Project. The NZ ETS is an important tool to help reduce emissions in these sectors.', 'The NZ ETS is an important tool to help reduce emissions in these sectors. A rising carbon price discourages fossil fuel use and encourages investment in energy efficiency and fuel-switching. Other measures aim to reduce emissions in areas that are not responsive to emissions pricing, to unlock co-benefits or to address the distributional impacts of the transition.', 'Other measures aim to reduce emissions in areas that are not responsive to emissions pricing, to unlock co-benefits or to address the distributional impacts of the transition. The Government’s Renewable Energy Strategy Work Programme has guided work to decarbonise energy and industry, including by: ► assisting industry to decarbonise through the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority’s business support programmes, and the $70 million Government Investment in Decarbonising Industry Fund to drive the uptake of energy efficiency and fuel-switching ► developing national direction to phase out coal boilers for low–medium temperature process heat by 2037 ► accelerating renewable electricity by: > investigating options to manage ‘dry year’ risk and move towards 100 per cent renewable electricity through the New Zealand Battery Project > reviewing planning instruments to speed development of renewable electricity ► encouraging the uptake of energy efficiency through product regulations and programmes, such as Warmer Kiwi Homes ► developing A Vision for Hydrogen in New Zealand to outline potential uses of hydrogen, funding demonstration projects and building international partnerships.', 'The Government’s Renewable Energy Strategy Work Programme has guided work to decarbonise energy and industry, including by: ► assisting industry to decarbonise through the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority’s business support programmes, and the $70 million Government Investment in Decarbonising Industry Fund to drive the uptake of energy efficiency and fuel-switching ► developing national direction to phase out coal boilers for low–medium temperature process heat by 2037 ► accelerating renewable electricity by: > investigating options to manage ‘dry year’ risk and move towards 100 per cent renewable electricity through the New Zealand Battery Project > reviewing planning instruments to speed development of renewable electricity ► encouraging the uptake of energy efficiency through product regulations and programmes, such as Warmer Kiwi Homes ► developing A Vision for Hydrogen in New Zealand to outline potential uses of hydrogen, funding demonstration projects and building international partnerships. Long-term strategy We will continue to: ► accelerate renewable electricity and prepare the electricity system for future needs and technologies, including large- scale energy storage ► improve the uptake of energy efficiency and demand-side management measures ► help businesses and industry to decarbonise ► encourage development and use of low-emissions energy sources, such as bioenergy and hydrogen ► manage the phase-down of fossil fuels, including in electricity generation, manufacturing and industry, and in buildings.', 'Long-term strategy We will continue to: ► accelerate renewable electricity and prepare the electricity system for future needs and technologies, including large- scale energy storage ► improve the uptake of energy efficiency and demand-side management measures ► help businesses and industry to decarbonise ► encourage development and use of low-emissions energy sources, such as bioenergy and hydrogen ► manage the phase-down of fossil fuels, including in electricity generation, manufacturing and industry, and in buildings. Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategy 49CONTRIBUTION TO OUR LONG-TERM VISION Building-related emissions are significantly reduced and, in doing so, we see other benefits from better homes and buildings, such as improved health, economic and social outcomes. The sector is making an important contribution to the net-zero target and to higher living standards for New Zealanders.', 'The sector is making an important contribution to the net-zero target and to higher living standards for New Zealanders. State of play Building-related emissions can be quantified in two ways: the ‘consumption’ approach and the ‘production’ approach. Under the production approach,14 in 2018, buildings generated 4 per cent of the nation’s long-lived emissions, mainly from fossil fuels. Under the consumption approach,15 the sector contributes about 15 per cent of Aotearoa’s long-lived emissions. Across a building’s lifespan, about half of the emissions are generated by the energy used to heat, cool and otherwise run buildings (known as operational emissions).', 'Across a building’s lifespan, about half of the emissions are generated by the energy used to heat, cool and otherwise run buildings (known as operational emissions). The other half relate to building materials and processes used across a building’s lifespan for construction, renovation, deconstruction, transport of 14 A production approach takes account of emissions at the point where they are ‘produced’, that is, when human activity leads to the emissions being released into the environment. For example, emissions from coal used to generate electricity for a building are accounted for at the power station (in the energy sector). In contrast, emissions from coal used directly in a boiler in a building are accounted for at the building (in the building and construction sector).', 'In contrast, emissions from coal used directly in a boiler in a building are accounted for at the building (in the building and construction sector). This is the international standard for greenhouse gas reporting. 15 A consumption approach takes account of emissions at the point where they are ‘consumed’ and includes all the emissions from a product or service across its entire supply chain. For example, this would include all the emissions from extracting materials for use in a building product, through to their manufacture and end use in a building. This approach includes any related transport, energy, waste or other emissions produced from the point of extraction to their final use. materials and waste (known as embodied emissions).', 'materials and waste (known as embodied emissions). Under this approach, most building-related emissions are accounted for in the energy, industry, waste and transport sectors. We are using the ‘consumption’ approach as it provides opportunities to reduce emissions across the whole economy. What we are doing now Transformational change of both the system and sector is required to lower emissions and improve building quality. We must also help the sector to address other challenges, such as workforce and supply shortages. In Aotearoa, housing affordability is an issue that actions to reduce emissions must address. The Building for Climate Change programme is the main platform to reduce emissions from the sector.', 'The Building for Climate Change programme is the main platform to reduce emissions from the sector. Regulations under consideration include: ► mandatory reporting and caps to improve the operational efficiency of all new buildings, which could include caps for carbon emissions, fossil fuel and water use ► mandatory reporting and caps to reduce whole-of-life embodied carbon emissions in all new buildings ► changes to the New Zealand Building Code to strengthen energy efficiency requirements, enhancing the Building Code changes consulted on earlier in 2021. Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategy Building and constructionThe proposed regulatory changes would be complemented by measures that increase consumer demand for and industry supply of lower-emissions and more climate- resilient buildings. These could include initiatives that build on existing low-emission actions across the sector.', 'These could include initiatives that build on existing low-emission actions across the sector. They could also encourage early adopters to start reducing their emissions now, before potential regulatory change occurs. We are using government property portfolios and procurement roles to reduce building- related emissions and send a signal to the rest of the sector. For example, Kāinga Ora – Homes and Communities has pilot projects to show how to build lower-emissions, quality housing developments at scale. Certain government office buildings must meet third-party energy efficiency requirements. All agencies must use the Sustainable Construction Procurement guidelines when procuring construction projects. We are partnering with industry through the Construction Sector Accord to jointly address long-standing challenges, including climate change. The Accord’s three-year transformation plan is changing behaviour to lift overall performance, make a safer, better- skilled and more productive industry and share good practice.', 'The Accord’s three-year transformation plan is changing behaviour to lift overall performance, make a safer, better- skilled and more productive industry and share good practice. This collaboration will help us to make an equitable transition. We are focused on reducing emissions in a way that realises co-benefits for New Zealanders, where possible. Buildings that are better insulated, drier and warmer require less energy to operate and contribute to improved health, economic and social outcomes for the families and whānau living in them. Medium- and higher-density buildings, supported by planning and transport networks, can reduce building-related emissions while connecting communities and improving social and individual wellbeing. Long-term strategy We will further implement policies and actions through programmes such as Building for Climate Change, and continue to leverage the Government’s property and portfolio roles.', 'Long-term strategy We will further implement policies and actions through programmes such as Building for Climate Change, and continue to leverage the Government’s property and portfolio roles. This will: ► make buildings more energy efficient to run ► reduce whole-of-life carbon emissions from buildings ► produce resilient buildings, suitable for the changing climate where they are built ► reduce emissions in other parts of the economy, including energy and industry, waste and transport. We will continue to work with the sector and Tiriti partners to continue an equitable transition for workers, including creating jobs that contribute to high-quality, low- emissions construction.', 'We will continue to work with the sector and Tiriti partners to continue an equitable transition for workers, including creating jobs that contribute to high-quality, low- emissions construction. Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategy 51CONTRIBUTION TO OUR LONG-TERM VISION Aotearoa has a circular economy that keeps materials in use for as long as possible and has reduced waste emissions in line with the 2030 and 2050 targets for biogenic methane. State of play Waste sector emissions (of which 92 per cent are methane) account for around 4 per cent of gross greenhouse gas emissions; 81 per cent are from solid waste disposed to landfill. Key challenges Per person, Aotearoa is among the highest disposers of municipal waste in the OECD.', 'Key challenges Per person, Aotearoa is among the highest disposers of municipal waste in the OECD. This is due to a relatively high amount and broad geographic spread of waste from our urban areas and primary industries, combined with the abundance and low cost of landfills. Transitioning to a circular economy will require a major shift in consumption behaviours and development of enabling policies, resource recovery systems and infrastructure. Significant data gaps exist for some waste types, including from construction and demolition, and farm fills.', 'Significant data gaps exist for some waste types, including from construction and demolition, and farm fills. What we are doing now Existing initiatives include: ► the National Environmental Standards for Air Quality (introduced in 2004), which manage discharges to air of greenhouse gases (mainly methane) from large landfills, requiring these sites to collect and destroy methane emissions ► the Waste Minimisation Act 2008, which aims to reduce the environmental harm caused by waste and to provide economic, social and cultural benefits ► the waste disposal levy (since 2009), which raises revenue for promoting and achieving waste minimisation.', 'What we are doing now Existing initiatives include: ► the National Environmental Standards for Air Quality (introduced in 2004), which manage discharges to air of greenhouse gases (mainly methane) from large landfills, requiring these sites to collect and destroy methane emissions ► the Waste Minimisation Act 2008, which aims to reduce the environmental harm caused by waste and to provide economic, social and cultural benefits ► the waste disposal levy (since 2009), which raises revenue for promoting and achieving waste minimisation. It increases the cost of waste disposal to recognise the costs of waste to the environment, society and the economy ► the Waste Minimisation Fund (established 2010), which supports projects that may reduce emissions from waste ► the NZ ETS (since 2013), which prices emissions from municipal waste disposal facilities.', 'It increases the cost of waste disposal to recognise the costs of waste to the environment, society and the economy ► the Waste Minimisation Fund (established 2010), which supports projects that may reduce emissions from waste ► the NZ ETS (since 2013), which prices emissions from municipal waste disposal facilities. Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategy WasteCollectively, these measures have reduced waste emissions over the past 15 years, but we need to take further action. We have recently: ► adopted a waste work programme to accelerate the transition to a low-emissions circular economy. From 2021, it will build the foundations for a transformed waste system.', 'From 2021, it will build the foundations for a transformed waste system. This includes a long-term waste strategy and a waste infrastructure plan, new waste legislation and improved waste data systems, in line with emissions budgets ► increased the rate of the waste disposal levy and expanded it to cover more classes of landfills. This will further incentivise and increase funds available for waste minimisation, including resource recovery infrastructure ► announced development of regulated product stewardship schemes for six priority products: plastic packaging, tyres, electrical and electronic products, agrichemicals and their containers, refrigerants and farm plastics. These schemes shift responsibility for a product’s lifecycle from communities and councils to producers and consumers. This will reduce emissions and support our wider circular economy objectives.', 'This will reduce emissions and support our wider circular economy objectives. Long-term strategy We will: ► apply circular economy principles, refresh the waste strategy and update legislation ► substantially improve our systems, enable behaviour change at many levels and increase investment in infrastructure through measures that: > reduce the waste produced > reduce the organic waste sent to landfill by diverting it to beneficial uses > enhance the capture of landfill gas. To contribute to the biogenic methane targets, we are also working on future proposals to limit or ban some or all organic materials disposed to landfill, by 2030. Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategy 53CONTRIBUTION TO OUR LONG-TERM VISION Aotearoa has net-zero emissions from refrigerants, while enabling the electrification of heating and access to heating and cooling for all New Zealanders.', 'Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategy 53CONTRIBUTION TO OUR LONG-TERM VISION Aotearoa has net-zero emissions from refrigerants, while enabling the electrification of heating and access to heating and cooling for all New Zealanders. State of play Fluorinated gases (F-gases) made up about 2.5 per cent of total emissions in 2019. F-gases are mainly used as refrigerants for heating and cooling, and are dominated by HFCs (92 per cent of F-gas emissions). They are potent greenhouse gases, with global warming potential (GWP) hundreds or thousands of times greater than CO2 . HFC refrigerants contribute a hugely disproportionate amount to global emissions. While HFCs are a small proportion of our total emissions, new technology could have a significant impact, including an estimated 35 per cent reduction by 2035.', 'While HFCs are a small proportion of our total emissions, new technology could have a significant impact, including an estimated 35 per cent reduction by 2035. Key challenges Refrigerants are vital for everyday refrigeration, heating and cooling systems. We will need to coordinate our move to sustainable heating and cooling technologies with other factors, including energy efficiency, health and safety, and cold-chain stability. What we are doing now Existing initiatives include: ► ratifying the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol; 2020 was the first year of the phase-down of HFCs imported to Aotearoa in bulk under this amendment ► making imports of F-gases subject to the NZ ETS. Also, goods and vehicles containing HFCs or perfluorocarbons (PFCs) are subject to a levy.', 'Also, goods and vehicles containing HFCs or perfluorocarbons (PFCs) are subject to a levy. This is linked to the price of carbon and is updated annually to reflect NZ ETS costs ► a regulated product stewardship scheme for refrigerants, which we are co-designing with industry. Producers and sellers may be required to join an accredited scheme. Manufacturers, importers, retailers and users would have to take responsibility for the emissions from refrigerants. The Ministry for the Environment will consult on the regulations in 2022. Together, these measures are expected to result in a 31 per cent reduction in HFC emissions by 2035. Long-term strategy Emissions reductions from F-gases are led by our commitments to the Kigali Amendment, which requires the phase-down of bulk HFC imports.', 'Long-term strategy Emissions reductions from F-gases are led by our commitments to the Kigali Amendment, which requires the phase-down of bulk HFC imports. We must promote good industry practice and go further than our commitments under the Kigali Amendment by: ► implementing regulated product stewardship for refrigerants ► considering further import controls. Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategy Fluorinated gasesCONTRIBUTION TO OUR LONG-TERM VISION Agricultural emissions are reduced, in line with the biogenic methane targets for 2030 and 2050. The sector supports the health of our land, water and living systems, and produces nutritious food and high- quality natural fibres for domestic and international markets. State of play Aotearoa has a unique emissions profile for a developed country.', 'State of play Aotearoa has a unique emissions profile for a developed country. Emissions from agriculture make up 48 per cent of gross greenhouse gas emissions, the largest of any sector in the New Zealand Greenhouse Gas Inventory. This reflects the economic importance of the primary sector. Of these agricultural emissions, over 77 per cent are biogenic methane emitted from livestock. We have adopted a split-gas emissions reduction target to reflect the different warming potential of short-lived gases, such as methane, compared with long- lived gases, such as CO2 and nitrous oxide. Total agricultural emissions increased by 17 per cent between 1990 and 2005, and have been relatively stable since then. Improvements in on-farm efficiency and productivity have lessened the impact of increasing emissions, even as overall production has grown.', 'Improvements in on-farm efficiency and productivity have lessened the impact of increasing emissions, even as overall production has grown. Greenhouse gas efficiency in farming has increased about 1 per cent per annum over the past 25– 30 years. If farmers had not improved efficiency, emissions would have increased by an estimated 30–40 per cent since 1990. Key challenges The Paris Agreement recognises the importance of safeguarding food security and ending hunger. We must reduce agricultural emissions in a way that does not threaten food production and builds resilience to the impacts of climate change. At present, there are limited options to reduce biological emissions without significantly affecting production. These include on- farm practice change and land-use change. Implementing existing mitigation practices requires behaviour change and upskilling farmers and growers at a national scale.', 'Implementing existing mitigation practices requires behaviour change and upskilling farmers and growers at a national scale. Further investment in mitigation technologies, such as methane inhibitors, vaccines and genetics, is needed to unlock more ambitious emissions reductions. The primary sector also provides a livelihood for many rural and regional communities, as well as iwi and Māori who have significant investments in pastoral farming. A significant challenge will be to mitigate the potential economic and social impacts of the climate transition on farmers, businesses, iwi and Māori, and rural communities. Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategy 55 AgricultureWhat we are doing now The He Waka Eke Noa – Primary Sector Climate Action Partnership is a partnership between the Government, the primary sector and Māori to measure, manage and reduce agricultural emissions.', 'Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategy 55 AgricultureWhat we are doing now The He Waka Eke Noa – Primary Sector Climate Action Partnership is a partnership between the Government, the primary sector and Māori to measure, manage and reduce agricultural emissions. The Climate Change Response Act 2002 sets a series of milestones for this partnership, including implementing farm-level pricing for agricultural emissions from 2025. The partnership also has pre-2025 milestones to help farmers know their total annual emissions, and to have written farm plans to measure, manage and reduce these. Agricultural greenhouse gas research. The Government and industry have invested in research and development to improve productivity and reduce emissions.', 'The Government and industry have invested in research and development to improve productivity and reduce emissions. Domestic research is supported through a range of programmes including the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre, the Sustainable Food and Fibres Future fund, the Sustainable Land Management and Climate Change research programme, the Greenhouse Gas Inventory Research Fund and the Pastoral Greenhouse Gas Research Consortium. Aotearoa champions international research on agricultural emissions through the Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases (GRA). The GRA has 65 member countries from all regions, involves over 3,000 scientists, and partners with global organisations to find shared solutions to reduce agricultural emissions. Through the GRA, Aotearoa helps developing regions to build capacity across many countries to measure and manage agricultural emissions. This initiative is one way we show global leadership in areas where we have specific expertise.', 'This initiative is one way we show global leadership in areas where we have specific expertise. Long-term strategy We will reduce agricultural emissions in line with our climate targets. This will require widespread changes in farm practice, new technologies and continued investment. Such changes will involve: ► pricing agricultural emissions to encourage farmers to reduce emissions ► investing in research and development to accelerate the availability of new mitigation practices and technologies ► expanding extension and advisory services to help farmers gain the knowledge and resources they need to measure, manage and reduce their emissions ► enabling the transition to low-emissions land use. We will take a holistic approach to the changes underway across the primary sector to reduce our impact on the climate and protect our waterways and biodiversity.', 'We will take a holistic approach to the changes underway across the primary sector to reduce our impact on the climate and protect our waterways and biodiversity. We will maintain our reputation as one of the world’s most sustainable providers of high-value fibres and nutritious food, while supporting the global shift to more sustainable production. Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategyCONTRIBUTION TO OUR LONG-TERM VISION Forests and forest products contribute to a more productive, sustainable, inclusive and resilient Aotearoa. Forests offset gross emissions and provide products and bioenergy that displace emissions-intensive alternatives. We have leading, sustainable forest practices and create innovative, sought-after forest products. Native forests are at the heart of work to preserve and promote indigenous biodiversity; they also provide a long-term carbon sink. Māori are empowered as kaitiaki (guardians) and lead innovation that meets their aspirations.', 'Māori are empowered as kaitiaki (guardians) and lead innovation that meets their aspirations. Our goal is to empower Māori and all key stakeholders with the skills, knowledge and resources to ensure we maximise opportunities to grow the role that forests and wood products play in our nation’s future. State of play Forests cover about one-third of Aotearoa. This includes over 8 million hectares of indigenous forest, of which around 2.5 million hectares is on private land and around 2.1 million hectares is exotic plantation forest. In 2019, forested land alone offset almost 27 per cent of gross emissions. Forests play a critical role in meeting our climate targets and provide a renewable resource to support our transition to a low- emissions economy.', 'Forests play a critical role in meeting our climate targets and provide a renewable resource to support our transition to a low- emissions economy. Forestry is an important economic sector and source of employment, and diverse forests enhance soil conservation, water quality and climate resilience. Our native forests are central to maintaining and enhancing the native biodiversity of Aotearoa, and are of significant cultural and recreational value. They also have an important role in providing a long-term carbon sink. For Māori, the land represents whakapapa (genealogy) and heritage, and Māori have significant interests in forests and forestry as kaitiaki, land and forest owners, and workers. Māori are well positioned to contribute to and lead developments in forestry for production, conservation and cultural purposes.', 'Māori are well positioned to contribute to and lead developments in forestry for production, conservation and cultural purposes. The Government has a commitment to partner with and protect Māori and iwi knowledge, interests, values and taonga under Te Tiriti o Waitangi. Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategy 57 Forestry and nature- based solutionsWe have recently entered a period of net afforestation, after nearly two decades of low levels of afforestation and net deforestation. Government policy, including the NZ ETS and One Billion Trees Programme,16 has been a major driver of this increase. We need a considerable area of new forest to meet our climate change targets, even with significant reductions in gross emissions: the Climate Change Commission’s projections would see more than 1.2 million hectares of new forests (exotic and native) from 2022 to 2050.', 'We need a considerable area of new forest to meet our climate change targets, even with significant reductions in gross emissions: the Climate Change Commission’s projections would see more than 1.2 million hectares of new forests (exotic and native) from 2022 to 2050. A significant area of lower-productivity pastoral land has been identified as being suitable for new afforestation. This includes about 1.5 million hectares that could be suitable for planting production forestry and 1.2 million hectares for new permanent forest, due to steep, erosion-prone land. What we are doing now The NZ ETS is an important driver of afforestation, alongside environmental drivers, log prices and the availability of affordable land.', 'What we are doing now The NZ ETS is an important driver of afforestation, alongside environmental drivers, log prices and the availability of affordable land. Reforms have made it easier to participate in the NZ ETS and improved incentives for afforestation, while recent changes to price controls (for 2022 to 2026) provide for a new carbon price pathway to incentivise reductions in gross emissions. 16 The One Billion Trees Programme, established in 2018, is a 10-year programme that aims to increase tree planting across Aotearoa. This is being achieved by replanting existing forests, establishing new forests through grants, joint ventures and partnerships, and making the recent changes to the NZ ETS to more strongly encourage afforestation.', 'This is being achieved by replanting existing forests, establishing new forests through grants, joint ventures and partnerships, and making the recent changes to the NZ ETS to more strongly encourage afforestation. Funding for grants and joint ventures, which kickstarted the programme, has closed to new applications and the broader programme is continuing to keep us on track to meet the goal of establishing one billion trees by 2028. Other initiatives support the contribution of forests and forest products to a range of outcomes, including our climate targets.', 'Other initiatives support the contribution of forests and forest products to a range of outcomes, including our climate targets. In particular: ► afforestation grants and incentives, such as those under the One Billion Trees Programme, have helped drive afforestation and have wider benefits such as erosion control and Māori development ► the Government is setting up a planning and advisory service within Te Uru Rākau | New Zealand Forest Service to support delivery on priorities for forests and forest products ► a forestry and wood processing industry transformation plan is being developed and will investigate how to enhance forestry’s contribution to the bioeconomy.', 'In particular: ► afforestation grants and incentives, such as those under the One Billion Trees Programme, have helped drive afforestation and have wider benefits such as erosion control and Māori development ► the Government is setting up a planning and advisory service within Te Uru Rākau | New Zealand Forest Service to support delivery on priorities for forests and forest products ► a forestry and wood processing industry transformation plan is being developed and will investigate how to enhance forestry’s contribution to the bioeconomy. It will consider options to provide a more consistent supply of wood fibre and to attract investment in the production of low-emissions wood products and biofuels ► the Aotearoa New Zealand Biodiversity Strategy aims to promote and protect both biodiversity and the carbon stored in indigenous vegetation ► the Fit for a Better World – Accelerating Our Economic Potential roadmap sets out actions to transform the forestry sector and refocus our tree-planting partnerships.', 'It will consider options to provide a more consistent supply of wood fibre and to attract investment in the production of low-emissions wood products and biofuels ► the Aotearoa New Zealand Biodiversity Strategy aims to promote and protect both biodiversity and the carbon stored in indigenous vegetation ► the Fit for a Better World – Accelerating Our Economic Potential roadmap sets out actions to transform the forestry sector and refocus our tree-planting partnerships. Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategyWith rising carbon prices,17 a priority is to ensure NZ ETS settings support the sequestration needed to meet our targets without delaying emissions reductions in other sectors. We must also encourage the right amount, type and location of forests, to deliver the sequestration we need to meet our targets and support wider socio-economic and environmental outcomes.', 'We must also encourage the right amount, type and location of forests, to deliver the sequestration we need to meet our targets and support wider socio-economic and environmental outcomes. Long-term strategy We will: ► balance forest sequestration with emissions reductions from other sectors, for a cost-effective, equitable and timely transition ► provide overarching strategic direction and policies that ensure forests and forest products support a range of outcomes, including biodiversity and sequestration ► work in close partnership with Māori and key stakeholders, including territorial authorities and land owners, to develop and implement forestry policies. 17 Under NZ ETS price control settings from 2022, the auction ‘price floor’ is at $30 and the cost containment reserve trigger is at a price of $70.', '17 Under NZ ETS price control settings from 2022, the auction ‘price floor’ is at $30 and the cost containment reserve trigger is at a price of $70. Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategy 59Equitable transition Our low-emissions pathway includes steps to partner with Māori, protect the economy, communities and livelihoods, and share the benefits among all New Zealanders.CONTRIBUTION TO OUR LONG-TERM VISION We have successfully moved to a low-emissions and climate- resilient Aotearoa in a way that is fair and equitable and upholds Te Tiriti o Waitangi. State of play The Climate Change Response Act 2002 provides the framework for managing the transition through a system of targets, emissions budgets and emissions reduction plans.', 'State of play The Climate Change Response Act 2002 provides the framework for managing the transition through a system of targets, emissions budgets and emissions reduction plans. Emissions reduction plans must include a strategy to mitigate the effects of the transition on employees and employers, regions, iwi and other Māori, and wider communities, including funding for any mitigation action. Committing to an equitable transition aligns with other government objectives, including building closer partnerships with Māori, future-proofing the economy and protecting livelihoods. We are identifying where our plan will present the greatest challenges, and how we can assist communities, households and businesses to prepare for and manage the impacts of the transition. At the same time, we must take the opportunities that the transition brings, share the benefits and strengthen the social licence for the transition.', 'At the same time, we must take the opportunities that the transition brings, share the benefits and strengthen the social licence for the transition. Long-term strategy We will: ► meet each of the emissions budgets through a coherent strategic package that comprises a mutually supportive and balanced combination of emissions pricing, well-targeted regulation, tailored sector policies and direct investment ► enable an equitable transition for Māori by upholding the principles of Te Tiriti, actively partnering with Māori on national strategies, and embedding Māori values and knowledge into our climate response.', 'Long-term strategy We will: ► meet each of the emissions budgets through a coherent strategic package that comprises a mutually supportive and balanced combination of emissions pricing, well-targeted regulation, tailored sector policies and direct investment ► enable an equitable transition for Māori by upholding the principles of Te Tiriti, actively partnering with Māori on national strategies, and embedding Māori values and knowledge into our climate response. We will also support tangata whenua to decide on and implement their own actions ► continue to build strong partnerships with businesses, unions, workers, local government and civil society to take action on climate change ► help firms and households reduce their emissions footprint, promote new business and job opportunities, and support workers, households and communities through the transition.', 'We will also support tangata whenua to decide on and implement their own actions ► continue to build strong partnerships with businesses, unions, workers, local government and civil society to take action on climate change ► help firms and households reduce their emissions footprint, promote new business and job opportunities, and support workers, households and communities through the transition. Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategy 61Next steps We will publish the first three emissions budgets in May 2022. The remaining sections of the emissions reduction plan will also be published in May 2022. These will provide detailed information about the steps that Aotearoa will take to reduce emissions and increase its carbon sinks in the first budget period (2022–2025).', 'These will provide detailed information about the steps that Aotearoa will take to reduce emissions and increase its carbon sinks in the first budget period (2022–2025). Consultation is underway to inform these policies, which will put us on the path to meet the next budgets and our long-term emissions goals. Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategyGlossary 2050 target Set in the Climate Change Response Act 2002, this target requires: ► emissions of all greenhouse gases (except biogenic methane) to be net zero ► emissions of biogenic methane emissions to be 24–47 per cent below 2017 levels by 2050 (and 10 per cent by 2030). abatement The reduction or removal of greenhouse gas emissions. adaptation Actions to respond to the effects of a changing climate.', 'adaptation Actions to respond to the effects of a changing climate. anthropogenic Originating in human activity. Aotearoa A Māori name for New Zealand. bioenergy Energy produced by living organisms. biofuel Fuel produced from organic material – often plants or animal waste. biogenic methane All methane emissions produced from the agriculture and waste sectors (as reported in the New Zealand Greenhouse Gas Inventory). carbon sequestration or carbon sink Any reservoir that absorbs more carbon than it releases, thereby lowering the overall concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Examples include forests, vegetation, peatland and the ocean. circular economy An economic system based on designing out waste and pollution, reusing products and materials, and regenerating natural systems.', 'circular economy An economic system based on designing out waste and pollution, reusing products and materials, and regenerating natural systems. Climate Change Commission A Crown entity that gives independent, expert advice to the Government on climate change matters and monitors progress towards the Government’s mitigation and adaptation goals. climate resilience The capacity of social, economic and environmental systems to cope with a hazardous event, effect, trend or disturbance caused by climate change, including by responding or reorganising in ways that maintain their essential function, identity and structure, while also maintaining the capacity for adaptation, learning and transformation. CO Carbon dioxide. CO -e Carbon dioxide equivalent.', 'CO Carbon dioxide. CO -e Carbon dioxide equivalent. Used to describe and compare different types of greenhouse gases, by comparing their warming potential to that of CO . Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategy 63decarbonise Reduce greenhouse gas emissions, for example, through the use of low-emissions power sources and electrification. embodied emissions Emissions associated with the production of materials and construction processes throughout the lifespan of a building, including during construction, renovation, ongoing use and demolition. emissions Greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere, where they trap heat or radiation. emissions budget The cumulative amount of greenhouse gases that can be emitted in New Zealand over five-year periods prescribed in the Climate Change Response Act 2002. Three successive emissions budgets must be in place at any given time.', 'Three successive emissions budgets must be in place at any given time. emissions reduction plan A plan that sets out the policies and strategies to meet emissions budgets by reducing emissions and increasing removals. A new emissions reduction plan must be in place before the beginning of each emissions budget period. EV Electric vehicle. F-gases Fluorinated gases; mainly used as refrigerants for heating and cooling. fossil fuels Natural fuels formed in the geological past from the remains of living organisms, for example, coal and natural gas. When used as fuel, these emit greenhouse gases. greenhouse gases Atmospheric gases that trap or absorb heat and contribute to climate change.', 'greenhouse gases Atmospheric gases that trap or absorb heat and contribute to climate change. The gases covered by the Climate Change Response Act 2002 are carbon ), methane (CH4 ), nitrous oxide (N2 O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6 ). gross emissions New Zealand’s total emissions from agriculture, energy, industrial processes and product use (IPPU) and waste sectors as reported in the reports required under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Kyoto Protocol, and the Paris Agreement. While Tokelau’s gross emissions are also included in the New Zealand Greenhouse Gas Inventory, they are not included for the purposes of emissions budgets or emissions reduction plans. hapū Kinship group, clan, subtribe. hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) A category of human-made greenhouse gases often used in refrigeration, air conditioning and other processes.', 'hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) A category of human-made greenhouse gases often used in refrigeration, air conditioning and other processes. iwi Tribe, large group descended from a common ancestor. Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategykaitiaki or kaitiakitanga Guardian or guardianship, stewardship, for example, of natural resources. linear economy The predominant economic system globally, following the model of ‘take-make- use-dispose. low-emissions, low-carbon An economic and social system that has moved away from the use of fossil fuels and adopted low-emissions energy sources and processes, and consequently produces minimal greenhouse gas emissions. mātauranga Māori Māori knowledge systems and worldviews, including traditional concepts. mitigation Human actions to reduce emissions by sources or enhance removals by sinks of greenhouse gases.', 'mitigation Human actions to reduce emissions by sources or enhance removals by sinks of greenhouse gases. Examples of reducing emissions by sources include walking instead of driving, or replacing a coal boiler with a renewable electric-powered one. Examples of enhancing removals by sinks include growing new trees to absorb carbon, or industrial carbon capture and storage activities. Mt CO -e Metric tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent. NDC Nationally determined contribution. Each Party to the Paris Agreement must define its contribution to the long-term temperature goals set out in the agreement, in the form of an NDC.', 'Each Party to the Paris Agreement must define its contribution to the long-term temperature goals set out in the agreement, in the form of an NDC. net emissions Net emissions are made up of gross emissions combined with emissions and removals from the land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) sector, as reported in the reports required under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Kyoto Protocol, and the Paris Agreement. For the purposes of emissions budgets and emissions reduction plans, this excludes Tokelau’s emissions. net zero A target of completely negating the greenhouse gas emissions produced by human activity. This can be done by balancing emissions and removals or by eliminating the production of emissions in the first place.', 'This can be done by balancing emissions and removals or by eliminating the production of emissions in the first place. NZ ETS New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme. offshore mitigation Emissions reductions and removals that occur outside New Zealand, or overseas- based incentives to reduce or remove emissions (for example, by the pricing of emissions through participation in an overseas emissions trading scheme). operational emissions Emissions from operating a building. Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategy 65organic waste Wastes containing carbon compounds that are capable of being readily biologically degraded, including by natural processes, such as paper, food residuals, wood wastes, garden and, plant wastes, but not inorganic materials such as metals and glass or plastic. These, and excluding hazardous substances.', 'These, and excluding hazardous substances. Organic wastes can be decomposed by microorganisms into methane, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and simple organic molecules (plastic contains carbon compounds and is theoretically organic in nature, but generally is not readily biodegradable). Paris Agreement A legally binding international treaty on climate change mitigation, adaptation and finance, adopted by 196 Parties in Paris and signed in 2016. One of the goals of the Paris Agreement is “holding the increase in global average temperature to 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels”. perfluorocarbons (PFCs) These are organofluorine compounds containing only carbon and fluorine. Some of them are potent greenhouse gases.', 'Some of them are potent greenhouse gases. product stewardship A scheme in which a producer, importer, retailer or consumer takes responsibility for reducing a product’s environmental impact. tangata whenua The people of the land, local indigenous people. Māori are tangata whenua. taonga Treasure, anything prized – applied to anything considered to be of value, including socially or culturally valuable objects, resources, phenomenon, ideas and techniques. Te ao Māori The Māori world. Te Tiriti o Waitangi or Te Tiriti The Treaty of Waitangi. Note: While these terms are used interchangeably, we acknowledge that the English version and te reo Māori translation are separate documents and differ in a number of respects. transition The shift to a low-emissions, sustainable economy and way of life. whānau Extended family, family group.', 'whānau Extended family, family group. Zero Carbon Framework Introduced by amendments to the Climate Change Response Act 2002 in 2019, this is a legislative framework to enable the transition to a low-emissions and climate-resilient Aotearoa. This includes a statutory 2050 target, provision for emissions budgets and emissions reduction plans, together with national climate change risks assessments and national adaptation plans. Aotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategyAotearoa New Zealand s long-term low-emissions development strategy 67']

en-US

NZL

New Zealand

1st NDC

2016-10-05 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/New%20Zealand%20first%20NDC%20%28Archived%29.pdf

Annex I

High-income

Oceania

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/44f1ba785b46d3c306568e2031841d3d678a8a2627e56c8e6c7ba0c6b91c06d8.pdf

['NEW ZEALAND Submission under the Paris Agreement New Zealand’s Nationally Determined Contribution New Zealand hereby communicates its nationally determined contribution under the Paris Agreement. New Zealand commits to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 30% below 2005 levels by 2030.Time period 2021 to 2030 Type of commitment Absolute reduction target managed using a carbon budget. Target reference year 2005 Reduction level Emissions will be reduced to 30% below 2005 levels by 2030.', 'Target reference year 2005 Reduction level Emissions will be reduced to 30% below 2005 levels by 2030. Scope and coverage This responsibility target is economy-wide covering all sectors: Energy Industrial processes and product use Agriculture Forestry and other land use Waste and all greenhouse gases: HFCs N2 O PFCs NF3 Methodological approaches for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals This NDC applies 100 year Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) from the IPCC 4th assessment report, and methodologies from the IPCC 2006 greenhouse gas inventory guidelines and the 2013 IPCC KP Supplement.', 'Scope and coverage This responsibility target is economy-wide covering all sectors: Energy Industrial processes and product use Agriculture Forestry and other land use Waste and all greenhouse gases: HFCs N2 O PFCs NF3 Methodological approaches for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals This NDC applies 100 year Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) from the IPCC 4th assessment report, and methodologies from the IPCC 2006 greenhouse gas inventory guidelines and the 2013 IPCC KP Supplement. Use of market mechanisms and cooperative approaches In meeting its target New Zealand intends to use international market mechanisms, cooperative approaches and carbon markets that enable trading and use of a wide variety of units/emission reductions/mitigation outcomes that meet reasonable standards and guidelines to: ensure the environmental integrity of emissions reductions generated or purchased guard against double-claiming/double-counting, and ensure transparency in accounting and governance.', 'Use of market mechanisms and cooperative approaches In meeting its target New Zealand intends to use international market mechanisms, cooperative approaches and carbon markets that enable trading and use of a wide variety of units/emission reductions/mitigation outcomes that meet reasonable standards and guidelines to: ensure the environmental integrity of emissions reductions generated or purchased guard against double-claiming/double-counting, and ensure transparency in accounting and governance. Approach to accounting for forestry and other land use New Zealand’s preferred approach for accounting for the forestry and other land use sector is described below (as per its INDC). This approach sets out core assumptions and is provided in advance of discussions on an international rule-set that would apply after 2030, and that could also apply to New Zealand’s first NDC.', 'This approach sets out core assumptions and is provided in advance of discussions on an international rule-set that would apply after 2030, and that could also apply to New Zealand’s first NDC. We reserve the right to adjust our selection of methodologies, without reducing ambition. New Zealand’s approach to forestry and other land use accounting will be fully described in its first communication under the Paris Agreement. Methodologies New Zealand’s assumed accounting for the forestry and other land use sector will be based on a combination of the 2006 IPCC Guidance and the 2013 IPCC Kyoto Protocol Supplement, providing for Kyoto Protocol accounting approaches to be applied to the greenhouse gas inventory land- based categories.', 'Methodologies New Zealand’s assumed accounting for the forestry and other land use sector will be based on a combination of the 2006 IPCC Guidance and the 2013 IPCC Kyoto Protocol Supplement, providing for Kyoto Protocol accounting approaches to be applied to the greenhouse gas inventory land- based categories. New Zealand’s existing activity start year of 1990 will continue to apply, ensuring continuity of action with previous commitments.New Zealand’s forestry and other land use approach assumes accounting will be either land or activity based, and will apply existing IPCC methodologies to distinguish areas subject to direct human-induced change from those under pre-existing management, as follows: a. Forests established from the activity start year will continue to be accounted for as they would under the Kyoto Protocol, but once they attain their long-term average carbon stock, taking into account all carbon pools and activities, the forest will transfer to the Forest management/Forest remaining forest category, where it will be accounted for under a business-as-usual reference level.', 'New Zealand’s existing activity start year of 1990 will continue to apply, ensuring continuity of action with previous commitments.New Zealand’s forestry and other land use approach assumes accounting will be either land or activity based, and will apply existing IPCC methodologies to distinguish areas subject to direct human-induced change from those under pre-existing management, as follows: a. Forests established from the activity start year will continue to be accounted for as they would under the Kyoto Protocol, but once they attain their long-term average carbon stock, taking into account all carbon pools and activities, the forest will transfer to the Forest management/Forest remaining forest category, where it will be accounted for under a business-as-usual reference level. New Zealand will continue to account for all deforestation emissions.', 'New Zealand will continue to account for all deforestation emissions. b. Forests established before the activity start year will continue to be accounted for under a business-as-usual reference level, as per the Kyoto Protocol, to address the dynamic effects of age structure resulting from activities and practices before the reference year, and the ongoing cycles of forest harvest and regrowth that occur as part of normal, sustainable forest management. c. Accounting provisions to address natural disturbance, land-use flexibility, legacy effects, non-anthropogenic effects and additionality since the activity start year will also continue to apply, building on existing guidance. Harvested wood products accounting will be based on the production approach.', 'Harvested wood products accounting will be based on the production approach. New Zealand’s forestry and other land use approach builds on experience with accounting under the Kyoto Protocol to recognise and focus on additional action, and will create incentives for the establishment of new forests, recognise permanent, long-term enhancements of carbon sinks resulting from new management, and take responsibility for deforestation, while accommodating the long-term cycles in net emissions and removals that arise from sustainable forest management.']

en-US

NZL

New Zealand

Updated NDC

2020-04-22 00:00:00

NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/NEW%20ZEALAND%20NDC%20update%2022%2004%202020.pdf

Annex I

High-income

Oceania

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/ff7578b6d356ace3b1da423c26211ba6ebb248b2c8c85ddcfd00d76b9808e822.pdf

['NEW ZEALAND Submission under the Paris Agreement Communication and update of New Zealand’s Nationally Determined Contribution This submission is in response to paragraphs 24 and 25 of decision 1/CP.21 and in particular meets New Zealand’s commitment to communicate or update its nationally determined contribution (NDC) by 2020. New Zealand formally communicated its first NDC under the Paris Agreement upon ratification of the Paris Agreement on 5 October 2016. New Zealand remains fully committed to ambitious national and global climate action to achieve the aims of the Paris Agreement, to supporting efforts aimed at limiting warming to no more than 1.5⁰ C above pre-industrial levels, and to building resilience to the impacts of climate change with a focus on our Pacific neighbours.', 'New Zealand remains fully committed to ambitious national and global climate action to achieve the aims of the Paris Agreement, to supporting efforts aimed at limiting warming to no more than 1.5⁰ C above pre-industrial levels, and to building resilience to the impacts of climate change with a focus on our Pacific neighbours. New Zealand confirmed its commitment to ambitious national action through legislation enacted in late 20191 that set a new domestic target to o reduce net emissions of greenhouse gases (other than biogenic methane) to zero by 2050, and o to reduce emissions of biogenic methane to 24 to 47 per cent below 2017 levels by 2050, including to 10 per cent below 2017 levels by 2030 established a framework for a series of emissions budgets to act as stepping stones towards the long-term target, and plans and policies to achieve them established regular measures to plan for the impacts of climate change in a coordinated way, including a national climate change risk assessment and a national adaptation plan established a new, independent Climate Change Commission in December 2019 to provide expert advice and monitoring, with the goal of helping keep successive governments on track to meeting long-term goals.', 'New Zealand confirmed its commitment to ambitious national action through legislation enacted in late 20191 that set a new domestic target to o reduce net emissions of greenhouse gases (other than biogenic methane) to zero by 2050, and o to reduce emissions of biogenic methane to 24 to 47 per cent below 2017 levels by 2050, including to 10 per cent below 2017 levels by 2030 established a framework for a series of emissions budgets to act as stepping stones towards the long-term target, and plans and policies to achieve them established regular measures to plan for the impacts of climate change in a coordinated way, including a national climate change risk assessment and a national adaptation plan established a new, independent Climate Change Commission in December 2019 to provide expert advice and monitoring, with the goal of helping keep successive governments on track to meeting long-term goals. 1 Climate Change Response (Zero Carbon) Amendment ActThe objective in establishing the Climate Change Commission is to avail the Government of the best available expert advice on New Zealand’s climate change settings.', '1 Climate Change Response (Zero Carbon) Amendment ActThe objective in establishing the Climate Change Commission is to avail the Government of the best available expert advice on New Zealand’s climate change settings. Under the legislation described above the Minister for Climate Change has requested the Climate Change Commission to provide advice and recommendations to the Government on whether the NDC should change to make it consistent with the global 1.5°C temperature goal and, if so, how. The Climate Change Commission will be providing its advice in early 2021.']

en-US

NZL

New Zealand

Updated NDC

2021-11-03 00:00:00

uploaded

x

NDC 1.2

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/New%20Zealand%20NDC%20November%202021.pdf

Annex I

High-income

Oceania

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/4d6c5848d6a8ff10e083b253d0a83edae2ef01b776e1cdc3e3be87e947049faf.pdf

['NEW ZEALAND Submission under the Paris Agreement New Zealand’s first Nationally Determined Contribution New Zealand hereby communicates its updated first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) under the Paris Agreement for the period 2021 to 2030. The Nationally Determined Contribution of New Zealand is: To reduce net greenhouse gas emissions to 50 per cent below gross 2005 levels by 2030. This corresponds to 41 per cent when managed using a multi-year emissions budget starting from New Zealand’s 2020 emissions target. Based on New Zealand’s most recent greenhouse gas inventory, this budget provisionally equates to 571 Mt CO2e over 2021 – 2030. This constitutes a significant progression in ambition from New Zealand’s initial first NDC, which implied a provisional emissions budget over 2021-2030 of 623 Mt CO2e.', 'This constitutes a significant progression in ambition from New Zealand’s initial first NDC, which implied a provisional emissions budget over 2021-2030 of 623 Mt CO2e. As communicated in the submission New Zealand made on 20 April 2020, this update is informed by the advice on the NDC from New Zealand’s Climate Change Commission. The NDC is contextualised by New Zealand’s aims under the Paris Agreement to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C and pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.', 'The NDC is contextualised by New Zealand’s aims under the Paris Agreement to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C and pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. New Zealand intends to separately communicate its action on climate finance in its biennial reports; and its adaptation efforts in its 8th national communication and then in successive biennial transparency reports under the Paris Agreement.Time period 2021 to 2030 Type of commitment A point year target managed using a carbon budget across the NDC period. Target reference year 2005 Reduction level Emissions will be reduced by 50 per cent below gross 2005 levels by 2030, which corresponds to a 41 per cent reduction when managed using a multi-year emissions budget.', 'Target reference year 2005 Reduction level Emissions will be reduced by 50 per cent below gross 2005 levels by 2030, which corresponds to a 41 per cent reduction when managed using a multi-year emissions budget. Scope and coverage This responsibility target is economy-wide covering all sectors: • Energy • Industrial processes and product use • Agriculture • Forestry and other land use • Waste and all greenhouse gases: • HFCs • N2 O • PFCs • NF3 Methodological approaches for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals This NDC applies 100 year Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) from the IPCC 5th assessment report, and methodologies from the IPCC 2006 greenhouse gas inventory guidelines and the 2013 IPCC KP Supplement.', 'Scope and coverage This responsibility target is economy-wide covering all sectors: • Energy • Industrial processes and product use • Agriculture • Forestry and other land use • Waste and all greenhouse gases: • HFCs • N2 O • PFCs • NF3 Methodological approaches for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals This NDC applies 100 year Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) from the IPCC 5th assessment report, and methodologies from the IPCC 2006 greenhouse gas inventory guidelines and the 2013 IPCC KP Supplement. Use of market mechanisms and cooperative approaches In meeting its target New Zealand intends to use international market mechanisms, cooperative approaches and carbon markets that enable trading and use of a wide variety of units/emission reductions/mitigation outcomes that meet reasonable standards and guidelines to: • ensure the environmental integrity of emissions reductions generated or purchased • guard against double-claiming/double-counting, and • ensure transparency in accounting and governance.', 'Use of market mechanisms and cooperative approaches In meeting its target New Zealand intends to use international market mechanisms, cooperative approaches and carbon markets that enable trading and use of a wide variety of units/emission reductions/mitigation outcomes that meet reasonable standards and guidelines to: • ensure the environmental integrity of emissions reductions generated or purchased • guard against double-claiming/double-counting, and • ensure transparency in accounting and governance. Approach to accounting for forestry and other land use New Zealand’s preferred approach for accounting for forestry and other land use sector is described below (as per its INDC). This approach sets out core assumptions. We reserve the right to adjust our selection of methodologies, without reducing ambition.', 'We reserve the right to adjust our selection of methodologies, without reducing ambition. New Zealand’s approach to forestry and other land use accounting will be fully described in its first communication under the Paris Agreement.1 Methodologies New Zealand’s assumed accounting for the forestry and other land use sector will be based on a combination of the 2006 IPCC Guidance and the 2013 IPCC Kyoto Protocol Supplement, providing for Kyoto Protocol accounting approaches to be applied to the greenhouse gas inventory land- based categories. New Zealand looks forward to considering methodologies introduced by the 2013 IPCC Wetlands Supplement and the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines in the future. New Zealand’s existing activity start year of 1990 will continue to apply, ensuring continuity of action with previous commitments.', 'New Zealand’s existing activity start year of 1990 will continue to apply, ensuring continuity of action with previous commitments. 1 The first communication being the submission of the first biennial transparency report (BTR1) and national inventory report, as required under the Paris Agreement, at latest by 31 December 2024.New Zealand’s forestry and other land use approach assumes accounting will be either land or activity based, and will apply existing IPCC methodologies to distinguish areas subject to direct human-induced change from those under pre-existing management, as follows: a. Forests established from the activity start year will continue to be accounted for as they would under the Kyoto Protocol, but once they attain their long-term average carbon stock, taking into account all carbon pools and activities, the forest will transfer to the Forest management/Forest remaining forest category, where it will be accounted for under a business-as-usual reference level.', '1 The first communication being the submission of the first biennial transparency report (BTR1) and national inventory report, as required under the Paris Agreement, at latest by 31 December 2024.New Zealand’s forestry and other land use approach assumes accounting will be either land or activity based, and will apply existing IPCC methodologies to distinguish areas subject to direct human-induced change from those under pre-existing management, as follows: a. Forests established from the activity start year will continue to be accounted for as they would under the Kyoto Protocol, but once they attain their long-term average carbon stock, taking into account all carbon pools and activities, the forest will transfer to the Forest management/Forest remaining forest category, where it will be accounted for under a business-as-usual reference level. New Zealand will continue to account for all deforestation emissions.', 'New Zealand will continue to account for all deforestation emissions. b. Forests established before the activity start year will continue to be accounted for under a business-as-usual reference level, as per the Kyoto Protocol, to address the dynamic effects of age structure resulting from activities and practices before the reference year, and the ongoing cycles of forest harvest and regrowth that occur as part of normal, sustainable forest management in production forests. c. Accounting provisions to address natural disturbances on managed lands, non-anthropogenic effects and additionality since the activity start year will also continue to apply, building on existing guidance. Accounting for harvested wood products will be based on the production approach.', 'Accounting for harvested wood products will be based on the production approach. New Zealand’s forestry and other land use approach builds on experience with accounting under the Kyoto Protocol to recognise and focus on additional action, and will create incentives for the establishment of new forests, recognise permanent, long-term enhancements of carbon sinks resulting from management, and take responsibility for deforestation, while accommodating the long-term cycles in net emissions and removals that arise from sustainable forest management of production forests.Appendix one: Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of New Zealand’s NDC This NDC update is accompanied by information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding as set out below (decision 4/CMA.1 refers).', 'New Zealand’s forestry and other land use approach builds on experience with accounting under the Kyoto Protocol to recognise and focus on additional action, and will create incentives for the establishment of new forests, recognise permanent, long-term enhancements of carbon sinks resulting from management, and take responsibility for deforestation, while accommodating the long-term cycles in net emissions and removals that arise from sustainable forest management of production forests.Appendix one: Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of New Zealand’s NDC This NDC update is accompanied by information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding as set out below (decision 4/CMA.1 refers). PART 1: Contextual information on New Zealand’s updated NDC Sub-element: Information: New Zealand’s updated NDC1 is a commitment to reducing net emissions 50 per cent below gross 2005 levels by 2030.', 'PART 1: Contextual information on New Zealand’s updated NDC Sub-element: Information: New Zealand’s updated NDC1 is a commitment to reducing net emissions 50 per cent below gross 2005 levels by 2030. The updated NDC is a point year target managed using a carbon budget across the NDC period. Starting with New Zealand s projected net emissions in 2020 and using New Zealand s most recent greenhouse gas inventory, this budget provisionally equates to 571 e over 2021 – 2030. The updated NDC corresponds to a reduction of 41 per cent if managed using a multi-year emissions budget starting from New Zealand s 2020 emissions target. We will account for all emissions in the years between 2021 and 2030, not only in the target year (2030).', 'We will account for all emissions in the years between 2021 and 2030, not only in the target year (2030). It is the total amount emitted altogether that matters most for addressing climate change. With net emissions under current settings estimated to be 720 million tonnes of carbon dioxide-equivalent (including Tokelau) over the NDC period, and a likely emissions budget e over 2021 – 2030, we would be responsible for reducing emissions by 149 e between now and 2030. New Zealand is committed to taking decisive action on climate change, with our first NDC constituting our international contribution to reduce emissions in the near-term.', 'New Zealand is committed to taking decisive action on climate change, with our first NDC constituting our international contribution to reduce emissions in the near-term. We previously set and met our target for 2008-2012 under the Kyoto Protocol and are on track to meet our target for 2013-2020 under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Each of New Zealand’s international targets have exceeded the last. Our first NDC target represented progression beyond our 2013-2020 target, and now the updated first NDC is a progression from the first NDC submitted upon ratification of the Paris Agreement. New Zealand is focused on the Paris Agreement goal related to pursuing efforts to limit global temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre- industrial levels.', 'New Zealand is focused on the Paris Agreement goal related to pursuing efforts to limit global temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre- industrial levels. The benefits of staying within 1.5°C, and making far-reaching and rapid transformations, are clearly outlined in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°Celsius and reiterated in the Talanoa Call to Action.New Zealand has taken on board these findings in the development of its emissions reduction plan; we are placing the objective of 1.5°C at the heart of our response. New Zealand plans to achieve its 2021-2030 NDC target, by prioritising domestic emissions reductions across all sectors and greenhouse gases and increasing carbon dioxide removals through forestry. We may supplement our efforts by using international carbon markets with environmental integrity.', 'We may supplement our efforts by using international carbon markets with environmental integrity. Cooperating with other countries will enable us to contribute to greater global emissions reductions. New Zealand’s national circumstances include trends of continuing growth of our population and economy, along with our gross emissions. The largest contributors to these emissions are our agriculture (48 per cent) and energy (42 per cent) sectors. Given our existing high proportion of renewable electricity generation (80 to 85 per cent), this means New Zealand has a challenging task ahead. We are mindful, however, that a successful transition to a low-emissions, climate-resilient future will require us to overcome these challenges and to capitalise on opportunities.', 'We are mindful, however, that a successful transition to a low-emissions, climate-resilient future will require us to overcome these challenges and to capitalise on opportunities. The Climate Change Response (Zero Carbon) Amendment Act 2019 established a broader framework that will enable New Zealand to develop and implement clear and stable climate change policies over time. In addition to the 2050 target, the Zero Carbon Act framework: • establishes a system of successive emissions budgets and plans to act as stepping stones toward our domestic 2050 target • established a Climate Change Commission to provide independent advice to the Government and monitor our progress toward long-term climate goals • institutes adaptation measures.', 'In addition to the 2050 target, the Zero Carbon Act framework: • establishes a system of successive emissions budgets and plans to act as stepping stones toward our domestic 2050 target • established a Climate Change Commission to provide independent advice to the Government and monitor our progress toward long-term climate goals • institutes adaptation measures. The framework aligns New Zealand’s transition to a low-emissions, climate-resilient future, including balancing emissions and removals in the second half of the century, and supports our commitments to the Carbon Neutrality Coalition. The framework also provides opportunities to reflect on our ambition, with our Climate Change Commission able to advise on any necessary enhancements. Beyond our 2021-2030 NDC target, we will continue working with other countries to galvanise and facilitate greater ambition through collaborative initiatives.', 'Beyond our 2021-2030 NDC target, we will continue working with other countries to galvanise and facilitate greater ambition through collaborative initiatives. This includes advocating for ambitious and effective disciplines on inefficient fossil fuel subsidies, employing trade policies, practices and rules to achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement (such as the Agreement on Climate Change, Trade and Sustainability), and committing resources to undertake research and develop technologies for growing more food without growing greenhouse gas emissions (such as the Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases).New Zealand extended its ratification of the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement to include Tokelau as of 13 November 2017. Tokelau is particularly vulnerable to climate change, and as a small set of atolls, is committed to tackling climate change.', 'Tokelau is particularly vulnerable to climate change, and as a small set of atolls, is committed to tackling climate change. Tokelau has been included in New Zealand’s greenhouse gas reporting since 2017, setting a positive example of transparency of its emissions and commitments.', 'Tokelau has been included in New Zealand’s greenhouse gas reporting since 2017, setting a positive example of transparency of its emissions and commitments. PART 2: Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of New Zealand’s NDC Quantifiable Information on the reference point and a base year Sub-element: Information: Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s): Base year: 2005 Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year: Total emissions in base year (2005): provisional estimate 85.922 (Mt CO2 Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s): Base year emissions will be taken from the most recently reviewed national greenhouse gas inventory report.', 'PART 2: Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of New Zealand’s NDC Quantifiable Information on the reference point and a base year Sub-element: Information: Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s): Base year: 2005 Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year: Total emissions in base year (2005): provisional estimate 85.922 (Mt CO2 Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s): Base year emissions will be taken from the most recently reviewed national greenhouse gas inventory report. GWP 100 from the IPCC 5th Assessment Report Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators: When New Zealand submits its first biennial transparency report under the Paris Agreement, further information will be provided on how ongoing technical improvements to the national greenhouse gas inventory will be treated.', 'GWP 100 from the IPCC 5th Assessment Report Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators: When New Zealand submits its first biennial transparency report under the Paris Agreement, further information will be provided on how ongoing technical improvements to the national greenhouse gas inventory will be treated. Until then the base year emissions estimate remains provisional. Timeframes and/or periods for implementation Sub-element: Information: Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date: Period covered by NDC: 2021 to 2030. Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target: A point year target managed using an emissions budget approach to account for emissions in all the years for the period 2021 to 2030.', 'Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target: A point year target managed using an emissions budget approach to account for emissions in all the years for the period 2021 to 2030. 2 Applies IPCC 5th Assessment Report (AR) GWP100 values to the latest reported estimate for 2005 of 82,486 Mt CO2 -e that was calculated using the IPCC 4th AR GWP100 values as reported in the 2019 National Greenhouse Gas InventoryProjected gross emissions with existing measures for the period 2021-2030: 802 Mt CO2 -e Expected emissions budget for the period 2021-2030: 571 Mt CO2 -e Estimated abatement or sequestration needed (i.e.', '2 Applies IPCC 5th Assessment Report (AR) GWP100 values to the latest reported estimate for 2005 of 82,486 Mt CO2 -e that was calculated using the IPCC 4th AR GWP100 values as reported in the 2019 National Greenhouse Gas InventoryProjected gross emissions with existing measures for the period 2021-2030: 802 Mt CO2 -e Expected emissions budget for the period 2021-2030: 571 Mt CO2 -e Estimated abatement or sequestration needed (i.e. the difference between total gross emissions and the emissions budget for the period 2021 to 2030): 149 Mt CO2 -e *Note: figures are based on New Zealand’s Greenhouse Gas Inventory, published in April 2019 and the emissions projections contained in New Zealand’s Fourth Biennial Report, published in December 2019; these are provisional until confirmed during the NDC period.', 'the difference between total gross emissions and the emissions budget for the period 2021 to 2030): 149 Mt CO2 -e *Note: figures are based on New Zealand’s Greenhouse Gas Inventory, published in April 2019 and the emissions projections contained in New Zealand’s Fourth Biennial Report, published in December 2019; these are provisional until confirmed during the NDC period. Scope and coverage Sub-element: Information: General description of the target The 2021-2030 NDC target is a responsibility target. Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines: The 2021-2030 NDC target is economy-wide covering all sectors: energy, industrial processes and product use, agriculture, land use, land-use change and forestry, waste, and all greenhouse gases: CO2 , HFCs, PFCs, NF3.', 'Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines: The 2021-2030 NDC target is economy-wide covering all sectors: energy, industrial processes and product use, agriculture, land use, land-use change and forestry, waste, and all greenhouse gases: CO2 , HFCs, PFCs, NF3. Element: Planning processes Sub-element Information: Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution: In preparing its 2021-2030 Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC), the New Zealand Government undertook a comprehensive process that included: carrying out analysis about how options for New Zealand’s contribution would compare to global efforts to reduce emissions, taking into account factors such as the cost of effort, national circumstances, historical responsibility for climate change, and national GDP; modelling the impact of different NDC target options on New Zealand’s economy and households.', 'Element: Planning processes Sub-element Information: Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution: In preparing its 2021-2030 Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC), the New Zealand Government undertook a comprehensive process that included: carrying out analysis about how options for New Zealand’s contribution would compare to global efforts to reduce emissions, taking into account factors such as the cost of effort, national circumstances, historical responsibility for climate change, and national GDP; modelling the impact of different NDC target options on New Zealand’s economy and households. This work is published on the Ministry for the Environment’s website (A general equilibrium analysis of options for New Zealand’s post-2020 climate change contribution3, and Modelling the economic impact of New Zealand’s post-2020 climate change contribution4); and, conducting public consultation through publication of a discussion document available on the Ministry for the Environment’s website (New Zealand’s Climate Change target5),public meetings, hui (meetings), and inviting the public to make submissions on target options and the NDC.', 'This work is published on the Ministry for the Environment’s website (A general equilibrium analysis of options for New Zealand’s post-2020 climate change contribution3, and Modelling the economic impact of New Zealand’s post-2020 climate change contribution4); and, conducting public consultation through publication of a discussion document available on the Ministry for the Environment’s website (New Zealand’s Climate Change target5),public meetings, hui (meetings), and inviting the public to make submissions on target options and the NDC. New Zealand ratified the Paris Agreement in October 2016 and submitted a 2021-2030 NDC. The submitted NDC underwent a substantial public consultation process, with 15 public meetings and hui held. Additionally, 17,023 written submissions were received from 15,639 submitters. This NDC built on, and reflected a streamlined version of, our INDC.', 'This NDC built on, and reflected a streamlined version of, our INDC. This submission process made the NDC accessible to the public. However, the NDC was misinterpreted on occasion, with confusion around its communication as a budget rather than a point-year target. This update of the 2021-2030 NDC, including communicating New Zealand’s updated NDC as a point year target, therefore enhances the information provided in an effort to improve understanding. New Zealand’s point year NDC will be managed as a budget. Under a budget approach, the NDC puts a limit on the total amount of emissions allowed over the 2021-2030 period. The 2021-2030 NDC is one part of New Zealand’s wider policy response to climate change.', 'The 2021-2030 NDC is one part of New Zealand’s wider policy response to climate change. New Zealand’s Climate Change Response (Zero Carbon) Amendment Act (passed into law in late 2019) provides a framework to transition New Zealand to a low-emissions, climate- resilient economy. The Government received over 15,000 submissions on the proposals for this Act, and 10,000 submissions as the legislation was being shaped. The Zero Carbon Act set up the Climate Change Commission, an expert-group that provides independent advice to the Government. The Zero Carbon Act provides for the Climate Change Commission to review New Zealand’s 2050 emissions reduction target, and when directed, the ability to consider the ambition of our NDCs. The Climate Change Commission was established on 1 December 2019.', 'The Climate Change Commission was established on 1 December 2019. In April 2020 the Minister of Climate Change requested the Commission to provide advice on whether the NDC was compatible with contributing to global efforts to limit global warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and recommend any changes that would make it compatible. In May 2021 the Commission advised that the NDC was not compatible with global efforts under the Paris Agreement to limit the increase in global average temperature to 1.5°C.', 'In May 2021 the Commission advised that the NDC was not compatible with global efforts under the Paris Agreement to limit the increase in global average temperature to 1.5°C. It recommended that in order to be more likely to be compatible, the contribution New Zealand makes over the NDC period should reflect a reduction of net emissions ofmuch more that 36 per cent below 2005 gross levels by 2030, with the likelihood of compatibility increasing as the NDC is strengthened further. Given New Zealand’s status as a highly developed country and taking global equity principles into account, the Commission advised that New Zealand’s emissions should reduce at a greater rate than the global average.', 'Given New Zealand’s status as a highly developed country and taking global equity principles into account, the Commission advised that New Zealand’s emissions should reduce at a greater rate than the global average. It did not quantify how much greater those reductions should be, stating that how much the NDC should be strengthened should reflect the tolerance for climate and reputational risk and economic impact, and principles of effort sharing, which require political decisions. The Commission recommended that any changes to the NDC should be developed in partnership with iwi/Māori, to give effect to the principles of Te Tiriti o Waitangi/The Treaty of Waitangi and align with the He Ara Waiora framework.', 'The Commission recommended that any changes to the NDC should be developed in partnership with iwi/Māori, to give effect to the principles of Te Tiriti o Waitangi/The Treaty of Waitangi and align with the He Ara Waiora framework. Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate, domestic institutional arrangements: New Zealand has implemented, or is planning, a number of policies and institutional arrangements (including legislation and regulations thereunder) to meet its domestic and international climate goals, including its NDC: The Climate Change Response Act provides an enduring framework by which New Zealand can develop and implement clear and stable climate change policies. It achieves this purpose by enshrining in legislation four elements: 1.', 'It achieves this purpose by enshrining in legislation four elements: 1. A domestic emissions reduction target for 2050 in order to contribute to the global effort under the Paris Agreement to limit the global average temperature increase to 1.5° Celsius above pre-industrial levels. This target requires: greenhouse gases other than biogenic methane to reach net zero by 2050 and emissions of biogenic methane to reduce to 10 per cent below 2017 levels by 2030, and to 24–47 per cent below 2017 levels by 2050. 2. A system of emissions budgets and emission reduction plans to act as stepping stones to the 2050 target and provide a framework for planning.', 'A system of emissions budgets and emission reduction plans to act as stepping stones to the 2050 target and provide a framework for planning. Emissions budgets set a limit on the amount of greenhouse gas emissions allowed across a five-year period (or, in the case of the first budget, a four-year period). These budgets must put New Zealand on a path to meeting the targets. The reductions required must also be technologically achievable, economically viable and socially acceptable. Emissions reduction plans set out the policies and strategies for achieving emissions budgets. A new plan must be published before each budget period and can also look out to the next two budget periods.3. A Climate Change Commission to provide independent advice and monitor progress. 4.', 'A Climate Change Commission to provide independent advice and monitor progress. 4. Adaptation measures to assess and address the risks from a changing climate. In May 2021, the Climate Change Commission gave the Government its recommendations for the first three emissions budgets (between 2022 – 2035) and the policies needed to meet them. The Government has been working on a wide range of proposals that may form New Zealand’s first emission reduction plan. The Government began consultation on these proposals in October 2021 to help shape the emissions reduction plan. Final decisions on the first three emissions budgets will be made and published alongside the first emissions reduction plan by 31 May 2022.', 'Final decisions on the first three emissions budgets will be made and published alongside the first emissions reduction plan by 31 May 2022. The Government is committed to ensuring an equitable transition towards a low- emissions and climate resilient economy. Further, New Zealand has a package of domestic policies, including sustainable finance. The Climate Change Response (Emissions Trading Reform) Amendment 2020 enacted a reform of the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme, a key policy tool to reduce emissions and ensure our commitments under the Paris Agreement are met. This Act passed through Parliament in June 2020.', 'This Act passed through Parliament in June 2020. The Climate Implications of Policy Assessment was established in 2019 to enable central government agencies to undertake and report a greenhouse gas emissions analysis for all new policy proposals where the impact on GHG emissions is likely to be equal or above 0.5 million tonnes carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2 e) within the first ten years of the proposal period. This allows New Zealand to measure, monitor and report on government interventions that will impact New Zealand’s greenhouse gas emissions. In 2016, New Zealand adopted the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. New Zealand has completed the domestic processes required to meet the Amendment’s obligations, which entered into force on 1 January 2020.', 'New Zealand has completed the domestic processes required to meet the Amendment’s obligations, which entered into force on 1 January 2020. The New Zealand Government is joining businesses and communities in leading the way to a net-zero future, through the establishment of the Carbon Neutral Government Programme (CNGP) in December 2020. The CNGP aims to make a number of public organisations carbon neutral from 2025. Participants will measure and report theiremissions, set targets and plans to reduce emissions in line with the global goal to limit temperature rise to 1.5°C, and offset their remaining emissions from 2025. The Government Investment in Decarbonising Industry Fund (GIDI) provides funding to support the adoption of energy efficiency and fuel switching to renewable technologies in industry, including electrification and bioenergy.', 'The Government Investment in Decarbonising Industry Fund (GIDI) provides funding to support the adoption of energy efficiency and fuel switching to renewable technologies in industry, including electrification and bioenergy. It aims to accelerate industrial heat decarbonisation to catalyse adoption of low-emission technologies, and to contribute to the COVID-19 recovery. The Clean Car Discount will support New Zealanders to buy cleaner vehicles by addressing their high upfront cost through incentives. From 1 January 2022, a charge on high-emitting vehicles will apply at point of first registration in New Zealand, to discourage purchase. The Clean Car Standard will be implemented in 2022 and support a cleaner vehicle fleet by improving the efficiency of imported new and used light vehicles.', 'The Clean Car Standard will be implemented in 2022 and support a cleaner vehicle fleet by improving the efficiency of imported new and used light vehicles. New Zealand provides leadership in research, innovation and technical solutions to reduce emissions from agriculture. An example of this is the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre. The purpose of the Centre is to deliver knowledge, technologies and practices to enable New Zealand to enhance agricultural productivity in an emissions constrained world. As technologies become available and national circumstances evolve, New Zealand may realign the aforementioned policies and/or introduce new policies to reduce emissions.', 'As technologies become available and national circumstances evolve, New Zealand may realign the aforementioned policies and/or introduce new policies to reduce emissions. Further information about these policies and institutional arrangements is available online, noting the New Zealand Ministry for the Environment, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, and Ministry for Primary Industries’ websites in particular. Details are also included, or anticipated for inclusion, in New Zealand’s National Communications and Biennial Reports under the UNFCCC, and future Biennial Transparency Reports under the Paris Agreement. Party’s implementation plans, including public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner: New Zealand is founded on a partnership between the Crown and indigenous New Zealanders, Māori, through Te Tiriti o Waitangi (Treaty of Waitangi).', 'Party’s implementation plans, including public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner: New Zealand is founded on a partnership between the Crown and indigenous New Zealanders, Māori, through Te Tiriti o Waitangi (Treaty of Waitangi). Te Puni Kōkiri is the Ministry for Māori Development. It advises on policy affecting Māori wellbeing and development. Further, Te Arawhiti is the Ministry of Māori-Crown relations and provides guidance and support relationships with Māori.The Climate Change Response Act (CCRA) recognises the Government’s responsibility to give effect to the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi. The CCRA requires emissions reduction plans to include a strategy to recognise and mitigate the impacts on Māori, and that Māori are adequately consulted on these plans.', 'The CCRA requires emissions reduction plans to include a strategy to recognise and mitigate the impacts on Māori, and that Māori are adequately consulted on these plans. Final decisions on the first three budgets will be made and published alongside the first emissions reduction plan in May 2022. This plan will set out how New Zealand will achieve the first budget and manage the impacts policies may have on employers and employees, regions, Māori, and wider communities. Government has been working on a wide range of proposals that may form Aotearoa New Zealand’s first emission reduction plan.', 'Government has been working on a wide range of proposals that may form Aotearoa New Zealand’s first emission reduction plan. Current proposals include: − Government and iwi/Māori working together, designing a number of national-level strategies, including a National Energy Strategy, Circular Economy Strategy, Bioeconomy Strategy, National Low-emission Freight Strategy, Industry plans and policies to decarbonise the industrial sector, and a Building Transformation Plan. − Supporting Māori to create a transition strategy that responds to the particular priorities and needs of the Māori economy and Māori people. This includes applying Māori values and mātauranga Māori (Māori knowledge) to the transition.', 'This includes applying Māori values and mātauranga Māori (Māori knowledge) to the transition. Existing policies include: − Vision Mātauranga is a government policy that aims to unlock the science and innovation potential of Māori knowledge, resources and people for the environmental, economic, social and cultural benefit of New Zealand. − Māori-focused research aligned with integrated farm systems, which seeks to assist the Māori pastoral sector to increase resource efficiency and farm productivity while lowering greenhouse gas emissions. A number of approaches are used to engage with Māori on their perspectives of the risks and opportunities presented by climate change and specific policies in response.', 'A number of approaches are used to engage with Māori on their perspectives of the risks and opportunities presented by climate change and specific policies in response. The Government has developed the Māori-Crown Engagement Framework and Partnership Guidelines to ensure Māori have full involvement in all phases of policy design, implementation, and evaluation to support agencies to develop true partnerships with Māori.Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate, national circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication: New Zealand became a Party to the Paris Agreement because we are committed to contributing to collective global action on climate change. We need all countries to contribute and need to be able to hold all countries to account.', 'We need all countries to contribute and need to be able to hold all countries to account. We actively support the Paris Agreement not only to help protect New Zealand’s economic, social, cultural and environmental interests, and also to encourage others to take action on climate change. New Zealand is a long, narrow and mountainous country with two main islands, and a number of smaller outlying islands. New Zealand is expected to see a 50 per cent growth in population between 1990 and 2030. This growth is significant, with relatively low population density. New Zealand has an open, trade-reliant economy founded in the agricultural and land sectors. New Zealand is, geographically distant from international markets and trading partners, however, being located in the South Pacific.', 'New Zealand is, geographically distant from international markets and trading partners, however, being located in the South Pacific. New Zealand has an export-dependent economy, with a significant reliance on the agriculture sector. Some 85 per cent of New Zealand’s total food production goes to the international market. New Zealand’s geography and population distribution have contributed to a dependence on fossil fuel-powered transport. Because of this, and New Zealand’s primary sector exports base, gross emissions are dominated by the agriculture and energy sectors, which together comprise approximately 90 per cent of gross emissions. New Zealand has seen strong economic growth since 1990. New Zealand has high levels of renewable energy use and a long history of renewable energy development.', 'New Zealand has high levels of renewable energy use and a long history of renewable energy development. Approximately 80 per cent New Zealand’s electricity generation uses renewable resources – primarily hydro-generation. Continued development of geothermal and wind generation has seen the amount of electricity generated from these sources more than triple over the last two decades. Considering the high levels of existing renewable electricity generation, there is less gross emissions reduction potential from the energy sector than in many other jurisdictions. This presents a challenge for abatement options. Despite this, New Zealand is looking to make further gains in this area.', 'Despite this, New Zealand is looking to make further gains in this area. The Government has an aspirational goal of 100 per cent renewable electricity by 2035, with five-yearly assessments to ensure that security of supply and affordability of electricity are well- maintained. The New Zealand Battery project has been set up to address the issue of New Zealand’s hydro dependence and dry year risk in our electricity system. The $30 million initial study will investigate pumped hydro amongst other technological possibilities to eliminate the need for fossil fuels in our electricity system. It will provide comprehensive advice on thetechnical, environmental and commercial feasibility of a grid-level, renewable energy storage solution.', 'It will provide comprehensive advice on thetechnical, environmental and commercial feasibility of a grid-level, renewable energy storage solution. National direction on industrial greenhouse gas emissions will be developed to set out nationally consistent policies, rules and requirements to guide regional councils in their decision making on coal use. This proposal will prohibit new low and medium temperature coal boilers and phase out existing coal boilers beyond 2037. New Zealand is in the process of decoupling emissions from economic growth, although emissions continue to grow off the back of strong economic and population growth. The policies and measures we are putting in place now will make an impact towards reducing our emissions over the period 2021 to 2030 (as projected in New Zealand’s Fourth Biennial Report).', 'The policies and measures we are putting in place now will make an impact towards reducing our emissions over the period 2021 to 2030 (as projected in New Zealand’s Fourth Biennial Report). Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate, other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement: New Zealand became a Party to the Paris Agreement to contribute to collective global action on climate change, help protect New Zealand’s economic, social, cultural and environmental interests, encourage others to take action on climate change, and maintain our ability to influence international climate change processes. New Zealand is committed to an effective multilateral response to climate change, that has environmental and scientific integrity and is rules-based (i.e.', 'New Zealand is committed to an effective multilateral response to climate change, that has environmental and scientific integrity and is rules-based (i.e. we need all countries to contribute, and need to be able to hold all countries to account). Through implementing the Paris Agreement we will strive to ensure that the Agreement will be practical and based on continuous improvement, also that it recognises and protects the rights and interests of indigenous peoples.', 'Through implementing the Paris Agreement we will strive to ensure that the Agreement will be practical and based on continuous improvement, also that it recognises and protects the rights and interests of indigenous peoples. Element: Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals Sub-element: Information: Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s NDC, consistent The NDC applies 100-year Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) from the IPCC 5th Assessment Report, in accordance with decisions 4/CMA.1 (accounting) and 18/CMA.1 (transparency).with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA: New Zealand’s accounting for Land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) will be based on a combination of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and the 2013 IPCC Kyoto Protocol Supplement.', 'Element: Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals Sub-element: Information: Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s NDC, consistent The NDC applies 100-year Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) from the IPCC 5th Assessment Report, in accordance with decisions 4/CMA.1 (accounting) and 18/CMA.1 (transparency).with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA: New Zealand’s accounting for Land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) will be based on a combination of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and the 2013 IPCC Kyoto Protocol Supplement. New Zealand looks forward to giving future consideration to methodologies introduced by the 2013 IPCC Wetlands Supplement and the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines.', 'New Zealand looks forward to giving future consideration to methodologies introduced by the 2013 IPCC Wetlands Supplement and the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. Further details are provided below. Any information on country specific methodologies applied, will be consistent with Article 13, paragraph 7(a) of the Paris Agreement and paragraph 1 (b) of Annex II of Decision 4/CMA.1. Forests established after the activity start year (1990) will be accounted for up until they reach their long-term average carbon stock. After this point is reached, the forest will be accounted for under a business-as-usual reference level (e.g. similar to Forest management under the Kyoto Protocol). The approach will take into account all LULUCF carbon pools (i.e.', 'The approach will take into account all LULUCF carbon pools (i.e. above ground biomass, below ground biomass, litter, deadwood, soil organic carbon and stocks of harvested wood products). New Zealand will continue to account for deforestation emissions, as per the Kyoto Protocol. Forests established before the activity start year will continue to be accounted for under a business-as-usual reference level, as per the Kyoto Protocol. This approach addresses the dynamic effects of the forest age class structure resulting from historical activities and practices, and the ongoing cycles of forest harvest and regrowth that occur as part of normal, sustainable forest management in production forests. Accounting for harvested wood products will be based on the production approach.', 'Accounting for harvested wood products will be based on the production approach. New Zealand’s approach recognises that accounting methodologies need to focus on anthropogenic effects and create incentives for mitigation that promote sustainable land management. New Zealand’s approach will demonstrate consistency with greenhouse gas inventories, pursuant to Article 13, paragraph 7(a), of the Paris Agreement. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the NDC: Assumptions and methodological approaches include: population and GDP assumed to increase over time and effective carbon price assumptions. Currently implemented and adopted policies and measures: the difference between with measures (WEM) and without measures (WOM) scenarios.Additional policies and measures effect: the difference between WEM and with additional measures (WAM) scenarios emissions and removals.', 'Currently implemented and adopted policies and measures: the difference between with measures (WEM) and without measures (WOM) scenarios.Additional policies and measures effect: the difference between WEM and with additional measures (WAM) scenarios emissions and removals. If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate (i.e. how we promote environmental integrity, TACCC, and ensure avoidance of double counting): New Zealand’s national inventory system is designed specifically to ensure robust reporting and accounting of anthropogenic emissions and removals, including the avoidance of double counting.', 'how we promote environmental integrity, TACCC, and ensure avoidance of double counting): New Zealand’s national inventory system is designed specifically to ensure robust reporting and accounting of anthropogenic emissions and removals, including the avoidance of double counting. We have developed a national monitoring, reporting and verification system for land use, land-use change and forestry that utilises wall-to-wall mapping and periodic forest monitoring. The wall-to-wall mapping approach ensures emissions and removals from land-use and forests are identified and counted only once. There is regular information sharing between the national inventory system and the NZ ETS to ensure all forests are identified and correctly classified. New Zealand has a national Emissions Trading Register which manages the accounting, reporting and reconciliation of emissions and unit holdings and transactions as part of the NZ ETS.', 'New Zealand has a national Emissions Trading Register which manages the accounting, reporting and reconciliation of emissions and unit holdings and transactions as part of the NZ ETS. Environmental integrity is ensured between the greenhouse gas inventory and the NZ ETS. Internal quality assurance processes ensure environmental integrity of the greenhouse gas inventory. The quality assurance and quality control plans are reviewed annually. The quality assurance and quality control processes have a significant role in the preparation of the greenhouse gas inventory to ensure the core principles of transparency, accuracy, completeness, comparability and consistency (TACCC) are achieved. More information can be found in New Zealand’s Seventh National Communication.', 'More information can be found in New Zealand’s Seventh National Communication. New Zealand’s commitment to environmental integrity is also evident regarding the design and implementation of Article 6 of the Paris Agreement where New Zealand is a strong voice regarding the importance of robust accounting including: • the avoidance of double counting • transparency, and • ambition in market mechanisms. IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals: See assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals, above. Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches New Zealand will account for LULUCF sector by applying a combination of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and the 2013 IPCC Kyoto Protocol Supplement.', 'Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches New Zealand will account for LULUCF sector by applying a combination of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and the 2013 IPCC Kyoto Protocol Supplement. New Zealand looks forward to considering methodologies introduced by theconsistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: (i) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; (ii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products; (iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests: 2013 IPCC Wetlands Supplement and the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines over time. New Zealand’s existing activity start year of 1990 for forestry activities will continue to apply, ensuring continuity of action with previous commitments.', 'New Zealand’s existing activity start year of 1990 for forestry activities will continue to apply, ensuring continuity of action with previous commitments. New Zealand’s LULUCF approach assumes accounting will be either land or activity based, and will apply existing IPCC methodologies to distinguish areas subject to direct human-induced change from those under pre-existing management, as follows: a. Forests established from the activity start year will continue to be accounted for as they would under the Kyoto Protocol, but once they attain their long-term average carbon stock, taking into account all carbon pools and activities, the forest will transfer to the ‘forest management/forest remaining’ forest category, where it will be accounted for under a business-as-usual reference level. b. New Zealand will continue to account for all deforestation emissions.', 'New Zealand will continue to account for all deforestation emissions. c. Forests established before the activity start year will continue to be accounted for under a business-as-usual reference level, as per the Kyoto Protocol. For production forests this will address the dynamic effects of age structure resulting from activities and practices before the activity start year, and the ongoing cycles of forest harvest and regrowth that occur as part of normal, sustainable forest management in production forests. d. Accounting provisions to address natural disturbances on managed lands, non-anthropogenic effects and additionality since the activity start year will continue to apply, building on existing guidance and experience. Accounting for harvested wood products will be based on the production approach.', 'Accounting for harvested wood products will be based on the production approach. New Zealand’s LULUCF approach builds on experience with accounting under the Kyoto Protocol to recognise and focus on additional action. This approach will create incentives for the establishment of new forests, recognise permanent, long-term enhancements of carbon sinks resulting from management, and take responsibility for deforestation, while accommodating the long-term cycles in net emissions and removals that arise from the sustainable forest management of production forests. The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable: In meeting its 2021-2030 NDC, New Zealand intends to use cooperative approaches, including international market mechanisms.', 'The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable: In meeting its 2021-2030 NDC, New Zealand intends to use cooperative approaches, including international market mechanisms. New Zealand is committed to ensuring all cooperative approaches it engages in have environmental integrity through robustaccounting including transparency in accounting and governance, and safeguards against double counting. Element: How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances Sub-element: Information: How the Party considers that its NDC contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances: New Zealand is responsible for low levels of emissions now and historically (0.17 per cent of global gross emissions in 2017).', 'Element: How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances Sub-element: Information: How the Party considers that its NDC contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances: New Zealand is responsible for low levels of emissions now and historically (0.17 per cent of global gross emissions in 2017). Countries which each individually contribute one per cent or less of global emissions account for nearly a quarter of total emissions. Therefore, New Zealand’s efforts matter. The likely cost to the New Zealand economy of meeting this NDC target in terms of GDP is high relative to many other Parties.', 'The likely cost to the New Zealand economy of meeting this NDC target in terms of GDP is high relative to many other Parties. This is due to a number of factors, such as the existing high level of renewable electricity generation (80-85 per cent), and the make-up of our emissions profile, where almost half of our total emissions originate from agriculture. New Zealand’s domestic 2050 target under the CCRA places an emphasis on long-lived gases. The target is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to net zero by 2050 (excluding biogenic methane for which the target is 24-47 per cent below 2017 levels).', 'The target is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to net zero by 2050 (excluding biogenic methane for which the target is 24-47 per cent below 2017 levels). The outcome we seek for the ‘form’ or ‘type’ of contribution we deliver is an NDC that provides a fair, comparable and transparent representation of New Zealand’s effort on climate change. Different forms of contribution will better facilitate the accurate measurement of reductions to track progress towards a country’s global goal than others, or more clearly (or fairly) represent a country’s “effort” (depending on their national circumstance).', 'Different forms of contribution will better facilitate the accurate measurement of reductions to track progress towards a country’s global goal than others, or more clearly (or fairly) represent a country’s “effort” (depending on their national circumstance). We consider that New Zealand’s updated NDC, and particularly the fact that it will be achieved via a budget for the period is the right form for facilitating accurate measurement of New Zealand’s effort.', 'We consider that New Zealand’s updated NDC, and particularly the fact that it will be achieved via a budget for the period is the right form for facilitating accurate measurement of New Zealand’s effort. Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity: A basket of indicators can give an idea of countries’ efforts, and New Zealand looked at factors such as: national circumstances, including evolving circumstances such as population growth rates, the size of the forestry sector, the size of the agriculture sector, and access to natural resources; cost of effort (sharing), including to the economy; resource sharing, such as sharing greenhouse gas emissions, including carbon dioxide versus methane per capita; historical responsibility for climate change; income and capacity, such as the ability to afford to mitigate more emissions than others; abatement required to meetNDC headline target, and the gap between the business-as-usual emissions curve and emissions curve needed to meet the NDC target.', 'Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity: A basket of indicators can give an idea of countries’ efforts, and New Zealand looked at factors such as: national circumstances, including evolving circumstances such as population growth rates, the size of the forestry sector, the size of the agriculture sector, and access to natural resources; cost of effort (sharing), including to the economy; resource sharing, such as sharing greenhouse gas emissions, including carbon dioxide versus methane per capita; historical responsibility for climate change; income and capacity, such as the ability to afford to mitigate more emissions than others; abatement required to meetNDC headline target, and the gap between the business-as-usual emissions curve and emissions curve needed to meet the NDC target. This analysis concluded that the updated NDC to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions to 50 per cent below gross 2005 levels by 2030 is a fair contribution for New Zealand in light of the range of indicators outlined above.', 'This analysis concluded that the updated NDC to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions to 50 per cent below gross 2005 levels by 2030 is a fair contribution for New Zealand in light of the range of indicators outlined above. How the Party addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement (i.e. how NDC target represents progression and highest possible ambition): New Zealand’s updated first NDC represents a progression beyond New Zealand’s first NDC submitted upon ratification of the Paris Agreement in 2016. It is an increase in ambition in terms of headline number, cost and emissions impact, reduction from business-as-usual emissions and contribution to the global effort to limit warming to 1.5\uf0b0C. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement (i.e.', 'How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement (i.e. LD and small island developing states may prepare and communicate strategies, plans and actions for low greenhouse gas emissions development reflecting their special circumstances): New Zealand is working with Tokelau on how best to reflect its strategies and plans, noting that New Zealand already includes Tokelau in its greenhouse gas inventory and provides information from Tokelau in its national communications. Element: How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 Sub-element: Information: Article 2 of the Convention (i.e.', 'Element: How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 Sub-element: Information: Article 2 of the Convention (i.e. stabilisation of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system): New Zealand welcomed the IPCC’s Special Report on global warming of 1.5°C, and the AR6 Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, which emphasised the urgency of climate action that we have a duty to respond to. New Zealand’s target choice is primarily guided by the best available scientific knowledge. The IPCC is the definitive source of evidence to support climate change policy development. The IPCC reports represent the best expert assessment of global knowledge on climate change.', 'The IPCC reports represent the best expert assessment of global knowledge on climate change. The AR6 Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis is the most up to date report from the IPCC on the physical science of climate change. The report makes clear that it is “unequivocal that human influence has warmed the atmosphere, ocean and land”, and caused “widespread and rapid changes in the atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere and biosphere”. The scale of these changes is unprecedented over centuries to thousands of years. New Zealand has a duty to respond to the report’s findings that “global warming of How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement. (i.e.', 'New Zealand has a duty to respond to the report’s findings that “global warming of How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement. (i.e. global temperature goals, including to limit global temperature to 1.5°C):1.5°C and 2°C will be exceeded during the 21st century unless deep reductions in CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions occur in the coming decades”. The Special Report on global warming of 1.5°C emphasises that limiting global warming to 1.5°C will “require rapid and far-reaching transitions” in most human activities. The report provides emissions pathways consistent with limiting warming to 1.5°C, which have gained considerable influence as representing what is “necessary” to achieve the aim of the Paris Agreement.', 'The report provides emissions pathways consistent with limiting warming to 1.5°C, which have gained considerable influence as representing what is “necessary” to achieve the aim of the Paris Agreement. The Special Report on global warming of 1.5°C provided evidence to inform the 2050 target in New Zealand’s Climate Change Response Act, which will be a significant challenge requiring early and more ambitious action across all sectors. The Act has legislated a domestic target that contributes to the global effort under the Paris Agreement to limit global warming to 1.5°C. In May 2021 the Climate Change Commission provided advice that New Zealand’s NDC was not compatible with contributing to global efforts to limit global warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.', 'In May 2021 the Climate Change Commission provided advice that New Zealand’s NDC was not compatible with contributing to global efforts to limit global warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. The Commission advised in order to be more likely to be compatible, the contribution New Zealand makes over the NDC period should reflect a reduction of net emissions of much more that 36 per cent below 2005 gross levels by 2030, with the likelihood of compatibility increasing as the NDC is strengthened further. New Zealand’s updated NDC of a reduction of 50 per cent below gross 2005 levels by 2030 is aligned with this advice to have greater compatibility with contributing to global efforts to limit global warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.']

en-US

NIC

Nicaragua

1st NDC

2018-09-03 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Contribucion%20Nacionalmente%20Determinada%20Nicaragua.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Latin America and the Caribbean

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/6799c6146ed405944ac0072e6164eefe637672860425067d2aca9b3487041976.pdf

['CONTRIBUCIÓN NACIONALMENTE DETERMINADA A LA MITIGACIÓN DEL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO (NDC) DE LA REPUBLICA NICARAGUA ANTE LA CONVENCIÓN MARCO DE NACIONES UNIDAS SOBRE CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO (CMNUCC) Managua, Nicaragua.RESUMEN Las emisiones de Gases Efecto Invernadero de Nicaragua reportadas entre el año 2000 y el 2010, representan el 0.01% de las emisiones globales para ese mismo período, valores son muy poco significativos en las estadísticas mundiales sobre las emisiones globales de gases efecto invernadero.', 'CONTRIBUCIÓN NACIONALMENTE DETERMINADA A LA MITIGACIÓN DEL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO (NDC) DE LA REPUBLICA NICARAGUA ANTE LA CONVENCIÓN MARCO DE NACIONES UNIDAS SOBRE CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO (CMNUCC) Managua, Nicaragua.RESUMEN Las emisiones de Gases Efecto Invernadero de Nicaragua reportadas entre el año 2000 y el 2010, representan el 0.01% de las emisiones globales para ese mismo período, valores son muy poco significativos en las estadísticas mundiales sobre las emisiones globales de gases efecto invernadero. La Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Nicaragua tiene como propósito contribuir al cumplimiento del Acuerdo de París en relación a la mitigación del Cambio Climático y está orientada, principalmente, a los Sectores de Energía y Agricultura, Uso de la tierra y Cambios de usos de la tierra, por medio de medidas para el incremento de fuentes productoras de energías renovables, así como medidas para la conservación y recuperación forestal.', 'La Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Nicaragua tiene como propósito contribuir al cumplimiento del Acuerdo de París en relación a la mitigación del Cambio Climático y está orientada, principalmente, a los Sectores de Energía y Agricultura, Uso de la tierra y Cambios de usos de la tierra, por medio de medidas para el incremento de fuentes productoras de energías renovables, así como medidas para la conservación y recuperación forestal. Esta Contribución Nacional, en función del derecho al desarrollo sostenible del Pueblo de Nicaragua, contempla la consecución de las metas sobre la base de lo establecido en los instrumentos normativos y de políticas con aportes nacionales, inversión extranjera y cooperación internacional, tanto para el sector energético como para el sector agricultura, uso y cambio de usos de la tierra.', 'Esta Contribución Nacional, en función del derecho al desarrollo sostenible del Pueblo de Nicaragua, contempla la consecución de las metas sobre la base de lo establecido en los instrumentos normativos y de políticas con aportes nacionales, inversión extranjera y cooperación internacional, tanto para el sector energético como para el sector agricultura, uso y cambio de usos de la tierra. Entre los años 2007 y 2016, se han instalado en Nicaragua 355.15 MW en energía renovable, alcanzando hasta el año 2017 un 53.5% de la generación total a base de fuentes de renovables. En este contexto, es importante señalar que la cobertura nacional subió a un 93.2% en el año 2017, en relación al 69.8% que existía en el año 2010.', 'En este contexto, es importante señalar que la cobertura nacional subió a un 93.2% en el año 2017, en relación al 69.8% que existía en el año 2010. La Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada del sector energía será incrementar el porcentaje de generación eléctrica mediante fuentes de energías renovables, al 60% en el año 2030. Entre otras Medidas y Políticas en el Sector Uso de la Tierra y Cambio de usos de la Tierra como contribución nacional, se propiciará la producción agroecológica, plantaciones decultivos permanentes bajo sombra resistentes a los impactos del cambio climático, así como la Reducción de las prácticas ganaderas extensivas e incorporación de bosques en tierras ociosas que permitan conservar las capacidades nacionales de los sumideros de carbono.', 'Entre otras Medidas y Políticas en el Sector Uso de la Tierra y Cambio de usos de la Tierra como contribución nacional, se propiciará la producción agroecológica, plantaciones decultivos permanentes bajo sombra resistentes a los impactos del cambio climático, así como la Reducción de las prácticas ganaderas extensivas e incorporación de bosques en tierras ociosas que permitan conservar las capacidades nacionales de los sumideros de carbono. Por su posición geográfica, Nicaragua está expuesta a diversos eventos vinculados a la variabilidad climática natural, tales como el fenómeno ENSO (El Niño-La Niña), los sistemas Monzónicos del Pacífico, los huracanes, entre otros, que generan significativas amenazas de sequía, inundaciones, deslizamientos de tierra, déficit de agua, destrucción de cultivos, bosques y viviendas.', 'Por su posición geográfica, Nicaragua está expuesta a diversos eventos vinculados a la variabilidad climática natural, tales como el fenómeno ENSO (El Niño-La Niña), los sistemas Monzónicos del Pacífico, los huracanes, entre otros, que generan significativas amenazas de sequía, inundaciones, deslizamientos de tierra, déficit de agua, destrucción de cultivos, bosques y viviendas. Para hacer frente a la adaptación al cambio climático, el país requiere apoyo financiero para desarrollar medidas de adaptación prioritarias tales como: Modernización de los servicios hidrometereológicos del país, que permitan mantener pronósticos precisos y sistemas de alerta temprana, Construcción del Plan maestro de drenaje en la ciudad capital y otras ciudades del pacífico de Nicaragua que son muy vulnerables a inundaciones, Desarrollar un programa nacional de captación de agua y promoción de sistemas de riego en el corredor seco de Nicaragua, Fortalecer las capacidades nacionales en finanzas climáticas para facilitar el acceso a fuentes financieras, Incrementar la eficacia en la protección de las reservas de biosfera mediante un programa de ordenamiento de tierras e impulso a la reforestación, así como Elaborar el Plan Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio climático e Implementación de la Política Nacional de Mitigación y Adaptación al Cambio Climático, Desarrollo de infraestructura de agua potable y saneamiento y programas de resiliencia de los sistemas de agua potable urbano, Acceso a recursos adicionales para implementar medidas de adaptación en la red de infraestructura vial, Desarrollo de capacidades, acceso a tecnología y financiamiento en el sector agropecuario e Implementar programas de gestión resiliente de ecosistemas priorizados con enfoque de paisaje.I.', 'Para hacer frente a la adaptación al cambio climático, el país requiere apoyo financiero para desarrollar medidas de adaptación prioritarias tales como: Modernización de los servicios hidrometereológicos del país, que permitan mantener pronósticos precisos y sistemas de alerta temprana, Construcción del Plan maestro de drenaje en la ciudad capital y otras ciudades del pacífico de Nicaragua que son muy vulnerables a inundaciones, Desarrollar un programa nacional de captación de agua y promoción de sistemas de riego en el corredor seco de Nicaragua, Fortalecer las capacidades nacionales en finanzas climáticas para facilitar el acceso a fuentes financieras, Incrementar la eficacia en la protección de las reservas de biosfera mediante un programa de ordenamiento de tierras e impulso a la reforestación, así como Elaborar el Plan Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio climático e Implementación de la Política Nacional de Mitigación y Adaptación al Cambio Climático, Desarrollo de infraestructura de agua potable y saneamiento y programas de resiliencia de los sistemas de agua potable urbano, Acceso a recursos adicionales para implementar medidas de adaptación en la red de infraestructura vial, Desarrollo de capacidades, acceso a tecnología y financiamiento en el sector agropecuario e Implementar programas de gestión resiliente de ecosistemas priorizados con enfoque de paisaje.I. CONTEXTO NACIONAL I.1.', 'Para hacer frente a la adaptación al cambio climático, el país requiere apoyo financiero para desarrollar medidas de adaptación prioritarias tales como: Modernización de los servicios hidrometereológicos del país, que permitan mantener pronósticos precisos y sistemas de alerta temprana, Construcción del Plan maestro de drenaje en la ciudad capital y otras ciudades del pacífico de Nicaragua que son muy vulnerables a inundaciones, Desarrollar un programa nacional de captación de agua y promoción de sistemas de riego en el corredor seco de Nicaragua, Fortalecer las capacidades nacionales en finanzas climáticas para facilitar el acceso a fuentes financieras, Incrementar la eficacia en la protección de las reservas de biosfera mediante un programa de ordenamiento de tierras e impulso a la reforestación, así como Elaborar el Plan Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio climático e Implementación de la Política Nacional de Mitigación y Adaptación al Cambio Climático, Desarrollo de infraestructura de agua potable y saneamiento y programas de resiliencia de los sistemas de agua potable urbano, Acceso a recursos adicionales para implementar medidas de adaptación en la red de infraestructura vial, Desarrollo de capacidades, acceso a tecnología y financiamiento en el sector agropecuario e Implementar programas de gestión resiliente de ecosistemas priorizados con enfoque de paisaje.I. CONTEXTO NACIONAL I.1. Principales rasgos geográficos y socioeconómicos La República de Nicaragua es un país ubicado en el istmo centroamericano, entre la línea ecuatorial y el trópico de Cáncer, aproximadamente entre los 11° y los 15° de latitud Norte y respecto al meridiano de Greenwich, entre los 83° y los 88° de longitud Oeste.', 'Principales rasgos geográficos y socioeconómicos La República de Nicaragua es un país ubicado en el istmo centroamericano, entre la línea ecuatorial y el trópico de Cáncer, aproximadamente entre los 11° y los 15° de latitud Norte y respecto al meridiano de Greenwich, entre los 83° y los 88° de longitud Oeste. Cuenta con una superficie aproximada de 130,370 km², (1) limita al norte con Honduras, al sur con Costa Rica, al oeste con el océano Pacífico y al este con el Mar Caribe. En cuanto a límites marítimos, en el océano Pacífico, limita con El Salvador, Honduras y Costa Rica; mientras que en el mar Caribe limita con Honduras, Colombia, Panamá, Costa Rica y Jamaica (2). Nicaragua está compuesta por 15 departamentos y 2 regiones autónomas.', 'Nicaragua está compuesta por 15 departamentos y 2 regiones autónomas. Son órganos de gobierno: el Poder Legislativo, el Poder Ejecutivo, el Poder Judicial y el Poder Electoral, con separación de poderes. El pueblo nicaragüense es de naturaleza multiétnica y el español es la lengua oficial, aunque también son reconocidas las lenguas de los pueblos originarios y afrodescendientes, tales como el inglés criollo nicaragüense, misquito, Sumu o Sumo, Garífuna y Rama. La población estimada hasta el año 2016 es de 5,966,798 habitantes Las actividades económicas de Nicaragua se dividen en tres grandes categorías: sector primario (agrícola, pecuaria; silvícola, caza y pesca); sector secundario (minería, industria y construcción), y sector terciario (gobierno, comercio, transporte, banca, infraestructura, etc.)', 'La población estimada hasta el año 2016 es de 5,966,798 habitantes Las actividades económicas de Nicaragua se dividen en tres grandes categorías: sector primario (agrícola, pecuaria; silvícola, caza y pesca); sector secundario (minería, industria y construcción), y sector terciario (gobierno, comercio, transporte, banca, infraestructura, etc.) Según cifras del Banco Central, el producto interno bruto (PIB) en Nicaragua alcanzo en 2013 los US$ 11,255 millones (3). El PIB per capital fue de US$ 1,831 con un crecimiento de 4.4% (1) Agencia Central de Inteligencia de los EE.UU. (CIA) diciembre de 2017. «Nicaragua - Geografía - Libro Mundial de Hechos». Consultado el 4 diciembre de 2017. (2) «LEY DE REFORMA PARCIAL A LA CONSTITUCIÓN POLÍTICA DE LA REPÚBLICA DE NICARAGUA». legislacion.asamblea.gob.ni. Consultado el 4 de diciembre de 2017.', 'Consultado el 4 de diciembre de 2017. ( 3 ) Banco Central de Nicaragua. www.bcn.gob.ni. Consultado diciembre del 2017respecto al año anterior. En la actualidad, un 57% de valor total producido en Nicaragua es generado a través de las actividades del sector terciario, mientras que los sectores secundarios y primario generan un 26% y 17%, respectivamente. Nicaragua es tradicionalmente un país agropecuario; Un alto porcentaje (casi el 50%) de su población productiva se dedica a esta actividad y en menor grado a la forestería (explotación de madera y leña), caza y pesca.', 'Nicaragua es tradicionalmente un país agropecuario; Un alto porcentaje (casi el 50%) de su población productiva se dedica a esta actividad y en menor grado a la forestería (explotación de madera y leña), caza y pesca. Además de proporcionar productos para la subsistencia de los habitantes, las actividades primarias contribuyen en parte a las exportaciones y son a su vez, las que dan más trabajo y emplean mayor mano de obra, que redunda en beneficios para los que se dedican a ellas. Desde el año 2011 Nicaragua ha mantenido niveles de crecimiento superiores al promedio de América Latina y el Caribe, a pesar de las difíciles condiciones internas debida a la falta de gobernabilidad heredadas de Gobiernos precedentes y las complejidades económicas globales.', 'Desde el año 2011 Nicaragua ha mantenido niveles de crecimiento superiores al promedio de América Latina y el Caribe, a pesar de las difíciles condiciones internas debida a la falta de gobernabilidad heredadas de Gobiernos precedentes y las complejidades económicas globales. Según señala el Banco Mundial, Nicaragua se ha destacado por mantener disciplinadas políticas macroeconómicas, combinadas con una expansión constante de las exportaciones y la inversión extranjera directa. En 2011, el crecimiento alcanzó un récord del 5.1 por ciento, con una desaceleración al 4.9 y 4.7 en 2015 y 2016, respectivamente. Para este año, el pronóstico se sitúa en 4.6 por ciento, con lo que Nicaragua se coloca en el segundo lugar de crecimiento entre los países de Centroamérica, con perspectivas favorables para la inversión extranjera directa y el comercio.', 'Para este año, el pronóstico se sitúa en 4.6 por ciento, con lo que Nicaragua se coloca en el segundo lugar de crecimiento entre los países de Centroamérica, con perspectivas favorables para la inversión extranjera directa y el comercio. Según la Encuesta de Medición de Nivel de Vida 2014, del Instituto Nacional de Información de Desarrollo, para el período 2009 a 2014, en Nicaragua hubo una disminución de 13 puntos porcentuales en la pobreza nacional, que descendió de 42.5 a 29.6 por ciento. Mientras que, para el mismo período, la pobreza extrema presentó una disminución de 6 puntosporcentuales, tras pasar del 14.6 por ciento a un 8.3 por ciento (4).', 'Mientras que, para el mismo período, la pobreza extrema presentó una disminución de 6 puntosporcentuales, tras pasar del 14.6 por ciento a un 8.3 por ciento (4). No obstante, el progreso alcanzado, los retos en crecimiento económico y reducción de la pobreza siguen siendo grandes, debido a que Nicaragua aún es uno de los países menos desarrollados de América Latina. También el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo Humano (PNDH) se está actualizando al 2018, donde su objetivo general es reducir la desigualdad mediante el aumento del combate a la pobreza, la reducción del gasto y el incremento de la inversión en los sectores sociales y la infraestructura rural. I.2.', 'También el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo Humano (PNDH) se está actualizando al 2018, donde su objetivo general es reducir la desigualdad mediante el aumento del combate a la pobreza, la reducción del gasto y el incremento de la inversión en los sectores sociales y la infraestructura rural. I.2. Objetivos y prioridades nacionales Nicaragua, basa sus prioridades en facilitar e impulsar de forma acelerada el crecimiento económico como premisa para reducir la pobreza y la alta vulnerabilidad actual a la variabilidad climática y a los impactos del cambio climático.', 'Objetivos y prioridades nacionales Nicaragua, basa sus prioridades en facilitar e impulsar de forma acelerada el crecimiento económico como premisa para reducir la pobreza y la alta vulnerabilidad actual a la variabilidad climática y a los impactos del cambio climático. El país ha mantenido y mantiene activa participación y compromiso de Estado a nivel nacional e internacional en las negociaciones de cambio climático donde ha defendido la necesidad de un mayor compromiso en la reducción de emisiones de gases efecto invernadero por parte de los países más emisores, para cumplir el objetivo de no exceder un calentamiento superior a los 2 grados centígrados en este siglo.', 'El país ha mantenido y mantiene activa participación y compromiso de Estado a nivel nacional e internacional en las negociaciones de cambio climático donde ha defendido la necesidad de un mayor compromiso en la reducción de emisiones de gases efecto invernadero por parte de los países más emisores, para cumplir el objetivo de no exceder un calentamiento superior a los 2 grados centígrados en este siglo. Son prioridades estratégicas para enfrentar los retos del cambio climático, el fortalecimiento de la institucionalidad; la consolidación del modelo de diálogos y alianzas con el sector productivo como espacio de consenso y trabajo conjunto, la diversificación de la matriz energética; la gestión y restauración de cuencas hidrográficas, haciendo énfasis en la restauración de suelos, fuentes de agua y bosques ; la protección y conservación de la biodiversidad; la Protección y recuperación de bosques en zonas de recarga hídrica y cuerposde agua, Aumento y/o mantenimiento de la biodiversidad en áreas protegidas y corredores biológicos, que incluye las actividades de conservación y regeneración natural de áreas protegidas, conservación y enriquecimiento de bosques en áreas protegidas, plantaciones forestales e implementación de sistemas agroforestales y silvopastoriles.', 'Son prioridades estratégicas para enfrentar los retos del cambio climático, el fortalecimiento de la institucionalidad; la consolidación del modelo de diálogos y alianzas con el sector productivo como espacio de consenso y trabajo conjunto, la diversificación de la matriz energética; la gestión y restauración de cuencas hidrográficas, haciendo énfasis en la restauración de suelos, fuentes de agua y bosques ; la protección y conservación de la biodiversidad; la Protección y recuperación de bosques en zonas de recarga hídrica y cuerposde agua, Aumento y/o mantenimiento de la biodiversidad en áreas protegidas y corredores biológicos, que incluye las actividades de conservación y regeneración natural de áreas protegidas, conservación y enriquecimiento de bosques en áreas protegidas, plantaciones forestales e implementación de sistemas agroforestales y silvopastoriles. El Plan Nacional de Desarrollo Humano 2018-2021 también orienta sus acciones a mediano plazo dirigidas a: • Promover el desarrollo económico y social, garantizando la protección del Medio Ambiente y los Recursos Naturales, con bajas emisiones de carbono, adaptado al cambio climático y reduciendo la exposición y vulnerabilidad a los desastres.', 'El Plan Nacional de Desarrollo Humano 2018-2021 también orienta sus acciones a mediano plazo dirigidas a: • Promover el desarrollo económico y social, garantizando la protección del Medio Ambiente y los Recursos Naturales, con bajas emisiones de carbono, adaptado al cambio climático y reduciendo la exposición y vulnerabilidad a los desastres. • Continuar implementado la política de educación ambiental, preservación y sostenibilidad del medio ambiente y los recursos naturales. • Fomentar el uso y manejo sostenible de las Áreas Protegidas. • Impulsar la conservación y recuperación de los recursos suelo, agua y bosques.', '• Impulsar la conservación y recuperación de los recursos suelo, agua y bosques. • Elaborar el Plan Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio climático, sobre la base de una evaluación de los riesgos actuales, facilitando las principales líneas de acción para una adaptación eficiente bajo el modelo de diálogo, alianzas y consenso con el sector privado. • Cumplir los compromisos contraídos con la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre El Cambio Climático, incluyendo el Acuerdo de París. I.3. Avances del país en el contexto legal e institucional.', 'Avances del país en el contexto legal e institucional. Nicaragua ha desarrollado importantes y significativos esfuerzos para enfrentar los retos del Cambio Climático, entre los que se destacan la publicación de la Estrategia Nacional Ambiental y del Cambio Climático en el año 2010, que está conformada por cinco lineamientos estratégicos que son:• Educación Ambiental para la Vida. • Defensa y Protección Ambiental de los Recursos Naturales. • Conservación, Recuperación, Captación y Cosecha de Agua. • Mitigación, Adaptación y Gestión de Riesgo ante el Cambio Climático. • Manejo Sostenible de la Tierra.', '• Manejo Sostenible de la Tierra. El Gobierno de Reconciliación y Unidad Nacional basa su política en favorecer el desarrollo económico y social protegiendo los sectores de población más vulnerables, mediante un modelo de trabajo directo con las familias y las comunidades, creando capacidades, conocimientos y conductas que permitan a la población enfrentar y recuperarse de todos los riesgos a desastres, así como un modelo de trabajo en alianzas con el sector productivo, en permanente dialogo para enfrentar los retos del desarrollo económico, la generación de empleo y reducción de la pobreza. Actualmente se encuentra en fase de consulta la Política Nacional de Cambio Climático, que contiene los siguientes lineamientos: 1.', 'Actualmente se encuentra en fase de consulta la Política Nacional de Cambio Climático, que contiene los siguientes lineamientos: 1. Desarrollo agropecuario resistente a los impactos de la variabilidad climática actual, así como al clima futuro, propiciando acciones que favorezcan bajas emisiones de gases efecto invernadero. 2. Implementar una estrategia de desarrollo energético bajo en carbono y con capacidad de adaptación al cambio climático. 3. Propiciar un desarrollo de Asentamientos Humanos adaptados al cambio climático y bajo en emisiones de gases efecto invernadero 4. Desarrollo de infraestructuras adaptadas al cambio climático y con bajas emisiones de carbono. 5. Uso y conservación de los servicios eco-sistémicos para lograr un desarrollo bajo en carbono y adaptado al clima.6. Conservación, restauración y uso racional de los bosques, así como promover las plantaciones forestales en zonas de vocación forestal. 7.', 'Conservación, restauración y uso racional de los bosques, así como promover las plantaciones forestales en zonas de vocación forestal. 7. Promover el conocimiento, investigación, financiamiento e información sobre la adaptación y mitigación al cambio climático, así como la modernización y fortalecimiento de los sistemas de vigilancia y alerta temprana.', 'Promover el conocimiento, investigación, financiamiento e información sobre la adaptación y mitigación al cambio climático, así como la modernización y fortalecimiento de los sistemas de vigilancia y alerta temprana. En materia energética existe un abundante marco normativo y jurídico que favorece el uso racional de la energía eléctrica, priorizando el uso de fuentes de generación renovables, entre las que se destacan: • LEY 956 del 2017: Ley de eficiencia energética, que establece el marco legal para promover el uso racional y eficiente de la energía, a fin de garantizar el suministro energético, fomentar la competitividad de la economía nacional, proteger y mejorar la calidad de vida de la población, contribuyendo al mismo tiempo a la protección del medio ambiente.', 'En materia energética existe un abundante marco normativo y jurídico que favorece el uso racional de la energía eléctrica, priorizando el uso de fuentes de generación renovables, entre las que se destacan: • LEY 956 del 2017: Ley de eficiencia energética, que establece el marco legal para promover el uso racional y eficiente de la energía, a fin de garantizar el suministro energético, fomentar la competitividad de la economía nacional, proteger y mejorar la calidad de vida de la población, contribuyendo al mismo tiempo a la protección del medio ambiente. La Ley establece el Programa Nacional de Eficiencia Energética (PRONAEE), que constituye un instrumento de la Política Nacional de Eficiencia Energética, para establecer los objetivos, metas, estrategias y requerimientos de inversión para el desarrollo de actividades en toda la cadena energética, hacia el uso racional y eficiente de la energía.', 'La Ley establece el Programa Nacional de Eficiencia Energética (PRONAEE), que constituye un instrumento de la Política Nacional de Eficiencia Energética, para establecer los objetivos, metas, estrategias y requerimientos de inversión para el desarrollo de actividades en toda la cadena energética, hacia el uso racional y eficiente de la energía. • LEY 901 del 2015: Ley de reforma a la Ley 532: Ley para la promoción de la generación eléctrica con fuentes de energías renovables otorgando beneficios para este tipo de generación de energía.', '• LEY 901 del 2015: Ley de reforma a la Ley 532: Ley para la promoción de la generación eléctrica con fuentes de energías renovables otorgando beneficios para este tipo de generación de energía. • LEY 443 del 2014: Ley de exploración y explotación de recursos geotérmicos con sus reformas incorporadas, cuyo objeto es fomentar y establecer las normas básicas que regulan las actividades de exploración y explotación de los recursos geotérmicos para la generación exclusiva de energía eléctrica.• LEY 532 del 2008: Ley para la promoción de generación eléctrica con fuentes renovables La presente Ley tiene por objeto promover el desarrollo de nuevos proyectos de generación eléctrica con fuentes renovables y de proyectos que realicen ampliaciones a la capacidad instalada de generación con fuentes renovables, que se encuentren actualmente en operación, así como de los proyectos de generación de energía eléctrica que ocupen como fuente la biomasa y/o biogás producidos en forma sostenible, estableciendo incentivos fiscales, económicos y financieros que contribuyan a dicho desarrollo, dentro de un marco de aprovechamiento sostenible de los recursos energéticos renovables.', '• LEY 443 del 2014: Ley de exploración y explotación de recursos geotérmicos con sus reformas incorporadas, cuyo objeto es fomentar y establecer las normas básicas que regulan las actividades de exploración y explotación de los recursos geotérmicos para la generación exclusiva de energía eléctrica.• LEY 532 del 2008: Ley para la promoción de generación eléctrica con fuentes renovables La presente Ley tiene por objeto promover el desarrollo de nuevos proyectos de generación eléctrica con fuentes renovables y de proyectos que realicen ampliaciones a la capacidad instalada de generación con fuentes renovables, que se encuentren actualmente en operación, así como de los proyectos de generación de energía eléctrica que ocupen como fuente la biomasa y/o biogás producidos en forma sostenible, estableciendo incentivos fiscales, económicos y financieros que contribuyan a dicho desarrollo, dentro de un marco de aprovechamiento sostenible de los recursos energéticos renovables. Los principales aportes de Nicaragua en materia de mitigación voluntaria del cambio climático se describen a continuación: Sector Energía: El Gobierno de Unidad y Reconciliación Nacional ha incrementado la producción de energía renovable del 25% en el año 2007, hasta un 51% en el año 2013, aún en condiciones de severos racionamientos de la energía que existía en el momento de toma del poder, que provenían desde el año 2005.', 'Los principales aportes de Nicaragua en materia de mitigación voluntaria del cambio climático se describen a continuación: Sector Energía: El Gobierno de Unidad y Reconciliación Nacional ha incrementado la producción de energía renovable del 25% en el año 2007, hasta un 51% en el año 2013, aún en condiciones de severos racionamientos de la energía que existía en el momento de toma del poder, que provenían desde el año 2005. Contaminación Ambiental: Para contribuir a la protección de la capa de ozono, se ha eliminado en un 100% el consumo de los gases llamados CFCs a partir del 01 de enero del 2010 y se está implementando un Plan de Gestión para la eliminación de los tipos de gases HCFCs del 2012 al 2020.', 'Contaminación Ambiental: Para contribuir a la protección de la capa de ozono, se ha eliminado en un 100% el consumo de los gases llamados CFCs a partir del 01 de enero del 2010 y se está implementando un Plan de Gestión para la eliminación de los tipos de gases HCFCs del 2012 al 2020. Agropecuario: En el año 2010, Nicaragua se integró a la Iniciativa Global de Metano, la cual tiene como objetivo, en el corto plazo, reducir las emisiones globales de metano, capturándolo a un costo razonable y usándolo como fuente de energía limpia. Hasta el año 2010 se han construido 1,512 biodigestores, de los cuales entre 300 y 400 aproximadamente, se encuentran en funcionamiento.', 'Hasta el año 2010 se han construido 1,512 biodigestores, de los cuales entre 300 y 400 aproximadamente, se encuentran en funcionamiento. Transporte: Se está implementando el proyecto “Promoción de Transporte Ambientalmente Sostenible en la ManaguaMetropolitana”, dentro de las prioridades para reformar el sistema de transporte público en el área Metropolitana de Managua, tal como se refleja en el Plan Integral de Transporte. Obteniendo una reducción directa de 892,000 toneladas de emisiones de CO2 a lo largo de los próximos 20 años.', 'Obteniendo una reducción directa de 892,000 toneladas de emisiones de CO2 a lo largo de los próximos 20 años. Desechos: El proyecto de desarrollo integral de La Chureca ha incluido no solo el sellado del vertedero del mismo nombre, considerado el mayor de América Latina, sino también la construcción de una planta de reciclaje en la que trabajan los recolectores de basura, así mismo la construcción de casas, una escuela para las más de 250 familias que habitan el lugar y la reducción de los gases producidos por la propia basura en descomposición que antes de la intervención producían combustiones espontáneas en toda la superficie del vertedero, ahora son conducidos al exterior por un circuito de tuberías y por chimeneas de gasificación por las que sale el gas metano.', 'Desechos: El proyecto de desarrollo integral de La Chureca ha incluido no solo el sellado del vertedero del mismo nombre, considerado el mayor de América Latina, sino también la construcción de una planta de reciclaje en la que trabajan los recolectores de basura, así mismo la construcción de casas, una escuela para las más de 250 familias que habitan el lugar y la reducción de los gases producidos por la propia basura en descomposición que antes de la intervención producían combustiones espontáneas en toda la superficie del vertedero, ahora son conducidos al exterior por un circuito de tuberías y por chimeneas de gasificación por las que sale el gas metano. Estos gases están previstos aprovecharse en la generación eléctrica por la Alcaldía de Managua.', 'Estos gases están previstos aprovecharse en la generación eléctrica por la Alcaldía de Managua. Desde el año 2007 los Sistemas de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales han aumentado significativamente, para el año 2010, 13 cabeceras departamentales brindan tratamiento a las aguas residuales Desde el inicio de operaciones de la Planta de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales de Managua el porcentaje de tratamiento de las aguas residuales recolectadas en el país mejoró significativamente de 35.22% en el año 2007 a 98.19% para el año 2011 y el índice de tratamiento pasó de 19.66% a 57.63%.', 'Desde el año 2007 los Sistemas de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales han aumentado significativamente, para el año 2010, 13 cabeceras departamentales brindan tratamiento a las aguas residuales Desde el inicio de operaciones de la Planta de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales de Managua el porcentaje de tratamiento de las aguas residuales recolectadas en el país mejoró significativamente de 35.22% en el año 2007 a 98.19% para el año 2011 y el índice de tratamiento pasó de 19.66% a 57.63%. Bosques: Nicaragua recibió la aprobación del Fondo Cooperativo del Carbono Forestal, a través del programa ENDE-REDD+ de MARENA, con la asistencia del Banco Mundial, mediante el cual las comunidades rurales y pueblos indígenas que viven en los bosques de la Costa Caribe, Bosawás e Indio Maíz reducirán la deforestación y degradación forestal, reduciendo las emisiones de aproximadamente 11 millones de Toneladas de Dióxido de Carbono y se recibirá a cambio incentivos positivos por 55 millones de dólares en cinco años.Los avances anteriormente expuestos son el sustento o la plataforma de partida para lograr un escenario futuro de crecimiento económico y social con bajas emisiones de gases efecto invernadero y con capacidad de adaptarse a los impactos de la variabilidad climática y el cambio climático, ya que la política de cambio climático define un camino con lineamientos y acciones específicas que deberán adoptarse en el futuro inmediato, así como el marco legal, que favorece la eficiencia energética y las facilidades de inversión en energía renovables, contribuyen a la creación de un marco para el desarrollo del sector energético con bajas emisiones de carbono, mientras que muchas de las acciones que se han venido desarrollando contribuyen con el aprendizaje de toda la sociedad y tributan de forma directa para el cumplimiento de la Contribución Nacional del Nicaragua.', 'Bosques: Nicaragua recibió la aprobación del Fondo Cooperativo del Carbono Forestal, a través del programa ENDE-REDD+ de MARENA, con la asistencia del Banco Mundial, mediante el cual las comunidades rurales y pueblos indígenas que viven en los bosques de la Costa Caribe, Bosawás e Indio Maíz reducirán la deforestación y degradación forestal, reduciendo las emisiones de aproximadamente 11 millones de Toneladas de Dióxido de Carbono y se recibirá a cambio incentivos positivos por 55 millones de dólares en cinco años.Los avances anteriormente expuestos son el sustento o la plataforma de partida para lograr un escenario futuro de crecimiento económico y social con bajas emisiones de gases efecto invernadero y con capacidad de adaptarse a los impactos de la variabilidad climática y el cambio climático, ya que la política de cambio climático define un camino con lineamientos y acciones específicas que deberán adoptarse en el futuro inmediato, así como el marco legal, que favorece la eficiencia energética y las facilidades de inversión en energía renovables, contribuyen a la creación de un marco para el desarrollo del sector energético con bajas emisiones de carbono, mientras que muchas de las acciones que se han venido desarrollando contribuyen con el aprendizaje de toda la sociedad y tributan de forma directa para el cumplimiento de la Contribución Nacional del Nicaragua. I.4.', 'Bosques: Nicaragua recibió la aprobación del Fondo Cooperativo del Carbono Forestal, a través del programa ENDE-REDD+ de MARENA, con la asistencia del Banco Mundial, mediante el cual las comunidades rurales y pueblos indígenas que viven en los bosques de la Costa Caribe, Bosawás e Indio Maíz reducirán la deforestación y degradación forestal, reduciendo las emisiones de aproximadamente 11 millones de Toneladas de Dióxido de Carbono y se recibirá a cambio incentivos positivos por 55 millones de dólares en cinco años.Los avances anteriormente expuestos son el sustento o la plataforma de partida para lograr un escenario futuro de crecimiento económico y social con bajas emisiones de gases efecto invernadero y con capacidad de adaptarse a los impactos de la variabilidad climática y el cambio climático, ya que la política de cambio climático define un camino con lineamientos y acciones específicas que deberán adoptarse en el futuro inmediato, así como el marco legal, que favorece la eficiencia energética y las facilidades de inversión en energía renovables, contribuyen a la creación de un marco para el desarrollo del sector energético con bajas emisiones de carbono, mientras que muchas de las acciones que se han venido desarrollando contribuyen con el aprendizaje de toda la sociedad y tributan de forma directa para el cumplimiento de la Contribución Nacional del Nicaragua. I.4. Caracterización de las emisiones nacionales de gases efecto invernadero Las emisiones de GEI para el año 2010 expresadas en giga gramos de dióxido de carbono equivalente (GgCO2 eq), se calcularon en eq, lo que representa 15,267,090 ton de Co2eq, con una tasa emisiones per cápita de 2.0 toneladas de Co2eq.', 'Caracterización de las emisiones nacionales de gases efecto invernadero Las emisiones de GEI para el año 2010 expresadas en giga gramos de dióxido de carbono equivalente (GgCO2 eq), se calcularon en eq, lo que representa 15,267,090 ton de Co2eq, con una tasa emisiones per cápita de 2.0 toneladas de Co2eq. por habitante, que significa 0.01% de las emisiones globales para ese periodo (5). Figura 1: Tasa de emisiones per cápita a nivel de grupos de países (5) Tercera Comunicación nacional de Cambio Climático.A nivel mundial, para el periodo 2000-2010, las emisiones de Gases Efecto Invernadero se distribuyeron de la siguiente forma: • Grupo de países de OCDE 56.9% de las emisiones globales. • Grupo de países Asia Pacífico 25.59 % de las emisiones globales.', '• Grupo de países Asia Pacífico 25.59 % de las emisiones globales. • Unión Europea 21.04 % de las emisiones globales. • América latina y El caribe 4.42 % de las emisiones globales. • África 2.81% de las emisiones globales. • Nicaragua 0.01% de las emisiones globales. Según cifras del Banco Mundial, para el período 2000-2010, Nicaragua ocupaba el puesto 111 en el ranking mundial en emisiones totales de gases efecto invernadero (6). Como se observa en la siguiente figura, la contribución de las emisiones de GEI en el 2010 por categoría en términos de GgCO2 eq.', 'Como se observa en la siguiente figura, la contribución de las emisiones de GEI en el 2010 por categoría en términos de GgCO2 eq. es la siguiente: el 67.89% corresponde al sector Uso y Cambio de Uso de la Tierra, el 29.40% al sector Energía, el 1.98% al sector Desechos y el 0.73% al sector Procesos Industriales.', 'es la siguiente: el 67.89% corresponde al sector Uso y Cambio de Uso de la Tierra, el 29.40% al sector Energía, el 1.98% al sector Desechos y el 0.73% al sector Procesos Industriales. En el año 2005 las emisiones se estimaron en eq, de los cuales el 75.34% corresponde al sector Uso y Cambio de Uso de la Tierra, el 22.49% al sector Energía y el 2.16% al sector Desechos y Procesos Industriales; y en el año base 2000, se contabilizaron 52,377.59 GgCO2 eq de los cuales el 91.56% de las emisiones estimadas corresponden al sector Uso y Cambio de Usos de la Tierra, seguido por el sector Energía con 7.81% de las emisiones, los sectores Desechos y Procesos Industriales representaron el 0.63% de las emisiones de ese año.', 'En el año 2005 las emisiones se estimaron en eq, de los cuales el 75.34% corresponde al sector Uso y Cambio de Uso de la Tierra, el 22.49% al sector Energía y el 2.16% al sector Desechos y Procesos Industriales; y en el año base 2000, se contabilizaron 52,377.59 GgCO2 eq de los cuales el 91.56% de las emisiones estimadas corresponden al sector Uso y Cambio de Usos de la Tierra, seguido por el sector Energía con 7.81% de las emisiones, los sectores Desechos y Procesos Industriales representaron el 0.63% de las emisiones de ese año. ueFigura 2: Emisiones de GEI por Sector Emisiones de Dióxido de Carbono (CO2 ) Las emisiones de CO2 en el año 2010 fueron 6,523.08 Gg, que representan una contribución de 42.73% al total del inventario e indican una disminución del 86.05% con respecto al año base 2000.', 'ueFigura 2: Emisiones de GEI por Sector Emisiones de Dióxido de Carbono (CO2 ) Las emisiones de CO2 en el año 2010 fueron 6,523.08 Gg, que representan una contribución de 42.73% al total del inventario e indican una disminución del 86.05% con respecto al año base 2000. Las emisiones de CO2 en el país provienen principalmente del cambio de uso de suelo y por la quema de combustibles fósiles. Emisiones de Metano (CH4 ) En el año 2010, las emisiones de CH4 eq, lo que representa un incremento de 35.74%% con respecto al año base 2000. La principal fuente de emisión corresponde a la fuente Fermentación Entérica del ganado. Emisiones de Dióxido Nitroso (N2 O) En el 2010, las emisiones de N2 eq, lo que representa un incremento de 35.37% con respecto al añobase 2000.', 'Emisiones de Dióxido Nitroso (N2 O) En el 2010, las emisiones de N2 eq, lo que representa un incremento de 35.37% con respecto al añobase 2000. La principal contribución proviene de los suelos agrícolas con 93.88%; energía con un 4.32%, manejo del estiércol 1.65% y desechos 0.15%. Figura 3: Emisiones por Tipo de Gas El limitado tamaño de las emisiones es atribuible por: • Brecha de conectividad eléctrica (69.8% de viviendas en el año 2010) y el 6% de la población vive en zonas rurales aisladas en el año 2017. • Severos racionamientos de energía entre el 2005 y el 2007 hicieron que la producción de cemento fue excesivamente baja, lo que disminuyó el volumen de gases en ese período.', '• Severos racionamientos de energía entre el 2005 y el 2007 hicieron que la producción de cemento fue excesivamente baja, lo que disminuyó el volumen de gases en ese período. • Baja tasa de motorización (750,000 vehículos automotores y 330,000 motocicletas para población cercana a los 6 millones de habitantes), • Solo hogares con alto nivel de vida contaban con aire acondicionado, • Ganadería no intensificada,• Moderada deforestación (De acuerdo al CAIT (CAIT Climate Data Explorer. 2017. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. Disponible en línea en: ), las estimaciones más recientes para Nicaragua serían de 14.52 Millones de Toneladas de CO2 equivalente sin silvicultura y cambio de uso de suelo y de 14.72 incluyendo el uso del suelo. ), • Bajo nivel de generación de residuos sólidos urbanos.', '), • Bajo nivel de generación de residuos sólidos urbanos. • Ausencia de plantas de tratamiento de aguas servidas generadoras de metano. Las condiciones económicas y sociales desde el año 2010 al 2016 han cambiado significativamente, por lo que, las emisiones de gases efecto invernadero han estado creciendo y la tendencia futura es al crecimiento, ya que se anticipan en las próximas décadas importantes crecimientos en diversos sectores (transporte, industria, producción de manufactura en zonas francas, crecimiento del sector construcción y producción de cemento, ganadería, uso de aire acondicionado por las elevadas temperaturas que se suelen registrar en la región pacífico durante al menos siete meses del año, gestión de residuos sólidos y líquidos, etc. ), por lo que no se puede asumir un escenario de crecimiento “business as usual”. II. MITIGACIÓN II.1.', '), por lo que no se puede asumir un escenario de crecimiento “business as usual”. II. MITIGACIÓN II.1. Escenarios de mitigación del cambio climático En el marco de la Tercera Comunicación Nacional de Cambio Climático se desarrolló un estudio de los posibles escenarios de mitigación al cambio climático de Nicaragua sin recibir financiamiento y considerando diferentes rutas posibles. Para la elaboración del estudio se construyeron cuatro posibles escenarios con diferentes niveles de supuestos que se desarrollan en la siguiente tablaTabla 1: Escenarios propuestos Escenario tendencial T En un escenario tendencial se logra sostener el crecimiento económico de los últimos años (alrededor del 5 %), con bono demográfico, pero sin hacer uso máximo de las potencialidades ni de los recursos naturales, ni del capital humano ni de las oportunidades de insertarse en cadenas de valor globales.', 'Para la elaboración del estudio se construyeron cuatro posibles escenarios con diferentes niveles de supuestos que se desarrollan en la siguiente tablaTabla 1: Escenarios propuestos Escenario tendencial T En un escenario tendencial se logra sostener el crecimiento económico de los últimos años (alrededor del 5 %), con bono demográfico, pero sin hacer uso máximo de las potencialidades ni de los recursos naturales, ni del capital humano ni de las oportunidades de insertarse en cadenas de valor globales. Este escenario fue considerado como el escenario base Escenario de uso eficiente de los recursos naturales R Se logra optimizar el uso de los recursos naturales, mejorando la productividad de los recursos naturales añadiendo 2 puntos al crecimiento del PIB anual por la eficiencia. Este escenario no contempla transformación social en una situación próspera para algunos, aunque poco inclusiva.', 'Este escenario no contempla transformación social en una situación próspera para algunos, aunque poco inclusiva. Este escenario es calculado con el modelo IFs como el de políticas. Escenario de globalización inclusiva U Nicaragua consigue la transformación social, que genera industrialización, desarrollo humano, inserción en cadenas de valor y transformación de la fuerza productiva. Este escenario es calculado con el modelo IFs como el escenario de sostenibilidad. Escenario de subdesarrollo S Fenómenos sociales, naturales (vulcanismo o sismos) y climáticos afectan a la productividad de los recursos naturales, lo que lleva a situaciones que reducen el desarrollo económico y humano. Se hace imposible cumplir los ODS al 2030 y surge una nueva década perdida.', 'Se hace imposible cumplir los ODS al 2030 y surge una nueva década perdida. Para realizar las modelaciones de cada escenario se utilizó el modelo IFs(7) que cuenta con un módulo de análisis de sostenibilidad avanzada (ASA – advanced sustainability analysis) desarrollado por la Centro de Investigaciones del Futuro de Finlandia en el 2002 y ha sido perfeccionado por el Pardee Center, hasta su versión más actual. La base del cálculo es la relación entre los insumos materiales (tales como combustibles fósiles y agua) en sistemas humanos y las emisiones que parten de ellos (tales como el dióxido de carbono) por un lado y el tamaño del PIB, la población y la (7) Consultar laboral, por el otro. Los resultados se pueden obtener de manera gráfica o tabular.', 'Los resultados se pueden obtener de manera gráfica o tabular. En la tabla siguiente se muestra la variación porcentual anual acumulada esperada de las emisiones de Nicaragua en las próximas décadas con los cambios en población y economía (Ver tabla 2). Tabla 2: Variación porcentual anual acumulada esperada de las emisiones para cada escenario Años Año Base Tendencial Escenario de Políticas Escenario de Subdesarrollo Escenario Sostenibilidad Variación porcentual anual acumulada esperada de las emisiones Variación porcentual anual acumulada esperada de las emisiones Variación porcentual anual acumulada esperada de las emisiones Variación porcentual anual acumulada esperada de las emisiones Variación porcentual anual acumulada esperada de las emisionesFuente: Estudio de los escenarios de Mitigación del Cambio Climático en Nicaragua, Tercera Comunicación Nacional de Cambio Climático.', 'Tabla 2: Variación porcentual anual acumulada esperada de las emisiones para cada escenario Años Año Base Tendencial Escenario de Políticas Escenario de Subdesarrollo Escenario Sostenibilidad Variación porcentual anual acumulada esperada de las emisiones Variación porcentual anual acumulada esperada de las emisiones Variación porcentual anual acumulada esperada de las emisiones Variación porcentual anual acumulada esperada de las emisiones Variación porcentual anual acumulada esperada de las emisionesFuente: Estudio de los escenarios de Mitigación del Cambio Climático en Nicaragua, Tercera Comunicación Nacional de Cambio Climático. (En elaboración) De las proyecciones anteriores se puede apreciar que para el año 2030, se espera un crecimiento que oscile entre un 33% y un 55% de incremento de las emisiones de gases efecto invernadero, explicado por las necesidades de la población y la economía (Color amarillo en la tabla). En el escenario más optimista, Nicaragua llegaría a estabilizar sus emisiones entre 2051 y 2066, pero en el peor de los casos, esto ocurriría sólo muchos años después de 2070.', 'En el escenario más optimista, Nicaragua llegaría a estabilizar sus emisiones entre 2051 y 2066, pero en el peor de los casos, esto ocurriría sólo muchos años después de 2070. Utilizando los mismos escenarios y haciendo uso de un módulo del modelo IFS, se realizó el cálculo de la deforestación proyectada en función de las variables socioeconómicas. Estemódulo también permite el cálculo de la deforestación proyectada en función de las variables socioeconómicas. De acuerdo a la población y economía se espera el posible control de la deforestación en la década del 2050, sin embargo, la deforestación podría continuar en el caso del peor de los escenarios. (Color verde en la tabla).', '(Color verde en la tabla). Adicional a lo anterior, para el año 2030, Nicaragua tendrá una población de 7 millones de habitantes (8) y, por otro lado, de acuerdo a CEPAL, existirá una flota vehicular que superará el millón de vehículos (entre 2 y 3.5 millones de autos contra 700, 000 actuales) (9). A lo que se suma un incremento por lo menos unos 7 millones de reses (pudiendo superar los 10 millones) con mayor tamaño, peso y por consiguiente mayores emisiones. Los caminos que conducen a un mayor desarrollo generarán un crecimiento de las emisiones de gases efecto invernadero, respecto a los niveles del año 2010. II.2.', 'Los caminos que conducen a un mayor desarrollo generarán un crecimiento de las emisiones de gases efecto invernadero, respecto a los niveles del año 2010. II.2. Contribución Nacional en Materia de Mitigación La Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de Nicaragua a la mitigación del Cambio Climático incluye los sectores Energía y Uso de la tierra y Cambio s de usos de la tierra , por medio de medidas para el incremento de otras fuentes de energías renovables como solar, geotérmica, gas natural y eólica, así como medidas para conservación y recuperación forestal. (8) Universidad de Denver en Colorado, EE.UU. genera pronósticos a partir de modelos matemáticos que extrapolan tendencias al año 2070 sobre población, salud, educación, necesidades humanas y sociales, energía, medio ambiente.', 'genera pronósticos a partir de modelos matemáticos que extrapolan tendencias al año 2070 sobre población, salud, educación, necesidades humanas y sociales, energía, medio ambiente. Estos se encuentran en la página web: (9) CEPAL: Desarrollo Urbano y Movilidad en América Latina. Disponible enLa Contribución Nacional de Nicaragua contempla la consecución de las metas sobre la base de lo establecido en los instrumentos normativos y de políticas con aportes nacionales e inversión extranjera, tanto para para el sector energético como para el sector de uso y cambio de usos de la tierra. Se podrá aumentar la ambición en el sector UT-CUTS de contar con apoyo financiero internacional, para reducir el avance de la frontera agrícola. II.2.1.', 'Se podrá aumentar la ambición en el sector UT-CUTS de contar con apoyo financiero internacional, para reducir el avance de la frontera agrícola. II.2.1. Sector Energía Hasta el año 2016 la Capacidad Instalada Nominal, tomando en consideración las diferentes fuentes de energía que se utilizan para la generación de electricidad es de 1,396.32 MW, de los cuales 735.19 MW (52.65%) están constituidos por el parque térmico que genera electricidad a base de fuel oíl y diésel, las plantas eólicas tienen una capacidad instalada de 186.20 MW (13.34%), las plantas de biomasa que operan con bagazo de caña (ingenios azucareros) incorporan 176.60 MW (12.65%), el parque hidroeléctrico tiene 142.45 MW (10.20%), la capacidad instalada geotérmica es de 154.50 MW (11.06%) y la planta solar fotovoltaica con 1.38 MW (0.10%).', 'Sector Energía Hasta el año 2016 la Capacidad Instalada Nominal, tomando en consideración las diferentes fuentes de energía que se utilizan para la generación de electricidad es de 1,396.32 MW, de los cuales 735.19 MW (52.65%) están constituidos por el parque térmico que genera electricidad a base de fuel oíl y diésel, las plantas eólicas tienen una capacidad instalada de 186.20 MW (13.34%), las plantas de biomasa que operan con bagazo de caña (ingenios azucareros) incorporan 176.60 MW (12.65%), el parque hidroeléctrico tiene 142.45 MW (10.20%), la capacidad instalada geotérmica es de 154.50 MW (11.06%) y la planta solar fotovoltaica con 1.38 MW (0.10%). Resulta importante mencionar el considerable aumento de la capacidad instalada de plantas de generación eléctrica que utilizan fuentes renovables en los últimos años.', 'Resulta importante mencionar el considerable aumento de la capacidad instalada de plantas de generación eléctrica que utilizan fuentes renovables en los últimos años. Del año 2007 al año 2016, se han instalado 355.15 MW en energía renovable, de los cuales 186.20 MW (52.23%) son plantas eólicas, 77.00 MW (21.60%) plantas geotérmicas, 54.80 MW (15.37%) son plantas de biomasa, 37.15 MW (10.42%) plantas hidroeléctricas y 1.38 MW (0.38%) planta solar fotovoltaica, alcanzando hasta el año 2017 un 53.5% de generación a base de fuentes de renovables.10 10 Ministerio de Energía y Minas: ANUARIO ESTADISTICO DEL SECTOR ELECTRICO NACIONAL.2016. Disponible en www.mem.gob.niEn este contexto es importante señalar que la cobertura nacional subió a un 93.2% en año 2017, en relación al 69.8% que existía en el año 2010.', 'Disponible en www.mem.gob.niEn este contexto es importante señalar que la cobertura nacional subió a un 93.2% en año 2017, en relación al 69.8% que existía en el año 2010. El crecimiento de la generación a través de fuentes de energías renovables se ha visto limitado por el alto precio de las tecnologías para producir energía con estas fuentes, lo que ha obligado a equilibrar la producción de energía con fuentes diversas.', 'El crecimiento de la generación a través de fuentes de energías renovables se ha visto limitado por el alto precio de las tecnologías para producir energía con estas fuentes, lo que ha obligado a equilibrar la producción de energía con fuentes diversas. La Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada a la mitigación del sector energía será incrementar el porcentaje de generación eléctrica por medio de otras fuentes de energías renovables como solar, eólica y biomasa en un 60% en el año 2030, que representa con respecto al año 2007, un incremento del 35% en la participación de las energías renovables dentro de la matriz eléctrica nacional, considerando el aumento de la cobertura. II.2.2.', 'La Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada a la mitigación del sector energía será incrementar el porcentaje de generación eléctrica por medio de otras fuentes de energías renovables como solar, eólica y biomasa en un 60% en el año 2030, que representa con respecto al año 2007, un incremento del 35% en la participación de las energías renovables dentro de la matriz eléctrica nacional, considerando el aumento de la cobertura. II.2.2. Sector Uso y Cambio de Uso de la Tierra Desde 2008, Nicaragua inició negociaciones para desarrollar el proceso de preparación en el marco de REDD+, y en el año 2013 fue aprobada una iniciativa REDD+, financiada por el Fondo Cooperativo del Carbono y administrada por el Banco Mundial, para implementar un programa de conservación de los bosques y evitar su degradación, que entrará en vigencia entre 2019-2014 y consiste en reducir las emisiones en 11 millones de toneladas de Co2eq.', 'Sector Uso y Cambio de Uso de la Tierra Desde 2008, Nicaragua inició negociaciones para desarrollar el proceso de preparación en el marco de REDD+, y en el año 2013 fue aprobada una iniciativa REDD+, financiada por el Fondo Cooperativo del Carbono y administrada por el Banco Mundial, para implementar un programa de conservación de los bosques y evitar su degradación, que entrará en vigencia entre 2019-2014 y consiste en reducir las emisiones en 11 millones de toneladas de Co2eq. dentro de Áreas Protegidas en las Regiones Autónomas de la Costa Caribe de Nicaragua.', 'dentro de Áreas Protegidas en las Regiones Autónomas de la Costa Caribe de Nicaragua. Otro posible potencial de mitigación que se estudió fueron las 72 áreas protegidas que posee Nicaragua, de las cuales 25 se localizan en la región climática del pacífico con predominio de bosques secos en 10,689 hectáreas, la región central del país con una parte de bosques situados en clima seco y otra parte en clima semi húmedo con 5, 282 Ha y las áreas protegidas de las Regiones de la Costa Caribe, que se ubican en zonashúmedas y muy húmedas 15,272 Ha, también en esta región se localizan dos Reservas de Biosfera que totalizan 2,232,968 Ha.', 'Otro posible potencial de mitigación que se estudió fueron las 72 áreas protegidas que posee Nicaragua, de las cuales 25 se localizan en la región climática del pacífico con predominio de bosques secos en 10,689 hectáreas, la región central del país con una parte de bosques situados en clima seco y otra parte en clima semi húmedo con 5, 282 Ha y las áreas protegidas de las Regiones de la Costa Caribe, que se ubican en zonashúmedas y muy húmedas 15,272 Ha, también en esta región se localizan dos Reservas de Biosfera que totalizan 2,232,968 Ha. Un estudio efectuado en el marco de la Tercera Comunicación Nacional de Cambio Climático, para elaborar este análisis, identifica sobre los mapas oficiales de usos de suelo entre el año 2010 y 2015, que los usos de la tierra forestales dentro de áreas protegidas para el año 2010 eran de 44.88 % y para el 2015 esos usos eran de 42.19% con una tendencia de disminución de las tierras forestales de las áreas protegidas en cinco años de 2.69%, significando una tasa anual de cambio de las tierras forestales a otros usos del 20%, o sea 11,305 Ha/años Como resultado del estudio anterior, para el año 2015 las áreas protegidas emitían 4316.66 Gigramos Co2eq.', 'Un estudio efectuado en el marco de la Tercera Comunicación Nacional de Cambio Climático, para elaborar este análisis, identifica sobre los mapas oficiales de usos de suelo entre el año 2010 y 2015, que los usos de la tierra forestales dentro de áreas protegidas para el año 2010 eran de 44.88 % y para el 2015 esos usos eran de 42.19% con una tendencia de disminución de las tierras forestales de las áreas protegidas en cinco años de 2.69%, significando una tasa anual de cambio de las tierras forestales a otros usos del 20%, o sea 11,305 Ha/años Como resultado del estudio anterior, para el año 2015 las áreas protegidas emitían 4316.66 Gigramos Co2eq. y absorbían 10798.45 Gigramos de CO2 eq.', 'y absorbían 10798.45 Gigramos de CO2 eq. lo que demuestra, que aun en estas áreas bajo protección, se requieren importantes recursos para su conservación. II.2.2.1.1. Medidas y Políticas en el Sector Uso de la Tierra y Cambio de usos de la Tierra como contribución nacional Las principales medidas que impulsará el Gobierno derivadas de la política nacional de cambio climático como contribución nacional en este sector son: 1. Se propiciará la producción agroecológica, plantaciones de cultivos permanentes bajo sombra resistentes a los impactos del cambio climático, 2. Reducción de las prácticas ganaderas extensivas e incorporación de bosques en tierras ociosas, 3. Desarrollo de plantaciones forestales, incorporación de árboles en fincas ganaderas (sistemas silvopecuarios), 4. Continuar incorporando el uso de biodigestores para el tratamiento de los desechos agropecuarios, 5.', 'Continuar incorporando el uso de biodigestores para el tratamiento de los desechos agropecuarios, 5. La restauración y conservación de los ecosistemas y sus servicios son cruciales para aumentar la capacidad de adaptación al cambio climático y mantener o mejorar la capacidad de mitigación de gases efecto invernadero enaquellos ecosistemas que sean social y culturalmente viables y económicamente eficientes. 6. Se prestará atención a la Conservación y Restauración en zonas de recarga hídrica, así como apoyar la implementación del Plan Nacional de los Recursos Hídricos. 7. Fortalecer la efectividad de manejo en las áreas protegidas y el uso sostenible de bosques húmedos y secos mediante el fortalecimiento, manejo y conservación de las áreas protegidas con inversiones en infraestructura para la protección, dentro y en las zonas aledañas de las mismas. 8.', 'Fortalecer la efectividad de manejo en las áreas protegidas y el uso sostenible de bosques húmedos y secos mediante el fortalecimiento, manejo y conservación de las áreas protegidas con inversiones en infraestructura para la protección, dentro y en las zonas aledañas de las mismas. 8. Promover la restauración, conservación y uso racional de los humedales y manglares del Pacífico y Caribe de Nicaragua, que son ecosistemas ricos en biodiversidad, recursos naturales y diversidad genética, con funciones ecológicas importantes para la adaptación y mitigación del cambio climático. 9. Se vigilará e implementará el cumplimiento de la ley sobre la tala de los bosques de mangles, así como propiciar, facilitar e impulsar la reproducción y desarrollo de las plántulas de mangles. 10.', 'Se vigilará e implementará el cumplimiento de la ley sobre la tala de los bosques de mangles, así como propiciar, facilitar e impulsar la reproducción y desarrollo de las plántulas de mangles. 10. Cada municipio seleccionará espacios de bosques como centros de iniciativas ambientales, de educación y aprendizaje de jóvenes y adultos. 11. En las tierras con vocación forestal se otorgará prioridad a la regeneración natural del bosque, debido a su bajo costo al no realizar ninguna intervención. La segunda prioridad es la reforestación con especies de árboles propias del ecosistema y en las tierras con otros usos o degradadas se favorecerán las plantaciones forestales con fines comerciales y/o energéticos. 12.', 'La segunda prioridad es la reforestación con especies de árboles propias del ecosistema y en las tierras con otros usos o degradadas se favorecerán las plantaciones forestales con fines comerciales y/o energéticos. 12. Continuar con la implementación del Plan Maestro de Reforestación, dirigiendo los esfuerzos en sus cuatro objetivos: • Protección y recuperación de zonas de recarga hídrica y cuerpos de agua. • Reducción de riesgos a erosión y deslizamiento. • Aumento y/o mantenimiento de la biodiversidad en áreas protegidas y corredores biológicos.• Aporte a la economía local mediante sistemas agroforestales y establecimiento de plantaciones forestales con fines comerciales. 13.', '• Aumento y/o mantenimiento de la biodiversidad en áreas protegidas y corredores biológicos.• Aporte a la economía local mediante sistemas agroforestales y establecimiento de plantaciones forestales con fines comerciales. 13. Garantizar la recolección y preservación de semillas de árboles típicos de cada tipo de bosque del país para lograr la reproducción en viveros, para evitar su extinción Estas medidas serán impulsadas por el Gobierno en consenso con el sector privado y la cooperación internacional, con quienes se ha consultado la Política Nacional de Cambio Climático III. Síntesis de la Contribución Nacional de Nicaragua INFORMACION RESUMIDA Año meta NDC 2030 Cobertura geográfica para la cuantificación de emisiones Inventarios nacionales.', 'Síntesis de la Contribución Nacional de Nicaragua INFORMACION RESUMIDA Año meta NDC 2030 Cobertura geográfica para la cuantificación de emisiones Inventarios nacionales. Estudios particulares de Áreas protegidas Sectores de los Inventarios Nacionales considerados en la meta Energía (29.4% de las emisiones en Uso y cambio de Uso de la Tierra (67.8% de las emisiones en el 2010) Contribución a la mitigación Promoción del uso de otras fuentes de energía renovables: Al 2030, el 60% de la capacidad instalada de la matriz eléctrica deberá provenir de otros tipos de fuentes de energías renovables Reforestación de zonas degradadas: Contribución Unilateral: Conservación en la capacidad de absorción los sumideros de Carbono con respecto al Escenario de Referencia al 2030. Contribución con Financiamiento Internacional: Incremento en la capacidad de absorción de Carbono en un 20% con respecto al Escenario de Referencia al 2030.', 'Contribución con Financiamiento Internacional: Incremento en la capacidad de absorción de Carbono en un 20% con respecto al Escenario de Referencia al 2030. Año base de la contribución Fuentes de datos utilizados para la definición de la meta Segunda Comunicación Nacional de Cambio Climático de Nicaragua Tercera Comunicación Nacional de Cambio ClimáticoTercera Comunicación Nacional de Cambio Climático Nicaragua Gases considerados en las contribuciones Dióxido de Carbono Equivalente Metodología para la cuantificación de las emisiones Directrices para los INGEI, Panel Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre Cambio Climático (IPCC) 2006 Participación en Mercados de Carbono Nicaragua participa en el Mercado Internacional de Carbono mediante iniciativa REDD+, financiada por el Fondo Cooperativo del Carbono y administrada por el Banco Mundial, para implementar un programa de conservación de los bosques y evitar su degradación, que entrará en vigencia entre 2019-2014 y consiste en reducir las emisiones en 11 millones de toneladas de Co2eq. dentro de Áreas Protegidas en las Regiones Autónomas de la Costa Caribe de Nicaragua IV.', 'dentro de Áreas Protegidas en las Regiones Autónomas de la Costa Caribe de Nicaragua IV. NIVEL DE AMBICIÓN DE LA CONTRIBUCIÓN Las propuestas nacionales reflejadas en esta contribución nacional son justas y ambiciosas porque a pesar, de la casi nula contribución nacional a las emisiones globales, el país establece un compromiso para continuar incrementando la generación de energía renovables en la matriz energética nacional hasta un 60% para el año 2030, considerando que el esfuerzo realizado se hace bajo un marco económico mundial en el cual los precios de las tecnologías para producir energías renovables, son muy superiores a otras tecnologías cuyas fuentes de producción de energía son altamente contaminantes.', 'NIVEL DE AMBICIÓN DE LA CONTRIBUCIÓN Las propuestas nacionales reflejadas en esta contribución nacional son justas y ambiciosas porque a pesar, de la casi nula contribución nacional a las emisiones globales, el país establece un compromiso para continuar incrementando la generación de energía renovables en la matriz energética nacional hasta un 60% para el año 2030, considerando que el esfuerzo realizado se hace bajo un marco económico mundial en el cual los precios de las tecnologías para producir energías renovables, son muy superiores a otras tecnologías cuyas fuentes de producción de energía son altamente contaminantes. También, el Gobierno de Nicaragua, junto a su pueblo, trabaja arduamente para elevar los niveles de producción, reducir la pobreza y reponerse de las pérdidas anuales que le dejan los eventos asociados a la variabilidad climática y el cambio climático, incorporando acciones y medidas para conservar la cobertura forestal de los bosques, en las áreas protegidas y se trabaja bajo un modelo de alianzas, diálogos y consensos con el sector privado para incrementar la cobertura boscosa enlos sistemas de producción agropecuarios, sin tener acceso a fuentes de financiamiento para ello.', 'También, el Gobierno de Nicaragua, junto a su pueblo, trabaja arduamente para elevar los niveles de producción, reducir la pobreza y reponerse de las pérdidas anuales que le dejan los eventos asociados a la variabilidad climática y el cambio climático, incorporando acciones y medidas para conservar la cobertura forestal de los bosques, en las áreas protegidas y se trabaja bajo un modelo de alianzas, diálogos y consensos con el sector privado para incrementar la cobertura boscosa enlos sistemas de producción agropecuarios, sin tener acceso a fuentes de financiamiento para ello. Si el país recibe financiamiento internacional se podría lograr un incremento en la capacidad de absorción de Carbono en un 20% con respecto al Escenario de Referencia, para el año 2030.', 'Si el país recibe financiamiento internacional se podría lograr un incremento en la capacidad de absorción de Carbono en un 20% con respecto al Escenario de Referencia, para el año 2030. V. PLANIFICACIÓN, PROCESOS DE IMPLEMENTACIÓN Y SEGUIMIENTO A LA CONTRIBUCIÓN Antes de la adhesión de Nicaragua al Acuerdo de París, el país ha venido desarrollando acciones para reducir los gases de efecto invernadero que contribuyen al cambio climático y ha definido acciones para iniciar la implementación de una política nacional para el año 2018 que asume acciones importantes para la reducción de emisiones al año 2020.', 'V. PLANIFICACIÓN, PROCESOS DE IMPLEMENTACIÓN Y SEGUIMIENTO A LA CONTRIBUCIÓN Antes de la adhesión de Nicaragua al Acuerdo de París, el país ha venido desarrollando acciones para reducir los gases de efecto invernadero que contribuyen al cambio climático y ha definido acciones para iniciar la implementación de una política nacional para el año 2018 que asume acciones importantes para la reducción de emisiones al año 2020. Se ha previsto durante el año 2018 realizar las consultas con los diferentes sectores, previo su envío a la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático, así como el establecimiento de compromisos de los sectores. También se utilizarán los mecanismos de Medición, Reporte y Verificación a través de la instancia de Gobierno que defina la Presidencia de la Republica. VI.', 'También se utilizarán los mecanismos de Medición, Reporte y Verificación a través de la instancia de Gobierno que defina la Presidencia de la Republica. VI. RETOS, BARRERAS Y NECESIDADES Nicaragua enfrenta el gran reto de crecer económicamente para reducir la pobreza en un contexto donde el cambio climático produce amenazas que generan pérdidas y daños, por lo que es indispensable lograr un crecimiento económico que reduzca las pérdidas y sostenible en el tiempo, para ello se hace necesario enfrentar los siguientes desafíos: 1. Acceso a recursos financieros para la adaptación al cambio climático, lo que implica el fortalecimiento de capacidades en materia de finanzas climáticas 2. La formación de capacidades para crear conocimientos, conductas y hábitos que contribuyan al proceso de adaptación en todos los sectores del país.3.', 'La formación de capacidades para crear conocimientos, conductas y hábitos que contribuyan al proceso de adaptación en todos los sectores del país.3. Desarrollar sistemas de vigilancia, monitoreo y alerta temprana ante los eventos hidrometereológicos. 4. Continuar fortaleciendo la institucionalidad de la Contribución Nacional, mediante la implementación de la política nacional de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático y continuar trabajando en el modelo de diálogos y alianzas con el sector productivo. VII. COMPONENTE ADAPTACIÓN Por su posición y características geográficas, Nicaragua está expuesta a diversos eventos vinculados a la variabilidad climática natural, tales como el fenómeno ENSO (El Niño-La Niña), los sistemas Monzónicos del Pacífico, las ondas y huracanes tropicales, entre otros, que generan significativas amenazas de sequía, inundaciones, deslizamientos de tierra, déficit de agua, destrucción de cultivos, bosques y viviendas.', 'COMPONENTE ADAPTACIÓN Por su posición y características geográficas, Nicaragua está expuesta a diversos eventos vinculados a la variabilidad climática natural, tales como el fenómeno ENSO (El Niño-La Niña), los sistemas Monzónicos del Pacífico, las ondas y huracanes tropicales, entre otros, que generan significativas amenazas de sequía, inundaciones, deslizamientos de tierra, déficit de agua, destrucción de cultivos, bosques y viviendas. Debido a factores económicos, sociales, culturales y ambientales, Nicaragua es altamente vulnerable a las amenazas generadas por la variabilidad climática y el cambio climático, lo que implica importantes pérdidas y daños de vidas humanas y económicas anuales, que según cifras del Banco Mundial ascienden a 301.75 millones de dólares del poder de compra, equivalente a una pérdida promedio anual por unidad de PIB de 1.72%.', 'Debido a factores económicos, sociales, culturales y ambientales, Nicaragua es altamente vulnerable a las amenazas generadas por la variabilidad climática y el cambio climático, lo que implica importantes pérdidas y daños de vidas humanas y económicas anuales, que según cifras del Banco Mundial ascienden a 301.75 millones de dólares del poder de compra, equivalente a una pérdida promedio anual por unidad de PIB de 1.72%. Para hacer frente a la adaptación al cambio climático, el país requiere apoyo financiero para desarrollar medidas de adaptación prioritarias, tales como: 1. Modernización de los servicios hidrometereológicos del país, que permitan mantener pronósticos precisos y sistemas de alerta temprana para una repuesta eficaz y eficiente, lo que incluye modernización en sistemas de observación, asimilación y pronósticos, acceso a sensores y tecnologías, así como la formación de recursos humanos calificados.', 'Modernización de los servicios hidrometereológicos del país, que permitan mantener pronósticos precisos y sistemas de alerta temprana para una repuesta eficaz y eficiente, lo que incluye modernización en sistemas de observación, asimilación y pronósticos, acceso a sensores y tecnologías, así como la formación de recursos humanos calificados. La inversión necesaria en esta medida es de aproximadamente 30 millones de dólares.2. Medidas para el desarrollo de infraestructuras y sistemas de drenaje en la ciudad capital y otras ciudades del pacífico de Nicaragua que son altamente vulnerables a inundaciones. El costo de estas inversiones es de aproximadamente 450 millones de dólares para la ciudad capital. 3.', 'El costo de estas inversiones es de aproximadamente 450 millones de dólares para la ciudad capital. 3. Desarrollar un programa nacional de captación de agua y promoción de sistemas de riego en el corredor seco de Nicaragua, por un monto en inversión de aproximadamente 800 millones de dólares. 4. Incrementar la eficacia en la protección de las reservas de biosfera mediante un programa de ordenamiento de tierras e impulso a la reforestación, por un monto de inversión de aproximadamente 400 millones de dólares. 5. Cooperación para el fortalecimiento de las capacidades en finanzas climáticas. 6. Desarrollo de infraestructura de agua potable y saneamiento y programas de resiliencia de los sistemas de agua potable urbano. 7. Acceso a recursos adicionales para implementar medidas de adaptación en la red de infraestructura vial. 8.', 'Acceso a recursos adicionales para implementar medidas de adaptación en la red de infraestructura vial. 8. Desarrollo de capacidades, acceso a tecnología y financiamiento en el sector agropecuario. 9. Implementar programas de gestión resiliente de ecosistemas priorizados con enfoque de paisaje. 10. Elaborar e implementar el Plan Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio climático a nivel de sectores. 11. Implementar el Plan Nacional de los Recursos Hídricos. 12. Promover medidas de adaptación enfocadas a los Asentamientos Humanos de Nicaragua. 13. Desarrollo de conocimientos y capacidades de respuesta sobre los impactos del cambio climático en la salud humana del pueblo nicaragüense Línea final ……']

es-ES

NIC

Nicaragua

Updated NDC

2020-12-24 00:00:00

x

NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Contribuciones_Nacionales_Determinadas_Nicaragua.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Latin America and the Caribbean

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/03d7dfaef0eb1efb8d20672ce518dfca2414833feb3964ff0731b106db897498.pdf

['ÍNDICE DE CONTENIDOS Caracterización de las emisiones nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) 11 Principales Avances Nacionales en Cambio Climático 15 Estado actual de las NDC en Nicaragua.', 'ÍNDICE DE CONTENIDOS Caracterización de las emisiones nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) 11 Principales Avances Nacionales en Cambio Climático 15 Estado actual de las NDC en Nicaragua. 23 4.1 - Acciones de Mitigación propuesta en la NDC 24 4.2 - Acciones de Adaptación propuestas 26 Principios fundamentales de las metas actuales de las NDC 29 Avances en la implementación de las NDC 33 6.1 - Sector Energía 34 6.2 - Gestión forestal, Uso de la Tierra y Cambio de Usos de la Tierra 36 Compromisos de Nicaragua en el mejoramiento de la métrica de sus NDC 43 Estrategia de comunicación de las NDC para el desarrollo inclusivo y participativo 49 Propuesta de Actualización de la NDC 53 9.1.-Propuesta de incremento de ambición en Mitigación 54 9.1.2-Sector Procesos Industriales y Uso de Productos 55 9.1.3.- Sector Gestión de Bosques y Cambio de Uso de Suelo 55 9.2 -Síntesis de la propuesta de incremento de ambición de NDC en Nicaragua 56 9.3 - Acciones a mediano plazo a considerar en futuras NDC (2025 – 2030) 57 Proyecciones de Mitigación con base en los compromisos adquiridos 59 Contribución Componente Adaptación 63ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS Figura 1 Emisiones de CO2 equv por sector 12 Figura 2 Emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero por Sector - Cuarto INGEI 13 Figura 3 Tendencia de las emisiones por GEI (GgCO2eq) 13 Figura 4 Principales avances en mitigación al Cambio Climático.', '23 4.1 - Acciones de Mitigación propuesta en la NDC 24 4.2 - Acciones de Adaptación propuestas 26 Principios fundamentales de las metas actuales de las NDC 29 Avances en la implementación de las NDC 33 6.1 - Sector Energía 34 6.2 - Gestión forestal, Uso de la Tierra y Cambio de Usos de la Tierra 36 Compromisos de Nicaragua en el mejoramiento de la métrica de sus NDC 43 Estrategia de comunicación de las NDC para el desarrollo inclusivo y participativo 49 Propuesta de Actualización de la NDC 53 9.1.-Propuesta de incremento de ambición en Mitigación 54 9.1.2-Sector Procesos Industriales y Uso de Productos 55 9.1.3.- Sector Gestión de Bosques y Cambio de Uso de Suelo 55 9.2 -Síntesis de la propuesta de incremento de ambición de NDC en Nicaragua 56 9.3 - Acciones a mediano plazo a considerar en futuras NDC (2025 – 2030) 57 Proyecciones de Mitigación con base en los compromisos adquiridos 59 Contribución Componente Adaptación 63ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS Figura 1 Emisiones de CO2 equv por sector 12 Figura 2 Emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero por Sector - Cuarto INGEI 13 Figura 3 Tendencia de las emisiones por GEI (GgCO2eq) 13 Figura 4 Principales avances en mitigación al Cambio Climático. 17 Figura 5 Conservación de bosques dentro de Territorios Indígenas y Áreas Protegidas 24 Figura 6 Área potencial para la restauración forestal 26 Figura 7 Distribución porcentual de la capacidad instalada nominal por tipo fuente 2016 35 Figura 8 Distribución porcentual de la capacidad instalada nominal por tipo fuente 2019 35 Figura 9 Capacidad Instalada Nominal (MW)Por tipo de fuente.', '17 Figura 5 Conservación de bosques dentro de Territorios Indígenas y Áreas Protegidas 24 Figura 6 Área potencial para la restauración forestal 26 Figura 7 Distribución porcentual de la capacidad instalada nominal por tipo fuente 2016 35 Figura 8 Distribución porcentual de la capacidad instalada nominal por tipo fuente 2019 35 Figura 9 Capacidad Instalada Nominal (MW)Por tipo de fuente. 36 Figura 10 Registro de plantaciones forestales 37 Figura 12 Mapa de Programas y Proyectos en gestión por Nicaragua.', '36 Figura 10 Registro de plantaciones forestales 37 Figura 12 Mapa de Programas y Proyectos en gestión por Nicaragua. 41 Figura 13 Estructura organizativa para la construcción de los INGEI 46 Figura 14 Presentación de avances en la Contribución Nacional -Determinada con: mujeres, jóvenes, academia e instituciones 51 Figura 15 Escenarios de Mitigación considerando NDC actual y propuesta de incremento de ambición en NDC 61 ÍNDICE DE CUADROS Cuadro - 1 Síntesis de la propuesta de incremento de ambición de NDC en Nicaragua.', '41 Figura 13 Estructura organizativa para la construcción de los INGEI 46 Figura 14 Presentación de avances en la Contribución Nacional -Determinada con: mujeres, jóvenes, academia e instituciones 51 Figura 15 Escenarios de Mitigación considerando NDC actual y propuesta de incremento de ambición en NDC 61 ÍNDICE DE CUADROS Cuadro - 1 Síntesis de la propuesta de incremento de ambición de NDC en Nicaragua. 56 Cuadro - 2 Medidas de adaptación de la NDC y su relación con los ODS 65ACRÓNIMOS SIGLAS Descripción BCIE Banco Centroamericano de Integración Económica CFCs Clorofluorocarbonos CMNUCC Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático CO2 Dióxido de Carbono CONADETI Comisión Nacional de Demarcación y Titulación CONFOR La Asociación Nacional de Reforestadores ENACAL Empresa Nicaragüense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados ENSO fenómeno El Niño-La Niña FIDA Fondo Internacional de Desarrollo Agrícola GEF Fondo Mundial para el Medio Ambiente (FMAM, en inglés Global Environment Facility) GEI emisiones nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero GRUN Gobierno de Reconciliación y Unidad Nacional GTI Gobierno Territorial Indígena HCFCs Hidroclorofluorocarbonos HFCs Hidrofluorocarbonos INAFOR Instituto Nacional Forestal INETER Instituto Nicaragüense de Estudios Territoriales INPESCA Instituto Nicaragüense de la Pesca y Acuicultura INTA Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria es un organismo de investigación IPCC Panel Intergubernamental de Expertos de Cambio Climático MAG Ministerio Agropecuario MARENA Ministerio del Ambiente y los Recursos Naturales MEFCCA Ministerio de Economía Familiar, Comunitaria, Cooperativa y Asociativa de Nicaragua MIFIC Ministerio de Fomento, Industria y Comercio MINED Ministerio de Educación NDC Contribuciones Nacionalmente Determinadas N2O Óxido nitroso OLADE Organización Latinoamericana de Energía PFCs Perfluorocarbonos PRE Programa de Reducción de Emisiones RACCN Región Autónoma de la Costa Caribe Norte RACCS Región Autónoma de la Costa Caribe Sur SDCC Secretaría para el Desarrollo de la Costa CaribeIntroducciónNicaragua fue responsable del 0.02% de las emisiones globales de gases de efecto invernadero en 2018 según la base de Datos de Emisiones para la Investigación Atmosférica Global, sin embargo, se clasifica como el sexto país más vulnerable ante el cambio climático según el reporte del Índice Global de Riesgo Climático 2017 (GERMANWATCH,2017) para el período histórico de 1998 al 2017.', '56 Cuadro - 2 Medidas de adaptación de la NDC y su relación con los ODS 65ACRÓNIMOS SIGLAS Descripción BCIE Banco Centroamericano de Integración Económica CFCs Clorofluorocarbonos CMNUCC Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático CO2 Dióxido de Carbono CONADETI Comisión Nacional de Demarcación y Titulación CONFOR La Asociación Nacional de Reforestadores ENACAL Empresa Nicaragüense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados ENSO fenómeno El Niño-La Niña FIDA Fondo Internacional de Desarrollo Agrícola GEF Fondo Mundial para el Medio Ambiente (FMAM, en inglés Global Environment Facility) GEI emisiones nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero GRUN Gobierno de Reconciliación y Unidad Nacional GTI Gobierno Territorial Indígena HCFCs Hidroclorofluorocarbonos HFCs Hidrofluorocarbonos INAFOR Instituto Nacional Forestal INETER Instituto Nicaragüense de Estudios Territoriales INPESCA Instituto Nicaragüense de la Pesca y Acuicultura INTA Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria es un organismo de investigación IPCC Panel Intergubernamental de Expertos de Cambio Climático MAG Ministerio Agropecuario MARENA Ministerio del Ambiente y los Recursos Naturales MEFCCA Ministerio de Economía Familiar, Comunitaria, Cooperativa y Asociativa de Nicaragua MIFIC Ministerio de Fomento, Industria y Comercio MINED Ministerio de Educación NDC Contribuciones Nacionalmente Determinadas N2O Óxido nitroso OLADE Organización Latinoamericana de Energía PFCs Perfluorocarbonos PRE Programa de Reducción de Emisiones RACCN Región Autónoma de la Costa Caribe Norte RACCS Región Autónoma de la Costa Caribe Sur SDCC Secretaría para el Desarrollo de la Costa CaribeIntroducciónNicaragua fue responsable del 0.02% de las emisiones globales de gases de efecto invernadero en 2018 según la base de Datos de Emisiones para la Investigación Atmosférica Global, sin embargo, se clasifica como el sexto país más vulnerable ante el cambio climático según el reporte del Índice Global de Riesgo Climático 2017 (GERMANWATCH,2017) para el período histórico de 1998 al 2017. Según la Tercera Comunicación Nacional Sobre el Cambio Climático, Nicaragua es un país altamente amenazado por la variabilidad climática y eventos extremos.', 'Según la Tercera Comunicación Nacional Sobre el Cambio Climático, Nicaragua es un país altamente amenazado por la variabilidad climática y eventos extremos. Los escenarios futuros presentados en el Quinto informe del IPCC, ajustados a las condiciones de país, indican que de los 156 municipios; 21 son amenazados por huracanes; 48 por sequía; 33 por inundaciones y 9 por el aumento del nivel del mar. Una de las evidencias claras de la alta vulnerabilidad del país ante el Cambio Climático, es que, durante el año 2020, ocurrieron eventos extremos con el paso de dos huracanes en categoría 4 y 5 afectando todo el país.', 'Una de las evidencias claras de la alta vulnerabilidad del país ante el Cambio Climático, es que, durante el año 2020, ocurrieron eventos extremos con el paso de dos huracanes en categoría 4 y 5 afectando todo el país. El huracán ETA de categoría 4 que impactó la Región Autónoma de la Costa Caribe Norte (RACCN) el 3 de noviembre y 10 días después, el huracán Iota impactó esta misma región en categoría 5. Se afectaron a más de 3 millones de personas en todo el país y se estima que estos fenómenos ocasionen pérdidas y daños por un monto de más de 738 millones de dólares, cifra que equivale al 6.2% del PIB del país.', 'Se afectaron a más de 3 millones de personas en todo el país y se estima que estos fenómenos ocasionen pérdidas y daños por un monto de más de 738 millones de dólares, cifra que equivale al 6.2% del PIB del país. Bajo el principio de Responsabilidades Comunes pero diferenciadas y capacidades respectivas, Nicaragua se adhirió al Acuerdo de París en el año 2017, asumiendo el compromiso de fortalecer sus políticas, estrategias e instrumentos de gobierno con el fin de contribuir con la meta de no incrementar la temperatura en el mundo a más de 1.5 grados centígrados.', 'Bajo el principio de Responsabilidades Comunes pero diferenciadas y capacidades respectivas, Nicaragua se adhirió al Acuerdo de París en el año 2017, asumiendo el compromiso de fortalecer sus políticas, estrategias e instrumentos de gobierno con el fin de contribuir con la meta de no incrementar la temperatura en el mundo a más de 1.5 grados centígrados. En términos de acción climática, Nicaragua ha contribuido en reducir emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero en todos sus sectores económicos, principalmente en el sector energía, en donde ha logrado incrementar en un 59% la matriz energética en recursos renovables.', 'En términos de acción climática, Nicaragua ha contribuido en reducir emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero en todos sus sectores económicos, principalmente en el sector energía, en donde ha logrado incrementar en un 59% la matriz energética en recursos renovables. Con respecto a los bosques, nuestro país es el primero en firmar la Carta de Derechos de la Madre Tierra, por tal razón, desde el año 2007 se implementan programas de restauración de paisajes forestales que generan anualmente la recuperación de más de 47 mil hectáreas de bosques, lo que representa más de 2.6 millones de toneladas de dióxido de carbono removidos de la atmósfera .', 'Con respecto a los bosques, nuestro país es el primero en firmar la Carta de Derechos de la Madre Tierra, por tal razón, desde el año 2007 se implementan programas de restauración de paisajes forestales que generan anualmente la recuperación de más de 47 mil hectáreas de bosques, lo que representa más de 2.6 millones de toneladas de dióxido de carbono removidos de la atmósfera . Durante el año 2018, Nicaragua cumplió sus compromisos ante la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidad para el Cambio Climático presentando su Tercera Comunicación Nacional de Cambio Climático; sus niveles de Referencia de Emisiones Forestales y sus Contribuciones Nacionalmente Determinada (NDC).', 'Durante el año 2018, Nicaragua cumplió sus compromisos ante la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidad para el Cambio Climático presentando su Tercera Comunicación Nacional de Cambio Climático; sus niveles de Referencia de Emisiones Forestales y sus Contribuciones Nacionalmente Determinada (NDC). Para el año 2019, publicó su Política Nacional de Mitigación y Adaptación al Cambio Climático; creó el Sistema Nacional de Respuesta al Cambio Climático y actualmente se encuentra preparando su Cuarta Comunicación Nacional. Nicaragua cuenta con una estrategia financiera implementada a través de la Autoridad Nacional designada con el apoyo de las instituciones que también contribuyen en la búsqueda de fondos de las finanzas climáticas.', 'Nicaragua cuenta con una estrategia financiera implementada a través de la Autoridad Nacional designada con el apoyo de las instituciones que también contribuyen en la búsqueda de fondos de las finanzas climáticas. Actualmente, existe una cartera en gestión de 15 programas y proyectos que suman más de U$190 Millones y desarrollarán actividades que contribuirán en la conservación y restauración de los Bosques, así como la lucha contra el Cambio Climático.', 'Actualmente, existe una cartera en gestión de 15 programas y proyectos que suman más de U$190 Millones y desarrollarán actividades que contribuirán en la conservación y restauración de los Bosques, así como la lucha contra el Cambio Climático. (Anexo 1)-[ 1 ] Con respecto a la contribución en mitigación, para el año 2021, Nicaragua implementará con el Fondo Cooperativo del Carbono Forestal un Programa de Reducción de Emisiones en la Costa Caribe que contribuirá en reducir aproximadamente 11 millones de toneladas de dióxido de carbono proveniente de la deforestación y degradación forestal; así como otros programas y proyectos que garantizarán el manejo sostenible de los bosques y protección de los ecosistemas.', '(Anexo 1)-[ 1 ] Con respecto a la contribución en mitigación, para el año 2021, Nicaragua implementará con el Fondo Cooperativo del Carbono Forestal un Programa de Reducción de Emisiones en la Costa Caribe que contribuirá en reducir aproximadamente 11 millones de toneladas de dióxido de carbono proveniente de la deforestación y degradación forestal; así como otros programas y proyectos que garantizarán el manejo sostenible de los bosques y protección de los ecosistemas. Nota : 1- Análisis histórico de los cambios de uso de suelo del período 2005 – 2015 utilizando información oficial de INETERNicaragua realiza esfuerzos por implementar acciones enfocadas a la adaptación del cambio climático.', 'Nota : 1- Análisis histórico de los cambios de uso de suelo del período 2005 – 2015 utilizando información oficial de INETERNicaragua realiza esfuerzos por implementar acciones enfocadas a la adaptación del cambio climático. En los últimos 10 años, se han protegido 363 nacientes de fuentes de agua; realizado obras de conservación de suelos y agua en aproximadamente 25 mil hectáreas en los municipios más vulnerables del país; implementado medidas para reducir la vulnerabilidad de la red de carreteras ante el cambio climático y se han mejorado los sistemas productivos en Café y Cacao con un enfoque resiliente.', 'En los últimos 10 años, se han protegido 363 nacientes de fuentes de agua; realizado obras de conservación de suelos y agua en aproximadamente 25 mil hectáreas en los municipios más vulnerables del país; implementado medidas para reducir la vulnerabilidad de la red de carreteras ante el cambio climático y se han mejorado los sistemas productivos en Café y Cacao con un enfoque resiliente. Con estas acciones, el país continúa demostrando su alto compromiso a nivel nacional e internacional para combatir los efectos del cambio climático y, sobre todo, proteger a nuestros pueblos más vulnerables.Caracterización de las Emisiones Nacionales de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI)Según el Cuarto Inventario de Gases de Efecto Invernadero, el balance de emisiones y/o absorciones de Nicaragua para el período comprendido entre el año 2000 (año base) y al año 2015 (año de referencia) indica una disminución de las emisiones en 1% (Figura 1).', 'Con estas acciones, el país continúa demostrando su alto compromiso a nivel nacional e internacional para combatir los efectos del cambio climático y, sobre todo, proteger a nuestros pueblos más vulnerables.Caracterización de las Emisiones Nacionales de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI)Según el Cuarto Inventario de Gases de Efecto Invernadero, el balance de emisiones y/o absorciones de Nicaragua para el período comprendido entre el año 2000 (año base) y al año 2015 (año de referencia) indica una disminución de las emisiones en 1% (Figura 1). Se identifican puntos de inflexión asociados al contexto nacional y mundial, tales como: los cambios de gobierno y políticas de desarrollo implementadas durante el período evaluado, así como la crisis económica mundial provocada por la burbuja inmobiliaria en Estados Unidos (2008).', 'Se identifican puntos de inflexión asociados al contexto nacional y mundial, tales como: los cambios de gobierno y políticas de desarrollo implementadas durante el período evaluado, así como la crisis económica mundial provocada por la burbuja inmobiliaria en Estados Unidos (2008). Las emisiones de GEI para el año 2000 se estimaron en 29,251 GgCO2eq; para el año 2005, se observa un amento en las emisiones totales de un 10%. Durante el período 2006 al 2010, las emisiones disminuyen en un 8%.', 'Durante el período 2006 al 2010, las emisiones disminuyen en un 8%. Este comportamiento de reducción de emisiones continua para el siguiente quinquenio, debido a que en el período del 2011 al 2015, las emisiones descienden en un 3%, estimando emisiones totales de 28,967GgCO2eq (Figura 1) Figura 1 Emisiones de CO2eq por sector El sector Agricultura, Silvicultura y Otros usos de la Tierra (AFOLU), es el principal sector emisor en toda la serie temporal representando el 79% (22,790 GgCO2eq); seguido de sector energía con el 18% (5,325 GgCO2eq); el sector desechos con el 2% (686.42 GgCO2eq) y, por último, el sector Procesos Industriales y Uso de Productos (IPPU) con el 1% (164.22 GgCO2eq).Figura 2 Emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero por Sector - Cuarto INGEI El gas que representa el mayor peso porcentual es el dióxido de carbono (CO2).', 'Este comportamiento de reducción de emisiones continua para el siguiente quinquenio, debido a que en el período del 2011 al 2015, las emisiones descienden en un 3%, estimando emisiones totales de 28,967GgCO2eq (Figura 1) Figura 1 Emisiones de CO2eq por sector El sector Agricultura, Silvicultura y Otros usos de la Tierra (AFOLU), es el principal sector emisor en toda la serie temporal representando el 79% (22,790 GgCO2eq); seguido de sector energía con el 18% (5,325 GgCO2eq); el sector desechos con el 2% (686.42 GgCO2eq) y, por último, el sector Procesos Industriales y Uso de Productos (IPPU) con el 1% (164.22 GgCO2eq).Figura 2 Emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero por Sector - Cuarto INGEI El gas que representa el mayor peso porcentual es el dióxido de carbono (CO2). Para el año 2000, se estima que representó el 78% de las emisiones, seguido del metano (CH4) con 15% y el óxido de nitrógeno (N2O) con 7%.', 'Para el año 2000, se estima que representó el 78% de las emisiones, seguido del metano (CH4) con 15% y el óxido de nitrógeno (N2O) con 7%. Con respecto al año 2015, el peso en emisiones por gas varía, en donde el dióxido de carbono (CO2) represento el 60%; el metano (CH4) un 27% y el óxido nitroso (N2O) un 13%. Esto ocurre debido al aumento del hato ganadero del país que actualmente son un motor de desarrollo económico.', 'Esto ocurre debido al aumento del hato ganadero del país que actualmente son un motor de desarrollo económico. Figura 3 Tendencia de las emisiones por GEI (GgCO2eq)Principales Avances Nacionales en Cambio ClimáticoEnergía: El Gobierno de Unidad y Reconciliación Nacional ha incrementado la producción de energía renovable del 25% en el año 2007, hasta un 51% en el año 2013, aún en condiciones de severos racionamientos de la energía que existían en el momento de toma del poder, que provenían desde el año 2004.', 'Figura 3 Tendencia de las emisiones por GEI (GgCO2eq)Principales Avances Nacionales en Cambio ClimáticoEnergía: El Gobierno de Unidad y Reconciliación Nacional ha incrementado la producción de energía renovable del 25% en el año 2007, hasta un 51% en el año 2013, aún en condiciones de severos racionamientos de la energía que existían en el momento de toma del poder, que provenían desde el año 2004. Contaminación Ambiental: Para contribuir a la protección de la capa de ozono, se ha eliminado en un 100% el consumo de los gases llamados CFCs a partir del 01 de enero del 2010 y se está implementando un Plan de Gestión para la eliminación de los tipos de gases HCFCs del 2012 al 2020.', 'Contaminación Ambiental: Para contribuir a la protección de la capa de ozono, se ha eliminado en un 100% el consumo de los gases llamados CFCs a partir del 01 de enero del 2010 y se está implementando un Plan de Gestión para la eliminación de los tipos de gases HCFCs del 2012 al 2020. Agropecuario: En el año 2010, Nicaragua se integró a la Iniciativa Global de Metano, la cual tiene como objetivo, en el corto plazo, reducir las emisiones globales de metano, capturándolo a un costo razonable y usándolo como fuente de energía limpia. Hasta el año 2010 se han construido 1,512 biodigestores, de los cuales entre 300 y 400 aproximadamente, se encuentran en funcionamiento.', 'Hasta el año 2010 se han construido 1,512 biodigestores, de los cuales entre 300 y 400 aproximadamente, se encuentran en funcionamiento. Transporte: Se está implementando el proyecto “Promoción de Transporte Ambientalmente Sostenible en la Managua Metropolitana”, dentro de las prioridades para reformar el sistema de transporte público en el área Metropolitana de Managua, tal como se refleja en el Plan Integral de Transporte. Obteniendo una reducción directa de 892,000 toneladas de emisiones de CO2 a lo largo de los próximos 20 años.', 'Obteniendo una reducción directa de 892,000 toneladas de emisiones de CO2 a lo largo de los próximos 20 años. Desechos: El proyecto de desarrollo integral de La Chureca ha incluido no solo el sellado del vertedero del mismo nombre, considerado el mayor de América Latina, sino también la construcción de una planta de reciclaje en la que trabajan los recolectores de basura, así mismo la construcción de casas, una escuela para las más de 250 familias que habitan el lugar y la reducción de los gases producidos por la propia basura en descomposición que antes de la intervención producían combustiones espontáneas en toda la superficie del vertedero, ahora son conducidos al exterior por un circuito de tuberías y por chimeneas de gasificación por las que sale el gas metano.', 'Desechos: El proyecto de desarrollo integral de La Chureca ha incluido no solo el sellado del vertedero del mismo nombre, considerado el mayor de América Latina, sino también la construcción de una planta de reciclaje en la que trabajan los recolectores de basura, así mismo la construcción de casas, una escuela para las más de 250 familias que habitan el lugar y la reducción de los gases producidos por la propia basura en descomposición que antes de la intervención producían combustiones espontáneas en toda la superficie del vertedero, ahora son conducidos al exterior por un circuito de tuberías y por chimeneas de gasificación por las que sale el gas metano. Estos gases están previstos aprovecharse en la generación eléctrica por la Alcaldía de Managua.Figura Principales avances en mitigación al Cambio Climático.', 'Estos gases están previstos aprovecharse en la generación eléctrica por la Alcaldía de Managua.Figura Principales avances en mitigación al Cambio Climático. Desde el año 2007 los Sistemas de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales han aumentado significativamente, para el año 2010, 13 cabeceras departamentales brindan tratamiento a las aguas residuales Desde el inicio de operaciones de la Planta de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales de Managua el porcentaje de tratamiento de las aguas residuales recolectadas en la ciudad mejoró significativamente de 35.22% en el año 2007 a 98.19% para el año 2011 y el índice de tratamiento pasó de 19.66% a 57.63% a nivel nacional.', 'Desde el año 2007 los Sistemas de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales han aumentado significativamente, para el año 2010, 13 cabeceras departamentales brindan tratamiento a las aguas residuales Desde el inicio de operaciones de la Planta de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales de Managua el porcentaje de tratamiento de las aguas residuales recolectadas en la ciudad mejoró significativamente de 35.22% en el año 2007 a 98.19% para el año 2011 y el índice de tratamiento pasó de 19.66% a 57.63% a nivel nacional. Gestión Forestal: Nicaragua recibió la aprobación del Fondo Cooperativo del Carbono Forestal, mediante el cual las comunidades rurales y pueblos indígenas que viven en los bosques de la Costa Caribe, Bosawás e Indio Maíz reducirán la deforestación y degradación forestal, reduciendo las emisiones de aproximadamente 11 millones de Toneladas de Dióxido de Carbono y se recibirá a cambio incentivos positivos por 55 millones de dólares en cinco años.', 'Gestión Forestal: Nicaragua recibió la aprobación del Fondo Cooperativo del Carbono Forestal, mediante el cual las comunidades rurales y pueblos indígenas que viven en los bosques de la Costa Caribe, Bosawás e Indio Maíz reducirán la deforestación y degradación forestal, reduciendo las emisiones de aproximadamente 11 millones de Toneladas de Dióxido de Carbono y se recibirá a cambio incentivos positivos por 55 millones de dólares en cinco años. Esta meta solamente representa el 50% del potencial que tiene la región del caribe en la reducción de emisiones.', 'Esta meta solamente representa el 50% del potencial que tiene la región del caribe en la reducción de emisiones. Esto, a través del programa ENDE-REDD+ de MARENA, con la asistencia del Banco Mundial.Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales: En los últimos 10 años se protegieron 363 nacientes de fuentes de agua en las cuencas hidrográficas del Río San Juan, Río Coco, Río Grande de Matagalpa y Cuenca Hidrográfica del Pacífico, para facilitar el funcionamiento de sistemas de agua potable e incrementar el acceso al agua que mejora las condiciones de vida de 2,365 familias de 20 municipios en 88 comunidades rurales de los departamentos de Chinandega, León, Matagalpa, Jinotega, Estelí, Madriz, Chontales y Nueva Segovia.', 'Esto, a través del programa ENDE-REDD+ de MARENA, con la asistencia del Banco Mundial.Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales: En los últimos 10 años se protegieron 363 nacientes de fuentes de agua en las cuencas hidrográficas del Río San Juan, Río Coco, Río Grande de Matagalpa y Cuenca Hidrográfica del Pacífico, para facilitar el funcionamiento de sistemas de agua potable e incrementar el acceso al agua que mejora las condiciones de vida de 2,365 familias de 20 municipios en 88 comunidades rurales de los departamentos de Chinandega, León, Matagalpa, Jinotega, Estelí, Madriz, Chontales y Nueva Segovia. Se destaca la realización de obras de conservación de suelos y agua en 25,000 hectáreas en 22 municipios de la zona seca, para los departamentos de Chinandega, León, Matagalpa, Jinotega y Estelí, con el fin de reducir la erosión y la sedimentación del Río Viejo, Lago de Apanás, Río Estelí, Río Estero Real y Río Negro.', 'Se destaca la realización de obras de conservación de suelos y agua en 25,000 hectáreas en 22 municipios de la zona seca, para los departamentos de Chinandega, León, Matagalpa, Jinotega y Estelí, con el fin de reducir la erosión y la sedimentación del Río Viejo, Lago de Apanás, Río Estelí, Río Estero Real y Río Negro. Durante el período 2007-2017, se han ejecutado 5,323 pequeñas obras de cosecha de agua tipo reservorios, lagunetas, micro presas y sistemas de captación del agua pluvial en techos de casas, apoyando la implementación Planes de Adaptación ante el Cambio Climático y de reducción de la vulnerabilidad y el riesgo ante la sequía e inundaciones, priorizando las comunidades asentadas en la zona seca, lo que ha beneficiado a 7,848 familias protagonistas de 350 comunidades en 16 municipios.', 'Durante el período 2007-2017, se han ejecutado 5,323 pequeñas obras de cosecha de agua tipo reservorios, lagunetas, micro presas y sistemas de captación del agua pluvial en techos de casas, apoyando la implementación Planes de Adaptación ante el Cambio Climático y de reducción de la vulnerabilidad y el riesgo ante la sequía e inundaciones, priorizando las comunidades asentadas en la zona seca, lo que ha beneficiado a 7,848 familias protagonistas de 350 comunidades en 16 municipios. Agropecuario y pesca: Se ejecuta el Programa de Desarrollo de los Sistemas Productivos, Agrícolas, Pesqueros y Forestal en Territorios Indígenas de la RACCN y RACCS (NICARIBE), 2011-2018.', 'Agropecuario y pesca: Se ejecuta el Programa de Desarrollo de los Sistemas Productivos, Agrícolas, Pesqueros y Forestal en Territorios Indígenas de la RACCN y RACCS (NICARIBE), 2011-2018. Para mejorar los niveles de ingreso de 10,580 familias que viven en territorios indígenas y afro descendientes de la Costa Caribe, apoyando el incremento de la producción y el manejo y el aprovechamiento sostenible de los recursos naturales y fortaleciendo sus organizaciones. Fuente de Financiamiento: BCIE, FIDA (Préstamo y Donación). Monto del Financiamiento: U$12, 000,000.00. Instituciones involucradas: MEFCCA, MAG, INTA, INAFOR, MARENA, INPESCA, Secretaría de la Costa Caribe, Gobiernos Regionales, CONADETI. Protagonistas: Se estima que, en los cinco años de duración, el Programa atenderá de forma directa e indirecta a 10,580 familias indígenas y afro descendientes.', 'Protagonistas: Se estima que, en los cinco años de duración, el Programa atenderá de forma directa e indirecta a 10,580 familias indígenas y afro descendientes. Se ejecuta el Programa Mejoramiento de las Capacidades Organizativas y Productivas de los Productores y Productoras de Cacao en el Triángulo Minero (PROCACAO), 2014-2017. El proyecto está enfocado en mejorar los ingresos de las familias y generar empleos, utilizando el cacao como fuente principal de ingresos y crear una cultura en la promoción de sistema agroforestal sostenible, promoviendo la equidad de género en el Triángulo Minero. Fuente de Financiamiento: COSUDE. Monto del Financiamiento: U$4.2 millones. Vigencia: 1 octubre 2014 al 31 de diciembre 2017. Instituciones involucradas: MEFCCA, INTA, MAG y SDCC.', 'Instituciones involucradas: MEFCCA, INTA, MAG y SDCC. Protagonistas: Fortalecer las capacidades organizativas, empresariales y técnicas de 1,200 productores y productoras y sus organizaciones ubicadas en el Triángulo Minero, Región Autónoma de la Costa Caribe Norte (RACCN) Se ejecuta el Programa de Apoyo a la Adaptación al Cambio Climático mediante la Producción de Café y Cacao de Pequeños Productores en Zonas Agroclimáticas Aptas (NICADAPTA), 2014-2020, que busca mejorar de forma sostenible las condiciones de vida de familias rurales productoras de los rubros de café y cacao, en cuatro zonas geográficas de intervención del Programa, incorporándolas a mercados y reduciendo su vulnerabilidad ante el cambio climático. Fuente de Financiamiento: BCIE, FIDA (Préstamo y Donación). Monto del Financiamiento: U$37, 051,532.00. Vigencia: 04 de enero del 2014 a 31 de marzo 2020.', 'Vigencia: 04 de enero del 2014 a 31 de marzo 2020. Instituciones involucradas: MEFCCA, INTA, IPSA, MAG, MIFIC, INETER y Secretaría de la Costa Caribe. Protagonistas: Acompañar a 40 mil familias con menos de 20 manzanas que siembran café y cacao. El proyecto iniciará en 56 municipios cafetaleros y cacaoteros de Nueva Segovia, Madriz, Estelí, Jinotega, Matagalpa, Boaco, y 7 territorios indígenas en la RACCN y RACCS.\x83 Se ejecuta el Proyecto “Apoyo a la Cadena de Valor Ganadera en Nicaragua (BOVINOS)”.', 'El proyecto iniciará en 56 municipios cafetaleros y cacaoteros de Nueva Segovia, Madriz, Estelí, Jinotega, Matagalpa, Boaco, y 7 territorios indígenas en la RACCN y RACCS.\x83 Se ejecuta el Proyecto “Apoyo a la Cadena de Valor Ganadera en Nicaragua (BOVINOS)”. 2017-2021, cuyo propósito es contribuir al desarrollo de una ganadería bovina más productiva, con mejor aprovechamiento de los recursos y más amigable con el medio ambiente, de forma competitiva, sostenible e inclusiva, que permita el incremento de los ingresos, la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional y el bienestar de pequeños y medianos ganaderos en Nicaragua.', '2017-2021, cuyo propósito es contribuir al desarrollo de una ganadería bovina más productiva, con mejor aprovechamiento de los recursos y más amigable con el medio ambiente, de forma competitiva, sostenible e inclusiva, que permita el incremento de los ingresos, la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional y el bienestar de pequeños y medianos ganaderos en Nicaragua. Zonas beneficiarias de esta acción: 11 municipios de los Departamentos de Chontales (Santo Domingo, La Libertad, Santo Tomas, El Coral, Acoyapa y Villa Sandino), Río San Juan (El Almendro) y la Región Autónoma del Caribe Sur (El Ayote, Muelle de los Bueyes, Nueva Guinea y El Rama). Costo total estimado: 21, 223,000.00 EUR. Importe total de la contribución presupuesto de la UE: 20, 000,000 EUR.', 'Importe total de la contribución presupuesto de la UE: 20, 000,000 EUR. Esta acción está cofinanciada en régimen de cofinanciación por: Gobierno de la República de Nicaragua por un importe de 1, 223,000 EUR. AECID monto por definir en el acuerdo de delegación con la UE.', 'AECID monto por definir en el acuerdo de delegación con la UE. \x83 Un estudio realizado por la Tercera Comunicación de Cambio Climático ha identificado que actualmente se están implementado en el país 197 tecnologías de Adaptación al Cambio Climático en los sectores de Recursos Hídricos, Bosques, Biodiversidad y Agropecuario, entre las que se destacan: Sistemas de captación de agua, nuevas tecnologías de riego, Obras de conservación de suelos en laderas, Sistemas de bombeo de agua, abonos orgánicos, rotación de cultivos, así como el uso significativo de nuevas variedades de semillas resistentes al déficit de agua en arroz, maíz, sorgo, frijol, tubérculos y hortalizas.', '\x83 Un estudio realizado por la Tercera Comunicación de Cambio Climático ha identificado que actualmente se están implementado en el país 197 tecnologías de Adaptación al Cambio Climático en los sectores de Recursos Hídricos, Bosques, Biodiversidad y Agropecuario, entre las que se destacan: Sistemas de captación de agua, nuevas tecnologías de riego, Obras de conservación de suelos en laderas, Sistemas de bombeo de agua, abonos orgánicos, rotación de cultivos, así como el uso significativo de nuevas variedades de semillas resistentes al déficit de agua en arroz, maíz, sorgo, frijol, tubérculos y hortalizas. \x83 Transporte: El Ministerio de Transportes e Infraestructuras con el apoyo de diversas instituciones financieras (BID, el Banco Mundial y el Fondo Nórdico para el Desarrollo) está implementado un conjunto de medidas para reducir la vulnerabilidad de la red de carreteras ante el cambio climático.', '\x83 Transporte: El Ministerio de Transportes e Infraestructuras con el apoyo de diversas instituciones financieras (BID, el Banco Mundial y el Fondo Nórdico para el Desarrollo) está implementado un conjunto de medidas para reducir la vulnerabilidad de la red de carreteras ante el cambio climático. Este es otro hito en el intento del MTI de integrar la adaptación al cambio climático desde la planificación.', 'Este es otro hito en el intento del MTI de integrar la adaptación al cambio climático desde la planificación. \x83 Prevención de riesgos a desastres: El modelo único y exitoso para la gestión de riesgos a desastres que ha desarrollado el Gobierno de Reconciliación y Unidad Nacional es un aporte muy importante para la adaptación al cambio climático porque contribuye a reducir las vulnerabilidades actuales, las que no se acumularían en el futuro, mediante la prevención y enfocado directamente en el trabajo con las familias y las comunidades, creando capacidades en nuestro pueblo desde cada vivienda para enfrentar y responder ante eventos potencialmente peligrosos.', '\x83 Prevención de riesgos a desastres: El modelo único y exitoso para la gestión de riesgos a desastres que ha desarrollado el Gobierno de Reconciliación y Unidad Nacional es un aporte muy importante para la adaptación al cambio climático porque contribuye a reducir las vulnerabilidades actuales, las que no se acumularían en el futuro, mediante la prevención y enfocado directamente en el trabajo con las familias y las comunidades, creando capacidades en nuestro pueblo desde cada vivienda para enfrentar y responder ante eventos potencialmente peligrosos. Se han ejecutado 37 obras de infraestructuras de prevención y mitigación de desastres, dando respuesta a 88 sitios críticos en los municipios de La Concordia, San Rafael del Norte, Jinotega, La Trinidad, San Isidro, Sébaco, Ciudad Darío, Macuelizo, Mozonte, Ocotal, Santa María, Totogalpa, Telpaneca, Condega, Estelí y Somoto.', 'Se han ejecutado 37 obras de infraestructuras de prevención y mitigación de desastres, dando respuesta a 88 sitios críticos en los municipios de La Concordia, San Rafael del Norte, Jinotega, La Trinidad, San Isidro, Sébaco, Ciudad Darío, Macuelizo, Mozonte, Ocotal, Santa María, Totogalpa, Telpaneca, Condega, Estelí y Somoto. Con estas obras se ha dado respuesta a sitios críticos priorizados en el marco del Decreto Ejecutivo 53-2011 del 17 de octubre del 2011, sobre el estado de calamidad y desastre en todo el territorio nacional, ocasionado por el fenómeno meteorológico “Centro de Baja Presión” E 12.', 'Con estas obras se ha dado respuesta a sitios críticos priorizados en el marco del Decreto Ejecutivo 53-2011 del 17 de octubre del 2011, sobre el estado de calamidad y desastre en todo el territorio nacional, ocasionado por el fenómeno meteorológico “Centro de Baja Presión” E 12. Con estas obras se protegen 45,723 hombres y mujeres en 16 municipios que son: La Concordia, San Rafael del Norte, Jinotega, La Trinidad, Sébaco, San Isidro, Ciudad Darío, Totogalpa, San Lucas, Telpaneca, Somoto, Mozonte, Macuelizo, Santa María, Ocotal y Estelí, protegiendo sus viviendas, el desplazamiento de protagonistas hacia las áreas de cultivo, facilitar el paso de vehículos y peatones y proteger infraestructura vial.', 'Con estas obras se protegen 45,723 hombres y mujeres en 16 municipios que son: La Concordia, San Rafael del Norte, Jinotega, La Trinidad, Sébaco, San Isidro, Ciudad Darío, Totogalpa, San Lucas, Telpaneca, Somoto, Mozonte, Macuelizo, Santa María, Ocotal y Estelí, protegiendo sus viviendas, el desplazamiento de protagonistas hacia las áreas de cultivo, facilitar el paso de vehículos y peatones y proteger infraestructura vial. Atención solidaria a familias afectadas por eventos extremos: Como consecuencia de las afectaciones ante diferentes eventos socio-naturales que impactaron a Nicaragua en el período 2007-2011, el Gobierno brindó atención y acompañamiento solidario a 131,700 familias, que representan a 697,008 personas (11.6 por ciento de la población nicaragüense) a las cuales se les proporcionó asistencia humanitaria, consistente en alimentos, materiales de construcción, enseres domésticos, vestuario, medicinas, insumos de agua y saneamiento, entre otros (Medida de contingencia)Reubicación de 1,887 familias (8,435 personas) que residían en sitios de riesgo, afectados por constantes lluvias y 390 familias (1,950 personas) que habitaban en la zona costera del Lago Xolotlán que resultaron afectadas por las intensas lluvias del año 2008.', 'Atención solidaria a familias afectadas por eventos extremos: Como consecuencia de las afectaciones ante diferentes eventos socio-naturales que impactaron a Nicaragua en el período 2007-2011, el Gobierno brindó atención y acompañamiento solidario a 131,700 familias, que representan a 697,008 personas (11.6 por ciento de la población nicaragüense) a las cuales se les proporcionó asistencia humanitaria, consistente en alimentos, materiales de construcción, enseres domésticos, vestuario, medicinas, insumos de agua y saneamiento, entre otros (Medida de contingencia)Reubicación de 1,887 familias (8,435 personas) que residían en sitios de riesgo, afectados por constantes lluvias y 390 familias (1,950 personas) que habitaban en la zona costera del Lago Xolotlán que resultaron afectadas por las intensas lluvias del año 2008. Se construyeron 55 viviendas dignas para las familias reubicadas en el Municipio de San Francisco Libre.', 'Se construyeron 55 viviendas dignas para las familias reubicadas en el Municipio de San Francisco Libre. Se rehabilitaron los techos de las viviendas de 3,984 familias en 74 comunidades de los municipios de Bilwi, Prinzapolka, Waspam y Rosita, que resultaron dañadas a consecuencia del impacto del huracán Félix en la RACCN, lo que representó el 104.8 por ciento de la meta propuesta que era de 3,800 techos de viviendas rehabilitadas. Adicionalmente, se realizó la rehabilitación de la estructura de 240 viviendas en 4 comunidades del Llano Norte del municipio de Puerto Cabezas y el municipio de Waspam en la RACCN.', 'Adicionalmente, se realizó la rehabilitación de la estructura de 240 viviendas en 4 comunidades del Llano Norte del municipio de Puerto Cabezas y el municipio de Waspam en la RACCN. Se rehabilitaron 77 iglesias en la RACCN y la RACCS, que resultaron afectadas por los huracanes Félix e Ida, con el propósito de que sirvan también de refugio a la población al momento de presentarse un evento.Estado Actual de las NDC en Nicaragua.La Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (NDC) de Nicaragua fue presentada ante la CMNUCC en el año 2018 y tiene como propósito contribuir al cumplimiento del Acuerdo de París en mitigación y adaptación al Cambio Climático.', 'Se rehabilitaron 77 iglesias en la RACCN y la RACCS, que resultaron afectadas por los huracanes Félix e Ida, con el propósito de que sirvan también de refugio a la población al momento de presentarse un evento.Estado Actual de las NDC en Nicaragua.La Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (NDC) de Nicaragua fue presentada ante la CMNUCC en el año 2018 y tiene como propósito contribuir al cumplimiento del Acuerdo de París en mitigación y adaptación al Cambio Climático. En relación a la mitigación, se enfoca en los sectores de energía y gestión forestal, uso de la tierra y cambios de usos de la tierra. La NDC, define medidas para el incremento de fuentes productoras de energías renovables, así como acciones para la conservación y restauración de los bosques.', 'La NDC, define medidas para el incremento de fuentes productoras de energías renovables, así como acciones para la conservación y restauración de los bosques. En función con el derecho al desarrollo sostenible del pueblo de Nicaragua, la NDC considera implementar estrategias nacionales productivas apegadas a los instrumentos normativos y de políticas del país; lo cual contribuye en generar inversión extranjera y de cooperación internacional que contribuyan en cumplir las metas propuestas en los sectores priorizados de la NDC.', 'En función con el derecho al desarrollo sostenible del pueblo de Nicaragua, la NDC considera implementar estrategias nacionales productivas apegadas a los instrumentos normativos y de políticas del país; lo cual contribuye en generar inversión extranjera y de cooperación internacional que contribuyan en cumplir las metas propuestas en los sectores priorizados de la NDC. 4.1 - Acciones de Mitigación propuesta en la NDC • Sector Energía El crecimiento de la generación eléctrica a través de fuentes de energías renovables se ha visto limitado por el alto precio de las tecnologías para la generación de energía limpia, lo que ha obligado a Nicaragua en establecer un equilibrio entre la producción de energía con fuentes diversas.', '4.1 - Acciones de Mitigación propuesta en la NDC • Sector Energía El crecimiento de la generación eléctrica a través de fuentes de energías renovables se ha visto limitado por el alto precio de las tecnologías para la generación de energía limpia, lo que ha obligado a Nicaragua en establecer un equilibrio entre la producción de energía con fuentes diversas. Debido a lo anterior, se plantea en la NDC, incrementar el porcentaje de generación de eléctrica por medio de otras fuentes de energía renovable como solar, eólica y biomasa a un 60% en el año 2030, que representa con respecto al año 2007, un incremento del 35% en la participación de las energías renovables dentro de la matriz eléctrica nacional, considerando el aumento de la cobertura.', 'Debido a lo anterior, se plantea en la NDC, incrementar el porcentaje de generación de eléctrica por medio de otras fuentes de energía renovable como solar, eólica y biomasa a un 60% en el año 2030, que representa con respecto al año 2007, un incremento del 35% en la participación de las energías renovables dentro de la matriz eléctrica nacional, considerando el aumento de la cobertura. • Sector de Bosques y Cambio de Uso del Suelo Nicaragua cuenta con una extensa cobertura en bosques naturales que representan el 30% del área total de la superficie continental (3.9 millones de ha; INETER 2015) que lo convierte en el cuarto país de Centro América con mayor área de bosques, y por ello, con potenciales condiciones para incentivar su desarrollo a partir del patrimonio forestal.', '• Sector de Bosques y Cambio de Uso del Suelo Nicaragua cuenta con una extensa cobertura en bosques naturales que representan el 30% del área total de la superficie continental (3.9 millones de ha; INETER 2015) que lo convierte en el cuarto país de Centro América con mayor área de bosques, y por ello, con potenciales condiciones para incentivar su desarrollo a partir del patrimonio forestal. Según la composición biológica, se han identificado 4 tipos de bosque: latifoliado, conífera, palma y mangle. Los bosques están distribuidos en 3 principales regiones fisiográficas del país.', 'Los bosques están distribuidos en 3 principales regiones fisiográficas del país. Según el mapa de uso del suelo 2015, se encuentran en mayor proporción en la región de la Costa Caribe con un 88% y un 12% en las regiones del Pacífico y Centro - Norte. Figura 5Figura 5 Conservación de bosques dentro de Territorios Indígenas y Áreas Protegidas La pérdida de bosques naturales sigue siendo un reto para Nicaragua.', 'Figura 5Figura 5 Conservación de bosques dentro de Territorios Indígenas y Áreas Protegidas La pérdida de bosques naturales sigue siendo un reto para Nicaragua. El más reciente reporte de cambio de uso de suelo a nivel nacional presentado por MARENA (2018), evidencia que durante el período comprendido entre el año 2000 al 2015 el país perdió 100,815 ha de bosque anuales, es decir, la deforestación se redujo en un 52% con respecto a la cifra reportada entre el período 1983 – 2000 (208.303 ha).Según los estudios de cambio de uso de suelo histórico realizado para el periodo 2005 – 2015, Nicaragua tiene una tasa anual promedio de regeneración natural de 50 mil ha/año y cuenta con un potencial de área para implementar acciones de manejo y restauración de cobertura forestal de 1.048 Millones de Ha.', 'El más reciente reporte de cambio de uso de suelo a nivel nacional presentado por MARENA (2018), evidencia que durante el período comprendido entre el año 2000 al 2015 el país perdió 100,815 ha de bosque anuales, es decir, la deforestación se redujo en un 52% con respecto a la cifra reportada entre el período 1983 – 2000 (208.303 ha).Según los estudios de cambio de uso de suelo histórico realizado para el periodo 2005 – 2015, Nicaragua tiene una tasa anual promedio de regeneración natural de 50 mil ha/año y cuenta con un potencial de área para implementar acciones de manejo y restauración de cobertura forestal de 1.048 Millones de Ha. Figura 6 Figura 6 Área potencial para la restauración forestal Debido a lo anterior y cartera de proyectos en gestión descrita en el Anexo 1, Nicaragua propone en su NDC para el sector Bosques, uso de la tierra y cambios de usos reducir las emisiones para el año 2030 en un 20% con respecto a su línea base, mediante acciones de restauración, manejo y conservación de los bosques.', 'Figura 6 Figura 6 Área potencial para la restauración forestal Debido a lo anterior y cartera de proyectos en gestión descrita en el Anexo 1, Nicaragua propone en su NDC para el sector Bosques, uso de la tierra y cambios de usos reducir las emisiones para el año 2030 en un 20% con respecto a su línea base, mediante acciones de restauración, manejo y conservación de los bosques. 4.2 - Acciones de Adaptación propuestas Por su posición y características geográficas, Nicaragua está expuesta a diversos eventos vinculados a la variabilidad climática natural, tales como el fenómeno ENSO (El Niño-La Niña), los sistemas Monzónicos del Pacífico, las ondas y huracanes tropicales, entre otros, que generan significativas amenazas de sequía, inundaciones, deslizamientos de tierra, déficit de agua, destrucción de cultivos, bosques y viviendas.Debido a factores económicos, sociales, culturales y ambientales, Nicaragua es altamente vulnerable a las amenazas generadas por la variabilidad climática y el cambio climático, lo que implica importantes pérdidas y daños de vidas humanas y económicas anuales, que según cifras del Banco Mundial ascienden a 301.75 millones de dólares del poder de compra, equivalente a una pérdida promedio anual por unidad de PIB de 1.72%.', '4.2 - Acciones de Adaptación propuestas Por su posición y características geográficas, Nicaragua está expuesta a diversos eventos vinculados a la variabilidad climática natural, tales como el fenómeno ENSO (El Niño-La Niña), los sistemas Monzónicos del Pacífico, las ondas y huracanes tropicales, entre otros, que generan significativas amenazas de sequía, inundaciones, deslizamientos de tierra, déficit de agua, destrucción de cultivos, bosques y viviendas.Debido a factores económicos, sociales, culturales y ambientales, Nicaragua es altamente vulnerable a las amenazas generadas por la variabilidad climática y el cambio climático, lo que implica importantes pérdidas y daños de vidas humanas y económicas anuales, que según cifras del Banco Mundial ascienden a 301.75 millones de dólares del poder de compra, equivalente a una pérdida promedio anual por unidad de PIB de 1.72%. Para hacer frente a la adaptación al cambio climático, el país requiere apoyo financiero para desarrollar medidas de adaptación prioritarias, tales como: z Modernización de los servicios hidrometereológicos del país, que permitan mantener pronósti- cos precisos y sistemas de alerta temprana para una repuesta eficaz y eficiente, lo que incluye modernización en sistemas de observación, asimilación y pronósticos, acceso a sensores y tecnolo- gías, así como la formación de recursos humanos calificados.', 'Para hacer frente a la adaptación al cambio climático, el país requiere apoyo financiero para desarrollar medidas de adaptación prioritarias, tales como: z Modernización de los servicios hidrometereológicos del país, que permitan mantener pronósti- cos precisos y sistemas de alerta temprana para una repuesta eficaz y eficiente, lo que incluye modernización en sistemas de observación, asimilación y pronósticos, acceso a sensores y tecnolo- gías, así como la formación de recursos humanos calificados. En el año 2021 se hará efectivo el proceso de fortalecimiento tecnológico. z Medidas para el desarrollo de infraestructuras y sistemas de drenaje en la ciudad capital y otras ciudades del pacífico de Nicaragua que son altamente vulnerables a inundaciones. El costo de estas inversiones es de aproximadamente 450 millones de dólares para la ciudad capital.', 'El costo de estas inversiones es de aproximadamente 450 millones de dólares para la ciudad capital. z Desarrollar un programa nacional de captación de agua y promoción de sistemas de riego en el corredor seco de Nicaragua, por un monto en inversión de aproximadamente 800 millones de dólares. z Incrementar la eficacia en la protección de las reservas de biosfera mediante un programa de ordenamiento de tierras e impulso a la reforestación, por un monto de inversión de aproximada- mente 400 millones de dólares. z Cooperación para el fortalecimiento de las capacidades en finanzas climáticas. z Desarrollo de infraestructura de agua potable y saneamiento y programas de resiliencia de los sistemas de agua potable urbano.', 'z Desarrollo de infraestructura de agua potable y saneamiento y programas de resiliencia de los sistemas de agua potable urbano. z Acceso a recursos adicionales para implementar medidas de adaptación en la red de infraes- tructura vial. z Desarrollo de capacidades, acceso a tecnología y financiamiento en el sector agrícola. z Implementar programas de gestión resiliente de ecosistemas priorizados con enfoque de pai- saje. z Elaborar e implementar el Plan Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio climático a nivel de secto- res. z Implementar el Plan Nacional de los Recursos Hídricos. z Promover medidas de adaptación enfocadas a los asentamientos humanos de Nicaragua.', 'z Promover medidas de adaptación enfocadas a los asentamientos humanos de Nicaragua. z Desarrollo de conocimientos y capacidades de respuesta sobre los impactos del cambio climá- tico en la salud humana del pueblo nicaragüensePrincipios Fundamentales de las Metas Actuales de las NDCLa implementación de las NDC requiere considerar al cambio climático como un problema que influye en las decisiones públicas y privadas relevantes y sus impactos repercuten en el crecimiento económico del país, por lo que, para su integración al desarrollo económico y social, es necesario considerar los siguientes principios generales: Enfoque en desarrollo sostenible: El cambio climático debe influir en las decisiones y en el conjunto de acciones que generan desarrollo, seleccionando medidas que combinen la mitigación y adaptación adecuadas, que garanticen el crecimiento económico sostenible ante los impactos del cambio climático y con mayor potencial en la reducción de gases efecto invernadero y del cumplimiento de los ODS.', 'z Desarrollo de conocimientos y capacidades de respuesta sobre los impactos del cambio climá- tico en la salud humana del pueblo nicaragüensePrincipios Fundamentales de las Metas Actuales de las NDCLa implementación de las NDC requiere considerar al cambio climático como un problema que influye en las decisiones públicas y privadas relevantes y sus impactos repercuten en el crecimiento económico del país, por lo que, para su integración al desarrollo económico y social, es necesario considerar los siguientes principios generales: Enfoque en desarrollo sostenible: El cambio climático debe influir en las decisiones y en el conjunto de acciones que generan desarrollo, seleccionando medidas que combinen la mitigación y adaptación adecuadas, que garanticen el crecimiento económico sostenible ante los impactos del cambio climático y con mayor potencial en la reducción de gases efecto invernadero y del cumplimiento de los ODS. Complementariedad con la gestión del riesgo de desastres: El cambio climático se complementa con la gestión del riesgo a desastres, considerando que la reducción del riesgo a los eventos actuales es una contribución importante para reducir el riesgo futuro.', 'Complementariedad con la gestión del riesgo de desastres: El cambio climático se complementa con la gestión del riesgo a desastres, considerando que la reducción del riesgo a los eventos actuales es una contribución importante para reducir el riesgo futuro. Las opciones económicas que sean vulnerables hoy, no se adaptaran al cambio climático futuro, por tanto, las medidas para reducir la exposición y vulnerabilidad ante las amenazas del clima actual (variabilidad climática histórica), también deben contribuir a la adaptación del clima futuro.', 'Las opciones económicas que sean vulnerables hoy, no se adaptaran al cambio climático futuro, por tanto, las medidas para reducir la exposición y vulnerabilidad ante las amenazas del clima actual (variabilidad climática histórica), también deben contribuir a la adaptación del clima futuro. Innovación y uso eficiente de los recursos: Los retos ante el cambio climático deben incorporar la innovación en las decisiones asociadas al desarrollo tecnológico, a los procesos productivos y a las estrategias de negocios del sector privado, así como en las inversiones públicas para lograr un desarrollo económico seguro, reduciendo los riesgos climáticos futuros y aumentar la capacidad de mitigación de los gases efecto invernadero.', 'Innovación y uso eficiente de los recursos: Los retos ante el cambio climático deben incorporar la innovación en las decisiones asociadas al desarrollo tecnológico, a los procesos productivos y a las estrategias de negocios del sector privado, así como en las inversiones públicas para lograr un desarrollo económico seguro, reduciendo los riesgos climáticos futuros y aumentar la capacidad de mitigación de los gases efecto invernadero. Enfoque ecosistémico: Las medidas de adaptación ante el cambio climático reconocerán que la degradación ambiental de los ecosistemas del país, contribuye a elevar la vulnerabilidad ante el cambio climático y disminuye la capacidad de mitigación, por lo que, las medidas de adaptación se articularán en un contexto dinámico y evolutivo de los ecosistemas.', 'Enfoque ecosistémico: Las medidas de adaptación ante el cambio climático reconocerán que la degradación ambiental de los ecosistemas del país, contribuye a elevar la vulnerabilidad ante el cambio climático y disminuye la capacidad de mitigación, por lo que, las medidas de adaptación se articularán en un contexto dinámico y evolutivo de los ecosistemas. Equidad de género: Considerando que las mujeres son protagonistas en todos los sectores económicos del país incluyendo la producción y la comercialización de productos agrícolas y pesqueros, actividades que son receptoras de los impactos del cambio climático y la variabilidad del clima, las medidas de adaptación y mitigación ante el cambio climático incorporarán todos los derechos consignados en los diferentes instrumentos legales nacionales sobre equidad de género.', 'Equidad de género: Considerando que las mujeres son protagonistas en todos los sectores económicos del país incluyendo la producción y la comercialización de productos agrícolas y pesqueros, actividades que son receptoras de los impactos del cambio climático y la variabilidad del clima, las medidas de adaptación y mitigación ante el cambio climático incorporarán todos los derechos consignados en los diferentes instrumentos legales nacionales sobre equidad de género. Nicaragua cuenta con Ley de igualdad de derechos y oportunidades (LEY N°. 648, aprobada el 14 de febrero de 2008)-[ 2 ] , la cual establece 6 lineamientos en materia de medio ambiente orientando la incorporación en las políticas ambientes del país el enfoque de género como un eje transversal.', '648, aprobada el 14 de febrero de 2008)-[ 2 ] , la cual establece 6 lineamientos en materia de medio ambiente orientando la incorporación en las políticas ambientes del país el enfoque de género como un eje transversal. Participación ciudadana: Las medidas de adaptación y mitigación ante el cambio climático incorporarán la participación de la población en general, en especial aquellas más vulnerables, bajo el modelo de familia y comunidad. Viabilidad de las medidas: Las medidas deben ser cuidadosamente evaluadas para determinar su viabilidad económica, social, ambiental y climática, para ello se alcanzarán las metas propuestas en la política a los menores costos y generar los mayores beneficios posibles.', 'Viabilidad de las medidas: Las medidas deben ser cuidadosamente evaluadas para determinar su viabilidad económica, social, ambiental y climática, para ello se alcanzarán las metas propuestas en la política a los menores costos y generar los mayores beneficios posibles. Finanzas climáticas: Las instituciones de gobierno y sector privado trabajarán de forma conjunta para gestionar recursos financieros que contribuyan a la mitigación y adaptación ante el cambio climático. Reconocimiento a los pueblos originarios y comunidades indígenas: el cambio climático afecta los hábitos, costumbres y tradiciones de los pueblos indígenas, por ello se hará énfasis en prestarle apoyo en sus actividades para la preservación del ambiente y uso sostenible de los recursos naturales.', 'Reconocimiento a los pueblos originarios y comunidades indígenas: el cambio climático afecta los hábitos, costumbres y tradiciones de los pueblos indígenas, por ello se hará énfasis en prestarle apoyo en sus actividades para la preservación del ambiente y uso sostenible de los recursos naturales. Los derechos de la propiedad de los territorios indígenas en primer lugar están garantizados en la ley445, ley del régimen de propiedad comunal de los pueblos indígenas y comunidades étnicas de las Regiones Autónomas de la Costa Caribe de Nicaragua y de los ríos Bocay, Coco, Indio y Maíz.', 'Los derechos de la propiedad de los territorios indígenas en primer lugar están garantizados en la ley445, ley del régimen de propiedad comunal de los pueblos indígenas y comunidades étnicas de las Regiones Autónomas de la Costa Caribe de Nicaragua y de los ríos Bocay, Coco, Indio y Maíz. Nicaragua ha establecido en la Estrategia Nacional de Reducción de Emisiones provenientes de la Deforestación y Degradación Forestal, así como en sus programas de impactos, el cumplimiento de las salvaguardas ambientales y sociales que garanticen la participación plena de los territorios y pueblos indígenas a nivel nacional.Avances en la Implementación de las NDCEl cumplimiento de los compromisos nacionales es fundamental frente al reto global de mitigación y adaptación ante el Cambio Climático.', 'Nicaragua ha establecido en la Estrategia Nacional de Reducción de Emisiones provenientes de la Deforestación y Degradación Forestal, así como en sus programas de impactos, el cumplimiento de las salvaguardas ambientales y sociales que garanticen la participación plena de los territorios y pueblos indígenas a nivel nacional.Avances en la Implementación de las NDCEl cumplimiento de los compromisos nacionales es fundamental frente al reto global de mitigación y adaptación ante el Cambio Climático. Ante ello, Nicaragua ha realizado esfuerzos significativos para implementar acciones que garanticen el cumplimiento de las metas establecidas en sus NDC. A continuación, se describen los avances alcanzados hasta el año 2020 en mitigación. 6.1 - Sector Energía Meta establecida: incrementar el porcentaje de generación eléctrica mediante fuentes de energías renovables, al 60% en el año 2030.', '6.1 - Sector Energía Meta establecida: incrementar el porcentaje de generación eléctrica mediante fuentes de energías renovables, al 60% en el año 2030. 6.1.1 - Avances Según el Plan de Expansión de la Generación eléctrica (2019-2033)-[ 3 ] elaborado por el Ministerio de Energía y Minas, para el año 2006, la generación eléctrica proveniente de recursos renovables era del 42% mediante plantas hidroeléctricas el 33%, geotérmica 28% y biomasa 39%. Con el propósito de cubrir la demanda de energía eléctrica y garantizar la cobertura en la red de distribución a nivel nacional, se amplió del 54% en el 2006 al 98.42% en el año 2020. Este aumento de la capacidad instalada se ha realizado con un enfoque de desarrollo sostenible y de cuido de la madre tierra.', 'Este aumento de la capacidad instalada se ha realizado con un enfoque de desarrollo sostenible y de cuido de la madre tierra. La principal inversión que se ha realizado en la ampliación de las plantas hidroeléctricas, de energía eólica (2009) y solar (2013). Cabe señalar que la inversión para la construcción y puesta en marcha de las plantas es de capital privado. En la Figura 7, se observa la distribución por tipos de plantas utilizadas para la generación de energía en el año 2016.', 'En la Figura 7, se observa la distribución por tipos de plantas utilizadas para la generación de energía en el año 2016. Las plantas de energía eólica que iniciaron operaciones en el año 2009, para el año 2016 ya representaban el 17.3% de la generación eléctrica; seguido de la geotérmica con un 10.1%; Hidroeléctrica con 10.1%; biomasa un 7.6% y la solar que inicia operaciones en el 2013 para el año 2016 apenas representaba el 0.05%. Debido a los esfuerzos realizados por el país, para el año 2019 se logró un incremento considerable en la generación de energía con fuentes renovables.', 'Debido a los esfuerzos realizados por el país, para el año 2019 se logró un incremento considerable en la generación de energía con fuentes renovables. En la Figura 8, se presentan los incrementos por tipo de fuente, en el caso de la planta de energía geotérmica representaron el 17%, seguido de la eólica con un 16%; la biomasa e hidroeléctrica un 12% y la energía solar con 1% (representando un aumento significativo con respecto al 2016).Figura 7 Distribución porcentual de la capacidad instalada nominal por tipo fuente 2016 Por tanto, el aumento en la matriz energética utilizando fuentes renovables del 2016 al 2019 es de 15% alcanzando un 58% de fuentes renovables para la generación de energía en el país.', 'En la Figura 8, se presentan los incrementos por tipo de fuente, en el caso de la planta de energía geotérmica representaron el 17%, seguido de la eólica con un 16%; la biomasa e hidroeléctrica un 12% y la energía solar con 1% (representando un aumento significativo con respecto al 2016).Figura 7 Distribución porcentual de la capacidad instalada nominal por tipo fuente 2016 Por tanto, el aumento en la matriz energética utilizando fuentes renovables del 2016 al 2019 es de 15% alcanzando un 58% de fuentes renovables para la generación de energía en el país. Figura 8 Distribución porcentual de la capacidad instalada nominal por tipo fuente 2019 Durante el período 2006 - 2017 se observa la evolución de la capacidad instalada por tipo de fuente de generación de energía.', 'Figura 8 Distribución porcentual de la capacidad instalada nominal por tipo fuente 2019 Durante el período 2006 - 2017 se observa la evolución de la capacidad instalada por tipo de fuente de generación de energía. Se identifica la ampliación de la planta de energía térmica para garantizar cumplir con la demanda nacional de energía, sin embargo, también se observa el aumento en capacidad y diversificación de fuentes de energía renovable instaladas en el país a lo largo de este periodo.Figura 9 Capacidad Instalada Nominal (MW)Por tipo de fuente.', 'Se identifica la ampliación de la planta de energía térmica para garantizar cumplir con la demanda nacional de energía, sin embargo, también se observa el aumento en capacidad y diversificación de fuentes de energía renovable instaladas en el país a lo largo de este periodo.Figura 9 Capacidad Instalada Nominal (MW)Por tipo de fuente. 6.2 - Gestión forestal, Uso de la Tierra y Cambio de Usos de la Tierra Meta establecida: propiciar la producción agroecológica, plantaciones de cultivos permanentes bajo sombra resistentes a los impactos del cambio climático, así como la reducción de las prácticas ganaderas extensivas e incorporación de bosques en tierras ociosas que permitan conservar las capacidades nacionales de los sumideros de carbono.', '6.2 - Gestión forestal, Uso de la Tierra y Cambio de Usos de la Tierra Meta establecida: propiciar la producción agroecológica, plantaciones de cultivos permanentes bajo sombra resistentes a los impactos del cambio climático, así como la reducción de las prácticas ganaderas extensivas e incorporación de bosques en tierras ociosas que permitan conservar las capacidades nacionales de los sumideros de carbono. 6.2.1 - Avances z Plantaciones Forestales Nicaragua cuenta con estrategias productivas que fomentan la reconversión de áreas productivas hacia sistemas amigables con el medio ambiente, entre ellos: sistemas silvopastoriles, sistemas agroforestales plantaciones forestales con fines industriales, restauración ambiental y manejo de la regeneración natural, campañas de reforestación.', '6.2.1 - Avances z Plantaciones Forestales Nicaragua cuenta con estrategias productivas que fomentan la reconversión de áreas productivas hacia sistemas amigables con el medio ambiente, entre ellos: sistemas silvopastoriles, sistemas agroforestales plantaciones forestales con fines industriales, restauración ambiental y manejo de la regeneración natural, campañas de reforestación. A partir del año 2007, el INAFOR promueve la Cruzada Nacional de Reforestación como un programaemblemático del Gobierno de Reconciliación y Unidad Nacional (GRUN), contando con la participación de diferentes instituciones de gobierno (MARENA, MINED, Ejército Nacional, Policía Nacional, MEFCCA), Gobiernos Municipales y organizaciones civiles (Movimiento Ambientalista Guardabarranco, entre otras). Gran parte de las plantaciones han sido establecidas bajo un enfoque de conservación de áreas públicas y privadas y de sensibilizar a la población en general.', 'Gran parte de las plantaciones han sido establecidas bajo un enfoque de conservación de áreas públicas y privadas y de sensibilizar a la población en general. Existe alto potencial para el establecimiento de plantaciones forestales comerciales por empresas privadas. Hasta el año 2020 se tiene registro de múltiples empresas, destacándose: Maderas Segovianas S.A. con plantaciones de Pino; Agroforestal S.A. (plantaciones de caoba africana); La Asociación Nacional de Reforestadores (CONFOR), entre el año 2003 y el 2016 ha establecido 22,521 ha, con una inversión estimada a la fecha de US$ 128 millones y se espera que continúe en los próximos años el mismo ritmo de crecimiento.', 'Hasta el año 2020 se tiene registro de múltiples empresas, destacándose: Maderas Segovianas S.A. con plantaciones de Pino; Agroforestal S.A. (plantaciones de caoba africana); La Asociación Nacional de Reforestadores (CONFOR), entre el año 2003 y el 2016 ha establecido 22,521 ha, con una inversión estimada a la fecha de US$ 128 millones y se espera que continúe en los próximos años el mismo ritmo de crecimiento. En la Figura 9, se muestran los reportes de la oficina nacional de registro de actividades forestales a cargo del INAFOR, donde hace referencia a las áreas bajo plantaciones forestales inscritas durante el quinquenio 2014 al 2019, estas áreas corresponden a plantaciones forestales con objetivos industriales, energéticos o sistemas agroforestales.', 'En la Figura 9, se muestran los reportes de la oficina nacional de registro de actividades forestales a cargo del INAFOR, donde hace referencia a las áreas bajo plantaciones forestales inscritas durante el quinquenio 2014 al 2019, estas áreas corresponden a plantaciones forestales con objetivos industriales, energéticos o sistemas agroforestales. De acuerdo a los registros del INAFOR durante el período de enero 2014 a septiembre 2019 se han establecido 8,282.22 hectáreas de plantaciones en 14 Departamentos y 2 Regiones Autónomas del país. Los dos departamentos que lideran este esfuerzo son Chinandega (2,578.83 ha) y Jinotega (1,031.4 ha).', 'Los dos departamentos que lideran este esfuerzo son Chinandega (2,578.83 ha) y Jinotega (1,031.4 ha). Figura 10 Registro de plantaciones forestales Además, La Empresa Nicaragüense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados (ENACAL), en el marco de la Cruzada Nacional de Reforestación, ha logrado establecer 115 hectáreas de plantación, incluyendo jornadas educativas en más de 13 ciudades del país. \x83 ReforestaciónEn el año 2007, INAFOR estableció 12,000 ha y en años posteriores logró alcanzar metas de 20,000 ha. Para el año 2017, la meta de reforestación establecida por el INAFOR fue de 26,000 ha distribuidas en el territorio nacional.', 'Para el año 2017, la meta de reforestación establecida por el INAFOR fue de 26,000 ha distribuidas en el territorio nacional. Las estadísticas del Instituto Nacional Forestal (INAFOR) destacan que desde el año 2007 a año 2019, se han reforestado más de 120,000 hectáreas, dando prioridad a las zonas del centro y Costa Caribe del país. \x83 Manejo de la Regeneración Natural De acuerdo a los mapas nacionales de cobertura de suelo de Nicaragua, durante el período 2005 - 2015, se evidencia una significativa recuperación de la cubierta vegetal, mejorando los reservorios de carbono mediante los cambios de cobertura en sabanas naturales, tacotales, zonas arbustivas y herbáceas.', '\x83 Manejo de la Regeneración Natural De acuerdo a los mapas nacionales de cobertura de suelo de Nicaragua, durante el período 2005 - 2015, se evidencia una significativa recuperación de la cubierta vegetal, mejorando los reservorios de carbono mediante los cambios de cobertura en sabanas naturales, tacotales, zonas arbustivas y herbáceas. Se estima que anualmente se restauran 50 mil ha mediante el manejo de la regeneración natural, los cuales ocurren en el corredor Pacífico y Centro Norte del país.', 'Se estima que anualmente se restauran 50 mil ha mediante el manejo de la regeneración natural, los cuales ocurren en el corredor Pacífico y Centro Norte del país. Figura 11 Mapa de recuperación de cobertura forestal para el período 2005 - 2015 \x83 Vinculo de la restauración de bosques y la NDC de Nicaragua Para adaptarse y mitigar el cambio climático, así como preservar las áreas naturales y los servicios de la nación, Nicaragua se unió a la Iniciativa 20x20 en el año 2015 con el objetivo de restaurar cerca de 2.8 millones de hectáreas para: Manejar cuencas hidrográficas, Mejorar la resiliencia de los medios de vida rurales a los efectos del Cambio Climático y conservar la biodiversidad.Los 2,8 millones de hectáreas se distribuyen en acciones relacionadas a la conservación, restauración, manejo y protección de los bosques: 3 1,666,082 ha para reforestación productiva 3 138.820 ha para plantaciones forestales para servicios ecosistémicos 3 277,680 ha para implementación de negocio forestal 3 416.520 ha para plantaciones de productos madereros 3 555,361 ha para agroforestería 3 277,680 ha para plantaciones para negocios agrícolas sustentables 3 1,110,721 ha de recuperación de tierras degradadas por erosión, compactación del suelo, contaminación por agroquímicos o sobrepastoreo A través de estas medidas, el país implementa acciones para recuperar las áreas degradadas por los cambios de uso de la tierra.', 'Figura 11 Mapa de recuperación de cobertura forestal para el período 2005 - 2015 \x83 Vinculo de la restauración de bosques y la NDC de Nicaragua Para adaptarse y mitigar el cambio climático, así como preservar las áreas naturales y los servicios de la nación, Nicaragua se unió a la Iniciativa 20x20 en el año 2015 con el objetivo de restaurar cerca de 2.8 millones de hectáreas para: Manejar cuencas hidrográficas, Mejorar la resiliencia de los medios de vida rurales a los efectos del Cambio Climático y conservar la biodiversidad.Los 2,8 millones de hectáreas se distribuyen en acciones relacionadas a la conservación, restauración, manejo y protección de los bosques: 3 1,666,082 ha para reforestación productiva 3 138.820 ha para plantaciones forestales para servicios ecosistémicos 3 277,680 ha para implementación de negocio forestal 3 416.520 ha para plantaciones de productos madereros 3 555,361 ha para agroforestería 3 277,680 ha para plantaciones para negocios agrícolas sustentables 3 1,110,721 ha de recuperación de tierras degradadas por erosión, compactación del suelo, contaminación por agroquímicos o sobrepastoreo A través de estas medidas, el país implementa acciones para recuperar las áreas degradadas por los cambios de uso de la tierra. Según el estudio de las Causas de la Deforestación y Degradación Forestal-[ 4 ] elaborado por MARENA en 2019, las causas directas de pérdida de bosques están vinculadas a la ampliación de la frontera agrícola y a la ganadería extensiva.', 'Según el estudio de las Causas de la Deforestación y Degradación Forestal-[ 4 ] elaborado por MARENA en 2019, las causas directas de pérdida de bosques están vinculadas a la ampliación de la frontera agrícola y a la ganadería extensiva. se estima que aproximadamente el 84% del uso del suelo de los bosques ha sido cambiado a otros usos especialmente atribuidos a la ganadería. Por tal razón, las medidas de restauración establecidas en los programas y proyectos están encaminados al establecimiento de sistemas productivos sostenibles que articulen corredores biológicos, restauren paisajes y ecosistemas incrementando la biodiversidad y demás servicios ecosistémicos.', 'Por tal razón, las medidas de restauración establecidas en los programas y proyectos están encaminados al establecimiento de sistemas productivos sostenibles que articulen corredores biológicos, restauren paisajes y ecosistemas incrementando la biodiversidad y demás servicios ecosistémicos. Para lograr este objetivo, Nicaragua a través del sistema nacional de producción consumo y comercio ha establecido estrategias productivas con enfoque de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático, fomentando mejores prácticas para el establecimiento, manejo de los cultivos e incorporando iniciativas de producción baja en emisiones y que además contribuyan a la restauración ambiental.', 'Para lograr este objetivo, Nicaragua a través del sistema nacional de producción consumo y comercio ha establecido estrategias productivas con enfoque de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático, fomentando mejores prácticas para el establecimiento, manejo de los cultivos e incorporando iniciativas de producción baja en emisiones y que además contribuyan a la restauración ambiental. Gestión de programas y proyectos de bosques y Cambio Climático Con el fin de garantizar el cumplimiento de las metas propuestas en la NDC para este sector, Nicaragua ha gestionado una cartera de proyectos enfocada en la restauración, protección y conservación de Bosques (Figura 12). Programa de Reducción de Emisiones (PRE) el cual iniciará en el año 2021.', 'Programa de Reducción de Emisiones (PRE) el cual iniciará en el año 2021. Se espera que genere un impacto ambiental y económico positivo en las comunidades rurales y pueblos indígenas que viven en los bosques de la Costa Caribe, Reservas BOSAWAS e Indio Maíz. Además, se contribuirá en reducir la deforestación y degradación forestal, mitigando aproximadamente 11 millones de Toneladas de Dióxido de Carbono. Fortalecimiento de la Resiliencia de Áreas Protegidas de Usos Múltiples para la Generación de Beneficios Ambientales Globales Múltiples (GEF5). Dio inicio en el año 2020 y tendrá incidencia en 13 áreas protegidas, cubriendo los corredores biológicos de bosques del trópico seco, húmedo, semi húmedo y nuboso. Contribuirá en mitigar -137,127 tCO2eq. Gestión de paisajes resilientes (GEF6).', 'Gestión de paisajes resilientes (GEF6). Tiene incidencia en el corredor biológico de 9 áreas protegidas. De las cuales, 7 se encuentran dentro del Corredor de Tierras Secas del país, en el ecosistema de la ecorregión de pinos y robles-encinos y 2 en el ecosistema del bosque de pino caribea del bosque tropical húmedo en la Región Autónoma de la Costa Caribe Norte (RACCN). El área total de incidencia de este proyecto es de 141,355 ha. Contribuirá en mitigare 860,000 tCO2eq.Programa de manejo sostenible de la biodiversidad en la Reserva Biológica Indio Maíz, Reserva Biológica Indio-Maíz (Área Central de la Reserva de Biosfera Río San Juan) y su Zona de Amortiguamiento (GEF7). El área de influencia geográfica del proyecto es de 808,631 ha.', 'El área de influencia geográfica del proyecto es de 808,631 ha. Contribuirá en mitigar 3,300,000 tCO2eq durante 5 años). Transformados sistemas alimentarios y reduciendo deforestación en el paisaje relacionado a las áreas protegidas y corredores biológicos de la Región Autónoma de la Costa Caribe Sur y Río San Juan (FOLUR). Contribuirá en mitigar 4.89 MtCO2eq durante 5 años). 3 Acción climática integrada para reducir la deforestación y fortalecer la resiliencia en las Reservas de Biosfera BOSAWÁS y Río San Juan” (BIO-Clima). Con financiamiento del Fondo Verde del Clima, Nicaragua ejecutará un importante componente de desarrollo de capacidades para la restauración productiva del paisaje y la conservación de bosques.', 'Con financiamiento del Fondo Verde del Clima, Nicaragua ejecutará un importante componente de desarrollo de capacidades para la restauración productiva del paisaje y la conservación de bosques. Contribuirá en mitigar 18Figura 12 Mapa de Programas y Proyectos en gestión por Nicaragua.Compromisos de Nicaragua en el Mejoramiento de la Métrica de sus NDCComo parte de los compromisos adquiridos por Nicaragua ante la convención, se han desarrollado acciones encaminadas a fortalecer la métrica para el monitoreo, reporte y verificación de las emisiones, en ese sentido, se ha propuesto una hoja de ruta de mejora continua que prepara el país ante la llega del marco de transparencia reforzada, basado en los 5 pilares fundamentales establecidos por la convención: (1) Transparencia, (2) Precisión, (3) Exhaustividad, (4)Consistencia y (5)Comparabilidad.', 'Contribuirá en mitigar 18Figura 12 Mapa de Programas y Proyectos en gestión por Nicaragua.Compromisos de Nicaragua en el Mejoramiento de la Métrica de sus NDCComo parte de los compromisos adquiridos por Nicaragua ante la convención, se han desarrollado acciones encaminadas a fortalecer la métrica para el monitoreo, reporte y verificación de las emisiones, en ese sentido, se ha propuesto una hoja de ruta de mejora continua que prepara el país ante la llega del marco de transparencia reforzada, basado en los 5 pilares fundamentales establecidos por la convención: (1) Transparencia, (2) Precisión, (3) Exhaustividad, (4)Consistencia y (5)Comparabilidad. Nicaragua a partir del 2021, establecerá un Sistema Nacional de Inventarios de GEI, el cual servirá como plataforma interoperable donde los generadores de la información estadística sectorial estimen los datos de actividad y calculen sus emisiones.', 'Nicaragua a partir del 2021, establecerá un Sistema Nacional de Inventarios de GEI, el cual servirá como plataforma interoperable donde los generadores de la información estadística sectorial estimen los datos de actividad y calculen sus emisiones. Se cuenta con una propuesta de arreglos institucionales que agrupan cada institución según su rol en los sectores del INGEI. Como parte de la implementación del Decreto para Establecer la Política Nacional de Mitigación y Adaptación al Cambio Climático y de Creación del Sistema Nacional de Respuesta al Cambio Climático (SNRCC), se han desarrollado los primeros pasos para la formalización de la participación de las instituciones nacionales en la elaboración de los INGEI de forma periódica y validada.', 'Como parte de la implementación del Decreto para Establecer la Política Nacional de Mitigación y Adaptación al Cambio Climático y de Creación del Sistema Nacional de Respuesta al Cambio Climático (SNRCC), se han desarrollado los primeros pasos para la formalización de la participación de las instituciones nacionales en la elaboración de los INGEI de forma periódica y validada. En función de presentar datos de actividad oficiales y eliminar la duplicidad de esfuerzos en la definición de aspectos conceptuales, desarrollo de formatos de toma de datos, métodos, metodologías y unidades de medida que cubran las necesidades de todas las instituciones en los diferentes ámbitos en los que se desarrolla cada uno.', 'En función de presentar datos de actividad oficiales y eliminar la duplicidad de esfuerzos en la definición de aspectos conceptuales, desarrollo de formatos de toma de datos, métodos, metodologías y unidades de medida que cubran las necesidades de todas las instituciones en los diferentes ámbitos en los que se desarrolla cada uno. Debido a que el sistema cuenta con una gran variedad de instituciones, se han creado grupos de trabajo integrados por representantes de dichas instituciones, para cada uno de los sectores del INGEI para revisar y validar los datos de actividad, variables, factores de emisión y resultado de las estimaciones para cada uno de los sectores.', 'Debido a que el sistema cuenta con una gran variedad de instituciones, se han creado grupos de trabajo integrados por representantes de dichas instituciones, para cada uno de los sectores del INGEI para revisar y validar los datos de actividad, variables, factores de emisión y resultado de las estimaciones para cada uno de los sectores. (Figura 13) Además, Nicaragua ha establecido acuerdos de colaboración con la Organización Latinoamericana de Energía (OLADE) para revisar y brindar aportes de mejora sobre la métrica de las emisiones en el sector energía provenientes del consumo de combustibles fósiles y geotermia.', '(Figura 13) Además, Nicaragua ha establecido acuerdos de colaboración con la Organización Latinoamericana de Energía (OLADE) para revisar y brindar aportes de mejora sobre la métrica de las emisiones en el sector energía provenientes del consumo de combustibles fósiles y geotermia. Así mismo, cuenta con una mesa de Monitoreo, Reporte y Verificación para el sub sector Bosques, Uso y Cambio de Uso de Suelo, en donde se preparan documentos metodológicos, estudios sobre dinámica histórica y actual de cambios de uso a nivel nacional, regional y territorial. Para el año 2021, el país implementará proyectos que contribuirán en fortalecer las capacidades nacionales para la presentación de informes y reportes internacionales.', 'Para el año 2021, el país implementará proyectos que contribuirán en fortalecer las capacidades nacionales para la presentación de informes y reportes internacionales. Entre ellos: a) Habilitación de la preparación de la Cuarta Comunicación Nacional de Nicaragua y el Primer Informe Bienal de Actualización a la CMNUCC y b) Fortalecer capacidades institucionales y técnicas en los sectores agropecuario y forestal de Nicaragua para responder a los requerimientos del marco de transparencia reforzado bajo el Acuerdo de París – CBIT.', 'Entre ellos: a) Habilitación de la preparación de la Cuarta Comunicación Nacional de Nicaragua y el Primer Informe Bienal de Actualización a la CMNUCC y b) Fortalecer capacidades institucionales y técnicas en los sectores agropecuario y forestal de Nicaragua para responder a los requerimientos del marco de transparencia reforzado bajo el Acuerdo de París – CBIT. Los proyectos mencionados contribuirán en mejorar los siguientes aspectos técnicos requeridos por la CMNUCC para garantizar la garantía y control de calidad de los reportes: En cuanto a la transparencia, se documentará el origen de cada uno de los datos usados en una hoja de cálculo donde se muestre un enlace a la información digital de base usada y sobre cada uno de los supuestos usados en los cálculos, contribuyendo a realizar de manera sencilla tanto el control de calidad a nivel interno como el aseguramiento de la calidad por revisores externos, ya sean nacionales o internacionales.', 'Los proyectos mencionados contribuirán en mejorar los siguientes aspectos técnicos requeridos por la CMNUCC para garantizar la garantía y control de calidad de los reportes: En cuanto a la transparencia, se documentará el origen de cada uno de los datos usados en una hoja de cálculo donde se muestre un enlace a la información digital de base usada y sobre cada uno de los supuestos usados en los cálculos, contribuyendo a realizar de manera sencilla tanto el control de calidad a nivel interno como el aseguramiento de la calidad por revisores externos, ya sean nacionales o internacionales. Sobre la precisión, Nicaragua desarrollará un sistema de cuentas anualizadas que permita reflejar las evoluciones anuales, determinando las tendencias como las perturbaciones ocurridas y su vinculación con el sector económico especifico.', 'Sobre la precisión, Nicaragua desarrollará un sistema de cuentas anualizadas que permita reflejar las evoluciones anuales, determinando las tendencias como las perturbaciones ocurridas y su vinculación con el sector económico especifico. Esto será analizado de manera sectorial, buscando mejorar en lo posible la métrica a través del desarrollo con métodos de nivel superior incluyendo factores de emisión nacionales.En relación a la exhaustividad, se realizarán análisis a nivel de sectores y subsectores.', 'Esto será analizado de manera sectorial, buscando mejorar en lo posible la métrica a través del desarrollo con métodos de nivel superior incluyendo factores de emisión nacionales.En relación a la exhaustividad, se realizarán análisis a nivel de sectores y subsectores. A la fecha, Nicaragua se ha acogido a la flexibilidad de reportar solo los principales gases, flexibilidad que persiste en el Acuerdo de París, sin embargo, por lo avanzado en la implementación de la Enmienda de Kigali, Nicaragua estaría en condiciones de reportar en el futuro al menos los principales gases fluorados (HFCs y PFCs).Figura 13 Estructura organizativa para la construcción de los INGEI Sobre la comparabilidad, se trabajará en el desarrollo de una serie temporal, que correrá a partir del año de referencia del NDC y el año sobre sobre el que se informa no excederá los 3 años de diferencia al año de presentación.', 'A la fecha, Nicaragua se ha acogido a la flexibilidad de reportar solo los principales gases, flexibilidad que persiste en el Acuerdo de París, sin embargo, por lo avanzado en la implementación de la Enmienda de Kigali, Nicaragua estaría en condiciones de reportar en el futuro al menos los principales gases fluorados (HFCs y PFCs).Figura 13 Estructura organizativa para la construcción de los INGEI Sobre la comparabilidad, se trabajará en el desarrollo de una serie temporal, que correrá a partir del año de referencia del NDC y el año sobre sobre el que se informa no excederá los 3 años de diferencia al año de presentación. En cuanto a consistencia, se asegurará que no se produzcan cambios en las tendencias de las emisiones a consecuencia de métodos o supuestos diferentes.Estrategia de Comunicación de las NDC para el Desarrollo Inclusivo y ParticipativoEl Gobierno de Nicaragua implementa una Política de Comunicación basada en tres principios fundamentales: el derecho social a la información y libre expresión, el irrestricto apego a la Constitución Política de Nicaragua y el derecho ciudadano a participar en las decisiones públicas.', 'En cuanto a consistencia, se asegurará que no se produzcan cambios en las tendencias de las emisiones a consecuencia de métodos o supuestos diferentes.Estrategia de Comunicación de las NDC para el Desarrollo Inclusivo y ParticipativoEl Gobierno de Nicaragua implementa una Política de Comunicación basada en tres principios fundamentales: el derecho social a la información y libre expresión, el irrestricto apego a la Constitución Política de Nicaragua y el derecho ciudadano a participar en las decisiones públicas. Como parte de las acciones desarrolladas en el proceso de actualización de las NDC, se fortaleció la comunicación con los sectores vulnerables, ampliando el diálogo con pueblos indígenas, grupos de mujeres y jóvenes a nivel nacional.', 'Como parte de las acciones desarrolladas en el proceso de actualización de las NDC, se fortaleció la comunicación con los sectores vulnerables, ampliando el diálogo con pueblos indígenas, grupos de mujeres y jóvenes a nivel nacional. Figura 14 El proceso de comunicación se desarrolló con un enfoque multisectorial y multicultural, que involucró a todas las partes interesadas: pueblos originarios y afrodescendientes, productores agropecuarios, universidades, instituciones de gobiernos regionales y nacionales, medios de comunicación, organizaciones sociales y población en general. El Plan de Comunicación se continuará trabajando con el modelo de alianza, diálogo y consenso con las comunidades a nivel nacional, mediante el desarrollo de mesas técnicas de comunicación, las que participan comunicadores de los gobiernos regionales, representantes de los GTI y la Secretaría de Desarrollo de la Costa Caribe.', 'El Plan de Comunicación se continuará trabajando con el modelo de alianza, diálogo y consenso con las comunidades a nivel nacional, mediante el desarrollo de mesas técnicas de comunicación, las que participan comunicadores de los gobiernos regionales, representantes de los GTI y la Secretaría de Desarrollo de la Costa Caribe. Como parte de la estrategia de comunicación de las NDC, durante su implementación, se tomará como guía fundamental la Política de Comunicación del Gobierno de Reconciliación y Unidad Nacional, diseñando e implementando campañas nacionales de formación de valores, ubicando a las familias como las principales protagonistas en el proceso de cumplimiento de los compromisos climáticos.', 'Como parte de la estrategia de comunicación de las NDC, durante su implementación, se tomará como guía fundamental la Política de Comunicación del Gobierno de Reconciliación y Unidad Nacional, diseñando e implementando campañas nacionales de formación de valores, ubicando a las familias como las principales protagonistas en el proceso de cumplimiento de los compromisos climáticos. De igual manera, se articularán objetivos de comunicación interinstitucional, creando sinergias que permitan alcanzar una mayor cantidad de protagonistas, a través de medios convencionales bien sean radio, prensa escrita, portales digitales y televisión.', 'De igual manera, se articularán objetivos de comunicación interinstitucional, creando sinergias que permitan alcanzar una mayor cantidad de protagonistas, a través de medios convencionales bien sean radio, prensa escrita, portales digitales y televisión. Los nuevos desafíos planteados por la situación de pandemia global establecen nuevos paradigmas en la comunicación efectiva, por tal razón, la estrategia plantea la divulgación a través de medios de comunicación masiva, contemplando una estrategia especifica en redes sociales para la comunicación de los avances y principales desafíos en el cumplimiento de las NDC.', 'Los nuevos desafíos planteados por la situación de pandemia global establecen nuevos paradigmas en la comunicación efectiva, por tal razón, la estrategia plantea la divulgación a través de medios de comunicación masiva, contemplando una estrategia especifica en redes sociales para la comunicación de los avances y principales desafíos en el cumplimiento de las NDC. A nivel interinstitucional, se continuará el trabajo bajo la plataforma del Sistema Nacional de Respuesta ante Cambio Climático, con el objetivo del alineamiento efectivo de estrategias, programas y proyectos en beneficios del cumplimiento de las contribuciones.Figura 14 Presentación de avances en la Contribución Nacional Determinada con mujeres, jóvenes, academia e institucionesPropuesta de Actualización de la NDCSegún el informe IPCC 1.5 y el sentido de urgencia en que fue presentado, en donde se destaca la necesidad de una acción acelerada e inmediata para limitar el aumento de la temperatura global a 1.5°C, Nicaragua ha desarrollado una propuesta para aumentar la ambición de sus NDC enfocadas en la mitigación y adaptación al Cambio Climático.', 'A nivel interinstitucional, se continuará el trabajo bajo la plataforma del Sistema Nacional de Respuesta ante Cambio Climático, con el objetivo del alineamiento efectivo de estrategias, programas y proyectos en beneficios del cumplimiento de las contribuciones.Figura 14 Presentación de avances en la Contribución Nacional Determinada con mujeres, jóvenes, academia e institucionesPropuesta de Actualización de la NDCSegún el informe IPCC 1.5 y el sentido de urgencia en que fue presentado, en donde se destaca la necesidad de una acción acelerada e inmediata para limitar el aumento de la temperatura global a 1.5°C, Nicaragua ha desarrollado una propuesta para aumentar la ambición de sus NDC enfocadas en la mitigación y adaptación al Cambio Climático. Según la NDC enviada por Nicaragua ante la CMNUCC en el año 2018, los esfuerzos principales se enfocan en incrementar la matriz energética hasta un 60% con fuentes de energías renovables y reducir en un 20% las emisiones provenientes de la deforestación y degradación forestal para el año 2030.', 'Según la NDC enviada por Nicaragua ante la CMNUCC en el año 2018, los esfuerzos principales se enfocan en incrementar la matriz energética hasta un 60% con fuentes de energías renovables y reducir en un 20% las emisiones provenientes de la deforestación y degradación forestal para el año 2030. El Gobierno de Nicaragua, en sus planes estratégicos de desarrollo y políticas nacionales, ha orientado acciones que contribuyen la protección, el cuido, uso racional y sostenible de los recursos naturales que brinda la madre tierra.', 'El Gobierno de Nicaragua, en sus planes estratégicos de desarrollo y políticas nacionales, ha orientado acciones que contribuyen la protección, el cuido, uso racional y sostenible de los recursos naturales que brinda la madre tierra. Por ello, se ha logrado avanzar hasta el año 2020, en un incremento de la matriz energética con fuentes de recursos renovables a 59%; se han fortalecido las capacidades nacionales para el monitoreo, reporte y verificación de los recursos forestales; incrementado las metas para la reforestación; vigilancia y protección de áreas en procesos de regeneración natural; visto fortalecidos los sistemas de vigilancia dentro de áreas protegidas; fortalecidas las alianzas estratégicas con las comunidades indígenas y afrodescendientes; entre otros.', 'Por ello, se ha logrado avanzar hasta el año 2020, en un incremento de la matriz energética con fuentes de recursos renovables a 59%; se han fortalecido las capacidades nacionales para el monitoreo, reporte y verificación de los recursos forestales; incrementado las metas para la reforestación; vigilancia y protección de áreas en procesos de regeneración natural; visto fortalecidos los sistemas de vigilancia dentro de áreas protegidas; fortalecidas las alianzas estratégicas con las comunidades indígenas y afrodescendientes; entre otros. Considerando lo anterior, a continuación, se describe una propuesta para incrementar la ambición de la NDC con respecto a la mitigación de GEI de los sectores productivos del país.', 'Considerando lo anterior, a continuación, se describe una propuesta para incrementar la ambición de la NDC con respecto a la mitigación de GEI de los sectores productivos del país. 9.1.-Propuesta de incremento de ambición en Mitigación y Condicionada: incrementar la matriz energética hasta un 65% con fuentes de energías renovables para el 2030. z El aumento de la ambición contribuirá en reducir las emisiones del sector energía con respecto a la línea base 2018. z Actividades requeridas: z Estudio nacional para identificar áreas potenciales para ampliar la producción de energías renovables.', '9.1.-Propuesta de incremento de ambición en Mitigación y Condicionada: incrementar la matriz energética hasta un 65% con fuentes de energías renovables para el 2030. z El aumento de la ambición contribuirá en reducir las emisiones del sector energía con respecto a la línea base 2018. z Actividades requeridas: z Estudio nacional para identificar áreas potenciales para ampliar la producción de energías renovables. z Análisis de brechas financieras, técnicas y tecnológicas para el incremento en generación de energía en 65%.9.1.2-Sector Procesos Industriales y Uso de Productos y Reducción del consumo de gases fluorados considerados en la enmienda de Kigali Actividades requeridas: Desarrollo de estrategia para el uso de refrigerantes naturales o de bajo potencial de calentamiento global, la cual tendría un impacto en el sector procesos industriales, subsector emisiones de los sustitutos fluorados que agotan la capa de ozono.', 'z Análisis de brechas financieras, técnicas y tecnológicas para el incremento en generación de energía en 65%.9.1.2-Sector Procesos Industriales y Uso de Productos y Reducción del consumo de gases fluorados considerados en la enmienda de Kigali Actividades requeridas: Desarrollo de estrategia para el uso de refrigerantes naturales o de bajo potencial de calentamiento global, la cual tendría un impacto en el sector procesos industriales, subsector emisiones de los sustitutos fluorados que agotan la capa de ozono. 9.1.3.- Sector Gestión de Bosques y Cambio de Uso de Suelo y NDC Condicionada en el sector forestal y cambio de uso de suelo: Reducir las emisiones de CO2 generadas por la deforestación bruta a nivel nacional en un 25% para el 2030 con respecto a la línea base de país.', '9.1.3.- Sector Gestión de Bosques y Cambio de Uso de Suelo y NDC Condicionada en el sector forestal y cambio de uso de suelo: Reducir las emisiones de CO2 generadas por la deforestación bruta a nivel nacional en un 25% para el 2030 con respecto a la línea base de país. Durante el año 2020, Nicaragua diseñó proyectos alineados y orientados a la restauración y protección de los bosques; al establecimiento de sistemas productivos sostenibles y amigables con el medio ambiente y al fortalecimiento de capacidades locales e institucionales que garantizan la protección del bosque.', 'Durante el año 2020, Nicaragua diseñó proyectos alineados y orientados a la restauración y protección de los bosques; al establecimiento de sistemas productivos sostenibles y amigables con el medio ambiente y al fortalecimiento de capacidades locales e institucionales que garantizan la protección del bosque. Se considera implementar intervenciones que contribuyan en apoyar a comunidades indígenas y productores con capacidades, asistencia técnica, insumos e incentivos financieros y de mercado sólidos para la intensificación sostenible de sus medios de vida orientados a la restauración y conservación de los recursos naturales y los bosques en sus fincas y territorios. Dichas intervenciones son: 1) establecimiento de sistemas agroforestales; 2) establecimiento de sistemas silvopastoriles; 3) Manejo de la regeneración natural; 4) Manejo forestal comunitario; 5) Reforestación comercial y 6) Mejora de la Gobernanza forestal.', 'Dichas intervenciones son: 1) establecimiento de sistemas agroforestales; 2) establecimiento de sistemas silvopastoriles; 3) Manejo de la regeneración natural; 4) Manejo forestal comunitario; 5) Reforestación comercial y 6) Mejora de la Gobernanza forestal. Considerando el potencial de mitigación de las intervenciones mencionadas, Nicaragua incrementará su ambición en el sector forestal bajo la condición de recibir fuentes de financiamiento internacional para la implementación de programas y proyectos que contribuyan con el cumplimiento de la meta de país. z Actividades requeridas: \x83 Plan de fortalecimiento de capacidades para las instituciones responsables del monitoreo de los bosques y el cambio de uso del suelo. \x83 Reducción de prácticas ganaderas extensivas e incremento de cobertura boscosa en sector pecuario.', '\x83 Reducción de prácticas ganaderas extensivas e incremento de cobertura boscosa en sector pecuario. \x83 Formulación de una estrategia de Acción de Mitigación Nacionalmente Apropiada (NAMA) de ganadería bovina sostenible, bajo en carbono y resiliente al clima. \x83 Plan Nacional de Gestión de las Emisiones de GEI provenientes de la fermentación entérica y gestión de estiércol del ganado a través de biodigestores \x83 Diseño de una estrategia de electro movilidad para el transporte público en la ciudad de Managua.9.2 -Síntesis de la propuesta de incremento de ambición de NDC en Nicaragua En el Cuadro 1 se presenta una síntesis comparativa de la NDC presentada en el 2018 y los cambios incorporados en la actualización al 2020.', '\x83 Plan Nacional de Gestión de las Emisiones de GEI provenientes de la fermentación entérica y gestión de estiércol del ganado a través de biodigestores \x83 Diseño de una estrategia de electro movilidad para el transporte público en la ciudad de Managua.9.2 -Síntesis de la propuesta de incremento de ambición de NDC en Nicaragua En el Cuadro 1 se presenta una síntesis comparativa de la NDC presentada en el 2018 y los cambios incorporados en la actualización al 2020. NDC ACTUAL Propuesta de incremento de ambi- ción de NDC Sector Meta Sector Meta Energía Al 2030, el 60% de la capacidad instalada de la matriz eléctrica de- berá provenir de fuen- tes de energías reno- vables Energía Al 2030, el 65% de la capacidad instalada de la matriz eléctrica de- berá provenir de fuentes de energías renovables Bosques y Cambio de uso de Suelo Incremento en la capa- cidad de absorción de Carbono en un 20% con respecto al Escenario de Referencia al 2030.', 'NDC ACTUAL Propuesta de incremento de ambi- ción de NDC Sector Meta Sector Meta Energía Al 2030, el 60% de la capacidad instalada de la matriz eléctrica de- berá provenir de fuen- tes de energías reno- vables Energía Al 2030, el 65% de la capacidad instalada de la matriz eléctrica de- berá provenir de fuentes de energías renovables Bosques y Cambio de uso de Suelo Incremento en la capa- cidad de absorción de Carbono en un 20% con respecto al Escenario de Referencia al 2030. Bosques y Cambio de uso de Suelo Incremento en la capa- cidad de absorción de Carbono en un 25% con respecto al Escenario de Referencia al 2030. Procesos Industriales No Considerado Procesos Industriales Reducción del consumo de gases fluorados conside- rados en la enmienda de Kigali Cuadro 1 Síntesis de la propuesta de incremento de ambición de NDC en Nicaragua.', 'Procesos Industriales No Considerado Procesos Industriales Reducción del consumo de gases fluorados conside- rados en la enmienda de Kigali Cuadro 1 Síntesis de la propuesta de incremento de ambición de NDC en Nicaragua. z Sector Meta Sector Meta Energía Al 2030, el 60% de la capacidad instalada de la matriz eléctrica deberá provenir de fuentes de energías renovables Energía Al 2030, el 65% de la capacidad instalada de la matriz eléctrica deberá provenir de fuentes de energías renovablesBosques y Cambio de uso de Suelo Incremento en la capacidad de absorción de Carbono en un 20% con respecto al Escenario de Referencia al 2030. Bosques y Cambio de uso de Suelo Incremento en la capacidad de absorción de Carbono en un 25% con respecto al Escenario de Referencia al 2030.', 'Bosques y Cambio de uso de Suelo Incremento en la capacidad de absorción de Carbono en un 25% con respecto al Escenario de Referencia al 2030. Procesos Industriales No Considerado Procesos Industriales Reducción del consumo de gases fluorados considerados en la enmienda de Kigali. 9.3 - Acciones a mediano plazo a considerar en futuras NDC (2025 – 2030) El proceso de actualización de las NDC en Nicaragua se ha asumido como una tarea continua, en donde el monitoreo, seguimiento y evaluación de las metas propuestas se realiza de forma sistemática. A continuación, se enlista una serie de acciones que deben ser consideradas en la elaboración de las futuras actualizaciones de la NDC.', 'A continuación, se enlista una serie de acciones que deben ser consideradas en la elaboración de las futuras actualizaciones de la NDC. 3 Ingreso de la planta de gas natural a la matriz energética reemplazando a plantas de mayores emisiones (Bunker y Diesel). 3 Acuerdo de prácticas de mitigación en la industria cementera (energía y Clinker) 3 Inclusión de todos los reservorios en la contabilidad de FOLU, acompañado de prácticas anti erosivas para los suelos agrícolas y pastizales, 3 Biodigestores en plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales municipales e industriales 3 Desarrollo de una economía circular basada en la cultura de reparación y reciclado. 3 Desarrollo de instrumentos de planificación para el ordenamiento ambiental territorial con enfoque climático.', '3 Desarrollo de instrumentos de planificación para el ordenamiento ambiental territorial con enfoque climático. 3 Diseño detallado de una propuesta NAMA en la transición del sector energético hacia transporte más limpio en Nicaragua.Proyecciones de Mitigación con Base en los Compromisos AdquiridosNicaragua ha preparado los escenarios de mitigación al cambio climático considerando la ambición propuesta en sus Contribuciones Nacionalmente Determinadas (NDC). En un escenario donde el país no desarrolle e implemente acciones que contribuyan en reducir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero “Business as Usual”, se espera que las emisiones para el 2030 sean de 77 millones de TonCO2eq generadas por todos los sectores productivos.', 'En un escenario donde el país no desarrolle e implemente acciones que contribuyan en reducir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero “Business as Usual”, se espera que las emisiones para el 2030 sean de 77 millones de TonCO2eq generadas por todos los sectores productivos. En un escenario de cumplimiento exitoso de la actual NDC, las emisiones se reducirán en un 8%, es decir que para el año 2030 Nicaragua emitirá 71 millones de TonCO2eq.', 'En un escenario de cumplimiento exitoso de la actual NDC, las emisiones se reducirán en un 8%, es decir que para el año 2030 Nicaragua emitirá 71 millones de TonCO2eq. En un escenario que consideran incrementar la ambición de la NDC en de los sectores energía, forestal y de cambio de uso de suelo (según lo propuesto en el cuadro 1), el país logrará reducir sus emisiones en un 10% con respecto al escenario “Business as Usual”, es decir, que para el año 2030 Nicaragua emitirá 69 millones deFigura 15 Escenarios de Mitigación considerando NDC actual y propuesta de incremento de ambición en NDC.Contribución Componente AdaptaciónEn el proceso de actualización de las NDC, se contempla la inserción de alcances y objetivos específicos relacionados a la adaptación al cambio climático.', 'En un escenario que consideran incrementar la ambición de la NDC en de los sectores energía, forestal y de cambio de uso de suelo (según lo propuesto en el cuadro 1), el país logrará reducir sus emisiones en un 10% con respecto al escenario “Business as Usual”, es decir, que para el año 2030 Nicaragua emitirá 69 millones deFigura 15 Escenarios de Mitigación considerando NDC actual y propuesta de incremento de ambición en NDC.Contribución Componente AdaptaciónEn el proceso de actualización de las NDC, se contempla la inserción de alcances y objetivos específicos relacionados a la adaptación al cambio climático. En ese sentido, para el caso de Nicaragua se utilizó la metodología de análisis multicriterio tomando relación con las siguientes variables: • Impacto en la reducción de la pobreza y bienestar humano • Aumento de las capacidades de resiliencia en sectores productivos de importancia para la seguridad alimentaria • Relación costo efectivo • Relación de políticas y estrategias nacionales • Inclusión de pueblos indígenas y población vulnerable • Contribución a la adaptación basada en mitigación Como parte de la actualización de las NDC a las medidas identificadas, se les agrupo por sector de intervención en función de la prioridad nacional y se definieron alcances y objetivos, así como su contribución en el cumplimiento de los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible.', 'En ese sentido, para el caso de Nicaragua se utilizó la metodología de análisis multicriterio tomando relación con las siguientes variables: • Impacto en la reducción de la pobreza y bienestar humano • Aumento de las capacidades de resiliencia en sectores productivos de importancia para la seguridad alimentaria • Relación costo efectivo • Relación de políticas y estrategias nacionales • Inclusión de pueblos indígenas y población vulnerable • Contribución a la adaptación basada en mitigación Como parte de la actualización de las NDC a las medidas identificadas, se les agrupo por sector de intervención en función de la prioridad nacional y se definieron alcances y objetivos, así como su contribución en el cumplimiento de los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible. Cuadro 2Cuadro - 2 Medidas de adaptación de la NDC y su relación con los ODS Medida de Adaptación Objetivo de Desarrollo sostenible Sector priorizado Objetivo del sector Incrementar la eficacia en la protección de las reservas de biosfera mediante un programa de ordenamiento de tierras e im- pulso a la reforestación, impulso a la reforestación, por un monto de inversión de aproximadamen- te 400 millones de dólares.', 'Cuadro 2Cuadro - 2 Medidas de adaptación de la NDC y su relación con los ODS Medida de Adaptación Objetivo de Desarrollo sostenible Sector priorizado Objetivo del sector Incrementar la eficacia en la protección de las reservas de biosfera mediante un programa de ordenamiento de tierras e im- pulso a la reforestación, impulso a la reforestación, por un monto de inversión de aproximadamen- te 400 millones de dólares. Biodiversidad Impulsar emprendimientos produc- tivos que reduzcan la presión en el recurso natural. Contempla acciones para la conser- vación de hábitat y especies tanto de flora y fauna, a través del manejo sostenible del recurso. Desarrollar un programa nacional de captación de agua y promoción de siste- mas de riego en el corredor seco de Nicaragua Recurso hídrico Impulsar acciones de infraes- tructura y ecosistémicas que incrementen la disponibilidad del agua Disponibilidad del recurso según demanda ofrecida: con- sumo humano, productivo, energético e industrial.', 'Desarrollar un programa nacional de captación de agua y promoción de siste- mas de riego en el corredor seco de Nicaragua Recurso hídrico Impulsar acciones de infraes- tructura y ecosistémicas que incrementen la disponibilidad del agua Disponibilidad del recurso según demanda ofrecida: con- sumo humano, productivo, energético e industrial. Con- templa acciones de infraes- tructura y restauración. Desarrollo de infraestruc- tura de agua potable y sa- neamiento y programas de resiliencia de los sistemas de agua potable urbano. Implementar el Plan Nacional de los Recursos HídricosMedida de Adaptación Objetivo de Desarrollo sostenible Sector priorizado Objetivo del sector Formulación del Progra- ma de gestión resiliente de ecosistemas priorizados con enfoque de paisaje y adaptación basada en eco- sistemas. Recurso Forestal Impulsar la gestión integral del recurso bosque con enfo- que de paisaje.', 'Recurso Forestal Impulsar la gestión integral del recurso bosque con enfo- que de paisaje. Abarca la protección de los servicios ecosistémicos que proveen los bosques y la atención a los más vulnera- bles (comunidades nativas y pequeños productores fores- tales) Desarrollo de capacida- des, acceso a tecnología y financiamiento en el sector agropecuario Sector Productivo Aumentar la productividad bajo un escenario de cambio climático. Protección a la producción agrícola y pecuaria y su contribución a la economía familiar. Contempla acciones a pequeños agricultores de subsistenciaMedida de Adaptación Objetivo de Desarrollo sostenible Sector priorizado Objetivo del sector Desarrollo de conoci- miento y capacidades de respuesta sobre los impactos de cambio climático en la salud del pueblo nicaragüense. Salud Humana Reducir la vulnerabilidad e incrementar la resiliencia de la población ante el efecto del cambio climático en la salud.', 'Salud Humana Reducir la vulnerabilidad e incrementar la resiliencia de la población ante el efecto del cambio climático en la salud. Mejoramiento en la capaci- dad de respuesta del sistema de salud para hacer frente a las principales Amenazas del cambio climático, prin- cipalmente en los sectores más vulnerables.Medida de Adaptación Objetivo de Desarrollo sostenible Sector priorizado Objetivo del sector Modernización de los servi- cios hidrometereológicos del país, que permitan mante- ner pronósticos precisos y sistemas de alerta temprana para una repuesta eficaz y eficiente Infraestructura y asentamiento humanos Reducción de la vulnerabilidad en asentamientos humanos. Aumento de la capacidad adaptativa de las comunidades, a través del manejo de riesgo climático en sus obras de in- fraestructura. Medidas para el desarrollo de infraestructuras y siste- mas de drenaje en la ciudad capital y otras ciudades del pacifico de Nicaragua que son altamente vulnerables a inundaciones Infraestructura y asentamiento humanos Reducción de la vulnerabilidad en asentamientos humanos.', 'Medidas para el desarrollo de infraestructuras y siste- mas de drenaje en la ciudad capital y otras ciudades del pacifico de Nicaragua que son altamente vulnerables a inundaciones Infraestructura y asentamiento humanos Reducción de la vulnerabilidad en asentamientos humanos. Aumento de la capacidad adaptativa de las comunidades, a través del manejo de riesgo climático en sus obras de in- fraestructura.Medida de Adaptación Objetivo de Desarrollo sostenible Sector priorizado Objetivo del sector Acceso a recursos adicio- nales para implementar medidas de adaptación en la red de infraestructura vial Infraestructura y asentamiento humanos Reducción de la vulnerabili- dad en asentamientos huma- nos. Aumento de la capacidad adaptativa de las comunida- des, a través del manejo de riesgo climático en sus obras de infraestructura. Promover medidas de adaptación enfocadas a los Asentamientos Humanos de Nicaragua.AnexosAnexo 1 Programas y Proyectos en Gestión No.', 'Promover medidas de adaptación enfocadas a los Asentamientos Humanos de Nicaragua.AnexosAnexo 1 Programas y Proyectos en Gestión No. Fuente Proyectos Monto Total en Gestión US$ FCPF: Fondo Cooperativo para el Carbono Forestal / BM Programa de REDD+ para combatir el Cambio Climático y la Pobreza en Nicaragua Proyecto de Gestión Comunitaria en la Cuenca del Río Dipilto. II FASE Proyecto de Gestión de Paisajes Resilientes de Nicaragua (GEF Programa: Manejo Sostenible de la Biodiversidad en la Reserva Biológica Indio Maíz Transformando los sistemas alimentarios y reduciendo la defo- restación en las áreas protegidas y los paisajes de los corredores biológicos de la Región Autónoma de la Costa Caribe Sur y el departamento del Río San Juan (FOLUR Nicaragua).', 'II FASE Proyecto de Gestión de Paisajes Resilientes de Nicaragua (GEF Programa: Manejo Sostenible de la Biodiversidad en la Reserva Biológica Indio Maíz Transformando los sistemas alimentarios y reduciendo la defo- restación en las áreas protegidas y los paisajes de los corredores biológicos de la Región Autónoma de la Costa Caribe Sur y el departamento del Río San Juan (FOLUR Nicaragua). 6 FVC - BIOCLIMA Acción climática integral para reducir la deforestación y au- mentar la resiliencia en las Reservas de Biósfera BOSAWAS y Río San Juan 7 GEF – CBIT Fortalecimiento de las capacidades institucionales y técnicas en los sectores agrícola y forestal de Nicaragua para responder a los requisitos del Marco de Transparencia Reforzada (MTR) en virtud del Acuerdo de París.', '6 FVC - BIOCLIMA Acción climática integral para reducir la deforestación y au- mentar la resiliencia en las Reservas de Biósfera BOSAWAS y Río San Juan 7 GEF – CBIT Fortalecimiento de las capacidades institucionales y técnicas en los sectores agrícola y forestal de Nicaragua para responder a los requisitos del Marco de Transparencia Reforzada (MTR) en virtud del Acuerdo de París. (GEF ID 10118) Evaluación Inicial de Minamata (MIA) y la elaboración del Plan de Acción Nacional (PAN-Mercurio) 9 FDV SICA-CCAD Restauración de Paisajes y Ecosistemas Resilientes ante el Cambio Climático en el Municipio de El Castillo, Reserva de Biosfera Rio San Juan. 10 CCAD Proyecto resiliente de golfo de Fonseca. 8.000.000 11 NDC Parnertship Plan de fortalecimiento de capacidades e implementación de acciones climáticas en Nicaragua.', '8.000.000 11 NDC Parnertship Plan de fortalecimiento de capacidades e implementación de acciones climáticas en Nicaragua. NDC 12 FVC Preparación y apoyo a la elaboración del PNA- Readiness 3.000.000 13 FVC - ONU Ambiente Adaptación basada en Ecosistemas y medidas transformacio- nales para aumentar la resiliencia al cambio climático en el Corredor Seco Centroamericano y las Zonas Áridas de la Re- pública Dominicana Fortalecimiento institucional para la conservación y el manejo de áreas protegidas en México y Nicaragua 14,1 AMEXCID -PROFEPA Proyecto de Manejo Fauna Silvestre y Restauración del Paisaje 0,00 Convención de las Na- ciones Unidas de Lucha contra la Desertificación. UNCCD Restauración de paisajes y ecosistemas para disminuir la de- gradación de tierras en la Reserva de Biosfera Río San Juan Movilización de recursos US$ 193.112.503,00']

es-ES

NER

Niger

1st NDC

2016-09-21 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Niger-INDC-final_Eng.pdf

Non-Annex I

Low-income

Africa

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/7bd8f6069954d514ca091dd64abecb830b6e2d8c60d09f000099cc3fb3e7d1d3.pdf

['REPUBLIC OF NIGER Fraternity – Labor - Progress «Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) » of NigerTABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SUMMARY OF THE NIGER INDC . 1 2. NATIONAL CONDITIONS . 4 3. PRIORITY SECTORS . 5 4. MITIGATION COMPONENT 5 4.1. General objectives 5 4.3. Conditional and unconditional mitigation measures 8 4.4. Ambition and fairness 10 4.5. Method used to estimate emissions 10 5. ADAPTATION COMPONENT . 11 5.1. Justification of the component. 11 5.2. Impacts of climate change and Niger’s vulnerability 11 5.3. National Priorities for Adaptation to Climate Change 11 5.4. Niger’s initiatives supporting adaptation . 11 5.5. Adaptation measures . 12 5.7. Accent on Climate-Smart Agriculture . 13 6. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INDC 13 6.1. Institutional structure 13 6.2. Obstacles and gaps. 14 7. THE COUNTRY’S NEEDS 14 7.1.', 'THE COUNTRY’S NEEDS 14 7.1. Financial support 14 7.2. Technology transfer . 14 7.3. Capacity building 15 7.4. Follow-up, evaluation and management 15 8.1. Annexe 1 : Abbreviations and acronyms 16 8.2. Annex 2 : Projected annual benefits and costs of adaptation measures 17 8.3. Annex 3 : Projected areas in sustainable land management (SLM) for the1 SUMMARY OF THE NIGER INDC National circumstances - Population: 17.7 millions (80% rural, 20% urban) inhabitants. - Population growth rate: 3,9% (General Census of Population and Dwellings (RGPH), 2011). - Low GDP, US $6,303.5 million in 2015 (National Institute of Statistics) (INS), or US $413 per inhabitant, with an agriculture sector that contributes 80% to the income of the populations and is very dependent on climatic risks.', '- Low GDP, US $6,303.5 million in 2015 (National Institute of Statistics) (INS), or US $413 per inhabitant, with an agriculture sector that contributes 80% to the income of the populations and is very dependent on climatic risks. Losses and damage - Average losses due to drought: more than US $70 million. - Damage to the economy from floods for the 2000’s: US $18 million. National objectives - Assure food security; combat poverty; contribute to the reduction of world greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (objective 2°C at the 2050 horizon); promote rational management of natural resources, a low-carbon and green-growth development strategy; enhance the resilience of populations and agricultural, forest and pastoral ecosystems. - Adaptation is essential for the country.', '- Adaptation is essential for the country. In order to participate in the mitigation efforts of the international community, Niger favours adaptation actions with strong co-benefits. - Mitigation in the energy sector requires large investments to facilitate access to cheap, sustainable and clean energy. - While mobilising its own national resources, the country hopes to use climate financing and benefit from the support of international cooperation. Emissions for the reference year e. (Second National Communication (SCN), - Breakdown: Land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF), processes, 0.06%. Coverage and scope of the contribution - 100% of the national territory covered by the intended contributions. - Gases covered: CO2 O (88.7% of the gases emitted). - Agriculture, forestry and other land uses (AFOLU) sector: 89% of the total GHG emissions.', '- Agriculture, forestry and other land uses (AFOLU) sector: 89% of the total GHG emissions. - Energy sector: 9% of the total GHG emissions. Contribution - Contribution based on a mixed results-and-action approach, unconditional and conditional according to the reference Business as Usual (BaU) scenario. - Results approach: % reduction of emissions, 2020-30. - Action approach: Strategic Framework for Sustainable Land Management (SF-SLM) actions, 2015-29 (Nigerans Feed Nigerans Initiative (I3N) focus). Periods - BaU : 2000 and 2030, based on the emissions from the three national communications: Initial National Communication (CNI), e; Second National Communication (SCN),e; Third National Communication (TCN), éq. - Implementation period: 2015-2030 (National Durable Land Management Strategy) (SF-SLM). Reduction of GHG emissions from now to 2030 - Unconditional reduction of 2.5% (BaU 2020) and 3.5% (2030).', 'Reduction of GHG emissions from now to 2030 - Unconditional reduction of 2.5% (BaU 2020) and 3.5% (2030). - Conditional reduction of 25% (BaU 2020) and 34.6% (2030, or a e). GHG emissions mitigation measures at horizon AFOLU (Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses) : - Upscaling of good sustainable land management practices over all agroecological areas in order to increase the resilience of ecosystems and households and sequester carbon. - Sustainable management of forests in order to reduce GHG emissions due to deforestation. Energy: - Electricity: Improvement of the rate of access to electricity 100% is in the urban zone and 0.4% to 30% in 2030 is in the rural zone.', 'Energy: - Electricity: Improvement of the rate of access to electricity 100% is in the urban zone and 0.4% to 30% in 2030 is in the rural zone. - Cooking energy: reduction in the demand for wood energy per inhabitant by the mass spread of improved cook stoves, with a rate of penetration of 100% in urban areas and 30% in rural areas; promotion as domestic gas of biogas and biofuels at both the industrial and family level. - Spread of multifunctional platforms. Renewable energy: - Exceed a capacity of 4 MW in 2010, 250 MW in 2030, 130 MW of which comes from the Kandadji hydroelectric plant and 20°MW comes from wind energy (currently 0.035 MW).', 'Renewable energy: - Exceed a capacity of 4 MW in 2010, 250 MW in 2030, 130 MW of which comes from the Kandadji hydroelectric plant and 20°MW comes from wind energy (currently 0.035 MW). - Double the rate of energy mix to reach 30% energy mix in the primary and final energy balance. Energy efficiency: - Decrease of 25% in the GDP energy intensity (modern and traditional energy). - Improving energy efficiency in industries and households, transportation and electricity distribution (reduction of losses from 12% to less than 10% in the 2020 horizon). - Low-carbon home construction (without framing). Implementation process - Enhancement of institutional, technical, financial and telecommunications capabilities and technology transfer.', 'Implementation process - Enhancement of institutional, technical, financial and telecommunications capabilities and technology transfer. - Development of standard files, Strategic Environmental and Social Assessments (SESA) and Environmental and Social Impact Assessments (ESIA), Measurement, Notification and Verification (MVN) procedures, project registration. - Inclusive participation (private sector, NGO’s, civil society).Assumptions and methodology - Second National Communication (SNC), 2000. - IPCC 2006 directives for national GHG inventories. - Energy sector: LEAP, MAED, MESSAGE software. - AFOLU sector: EX-ACT, TARAM software. Climate change adaptation measures - Application of all Strategic Framework for Sustainable Land Management (SF-SLM) techniques: - Restoration of agricultural/forestry/pastoral lands: 1,030 000 ha. - Assisted natural regeneration: 1,100,000 ha. - Fixation of dunes : 550,000 ha. - Management of natural forests: 2,220,000 ha. - Hedgerows: 145,000 km. - Planting of multiuse species: 750,000 ha.', '- Planting of multiuse species: 750,000 ha. - Planting of Moringa oleifera : 125 000 ha. - Seeding of roadways: 304,500 ha. - Private forestry: 75,000 ha. Financial needs over ten years, for the - Total cost of the INDC over 10 years: US $8.667 billion (US $866.7 per year), or 48% of the GDP and US $490 per inhabitant, of which: - Adaptation: US $1.607 billion, of which US $0.337 billion (21%) is unconditional and US $ 1.270 (79%) is conditional. - Mitigation: US $7.060 billion, of which $0.830 billion unconditional (12%) and $6.230 US conditional (88%). Ambitious and fair character - Since Niger is a non- Annex I Party to the UNFCCC, it has no quantitative obligations with respect to mitigation.', 'Ambitious and fair character - Since Niger is a non- Annex I Party to the UNFCCC, it has no quantitative obligations with respect to mitigation. - However, Niger is contributing to the reduction of worldwide climate change impacts through a double results/actions approach. - Emissions of 30,801 GgCO2 e in 2000 (the Second National Communication reference year) represent 2.8 tons per inhabitant and 0.07% of the worldwide emissions of CO2 . Despite its important need to develop its economy and combat poverty, Niger’s ambition is to limit its emissions to 2,1 e/inhabitant in the 2030 horizon (within the framework of the conditional objective). - Since 2015, Niger has been implementing its INDC, through the Strategic Framework for Sustainable Land Management and the Kandadji hydroelectric plant, among other things.', '- Since 2015, Niger has been implementing its INDC, through the Strategic Framework for Sustainable Land Management and the Kandadji hydroelectric plant, among other things. - Niger supports the mechanisms of the international CO2 market, such as the Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM), but revised to facilitate the access of National Development Programmes (NDP) to this financing. For this purpose, it hopes to see a high price for CO2 (US $50 /t) that will permit it to reach the global objective of 2°C.2 NATIONAL CONDITIONS Niger is a Sahelian country, three-fourths of the area of which (1,267,000 km2) is situated in the desert zone, which makes it highly exposed to climate risks, with rainfall that is highly variable during the year, in terms of both space and time.', 'For this purpose, it hopes to see a high price for CO2 (US $50 /t) that will permit it to reach the global objective of 2°C.2 NATIONAL CONDITIONS Niger is a Sahelian country, three-fourths of the area of which (1,267,000 km2) is situated in the desert zone, which makes it highly exposed to climate risks, with rainfall that is highly variable during the year, in terms of both space and time. Its population of 17.7 million has a high rate of demographic growth (3.9% per year) (RGPH, 2011). A completely landlocked country, its GDP was US $6.3 billion in 2015, or US $413 per inhabitant, with a human development index of 0.374, placing it in the lowest rank of countries (UNDP).', 'A completely landlocked country, its GDP was US $6.3 billion in 2015, or US $413 per inhabitant, with a human development index of 0.374, placing it in the lowest rank of countries (UNDP). The production of the primary sector, dominated by the agro- pastoral sector with 37% of the GNP and 80% of employment (INS), varies greatly from year to year. The objectives of Niger’s INDC are to assure food security, combat poverty and contribute to the reduction of world greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions so that they will not increase in excess of 2°C in the 2050 horizon thanks to green growth and a low-carbon development strategy, the purpose of which is to assure resilience of the population and ecosystems.', 'The objectives of Niger’s INDC are to assure food security, combat poverty and contribute to the reduction of world greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions so that they will not increase in excess of 2°C in the 2050 horizon thanks to green growth and a low-carbon development strategy, the purpose of which is to assure resilience of the population and ecosystems. It should be recalled that in June 1992 Niger signed the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and ratified it on 25 July 1995. It also signed the Kyoto Protocol in December 1996 and ratified it on 17 March 2004.', 'It also signed the Kyoto Protocol in December 1996 and ratified it on 17 March 2004. In the context of implementing this agreement, Niger prepared and presented to various Conferences of the Parties (COP’s) the Initial National Communication and the Second National Communication on climate change. The Third National Communication is now being prepared. In these communications, GHG inventories were performed in five sectors: land use and land use change and forestry; agriculture/animal husbandry; energy; industrial process and use of solvents; and waste management. For more than three decades Niger has made important investments related to reducing vulnerability to climate change, particularly with projects implementing the Maradi commitment (1984) to combat desertification.', 'For more than three decades Niger has made important investments related to reducing vulnerability to climate change, particularly with projects implementing the Maradi commitment (1984) to combat desertification. Although the results of these inventories showed that Niger is first of all a carbon sink because of GHG sequestration, the first three sectors, which are the greatest emission sources in the country, have been the subject of specific mitigation studies. Like other non-Annex I countries of the list of the UNFCCC, Niger has no obligation to present GHG emissions mitigation measures.', 'Like other non-Annex I countries of the list of the UNFCCC, Niger has no obligation to present GHG emissions mitigation measures. At the same time, the fact remains that, since it is a Party to the Convention and in conformity with the commitments made by the states Party to the UNFCCC at the time of COP20 in Lima, Peru, Niger is committed to contributing to the world effort to reduce GHG emissions so that the increase in the global temperature will not exceed 2°C in the 2050 horizon. With this in view, Niger participates in the global effort to stabilise GHG emissions by presenting its ambitions and its capacity to mitigate these emissions.', 'With this in view, Niger participates in the global effort to stabilise GHG emissions by presenting its ambitions and its capacity to mitigate these emissions. This capacity depends largely on the application of sectoral priorities and the national strategic frameworks for sustainable development. Thus, Niger’s priority is to focus first of all on strategies for adaptation and resilience to climate change.For Niger’s INDC, the adaptation options considered as top priority are those that will permit the higher co-benefits with respect to climate change mitigation, particularly those good adaptation practices and techniques which, at the level of the country’s eight regions, will permit carbon sequestration and reduction of GHG emissions at the same time.', 'Thus, Niger’s priority is to focus first of all on strategies for adaptation and resilience to climate change.For Niger’s INDC, the adaptation options considered as top priority are those that will permit the higher co-benefits with respect to climate change mitigation, particularly those good adaptation practices and techniques which, at the level of the country’s eight regions, will permit carbon sequestration and reduction of GHG emissions at the same time. These adaptation options have already been well defined in the existing strategic frameworks, such as the Economic and Social Development Plan (PDES 2012-2015 and 2016-2020), which flows from the Sustainable Development and Inclusive Growth Strategy - Niger 2035 (SDDCI), the 3N Initiative (Nigerans Feed Nigerans), the National Policy on Climate Change (PNCC), the Strategic Framework for Sustainable Land Management (SF-SLM), and the National Strategy and Plan of Action for Climate Change and Variability (SNPA-CVC).', 'These adaptation options have already been well defined in the existing strategic frameworks, such as the Economic and Social Development Plan (PDES 2012-2015 and 2016-2020), which flows from the Sustainable Development and Inclusive Growth Strategy - Niger 2035 (SDDCI), the 3N Initiative (Nigerans Feed Nigerans), the National Policy on Climate Change (PNCC), the Strategic Framework for Sustainable Land Management (SF-SLM), and the National Strategy and Plan of Action for Climate Change and Variability (SNPA-CVC). The preparation of the INDC has included the following steps: designation of an INDC focal point; establishment of the Technical Steering Committee (TSC) made up of the stakeholders; the scoping mission and kick-off workshop; the collection of data and documentary research; the workshop on capacity development and validation of options and analytical results; the national validation workshop on the draft INDC; the adoption of the INDC by the government of Niger; and the submission of the INDC to COP21 in Paris on December 15.', 'The preparation of the INDC has included the following steps: designation of an INDC focal point; establishment of the Technical Steering Committee (TSC) made up of the stakeholders; the scoping mission and kick-off workshop; the collection of data and documentary research; the workshop on capacity development and validation of options and analytical results; the national validation workshop on the draft INDC; the adoption of the INDC by the government of Niger; and the submission of the INDC to COP21 in Paris on December 15. 3 PRIORITY SECTORS The National Communications indicate that the AFOLU and energy sectors represent on average 89% and 9% of Niger’s total GHG emissions.', '3 PRIORITY SECTORS The National Communications indicate that the AFOLU and energy sectors represent on average 89% and 9% of Niger’s total GHG emissions. Given the potential offered by the country’s resources, the national concerns are focussed on issues related to adaptation, particularly in the AFOLU (agriculture/animal husbandry and land use) sector, and on issues related to mitigation, principally in the AFOLU sector and the energy sector (transportation and residential and industrial energy). The strategy is based on the vision of climatically intelligent agriculture and on access to modern energy services for everyone in 2030. The search for solid co-benefits that combine mitigation and adaptation is the basis for Niger’s INDC.', 'The search for solid co-benefits that combine mitigation and adaptation is the basis for Niger’s INDC. However, while the AFOLU and energy sectors are the priority action areas of the INDC on climate change in Niger, the implementation of the INDC actual represents cross-sectoral support for all sectors of the economy. 4 MITIGATION COMPONENT 4.1 General objectives Niger’s strategy is based on the vision of climate-smart agriculture and on access to modern energy services for everyone in 2030.', '4 MITIGATION COMPONENT 4.1 General objectives Niger’s strategy is based on the vision of climate-smart agriculture and on access to modern energy services for everyone in 2030. Concerning the latter point, Niger has adopted the Regional White Book of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), which recognizes that access to modern energy services makes a major contribution to improved access to basic social services (health, education, potable water); to increased productivity of households in cooking, lighting and transportation; to giving impetus to the creation of income-producing economic activities; to freeing women from chores such as gathering wood and water and shelling peas and beans; to preserving the environment and improving the quality of life of rural populations; and to promoting local jobs and stabilising populations in order to contain the rural exodus and check uncontrolled urbanisation.4.2 Reference scenario 4.2.1 AFOLU sector The AFOLU sector is characterised by the significant growth of cultivated areas at the expense of forests (the shrub-steppe habitat and grazing lands).', 'Concerning the latter point, Niger has adopted the Regional White Book of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), which recognizes that access to modern energy services makes a major contribution to improved access to basic social services (health, education, potable water); to increased productivity of households in cooking, lighting and transportation; to giving impetus to the creation of income-producing economic activities; to freeing women from chores such as gathering wood and water and shelling peas and beans; to preserving the environment and improving the quality of life of rural populations; and to promoting local jobs and stabilising populations in order to contain the rural exodus and check uncontrolled urbanisation.4.2 Reference scenario 4.2.1 AFOLU sector The AFOLU sector is characterised by the significant growth of cultivated areas at the expense of forests (the shrub-steppe habitat and grazing lands). This leads to the need to decouple the trends in these types of land occupation by upscaling the good practices of sustainable land management (SLM).', 'This leads to the need to decouple the trends in these types of land occupation by upscaling the good practices of sustainable land management (SLM). The AFOLU sector consists of the following sub- sectors. • Land use, land-use change and forestry sub-sector (LULUCF): The loss of 100,000 ha per year to deforestation is due to the clearing of land for agriculture and the exploitation of timber, used principally as household firewood. The shrub-steppe habitat (grazing areas) is giving way to agriculture, with around 4 million ha of grazing land disappearing between 1975 and 2013. This makes it necessary to have an approach based on climate-smart agriculture (CSA). The figure below shows the changes in km² of agricultural land and shrub-steppes in Niger from 1975 to 2013 (CILSS/USGS, 2015).', 'The figure below shows the changes in km² of agricultural land and shrub-steppes in Niger from 1975 to 2013 (CILSS/USGS, 2015). • Agriculture-livestock sub-sector: The agriculture sub-sector consists of agricultural and grazing activities and its GHG emissions come from enteric fermentation (60%), manure management (39%), on-site burning of residues, agricultural soils and rice growing (1%). The potential agricultural land represents 13% of the country, of which 40% is cultivated. Low fertilisation, reduced summer fallow and expansion of cultivated land leads to soil degradation through the growth of water and wind erosion and makes it impossible to assure that the biomass of the soil will be maintained.', 'Low fertilisation, reduced summer fallow and expansion of cultivated land leads to soil degradation through the growth of water and wind erosion and makes it impossible to assure that the biomass of the soil will be maintained. Only 30% of the irrigable potential of 330,000 ha (I3N 2012-15), located essentially in the Niger river valley and some adjacent valleys, is utilised. Given the country’s need for rice, which in the long term will increase because of population growth, it is necessary to implement a policy of increasing the rice-growing area.The potential for animal husbandry is significant (37 million head in 2008, SDE, 2013-35) thanks to vast grazing areas that can be exploited through transhumance and the development of large above-ground water resources.', 'Given the country’s need for rice, which in the long term will increase because of population growth, it is necessary to implement a policy of increasing the rice-growing area.The potential for animal husbandry is significant (37 million head in 2008, SDE, 2013-35) thanks to vast grazing areas that can be exploited through transhumance and the development of large above-ground water resources. The population’s attachment to the practice of grazing is encouraged by the presence of a market of almost 160 million consumers in Nigeria, which shares a 1,500 kilometre border with Niger. 4.2.2 Energy sector The National GHG Inventory Report of 2000 divides the GHG emissions of the energy sector among transportation (41%), residential (37%), power production units (15%) and manufacturing industries (5%).', '4.2.2 Energy sector The National GHG Inventory Report of 2000 divides the GHG emissions of the energy sector among transportation (41%), residential (37%), power production units (15%) and manufacturing industries (5%). The other sub-sectors (business and institutional, agriculture-fishing-fish farming, mines) total less than 3%. National energy consumption is going to triple between now and 2030, principally because of strong growth in the residential, transportation, industrial and mining sub-sectors. 4.2.3 Overall GHG emissions trends under BAU Taking 2000 as the base year (SNC) and an INDC implementation period extending from 2015 to 2030 (SF-SLM), the figure below shows the GHG emissions trend for Niger between 1990 and 2030. The base year emissions are 30,801 GgCO2 e, distributed between LULUCF: 55.6%; Agriculture: 34.6%; Energy: 8.5%; Waste: 1.2%; and Industrial processes: 0.06%.', 'The base year emissions are 30,801 GgCO2 e, distributed between LULUCF: 55.6%; Agriculture: 34.6%; Energy: 8.5%; Waste: 1.2%; and Industrial processes: 0.06%. The 2000 and 2030 BaU are based on the emissions levels in the three National e; Second National e; Third National Communication, 2008: 35,900 e.4.3 Conditional and unconditional mitigation measures 4.3.1 AFOLU sector The upscaling of good SLM practices are, at the same time, measures of adaptation to climate change and measures to mitigate GHG emissions. Their implementation is the object of ongoing and planned projects and is accompanied by research into the improvement of agro-silvo pastoral productivity.', 'Their implementation is the object of ongoing and planned projects and is accompanied by research into the improvement of agro-silvo pastoral productivity. These have been selected for the INDC: restoration of agricultural, forest and grazing land: 1,030,000 ha; assisted natural regeneration: 1,100,000 ha; dune fixation: 550,000 ha; management of natural forests: 2,220,000 ha; hedgerows: 145,000 km; planting of multi-use species: 750,000 ha; planting of Moringa oleifera: 125,000 ha; seeding of roadways: 304,500 ha; and private forestry: 75,000 ha. A total cost model for upscaling good SLM practices comes to US $1.27 billion. The strategic framework for sustainable land management (SF-SLM 2015- 2029) indicates mobilisation of financing at the level of 10% of the costs of upscaling, i.e.', 'The strategic framework for sustainable land management (SF-SLM 2015- 2029) indicates mobilisation of financing at the level of 10% of the costs of upscaling, i.e. US $107.6 in 2009, through the unconditional budget of the government and the financial partner. The conditional SLM comes to US $968.06 million. 4.3.2 Energy sector The unconditional mitigation options in the energy sector concern the management of the residential sub-sector through rural electrification and the conservation and replacement of wood energy; the management of the transportation and residential sub-sectors; rural electrification; economising of wood energy and reduction of specific consumption in transportation; management of the sector concerned with the demand for and transformation and dissemination of renewable energies; improving the energy efficiency of the sectors; and promoting solar photovoltaic for pumping and electrification.', '4.3.2 Energy sector The unconditional mitigation options in the energy sector concern the management of the residential sub-sector through rural electrification and the conservation and replacement of wood energy; the management of the transportation and residential sub-sectors; rural electrification; economising of wood energy and reduction of specific consumption in transportation; management of the sector concerned with the demand for and transformation and dissemination of renewable energies; improving the energy efficiency of the sectors; and promoting solar photovoltaic for pumping and electrification. The conditional technologies for the energy sector in the medium and long terms relate to: exploitation of photovoltaic and thermal solar energy; exploitation of wind energy; construction of a nuclear power plant and a gas power plant; hydroelectricity; economising the use of wood for cooking; energy efficiency; use of biogas; and construction of frame-free buildings.', 'The conditional technologies for the energy sector in the medium and long terms relate to: exploitation of photovoltaic and thermal solar energy; exploitation of wind energy; construction of a nuclear power plant and a gas power plant; hydroelectricity; economising the use of wood for cooking; energy efficiency; use of biogas; and construction of frame-free buildings. The impact of the electricity scenarios on the reduction of GHG has been evaluated in an IAEA report.1 CO2 emissions per inhabitant will increase more significantly in the Electricity for All scenarios and the no action scenario (without reduction of GHG). This is explained by the greater utilisation of coal in electricity production under these two scenarios.', 'This is explained by the greater utilisation of coal in electricity production under these two scenarios. The National Action Plan for Sustainable Energy for All (SE4ALL) is calculated to cost US $6 billion in the 2030 horizon. The unconditional financing that has been mobilised and the conditional financing total US $5.28 billion. The mitigation potential of the energy sector is 700 GgCO2 e, i.e. 0.7% of the total national emissions. A reduction in this emission is noted in the Electricity for All scenario beginning in 2025, which is explained by the growth of production from gas and by the entry of nuclear power production into the system, as shown in the figure below (CO2 emissions per inhabitant under three scenarios).', 'A reduction in this emission is noted in the Electricity for All scenario beginning in 2025, which is explained by the growth of production from gas and by the entry of nuclear power production into the system, as shown in the figure below (CO2 emissions per inhabitant under three scenarios). 1 Evaluation study of electricity supply and demand in Niger from 2010 2035, 2014.Source: PANEDT/IAEA, 2014 4.3.3 Mitigation of the two sectors put together Niger’s contribution is based on a results-action mix. The emissions reduction of the two priority sectors, AFOLU, and energy is estimated at 33,400 GgCO2 e, 34,7% compared to BaU in 2030.', 'The emissions reduction of the two priority sectors, AFOLU, and energy is estimated at 33,400 GgCO2 e, 34,7% compared to BaU in 2030. According to figure 3 below: • For 2030, the INDC with unconditional financing permits a GHG emissions reduction of 3.5% compared to BAU, while the INDC with conditional financing permits an emissions reduction of 34.6 % compared to BaU. • For 2020, the INDC under unconditional financing permits a 2.5% reduction of GHG emissions compared to BaU (2030), while the INDC with conditional financing permits an emissions reduction of 25% compared to BaU.', '• For 2020, the INDC under unconditional financing permits a 2.5% reduction of GHG emissions compared to BaU (2030), while the INDC with conditional financing permits an emissions reduction of 25% compared to BaU. The overall cost of the conditional INDC is US $6.25 billion, or 87%, and the overall cost of the unconditional INDC is US $827 million, or 13%, as shown in the table below (summary of GHG emissions reductions and costs for 2020-2030).GHG reduction in comparison to BaU 2020 GHG reduction in comparison to BaU 2030 Costs compared to BaU 2030 in billions of USD 4.4 Ambition and fairness Niger’s GHG emissions of 30,801 GgCO2 e represent 2.8 t per inhabitant and only 0.061% of world CO2 emissions.', 'The overall cost of the conditional INDC is US $6.25 billion, or 87%, and the overall cost of the unconditional INDC is US $827 million, or 13%, as shown in the table below (summary of GHG emissions reductions and costs for 2020-2030).GHG reduction in comparison to BaU 2020 GHG reduction in comparison to BaU 2030 Costs compared to BaU 2030 in billions of USD 4.4 Ambition and fairness Niger’s GHG emissions of 30,801 GgCO2 e represent 2.8 t per inhabitant and only 0.061% of world CO2 emissions. Since it is non- Annex I Party to the UNFCCC, Niger does not have a quantitative obligation in terms of mitigation.', 'Since it is non- Annex I Party to the UNFCCC, Niger does not have a quantitative obligation in terms of mitigation. However, despite its great need to develop its economy and the need to lift a large part of its population out of poverty, Niger’s ambition is to limit its emissions to 2.1 t CO2 e per inhabitant in the 2030 horizon, within the framework of a conditional objective. To do this, Niger hopes to see a carbon price commensurate with international concerns (US $50/t), which would facilitate the double results/actions approach and optimise its contribution on a worldwide scale.', 'To do this, Niger hopes to see a carbon price commensurate with international concerns (US $50/t), which would facilitate the double results/actions approach and optimise its contribution on a worldwide scale. 4.5 Method used to estimate emissions The reported GHG emissions contained in the three National Communications have been used to establish the greenhouse gas trends in Niger from 1990 to 2030. In the AFOLU sector, the EX ACT programme has been used to simulate the carbon stored in the projects between the two dates.', 'In the AFOLU sector, the EX ACT programme has been used to simulate the carbon stored in the projects between the two dates. In the energy sector, the LEAP model has been used, as shown in the figure below (projection of total energy demand in the 2029 horizon).For the study on “the evaluation of Niger’s energy demand and supply for the period 2010-2035” (Ministry of Energy and Petroleum/Bureau of Energy, December 2013), the IAEA models MAED and MESSAGE were used. 5 ADAPTATION COMPONENT 5.1 Justification of the component Niger is not a country that represents a source of GHG emissions, but rather a net absorption sink.', '5 ADAPTATION COMPONENT 5.1 Justification of the component Niger is not a country that represents a source of GHG emissions, but rather a net absorption sink. Moreover, since Niger is situated along the edge of the dry areas of the Sahara, it is directly impacted by the consequences of climate change. Taking into consideration the potential offered by the country’s resources, the national concerns are centred first of all on issues related to adaptation (with its mitigation co-benefits) in the priority AFOLU sector, and then in the priority energy sector (transportation and residential and industrial energy). The other areas important to the country are those related to transfer of technology and capacity building.', 'The other areas important to the country are those related to transfer of technology and capacity building. 5.2 Impacts of climate change and Niger’s vulnerability Various studies carried out in connection with the National Communications on climate change in Niger mention the increasing variability of precipitation in terms of both space and time; a trend of increased temperatures, particularly since 1996; increased frequency and intensity of extreme climate risks (droughts, floods, violent winds and sand and dust storms, the enemies of crops); the silting of water courses (Niger River valley and Lake Chad) and oases; drought losses in Niger estimated at more than US $70 million (World Bank, Climate Risk Assessment, Niger, 2012); the damage, including costs, caused to key sectors of the economy by the floods in the 2000’s, estimated at US $18 million (DPCS, OCHA 2009).', '5.2 Impacts of climate change and Niger’s vulnerability Various studies carried out in connection with the National Communications on climate change in Niger mention the increasing variability of precipitation in terms of both space and time; a trend of increased temperatures, particularly since 1996; increased frequency and intensity of extreme climate risks (droughts, floods, violent winds and sand and dust storms, the enemies of crops); the silting of water courses (Niger River valley and Lake Chad) and oases; drought losses in Niger estimated at more than US $70 million (World Bank, Climate Risk Assessment, Niger, 2012); the damage, including costs, caused to key sectors of the economy by the floods in the 2000’s, estimated at US $18 million (DPCS, OCHA 2009). 5.3 National Priorities for Adaptation to Climate Change The national priorities for the AFOLU sector relate to improving the resilience of the agriculture, animal husbandry and forestry sub-sectors.', '5.3 National Priorities for Adaptation to Climate Change The national priorities for the AFOLU sector relate to improving the resilience of the agriculture, animal husbandry and forestry sub-sectors. The other priorities concern water resources, fishing, fauna, health and capacity building of the actors at all levels. Adapting to climate change is a challenge for the country. In order to achieve it, the adaptation techniques appropriate for Niger relate in particular to sustainable land management (SF- SLM 2014), renewable energy and energy efficiency. Because of its relevance and its conclusions, the SF-SLM is the chosen reference document for the INDC.', 'Because of its relevance and its conclusions, the SF-SLM is the chosen reference document for the INDC. 5.4 Niger’s initiatives supporting adaptation Of the projects focussed on adaptation to climate change in Niger, the following are already under way: • Projects financed by the French Development Agency (AFD), including extension of the NIGELEC electrical network (US $46.33 million); the socioeconomic development of Kandadji (US $15.8 million); support for the food security of households (US $1.36 million); development and management of the Badaguichiri watershed (US $12.4 million); and management of the natural forests for the sustainable supply of wood energy to Sahelian cities (Bamako, Ouagadougou and Niamey) (US $1.7 million).', '5.4 Niger’s initiatives supporting adaptation Of the projects focussed on adaptation to climate change in Niger, the following are already under way: • Projects financed by the French Development Agency (AFD), including extension of the NIGELEC electrical network (US $46.33 million); the socioeconomic development of Kandadji (US $15.8 million); support for the food security of households (US $1.36 million); development and management of the Badaguichiri watershed (US $12.4 million); and management of the natural forests for the sustainable supply of wood energy to Sahelian cities (Bamako, Ouagadougou and Niamey) (US $1.7 million). • The PANA Resilience/FEM/ACDI project (US $7.0 million), which has been going on since 2010 at the commune level in seven regions and allows the good practices to be put to use in the use of improve varieties, market gardening, use of meteorological data, seeding of degraded grazing areas and income-producing activities.', '• The PANA Resilience/FEM/ACDI project (US $7.0 million), which has been going on since 2010 at the commune level in seven regions and allows the good practices to be put to use in the use of improve varieties, market gardening, use of meteorological data, seeding of degraded grazing areas and income-producing activities. • The African Climate Change Adaptation Programme (P2AA) (US $610,000), which is setting up an index-based insurance prototype to prevent episodes of drought.• The PNUD/FED Community Based Adaptation project (CBA) costing US $4.26 million over four years beginning in 2015, which is operating in the departments of Dakoro and Bermo.', '• The African Climate Change Adaptation Programme (P2AA) (US $610,000), which is setting up an index-based insurance prototype to prevent episodes of drought.• The PNUD/FED Community Based Adaptation project (CBA) costing US $4.26 million over four years beginning in 2015, which is operating in the departments of Dakoro and Bermo. • The Climate-Smart Agriculture Support Project of HC-13N, financed by the World Bank in the amount of US $111 million beginning in 2016 and lasting five years in 20 departments. • The PRASE-FEM project, the objective of which is to facilitate access to power services, for a cost of US $5.47 million. • The Strategic Programme for Climate Resilience (PSRC), consisting of three projects (PAC-RC, PROMOVARE and PDIPC) and financed at the level of US $100 million.', '• The Strategic Programme for Climate Resilience (PSRC), consisting of three projects (PAC-RC, PROMOVARE and PDIPC) and financed at the level of US $100 million. • The Food Security Support Project in the Maradi region (PASADEM) for a cost of $ US 31.7 million, which is dealing with aspects of resilience in the rural environment. • And a number of other projects financed through bilateral and multilateral cooperation. 5.5 Adaptation measures The consultations with stakeholders have stressed the need for the INDC to seek complementarities with existing processes by preventing its contents from replacing, duplicating or weakening the national climate change response processes that are already under way, such as the National Adaptation Programme (NAP) and Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA), which are the reference national processes for adaptation and mitigation.', '5.5 Adaptation measures The consultations with stakeholders have stressed the need for the INDC to seek complementarities with existing processes by preventing its contents from replacing, duplicating or weakening the national climate change response processes that are already under way, such as the National Adaptation Programme (NAP) and Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA), which are the reference national processes for adaptation and mitigation. Thus, in order to be complementary with the existing processes, the INDC aims at specific measures and is committed to applying them. In the priority AFOLU priority sector, the implementation of the proposed INDC relates to the application of a set of techniques coming from the SF-SLM over the period 2015-2030.', 'In the priority AFOLU priority sector, the implementation of the proposed INDC relates to the application of a set of techniques coming from the SF-SLM over the period 2015-2030. The table in Annex 2 lists the techniques from the SF-SLM and the objectives in terms of areas covered that have to be achieved to implement them in the INDC. Thus, the cost of upscaling the SF-SLM is estimated at US $1.27 billion (conditional), knowing that US $0.337 billion (unconditional) has already been mobilised, for an overall adaptation cost of US $1.607 billion. Mitigation in the energy sector requires much larger investments in order to permit access to clean, sustainable and affordable energy.', 'Mitigation in the energy sector requires much larger investments in order to permit access to clean, sustainable and affordable energy. However, in the National Adaptation Plan and the INDC’s vision for 2050, Niger would have to include all or part of a wide range of infrastructures (highways, bridges, dikes, construction projects to mobilise and enhance water resources, projects and networks to clean up used water and solid waste).', 'However, in the National Adaptation Plan and the INDC’s vision for 2050, Niger would have to include all or part of a wide range of infrastructures (highways, bridges, dikes, construction projects to mobilise and enhance water resources, projects and networks to clean up used water and solid waste). The co-benefits in the AFOLU sector consist of the results of implementing and upscaling the Climate-Smart Agriculture activities: strengthening of the good practices of assisted natural regeneration and recovery of degraded land; improvement of the balance sheet of cereals and fodder, along with food and nutritional security; development of local agro- climate information; job creation and reduction of the rural exodus; and strengthening of social cohesion.', 'The co-benefits in the AFOLU sector consist of the results of implementing and upscaling the Climate-Smart Agriculture activities: strengthening of the good practices of assisted natural regeneration and recovery of degraded land; improvement of the balance sheet of cereals and fodder, along with food and nutritional security; development of local agro- climate information; job creation and reduction of the rural exodus; and strengthening of social cohesion. The projected annual benefits and costs of implementing and upscaling the techniques recommended in the SF-SLM and selected for the AFOLU sector in Niger’s INDC are presented in the table in Annex 3, and the cost of implementing the SF- SLM over the first ten years (2016-2030) is estimated at US $127,393,000.', 'The projected annual benefits and costs of implementing and upscaling the techniques recommended in the SF-SLM and selected for the AFOLU sector in Niger’s INDC are presented in the table in Annex 3, and the cost of implementing the SF- SLM over the first ten years (2016-2030) is estimated at US $127,393,000. The co- benefits in the energy sector relate to improvement in the people’s living conditions as a result of increased income through social welfare, access to potable water, education and health, as well as access to new information and communication technologies (NICT) and energy equipment, development of local entrepreneurship, alleviation of women’s domestic duties and reduction of the rural exodus through job creation.5.7 Accent on Climate-Smart Agriculture The techniques of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) are consistent with the objectives of the INDC (adaptation, mitigation and food security) by strengthening grassroots development.', 'The co- benefits in the energy sector relate to improvement in the people’s living conditions as a result of increased income through social welfare, access to potable water, education and health, as well as access to new information and communication technologies (NICT) and energy equipment, development of local entrepreneurship, alleviation of women’s domestic duties and reduction of the rural exodus through job creation.5.7 Accent on Climate-Smart Agriculture The techniques of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) are consistent with the objectives of the INDC (adaptation, mitigation and food security) by strengthening grassroots development. Climate-smart agriculture takes into account weather information, early warning, the management of risks and disasters and index-based agricultural weather insurance.', 'Climate-smart agriculture takes into account weather information, early warning, the management of risks and disasters and index-based agricultural weather insurance. The inclusion of climate change in local (PDC programme), regional and national planning (in the health and animal husbandry sectors) are tested and approved good practices in Niger and are therefore taken into consideration in the INDC.', 'The inclusion of climate change in local (PDC programme), regional and national planning (in the health and animal husbandry sectors) are tested and approved good practices in Niger and are therefore taken into consideration in the INDC. The advantages brought by the measures of climate-smart agriculture should satisfy from the outset all of the actors involved in the responses to climate change: on the one hand the people of Niger and their government, who thus set adaptation to climate change and food security as a priority and, on the other hand, the international community, which sees that the mitigation of climate change is effectively taken into account in the adaptation measures.', 'The advantages brought by the measures of climate-smart agriculture should satisfy from the outset all of the actors involved in the responses to climate change: on the one hand the people of Niger and their government, who thus set adaptation to climate change and food security as a priority and, on the other hand, the international community, which sees that the mitigation of climate change is effectively taken into account in the adaptation measures. In addition, these measures can be put in place immediately and thus make it possible to give priority to this action since the technical experimentation phase is being carried out in the various agroecological regions of the country (it remains only to upscale them) and because their impacts and their costs and benefits have been evaluated and their socioeconomic relevance and economic return have been demonstrated.', 'In addition, these measures can be put in place immediately and thus make it possible to give priority to this action since the technical experimentation phase is being carried out in the various agroecological regions of the country (it remains only to upscale them) and because their impacts and their costs and benefits have been evaluated and their socioeconomic relevance and economic return have been demonstrated. Emphasising these objectives and results, which are clearly defined in Niger’s INDC, should allow the technical and financial partners to support this integrated vision of adaptation and mitigation. This will make it possible to galvanise their technical and financial support for the implementation of these responses, which are both workable and well suited to linking good climate change options to national development.', 'This will make it possible to galvanise their technical and financial support for the implementation of these responses, which are both workable and well suited to linking good climate change options to national development. 6 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INDC 6.1 Institutional structure The process of implementing the INDC is an opportunity to build institutional and technical capacities, stimulate policy integration and promote inclusive development. The national institutions necessary to implement the INDC programmes exist. They are the Ministry of the Environment, Urban Hygiene and Sustainable Development (MESUDD), the agency currently responsible for the preparation of the INDC, in cooperation with the Executive Secretariat of the National Council of the Environment for Sustainable Development (CNEDD), the focal point for the UNFCCC.', 'They are the Ministry of the Environment, Urban Hygiene and Sustainable Development (MESUDD), the agency currently responsible for the preparation of the INDC, in cooperation with the Executive Secretariat of the National Council of the Environment for Sustainable Development (CNEDD), the focal point for the UNFCCC. However, alternatives can be envisaged: institutional anchoring of the INDC to MESUDD, with focal points in the concerned institutions; establishment of an operationally independent executive agency; a supreme authority for the INDC, etc. An institutional analysis will have to be considered to evaluate these options.6.2 Obstacles and gaps To obtain the necessary financing, one option would be to request international aid from the donors (the conditional option). Another option would be to attract financing from the private sector to implement the SF-SLM.', 'Another option would be to attract financing from the private sector to implement the SF-SLM. For this purpose, the communities have the possibility of selling mitigation services on the carbon market. The possible problems with this option are the difficulty of accessing this market and the low level of current prices for carbon credits. Whether the financing is acquired conditionally or unconditionally, follow- up actions will be essential to assure efficient use of the funding that is granted. Another major obstacle to implementing the INDC is the country’s high rate of population growth. At present, this rate is 3.9% per year, although the government is committed to reducing the rate to 2.5% in the 2035 horizon (Sustainable Development and Inclusive Growth Strategy (SDDCI) 2012-2035).', 'At present, this rate is 3.9% per year, although the government is committed to reducing the rate to 2.5% in the 2035 horizon (Sustainable Development and Inclusive Growth Strategy (SDDCI) 2012-2035). The illiteracy of the rural population represents a real impediment to the dissemination of the technologies of climate-smart agriculture and sustainable land management so that these techniques can be upscaled. Effective schooling and the spread of literacy among the rural population, accompanied by a rural extension system, are in any case necessary to allow understanding and implementation of the techniques recommended in the INDC.', 'Effective schooling and the spread of literacy among the rural population, accompanied by a rural extension system, are in any case necessary to allow understanding and implementation of the techniques recommended in the INDC. The low qualification level of human resources, the insufficiency of logistical means and the institutional conflicts related to supporting the upscaling of good practices require strengthening of rural leadership, particularly in the AFOLU sector. It is also necessary to secure agricultural and pastoral land tenure and to have competent field operators to improve the absorption capacity. The implementation of these measures requires improved coordination between institutions, synergy between policies and strategies, and appropriate allocation of expertise in the case of cross-sector projects.', 'The implementation of these measures requires improved coordination between institutions, synergy between policies and strategies, and appropriate allocation of expertise in the case of cross-sector projects. 7 THE COUNTRY’S NEEDS The sustainable development objectives to which the INDC contributes cannot be realised without the transfer of appropriate technologies and the financing and building of competencies, while taking into account the national economic and social development priorities defined for the various strategic frameworks. 7.1 Financial support Attaining the objectives of Niger’s INDC requires a total investment estimated at US $8.667 billion, US $7.5 billion of which (87% of the total) is dependent on access to new sources of financing (the Green Climate Fund and other climate financing mechanisms).', '7.1 Financial support Attaining the objectives of Niger’s INDC requires a total investment estimated at US $8.667 billion, US $7.5 billion of which (87% of the total) is dependent on access to new sources of financing (the Green Climate Fund and other climate financing mechanisms). The unconditional financing coming from the government’s own resources and public development aid is estimated at US $1.167 billion, or 13% of the total cost. 7.2 Technology transfer In order to implement the INDC, Niger will emphasise the need for the transfer of knowledge and technology in the priority sectors of AFOLU and energy.', '7.2 Technology transfer In order to implement the INDC, Niger will emphasise the need for the transfer of knowledge and technology in the priority sectors of AFOLU and energy. This needs relate essentially to the upscaling of the good practices of climate-smart agriculture, to renewable energy technologies, to energy efficiency and to other action areas such as integrated water resources management (IWRM), urban waste management, fauna, fishing, social and health protection etc.7.3 Capacity building Capacity building relates to the design of bankable projects and the understanding of the donors’ rules and procedures; the evaluation of adaptation projects in terms of economic and financial analysis; the establishment of the measurement, notification and verification system (MNV); knowledge and understanding of the INDC implementation process; strategic environmental and social assessments (SESA) and environmental and social impact statements (ESIA); land use planning; good practices for carbon management and sequestration; the carbonisation chain of charcoal for domestic use; the mapping of soils; the development of a national forestry plan; and the rational management of liquid and solid wastes etc.', 'This needs relate essentially to the upscaling of the good practices of climate-smart agriculture, to renewable energy technologies, to energy efficiency and to other action areas such as integrated water resources management (IWRM), urban waste management, fauna, fishing, social and health protection etc.7.3 Capacity building Capacity building relates to the design of bankable projects and the understanding of the donors’ rules and procedures; the evaluation of adaptation projects in terms of economic and financial analysis; the establishment of the measurement, notification and verification system (MNV); knowledge and understanding of the INDC implementation process; strategic environmental and social assessments (SESA) and environmental and social impact statements (ESIA); land use planning; good practices for carbon management and sequestration; the carbonisation chain of charcoal for domestic use; the mapping of soils; the development of a national forestry plan; and the rational management of liquid and solid wastes etc. These activities should concern, first of all, the stakeholders in the INDC implementation process in Niger: the actors concerned with implementation of the INDC; the economic actors, primarily rural smallholders, the Producer Organisations (PO: agriculture, animal husbandry etc.)', 'These activities should concern, first of all, the stakeholders in the INDC implementation process in Niger: the actors concerned with implementation of the INDC; the economic actors, primarily rural smallholders, the Producer Organisations (PO: agriculture, animal husbandry etc.) and any INDC investor that already has in place advanced planning for his project; and representatives of the civil society and NGO’s. If INDC investments represent around 83% of the total amount, the operating cost can be estimated at 17% (particularly follow-up and evaluation), 10% of which is to be allocated to technology transfer and capacity building.', 'If INDC investments represent around 83% of the total amount, the operating cost can be estimated at 17% (particularly follow-up and evaluation), 10% of which is to be allocated to technology transfer and capacity building. 7.4 Monitoring, evaluation and management The INDC’s institutional implementation structure includes the following: a “Country monitoring and evaluation system” which takes into account gender, measurement, notification and verification (MNV) procedures, and a register of INDC projects.', '7.4 Monitoring, evaluation and management The INDC’s institutional implementation structure includes the following: a “Country monitoring and evaluation system” which takes into account gender, measurement, notification and verification (MNV) procedures, and a register of INDC projects. The monitoring and evaluation system and INDC capitalisation will be implemented based on: monitoring and evaluation of the implementation process which will examine aspects of inter-sector coordination, of the decision-making process, etc., follow-up and evaluation of the effects and impacts of the INDC based on relevant criteria and indicators and the definition of corrective measures for climate, environmental, economic and social protection, monitoring of risk and of the evolution of vulnerability to climate change at the national level, and capitalisation of experiences and the lessons learned.8.1 Annexe 1 : Abbreviations and acronyms AFD Agence Française de Développement (French Development Agency) AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses ANR Assisted Natural Regeneration BaU Business as Usual (normal course of affairs without the INDC) CBA Community Based Adaptation CC Climate Change CDM Clean Development Mechanism CILSS Comité Inter-Etats de Lutte contre la Sécheresse au Sahel (Inter-State Committee to Combat Drought in the Sahel) CSA Climate-Smart Agriculture CNEDD Conseil National de l’Environnement pour un Développement Durable (National Environmental and Sustainable Development Council) CNI Initial National Contribution Carbon dioxide COP Conference of the Parties CTN-CVC Commission Technique Nat.', 'The monitoring and evaluation system and INDC capitalisation will be implemented based on: monitoring and evaluation of the implementation process which will examine aspects of inter-sector coordination, of the decision-making process, etc., follow-up and evaluation of the effects and impacts of the INDC based on relevant criteria and indicators and the definition of corrective measures for climate, environmental, economic and social protection, monitoring of risk and of the evolution of vulnerability to climate change at the national level, and capitalisation of experiences and the lessons learned.8.1 Annexe 1 : Abbreviations and acronyms AFD Agence Française de Développement (French Development Agency) AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses ANR Assisted Natural Regeneration BaU Business as Usual (normal course of affairs without the INDC) CBA Community Based Adaptation CC Climate Change CDM Clean Development Mechanism CILSS Comité Inter-Etats de Lutte contre la Sécheresse au Sahel (Inter-State Committee to Combat Drought in the Sahel) CSA Climate-Smart Agriculture CNEDD Conseil National de l’Environnement pour un Développement Durable (National Environmental and Sustainable Development Council) CNI Initial National Contribution Carbon dioxide COP Conference of the Parties CTN-CVC Commission Technique Nat. sur les Chang.', 'The monitoring and evaluation system and INDC capitalisation will be implemented based on: monitoring and evaluation of the implementation process which will examine aspects of inter-sector coordination, of the decision-making process, etc., follow-up and evaluation of the effects and impacts of the INDC based on relevant criteria and indicators and the definition of corrective measures for climate, environmental, economic and social protection, monitoring of risk and of the evolution of vulnerability to climate change at the national level, and capitalisation of experiences and the lessons learned.8.1 Annexe 1 : Abbreviations and acronyms AFD Agence Française de Développement (French Development Agency) AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses ANR Assisted Natural Regeneration BaU Business as Usual (normal course of affairs without the INDC) CBA Community Based Adaptation CC Climate Change CDM Clean Development Mechanism CILSS Comité Inter-Etats de Lutte contre la Sécheresse au Sahel (Inter-State Committee to Combat Drought in the Sahel) CSA Climate-Smart Agriculture CNEDD Conseil National de l’Environnement pour un Développement Durable (National Environmental and Sustainable Development Council) CNI Initial National Contribution Carbon dioxide COP Conference of the Parties CTN-CVC Commission Technique Nat. sur les Chang. et la Variabilité Clim.', 'sur les Chang. et la Variabilité Clim. (National Technical Commission on Climate Change and Variability) ECOWAS Economic Community of the West African States ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Ex-ACT Ex-Ante Carbon-Balance Tool (software) FED European Development Fund FEM Global Environment Facility GCF Green Climate Fund GDP Gross Domestic Product e Gigagrammes equivalent carbon dioxide GHG Greenhouse gas I3N Initiative « Les Nigériens Nourrissent les Nigériens » (Nigerans Feed Nigerans Initative) IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contribution INS Institut National des Statistiques (National Institute of Statistics) LDC Less Developed Countries LEAP Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning system (software) LULUCF Land Utilisation, Land Use Change and Forestry MAED Energy Demand Analysis Model MESSAGE Model for Energy Supply Strategy Alternatives and their General Environmental Impacts MESUDD Ministry of the Environment, Urban Hygiene and Sustainable Development MNV Measurement, Notification, Verification (MDP, REDD etc.)', '(National Technical Commission on Climate Change and Variability) ECOWAS Economic Community of the West African States ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Ex-ACT Ex-Ante Carbon-Balance Tool (software) FED European Development Fund FEM Global Environment Facility GCF Green Climate Fund GDP Gross Domestic Product e Gigagrammes equivalent carbon dioxide GHG Greenhouse gas I3N Initiative « Les Nigériens Nourrissent les Nigériens » (Nigerans Feed Nigerans Initative) IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contribution INS Institut National des Statistiques (National Institute of Statistics) LDC Less Developed Countries LEAP Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning system (software) LULUCF Land Utilisation, Land Use Change and Forestry MAED Energy Demand Analysis Model MESSAGE Model for Energy Supply Strategy Alternatives and their General Environmental Impacts MESUDD Ministry of the Environment, Urban Hygiene and Sustainable Development MNV Measurement, Notification, Verification (MDP, REDD etc.) NAMA Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions NAP National Adaptation Programme OCHA Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs P2AA African Climate Change Adaptation Programme PANA National Action Plan for Adaptation PASADEM Maradi Project to Support Food Security for DevelopmentPDC Plan de Développement Communal (Commune Development Plan) PDES Programme de Développement Economique et Social (Economic and Social Development Plan) PNCC Politique Nationale sur les Changements Climatiques (National Climate Change Policy) RGPH Recensement Général de la Population et de l’Habitat (General Census of Population and Housing) SCN Seconde Communication Nationale (Second National Communication) SDDCI Stratégie de Développement Durable et de Croissance Inclusive (Sustainable Development and Inclusive Growth Strategy) SDE Schéma de Développement de l’Elevage (Animal Husbandry Development Scheme) SESA Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment SLM Sustainable Land Mangement SF-SLM Strategic Framework for Sustainable Land Management SNPA/CVC Strat.', 'NAMA Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions NAP National Adaptation Programme OCHA Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs P2AA African Climate Change Adaptation Programme PANA National Action Plan for Adaptation PASADEM Maradi Project to Support Food Security for DevelopmentPDC Plan de Développement Communal (Commune Development Plan) PDES Programme de Développement Economique et Social (Economic and Social Development Plan) PNCC Politique Nationale sur les Changements Climatiques (National Climate Change Policy) RGPH Recensement Général de la Population et de l’Habitat (General Census of Population and Housing) SCN Seconde Communication Nationale (Second National Communication) SDDCI Stratégie de Développement Durable et de Croissance Inclusive (Sustainable Development and Inclusive Growth Strategy) SDE Schéma de Développement de l’Elevage (Animal Husbandry Development Scheme) SESA Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment SLM Sustainable Land Mangement SF-SLM Strategic Framework for Sustainable Land Management SNPA/CVC Strat. Nat.', 'NAMA Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions NAP National Adaptation Programme OCHA Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs P2AA African Climate Change Adaptation Programme PANA National Action Plan for Adaptation PASADEM Maradi Project to Support Food Security for DevelopmentPDC Plan de Développement Communal (Commune Development Plan) PDES Programme de Développement Economique et Social (Economic and Social Development Plan) PNCC Politique Nationale sur les Changements Climatiques (National Climate Change Policy) RGPH Recensement Général de la Population et de l’Habitat (General Census of Population and Housing) SCN Seconde Communication Nationale (Second National Communication) SDDCI Stratégie de Développement Durable et de Croissance Inclusive (Sustainable Development and Inclusive Growth Strategy) SDE Schéma de Développement de l’Elevage (Animal Husbandry Development Scheme) SESA Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment SLM Sustainable Land Mangement SF-SLM Strategic Framework for Sustainable Land Management SNPA/CVC Strat. Nat. et le Plan d’Action en mati\uf050re de Chang.', 'et le Plan d’Action en mati\uf050re de Chang. et Variabilité Clim. (National Strategy and Action Plan for Climate Change and Variability) TARAM Tool for Afforestation and Reforestation Approved Methodologies TCN Troisi\uf050me Communication Nationale (Third National Communication) TFP Technical and Financial Partner TMC Technical Monitoring Committee UNDP United National Development Programme (PNUD) UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 8.2 Annex 2 : Projected annual benefits and costs of adaptation measures Techniques Surface area (in thousands of ha) First quantified benefit Second quantified benefit Costs (in thousands of $) Restoration of agricultural land yields Increased Assisted natural regeneration yields Increased Dune fixation 550 Increased yields Increased Management of natural forests 2,220 Timber.', '(National Strategy and Action Plan for Climate Change and Variability) TARAM Tool for Afforestation and Reforestation Approved Methodologies TCN Troisi\uf050me Communication Nationale (Third National Communication) TFP Technical and Financial Partner TMC Technical Monitoring Committee UNDP United National Development Programme (PNUD) UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 8.2 Annex 2 : Projected annual benefits and costs of adaptation measures Techniques Surface area (in thousands of ha) First quantified benefit Second quantified benefit Costs (in thousands of $) Restoration of agricultural land yields Increased Assisted natural regeneration yields Increased Dune fixation 550 Increased yields Increased Management of natural forests 2,220 Timber. - Planting of km) : yields Increased timber Planting of gum trees and doum 750 Gum and leaves Increasedpalms Planting of Moringa oleifera 125 Leaves - Herbaceous seeding 304.5 Straw and fodder - Private forestry 750 Timber - 75,000 Source: Workshop on capacity building of actors, CPDN 2015.8.3 Annex 3 : Projected areas in sustainable land management (SLM) for the INDC The annual cost of implementing the Strategic Framework for Sustainable Land Management (SF-SLM) over the first ten years (2016-2030) is estimated at US $127,393,000, as indicated in the table below (proposed schedule and budget for Niger’s INDC adaptation measures, in areas and costs per year for the first ten years).', '- Planting of km) : yields Increased timber Planting of gum trees and doum 750 Gum and leaves Increasedpalms Planting of Moringa oleifera 125 Leaves - Herbaceous seeding 304.5 Straw and fodder - Private forestry 750 Timber - 75,000 Source: Workshop on capacity building of actors, CPDN 2015.8.3 Annex 3 : Projected areas in sustainable land management (SLM) for the INDC The annual cost of implementing the Strategic Framework for Sustainable Land Management (SF-SLM) over the first ten years (2016-2030) is estimated at US $127,393,000, as indicated in the table below (proposed schedule and budget for Niger’s INDC adaptation measures, in areas and costs per year for the first ten years). SF-SLM technologies Projected annual areas for the period 2016-30 (in ha/year) Annual budget for the period 2016-30 (in US$) 6. Planting of gum trees and douma palms Source: Workshop on capacity building of actors, INDC, 2015.']

en-US

NER

Niger

Updated NDC

2021-12-13 00:00:00

uploaded

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NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/CDN_Niger_R%C3%A9vis%C3%A9e_2021.pdf

Non-Annex I

Low-income

Africa

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../data/downloaded_documents/01fdfc4fd6e7ef0f74b47224076e6dc1fa04f74b2a74208bef64faed8386f8ee.pdf

['-i- REPUBLIQUE DU NIGER Fraternité - Travail - Progrès CONTRIBUTION DÉTERMINÉE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL-i- TABLE DES MATIERES SIGLES ET ACRONYMES ii LISTE DES TABLEAUX v LISTE DES FIGURES . vi RESUME . i INTRODUCTION 1 SYNTHESE DE LA CDN . 3 I. CONTEXTE 7 1. Evolution des émissions 7 2. Tendances climatiques et risques associés . 8 3. Tendances d’évolution des précipitations 9 4. Tendances d’évolution des températures . 10 5. Impacts et vulnérabilités 11 6. Equité et ambition 12 II. COMPOSANTE ATTENUATION 13 2.1. Scénario de référence . 13 2.1.1. Secteur AFAT . 13 2.1.2. Secteur de l’Energie 14 2.2. Mesures d’atténuation . 14 2.2.1. Secteur AFAT . 14 2.2.2. Secteur de l’Energie 15 III. COMPOSANTE ADAPTATION 17 1. Mesures d’adaptation prioritaires par secteur . 17 IV. MISE EN ŒUVRE DE LA CDN 21 1.', 'MISE EN ŒUVRE DE LA CDN 21 1. Cadre politique, institutionnel et organisationnel . 21 2. Financement Atténuation . 21 3. Financement Adaptation 22 4. Suivi, Rapportage et Vérification de la CDN . 23 VI. BESOINS EN OUTILS DE GOUVERNANCE CLIMAT DE LA CDN 25 1. Système national de MRV 26 2. Transfert de technologies 26 3. Mobilisation des ressources financières . 26 VII. AUTRES INFORMATIONS 27 VIII.', 'Mobilisation des ressources financières . 26 VII. AUTRES INFORMATIONS 27 VIII. CONCLUSIONS . 28 ANNEXE : Références bibliographiques . 29-ii- SIGLES ET ACRONYMES AFAT Agriculture, Foresterie et autres Affectation des Terres AIC Agriculture Intelligente face au Climat AIE Agence Internationale de l’Énergie BAU Business As Usual CAEP Climate Actions Enhancement Package CC Changement Climatique CEDEAO Communauté Economique des Etats de l’Afrique de l’Ouest CDN Contribution Déterminée au niveau National CCNUCC Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques CNEDD Conseil National de l’Environnement pour un Développement Durable CNI Communication Nationale Initiale Dioxyde de Carbone ou Gaz Carbonique COP Conférence des Parties CR AGHRYMET Centre régional de formation et d application en agrométéorologie et en hydrologie opérationnelle CS-GDT Cadre Stratégique de Gestion Durable des Terres DPNE Document de Politique Nationale de l’Electrification EBT Projet Évaluation des Besoins en Technologies Ex-ACT Ex-Ante Carbon-balance Tool (logiciel) FA Fonds d’Adaptation pour les PMA FEM Fonds pour l’Environnement Mondial FPMA Fonds du Programme d’adaptation pour les petits agriculteurs FSC Fonds Stratégiques pour le Climat FTP Fonds Fiduciaires pour les Technologies Propres FVC (GCF) Fonds Vert pour le Climat (Green Climate Fund) GACMO The Greenhouse Gas Abatement Cost Model GDT Gestion Durable des Terres-iii- GES Gaz à Effet de Serre GIEC Groupe d’Experts intergouvernemental sur l’évolution du climat Giga-grammes équivalent Gaz Carbonique HCi3N Haut-Commissariat-Initiative « Les Nigériens Nourrissent les Nigériens » IGES Inventaire des Gaz à Effet de Serre INS Institut National des Statistiques IRENA Agence Internationale de l’Energie Renouvelable I3N Initiative « Les Nigériens nourrissent les Nigériens » MDP Mécanisme de Développement Propre MESUDD Ministère de l Environnement, de la Salubrité Urbaine et du Développement Durable ME/LCD Ministère de l Environnement et de la Lutte contre la Désertification MNV Mesure, Notification, Vérification (MDP, REDD…) MRV Mesure, Rapportage, Vérification MW Megawatt MWc Megawatt crête NAMA Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (Mesures d’Atténuation Appropriées au niveau National) NDC-Partnership Nationally Determined Contributions (Partenariat pour la Contribution Déterminée au niveau National) ODD Objectifs de Développement Durable ONG/AD Organisation non gouvernementale/Association de Développement OSC Organisations de la Société Civile PANA Programme d’Action National d’Adaptation PANEE Plan d’Action National d’Efficacité Energétique PANER Plan d’Action National des Energies Renouvelables PDAE Plan Directeur d’Accès à l’Electricité PDES Plan de Développement Économique et Social PGES Plan de Gestion Environnemental et Social PIB Produit Intérieur Brut-iv- PIC-CDN Plan d’Investissement Climat pour la mise en œuvre de la CDN PIC-RS Plan d’investissement Climat pour la Région du Sahel PMA Pays les Moins Avancés PNA Plan National d’Adaptation PNED Programme National d’Energie Domestique PNEDD Plan National de l’Environnement pour un Développement Durable PNEDD-2016 Politique Nationale en matière d’Environnement et de Développement PNUD Programme des Nations Unies pour le Développement PP Plan de partenariat PPRC Programme Pilote pour la Résilience Climatique PRG Potentiel de Réchauffement Global PSRC Programme Stratégique pour la Résilience Climatique PTF Partenaires Techniques et Financiers QCN Quatrième Communication Nationale RCP Scénario ‘Representative Concentration Pathway’ RNA Régénération Naturelle Assistée SCN Seconde Communication Nationale SDDCI Stratégie de Développement Durable et de Croissance Inclusive SDDEL Stratégie de Développement Durable de l’Elevage SNAE Stratégie Nationale d’Accès à l’Electricité SNCCC Stratégie Nationale de Communication sur les Changements Climatiques SNPA/CVC Stratégie Nationale et le Plan d’Action en matière de Changements et Variabilité Climatiques SNT Stratégie National des Transports SPN2A Stratégie et Plan National d’Adaptation face aux changements climatiques dans le secteur Agricole (2020-2035) SSE Système de Suivi-Evaluation TCN Troisième Communication Nationale UTCATF Utilisation des Terres, Changements d’Affectation des Terres et Foresterie-v- LISTE DES TABLEAUX Tableau 1 : Répartition des émissions par secteur selon les Communications Nationales . 8 Tableau 2 : Répartition des émissions par secteur selon la Quatrième Communication Nationale Tableau 3 : Mesures et technologies d’atténuation inconditionnelles et conditionnelles dans le secteur de l’Energie 15 Tableau 4 : Impacts et mesures d’adaptation dans les sous-secteurs d’AFAT . 17 Tableau 5 : Coût de financement d’atténuation 22 Tableau 6 : Coût de financement d’adaptation 23-vi- LISTE DES FIGURES Figure 1 : Simulation de l’évolution des cumuls moyens de précipitations durant la saison des pluies (JJAS) pour le court et le moyen terme, comparés à la période de référence 1981- 2010.', 'CONCLUSIONS . 28 ANNEXE : Références bibliographiques . 29-ii- SIGLES ET ACRONYMES AFAT Agriculture, Foresterie et autres Affectation des Terres AIC Agriculture Intelligente face au Climat AIE Agence Internationale de l’Énergie BAU Business As Usual CAEP Climate Actions Enhancement Package CC Changement Climatique CEDEAO Communauté Economique des Etats de l’Afrique de l’Ouest CDN Contribution Déterminée au niveau National CCNUCC Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques CNEDD Conseil National de l’Environnement pour un Développement Durable CNI Communication Nationale Initiale Dioxyde de Carbone ou Gaz Carbonique COP Conférence des Parties CR AGHRYMET Centre régional de formation et d application en agrométéorologie et en hydrologie opérationnelle CS-GDT Cadre Stratégique de Gestion Durable des Terres DPNE Document de Politique Nationale de l’Electrification EBT Projet Évaluation des Besoins en Technologies Ex-ACT Ex-Ante Carbon-balance Tool (logiciel) FA Fonds d’Adaptation pour les PMA FEM Fonds pour l’Environnement Mondial FPMA Fonds du Programme d’adaptation pour les petits agriculteurs FSC Fonds Stratégiques pour le Climat FTP Fonds Fiduciaires pour les Technologies Propres FVC (GCF) Fonds Vert pour le Climat (Green Climate Fund) GACMO The Greenhouse Gas Abatement Cost Model GDT Gestion Durable des Terres-iii- GES Gaz à Effet de Serre GIEC Groupe d’Experts intergouvernemental sur l’évolution du climat Giga-grammes équivalent Gaz Carbonique HCi3N Haut-Commissariat-Initiative « Les Nigériens Nourrissent les Nigériens » IGES Inventaire des Gaz à Effet de Serre INS Institut National des Statistiques IRENA Agence Internationale de l’Energie Renouvelable I3N Initiative « Les Nigériens nourrissent les Nigériens » MDP Mécanisme de Développement Propre MESUDD Ministère de l Environnement, de la Salubrité Urbaine et du Développement Durable ME/LCD Ministère de l Environnement et de la Lutte contre la Désertification MNV Mesure, Notification, Vérification (MDP, REDD…) MRV Mesure, Rapportage, Vérification MW Megawatt MWc Megawatt crête NAMA Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (Mesures d’Atténuation Appropriées au niveau National) NDC-Partnership Nationally Determined Contributions (Partenariat pour la Contribution Déterminée au niveau National) ODD Objectifs de Développement Durable ONG/AD Organisation non gouvernementale/Association de Développement OSC Organisations de la Société Civile PANA Programme d’Action National d’Adaptation PANEE Plan d’Action National d’Efficacité Energétique PANER Plan d’Action National des Energies Renouvelables PDAE Plan Directeur d’Accès à l’Electricité PDES Plan de Développement Économique et Social PGES Plan de Gestion Environnemental et Social PIB Produit Intérieur Brut-iv- PIC-CDN Plan d’Investissement Climat pour la mise en œuvre de la CDN PIC-RS Plan d’investissement Climat pour la Région du Sahel PMA Pays les Moins Avancés PNA Plan National d’Adaptation PNED Programme National d’Energie Domestique PNEDD Plan National de l’Environnement pour un Développement Durable PNEDD-2016 Politique Nationale en matière d’Environnement et de Développement PNUD Programme des Nations Unies pour le Développement PP Plan de partenariat PPRC Programme Pilote pour la Résilience Climatique PRG Potentiel de Réchauffement Global PSRC Programme Stratégique pour la Résilience Climatique PTF Partenaires Techniques et Financiers QCN Quatrième Communication Nationale RCP Scénario ‘Representative Concentration Pathway’ RNA Régénération Naturelle Assistée SCN Seconde Communication Nationale SDDCI Stratégie de Développement Durable et de Croissance Inclusive SDDEL Stratégie de Développement Durable de l’Elevage SNAE Stratégie Nationale d’Accès à l’Electricité SNCCC Stratégie Nationale de Communication sur les Changements Climatiques SNPA/CVC Stratégie Nationale et le Plan d’Action en matière de Changements et Variabilité Climatiques SNT Stratégie National des Transports SPN2A Stratégie et Plan National d’Adaptation face aux changements climatiques dans le secteur Agricole (2020-2035) SSE Système de Suivi-Evaluation TCN Troisième Communication Nationale UTCATF Utilisation des Terres, Changements d’Affectation des Terres et Foresterie-v- LISTE DES TABLEAUX Tableau 1 : Répartition des émissions par secteur selon les Communications Nationales . 8 Tableau 2 : Répartition des émissions par secteur selon la Quatrième Communication Nationale Tableau 3 : Mesures et technologies d’atténuation inconditionnelles et conditionnelles dans le secteur de l’Energie 15 Tableau 4 : Impacts et mesures d’adaptation dans les sous-secteurs d’AFAT . 17 Tableau 5 : Coût de financement d’atténuation 22 Tableau 6 : Coût de financement d’adaptation 23-vi- LISTE DES FIGURES Figure 1 : Simulation de l’évolution des cumuls moyens de précipitations durant la saison des pluies (JJAS) pour le court et le moyen terme, comparés à la période de référence 1981- 2010. Ces résultats sont la médiane des simulations effectuées avec 29 modèles globaux de l’expérience d’intercomparaison de modèles globaux (CMIP5) pour les scénarios RCP 4.5 et RCP 8.5.', 'Ces résultats sont la médiane des simulations effectuées avec 29 modèles globaux de l’expérience d’intercomparaison de modèles globaux (CMIP5) pour les scénarios RCP 4.5 et RCP 8.5. Les valeurs représentées correspondent au pourcentage de variation par rapport aux cumul de précipitation de référence. 10 Figure 2 : Différences de températures moyennes de surface au Niger durant la saison des pluies (JJAS), simulées sur le court terme et le moyen terme par comparaison avec la période de référence 1981- 2010. Ces résultats sont la médiane des simulations effectuées avec 29 modèles globaux de l’expérience d’intercomparaison de modèles globaux (CMIP5) pour les scénarios RCP 4.5 et RCP 8.5.', 'Ces résultats sont la médiane des simulations effectuées avec 29 modèles globaux de l’expérience d’intercomparaison de modèles globaux (CMIP5) pour les scénarios RCP 4.5 et RCP 8.5. 11-i- LISTE DES GRAPHIQUES Graphique 1 : Tendance des émissions du secteur AFAT sur la période 2014-2030 13 Graphique 2 : Tendance des émissions du secteur de l’énergie sur la période 2014-2030 14 Graphique 3 : Réduction « inconditionnelle » et « conditionnelle » par rapport à BAU (2025- Graphique 4 : Flux du financement par phase de mise en œuvre de la CDN dans le secteur de l’Energie . 22 Graphique 5 : Flux du financement par phase de mise en œuvre de la CDN dans le secteur AFAT . 23-iv- RESUME La Contribution Déterminée au niveau National (CDN) du Niger s’inscrit dans le cadre de la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (CCNUCC) et de l’Accord de Paris sur le climat.', '11-i- LISTE DES GRAPHIQUES Graphique 1 : Tendance des émissions du secteur AFAT sur la période 2014-2030 13 Graphique 2 : Tendance des émissions du secteur de l’énergie sur la période 2014-2030 14 Graphique 3 : Réduction « inconditionnelle » et « conditionnelle » par rapport à BAU (2025- Graphique 4 : Flux du financement par phase de mise en œuvre de la CDN dans le secteur de l’Energie . 22 Graphique 5 : Flux du financement par phase de mise en œuvre de la CDN dans le secteur AFAT . 23-iv- RESUME La Contribution Déterminée au niveau National (CDN) du Niger s’inscrit dans le cadre de la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (CCNUCC) et de l’Accord de Paris sur le climat. Elle s’aligne aux politiques et stratégies nationales, notamment la SDDCI- Niger 2035, le PDES-2017-2021 ainsi que les programmes/projets de gestion durable des ressources naturelles et de l’accès aux services énergétiques modernes pour tous à l’horizon 2030.', 'Elle s’aligne aux politiques et stratégies nationales, notamment la SDDCI- Niger 2035, le PDES-2017-2021 ainsi que les programmes/projets de gestion durable des ressources naturelles et de l’accès aux services énergétiques modernes pour tous à l’horizon 2030. Le processus de révision de la CDN au Niger a démarré en 2020 et a prévu la soumission de la CDN révisée en 2021. Le Niger en tant que membre du NDC Partnership depuis 2018, bénéficie à ce titre d’un appui technique et financier pour la révision de sa CDN à travers l’Initiative CAEP et l’Initiative du PNUD « UNDP Climate Promise ». La révision du document et sa déclinaison en plans de mise en œuvre (de Partenariat et d’Investissement Climat) et le Système de Suivi Evaluation-SSE, etc.', 'La révision du document et sa déclinaison en plans de mise en œuvre (de Partenariat et d’Investissement Climat) et le Système de Suivi Evaluation-SSE, etc. sont coordonnées par le Ministère de l’Environnement et de la Lutte Contre la Désertification (ME/LCD) par l’entremise du Comité National chargé de la révision et du renforcement de la CDN créé par Arrêté n°0155/ME/SU/DD/SG du 31 Août 2020. Le SSE est composé de deux volets (Atténuation, Adaptation) dont le volet Adaptation est achevé et logé au sein du ME/LCD. Le volet Atténuation est en cours de finalisation.', 'Le volet Atténuation est en cours de finalisation. La révision de la CDN a permis de i) faire un état des lieux de la mise en œuvre des engagements de 2015, ii) rehausser les ambitions du Niger en matière d’adaptation et d’atténuation sur la base de nouvelles estimations des émissions pour les secteurs clés (AFAT et Energie) et sur de nouvelles projections climatiques. L’année de référence retenue pour l’évaluation des GES est l’année 2014, également l’année de référence pour l’élaboration de la QCN. Ainsi les émissions globales du pays sont de l’ordre de 28 777,299 GgCO2eq en 2014.', 'Ainsi les émissions globales du pays sont de l’ordre de 28 777,299 GgCO2eq en 2014. Les secteurs AFAT et Energie restent prioritaires pour le Niger avec des niveaux d’émissions de GES respectifs de 23 952,674 GgCO2eq soit 88,30% et de 3 833,789 GgCO2eq soit 9,30% des émissions totales pour la même année de référence de la QCN. Des partenaires (Banque Mondiale, PNUD, FAO, IRENA, Belgique, AFD, FENU et Save The Children) appuient le Niger dans ce processus du CAEP ainsi que l’OIM et le BIT. L’approche méthodologique choisie pour cette révision s’est voulue participative et inclusive avec tous les acteurs (Administration, institutions de recherche et de formation, OSC, secteur privé, PTF).', 'L’approche méthodologique choisie pour cette révision s’est voulue participative et inclusive avec tous les acteurs (Administration, institutions de recherche et de formation, OSC, secteur privé, PTF). Tous les produits des différentes études thématiques livrés dans le cadre de la révision ont été validés par le Comité National au fur et à mesure de leur élaboration.', 'Tous les produits des différentes études thématiques livrés dans le cadre de la révision ont été validés par le Comité National au fur et à mesure de leur élaboration. La révision de la CDN s’est déroulée en vue de corriger les insuffisantes relevées dans la CDN de 2015, comme le manque de cadre institutionnel qui garantit l’opérationnalisation et le suivi de la mise en œuvre des objectifs fixés, le système de Communication, de partage, d’appropriation au niveau national comme dans les régions, le faible niveau de mobilisation des ressources financières notamment la part inconditionnelle des engagements, le plan de renforcement de capacités des acteurs institutionnels et du renforcement du partenariat avec les PTF.', 'La révision de la CDN s’est déroulée en vue de corriger les insuffisantes relevées dans la CDN de 2015, comme le manque de cadre institutionnel qui garantit l’opérationnalisation et le suivi de la mise en œuvre des objectifs fixés, le système de Communication, de partage, d’appropriation au niveau national comme dans les régions, le faible niveau de mobilisation des ressources financières notamment la part inconditionnelle des engagements, le plan de renforcement de capacités des acteurs institutionnels et du renforcement du partenariat avec les PTF. L’enjeu du processus de révision est de prendre en charge ces insuffisances et de faire de la CDN la base de référence pour l’ensemble des interventions « Climat » du Niger et des acteurs non-v- étatiques, le cadre solide et dynamique de gouvernance qui permet la planification, le suivi et l’évaluation des objectifs et qui pose des bases de collaboration étroites entre les institutions gouvernementales d’une part, et d’autre part les autres acteurs (PTF, secteur privé, instituions de recherche, OSC).', 'L’enjeu du processus de révision est de prendre en charge ces insuffisances et de faire de la CDN la base de référence pour l’ensemble des interventions « Climat » du Niger et des acteurs non-v- étatiques, le cadre solide et dynamique de gouvernance qui permet la planification, le suivi et l’évaluation des objectifs et qui pose des bases de collaboration étroites entre les institutions gouvernementales d’une part, et d’autre part les autres acteurs (PTF, secteur privé, instituions de recherche, OSC). Au terme de cet exercice, la CDN révisée ambitionne des réductions ‘inconditionnelles’ et ‘conditionnelles’ selon le scénario de référence de base BAU pour : - le secteur AFAT : Réductions Inconditionnelles : 4,50% (BAU 2025) et 12,57% (BAU 2030) et Réductions Conditionnelles : 14,60% (BAU-2025) et 22,75% (BAU 2030) - le secteur Energie : Réduction Inconditionnelles : 11,20% (BAU-2025) et 10,60% (BAU- 2030) et Réductions Conditionnelles : 48% (BAU-2025) et 45% (BAU-2030).', 'Au terme de cet exercice, la CDN révisée ambitionne des réductions ‘inconditionnelles’ et ‘conditionnelles’ selon le scénario de référence de base BAU pour : - le secteur AFAT : Réductions Inconditionnelles : 4,50% (BAU 2025) et 12,57% (BAU 2030) et Réductions Conditionnelles : 14,60% (BAU-2025) et 22,75% (BAU 2030) - le secteur Energie : Réduction Inconditionnelles : 11,20% (BAU-2025) et 10,60% (BAU- 2030) et Réductions Conditionnelles : 48% (BAU-2025) et 45% (BAU-2030). La mise en œuvre de la Contribution du Niger est estimée, pour la période 2021-2030, à un coût total de 9,9081 Milliards USD dont pour : - l’adaptation : 6,743 Milliards USD dont 2,40 Milliards USD (36%) en ‘Inconditionnel’ et 4,343 Milliards USD (64%) en ‘Conditionnel’ ; - l’atténuation : 3,1647 Milliards dont 0,2127 Milliards USD (6,72%) en ‘Inconditionnel’ et 2,9524 Milliards USD (93,28%) en ‘Conditionnel’ Le coût total ‘Inconditionnel’ et ‘Conditionnel de la CDN s’élève respectivement à 2,6127 Milliards USD (26,4%) et à 7,2954 Milliards USD (73,60%).', 'La mise en œuvre de la Contribution du Niger est estimée, pour la période 2021-2030, à un coût total de 9,9081 Milliards USD dont pour : - l’adaptation : 6,743 Milliards USD dont 2,40 Milliards USD (36%) en ‘Inconditionnel’ et 4,343 Milliards USD (64%) en ‘Conditionnel’ ; - l’atténuation : 3,1647 Milliards dont 0,2127 Milliards USD (6,72%) en ‘Inconditionnel’ et 2,9524 Milliards USD (93,28%) en ‘Conditionnel’ Le coût total ‘Inconditionnel’ et ‘Conditionnel de la CDN s’élève respectivement à 2,6127 Milliards USD (26,4%) et à 7,2954 Milliards USD (73,60%). L’opérationnalisation de la nouvelle CDN requiert d’importants moyens financiers, technologiques et logistiques ainsi que des renforcements de capacités humaines à condition de mobiliser les appuis de la communauté internationale et de la Finance Climatique afin de permettre à l’atteinte des objectifs de développement économique et social, de la CDN et de l’Accord de Paris.INTRODUCTION La mise à jour de la CDN sur la période 2021-2030, présente la feuille de route du Niger contribuant à l’atteinte de l’objectif fixé par l’Accord de Paris sur le Climat notamment le maintien de la hausse de température en dessous de 2oC voire 1,5 oC à l’horizon 2050.', 'L’opérationnalisation de la nouvelle CDN requiert d’importants moyens financiers, technologiques et logistiques ainsi que des renforcements de capacités humaines à condition de mobiliser les appuis de la communauté internationale et de la Finance Climatique afin de permettre à l’atteinte des objectifs de développement économique et social, de la CDN et de l’Accord de Paris.INTRODUCTION La mise à jour de la CDN sur la période 2021-2030, présente la feuille de route du Niger contribuant à l’atteinte de l’objectif fixé par l’Accord de Paris sur le Climat notamment le maintien de la hausse de température en dessous de 2oC voire 1,5 oC à l’horizon 2050. Les quatre Communications Nationales produites par le Niger (CNI-1990, SCN-2000, TCN-2008, QCN-2014), et les documents de PANA et de NAMA font état des dispositions prises en matière des émissions de GES et d’adaptation au changement climatique.', 'Les quatre Communications Nationales produites par le Niger (CNI-1990, SCN-2000, TCN-2008, QCN-2014), et les documents de PANA et de NAMA font état des dispositions prises en matière des émissions de GES et d’adaptation au changement climatique. Dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre de l’Accord de Paris, le Niger se fixe comme objectif de contribuer à la réduction des émissions globales des Gaz à Effet de Serre (objectif 2°C voire 1,5oC à l’horizon 2050) tout en poursuivant son développement socioéconomique sobre en carbone et résilient aux effets néfastes de changements climatiques.', 'Dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre de l’Accord de Paris, le Niger se fixe comme objectif de contribuer à la réduction des émissions globales des Gaz à Effet de Serre (objectif 2°C voire 1,5oC à l’horizon 2050) tout en poursuivant son développement socioéconomique sobre en carbone et résilient aux effets néfastes de changements climatiques. Aussi, la CDN sera mise en œuvre pour contribuer aux objectifs nationaux de développement suivants : - Lutter contre la pauvreté ; - Assurer la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle des nigériens et des nigériennes ; - Promouvoir la gestion durable des ressources naturelles et l’utilisation massive des Energies Renouvelables ; - Renforcer la résilience des écosystèmes et des communautés.', 'Aussi, la CDN sera mise en œuvre pour contribuer aux objectifs nationaux de développement suivants : - Lutter contre la pauvreté ; - Assurer la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle des nigériens et des nigériennes ; - Promouvoir la gestion durable des ressources naturelles et l’utilisation massive des Energies Renouvelables ; - Renforcer la résilience des écosystèmes et des communautés. La CDN se veut un outil stratégique et d’engagement du Niger pour la mise en œuvre de l’Accord de Paris par des actions ciblées dans les secteurs prioritaires (AFAT, Energie). Cette priorité est confirmée par les inventaires nationaux de GES effectués à l’occasion des Communications Nationales. Aussi, toutes les études ont confirmé une forte exposition du Niger et de sa vulnérabilité au changement climatique.', 'Aussi, toutes les études ont confirmé une forte exposition du Niger et de sa vulnérabilité au changement climatique. Malgré cette situation, le Niger entend contribuer à l’effort mondial à travers sa CDN actualisée par des mesures accrues d’atténuation et d’adaptation à co- bénéfices forts en matière de séquestration de carbone et de réduction des émissions de GES. La présente CDN s’aligne aux politiques et stratégies nationales (SDDCI-2035, PDES, 2017- 2021, i3N, CS-GDT,2014-2029, SPN2A, SNPA-CVC, SNAE, SNT) en vue d’amorcer une transition vers une économie sobre en carbone et plus résiliente aux impacts du dérèglement climatique. Cela est possible grâce aux contributions financières adéquates des Partenaires Techniques et Financiers mobilisés à travers les mécanismes financiers dédiés au climat et en faveur des PMA et des pays en développement.', 'Cela est possible grâce aux contributions financières adéquates des Partenaires Techniques et Financiers mobilisés à travers les mécanismes financiers dédiés au climat et en faveur des PMA et des pays en développement. Depuis 2019, à l’instar des autres pays parties prenantes à la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques, le Niger révise et renforce sa CDN à travers l’initiative ‘’Climate Actions Enhancement Package’’(CAEP) du Partenariat des CDN. Cette révision est sous le leadership du ministère en charge de l’environnement. Ce dernier est assisté dans cette tâche par les points focaux des secteurs AFAT et Energie, les institutions de recherche et de formation et les Organisations de la société civile fédérés par le comité national de la révision et du renforcement de la CDN.', 'Ce dernier est assisté dans cette tâche par les points focaux des secteurs AFAT et Energie, les institutions de recherche et de formation et les Organisations de la société civile fédérés par le comité national de la révision et du renforcement de la CDN. La révision de la CDN ambitionne de capitaliser les acquis de la mise en œuvre de la première CDN et de combler les insuffisances grâce à l’appui multiforme des partenaires membres de NDC Partnership qui financent actuellement des études relatives à la gouvernance et à la mise enœuvre opérationnelle de la CDN.', 'La révision de la CDN ambitionne de capitaliser les acquis de la mise en œuvre de la première CDN et de combler les insuffisances grâce à l’appui multiforme des partenaires membres de NDC Partnership qui financent actuellement des études relatives à la gouvernance et à la mise enœuvre opérationnelle de la CDN. Les livrables découlant de ces études ont été validés par deux (2) instances à savoir le sous-comité technique et le Comité National chargé de la révision et du renforcement de la CDN. Les documents validés ont servi de base à la formulation de la CDN révisée qui sera soumise à la CCNUCC par le Gouvernement du Niger en prélude à la COP26 sur le Climat en novembre 2021 à Glasgow en Ecosse.', 'Les documents validés ont servi de base à la formulation de la CDN révisée qui sera soumise à la CCNUCC par le Gouvernement du Niger en prélude à la COP26 sur le Climat en novembre 2021 à Glasgow en Ecosse. La stratégie du Niger en la matière repose sur la prise en compte dans les politiques et stratégies de la dimension Climat et des priorités nationales de développement telles que la lutte contre la pauvreté, l’insécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle, l’intensification de la pénétration des énergies nouvelles et renouvelables, et l’efficacité énergétique.', 'La stratégie du Niger en la matière repose sur la prise en compte dans les politiques et stratégies de la dimension Climat et des priorités nationales de développement telles que la lutte contre la pauvreté, l’insécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle, l’intensification de la pénétration des énergies nouvelles et renouvelables, et l’efficacité énergétique. En outre, le Niger a pris l’option de prendre en compte dans ses politiques, stratégies et CDN, la dimension migration, le genre et l’inclusion sociale et les Initiatives Africaines en lien avec le Climat y compris celle relative à la Sécurité, Stabilité et Soutenabilité (3S).', 'En outre, le Niger a pris l’option de prendre en compte dans ses politiques, stratégies et CDN, la dimension migration, le genre et l’inclusion sociale et les Initiatives Africaines en lien avec le Climat y compris celle relative à la Sécurité, Stabilité et Soutenabilité (3S). Aussi, le secteur privé au Niger s’engage à consentir des investissements pour l’atteinte des objectifs de la CDN et de l’Accord de Paris à travers l’opérationnalisation effective de la Responsabilité Sociétale des Entreprises (RSE) et dans la Vision de la SDDCI-Niger, 2035.', 'Aussi, le secteur privé au Niger s’engage à consentir des investissements pour l’atteinte des objectifs de la CDN et de l’Accord de Paris à travers l’opérationnalisation effective de la Responsabilité Sociétale des Entreprises (RSE) et dans la Vision de la SDDCI-Niger, 2035. Pour ce faire, le secteur privé opte pour le renforcement de capacités de ses membres en matière de CC et de la finance climatique, la promotion et la vulgarisation des technologies innovantes au service de l action climatique et travailler pour la mobilisation et l’accès aux financements climatiques.', 'Pour ce faire, le secteur privé opte pour le renforcement de capacités de ses membres en matière de CC et de la finance climatique, la promotion et la vulgarisation des technologies innovantes au service de l action climatique et travailler pour la mobilisation et l’accès aux financements climatiques. Enfin, la CDN s’aligne sur l’option commune africaine de négociations sur le Climat et de financements des programmes transnationaux structurants de résilience des populations et des écosystèmes (Commission Climat pour la Région du Sahel -17 pays membres).SYNTHESE DE LA CDN Circonstances nationales Population : 23,3 Millions (80% rural, 20% urbain), (INS, 2019). Taux de croissance démographique : 3,9% (RGPH/2011). PIB faible, de 12,9 Milliards USD en 2018, soit 553,65 USD/hab, Croissance économique : +7,2%, (Banque Mondiale, 2018).', 'PIB faible, de 12,9 Milliards USD en 2018, soit 553,65 USD/hab, Croissance économique : +7,2%, (Banque Mondiale, 2018). Le secteur agricole apporte 80% des revenus à la population. Le secteur de l’agriculture est très dépendant des aléas climatiques au Niger. Le cheptel est estimé à 52 693 034 de têtes toutes espèces confondues soit 20 876 240 UBT, (DS/MAGEL2020). L’agriculture est le principal secteur d’activité (69% d’hommes et 31% de femmes) 36% des femmes possèdent au moins une parcelle de terres (contre 55% pour les hommes) (ONU-Femmes, 2017).', 'L’agriculture est le principal secteur d’activité (69% d’hommes et 31% de femmes) 36% des femmes possèdent au moins une parcelle de terres (contre 55% pour les hommes) (ONU-Femmes, 2017). Les CC vont entrainer une modification de l’aire des cultures pluviales, une baisse de 9 à 15% des rendements en grains du mil non photopériodique, une baisse de 18 à 23% des rendements en grains du sorgho, une augmentation de 21% à 25% des rendements en grains du mil photopériodique, une augmentation de 17% à 18% des rendements en grains du maïs (Lona et al., 2019 in SPN2A, 2020). Pertes et dommages : Pertes moyennes dues à la sécheresse : plus de 70 Millions USD (World Bank. Climate risk assessment, Niger, 2012).', 'Climate risk assessment, Niger, 2012). Dommages dus aux inondations sur la période 1990-2020 évalués à 3 115 290 personnes et 7 100 localités touchées avec plus de 225 000 maisons détruites et des pertes d environ 205 000 hectares de cultures et 46 540 UBT (SAP, 2021). Objectif global Le Niger se fixe comme objectif de contribuer à la réduction des émissions globales des Gaz à Effet de Serre (objectif 2°C voire 1,5 o C à l’horizon 2050) tout en poursuivant son développement socioéconomique sobre en carbone et résilient aux effets néfastes de changements climatiques.', 'Objectif global Le Niger se fixe comme objectif de contribuer à la réduction des émissions globales des Gaz à Effet de Serre (objectif 2°C voire 1,5 o C à l’horizon 2050) tout en poursuivant son développement socioéconomique sobre en carbone et résilient aux effets néfastes de changements climatiques. Objectifs nationaux : - Lutter contre la pauvreté ; - Assurer la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle des nigériens et des nigériennes ; - Promouvoir la gestion durable des ressources naturelles et l’utilisation massive des Energies Renouvelables ; - Renforcer la résilience des écosystèmes et des communautés.', 'Objectifs nationaux : - Lutter contre la pauvreté ; - Assurer la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle des nigériens et des nigériennes ; - Promouvoir la gestion durable des ressources naturelles et l’utilisation massive des Energies Renouvelables ; - Renforcer la résilience des écosystèmes et des communautés. Émissions pour l’année de référence : eq (QCN-2014) dont le Secteur AFAT avec 23 952,674 eq (9,30%), Déchets eq (2,29%) et Procédés Industriels et Utilisation des Produits (PIUP) avec 45,078 GgCO2 eq (0,11%).Couverture et étendue de de la contribution : - 100% du territoire couvert par la CDN. - Gaz couverts : CO2 O. (88,7% des gaz émis). - Secteur AFAT : 88,30% des émissions totales de GES ; - Secteur Energie : 9,30% des émissions totales de GES.', '- Secteur AFAT : 88,30% des émissions totales de GES ; - Secteur Energie : 9,30% des émissions totales de GES. Contribution : - Contribution basée sur une approche mixte ‘Résultats et Actions’, inconditionnel et conditionnel selon le scénario référence BAU. - Approche Résultats : taux de réduction des émissions par rapport à BAU, 2025 et BAU, 2030. - Approche Actions : actions de la SPN2A 2020-2035 ; du CS-GDT- 2014-2029. Périodes : 2021- - BAU : 2025 et 2030, construit à partir des émissions de la QCN-2014 eq) en tenant compte également de l’historique des trois précédentes Communications Nationales : CNI-1990, 9 000 éq. - Période de mise en œuvre : 2021-2030.', '- Période de mise en œuvre : 2021-2030. Réduction des émissions de GES d’ici à 2030 : AFAT - Réductions Inconditionnelles : 4,50% (BAU 2025) et 12,57% (BAU 2030). - Réductions Conditionnelles : 14,60% (BAU-2025) et 22,75% (BAU ENERGIE - Réductions Inconditionnelles : 11,20% (BAU-2025) et 10,60% (BAU- - Réductions Conditionnelles : 48% (BAU-2025) et 45% (BAU-2030). Mesures d’Atténuation des émissions de GES à l’horizon AFAT (Agriculture, Foresterie et Autres Utilisations des Terres): - Mise à l’échelle des bonnes pratiques et des techniques de GDT/E et de l’AIC sur l’ensemble des zones agroécologiques pour augmenter la résilience des écosystèmes et des ménages, et séquestrer le carbone dans les sols et les arbres. - Aménagement durable des formations forestières pour réduire les émissions de GES dues à la déforestation.', '- Aménagement durable des formations forestières pour réduire les émissions de GES dues à la déforestation. Energie : - Amélioration du taux d’accès à l’électricité 60% en 2030. - Atteindre 100% le taux d’éclairage efficace en réseau à l’horizon 2030. - Eclairage hors réseau à priori efficace, à 100 % en 2030. - Atteindre 100% d’utilisation de lampes basse consommation à l’horizon 2030.', '- Atteindre 100% d’utilisation de lampes basse consommation à l’horizon 2030. - Atteindre 100% le taux de l’éclairage public à l’horizon 2030.- Réduction de la demande en bois-énergie par habitant par diffusion massive de foyers améliorés, avec un taux de pénétration de 100% en milieu urbain et de 30% en milieu rural ; - Promotion du gaz domestique, du biogaz et des biocarburants à l’échelle industrielle et familiale ; - Pénétration du gaz butane à 60% en zones urbaines, à 10% dans les zones rurales en 2030 (PANER). - Diffusion des plateformes multifonctionnelles. - Atteindre 402MWc pour la production à base des énergies renouvelables à l’horizon 2030. - Atteindre 100MW pour la capacité hors réseau à l’horizon 2030.', '- Atteindre 100MW pour la capacité hors réseau à l’horizon 2030. - Amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique dans les industries, les ménages, les transports et la distribution d’électricité. Procédé de mise en œuvre : - Renforcement des capacités institutionnelles, techniques, financières des acteurs, et transfert de technologies. - Développement de dossiers de projets/programmes structurants ‘bancables’ découlant du PIC-CDN. - Participation inclusive (secteur privé, ONG, Société Civile, PTF). - Vulgarisation, communication, gestion de connaissances. Hypothèses et méthodologie : - Quatrième Communication Nationale (QCN), - Directives GIEC 2006 pour les inventaires nationaux de GES. - Secteur Energie : logiciels GACMO, MAED, MESSAGE. - Secteur AFAT : logiciel EX-ACT Mesures d’Adaptation au changement climatique : - Régénération naturelle assistée : 913 932 ha. - Fixation de dunes vives : 10 053 ha.', '- Fixation de dunes vives : 10 053 ha. - Réhabilitation des forêts classées dégradées : 10 000 ha. - Haies-vives : 145 000 km - Plantations d’espèces à usages multiples : 750 000 ha. - Foresterie privée : 75 000 ha. - Programme « un village un bois » : 12 500 ha. - Restauration des terres pastorales dégradées : 112 500 ha - Aménagement et sécurisation des enclaves pastorales, aires de pâturage et aires de repos : 455 848 ha. - Aménagement et matérialisation de couloirs de passage : 279 702 ha. - Aménagement et sécurisation des enclaves pastorales, aires de pâturage et aires de repos : 455 848 ha.', '- Aménagement et sécurisation des enclaves pastorales, aires de pâturage et aires de repos : 455 848 ha. - Amélioration des systèmes d’élevage basés sur l’embouche bovine et ovine : 4500 fermes. - Développement de fermes laitières (stabulation permanente) : 258 fermes. - Aménagement des terres pour les cultures irriguées ou de décrues :424 000 ha. Besoins en financements sur 10 ans, pour la Coût total de la CDN sur 10 ans : 9,9077 Milliards USD (990,77 millions USD/an), dont : • Adaptation : 6,743 Milliards USD dont 2,40 Milliards USD Inconditionnel (36%) et 4,343 Milliards USD Conditionnel (64%) • Atténuation : 3,1651 Milliards dont 0,2127 Milliards USD, Inconditionnel (6,72%) et 2,9524 Milliards USD Conditionnel (93,28%).', 'Besoins en financements sur 10 ans, pour la Coût total de la CDN sur 10 ans : 9,9077 Milliards USD (990,77 millions USD/an), dont : • Adaptation : 6,743 Milliards USD dont 2,40 Milliards USD Inconditionnel (36%) et 4,343 Milliards USD Conditionnel (64%) • Atténuation : 3,1651 Milliards dont 0,2127 Milliards USD, Inconditionnel (6,72%) et 2,9524 Milliards USD Conditionnel (93,28%). Caractère ambitieux et équitable : - Le Niger n’appartient pas à l’Annexe I de la Convention, donc n’a pas d’objectifs quantifiés en termes de réduction de GES (Atténuation). - Cependant, le Niger contribue à la réduction des impacts du CC à l’échelle mondiale, par une double approche ‘Résultats/Actions’. eq en 2014 (année de référence de la QCN) représentent 1,61 t/hab. et 0,0001% des émissions mondiales de .', 'et 0,0001% des émissions mondiales de . Malgré ses besoins importants pour développer son économie et lutter contre la pauvreté, le Niger ambitionne de limiter ses émissions de GES à l’horizon 2030 par la mise en œuvre de la présente CDN. Le Niger compte sur les mécanismes et leurs ressources tels que le FIC et les autres mécanismes de financement du climat (FVC, FA, FEM, FSC, FTP, SGP/FEM, FPMA) en faveur des PMA et la souplesse d’accès à leurs ressources.I. CONTEXTE Le Niger est un pays d’Afrique de l’Ouest qui se caractérise par des conditions climatiques particulièrement drastiques dues au fait que 2/3 de sa superficie (1 267 000 km²) sont localisés en zone saharienne et 1/3 en zone soudanienne et sahélienne.', 'CONTEXTE Le Niger est un pays d’Afrique de l’Ouest qui se caractérise par des conditions climatiques particulièrement drastiques dues au fait que 2/3 de sa superficie (1 267 000 km²) sont localisés en zone saharienne et 1/3 en zone soudanienne et sahélienne. Il est tributaire des aléas climatiques avec une pluviométrie à variabilité interannuelle, spatiale et temporelle importante. Sa population est estimée en 2015 à 17,7 Millions d’habitants, pour un taux de croissance démographique (3,9%/an) (INS, 2015) et 23,3 Millions habitants en 2019, dont la grande partie tire son revenu de l’exploitation des ressources naturelles (MP, 2020a). Ainsi, en 2019 les jeunes représentent 51,6 % de moins de 15 ans.', 'Ainsi, en 2019 les jeunes représentent 51,6 % de moins de 15 ans. L’indice synthétique de fécondité qui traduit le nombre moyen d’enfants nés vivants par femme (de 15-49 ans) est de 7,6 pour la même année. Le PIB est faible (12,9 Milliards USD en 2018), soit 553,65 USD/hab. et une croissance économique de +7,2%, [Banque Mondiale, 2018]. Ce PIB était de 6,3 Milliards USD en 2015, soit 413 USD/hab, avec un IDH de 0,374 (PNUD, 2016). La production du secteur primaire est dominée par le secteur agro-sylvo-pastoral avec 37% du PIB et 80% des emplois (INS, 2018) varie beaucoup d’une année à l’autre.', 'La production du secteur primaire est dominée par le secteur agro-sylvo-pastoral avec 37% du PIB et 80% des emplois (INS, 2018) varie beaucoup d’une année à l’autre. A l’instar des autres pays d’Afrique de l’Ouest, le Niger est très vulnérable au changement climatique, caractérisé par une forte variabilité climatique et des précipitations qui entraînent des déficits pluviométriques récurrents. Ces déficits se traduisent par des sécheresses répétitives et cycliques très néfastes. Les phénomènes de la désertification et de la dégradation des ressources naturelles et des terres constituent depuis des décennies une préoccupation majeure pour le développement économique et social du pays.', 'Les phénomènes de la désertification et de la dégradation des ressources naturelles et des terres constituent depuis des décennies une préoccupation majeure pour le développement économique et social du pays. Face à cette situation, l’Etat continue à développer des initiatives et à conduire des actions de nature à préserver la durabilité des bases productives, ainsi que des stratégies appropriées d’atténuation et d’adaptation.', 'Face à cette situation, l’Etat continue à développer des initiatives et à conduire des actions de nature à préserver la durabilité des bases productives, ainsi que des stratégies appropriées d’atténuation et d’adaptation. Ces perturbations de variabilités et de changement climatiques augmentent considérablement l insécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle, provoquent des migrations et l’exode rural des populations, des conflits entre les producteurs ruraux autour de la gestion et de l’accès aux ressources naturelles, perturbent les régimes des cours d eau et la disponibilité de la ressource eau, diminuent le rendement et de la production des cultures, augmentent la persistance des conflits fonciers, accentuent l’intensité des maladies climato-sensibles, augmentent la dégradation des terres, etc.', 'Ces perturbations de variabilités et de changement climatiques augmentent considérablement l insécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle, provoquent des migrations et l’exode rural des populations, des conflits entre les producteurs ruraux autour de la gestion et de l’accès aux ressources naturelles, perturbent les régimes des cours d eau et la disponibilité de la ressource eau, diminuent le rendement et de la production des cultures, augmentent la persistance des conflits fonciers, accentuent l’intensité des maladies climato-sensibles, augmentent la dégradation des terres, etc. Le Niger a soumis trois CN pour le besoin de la mise en œuvre de la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques (CCNUCC) et de l’Accord de Paris sur le Climat. La quatrième communication est en cours de finalisation. 1.', 'La quatrième communication est en cours de finalisation. 1. Evolution des émissions Les quatre communications nationales (CNI-1990, SCN-2000, TCN-2008 et QCN-2014) montrent une tendance à l’augmentation des émissions nationales des GES notamment dans les deux secteurs prioritaires tout en gardant la même proportion. Les valeurs des émissions de Gaz à effet de Serre (GES) sont récapitulées dans le tableau ci- après pour les communications nationales (CNI-1990, SCN-2000 et TCN-2008, QCN-2014).Tableau 1 : Répartition des émissions par secteur selon les Communications Nationales Année/Emissions annuelles Energie Agriculture / Elevage UTCATF Procédés industriels Déchets Total eq) Sources : (CNEDD, 2020) Les résultats de l’inventaire de GES pour la QCN (année de référence 2014) ont établi les émissions/absorptions agrégées pour les gaz directs CO2 eq et N2 eq.', 'Les valeurs des émissions de Gaz à effet de Serre (GES) sont récapitulées dans le tableau ci- après pour les communications nationales (CNI-1990, SCN-2000 et TCN-2008, QCN-2014).Tableau 1 : Répartition des émissions par secteur selon les Communications Nationales Année/Emissions annuelles Energie Agriculture / Elevage UTCATF Procédés industriels Déchets Total eq) Sources : (CNEDD, 2020) Les résultats de l’inventaire de GES pour la QCN (année de référence 2014) ont établi les émissions/absorptions agrégées pour les gaz directs CO2 eq et N2 eq. Les émissions de CO2 sont évaluées à 2 217,741 eq contre une absorption de -10 434,735 GgCO2 eq, soit une capacité de séquestration de eq. D’où, les émissions/absorptions globales des principaux gaz directs (CO2 eq.', 'D’où, les émissions/absorptions globales des principaux gaz directs (CO2 eq. A titre d’exemple pour l’année de référence 2014, la décomposition des émissions entre les différents secteurs est présentée comme suit : Tableau 2 : Répartition des émissions par secteur selon la Quatrième Communication Nationale Année de référence (2014) Émissions eq) Part des émissions (%) Procédés Industriels et Utilisation des Produits 45,078 0,11 Sources : (CNEDD, 2020) 2. Tendances climatiques et risques associés Le climat du Niger est de type tropical semi-aride, caractérisé par deux saisons : une saison sèche allant d’octobre à mai et une saison pluvieuse allant de juin à septembre. Pendant la saison sèche, la température moyenne varie entre 18,1 et 33,1 °C.', 'Pendant la saison sèche, la température moyenne varie entre 18,1 et 33,1 °C. Les records de températures observées sont de – 2,4°C (observé le 13 janvier 1995 à Bilma) pour les températures minimales et de 49,5 °C (observé le 7 septembre 1978 à Diffa) pour les températures maximales (PANA, Niger 2006). Pendant la saison des pluies, la température moyenne varie entre 28,1 et 31,7 °C. Le régime pluviométrique est unimodal avec un maximum de précipitations survenant autour du mois d’août.', 'Le régime pluviométrique est unimodal avec un maximum de précipitations survenant autour du mois d’août. En année normale, la pluviométrie permet la recharge des nappes, la formation des plans d’eau et le développement du couvert végétal.Depuis les années 50, le climat du Niger a connu 3 cycles pluviométriques distincts, communs à l’ensemble du Sahel : - entre les années 1950 et 1970, le Niger a bénéficié d’un cycle d’années humides ; - entre les années 1970 et 1990, le Niger a été confronté à un cycle de sécheresses majeures, marqué par des épisodes particulièrement secs en 1970 et en 1984, comme dans le reste du Sahel ; - dès le début des années 1990, des conditions pluviométriques bien meilleures se sont réinstallées sur cette région (Ali et al., 2008, 2010), s’accompagnant toutefois d’une hausse de la variabilité interannuelle des précipitations.', 'En année normale, la pluviométrie permet la recharge des nappes, la formation des plans d’eau et le développement du couvert végétal.Depuis les années 50, le climat du Niger a connu 3 cycles pluviométriques distincts, communs à l’ensemble du Sahel : - entre les années 1950 et 1970, le Niger a bénéficié d’un cycle d’années humides ; - entre les années 1970 et 1990, le Niger a été confronté à un cycle de sécheresses majeures, marqué par des épisodes particulièrement secs en 1970 et en 1984, comme dans le reste du Sahel ; - dès le début des années 1990, des conditions pluviométriques bien meilleures se sont réinstallées sur cette région (Ali et al., 2008, 2010), s’accompagnant toutefois d’une hausse de la variabilité interannuelle des précipitations. Au regard de cette situation, le Niger est confronté aux aléas climatiques extrêmes qui deviennent plus fréquents et violents (sécheresses récurrentes et successives, les inondations, les vents violents, les températures extrêmes et les tempêtes de sable ou de poussières ; la variabilité des pluies s’accroit et sa mauvaise répartition dans le temps et dans l’espace ; la persistance d’autres facteurs indirects comme les épidémies (méningite, choléra), les ennemis de cultures (chenilles mineuses, insectes floricoles, pucerons, oiseaux granivores), les maladies pour le cheptel (épizooties), les feux de brousse, etc.', 'Au regard de cette situation, le Niger est confronté aux aléas climatiques extrêmes qui deviennent plus fréquents et violents (sécheresses récurrentes et successives, les inondations, les vents violents, les températures extrêmes et les tempêtes de sable ou de poussières ; la variabilité des pluies s’accroit et sa mauvaise répartition dans le temps et dans l’espace ; la persistance d’autres facteurs indirects comme les épidémies (méningite, choléra), les ennemis de cultures (chenilles mineuses, insectes floricoles, pucerons, oiseaux granivores), les maladies pour le cheptel (épizooties), les feux de brousse, etc. 3.', 'Au regard de cette situation, le Niger est confronté aux aléas climatiques extrêmes qui deviennent plus fréquents et violents (sécheresses récurrentes et successives, les inondations, les vents violents, les températures extrêmes et les tempêtes de sable ou de poussières ; la variabilité des pluies s’accroit et sa mauvaise répartition dans le temps et dans l’espace ; la persistance d’autres facteurs indirects comme les épidémies (méningite, choléra), les ennemis de cultures (chenilles mineuses, insectes floricoles, pucerons, oiseaux granivores), les maladies pour le cheptel (épizooties), les feux de brousse, etc. 3. Tendances d’évolution des précipitations La figure 1 ci-dessous représente l’évolution simulée des cumuls moyens de précipitations durant la saison des pluies (JJAS) sur le court terme (en haut) et sur le moyen terme (en bas), pour les scénarios RCP4.5 (à gauche) et RCP 8.5 (à droite).', 'Tendances d’évolution des précipitations La figure 1 ci-dessous représente l’évolution simulée des cumuls moyens de précipitations durant la saison des pluies (JJAS) sur le court terme (en haut) et sur le moyen terme (en bas), pour les scénarios RCP4.5 (à gauche) et RCP 8.5 (à droite). Les modèles prévoient une tendance générale à la hausse des cumuls de précipitations durant la saison des pluies (JJAS) par rapport à la référence climatologique 1981-2010. Ces conclusions sont cohérentes avec les tendances obtenues par différents auteurs. D’après les modèles, la hausse de la pluviométrie devrait être plus importante au Nord et à l’Est du pays.', 'D’après les modèles, la hausse de la pluviométrie devrait être plus importante au Nord et à l’Est du pays. La hausse de la pluviométrie devrait être plus importante sur le moyen terme comparé au court terme, et d’autant plus importante que l’on se situe dans un scénario pessimiste d’augmentation de gaz à effets de serre (RCP 8.5 comparé au RCP 4.5).Figure 1 : Simulation de l’évolution des cumuls moyens de précipitations durant la saison des pluies (JJAS) pour le court et le moyen terme, comparés à la période de référence 1981- 2010. Ces résultats sont la médiane des simulations effectuées avec 29 modèles globaux de l’expérience d’intercomparaison de modèles globaux (CMIP5) pour les scénarios RCP 4.5 et RCP 8.5.', 'Ces résultats sont la médiane des simulations effectuées avec 29 modèles globaux de l’expérience d’intercomparaison de modèles globaux (CMIP5) pour les scénarios RCP 4.5 et RCP 8.5. Les valeurs représentées correspondent au pourcentage de variation par rapport aux cumul de précipitation de référence. Source : MESUDD, 2020 4. Tendances d’évolution des températures La figure 2 ci-dessous représente l’évolution simulée des températures durant la saison des pluies (JJAS) sur le court terme (en haut) et le moyen terme (en bas) pour les scénarios RCP 4.5 (à gauche) et RCP 8.5 (à droite). Les modèles prévoient des hausses de températures durant la saison des pluies (JJAS) dans toutes les localités du Niger de l’ordre de 1°C à court terme (horizon 2030), contre 1,5 à 3°C sur le moyen terme (horizon 2050).', 'Les modèles prévoient des hausses de températures durant la saison des pluies (JJAS) dans toutes les localités du Niger de l’ordre de 1°C à court terme (horizon 2030), contre 1,5 à 3°C sur le moyen terme (horizon 2050). La hausse des températures moyennes projetées est significativement plus importante dans le scénario RCP 8.5 que dans le scénario RCP 4.5., ce qui est logique. Les modèles indiquent des augmentations de températures moyennes de surface légèrement plus importantes dans les régions situées les plus au Nord, par rapport au Sud et à l’Ouest du Niger.', 'Les modèles indiquent des augmentations de températures moyennes de surface légèrement plus importantes dans les régions situées les plus au Nord, par rapport au Sud et à l’Ouest du Niger. Les conclusions obtenues sont cohérentes avec les tendances déjà relevées par plusieurs auteurs.Figure 2 : Différences de températures moyennes de surface au Niger durant la saison des pluies (JJAS), simulées sur le court terme et le moyen terme par comparaison avec la période de référence 1981- 2010. Ces résultats sont la médiane des simulations effectuées avec 29 modèles globaux de l’expérience d’intercomparaison de modèles globaux (CMIP5) pour les scénarios RCP 4.5 et RCP 8.5.', 'Ces résultats sont la médiane des simulations effectuées avec 29 modèles globaux de l’expérience d’intercomparaison de modèles globaux (CMIP5) pour les scénarios RCP 4.5 et RCP 8.5. Source : MESUDD, 2020 Les modèles tendent à montrer une tendance à la diminution du nombre de jours pluvieux pendant la période JJAS sur l’ensemble du Niger. La diminution du nombre de jours pluvieux est plus importante à moyen terme comparée au court terme, mais similaire entre les scénarios RCP 4.5 et 8.5. Au Niger, la conjonction d’une hausse des cumuls de précipitation (Figure 2) et d’une diminution du nombre de jours pluvieux sur la saison JJAS (figures 1) indique une tendance à l’intensification des pluies et à l’accroissement de la durée des épisodes secs durant la saison agricole. 5.', 'Au Niger, la conjonction d’une hausse des cumuls de précipitation (Figure 2) et d’une diminution du nombre de jours pluvieux sur la saison JJAS (figures 1) indique une tendance à l’intensification des pluies et à l’accroissement de la durée des épisodes secs durant la saison agricole. 5. Impacts et vulnérabilités L’économie nationale repose essentiellement sur le secteur agro-sylvo-pastoral et halieutique qui demeure la source principale d’emplois et de revenus pour plus de 80% de la population. Ce secteur reste pourtant tributaire des aléas climatiques. En termes d’impact sur l’agriculture, les attaques du criquet pèlerin et des autres ravageurs des cultures ont endommagé plus de 1,6 millions d’hectares. Les aléas (sécheresse, feux de brousse, inondations) comptent ensemble pour plus de 1 million d’hectares.', 'Les aléas (sécheresse, feux de brousse, inondations) comptent ensemble pour plus de 1 million d’hectares. Plus de 17 millions de têtes de bétail ont également péri durant les événements entre 2001 et 2014. Les impacts économiques, les sécheresses et les inondations ont contribué pour 96% des pertes économiques. Les valeursdes dommages et pertes causés aux secteurs de l’agriculture et du logement vont au-delà de 3,2 Milliards USD (PNUD, 2017 in CNEDD, 2020). Les changements climatiques futurs vont entraîner une diminution de 10 à 20% de rendements de la plupart des cultures pluviales à l’horizon 2050, par rapport à l’année 2020 (MESUDD/SPN2A, 2020).', 'Les changements climatiques futurs vont entraîner une diminution de 10 à 20% de rendements de la plupart des cultures pluviales à l’horizon 2050, par rapport à l’année 2020 (MESUDD/SPN2A, 2020). Les simulations les plus récentes montrent que les CC devraient entraîner à l’horizon 2050, par comparaison aux rendements moyens sur la période 1981-2010 : une baisse de 9 à 15% des rendements en grains du mil non photopériodique ; une baisse de 18 à 23% des rendements en grains du sorgho ; une augmentation de 21 à 25% des rendements en grains du mil photopériodique et une augmentation de 17 à 18% des rendements en grains de maïs (MESUDD/SPN2A, 2020).', 'Les simulations les plus récentes montrent que les CC devraient entraîner à l’horizon 2050, par comparaison aux rendements moyens sur la période 1981-2010 : une baisse de 9 à 15% des rendements en grains du mil non photopériodique ; une baisse de 18 à 23% des rendements en grains du sorgho ; une augmentation de 21 à 25% des rendements en grains du mil photopériodique et une augmentation de 17 à 18% des rendements en grains de maïs (MESUDD/SPN2A, 2020). Tous ces évènements extrêmes climatiques constituent une entrave à l’atteinte des objectifs de la lutte contre la pauvreté et pour le développement économique et social tels que déclinés dans les politiques et stratégies (SDDCI-2035, PDES, Initiative 3N, PNEDD-2016, SPN2A, etc.).', 'Tous ces évènements extrêmes climatiques constituent une entrave à l’atteinte des objectifs de la lutte contre la pauvreté et pour le développement économique et social tels que déclinés dans les politiques et stratégies (SDDCI-2035, PDES, Initiative 3N, PNEDD-2016, SPN2A, etc.). Cette situation constitue un défi de taille à relever. 6. Equité et ambition Les émissions de GES du Niger sont de 28 777,299 GgCO2 eq. (QCN-2014) et seulement 0,0001% des émissions mondiales de CO2 . Le Niger n’appartient pas à l’Annexe I de la CCNUCC, donc n’a pas d’obligation chiffrée en termes d’atténuation. Cependant, malgré ses besoins importants pour développer son économie et la nécessité de sortir une grande partie de sa population de la pauvreté, l’ambition du Niger est de limiter ses émissions à 1,61tCO2 eq/hab.', 'Cependant, malgré ses besoins importants pour développer son économie et la nécessité de sortir une grande partie de sa population de la pauvreté, l’ambition du Niger est de limiter ses émissions à 1,61tCO2 eq/hab. à l’horizon 2030, dans le cadre de l’objectif conditionnel. La CDN est équitable au regard des capacités nationales, du croît démographique, de la situation géographique du Niger et de l’aridité de son climat, et le degré de vulnérabilité de son économie qui dépend de la pluviométrie. La révision de la CDN met le Niger sur une trajectoire de développement sobre en carbone pour assurer la résilience des populations, des écosystèmes, des bases productives et de ses infrastructures de développement.', 'La révision de la CDN met le Niger sur une trajectoire de développement sobre en carbone pour assurer la résilience des populations, des écosystèmes, des bases productives et de ses infrastructures de développement. Le Niger continue, malgré cette période de pandémie à COVID-19 et ces décennies marquées par l’insécurité dans l’espace du Sahara et du Sahel et le déplacement des populations, d’appliquer les mesures pour s’adapter et lutter contre les effets néfastes du dérèglement climatique. Cette situation annihile les efforts du Gouvernement et ralentit les activités socioéconomiques dans le pays.II.', 'Cette situation annihile les efforts du Gouvernement et ralentit les activités socioéconomiques dans le pays.II. COMPOSANTE ATTENUATION Malgré, la situation de vulnérabilité du Niger et son appartenance au groupe des PMA, la CDN prévoit une réduction des émissions de GES durant la période 2021-2030 dans les deux secteurs (AFAT, Energie) suivants les projections des émissions projetées pour les BAU-2025 et BAU- 2030 et selon un scénario de référence basé sur des hypothèses. Les mesures d’atténuation se répartissent en contributions inconditionnelles et conditionnelles. L’adaptation est primordiale pour le pays. Pour participer aux efforts d’atténuation de la communauté internationale, le Niger privilégie les actions d’adaptation à co-bénéfices forts en faveur de l’atténuation.', 'Pour participer aux efforts d’atténuation de la communauté internationale, le Niger privilégie les actions d’adaptation à co-bénéfices forts en faveur de l’atténuation. L’atténuation dans le secteur de l’Energie nécessite des investissements importants pour faciliter l’accès à une énergie bon marché, durable et propre. Tout en mobilisant ses ressources nationales, le Niger souhaite utiliser la Finance Climat Internationale et d’autres mécanismes financiers internationaux et bénéficier de l’appui de la coopération internationale pour atteindre les objectifs. 2.1. Scénario de référence 2.1.1. Secteur AFAT Le scénario BAU du secteur AFAT a été défini à travers l’outil EX-ACT (EX-Ante Carbon-balance Tool) de la FAO en prenant en compte les tendances de développement actuelles du secteur AFAT et les activités humaines futures.', 'Secteur AFAT Le scénario BAU du secteur AFAT a été défini à travers l’outil EX-ACT (EX-Ante Carbon-balance Tool) de la FAO en prenant en compte les tendances de développement actuelles du secteur AFAT et les activités humaines futures. Les résultats montrent que sans les mesures d’adaptation à co-bénéfice, les émissions qui étaient - eq en 2030 comme le montre la figure 3. Graphique 1 : Tendance des émissions du secteur AFAT sur la période 2014-2030 - Scénario BAU AFAT Linéaire (Scénario BAU AFAT)2.1.2.', 'Graphique 1 : Tendance des émissions du secteur AFAT sur la période 2014-2030 - Scénario BAU AFAT Linéaire (Scénario BAU AFAT)2.1.2. Secteur de l’Energie Le scénario BAU a été défini à travers l’outil « The Greenhouse Gas Abatement Cost Model (GACMO) » sur la base du bilan énergétique de l’année de référence de l’inventaire des GES de 2014, de la croissance de la population, du PIB, de la demande d’énergie des différents secteurs d’activités et des émissions du secteur de l’Energie. Les résultats du scénario BAU sur la période 2014-2030, montrent une tendance à l’augmentation des émissions. En effet, les émissions du CO2 en 2030. Comme le montre la figure 4, “sans les mesures d’atténuation”, la trajectoire de développement du secteur serait une source d’émissions des GES.', 'Comme le montre la figure 4, “sans les mesures d’atténuation”, la trajectoire de développement du secteur serait une source d’émissions des GES. Graphique 2 : Tendance des émissions du secteur de l’énergie sur la période 2014-2030 2.2. Mesures d’atténuation 2.2.1. Secteur AFAT Les technologies identifiées sont des mesures à co-bénéfice. D’une manière globale, leur mise en œuvre font l’objet de projets/programmes en cours ou planifiés.', 'D’une manière globale, leur mise en œuvre font l’objet de projets/programmes en cours ou planifiés. Ainsi sont retenues pour la CDN révisée : Plantations d’espèces à usages multiples : 750 000 ; Promotion de régénération naturelle assistée (RNA) : 913 932 ha ; Aménagement des terres pour les cultures irriguées ou de décrues : 424 000 ha ; Haies vives et brises vents : 145 000 km ; Aménagement et sécurisation des enclaves pastorales, aires de pâturage et aires de repos : 455 848 ha ; Aménagement et matérialisation et couloirs de passage : 279 702 ha ; Restauration des terres pastorales dégradées : 112 500 ha ; Foresterie privée : 75 000 ha : développement de fermes laitières en zéro pâturage (stabulation permanente) : 258 fermes ; intensification des systèmes d’élevage basés sur l’embouche bovine : 1 500 fermes ; intensification des systèmes d’élevage basés sur l’embouche ovine : 3 000 fermes ; Programme « un village un bois » : 12 500 ha ; Fixation de dunes vives : 10 053 ha ; Réhabilitation des forêts classées dégradées : 10 000 ha ; Gestion des intrants : 10 822 tonnes ; Lutte contre le déboisement (défrichement) et les feux de brousse (pare- feu) : 7 500 ha ; Culture fourragère : 2 000 ha.', 'Ainsi sont retenues pour la CDN révisée : Plantations d’espèces à usages multiples : 750 000 ; Promotion de régénération naturelle assistée (RNA) : 913 932 ha ; Aménagement des terres pour les cultures irriguées ou de décrues : 424 000 ha ; Haies vives et brises vents : 145 000 km ; Aménagement et sécurisation des enclaves pastorales, aires de pâturage et aires de repos : 455 848 ha ; Aménagement et matérialisation et couloirs de passage : 279 702 ha ; Restauration des terres pastorales dégradées : 112 500 ha ; Foresterie privée : 75 000 ha : développement de fermes laitières en zéro pâturage (stabulation permanente) : 258 fermes ; intensification des systèmes d’élevage basés sur l’embouche bovine : 1 500 fermes ; intensification des systèmes d’élevage basés sur l’embouche ovine : 3 000 fermes ; Programme « un village un bois » : 12 500 ha ; Fixation de dunes vives : 10 053 ha ; Réhabilitation des forêts classées dégradées : 10 000 ha ; Gestion des intrants : 10 822 tonnes ; Lutte contre le déboisement (défrichement) et les feux de brousse (pare- feu) : 7 500 ha ; Culture fourragère : 2 000 ha. Mises en œuvre sur une superficie de 4 838 899,5 BAUha (soit 4% de la superficie du pays), ces technologies permettront au Niger de séquestre 4,2 tonnes de CO2 -eq / ha/an.', 'Mises en œuvre sur une superficie de 4 838 899,5 BAUha (soit 4% de la superficie du pays), ces technologies permettront au Niger de séquestre 4,2 tonnes de CO2 -eq / ha/an. 2.2.2. Secteur de l’Energie Les options d’atténuation inconditionnelles et conditionnelles dans le secteur de l’Energie concernent la proportion de l’efficacité énergétique dans les secteurs résidentiel et tertiaire ; la réduction des pertes de transport et distribution d’électricité ; le développement des énergies renouvelables et l’amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique dans le secteur de transport. Les cibles retenues sont consignées dans le tableau 3.', 'Les cibles retenues sont consignées dans le tableau 3. Tableau 3 : Mesures et technologies d’atténuation inconditionnelles et conditionnelles dans le secteur de l’Energie Mesures d’atténuation Technologies Unités Cibles conditionnelles à l’horizon Cibles inconditionnelles à l’horizon Promotion de l’efficacité énergétique dans les secteurs résidentiel et tertiaire Éclairage efficace avec les ampoules fluocompactes Éclairage efficace avec LED Foyers à charbon de bois efficaces Éclairage de bureau efficace avec des ampoules fluocompactes Éclairage de bureau efficace avec LED Réfrigérateurs efficaces Réfrigérateurs Réfrigérateurs d’hôtel efficaces Réfrigérateurs Réduction des pertes de transport et distribution d’électricité Nouvelle centrale à charbon à haut rendement Réseaux électriques efficaces (pertes évitées) Développement des énergies renouvelables Hydroélectricité connectée au réseau principal Production électrique à partir de bagasse PV solaires, grand réseau MWc 402 0 Mini-réseau solaire/diesel MWc 24 0PV solaires, petit réseau isolé, 100% solaire Amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique dans le secteur du transport Voitures à essence plus efficaces Voitures diesel plus efficaces Restriction à l importation de voitures d occasion L’impact de ces mesures sur la réduction des émissions a été évalué à travers l’outil GACMO.', 'Tableau 3 : Mesures et technologies d’atténuation inconditionnelles et conditionnelles dans le secteur de l’Energie Mesures d’atténuation Technologies Unités Cibles conditionnelles à l’horizon Cibles inconditionnelles à l’horizon Promotion de l’efficacité énergétique dans les secteurs résidentiel et tertiaire Éclairage efficace avec les ampoules fluocompactes Éclairage efficace avec LED Foyers à charbon de bois efficaces Éclairage de bureau efficace avec des ampoules fluocompactes Éclairage de bureau efficace avec LED Réfrigérateurs efficaces Réfrigérateurs Réfrigérateurs d’hôtel efficaces Réfrigérateurs Réduction des pertes de transport et distribution d’électricité Nouvelle centrale à charbon à haut rendement Réseaux électriques efficaces (pertes évitées) Développement des énergies renouvelables Hydroélectricité connectée au réseau principal Production électrique à partir de bagasse PV solaires, grand réseau MWc 402 0 Mini-réseau solaire/diesel MWc 24 0PV solaires, petit réseau isolé, 100% solaire Amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique dans le secteur du transport Voitures à essence plus efficaces Voitures diesel plus efficaces Restriction à l importation de voitures d occasion L’impact de ces mesures sur la réduction des émissions a été évalué à travers l’outil GACMO. Les résultats montrent une réduction importante des émissions du secteur.', 'Les résultats montrent une réduction importante des émissions du secteur. En effet, sans les mesures, les émissions passeront à 11 766 ktCO2 en 2030 et avec les mesures, ces émissions . La figure 5 ci-après présente l’impact des mesures des réductions (Inconditionnelles et Conditionnelles) par rapport à BAU-2025 et BAU-2030. Graphique 3 : Réduction « inconditionnelle » et « conditionnelle » par rapport à BAU (2025- Horizon temporel BAU Scénario Inconditionnel (ktCO2e) Scénario Conditionnel (ktCO2e)III.', 'Graphique 3 : Réduction « inconditionnelle » et « conditionnelle » par rapport à BAU (2025- Horizon temporel BAU Scénario Inconditionnel (ktCO2e) Scénario Conditionnel (ktCO2e)III. COMPOSANTE ADAPTATION L’évaluation de la vulnérabilité des secteurs AFAT et Energie a permis d’identifier les options d’adaptation suivantes : i) Promotion de l’Agriculture Intelligente face au Climat ; ii) Valorisation des données météorologiques par les producteurs ; iii) Développement de la gestion durable des terres et des eaux ; iv) Renforcement de la gestion participative et numérisée des massifs forestiers ; v) Elaboration et mise en œuvre d’un plan décennal de reboisement ; vi) Développement de la Foresterie urbaine et péri-urbaine ; vii) Subventions des kits d’utilisation des énergies fossiles et solaires ; et viii) Développement de Partenariat Public Privé (PPP) pour la mise en valeur des énergies nouvelles et renouvelables.', 'COMPOSANTE ADAPTATION L’évaluation de la vulnérabilité des secteurs AFAT et Energie a permis d’identifier les options d’adaptation suivantes : i) Promotion de l’Agriculture Intelligente face au Climat ; ii) Valorisation des données météorologiques par les producteurs ; iii) Développement de la gestion durable des terres et des eaux ; iv) Renforcement de la gestion participative et numérisée des massifs forestiers ; v) Elaboration et mise en œuvre d’un plan décennal de reboisement ; vi) Développement de la Foresterie urbaine et péri-urbaine ; vii) Subventions des kits d’utilisation des énergies fossiles et solaires ; et viii) Développement de Partenariat Public Privé (PPP) pour la mise en valeur des énergies nouvelles et renouvelables. 1.', 'COMPOSANTE ADAPTATION L’évaluation de la vulnérabilité des secteurs AFAT et Energie a permis d’identifier les options d’adaptation suivantes : i) Promotion de l’Agriculture Intelligente face au Climat ; ii) Valorisation des données météorologiques par les producteurs ; iii) Développement de la gestion durable des terres et des eaux ; iv) Renforcement de la gestion participative et numérisée des massifs forestiers ; v) Elaboration et mise en œuvre d’un plan décennal de reboisement ; vi) Développement de la Foresterie urbaine et péri-urbaine ; vii) Subventions des kits d’utilisation des énergies fossiles et solaires ; et viii) Développement de Partenariat Public Privé (PPP) pour la mise en valeur des énergies nouvelles et renouvelables. 1. Mesures d’adaptation prioritaires par secteur Les mesures d’adaptation dans le secteur AFAT portent sur l’amélioration de la résilience des sous-secteurs de l’agriculture, de l’élevage, de la foresterie, des ressources en eau, halieutiques et fauniques ainsi que de la santé des populations.', 'Mesures d’adaptation prioritaires par secteur Les mesures d’adaptation dans le secteur AFAT portent sur l’amélioration de la résilience des sous-secteurs de l’agriculture, de l’élevage, de la foresterie, des ressources en eau, halieutiques et fauniques ainsi que de la santé des populations. En effet, l’accent est mis sur la promotion des techniques d’AIC prenant en compte la valorisation de l’information climatique, l’alerte précoce, la gestion des risques et de catastrophes, le genre et l’inclusion sociale, l’assurance indicielle agricole climatique et l’intégration de la dimension « changement climatique » dans la planification locale, régionale et nationale.', 'En effet, l’accent est mis sur la promotion des techniques d’AIC prenant en compte la valorisation de l’information climatique, l’alerte précoce, la gestion des risques et de catastrophes, le genre et l’inclusion sociale, l’assurance indicielle agricole climatique et l’intégration de la dimension « changement climatique » dans la planification locale, régionale et nationale. Les mesures d’atténuation prévues, dans le secteur AFAT, sont relatives à la mise à l’échelle des bonnes pratiques de gestion durable des terres (GDT) et des eaux sur l’ensemble des zones agroécologiques en vue d’augmenter la résilience des écosystèmes et des ménages, et de séquestrer le carbone.', 'Les mesures d’atténuation prévues, dans le secteur AFAT, sont relatives à la mise à l’échelle des bonnes pratiques de gestion durable des terres (GDT) et des eaux sur l’ensemble des zones agroécologiques en vue d’augmenter la résilience des écosystèmes et des ménages, et de séquestrer le carbone. Pour le secteur de l’Energie, les mesures visent à faciliter l’accès à une énergie bon marché, durable et propre ainsi que l’accès aux services énergétiques modernes pour tous en 2030.', 'Pour le secteur de l’Energie, les mesures visent à faciliter l’accès à une énergie bon marché, durable et propre ainsi que l’accès aux services énergétiques modernes pour tous en 2030. Les options d’atténuation concernent la gestion du sous-secteur ‘Résidentiel’(ménages), par l’électrification rurale, l’économie du bois-énergie et sa substitution par d’autres combustibles plus modernes (gaz butane, biocarburants, solaire) ; le sous-secteur ‘Transport’ par la baisse de ses consommations spécifiques ; la gestion des secteurs ‘Demande, Transformation et Vulgarisation des Énergies Renouvelables’ par l’amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique des filières et la promotion du solaire photovoltaïque pour le pompage d’eau, la santé et l’électrification.', 'Les options d’atténuation concernent la gestion du sous-secteur ‘Résidentiel’(ménages), par l’électrification rurale, l’économie du bois-énergie et sa substitution par d’autres combustibles plus modernes (gaz butane, biocarburants, solaire) ; le sous-secteur ‘Transport’ par la baisse de ses consommations spécifiques ; la gestion des secteurs ‘Demande, Transformation et Vulgarisation des Énergies Renouvelables’ par l’amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique des filières et la promotion du solaire photovoltaïque pour le pompage d’eau, la santé et l’électrification. Le tableau 4 suivant reflète les impacts et vulnérabilités dans les sous-secteurs de l’AFAT d’une part et d’autre part les mesures d’adaptation pour faire face à ces impacts.', 'Le tableau 4 suivant reflète les impacts et vulnérabilités dans les sous-secteurs de l’AFAT d’une part et d’autre part les mesures d’adaptation pour faire face à ces impacts. Tableau 4 : Impacts et mesures d’adaptation dans les sous-secteurs d’AFAT Sous-secteurs Impacts et vulnérabilités Mesures et actions Agriculture - Réduction des ressources en eau pluviales - Recrudescence des ennemis de cultures (criquet pèlerin, sautériaux, chenilles mineuses, etc.) - Usage des variétés améliorées certifiées à haut rendement, et de ressources phyto-génétiques adaptées - Gestion intégrée de la fertilité des sols- Réduction/perte du rendement et production des cultures - Perturbation du calendrier cultural (préparation, semis, travaux d’entretien, récolte, etc.)', '- Usage des variétés améliorées certifiées à haut rendement, et de ressources phyto-génétiques adaptées - Gestion intégrée de la fertilité des sols- Réduction/perte du rendement et production des cultures - Perturbation du calendrier cultural (préparation, semis, travaux d’entretien, récolte, etc.) - Ensablement des terres agricoles, la diminution de la contribution de l’agriculture au PIB - Ensablement des cuvettes oasiennes - Inondations locales des zones riveraines des plans d’eau occasionnant des pertes de cultures, la perte de production agricole et des stocks, les dommages sur les infrastructures agricoles et les aménagements hydroagricoles - Accroissement de l’évapotranspiration potentielle - Conflits entre les producteurs ruraux - Dégradation des écosystèmes - Accentuation de l’insécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle - Assurance indicielle agricole - Irrigation ‘goutte à goutte’ - Promotion et le développement des cultures irriguées - Promotion et utilisation des services et informations climatiques en faveur des producteurs - Création des retenues d’eau de ruissellement et leur valorisation pour les cultures irriguées (maraîchage) - Traitement des bassins versants et des koris qui endommagent les aires de cultures - Réalisation d’ouvrages de protection des aires de cultures contre les inondations - Lutte contre les ennemis et maladies climato-sensibles des cultures - Promotion de la petite irrigation et des cultures de contre saison par l’utilisation des systèmes d’irrigation améliorés, innovants et performants - Organisation et développement des filières et des chaines de valeur des principales cultures de rente à haute valeur ajoutée - Promotion de l’agroforesterie et la RNA - Amélioration des systèmes de commercialisation des produits agricoles locaux au profit des producteurs vulnérables - Récupération des terres dégradées pour les besoins d’exploitations agricoles et pastorales - Intégration de l’adaptation au CC dans les plans de développement communaux, départementaux et régionaux.Foresterie - Réduction de la biodiversité - Dégradation des écosystèmes forestiers - Disparition de certaines espèces animales et végétales - Prolifération des espèces terrestres et aquatiques nuisibles (jacinthe d’eau, Sida cordifolia, Tipha autralis) - Formation des ravins et/ou des dunes de sable, la pollution des sols, l’encroûtement - Migration de la faune sauvage - Diminution de la productivité du potentiel forestier.', '- Ensablement des terres agricoles, la diminution de la contribution de l’agriculture au PIB - Ensablement des cuvettes oasiennes - Inondations locales des zones riveraines des plans d’eau occasionnant des pertes de cultures, la perte de production agricole et des stocks, les dommages sur les infrastructures agricoles et les aménagements hydroagricoles - Accroissement de l’évapotranspiration potentielle - Conflits entre les producteurs ruraux - Dégradation des écosystèmes - Accentuation de l’insécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle - Assurance indicielle agricole - Irrigation ‘goutte à goutte’ - Promotion et le développement des cultures irriguées - Promotion et utilisation des services et informations climatiques en faveur des producteurs - Création des retenues d’eau de ruissellement et leur valorisation pour les cultures irriguées (maraîchage) - Traitement des bassins versants et des koris qui endommagent les aires de cultures - Réalisation d’ouvrages de protection des aires de cultures contre les inondations - Lutte contre les ennemis et maladies climato-sensibles des cultures - Promotion de la petite irrigation et des cultures de contre saison par l’utilisation des systèmes d’irrigation améliorés, innovants et performants - Organisation et développement des filières et des chaines de valeur des principales cultures de rente à haute valeur ajoutée - Promotion de l’agroforesterie et la RNA - Amélioration des systèmes de commercialisation des produits agricoles locaux au profit des producteurs vulnérables - Récupération des terres dégradées pour les besoins d’exploitations agricoles et pastorales - Intégration de l’adaptation au CC dans les plans de développement communaux, départementaux et régionaux.Foresterie - Réduction de la biodiversité - Dégradation des écosystèmes forestiers - Disparition de certaines espèces animales et végétales - Prolifération des espèces terrestres et aquatiques nuisibles (jacinthe d’eau, Sida cordifolia, Tipha autralis) - Formation des ravins et/ou des dunes de sable, la pollution des sols, l’encroûtement - Migration de la faune sauvage - Diminution de la productivité du potentiel forestier. - Aménagement des forêts - Production des plants - Récupération des terres dégradées - Fixation des dunes - Lutte contre les plantes en envahissantes - Mise en place des brise-vents de protection - Mise en place des haies vives - Ouverture des bandes pare-feu - Promotion de la RNA - Réalisation de plantations d’alignement, d’ornement et d’ombrage - Promotion de l’élevage non conventionnel.', '- Aménagement des forêts - Production des plants - Récupération des terres dégradées - Fixation des dunes - Lutte contre les plantes en envahissantes - Mise en place des brise-vents de protection - Mise en place des haies vives - Ouverture des bandes pare-feu - Promotion de la RNA - Réalisation de plantations d’alignement, d’ornement et d’ombrage - Promotion de l’élevage non conventionnel. Elevage - Modification de la composition des troupeaux à travers un remplacement progressif des bovins, par des petits ruminants et des camelins, plus résistants aux conditions climatiques difficiles - Reconversion des éleveurs nomades en populations sédentaires, - Diminution généralisée du potentiel fourrager - Ensablement des espaces pastoraux - Prolifération de certaines espèces végétales non appétées par les animaux (Sida cordifolia, Calotropis procera) - Dégradation des parcours - Accroissement de la mortalité du cheptel, surtout des bovins, lié aux sécheresses récurrentes - Baisse des revenus des éleveurs - Diminution de la contribution de l’élevage au PIB.', 'Elevage - Modification de la composition des troupeaux à travers un remplacement progressif des bovins, par des petits ruminants et des camelins, plus résistants aux conditions climatiques difficiles - Reconversion des éleveurs nomades en populations sédentaires, - Diminution généralisée du potentiel fourrager - Ensablement des espaces pastoraux - Prolifération de certaines espèces végétales non appétées par les animaux (Sida cordifolia, Calotropis procera) - Dégradation des parcours - Accroissement de la mortalité du cheptel, surtout des bovins, lié aux sécheresses récurrentes - Baisse des revenus des éleveurs - Diminution de la contribution de l’élevage au PIB. - Appui à l’élevage traditionnel par le renforcement des aménagements pastoraux et des capacités de sécurisation dans la zone pastorale ; - Accroissement de la productivité de l’élevage par l’amélioration du potentiel génétique et le développement de l’intégration agriculture/élevage - Appui à l’aviculture villageoise - Relance de la filière bétail-viande - Appui à l’organisation des professionnels de la filière élevage - Appui à la privatisation de la profession zoo-vétérinaire - Lutte contre les épizooties et mise en place de veille sanitaire - Promotion des laiteries et soutien à l’élevage périurbain - Appui à la recherche vétérinaire et zootechnique - Promotion de l’élevage non conventionnel - Appui à la mise en œuvre du plan d’action pour la relance del’élevage au Niger et mesures d’accompagnement.', '- Appui à l’élevage traditionnel par le renforcement des aménagements pastoraux et des capacités de sécurisation dans la zone pastorale ; - Accroissement de la productivité de l’élevage par l’amélioration du potentiel génétique et le développement de l’intégration agriculture/élevage - Appui à l’aviculture villageoise - Relance de la filière bétail-viande - Appui à l’organisation des professionnels de la filière élevage - Appui à la privatisation de la profession zoo-vétérinaire - Lutte contre les épizooties et mise en place de veille sanitaire - Promotion des laiteries et soutien à l’élevage périurbain - Appui à la recherche vétérinaire et zootechnique - Promotion de l’élevage non conventionnel - Appui à la mise en œuvre du plan d’action pour la relance del’élevage au Niger et mesures d’accompagnement. - Promotion des cultures fourragères Ressources en eau - Inondations (pluies diluviennes) - Vent violent, vent de sable - Température extrême - Sécheresses.', '- Promotion des cultures fourragères Ressources en eau - Inondations (pluies diluviennes) - Vent violent, vent de sable - Température extrême - Sécheresses. - Pollution des eaux de surface et souterraines - Variations des niveaux piézométriques - Tarissement des cours d’eau de plus en plus rapide - Amélioration de la connaissance et de la maîtrise des ressources en eau - Valorisation des informations météorologiques - Amélioration de la couverture des besoins en eau des populations et de leur cadre de vie - Réalisation de mini AEP dans les villages les plus peuplés - Appui à tous les secteurs de production tout en recherchant une meilleure adéquation entre coûts d’investissements, d’entretien et de fonctionnement des infrastructures hydrauliques - Clarification et le respect des rôles des différents partenaires (Etat, collectivités, secteur privé, populations bénéficiaires - Protection des ressources en eau, de la qualité de l’eau et des écosystèmes aquatiques - Mise en place de brise vent pour protéger les plans et cours d’eau contre l’érosion éolienne - Valorisation des ressources en eau à travers une meilleure organisation des filières - Adéquation entre la fourniture de l’eau à usage domestique, industriel, agricole. - Traitement des eaux résiduaires - Adéquation entre les aménagements, urbanisation.IV.', '- Pollution des eaux de surface et souterraines - Variations des niveaux piézométriques - Tarissement des cours d’eau de plus en plus rapide - Amélioration de la connaissance et de la maîtrise des ressources en eau - Valorisation des informations météorologiques - Amélioration de la couverture des besoins en eau des populations et de leur cadre de vie - Réalisation de mini AEP dans les villages les plus peuplés - Appui à tous les secteurs de production tout en recherchant une meilleure adéquation entre coûts d’investissements, d’entretien et de fonctionnement des infrastructures hydrauliques - Clarification et le respect des rôles des différents partenaires (Etat, collectivités, secteur privé, populations bénéficiaires - Protection des ressources en eau, de la qualité de l’eau et des écosystèmes aquatiques - Mise en place de brise vent pour protéger les plans et cours d’eau contre l’érosion éolienne - Valorisation des ressources en eau à travers une meilleure organisation des filières - Adéquation entre la fourniture de l’eau à usage domestique, industriel, agricole. - Traitement des eaux résiduaires - Adéquation entre les aménagements, urbanisation.IV. MISE EN ŒUVRE DE LA CDN 1.', 'MISE EN ŒUVRE DE LA CDN 1. Cadre politique, institutionnel et organisationnel La mise en œuvre intersectorielle de la CDN nécessite la mobilisation des acteurs étatiques relevant des ministères sectoriels et des institutions de recherche et de formation dont les universités publiques, le secteur privé et les OSC. La mise en œuvre de la CDN requiert également un mode de gouvernance assurant les fonctions d’orientation/décisions, de pilotage, de concertation et de mise en œuvre. Cette gouvernance sera fondée sur un leadership solide de communication, d’échanges ainsi que l’implication et l’adhésion des parties prenantes suscitées. Il s’avère indispensable de créer une bonne synergie institutionnelle et l appropriation du processus par l’ensemble des acteurs.', 'Il s’avère indispensable de créer une bonne synergie institutionnelle et l appropriation du processus par l’ensemble des acteurs. Le Secrétariat Permanant (SP), organe exécutif de mise en œuvre de la CDN, assure la coordination et doté de ressources humaines qualifiées et matérielles adéquates et d’une autonomie de gestion. Il sera chargé spécifiquement de la coordination et du suivi de la mise en œuvre de la CDN avec des missions et attributions bien définies pour éviter tout conflit de compétence avec les autres structures. La mise en œuvre des activités de la CDN relèvera de la compétence des administrations sectorielles concernées, les ONG/AD et le secteur privé. Un comité de pilotage sera mis en place pour donner des orientations au SP à mettre en œuvre les décisions.', 'Un comité de pilotage sera mis en place pour donner des orientations au SP à mettre en œuvre les décisions. Le comité de suivi de la mise en œuvre de la CDN tel qu’il existe actuellement dans sa composition (administrations sectorielles, recherche et formation, OSC, secteur privé, PTF) continuera ses missions. 2. Financement Atténuation Le montant global (investissement inconditionnel et conditionnel) de mise en œuvre des technologies d’atténuation identifiées est évalué à 3,1651 Milliards USD pour la période 2021- 2030 en deux phases de cinq ans. En effet, les coûts des options inconditionnelles et conditionnelles sont évalués respectivement à 0,2127 Milliards de USD soit 6,72% et 2,9524 Milliards de USD soit 93,28%.', 'En effet, les coûts des options inconditionnelles et conditionnelles sont évalués respectivement à 0,2127 Milliards de USD soit 6,72% et 2,9524 Milliards de USD soit 93,28%. Le récapitulatif de ces coûts est contenu dans la figure 6 et le tableau 5 ci-après.Graphique 4 : Flux du financement par phase de mise en œuvre de la CDN dans le secteur de l’Energie Tableau 5 : Coût de financement d’atténuation Energie Réduction Financement (Milliards USD) 3. Financement Adaptation Le montant global (investissement inconditionnel et conditionnel) de mise en œuvre des technologies d’adaptation identifiées est évalué à 6,743 Milliards USD pour la période 2021- 2030 en deux phases de cinq ans. En effet, les coûts des options inconditionnelles et conditionnelles sont évalués respectivement à 2,40 Milliards USD (36%) et 4,343 Milliards USD (64%).', 'En effet, les coûts des options inconditionnelles et conditionnelles sont évalués respectivement à 2,40 Milliards USD (36%) et 4,343 Milliards USD (64%). Le récapitulatif de ces coûts est contenu dans la figure 7 et le tableau 6 ci-après. Financement inconditionnel Financement conditionnel Millions US $ Type de financementGraphique 5 : Flux du financement par phase de mise en œuvre de la CDN dans le secteur AFAT Tableau 6 : Coût de financement d’adaptation AFAT Réduction Financement (Milliards USD) 4. Suivi, Rapportage et Vérification de la CDN Un dispositif de suivi-évaluation de la CDN est mis en place pour permettre de suivre les indicateurs de performance et les efforts du Niger en matière d’adaptation et d’atténuation dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre de l’Accord de Paris.', 'Suivi, Rapportage et Vérification de la CDN Un dispositif de suivi-évaluation de la CDN est mis en place pour permettre de suivre les indicateurs de performance et les efforts du Niger en matière d’adaptation et d’atténuation dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre de l’Accord de Paris. Un suivi régulier et des évaluations annuelles seront menés pour des ajustements nécessaires tenant compte des indicateurs pertinents et objectivement vérifiables. Le suivi-évaluation sera assuré par un Secrétariat Permanent logé au ME/LCD et se fera de façon participative avec tous les représentants de l’organe d’orientation chargé de la mise en œuvre de la CDN. Le suivi-évaluation s’intéressera au double plan des réalisations physiques et financières.', 'Le suivi-évaluation s’intéressera au double plan des réalisations physiques et financières. Le mécanisme de suivi-évaluation de la CDN prévoit deux types de suivi à savoir : le suivi d’exécution qui va exploiter les données des rapports d’activités des structures nationales et des partenaires, et à l’élaboration de rapports d’activités du Secrétariat Permanent ; le suivi d’impact va s’appuyer sur les indicateurs de performance à deux échelles (nationale, locale) et sous les deux formes interne et externe. Financement Conditionnel Financement Conditionnel Types de financementAussi, le système MRV (Mesurable, Rapportage et Vérifiable), constitue un « vecteur de confiance entre les pays, en exposant de manière transparente leurs actions d’atténuation ainsi que les obligations de financement des pays développés ».', 'Financement Conditionnel Financement Conditionnel Types de financementAussi, le système MRV (Mesurable, Rapportage et Vérifiable), constitue un « vecteur de confiance entre les pays, en exposant de manière transparente leurs actions d’atténuation ainsi que les obligations de financement des pays développés ». Dès que le système MVR serait développé et adopté par le Niger, il s’avère important de renforcer les capacités des acteurs-clés de mise en œuvre de la CDN.VI. BESOINS EN OUTILS DE GOUVERNANCE CLIMAT DE LA CDN Le besoin financier du Niger pour la mise en œuvre de la CDN durant la période 2021-2030 est de 9,9081 Milliards USD dont 2,6127 Milliards USD (scénario Inconditionnel) soit 26,37% soutenu par l’Etat, et 7,2954 Milliards USD (scénario Conditionnel) soit 73,63 % à mobiliser auprès des PTF et de la Finance Climatique internationale.', 'BESOINS EN OUTILS DE GOUVERNANCE CLIMAT DE LA CDN Le besoin financier du Niger pour la mise en œuvre de la CDN durant la période 2021-2030 est de 9,9081 Milliards USD dont 2,6127 Milliards USD (scénario Inconditionnel) soit 26,37% soutenu par l’Etat, et 7,2954 Milliards USD (scénario Conditionnel) soit 73,63 % à mobiliser auprès des PTF et de la Finance Climatique internationale. La CDN contribue à l’atteinte des ODD et à l’objectif de développement économique et social du Niger à travers ses politiques et stratégies. La réalisation de cet objectif passe par la prise en compte ou la mise en œuvre des éléments principaux des différents plans d’actions de soutien et des outils de gouvernance Climat de la CDN durant sa période.', 'La réalisation de cet objectif passe par la prise en compte ou la mise en œuvre des éléments principaux des différents plans d’actions de soutien et des outils de gouvernance Climat de la CDN durant sa période. Il s’agit de : - Renforcement de capacités des parties prenantes et des institutions de mise en œuvre de la CDN ; - Etudes de préfaisabilité/faisabilité et le développement des projets et programmes du secteur de l’Energie ; - Développement des documents des projets/programmes ‘ ; - Appropriation par les partenaires du Plan de partenariat (PP) ; - Développement de Partenariat Public Privé (PPP) pour la mise en valeur des projets d’énergies nouvelles et renouvelables ; - Elaboration des Notes Conceptuelles de Projets/Programmes d’atténuation et d’adaptation ; - Développement du Plan d’investissement Climat de la CDN ; - Transfert de technologies appropriées ; - Finalisation du système de suivi-évaluation de la CDN ; - Système d’enregistrement et les procédures de MNV ; - Mise en place des organes de Gouvernance de la CDN (exécution, pilotage et orientation, suivi, …) ; - Mise en place d’une Stratégie de Communication et Changement Climatique ; - Adoption de la Feuille de route de mise en œuvre de la CDN ; - Organisation des structures nationales de collecte de données et informations, et la mobilisation des moyens nécessaires à la conduite d un inventaire de GES, au stockage des données, à l’archivage et la constitution d’une base de données.', 'Il s’agit de : - Renforcement de capacités des parties prenantes et des institutions de mise en œuvre de la CDN ; - Etudes de préfaisabilité/faisabilité et le développement des projets et programmes du secteur de l’Energie ; - Développement des documents des projets/programmes ‘ ; - Appropriation par les partenaires du Plan de partenariat (PP) ; - Développement de Partenariat Public Privé (PPP) pour la mise en valeur des projets d’énergies nouvelles et renouvelables ; - Elaboration des Notes Conceptuelles de Projets/Programmes d’atténuation et d’adaptation ; - Développement du Plan d’investissement Climat de la CDN ; - Transfert de technologies appropriées ; - Finalisation du système de suivi-évaluation de la CDN ; - Système d’enregistrement et les procédures de MNV ; - Mise en place des organes de Gouvernance de la CDN (exécution, pilotage et orientation, suivi, …) ; - Mise en place d’une Stratégie de Communication et Changement Climatique ; - Adoption de la Feuille de route de mise en œuvre de la CDN ; - Organisation des structures nationales de collecte de données et informations, et la mobilisation des moyens nécessaires à la conduite d un inventaire de GES, au stockage des données, à l’archivage et la constitution d’une base de données. L’IGES prendra en compte des nouveaux gaz utilisés au Niger et ayant un PRG fort, dans le respect des engagements du Niger auprès des autres Accords Multilatéraux Environnementaux.1.', 'L’IGES prendra en compte des nouveaux gaz utilisés au Niger et ayant un PRG fort, dans le respect des engagements du Niger auprès des autres Accords Multilatéraux Environnementaux.1. Système national de MRV Le système national de MRV (Mesure, Rapportage et Vérification) est capital pour mesurer les progrès de mise en œuvre de la CDN notamment pour les mesures d atténuation. Le système MRV marquera la volonté du Niger à travailler dans la transparente avec les partenaires. 2. Transfert de technologies Les besoins prioritaires en transfert de technologies sont identifiés dans le cadre du projet « Évaluation des Besoins en Technologies (EBT) » et un portefeuille de projets et programmes a été identifié, pour prendre en charge les effets néfastes des CC par le transfert et l’accès aux technologies propres.', 'Transfert de technologies Les besoins prioritaires en transfert de technologies sont identifiés dans le cadre du projet « Évaluation des Besoins en Technologies (EBT) » et un portefeuille de projets et programmes a été identifié, pour prendre en charge les effets néfastes des CC par le transfert et l’accès aux technologies propres. Le transfert de technologies concerne bien l’adaptation et l’atténuation. 3. Mobilisation des ressources financières Le Niger compte sur la coopération internationale pour mobiliser les ressources financières suffisantes pour l’atteinte des objectifs de la CDN. Les ressources mobilisables au niveau national sont limitées et insuffisantes d’où l’intérêt marqué du Niger à accéder aux Fonds Climat.', 'Les ressources mobilisables au niveau national sont limitées et insuffisantes d’où l’intérêt marqué du Niger à accéder aux Fonds Climat. Pour cela, il est donc important de renforcer les capacités des acteurs pour faciliter l’accès aux mécanismes financiers et aux ressources pour favoriser la mise en œuvre de la CDN. La stratégie de mobilisation des ressources reposera sur les axes suivants : le renforcement du réseau de partenariat existant, la conception d’outils d’aide à la décision, le développement d’actions de plaidoyer, la diversification des sources de financement et la valorisation des opportunités de financement. Le Plan d’Investissement Climat pour la mise en œuvre de la CDN concernera tous les projets/programmes d’adaptation et d’atténuation identifiés ou décidés par les porteurs et le Gouvernement.', 'Le Plan d’Investissement Climat pour la mise en œuvre de la CDN concernera tous les projets/programmes d’adaptation et d’atténuation identifiés ou décidés par les porteurs et le Gouvernement. En outre, il s’avère nécessaire de renforcer la sensibilisation des acteurs sur les enjeux de la CDN à tous les échelons, mais aussi identifier et mobiliser les sources des mécanismes financiers pour faire face aux défis de la mise en œuvre de la CDN et du développement économique et social du Niger.', 'En outre, il s’avère nécessaire de renforcer la sensibilisation des acteurs sur les enjeux de la CDN à tous les échelons, mais aussi identifier et mobiliser les sources des mécanismes financiers pour faire face aux défis de la mise en œuvre de la CDN et du développement économique et social du Niger. D’ores et déjà, les sources de financement suivantes pourraient être mobilisées : le Fonds Vert pour le Climat, le Fonds d’Adaptation pour les PMA, les Fonds Stratégiques pour le Climat (FSC), les Fonds du programme d’adaptation pour les petits agriculteurs, les « Small Grants Programme (SGP) » du FEM, les Fonds Fiduciaires pour les Technologies Propres, etc.', 'D’ores et déjà, les sources de financement suivantes pourraient être mobilisées : le Fonds Vert pour le Climat, le Fonds d’Adaptation pour les PMA, les Fonds Stratégiques pour le Climat (FSC), les Fonds du programme d’adaptation pour les petits agriculteurs, les « Small Grants Programme (SGP) » du FEM, les Fonds Fiduciaires pour les Technologies Propres, etc. Aussi, la gouvernance Climat au Niger est marquée par la volonté politique affirmée pour la mise en œuvre de l’Accord de Paris, du renforcement de la gouvernance locale, de l’intégration du genre et l’inclusion, des enjeux de CC dans les politiques et stratégies nationales, de la mise en œuvre du Plan d’Investissement Climat pour la Région du Sahel et son Programme Prioritaire pour Catalyser les Investissements Climatiques au Sahel.', 'Aussi, la gouvernance Climat au Niger est marquée par la volonté politique affirmée pour la mise en œuvre de l’Accord de Paris, du renforcement de la gouvernance locale, de l’intégration du genre et l’inclusion, des enjeux de CC dans les politiques et stratégies nationales, de la mise en œuvre du Plan d’Investissement Climat pour la Région du Sahel et son Programme Prioritaire pour Catalyser les Investissements Climatiques au Sahel. Enfin, les engagements des partenaires annoncés pour le financement de la CDN ouvrent des perspectives en matière de mobilisation de financements et d’élaboration de projets structurants ‘bancables’ pour le Niger et la Région du Sahel et de la zone CEDEAO.VII.', 'Enfin, les engagements des partenaires annoncés pour le financement de la CDN ouvrent des perspectives en matière de mobilisation de financements et d’élaboration de projets structurants ‘bancables’ pour le Niger et la Région du Sahel et de la zone CEDEAO.VII. AUTRES INFORMATIONS Le Niger a entamé un processus de développement des notes conceptuelles et des études de préfaisabilité/faisabilité et de coûts-bénéfices des projets et programmes des domaines de l’Agriculture, de l’Environnement, des Ressources en Eau, de l’Energie, de la Santé, des Transports et Equipements, de l’Elevage, de la GMV, etc. Ces initiatives seront soumises aux mécanismes internationaux de financement climatique dont le Fonds Vert pour le Climat (FVC).', 'Ces initiatives seront soumises aux mécanismes internationaux de financement climatique dont le Fonds Vert pour le Climat (FVC). Ces projets et programmes relèvent des deux secteurs prioritaires AFAT et Energie et sont repris dans le Plan de Partenariat et le Plan d’Investissement Climat de la CDN pour lesquels, il faut mobiliser les ressources financières dans le cadre de l’opérationnalisation de la CDN. Certains projets sont déjà financés par le FVC pour les prochaines années. Les projets du secteur AFAT concernent la gestion durable des ressources naturelles (terres, forestières, pastorales, eau).', 'Les projets du secteur AFAT concernent la gestion durable des ressources naturelles (terres, forestières, pastorales, eau). Les projets du secteur de l’Energie sont ceux de la Feuille de route pour le sous-secteur de l’électricité à l’horizon 2035 dont les centrales électriques décidées ou planifiées par le Gouvernement et des nouvelles autres options à sélectionner par le modèle. Tous ces projets et programmes concourent aussi bien à l’adaptation qu’à l’atténuation pour la résilience des communautés et des écosystèmes.VIII.', 'Tous ces projets et programmes concourent aussi bien à l’adaptation qu’à l’atténuation pour la résilience des communautés et des écosystèmes.VIII. CONCLUSION La révision et la soumission de la CDN avant la tenue de COP-26 de Glasgow traduit la volonté du Gouvernement du Niger à honorer ses engagements vis-à-vis de la Convention et de l’Accord de Paris en vue de contribuer à la réduction la limitation de la hausse de la température mondiale La présente mise à jour des objectifs et des mesures d’atténuation des GES et d’adaptation au CC ainsi que les financements des secteurs prioritaires (AFAT, Energie) sont déterminés pour la période 2021-2030 afin de permettre à toutes les parties nationales de se préparer pour des actions de renforcement de capacités humaines, institutionnelles et logistiques, de réévaluer tous les projets et programmes d’investissement.', 'CONCLUSION La révision et la soumission de la CDN avant la tenue de COP-26 de Glasgow traduit la volonté du Gouvernement du Niger à honorer ses engagements vis-à-vis de la Convention et de l’Accord de Paris en vue de contribuer à la réduction la limitation de la hausse de la température mondiale La présente mise à jour des objectifs et des mesures d’atténuation des GES et d’adaptation au CC ainsi que les financements des secteurs prioritaires (AFAT, Energie) sont déterminés pour la période 2021-2030 afin de permettre à toutes les parties nationales de se préparer pour des actions de renforcement de capacités humaines, institutionnelles et logistiques, de réévaluer tous les projets et programmes d’investissement. Cette mise à jour a pris en compte les outils de gouvernance Climat de la CDN révisée dont la Feuille de route de sa mise en œuvre, la Stratégie de mobilisation de ressources, le Système MRV, le Dispositif de suivi-évaluation, la Stratégie de Communication et CC, le Plan d’Investissement Climat de la CDN et la mise en place de la base de données sur l’inventaire national de GES.', 'Cette mise à jour a pris en compte les outils de gouvernance Climat de la CDN révisée dont la Feuille de route de sa mise en œuvre, la Stratégie de mobilisation de ressources, le Système MRV, le Dispositif de suivi-évaluation, la Stratégie de Communication et CC, le Plan d’Investissement Climat de la CDN et la mise en place de la base de données sur l’inventaire national de GES. Les nouveaux objectifs proposés s’alignent aux cadres stratégiques et politiques du Niger : SDDCI-Niger 2035, PDES, I3N, SPN2A, DPNE, SNPA/CVC, PNCC, PNEDD-2016, SNT, etc.', 'Les nouveaux objectifs proposés s’alignent aux cadres stratégiques et politiques du Niger : SDDCI-Niger 2035, PDES, I3N, SPN2A, DPNE, SNPA/CVC, PNCC, PNEDD-2016, SNT, etc. La mise en œuvre des technologies d’atténuation et d’adaptation identifiées respectivement dans les secteurs Energie et AFAT contribuera à l’atteinte de ces nouveaux objectifs pour la période 2021-2030 et nécessitera un investissement total de 9,9081 Milliards USD dont 2,6127 Milliards USD (scénario Inconditionnel) soit 26,37% soutenu par l’Etat, et 7,2954 Milliards USD (scénario Conditionnel) soit 73,63% à mobiliser auprès des PTF et de la Finance Climat Internationale.', 'La mise en œuvre des technologies d’atténuation et d’adaptation identifiées respectivement dans les secteurs Energie et AFAT contribuera à l’atteinte de ces nouveaux objectifs pour la période 2021-2030 et nécessitera un investissement total de 9,9081 Milliards USD dont 2,6127 Milliards USD (scénario Inconditionnel) soit 26,37% soutenu par l’Etat, et 7,2954 Milliards USD (scénario Conditionnel) soit 73,63% à mobiliser auprès des PTF et de la Finance Climat Internationale. A travers la mise en œuvre de la Contribution, le Niger contribuera à l’atteinte de l’objectif de l’Accord de Paris consistant à « intensifier la réponse planétaire à la menace du changement climatique en maintenant l’augmentation de la température mondiale bien en dessous de 2°C, et de mener des efforts encore plus poussés pour limiter cette hausse à 1,5°C au-dessus des niveaux préindustriels ».', 'A travers la mise en œuvre de la Contribution, le Niger contribuera à l’atteinte de l’objectif de l’Accord de Paris consistant à « intensifier la réponse planétaire à la menace du changement climatique en maintenant l’augmentation de la température mondiale bien en dessous de 2°C, et de mener des efforts encore plus poussés pour limiter cette hausse à 1,5°C au-dessus des niveaux préindustriels ». Aussi, la révision de la CDN est une opportunité d’intensifier la mobilisation des partenaires et des ressources en faveur de la mise en œuvre de la Feuille de route et du Plan d’Investissement Climat pour financer les projets et programmes d’investissement pour inverser la tendance au dérèglement climatique d’une part, et d’autre part permettre aux vaillantes populations et aux écosystèmes du Niger d’être plus résilients au climat.', 'Aussi, la révision de la CDN est une opportunité d’intensifier la mobilisation des partenaires et des ressources en faveur de la mise en œuvre de la Feuille de route et du Plan d’Investissement Climat pour financer les projets et programmes d’investissement pour inverser la tendance au dérèglement climatique d’une part, et d’autre part permettre aux vaillantes populations et aux écosystèmes du Niger d’être plus résilients au climat. En outre, le Niger a pris en compte la dimension du genre et l’inclusion et associer pleinement le secteur privé dans tout le processus de révision, de planification et de la mise en œuvre de la Contribution.Références bibliographiques ME/LCD, Plan d’actions et Feuille de route du Secteur AFAT, juin 2021 ME/LCD, Rapport final : « Développement de mini-inventaires d’émissions de GES et de projections pour soutenir la préparation des nouvelles cibles », activité A-575, CAEP-IRENA, 2021 ME/LCD, Rapport final : « Renforcement du mécanisme pour le suivi de la mise en place des CDN », Activité A-591CAEP-IRENA, Juillet 2021 ME/LCD, Evaluation de la vulnérabilité des secteurs agriculture, Forestry and other Land Use (AFOLU) et Energie, juin 2021 ME/LCD, Mise à jour des objectifs de la Contribution Déterminée au niveau National (CDN) et son alignement aux nouvelles politiques sectorielles et nationales, juin 2021 ME/LCD, Rapport définitif : Évaluation des capacités institutionnelles de révision et de mise en œuvre de la Contribution Déterminée au niveau National (CDN), juin 2021 ME/LCD, Rapport final : Analyse coûts-bénéfices pour éclairer la sélection des projets énergétiques à inclure dans la CDN révisée (Activité A586), août 2021 ME/LCD, Rapport sur l’État des lieux de la mise en œuvre de la Contribution Déterminée au niveau National (CDN) du Niger, mai 2021 ME/LCD, Plan d’Investissement pour la mise en œuvre de la Contribution Déterminée au niveau National (CDN) du Niger – version intermédiaire, juillet 2021 ME/LCD, Rapport intermédiaire : Appui à la collecte des données pour améliorer l’inventaire des Gaz à Effet de Serre de la République du Niger dans le cadre du Climate Action Enhancement Package du NDC Partnership - Objectif 1 – Analyser les sources d’émissions de gaz fluorés et identifier les structures et les données disponibles à cet effet, décembre 2020 MESUDD, Appui à la collecte des données pour améliorer l’inventaire des Gaz à Effet de Serre de la République du Niger dans le cadre du Climate Action Enhancement Package du NDC Partnership - Objectif 3 : Système MNV national des émissions permettant de suivre l’atténuation du secteur de l’énergie, décembre 2020 MESUDD, Stratégie et Plan National d’Adaptation face au changements climatiques dans le ME/LCD, Stratégie de mise en œuvre intersectorielle d la CDN Révisée, août 2021 MESUDD, Document de Contribution Déterminée au niveau National (CDN) du Niger, septembre Banque Mondiale-Niger : Rapid Situational Assessment, Version intermédiaire 10/02/2021 Ministère de l’Energie, Document de Politique Nationale de l’Electricité (DPNE) Ministère de l’Energie, Stratégie Nationale d’accès à l’Electricité (SNAE)ME/LCD, Rapport provisoire du Niger sur le Mécanisme d’appui au développement des CPDN/UNFCCC, septembre 2015 ME/LCD, rapport sur l’Alignement des initiatives du secteur privé aux nouveaux objectifs et cibles climatiques de la CDN, (IRD ex-ORSTOM), Août 2021 ME/LCD, rapport final sur la Mise en place d’un système national de suivi-évaluation de la mise en œuvre de la CDN, volet atténuation (MRV) - Activité C061, août 2021 ME/LCD, OIM, Rapport des résultats préliminaires de la recherche de l’Étude nationale sur le lien entre migration, environnement et le changement climatique, sensible au genre au Niger, Aout ME/LCD, Etude pour l’intégration de la dimension genre et des emplois verts dans la CDN révisée, République du Niger : Elaboration de projections climatiques désagrégées pour le Niger, Livrable N°1 – Version finale (SNP2A) du 01/11/2019']

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Nigeria

LTS

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LTS 1.0

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Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Africa

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['2050 Long-Term Vision for Nigeria (LTV-2050) -Towards the Development of Nigeria’s Long-Term Low Emissions Development Strategy (LT-LEDS) By Department of Climate Change, Federal Ministry of Environment, Nigeriai TABLE OF CONTENTS PREAMBLE . II EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . II 1.2 ESTABLISHING NIGERIA’S LONG-TERM VISION 4 1.3 PROCESS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THIS VISION . 5 2. OVERVIEW OF NIGERIA’S POLICY-RELATED RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE 7 2.1 NATIONAL CONTEXT . 7 2.2 ADDRESSING THE CLIMATE CHANGE CHALLENGE: MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION MEASURES 9 2.3 NIGERIA’S NDC 11 2.4 ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS IN THE FACE OF CLIMATE CHANGE . 11 3.1 CURRENT SITUATION . 13 3.2 DEVELOPING THE LTV VISION . 14 3.2.1 Guiding Principles . 14 3.2.2 Stakeholders’ Consultation . 16 3.2.3 Main Elements of the Vision . 17 3.3 THE VISION: WHERE WE WANT TO BE IN 2050.', 'OVERVIEW OF NIGERIA’S POLICY-RELATED RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE 7 2.1 NATIONAL CONTEXT . 7 2.2 ADDRESSING THE CLIMATE CHANGE CHALLENGE: MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION MEASURES 9 2.3 NIGERIA’S NDC 11 2.4 ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS IN THE FACE OF CLIMATE CHANGE . 11 3.1 CURRENT SITUATION . 13 3.2 DEVELOPING THE LTV VISION . 14 3.2.1 Guiding Principles . 14 3.2.2 Stakeholders’ Consultation . 16 3.2.3 Main Elements of the Vision . 17 3.3 THE VISION: WHERE WE WANT TO BE IN 2050. 18 4.', 'OVERVIEW OF NIGERIA’S POLICY-RELATED RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE 7 2.1 NATIONAL CONTEXT . 7 2.2 ADDRESSING THE CLIMATE CHANGE CHALLENGE: MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION MEASURES 9 2.3 NIGERIA’S NDC 11 2.4 ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS IN THE FACE OF CLIMATE CHANGE . 11 3.1 CURRENT SITUATION . 13 3.2 DEVELOPING THE LTV VISION . 14 3.2.1 Guiding Principles . 14 3.2.2 Stakeholders’ Consultation . 16 3.2.3 Main Elements of the Vision . 17 3.3 THE VISION: WHERE WE WANT TO BE IN 2050. 18 4. VISIONS BY SECTOR 19 4.1 AGRICULTURE, FOREST, AND OTHER LAND USE (AFOLU) . 19 4.3 FRESH WATER AND COASTAL WETLANDS 22 4.5 URBAN SETTLEMENTS . 24 4.6 OIL AND GAS . 26 4.9 CROSS-CUTTING: GENDER INCLUSION . 29 5 ROLE OF INNOVATION . 31 5.1 SOCIAL INNOVATION 31 5.2 ECONOMIC INNOVATION . 31 5.4 ENVIRONMENTAL INNOVATION . 31 6.', 'VISIONS BY SECTOR 19 4.1 AGRICULTURE, FOREST, AND OTHER LAND USE (AFOLU) . 19 4.3 FRESH WATER AND COASTAL WETLANDS 22 4.5 URBAN SETTLEMENTS . 24 4.6 OIL AND GAS . 26 4.9 CROSS-CUTTING: GENDER INCLUSION . 29 5 ROLE OF INNOVATION . 31 5.1 SOCIAL INNOVATION 31 5.2 ECONOMIC INNOVATION . 31 5.4 ENVIRONMENTAL INNOVATION . 31 6. WAY FORWARD AND ELABORATION OF THE LT-LEDS. 33 ANNEX 1: CRITICAL QUESTIONS/SUBJECTS FOR LT-LEDS ELABORATION 35 ANNEX 2: SUGGESTED PROCESS(ES) FOR INCLUSIVENESS AND ROBUSTNESS FOR THE LT-LEDS ELABORATION FOR NIGERIA. 37ii Preamble At COP26 in Glasgow, Nigerian President Muhammadu Buhari announced that Nigeria will cut its carbon emissions and reach net-zero by 2060.', '37ii Preamble At COP26 in Glasgow, Nigerian President Muhammadu Buhari announced that Nigeria will cut its carbon emissions and reach net-zero by 2060. The President subsequently signed into law a new climate bill that create five-year emission budgets, with a view to achieving net-zero greenhouse gas emissions between 2050 and 2070. This Long-Term Vision, intended as a first contribution towards the invitation in Article 4.19 of the Paris Agreement to communicate long-term low greenhouse gas emissions development strategies (LT-LEDS), was elaborated in 2020-2021, to collect a broad set of views and prepare for the construction of a full long-term strategy to explore how Nigeria can achieve its new climate ambition.', 'This Long-Term Vision, intended as a first contribution towards the invitation in Article 4.19 of the Paris Agreement to communicate long-term low greenhouse gas emissions development strategies (LT-LEDS), was elaborated in 2020-2021, to collect a broad set of views and prepare for the construction of a full long-term strategy to explore how Nigeria can achieve its new climate ambition. Executive Summary Nigeria, as one of the signatories to the Paris Agreement (PA), recognises that the transition to low-emission development is indispensable for achieving sustainable economic growth through pathways that yield reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and other social, economic, and environmental benefits.', 'Executive Summary Nigeria, as one of the signatories to the Paris Agreement (PA), recognises that the transition to low-emission development is indispensable for achieving sustainable economic growth through pathways that yield reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and other social, economic, and environmental benefits. In addition to the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) that outline climate actions until 2030, the Paris Agreement, under Article 4.19, calls for all Parties to strive to formulate and communicate LT-LEDS, considering common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of different national circumstances. To this end, the Federal Government of Nigeria decided to develop its LT-LEDS as part of her onus to ensure a low-carbon future, with an initial focus on a Long-Term Vision to 2050 for the country.', 'To this end, the Federal Government of Nigeria decided to develop its LT-LEDS as part of her onus to ensure a low-carbon future, with an initial focus on a Long-Term Vision to 2050 for the country. The vision provides a clear sense of direction to all stakeholders for a well-managed transition to a low-carbon economy that grows existing and new sectors, creating new jobs and economic opportunities for the nation. The vision states that: By 2050, Nigeria is a country of low-carbon, climate-resilient, high- growth circular economy that reduces its current level of emissions by 50%, moving towards having net-zero emissions across all sectors of its development in a gender-responsive manner.', 'The vision states that: By 2050, Nigeria is a country of low-carbon, climate-resilient, high- growth circular economy that reduces its current level of emissions by 50%, moving towards having net-zero emissions across all sectors of its development in a gender-responsive manner. It is hoped that this vision will promote sustainable development and guarantee a climate-proofed economic development through multi-stakeholder engagement, especially as Nigeria is also engaged in developing Medium-Term (2021-2025) and Long-Term (Agenda 2050) national development plans.', 'It is hoped that this vision will promote sustainable development and guarantee a climate-proofed economic development through multi-stakeholder engagement, especially as Nigeria is also engaged in developing Medium-Term (2021-2025) and Long-Term (Agenda 2050) national development plans. It is also expected to lay a solid foundation for Nigeria to contribute to the global objective of climate neutrality, and to be a climate-resilient society with a knowledge-driven economy that is globally competitive and compliant with Africa’s Agenda 2063, as well as enable the country to play its leadership role in Africa effectively. The Federal Government of Nigeria will now build on this initial long-term vision to develop a full long-term strategy.Nigeria faces many challenges in her effort to advance its socio-economic and environmental development.', 'The Federal Government of Nigeria will now build on this initial long-term vision to develop a full long-term strategy.Nigeria faces many challenges in her effort to advance its socio-economic and environmental development. A particular challenge is climate change that continues to portend serious threat to the achievement of sustainable development goals (SDGs) in the country. This is because Nigeria is strongly predisposed to severe negative impacts of climate change due to its fragile economy, weak resilience, and low adaptive capacity, as much of the economy is dependent on climate- sensitive ecosystems and natural resources. For example, the agriculture sector, which contributes about 24% to the country’s GDP and largely rain-fed, is highly vulnerable to climate change- induced frequent and severe extreme events, such as floods and droughts.', 'For example, the agriculture sector, which contributes about 24% to the country’s GDP and largely rain-fed, is highly vulnerable to climate change- induced frequent and severe extreme events, such as floods and droughts. Other sectors of the economy are also vulnerable. The 2017 Climate Change Vulnerability Index (CCVI) published by the UK-based risk company, Verisk Maplesoft, classifies Nigeria as a region of high risk, and indicated that the country is one of the topmost vulnerable countries in the world. If no adaptation is implemented, DFID (2009)1 estimated that between 2-11% of Nigeria’s GDP could potentially be lost by 2020, thereby hampering the national development goal of becoming one of the top 20 economies in the world.', 'If no adaptation is implemented, DFID (2009)1 estimated that between 2-11% of Nigeria’s GDP could potentially be lost by 2020, thereby hampering the national development goal of becoming one of the top 20 economies in the world. Worse still, the same study indicated that climate change could result in a loss in GDP of between 6% and 30% by 2050, worth an estimated US$ 100 to 460 billion dollars. Kompas et al (2018) further indicated that, with a 3o C rise in global temperature, Nigeria will, in the long-term (beyond 2067), experience up to 16% reduction in its GDP2. Climate projections for the coming decades also reveal a significant increase in temperature over cities across all the ecological zones3.', 'Climate projections for the coming decades also reveal a significant increase in temperature over cities across all the ecological zones3. Overcoming the development challenge of climate change requires that extensive adaptation and mitigation measures that are necessary to reduce vulnerability to future climate change are put in place (FGoN, 2017)). Addressing the challenge climate change poses to national development in a sustainable manner requires that Nigeria moves its economy into a more environment-friendly, climate resilient, green, and sustainable path. As a result of its relatively low economic development, Nigeria’s GHG emissions remain relatively low. The total GHG emission in 2018 from various sectors (agriculture, electricity, forestry, industry, oil and gas, transport, waste etc) was 336 million tons of CO2-equivalent (Figure 1)4.', 'The total GHG emission in 2018 from various sectors (agriculture, electricity, forestry, industry, oil and gas, transport, waste etc) was 336 million tons of CO2-equivalent (Figure 1)4. With this level of emission, Nigeria compares favourably with South Africa in terms of emitting less than 1% of global emissions, However, as its economy is expected to grow rapidly by at least 7% per annum, particularly in the post COVID-19 period, to meet the demands of its large population that is projected to increase to about 402 million by 2050, Nigeria is expected to emit more GHGs in the very near future.', 'With this level of emission, Nigeria compares favourably with South Africa in terms of emitting less than 1% of global emissions, However, as its economy is expected to grow rapidly by at least 7% per annum, particularly in the post COVID-19 period, to meet the demands of its large population that is projected to increase to about 402 million by 2050, Nigeria is expected to emit more GHGs in the very near future. This calls for a more ambitious future mitigation efforts in keeping with the country’s international climate commitments and with massively increasing adaptation finance to contribute to the global efforts to achieve a net zero emission by 2050.', 'This calls for a more ambitious future mitigation efforts in keeping with the country’s international climate commitments and with massively increasing adaptation finance to contribute to the global efforts to achieve a net zero emission by 2050. 1 DFID (2009) DFID (Department for International Development), 2009: Impact of Climate Change on Nigeria’s Economy 2Kompas, T., Ha, P.V. and Che, T. N. (2018): The Effects of Climate Change on GDP by Country and the Global Economic Gains from Complying with the Paris Climate Accord. Earth’s Future, 6, 1153–1173. 3Akande, A., Costa, A.C., Mateu, J. and Henriques, R (2017): Geospatial Analysis of Extreme Weather Events in Nigeria (1985– 2015) Using Self-Organizing Maps.', '3Akande, A., Costa, A.C., Mateu, J. and Henriques, R (2017): Geospatial Analysis of Extreme Weather Events in Nigeria (1985– 2015) Using Self-Organizing Maps. Advances in Meteorology 4 NDC update- Mitigation scenario: Modelling assumptions and results ED14074| Issue Number1| Date 29/03/2021Figure 1. Major GHG Emitting Sources in the Economy of Nigeria Nigeria’s relationship with climate change is further complicated by the fact that the nation’s mono economy is almost entirely dependent on oil mining and export which does not only make it hard to decouple emissions from economic growth trajectory but also leaves Nigeria in a highly unstable and vulnerable fiscal and macroeconomic condition with high fluctuations in global oil price linked to global transition to the green economy and other factors driving energy demand.', 'Major GHG Emitting Sources in the Economy of Nigeria Nigeria’s relationship with climate change is further complicated by the fact that the nation’s mono economy is almost entirely dependent on oil mining and export which does not only make it hard to decouple emissions from economic growth trajectory but also leaves Nigeria in a highly unstable and vulnerable fiscal and macroeconomic condition with high fluctuations in global oil price linked to global transition to the green economy and other factors driving energy demand. However, global trends suggest that ambitious transitions towards low emissions development will further skew the energy outlook with devastating impacts on Nigeria’s economy if there are no sustainable low carbon implementation plans for alternative growth.', 'However, global trends suggest that ambitious transitions towards low emissions development will further skew the energy outlook with devastating impacts on Nigeria’s economy if there are no sustainable low carbon implementation plans for alternative growth. Thus, addressing the challenge that climate change poses to national development remains one of the most important and fundamental requirements for long term economic planning effectiveness in Nigeria. Long Term Low-Emissions Development Strategy (LT-LEDS) or Long-Term Strategies (LTS) have emerged as a veritable tool and approach with which countries explore the GHG emissions implications of their development aspirations aa options for that can help to decouple economic growth from emissions to bridge sustainable development and climate goals.', 'Long Term Low-Emissions Development Strategy (LT-LEDS) or Long-Term Strategies (LTS) have emerged as a veritable tool and approach with which countries explore the GHG emissions implications of their development aspirations aa options for that can help to decouple economic growth from emissions to bridge sustainable development and climate goals. The imperative for transition to low-emission development is a global phenomenon and has been recognized internationally (especially by United Nations) as a veritable way to stabilizing GHG concentrations with the attendant consequence of significantly mitigating the impact of climate change. The Copenhagen Accord (2009) –Paragraph 2, states that: “A low emission development strategy is indispensable for sustainable development”.', 'The Copenhagen Accord (2009) –Paragraph 2, states that: “A low emission development strategy is indispensable for sustainable development”. In a similar vein, the Paris Agreement (2015) –Article 4, Paragraph 19 states that: “All Parties should strive to formulate andcommunicate long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies, mindful of Article 2 taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of different national circumstances.” The Paris Agreement of 2015, to which Nigeria is a Party, was a key turning point in the global drive towards transition to low-emission development. It recognized the long-term vision of a transition to low-emission development strategies (LT-LEDS) as indispensable for achieving sustainable economic growth through pathways that yield reduced GHG emissions and other social, economic, and environmental benefits.', 'It recognized the long-term vision of a transition to low-emission development strategies (LT-LEDS) as indispensable for achieving sustainable economic growth through pathways that yield reduced GHG emissions and other social, economic, and environmental benefits. The Paris Agreement, and subsequently the IPCC Special Report of 20185 are clear that LTS will play important roles towards the collective goal to hold the increase in global average temperature to well below 2°C and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, which will require global efforts to peak GHG emissions as soon as possible and followed by multiple action for rapid reduction to achieve a balance between anthropogenic emissions and removals by sinks in the second half of the century.', 'The Paris Agreement, and subsequently the IPCC Special Report of 20185 are clear that LTS will play important roles towards the collective goal to hold the increase in global average temperature to well below 2°C and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, which will require global efforts to peak GHG emissions as soon as possible and followed by multiple action for rapid reduction to achieve a balance between anthropogenic emissions and removals by sinks in the second half of the century. An LTS is an urgent requirement for Nigeria as it offers the country with binary benefits of tool and process for renaissance in its vision of national development approach and articulate a longitudinal vision for a climate-resilience and climate consciousness that are compatible with tangible development.', 'An LTS is an urgent requirement for Nigeria as it offers the country with binary benefits of tool and process for renaissance in its vision of national development approach and articulate a longitudinal vision for a climate-resilience and climate consciousness that are compatible with tangible development. It goes without saying that to stand a chance of meeting her medium to long term climate objectives including the attainment of zero-emissions target of world record by 2050, a clear and efficient set of measures, will need to be adopted and implemented. To this end, Nigeria, with the support from the 2050 Pathways Platform and anchored at the Department of Climate Change (DCC) of the Federal Ministry of Environment (Annex1) adopted this visioning approach to the development of its LT-LEDS.', 'To this end, Nigeria, with the support from the 2050 Pathways Platform and anchored at the Department of Climate Change (DCC) of the Federal Ministry of Environment (Annex1) adopted this visioning approach to the development of its LT-LEDS. This is seen as critical to generating a long-term pathway that reflects a variety of social and economic development objectives and diverse stakeholders’ interests to pave the way for robust policy choices zones6. The rationale for Nigeria’s decision to undertake a visioning approach, which is the initial and first step in an LT-LEDS development process is based on the recognition of the peculiar local threats posed by climate change to the economic development aspirations of the country.', 'The rationale for Nigeria’s decision to undertake a visioning approach, which is the initial and first step in an LT-LEDS development process is based on the recognition of the peculiar local threats posed by climate change to the economic development aspirations of the country. Nigeria is aware that its heavy dependence on fossil fuel makes the country especially vulnerable in a world that has a target to reduce or even eliminate fossil fuel as a key driver of the global economy. Several her trading partners, such as China, European Union, India, Japan, and the United States have decided to go ‘net zero’ and a number of these countries are already setting bans on the sale of oil- consuming Internal Combustion Engine vehicles.', 'Several her trading partners, such as China, European Union, India, Japan, and the United States have decided to go ‘net zero’ and a number of these countries are already setting bans on the sale of oil- consuming Internal Combustion Engine vehicles. The risk for future oil markets is averred and not theoretical. At the same time, Nigeria is also aware that not responding to a long-term view and acting urgently to increase its resilience to climate impact will compromise its ambition to economic prosperity. Moreover, as a Party to the Paris Agreement, Nigeria’s LT-LEDS is also in response to the Paris Agreement’s Article 4.19, which calls on Parties to elaborate LT-LEDS.', 'Moreover, as a Party to the Paris Agreement, Nigeria’s LT-LEDS is also in response to the Paris Agreement’s Article 4.19, which calls on Parties to elaborate LT-LEDS. Responding to the challenge of climate change through the pursuit of a low carbon development path therefore remains the most viable and feasible option for the sustainable development of Nigeria. The long- 62050 Pathways: A Handbook, 2017.term vision provides Nigeria the pathway to discuss the opportunities that might arise in terms of a cleaner, more dynamic, and more sustainable growth model, and the options for the country to implement a less carbon-intensive model of economic development in the face of decreasing global reliance of fossil fuel energy for development practices.', 'The long- 62050 Pathways: A Handbook, 2017.term vision provides Nigeria the pathway to discuss the opportunities that might arise in terms of a cleaner, more dynamic, and more sustainable growth model, and the options for the country to implement a less carbon-intensive model of economic development in the face of decreasing global reliance of fossil fuel energy for development practices. Achieving a climate-neutral economy by 2050 will require progressively phasing out or profoundly changing the country’s carbon-intensive industries. This will be particularly challenging and will require a well-managed transition through effective visioning. 1.2 Establishing Nigeria’s Long-Term Vision Nigeria signed the Paris Agreement in September 2016 and ratified it in March 2017, and thus committed to reducing its GHG emissions.', '1.2 Establishing Nigeria’s Long-Term Vision Nigeria signed the Paris Agreement in September 2016 and ratified it in March 2017, and thus committed to reducing its GHG emissions. In its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), the country pledged an unconditional 20% reduction on Business as Usual (BAU) emissions by 2030, and a 45% conditional commitment which could be achieved with financial assistance, technology transfer and capacity building. This shows a strong national commitment to be part of the international effort to achieve the long-term temperature goal set by the Paris Agreement of “holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.', 'This shows a strong national commitment to be part of the international effort to achieve the long-term temperature goal set by the Paris Agreement of “holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. With the implementation of all the Low Carbon Development (LCD) opportunities, it is expected that in 2035, GHG emissions for the Business as Usual (BaU) scenario will decrease from the BaU level of 967.2 Gg CO2-eq (under the different IPCC Sectors are expected to grow from about 609,836.74 Gg CO2-eq in 2016) to an LCD level of 797.2 Gg CO2-eq7.', 'With the implementation of all the Low Carbon Development (LCD) opportunities, it is expected that in 2035, GHG emissions for the Business as Usual (BaU) scenario will decrease from the BaU level of 967.2 Gg CO2-eq (under the different IPCC Sectors are expected to grow from about 609,836.74 Gg CO2-eq in 2016) to an LCD level of 797.2 Gg CO2-eq7. The Paris Agreement, to which Nigeria is committed, also recommends that all Parties should strive to formulate and communicate LT-LEDS by 2020 as long-term vision/strategy for responding to climate change. Leveraging its NDC, Nigeria is integrating into its national development agenda, a transition to a low-carbon development pathway because of the tremendous benefits it holds for sustainable national development.', 'Leveraging its NDC, Nigeria is integrating into its national development agenda, a transition to a low-carbon development pathway because of the tremendous benefits it holds for sustainable national development. In the long run, an LT-LEDS is important for Nigeria as it would enable her to: i. carve out a national vision for climate-resilient society that will help in the integration and coordination of critical action programmes on economic, environmental, health, and other sectors, as well as turning programmes, strategies, and plans into concrete actions. ii. establish a clear trajectory for achieving a low carbon development, the pillars for such a vision and the policies and measures that will help in the actualization of the vision. iii.', 'establish a clear trajectory for achieving a low carbon development, the pillars for such a vision and the policies and measures that will help in the actualization of the vision. iii. realign its national policy on climate change to meet the overarching goal of the country’s LT-LEDS by 2050. iv.', 'realign its national policy on climate change to meet the overarching goal of the country’s LT-LEDS by 2050. iv. build on partnerships that for the Economy and Climate, bringing together government, business, and economic leaders to enhance global and national understanding of how climate action can and drive economic, social and development objectives; and v. set Nigeria on a low-emission, green growth and climate-resilient development pathway that will not only help the country to meet its international climate commitments with appropriate actions but also establish implementable policies and financing priorities for low emission economic growth and support buy-in and ownership across numerous stakeholders around a shared vision.', 'build on partnerships that for the Economy and Climate, bringing together government, business, and economic leaders to enhance global and national understanding of how climate action can and drive economic, social and development objectives; and v. set Nigeria on a low-emission, green growth and climate-resilient development pathway that will not only help the country to meet its international climate commitments with appropriate actions but also establish implementable policies and financing priorities for low emission economic growth and support buy-in and ownership across numerous stakeholders around a shared vision. 7 Third National Communication (TNC) of the Federal Republic of Nigeria1.3 Process for the development of this Vision An all-inclusive approach was adopted for the development of the Nigeria’s vision of the LT- LEDS.', '7 Third National Communication (TNC) of the Federal Republic of Nigeria1.3 Process for the development of this Vision An all-inclusive approach was adopted for the development of the Nigeria’s vision of the LT- LEDS. The visioning approach which represented the preparatory phase for the development of the full Strategy, involved: • Identification and selection of relevant experts that can evolves ideas in tandem with 2050 Low-carbon Vision, comprising experts from MDAs, academia, industry, and civil society organizations on a broad spectrum of options for Nigeria’s long-term vision of reducing GHG emissions by 2050 and developing development enhancing adaptation measures.', 'The visioning approach which represented the preparatory phase for the development of the full Strategy, involved: • Identification and selection of relevant experts that can evolves ideas in tandem with 2050 Low-carbon Vision, comprising experts from MDAs, academia, industry, and civil society organizations on a broad spectrum of options for Nigeria’s long-term vision of reducing GHG emissions by 2050 and developing development enhancing adaptation measures. • Policy survey and analysis of other national policies and strategies with medium to long- term climate targets and aspirations • Stakeholders’ consultation to elucidate responses on what should constitute Nigeria’s vision and LT-LEDS to ensure ownership of the LTV for Nigeria.', '• Policy survey and analysis of other national policies and strategies with medium to long- term climate targets and aspirations • Stakeholders’ consultation to elucidate responses on what should constitute Nigeria’s vision and LT-LEDS to ensure ownership of the LTV for Nigeria. ; and • Drafting and production of the Nigeria’s long-term Vision that articulates the national and sectoral Vision to 2050 for the country, as well as of a full workplan/ Terms of Reference for the elaboration of the full LT-LEDS.', '; and • Drafting and production of the Nigeria’s long-term Vision that articulates the national and sectoral Vision to 2050 for the country, as well as of a full workplan/ Terms of Reference for the elaboration of the full LT-LEDS. This LT-LEDS, of which the LTV development process supported by the 2050 Pathways Platform is a part of, will also build on other ongoing visioning and quantification exercises such as the Nigeria Agenda 2050, as well as the Deep Decarbonisation Pathways Project funded by the French Development Agency (AFD). The 2050 Pathways Platform is an initiative that was launched in Marrakech at COP22. The objective of the Platform is to support the elaboration of long-term, net zero-greenhouse gas, climate resilient and sustainable development pathways (LT-LEDS).', 'The objective of the Platform is to support the elaboration of long-term, net zero-greenhouse gas, climate resilient and sustainable development pathways (LT-LEDS). The 2050 Pathways Platform provides a space for collective problem solving through the development of long-term, deep decarbonization strategies, including the sharing of resources (finance, capacity building), knowledge and experiences. The LT-LEDS include key elements which include: (i) strong government commitment and leadership; (ii) emission reduction target(s) before and in 2050/mid-century; (iii) emission reduction scenarios/pathways (with more ambitious scenarios); )iv) social development objectives; (v) economic growth objectives; (vi) objectives for protecting and improving the management and use of natural resources and ecosystems; (vii) consideration of climate change adaptation, institutional, capacity building, governance; and (viii) investment/financing requirements (Figure 2).Figure 1. Key Elements of the LT-LEDS2.', 'Key Elements of the LT-LEDS2. Overview of Nigeria’s Policy-Related Response to Climate Change 2.1 National Context Nigeria is located approximately between latitudes 3°15’ to 13°30’ N and longitudes 2°59’ to 15°00’ E, sharing boundaries with the Republic of Benin to the west, Niger to the north, Chad to the north-eastern corner and Cameroon to the east, as well as the Atlantic Ocean to the south. It has a land mass of about 923,768 km2 and is the 14th largest country in Africa. Nigeria’s population has grown phenomenally from about 123 million in 2000 to about 189 million in 2016 and remains one of the fastest growing population in the world.', 'Nigeria’s population has grown phenomenally from about 123 million in 2000 to about 189 million in 2016 and remains one of the fastest growing population in the world. With an annual growth rate of 3.2%, the country’s population is projected to be about 402 million by 2050 with a high probability of making Nigeria the world’s third largest population - behind India and China. The two main features of this growth are the young age structure with more than two-fifths of the population (42.8%) falling below 15 years and the persistently high fertility rate of 5-7 children per woman. Nigeria’s economy is the largest in Africa, although it remains a lower middle-income country, with an income per capita of about $2,800 in 2015.', 'Nigeria’s economy is the largest in Africa, although it remains a lower middle-income country, with an income per capita of about $2,800 in 2015. It has a Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of more than US$500 billion and witnessed a steady growth annual average of 7.2% between 2005 and 2014. The relatively stable growth was due to strong and stable macroeconomics, supported by the oil sector growth, as well as the inclusion of the previously neglected sectors such as the entertainment industry and ICT in the GDP computation. The GDP growth rate declined dramatically to 2.8 percent in 2015 and -1.6 percent in 2016, showing underlying weaknesses in the macroeconomic fundamentals.', 'The GDP growth rate declined dramatically to 2.8 percent in 2015 and -1.6 percent in 2016, showing underlying weaknesses in the macroeconomic fundamentals. Imports to the country are predominantly non-oil goods and services, including among others, food and beverages, primary and processed industrial goods and capital goods. Economic diversification and strong growth are yet to translate into a significant decline in poverty levels, as over 62% of Nigerians still live-in extreme poverty.', 'Economic diversification and strong growth are yet to translate into a significant decline in poverty levels, as over 62% of Nigerians still live-in extreme poverty. Despite its strong fundamentals, oil- rich Nigeria has been seriously challenged by a wide range of binding constraints, including inadequate power supply, lack of infrastructure, delays in the passage of legislative reforms, an inefficient property registration system, restrictive trade policies, an inconsistent regulatory environment, a slow and ineffective judicial system, unreliable dispute resolution mechanisms, insecurity, and perceived pervasive corruption. Persistent finance risks, regulatory constraints and security risks have limited new investment in oil and natural gas, and Nigeria s oil production has contracted every year since 2012.', 'Persistent finance risks, regulatory constraints and security risks have limited new investment in oil and natural gas, and Nigeria s oil production has contracted every year since 2012. The World Bank Group Flagship Report: Doing Business 2017 ranked Nigeria 169th out of 190 countries in the world in the ease of doing business, 44 places lower than in 20108. Agriculture is Nigeria’s single largest economic sector, and one of the most important areas for development for the country. In 2016, it accounted for 24.4% of GDP, but only 4.8% of the country’s total foreign earnings. It employs up to 70% of the labour force9.', 'It employs up to 70% of the labour force9. 8 Oladipo (2019) – Policy Note on Climate Change Adaptation and Resilience in Nigeria (submitted to the World Bank 9FMARD (2016): Agriculture Promotion Policy -Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development.Nigeria is endowed with many renewable and non-renewable energy resources in commercial quantities and some of the best natural forms. The prominent renewable energy resources include sun, wind, hydro, biomass, and tidal wave while crude oil, coal, lignite, tar sands, natural gas, and nuclear elements constitute the major non-renewable energy resources. Despite these huge energy endowments, the very lack of access to affordable and reliable energy services is hindering the industrial production and economic growth of the country.', 'Despite these huge energy endowments, the very lack of access to affordable and reliable energy services is hindering the industrial production and economic growth of the country. The poverty of energy in Nigeria is such that all manufacturing firms depend on self-generated electricity to power their operations and to maintain power back-up in the event of power failure. Visioning for future sustainable development in a low carbon development scenario requires that energy poverty (being the lack of access to modern energy services) eradication is taken as critical10. Sustainable energy for all is essential for the economic growth of Nigeria. The human health status is a key factor of the development of the country, but Nigeria’s performance in this sector remains poor.', 'The human health status is a key factor of the development of the country, but Nigeria’s performance in this sector remains poor. The life expectancy at birth in 2016 was 54.5 years, an increase of 7.5 years from 2007, but remains below the national target of 70 years by 2015 and the global average of 71 years. The Healthy Life Expectancy of Nigerians was 47.4 years in 2016, which implies 6.8 years of compromised health. Regionally, Nigeria compares poorly - the life expectancy of Ghanaians is 10 years more. According to the 2016 Global Burden of Disease Study, while Nigeria is undergoing an epidemiological transition, communicable diseases still constitute the bulk of disease burden11. The country faces a wide range of environmental challenges.', 'The country faces a wide range of environmental challenges. Some of the specific phenomena include Climate Change, which is negatively affecting every sector of the country’s economy, particularly agriculture and water resources. Other challenges are deforestation and de-vegetation, causing biodiversity loss and land degradation; floods, drought and desertification which are degrading the environment especially in the semi-arid areas of the country; environmental pollution encompassing air, water, land, and noise; waste generation; mineral excavation and the accompanying environmental degradation as well as limited access to safe water and poor sanitation. Nigeria is also confronted with a myriad of socio-economic challenges. One of these is inflation, which has remained in double digits for many years.', 'One of these is inflation, which has remained in double digits for many years. The other prominent challenges are economic recession with its associated growing youth unemployment, high cost of living and corruption, which is creating a clog in the wheels of the nation’s development. There are also several social and religious conflicts, prominent among which are the Boko Haram insurgency, Niger Delta militancy, kidnapping, farmers/herders’ clashes, agitation for self-determination and ethnicity challenges. All of these have led to colossal loss of lives and properties. They have also generated wider divides, especially along religious and ethnic lines. This situation is unlike what is happening in many other countries such as Canada and the USA where diversity in ethnicity and languages have been exploited to foster strength and unity.', 'This situation is unlike what is happening in many other countries such as Canada and the USA where diversity in ethnicity and languages have been exploited to foster strength and unity. Fighting poverty and insecurity and tackling climate change remain three critical development challenges for Nigeria, as they all impact the utilization of its natural resources. Meeting these 10Nkoroa, E. Ikue-Johnb, N. and Joshua, G.I (2019): Energy consumption and economic growth in Nigeria: A revisit of the energy-growth debate. Bussecon Review of Social Sciences VOL 1 NO 2 ISSN: 2687-2285 11FGoN (2018): Second National Strategic Health Development Plan – 2018 - 2022challenges needs fresh ideas and a radical new way of thinking and doing things.', 'Bussecon Review of Social Sciences VOL 1 NO 2 ISSN: 2687-2285 11FGoN (2018): Second National Strategic Health Development Plan – 2018 - 2022challenges needs fresh ideas and a radical new way of thinking and doing things. This includes strategic planning and how we maintain, improve, and use our natural resources (renewable and non-renewable) to generate and sustain long-term pro-poor economic growth, thereby reducing poverty and supporting the achievement of the sustainable development goals (SDGs).', 'This includes strategic planning and how we maintain, improve, and use our natural resources (renewable and non-renewable) to generate and sustain long-term pro-poor economic growth, thereby reducing poverty and supporting the achievement of the sustainable development goals (SDGs). It also requires that new strategic approaches be put in place to attract significant investment in the country’s natural capital (including land, forests, landscapes, water, and fisheries), which is a direct source of income and employment for a large share of Nigeria’s people, to make it climate resilient as climate change affects the ability of natural capital to deliver its wide range of products and services. Sustaining and managing natural capital is crucial to the ability of the country to invest in the other types of capital in a sustainable fashion.', 'Sustaining and managing natural capital is crucial to the ability of the country to invest in the other types of capital in a sustainable fashion. The situation becomes more critical in many parts of Nigeria where the fragile natural capital is also highly vulnerable to the impact of climate change. 2.2 Addressing the Climate Change Challenge: Mitigation and Adaptation Measures Nigeria recognizes that one of her main development challenges is to tame climate change from creating a catastrophe for its people and environment. To this end, and in line with global best practices, two sets of measures have often been advocated for confronting climate change.', 'To this end, and in line with global best practices, two sets of measures have often been advocated for confronting climate change. These are mitigation measures (such as reductions in emissions of GHG and black soot) to prevent the degree of climate change from becoming unmanageable; and adaptation measures (such as building irrigation systems and adjusting agricultural practices) to reduce the harm from climate change that proves unavoidable. While mitigation seeks to limit climate change by reducing the emissions of GHG and by enhancing ‘sink’ opportunities, adaptation aims to alleviate the adverse impacts through a wide-range of system-specific actions that also improves quality of life.', 'While mitigation seeks to limit climate change by reducing the emissions of GHG and by enhancing ‘sink’ opportunities, adaptation aims to alleviate the adverse impacts through a wide-range of system-specific actions that also improves quality of life. Nigeria also notes that overcoming the development challenge of climate change requires more extensive adaptation and mitigation measures than currently being applied to reduce vulnerability to future climate change. Future vulnerability will depend not only on the degree of climate change but also on the development “pathway” taken, as well as capacity put in place to cope with the climate change stress. Mitigating GHG emissions and enhancing the adaptive capacity to increase resilience can accelerate the pace of progress towards sustainable development.', 'Mitigating GHG emissions and enhancing the adaptive capacity to increase resilience can accelerate the pace of progress towards sustainable development. Adapting to climate change involves reducing exposure and sensitivity and increasing adaptive capacity to build a climate-resilient society. Further to these two broad measures (mitigation and adaptation), Nigeria will also need to promote economic diversification – going beyond lowering the carbon content of activities, but also moving away from oil export dependency. National mitigation and adaptation measures are guided by the new National Climate Change Policy12 , which vision is low-carbon, climate-resilient Nigeria, and a mission of ensuring sustainable development and a climate proofed economy through multi-stakeholder engagement.', 'National mitigation and adaptation measures are guided by the new National Climate Change Policy12 , which vision is low-carbon, climate-resilient Nigeria, and a mission of ensuring sustainable development and a climate proofed economy through multi-stakeholder engagement. The goal of the policy is to promote a low-carbon, climate-resilient and gender-responsive sustainable socio-economic development, which is expected to (i) reduce Nigeria’s vulnerability to climate change impacts, (ii) improve its social, economic, and ecological resilience.', 'The goal of the policy is to promote a low-carbon, climate-resilient and gender-responsive sustainable socio-economic development, which is expected to (i) reduce Nigeria’s vulnerability to climate change impacts, (ii) improve its social, economic, and ecological resilience. (iii) reduce greenhouse gas emissions, (iv) increased awareness of climate change impacts and adaptation and mitigation measures, (v) enhance and strengthen research, innovation and technology development 12 This revised policy to that of 2012 is being processed by the Federal Ministry of Environment (Department of Climate Change) for approval by the Federal Executive Counciland transfer and systematic observations, (vi) enhance capacity to implement climate change related interventions at national, state and community levels, and (vii) mainstream climate change and its cross-cutting issues in national development.', '(iii) reduce greenhouse gas emissions, (iv) increased awareness of climate change impacts and adaptation and mitigation measures, (v) enhance and strengthen research, innovation and technology development 12 This revised policy to that of 2012 is being processed by the Federal Ministry of Environment (Department of Climate Change) for approval by the Federal Executive Counciland transfer and systematic observations, (vi) enhance capacity to implement climate change related interventions at national, state and community levels, and (vii) mainstream climate change and its cross-cutting issues in national development. A major objective of the goal of Nigeria’s Climate Change Policy is the implementation of adaptation and mitigation measures with co- benefits and SDG focused outcomes that promote low-carbon development in the country and reduce the vulnerability of Nigerians to the impacts of climate change.', 'A major objective of the goal of Nigeria’s Climate Change Policy is the implementation of adaptation and mitigation measures with co- benefits and SDG focused outcomes that promote low-carbon development in the country and reduce the vulnerability of Nigerians to the impacts of climate change. Within the strategic policy response framework of fostering low-carbon, high growth economic development path and building a climate resilient society to enable Nigeria to meet the challenge of climate change, Nigeria has also identified priority courses of action that will be implemented in its ten-year (2021 – 2030) Climate Change Programme 13 . These activities take into consideration the focused areas of the national policy on climate change and the opportunities offered by international agreements and conventions that Nigeria is party to.', 'These activities take into consideration the focused areas of the national policy on climate change and the opportunities offered by international agreements and conventions that Nigeria is party to. Programme focus areas are targeted at (i) managing for resilience in ecosystems, infrastructure and human communities through mitigation and adaptation strategies and initiatives; (ii) addressing current risks, vulnerabilities, policies, capacities, and gaps in knowledge; (iii) facilitating internal and external resources for climate financing; and (iv) engaging internal and external partners in seeking solutions.', 'Programme focus areas are targeted at (i) managing for resilience in ecosystems, infrastructure and human communities through mitigation and adaptation strategies and initiatives; (ii) addressing current risks, vulnerabilities, policies, capacities, and gaps in knowledge; (iii) facilitating internal and external resources for climate financing; and (iv) engaging internal and external partners in seeking solutions. In contributing to global efforts to reduce GHG emissions and attaining a low-carbon economy, Nigeria will analyse its options for reducing greenhouse gases, assess various mitigation scenarios and explore various mitigation options that may include increasing the availability of carbon sinks (biological absorption of GHGs) and reducing the level of emissions released into the atmosphere from sectors identified in the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) (i.e.', 'In contributing to global efforts to reduce GHG emissions and attaining a low-carbon economy, Nigeria will analyse its options for reducing greenhouse gases, assess various mitigation scenarios and explore various mitigation options that may include increasing the availability of carbon sinks (biological absorption of GHGs) and reducing the level of emissions released into the atmosphere from sectors identified in the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) (i.e. agriculture, power, oil and gas, transport, industry, water and waste sectors) which produce the greatest amounts of emissions in the country.', 'agriculture, power, oil and gas, transport, industry, water and waste sectors) which produce the greatest amounts of emissions in the country. The strategies will lay emphasis on (i) reducing GHG emissions, (ii) preventing new GHG emissions to be released in the atmosphere and (iii) preserving and enhancing sinks and reservoirs of GHGs (e.g., by protecting natural carbon sinks like forests or creating new sinks - carbon sequestration). Since climate change is now inevitable, putting strategies and measures in place to adapt to these changes also remains significant. The country’s approach is to treat adaptation to climate change as an issue of climate-resilient development, rather than as a bespoke set of activities (flood defenses, drought plans, and so on), combining climate and development challenges into a single strategy.', 'The country’s approach is to treat adaptation to climate change as an issue of climate-resilient development, rather than as a bespoke set of activities (flood defenses, drought plans, and so on), combining climate and development challenges into a single strategy. The aim is to protect the health of the ecosystems and the people, human settlements and infrastructure, as well as energy supply among others from climate-related damages and to maximise the benefits from climate-related opportunities. This will prepare Nigeria for a climate- resilient future. The challenge for the country then is how to rapidly develop the economy and fulfill its obligation to the global climate change agreement as elaborated in its NDC.', 'The challenge for the country then is how to rapidly develop the economy and fulfill its obligation to the global climate change agreement as elaborated in its NDC. 13 The National Climate Change Programme (2021 – 2030) is also being processed by the Federal Ministry of Environment (Department of Climate Change) for approval by the Federal Executive Council2.3 Nigeria’s NDC Nigeria recently updated and submitted the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) to the United Nations Climate Change Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) as part of her commitment to the global target of keeping the earth’s warming below 2oC in line with Article 4.2 of the Paris Agreement.', '13 The National Climate Change Programme (2021 – 2030) is also being processed by the Federal Ministry of Environment (Department of Climate Change) for approval by the Federal Executive Council2.3 Nigeria’s NDC Nigeria recently updated and submitted the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) to the United Nations Climate Change Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) as part of her commitment to the global target of keeping the earth’s warming below 2oC in line with Article 4.2 of the Paris Agreement. In the updated NDC, Nigeria recommits to its unconditional contribution of 20% below business- as-usual by 2030 and increases its conditional contribution from 45% to 47% below business-as- usual by 2030, provided that sufficient international support is forthcoming.', 'In the updated NDC, Nigeria recommits to its unconditional contribution of 20% below business- as-usual by 2030 and increases its conditional contribution from 45% to 47% below business-as- usual by 2030, provided that sufficient international support is forthcoming. In addition to the existing sectors of the 2015 NDC, Nigeria in scaling up her ambitious targets, included the waste and water resources sectors and articulates other nature-based solutions not included in the 2015 NDC. An investment of 177 billion USD is indicated in the NDC for implementation that covers 2021- 2030. This value is economy-wide productive investments that is not expected to be a burden exclusively on the government budget.', 'This value is economy-wide productive investments that is not expected to be a burden exclusively on the government budget. For more information on the NDC that has been submitted, kindly click on NIGERIA 2021 NDC- FINAL as submitted 30 Jul 2021.pdf 2.4 Achieving Sustainable Development Goals in the Face of Climate Change Promoting conservation and sustainable use and management of natural resources to reduce the risks associated with climate extremes as well as resilience building are critical elements for the attainment of many of the sustainable development goals (SDGs) and Agenda 2030. Extremes weather events, such a floods, storm surges, and heat waves can strain cities, roads, drainage systems, power plants, ports, and other types of infrastructure.', 'Extremes weather events, such a floods, storm surges, and heat waves can strain cities, roads, drainage systems, power plants, ports, and other types of infrastructure. Also, climate change further threatens the national ability to build and sustain its human capital, particularly through health and education. The concern is that climate change could threaten or reverse Nigeria’s advances towards the attainment of the SDGs and overall national development. Thus, all effort should be geared towards ensuring the resilience of the ecosystem through mitigation and adaptation measures. The NDC sectoral plans identifies strategies to promote economic and social development in a way that sustainably grows Nigeria’s economy at 5% per year while making the country more resilient to climate impacts.', 'The NDC sectoral plans identifies strategies to promote economic and social development in a way that sustainably grows Nigeria’s economy at 5% per year while making the country more resilient to climate impacts. If implemented, the NDC will improve standards of living, promote clean energy access and food and water security for all, whilst reducing emissions under the 20- 45% below business as usual by 2030. Implementation of the NDC will serve as a catalyst for a comprehensive national climate action and offers Nigeria several opportunities to advance the attainment of sustainable development goals in the country.', 'Implementation of the NDC will serve as a catalyst for a comprehensive national climate action and offers Nigeria several opportunities to advance the attainment of sustainable development goals in the country. They include: (i) inducing long-term changes in key economic drivers and sectors, such as power, oil and gas, industry, transport and agriculture and forests; (ii) improving national scope to drive climate change actions at the local level; (iii) keeping up political momentum at the national level and strengthening climate change legislation; (iv) embedding a longer-term vision for low-emission climate resilient development for social and economicdevelopment as well as poverty eradication; (v) mobilizing finance for climate change from diverse sources and creating an enabling environment for private sector investment in climate mitigation and adaptation; (vi) providing innovative measures and mechanisms for the integration of climate change into development planning and strategies at all levels of governance in the country; (vii) presenting a common force to strengthen national adaptation efforts; (viii) warehousing climate policy coordination in a cross-cutting body that is better able to influence policy in major sectors of the economy; and (ix) engaging with government departments, companies and stakeholders in sectors that need to transition into a low-emission resilient development pathway and help mainstreaming climate action into sectoral policies and investments, among others.', 'They include: (i) inducing long-term changes in key economic drivers and sectors, such as power, oil and gas, industry, transport and agriculture and forests; (ii) improving national scope to drive climate change actions at the local level; (iii) keeping up political momentum at the national level and strengthening climate change legislation; (iv) embedding a longer-term vision for low-emission climate resilient development for social and economicdevelopment as well as poverty eradication; (v) mobilizing finance for climate change from diverse sources and creating an enabling environment for private sector investment in climate mitigation and adaptation; (vi) providing innovative measures and mechanisms for the integration of climate change into development planning and strategies at all levels of governance in the country; (vii) presenting a common force to strengthen national adaptation efforts; (viii) warehousing climate policy coordination in a cross-cutting body that is better able to influence policy in major sectors of the economy; and (ix) engaging with government departments, companies and stakeholders in sectors that need to transition into a low-emission resilient development pathway and help mainstreaming climate action into sectoral policies and investments, among others. This approach supports national efforts on the attainment of SDGs, and all that Nigeria now needs is a further development of the political framework and existing institutions to strategically plan and implement the necessary climate change and adaptation measures within a well-formulated long- term vision of development.3.1 Current Situation Nigeria is a nation of vision.', 'This approach supports national efforts on the attainment of SDGs, and all that Nigeria now needs is a further development of the political framework and existing institutions to strategically plan and implement the necessary climate change and adaptation measures within a well-formulated long- term vision of development.3.1 Current Situation Nigeria is a nation of vision. The Vision 20:2020 was the major national development strategy directing the development process in Nigeria in the last decade and during the development of the NDC. This Federal Government’s economic growth plan recognises climate change as a threat to sustainable growth in the coming decades. It perceives climate change as a potential driver of “damaging and irrecoverable effects on infrastructure, food production and water supplies, in addition to precipitating natural resource conflict”.', 'It perceives climate change as a potential driver of “damaging and irrecoverable effects on infrastructure, food production and water supplies, in addition to precipitating natural resource conflict”. This Vision is currently being updated to reflect the country’s vision of development for 2030. There is also an ongoing initiative to develop an Agenda 2050 14 aimed at making Nigeria a socio-economically advanced nation with a technologically enabled, digitally connected, diversified and inclusive sustainable economy. This 2050 Development Agenda for the country is seen to advocate for the adoption of global best practices to development in Nigeria.', 'This 2050 Development Agenda for the country is seen to advocate for the adoption of global best practices to development in Nigeria. It is anticipated to obviously include a visionary approach to address the challenge of future climate change scenarios within the national framework of contributing to the global agreement of limiting global warming-induced temperature increase of 1.5OC above pre-industrial level. The 2020 Economic Sustainability Plan envisioned a resilient and sustainable development in post-COVID-19 Nigeria, which also includes climate resilience. In addition, many of the national policies contain elements of visioning for low carbon development.', 'In addition, many of the national policies contain elements of visioning for low carbon development. The vision of its current Policy on Climate Change is a low-carbon, climate-resilient Nigeria, while that of its NDC is climate-smart development with emphasis on (i) climate-smart approach to ensure GHG efficiency and minimize GHG emissions in its agriculture sector; (ii) promoting climate-resilient industrial development and adoption of green technology in its industrial sector; (iii) transitioning from fossil fuels and reducing gas flaring and fugitive methane emissions through incentivizing the productive use of the gas in its oil and gas sector; (iv) sustainable energy for all (SE4All) by 2030 in its power sector; and (v) fast, safe, efficient, affordable, integrated and inter-modal transport system for goods and people to drastically reduce GHG emissions in the transport sector.', 'The vision of its current Policy on Climate Change is a low-carbon, climate-resilient Nigeria, while that of its NDC is climate-smart development with emphasis on (i) climate-smart approach to ensure GHG efficiency and minimize GHG emissions in its agriculture sector; (ii) promoting climate-resilient industrial development and adoption of green technology in its industrial sector; (iii) transitioning from fossil fuels and reducing gas flaring and fugitive methane emissions through incentivizing the productive use of the gas in its oil and gas sector; (iv) sustainable energy for all (SE4All) by 2030 in its power sector; and (v) fast, safe, efficient, affordable, integrated and inter-modal transport system for goods and people to drastically reduce GHG emissions in the transport sector. Also, improved energy access for all towards a low-carbon economic development is the focus of the country’s Energy Policy, with a focus on clean renewable energy development in its Rural Electrification Strategy.', 'Also, improved energy access for all towards a low-carbon economic development is the focus of the country’s Energy Policy, with a focus on clean renewable energy development in its Rural Electrification Strategy. In a similar vein, reduction of the nation’s dependence on fossil fuel and securing long-term energy security is the main visionary goal of Nigeria’s Gas Policy. The Long-Term Vision for Nigeria (LTV-2050) which is the preparatory step towards the Development of its Long-Term Low Emissions Development Strategy (LT-LEDS) leverages these existing or past visions.', 'The Long-Term Vision for Nigeria (LTV-2050) which is the preparatory step towards the Development of its Long-Term Low Emissions Development Strategy (LT-LEDS) leverages these existing or past visions. 14 Under preparation led by the Federal Ministry of Finance, Budget, and National Planning3.2 Developing the LTV Vision The process for the development of the LTV Vision for Nigeria involves the adoption of a number of guiding principles and stakeholders’ consultations to identify the main elements of the vision. 3.2.1 Guiding Principles This vision will be guided by the following principles that have been highlighted in the National Climate Change Policy: ▪ Country-driven and country-specific climate change interventions and responses. Nigeria will think globally but act locally.', 'Nigeria will think globally but act locally. As a party to the Paris Agreement, Nigeria, through a country-driven effort, will contribute to the global efforts to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. While doing so, Nigeria will partner with other countries in taking robust climate action through knowledge and technology transfer. Such national efforts will lead to reduce GHG emissions and provide an opportunity for sustainable growth and development. ▪ Build sustainable and resilient economy and social development with adequate adaptation response.', '▪ Build sustainable and resilient economy and social development with adequate adaptation response. For development planning processes, facilitate resilience and adaptation to climate change integration in a coherent manner within all relevant sectors and at different levels and with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Low carbon development compels a rethink of actions to embed new climate economic approaches and alignments with high growth sectors. ▪ Effective citizenship participation. This will be key to creating a sustainable environment for industrial development and fostering future growth. The government will provide enabling environment for MDAs at all levels, private sector, civil society organizations, communities, and donor agencies to optimize the use of energy and transit towards a carbon-neutral society. ▪ Shared vision social inclusion, and responsibility among stakeholders.', '▪ Shared vision social inclusion, and responsibility among stakeholders. The transformation of Nigeria towards a low carbon, climate resilient society will take place within a broad consensus among various stakeholders, including policymakers, private sector, civil society, academia, and local communities. The 2050 vision for Nigeria will be based on public support and engagement, and social inclusion. ▪ Identification of low-carbon transition enabling activities. In Europe, Gas, and nuclear energy, are examples of transitional activities in full respect of “do no significant harm” as they are seen as allowing economic activities to be labelled as environmentally sustainable15. In Nigeria, “Natural gas is accepted more or less as a transition fuel, thebridge to renewable energy.”16.', 'In Nigeria, “Natural gas is accepted more or less as a transition fuel, thebridge to renewable energy.”16. Thus, whether Nigeria economy could leverage activities in gas sector as transition to a low-carbon economy with “no significant harm remains a conjecture.” ▪ Promotion of environmental quality and ecological equilibrium. Environmental quality and ecological equilibrium will be promoted by moving away from linear economy (fossil- fuel based production, distribution, and consumption patterns) to circular economy that will ultimately enable people to achieve universal goals for environment and health. Nature-based solutions will be continuously pursued to accelerate the transition to a low carbon society whilst ensuring growth and the economic and social wellbeing of the people. ▪ Transparency, accountability, and equity.', '▪ Transparency, accountability, and equity. Nigeria will ensure transparency, accountability, and equity as it moves towards achieving its mid-century vision. The Government will inform the people of the detailed costs to be incurred from this transition as well as the benefits of climate action in a transparent manner, as well as ensuring that the costs of implementation are borne in a fair and equitable manner by all members of the Nigerian society. ▪ Monitoring, evaluation and reporting of all climate change interventions and lessons. Government will put in place a robust national monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) system to monitor, evaluate and report on each stage of the transition.', 'Government will put in place a robust national monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) system to monitor, evaluate and report on each stage of the transition. It will also regularly share information with the people on gains and losses of the transition and seek their consent on the way forward based on lessons learnt. ▪ International partnership and cooperation. Climate change is a transnational phenomenon. There are cross cutting challenges at multi-scale with multistage dimensions. Funding adaptations places severe burden on scarce resources creating avenues for maladaptation and adaptation deficit. Meeting urgent climate action of changing world requires bilateral and multilateral cooperation.', 'Meeting urgent climate action of changing world requires bilateral and multilateral cooperation. There is the imperative to ratchet green climate fund to improve international support if Nigeria will surmount near term climate risk as well as promoting a cultural shift needed for the institutionalization of net zero emission economy. Nigeria will need to leverage opportunities for capacity building, efficient energy and innovations in technologies and digital transformations through bilateral and multilateral partnerships and cooperation. ▪ Policy Coordination: The bane of effective climate governance and the green transition is poor policy coordination and inconsistencies. Lack of coordination between ministries and MDAs in climate change mitigation and adaptation creates gaps and results in gross inefficiency.', 'Lack of coordination between ministries and MDAs in climate change mitigation and adaptation creates gaps and results in gross inefficiency. The result of which is that mitigation and ‘greening’ efforts are scattered in different sectoral policies with different institutional mandates foisting policy ownership crises. Policy coordination will ensure multisectoral coordination; improve the delivery of service while also providing the direction for the journey to a carbon just civilization. Policy coordination will reduce the coordination gap between different MDAs in the 16 (VP statement on behalf of President Buhari at Africa Regional Heads of Government Commonwealth emissions-target/)adaptation space, reduce overlapping mandates by insisting responsible MDAs are tasked with adaptation and mitigation and enhance effectiveness and accountability which increased local buy-in and legitimacy.', 'Policy coordination will reduce the coordination gap between different MDAs in the 16 (VP statement on behalf of President Buhari at Africa Regional Heads of Government Commonwealth emissions-target/)adaptation space, reduce overlapping mandates by insisting responsible MDAs are tasked with adaptation and mitigation and enhance effectiveness and accountability which increased local buy-in and legitimacy. ▪ Good Governance: Good governance underpins all the elements of an LTS: A stable environment for the maintenance of the harmonious relationship between humankind and nature hinges on good governance. Governance is the bedrock of economic, political, and environmental sustainability. The nature and form of governance structure determine the level of success achieved in LCD.', 'The nature and form of governance structure determine the level of success achieved in LCD. Good governance is related to equitable climate governance as promoting equity minimizes climate risks, fosters harmony, and builds enduring climate structure conversant with the needs of a changing world yet, is mindful of intra and inter-temporal equity. 3.2.2 Stakeholders’ Consultation In the process of developing the vision, representatives of Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) that are either directly or indirectly connected with the planning and implementation of NDC activities for Nigeria were consulted for their visionary views on national development in the face of expected impacts of climate change in the country. This was done through a questionnaire and structured dialogue.', 'This was done through a questionnaire and structured dialogue. The list of stakeholders consulted is given in Annex 2 with a summary of the views of various MDAs that were consulted. They all indicated, in qualitative terms, the country’s concern for climate change and the desire to move Nigeria’s development in the path that will significantly reduce the country’s dependency on fossil fuel, particularly oil, while focusing on increasing its reliance on gas and renewables, such as solar and wind, for sustainable climate-resilient and climate-compatible development.', 'They all indicated, in qualitative terms, the country’s concern for climate change and the desire to move Nigeria’s development in the path that will significantly reduce the country’s dependency on fossil fuel, particularly oil, while focusing on increasing its reliance on gas and renewables, such as solar and wind, for sustainable climate-resilient and climate-compatible development. In this way, it may be said that Nigeria will pursue the path of low-carbon development in its immediate and future development plans to enable it to meet its obligations towards international commitment to the Paris Agreement and to align with anticipated global best practices for sustainable development.', 'In this way, it may be said that Nigeria will pursue the path of low-carbon development in its immediate and future development plans to enable it to meet its obligations towards international commitment to the Paris Agreement and to align with anticipated global best practices for sustainable development. Modeling scenarios will be developed to depict the trajectory that Nigeria will follow in the course of LT-LEDS development Private sector needs government enablement to create new investable opportunities that encapsulates visibility, transparency, viability, and bankability. The new climate economic systems are the overarching economic enablers that leverage use of digitalization and to improve efficiency across multiple economic systems such as the circular economy, bioeconomy green, blue and food economies amongst others.', 'The new climate economic systems are the overarching economic enablers that leverage use of digitalization and to improve efficiency across multiple economic systems such as the circular economy, bioeconomy green, blue and food economies amongst others. The extent to which emerging economies like Nigeria can spur cities to catalyse sustainable, inclusive, and resilient growth is crucial not only for their future, but for the entire world as well. Future sustainable cities would embed industrial parks, agro-allied sectors, new housing, manufacturing and trade and commerce to spin out millions of new opportunities and jobs for decades to come.', 'Future sustainable cities would embed industrial parks, agro-allied sectors, new housing, manufacturing and trade and commerce to spin out millions of new opportunities and jobs for decades to come. Under this scenario, energy and economic growth modelling for key economic sectors contributing to low emissions growth with provision to replace fossil fuel economy by 2050 would be needed.3.2.3 Main Elements of the Vision From the various consultations conducted among various stakeholders, key elements were identified in the vision development as depicted in Figure 3. These are also anticipated to eventually guide the development of the LT-LEDS for Nigeria. The question is where does Nigeria want to be in2050?', 'The question is where does Nigeria want to be in2050? Figure 3: Key Elements by the Stakeholders that Guided the Vision Development Significant increase in the use of clean and renewable energy to drive Nigeria’s economic growth. Resilience and adaptation planning mechanisms and measures for all sectors and alignment with economic growth Adoption of climate- smart agricultural and land use technologies and practices. Significant improvement in energy efficiency and enthroning a culture of conservation in natural resource use. Deployment of more energy efficient, emerging low carbon technologies to decarbonize the economy. Pursuit of green economy through circular economy and blue economy principles and activities. Enhancement of carbon sinks with nature-based solutions Focus on less fossil-fuel exports-oriented economy in a low- carbon world.', 'Enhancement of carbon sinks with nature-based solutions Focus on less fossil-fuel exports-oriented economy in a low- carbon world. Considering the use of natural gas as a potential enabler in the transition to a climate-neutral economy Policy coordination and complementarity of low- carbon initiatives Enabling legal, policy, political and institutional environment Transformation of key sectors and society through awareness and capacity building Leveraging international support and collaboration3.3 The Vision: Where we want to be in 2050. Nigeria will continue to be part of the global efforts and collective engagements required to frontally address the challenges of climate change, while aiming at becoming a high middle- income economy.', 'Nigeria will continue to be part of the global efforts and collective engagements required to frontally address the challenges of climate change, while aiming at becoming a high middle- income economy. Thus, the LT Vision will be that by 2050, Nigeria is a country of low-carbon, climate-resilient, high-growth circular economy that reduces its current level of emission by 50%, moving towards having net-zero emissions across all sectors of its development in a gender-responsive manner. It is hoped that this vision will promote sustainable development and guarantee a climate proofed economic development through multi-stakeholder engagement across multiple sectors that include the bioeconomy, blue, green and food economies, especially at this time that Nigeria is also engaged in developing medium-term (2021-2025) and long-term (Agenda 2050) national development plans.', 'It is hoped that this vision will promote sustainable development and guarantee a climate proofed economic development through multi-stakeholder engagement across multiple sectors that include the bioeconomy, blue, green and food economies, especially at this time that Nigeria is also engaged in developing medium-term (2021-2025) and long-term (Agenda 2050) national development plans. It is also expected to lay a solid foundation for Nigeria to contribute to the global goal of climate neutrality, and to be a climate-resilient society with a knowledge-driven economy that is globally competitive and compliant with Africa’s Agenda 2063, as well as enable the country to play its leadership role in Africa effectively.', 'It is also expected to lay a solid foundation for Nigeria to contribute to the global goal of climate neutrality, and to be a climate-resilient society with a knowledge-driven economy that is globally competitive and compliant with Africa’s Agenda 2063, as well as enable the country to play its leadership role in Africa effectively. In the long-term, Nigeria’s Long-Term strategy must align with key principles of these complexly interrelated strategies and visions to enshrine economic growth while also building a climate resilient economy. The Vision By 2050, Nigeria is a country of low-carbon, climate-resilient, high-growth circular economy that reduces its current level of emission by 50%, moving towards having net-zero emissions across all sectors of its development in a gender-responsive manner.4.', 'The Vision By 2050, Nigeria is a country of low-carbon, climate-resilient, high-growth circular economy that reduces its current level of emission by 50%, moving towards having net-zero emissions across all sectors of its development in a gender-responsive manner.4. Visions by Sector The proposed long-term Vision for Nigeria’s LT-LEDS remains largely broad and encompassing many sectoral “visions” that would need to be properly integrated for sustainable national development. The key sectoral “visions” are highlighted in this section of the report. 4.1 Agriculture, Forest, and other Land Use (AFOLU) Agriculture, Forestry, and other Land Uses (AFOLU) is a major sector that has the most significant contribution to climate change in Nigeria and which also impacts on climate change significantly.', '4.1 Agriculture, Forest, and other Land Use (AFOLU) Agriculture, Forestry, and other Land Uses (AFOLU) is a major sector that has the most significant contribution to climate change in Nigeria and which also impacts on climate change significantly. As agriculture contributes about 24% to the country’s GDP, reducing GHG emissions from this sector and adapting the sector to climate change remain critically important for any long-tern vision for low carbon development in Nigeria. Destructive land use practices such as deforestation, uncontrolled use of fertilizers and poor livestock management contribute significantly to the release of GHGs, particularly carbon-dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4).', 'Destructive land use practices such as deforestation, uncontrolled use of fertilizers and poor livestock management contribute significantly to the release of GHGs, particularly carbon-dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4). According to Nigeria’s Third National Communication submitted to the UNFCCC 2020, total GHG emissions from AFOLU stands at 366,734 Gg CO2-eq, representing about 60% of the total net GHG emissions for the country. On the other hand, appropriate land use practices such as agroforestry will increase the carbon sink potentials of the sector. Thus, this sector holds significant climate change mitigation potential for Nigeria through reductions of GHG as well as enhancement of agricultural sequestration and application of climate smart technologies.', 'Thus, this sector holds significant climate change mitigation potential for Nigeria through reductions of GHG as well as enhancement of agricultural sequestration and application of climate smart technologies. The Vision 20:2020 seeks to improve agricultural productivity by enhancing yield per hectare, reducing post-harvest losses, and increasing processing and integration with an industrial value chain to feed the nation’s growing population. Reducing GHG emissions from AFOLU offers a great opportunity for Nigeria to contribute to land cover changes at global, national, and local levels that have characterized human-environment relationship. AFOLU also has both local and global benefits to climate change mitigation and whilst supporting millions of smallholder farmers adapt to climate change impact.', 'AFOLU also has both local and global benefits to climate change mitigation and whilst supporting millions of smallholder farmers adapt to climate change impact. The major challenge for the country is to reduce its rate of deforestation, which is one of the highest in the world. With rapid growth in population and its associated demands on forest and non-forest products, the impact of extraction continues to escalate the challenges of deforestation as well as de-vegetation, to the extent that only less than 10% of forest cover remains. Utilizing the country’s agricultural resources for food security is also an area of national importance with implications for GHG emissions.', 'Utilizing the country’s agricultural resources for food security is also an area of national importance with implications for GHG emissions. To move the AFOLU sector to a LT-LEDS, Nigeria will develop and/or deploy low-carbon agricultural adaptation technologies and practices, water management in irrigated rice farms, low- methane fodders for livestock, low-input farming; development of soil carbon storage methodologies and management; and replacement of fossil fuel with clean energy sources. The Government will pursue Research and Development on these low-carbon farming practices and expand education and support for farmers for wider application. The Government will also need to scale up certification and labelling of low –carbon agricultural produce, meats or dairy products that are produced using farming practices that minimize inputs, such as chemical fertilizers andpesticides.', 'The Government will also need to scale up certification and labelling of low –carbon agricultural produce, meats or dairy products that are produced using farming practices that minimize inputs, such as chemical fertilizers andpesticides. In the urban areas, significant effort will be targeted at (i) optimizing the use of city long spaces by diversifying uses, for example agripolis urban farming systems, while promoting urban forms that are resilient to the effects of climate change, and (ii) stopping degradation of agricultural, natural and forest areas and limiting the drying of wetlands. Government will sensitize consumers to do their part by generating less food waste and changing their dietary habits to reduce their carbon footprints in their daily life.', 'Government will sensitize consumers to do their part by generating less food waste and changing their dietary habits to reduce their carbon footprints in their daily life. There will be public awareness-raising programmes to change people’s consumption patterns and lead them towards a low-carbon lifestyle. Best practices and lessons learnt from farming and fishing communities elsewhere that use solar, wind and other eco-friendly energy sources will be emulated. Such lessons will serve as a model for future lifestyle, balanced national development, and eco-friendly energy transition. They will be exhibited as best practices of combining energy transition with local development. They will also help Nigeria to be prepared for potential social changes, e.g., changing industrial site locations and population migration.', 'They will also help Nigeria to be prepared for potential social changes, e.g., changing industrial site locations and population migration. Increasing resilience to climate change and effectively reducing GHG emissions in the AFOLU sector will be feasible within a vision that states that by 2050, Nigeria is a country in which sustainable land use and Climate Smart Agriculture (including livestock and fisheries) practices are adopted by all large-scale farmers and more than 75% of smallholder farmers, while forestry management practices are in line with the global mechanism of reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+). The Third National Communication reported that the total GHG emissions from the energy sector stands at 206,452 Gg CO2-eq or about 34% of the total net GHG emissions of Nigeria.', 'The Third National Communication reported that the total GHG emissions from the energy sector stands at 206,452 Gg CO2-eq or about 34% of the total net GHG emissions of Nigeria. As the second major contributor of GHG in Nigeria and given the potential transformational effects for the development of other sectors, the energy sector is critical in the country’s effort to reduce GHG emissions and pursue long-term low-carbon development. Visioning for a low carbon development in Nigeria’s energy sector remains a serious challenge, as the country’s economic growth is still largely dependent on oil and gas. Nigeria has the second largest proven oil reserves in Africa after those of Libya.', 'Nigeria has the second largest proven oil reserves in Africa after those of Libya. It has oil reserves of about 35 billion barrels and gas reserves of about 5.8 trillion m3, ranking 10th and 9th in the world, respectively. There is also about 21 million tonnes of proven recoverable bituminous coal reserves, including anthracite. Nigeria in the foreseeable future will continue to depend on oil and gas for its economic development. It is noted however, the recent past shows that the country faces declining production and, in the future, lower global demand and lower prices. The impact of these and low carbon scenarios on expected oil and gas revenues would be developed to put things in perspective.', 'The impact of these and low carbon scenarios on expected oil and gas revenues would be developed to put things in perspective. The economic importance of oil and gas makes Nigeria, like other oil and gas producing countries of the world economically vulnerable to global efforts to reduce GHG emissions. As global action to reduce GHG emissions will necessarily require reduced consumption of fossil fuels, this willaffect the country’s main economic base—the extraction and export of oil and gas17.', 'As global action to reduce GHG emissions will necessarily require reduced consumption of fossil fuels, this willaffect the country’s main economic base—the extraction and export of oil and gas17. However, while addressing climate change and reducing GHG emissions presents challenges for the country’s development, it is also an opportunity that could intensify the national effort to diversify its economy and lead to the development of low-carbon technologies such as carbon capture and storage (CCS), energy efficiency technologies and alternative energy. Moreover, the Vision 2020 singled out the expansion of electric power production from gas and hydropower as a key driver of growth. Associated and non-associated gas will increasingly replace the predominantly diesel- generating sets ubiquitous in companies and homes.', 'Associated and non-associated gas will increasingly replace the predominantly diesel- generating sets ubiquitous in companies and homes. As gas prices rise and regulation improves, more of the currently flared natural gas will find its way into power production, thereby reducing GHG emissions from gas flaring18. With support from international development partners Nigeria shall seek to use of gas, as opposed to just flaring, with substitutes diesel generators for large installations and renewables would be an alternative. And even in smaller installations. In addition, Nigeria has renewable and non-renewable energy resources in commercial quantities. The main renewable energy resources include sun, wind, hydro, biomass, and tidal wave.', 'The main renewable energy resources include sun, wind, hydro, biomass, and tidal wave. The Third National Communication concluded that solar energy is the most promising renewable energy resource due to Nigeria’s location within the heart of the tropical region where sunshine and solar radiation are very abundant and well distributed. The report estimated that the available annual solar energy in Nigeria is about 27 times her total fossil fuel resources and about 115,000timestheelectricalpowergenerated in Africa’s most populous country and largest economy. A wide variety of mitigation options can be applied in the energy sector. Renewable energies can make a major contribution to reducing emission levels. Renewable energy and energy efficiency are globally promoted as measures to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and response to climate change.', 'Renewable energy and energy efficiency are globally promoted as measures to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and response to climate change. The country’s Renewable Energy Master Plan projects to 2025 of 26.7% renewable energy contribution to the Nigeria’s energy use. This was expected to reduce CO2 and GHG emissions at 38% by 2025. In the same vein the country’s NDC energy sectoral plan indicated that increasing the current pace of energy efficiency improvement in all sectors of the nation’s economy to 2.5 percent per year, could achievee a 40 percent reduction in the amount of energy consumption by 2030, measured in terms of energy intensities, and thereby contribute significantly to GHG emission reduction in the long run.', 'In the same vein the country’s NDC energy sectoral plan indicated that increasing the current pace of energy efficiency improvement in all sectors of the nation’s economy to 2.5 percent per year, could achievee a 40 percent reduction in the amount of energy consumption by 2030, measured in terms of energy intensities, and thereby contribute significantly to GHG emission reduction in the long run. The following are needed to move Nigeria in the direction of long-term decarbonisation pathway: (i) promote decarbonization goal through carbon market; (ii) embedding innovative technology to catalyze green growth; (iii) scale-up the use of natural gas rather than PMS and liquid fuels; (iv) scale-up in renewable energy technologies; (v) adopt fiscal incentives to promote renewable energy utilization including subsidies, tax holiday, investments, grants and import exemption to incentivize prospective investors.', 'The following are needed to move Nigeria in the direction of long-term decarbonisation pathway: (i) promote decarbonization goal through carbon market; (ii) embedding innovative technology to catalyze green growth; (iii) scale-up the use of natural gas rather than PMS and liquid fuels; (iv) scale-up in renewable energy technologies; (v) adopt fiscal incentives to promote renewable energy utilization including subsidies, tax holiday, investments, grants and import exemption to incentivize prospective investors. In the urban areas, focus will be on energy efficiency in both new and existing buildings; design buildings to utilise more natural lighting and consume less energy. Furthermore, there is need for subsidy reform, carbon tax, eco-labelling, carbon market to send long-term policy signals.', 'Furthermore, there is need for subsidy reform, carbon tax, eco-labelling, carbon market to send long-term policy signals. 17 Qatar and the Gulf Cooperation Council – see Meltzer, J., Hultman, N. and Langley, C (2014): Low-Carbon Energy Transitions in Qatar and the Gulf Cooperation Council Region. 18 Eleri, E. O., Onuvae, P. and Ugwu, O. (2013): Low-carbon energy development in Nigeria: Challenges and opportunities.', '(2013): Low-carbon energy development in Nigeria: Challenges and opportunities. IIEDThe objective of the country’s vision for low-carbon energy is to initiate changes in the energy production patterns to significantly increase the renewable energy proportion of the country’s energy mix, as well as promote and enforce improvements in energy distribution systems (e.g., improved power grids) to avoid inefficient use of energy resources, through the adoption of appropriate and new technologies for climate change mitigation.', 'IIEDThe objective of the country’s vision for low-carbon energy is to initiate changes in the energy production patterns to significantly increase the renewable energy proportion of the country’s energy mix, as well as promote and enforce improvements in energy distribution systems (e.g., improved power grids) to avoid inefficient use of energy resources, through the adoption of appropriate and new technologies for climate change mitigation. From current realities in Nigeria’s energy sector, the 2050 vision for the sector should be anchored to decarbonize the energy sector by halving emissions in the sector relative to current levels and increasing the contribution of renewables to the country’s energy mix by 50% with a view of achieving net zero carbon emission by the end of the century 4.3 Fresh Water and Coastal Wetlands Nigeria has significant total water resources estimated at 215 billion m3 of surface water and 87 billion m3 groundwater resources, although with large-scale spatial inequalities in different regions of the country.', 'From current realities in Nigeria’s energy sector, the 2050 vision for the sector should be anchored to decarbonize the energy sector by halving emissions in the sector relative to current levels and increasing the contribution of renewables to the country’s energy mix by 50% with a view of achieving net zero carbon emission by the end of the century 4.3 Fresh Water and Coastal Wetlands Nigeria has significant total water resources estimated at 215 billion m3 of surface water and 87 billion m3 groundwater resources, although with large-scale spatial inequalities in different regions of the country. Nigeria’s coastal and marine environment stretches for about 853 km along the coastline and inland for about 15km in Lagos in the west to about 150km in the Niger Delta and about 25km east of the Niger Delta.', 'Nigeria’s coastal and marine environment stretches for about 853 km along the coastline and inland for about 15km in Lagos in the west to about 150km in the Niger Delta and about 25km east of the Niger Delta. However, Nigeria has significant challenges in ensuring proper and sustainable management of its water resources for domestic, agricultural, and industrial purposes. It is estimated that the annual total water demand in Nigeria is about 5.93 billion m3. This is expected to increase to 16.58 billion m3/year in 2030.According to an analysis in Nigeria’s Water Master Plan (2014)19, the projected global warming-induced change in air temperature over Nigeria could bring about 20% reduction of annual runoff in the country.', 'This is expected to increase to 16.58 billion m3/year in 2030.According to an analysis in Nigeria’s Water Master Plan (2014)19, the projected global warming-induced change in air temperature over Nigeria could bring about 20% reduction of annual runoff in the country. Groundwater recharge could also be reduced by up to 20% due to influence of the climate change. Additional 5 to 20m lowering of groundwater for the whole country is predicted by2030. This would warrant the need to drill boreholes at 20m deeper than current depth and make the depth of pump table to attain 20m deeper than it is currently. Over-pumping may further aggravate the impact of climate change on the lowering of groundwater level and possible ground subsidence effects in the country.', 'Over-pumping may further aggravate the impact of climate change on the lowering of groundwater level and possible ground subsidence effects in the country. This is an interesting example of interactions between water, energy, and climate nexus. Due to more intense climatic changes and higher air temperature, drought will set in, thus leading to higher demand for water. But the lower the groundwater table, the more energy and costs will be needed to build and operate deeper infrastructure systems. Depending on the source of the energy, this might result in higher emissions or other pressures.', 'Depending on the source of the energy, this might result in higher emissions or other pressures. Climate change and climatic variability will further threaten the water supply potential of the country as water supplies will be affected, not only for agriculture, but also for industry, energy production and even fisheries, in addition to health impacts and threats to biodiversity. In addition, it is also important to note that other activities being planned by Nigeria to reduce emissions or build resilience may be limited by water or influence available and usable water resources. Industry, energy, and agriculture in the same basin or dependent on the same water resource may compete for the resource20.', 'Industry, energy, and agriculture in the same basin or dependent on the same water resource may compete for the resource20. This compels the need to manage water and climate change in a more 19FMWR (2014): Revised Nigerian Water Resources Master Plan. Joint Japan International Cooperation Agency, Japan (JICA) 20FMWR (2014): Revised Nigerian Water Resources Master Plan. Joint Japan International Cooperation Agency, Japanholistic and coordinated manner imperative. It also informs that the water sector must be part of the global effort of limiting global temperature increase to well below 2OC by 2030 as captured in the Paris Agreement, and for the NDC is the national implementation policy.', 'It also informs that the water sector must be part of the global effort of limiting global temperature increase to well below 2OC by 2030 as captured in the Paris Agreement, and for the NDC is the national implementation policy. The provision of drinking water and the treatment of wastewater require tremendous amounts of energy, the production of which is responsible for high amounts of CO2-emissions. For example, a crude estimate indicates that the supply of 5.93 billion m3 that was estimated as water demand (which may also include pumped irrigation water) in 2013 by the WRMP would have resulted in the emission of about 4MtCO2.', 'For example, a crude estimate indicates that the supply of 5.93 billion m3 that was estimated as water demand (which may also include pumped irrigation water) in 2013 by the WRMP would have resulted in the emission of about 4MtCO2. Thus, it can be affirmed with some degree of certainty that if water supply in the country is fully sourced through renewable energy powered sources, then it would be possible to achieve good targets for emissions reduction for the sector in the NDC implementation. Emissions from domestic wastewater in 2016 was estimated to be 1.95MtCO2- eq.', 'Emissions from domestic wastewater in 2016 was estimated to be 1.95MtCO2- eq. Thus, the inclusion of the water sector in the NDC is evidence of increasing recognition of its high potential to reduce energy demand and thus contribute to the overall goal of climate change mitigation. The processes of water extraction, reticulation and treatment offer various mitigation options to reduce carbon emissions. The main challenge is to keep the impacts of climate change from becoming a disaster to the water sector and water resources more generally. For example, the indirect impacts of biogeochemical cycle in dams and drops in hydrostatic pressure during water level drawdowns can influence ebullition, which ultimately, will decrease CH4 that is further oxidized to CO2 by methane oxidizing microbes.', 'For example, the indirect impacts of biogeochemical cycle in dams and drops in hydrostatic pressure during water level drawdowns can influence ebullition, which ultimately, will decrease CH4 that is further oxidized to CO2 by methane oxidizing microbes. The saga of burning river tributaries in Nigeria’s Niger Delta region due to incidental oil spills is a grim reminder of water share of emissions impacts. Also, the ill managed industrial waste disposal triggered carbon pollution in rivers of USA (Cuyahoga-Cleveland 1969, Chicago 1970, Buffalo 1970, and Rouge 1971). These incidents clearly point to emissions warning symbols to humanity on impacts of inadvertent water management neglect. Similarly, the role of catchment activities in fueling microbial methane (Kiene, 1991) and organic matter decomposition (Thorton, 1991) was also reported.', 'Similarly, the role of catchment activities in fueling microbial methane (Kiene, 1991) and organic matter decomposition (Thorton, 1991) was also reported. In Nigeria, the greatest impacts stem from industrial clusters, where steam boilers are used at supercritical temperatures for either heating, or processing of consumer goods. The wharfs, seaports and marinas also contribute significantly to local GHG emissions because of shippers’ obduracy to IMO green flag directives. The country’s vision for the water sector is to Nigeria minimizes the impact of climate change on the sector, improves energy efficiency and increases sector’s resilience for sustainable water development, through strategic mitigation and adaptation options.', 'The country’s vision for the water sector is to Nigeria minimizes the impact of climate change on the sector, improves energy efficiency and increases sector’s resilience for sustainable water development, through strategic mitigation and adaptation options. Nigeria’s industrial sector in 2019 contributed about 27% of the nation’s GDP21, despite the challenges of inadequate power and infrastructure, quality issues and limited access to finance, as well as high cost of energy. Insufficient power generation capacity is driving companies to use 21 Nigeria: Distribution of gross domestic product (GDP) across economic sectors from 2009 to 2019 downloaded from ia%202019&text=In%202019%2C%20agriculture%20contributed%20around,percent%20from%20the%20services%20sector.natural gas and diesel to self-generate power.', 'Insufficient power generation capacity is driving companies to use 21 Nigeria: Distribution of gross domestic product (GDP) across economic sectors from 2009 to 2019 downloaded from ia%202019&text=In%202019%2C%20agriculture%20contributed%20around,percent%20from%20the%20services%20sector.natural gas and diesel to self-generate power. Thus, while their growth and success help to reduce the level of unemployment in the country, their rapidly increasing rate of GHG emissions remains a source of concern22. The country’s comprehensive industrial policy is set out in the Nigeria Industrial Revolution Plan (2014), and it indicates that Nigeria intends to fast-track the renaissance of the country’s manufacturing industries as a key source of growth, jobs, and food security. With the current use of natural gas and diesel to generate power, increasing the industrial output of the country may lead to increasing rate of GHG emissions.', 'With the current use of natural gas and diesel to generate power, increasing the industrial output of the country may lead to increasing rate of GHG emissions. The NDC sectoral analysis for industry indicates thatthe sector’s GHG emissions could increase from 4.2 Mt CO2e in 2010 to 14.8 Mt CO2e in 2030 if no measures to improve energy efficiency are implemented23. Thus, government recognizes that as the sector grows there must be a coordinated shift to low emission production systems. The use of green technology to ensure sustainable efficiency of the development of factory facilities to the fabrication and installation of production equipment will reduce the demand for fossil fuels and enhance overall efficiency.', 'The use of green technology to ensure sustainable efficiency of the development of factory facilities to the fabrication and installation of production equipment will reduce the demand for fossil fuels and enhance overall efficiency. Specific industrial energy efficiency plans that will be implemented with the overall objective of reducing GHG emissions in the industrial sector include the National Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Policy (NREEEP) (2015), the National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP) (2016), and the Sustainable Energy for All (SE4ALL) Action Agenda (2016). In particular, the NEEAP sets out several measures that work towards achieving the SE4ALL proposed targets for industrial energy efficiency. In the NDC analysis, these targets were to improve on 2015 energy consumption levels by 20% by 2020 and by 50% by 2030 through energy efficiency24.', 'In the NDC analysis, these targets were to improve on 2015 energy consumption levels by 20% by 2020 and by 50% by 2030 through energy efficiency24. Nigeria’s current focus is the use of natural gas to generate power and increase the industrial output of the country, while minimizing increasee in GHG emissions to comply with its global obligation of low-carbon development. To effectively achieve this goal, the country will need to be well positioned to pursue an alternative and sustainable path to industrialisation that takes advantage of new innovations, technologies, and business models.', 'To effectively achieve this goal, the country will need to be well positioned to pursue an alternative and sustainable path to industrialisation that takes advantage of new innovations, technologies, and business models. The national vision for the industry sector is that by 2050 Nigeria will have a low carbon industrial sector with enhanced energy efficiency that seizes the opportunities that comes with global transition towards climate resilience and circular economy. This vision will accelerate the country’s industrial development, utilizing energy mix with an emphasis on renewable energy and promoting energy efficiency networks for industrial enterprises. 4.5 Urban Settlements A large share of global GHG emissions is attributable to cities.', '4.5 Urban Settlements A large share of global GHG emissions is attributable to cities. The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that urban areas currently account for more than 71% of energy-related global 22Eleri, E. O., Onuvae, P. and Ugwu, O. (2013): Low-carbon energy development in Nigeria: Challenges and opportunities. IIED 23 FGoN (2017): NDC implementation action plan for the industry sectorGHG and this is expected to rise to 76% by 2030, making energy-related emissions the largest single source of GHG25.In 2019, 51.16% of Nigeria s total population lived in urban areas and cities. The eight largest cities in Nigeria will become even bigger by2030. The population growth of Nigeria’s biggest city Lagos will almost double within the next decade to about 20 million people.', 'The population growth of Nigeria’s biggest city Lagos will almost double within the next decade to about 20 million people. Three other cities will also almost double their population and in the context of the global trends, Nigerian cities, where most production activities are taking place, will in the future become a major source of GHG emissions from a production-based perspective if emissions are allocated to the places where they are generated. Nigerian cities will, therefore, play a major role in the country’s climate change mitigation efforts. Their main challenge will be how to combine sustainable growth, development, and an enhanced quality of life whilst lowering CO2- emissions.', 'Their main challenge will be how to combine sustainable growth, development, and an enhanced quality of life whilst lowering CO2- emissions. Effective management of Nigerian urban centre offers the potential to capitalize on the multi-layer benefits of mitigation, adaptation, and improved access to services. Cities with excellent services are resilient cities: advanced drainage systems can alleviate flooding during intense storms; robust healthcare services are equipped to respond to emergencies; warning systems and transportation infrastructure allow citizens to evacuate in response to risk. The key requirement is synergy between sectors: electricity; water and wastewater; heating; cooling and transport with investments in energy efficient heating and cooling of buildings and electrified transport.', 'The key requirement is synergy between sectors: electricity; water and wastewater; heating; cooling and transport with investments in energy efficient heating and cooling of buildings and electrified transport. Main strategic approaches may include: ▪ Promotion of compact urban areas (by curbing urban sprawl) in such a way that reduces the need for building on undeveloped land that can instead serve as carbon sinks. ▪ Strengthen development control functions to avoid haphazard planning and development and ensure adoption and implementation of national planning laws by states and local government councils. The national vision for country’s urban sector is for Nigerian cities reduce their carbon footprint by 50% by 2050 and move towards becoming carbon-neutral and climate-resilient at the end of the century.', 'The national vision for country’s urban sector is for Nigerian cities reduce their carbon footprint by 50% by 2050 and move towards becoming carbon-neutral and climate-resilient at the end of the century. It is worthy to note that Lagos is part of the Climate Ambition Alliance, pledged to Net Zero by 2050. 25International Energy Agency (IEA) (2008), World Energy Outlook 2008, IEA, Paris4.6 Oil and Gas Globally, the oil and gas sector are a major source of GHG emissions. According to the International Energy Agency’s (IEA) World Energy Outlook 2018, indirect GHG emissions from oil and gas operations, including carbon dioxide and methane emissions, make up about 5.2 billion tonnes of carbon-dioxide equivalent, equivalent of about 15% of the world’s energy sector’s total GHG emissions.', 'According to the International Energy Agency’s (IEA) World Energy Outlook 2018, indirect GHG emissions from oil and gas operations, including carbon dioxide and methane emissions, make up about 5.2 billion tonnes of carbon-dioxide equivalent, equivalent of about 15% of the world’s energy sector’s total GHG emissions. The oil and gas sector in Nigeria contributes up to 14% of the country’s GDP, and accounts for 95% of the foreign exchange earnings. It also contributes to 65% of the annual federal budget.', 'It also contributes to 65% of the annual federal budget. The country’s NDC indicates that the main GHG emissions in the sector are from gas flaring, fugitive methane emissions, on-site fuel use (upstream and midstream) and on-site fuel use from refineries as well as artisanal crude refining that is ubiquitous in the Niger Delta area and contributes to significant environmental degradation due to the use of artisanal equipment in the refining process26. The combined contribution of flaring and venting to the environment is about 80% of emissions in the sector. The target is to reduce flaring down to less than 10% by the year 2020 and end it completely by 2030.', 'The target is to reduce flaring down to less than 10% by the year 2020 and end it completely by 2030. The strategic approach is to deploy the vast gas resources of the country as the major fuel for power generation and to position Nigeria as the African regional hub for gas-based industries. Eliminating flaring by 2030 could save around 64 million tonnes of CO2 per year and have large development co-benefits. This target is achievable if the right legislation and strategies are implemented. The Nigerian Gas Flare Commercialization Programme (NGFCP) (2016), Nigerian Gas Policy (2017), Flare Gas (Prevention of Waste and Pollution) Regulation (2018) and the Petroleum Industry Roadmap as well as the Nigeria Gas Masterplan contain well defined propositions to achieve the target27.', 'The Nigerian Gas Flare Commercialization Programme (NGFCP) (2016), Nigerian Gas Policy (2017), Flare Gas (Prevention of Waste and Pollution) Regulation (2018) and the Petroleum Industry Roadmap as well as the Nigeria Gas Masterplan contain well defined propositions to achieve the target27. Critical policy measures that can be advanced for a carbon neutral oil and gas sector in Nigeria, as indicated in the National Climate Change Policy, will include: ▪ Pursue green jobs and just transition strategy to attain low-carbon transition for oil and gas sector plus a strategy that anticipate and accommodate stranded assets in the country. ▪ Supporting low-cost, technically feasible solutions to reduce methane emissions in oil and gas operations, including recovery and use of escaping gas.', '▪ Supporting low-cost, technically feasible solutions to reduce methane emissions in oil and gas operations, including recovery and use of escaping gas. ▪ Incentivizing the deployment of natural gas as Nigeria’s major transition fuel for power generation, industrialization, and domestic use, particularly cooking, towards ending gas flaring and anticipating e what comes after gas in two – three decades. ▪ Facilitating sustainable regulatory frameworks and incentives, as well as financial mechanisms to end gas flaring by 2030.', '▪ Facilitating sustainable regulatory frameworks and incentives, as well as financial mechanisms to end gas flaring by 2030. ▪ Investment and use of smart technologies in oil refining; and ▪ Reducing fugitive emissions in the sector The national vision in the sector will be to reduce carbon emission from Nigeria’s oil and gas value chains by 50% of its current level by 2050 and transit to net zero emission by the end of the century. 27 FME (2020): Climate Change Policy of NigeriaThe transport sector is the backbone of any productive system; enabling the mobility of people and goods means connecting people and nations and fostering economic and cultural exchanges and social development.', '27 FME (2020): Climate Change Policy of NigeriaThe transport sector is the backbone of any productive system; enabling the mobility of people and goods means connecting people and nations and fostering economic and cultural exchanges and social development. It is a major emitter of GHGs in Nigeria, and accounts for nearly one-tenth of total Nigerian emissions (Eleri et al., 2013)28. However, by 2016 it accounted for 31.9% of total emissions in Nigeria.', 'However, by 2016 it accounted for 31.9% of total emissions in Nigeria. 29 Cervigni et al (2013) indicated that between 2010 and 2035 fuel consumption in the sector is projected to increase by 680%, driven by a five-fold increase in total vehicle kilometers driven and induced by greater level of growth observed in the commercial vehicle fleet increasing importance of non-oil products in Nigeria’s manufacturing industries, as well as the expansion of the service sector due to rising incomes, and the removal of the gasoline subsidy that makes the use of heavy diesel-fueled vehicles more attractive. GHG emissions are forecast to increase significantly over the same period, driven by increasing population, economic activity, and wealth.', 'GHG emissions are forecast to increase significantly over the same period, driven by increasing population, economic activity, and wealth. The complexity of the transport sector requires deploying a diverse mix of decarbonization solutions to meet the challenges within each of its four main segments: roadways, railways, aviation, and navigation. Government’s response to minimizing GHG emissions in the sector, as elaborated in the transport’s sectoral plan for the NDC is a fast, safe, efficient, affordable, integrated, and inter- modal transport system for goods and people. It is targeted at reducing GHG emissions by about 4MtCO2e by year by 2030, whereas the projected rise in emissions is projected at over 25times of that value.', 'It is targeted at reducing GHG emissions by about 4MtCO2e by year by 2030, whereas the projected rise in emissions is projected at over 25times of that value. This obviously is not an adequate target for country that intends to be carbon neutral by 2050.The national transport policy also seeks to expand rail infrastructure, improve road construction and maintenance as well expand urban collective transportation, among other pursuits These are all important elements in a green transportation strategy that will require the institutionalization of appropriate behavioural and social modifications among Nigerians as well as the development of technological capacities in the area of clean technologies such as zero emission vehicles (ZEVs).', 'This obviously is not an adequate target for country that intends to be carbon neutral by 2050.The national transport policy also seeks to expand rail infrastructure, improve road construction and maintenance as well expand urban collective transportation, among other pursuits These are all important elements in a green transportation strategy that will require the institutionalization of appropriate behavioural and social modifications among Nigerians as well as the development of technological capacities in the area of clean technologies such as zero emission vehicles (ZEVs). It will also require the adoption of integrated land use and transportation systems that will connect housing, jobs, schools, and communities through a variety of integrated low-carbon mobility solutions.', 'It will also require the adoption of integrated land use and transportation systems that will connect housing, jobs, schools, and communities through a variety of integrated low-carbon mobility solutions. In the urban areas, emphasis will be on (i) expansive adoption of mass transit system such as the Rail and Bus Rapid Transport (BRT) to reduce number of commuter vehicles on the road and curb emission; and (ii) encouraging the acquisition and use of zero-emission vehicles such as electric cars.', 'In the urban areas, emphasis will be on (i) expansive adoption of mass transit system such as the Rail and Bus Rapid Transport (BRT) to reduce number of commuter vehicles on the road and curb emission; and (ii) encouraging the acquisition and use of zero-emission vehicles such as electric cars. The long-term vision in the transport sector that can move the country toward carbon neutrality is a national transportation system by 2050 with all having access to a range of affordable transportation choices in which not more than 50% of all journeys are by cars, at least 40% of all journeys are by public transport (including trains and BRT) and at least 10% of all journeys are by active travel (e. g. cycling, walking) to generate little to no GHG, keep the air clean, reduce vehicle distance traveled while increasing access and grow the economy.', 'The long-term vision in the transport sector that can move the country toward carbon neutrality is a national transportation system by 2050 with all having access to a range of affordable transportation choices in which not more than 50% of all journeys are by cars, at least 40% of all journeys are by public transport (including trains and BRT) and at least 10% of all journeys are by active travel (e. g. cycling, walking) to generate little to no GHG, keep the air clean, reduce vehicle distance traveled while increasing access and grow the economy. Increased transportation efficiency and ubiquitous, safe, and affordable access to low-carbon transportation options are key to the success of the vision. 28Eleri, E. O., Onuvae, P. and Ugwu, O.', '28Eleri, E. O., Onuvae, P. and Ugwu, O. (2013): Low-carbon energy development in Nigeria: Challenges and opportunities. IIEDWaste generation has consistently increased in Nigeria due to increase in population, intensification in socioeconomic development, industrialization, changing lifestyles and consumption patterns. The quantity and rate of solid wastes generation in Nigeria have outgrown the capacity of existing facilities and structure put in place to manage them, therefore this has been of great concern across many Nigerian cities. Domestic solid waste generation rate per annum in Nigeria is currently estimated at 63 million tonnes (0.45 kg/capital/annum) and is increasing30. The Third National Communication indicates that waste sector in Nigeria accounts for about 4% of the total net national emission of 609,783Gg CO2-eq.', 'The Third National Communication indicates that waste sector in Nigeria accounts for about 4% of the total net national emission of 609,783Gg CO2-eq. This is expected to increase over the years due to increasing resource use by the rapidly increasing population of the country that is set to reach over 400 million by 2050. The poor management of waste in Nigeria has led to indiscriminate disposal or discharge of waste into unintended ecosystem, thus causing blockages of drainages channels and diffused flooding; degradation of aesthetic values of cities across the nation; uncontrolled burning of wastes and emission of poisonous gases into the atmosphere; leachate contamination of water and soil resources; pollution from discharged toxic wastes amongst others.', 'The poor management of waste in Nigeria has led to indiscriminate disposal or discharge of waste into unintended ecosystem, thus causing blockages of drainages channels and diffused flooding; degradation of aesthetic values of cities across the nation; uncontrolled burning of wastes and emission of poisonous gases into the atmosphere; leachate contamination of water and soil resources; pollution from discharged toxic wastes amongst others. These constitute both environmental and health hazards and contribute to GHG emissions from the sector and across the waste management chain including collection, transportation, treatment, and landfill. These uncontrolled emissions in turn contribute to the negative impacts of global warming issues across the globe.', 'These uncontrolled emissions in turn contribute to the negative impacts of global warming issues across the globe. The largest source is usually landfill methane (CH4), followed by wastewater CH4 and nitrous oxide (N2O); in addition, minor emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) result from the incineration of waste containing fossil carbon (C) (plastics; synthetic textiles). The key approaches to waste handling for GHG removals and overall climate mitigation include recycling, waste reduction, waste to wealth and energy recovery from wastes. The main policy direction is to significantly lower emissions from the sector with appropriate waste management and wastewater treatment solutions. Emphasis will be on post-consumer urban solid waste, as well as emissions from municipal wastewater and industrial wastewaters.', 'Emphasis will be on post-consumer urban solid waste, as well as emissions from municipal wastewater and industrial wastewaters. Other areas of focus may include pre-consumer GHG emissions from waste within the industrial and energy sectors, agricultural wastes and manures and forestry residues. A wide range of mature, environmentally effective technologies will be deployed to mitigate emissions and provide public health, environmental protection, and sustainable development co-benefits, such as an improvement in air quality, a reduction in contamination-related illnesses, economic growth, and a boost to energy resources. The objective is to sustainably reduce GHG emissions in the sector through the implementation of an integrated solid waste management strategy, including targeting waste prevention, recycling, composting, energy recovery, treatment, and disposal, which can have a significant impact on reducing GHG emissions.', 'The objective is to sustainably reduce GHG emissions in the sector through the implementation of an integrated solid waste management strategy, including targeting waste prevention, recycling, composting, energy recovery, treatment, and disposal, which can have a significant impact on reducing GHG emissions. A strategic approach will be to reduce the amount of waste generated at source and create a virtuous cycle where resources are renewed, reused, or recycled repeatedly within a circular economy framework. This could be achieved by maximizing resource efficiency 30 FME (2018): National Policy on the Environmentand minimizing resource inputs throughout the entire product life cycle – from extraction of natural resources to production, distribution, and consumption of products, to recycling and disposal of waste.', 'This could be achieved by maximizing resource efficiency 30 FME (2018): National Policy on the Environmentand minimizing resource inputs throughout the entire product life cycle – from extraction of natural resources to production, distribution, and consumption of products, to recycling and disposal of waste. The national vision is the reduction of GHG emissions from the sector by at least 50% by 2050, while transiting to a carbon-neutral waste management at the end of the century through expansive adoption of up-to-date technologies for solid, liquid, and gaseous waste (MSW) processing and other emerging technologies.', 'The national vision is the reduction of GHG emissions from the sector by at least 50% by 2050, while transiting to a carbon-neutral waste management at the end of the century through expansive adoption of up-to-date technologies for solid, liquid, and gaseous waste (MSW) processing and other emerging technologies. 4.9 Cross-cutting: Gender inclusion There is a global recognition that women play an important role in climate change adaptation and mitigation because of their roles in core climate change sectors: farming and livestock management, energy, disaster risk reduction, transport, forestry, water management and health.', '4.9 Cross-cutting: Gender inclusion There is a global recognition that women play an important role in climate change adaptation and mitigation because of their roles in core climate change sectors: farming and livestock management, energy, disaster risk reduction, transport, forestry, water management and health. An analysis by the UNDP (2016) indicates that women participate in mitigation-related activities through their selection and use of fuel for cooking and household tasks as well as transport-related needs and practices, they are important energy users, suppliers and consumers, and household energy managers and savers; thereby potentially capable of contributing to GHG mitigation that in the long-term move the world towards carbon-neutrality.', 'An analysis by the UNDP (2016) indicates that women participate in mitigation-related activities through their selection and use of fuel for cooking and household tasks as well as transport-related needs and practices, they are important energy users, suppliers and consumers, and household energy managers and savers; thereby potentially capable of contributing to GHG mitigation that in the long-term move the world towards carbon-neutrality. Because of the different roles and responsibilities of women and men, which vary by socioeconomic level as well as by region, there are gender differences in the impacts of climate change, responses to climate change, vulnerabilities to climate change, and the capacities to adapt. Moreover, women’s local and environmental knowledge and survival strategies are major ingredients for recovery and resilience (UNDP, 2016)31.', 'Moreover, women’s local and environmental knowledge and survival strategies are major ingredients for recovery and resilience (UNDP, 2016)31. Envisioning a gender-based just, long-term low emission strategy for Nigeria will require a whole of society approach that intentionally seeks to close pervasive gender inequality gaps skewed against women as well as leveraging on opportunities that low carbon development might open for a sustainable future. The national approach will be to adopt the general UNFCCC principles of32: ▪ Ensuring the equal participation of men and women in decision-making and implementation around adaptation and mitigation. ▪ Ensuring that women can act as agents of change at different levels of the adaptation and mitigation process.', '▪ Ensuring that women can act as agents of change at different levels of the adaptation and mitigation process. ▪ Promoting mitigation approaches that are aware of gender implications and outcomes and working towards gender equality and positive impacts on the lives of women through improving livelihoods and health and allowing time for the pursuit of additional opportunities. ▪ Adoption of clean, sound, socially appropriate and gender responsive technologies; among others. A gender aware technology assessment for low carbon development will ensure gender is mainstreamed and harmful and/ risky technologies are locked out.', 'A gender aware technology assessment for low carbon development will ensure gender is mainstreamed and harmful and/ risky technologies are locked out. Overall, the focus shall be to mainstream gender considerations into all actions and leverage on existing forward-looking 31 UNDP (2016): Gender Equality in National Climate Action: Planning for Gender-Responsive Nationally Determined Contributions 32 UNFCC website, “Gender and Climate Change”, unfccc.int/gender_and_climate_change/items/7516.phppractices to foster equitable institutions and systems for a paradigm shifting transition to net zero carbon and climate resilient future that will benefit all equally.', 'Overall, the focus shall be to mainstream gender considerations into all actions and leverage on existing forward-looking 31 UNDP (2016): Gender Equality in National Climate Action: Planning for Gender-Responsive Nationally Determined Contributions 32 UNFCC website, “Gender and Climate Change”, unfccc.int/gender_and_climate_change/items/7516.phppractices to foster equitable institutions and systems for a paradigm shifting transition to net zero carbon and climate resilient future that will benefit all equally. The vision should successfully mainstream the gender equality and social inclusion initiatives (GESI) and capture inclusivity for women, aged people, youth and persons living with disabilities by actions to embed affirmative action policies.5 Role of Innovation Achieving a low emission development future for Nigeria in the context of the projected population increase and economic growth requires that a strong emphasis be placed on the role of innovation.', 'The vision should successfully mainstream the gender equality and social inclusion initiatives (GESI) and capture inclusivity for women, aged people, youth and persons living with disabilities by actions to embed affirmative action policies.5 Role of Innovation Achieving a low emission development future for Nigeria in the context of the projected population increase and economic growth requires that a strong emphasis be placed on the role of innovation. There will be needed to embed technological, policy, governance, economic and environmental innovation, among others. 5.1 Social Innovation Social change necessitates social innovation to reorient societal values. In transitioning to a carbon neutral future there is the imperative for social innovation to produce green cities who consume and relate with nature equitably.', 'In transitioning to a carbon neutral future there is the imperative for social innovation to produce green cities who consume and relate with nature equitably. A genuine transition to a green economy demands fundamental changes to both macro-economic and micro-economic conditions—and, therefore, institutions. Business as usual with respect to economic policy is not a viable alternative to meet the challenges of the future demands of mankind s desire to fundamentally redesign things and create new institutions without re-thinking social innovations that suit new demands. 5.2 Economic Innovation The tension and lack of progress witnessed in the implementation of climate action so far in Nigeria is largely due to different goals and aspirations pulling the nation in different directions.', '5.2 Economic Innovation The tension and lack of progress witnessed in the implementation of climate action so far in Nigeria is largely due to different goals and aspirations pulling the nation in different directions. Nigeria has expressed a long-term aspiration to be a low carbon and climate-friendly economy, but prevailing economic circumstances have often imposed constraints over the abilities of government to take a low carbon route to development mainly due to the significant investments required for infrastructure and other costs. Nigeria’s long-term Vision encapsulated in the Vision 20:2020 blueprint (to be revised) and the ERGP was to make the country a high middle-income economy, but with little consideration for low carbon development approach.', 'Nigeria’s long-term Vision encapsulated in the Vision 20:2020 blueprint (to be revised) and the ERGP was to make the country a high middle-income economy, but with little consideration for low carbon development approach. Conversely, in the Paris Agreement the nation also acceded to carry out aggressive and binding cuts in her GHG without having the budgets to make it happen. To plant the country firmly on an LTS path, there is a need to redefine the economic innovation approaches to diversify the economy and address the unacceptable trade-offs between economic growth and environmental sustainability. 5.3 Technological Innovation Innovation in technology is essential for achieving Nigeria’s LTV. Technological innovations utilize advance technologies to mitigate climate change.', 'Technological innovations utilize advance technologies to mitigate climate change. Globally, much of the progress made in decoupling emissions from development in the energy sector has come from technology innovation including in generation, storage, energy efficiency and Carbon Capture and Storage (CSS) and renewable energy. Fastest advancement have been made where there is technological convergence, a process where merging, blending, integration, and transformation of independent technologies leads to a completely new converged technology. This broad and complex concept encompasses a wide range of technologies, including the internet of things (IoT) and smart home devices. Examples include TV, internet, phones, home –smart, climate Smart Agriculture, energy- smart and water-smart technologies.', 'Examples include TV, internet, phones, home –smart, climate Smart Agriculture, energy- smart and water-smart technologies. It is vital that Nigeria invests in promoting these technologies, along with the diffusion of indigenous technology innovations as a thrust for its LT-LEDS. 5.4 Environmental InnovationNigeria’s LTV deserves environmental innovation that is focused on organizational implementation and change. Environmental innovation encompasses many different aspects including economic, social, and technological change in way of doing things designed to promote environmental integrity. The focus is on the environment, with implication for products, manufacturing processes and marketing with degrees of novelty. It includes emphasis on conversation but also distribution of wealth within the nation to reduce disparities between rich and poor and achieve social and economic justice.', 'It includes emphasis on conversation but also distribution of wealth within the nation to reduce disparities between rich and poor and achieve social and economic justice. It calls for precaution and the use of science to enhance social and environmental outcomes, through the identification of environmental risks and externalities as well as incorporating such externalities in national economic accounting frameworks. It entails using strategic, coordinated, and integrated planning to deliver sustainable development, the green economy and poverty alleviation but also that citizens should have access to information concerning the environment, as well as the opportunity to participate in decision- making processes.6. Way Forward and Elaboration of the LT-LEDS Nigeria’s LTV has been validated and launched at the highest level of governance in Nigeria.', 'Way Forward and Elaboration of the LT-LEDS Nigeria’s LTV has been validated and launched at the highest level of governance in Nigeria. It can thus be submitted to the UNFCCC under Art 4.19, as Nigeria s first contribution towards the elaboration of its LT-LEDS. The LTV lays a solid foundation for the elaboration of Nigeria’s robust LT-LEDS and identifies the critical dimensions that policy-makers, private sector and society at large will need clarity on, to get on track for a low-carbon, climate-resilient transition. It is anticipated that the LT-LEDS for Nigeria will be developed and pursued in a robust and consistent manner that will take the nation to 2050 on a low-carbon trajectory for the next 30 years.', 'It is anticipated that the LT-LEDS for Nigeria will be developed and pursued in a robust and consistent manner that will take the nation to 2050 on a low-carbon trajectory for the next 30 years. Tentative building blocks for the elaboration of Nigeria’s LT-LEDS are presented in Figure 4. The questions posed by stakeholders that will guide the LT-LEDS process are presented in Annex I. Annex II provides the suggested process(es) for inclusiveness and robustness by stakeholders to be considered during the elaboration of Nigeria’s LT-LEDS.Figure 4: Proposed pathway for Elaborating Nigeria’s Full-blown Long-Term Strategy Nigeria’s LT-LEDS Governance structures Project mgt. and inter-agency coordination (Steering/ Technical Committee) Modelling/ quantitative work Economy-wide and sector- specific analysis and workshops Macro-economic impacts of the transition Stakeholder engagement and consultations All stakeholder groups, federal and state level Cross-cutting themes Policy, financial, technological, institutional needs Communication, gender, learning M&E and revisionsAnnex 1: Critical Questions/Subjects for LT-LEDS Elaboration FOCAL AREAS KEY QUESTIONS Political Will i.', 'and inter-agency coordination (Steering/ Technical Committee) Modelling/ quantitative work Economy-wide and sector- specific analysis and workshops Macro-economic impacts of the transition Stakeholder engagement and consultations All stakeholder groups, federal and state level Cross-cutting themes Policy, financial, technological, institutional needs Communication, gender, learning M&E and revisionsAnnex 1: Critical Questions/Subjects for LT-LEDS Elaboration FOCAL AREAS KEY QUESTIONS Political Will i. Is there a high-powered commitment from the President in support of LT-LEDS? ii. Is there any legislative instrument that supports the process? Inventory of existing national policies and strategies i. What national development programmes/strategies exist? ii. What national climate change programmes or strategies exist? iii. How linked are the two (i.e National development strategies and national climate change strategies)? iv. Out of the two, have we identified and prioritized our national strategies to address the challenges of climate change? v. Which priority sectors will be considered in the transition to LT-LEDS? vi.', 'v. Which priority sectors will be considered in the transition to LT-LEDS? vi. Do we have required data, modeling or scenario-building frameworks that could be used to support the development of LT-LEDS? vii. Are the prioritized strategies Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time-bound (S.M.A.R.T)?? Alignment of Nigeria’s NDC with LT-LEDS i. What are the links between Nigeria’s NDC and LT-LEDS? ii. Are there short-term actions in NDC that can inform long term opportunities in the LT-LEDS? iii. Are there clearly defined institutional and legal frameworks to ensure synergy in the implementation of NDC and LT-LEDS? Institutional framework i. Which Ministry will serve as National Focal Institution to drive the LT- LEDS process? ii. Will the LT-LEDS process be driven by a Presidential taskforce? Has the taskforce been set up?', 'Has the taskforce been set up? Will the taskforce be independent and free from political interruptions? Will it change with change in government? What are the roles and responsibilities of the Taskforce? iii. Which relevant MDAs will participate in the LT-LEDS process? iv. Is there a team of national technical experts to set up the process and develop the strategy or is there needed to find capacity elsewhere? v. In which areas/sectors do we require capacity building? Stakeholders Participation i. Which stakeholders need to be engaged in the LT-LEDS process? ii. How will representatives of the MDAs at the Federal, State and Local Government, civil society, the private sector be selected? iii. Which key issues will be discussed with them? iv.', 'Which key issues will be discussed with them? iv. At what stage (s) of the LT-LEDS process will they be engaged? v. How regular will the consultation be? vi. How will the stakeholder engagement process feed into the institutional setup for the LT-LEDS? vii. Is there a grievance redress mechanism in place? Funding mechanism i. Have the Ministries of Finance of Budget and Planning been consulted on the LT-LEDS process? ii. Does Nigeria have a long-term vision for climate finance?Annex 1: Critical Questions/Subjects for LT-LEDS Elaboration iii. Does Nigeria have a plan for increasing climate investment? iv. How can the private sector be involved in the LT-LEDS process? Monitoring, verification, and Reporting i. Is there a system to monitor, verify and report the LT-LEDS in Nigeria? ii.', 'Is there a system to monitor, verify and report the LT-LEDS in Nigeria? ii. Which MDAs will conduct the MRV? iii. Are there key performance indicators and templates/ frameworks to monitor progress and assess results? iv. How frequently will successes be measured? v. Is there a mechanism to monitor national and/or international flows of climate finance for implementation of LT-LEDS? vi. How will successes be communicated? Additional Critical Questions Raised by Stakeholders for Strategy Development 1. What profound changes are required in development and deployment of negative-emission technologies? 2. Will emerging positive economic growth be sustainable or sufficient to keep us within the planetary boundaries? 3. What type of economic growth can result from ambitious long-term climate policies and improved productivity? 4.', 'What type of economic growth can result from ambitious long-term climate policies and improved productivity? 4. What costs to the environment will result from the pursuit of economic growth? What significant economic damage would result? 5. What pattern or manner of decoupling of the economy will result in low emission to support in reach the world’s 1.5 °C target? 6. Do we have negative-emission technologies (NETs) that would safely and permanently remove carbon already accumulated in the atmosphere in Nigeria? 7. How will a shift to more circular business models reduce CO2 emissions and help cut the use of materials and natural resources while maintaining economic growth? 8.', 'How will a shift to more circular business models reduce CO2 emissions and help cut the use of materials and natural resources while maintaining economic growth? 8. An end of international funding for gas as a fossil fuel would create dire challenges for gas- producing countries, especially in Africa, as recently said by the Vice President, Prof. Yemi Osinbajo on the path of ensuring continued access to affordable, reliable energy for its populace, and transitioning to the use of cleaner energy in line with the net-zero emissions global target33.What are the challenges and how could these be overcome? 9. What critical blind spots exist in attaining green water objectives by 2050? 10. What promise does long-term (2050) green water transition vision hold for climate actors?', 'What promise does long-term (2050) green water transition vision hold for climate actors? 11. What paradigm shifts are needed to deliver a low carbon industry, for example in water infrastructure, scale of operations and technology options? 12. What associated behavioral change from consumers and companies will be needed and how could enabling reform strengthen program success? 13. Are the mechanisms to deliver a low carbon industry in Nigeria already in place; for example, the use of shadow price of carbon and carbon reduction commitment from 2021?Annex 2: Suggested Process(es) for Inclusiveness and Robustness for the LT- LEDS Elaboration for Nigeria.', 'Are the mechanisms to deliver a low carbon industry in Nigeria already in place; for example, the use of shadow price of carbon and carbon reduction commitment from 2021?Annex 2: Suggested Process(es) for Inclusiveness and Robustness for the LT- LEDS Elaboration for Nigeria. Although the Paris Agreement invited countries to formulate and communicate a LT-LEDS by 2020, the scope and elements to be included in the LT-LEDS are not clearly defined. For Nigeria to envision a low-emission development and national socio-economic development pathway in an integrated and strategic manner, a robust and an inclusive LT-LEDS is required. Key areas for consideration include but not limited to the following: a.', 'Key areas for consideration include but not limited to the following: a. Policy alignment Nigeria’s LT-LEDS process must be aligned with other national programmes and strategies such as ERGP, Mid-term National Development Plan and Agenda 2050, NDC, Climate Change and other related ones. Linking these policies and strategies will help Nigeria identify long- term opportunities from the short-term actions in the NDC, Climate change policy and other related national strategies. b. Identification Entry points for the implementation of LT-LEDS An in depth understanding of national circumstances and national development priorities and existing climate strategies can constitute important entry points for developing LT-LEDS. For instance, Nigeria’s NDC and Climate Change policy have already identified priority climate mitigation and adaptation opportunities.', 'For instance, Nigeria’s NDC and Climate Change policy have already identified priority climate mitigation and adaptation opportunities. There are existing institutional and regulatory frameworks in place that can be leveraged and improved upon through lessons learned for the development of the LT-LEDS. c. Strong Interagency coordination The LT-LEDS process will require strong interagency collaboration and coordination across Federal, State and Local governments as well as the private sector to establish a unified effort and to maximize available resources in a collaborative manner. d. Stakeholder’s engagement To create the support needed for the LT-LEDS in the short-, medium- and long-run, strong stakeholders’ engagement is required. Involving the public through regular stakeholder consultations processes will contribute to improving the quality of the LT-LEDS.', 'Involving the public through regular stakeholder consultations processes will contribute to improving the quality of the LT-LEDS. e. Robust finance and investment The LT-LEDS process will only succeed if there are clear roadmaps for sustainable funding and investment. f. Robust MRV There will be need to have clear mechanisms and templates for monitoring, reporting, and verifying the LT-LEDS process.']

en-US

NGA

Nigeria

1st NDC

2017-05-16 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Approved%20Nigeria%27s%20INDC_271115.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Africa

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/ce0f2440914a79202643c51f43fbb87a7e584163e95ef911d3d0c74e67caf303.pdf

['NIGERIA’S INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 1. National Context In 2014, Nigeria became the largest economy in sub-Sahara Africa. Nigeria is a lower middle income developing country, the GDP per capita in current US$ is about $2,950. The economy is diversifying and has grown over 6% per year for the past decade. Yet, significant challenges remain. Food insecurity, poor access to energy and high unemployment, amongst others, remain principal constraints on economic development and are of primary concern to the government. Those below the poverty line of US$1.25 PPP still make up 30% of the population. The recent sharp decline in world oil prices has put pressure on the federal government budget, which continues to depend significantly on export revenues.', 'The recent sharp decline in world oil prices has put pressure on the federal government budget, which continues to depend significantly on export revenues. The Nigeria INDC, therefore, focuses on the delivery of direct development benefits and sustainable growth of the economy. In addition to these challenges, the country is considerably impacted by climate change. The north of the country, for example, is highly vulnerable to drought. A recent Pew Research Center global attitudes surveyi found that 65% of Nigerians are very concerned about the threat climate change poses, ahead of global economic instability (48%). HE President Buhari has stated in his inaugural speech that Nigeria is committed to tackling climate change.', 'HE President Buhari has stated in his inaugural speech that Nigeria is committed to tackling climate change. Nigeria’s INDC demonstrates its determination to contribute to the success of the Paris climate summit in December 2015 and to grow its economy sustainably while reducing carbon pollution. The INDC promotes sustainable development and delivering on government priorities. The policies and measures included in the Nigeria INDC will deliver immediate development benefits and do not compromise sustainable growth, on the contrary. Ambitious mitigation action is economically efficient and socially desirable for Nigeria, even when leaving aside its climate benefits. The policies and measures alleviate poverty, increase social welfare and inclusion, as well as improving individual well-being, which includes a healthy environment.', 'The policies and measures alleviate poverty, increase social welfare and inclusion, as well as improving individual well-being, which includes a healthy environment. Furthermore, by not undertaking these measures Nigeria would incur significant adaptation costs from exacerbated climate change. Nigeria has been actively engaged in international climate policy negotiations since it became a Party to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) in 1994 ratifying its Kyoto Protocol in 2004. Nigeria submitted its First National Communication (FNC) in 2003 and a Second National Communication in February 2014. Nigeria is host to a number of Clean Development Mechanism projects, as well as projects financed by the Adaptation Fund. In September 2012, the Federal Executive Council approved the Nigeria Climate Change Policy Response and Strategy.', 'In September 2012, the Federal Executive Council approved the Nigeria Climate Change Policy Response and Strategy. HE, President Muhammadu Buhari, The President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria on 26 November 2015, approved the Nigeria INDC.The table below summarises Nigeria’s INDC.', 'HE, President Muhammadu Buhari, The President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria on 26 November 2015, approved the Nigeria INDC.The table below summarises Nigeria’s INDC. Table 1: Summary of key aspects of Nigeria’s INDC Aspect Detail Type of objective Reduction from Business as Usual (BAU) Target year 2030 Implementation Period Base data period 2010-2014 Summary of objective Economic and social development: grow economy 5% per year, improve standard of living, electricity access for all Unconditional and conditional mitigation objectives Key measures • Work towards ending gas flaring by 2030 • Work towards Off-grid solar PV of 13GW (13,000MW) • Efficient gas generators • 2% per year energy efficiency (30% by 2030) • Transport shift car to bus • Improve electricity grid • Climate smart agriculture and reforestation Trajectory [update figure once agreed] Emissions per US$ (real) GDP GDP per capita (US$) - Millions of tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent Business As Usual Conditional UnconditionalEstimated emissions per capita Current: around 2 tonnes CO2 e e e Global Warming Potentials used IPCC Fourth Assessment Report Cost Estimate Data National Cost = $142b; National Benefits = $304b (World Bank report “Low Carbon Development Opportunities for Nigeria” (2013)) Gases covered CO2 Emissions as % of global total Historical emissions 2,564.02 million tonnes Under a business-as-usual growth scenario, consistent with strong economic growth of 5% per year, Nigeria’s emissions are expected to grow to around 900 million tonnes per year in 2030, which translates to around 3.4 tonnes per person.', 'Table 1: Summary of key aspects of Nigeria’s INDC Aspect Detail Type of objective Reduction from Business as Usual (BAU) Target year 2030 Implementation Period Base data period 2010-2014 Summary of objective Economic and social development: grow economy 5% per year, improve standard of living, electricity access for all Unconditional and conditional mitigation objectives Key measures • Work towards ending gas flaring by 2030 • Work towards Off-grid solar PV of 13GW (13,000MW) • Efficient gas generators • 2% per year energy efficiency (30% by 2030) • Transport shift car to bus • Improve electricity grid • Climate smart agriculture and reforestation Trajectory [update figure once agreed] Emissions per US$ (real) GDP GDP per capita (US$) - Millions of tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent Business As Usual Conditional UnconditionalEstimated emissions per capita Current: around 2 tonnes CO2 e e e Global Warming Potentials used IPCC Fourth Assessment Report Cost Estimate Data National Cost = $142b; National Benefits = $304b (World Bank report “Low Carbon Development Opportunities for Nigeria” (2013)) Gases covered CO2 Emissions as % of global total Historical emissions 2,564.02 million tonnes Under a business-as-usual growth scenario, consistent with strong economic growth of 5% per year, Nigeria’s emissions are expected to grow to around 900 million tonnes per year in 2030, which translates to around 3.4 tonnes per person. The key measures below could potentially reduce emissions by around [45%] compared to business as usual.', 'The key measures below could potentially reduce emissions by around [45%] compared to business as usual. Yet, Nigeria has a great potential for climate smart development, given support for implementation. Much of the reduction potential identified has zero net cost or indeed achieves a net economic benefit. That is, the measures would benefit Nigeria overall, even before taking into account the climate benefits. Table 2: Key mitigation measures Measure Potential GHG reduction (million tonnes per year in 2030) Economy-wide energy efficiency Efficient gas power stations Work toward ending of gas flaring Climate smart agriculture 74 Reduce transmission losses Renewable energy 31 2 National Development Strategy and Planning In recent years, two development strategy documents have directed the development process in Nigeria: i.', 'Table 2: Key mitigation measures Measure Potential GHG reduction (million tonnes per year in 2030) Economy-wide energy efficiency Efficient gas power stations Work toward ending of gas flaring Climate smart agriculture 74 Reduce transmission losses Renewable energy 31 2 National Development Strategy and Planning In recent years, two development strategy documents have directed the development process in Nigeria: i. Vision 20:2020: The Federal Government’s economic growth plan, Nigeria Vision 20:2020, Economic Transformation Blueprint (2009), recognizes the changingclimate as a threat to sustainable growth in the next decade. It sees climate change as a critical challenge globally and, in Nigeria, as a potential driver of “damaging and irrecoverable effects on infrastructure, food production and water supplies, in addition to precipitating natural resource conflicts.” This recognition is an important first step towards a climate change adaptation strategy and action plan. ii.', 'It sees climate change as a critical challenge globally and, in Nigeria, as a potential driver of “damaging and irrecoverable effects on infrastructure, food production and water supplies, in addition to precipitating natural resource conflicts.” This recognition is an important first step towards a climate change adaptation strategy and action plan. ii. Transformation Agenda 2011 – 2015: The agenda converts the full suite of priority policies and programs into projects, in order to ensure continuity, consistency and commitment of national development efforts. It identified 1613 projects across from 20 Ministries. In retrospect, however, the policy and implementation framework did not adequately address issues of climate change.', 'In retrospect, however, the policy and implementation framework did not adequately address issues of climate change. 2.1 Climate Change Policy Framework In order to reflect the increasing importance of climate change issues in Nigeria, the Federal Executive Council adopted in 2012 the Nigeria Climate Change Policy Response and Strategy. To ensure an effective national response to the significant and multi-facetted impacts of climate change, Nigeria has adopted a comprehensive strategy, as well as a number of specific policies.', 'To ensure an effective national response to the significant and multi-facetted impacts of climate change, Nigeria has adopted a comprehensive strategy, as well as a number of specific policies. The strategic goal of the Nigeria Climate Change Policy Response and Strategy is to foster low-carbon, high growth economic development and build a climate resilient society through the attainment of the following objectives: ü Implement mitigation measures that will promote low carbon as well as sustainable and high economic growth; ü Enhance national capacity to adapt to climate change; ü Raise climate change related science, technology and R&D to a new level that will enable the country to better participate in international scientific and technological cooperation on climate change; ü Significantly increase public awareness and involve private sector participation in addressing the challenges of climate change; ü Strengthen national institutions and mechanisms (policy, legislative and economic) to establish a suitable and functional framework for climate change governance.', 'The strategic goal of the Nigeria Climate Change Policy Response and Strategy is to foster low-carbon, high growth economic development and build a climate resilient society through the attainment of the following objectives: ü Implement mitigation measures that will promote low carbon as well as sustainable and high economic growth; ü Enhance national capacity to adapt to climate change; ü Raise climate change related science, technology and R&D to a new level that will enable the country to better participate in international scientific and technological cooperation on climate change; ü Significantly increase public awareness and involve private sector participation in addressing the challenges of climate change; ü Strengthen national institutions and mechanisms (policy, legislative and economic) to establish a suitable and functional framework for climate change governance. Nigeria has adopted adaptation policies and measures described in more detail in section 3.2.2.', 'Nigeria has adopted adaptation policies and measures described in more detail in section 3.2.2. 2.2 Climate Change Adaptation 2.2.1 Impacts and Vulnerability The impacts of climate change in Nigeria vary in extent, severity and intensity. In the absence of in-depth quantitative research the economic costs can only be approximated. The following summary shows what is at risk:ii § Overall Economy: According to a 2009 DFID study, if no adaptation action is taken, between 2-11% of Nigeria’s GDP could be lost by 2020. The Post Disaster Need Assessment (PDNA) Report following 2012 flood revealed that the total damage caused by the disaster amounted to $16.9billion, representing 1.4% of real GDP growth in that year.', 'The Post Disaster Need Assessment (PDNA) Report following 2012 flood revealed that the total damage caused by the disaster amounted to $16.9billion, representing 1.4% of real GDP growth in that year. In this regard, climate change poses a significant threat to the achievement of development goals, especially those related to eliminating poverty and hunger and promoting environmental sustainability. § Agriculture and Food Security: Agriculture is one of the sectors most sensitive to climate change. Under a business-as-usual scenario, agricultural productivity could decline between 10 to 25 per cent by 2080. In some parts of the north, the decline in yield in rain fed agriculture could be as much as 50 percent.', 'In some parts of the north, the decline in yield in rain fed agriculture could be as much as 50 percent. This in turn would impact GDP, reducing it by as much as 4.5 percent by 2050,iii even though the share of agriculture in GDP will decline from 40 to just 15 percent. Furthermore, in theabsence of mitigating measures, the net import of yams and other vegetables is expected to decrease in the long-term. The net import of rice, however, is expected to increase by as much as 40 percent. § Water: A considerable proportion of the population is at risk of water stress, with less than 40% having direct access to potable water.', '§ Water: A considerable proportion of the population is at risk of water stress, with less than 40% having direct access to potable water. Climate change brings increased variability in rainfall, resulting in flooding in some humid areas in the south in the country and a decrease in precipitation in the savannah north. This may result in droughts and decrease in surface water resources in the north. It is possible that changes in surface runoff and groundwater flows in shallow aquifers can be linked to climate variability with long-term implications for permanent and seasonal water bodies. The rapid shrinking of Lake Chad from about 45,000 km2 in 1960 to less than 3,000 km2 in 2007 is mainly attributed to changes in the climatic conditions in the region.', 'The rapid shrinking of Lake Chad from about 45,000 km2 in 1960 to less than 3,000 km2 in 2007 is mainly attributed to changes in the climatic conditions in the region. Hydro-electric power generation suffers frequently from low in-flow into the dams and water transportation along inland channels has also been negatively impacted. (Federal Ministry of Environment, 2010). § Floods and Droughts: Climate change would result in increased variability in rainfall, predictably resulting in floods in many parts of the country, particularly the humid areas, with devastating consequences. Single extreme climate events have the potential to wipe out years of development.', 'Single extreme climate events have the potential to wipe out years of development. For example, the total value of destroyed physical and durable assets caused by the 2012 floods has been estimated to be N1.48 trillion (US$9.5 billion) or about 2% of the rebased GDP of US$510 billion. § While floods may further ravage the humid areas to the south, a decrease in precipitation is expected in the savannah north. This may result in increased drought frequency and decrease in surface water resources, thus increasing its dependence on underground water sources. The increasing aridity in the northeast of the country has drastically reduced opportunities for sustainable agriculture and is considered a contributing factor to the current conflict and high degree of insecurity in the region.', 'The increasing aridity in the northeast of the country has drastically reduced opportunities for sustainable agriculture and is considered a contributing factor to the current conflict and high degree of insecurity in the region. § Soil Erosion: Climate change-related heavier and steadier than normal rainfall that is expected in the southern part of the country will worsen soil erosion that is already of catastrophic condition in the sub-region. Recent increase in the number of reported severe landslides in south eastern States of the country is an attestation to the possible climate change-induced changes in erosion intensity. § Sea Level Rise: Nigeria’s coastline is already undergoing pronounced morphological changes as a result of natural extreme events, such as sea surges and tidal waves.', '§ Sea Level Rise: Nigeria’s coastline is already undergoing pronounced morphological changes as a result of natural extreme events, such as sea surges and tidal waves. Global warming-induced accelerated sea level rise (ASLR), anticipated to be 0.5 - 1m this century, would exacerbate the poor condition of the country’s coastline. With specific reference to the Niger Delta, it is estimated that with an ASLR of about 0.5m, about 35% of the highly-productive delta could be lost. With ASLR of about 1.0 m by 2100 (French et.al., 1995) about 75% of the delta could be lost. § Energy: Climate change will have significant effects on the energy sector in Nigeria.', '§ Energy: Climate change will have significant effects on the energy sector in Nigeria. In particular, rising temperatures would result in increased energy demand for air conditioning, refrigeration and other household uses. This in a context of severe shortages of energy supply. § Tourism: Tourism, one of Nigeria’s fastest growing industries, could be negatively affected as many tourist attractions are located along the coastal zone of the country. Traditional festivals (e.g. the Argungu River festival in Kebbi State) attracting many tourists may be impacted by reduced river flow. § Ecosystems: Forests and other ecosystems, already under significant pressure, would be adversely affected by climate change. Persistent flooding and water logging could make coastal forest regeneration more difficult.', 'Persistent flooding and water logging could make coastal forest regeneration more difficult. On the other extreme, the savannah biome of northern Nigeria would be very vulnerable to a reduction in rainfall in the region. This could result in degradation of habitats and the intensification of desertification.The summary of impacts above shows Nigeria to be highly vulnerable to climate change. The 2014 World Climate Change Vulnerability Index, published by the global risk analytics company Verisk Maplecroft, classifies Nigeria as one of the ten most vulnerable countries in the world. A recent government study determined vulnerability across Nigeria’s geographical regions, focusing on the three principal determinants of vulnerability: adaptive capacity, sensitivity and exposure. The relative vulnerability of the six geopolitical zones of Nigeria is shown below.', 'The relative vulnerability of the six geopolitical zones of Nigeria is shown below. There is a general south-north divide. The three northern zones show higher vulnerability than those in the south. This reflects the higher rainfall and socio-economic development of the south. The south-south shows highest relative variability among the three southern zones, reflecting the challenges of coastal flooding and erosion, as well as the impact of petroleum exploration and exploitation in that part of the country. Figure 1: Spatial variation in relative climate change vulnerability (Second National Communication, The southwest is least vulnerable, the northeast, on the other hand, is most vulnerable. Understanding these spatial vulnerabilities is crucial to shaping climate-resilient development in Nigeria.', 'Understanding these spatial vulnerabilities is crucial to shaping climate-resilient development in Nigeria. 2.2.2 Adaptation Policy Framework Nigeria’s response to climate change has focused on increasing resilience and managing the unavoidable impacts. The National Adaptation Strategy and Plan of Action for Climate Change Nigeria (NASPA-CCN) describes our adaptation priorities, bringing together existing initiatives and priorities for future action. The 2011 NASPA-CCN Vision is a Nigeria in which climate change adaptation is an integrated component of sustainable development, reducing the vulnerability and enhancing the resilience and adaptive capacity of all economic sectors and of all people – particularly women, children, and resource-poor men – to the adverse impacts of climate change, while also capturing the opportunities that arise as a result of climate change.', 'The 2011 NASPA-CCN Vision is a Nigeria in which climate change adaptation is an integrated component of sustainable development, reducing the vulnerability and enhancing the resilience and adaptive capacity of all economic sectors and of all people – particularly women, children, and resource-poor men – to the adverse impacts of climate change, while also capturing the opportunities that arise as a result of climate change. Our goal is to take action to adapt to climate change by reducing vulnerability to climate change impacts and increasing the resilience and sustainable wellbeing of all Nigerians; and to reduce or minimize risks by improving adaptive capacity, leveraging new opportunities, and facilitating collaboration inside Nigeria and with the global community.', 'Our goal is to take action to adapt to climate change by reducing vulnerability to climate change impacts and increasing the resilience and sustainable wellbeing of all Nigerians; and to reduce or minimize risks by improving adaptive capacity, leveraging new opportunities, and facilitating collaboration inside Nigeria and with the global community. To this end, a set of thirteen sector-specific strategies, policies, programmes and measures have been prepared, which are included in full in Annex 1 to this INDC. The objectives of these are to reduce the impacts of climate change through adaptation measures that can beundertaken by the Federal, State and Local Governments, civil society, private sector, communities and individuals, including measures that will: 1. Improve awareness and preparedness for climate change impacts 2.', 'Improve awareness and preparedness for climate change impacts 2. Mobilize communities for climate change adaptation actions 3. Reduce the impacts of climate change on key sectors and vulnerable communities 4. Integrate climate change adaptation into national, sectoral, State and Local Government planning and into the plans of universities, research and educational organizations, civil society organizations, the private sector and the media. In light of the INDC focus on mitigation potential in key sectors, we highlight below adaptation strategies for some high-emitting sectors: Strategies, policies, programmes and measures for key sectors A. STRATEGIES FOR AGRICULTURE (CROPS AND LIVESTOCK) 1.', 'STRATEGIES FOR AGRICULTURE (CROPS AND LIVESTOCK) 1. Adopt improved agricultural systems for both crops and livestock (for example, diversify livestock and improve range management; increase access to drought resistant crops and livestock feeds; adopt better soil management practices; and provide early warning/meteorological forecasts and related information). 2. Implement strategies for improved resource management (for example, increase use of irrigation systems that use low amounts of water; increase rainwater & sustainable ground water harvesting for use in agriculture; increase planting of native vegetation cover & promotion of re-greening efforts; and intensify crop and livestock production in place of slash and burn). 3. Focus on agricultural impacts in the savanna zones, particularly the Sahel, the areas that are likely to be most affected by the impacts of climate change. B.', 'Focus on agricultural impacts in the savanna zones, particularly the Sahel, the areas that are likely to be most affected by the impacts of climate change. B. STRATEGIES FOR FORESTS 1. Strengthen the implementation of the national Community-Based Forest Resources Management Programme. 2. Support review and implementation of the National Forest Policy. 3. Develop and maintain a frequent forest inventory system to facilitate monitoring of forest status; and initiate a research programme on a range of climate change-related topics, including long term impacts of climatic shifts on closed forests. 4. Provide extension services to CSOs, communities and the private sector to help establish and restore community and private natural forests, plantations and nurseries. 5. Improve management of forest reserves and enforce low impact logging practice.', 'Improve management of forest reserves and enforce low impact logging practice. C. STRATEGIES FOR ENERGY 1. Include increased protective margins in construction and placement of energy infrastructure (i.e. higher standards and specifications). 2. Undertake risk assessment & risk reduction measures to increase resilience of the energy sector. 3. Strengthen existing energy infrastructure, in part through early efforts to identify and implement all possible ‘no regrets’ actions. 4. Develop and diversify secure energy backup systems to ensure both civil society and security forces have access to emergency energy supply. 5. Expand sustainable energy sources and decentralize transmission in order to reduce vulnerability of energy infrastructure to climate impacts. D. STRATEGIES FOR TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 1. Include increased protective margins in construction and placement of transportation and communications infrastructure (i.e.', 'Include increased protective margins in construction and placement of transportation and communications infrastructure (i.e. higher standards and specifications).2. Undertake risk assessment and risk reduction measures to increase the resilience of the transportation and communication sectors. 3. Strengthen existing transportation and communications infrastructure, in part through early efforts to identify and implement all possible ‘no regrets’ actions. 4. Develop and diversify secure communication backup systems to ensure both civil society and security forces have access to emergency communication methods. E. STRATEGIES FOR INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE 1. Increase knowledge and awareness of climate change risks and opportunities 2. Undertake and implement risk assessments and risk reduction measures 3. Incorporate climate change into ongoing business planning 4. Review and enforce land use plans in industrial areas in light of climate change 5.', 'Incorporate climate change into ongoing business planning 4. Review and enforce land use plans in industrial areas in light of climate change 5. Encourage relocation of high risk industries, facilities and markets 6. Promote and market emerging opportunities from climate change 7. Encourage informal savings and insurance schemes, and arrange for the availability of medium term credit (especially for industries in crisis). F. STRATEGIES FOR VULNERABLE GROUPS 1. Adapt to our national, the World Meteorological Organization- Global Framework for Climate Services (WMO-GFCS) to Nigeria s needs (National Framework for Application of Climate Services - NFACS) to reduce vulnerability of communities through enhanced advocacy and implementation of the five Pillars of the Framework.', 'Adapt to our national, the World Meteorological Organization- Global Framework for Climate Services (WMO-GFCS) to Nigeria s needs (National Framework for Application of Climate Services - NFACS) to reduce vulnerability of communities through enhanced advocacy and implementation of the five Pillars of the Framework. The National Agricultural Resilience Framework (NARF 2014) is based on principles of adaptive management and participatory engagement as the central tenets of the overall implementation strategy. The NARF articulates policy options, opportunities and required interventions to achieve the following strategic objectives: ü Strengthening the overall policy/institutional framework for improved resilience and adaptation to climate variability and change in the agricultural sector, including planning and implementation, systems for resource mobilization, and effective project monitoring and evaluation.', 'The NARF articulates policy options, opportunities and required interventions to achieve the following strategic objectives: ü Strengthening the overall policy/institutional framework for improved resilience and adaptation to climate variability and change in the agricultural sector, including planning and implementation, systems for resource mobilization, and effective project monitoring and evaluation. ü Evaluation and introduction of risk transfer and risk management strategies (e.g., improved seasonal and real time weather forecasts, insurance based risk mitigation options etc.) into the agricultural sector and widespread deployment of same through communication technologies, including mobile phones. ü Improving productivity through training community and grass root farmers on land and water management strategies (e.g., irrigation farming, water harvesting, soil fertility enhancement and erosion control etc.) improved farming practices and using policy instruments such as economic incentives, regulations and communication.', 'improved farming practices and using policy instruments such as economic incentives, regulations and communication. ü Reinforcing existing social safety nets through support systems that reduce vulnerability and improve livelihood conditions for the vulnerable, especially women and children. ü Improving farming systems research capacity within the National Agricultural Research System (NARS) to enable and support the implementation of climate friendly agriculture in Nigeria. ü Revamping extension services, including building new capacity for evidence-based assessment and management of climate risk for resilience in the agriculture sector. In addition to the above-mentioned key climate change related policies, several other environmental and sectoral policies and plans implicitly address climate change issues.', 'In addition to the above-mentioned key climate change related policies, several other environmental and sectoral policies and plans implicitly address climate change issues. For example, the National Policy on Environment supports “the prevention and management of natural disasters such as floods, drought, and desertification” and one of the objectives of Nigeria’s Agricultural Policy is to “protect agricultural land resources from drought, desert encroachment, soil erosion, and floods”. Other examples include Nigeria’s Drought Preparedness Plan, National Policy on Erosion and Flood Control, National Water Policy,National Forest Policy, and National Health Policy. The challenge facing the government is sustained and coordinated implementation of policies and measures across a whole range of sectors. This INDC will be instrumental in making progress in this regard.', 'This INDC will be instrumental in making progress in this regard. 3 Mitigation Contributions Summary 3.1 Business as Usual emissions projections Nigeria’s economy and population are both growing rapidly, and the population is attaining a higher standard of living. This growth will have a strong impact on future emissions. Following careful review of the re-based GDP data for 2010-2014iv and official population projections the “business-as-usual scenario” was developed as part of the preparation of this INDC. This scenario assumes an economic growth at 5%, population growing at about 2.5% per year, all Nigerians to have access to electricity (both on-grid and off-grid) and demand is met, industry triples its size by 2030.', 'This scenario assumes an economic growth at 5%, population growing at about 2.5% per year, all Nigerians to have access to electricity (both on-grid and off-grid) and demand is met, industry triples its size by 2030. Under this scenario, emissions are projected to grow 114% by 2030 to around 900 million tonnes – around 3.4 tonnes for every Nigerian. Under a high growth scenario, with economic growth at 7%, this climbs to over one billion tonnes. 3.2 Mitigation potential assessment The mitigation actions, which could be undertaken, were assessed in a bottom up manner, building on expert assessments of both the challenges facing individual sectors, as well as a review of policies and measures already in place.', '3.2 Mitigation potential assessment The mitigation actions, which could be undertaken, were assessed in a bottom up manner, building on expert assessments of both the challenges facing individual sectors, as well as a review of policies and measures already in place. The measures included in Nigeria’s INDC are expected to deliver significant development benefits. The mitigation actions that bring the largest development benefit are reducing air pollution, indoors and outdoors, with enormous immediate health and social benefits. Secondly, innovation in “clean” technologies brings resource efficiency and produces more knowledge and jobs than those in “dirty” technologies. Thirdly, fiscal reform is proving an efficient mitigation action. This releases significant resources in the budget that can fund investments in efficient infrastructure and other fiscal policies, thus creating jobs and fuelling growth.', 'This releases significant resources in the budget that can fund investments in efficient infrastructure and other fiscal policies, thus creating jobs and fuelling growth. Beyond mitigation actions that could be quantified, several qualitative policies and measures have been identified. 3.3 Unconditional contribution In the event an ambitious, comprehensive legally binding global agreement is reached at COP21 in Paris, Nigeria will make an unconditional contribution of 20 per cent below BAU that is consistent with the current development trends and government policy priorities. The policies and measures that will deliver these savings are cost-effective, even at the current high interest rate, which constrains investment. They include improving energy efficiency by 20 percent, 13 GW of renewable electricity provided to rural communities currently off-grid, and ending gas flaring.', 'They include improving energy efficiency by 20 percent, 13 GW of renewable electricity provided to rural communities currently off-grid, and ending gas flaring. 3.4 Contribution conditional on international support Nigeria can make a significant additional contribution with international support, in the form of finance and investment, technology and capacity building. The combined policies and measures described below can deliver in a cost-effective manner direct development benefits to the country and reduce emissions 45 per cent below BAU.', 'The combined policies and measures described below can deliver in a cost-effective manner direct development benefits to the country and reduce emissions 45 per cent below BAU. The key measures are an increased level of energy efficiency and a significant reduction in the use of generators, while providing access to energy for all Nigerians.Figure 2: Mitigation contributions - Millions of tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent Business As Usual Conditional Unconditional4 Mitigation contributions For the purpose of developing the INDC, a LEAP model of the Nigerian economy and its emissions was constructed.v By using a bottom-up approach to modelling, an economy-wide emissions contribution for 2030 could be prepared that is grounded in sector-based analysis. The Nigeria 2030 LEAP model contains references to all relevant data sources and key assumptionsvi.', 'The Nigeria 2030 LEAP model contains references to all relevant data sources and key assumptionsvi. The resulting package of policies and measures included in the Nigeria INDC prioritizes those actions that were quantifiable and cost-effective. The criteria against which potential mitigation actions were assessed were: ü Cost effectiveness ü Mitigation potential ü Poverty alleviation and job creation ü Feasibility of implementation ü Short-term results ü Gender and social inclusion ü Health and air quality ü Land (degradation) and water quality, incl. deforestation The mitigation actions included in the INDC to a large extent implement or enforce existing policies or strategies. However, additional legislation and regulatory changes will be required. An assessment of the changes required to the regulatory and legislative framework will be undertaken upon finalization of the INDC.', 'An assessment of the changes required to the regulatory and legislative framework will be undertaken upon finalization of the INDC. The measures identified are as follows: o Renewable energy, particularly decentralized o Multi-cycle power stations o Scalable power stations of 20-50MW o Enforced energy efficiency o Use of natural gas rather than liquid fuels 2. Oil and Gas o Improved enforcement of gas flaring restrictions o Development of Gas-to-Power Plants at Gas Flare Sites (micro grid) o Blending 10% by volume of Fuel-Ethanol with Gasoline (E10) and 20% by volume of Biodiesel with Petroleum Diesel (B20) for Transportation Fuels. 3.', 'Oil and Gas o Improved enforcement of gas flaring restrictions o Development of Gas-to-Power Plants at Gas Flare Sites (micro grid) o Blending 10% by volume of Fuel-Ethanol with Gasoline (E10) and 20% by volume of Biodiesel with Petroleum Diesel (B20) for Transportation Fuels. 3. Agriculture and Land Use o Climate Smart Agriculture o Stop using charcoal o Benchmarking against international best practice for industrial energy usage o Adoption of green technology in industry o Modal shift from air to high speed rail o Moving freight to rail o Upgrading roads o Urban transito Toll roads/ road pricing o Increasing use of CNG o Reform petrol/ diesel subsidies The portfolio of policies and measures by sector are described in more detail below. A brief problem statement for each sector precedes them.', 'A brief problem statement for each sector precedes them. The INDC delivers immediate development benefits and the measures are cost-effective. Unfortunately, the cost of inaction could not be quantified. There are policies and measures that are not cost-effective today but would deliver significant climate and other benefits in the medium to long term. These can only be implemented with significant international support. The urgent challenge is that in the current fiscal situation those measures that require large upfront investment, even if cost effective over the life of the investment, will be carefully reviewed before being implemented. 4.2 Mitigation actions by sector Figure 3 below shows the major sectors where emission reductions take place in the conditional contribution.', '4.2 Mitigation actions by sector Figure 3 below shows the major sectors where emission reductions take place in the conditional contribution. Figure 3: Source of 2030 emission reductions by sector 4.2.1 Agriculture, forests and land use change The livelihoods of Nigeria’s poorest farmers are already at risk from climate change. Rising temperatures, too little rain or too much rain, thriving pests all lead to crop losses. Without access to improved seeds, fertilizer and appropriate technologies, such as irrigation systems and finance, Nigeria’s food security will be at risk. With growing food demand from a growing population, declining harvests would strain supply, increasing malnutrition and possibly reverse recent progress in alleviating poverty. Improving agriculture is a central part of Vision 20:2020.', 'Improving agriculture is a central part of Vision 20:2020. The ambitions laid down in the Agricultural Transformation Agenda (ATA) cannot, however, be met without climate smart agriculture (CSA). CSA seeks to address the combined challenges of food security and climate change. Its aims are to sustainably increase agricultural productivity and support equitable increases in farm incomes, enhancing food security and development. It is also aimed at adapting and building Electricity generation Industry Oil & gas Transport Agriculture and land use Otherresilience of agricultural and food security systems to climate change, thus, reducing greenhouse gas emissions from crops, livestock and fisheries. Farmers take agro-ecological measures that increase the resilience of the farming systems, as opposed to such measures that promote high external input farming, industrial meat production and large-scale industrial agriculture, which contribute to climate change.', 'Farmers take agro-ecological measures that increase the resilience of the farming systems, as opposed to such measures that promote high external input farming, industrial meat production and large-scale industrial agriculture, which contribute to climate change. The benefits of improved practices go beyond improved yields. With improved yields come improved diets, growing productivity and reinvestment in rural communities, it puts children back in school. Improved productivity results in reduced food imports and reduced emissions. Appropriate incentives to farmers, and training, will be important. The best incentive for farmers is likely to come in the form of improved yields. Ultimately, the livelihoods of the poorest farmers are secured, as is security at large. This is important even though the share of the sector in the economy is reducing.', 'This is important even though the share of the sector in the economy is reducing. One example is agroforestry, where trees are mixed with crops and animals on the same land, can be another option for carbon fixing and for providing mulch material. Estimates of the benefits from agroforestry range from total (lifetime) emissions reductions of 158 million tonnes to 712 million tonnes. Another example is a reduction of methane emissions from livestock, through improved feeding and breeding. Halting deforestation and the conservation of remaining natural forests, as well as reversing forest degradation is important. A failure to do so undermines the productive capacity of the land, as well as key ecosystems.', 'A failure to do so undermines the productive capacity of the land, as well as key ecosystems. The use of fuel wood and charcoal for fuel is also a major source of degradation of Nigeria’s forests. By some estimates, at the current rate of deforestation, there will be no significant forest remaining in a few years’ time, unless strong action is taken. It must, however, be recognized that charcoal provides essential fuel for many in Nigeria and its use cannot simply be reduced without providing alternatives. Efficient cookstoves are one way to reduce fuel demand, and alternative heating sources such as LPG could be provided.', 'Efficient cookstoves are one way to reduce fuel demand, and alternative heating sources such as LPG could be provided. To what extent the use of LPG – a fossil fuel – delivers a genuine climate benefit, compared to wood-based charcoal, needs to be considered. Further work is needed in this regard. The overall cost per tonne of mitigation achieved in the sector is assumed to be negligible because the non-carbon benefits of the measures justify the costs. However, farmers may need assistance, because there may, for example, be upfront costs which low-income farmers will need help to meet. 4.2.2 Gas Flaring The flaring of associated gas is illegal, the reality is a different one.', '4.2.2 Gas Flaring The flaring of associated gas is illegal, the reality is a different one. There is a lack of gas infrastructure, until recently a relative lack of domestic demand for natural gas, and no transparent gas market. It has also been suggested that the subsidization of other fuels makes gas less attractive than it should be. Penalties are low and enforcement weak, the benefits of utilization accrue elsewhere. As a result of the foregoing, the companies responsible for ending the flaring have at present little incentive to do so. Gas flaring was responsible for around 48 million tonnes of emissions in 2010vii. Yet it is possible and cost- effective to Nigeria to reduce and ultimately end the practice.', 'Yet it is possible and cost- effective to Nigeria to reduce and ultimately end the practice. There are many potential productive uses for this gas such as feeding industrial clusters with a centralized gas supply. This would combine well with other options, such as increased use of natural gas (e.g. CNG) in transport and in power generation. The key difficulty may be enforcement, but the benefits are large. Eliminating flaring by 2030 could save around 64 million tonnes of CO2 per year.viii The World Bank estimates that this would have a net benefit of $61 per tonne. It could combine well with other mitigation measures such as substitution of natural gas-fired electricity generation for diesel generators.', 'It could combine well with other mitigation measures such as substitution of natural gas-fired electricity generation for diesel generators. The government has made addressing the need to provide access to energy for all Nigerians a priority. At present, a significant share of demand for energy, and electricity in particular, remains unmet. The current grid is unable to reliably serve the existing industrial and urbancustomer base. A shortfall in generation capacity has led to the proliferation of small generators, which are inefficient and polluting. Most rural communities remain off the grid, about 60% of the population lack access to electricity. At the current rate of grid expansion they will largely remain under-served. The potential to both provide energy access and to reduce emissions is enormous.', 'The potential to both provide energy access and to reduce emissions is enormous. The mitigation options for energy address both energy demand and energy supply. This can be achieved through implementation of three significant policies. Firstly, reliable gas-powered generation, using associated gas currently flared, can replace small generators. Secondly, rural electrification will be driven by cost-efficient renewable solutions. Thirdly, energy efficiency is greatly improved so as to reduce overall demand for energy and in doing so serve more people, faster. In many cases, energy efficiency measures are cost-effective. Yet, the upfront costs of these measures can be an important challenge. In the short-term, it is usually more expensive to purchase efficient equipment than to keep older equipment operating.', 'In the short-term, it is usually more expensive to purchase efficient equipment than to keep older equipment operating. Nigeria’s National Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Action Plan looked at a 40% energy efficiency target for the country, equivalent to around 2.5% improvement per year. This leads to a reduction in energy demand as shown in Figure 3 below. Figure 3: Energy demand – business as usual versus efficient green scenarios By abandoning the grid-paradigm and investing in the provision of energy for poor communities, the development potential of two thirds of Nigerians is unleashed. At present, poor Nigerians pay a significant “poverty penalty” in order to meet their energy needs.', 'At present, poor Nigerians pay a significant “poverty penalty” in order to meet their energy needs. They pay proportionately more for energy, spend more time acquiring fuels, and suffer the health impacts from poor fuel quality. This puts a significant brake on development and the empowerment of women in particular. Importantly, reduced dependence on fossil resources can also increase security. A further benefit of rural electrification on- and off-grid using renewable solutions is that many small entrepreneurs can find work in the sector. Several projects and studies are under way in the area of pay-as-you-go and leasing contracts with small down payments, as well as micro-finance options for SME entrepreneurs. - Millions of tonnes of oil equivalent Mitigation BAURenewable electricity generation is a financially attractive option in Nigeria.', '- Millions of tonnes of oil equivalent Mitigation BAURenewable electricity generation is a financially attractive option in Nigeria. This is particularly true for those households that are not connected to the national electricity grid. Analysis shows that renewable energy presents a significant saving over diesel generators.ix The use of more efficient gas power stations, small-scale stations near a source of gas, or replacing existing diesel generation with natural gas, is also attractive, especially so when a station is refurbished, as the cost of the alternative is higher.x Savings could also be made by reducing losses from the electricity transmission network. Finally, the removal of consumer and producer subsidies for fossil fuels can help stabilize government budgets.', 'Finally, the removal of consumer and producer subsidies for fossil fuels can help stabilize government budgets. While intended to reduce the cost of living for the poor, these subsidies have ended up mostly benefiting the rich. 4.2.4 Transport and Infrastructure The current state of infrastructure in the country is inadequate. The road system is overburdened and poorly maintained. The fast-growing economy has brought many more cars on the road, traveling more miles. Past attempts to improve infrastructure seem to have failed due to policy inconsistency, poor maintenance and poor accountability. Recently, significant new investments in rail transport have been initiated. Many of the mitigation options can be summarized as “modal shift” – moving passengers or freight from one form or mode of transport to another, less polluting, one.', 'Many of the mitigation options can be summarized as “modal shift” – moving passengers or freight from one form or mode of transport to another, less polluting, one. Air pollution in major urban areas is severe and the health benefits of these measures immediate. For example, when High Speed Rail (HSR) is available in Nigeria, a shift from air travel to HSR could begin. Significant investments are being made to revive rail transport, which also has the potential to carry a share of the fast-growing cargo load. With the early stage status of the high speed rail network in Nigeria, it is not possible to quantify the costs and potential accurately. Measures to increase the efficiency of existing vehicles and the transport system are also possible.', 'Measures to increase the efficiency of existing vehicles and the transport system are also possible. Improvements in urban transit systems are difficult to quantify. The price of travel can be adjusted to make it more reflective of the true cost. Initiatives to deliver this aim include road pricing and reform of subsidies. In addition to improved maintenance and a modal shift for cargo, the most direct benefits would be seen from the introduction of fuel efficiency standards and the use of LPG / CNG for buses and taxis. Diversification of the economy is a priority for the government of Nigeria. Over 90% of Nigerian businesses are micro- and small enterprises. Their success is key to alleviating the high unemployment, especially prevalent among youth in rural areas.', 'Their success is key to alleviating the high unemployment, especially prevalent among youth in rural areas. Enabling entrepreneurs to thrive, especially in smaller towns requires investment in basic infrastructure. Industrial productivity, in general, has been most significantly impacted by unreliable electricity supply. Nigerian companies also face stiff low-cost competition from consumer goods produced elsewhere. The regulatory environment can be tough to navigate. Domestic demand, however, is growing steadily and has driven significant new investment in key manufacturing sectors. As Nigeria develops economically, emissions from its industry can be expected to grow significantly. This economic development is welcome and will bring benefits for all Nigerians. At present, the majority of emissions in the sector are from the cement and oil and gas industry.', 'At present, the majority of emissions in the sector are from the cement and oil and gas industry. In the future other industries might contribute a greater proportion than today. In the absence of an efficiency mind-set and lack of efficiency benchmarks or standards this might lead to exponential emissions growth in the sector. The use of best available technology at the time of construction of a new industrial facility will reduce future fuel demands andemissions. In addition, in most cases the use of best practice technology will lead to lower lifetime costs for the businesses involved.', 'In addition, in most cases the use of best practice technology will lead to lower lifetime costs for the businesses involved. The issue can be upfront capital – ability to pay a possibly higher initial cost for the best available equipment, even if this would be recouped over time with lower running costs. Well-functioning financial markets are essential for this – consideration could also be given to some form of industrial development “soft” loans, repayable as the equipment is used. 4.2.6 Short-lived pollutants and air quality Poor air quality is the bane of urban residents and a health threat. Drastic measures to reduce soot (black carbon) pollution from cars and trucks, small generators and industry are needed. Failure to do so could make Nigeria’s mega-cities unliveable.', 'Failure to do so could make Nigeria’s mega-cities unliveable. This includes enforcement of the importation ban of cars over 15 years’ old, stricter inspections, and further consideration of setting efficiency standards for new cars similar to those in South Korea. Those who rely on fuel wood and charcoal for cooking and heating, primarily women, are exposed to serious indoor air pollution. Providing affordable clean alternatives is the only way forward. Other short-lived pollutants with a high global warming impact, such as industrial gasses, are not produced in Nigeria.', 'Other short-lived pollutants with a high global warming impact, such as industrial gasses, are not produced in Nigeria. Here the adoption of standards for imported equipment will be considered, in particular in the field of refrigeration and air conditioning where there is a risk of dumping of HCFC and HFC installations that are being phased out in OECD countries. Methane emissions are discussed in the section on gas flaring. 4.2.7 Climate smart cities Lagos, Kano and Abuja are among the fastest growing cities globally. Keeping them liveable is a major challenge. Providing basic infrastructure, like potable water, waste and sewerage services, affordable housing, electricity, roads and transit services puts a strain on government at all levels.', 'Providing basic infrastructure, like potable water, waste and sewerage services, affordable housing, electricity, roads and transit services puts a strain on government at all levels. There is, however, a growing movement to improve urban livelihoods through integrated planning focusing on creating workable communities that are affordable to lower middle income families. This requires innovative financial products catering to families underserved by banks. Lagos in particular is already strongly impacted by flooding. The government is investing to make the city more resilient to climate change. Reducing the environmental footprint of mega-cities will, for example, require promulgating new housing standards. The transit system, building on lessons learned from the introduction of BRT, needs maintenance and investment. Highway expansion may be financed through tolls.', 'Highway expansion may be financed through tolls. Waste management systems are strained, improvements in this area have immediate benefits for health and quality of life.xi 4.2.8 Gender impacts and Social inclusion The degree to which people are affected by climate change impacts is influenced by their social status, gender, wealth, political power and access to and control over resources. Women and youth, but also remote communities, still have less economic, political and legal clout than, for example, men and the urban middle class. They are more directly impacted and less able to cope with climate impacts. At the same time, mitigation measures can empower these groups that are socio-economically disadvantaged in a differentiated manner.', 'At the same time, mitigation measures can empower these groups that are socio-economically disadvantaged in a differentiated manner. An example is the poverty penalty paid by households in search of potable water and fuel wood. Women benefit most from clean efficient cook stoves, gaining in health and in productive time where these are introduced. They, however, have difficulty accessing financial institutions. Similarly, agricultural extension services have proven to reach more men than women. New policies and measures need to be assessed against their ability to bring social inclusion and be culturally appropriate, as well as improve livelihood security, increase resilience and reduce emissions.', 'New policies and measures need to be assessed against their ability to bring social inclusion and be culturally appropriate, as well as improve livelihood security, increase resilience and reduce emissions. The measures included in the Nigeria INDC were deemed to at a minimum be gender neutral and / or to enhance social inclusion.5 Methodology and Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding The Lima Call to Climate Action suggested a list of information that countries can include in INDCs to ensure transparency and understanding. Nigeria is fully committed to increasing transparency. This INDC contains key data that may enable independent assessment of ambition and compatibility through full transparency. At present, Nigeria does not have a full GHG inventory and accompanying MRV system.', 'At present, Nigeria does not have a full GHG inventory and accompanying MRV system. We are committed to developing one with support from international partners. The LEAP model and government data that have informed the INDC will be made publicly available.', 'The LEAP model and government data that have informed the INDC will be made publicly available. Key aspects of the approach are: • timeframe base period data 2010-2014, projections 2015 - 2030 • scope of gases CO2, CH4 & N2O (other gases assumed to be negligible) • sectors IPCC guidelines and definitions were used for all sectors 6 Fairness and ambition Parties have been requested to show “how the Party considers that its intended nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious, in light of its national circumstances, and how it contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2.” Article 2 of the Framework Convention calls for a stabilization of greenhouse gases in order to avoid dangerous climate change, as well as the need to adapt.', 'Key aspects of the approach are: • timeframe base period data 2010-2014, projections 2015 - 2030 • scope of gases CO2, CH4 & N2O (other gases assumed to be negligible) • sectors IPCC guidelines and definitions were used for all sectors 6 Fairness and ambition Parties have been requested to show “how the Party considers that its intended nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious, in light of its national circumstances, and how it contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2.” Article 2 of the Framework Convention calls for a stabilization of greenhouse gases in order to avoid dangerous climate change, as well as the need to adapt. Nigeria is a low middle income country with a large, fast growing population.', 'Nigeria is a low middle income country with a large, fast growing population. Without ambitious mitigation action, Nigeria’s per capita emissions are projected to grow to 3.4 tonnes CO2 e. Coming from a low development base, emissions from Nigeria’s conditional contribution are expected to stabilize slightly above today’s level of 2 tonnes per capita, once the full package of policies and measures has been implemented with international support. Global per capita emissions need to converge around 2 tonnes per capita by 2050. The Government of Nigeria considers, therefore, that its contribution is in line with its common, but differentiated responsibility and respective capability and makes a fair and ambitious contribution to the global effort to prevent dangerous climate change.', 'The Government of Nigeria considers, therefore, that its contribution is in line with its common, but differentiated responsibility and respective capability and makes a fair and ambitious contribution to the global effort to prevent dangerous climate change. The relevant quantitative and qualitative information to facilitate an assessment by the UN FCCC secretariat and the international community of fairness and ambition is provided below in Table 3.', 'The relevant quantitative and qualitative information to facilitate an assessment by the UN FCCC secretariat and the international community of fairness and ambition is provided below in Table 3. Table 3: Key data Information Value Source Historical emissions 2,564.02 million tonnes (MT) CAIT database, World Resources Institute 1990 emissions 163.91 MT Nigeria’s Second National Communication 2000 emissions 214.21 MT Nigeria’s Second National Communication 2010 emissions 263.0 MT Energy Commission of NigeriaInformation Value Source Estimated emissions per capita Current: around 2 tonnes ECN (estimated 2015 emissions), World Bank (population estimate), LEAP scenario Emissions per US$ (real) GDP ECN, Re-based GDP LEAP 2030 ambition scenario Emissions as % of global total estimate) and US EPA global estimate GDP per capita (US$) 2,950 (2014) Re-based GDP LEAP 2030 BAU scenario Nigeria believes a Paris agreement should ensure that the collective mitigation ambition is adequate to keep global temperatures below 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels by the end of the century.', 'Table 3: Key data Information Value Source Historical emissions 2,564.02 million tonnes (MT) CAIT database, World Resources Institute 1990 emissions 163.91 MT Nigeria’s Second National Communication 2000 emissions 214.21 MT Nigeria’s Second National Communication 2010 emissions 263.0 MT Energy Commission of NigeriaInformation Value Source Estimated emissions per capita Current: around 2 tonnes ECN (estimated 2015 emissions), World Bank (population estimate), LEAP scenario Emissions per US$ (real) GDP ECN, Re-based GDP LEAP 2030 ambition scenario Emissions as % of global total estimate) and US EPA global estimate GDP per capita (US$) 2,950 (2014) Re-based GDP LEAP 2030 BAU scenario Nigeria believes a Paris agreement should ensure that the collective mitigation ambition is adequate to keep global temperatures below 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels by the end of the century. The Nigerian INDC does its fair share towards achieving this long-term goal.', 'The Nigerian INDC does its fair share towards achieving this long-term goal. The conditional contribution contained in it results in a slight growth in absolute emissions, with emissions peaking towards 2030. Absolute emissions are then anticipated to plateau. 7 INDC Implementation INDC implementation will fall under the remit of the Nigeria Climate Change Policy Response and Strategy (NCCPRS) adopted in 2012, in line with the strategic goal to foster low-carbon, high growth economic development and build a climate resilient society. Implementation will be taken forward by existing governance arrangements under the NCCPRS, with coordination being managed by the Department of Climate Change. The appropriate line ministries and agencies will carry out specific implementation activities.', 'The appropriate line ministries and agencies will carry out specific implementation activities. The implementation of the full contribution is conditional on the availability of adequate financing for investment in the mitigation actions contained therein. The INDC can provide public and private sector investors with a road map for Nigeria’s development. Nigeria welcomes support for mitigation policies and measures in the form of direct investments and loans. Finance and investment can come from both public and private sources, including the Green Climate Fund and international financial institutions, such as the World Bank, IFC and AfDB. The international bilateral sources should include reliable, new and additional ODA. Contingent on agreement in Paris, it may also include financing through carbon market mechanisms.', 'Contingent on agreement in Paris, it may also include financing through carbon market mechanisms. International finance and investment, technology and capacity-building will be needed to achieve the ambitious intended contribution. Further work is needed to determine the exact domestic share of the full contribution, as well as the total investment required. We will seek to specify the technical support and capacity building needs in support of the achievement of the policies and measure as soon as possible. To this end, a strategic plan to guide INDC implementation shall be developed. The aim of this plan would be to improve cross-sectoral coordination and policy coherence, as well as enforcement of existing measures. In thecourse of a review of legislative and regulatory changes required, the legislature will be consulted.', 'In thecourse of a review of legislative and regulatory changes required, the legislature will be consulted. Specific activities to be carried out in the INDC implementation will include: • Review of mitigation potential identified in INDC preparation against the Strategic Framework for Voluntary Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action). This framework was intended to enable Nigeria to develop strategic, long-term, participatory, transformational measures and comprehensive programs in driving towards a low carbon climate resilient and pro-growth and gender sensitive and sustainable development path. Implementation of the INDC crucially depends on international support for policies and measures through the NAMA framework. • Review of Nigeria’s current climate finance landscape, support needs and the international funding landscape, along with an assessment of climate finance readiness and gaps.', '• Review of Nigeria’s current climate finance landscape, support needs and the international funding landscape, along with an assessment of climate finance readiness and gaps. This will include possible use of funding through carbon market mechanisms subject to the detailed provisions of the Paris agreement. Gap analysis of existing data sharing and reporting structures and processes and make initial recommendations on the appropriate form and structure of a national MRV system, including completing and maintaining the national GHG inventory and assuring data quality. • Promoting public awareness and education on climate-compatible development. • Training and capacity building, including simplified user-friendly tools for analysis and further development of the LEAP model.Annex 1 NASPA Sectoral strategies A. STRATEGIES FOR AGRICULTURE (CROPS AND LIVESTOCK) 1.', 'STRATEGIES FOR AGRICULTURE (CROPS AND LIVESTOCK) 1. Adopt improved agricultural systems for both crops and livestock (for example, diversify livestock and improve range management; increase access to drought resistant crops and livestock feeds; adopt better soil management practices; and provide early warning/meteorological forecasts and related information). 2. Implement strategies for improved resource management (for example, increase use of irrigation systems that use low amounts of water; increase rainwater & sustainable ground water harvesting for use in agriculture; increase planting of native vegetation cover & promotion of re-greening efforts; and intensify crop and livestock production in place of slash and burn). 3. Focus on agricultural impacts in the savanna zones, particularly the Sahel, the areas that are likely to be most affected by the impacts of climate change. B.', 'Focus on agricultural impacts in the savanna zones, particularly the Sahel, the areas that are likely to be most affected by the impacts of climate change. B. STRATEGIES FOR FRESHWATER RESOURCES, COASTAL WATER RESOURCES AND FISHERIES 1. Initiate a national programme for integrated water resource management at the watershed level 2. Intensify programmes to survey water quality and quantity for both ground and surface water 3. Implement programmes to sustainably extend and improve water supply and water management infrastructure 4. Explore water efficiency and management of water demand, particularly in Sahel and Sudan savanna areas 5. Enhance artisanal fisheries and encourage sustainable aquaculture as adaptation options for fishing communities. C. STRATEGIES FOR FORESTS 1. Strengthen the implementation of the national Community-Based Forest Resources Management Programme. 2.', 'Strengthen the implementation of the national Community-Based Forest Resources Management Programme. 2. Support review and implementation of the National Forest Policy. 3. Develop and maintain a frequent forest inventory system to facilitate monitoring of forest status; and initiate a research programme on a range of climate change- related topics, including long term impacts of climatic shifts on closed forests. 4. Provide extension services to CSOs, communities and the private sector to help establish and 5. restore community and private natural forests, plantations and nurseries. 6. Improve management of forest reserves and enforce low impact logging practice. D. STRATEGIES FOR BIODIVERSITY 1. Support the active implementation of the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP), particularly those strategic actions that address climate change impacts. 2.', 'Support the active implementation of the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP), particularly those strategic actions that address climate change impacts. 2. Support recommended climate change adaptation policies and programmes in sectors that affect biodiversity conservation, including agriculture, forestry, energy and livelihoods. 3. Support and implement programmes for alternative livelihoods in order to reduce unsustainable resource use that contributes to loss of biodiversity (see Sector/Theme 11. Livelihoods). E. STRATEGIES FOR HEALTH AND SANITATION1. Undertake research to better understand the health impacts of climate change in Nigeria. 2. Strengthen disease prevention and treatment for those diseases expected to increase as a result of climate change. 3. Reinforce programmes to build and maintain wastewater and solid waste management facilities. 4.', 'Reinforce programmes to build and maintain wastewater and solid waste management facilities. 4. Promote and facilitate the adoption of practices and technologies that reduce exposure and health impacts from extreme heat. 5. Establish early warning and health surveillance programmes. F. STRATEGIES FOR HUMAN SETTLEMENTS AND HOUSING 1. Develop climate change adaptation action plans for urban areas, particularly those at greatest risk. 2. Assist communities to reduce vulnerability through participatory planning of land use & housing. 3. Discourage building/urban encroachment into vulnerable areas, high risk zones & low lying areas. 4. Discourage housing and settlement practices that are maladaptive in the face of climate change. 5. Strengthen rural settlements in order to reduce migration. G. STRATEGIES FOR ENERGY 1.', 'Strengthen rural settlements in order to reduce migration. G. STRATEGIES FOR ENERGY 1. Include increased protective margins in construction and placement of energy infrastructure (i.e. higher standards and specifications). 2. Undertake risk assessment & risk reduction measures to increase resilience of the energy sector. 3. Strengthen existing energy infrastructure, in part through early efforts to identify and implement all possible ‘no regrets’ actions. 4. Develop and diversify secure energy backup systems to ensure both civil society and security forces have access to emergency energy supply. 5. Expand sustainable energy sources and decentralize transmission in order to reduce vulnerability of energy infrastructure to climate impacts. H. STRATEGIES FOR TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 1. Include increased protective margins in construction and placement of transportation and communications infrastructure (i.e.', 'Include increased protective margins in construction and placement of transportation and communications infrastructure (i.e. higher standards and specifications). 2. Undertake risk assessment and risk reduction measures to increase the resilience of the transportation and communication sectors. 3. Strengthen existing transportation and communications infrastructure, in part through early efforts to identify and implement all possible ‘no regrets’ actions. 4. Develop and diversify secure communication backup systems to ensure both civil society and security forces have access to emergency communication methods. I. STRATEGIES FOR INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE 1. Increase knowledge and awareness of climate change risks and opportunities 2. Undertake and implement risk assessments and risk reduction measures 3.', 'Undertake and implement risk assessments and risk reduction measures 3. Incorporate climate change into ongoing business planning 4. Review and enforce land use plans in industrial areas in light of climate change 5. Encourage relocation of high risk industries, facilities and markets 6. Promote and market emerging opportunities from climate change 7. Encourage informal savings and insurance schemes, and arrange for the availability of medium term credit (especially for industries in crisis). J. STRATEGIES FOR DISASTER, MIGRATION AND SECURITY 1. Strengthen capacity to anticipate disasters and impacts on internal migration and security 2. Strengthen capacity to respond through information and awareness, training,equipment, plans and scenarios, and communication 3. Strengthen individual and community-based emergency preparedness and response capacity in high risk areas 4.', 'Strengthen individual and community-based emergency preparedness and response capacity in high risk areas 4. Strengthen rural infrastructure and the availability of jobs to discourage out-migration. K. STRATEGIES FOR LIVELIHOODS 1. Develop a replicable approach/model that uses intermediate NGOs, community members and radio to diffuse climate change adaptation approaches and information and to gather feedback on adaptation actions focused on livelihoods. 2. Build a network of intermediate NGOs capable of working on climate change and livelihoods issues, where these NGOs support a number of communities in high risk states. 3. Animate communities with appropriate engagement methods, in order to elicit and document valid climate change and livelihood related needs/vulnerabilities. 4. Use or reinforce available (endogenous) community resources to reduce vulnerability and build livelihood-linked capacity to adapt to climate change. 5.', 'Use or reinforce available (endogenous) community resources to reduce vulnerability and build livelihood-linked capacity to adapt to climate change. 5. Encourage community participation and active roles by both genders in all livelihood development initiatives. L. STRATEGIES FOR VULNERABLE GROUPS 1. Create awareness among government staff, including disaster and emergency management personnel, about climate change impacts and how these impacts affect vulnerable groups. 2. Provide basic training for government staff on gender awareness tools to enhance implementation capacities. 3. Adapt government programmes, including emergency response plans and programmes directed at vulnerable groups, to better address the impacts of climate change on these groups. 4. Adapt public service facilities, including school buildings, to withstand storms and excess heat. 5.', 'Adapt public service facilities, including school buildings, to withstand storms and excess heat. 5. Intensify immunization of children and youth to provide protection against diseases that are expected to become more prevalent with climate change. 6. Retrain health workers to appreciate emerging climate change challenges within the context of immunization delivery and other comprehensive healthcare delivery. 7. Encourage faith-based and civil society organizations to provide social welfare programmes and other support to address the climate change-induced needs of vulnerable groups. 8. Adapt to our national, the World Meteorological Organization- Global Framework for Climate Services (WMO-GFCS) to Nigeria s needs (National Framework for Application of Climate Services - NFACS) to reduce vulnerability of communities through enhanced advocacy and implementation of the five Pillars of the Framework. M. STRATEGIES FOR EDUCATION 1.', 'Adapt to our national, the World Meteorological Organization- Global Framework for Climate Services (WMO-GFCS) to Nigeria s needs (National Framework for Application of Climate Services - NFACS) to reduce vulnerability of communities through enhanced advocacy and implementation of the five Pillars of the Framework. M. STRATEGIES FOR EDUCATION 1. Provide evidence-based information to raise awareness and trigger climate change adaptation actions that will protect present and future generations in Nigeria. 2. Develop skills-based curriculum in subjects like science, geography, social studies, language arts, environmental education and technology that will empower children to better respond to the threats of climate change. 3.', 'Develop skills-based curriculum in subjects like science, geography, social studies, language arts, environmental education and technology that will empower children to better respond to the threats of climate change. 3. Train teachers on climate change adaptation teaching strategies and techniques at pre-primary, primary, secondary and tertiary levels of education in Nigeria.i Pew Research Center, spring 2015 Global Attitudes survey report Q13a-g. ii See e.g. HBS, 2010; Abiodun, et al., 2011; Cervigni et al., 2013, Hassan et al., 2013; Oladipo 2013 a&b iii Cervigni et al. 2013 iv In 2014, the Nigeria GDP was “rebased” to include a greater number of economic activities (46 compared to 33 previously). This improved coverage (including of the informal sector), the inclusion of new industries.', 'This improved coverage (including of the informal sector), the inclusion of new industries. Methodological improvements led to significant increases in the contribution of the services sector, manufacturing, construction, and water & electricity. On the other hand, value added by the agricultural and the oil & gas sectors declined notably relative to GDP. v LEAP, the Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning System, is a widely-used software tool for energy policy analysis and climate change mitigation assessment. vi The emissions reference values were derived from the relevant IPCC guidelines. Cost estimates were mainly drawn from the detailed World Bank study on Low Carbon opportunities in Nigeria, with additional input from the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) Greenhouse gas Abatement Cost Model (GACMO of 14 August 2015).', 'Cost estimates were mainly drawn from the detailed World Bank study on Low Carbon opportunities in Nigeria, with additional input from the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) Greenhouse gas Abatement Cost Model (GACMO of 14 August 2015). vii Source: World Bank viii Analysis of possible flaring scenarios in Ibitoye (2014) ix Tariffs for those connected to the network are around 30 Naira per unit (kWh), but the costs per unit of electricity for small diesel generators can be much higher. Analysis shows that solar and wind systems could save roughly US$0.10/kWh (around 20 Naira per unit) compared to a diesel system, with an abatement cost per tonne of CO2 of -$46 (that is, a saving).', 'Analysis shows that solar and wind systems could save roughly US$0.10/kWh (around 20 Naira per unit) compared to a diesel system, with an abatement cost per tonne of CO2 of -$46 (that is, a saving). x Levelised costs of efficient combined cycle units are usually lower than those for single-cycle units – and much lower than for diesel units - so this option is cost effective even before considering climate benefits. A policy of requiring all new power stations to use internationally best available combined- cycle units would be quite significant. The estimated benefit is US$15 per tonne of CO2 saved, with annual savings of 20 million tonnes. xi In the absence of comprehensive data the emissions reductions cannot be quantified.']

en-US

NGA

Nigeria

Updated NDC

2021-05-28 00:00:00

NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/NDC%20INTERIM%20REPORT%20SUBMISSION%20-%20NIGERIA.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Africa

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/f845ea43e783911990d423795df42736bf2d75fbdd45187375ab29579e43d39e.pdf

[]

az-AZ

-

Niue

1st NDC

2016-10-28 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Niue%20INDC%20Final.pdf

../data/downloaded_documents/75511f8142480ff287e464a83c19795335381623164a1013df88c8be3d89567c.pdf

['Intended Nationally Determined Contributions _______________________________________________________ Key messages Niue’s future is imperilled by the effects of climate change for which it bears absolutely no responsibility. Niue faces severe events and slow onset events from changes to the climate system caused by others. Niue believes that loss and damage must be addressed in a sustainable and consistent manner to highlight its significance and relevance in climate change, especially in developing countries. It is beyond Niue’s national measures to address loss and damage alone from climate change. Building on the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) position, Niue is calling for loss and damage to be included as a separate element of the 2015 Paris Agreement, an element that should be distinct from adaptation.', 'Building on the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) position, Niue is calling for loss and damage to be included as a separate element of the 2015 Paris Agreement, an element that should be distinct from adaptation. Against a high climate risk backdrop, the objective of Niue’s National Strategic Plan is to build a sustainable future that meets our economic and social needs while preserving environmental integrity, social stability, and the Niue culture. Much of the time and capacity of our small public service is put to devise and implement plans to build climate resilience and enhance our disaster preparedness. Donor support is critical to these efforts.', 'Donor support is critical to these efforts. While Niue’s contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions is negligible (less than 0.0001%), and Niue is a net sink given the growth of our forests, nevertheless we are taking steps to reduce our emissions, in particular in the energy sector. The Niue Strategic Energy Road Map (NiSERM) 2015-2025 outlines Niue’s aspiration to meet 80% of its electricity needs from renewable energy sources by 2025, which would in turn reduce the country’s high reliance on imported fossil fuel. Part of this goal can be achieved through national resources and identified assistance, but achieving such high levels of electricity from renewables (from around 2% today) is very ambitious and will need considerable contributions of financial and capacity support from our partners.', 'Part of this goal can be achieved through national resources and identified assistance, but achieving such high levels of electricity from renewables (from around 2% today) is very ambitious and will need considerable contributions of financial and capacity support from our partners. Section 1: Introduction Niue has the distinction of being among the world’s least populated nation states and with a future that is imperilled by the effects of climate change for which it bears absolutely no responsibility. In January 2004 the capital of Niue was destroyed by the category 5 Cyclone Heta. Niue knows the effects of severe events. It is also seeing the impacts of slow onset events as its underground freshwater lens faces contamination from rising sea levels.', 'It is also seeing the impacts of slow onset events as its underground freshwater lens faces contamination from rising sea levels. Niue is a small Pacific Island Country (PIC) located partway between Tonga, Samoa and the Cook Islands. The island is approximately 259 km² with an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of 300,000km² and is reputedly one of the world’s largest elevated coral atolls. The average height above sea-level is 23 metres and highest point less than 70m. Niue is vulnerable to climate risks such as tropical cyclones (TCs) and droughts; geological risks such as earthquakes and tsunami; and human-caused risks such as disease outbreaks and contamination of its only fresh water supply.', 'Niue is vulnerable to climate risks such as tropical cyclones (TCs) and droughts; geological risks such as earthquakes and tsunami; and human-caused risks such as disease outbreaks and contamination of its only fresh water supply. Niue’s risk profile is also inherently linked to its isolation and limited capacity to manage and respond to disasters and climate change impacts. Traditional coping strategies have tended to make NIUEway for an increased reliance on external support, as New Zealand fulfils its obligations to provide support to Niue in times of disaster. Niue has no surface water and relies upon groundwater resources and rain catchments. Groundwater is recharged via rainfall infiltration and rainfall currently exceeds the rate of extraction.', 'Groundwater is recharged via rainfall infiltration and rainfall currently exceeds the rate of extraction. However, Niue’s porous soil renders its underground fresh water vulnerable to contamination, from both human causes (e.g. agricultural chemicals) and natural sources (e.g. sea water). Agriculture is predominantly focused on subsistence production, principally of root crops. The combination of relatively poor soils and dependence on rainfall makes agricultural production highly sensitive to changes in rainfall frequency and amount. Niue has a population of approximately 1500 (2013 census) spread across 14 villages. Large scale outward migration, usually from younger age groups, has occurred since 1971, predominantly to New Zealand for education, employment opportunities and family ties, as well as perceived higher standards of living abroad.', 'Large scale outward migration, usually from younger age groups, has occurred since 1971, predominantly to New Zealand for education, employment opportunities and family ties, as well as perceived higher standards of living abroad. As a result, there are over 20,000 people identifying themselves as Niuean that live in New Zealand. Niue’s economy is heavily dependent on support from New Zealand, which has a statutory obligation to provide economic and administrative assistance to Niue. Aid accounts for 70% of Niue’s GDP, which is NZ$10,000 per capita. Other sources of financial resources include taxation, government trading activities, sovereign assets and additional support from development partners. Low population, scarcity of natural resources, isolation and high costs of transportation lead to Niue’s economy being far from self-sufficient.', 'Low population, scarcity of natural resources, isolation and high costs of transportation lead to Niue’s economy being far from self-sufficient. Climate change will exacerbate the already vulnerable situation in Niue outlined above.', 'Climate change will exacerbate the already vulnerable situation in Niue outlined above. The most recent report from the Pacific-Australia Climate Change Science and Adaptation Planning Program (PACCSAP) provides the following future projections to 2100 for Niue: El Niño and La Niña events will continue to occur in the future (very high confidence), but there is little consensus on whether these events will change in intensity or frequency; Annual mean temperatures and extremely high daily temperatures will continue to rise (very high confidence); Mean annual rainfall could increase or decrease with the model average indicating little change (low confidence in this model average), with more extreme rain events (high confidence); The proportion of time in drought is projected to increase or decrease in line with average rainfall (low confidence); Ocean acidification is expected to continue (very high confidence); The risk of coral bleaching will increase in the future (very high confidence); Sea level will continue to rise (very high confidence); and Wave heights may decrease in December–March (low confidence), with no significant changes projected in June–September waves (low confidence).', 'The most recent report from the Pacific-Australia Climate Change Science and Adaptation Planning Program (PACCSAP) provides the following future projections to 2100 for Niue: El Niño and La Niña events will continue to occur in the future (very high confidence), but there is little consensus on whether these events will change in intensity or frequency; Annual mean temperatures and extremely high daily temperatures will continue to rise (very high confidence); Mean annual rainfall could increase or decrease with the model average indicating little change (low confidence in this model average), with more extreme rain events (high confidence); The proportion of time in drought is projected to increase or decrease in line with average rainfall (low confidence); Ocean acidification is expected to continue (very high confidence); The risk of coral bleaching will increase in the future (very high confidence); Sea level will continue to rise (very high confidence); and Wave heights may decrease in December–March (low confidence), with no significant changes projected in June–September waves (low confidence). In particular, climate change impacts are likely to further exasperate both freshwater lens and coastal water quality issues for Niue.', 'In particular, climate change impacts are likely to further exasperate both freshwater lens and coastal water quality issues for Niue. For these reasons, protecting and enhancing natural resources, adequate sanitation and wastewater treatment are among the government’s main priorities. The risks climate change poses to Niue are therefore highly significant, and the ability of Niue to effectively respond to minimise or avoid these risks is minimal. Niue therefore must rely on the international community to avoid the dangers of climate change.', 'Niue therefore must rely on the international community to avoid the dangers of climate change. This requires significant reductions in global greenhouse gas emissions so that climate is stabilised to allow Niue’s natural and social systems to adapt, and partnerships are developed between Niue and more developed nations to implement effective and efficient adaptation responses.Section 2: National Response The draft Niue National Strategic Plan (2014-2019) has a vision of Niue ke Monuina – A Prosperous Niue. The objective is to build a sustainable future that meets our economic and social needs while preserving environmental integrity, social stability, and the Niue culture. The achievement of Niue ke Monuina is supported by seven national development pillars and specific strategies under each of those pillars.', 'The achievement of Niue ke Monuina is supported by seven national development pillars and specific strategies under each of those pillars. Progress of the journey to prosperity is measured by targets and indicators corresponding to each of the pillars. 1. Financial Stability – Ensure that sufficient financial resources are secured, and responsible fiscal management is prudent, sustainable and supports healthy development strategies; 2. Governance – Ensure that good governance reflects the principles of transparency and accountability and is practised at all levels; 3. Economic Development and Maintain Crucial Infrastructure – support families, public services, and the private sector through tourism development with a safe, reliable, affordable healthy infrastructure; 4.', 'Economic Development and Maintain Crucial Infrastructure – support families, public services, and the private sector through tourism development with a safe, reliable, affordable healthy infrastructure; 4. Social – Enjoy a harmonious and healthy lifestyle in a thriving, educated and safe community that has access to a wide range of quality social services and healthy development opportunities; 5. Environment – Sustainable use and management of Niue’s natural resources and environment for present and future generations; 6. Tāoga Niue – Promote, preserve and strengthen Niuean cultural heritage, language, values and identity; 7. Private Sector Development – Be a prosperous and skilled island nation underpinned by a thriving and entrepreneurial private sector.', 'Private Sector Development – Be a prosperous and skilled island nation underpinned by a thriving and entrepreneurial private sector. While building resilience to climate change is not explicitly mentioned it is an integral part of Pillar 5, and is of fundamental importance to all seven national development pillars. Section 3: Approach to Building Resilience to Climate Change Within the context of the draft NNSP 2014-2019 the key guiding documents for building resilience to climate change in Niue are the National Climate Change Policy (2009) and Niue’s Joint National Action Plan (JNAP) for Disaster Risk Management and Climate Change Adaptation (2012). The Vision of the National Climate Change Policy is for a “Safer, More Resilient Niue to Impacts of Climate Change and Towards Achieving Sustainable Livelihood”.', 'The Vision of the National Climate Change Policy is for a “Safer, More Resilient Niue to Impacts of Climate Change and Towards Achieving Sustainable Livelihood”. The Policy Goal is “To promote understanding of and formulate appropriate responses to the causes and effects of climate change in support of national sustainable development objectives.” To attain this Policy Goal the following objectives have been identified along with associated Strategies: 1. Awareness Raising – To promote public awareness and improve stakeholder understanding of the causes and effects of climate change and climate variability and as well as on vulnerability, adaptation and mitigation responses; 2.', 'Awareness Raising – To promote public awareness and improve stakeholder understanding of the causes and effects of climate change and climate variability and as well as on vulnerability, adaptation and mitigation responses; 2. Data Collection, Storage, Sharing, and Application – To improve and strengthen the collection, storage, management and application of climate data, including greenhouse gases and emissions, to monitor climate change patterns and its effects; 3. Adaptation – To develop effective adaptation responses and enhance adaptive capacity in order to protect livelihoods, natural resources and assets, and vulnerable areas to the impacts of climate change to all sectors; 4. Mitigation – To mitigate the causes of climate change and implement effective mitigation measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions;5.', 'Mitigation – To mitigate the causes of climate change and implement effective mitigation measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions;5. Governance and Mainstreaming – To mainstream climate change issues into national development; and ii) establish an effective regulatory and institutional framework to facilitate the development and implementation of national responses to climate change; 6. Regional and International Cooperation – To ensure Niue obtains maximum benefits from relevant international and regional instruments relating to climate change and that it meets its commitments under them. In its commitment to building resilience, Niue has developed the Niue Joint National Action Plan (JNAP).', 'In its commitment to building resilience, Niue has developed the Niue Joint National Action Plan (JNAP). The JNAP strongly recognises the links between disaster risk management and climate change action, and thus aims to operationalise the Climate Change Policy and vulnerabilities identified in the draft Second National Communication (SNC). The JNAP also fulfils meeting the task of operationalising the Coastal Development Policy.', 'The JNAP also fulfils meeting the task of operationalising the Coastal Development Policy. The JNAP has the following goals: Goal 1 – Strong and effective institutional basis for disaster risk reduction / climate change adaptation; Goal 2 – Strong public awareness and improved understanding of the causes and effects of climate change, climate variability and disasters; Goal 3 – Strengthened livelihoods, community resilience, natural resources and assets; Goal 4 – Strengthened capacity to adapt renewable energy technologies, improve energy efficiency and energy security; Goal 5 – Strengthened disaster preparedness for effective response. Achievement of these Goals is through specific objectives and actions associated with these, which are fully costed for donor support.', 'Achievement of these Goals is through specific objectives and actions associated with these, which are fully costed for donor support. Revision of the Climate Change Policy and JNAP will likely be required both before and post 2020 with costing of further identified activities for donor funding towards building a resilient Niue. Section 4: Sector Policies and Plans In addition to the NNSP and the Climate Change Policy there have been a number of recent policies which have integrated climate change considerations into the decision making process. These include the Forest Policy, the Niue National Energy Policy, and the Ecosystems Approach to Fisheries Management. Furthermore, a number of Government departments have incorporated climate change policies into their corporate plans, for example the Agriculture Sector Plan.', 'Furthermore, a number of Government departments have incorporated climate change policies into their corporate plans, for example the Agriculture Sector Plan. Other priority sectors for integration of climate change considerations into policies and plans include: Water Resource management Food security Climate Change Adaptation & Health Plan developed in 2013 by the Niue Health Department with donor partners Waste & sanitation management strategy for general, liquid and organic wastes Building Code Review, update, including development of national standards Donor funding will be required to support development of relevant sector policies and plans, all of which will need to be developed, implemented & monitored to ensure full alignment with the goal of achieving climate resilience.', 'Other priority sectors for integration of climate change considerations into policies and plans include: Water Resource management Food security Climate Change Adaptation & Health Plan developed in 2013 by the Niue Health Department with donor partners Waste & sanitation management strategy for general, liquid and organic wastes Building Code Review, update, including development of national standards Donor funding will be required to support development of relevant sector policies and plans, all of which will need to be developed, implemented & monitored to ensure full alignment with the goal of achieving climate resilience. All sector plans will also need to incorporate measureable indicators to align with the NNSP, and will need to be fully costed for donor funding.', 'All sector plans will also need to incorporate measureable indicators to align with the NNSP, and will need to be fully costed for donor funding. By 2020, new sector plans will be required that are all fully costed for donor funding.Section 5: Mitigation context Niue is one of the world’s least populated countries with low per capita emission of greenhouse gases. This means that Niue’s contribution to this global problem is small, accounting for less than 0.0001% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Removals from Niue’s forests outweigh its emissions many times over. As such, Niue is a net carbon sink, removing in the order of 139Gg CO2 -e from the atmosphere each year.', 'As such, Niue is a net carbon sink, removing in the order of 139Gg CO2 -e from the atmosphere each year. However, Niue recognises there may be considerable scope through technological and behavioural means to lower its emissions this further, congruent with Niue’s ambition to be a globally responsible citizen. It is anticipated that mitigating greenhouse gas emissions can have substantial collateral benefits including: decreased national expenditure associated with the escalating costs of importing fossil fuels; improved energy security; improved local air quality; support for Niue as an eco-tourism destination and encouraging sustainable development in the Pacific region.', 'It is anticipated that mitigating greenhouse gas emissions can have substantial collateral benefits including: decreased national expenditure associated with the escalating costs of importing fossil fuels; improved energy security; improved local air quality; support for Niue as an eco-tourism destination and encouraging sustainable development in the Pacific region. Efforts to reduce GHG emissions are complementary to Niue’s focus on its vision to ‘build a sustainable future that meets our economic and social needs while preserving environmental integrity, social stability, and the Niue culture’. The sectoral breakdown of Niue’s GHG emissions from the forthcoming Second National Communication (2009 data, excluding waste) shows that the vast majority of Niue’s emissions come from the energy sector.', 'The sectoral breakdown of Niue’s GHG emissions from the forthcoming Second National Communication (2009 data, excluding waste) shows that the vast majority of Niue’s emissions come from the energy sector. As shown in Figure 1 below, transport contributes the bulk of energy sector emissions at 57%, and electricity generation the remainder, at 42%. The focus of GHG mitigation efforts for Niue is thus firmly on transport and electricity generation. Figure 1: Breakdown of Niue energy sector GHG emissions (2009, Second National Communication) In 2015, Niue has a 100% electricity penetration rate and total electricity demand is fairly stable, having recorded only 3% growth from 2008 to 2012.', 'Figure 1: Breakdown of Niue energy sector GHG emissions (2009, Second National Communication) In 2015, Niue has a 100% electricity penetration rate and total electricity demand is fairly stable, having recorded only 3% growth from 2008 to 2012. However Niue is 96% dependent on imported fuel for power generation and 100% dependent on imported fuel for land, sea and air transportation. Electricity generation Reliable, affordable, secure and sustainable energy supply is key to achieving prosperity for all Niueans. In light of Niue’s vulnerability on imported oil, the Niue Strategic Energy Road Map (NiSERM) 2015 – 2025 was developed, with the goal of “a sustainable energy sector for a Prosperous Niue”.', 'In light of Niue’s vulnerability on imported oil, the Niue Strategic Energy Road Map (NiSERM) 2015 – 2025 was developed, with the goal of “a sustainable energy sector for a Prosperous Niue”. The NiSERM builds on the 2005 Niue Energy Policy (NEP) and the Niue National Strategic Plan (NNSP) 2014 – 2019, to pursue five key motivations identified by stakeholders: 1. Reduced dependence on fossil fuels 2. Improved energy efficiency 3. More sustainable, cleaner energy 4. Improved cost-effectiveness of energy services 5. Attract funding for energy sector development Electricity generation Transport ResidentialNiue is committed to transitioning the electricity sector from fossil fuel to renewable energy.', 'Attract funding for energy sector development Electricity generation Transport ResidentialNiue is committed to transitioning the electricity sector from fossil fuel to renewable energy. The NiSERM outlines Niue’s aspiration to meet 80% of its electricity needs from renewable energy sources by 2025, which would in turn reduce the country’s high reliance on imported fossil fuel. This aspiration underpins Niue’s contribution in this INDC, outlined in Section 6. The period 2000-2009 saw progress on greenhouse gas emission mitigation in the form of the installation of solar hot water heating, public education campaigns, increased grid penetration and distributed use of renewable technologies, and the promotion of using low emission fuel sources and financial support for the uptake of more efficient appliances. However, Niue faces difficulties in mitigating climate change for two primary reasons.', 'However, Niue faces difficulties in mitigating climate change for two primary reasons. First, Niue lacks environmental base data which would be able to support climate related decision-making. Second, Niue lacks the capacity to monitor and evaluate energy supply initiatives. Without this support there is no way to evaluate the cost or emission reduction effectiveness of programmes and take an adaptive management approach. Recent installations of solar PV, identified as the most feasible renewable energy source for Niue, have seen grid stability issues arising that is inhibiting additional solar grid connections. The power sector in Niue urgently requires technical assistance to address this issue. There are further issues in establishing a renewable industry in Niue.', 'There are further issues in establishing a renewable industry in Niue. These are the high degree of subsidisation of electricity prices, a small market, high capital costs and lack of technological knowledge within the utility. Transport The majority of fuel use is for land transport and the other major fuel user is the airline industry. As international regulations limit scope for national interventions, Niue is focusing mitigation efforts on land transport. There is no public transport system in Niue and therefore private vehicles are the primary mode of transport.', 'There is no public transport system in Niue and therefore private vehicles are the primary mode of transport. There is currently no regulation that restricts the type of vehicles allowed into the country, however in 2011 Customs regulations were amended to encourage the import of fuel-efficient vehicles into Niue, and targets have been set under the NiSERM to deploy more fuel efficient vehicles. Efforts are hampered by the limited availability of technological solutions for the transport sector. However, this may be changing with the emergence of electrical vehicles, that could serve to be a resource for electricity grid stability and a means of reducing oil dependence, providing solar charging as part of the path to a 100% renewable electricity grid.', 'However, this may be changing with the emergence of electrical vehicles, that could serve to be a resource for electricity grid stability and a means of reducing oil dependence, providing solar charging as part of the path to a 100% renewable electricity grid. The Government welcomes international assistance in the development of opportunities for deep emissions cuts in the transport sector. Land Use Change and Forestry As mentioned, Niue is a net sink of greenhouse gases. It is important that the capacity of removals of greenhouse gases by AFOLU be maintained, if not enhanced. Currently, forestry activity is low and population decline has resulted in significant conversion of cropland to secondary rainforest.', 'Currently, forestry activity is low and population decline has resulted in significant conversion of cropland to secondary rainforest. Removals can be assumed to be highly sensitive to future population increases, residential infrastructure replacement after cyclones or commercial forestry resumption. The Government of Niue is concluding a National Forest Policy to provide strategic direction for the island’s forest areas.Section 6: Mitigation contribution COUNTRY: Niue DATE: November 2015 Parameter Information Period for defining contribution (outcomes) Type and level of contribution In line with Niue’s resilience approach to reduce dependence on imported fossil fuels, Niue will achieve a 38% share of renewable energy of total electricity generation by 2020. (In 2014 the renewable energy share was 2% and this contribution assumes assistance to address critical grid stability issues).', '(In 2014 the renewable energy share was 2% and this contribution assumes assistance to address critical grid stability issues). This will in part be delivered by a 10% reduction in residential, commercial and government electricity demand by 2020. This contribution will be maintained out to 2025 and will be delivered using national resources and international assistance being identified to achieve the goals of the NiSERM. Conditional upon additional international assistance, Niue could increase its contribution to an 80% share of renewable energy of total electricity generation, or to even higher levels, by 2025. This would require additional support for energy storage and renewable energy generation, and strengthened frameworks for project delivery. Specific actions to deliver the above contributions are outlined in Annex 1.', 'Specific actions to deliver the above contributions are outlined in Annex 1. While required investment to achieve the contributions has not been fully quantified, investments required are far smaller than those needed to deliver a resilient future for Niue in the face of climate change. Estimated quantified emissions impact In 2009 electricity generation contributed 2.1 Gg CO2e as an emissions source. The NiSERM Business as Usual forecast predicts a 33% increase in diesel consumption for electricity generation from 2009-2020 and 75% increase by 2025, assuming economic and population growth and no GHG abatement measures. A 38% renewable energy contribution in 2020 would equate to a reduction of 364,000 litres of diesel per annum, or approximately 1.2 Gg CO2e per annum.', 'A 38% renewable energy contribution in 2020 would equate to a reduction of 364,000 litres of diesel per annum, or approximately 1.2 Gg CO2e per annum. An 80% renewable energy contribution in 2020 would equate to a reduction of 977,000 litres of diesel per annum, or approximately 3.1 Gg CO2e per annum. Coverage Sectors Electricity (42% of reported 2009 energy sector emissions)* Gases Carbon dioxide (CO2); Methane (CH4); Nitrous oxide (N2O) Geography Whole country Planning Processes This INDC was prepared primarily using pre-existing national policy documents, and sector policies and plans to ensure accurate reflection of national development priorities, with pre-existing stakeholder support. The INDC was reviewed by key ministry representatives and formally approved by Cabinet.', 'The INDC was reviewed by key ministry representatives and formally approved by Cabinet. * note that waste and agriculture sectors were not reported in 2009 GHG inventory.Section 7: Statement on “Fair and Ambitious” While Niue’s contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions is negligible (less than 0.0001%), and Niue is a net sink given the growth of our forests, nevertheless we are taking steps to reduce our emissions, in particular in the energy sector. The Niue Strategic Energy Road Map (NiSERM) 2015-2025 outlines Niue’s aspiration to meet 80% of its electricity needs from renewable energy sources by 2025, which would in turn reduce the country’s high reliance on imported fossil fuel.', 'The Niue Strategic Energy Road Map (NiSERM) 2015-2025 outlines Niue’s aspiration to meet 80% of its electricity needs from renewable energy sources by 2025, which would in turn reduce the country’s high reliance on imported fossil fuel. Part of this goal can be achieved through national resources and identified assistance, but achieving such high levels of electricity from renewables (from around 2% today) is very ambitious and will need considerable contributions of financial and capacity support from our partners. Section 8: General caveats statement The preparing of this INDC came during Niue’s development of its Second National Communication. As such, data on GHG emissions are provisional and therefore subject to revision. The Second National Communication, once completed, will provide a more comprehensive presentation of Niue’s circumstance, plans and needs.', 'The Second National Communication, once completed, will provide a more comprehensive presentation of Niue’s circumstance, plans and needs. While there is a relatively high confidence regarding data on fuel importation and consumption, data collection on other emissions sources is not yet developed sufficiently to make higher tier inventories possible. To obtain a better picture of the AFOLU sector will require an accurate, quality controlled survey of land use status using up-to-date satellite imagery and GIS mapping.', 'To obtain a better picture of the AFOLU sector will require an accurate, quality controlled survey of land use status using up-to-date satellite imagery and GIS mapping. Waste surveys currently lack the sample size and coverage to be statistically meaningful.Specific strategies, policies, plans and actions, including timing and support needs The table below provides a summary of current priority items that Niue wishes to highlight as needing support or that are significant initiatives that the government will take from its own budget resources. Available information dictates that these relate narrowly to mitigation actions; however, the list will be expanded in future to include a more holistic set of priorities compatible with Niue’s resilience building development strategy.', 'Available information dictates that these relate narrowly to mitigation actions; however, the list will be expanded in future to include a more holistic set of priorities compatible with Niue’s resilience building development strategy. The investments required to achieve Niue’s mitigation contribution, while not fully quantified, are far smaller than those needed to deliver a resilient future for Niue in the face of climate change. Item Planned period of implementation Conditional on additional support? Support partner(s) identified? Notes Priority enabling activities: Resolve grid stability issues 2016 Yes No Crucial to integrate existing installed PV generation before increasing solar installations. Est.', 'Notes Priority enabling activities: Resolve grid stability issues 2016 Yes No Crucial to integrate existing installed PV generation before increasing solar installations. Est. investment: $5.4m USD Develop national capacity to monitor and evaluate energy supply and efficiency initiatives 2016-2020 Yes No Advance land use change accounting through acquisition of recent, multi-spectral satellite imagery and relevant processing and verification 2016-2020 Yes No Priority near-term activities: Investigation and implementation of renewable energy resources including additional solar PV, wind and assessing biofuel, biogas potentials 2015-2020 No Partial Funding to support resource identification secured. Requires investment for project implementation. Build in-country capacity to operate and maintain renewable energy 2015-2020 No Partial Partial SPC funding identified, additional $0.07m USD investment required.Item Planned period of implementation Conditional on additional support? Support partner(s) identified? Notes Implement energy efficiency through supply side loss reduction, develop energy auditing, equipment standards and labelling, regulatory reform and fuel substitution for transport and cooking.', 'Notes Implement energy efficiency through supply side loss reduction, develop energy auditing, equipment standards and labelling, regulatory reform and fuel substitution for transport and cooking. 2015-2020 No Partial Funding to support resource identification secured. Requires additional $0.6m USD investment. Efficient supply and storage for fuels and LPG and economics assessments on fuel supply and storage 2015-2020 Yes Partial SPC technical support identified. Additional $4.4m USD investment required. Priority longer-term activities: Implement additional renewable energy generation capacity to increase RE share from 2020-2025 Yes No If achieved through solar PV 1.8MW of additional capacity would be required by 2025. Matching energy storage capacity 2020-2025 Yes No Transport sector transition away from fossil fuels 2020-2030 Yes No Requires pre-feasibility work on electric vehicles, before broader implementation strategy as options become more commercially viable']

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NOR

Norway

1st NDC

2016-06-20 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NorwayINDC.pdf

Annex I

High-income

Europe

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/c2e3c0e9804b476742a2220d9799072ee905839967d18bbff18affbf81042466.pdf

['Submission by Norway to the ADP Norway’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution Norway is fully committed to the UNFCCC negotiation process towards adopting at COP21 a protocol, another legal instrument or an agreed outcome with legal force under the Convention, applicable to all Parties, in line with keeping global warming below 2°C. Norway hereby communicates its intended nationally determined contribution and the accompanying information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding, with reference to decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20. Regarding the invitation to consider communicating undertakings in adaptation planning, Norway refers to the information contained in its recent Sixth National Communication. 2. Norway’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution Norway is committed to a target of an at least 40% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 compared to 1990 levels.', 'Norway’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution Norway is committed to a target of an at least 40% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 compared to 1990 levels. The emission reduction target will be developed into an emissions budget covering the period 2021-2030. Norway intends to fulfil this commitment through a collective delivery with the EU and its Member States. In the event that there is no agreement on a collective delivery with the EU, Norway will fulfil the commitment individually. The ambition level will remain the same in this event.2.1. Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding 2.1.1.', 'Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding 2.1.1. Quantification of the INDC Type of commitment Absolute emission reduction from base year emissions Coverage Economy wide; 100% of emissions covered Base year 1990 Base year emissions About 52.0 Mt CO2 -equivalents.1 The base year emissions estimated in line with decision 24/CP.19 will be reported in Norway’s next national GHG inventory submission. Time frame 2021-2030 Reduction level At least 40% reduction in 2030 compared to 1990. To be developed into an emissions budget for the period 2021 to 2030. Scope: inclusion of gases All greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol - Carbon dioxide - Methane O - Nitrous oxide PFCs - Perfluorocarbons HFCs - Hydrofluorocarbons - Sulphur hexafluoride – Nitrogen trifluoride 1 The land sector (land-use, land-use change and forestry) is not included in this figure.', 'Scope: inclusion of gases All greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol - Carbon dioxide - Methane O - Nitrous oxide PFCs - Perfluorocarbons HFCs - Hydrofluorocarbons - Sulphur hexafluoride – Nitrogen trifluoride 1 The land sector (land-use, land-use change and forestry) is not included in this figure. If the sector was included the 1990 figure would be about 41.8 Mt CO2 - equivalents.Scope: Sector/source categories Energy; industrial processes and product use; agriculture; land-use, land-use change and forestry; waste. Metric (GWP values) Global Warming Potential on a 100 year timescale in accordance with the IPCCs 4th Assessment Report.', 'Metric (GWP values) Global Warming Potential on a 100 year timescale in accordance with the IPCCs 4th Assessment Report. Assumptions and methodological approaches: Inventory methodology IPCC 2006 guidelines Accounting for the land sector (scope, accounting basis) In the case of a collective delivery with the EU and its member states, the final approach to accounting for emissions and removals in the land sector will be decided upon later, based on the dialogue with the EU. Norway will work towards a common framework for land sector accounting, for all Parties. Norway does not currently have a final position on the content and structure of such a framework.', 'Norway does not currently have a final position on the content and structure of such a framework. In the event that Norway will implement the commitment individually, the final approach to accounting in the land sector will be decided upon later, based on the principles described below and the progress made internationally towards a common framework for land sector accounting: Norway’s commitment will include emissions and removals in the land sector, ensuring incentives to implement new measures in the sector as well as sustaining existing measures. The final choice of land sector accounting shall not affect the ambition level for 2030 compared to when the land sector is not included.', 'The final choice of land sector accounting shall not affect the ambition level for 2030 compared to when the land sector is not included. The commitment to reduce emissions by at least 40% by 2030 compared to 1990 includes additional measures in the land sector. 2 Norway will apply a comprehensive land-based approach to accounting for emissions and 2 Before further guidance on land sector accounting is established and the accounting basis for Norway’s commitment is finalised, net removals in the land sector compared to 1990 as the base year will be accounted for. In the base year, net removals in the sector was 10.1 Mt CO2 -equivalents, while the projected net removals in 2030 constitute 21.2 -equivalents.', 'In the base year, net removals in the sector was 10.1 Mt CO2 -equivalents, while the projected net removals in 2030 constitute 21.2 -equivalents. Removals beyond the level in the base year and the projected level will count towards the 40% commitment. This will constitute additional action in the land sector. When the difference of 11.1 Mt between the base year level and the projected level is included, the commitment would need to be recalculated to ensure that the ambition level stays unchanged. Net removals in the base year and the projection may be adjusted as a consequence of improved emission inventory data in future national GHG inventory submissions.removals in the land sector.', 'Net removals in the base year and the projection may be adjusted as a consequence of improved emission inventory data in future national GHG inventory submissions.removals in the land sector. Methodological changes in calculating emissions and removals from the land sector shall not affect Norway’s ambition. Norway will consider the possibility of applying the Kyoto Protocol rules for natural disturbances and carbon stock changes in harvested wood products. Expected use of international market based mechanisms, including how double counting will be avoided Through collective delivery with the EU Norwegian emissions are covered by the EU ETS, and Norway will through our participation in the ETS contribute to the necessary emission reductions. The EU ETS ensures that no double counting occurs.', 'The EU ETS ensures that no double counting occurs. In meeting the emission reduction target in the non-ETS sectors, Norway assumes access to flexibility in implementation in line with what EU member states have. This includes flexibility among EU member states. Regarding the non-ETS sectors, Norway’s assumption is that an agreement between Norway and the EU on collective delivery will ensure that no double counting occurs. In this situation, there will be no use of international market credits towards the target. Norway does, however, support inclusion of market based mechanisms in the 2015 agreement, and the opportunity to continue using units accruing from the CDM and JI.', 'Norway does, however, support inclusion of market based mechanisms in the 2015 agreement, and the opportunity to continue using units accruing from the CDM and JI. In the case of an individual commitment If the commitment should be implemented by Norway individually, the ambition level of at least 40% emission reduction by 2030 compared to 1990 still stands. In this situation, Norway assumes that we will have access to flexible mechanisms as in the case with collective delivery with the EU. Norway will continue to use market based mechanisms under the UNFCCC. Strict criteria will be applied to ensure that such credits represent real and verifiable emission reductions and that double counting is avoided.', 'Strict criteria will be applied to ensure that such credits represent real and verifiable emission reductions and that double counting is avoided. Norway will seek an agreement of accounting for Norway’s participation in the EU ETS.2.1.2. Planning processes and national circumstances The government presented a White Paper to the Parliament in February, with the proposed emission reduction target and implementation through collective delivery with the EU. Final decisions in the Norwegian parliament were made on 24 March 2015. Norway will enter into a dialogue with the EU to develop the terms for a collective delivery of the commitment of at least 40% emission reduction by 2030 compared to 1990.', 'Norway will enter into a dialogue with the EU to develop the terms for a collective delivery of the commitment of at least 40% emission reduction by 2030 compared to 1990. The intention is to provide more information on this solution before the UN Climate Conference in Paris. According to the broad political agreement in 2012 on climate change, the aim is that Norway will be carbon-neutral in 2050. As part of an ambitious global climate agreement where other developed nations also undertake ambitious commitments, Norway will adopt a binding goal of carbon neutrality no later than in 2030. This means that Norway will commit to achieving emission reductions abroad equivalent to Norwegian emissions in 2030.', 'This means that Norway will commit to achieving emission reductions abroad equivalent to Norwegian emissions in 2030. Norway’s long term goal is to become a low emission society by 2050. Towards 2030, Norwegian domestic emissions will be reduced as part of the effort to meet our 2030 commitment. Norway’s emissions profile, emissions development and current policies and measures are described in our sixth National Communication, submitted in 2014. Norway will continue to implement ambitious national climate policies. These policies will be under continuous development. With reference to the White Paper, the priority areas for enhanced national climate policy efforts are: Reduced emissions in the transport sector Low emissions technology in industry capture and storage Renewable energy Environmentally friendly shipping 2.1.3.', 'With reference to the White Paper, the priority areas for enhanced national climate policy efforts are: Reduced emissions in the transport sector Low emissions technology in industry capture and storage Renewable energy Environmentally friendly shipping 2.1.3. Fairness and ambition of the INDC of Norway Norway’s approach to considering fairness and ambition is to assess how our INDC contributes to meeting the ultimate objective of the Convention, of achieving stabilisation of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. The scientific basis for such assessment is the most recent assessment report by the IPCC.', 'The scientific basis for such assessment is the most recent assessment report by the IPCC. The 5th Assessment Report shows that scenarios that are likely to limit global warming below 2°C require that global emissions must be reduced by 40 to 70% by 2050 compared to 2010 levels. Norway’s commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions of at least 40% by 2030 compared to 1990 is well in line with the emissions pathways towards 2050 that correspond to keeping global warming below 2°C. Thus, Norway is doing its fair share for the global goal of keepingglobal warming below 2°C compared to pre-industrial levels. This is consistent with industrialised countries taking the lead.', 'This is consistent with industrialised countries taking the lead. An emission reduction target of 40% by 2030 compared to 1990 is at the high end of emission reductions that should be implemented by OECD-countries, given a global cost-effective, regional distribution of emission reduction targets (IPCC WGIII, table 6.4). Under the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, Norway is committed to an emission reduction corresponding to average annual emissions over the period 2013-2020 at 84 per cent of the 1990 emission level. The commitment under KP 2 is consistent with the Norwegian target of 30 per cent reduction of emissions by 2020, compared to 1990. Norway’s INDC represents a significant progression beyond current undertaking.', 'Norway’s INDC represents a significant progression beyond current undertaking. Given a successful outcome where the commitment is implemented through a collective delivery with the EU, the overall emission reduction will take place within Europe. 2.2. General observations and assumptions If the agreement or related COP decisions are amended before their entry into force in such a way that they include rules or provisions that in effect alters the assumptions under which this INDC has been developed, Norway reserves the right to revisit the INDC.', 'General observations and assumptions If the agreement or related COP decisions are amended before their entry into force in such a way that they include rules or provisions that in effect alters the assumptions under which this INDC has been developed, Norway reserves the right to revisit the INDC. If it can contribute to a global and ambitious climate agreement in Paris, Norway will consider taking a commitment beyond an emission reduction of 40% compared to 1990 levels, through the use of flexible mechanisms under the UN framework convention beyond a collective delivery with the EU. 3. Follow up Norway requests that this submission is published on the UNFCCC webpage and that our INDC is included in the synthesis report to be prepared by the secretariat.', 'Follow up Norway requests that this submission is published on the UNFCCC webpage and that our INDC is included in the synthesis report to be prepared by the secretariat. Norway encourages other countries to submit their INDC well before Paris and is prepared to provide further information towards Paris.']

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NOR

Norway

Updated NDC

2020-02-07 00:00:00

x

NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Norway_updatedNDC_2020%20(Updated%20submission).pdf

Annex I

High-income

Europe

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/aae81883cf1e3a757c184cc8903fc6f05b9260493851142644fff6b006ce43c4.pdf

['Update of Norway s nationally determined contribution Introduction Norway submitted its intended nationally determined contribution (INDC) to reduce emissions by at least 40 per cent compared to 1990 by 2030 on March 3rd 2015. This included accompanying information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding, with reference to decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20. The INDC became Norway s nationally determined contribution (NDC) through Norway s ratification of the Paris agreement on June 20th 2016 and the entry into force 4th November same year. Norway will cooperate with Iceland and the European Union to fulfil this emission reduction target.', 'Norway will cooperate with Iceland and the European Union to fulfil this emission reduction target. By this submission, Norway updates and enhances its nationally determined contribution under the Paris Agreement to reduce emissions by at least 50 per cent and towards 55 per cent compared to 1990 levels by 2030. Norway seeks to fulfil the enhanced ambition through the climate cooperation with the European Union. In the event that Norway s enhanced nationally determined contribution goes beyond the target set in the updated nationally determined contribution of the European Union, Norway intends to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement to fulfil the part that goes beyond what is fulfilled through the climate cooperation with the European Union.', 'In the event that Norway s enhanced nationally determined contribution goes beyond the target set in the updated nationally determined contribution of the European Union, Norway intends to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement to fulfil the part that goes beyond what is fulfilled through the climate cooperation with the European Union. Consent of the Parliament will be required. The climate target of at least 40 per cent reduction in 2030 is established by law in the Norwegian Climate Change Act. The purpose of the act is to promote the implementation of Norway s climate target as part of Norway s process of transforming to a low-emission society by 2050.', 'The purpose of the act is to promote the implementation of Norway s climate target as part of Norway s process of transforming to a low-emission society by 2050. The climate target for 2030 and implementation of policies and measures to reduce emissions are important steps on the way to become a low-emission society. Norway has agreed to cooperate with Iceland and European Union to fulfil the target of at least 40 per cent emission reductions by 2030 under the Paris Agreement.', 'Norway has agreed to cooperate with Iceland and European Union to fulfil the target of at least 40 per cent emission reductions by 2030 under the Paris Agreement. By this climate cooperation, the European Union, Iceland and Norway are committed to reduce their overall greenhouse gas emissions, in view of holding the increase in the global average temperature well below 2 degrees above pre-industrial levels, and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 degrees above pre-industrial levels.According to the extended climate cooperation1 agreed upon with European Union and Iceland, Norway will fulfil their targets of at least 40 per cent greenhouse gas emission reductions for the period 1 January 2021 to 31 December 2030 in accordance with the EU climate framework.2 Norway also seeks to fulfil the enhanced ambition through the climate cooperation with the EU.', 'By this climate cooperation, the European Union, Iceland and Norway are committed to reduce their overall greenhouse gas emissions, in view of holding the increase in the global average temperature well below 2 degrees above pre-industrial levels, and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 degrees above pre-industrial levels.According to the extended climate cooperation1 agreed upon with European Union and Iceland, Norway will fulfil their targets of at least 40 per cent greenhouse gas emission reductions for the period 1 January 2021 to 31 December 2030 in accordance with the EU climate framework.2 Norway also seeks to fulfil the enhanced ambition through the climate cooperation with the EU. Further information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding (ICTU) of Norway s NDC Norway has used the guidance on information to provide clarity, transparency and understanding in Decision 4/CMA.1 for information provided in the Annex to this submission, as applicable to its nationally determined contribution.', 'Further information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding (ICTU) of Norway s NDC Norway has used the guidance on information to provide clarity, transparency and understanding in Decision 4/CMA.1 for information provided in the Annex to this submission, as applicable to its nationally determined contribution. Further information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding for the enhanced nationally determined contribution may be provided at a later date, when there is more clarity on the updated nationally determined contribution and of the European Union.', 'Further information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding for the enhanced nationally determined contribution may be provided at a later date, when there is more clarity on the updated nationally determined contribution and of the European Union. 1 In Decision No 269/2019 of 25 October the European Union, Iceland and Norway formally agreed to extend the climate cooperation for the period 2021 – 2030 by amending Protocol 31 of the EEA Agreement, 2 The climate cooperation includes the following EU climate frameworks: (1) Effort Sharing Regulation included in Protocol 31 of the EEA Agreement for the period 2021 – 2030 (Regulation (EU) 2018/842 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 on binding annual greenhouse gas emission reductions by Member States from 2021 to 2030 contributing to climate action to meet commitments under the Paris Agreement and amending Regulation (EU) No 525/2013) (2) Regulation on greenhouse gas emissions and removals from land use, land use change and forestry included in Protocol 31 of the EEA Agreement for the period 2021 – 2030 (Regulation (EU) 2018/841 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 on the inclusion of greenhouse gas emissions and removals from land use, land use change and forestry).', '1 In Decision No 269/2019 of 25 October the European Union, Iceland and Norway formally agreed to extend the climate cooperation for the period 2021 – 2030 by amending Protocol 31 of the EEA Agreement, 2 The climate cooperation includes the following EU climate frameworks: (1) Effort Sharing Regulation included in Protocol 31 of the EEA Agreement for the period 2021 – 2030 (Regulation (EU) 2018/842 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 on binding annual greenhouse gas emission reductions by Member States from 2021 to 2030 contributing to climate action to meet commitments under the Paris Agreement and amending Regulation (EU) No 525/2013) (2) Regulation on greenhouse gas emissions and removals from land use, land use change and forestry included in Protocol 31 of the EEA Agreement for the period 2021 – 2030 (Regulation (EU) 2018/841 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 on the inclusion of greenhouse gas emissions and removals from land use, land use change and forestry). (3) Emission Trading System incorporated in Annex XX of the EEA Agreement (Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 2003 establishing a system for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Union and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC)Annex Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) of Norway for the timeframe 2021-2030 Updated as of 7 February 2020 Norway is committed to a target by at least 50% and towards 55% reduction in greenhouse gas emission compared to 1990 levels.', '(3) Emission Trading System incorporated in Annex XX of the EEA Agreement (Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 2003 establishing a system for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Union and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC)Annex Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) of Norway for the timeframe 2021-2030 Updated as of 7 February 2020 Norway is committed to a target by at least 50% and towards 55% reduction in greenhouse gas emission compared to 1990 levels. Information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding (ICTU) of Norway s NDC Para Guidance in decision 4/CMA.1 ICTU guidance as applicable to Norway s NDC 1 Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year): (a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s); Base year: 1990 (b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year; The reference indicator will be quantified based on national total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, except LULUCF in the base year 1990 reported in Norway s National Inventory Report (NIR).', 'Information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding (ICTU) of Norway s NDC Para Guidance in decision 4/CMA.1 ICTU guidance as applicable to Norway s NDC 1 Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year): (a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s); Base year: 1990 (b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year; The reference indicator will be quantified based on national total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, except LULUCF in the base year 1990 reported in Norway s National Inventory Report (NIR). The base year emission level was about 52 Mt CO2-equivalents.', 'The base year emission level was about 52 Mt CO2-equivalents. (c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information; Not applicable. (d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction; At least 50% and towards 55% reduction in greenhouse gas emission compared to 1990 levels. (e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s); The reference indicator will be quantified based on national total GHG emissions in 1990 reported in Norway s NIR. (f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators.', '(f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators. The national total GHG emissions in 1990 may be updated and recalculated due to continuous methodological improvements. Information on updates made will be included in the Biennial Transparency Report. 2 Time frames and/or periods for implementation: (a) Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA); (b) Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable. Single-year target in 2030.3 Scope and coverage: (a) General description of the target; Economy-wide, emission reductions by at least 50% towards 55% in 2030 compared to base year emissions.', 'Single-year target in 2030.3 Scope and coverage: (a) General description of the target; Economy-wide, emission reductions by at least 50% towards 55% in 2030 compared to base year emissions. The target covers all sectors and greenhouse gases. Norway seeks to fulfil the enhanced ambition through the climate cooperation with the European Union. In the event that Norway s enhanced nationally determined contribution goes beyond the target set in the updated nationally determined contribution of the European Union, Norway intends to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement to fulfil the part that goes beyond what is fulfilled through the climate cooperation with the European Union. Consent of the Parliament will be required.', 'Consent of the Parliament will be required. (b) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines; Information will be provided in Norway s NIR that will be consistent with the IPCC guidelines. Sectors Energy, industrial processes and product use, agriculture, land-use, land-use change and forestry, and waste. Gases Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) and nitrogen trifluoride (NF3). For the land-use, land-use change and forestry sector, emissions and removals the following reporting categories are included: forest land, cropland, grassland, and wetland (wetland remaining wetland only from 2026), including land use changes between the categories, and between these categories and settlements and other land.', 'For the land-use, land-use change and forestry sector, emissions and removals the following reporting categories are included: forest land, cropland, grassland, and wetland (wetland remaining wetland only from 2026), including land use changes between the categories, and between these categories and settlements and other land. The five carbon pools above-ground biomass, below-ground biomass, litter, dead wood and soil organic matters are included. In addition, the carbon pool harvested wood products is included. (c) How the Party has taken into consideration paragraph 31(c) and (d) of Norway s NIR chapter 1.7 describes the sources considered insignificant and reported as not estimated. The NIR provides justifications for exclusion in terms of the likely level of emissions and how these are in line with the thresholds specified in decision 24/CP.19.', 'The NIR provides justifications for exclusion in terms of the likely level of emissions and how these are in line with the thresholds specified in decision 24/CP.19. A similar approach, consistent with decision 18/CMA.1 will be used for reporting under the Paris Agreement. (d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans. Not applicable. 4 Planning processes: (a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: The emission reduction target of at least 40 per cent by 2030 was approved by the Parliament in 2015.', '4 Planning processes: (a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: The emission reduction target of at least 40 per cent by 2030 was approved by the Parliament in 2015. Further, the target was established by law in the Climate Change Act adopted by the Parliament in June 2017. In October 2019 the EU, Iceland and Norway formally agreed to cooperate to fulfil their respective emission reduction targets of at least 40 per cent by 2030. The strategy for implementation was approved by the Parliament 26th April 2018. The Government is further developing policies and measures to fulfil the target.', 'The Government is further developing policies and measures to fulfil the target. For the enhanced target the Government has communicated to the Parliament through various documents that it intends to update and enhance its climate target for 2030. Economic measures like CO2- taxes and emission trading are central to Norwegian climate policy. Support for the development and adoption of low emissions technologies, including carbon capture and storage technologies and electric vehicles as well as policies for renewable energy are also important in Norwegian climate policy. More information on policies and measures in place are described in chapter 4 of Norway s fourth Biennial Report.', 'More information on policies and measures in place are described in chapter 4 of Norway s fourth Biennial Report. (i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner; Institutional arrangements: the emission reduction target for 2030 was established through interministerial processes. Through the climate cooperation with the European Union and Iceland, Norway will have specific legislation for the period 2021-2030 covering all emissions and sectors: 1. The EU Emission Trading System (ETS) regulates emissions from industrial plants, power plants, the petroleum industry and commercial aviation within the European Economic Area. About half of Norwegian greenhouse gas emissions are covered by the ETS. Norway has been a part of the ETS since 2008 on the same terms as EU Member States. 2.', 'Norway has been a part of the ETS since 2008 on the same terms as EU Member States. 2. The Effort Sharing Regulation (ESR) regulates emissions from transport, agriculture, buildings and waste management and emissions from industry and petroleum not covered by the ETS. The Effort Sharing Regulation sets binding national targets. Norway s national target is to reduce emissions in the non-ETS-sectors by 40 per cent in 2030 compared to 2005.The target can be fulfilled through domestic emission reductions and/or by use of flexible mechanisms within the EU framework. 3. The Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) Regulation regulates emissions and removals for the land use, land use change and forestry sector.', 'The Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) Regulation regulates emissions and removals for the land use, land use change and forestry sector. As for the EU Member States, Norway s commitment is to ensure that emissions do not exceed removals in this sector. The Ministry of Climate and Environment has the overarching cross-sectoral responsibility for coordination and implementation. The Ministry of Finance is responsible for the tax schemes and the other ministries are responsible for policies in their respective sectors. Further details on institutional arrangements are found in Norway s 7th National Communication, Chapter 4.1.3. The Environmental Information Act, implementing the Aarhus Convention, establish public participation in decision making processes relevant for the environment. Consequently, theClimate Change Act was on a public hearing including all stakeholders.', 'Consequently, theClimate Change Act was on a public hearing including all stakeholders. For consultations with indigenous people, Sami People, procedures for consultation processes between the central government and the Sámediggi, established in 2005, constitute a crucial framework for ensuring Sami rights under international law to participate in processes that may affect them. (ii) a. b. c. Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication; Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution; Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement a. Information on national circumstances can be found in Norway s 7th National Communication to the UNFCCC, chapter 2. b. Norway has a process for involving the Parliament in developing the target and implementing policies.', 'Information on national circumstances can be found in Norway s 7th National Communication to the UNFCCC, chapter 2. b. Norway has a process for involving the Parliament in developing the target and implementing policies. According to the Climate Change Act the Government shall each year submit to the Parliament updated information on status and progress in achieving the climate targets under the law. This ensures broad political ownership of the target and transparency while progressing towards the achievement of the target. c. Just transition: Norway has an extensive system for social protection and institutionalised tripartite dialogue between the government, trade unions and labour organisations already in the 1960ties. This serves, amongst others, to stabilize the economy and work life in periods of transition.', 'This serves, amongst others, to stabilize the economy and work life in periods of transition. It is a priority for the Government to facilitate the creation of profitable green jobs through pricing, public procurement, regulations and measures that supports technology development. Human Rights: Human rights are enshrined in the The Norwegian Constitution. The Human Rights Act establishes the main conventions on human rights as Norwegian law. This act prevail over other Norwegian legislation in case of conflicts between norms.Indigenous People: ref above 4 (a) (i) Food security: There is a scarcity of agricultural land in Norway especially suitable for arable crops.', 'This act prevail over other Norwegian legislation in case of conflicts between norms.Indigenous People: ref above 4 (a) (i) Food security: There is a scarcity of agricultural land in Norway especially suitable for arable crops. Norway s role in global food security in the context of climate change is to adapt to a changing climate, manage and use these resources sustainably, to secure food supplies while emissions of greenhouse gases are reduced. Gender equality: In 2018, a new and comprehensive Equality and Anti-Discrimination Act entered into force. The Act s purpose is to promote gender equality. The Act provides protection against discrimination on the basis of gender, pregnancy, leave in connection with birth or adoption and care responsibilities.', 'The Act provides protection against discrimination on the basis of gender, pregnancy, leave in connection with birth or adoption and care responsibilities. Women and men are to be given equal opportunities in education and work, and in their cultural and professional development. General and sector specific legislation, support, taxation and other measures are in place to protect and avoid, reduce or manage adverse impacts on climate and environment and provide for broad access to information participation and justice. Civil society is broadly and actively engaged.', 'Civil society is broadly and actively engaged. (b) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; Not applicable(c) How the Party’s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; Norway participated in the Talanoa Dialogue in the context of the Paris Decision 1/CP.21 during 2018. In Norway two Talanoa Dialogues where held. One between the Minister for Climate and Environment and mayors (municipalities) and one initiated by Norwegian environmental organisations and the Parliament.', 'One between the Minister for Climate and Environment and mayors (municipalities) and one initiated by Norwegian environmental organisations and the Parliament. Norway s climate targets and polices are developed in the context of best available science and hence the IPCC Special Report on 1,5 degrees, has been central to the assessment of the nationally determined contribution.', 'Norway s climate targets and polices are developed in the context of best available science and hence the IPCC Special Report on 1,5 degrees, has been central to the assessment of the nationally determined contribution. (d) (i) (ii) Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution; Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co- benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors Not applicablesuch as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries.', '(d) (i) (ii) Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution; Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co- benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors Not applicablesuch as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. 5 Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: (a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; Norway will at the latest by 31 December 2024 report a GHG inventory in accordance with 18/CMA.1 and report on progress towards its nationally determined contribution.', '5 Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: (a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; Norway will at the latest by 31 December 2024 report a GHG inventory in accordance with 18/CMA.1 and report on progress towards its nationally determined contribution. For accounting relevant information, Norway will use the accounting guidance in 4/CMA.1. For IPCC methodologies and metrics, see 5 (d). Final accounting towards the target, that will take place in 2032, may depend on further arrangements in Norway s cooperation with the European Union and Iceland.', 'Final accounting towards the target, that will take place in 2032, may depend on further arrangements in Norway s cooperation with the European Union and Iceland. Any use of internationally transferred mitigation outcomes within that framework will be included in Norway s accounting, consistent with the approach used by the EU and Iceland. (b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; Not applicable.', '(b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; Not applicable. (c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; Norway s current GHG inventory is in accordance with decision 24/CP.19 and hence the IPCC 2006 Guidelines, the 2013 Revised Supplementary Methods and Good Practice Guidance Arising from the Kyoto Protocol (IPCC 2013 KP Supplement) and the 2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands (IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement).', '(c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; Norway s current GHG inventory is in accordance with decision 24/CP.19 and hence the IPCC 2006 Guidelines, the 2013 Revised Supplementary Methods and Good Practice Guidance Arising from the Kyoto Protocol (IPCC 2013 KP Supplement) and the 2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands (IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement). (d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; IPCC 2006 guidelines, IPCC 2013 KP Supplement and parts of IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement will be used for estimating GHG emissions and removals.', '(d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; IPCC 2006 guidelines, IPCC 2013 KP Supplement and parts of IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement will be used for estimating GHG emissions and removals. Global warming potentials (GWP) for a 100 year time horizon from the IPCCs fifth Assessment Report will be used to calculate CO2 equivalents.', 'Global warming potentials (GWP) for a 100 year time horizon from the IPCCs fifth Assessment Report will be used to calculate CO2 equivalents. (e) Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: (i) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; Emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on afforested land and managed forest land may be excluded from the accounting if the emissions from the natural disturbance exceed the average emissions caused by natural disturbances in the period 2001- 2020, excluding outliers (background level), if calculated as in accordance with Art 10 and Annex VI of Regulation (EU) 2018/841.', '(e) Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: (i) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; Emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on afforested land and managed forest land may be excluded from the accounting if the emissions from the natural disturbance exceed the average emissions caused by natural disturbances in the period 2001- 2020, excluding outliers (background level), if calculated as in accordance with Art 10 and Annex VI of Regulation (EU) 2018/841. (ii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products; Norway uses the production approach to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products, as defined in the IPCC Guidelines. This is in accordance with Art.', 'This is in accordance with Art. 9 and Annex V of Regulation (EU) 2018/841. (iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; Within the climate cooperation with the European Union and Iceland emissions and removals in managed forests in the period 2021 – 2030 will be accounted for as the deviation from a projected forward-looking forest reference level, with regards to dynamic age-related forests characteristics, as in accordance with Art. 8 and Annex IV of Regulation (EU) 2018/841. When the European Union has updated its nationally determined contribution and its climate framework, Norway may provide further information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding.', 'When the European Union has updated its nationally determined contribution and its climate framework, Norway may provide further information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding. (f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: (i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; Within the climate cooperation with the European Union and Iceland emissions and removals from the land sector will be accounted for based on specific accounting rules for the different land categories in regulation (EU) 2018/841, Art 6-8 and Annex IV: - Zero is the baseline for afforested land and deforested land (gross-net accounting) - The average emissions between 2005-2009 is the baseline for managed cropland, managed grassland and managed wetlands (net-net accounting) - A forest reference level based on the continuation of sustainable forest management practice in the period 2000-2009 is the baseline for managed forest land.', '(f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: (i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; Within the climate cooperation with the European Union and Iceland emissions and removals from the land sector will be accounted for based on specific accounting rules for the different land categories in regulation (EU) 2018/841, Art 6-8 and Annex IV: - Zero is the baseline for afforested land and deforested land (gross-net accounting) - The average emissions between 2005-2009 is the baseline for managed cropland, managed grassland and managed wetlands (net-net accounting) - A forest reference level based on the continuation of sustainable forest management practice in the period 2000-2009 is the baseline for managed forest land. When the European Union has updated its nationally determined contribution and its climate framework, Norway may provide further information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding.', 'When the European Union has updated its nationally determined contribution and its climate framework, Norway may provide further information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding. (ii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; Not applicable. (iii) For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated; Not applicable. (iv) Further technical information, as necessary; Not applicable. (g) The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable. As explained in para 3 (a) Norway will fulfil the emission reduction target of at least 40 per cent emission reduction in cooperation with the European Union and Iceland.', 'As explained in para 3 (a) Norway will fulfil the emission reduction target of at least 40 per cent emission reduction in cooperation with the European Union and Iceland. The current EU climate framework referred to in 4 a (i) does not open for the use of internationally transferred mitigation outcomes from outside the EU/EEA. Final accounting towards the target may depend on any further arrangements in Norway s cooperation with the European Union and Iceland. Norway seeks to fulfil the enhanced ambition of least 50 per cent and towards 55 per cent through the climate cooperation with the European Union.', 'Norway seeks to fulfil the enhanced ambition of least 50 per cent and towards 55 per cent through the climate cooperation with the European Union. In the event that Norway s enhanced nationally determined contribution goes beyond the target set in the updated nationally determined contribution of the European Union, Norway intends to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement to fulfil the part that goes beyond what is fulfilled through the climate cooperation with the European Union. Norway will report on progress towards its nationally determined contribution through the transparency framework under the Paris Agreement, and account for its cooperation with the European Union in a manner consistent with the guidance adopted by CMA and further guidance agreed by the CMA.', 'Norway will report on progress towards its nationally determined contribution through the transparency framework under the Paris Agreement, and account for its cooperation with the European Union in a manner consistent with the guidance adopted by CMA and further guidance agreed by the CMA. 6 How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances: (a) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; Norway s approach to consider fairness and ambition is to assess how its nationally determine contribution contributes to meeting the global long-term goal of the Paris Agreement. The scientific basis for such an assessment is the recent IPCC reports.', 'The scientific basis for such an assessment is the recent IPCC reports. The 5th Assessment Report shows that scenarios that are likely to limit global warming below 2°C require that global emissions must be reduced by 40 to 70% by 2050 compared to 2010 levels. The IPCC special report on the impacts of global warming of 1,5°C shows pathways that limit global warming to 1.5°C with no or limited overshoot. They describe a 40 - 50 % reduction in net anthropogenic GHG emissions by 2030 compared to 2010 levels, and net anthropogenic CO2emissions reaching net zero around 2050 (2045 – 2055) accompanied by the reductions in non- CO2 emissions.', 'They describe a 40 - 50 % reduction in net anthropogenic GHG emissions by 2030 compared to 2010 levels, and net anthropogenic CO2emissions reaching net zero around 2050 (2045 – 2055) accompanied by the reductions in non- CO2 emissions. Norway s nationally determined contribution is in line with the emissions pathways towards 2050 and onwards that correspond to keeping global warming in line with the global long- term goal of the Paris Agreement. (b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; Norway regards its nationally determined contribution to represent its fair share of the efforts to achieve the global long-term goal of the Paris Agreement.', '(b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; Norway regards its nationally determined contribution to represent its fair share of the efforts to achieve the global long-term goal of the Paris Agreement. (c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; Norway s updated and strengthened nationally determined contribution represents a progression beyond its previously communicated nationally determined contribution, as the emission reductions are enhanced from at least 40 per cent to at least 50 per cent towards 55 per cent. It is an ambitious target for Norway to achieve by 2030. Norway has considered how to increase ambition, and Norway believes the strongest way of doing this is to do on a European basis, together with the European Union.', 'Norway has considered how to increase ambition, and Norway believes the strongest way of doing this is to do on a European basis, together with the European Union. The achievement of the target is dependent on a broad set of mitigation measures. The implementation of the enhanced NDC for 2030 will be an important part of Norway s process of transforming to a low-emission society by 2050. (d) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement Not applicable. (e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement. Not applicable.', '(e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement. Not applicable. 7 How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its (a) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2; Norway regards the long-term target of the Paris Agreement to be in line with Article 2 of the Convention. The answer to this question is therefore explained under 6a. (b) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement. See 6a and 7a.']

en-US

NOR

Norway

LTS

2020-11-25 00:00:00

x

LTS 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/LTS1_Norway_Oct2020.pdf

Annex I

High-income

Europe

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0

../data/downloaded_documents/5f253f827fac9dee8f04d472ba90138b323de07affafe13e93a2cd71e05417ce.pdf

['Norway’s long-term low-emission strategy for 2050 – An innovative society with attractive towns and communities Note: The strategy was adopted in Norway by the Norwegian Parliament in October 2019. In February, 2020 Norway updated and enhanced its nationally determined contribution under the Paris Agreement to reduce emissions by.at least 50 per cent and up towards 55 per cent by 2030, compared to 1990-levels. This is not fully reflected in the translated text. Also note: The Norway s long-term low-emission strategy for 2050 as presented here has been translated from its original Norwegian language. Introduction Climate change is having impacts in larger and larger parts of the world, and there has been no decline in global greenhouse gas emissions in recent years.', 'Introduction Climate change is having impacts in larger and larger parts of the world, and there has been no decline in global greenhouse gas emissions in recent years. At the same time, there are growing losses of biodiversity and ecosystems. These changes in combination are threatening our ability to feed a growing global population. However, significant efforts are being made to change course. The Paris Agreement, the Sustainable Development Goals, technological advances, responsible business conduct and emerging recognition that everyone must take a share of the responsibility – these are all signs that change is possible.', 'The Paris Agreement, the Sustainable Development Goals, technological advances, responsible business conduct and emerging recognition that everyone must take a share of the responsibility – these are all signs that change is possible. If the world shifts to a pathway that reduces greenhouse gas emissions and strengthens the carbon stock in forests and soils, protects ecosystems on which we all depend, and results in sustainable use of resources, this will alter the entire basis for development of our societies. It will involve a steady reduction of emissions from energy use, the production of goods and services, and the way people live and get around. We will have to develop integrated, sustainable systems for land use and environmental management.', 'We will have to develop integrated, sustainable systems for land use and environmental management. And these changes will have to take place while the global population is still growing. We are already beginning to have an idea of the level of costs we may face if the world does not succeed in achieving climate and environmental targets and the Sustainable Development Goals. We must recognise that we are experiencing a prolonged climate crisis that is a serious threat to both people and the environment. Scientists have confirmed that it is not too late to act, but we have very little time. The global transformation must start now, and every country must play its part.A global transformation will be a challenging process, but will also offer many opportunities.', 'The global transformation must start now, and every country must play its part.A global transformation will be a challenging process, but will also offer many opportunities. The benefits of a global low-emission development pathway in line with the Paris Agreement will be far greater than the costs. This has been established in many international studies. In 2006, the Stern Review1 concluded that the costs of not reducing global emissions would be far higher than the costs of taking action to cut emissions. Since then, the Global Commission on the Economy and Climate has published several studies with similar conclusions. The benefits of a low-emission future will also include towns that are pleasant to live and work in, with cleaner air and less congestion and crowding.', 'The benefits of a low-emission future will also include towns that are pleasant to live and work in, with cleaner air and less congestion and crowding. New market opportunities will open up, and creativity and innovation will be stimulated. New products and services will create competitive jobs and result in value creation. However, a low-emission transformation will involve both social and economic costs. There will be changes in many industries, and employees will need adapt their skills and qualifications accordingly. Innovation and technology development, investments in infrastructure and action to facilitate change all involve costs. Norway’s ability to thrive will depend on the choices we and the rest of the world make now and in the time ahead.', 'Norway’s ability to thrive will depend on the choices we and the rest of the world make now and in the time ahead. Decisions made today will determine what energy and transport systems, towns and buildings, forests and countryside are like in 2050. The way other countries develop their energy systems and spatial management systems will have a strong influence on conditions in Norway in 2050. But choices made by the Norwegian Government, the Storting (Norwegian parliament), and by municipalities and counties, the business sector and individuals in Norway – on resource use, spatial management and how and where to build and travel – will have major impacts on the situation in Norway in 2050.', 'But choices made by the Norwegian Government, the Storting (Norwegian parliament), and by municipalities and counties, the business sector and individuals in Norway – on resource use, spatial management and how and where to build and travel – will have major impacts on the situation in Norway in 2050. Norway’s target of becoming a low-emission society must therefore be made an integral part of the basis for decision making from now onwards. In planning for Norway’s transformation to a low-emission society, it will be vital to ensure that everyone is pulling in the same direction and that changes take place quickly enough for Norway to achieve its climate targets. It is a political responsibility to ensure that new opportunities can be used and help to ease the transition.', 'It is a political responsibility to ensure that new opportunities can be used and help to ease the transition. Norway has a small, open economy and is dependent on technology development and markets in the rest of the world. This means that Norway cannot rely on a unilateral approach. And Norway is not on its own. The Paris Agreement reflects the understanding that global cooperation is essential to achieve the climate targets. All the parties to the agreement have The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review, October 2006.therefore agreed to the global target of holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.', 'All the parties to the agreement have The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review, October 2006.therefore agreed to the global target of holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. The Sustainable Development Goals, adopted by the UN in the same year as the Paris Agreement, reflect worldwide recognition that it is not possible to eliminate poverty, hunger and social disparities unless we also take steps to safeguard nature as the basis for our livelihoods and to halt climate change.', 'The Sustainable Development Goals, adopted by the UN in the same year as the Paris Agreement, reflect worldwide recognition that it is not possible to eliminate poverty, hunger and social disparities unless we also take steps to safeguard nature as the basis for our livelihoods and to halt climate change. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the Intergovernmental Science- Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) have concluded that challenges in both these areas must be resolved to promote welfare improvements and social development for the world population. Global growth must be kept within safe ecological limits in order to maintain the capacity of natural systems to provide the ecosystem services on which we all depend.', 'Global growth must be kept within safe ecological limits in order to maintain the capacity of natural systems to provide the ecosystem services on which we all depend. Norway will need to make wise choices during its transformation to a low-emission society, so that there is room for a wide variety of solutions within a stable long-term framework. This strategy presents the Government’s general priorities and important considerations for the pathway towards a low-emission society in 2050. The Government’s intention is to provide a stronger basis for its climate policy and predictable long-term structures that will enable all stakeholders to pull in the right direction.', 'The Government’s intention is to provide a stronger basis for its climate policy and predictable long-term structures that will enable all stakeholders to pull in the right direction. This strategy is Norway’s answer to the call for all countries to develop long-term low- emission strategies, as set out in the Paris Agreement. Such strategies are additional to the emission reduction targets countries communicate in their binding nationally determined contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement. This strategy does not, therefore, entail any new international commitments for Norway, but is based on the targets already set out in the Act relating to Norway’s climate targets (Climate Change Act). It is divided into three chapters.', 'It is divided into three chapters. Chapter 1 describes the basis for a low-emission society and the global, regional and national starting point for a low-emission development pathway. Chapter 2 gives an account of Norway’s climate targets and describes what Norway will be like as a low-emission society in 2050 once these targets have been achieved. Chapter 3 describes the Government’s general priorities and important considerations for the pathway towards a low-emission society. 1 The basis for a low-emission society 1.1 The necessary low-emission society The 2015 Paris Agreement was adopted in recognition of the irreversible loss and damage being caused by climate change and the serious threat it poses to nature and society.', '1 The basis for a low-emission society 1.1 The necessary low-emission society The 2015 Paris Agreement was adopted in recognition of the irreversible loss and damage being caused by climate change and the serious threat it poses to nature and society. Together with growing pressure on natural resources and land, accompanied by the loss of species andecosystems and litter and other pollution, climate change is a serious threat to the world’s capacity to provide fundamental services such as clean water, sufficient food and safe homes. It is vital for the international community to succeed in curbing global warming. The Paris Agreement affirms global willingness to achieve a low-emission development pathway.', 'The Paris Agreement affirms global willingness to achieve a low-emission development pathway. At the Paris summit, the world’s countries agreed to the target of holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C. In order to achieve this long-term temperature target, countries agreed that they would aim to reach global peaking of greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible, and to undertake rapid reductions after this in accordance with best available science, so as to achieve a balance between anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases in the second half of this century. All parties to the agreement must contribute to collective progress towards the temperature target.', 'All parties to the agreement must contribute to collective progress towards the temperature target. They do this by preparing, communicating and maintaining successive nationally determined contributions (NDCs) setting out the emission targets that they intend to achieve. Each country must carry out domestic mitigation measures with the aim of achieving its NDC. Each new NDC will represent progression beyond that country’s current NDC, and reflect the highest possible level of ambition. Thus, the Paris Agreement and its objectives provide a basis for action and an important starting point for climate policy in every country, including Norway. The NDCs so far communicated under the Paris Agreement are by no means sufficient to achieve the long-term temperature target.', 'The NDCs so far communicated under the Paris Agreement are by no means sufficient to achieve the long-term temperature target. The next deadline, when all countries are to communicate new or updated emission commitments, is in 2020.In February 2020, Norway updated and enhanceds its nationally determined contribution under the Paris Agreement to reduce emissions by at least 50 per cent and towards 55 per cent compared to 1990 levels by The Paris Agreement also calls on countries to formulate and communicate long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies. A strategy of this kind can be used to establish and communicate an ambitious vision and a long-term horizon for a country’s short and medium-term climate targets and policies, including those communicated in their NDCs.', 'A strategy of this kind can be used to establish and communicate an ambitious vision and a long-term horizon for a country’s short and medium-term climate targets and policies, including those communicated in their NDCs. It can also provide a more predictable political framework for a low-emission development pathway. Long-term low-emission strategies do not entail new targets or commitments under the Paris Agreement, and countries have not been asked to report on them. The provisions of the Paris Agreement on mitigation are being implemented in a changing world.', 'The provisions of the Paris Agreement on mitigation are being implemented in a changing world. In the period 2 Norway submitted its enhanced NDC on 7th February 2020, strengthening its target from a 40 % reduction to a reduction of 50 % and up to 55 % by 2030 compared to the 1990 level.up to 2050, circumstances outside international and domestic climate policy will also strongly influence low-emission development pathways. Predicting future developments always involves uncertainty, but it is nevertheless possible to outline some global trends up to 2050. The UN estimates that the world population will increase to nearly 10 billion by 2050. Most of the growth will be in what are now developing and middle-income countries.', 'Most of the growth will be in what are now developing and middle-income countries. In Europe and North America, the proportion of older people will be higher than today. Economic growth will lift more people into a global middle class. A rising global population and economic growth suggest there will also be rising energy demand, more pressure on land for various purposes such as housing, infrastructure and food production, and higher consumption. Most of the growing global population will be urban dwellers. The number of people living in urban areas has risen from about 750 million in 1950 to about 4.2 billion today. According to the UN, urbanisation will continue. It is estimated that another 2.5 billion people could be urban dwellers by 2050.', 'It is estimated that another 2.5 billion people could be urban dwellers by 2050. This would be the equivalent of building a new town of 1.6 million people every week from 2020 onwards. According to the UN Environment Programme (UNEP), the world is currently using 1.6 planets’ worth of resources every year. This high level of consumption will result in resource scarcity in many important sectors and areas by 2050. Establishing a circular economy, in which resources are not wasted and the value of products and materials is maintained for as long as possible, is a way of counteracting resource scarcity. Both resource scarcity and climate change impacts will alter conditions for urban development up to 2050 in many parts of the world.', 'Both resource scarcity and climate change impacts will alter conditions for urban development up to 2050 in many parts of the world. In some regions, water will be in short supply. Many of the world’s largest cities are low lying and at risk from sea level rise, and will be affected by changing rainfall patterns and heatwaves. Many countries are therefore linking and integrating climate change mitigation and adaptation with sustainable development when developing their long-term low-emission strategies. In addition to a rapidly rising population and increasing pressure on resources and land, we are experiencing rapid technological development. Automation, robotisation and digitalisation are some of the technology trends that are likely to influence development pathways, working life and the ways people interact in the years ahead.', 'Automation, robotisation and digitalisation are some of the technology trends that are likely to influence development pathways, working life and the ways people interact in the years ahead. Although the development of new technologies and business models may be driven by considerations other than climate change, these developments may also lead to reduced emissions and reduced and more efficient resource use. 1.1.1 A global low-emission development pathway The world population has risen from 1 billion to more than 7 billion in the past 200 years. During the same time frame, people have been altering and putting pressure on many areasand ecosystems across the world. We have used large quantities of coal, oil and natural gas and extracted considerable volumes of metals and minerals.', 'We have used large quantities of coal, oil and natural gas and extracted considerable volumes of metals and minerals. More than 70% of land areas that are not ice-covered are now directly influenced by human activities. The overall results include a substantial rise in the atmospheric concentration of CO2 since pre-industrial times.3 Greenhouse gas emissions have already altered the Earth’s climate. The world is warmer; global mean temperature has risen by about 1 oC relative to pre-industrial levels. Global sea levels have risen as snow and ice have melted. The oceans have become more acidic. The rise in global mean temperature has resulted in more frequent and more intense extreme weather events.', 'The rise in global mean temperature has resulted in more frequent and more intense extreme weather events. In 2018, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) presented a report which concluded that limiting the rise in temperature to 1.5 oC would avoid the most serious impacts of global warming. Many of the risks to nature and society were found to be considerably lower for a temperature rise of 1.5 oC than for a rise of 2 oC. The aggregated NDCs so far communicated under the Paris Agreement are expected to result in global warming of about 3.2 oC relative to pre-industrial levels by the end of this century.', 'The aggregated NDCs so far communicated under the Paris Agreement are expected to result in global warming of about 3.2 oC relative to pre-industrial levels by the end of this century. This is nowhere near what is needed to achieve the Paris Agreement temperature target of holding global warming to well below 2°C below pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature rise to 1.5°C. According to the IPCC, the global warming trend and its impacts are not uniform throughout the world. Some areas are warming more than others, and the impacts will vary depending on geographical, topographical and other factors.', 'Some areas are warming more than others, and the impacts will vary depending on geographical, topographical and other factors. The global rise in temperature could potentially have serious impacts on nature and society in all countries, although it is the poorest and most vulnerable countries that are most at risk. Conditions for agricultural, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture operations will alter as the climate changes. Rising sea levels, higher precipitation and more flooding may cause serious damage to infrastructure and property. Norway’s government-appointed Climate Risk Commission pointed out in its report4 that climate change is expected to curb worldwide economic growth and may increase the risk of political instability, humanitarian disasters and violent conflicts.', 'Norway’s government-appointed Climate Risk Commission pointed out in its report4 that climate change is expected to curb worldwide economic growth and may increase the risk of political instability, humanitarian disasters and violent conflicts. Increased migration flows, unstable food prices, interruption/disruption of supplies and altered production and trade patterns may become important risk factors for the Defined here as before 1850, in line with the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report. NOU 2018: 17 Summary Climate risk and the Norwegian economyinternational economy. For example, food and other goods produced in high-risk countries may become more expensive. The IPCC report Global Warming of 1.5°C concludes that it would be possible but challenging to limit global warming to 1.5°C.', 'The IPCC report Global Warming of 1.5°C concludes that it would be possible but challenging to limit global warming to 1.5°C. Achieving this would require rapid, deep cuts in emissions, and ambitious steps to enhance carbon dioxide removals by uptake in ecosystems. In emission trajectories where there is no or little overshoot of 1.5 oC warming, global greenhouse gas emissions are typically reduced by 40–50 % by 2030 compared with 2010. Emissions of CO2 must be reduced to net zero by mid-century.5 Emissions of other greenhouse gases must also be reduced. Emissions from all major sectors, including energy, industry, transport, buildings and agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU), will have to be reduced.', 'Emissions from all major sectors, including energy, industry, transport, buildings and agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU), will have to be reduced. AFOLU sectors will also have to play a part in enhancing removals of greenhouse gases. In relevant sectors, removals of CO2 from the atmosphere can be used to compensate for residual emissions that are impossible to eliminate. This can for example be done using combustion of biomass in power plants combined with carbon capture and storage (bioenergy with CCS, or BECCS),6 or steps can be taken to enhance removals in forest and other land categories. There are uncertainties relating to how emission reductions and increases in removals will be split between sectors, countries and regions, and what contributions can be expected from different technologies, solutions and methods.', 'There are uncertainties relating to how emission reductions and increases in removals will be split between sectors, countries and regions, and what contributions can be expected from different technologies, solutions and methods. Nevertheless, some of the main features of a global low- emission development pathway are clear, and are described in the IPCC’s assessment reports and special reports.7 Fossil energy use accounts for the largest share of global greenhouse gas emissions. To achieve a development pathway in line with the Paris Agreement, it will therefore be necessary to make deep cuts in greenhouse gas emissions from fossil energy use. One feature of scenarios that give emission trajectories consistent with limiting global warming to both 2 oC and 1.5 oC is that electricity production is practically emission-free by around mid-century.', 'One feature of scenarios that give emission trajectories consistent with limiting global warming to both 2 oC and 1.5 oC is that electricity production is practically emission-free by around mid-century. This means that it will be particularly important to make deep cuts in emissions from electricity production in the coming decades, both because this is currently a major emission source and because emission-free electricity will be needed to achieve cuts in other sectors. The IPCC states that further emission reductions that will needed to pursuing efforts to limit The term net zero is used to describe a situation where anthropogenic emissions are balanced by anthropogenic removals (for example by forest).', 'The IPCC states that further emission reductions that will needed to pursuing efforts to limit The term net zero is used to describe a situation where anthropogenic emissions are balanced by anthropogenic removals (for example by forest). Carbon capture and storage is a process in which carbon dioxide (CO2) from sources such as power plants or industry is separated (captured) and transported to a location for long-term storage (for example underground geological formations) instead of being released to the atmosphere. IPCC 2014: IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5); 2018: Global Warming of 1.5 oC; and 2019: Climate Change and Landthe temperature increase to 1.5°C will have to be made mainly in the industry and transport sectors.', 'IPCC 2014: IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5); 2018: Global Warming of 1.5 oC; and 2019: Climate Change and Landthe temperature increase to 1.5°C will have to be made mainly in the industry and transport sectors. Deforestation and forest degradation and agriculture and other land use are both major sources of greenhouse gas emissions, together accounting for about one fourth of global anthropogenic emissions. Enhancing CO2 removals in forest, reducing deforestation and forest degradation, and using biomass sustainably to replace fossil energy and products are all part of the solution. However, the IPCC emphasises in its report that land is a very limited resource. Mitigation measures that require large areas of land may result in conflicts between different policy objectives and require trade-offs between climate policy and other interests.', 'Mitigation measures that require large areas of land may result in conflicts between different policy objectives and require trade-offs between climate policy and other interests. Emissions from transport and industry will have to be substantially reduced. Industrial sectors will need to develop and deploy low-emission technologies and renewable raw materials and become more effective. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) will be a necessary option for residual emissions that cannot be eliminated by using emission-free alternatives or technological advances. A low-emission pathway in the transport sector will require greater use of zero-emission solutions such as biogas, hydrogen and electrification. The transition can be helped by reducing transport needs and improving efficiency.', 'The transition can be helped by reducing transport needs and improving efficiency. Sound land-use planning, more effective goods transport, greater use of public transport, cycling and walking and new innovative mobility solutions will all be needed as part of the approach. It is also essential to put in place the enabling conditions for a low-emission development pathway. There must be a shift towards sustainable solutions for investment, technology, material and energy use and consumption. This will require sound planning and policy instruments to ensure that long-term investment decisions taken in the near future do not lock in high emissions, making it more difficult to achieve a low-emission pathway. At the same time, it is important that this approach has broad public support.', 'At the same time, it is important that this approach has broad public support. There is general agreement that pricing greenhouse gas emissions is vital if we are to achieve a cost-effective low-emission development pathway. Global consensus had been reached on this as long ago as 1992, when the Climate Change Convention was adopted. The polluter- pays-principle was therefore incorporated into the Convention. Putting a price on emissions gives incentives to reduce emissions, improve efficiency and develop and deploy low- emission technologies. Innovation and technology development will also be essential. The prospects of achieving climate policy targets and the costs of doing so will depend on the availability of environmental technology and the mitigation effects it provides.', 'The prospects of achieving climate policy targets and the costs of doing so will depend on the availability of environmental technology and the mitigation effects it provides. It will be necessary to deploytechnologies that are already available at scale, continue to develop and implement others that are not yet commercially available, and develop completely new technologies. Most of the pathways8 that describe emission trajectories consistent with limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees include CCS to reduce emissions from industry and power generation that are difficult to deal with in any other way. Many pathways also include carbon dioxide removal (CDR), i.e. removal of CO2 from the atmosphere through afforestation and bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS).', 'removal of CO2 from the atmosphere through afforestation and bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS). This will require considerable areas of land and may have serious adverse impacts on the environment. It is therefore uncertain to what extent it will be practicable or environmentally sound to make large-scale use of CDR. However, this approach may be a necessary part of the solution if cuts in greenhouse gas emissions are not rapid enough. The more quickly the world reduces emissions, the less need there will be for CDR. Behaviour patterns and lifestyle choices are important drivers of emissions globally. A sustainable lifestyle and behavioural patterns, including lower material consumption, a healthy diet and lower demand for transport, will reduce emissions and ease the transition to a low-emission pathway.', 'A sustainable lifestyle and behavioural patterns, including lower material consumption, a healthy diet and lower demand for transport, will reduce emissions and ease the transition to a low-emission pathway. This is true of the parts of the world and population segments that are not poor. The IPCC report Climate Change and Land points out that the global food system accounts for 21–37 % of total net anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions.', 'The IPCC report Climate Change and Land points out that the global food system accounts for 21–37 % of total net anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. It will be possible to achieve vital sustainable development goals and at the same time reduce emissions, not only by changing the way the agricultural sector operates but also by changing the way we store food and through dietary choices and steps to reduce food waste.9 The success of a transition to a low-emission pathway will both influence and be influenced by the extent to which the world achieves other global objectives such as the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).', 'It will be possible to achieve vital sustainable development goals and at the same time reduce emissions, not only by changing the way the agricultural sector operates but also by changing the way we store food and through dietary choices and steps to reduce food waste.9 The success of a transition to a low-emission pathway will both influence and be influenced by the extent to which the world achieves other global objectives such as the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). According to the IPCC report Global Warming of 1.5°C, a global emission trajectory consistent with warming of 1.5 °C will have positive effects on progress towards other SDGs, especially those on good health, clean energy for all, sustainable cities and communities, responsible consumption and production and life below water.', 'According to the IPCC report Global Warming of 1.5°C, a global emission trajectory consistent with warming of 1.5 °C will have positive effects on progress towards other SDGs, especially those on good health, clean energy for all, sustainable cities and communities, responsible consumption and production and life below water. The report also identifies potential conflicts between policy objectives and trade-offs that may be necessary, for example between mitigation options and efforts to eradicate hunger and poverty and provide clean water and access to energy. Fewest trade-offs will be needed in a low-emission pathway where energy needs and consumption are low and the emission intensity of the food system is also low.10 IPCC, 2018: Global Warming of 1.5 oC. Summary for Policymakers, Figure SPM.3b.', 'Summary for Policymakers, Figure SPM.3b. IPCC 2019: Climate Change and Land, Summary for Policymakers, B.2.3. IPCC 2019: Climate Change and Land, Summary for Policymakers, B.2.1, B.2.3.Knowledge base The IPCC’s reports are considered to provide the best available knowledge base for developing climate policy. The IPCC assesses and reviews relevant scientific papers on climate change, its impacts and possible climate change adaptation and mitigation measures. The panel evaluates published scientific literature, but does not conduct its own research. The special reports Climate Change and Land and Global Warming of 1.5°C are the IPCC’s most recent and up-to-date reports. The IPCC will continue to publish assessments in the years ahead, starting with another special report on the ocean and cryosphere in autumn 2019.', 'The IPCC will continue to publish assessments in the years ahead, starting with another special report on the ocean and cryosphere in autumn 2019. It is vital that Norway’s climate policy is based on the best available scientific knowledge on climate change and emissions globally, and especially on the work of the IPCC, which is the foundation for global climate cooperation under the Climate Change Convention. 1.1.2 Circumstances, opportunities and challenges for Norway A low-emission development pathway in line with the Paris Agreement will entail both opportunities and challenges for all countries, including Norway. Global trends have a major impact on developments in a small open economy like Norway’s.', 'Global trends have a major impact on developments in a small open economy like Norway’s. Ensuring full, effective use of labour and other resources will be vital in Norway’s transition to a low-emission society. The transition to a low-emission society has to take the current level of emissions as its point of departure. As in other OECD countries, the level of emissions is high in Norway today. In 2018, per capita emissions in Norway were about 10 tonnes CO2 -eq. By way of comparison, the average levels in 2017 were 11.9 and 8.8 tonnes CO2 -eq respectively for the OECD countries and the EU,11 while the world average was about 6.5 tonnes CO2 -eq.12 Emissions in different sectors are an important starting point for the path towards a low-emission society.', 'By way of comparison, the average levels in 2017 were 11.9 and 8.8 tonnes CO2 -eq respectively for the OECD countries and the EU,11 while the world average was about 6.5 tonnes CO2 -eq.12 Emissions in different sectors are an important starting point for the path towards a low-emission society. Figur 1.1 GHG Emissions by sector, 1990-2019 Eurostat, 2017, Greenhouse gas emissions per capita, European Environment Agency. The global estimate is based on 1) emission figures for 2017 from UNEP (2018) Emissions Gap Report 2018 and 2) population figures from the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2017): World Population Prospects: The 2017 RevisionSource: Norwegian Environmental Agency Norway is in a strong position for the transition to a low-emission pathway.', 'The global estimate is based on 1) emission figures for 2017 from UNEP (2018) Emissions Gap Report 2018 and 2) population figures from the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2017): World Population Prospects: The 2017 RevisionSource: Norwegian Environmental Agency Norway is in a strong position for the transition to a low-emission pathway. Participation in the labour market is high, and there are abundant natural resources, a skilled workforce and sound state revenues. People in the Norwegian workforce are generally well-qualified and productive. This is a good starting point for making use of new knowledge and new technology. Wealth is more equally distributed in Norway than in most other countries.', 'Wealth is more equally distributed in Norway than in most other countries. Most people have the resources and freedom to plan their lives according to their own views and wishes. The low level of inequality means that people generally trust each other and the public authorities. This makes cooperation easier, whether in the business sector, in working life or in the public sector. It also gives individual people a feeling of security and a sense of belonging, and results in social and political stability. Welfare schemes provide a safety net that reduces risks for the individual, and can make people more willing to be creative and innovative.', 'Welfare schemes provide a safety net that reduces risks for the individual, and can make people more willing to be creative and innovative. This situation is positive both for general social development and the Norwegian economy, and is a good starting point for the transition to a low-emission society. However, Norway will have to deal with a number of challenges in the years ahead. As in the rest of northern Europe, there will be an ageing population in the period up to 2050. This may influence on Norway’s prospects of achieving a low-emission transition involving rapid Million tons CO2 - equivalents Transport, fishing, motor equip.', 'This may influence on Norway’s prospects of achieving a low-emission transition involving rapid Million tons CO2 - equivalents Transport, fishing, motor equip. etc Oil and gas extraction Manufacturing industries and mining Energy supply Agriculture Heating in other industries and households Othertechnological change, and will mean that a lower proportion of the population is in employment. One of the main challenges for Norway in the time ahead will be to adjust to a new situation where it is more similar to Western economies that do not have oil and gas resources. Growth will have to take place in sectors where there is no economic resource rent. This means that tax revenues will be lower and companies cannot expect as high a return on their capital as in the petroleum sector.', 'This means that tax revenues will be lower and companies cannot expect as high a return on their capital as in the petroleum sector. Fullfilment of the Paris Agreement , may result in lower demand for energy based on fossil sources and may thus reduce the value of the remaining oil and gas on the Norwegian continental shelf. The value of Norway’s oil and gas is also affected by many other factors, including energy demand and the relative costs of developing new energy resources. The transition to a low-emission society will alter the conditions for business and industry and will require changes in every country, including Norway. The Norwegian economy and business sector have been through major restructuring processes before.', 'The Norwegian economy and business sector have been through major restructuring processes before. The industrial structure has changed radically in the past 40–50 years. Changing economic conditions, including the development of new technology and alterations in demand and competitive conditions, mean that some companies and industries will grow while others become less important. Even though many people will continue in their current line of work, some industries and workplaces will be vulnerable in a global low-emission future. Adaptability will be essential, and people and groups in some areas of the economy are likely to find that they need different qualifications or that there are fewer opportunities for employment. Norway is pursuing an ambitious climate policy together with the European Union.', 'Norway is pursuing an ambitious climate policy together with the European Union. Norway has undertaken to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by at least 40% by 2030 compared with the reference year 1990 in cooperation with Iceland and European Union13. This is Norway’s first contribution to implementation of the Paris Agreement for the period 2021– 2030, and the emission reduction target was made legally binding in the Climate Change Act. In October 2019, the European Union, Iceland and Norway formally agreed to cooperate on reducing greenhouse gas emissions by at least 40% by 2030.', 'In October 2019, the European Union, Iceland and Norway formally agreed to cooperate on reducing greenhouse gas emissions by at least 40% by 2030. On 7 February 2020, Norway updated and enhanced its nationally determined contribution (NDC) under the Paris Agreement, committing to emission reductions of at least 50% and up to 55% by 2030 compared to the 1990 level. Norway is seeking to fulfil its enhanced ambition through its cooperation on climate action with the EU.', 'Norway is seeking to fulfil its enhanced ambition through its cooperation on climate action with the EU. In the event that Norway s enhanced nationally determined contribution goes beyond the target set in the EU’s next NDC, Norway Norway submitted its enhanced NDC on 7th February 2020, strengthening its target from a 40% reduction to a reduction of 50 % and up to 55 % by 2030 compared to the 1990 level.intends to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement to fulfil the part that goes beyond what is fulfilled through the climate cooperation with the European Union. Through the cooperation with the EU and Iceland, Norway will also take part in EU climate legislation in the period 2012–2030.', 'Through the cooperation with the EU and Iceland, Norway will also take part in EU climate legislation in the period 2012–2030. This will be an important part of the framework for Norway’s climate policy and ensure a shift to a low-emission pathway in line with neighbouring countries. Norway has generally close links with the EU, which is our most important trade partner. For example, the Nordic and European power markets are becoming more and more closely integrated, both in regulatory terms through the EEA Agreement and physically as new interconnectors are built to increase transmission capacity between countries.', 'For example, the Nordic and European power markets are becoming more and more closely integrated, both in regulatory terms through the EEA Agreement and physically as new interconnectors are built to increase transmission capacity between countries. Closer integration between the Norwegian and European power supply systems will increase the value of Norway’s flexible hydropower, and make it easier to import electricity in dry years and periods when Norway has an electricity deficit. Power trade and exchange provides flexibility that will be an advantage as the power system is developed further. Cooperation in this field therefore benefits all parties and supports the shift to a low-emission development pathway.', 'Cooperation in this field therefore benefits all parties and supports the shift to a low-emission development pathway. As the world makes progress towards the long-term goal of the Paris Agreement, it will be important to shift production to goods and services that are competitive as the price of emissions rises, stricter regulation of emissions is introduced and consumer preferences change. Companies that are able to produce goods or services with low or zero emissions of greenhouse gases will be the winners in this situation. Technology development, resource efficiency, better use of energy, more use of renewable raw materials and input factors, and circular solutions and waste management will all be important elements in this green transformation.', 'Technology development, resource efficiency, better use of energy, more use of renewable raw materials and input factors, and circular solutions and waste management will all be important elements in this green transformation. In many industries, a long-term focus on technology development and dissemination will be needed. Climate change will have impacts in Norway. According to the report Climate in Norway 2100,14 the annual temperature in Norway is expected to rise by 3.3–6.4 oC, which is more than the expected rise in global mean annual temperature. Other expected changes include higher precipitation, more frequent and more intense extreme rainfall, more frequent rain- induced flooding and more frequent landslides and avalanches.', 'Other expected changes include higher precipitation, more frequent and more intense extreme rainfall, more frequent rain- induced flooding and more frequent landslides and avalanches. In Svalbard, the mean temperature may rise from minus 8–9 oC to plus 1–2 oC by the end of the century if emissions continue to rise at the present rate.15 Norwegian Climate Service Centre (2015): Climate in Norway 2100 (condensed version of the Norwegian report Klima i Norge 2100). Norwegian Climate Service Centre (2019): Climate in Svalbard 2100. This rise is estimated under the RCP8.5 scenario used in the IPCC’s Fifth Assessment Report.', 'This rise is estimated under the RCP8.5 scenario used in the IPCC’s Fifth Assessment Report. This is a scenario in which the world as a whole fails to curb growth and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.In its 2018 report, the Climate Risk Commission assessed both the transition risk for Norway, in other words the risks associated with implementing global climate policy, and physical risks, or the risks associated with a changing climate. The Commission emphasised that global factors are important to a small country like Norway. In its assessment of physical risk, the Commission highlighted the fact that climate change impacts in other countries can pose a risk to the Norwegian economy.', 'In its assessment of physical risk, the Commission highlighted the fact that climate change impacts in other countries can pose a risk to the Norwegian economy. As regards transition risk, the Commission pointed out that successful implementation of global climate policy or major technological advances may reduce the value of Norway’s remaining petroleum reserves. However, the Commission concluded that Norway is less vulnerable to climate change than most other countries, and one of the countries with greatest adaptive capacity. Exposure to direct adverse impacts of climate change is generally lower in developed countries than in poor developing countries. In addition, countries like Norway generally have better- functioning institutions, a higher level of education and a more diversified business sector.', 'In addition, countries like Norway generally have better- functioning institutions, a higher level of education and a more diversified business sector. Higher income levels and flexible labour markets also give greater capacity to absorb the costs of a transition to a low-emission society.2 A low-emission future 2.1 Norway’s climate targets Clear, ambitious climate targets provide a predictable basis for a low-emission development pathway for the authorities, municipalities, the business sector and individual people. Norway’s climate targets for 2030 and 2050 are set out in the Act relating to Norway’s climate targets (Climate Change Act). The purpose of the Act is to promote the implementation of Norway’s climate targets as part of its process of transformation into a low-emission society by 2050.', 'The purpose of the Act is to promote the implementation of Norway’s climate targets as part of its process of transformation into a low-emission society by 2050. Norway has undertaken to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by at least 40% by 2030 compared with the reference year 1990. This is Norway’s first contribution to implementation of the Paris Agreement for the period 2021–2030, and the target was established by law in the Climate Change Act . In October 2019, the European Union, Iceland and Norway formally agreed to cooperate on fulfilling their respective greenhouse gas emission reduction targets by 203016. Cooperating with the EU on climate policy can help to ensure a cost-effective transformation process and equal conditions of competition for businesses in Norway and the EU.', 'Cooperating with the EU on climate policy can help to ensure a cost-effective transformation process and equal conditions of competition for businesses in Norway and the EU. The agreement between Norway, Iceland and the EU on cooperation to fulfil the 2030 climate targets means that Norway will not only take part in the Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) but also in action under the Effort Sharing Regulation (for non-ETS emissions)17 and under the Regulation on land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF). In its political platform, the current Government announced that it would draw up a plan for achieving Norway’s climate commitments, including action to cut non-ETS emissions within Norway by 45%, once an agreement with the EU on joint fulfilment of climate targets was in place.', 'In its political platform, the current Government announced that it would draw up a plan for achieving Norway’s climate commitments, including action to cut non-ETS emissions within Norway by 45%, once an agreement with the EU on joint fulfilment of climate targets was in place. This target was to be for 2030 and relative to 2005. The Government’s aim was to achieve this reduction through domestic measures, and it was making plans to this end. If strictly necessary, Norway could make use of the EU flexibility mechanisms. The Government’s political platform also states that ambitions for cutting non-ETS emissions will be specified by sector, and will include halving emissions from the transport sector by 2030 compared with the 2005 level.', 'The Government’s political platform also states that ambitions for cutting non-ETS emissions will be specified by sector, and will include halving emissions from the transport sector by 2030 compared with the 2005 level. This target is based on the assumption that technological advances will be made in various segments of the transport sector. The Government has also 16 The Agreement between the EU, Iceland and Norway relates to the emission reduction target of at least 40 % reduction by 2030. Norway also seeks to fulfil the enhanced target through climate cooperation with the EU.', 'Norway also seeks to fulfil the enhanced target through climate cooperation with the EU. Emissions covered by the Effort Sharing Regulation are largely from transport, agriculture, waste and heating buildings, and also include some emissions from industry and the oil and gas sector.adopted an action plan for green shipping in which it announced the ambition of reducing emissions from domestic shipping and fishing vessels by half by 2030. In addition, the Government and the agricultural organisations have signed a letter of intent agreeing to work to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and enhance carbon uptake. A target of reducing emissions by 5 million tonnes CO2-eq has been set for the period 2021–2030.', 'A target of reducing emissions by 5 million tonnes CO2-eq has been set for the period 2021–2030. Norway’s target of being a low-emission society by 2050 has been made legally binding in the Climate Change Act. The Act describes a low-emission society as one where greenhouse gas emissions, on the basis of the best available scientific knowledge, global emission trends and national circumstances, have been reduced in order to avert adverse impacts of global warming, as described in the Paris Agreement. In quantitative terms, the target is to achieve emission reductions of the order of 80–95% from the level in the reference year 1990.', 'In quantitative terms, the target is to achieve emission reductions of the order of 80–95% from the level in the reference year 1990. In its political platform, the Government has agreed to strengthen the target to emission reductions of the order of 90–95% and to propose that the Parliament amends the Climate Change Act accordingly to reflect this. The effect of Norway’s participation in the EU ETS is to be taken into account in assessing progress towards this target. This means that the contribution made by the ETS sector in Norway to emission reductions in Europe through its participation in the EU ETS is to be included when assessing progress towards the 2050 target.', 'This means that the contribution made by the ETS sector in Norway to emission reductions in Europe through its participation in the EU ETS is to be included when assessing progress towards the 2050 target. The Climate Change Act does not preclude joint fulfilment with the EU of the target of Norway becoming a low-emission society by 2050. The costs Norway incurs in achieving a particular climate target will depend on technological developments globally. These are uncertain and will depend partly on the extent to which the rest of the world pursues an ambitious climate policy. If most larger countries gradually introduce ambitious climate policies, effective, low-cost technologies to replace energy based on fossil fuels with renewable energy will be developed much more rapidly.', 'If most larger countries gradually introduce ambitious climate policies, effective, low-cost technologies to replace energy based on fossil fuels with renewable energy will be developed much more rapidly. 2.2 Everyone is working towards the climate targets The whole of society must be involved if we are to succeed in the low-emission transformation. Central government, counties and municipalities, the business sector, research institutes, voluntary organisations and individuals all have important roles to play in developing a low-emission society. Although each of us will have to plan our own activities so that they are compatible with a low-emission pathway, cooperation and coordination will be essential to ensure that everyone is pulling in the same direction.', 'Although each of us will have to plan our own activities so that they are compatible with a low-emission pathway, cooperation and coordination will be essential to ensure that everyone is pulling in the same direction. In their policy development, the authorities must use instruments and tools that give incentives consistent with the target of achieving a low-emission society by 2050. In Chapter 1.3 of this strategy, the Government sets out general priorities and important considerationsfor developing a policy and policy instruments to promote the transformation to a low- emission society by 2050. The businesses and industries will play an important part in developing and deploying low- emission technologies and solutions.', 'The businesses and industries will play an important part in developing and deploying low- emission technologies and solutions. Business and industry must help to bring about cuts in Norway’s greenhouse gas emissions while maintaining high value creation and employment levels. The transformation process will require the business sector to adjust to competing in a low-emission future. Businesses included in the EU ETS will, like businesses in the EU, have to change within a system where very few emission allowances will be issued by 2050 and new allowances will cease to be issued soon after 2050, assuming that the EU continues to maintain the rules for linear reduction of the emission cap. It will therefore be essential to urgently initiate technology development in areas with long timelines for technological change.', 'It will therefore be essential to urgently initiate technology development in areas with long timelines for technological change. Reporting on climate risk can raise companies’ awareness of the types of climate-related risks and opportunities they may face. In its 2018 report, the Climate Risk Commission pointed out that it is important for businesses to improve their understanding of climate risk so that they have a stronger basis for decision making and can ensure that investment decisions are more robust in the face of greater uncertainty. The Commission also highlighted how important it is for financial market participants to have a sound understanding of climate risk in different sectors and economic activities. Business and industry have already begun the process of transformation.', 'Business and industry have already begun the process of transformation. Since 2016, 16 sectors have drawn up roadmaps for green competitiveness. These describe each sector’s goals, visions and plans for reducing or eliminating greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 while at the same time increasing value creation and assuring employment. Box 2.1 The Norwegian Process Industries’ Roadmap – combining growth and zero emissions by 2050 In 2016, the Norwegian process industries drew up a roadmap describing their vision for developing a competitive sector combined with zero emissions in 2050. The roadmap identifies technologies the sector believes it will be possible to implement by 2050, provided that the sector is operating within a stable long-term and globally competitive policy framework.', 'The roadmap identifies technologies the sector believes it will be possible to implement by 2050, provided that the sector is operating within a stable long-term and globally competitive policy framework. These include: • carbon capture and utilisation (CCU); • greater use of biomass in processes and products; • greater use of hydrogen as a reducing agent and energy carrier; • technological breakthroughs in zero-carbon process technologies such as inert anodes;• new production methods that use less energy and generate lower emissions; • utilising by-product streams for new products; • developing inputs and products that have a low carbon footprint during both production and use.', 'These include: • carbon capture and utilisation (CCU); • greater use of biomass in processes and products; • greater use of hydrogen as a reducing agent and energy carrier; • technological breakthroughs in zero-carbon process technologies such as inert anodes;• new production methods that use less energy and generate lower emissions; • utilising by-product streams for new products; • developing inputs and products that have a low carbon footprint during both production and use. Source: Federation of Norwegian Industries (2016): The Norwegian Process Industries’ Roadmap – combining growth and zero emissions by 2050 (Summary in English) The municipalities and counties have wide responsibilities – they provide services, exercise authority and purchase large quantities of goods and services. They also have a substantial property portfolio.', 'They also have a substantial property portfolio. Municipal and county authorities are responsible for spatial planning to provide areas that are attractive both to live in and for business development. This means that the municipalities and counties are at the heart of the low-emission transformation process. Their role as planners is particularly important. Almost all decisions municipalities make on the siting and design of commercial activities, homes, infrastructure and services have long- lasting effects on energy use and emissions. Land-use management by the municipalities influences the capacity of land to absorb and store carbon. Some land-use change, for example deforestation and development of peatlands, will increase emissions from these areas.', 'Some land-use change, for example deforestation and development of peatlands, will increase emissions from these areas. Unless municipalities ensure that planning for a low- emission development pathway is an integral part of their activities, there is a risk of locking in a high level of emissions for many years, making it difficult and unnecessarily costly to achieve climate targets. It is therefore essential to use a long-term approach in both spatial and general planning processes, take climate change into account, and facilitate a low-emission pathway. The municipalities and counties are major purchasers of goods and services. They can include requirements relating to the climate and environmental footprint in procurement processes, thus reducing their own emissions and also encouraging the development of zero- and low- emission solutions.', 'They can include requirements relating to the climate and environmental footprint in procurement processes, thus reducing their own emissions and also encouraging the development of zero- and low- emission solutions. For example, since 2017 the City of Oslo has required its own construction sites to be fossil-free, and is now testing whether it can also require them to be emission-free.18 A number of municipalities have invested in zero-emission vehicles and abatement technology at waste management sites. The counties are partly responsible for public transport services, and have been using requirements in procurement processes to promote the development and use of zero-emission solutions in this field.', 'The counties are partly responsible for public transport services, and have been using requirements in procurement processes to promote the development and use of zero-emission solutions in this field. The Norwegian Public Roads Administration has also been playing a leading role, for example by pioneering the development and testing of new low-emission technologies for ferries. An emission-free construction site uses energy sources that do not result in emissions of CO2-eq or NOx at the site. (From DNV GL (2018): Guide to arranging fossil- and emission-free solutions on building sites).Everyone living in Norway also has a part to play in shaping a low-emission society through their daily choices and activities.', '(From DNV GL (2018): Guide to arranging fossil- and emission-free solutions on building sites).Everyone living in Norway also has a part to play in shaping a low-emission society through their daily choices and activities. The way we get around, the way we live, and the goods and services we buy influence Norway’s emissions, and also emissions outside the country’s borders. Consumers can promote low-emission solutions by creating a demand for low- emission goods and services. Employees can use their skills in creating a green, competitive labour market. Children and young people who have not yet entered the workforce can use educational and vocational choices to shape their own opportunities.', 'Children and young people who have not yet entered the workforce can use educational and vocational choices to shape their own opportunities. People who are already in the labour force will need to use and expand their skills through new tasks, new jobs or new qualifications. Voluntary work plays a significant role in Norway. It is an important basis for an inclusive society that maintains the local environment and provides a good quality of life for everyone. The voluntary sector can also play an important part in achieving a low-emission development pathway. Many of the larger organisers of sports and cultural events are leading the way in seeking to make their events as green and sustainable as possible.', 'Many of the larger organisers of sports and cultural events are leading the way in seeking to make their events as green and sustainable as possible. Sports, neighbourhood and cultural associations and societies often organise systems for lending, swapping and buying second-hand equipment. Voluntary workers are also a vital part of Norway’s emergency response. This will become even more important because climate change may increase the risks associated with certain outdoor activities. In addition, the environmental organisations are largely voluntary, and are one of the most important drivers of a low-emission development pathway in Norway. They bring together many voices for climate and the environment, and are able to generate enthusiasm, highlight what is needed and demonstrate solutions.', 'They bring together many voices for climate and the environment, and are able to generate enthusiasm, highlight what is needed and demonstrate solutions. Box 2.2 Children and young people today – adults in 2050 The Ministry of Climate and Environment invited representatives of children’s and youth organisations to a meeting on 11 June 2019 to provide input on what a low-emission society should be like and how to achieve this. They described a low-emission society in 2050 as emission-free, safe and resilient, with innovative local communities and towns. These were the main points: • Resources are valuable assets: we repair things, and share and recycle them.', 'These were the main points: • Resources are valuable assets: we repair things, and share and recycle them. • The right choices are easy to make: there are systems and labelling schemes that encourage and support green behaviour and help us all to make sustainable choices. The municipalities provide systems for recycling, waste separation at source, managing plastic waste, etc. • Quality is more important than quantity: products are manufactured sustainably, quality is high and they are durable. • We value nature highly: we spend more time together in the outdoors. Our local forest and countryside is accessible to everyone, with marked paths.', 'Our local forest and countryside is accessible to everyone, with marked paths. • We make green travel choices: we generally spend our holidays locally, but when we do travel, green modes of travel are easy, attractive and inexpensive to use. Thereis infrastructure for cycling, walking and public transport both in and outside towns. All cars are zero-emission, and we use high-speed trains more often than planes. We still travel abroad, but more of our travel and holiday trips are in Norway. • We have green jobs: jobs in the oil and gas sector have not been replaced by jobs in one specific sector – many sectors are involved.', '• We have green jobs: jobs in the oil and gas sector have not been replaced by jobs in one specific sector – many sectors are involved. We have used Norway’s advanced skills and knowledge from the petroleum sector to develop green industries and workplaces, for example in fisheries, shipping and offshore wind. • We are generous and show solidarity: Norway shares its wealth with parts of the world that are exposed and vulnerable to climate change. • Our diet is healthy and climate-friendly, and we eat food that is sustainably and locally produced.', '• Our diet is healthy and climate-friendly, and we eat food that is sustainably and locally produced. 2.3 Norway – a low-emission society in 2050 Norway’s transition to a low-emission society will be dependent on a similar shift globally if it is to maintain its ability to make full, effective use of labour and other resources and achieve its climate and environmental policy goals. If global emissions in the years ahead do not approach a pathway consistent with achieving the long-term temperature target of the Paris Agreement, the development of low-emission technologies could be slow. This would result in high costs for reducing emissions in Norway, and make it more difficult to achieve Norway’s climate targets.', 'This would result in high costs for reducing emissions in Norway, and make it more difficult to achieve Norway’s climate targets. At the same time, it would become more urgent to adapt to the effects of a changing climate, such as extreme weather events and flooding, and the costs of doing so will rise. However, if global emissions are in line with the long-term temperature target of the Paris Agreement, emissions in Norway will also be low in all sectors.', 'However, if global emissions are in line with the long-term temperature target of the Paris Agreement, emissions in Norway will also be low in all sectors. Considering the uncertainties ahead, the Climate Change Act describes a low-emission society as ‘one where greenhouse gas emissions, on the basis of the best available scientific knowledge, global emission trends and national circumstances, have been reduced in order to avert adverse impacts of global warming’ as described in the Paris Agreement. The effect of Norway’s participation in the EU ETS is to be taken into account in assessing progress towards this target. Describing the future is always an exercise in uncertainty, regardless of whether we are looking five, ten or fifty years ahead.', 'Describing the future is always an exercise in uncertainty, regardless of whether we are looking five, ten or fifty years ahead. Descriptions of the future are always based on circumstances at the time when they are made. It is now 30 years till we reach 2050. With such a long time horizon, it is not possible to give a correct or complete picture of what Norwegian society will be like. Even assuming that the world as a whole and Norway have achieved their climate targets by 2050, and that Norway has become a low-emission society, it is uncertain how the remaining emissions will be split between sectors and which technologies will have been successful.', 'Even assuming that the world as a whole and Norway have achieved their climate targets by 2050, and that Norway has become a low-emission society, it is uncertain how the remaining emissions will be split between sectors and which technologies will have been successful. There are many other factors not related to the climate policy framework that will also play a part in determining what a low-emission society is like in 2050.', 'There are many other factors not related to the climate policy framework that will also play a part in determining what a low-emission society is like in 2050. These add to the level of uncertainty of descriptions of a low-emission future for the world as a whole and for Norway.Assuming that by 2050, the global emission pathway is in line with the long-term temperature target of the Paris agreement and that Norway has achieved its climate targets, Norway will be a low-emission society with the following general characteristics: • Emissions are low in all sectors. • Forest and other land categories and natural resources are managed sustainably and in a way that promotes removals and minimises emissions of greenhouse gases.', '• Forest and other land categories and natural resources are managed sustainably and in a way that promotes removals and minimises emissions of greenhouse gases. Norway’s land and water act as carbon sinks and supply the population with materials, food and energy. • The business sector is green, with low greenhouse gas emissions. • Cities and communities are designed to minimise greenhouse gas emissions and provide good living conditions for their inhabitants. Low emissions in all sectors By 2050, Norway and other countries have achieved low emissions in all sectors. This means that energy and resource efficiency are high and a circular economy underpins low-emission, sustainable production and consumption.', 'This means that energy and resource efficiency are high and a circular economy underpins low-emission, sustainable production and consumption. As a result of technological advances, the transport sector is using zero- and low-emission solutions for passenger cars, public transport and heavy goods vehicles. Transport needs have been reduced by developing more compact cities and communities and new digital communication solutions. Passenger and freight transport has been made more effective. Sound land-use planning, greater use of public transport, cycling and walking and new, innovative transport solutions have all played a part in this. There have been similar developments in the shipping and maritime transport sector. Emissions from goods and products supplied by Norwegian industry are low.', 'Emissions from goods and products supplied by Norwegian industry are low. This has been achieved by electrification, switching from fossil to renewable raw materials, introducing low- and zero-emission technology and using carbon capture and storage (CCS). Circular value chains are the norm. The agricultural sector is supplying safe, healthy food, and agricultural resources are being used wisely. Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture have been reduced and carbon fixation has been enhanced. New technology makes optimal application of fertiliser possible, thus reducing emissions. More widespread use of zero-emission vehicles has reduced the need for based on renewable energy sources, and autonomous vehicles are in use, making farming operations more effective.', 'More widespread use of zero-emission vehicles has reduced the need for based on renewable energy sources, and autonomous vehicles are in use, making farming operations more effective. Manure is used to produce biogas, replacing energy based on fossil fuels in both agriculture and other sectors, and at the same time cutting emissions from livestock. Improvements in breeding programmes and feeding are also reducing emissionsfrom livestock. These improvements are being enhanced by more sustainable land use, cuts in food waste, new technology and a trend towards a healthier diet with a higher proportion of plant-based foods, all of which reduce greenhouse gas emissions further.', 'These improvements are being enhanced by more sustainable land use, cuts in food waste, new technology and a trend towards a healthier diet with a higher proportion of plant-based foods, all of which reduce greenhouse gas emissions further. Forests are used sustainably in 2050, increasing CO2 uptake and storage, and also supply renewable raw materials to replace energy based on fossil fuels and materials. Forest management has been improved to enhance CO2 removals and to ensure that forests are better adapted to climate change. Use of forest resources is being combined with protection and conservation measures to ensure that forestry is sustainable and that biodiversity and ecosystem services are maintained.', 'Use of forest resources is being combined with protection and conservation measures to ensure that forestry is sustainable and that biodiversity and ecosystem services are maintained. A large proportion of felled timber is used for durable products such as building materials, and residues and by-products are valued and used to a much larger extent than today. New technology and business models make it possible to use forest biomass for a variety of purposes, for example to replace soybeans in animal fodder, fish feed, bioplastics and clothes and other textiles. Forests are also an important source of bioenergy, which is replacing energy based on fossil fuels.', 'Forests are also an important source of bioenergy, which is replacing energy based on fossil fuels. Effective, sustainable land use and densification of built-up areas has reduced emissions from deforestation, peatland development and other types of land-use change to low levels. Forests are being managed is in a way that gives long-term high levels of carbon removals, strengthens the carbon stock and maintains forests as a source of climate and environmentally friendly energy and raw materials. A diversified economy and green competitiveness By 2050, Norway has developed a green business sector by making use of the opportunities offered by a global transition to a low-emission development pathway. High demand for low- and zero-emission technology and low-emission products provides a basis for greening of business and industry.', 'High demand for low- and zero-emission technology and low-emission products provides a basis for greening of business and industry. Norway has a diversified economy and a rich natural resource base. Participation in working life is high and the workforce is skilled. There are many similarities between companies that are succeeding in 2050 and those that were successful before the low-emission transition. They supply products and services that are in demand at competitive prices. And they are able to compete under conditions that favour low-emission solutions, both in Norway and elsewhere. Business and industry makes widespread use of smart, innovative, green and competitive solutions. Norway’s resource base is an important driver of industrial development.', 'Norway’s resource base is an important driver of industrial development. Its forests, renewable energy sources and mineral resources provide important inputs for a global low- emission economy. Norway is still one of the world’s leading energy nations. Ocean resources play a key role, and the oceans produce food for a growing global population. Norway is also still an important maritime nation, and has industries that supply high-tech low- or zero- emission maritime transport solutions. Nevertheless, the country’s most important asset is its highly qualified and skilled workforce.Climate-smart cities and communities and a high quality of life Cities and communities are attractive and climate-friendly, provide good, safe living conditions and workplaces and encourage an active, healthy lifestyle.', 'Nevertheless, the country’s most important asset is its highly qualified and skilled workforce.Climate-smart cities and communities and a high quality of life Cities and communities are attractive and climate-friendly, provide good, safe living conditions and workplaces and encourage an active, healthy lifestyle. The air is cleaner, and more public transport is available both within and outside towns. In addition, there is good walking and cycling infrastructure. Norway’s cities and communities have been made more attractive by upgrading meeting places and public spaces. Existing public spaces and buildings have been given new life through innovative use. Outside the larger towns, communities have dynamic centres with a good balance between residential areas, commercial activities and workplaces.', 'Outside the larger towns, communities have dynamic centres with a good balance between residential areas, commercial activities and workplaces. Footpaths and cycle paths, green spaces and outdoor recreation areas have been combined with easy access to cultural activities, workplaces, school and other activities. Even though it is not possible for everyone to walk or cycle to work and school, zero-emission vehicles and better public transport have more or less eliminated emissions from passenger transport. Densification of urban areas reduces the need for building on undeveloped land that can instead serve as carbon sinks. This is being done in a way that takes into account the need for green spaces, promotes people’s well-being and results in dynamic cities and communities.', 'This is being done in a way that takes into account the need for green spaces, promotes people’s well-being and results in dynamic cities and communities. There has been a focus on energy efficiency in both new and existing buildings, and resources and energy are now being used more efficiently than before. New technologies and climate-smart solutions are an integral part of everyone’s lives, whether they live in the cities or in rural areas. The sharing economy and new business models have made it more normal to lease or rent – for example, people tend to share products and services that are not used all the time, such as cars, holiday cabins, boats and some tools.', 'The sharing economy and new business models have made it more normal to lease or rent – for example, people tend to share products and services that are not used all the time, such as cars, holiday cabins, boats and some tools. Products are increasingly designed for durability and to be possible to recycle. They are also designed so that they can be repaired, and manufacturers’ business models put more emphasis on repair and recycling.', 'They are also designed so that they can be repaired, and manufacturers’ business models put more emphasis on repair and recycling. More widespread use of digital communication allows more flexibility in where people work from, reduces the need for transport and gives people more free time.3 The pathway to a low-emission society 3.1 Strategic priorities for the pathway to a low-emission society Norway is pursuing an ambitious climate policy, and will continue to do so. The Government’s long-term target is for Norway to be a low-emission society by 2050 where resource use is efficient and the business and industry is competitive. In its political platform, the Government announced its intention of restructuring the Norwegian economy and contributing to Norway’s transformation into a low-emission society by mid-century.', 'In its political platform, the Government announced its intention of restructuring the Norwegian economy and contributing to Norway’s transformation into a low-emission society by mid-century. This process must also result in a development pathway that safeguards biodiversity and builds a sustainable welfare-based society. To promote the transformation of Norway into a low-emission society, the Government is required to submit updated climate targets to the Storting (Norwegian parliament) in 2020 and every five years after that. These will be based on the best available science and, as far as possible, will be quantitative and measurable. The climate targets are to represent a progression from the preceding targets and promote a gradual transformation in the period up to 2050.', 'The climate targets are to represent a progression from the preceding targets and promote a gradual transformation in the period up to 2050. Norway’s climate and environmental policy must be designed to ensure that the country achieves its climate and environmental targets. To minimise conflict between climate targets and goals in other policy areas, the use of policy instruments needs to be closely coordinated. The Norwegian Government’s climate policy is therefore based on the following: • The polluter-pays principle. Policy instruments should be chosen on the principle that anyone who causes pollution or environmental damage must pay for the damage they cause. • Policy instruments must be effective. Environmental taxes, emissions trading, direct regulation, agreements, information and subsidies must be combined as effectively as possible.', 'Environmental taxes, emissions trading, direct regulation, agreements, information and subsidies must be combined as effectively as possible. • Support for technology development. The development and deployment of environmental technology and climate and environmentally friendly energy technology is important in addressing climate and environmental problems, and can also open up new market opportunities for Norwegian business and industry. • Global effects are of crucial importance. Norway’s climate policy instruments must play a part in reducing global emissions. • A low-emission society, not a low-income society. Policy instruments should be designed to achieve environmental targets as reliably as possible and at the lowest possible cost to society.', 'Policy instruments should be designed to achieve environmental targets as reliably as possible and at the lowest possible cost to society. We must make full use of the opportunities offered by a green shift in the economy.In addition, the target of Norway becoming a low-emission society by 2050 must be taken into account in land-use planning, infrastructure development and public investment. Using its climate policy principles and its intention of making climate policy progressively stricter as a starting point, the Government will provide a suitable framework for Norway to become a low-emission society by 2050. It will use a variety of tools including monitoring progress towards targets and pricing emissions to promote a low-emission development pathway for business and industry, local government and individuals.', 'It will use a variety of tools including monitoring progress towards targets and pricing emissions to promote a low-emission development pathway for business and industry, local government and individuals. Steps to strengthen and adjust climate policy in the years up to 2050 will be in line with the Climate Change Act and in accordance with the Paris Agreement communicate a nationally determined contribution every five years, representing progression beyond its current goals and reflecting the highest possible level of ambition. Box 3.1 2030 – an important milestone on the path towards a low-emission society Under the Paris Agreement, Norway has updated and enhanced its nationally determined contribution under the Paris Agreement.to reduce its emissions by at least 50 % and up to 55 % by 2030 compared to 1990 levels.', 'Box 3.1 2030 – an important milestone on the path towards a low-emission society Under the Paris Agreement, Norway has updated and enhanced its nationally determined contribution under the Paris Agreement.to reduce its emissions by at least 50 % and up to 55 % by 2030 compared to 1990 levels. Norway’s first NDC under the Paris Agreement was to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by at least 40 % by 2030 compared with the reference year 1990. In October 2019, the European Union, Iceland and Norway formally agreed to cooperate on reducing greenhouse gas emissions by at least 40 % by 2030. Norway is also seeking to fulfil its enhanced ambition through its cooperation on climate action with the EU.', 'Norway is also seeking to fulfil its enhanced ambition through its cooperation on climate action with the EU. In the event that Norway s enhanced nationally determined contribution goes beyond the target set in the EU’s next NDC, Norway intends to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement to fulfil the part that goes beyond what is fulfilled through the climate cooperation with the European Union. The policy Norway pursues and the choices it makes in the period up to 2030 will be of crucial importance in laying the basis for the transition to a low-emission society by 2050. Through the climate cooperation with the EU and Iceland, Norway will also take part in EU climate legislation in the period 2021–2030.', 'Through the climate cooperation with the EU and Iceland, Norway will also take part in EU climate legislation in the period 2021–2030. The EU’s climate policy is based on three pieces of legislation: the Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), the Effort Sharing Regulation for emissions that fall outside the EU ETS, and the Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) Regulation. The EU ETS applies to emissions from installations in industry and the energy supply sector, and to aviation within the European Economic Area (EEA). About half of Norway’s total emissions are covered by the system. The ETS sets a joint European cap on emissions, which must not exceed the total number of allowances available. A key mechanism of the ETS is theannual tightening of the cap.', 'A key mechanism of the ETS is theannual tightening of the cap. As a result of this annual reduction in the number of emission allowances, the allowances issued in 2030 will correspond to a cut of 43 % in emissions from all the installations included in the system from 2005. If the linear reduction rate for allowances is maintained unchanged after 2030, the number of allowances available for the installations in the system will be reduced to 365 million by 2050. This is about 84 % lower than the volume of emissions in 2005. The Effort Sharing Regulation applies mainly to emissions from transport, agriculture, buildings and waste, but also to emissions from the oil and gas industry and manufacturing that fall outside the EU ETS.', 'The Effort Sharing Regulation applies mainly to emissions from transport, agriculture, buildings and waste, but also to emissions from the oil and gas industry and manufacturing that fall outside the EU ETS. The Regulation is designed to ensure that the non-ETS emissions in the EU as a whole are reduced by 30 % from 2005 to 2030. Each country is assigned a binding national target to reduce its emissions by between 0 and 40 % between 2005 and 2030, depending on its GDP and taking cost effectiveness into account. The Regulation translates this commitment into binding annual greenhouse gas emission targets for each country for each year in the period 2021–2030.', 'The Regulation translates this commitment into binding annual greenhouse gas emission targets for each country for each year in the period 2021–2030. Countries may choose to achieve their targets by reducing their own emissions or through cooperation with other European countries. The LULUCF) Regulation applies to the following land accounting categories: managed forest land, afforested land, deforested land, managed grassland, managed cropland and managed wetland. If emissions are higher than removals nationally, the accounted net emissions must be offset in one of three ways (the ‘no-debit’ rule): 1) by purchasing LULUCF credits from other EU/EEA countries; 2) by a corresponding extra reduction in emissions under the Effort Sharing Regulations, either nationally or 3) by purchasing emission allowances from another country’s annual emission allocation under the Effort Sharing Regulation.', 'If emissions are higher than removals nationally, the accounted net emissions must be offset in one of three ways (the ‘no-debit’ rule): 1) by purchasing LULUCF credits from other EU/EEA countries; 2) by a corresponding extra reduction in emissions under the Effort Sharing Regulations, either nationally or 3) by purchasing emission allowances from another country’s annual emission allocation under the Effort Sharing Regulation. If removals exceed emissions in a country, a small share of the net removals can be used to meet the country’s commitment under the Effort Sharing Regulation. Each country must also calculate a reference level for managed forest, in practice the level of harvesting in the period 2021– 2030. If the actual quantity harvested is higher than the reference level, this is accounted for as emissions.', 'If the actual quantity harvested is higher than the reference level, this is accounted for as emissions. A lower level of harvesting is accounted for as removals. A compensation mechanism that can be used under certain conditions has been established for countries where emissions from managed forest land exceed removals. This allows countries to increase the level of harvesting above the reference level having to account for the difference as emissions. Norwegian participation in the EU ETS has been part of the EEA Agreement since 2008. Once an agreement on joint fulfilment is concluded with the EU, Norway will also take part in efforts to reduce emissions under the two regulations on non-ETS emissions.', 'Once an agreement on joint fulfilment is concluded with the EU, Norway will also take part in efforts to reduce emissions under the two regulations on non-ETS emissions. This means that Norway will participate in EU efforts to cut emissions on the same lines as the EU member states. Under the Effort Sharing Regulation, Norway will be allocated a target of reducing non-ETS emissions by 40 %. Like the EU member states, Norway will have an obligation to comply with the no-debit rule for the LULUCF sector. This agreement will be included inProtocol 31 of the EEA Agreement, and Norway will only be bound by the two regulations for the period 2012–2030.', 'This agreement will be included inProtocol 31 of the EEA Agreement, and Norway will only be bound by the two regulations for the period 2012–2030. The agreement with the EU sets out the scope of Norway’s 2030 target of reducing emissions by 40 % compared to 1990 levels, but it is up to the Storting and Government to determine how they are to be achieved. The agreement does not preclude emission cuts exceeding those Norway undertakes through its participation in the EU climate legislation. For example, the Government’s political platform sets out the ambition of reducing Norway’s non-ETS emissions by 45 % by 2030 relative to 2005. The Government intends to achieve this through domestic emission reductions, and it is making plans to this end.', 'The Government intends to achieve this through domestic emission reductions, and it is making plans to this end. If strictly necessary, Norway can make use of the EU flexibility mechanisms. This ambition will entail voluntary strengthening of Norway’s commitments for non-ETS emission reductions beyond those in the agreement with the EU on joint fulfilment. will draw up a plan for achieving Norway’s climate commitments once an agreement with the EU on joint fulfilment is in place In this connection, the Government has commissioned a review by several government agencies of mitigation measures that can bring about reductions of at least 50 % in non-ETS emissions by 2030.', 'will draw up a plan for achieving Norway’s climate commitments once an agreement with the EU on joint fulfilment is in place In this connection, the Government has commissioned a review by several government agencies of mitigation measures that can bring about reductions of at least 50 % in non-ETS emissions by 2030. 3.2 A climate policy that results in a low level of emissions in all sectors 3.2.1 It must pay off to cut greenhouse gas emissions Putting a price on emissions is consistent with the polluter-pays-principle. This approach encourages a shift to more climate-friendly production and consumption. The main instruments of Norwegian climate policy are therefore taxes and emissions trading, which are cross-sectoral economic instruments.', 'The main instruments of Norwegian climate policy are therefore taxes and emissions trading, which are cross-sectoral economic instruments. More than 80 % of Norwegian greenhouse gas emissions are currently subject to the CO2 tax, included in the EU ETS, or both. Cross- sectoral economic instruments affect all stakeholders, and give incentives to develop and deploy new technologies. Both current and anticipated prices of emissions will influence how individuals and companies adapt and the decisions they make. Policy instruments used in addition to taxation and emissions trading are direct regulation, standards, agreements and grants for emission reduction measures. These instruments also provide incentives for research and development of low-emission technology. Direct support for technology development is also provided.', 'Direct support for technology development is also provided. Putting a price on emissions – the Emissions Trading System The manufacturing and petroleum sectors in Norway will continue to develop within the framework of the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS). Norway has been part of the EUETS through the EEA Agreement since 2008, and this is crucially important for achieving the country’s climate targets. According to the Climate Change Act, the effect of Norway s participation in the EU ETS is to be taken into account in assessing progress towards its 2050 target. This means that the contribution made by Norwegian companies to emission reductions in Europe through their participation in the EU ETS will be included in assessments of progress towards the target.', 'This means that the contribution made by Norwegian companies to emission reductions in Europe through their participation in the EU ETS will be included in assessments of progress towards the target. Through the annual reductions in the number of allowances issued, the EU ETS will ensure substantial cuts in emissions. After 2020, the annual reduction in the number of allowances will correspond to almost 50 million tonnes CO2 -eq. If the linear reduction rate is maintained after 2030, the number of allowances available will drop from 2 billion in 2013 to 365 million in 2050. This is a reduction of about 86 % from 1990.', 'This is a reduction of about 86 % from 1990. The steady reduction in the number of allowances available will drive emission reductions in sectors covered by the EU ETS, both in the EU and in Norway. The dwindling number of allowances available will mean that installations in the ETS sector have to make deep cuts in their emissions by 2050. Even if the European power supply system is entirely decarbonised, other ETS sectors will also have to reduce their emissions. If the EU ETS continues after 2050 with the same linear reduction rate for the cap, the number of emission allowances issued for manufacturing, the petroleum sector and electricity production will be reduced to zero soon after 2050.', 'If the EU ETS continues after 2050 with the same linear reduction rate for the cap, the number of emission allowances issued for manufacturing, the petroleum sector and electricity production will be reduced to zero soon after 2050. Figur 3.1 Emissions and emissions cap in the EU ETS - Million tons CO2 -equivalents Greenhouse gas emissions and cap in the EU emission trading scheme (EU ETS) Greenhouse gas emission from installations under the EU ETS Emission capThe figure shows actual greenhouse gas emissions from installations in the EU ETS from 2005 to 2018 (bars). The green line shows the number of emission allowances available from 2005 onwards (the cap), assuming that the linear reduction rate remains unchanged after 2030.', 'The green line shows the number of emission allowances available from 2005 onwards (the cap), assuming that the linear reduction rate remains unchanged after 2030. Source: Ministry of Climate and Environment Putting a price on emissions – taxation Norway introduced a CO2 tax in 1991, and was one of the first countries in the world to do so. Since then, taxation of greenhouse gas emissions has been one of the main instruments of Norwegian climate policy. About 66 % of Norway’s total greenhouse gas emissions and 67 % of its non-ETS emissions are now taxed. The tax applies to almost all use of fossil fuels that is not covered by the EU ETS.', 'The tax applies to almost all use of fossil fuels that is not covered by the EU ETS. If the tax is set to give the same carbon price for all emissions, the incentive to reduce emissions is the same across the board. This makes it easier to achieve specific targets at the lowest possible cost to society. In some cases, Norway has applied reduced tax rates and exemptions from the carbon tax. However, n the last few years, a number of the reduced tax rates and exemptions have been removed. The standard carbon tax rate has been raised gradually, and was NOK 508 per tonne CO2 -eq in 2019.', 'The standard carbon tax rate has been raised gradually, and was NOK 508 per tonne CO2 -eq in 2019. Raising taxes gradually over time provides a stable and predictable economic framework, and promotes the development of markets for new low- and zero-emission technologies. The design of instruments for pricing emissions will be developed further over time. Regulatory measures A number of general and sector-specific acts, which vary in purpose, are used to regulate greenhouse gas emissions in Norway today. The most important of them are the Pollution Control Act and the Planning and Building Act. Regulation can ease the transition to a low-emission society provided that regulatory measures are designed to avoid unsound investments and lock-in of solutions that result in high emissions', 'Regulation can ease the transition to a low-emission society provided that regulatory measures are designed to avoid unsound investments and lock-in of solutions that result in high emissions Examples of direct regulation include technical requirements for buildings, biofuel quota obligations for road traffic, regulation of methane emissions from waste treatment and the prohibition of new cultivation in peatland areas. Direct regulatory measures for greenhouse gas emissions are often used in combination with and to supplement other instruments.', 'Direct regulatory measures for greenhouse gas emissions are often used in combination with and to supplement other instruments. A recent example is a prohibition on using mineral oil to heat buildings from 2020, which is being supplemented with grants for the switch to renewable forms of heating and the removal of oil tanks.Application of the Pollution Control Act can be adapted to different industries, and in combination with funding instruments for the research and innovation sector and any other general policy instruments, this can encourage technology development and cuts in emissions. For example, emissions of nitrous oxide from fertiliser production and diffuse emissions from the petroleum industry have been regulated under the Pollution Control Act.', 'For example, emissions of nitrous oxide from fertiliser production and diffuse emissions from the petroleum industry have been regulated under the Pollution Control Act. The Act supplements the general economic instruments such as emissions trading and taxes. 3.2.2 A low-emission development pathway must be just and equitable Most people’s lives will improve in a low-emission society. However, this does not mean that the transition will be without consequences. Through the Paris Agreement, Norway has recognised the importance of ensuring that climate policy supports a low-emission development pathway that is just and equitable for all.', 'Through the Paris Agreement, Norway has recognised the importance of ensuring that climate policy supports a low-emission development pathway that is just and equitable for all. Norway has also endorsed the Guidelines for a Just Transition adopted by the International Labour Organization (ILO).19 These guidelines outline key elements of a just transition, including: • Social protection for people who are adversely affected by the green transition and support for a green transition in the business sector. • Skills development for everyone. • A green transition based on social dialogue. A major part of the labour force in Norway is employed in public or private entities that will only to a limited extent be directly affected by the transition to a low-emission society.', 'A major part of the labour force in Norway is employed in public or private entities that will only to a limited extent be directly affected by the transition to a low-emission society. The qualifications they need may change, but people who are employed for example in the health and care sector will mainly be affected by other processes of change in the years up to 2050. However, some sectors will be more directly affected by a low-emission pathway and will face a higher transition risk. Restructuring will be more challenging for these sectors. Norway has a number of mechanisms that provide good support for restructuring of the labour market.', 'Norway has a number of mechanisms that provide good support for restructuring of the labour market. The tripartite cooperation between employers, trade unions and government is of fundamental importance for dealing with various types of challenges. An important element of this cooperation is to ensure that employees in sectors that are going through restructuring have a safety net and that people have opportunities to develop new skills and acquire new qualifications. It is also important that the education system and continuing training programmes put people in a position where they can find jobs in the labour market in a future low-emission society.', 'It is also important that the education system and continuing training programmes put people in a position where they can find jobs in the labour market in a future low-emission society. In its policy platform, the Government stated that it will pursue a skills policy that helps people to develop the knowledge and skills they need to stay in work as new restructuring needs arise and to obtain new jobs in a changing labour market. This will also provide a good basis for a just and equitable transition to a low-emission society.', 'This will also provide a good basis for a just and equitable transition to a low-emission society. International Labour Organization (2015): Guidelines for a just transition towards environmentally sustainable economies and societies for allKnowledge is the key to continuing the development of new, green, competitive jobs and a better, more effective public sector. Research and higher education is therefore a crucial area in the development of a sustainable society. The Government presented its long-term plan for research and higher education for the period 2019–2028 in a white paper in October 2018 (Meld. St. 4 (2018–2019)). This constitutes part of the Government’s efforts to facilitate growth in overall value creation, create new profitable jobs, restructure the Norwegian economy and implement the transition towards a greener society.', 'This constitutes part of the Government’s efforts to facilitate growth in overall value creation, create new profitable jobs, restructure the Norwegian economy and implement the transition towards a greener society. The long-term plan includes expansion of targeted research and education initiatives and greater research efforts for the transition to a low-emission society. As part of this process, the Government will give priority to developing technology and solutions for the transition to a greener society, strengthen research and higher education that can increase understanding of climate change and lay a foundation for successful climate change adaptation, and strengthen research and higher education to further develop an integrated, knowledge-based public administration that safeguards considerations relating to climate and the environment.', 'As part of this process, the Government will give priority to developing technology and solutions for the transition to a greener society, strengthen research and higher education that can increase understanding of climate change and lay a foundation for successful climate change adaptation, and strengthen research and higher education to further develop an integrated, knowledge-based public administration that safeguards considerations relating to climate and the environment. A just and equitable transition to a low-emission society is an inclusive process involving all parts of society. Everyone must be included, from individuals to civil society organisations. One of Norway’s overall political goals is to increase participation in civil society organisations and voluntary work.', 'One of Norway’s overall political goals is to increase participation in civil society organisations and voluntary work. Because of its importance in Norwegian society, the Government will encourage even more involvement in climate and environmental issues across all types of voluntary organisations and societies. Today’s children and adolescents will be adults in the low-emission society of 2050. Their mobilisation across the country in the spring of 2019 demonstrated a strong engagement and sense of responsibility for their own future. Children’s and young people’s organisations are already included in public consultations so that their views can be reflected in policy development. The Norwegian Children and Youth Council has been represented in the Norwegian delegation to the international climate negotiations under the Climate Change Convention for several years already.', 'The Norwegian Children and Youth Council has been represented in the Norwegian delegation to the international climate negotiations under the Climate Change Convention for several years already. It will be important to maintain this practice as the Paris Agreement is implemented, since the climate negotiations will be the most important arena for ensuring that countries are delivering the contributions they have submitted. Access to information is an essential basis for participation in decision making. Norway’s website miljøstatus.no provides quality-assured information on the state of the environment and environmental trends in Norway, and includes information on climate change for individuals, schools and other groups (some of the information is available in English, see environment.no).', 'Norway’s website miljøstatus.no provides quality-assured information on the state of the environment and environmental trends in Norway, and includes information on climate change for individuals, schools and other groups (some of the information is available in English, see environment.no). A number of government agencies cooperate in providing the information: the Norwegian Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, the Directorate of Fisheries, the Institute of Marine Research, the Norwegian Coastal Administration, the Norwegian Food Safety Authority, the Norwegian Polar Institute and the Directorate for Cultural Heritage. Themunicipalities also have an important role to play in ensuring that people have access to local information on climate change and the low-emission transition. 3.2.3 Enhancing the knowledge base for Norway’s long-term climate policy Climate policy must be based on the best available science.', '3.2.3 Enhancing the knowledge base for Norway’s long-term climate policy Climate policy must be based on the best available science. A sound knowledge base is important not only as a basis for implementing policy as effectively as possible, but also because it helps to reduce uncertainty and puts people in a better position to deal with climate risk. The Climate Risk Commission also highlighted this in its report to the Government.20 Climate policy instruments must be developed on the basis of up-to-date knowledge on what is needed to achieve agreed targets. What appears to be a sensible and effective policy in the short term is not always the option that will result in a low-emission development pathway in the long term.', 'What appears to be a sensible and effective policy in the short term is not always the option that will result in a low-emission development pathway in the long term. Moreover, decisions made now may lock in persistently high emissions and thus prevent Norway from achieving its 2050 target. Analyses of how policy, instruments and measures should be designed to promote a low-emission pathway up to 2050 are therefore extremely important. One of the next steps will therefore be to initiate a 2050 assessment that analyses measures and instruments for achieving Norway’s climate target for 2050. The main purpose will be to develop a sound scientific basis for a framework for a long-term low-emission development pathway in relevant sectors in Norway, in line with its 2050 target.', 'The main purpose will be to develop a sound scientific basis for a framework for a long-term low-emission development pathway in relevant sectors in Norway, in line with its 2050 target. The analysis will outline pathways towards a low-emission society and choices that can be made to promote a low-emission pathway up to 2050. It is important to develop a sound scientific basis that evaluates restructuring needs and possible solutions, and assesses barriers and costs. Climate risk will be considered where relevant. The Government is promoting the development of zero- and low-emission technology. Some of this work will take place outside Norway. The availability of zero- and low-emission technologies and the costs of their deployment will be important considerations.', 'The availability of zero- and low-emission technologies and the costs of their deployment will be important considerations. The analysis will therefore include an overview of technology trends, costs and opportunities internationally. The analysis must also identify cross-sectoral issues. This applies particularly in areas such as sustainable, integrated land-use management, energy, and a just and equitable transition involving various sectors. It will also be crucially important to analyse the roles of different stakeholders in the transition to a low-emission society. These include central government, counties and municipalities, the business sector including the financial industry, and civil 20 NOU 2018: 17 Summary Climate risk and the Norwegian economysociety. The importance of Norway’s relationship with the EU in the period up to 2030 must also be considered.', 'The importance of Norway’s relationship with the EU in the period up to 2030 must also be considered. The transition to a low-emission society in 2050 will affect every part of society. The preparation of the analysis will be an inclusive process, and broad-based public debate will be encouraged. Business and industry will be involved in various ways, including follow-up of the roadmaps various sectors have drawn up for a low-emission transition. These roadmaps describe how different industries can achieve zero emissions by 2050 while at the same time maintaining growth and jobs in Norway.', 'These roadmaps describe how different industries can achieve zero emissions by 2050 while at the same time maintaining growth and jobs in Norway. 3.3 Climate-smart towns and communities, and spatial management in line with a low-emission development pathway Sound social planning and spatial management is important for social development generally and for the development of a low-emission society in particular. Decisions about siting, construction methods and design for buildings, infrastructure and services can influence emissions and energy use for many years into the future. It is therefore vital to start taking the target of transforming Norway into a low-emission society by 2050 into account from now onwards.', 'It is therefore vital to start taking the target of transforming Norway into a low-emission society by 2050 into account from now onwards. This will be relevant when making decisions that directly affect land use, such as the construction of roads and cabins, urban development, and the conversion of agricultural land for other purposes. However, it is important to remember that many different interests must be taken into account in spatial planning, including the development of urban areas. The Planning and Building Act is intended to promote sustainable development in the best interests of individuals, society as a whole and future generations. Within this framework, it allows for climate change to be taken into account in planning a transition to a low-emission society.', 'Within this framework, it allows for climate change to be taken into account in planning a transition to a low-emission society. The Act allows for high priority to be given to local solutions in planning processes. Planning under the Act requires a balance to be found between a number of different, important interests. One factor that will determine how strongly planning processes promote the transition to a low-emission society will be the weight given to considerations of climate change. If plans under the Act are in conflict with national or significant regional interests, the relevant authorities may raise objections to them. This system is designed to ensure that national and significant regional interests are taken into account in local planning.', 'This system is designed to ensure that national and significant regional interests are taken into account in local planning. Sound, clear guidance is vital to ensure that municipalities integrate climate considerations into their planning. The Government has therefore adopted central government planning guidelines for municipalities and counties. Two of these documents are particularly important for sustainable land use and climate-smart towns and communities: • Central Government Planning Guidelines for coordinated housing, land-use and transport planning, which highlight the importance of coordinating developmentpatterns and transport systems. They encourage the development of compact towns and urban areas and steps to promote green forms of transport. They also include guidance for finding a balance between different interests when designing towns and urban communities.', 'They also include guidance for finding a balance between different interests when designing towns and urban communities. In addition, they are intended to play a part in reducing transport needs and the conversion of cultivated and environmentally valuable areas for other purposes. • Central Government Planning Guidelines on climate and energy planning and climate change adaptation, which are intended to facilitate action by municipalities, counties and central government agencies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote a green energy transition through planning processes and otherwise when exercising authority. The guidelines also set out requirements for active climate and energy planning at local level that promotes and plays a part in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and in the green energy transition.', 'The guidelines also set out requirements for active climate and energy planning at local level that promotes and plays a part in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and in the green energy transition. Climate and energy planning is now part of planning processes in the vast majority of municipalities, but there are wide variations in how it is organised and how actively the municipalities use their plans. Some municipalities have a separate climate and energy plan, while others have chosen to integrate climate and energy planning into overall planning processes. A few municipalities, including Hamar and the cities of Bergen and Oslo, have in addition established local carbon budgets, and municipal bodies report on progress towards targets.', 'A few municipalities, including Hamar and the cities of Bergen and Oslo, have in addition established local carbon budgets, and municipal bodies report on progress towards targets. The Norwegian Environment Agency provides guidance, draws up greenhouse gas emission statistics for municipalities and counties, and has developed a tool for calculating the effects of different mitigation measures on emissions. The transport sector will be important in Norway’s transformation to a low-emission society. The white paper Norwegian National Transport Plan 2018–2029 (Meld. St. 33 (2016–2017)) sets out the financial framework for central government investments in the transport sector. It is intended to bring about reductions in greenhouse gas emissions from the transport sector that are consistent with Norway’s transformation to a low-emission society, and to reduce other adverse environmental impacts.', 'It is intended to bring about reductions in greenhouse gas emissions from the transport sector that are consistent with Norway’s transformation to a low-emission society, and to reduce other adverse environmental impacts. Other important elements of the plan include phasing in new technology, the development of infrastructure for zero-emission vehicles, and tax policy. The Government’s initiatives for freight transport; for public transport, walking and cycling; and for green shipping should also reduce emissions from the sector. Norway’s electric vehicle policy has already reduced average greenhouse gas emissions from passenger cars. About 8 % of passenger cars in Norway were electric by the first quarter of 2019. The Ministry of Climate and Environment tasked Enova with establishing a zero-emission fund, which was launched in summer 2019.', 'The Ministry of Climate and Environment tasked Enova with establishing a zero-emission fund, which was launched in summer 2019. This is a funding instrument including several types of grants to reduce emissions from commercial transport through effective deployment of zero- emission solutions.Integrated urban land-use and transport agreements involving central government, county and municipal bodies are being negotiated for Norway’s largest urban areas. So far, only the agreement for Trondheim and its surroundings has been concluded. These agreements are intended to play a part in achieving the target of zero growth in passenger car traffic for the largest urban areas, and to ensure coordination of land-use planning and the development of public transport and pedestrian and cycle paths.', 'These agreements are intended to play a part in achieving the target of zero growth in passenger car traffic for the largest urban areas, and to ensure coordination of land-use planning and the development of public transport and pedestrian and cycle paths. Box 3.2 The ‘Klimasats’ grant scheme The Klimasats grant scheme was established in 2016 and provides support for municipal and county projects. Funding is used to bring about cuts in emissions, increase awareness of possible mitigation measures and increase demand for climate-friendly goods and services.', 'Funding is used to bring about cuts in emissions, increase awareness of possible mitigation measures and increase demand for climate-friendly goods and services. Grants are available in the following five areas under the Klimasats scheme: • climate-friendly land-use and transport planning; • investments in climate-friendly transport measurers; • mitigation measures in other sectors; • conceptual studies of mitigation measures – help to move from words to action; • networking to build expertise and share experiences. Source: Norwegian Environment Agency 1.1.1 Sustainable, integrated spatial management in line with a low-emission development pathway Patterns of land use develop largely as a result of small-scale decisions, each of which on its own would not have major consequences, but that in combination may result in negative impacts on climate and environment.', 'Source: Norwegian Environment Agency 1.1.1 Sustainable, integrated spatial management in line with a low-emission development pathway Patterns of land use develop largely as a result of small-scale decisions, each of which on its own would not have major consequences, but that in combination may result in negative impacts on climate and environment. In making decisions on land use, it is necessary to find a balance between different interests such as food production, infrastructure, climate change, biodiversity and ecosystem services. It is important to avoid decisions that will shift problems elsewhere; for example, measures to reduce deforestation in one area should not result in the development of other carbon-rich areas or areas that are valuable for food production or biodiversity.', 'It is important to avoid decisions that will shift problems elsewhere; for example, measures to reduce deforestation in one area should not result in the development of other carbon-rich areas or areas that are valuable for food production or biodiversity. Box 3.3 Government expectations for regional and municipal planning 2019– Every four years, the Government publishes its expectations for regional and municipal planning as a means of promoting sustainable development throughout the country. The counties and municipalities must use them as a basis for work on regional and municipal planning strategies and plans, and they also apply to central government participation in these planning processes.', 'The counties and municipalities must use them as a basis for work on regional and municipal planning strategies and plans, and they also apply to central government participation in these planning processes. In the latest document, the Government has chosen to focus on four major challenges: • creating a sustainable welfare society;• creating an ecologically sustainable society through an active climate policy and responsible resource management; • creating a socially sustainable society; • creating a safe society for everyone. Regional and local authorities have key responsibilities in addressing these challenges. This applies to all counties and municipalities, regardless of their size and expertise. Planning is one of their most important tools in this work.', 'Planning is one of their most important tools in this work. Source: National expectations regarding regional and municipal planning 2019–2023 In order to reduce development of new areas and land conversion, it should be a priority to use areas that have already been developed efficiently and sustainably. It is therefore important to ensure that different land categories are kept in good condition so that their value is maintained or enhanced and they are of benefit to society. A clearer national approach to land use policy will make it easier to develop an integrated, effective policy based on coordinated evaluation of all land use and to find a balance between different interests and factors that local decision-makers have to take into account.', 'A clearer national approach to land use policy will make it easier to develop an integrated, effective policy based on coordinated evaluation of all land use and to find a balance between different interests and factors that local decision-makers have to take into account. It is important to make an assessment of how a sustainable, integrated spatial management policy can be designed to promote a low-emission development pathway in line with the Paris Agreement and Norway’s climate target for 2050. The agreement between Norway, Iceland and the EU to cooperate on fulfilment of the 2030 climate targets entails an obligation for Norway to ensure that emissions from the LULUCF sector do not exceed removals in 2030.', 'The agreement between Norway, Iceland and the EU to cooperate on fulfilment of the 2030 climate targets entails an obligation for Norway to ensure that emissions from the LULUCF sector do not exceed removals in 2030. The assessment of land use policy mentioned above could therefore include consideration of how a climate and land use target for 2050 can support a sustainiable and holistic land use management. 3.4 A diversified economy and green competitiveness 3.4.1 Innovation and technology development to find low-emission solutions Developing a green, competitive low-emission society that creates value and provides workplaces in Norway will require business and industry to focus on low-emission solutions and a robust research and innovation system that can support initiatives all the way from basic research to the market.', '3.4 A diversified economy and green competitiveness 3.4.1 Innovation and technology development to find low-emission solutions Developing a green, competitive low-emission society that creates value and provides workplaces in Norway will require business and industry to focus on low-emission solutions and a robust research and innovation system that can support initiatives all the way from basic research to the market. Knowledge, skills, research and innovation are an essential basis for maintaining an innovative, competitive business sector in Norway. Research and technology development to promote the shift to a greener society is a very high priority and an important element of the Government’s long-term plan for research and higher education 2015–2024 (Meld.', 'Research and technology development to promote the shift to a greener society is a very high priority and an important element of the Government’s long-term plan for research and higher education 2015–2024 (Meld. St. 4 (2018–2019)).Box 3.4 The Government’s action plan for green shipping Norway is a world leader in the green transition for all shipping segments, but the pace of change must be increased substantially to achieve its ambitions. Norway is already in a leading position globally as regards the deployment of zero- and low-emission technology in the maritime sector. By 2022, more than one third of the country’s car ferries will use electric propulsion systems. The Yara Birkeland is due to be launched in 2020, and will be the world’s first autonomous fully electric container vessel.', 'The Yara Birkeland is due to be launched in 2020, and will be the world’s first autonomous fully electric container vessel. The grocery wholesaler ASKO is planning to use autonomous vessels for emission-free transport of goods across the Oslofjord. The first hydrogen-powered car ferry will be put into operation in Norway in 2021, and this may prepare the way for longer range emission-free shipping. • The Government’s ambitions are to reduce emissions from domestic shipping and fishing vessels by half by 2030 and to promote the development of zero- and low- emission solutions for all vessel categories.', '• The Government’s ambitions are to reduce emissions from domestic shipping and fishing vessels by half by 2030 and to promote the development of zero- and low- emission solutions for all vessel categories. • The Government will take steps to encourage the emergence of Norwegian winners during the green transition in the shipping sector, and will play a part in developing a sustainable shipping sector for the 21st century. • The Government will provide a framework that enables the Norwegian maritime industry to acquire experience and expertise that will put it in a good position to be an important supplier for the forthcoming restructuring of the domestic and global shipping sector.', '• The Government will provide a framework that enables the Norwegian maritime industry to acquire experience and expertise that will put it in a good position to be an important supplier for the forthcoming restructuring of the domestic and global shipping sector. Source: The Government’s action plan for green shipping, 2019 One of the world s most promising technology markets at present comprises climate, environment and energy technologies. Norway is in a good position to succeed in several areas of these markets. Norway has a well-developed business sector, strong knowledge clusters and good educational and training opportunities in areas such as energy and materials technology, carbon capture and storage (CCS), forestry and agriculture, green shipping technology, waste management and recyling, environmental monitoring and green buildings.', 'Norway has a well-developed business sector, strong knowledge clusters and good educational and training opportunities in areas such as energy and materials technology, carbon capture and storage (CCS), forestry and agriculture, green shipping technology, waste management and recyling, environmental monitoring and green buildings. In addition, Norway has for many years had strict environmental legislation and has applied effective policy instruments to control greenhouse gas emissions. This situation promotes improvement, development and a restructuring. In many areas, low-emission solutions are gaining market shares and resulting in wealth creation and jobs. Global climate policy is expected to be made steadily stricter, and this is having a positive effect on willingness to invest in low-emission solutions in various business sectors.', 'Global climate policy is expected to be made steadily stricter, and this is having a positive effect on willingness to invest in low-emission solutions in various business sectors. Investment in research, development and commercialisation of low-emission solutions is vital, and needs the support of society as a whole. Over time, the Government has scaled up and enhanced research efforts for Norway’s transformation to a low-emission society, and it will give priority to technology and solutions for the shift to a greener economy. However, Norway on its own will not be able to develop all the low-emissionsolutions that it needs. A small country like Norway also needs to make use of and adapt to technological developments that are taking place internationally.', 'A small country like Norway also needs to make use of and adapt to technological developments that are taking place internationally. The Government presented its strategy for green competitiveness in 2017. Its aim is to support a green transition that increases value creation in Norway. One of the main priorities in efforts to strengthen Norway’s green competitiveness is to develop targeted initiatives for and focus special attention on climate and environment in publicly-funded research, innovation and technology development, wherever relevant.', 'One of the main priorities in efforts to strengthen Norway’s green competitiveness is to develop targeted initiatives for and focus special attention on climate and environment in publicly-funded research, innovation and technology development, wherever relevant. Box 3.5 Principles of green competitiveness The Government set out certain principles of green competitiveness in its strategy: • the authorities must provide a predictable framework and act as a driving force in Norway’s transition to a low-emission society; • the polluter must pay as part of an integrated policy to promote green competitiveness; • Norway’s target of being a low-emission society by 2050 must be taken into account in planning and investment processes; • there must be targeted initiatives for and a special focus on climate and environment in publicly-funded research, innovation and technology development wherever relevant; • the public sector as a customer must support the adoption and development of new environmentally friendly technologies, products and solutions; • the necessary information must be available to enable consumers, the business sector and investors to choose green solutions and products; • green competitiveness must be based on well-functioning markets.', 'Box 3.5 Principles of green competitiveness The Government set out certain principles of green competitiveness in its strategy: • the authorities must provide a predictable framework and act as a driving force in Norway’s transition to a low-emission society; • the polluter must pay as part of an integrated policy to promote green competitiveness; • Norway’s target of being a low-emission society by 2050 must be taken into account in planning and investment processes; • there must be targeted initiatives for and a special focus on climate and environment in publicly-funded research, innovation and technology development wherever relevant; • the public sector as a customer must support the adoption and development of new environmentally friendly technologies, products and solutions; • the necessary information must be available to enable consumers, the business sector and investors to choose green solutions and products; • green competitiveness must be based on well-functioning markets. Source: Better growth, lower emissions – the Norwegian Government’s strategy for green competitiveness, Norway has a broad set funding agencies that promote the development of climate and environmental technology and green competitiveness.', 'Source: Better growth, lower emissions – the Norwegian Government’s strategy for green competitiveness, Norway has a broad set funding agencies that promote the development of climate and environmental technology and green competitiveness. The most important of these are Enova, Innovation Norway, the Research Council of Norway and the SkatteFUNN tax incentive scheme. Enova supports technology and market development that can play a part in the transition to a low-emission society. It runs various programmes that provide investment support and risk reduction for businesses that are developing and testing new solutions or that wish to make use of new technology. The aim is to promote permanent change in the market for new energy-efficient and climate-friendly solutions that will have a place in a low-emission society.', 'The aim is to promote permanent change in the market for new energy-efficient and climate-friendly solutions that will have a place in a low-emission society. Enova’s goals are to promote:• reductions in greenhouse gas emissions that will contribute towards Norway’s emission reduction commitment for 2030; • greater innovation in energy and climate technology that is adapted to the transition to a low-emission society; • improved security of supply through flexible and efficient use of energy and peak load capacity. Some of the changes that will be needed depend on technology and solutions that may take years to develop. Companies therefore need considerable willingness to invest and take risks. Funding from Enova reduces the risk for businesses and makes it more likely that new solutions will be developed and deployed.', 'Funding from Enova reduces the risk for businesses and makes it more likely that new solutions will be developed and deployed. Enova provides support both to help technology initiatives to make the transition from the pilot phase to market introduction, and to promote permanent market change. Box 3.6 Gassnova Gassnova is a state-owned enterprise working in the field of carbon capture and storage. Its main task is to promote the development of technology and expertise for cost-effective, innovative CCS solutions. Gassnova is playing a key role in maturing the full-scale CCS project in Norway. Innovation Norway’s main task is to promote business development that is profitable in both business and socio-economic terms, and to unlock the potential for business development in different regions of the country.', 'Innovation Norway’s main task is to promote business development that is profitable in both business and socio-economic terms, and to unlock the potential for business development in different regions of the country. Innovation Norway administers the environmental technology scheme, which promotes the development of green solutions. The scheme encourages sustainable business and industry in Norway by providing grants for pilot and demonstration projects based on environmental technology. The Research Council of Norway is charged with generating value added in the research system through the achievement of research that could not otherwise be realised by the various stakeholders on their own.', 'The Research Council of Norway is charged with generating value added in the research system through the achievement of research that could not otherwise be realised by the various stakeholders on their own. Its mission is to promote an integrated research and development system that supplies high-quality research, develops knowledge that can be used to address major social and industrial challenges, encourages dynamic national and international collaboration, and creates a framework for learning, application and innovation. The Resarch Council channels funding through research programmes, which issue calls for proposals at regular intervals.', 'The Resarch Council channels funding through research programmes, which issue calls for proposals at regular intervals. Most of its current research activity related to low-emission technologies is in the energy field, primarily renewable energy, energy efficiency and CCS.The Research Council also administers the SKATTEfunn tax incentive scheme, a rights-based scheme that provides tax deductions for all businesses engaged in R&D. To promote green competitiveness through research, innovation and technology development, it is important to ensure good coordination between public agencies in the research and innovation system. A good example of this is the PILOT-E scheme, which involves collaboration between Innovation Norway, the Research Council and Enova.', 'A good example of this is the PILOT-E scheme, which involves collaboration between Innovation Norway, the Research Council and Enova. The objective of the scheme is to speed up the development and deployment of novel products and services in the field of environment-friendly energy technology as a way of promoting the low-emission transition both in Norway and internationally. Box 3.7 "Nysnø" Climate Investments Nysnø was established in December 2017 and began operating in autumn 2018. Its purpose is to make profitable investments in new, climate-friendly technology that directly or indirectly helps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Its investments largely target new technology at the transition stage from development to commercialisation. It focuses mainly on companies in early phases of development, but can also make follow-up investments in later phases.', 'It focuses mainly on companies in early phases of development, but can also make follow-up investments in later phases. Nysnø invests in companies that are not listed on the stock market and/or funds that target such companies, and that operate in or from Norway. 3.4.2 Investment for a low-emission development pathway and assessment of climate risk To achieve the world’s climate targets, it will be necessary to make both public and private investments more sustainable, especially investments in infrastructure and other long-term investments. This is recognised in the Paris Agreement, where one of the aims is to make finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions and climate- resilient development.', 'This is recognised in the Paris Agreement, where one of the aims is to make finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions and climate- resilient development. In its 2017 report Investing in Climate, Investing in Growth, the OECD pointed out that investments in emission-intensive solutions today can make the transition to a low-emission future both costlier and more difficult. The world cannot rely on finding new finance flows to fund a low-emission future. Already existing finance flows must therefore be used for investments that will promote a low-emission pathway, not prevent it. Box 3.8 Roadmap for the financial sector In June 2018, Finance Norway published its Roadmap for Green Competitiveness in the Financial Sector.', 'Box 3.8 Roadmap for the financial sector In June 2018, Finance Norway published its Roadmap for Green Competitiveness in the Financial Sector. This is intended to point the way towards a profitable and sustainable financial sector in 2030. It includes a number of general and industry-specific recommendations for the financial industry and for the authorities. The roadmap demonstrates that the industry is aware of its role in the transition to a low-emission economy. One of its key recommendations is that the financial industry should contribute to innovation and change in other sectors. Finance Norway points out that as a lender, insurer and investor, the financialsector can be a good partner and driver of change in other industries, through both pricing and cooperation.', 'Finance Norway points out that as a lender, insurer and investor, the financialsector can be a good partner and driver of change in other industries, through both pricing and cooperation. The roadmap therefore recommends that the financial sector should work more closely with other industries such as construction, the process industries and the oil and gas industry to identify potential improvements and financing needs. It also recommends intensifying work on active ownership, both individually and collectively, for example through dialogue with companies’ boards and management, voting at general meetings, and cooperating with asset managers.', 'It also recommends intensifying work on active ownership, both individually and collectively, for example through dialogue with companies’ boards and management, voting at general meetings, and cooperating with asset managers. Finance Norway points to the need to increase expertise and understanding of climate risk in the industry, and states that this change can be made more quickly and effectively if directors and management have the necessary knowledge. In a survey of Norway’s major financial institutions, the Norwegian Climate Foundation found that climate risk is on the agenda of the management and board of most institutions, and that most of them are taking steps to build up their employees’ expertise in this field. Source: Finance Norway, 2018.', 'In a survey of Norway’s major financial institutions, the Norwegian Climate Foundation found that climate risk is on the agenda of the management and board of most institutions, and that most of them are taking steps to build up their employees’ expertise in this field. Source: Finance Norway, 2018. Roadmap for Green Competitiveness in the Financial Sector The global perspective of the report is also relevant to Norway, both for private and public investments within the country and for private investments outside Norway. Hydropower and water supply infrastructure, roads and buildings are infrastructure types that have a long lifetime in Norway. Decisions on these kinds of investments are made every day at various levels and by a variety of stakeholders.', 'Decisions on these kinds of investments are made every day at various levels and by a variety of stakeholders. It is therefore vital to ensure proper assessment of how a low-emission development pathway will affect the viability of and risks associated with long-term investments in both the private and the public sector, and to find suitable responses. Assessments of this kind reduce the risk of making unsound investments. In its 2018 report21, the Climate Risk Commission identified some general principles that can improve the way society manages climate risk. They include ensuring that there is a sound framework for assessments and decisions and that analytical processes are broad-based and integrated.', 'They include ensuring that there is a sound framework for assessments and decisions and that analytical processes are broad-based and integrated. On the basis of these principles, the Commission drew up recommendations for both the private and the public sector. The Norwegian Government considers sound information and analyses, good decision- making processes and the right incentives as an important basis for sound management of climate risk in both the private and the public sector. Obtaining more information and knowlege on climate risk can be useful for both sectors. The Government plans to provide an overview of efforts to identify and reduce climate- related risks in the next white paper on long-term perspectives on the Norwegian economy.', 'The Government plans to provide an overview of efforts to identify and reduce climate- related risks in the next white paper on long-term perspectives on the Norwegian economy. The annual budget documents will include an update on the status of this work. The NOU 2018: 17 Summary Climate risk and the Norwegian economyGovernment intends to follow up the recommendation by the Climate Risk Commission to stress test Norway’s public finances and national wealth. In this connection, scenarios for oil, gas and carbon prices will be established, including a scenario reflecting the objectives of the Paris Agreement. The Climate Risk Commission recommended the preparation of central government guidelines on climate risk to improve the decision-making system for the public sector.', 'The Climate Risk Commission recommended the preparation of central government guidelines on climate risk to improve the decision-making system for the public sector. The Government agrees that as climate-related risks become apparent, they must be taken into account in assessments of public policies and measures and must be considered in conjuunction with other forms of risk and the framework used for risk management generally. The Government will review existing guidance on economic analysis for the most relevant sectors and consider whether climate risk is adequately taken into account, given the Commission’s recommendation. One important recommendation by the Commission is that Norwegian companies should use the TCFD framework for climate-related financial disclosures.', 'One important recommendation by the Commission is that Norwegian companies should use the TCFD framework for climate-related financial disclosures. The Government agrees with the Commision that the TCFD’s recommendations provide a useful framework for reporting on climate-related risk. Large Norwegian companies should report in line with the TCFD framework. The Government will consider the Commission’s recommendation that a suitable framework should be established for disclosure of climate-related risks in the public sector and at national level. This could be a way of making assessments of climate risk as comparable as possible across sectors. At the same time, stricter requirements for reporting must be weighed up against the increase in costs this will involve. Many tools for assessing climate risk are available to the municipalities.', 'Many tools for assessing climate risk are available to the municipalities. The Government will evaluate whether the municipalities are take sufficient account of climate-related risks in their spatial planning processes. 3.4.3 Public procurement The Norwegian public sector procures goods and services worth more than NOK 500 billion every year. This includes everything from major investments such as ferry services and buildings to purchases of office supplies. The organisation of public procurement is intended to ensure effective use of resources in the public sector. Public procurement is also a tool for achieving climate and environmental targets and has implications for the development of a low-emission society. The public sector can in some connections promote innovation and development in the supplier market by creating a demand for new solutions.', 'The public sector can in some connections promote innovation and development in the supplier market by creating a demand for new solutions. New climate- and environment-friendly goods and services are being developed rapidly, and the Government wishes public procurement to be used as a driver of innovation and transformation in the Norwegian economy.National, county and municipal authorities and bodies governed by public law are required to organise their procurement activities in such a way that they reduce harmful environmental impacts and promote climate-friendly solutions where relevant. They can do this by including environmental criteria and conditions at various stages of a procurement process. If purchasers choose to include an environment-related award criterion, it should as a general rule be given a weighting of at least 30 %.', 'If purchasers choose to include an environment-related award criterion, it should as a general rule be given a weighting of at least 30 %. This gives suppliers a clear signal that environmental considerations are an important element of the procurement process. Although there are legal requirements for public bodies to reduce the environmental impacts of their activities and promote climate-friendly procurement solutions, this is an area where the authorities themselves consider that they can do much more. Analyses by the Agency for Public Management and eGovernment indicate that there is a substantial potential for improvement as regards including environmental considerations in procurement processes, ensuring adequate levels of knowledge and expertise in organisations, and implementing procurement processes.', 'Analyses by the Agency for Public Management and eGovernment indicate that there is a substantial potential for improvement as regards including environmental considerations in procurement processes, ensuring adequate levels of knowledge and expertise in organisations, and implementing procurement processes. To increase the proportion of green public procurement, it is important to build up expertise on how to include climate and environmental considerations in procurement processes, ensure that procurement strategies are a management responsibility, and make practical guidance easily available. It is also important that the environmental provisions of the procurement legislation are supplemented with a procurement policy that clarifies the areas where climate and environmental considerations have priority. Clear long- term priorities make public procurement more effective and provide a more predictable business climate.', 'Clear long- term priorities make public procurement more effective and provide a more predictable business climate. The Government will prepare an action plan to put a green procurement policy into practice and thus increase the proportion of green public procurement and green innovation processes. Box 3.9 National Programme for Supplier Development The National Programme for Supplier Development was set up to promote innovation in public procurement. Innovative procurement involves making use of the opportunities offered by the procurement legislation and policy instruments to buy better products and services. The purpose is to make services better and more effective, create industrial growth and reduce emissions. The National Programme for Supplier Development is a driver of innovative procurement by contracting authorities at central and local government level.', 'The National Programme for Supplier Development is a driver of innovative procurement by contracting authorities at central and local government level. The Confederation of Norwegian Enterprise, the Norwegian Association of Local and Regional Authorities, the Agency for Public Management and eGovernment, Innovation Norway and the Research Council of Norway are responsible for the programme. The Confederation acts as project manager and provides a secretariat. Since it started in 2010, the programme has assisted local and central government bodies with more than 150 procurement processes and developed methodology for innovative public procurement.', 'Since it started in 2010, the programme has assisted local and central government bodies with more than 150 procurement processes and developed methodology for innovative public procurement. Source: innovativeanskaffelser.noThe Government will consider whether key bodies responsible for climate and environmental work and public procurement, including the Agency for Public Management and eGovernment can develop tools to identify the effects and costs of including environmental requirements in public procurement processes. This could promote a general, coordinated build-up of expertise and help public bodies to carry out good, effective green procurement processes. 3.5 Norway’s contribution to a low-emission development pathway in other countries Climate change is a global problem, and a global low-emission development pathway will only be possible if all countries do their part.', '3.5 Norway’s contribution to a low-emission development pathway in other countries Climate change is a global problem, and a global low-emission development pathway will only be possible if all countries do their part. It is clearly in Norway’s interests for other countries to work to achieve and strengthen their climate targets, and Norway’s policy is to promote positive drivers of a global low-emission development pathway. Norway will also work internationally to minimise negative drivers, such as fossil fuel subsidies. There are many available channels for strengthening international efforts. One of them is to play a leading role in the climate negotiations through development cooperation and regional and global cooperation.', 'One of them is to play a leading role in the climate negotiations through development cooperation and regional and global cooperation. The UN Climate Change Convention and the international climate negotiations are the main forum for developing the legal basis for international climate cooperation. Norway is a driving force in these negotiations, and has for several years played a key role in developing rules under the Convention and the Paris Agreement. As the Katowice Rulebook adopted during the 2018 climate summit is implemented and further developed, it will be important for Norway to seek to ensure that this process strengthens the Paris Agreement so that climate targets can be achieved. Regional cooperation is another important channel for Norway’s international climate efforts.', 'Regional cooperation is another important channel for Norway’s international climate efforts. Norway is making a substantial contribution to the transformation process in Europe, for example through the EEA and Norway Grants, where climate change and the environment are important priorities. Norway is also calling for an ambitious European climate policy, for example through its participation in the Green Growth Group, which brings together the EU countries that are advocating an ambitious EU climate policy. Cooperation and the development of climate technology are important elements of Norway’s contribution to global transformation. Technology development and cooperation on low- emission solutions are essential. Norway is at the forefront in several areas, including green shipping and offshore wind power.', 'Norway is at the forefront in several areas, including green shipping and offshore wind power. CCS technology will play an important part in efforts to achieve the Paris target. Norwegian CCS activities span the entire development chain, and are making an important contribution to technology development in this field.The Government’s ambition is to achieve a cost-effective solution for full-scale CCS in Norway, provided that this also results in technology development internationally. The overall goal of the Government’s work in this field is to play a part in making CCS a cost-effective option to combating global climate change. Norway’s plan is to develop a CO2 storage site with considerably more capacity than is needed for the Norwegian full-scale project.', 'Norway’s plan is to develop a CO2 storage site with considerably more capacity than is needed for the Norwegian full-scale project. If the project is realised, this will make it possible for other industrial operators to store their in the same facility rather than having to develop their own storage sites. People’s purchasing habits and their consumption in Norway also have effects globally. Goods and services purchased in Norway require both resources and energy to produce, and generate emissions beyond Norway’s borders. The public sector, individual people and companies are all consumers, and can play a part in the shift to a low-emission development pathway by demanding goods and services that result in low emissions both in the production phase and during use.', 'The public sector, individual people and companies are all consumers, and can play a part in the shift to a low-emission development pathway by demanding goods and services that result in low emissions both in the production phase and during use. Mitigation measures introduced in Norway can also have effects in other countries. For example, imported biofuels may have negative impacts in the countries where they are produced. The Government is pursuing an ambitious biofuel policy, but is at the same time seeking to avoid a situation where Norwegian demand increases deforestation. A requirement for fuel suppliers to include a certain proportion of advanced biofuels in the mix has therefore been introduced.', 'A requirement for fuel suppliers to include a certain proportion of advanced biofuels in the mix has therefore been introduced. In 2019, the Norwegian Environment Agency began to publish detailed information on biofuel sales by different companies, and the Agency for Public Management and eGovernment has published guidance on purchasing biofuels that are associated with a low risk of deforestation. Norway’s international climate work focuses on important sectors such as forests, energy and agriculture. Through the International Climate and Forest Initiative, Norway is seeing to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. This is Norway’s largest contribution to international climate action. Through bilateral agreements, the Climate and Forest Initiative pays for reductions in emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries.', 'Through bilateral agreements, the Climate and Forest Initiative pays for reductions in emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries. In addition to reducing emissions, the initiative is having positive effects in other areas such as poverty, the rights of indigenous people and biodiversity. Steps to strengthen and further develop the initiative as a key part of the global climate solution will therefore continue to have very high priority. In the years ahead, it is developing countries that will account for the largest share of investments in infrastructure and energy systems. It is vital that these investments are based on renewable energy and other low-emission solutions.', 'It is vital that these investments are based on renewable energy and other low-emission solutions. Climate finance, technology cooperation and capacity building will be vital tools for enabling developing countries to restructure their economies to combine economic growth with a low-emission developmentpathway. Norway will take a broad-based, integrated approach to the use of such tools to promote a long-term global low-emission pathway. Payment by results and cooperation on emission reductions involving emissions trading (market-based mechanisms) can help to boost the level of ambition and bring about the necessary transformation. Norway is also cooperating with developing countries such as China on emission reductions. China launched a national emissions trading system in 2017. The Norwegian Environment Agency is cooperating with Chinese authorities on preparations for its implementation.', 'The Norwegian Environment Agency is cooperating with Chinese authorities on preparations for its implementation. This is an important step towards pricing of emissions in China. Norway will continue to give priority to bilateral climate and environmental cooperation with important developing countries such as China, India and South Africa. Public funding is not sufficient in itself to bring about a global low-emission development pathway, but providing public funding can be an important way of mobilising private capital. Development aid can thus be used to mobilise other and larger capital flows. The energy sector is particularly important in the transition to a low-emission development pathway, since it is responsible for a large proportion of global emissions.', 'The energy sector is particularly important in the transition to a low-emission development pathway, since it is responsible for a large proportion of global emissions. It is therefore vital to promote renewable energy and energy efficiency in developing countries so that alternatives to coal are developed and deployed. Facilitating low emission development pathways may also have a range of economic and social benefits. In developing countries where the authorities’ capacity is limited, it is important to take a coordinated approach to development goals and work towards several goals at the same time. For example, air pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions often share the same sources.', 'For example, air pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions often share the same sources. It can be sensible to coordinate action so that both types of emissions are reduced, thus maximising the climate and air quality benefits and improving public people’s health, reducing mortality and reducing emissions at the same time. Norway will therefore intensify its efforts to build up knowledge and capacity that will make it possible to coordinate work on climate change and air pollution. Norway’s bilateral climate efforts are largely related to its development cooperation, but the world is changing rapidly and new stakeholders are becoming involved, so that other constellations may become important for cooperation. In many countries, cooperation at state or regional level is important.', 'In many countries, cooperation at state or regional level is important. For example, various states in the US have adopted ambitious emission reduction targets. California, which is effectively the world’s fifth largest economy, has set itself the target of becoming climate neutral by 2050. In 2017, Norway entered into cooperation with California on the exchange of experience and knowledge in several fields.3.6 Behaviour patterns and sustainable lifestyles as part of a low- emission development pathway Sustainable lifestyles will be an essential element of a low-emission development pathway in line with the long-term temperature target of the Paris Agreement. This means that the choices made by individual people are important. Access to knowledge and information and financial incentives help people to choose low-emission solutions in their everyday lives.', 'Access to knowledge and information and financial incentives help people to choose low-emission solutions in their everyday lives. The authorities have an important role to play in facilitating this, but suppliers of goods and services, including retailers, are also important because they can provide low-emission options for people to choose. In Norway, a range of incentives encourage behaviour patterns in line with a low-emission development pathway. Pricing of emissions is the most effective way of steering changes in behaviour patterns over time. Other types of incentives can be used to speed up the pace of change, for example incentives that encourage people to buy electric vehicles. Consumption in Norway is growing rapidly, and the environmental pressure caused by private consumption in Norway is high in global terms.', 'Consumption in Norway is growing rapidly, and the environmental pressure caused by private consumption in Norway is high in global terms. Much of what we consume in Norway is produced in other countries, and domestic consumption thus plays a part in driving greenhouse gas emissions and environmental pressure outside Norway’s borders as well. The Government aims to promote more sustainable consumption patterns, and will therefore encourage cooperation and voluntary arrangements to this end. The Government’s efforts are intended to facilitate a shift to a more sustainble pathway by consumers, businesses and others. To make this possible, different stakeholders need relevant information and expertise. The Government therefore intends to take initiatives to boost knowledge in several areas.', 'The Government therefore intends to take initiatives to boost knowledge in several areas. Access to information can make it easier to choose low-emission solutions. Information on products and services must be readily available, easy to understand, objective and quality assured. Official ecolabelling schemes such as the Nordic Swan and the EU Ecolabel are intended to make it easier for people to make environmentally sound choices. Box 3.10 The Nordic Swan Ecolabel and the EU Ecolabel The Nordic Swan Ecoloabel was established in 1989 by the Nordic Council of Ministers to provide consumers with quality assured environmental information.', 'Box 3.10 The Nordic Swan Ecolabel and the EU Ecolabel The Nordic Swan Ecoloabel was established in 1989 by the Nordic Council of Ministers to provide consumers with quality assured environmental information. The ecolabel makes it easier to choose the environmentally best goods and services, and sets strict requirements for reducing climate impacts, more sustainable use of resources and a non-toxic environment.The EU Ecolabel is the EU’s official scheme, and is similar to the Nordic Swan. Producers must be able to document that their products meet a range of strict health and environmental criteria. Source: Stortingsmelding 25 (2018–2019) Framtidas forbrukar – grøn, smart og digital The Government will focus on increasing knowledge about sustainable consumption through information and teaching in schools and other educational institutions.', 'Source: Stortingsmelding 25 (2018–2019) Framtidas forbrukar – grøn, smart og digital The Government will focus on increasing knowledge about sustainable consumption through information and teaching in schools and other educational institutions. These institutions are important arenas for raising awareness about ethical issues and environmental and resource problems, and for raising the level of knowledge about consumption and sustainability. A number of businesses are already conscious of their role here, and are involved in efforts to develop a more sustainable society. However, there is no common meeting place for commercial stakeholders such as retailers who are in direct contact with consumers, experts (e.g. environmental researchers) and other interest groups and organisations (e.g. the Norwegian Consumer Council). The Government therefore announced in a recent white paper on consumer policy (Meld.', 'The Government therefore announced in a recent white paper on consumer policy (Meld. St. 25 (2018–2019)) that it will establish a cooperation forum for sustainable development. The forum will be a meeting place where private- and public-sector stakeholders can exchange knowledge, ideas and experience that can be used in developing and identifying solutions for more sustainable consumption. Information-sharing will enable the forum to promote innovation and spin-off effects by making good ideas accessible to a wider public than its participants. Box 3.11 Revision of school curricula The Ministry of Education and Resarch is in the process of updating and revising curricula for all school subjects. Three interdisciplinary topics are to be introduced as part of the core curriculum: • health and life skills; • democracy and citizenship; • sustainable development.', 'Three interdisciplinary topics are to be introduced as part of the core curriculum: • health and life skills; • democracy and citizenship; • sustainable development. These interdisciplinary topics will be included in the curricula for relevant subjects. The new curricula were adopted in autumn 2019 and will be in use from the school year 2020/2021. Source: Stortingsmelding 25 (2018–2019) Framtidas forbrukar – grøn, smart og digital Developong a circular economy can make resource use more efficient and reduce resource use in many areas. There are various examples of circular models in industrial settings in Norway. In Mo Industrial Park in North Norway, for example, heat recovery during metal production provides energy for use by other industries.', 'In Mo Industrial Park in North Norway, for example, heat recovery during metal production provides energy for use by other industries. The Government wishes Norway to play a pioneering role in the development of a green, circular economy that makes better use of resources.A more circular economy can improve resource efficiency and play a part in: • achieving a low-emission development pathway and reducing greenhouse gas emissions; • reducing pollution; • reducing pressure on the environment and natural resources; • green value creation and green competitiveness. Norway’s consumer policy, together with its climate and environmental policy, is intended to drive the development of new sustainable solutions by facilitating cooperation between the business sector, authorities and civil society.']

en-US

OMN

Oman

1st NDC

2019-05-22 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/OMAN%20INDCs.pdf

Non-Annex I

High-income

Asia

0

MENA

../data/downloaded_documents/772575326a12deeaa0df5abbf5ce44ae14a72d0c10f8556a5b690da4aa3cb26d.pdf

['SULTANATE OF OMAN MINISTRY OF ENVIRONEMNT AND CLIMATE AFFAIRS SUBMISSION ON INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS (lNDCs) .tlntroduction The present document ( Oman INDC) has been prepared in coordination with various stakeholders in the country as per the mandate of Conference of the Parties (COP) and by itsdecision 11CP.19, wherein all Parties have been invited to initiate or intensify domestic preparations for their INDCs towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2. lt takes into consideration the two aspects i.e. mitigation and adaptation.', 'LrSsl olSill eLr.3 +J"il| di+$ill .tSULTANTE OF OMAN MINISTRY OF ENVIRONEMNT AND CLIMATE AFFAIRS SUBMISSION ON INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS (lNDCs) .tlntroduction The present document ( Oman INDC) has been prepared in coordination with various stakeholders in the country as per the mandate of Conference of the Parties (COP) and by itsdecision 11CP.19, wherein all Parties have been invited to initiate or intensify domestic preparations for their INDCs towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2. lt takes into consideration the two aspects i.e. mitigation and adaptation. The information in the document are provided as per decision The INDC of Oman Oman provides its INDC based on the following: The implementation of the INDC is conditional to the assistance will be provided by the UNFCCC on finance, capacity buildinq and transfer of technology.', 'The information in the document are provided as per decision The INDC of Oman Oman provides its INDC based on the following: The implementation of the INDC is conditional to the assistance will be provided by the UNFCCC on finance, capacity buildinq and transfer of technology. A INDC o The projections of GHG emissions for Oman are based on the economic and social growth. o ln the absence of INDC, GHG is expected to be 90524 Gg in year 2030; as depicted in the following chart. Oman will control its expected GHG emissions growth by 2o/o to be 88714 Gg during the period from 2020 - 2030 as depicted in the following chart.', 'Oman will control its expected GHG emissions growth by 2o/o to be 88714 Gg during the period from 2020 - 2030 as depicted in the following chart. Total GHG Emission Outturn and Projections (1995-2030)B Type of mitigation contributions o Reduction in Gas flaring from oil industries; o lncrease the share of renewable energy; o lncrease the energy efficiency projects among industries; o Develop new legislation on climate change which will support the adoption of low carbon and energy efficiency technologies. . Reduction of HCFC use in foam and refrigeration sector. c Timeframe or time period D Base year . N/A. o The year 1994 has been considered for the GHG groMh projections in accordance with the lnitial national communication. E Coverage in terms of: Geographical boundaries; Sectors; Greenhouse gases Entire country for the following sectors: .', 'E Coverage in terms of: Geographical boundaries; Sectors; Greenhouse gases Entire country for the following sectors: . Energy; o lndustrial processes; ind Following GHGs will be targeted: . Carbon dioxide (CO2); o Methane (CH ); . Nitrous oxide (N2O); o Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCS) ); and . Perfluorocarbons (PFCs); F Baseline methodologies IPCC Guidelines G Projected climate impacts and related assumptions The identified climate change impact are. . Tropical cyclone & storm surge, o Flush flooding, o Heat waves, o Sea level rise, o Coastal erosion, o Water scarcity and desertification , o Reduction in fisheiies & impacts on marine environment and agriculture. wasteH Type of adaptation contributions ln addition to the etforts made by the Sultanate on adaptation, further efforts would be made conditional to the fund, capacity building and transfer of technology which will be provided by the UNFCCC.', 'wasteH Type of adaptation contributions ln addition to the etforts made by the Sultanate on adaptation, further efforts would be made conditional to the fund, capacity building and transfer of technology which will be provided by the UNFCCC. The efforts will be in the following areas: o Tropical cyclone, coastal erosion and sea Level rise o Fisheries and marine environment; . Water scarcity and desertification; o Flood protection ; o Energy security; .', 'Water scarcity and desertification; o Flood protection ; o Energy security; . Food security; and o Development of national adaptation strategy on climate impacts I Oman s requirements of Finance, Transfer of Technology and Capacity Building Fund, capacity building and transfer of technology from the UNFCCC will be required by the Sultanate of Oman to make further efforts in the following areas: o Sustainablebuildings; o Development of renewable energy. . Energy efficiency o Low carbon transport initiatives; o Low carbon technologies among the industries; o Methane eecovery from solid waste dumping sites; and o Carbon sinks Adaptation Tropical storms and high wind speeds; Energy sector; Coastal erosion and flooding; Water Sector; Health sector Fisheries and marine environment; and Agriculture Sector 2.']

cy-GB

OMN

Oman

2nd NDC

2021-07-29 00:00:00

x

NDC 2.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Second%20NDC%20Report%20Oman.pdf

Non-Annex I

High-income

Asia

0

MENA

../data/downloaded_documents/5c9da98808b837ce508a02c0063856b3687d0de04196de4a760aa01f84af22a7.pdf

['Contents 1. NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES ___________________________________________________________ 4 2. VISION 2040: OMAN S STRATEGY TOWARDS A LOW CARBON ECONOMY _______________________ 5 3. 2030 CARBON CONTROL TARGET PLAN ___________________________________________________ 7 3.1. LARGE SCALE RENEWABLES AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY PLAN ________________________________________ 7 3.2. CARBON REDUCTION PLAN FOR THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY ______________________________________ 10 IV. CLIMATE PREPAREDNESS AND RESILIENCE ______________________________________________ 10 V. MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION _________________________________________________________ 11 VI. INFORMATION NECESSARY FOR CLARITY, TRANSPARENCY, AND UNDERSTANDING OF THE SECONDSummary The Second Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) is rooted in the Oman vision 2040 and the National Energy Strategy to support a gradual transition to a low carbon economy and an energy matrix significantly lower in carbon emissions. The deployment of renewable energy and the deepening of energy efficiency actions are the 2030 carbon control plan pillars.', 'The deployment of renewable energy and the deepening of energy efficiency actions are the 2030 carbon control plan pillars. They would enable the Sultanate of Oman to slow GHG emission growth and reduce them by 7% in 2030, compared to the Business-As-Usual (BAU) scenario, which is predicted at about 125.254 MTCO2e. 4% of the GHG reduction commitment will be based on national efforts, and the remaining 3% would necessitate grants and other forms of concessional financing and assistance with capacity building and institutional strengthening, and access to appropriate technologies. International climate finance is a crucial element for the Sultanate of Oman to further bend the GHG emission growth curve over the next decade.', 'International climate finance is a crucial element for the Sultanate of Oman to further bend the GHG emission growth curve over the next decade. Article 6 of the Paris Agreement is an additional mechanism for the Sultanate of Oman to achieve cost-efficient emission reductions, facilitate the transfer of carbon mitigation technology, and deliver significant sustainable development co-benefits. Such co-benefits would reduce air pollutants , create jobs, and lay the ground for the just transition to a climate-resilient economy and society. The Sultanate of Oman adopted a strategic alignment between their NDC adaptation goals with the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) process to foster the resilient climate development s coherence and efficiency.', 'The Sultanate of Oman adopted a strategic alignment between their NDC adaptation goals with the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) process to foster the resilient climate development s coherence and efficiency. The NAP s objective is to integrate the adaptation into development planning in Oman, resulting in low carbon, climate-resilient development priorities, projects, and transition pathways. Climate economics and finance are central in dealing with this objective. NAP will build a national system for developing project pipelines that help Oman mobilize local funds (public and private) and access climate finance from international funds to implement climate-resilient and transition pathways. The need for the Sultanate of Oman to cope with climate threats is enormous, and the resources to address this are limited.', 'The need for the Sultanate of Oman to cope with climate threats is enormous, and the resources to address this are limited. Therefore, mobilizing climate finance from a variety of sources is a top priority of the NAP process that will be implemented over 2021- 2024 with GCF to address the financial needs of the Sultanate to cope with climate change in a context of a fast, fair, and just transition to a resilient, low carbon economy. The Covid19 pandemic outbreak has plunged the national economy into an unprecedented recession.', 'The Covid19 pandemic outbreak has plunged the national economy into an unprecedented recession. The Sultanate of Oman continues to resolve health crises and secure critical public services in tandem with comprehensive policies that promote long-term growth, including improving governance and the business environment and extending and improving investment outcomes in education and public health. As the Covid19 pandemic persists, the socio-economic consequences will almost certainly last a long time and will further delay real GDP growth in the coming years.1. National Circumstances The Sultanate of Oman is one of the most vulnerable countries in West Asia to the adverse impacts of climate change and has a heightened degree of awareness and concern about global warming and its adverse impacts.', 'National Circumstances The Sultanate of Oman is one of the most vulnerable countries in West Asia to the adverse impacts of climate change and has a heightened degree of awareness and concern about global warming and its adverse impacts. Ratification of the Paris Agreement on April 24, 2019, was a conclusive step forward in Oman s commitment to join the international efforts to combat climate change. The Sultanate of Oman has engaged through its Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) to reduce their absolute GHG emission by 2% by 2030. Climate Change is at the forefront of public and government consciousness due to the accelerated pace of Changing climatic patterns being experienced in Oman.', 'Climate Change is at the forefront of public and government consciousness due to the accelerated pace of Changing climatic patterns being experienced in Oman. The country is well-known for its sweltering summers and low annual rainfall, and it has become even hotter over the past five years. Oman was the location of the world s hottest low temperature ever recorded. On June 26, 2018, and over 24 hours, the temperature in the coastal city of Quriyat (situated 60 Km east of Muscat, the capital of Oman), never dropped below 41.9 Celsius, most likely the highest minimum temperature ever observed on Earth.', 'On June 26, 2018, and over 24 hours, the temperature in the coastal city of Quriyat (situated 60 Km east of Muscat, the capital of Oman), never dropped below 41.9 Celsius, most likely the highest minimum temperature ever observed on Earth. Detailed climate simulation reveals that the Arabian Gulf and the Sultanate of Oman form a particular regional hotspot where climate change is likely to cross the survivability threshold in the absence of drastic carbon cuts. Moreover, much of Oman s population, infrastructure, and economic activity are located in coastal zones and are vulnerable to sea-level rise, salt-water intrusion, and more frequent extreme tropical cyclones.', 'Moreover, much of Oman s population, infrastructure, and economic activity are located in coastal zones and are vulnerable to sea-level rise, salt-water intrusion, and more frequent extreme tropical cyclones. The energy sector emitted the most greenhouse gases in 2015, making up 64% of total emissions, primarily due to the emissions from the oil and gas , transportation and electricity generation using natural gas and diesel. The second-largest GHG emitter with 30% of the total nationwide emission is the industrial processes and product uses. Over the period 2000-2015, Oman s economic carbon intensity increased slightly from 1.1 to 1.4 Kg CO2 per US dollar of output, and the emission of the CO2 equivalent per capita reached 22.9 tons in 2015.', 'Over the period 2000-2015, Oman s economic carbon intensity increased slightly from 1.1 to 1.4 Kg CO2 per US dollar of output, and the emission of the CO2 equivalent per capita reached 22.9 tons in 2015. Over the last five years (2015-2019), Oman has developed a national strategy for adaptation and mitigation to climate change 2020-2040 to accelerate climate actions pace and scale. The strategic context for adaptation is rooted in Oman s ineluctable exposure to intensifying tropical cyclones, increasing temperatures, and rising sea levels. Understanding land use, climate, water resources, and agriculture/fisheries are an essential context for identifying, designing, and implementing preparedness/response measures to reduce the vulnerability of communities, resources, and systems.', 'Understanding land use, climate, water resources, and agriculture/fisheries are an essential context for identifying, designing, and implementing preparedness/response measures to reduce the vulnerability of communities, resources, and systems. The mitigation strategy basis is rooted in recognizing the need to control a trend of greenhouse gas emissions growth. A review of population growth, economic trends, and energy supply/demand represents the essential context for prioritizing, finance, and implementing cost-effective efficiency and renewable energy strategies to slow the growth in national greenhouse gas emissions. From 2017 to 2019, the Sultanate of Oman has established a strategic framework for engagement with the GCF through the Country s Programme on Climate Change initiatives and priorities.', 'From 2017 to 2019, the Sultanate of Oman has established a strategic framework for engagement with the GCF through the Country s Programme on Climate Change initiatives and priorities. Six thematic areas (i) Water resources, (ii) Agriculture, (iii) Marine, and Fisheries, (iv) Urban Areas, (v) Health, (vi) Energy efficiency) have been identified in the country engagement program for the GCF to finance over the medium-term. The Sultanate of Oman has prepared the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) proposal with GCF from 2018-2020. The Sultanate of Oman has embarked on serious structural reforms and transformative policies to lay the groundwork for a low carbon economy and shift to low-emission sustainable development pathways over the last five years.', 'The Sultanate of Oman has embarked on serious structural reforms and transformative policies to lay the groundwork for a low carbon economy and shift to low-emission sustainable development pathways over the last five years. The country has developed a comprehensive "2040 Vision" policy to further liberalize and diversify the economy by increasing investments in tourism, financial services, and port logistics. Additionally, the National Energy Strategy established an audacious goal of generating a significant portion of electricity from renewable sources by 2030. The Ministry of Energy and Minerals, the Authority for Public Services Regulation and the Oman Power and Water Procurement Company (OPWP) are the governmententities responsible for implementing and catalyzing public and private investments in the renewable energy plan.', 'The Ministry of Energy and Minerals, the Authority for Public Services Regulation and the Oman Power and Water Procurement Company (OPWP) are the governmententities responsible for implementing and catalyzing public and private investments in the renewable energy plan. The Covid19 pandemic outbreak has triggered a world economic shock and plunged the national economy into an unprecedented recession. The Sultanate of Oman continues to address health emergencies and secure core public services in conjunction with comprehensive policies to foster long-term development, including enhancing governance and business climate and expanding and increasing investment outcomes in education and public health. However, as the Covid19 pandemic continues, the socio-economic repercussion will likely last for some time and could further slow down real GDP growth in the years to come.', 'However, as the Covid19 pandemic continues, the socio-economic repercussion will likely last for some time and could further slow down real GDP growth in the years to come. Despite the still considerable uncertainty around the ultimate course of the Covid19 pandemic, the Sultanate of Oman continues to move ahead with the same determination to implement the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development since its announcement in 2015. Five years (2015-2019) have seen the Sultanate of Oman constantly pursue international commitments by incorporating them into long- and short-term policies and initiatives while using the UN s 2030 Agenda as a core pillar. Oman s Vision-2040 and the ninth Five-Year Plan (2016-2020) attest to the Sultanate s dedication to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development being accomplished on time.', 'Oman s Vision-2040 and the ninth Five-Year Plan (2016-2020) attest to the Sultanate s dedication to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development being accomplished on time. In July 2019, the Sultanate of Oman submitted its first Voluntary National Review (VNR) to the United Nations High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development. The first Oman VNR represents the country s progress towards achieving its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) in an integrated manner. It outlines national strategies and plans explicitly formulated to achieve these goals, describes obstacles and plans for achieving SDGs, and reviews existing practices and programs that lead to achieving the objectives and priorities of national sustainable development. 2.', 'It outlines national strategies and plans explicitly formulated to achieve these goals, describes obstacles and plans for achieving SDGs, and reviews existing practices and programs that lead to achieving the objectives and priorities of national sustainable development. 2. Vision 2040: Oman s strategy towards a low carbon economy Since mid the nineties, the Sultanate of Oman was a pioneer country in the Gulf region to formulate a long- term development strategy in a "Vision" document. The Oman vison 2020 was the first transition plan from the over-reliance on hydrocarbons to macroeconomic stability by isolating the economy from fluctuations of oil prices and providing a solid economic diversification base. With the Paris Agreement in place, economic diversification has regained urgency in the Sultanate of Oman.', 'With the Paris Agreement in place, economic diversification has regained urgency in the Sultanate of Oman. In 2020, the Oman Vision 2040 was officially endorsed to guide the nation over the next two decades to an advanced nation s position by focusing on four keys themes: A society of creative individuals: This calls for a society whose members are creative and proud of their identity, innovative and globally competitive, enjoying a decent life and sustainable well- being. A competitive economy: This calls for a productive and diversified economy characterized by a competitive structure; founded on innovation, the integration of roles, and equal opportunities, driven by the private sector and delivering inclusive and sustainable development.', 'A competitive economy: This calls for a productive and diversified economy characterized by a competitive structure; founded on innovation, the integration of roles, and equal opportunities, driven by the private sector and delivering inclusive and sustainable development. Responsible state agencies: This calls for a country that enjoys an accountable apparatus, integrated governance, efficient oversight, and a swift judiciary. An environment with sustainable components entails keeping a safe and well-preserved environment with effective and balanced ecosystems and renewable resources to support the National Economic. The Sultanate of Oman adopted a strategic alignment between their NDC adaptation goals with the NAP process to foster resilient climate development s coherence and efficiency.', 'The Sultanate of Oman adopted a strategic alignment between their NDC adaptation goals with the NAP process to foster resilient climate development s coherence and efficiency. The need for Oman to cope with climate threats is enormous, and the resources to address this are limited. Therefore, mobilizing climate finance from a variety of sources is a top priority of the NAP process that will be implemented over 2021-2024 with GCF to address the financial needs of the Sultanate to cope with climate change in a context of a fast, fair, and just transition to a resilient, low carbon economy.', 'Therefore, mobilizing climate finance from a variety of sources is a top priority of the NAP process that will be implemented over 2021-2024 with GCF to address the financial needs of the Sultanate to cope with climate change in a context of a fast, fair, and just transition to a resilient, low carbon economy. According to the 2040 vision, the strategic economic direction is toward a diverse and sustainable economy anchored on technology, knowledge, and innovation that operates within integrated frameworks, ensures competitiveness, embraces industrial revolutions, and achieves fiscal sustainability. The Omani economy is heading for the next 20 years to expand the production and export base, diversify trading partners, deepen investment in high value-added sectors, and enhance non-oil sectors contribution to the GDP.', 'The Omani economy is heading for the next 20 years to expand the production and export base, diversify trading partners, deepen investment in high value-added sectors, and enhance non-oil sectors contribution to the GDP. The Oman vision 2040 includes several benchmarks and Key Performance Indicators for economic diversification and shifting to a low carbon economy. In 2017, the oil share of GDP was 39%, while non-oil sources accounted for 61%. The Sultanate aims to reduce the oil share of GDP to 16% in 2030 and 8.4% by 2040. In contrast, the non-oil share of GDP is expected to hit 91.6 percent by 2040 (Table 1).', 'In contrast, the non-oil share of GDP is expected to hit 91.6 percent by 2040 (Table 1). Furthermore, the Sultanate has set a target to raise the energy intensity (GDP per unit of energy) from 6.92 in 2014 to 14.57 in 2030 and 17.3 in 2040. The 2040 vision data also revealed an ambitious target to raise the penetration of renewable energy in the energy mix to 20% in 2030 and up to 35-39% in 2040 (Table 2). Table 1. Key Performance Indicators for Economic Diversification and Fiscal Sustainability in Oman Vision 2040 (Source: Oman vision document 2040).', 'Key Performance Indicators for Economic Diversification and Fiscal Sustainability in Oman Vision 2040 (Source: Oman vision document 2040). Key Theme Economy and Development Priority Economic Diversification and Fiscal Sustainability Key Performance Indicators Baseline Values 2030 Target 2040 Target Economic Complexity Index Value > 1.186 or Top 20 Countries Value > 1.577 or Top 10 Countries Networked Readiness Index Value > 5.4 or Top 20 Countries Value > 5.6 or Top 10 Countries Readiness for Future of Production - Drivers of Production Value > 6.73 or Top 20 Countries Value > 7.2 or Top 10 Countries Readiness for Future of Production - Structure of Production Value > 6.21 or Top 20 Countries Value > 7.34 or Top 10 Countries Oil Share of GDP Non-Oil Share of GDP Current Account Deficit or Surplus to GDP Ratio Total Public Expenditure to GDP Ratio Non-Oil Revenue to GDP Ratio Gross Debt to GDP Ratio Does not Exceed 60%Table 2.', 'Key Theme Economy and Development Priority Economic Diversification and Fiscal Sustainability Key Performance Indicators Baseline Values 2030 Target 2040 Target Economic Complexity Index Value > 1.186 or Top 20 Countries Value > 1.577 or Top 10 Countries Networked Readiness Index Value > 5.4 or Top 20 Countries Value > 5.6 or Top 10 Countries Readiness for Future of Production - Drivers of Production Value > 6.73 or Top 20 Countries Value > 7.2 or Top 10 Countries Readiness for Future of Production - Structure of Production Value > 6.21 or Top 20 Countries Value > 7.34 or Top 10 Countries Oil Share of GDP Non-Oil Share of GDP Current Account Deficit or Surplus to GDP Ratio Total Public Expenditure to GDP Ratio Non-Oil Revenue to GDP Ratio Gross Debt to GDP Ratio Does not Exceed 60%Table 2. Key Performance Indicators for Environment and Natural Resources in Oman Vision 2040 (Source: Oman vision document 2040).', 'Key Performance Indicators for Environment and Natural Resources in Oman Vision 2040 (Source: Oman vision document 2040). Key Theme Economy and Development Priority Environment and Natural Resources Key Performance Indicators Baseline Values 2030 Target 2040 Target Environmental Performance Index Value > 65.46 or Top 40 Countries Value > 74.69 or Top 20 Countries GDP Per Unit of Energy Use Value: 6.92 Int’l Dollar (fixed 2011) Value > 14.57 or Top 20 Countries Value > 17.3 or Top 10 Countries Oman Water Index Value: 395 million cubic meter per person Renewable Energy Consumption percentage of total consumption 3. 2030 Carbon Control Target Plan 3.1. Large scale renewables and energy efficiency plan The Government Carbon Control Target Plan is rooted in the Oman vision 2040 and the National Energy Strategy to support a gradual transition to a low carbon economy and an energy matrix significantly lower in carbon emission by 2030.', 'Large scale renewables and energy efficiency plan The Government Carbon Control Target Plan is rooted in the Oman vision 2040 and the National Energy Strategy to support a gradual transition to a low carbon economy and an energy matrix significantly lower in carbon emission by 2030. The massive deployment of renewable energy and the deepening of energy efficiency actions are the pillars of the 2030 carbon control plan in the Sultanate. The National Energy Strategy has set an ambitious target to derive 20% of electricity from renewables by 2027 (Figure 1). Over the period 2021-2027, the Renewable energy plan aimed to secure at least 2,660 MW. The plan relies mainly on solar PV with 79% and wind of about 21% (Table 3).', 'The plan relies mainly on solar PV with 79% and wind of about 21% (Table 3). The power generation decarbonization plan has already started since the third quarter of 2019 with the first wind farm of 49 MW in the Sultanate of Oman and the Gulf region. Commercial operations for the Sultanate s first large-scale solar PV project of 500 MW are due to begin at the end of 2021. The National Energy strategy further enhances the gas-fired plant s overall energy efficiency in conjunction with the clean energy plans. The energy efficiency of the gas fired plants has improved by 13% between more significant at 15.63% (from 39% in 2015 to 55% in 2020).', 'The energy efficiency of the gas fired plants has improved by 13% between more significant at 15.63% (from 39% in 2015 to 55% in 2020). The continuous increase in overall energy efficiency was attributed to the older, less productive plants shut-down, technical advances in the gas-fired plants, and a switch to combined-cycle plants. The gas-fired plants efficiency will continue to improve over the next five years (2021-2025) by about 11% (from 55% in 2020 to 63% in 2027) (Figure 2).', 'The gas-fired plants efficiency will continue to improve over the next five years (2021-2025) by about 11% (from 55% in 2020 to 63% in 2027) (Figure 2). As energy consumption is a leading cause of rising GHG emissions over the coming years, The Sultanate of Oman has initiated in 2016 of series of fiscal improvements to enhance energy conservation and to promote the culture of the energy-saving by liberalizing the prices of petroleum products and phasing out gradually the subsidies on water and electricity over five years (2021-2025). In tandem with these fiscal improvements, the Sultanate of Oman has activated a social protection system for fuels, electricity, and water to support eligible families.Figure 1.', 'In tandem with these fiscal improvements, the Sultanate of Oman has activated a social protection system for fuels, electricity, and water to support eligible families.Figure 1. Fuel Shares in the Electricity Generation by 2027 Figure 2: Gas Required per Unit of Electricity Generation in the Main Interconnected System - RE Generation (%) Electricity Generation (TWh) Sm3 of gas consumed per MWh produced Actual ProjectionTable 3. Renewable Energy Plan in the Sultanate of Oman by 2027 a.', 'Renewable Energy Plan in the Sultanate of Oman by 2027 a. Main Interconnected System (MIS) Contracted Projects MW(a) Planned Projects Manah I Solar IPP - - - 500 500 500 500 Manah II Solar IPP - - - - 500 500 500 MIS Solar IPP 2025 - - - - 500 500 500 Jalaan Bani Bu Ali Wind IPP 2025 - - - - - 100 100 Solar PV 2027 - - - - - - 600 (a) The year in which capacities are reported to represent the year in which the project is anticipated to contribute to peak demand requirements. b.', 'Main Interconnected System (MIS) Contracted Projects MW(a) Planned Projects Manah I Solar IPP - - - 500 500 500 500 Manah II Solar IPP - - - - 500 500 500 MIS Solar IPP 2025 - - - - 500 500 500 Jalaan Bani Bu Ali Wind IPP 2025 - - - - - 100 100 Solar PV 2027 - - - - - - 600 (a) The year in which capacities are reported to represent the year in which the project is anticipated to contribute to peak demand requirements. b. Ad Duqm Power System MW Duqm Wind IPP 2025 (a) - - - - - 200 200 Duqm II Wind IPP 2027 (a) - - - - - - 160 (b) Total - Installed Capacity - - - - - 200 360 (a) Estimated capacity contribution for this project is tentatively set at 50%, pending the assessment of ground-measured wind data.', 'Ad Duqm Power System MW Duqm Wind IPP 2025 (a) - - - - - 200 200 Duqm II Wind IPP 2027 (a) - - - - - - 160 (b) Total - Installed Capacity - - - - - 200 360 (a) Estimated capacity contribution for this project is tentatively set at 50%, pending the assessment of ground-measured wind data. (b) Expected capacity for the Duqm II Wind IPP is anticipated to change following further site and resource assessments. C. Dhofar Power System Non-firm Contracts Renewables Dhofar II Wind IPP - - - - - 100 100 Total - RE Capacity Contribution (b) (b) Capacity contribution of 50% is currently assumed for Dhofar I & II Wind IPPs. In 2018, the Sultanate of Oman made mandatory the GCC Standard No.', 'In 2018, the Sultanate of Oman made mandatory the GCC Standard No. (GSO) 2530/2016 (E) on energy efficiency regulations and minimum energy efficiency requirements for air conditioners. The standard is intended to help reduce the electricity consumption of split units (split) and window air conditioners, as air conditioners are one of the most energy-intensive devices. As stipulated by the regulations, energy efficiency cards were prominently displayed on the interfaces of all air conditioners to enlighten consumers and give them information that guides them in selecting the most energy-efficient air conditioners. Energyefficiency is measured by the number of stars on the card, with more stars indicating that the air conditioner consumes less energy.', 'Energyefficiency is measured by the number of stars on the card, with more stars indicating that the air conditioner consumes less energy. Shortly, the energy efficiency regulation will be expanded to include additional home appliances such as refrigerators, refrigerator-freezers, freezers, water heaters, LED lighting, and washing machines. The proposed renewable energy projects, energy efficiency plans, and energy conservation initiatives would enable the Sultanate of Oman to slow GHG emission growth and reduce them by 7% in 2030, compared to the BAU scenario, which is predicted at about 125.254 MTCO2e assuming a sustained moderate GDP growth rate at 3% per year, a total population of 6.3 million by the year 2030.', 'The proposed renewable energy projects, energy efficiency plans, and energy conservation initiatives would enable the Sultanate of Oman to slow GHG emission growth and reduce them by 7% in 2030, compared to the BAU scenario, which is predicted at about 125.254 MTCO2e assuming a sustained moderate GDP growth rate at 3% per year, a total population of 6.3 million by the year 2030. Additionally, the BAU scenario covers only confirmed primary industries planned for the following decade as per the available statements of June 2021, such as petrochemical, mining, and metals. The Sultanate of Oman is concerned with the decarbonization of the transportation sector, which has been the fastest-growing major contributor to GHG emissions between 2000 and 2015.', 'The Sultanate of Oman is concerned with the decarbonization of the transportation sector, which has been the fastest-growing major contributor to GHG emissions between 2000 and 2015. The transportation sector s diverse characteristics and various impacts necessitate extensive research to achieve even greater outcomes and impacts in sustainability and carbon emission reduction. Therefore, the Sultanate of Oman s priority over the next few years will be to perform studies that will create frameworks and plans of action with realistic strategies to ensure transportation sustainability and decarbonization. 3.2.', 'Therefore, the Sultanate of Oman s priority over the next few years will be to perform studies that will create frameworks and plans of action with realistic strategies to ensure transportation sustainability and decarbonization. 3.2. Carbon reduction plan for the oil and gas industry Oil and Gas upstream operators in Oman are increasingly determined to play their part in mitigating climate change to the degree required and to join the national efforts to achieve more ambitious carbon cuts in a world that demands a cleaner energy future.', 'Carbon reduction plan for the oil and gas industry Oil and Gas upstream operators in Oman are increasingly determined to play their part in mitigating climate change to the degree required and to join the national efforts to achieve more ambitious carbon cuts in a world that demands a cleaner energy future. Oman s upstream oil and gas industry has set an ambitious aim to reduce the carbon intensity of operations through improving the efficiency in the existing facilities, reducing gas flaring, innovation, implement renewable energy projects designed to meet the challenge to mitigate climate change.', 'Oman s upstream oil and gas industry has set an ambitious aim to reduce the carbon intensity of operations through improving the efficiency in the existing facilities, reducing gas flaring, innovation, implement renewable energy projects designed to meet the challenge to mitigate climate change. The envisaged carbon reduction plan from Oman s oil and gas upstream industry focus on the following notable areas: Shifting to renewable energy as a power source Sinfnficantly reduce gas flaring Improving the efficiency in the existing facilities Reducing methane and fugitive emissions Electrifying equipment The upstream oil and gas sector in Oman is evaluating ambitious target of zero emissions by 2050.', 'The envisaged carbon reduction plan from Oman s oil and gas upstream industry focus on the following notable areas: Shifting to renewable energy as a power source Sinfnficantly reduce gas flaring Improving the efficiency in the existing facilities Reducing methane and fugitive emissions Electrifying equipment The upstream oil and gas sector in Oman is evaluating ambitious target of zero emissions by 2050. The strategy s major components include a substantial investment in renewable and alternative energy sources and a commitment to achieve Zero Routine Flaring by 2030. Oman s upstream oil and gas industry has already signed up to the World Bank s Zero Flaring Initiative which is urging governments, businesses, and development organizations to work cooperatively to end continuous flaring by 2030.', 'Oman s upstream oil and gas industry has already signed up to the World Bank s Zero Flaring Initiative which is urging governments, businesses, and development organizations to work cooperatively to end continuous flaring by 2030. As part of this commitment, Oman s upstream oil and gas industry is developing economically viable solutions to phase out routine flaring as quickly as possible and ahead of the World Bank s target date. IV. Climate Preparedness and Resilience The Sultanate of Oman has stepped up its efforts in advancing its expertise and methodologies to better manage the climate change risks over the past five years. The adaptation efforts are underway, and the status of adaptation planning is still at a nascent stage.', 'The adaptation efforts are underway, and the status of adaptation planning is still at a nascent stage. Through its recently developed Climate Change Strategy, national stakeholders have begun to identify climate-resilient opportunities within a set of key vulnerable sectors, namely water resources, marine biodiversity, and fisheries; agriculture; urban areas, tourism & infrastructure; and public health. However, several gaps/barriers hinder reaching NDC adaptation goals related to effective adaptation planning for climate-resilient development, including (i) Limited data, information, and knowledge available for undertaking vulnerability. (ii) Limited experiencewith methods and tools to support climate risk-informed decision-making in critical sectors. (iii) Insufficient national budgets to address the scope and magnitude of climate change impacts effectively. (iv) Insufficient national regulatory frameworks in place to support effective adaptation planning.', '(iv) Insufficient national regulatory frameworks in place to support effective adaptation planning. The Sultanate of Oman adopted a strategic alignment between their NDC adaptation goals with the NAP process to foster resilient climate development s coherence and efficiency. The National Adaptation Plan s objective is to integrate the adaptation into development planning in Oman, resulting in low carbon, climate-resilient development priorities, projects, and transition pathways. Climate economics and finance are central in dealing with this objective. National Adaptation Plan will build a national system for developing project pipelines that help Oman mobilize local funds (public and private) and access climate finance from international funds to implement climate-resilient and transition pathways. The NAP will also help to build local capacity and improve data management.', 'The NAP will also help to build local capacity and improve data management. Climate change-related threats to the Sultanate of Oman have increased in recent years, evidenced by changes in the number, duration, and intensity of tropical cyclones. The Sultanate of Oman is no longer a stranger to severe tropical cyclones, as recently witnessed by the Category 3 Tropical Cyclone (TC) Mekunu, which hit the southern part of Oman on May 26, 2018. TC cyclone Mekunu is estimated to have impacted 150,000 people, killed 7, and caused hundreds of millions of US dollars worth of damage.', 'TC cyclone Mekunu is estimated to have impacted 150,000 people, killed 7, and caused hundreds of millions of US dollars worth of damage. Despite the economic recession of the last five years, the Sultanate of Oman continues protecting its vulnerable cities from the devastating impacts of tropical cyclones and flash flooding and takes several adaption measures, such as : The continuous improvement of the storm drainage network infrastructure through the constructions of large dams. Elaboration of a comprehensive National Spatial Strategy 2020-2040 to anticipate the impact of climate change on urban areas and infrastructures and incorporate adaptation and mitigation measures into new developments where necessary while ensuring future flexibility and responding to climate change.', 'Elaboration of a comprehensive National Spatial Strategy 2020-2040 to anticipate the impact of climate change on urban areas and infrastructures and incorporate adaptation and mitigation measures into new developments where necessary while ensuring future flexibility and responding to climate change. Oman has also adopted significant climate change adaptation measures in the area of food security. This sector has risen to prominence as a high-priority sector for government investment due to the considerable threat that Climate change poses to global food security. Adaptation measures to alleviate food insecurity in Oman prioritize domestic production through investment in mega-projects in agriculture and fisheries and groundwater improvement for agricultural purposes through recharge dams to reduce salinity and raise groundwater levels near coastal areas.', 'Adaptation measures to alleviate food insecurity in Oman prioritize domestic production through investment in mega-projects in agriculture and fisheries and groundwater improvement for agricultural purposes through recharge dams to reduce salinity and raise groundwater levels near coastal areas. V. Means of Implementation The Sultanate of Oman is committed to reducing GHG emissions by 7% by 2030 relative to BAU. 4% of this commitment will be based on national efforts, and the remaining 3% would necessitate grants and other forms of concessional financing and assistance as well as capacity building,institutional strengthening and access to appropriate technologies. International climate finance is a crucial element for the Sultanate of Oman to further bend the GHG emission growth curve over the next decade.', 'International climate finance is a crucial element for the Sultanate of Oman to further bend the GHG emission growth curve over the next decade. Article 6 of the Paris Agreement is an additional mechanism for the Sultanate of Oman to achieve cost-efficient emission reductions, facilitate the transfer of carbon mitigation technology, and deliver significant sustainable development co-benefits. Such co-benefits would reduce air pollutants , create jobs, and lay the ground for the just transition to a climate-resilient economy and society. The need for the Sultanate of Oman to cope with climate threats is enormous, and the resources to address this are limited.', 'The need for the Sultanate of Oman to cope with climate threats is enormous, and the resources to address this are limited. Mobilizing climate finance from a variety of sources is a top priority of the NAP process that will be implemented over 2021-2024 with GCF to address the financial needs of the Sultanate to cope with climate change in a context of a fast, fair, and just transition to a resilient, low carbon economy. The Sultanate of Oman foresees support from multilateral and bilateral organizations, including the Green Climate Fund, multilateral agencies, and bilateral agreements. These funds will be used to leverage thelimited national financial and technological capability available for climate change mitigation and adaptation. VI.', 'These funds will be used to leverage thelimited national financial and technological capability available for climate change mitigation and adaptation. VI. Information Necessary for Clarity, Transparency, and Understanding of the Second NDC 1 Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year): a Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s); GHG 2030 Business-as-Usual Emissions Projection. b Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year; Oman s net GHG emissions in 2030 relative to BAU are estimated to be 125.254 MTCO2e.', 'b Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year; Oman s net GHG emissions in 2030 relative to BAU are estimated to be 125.254 MTCO2e. c For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or policies and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information; Not applicable. d Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction; Reduction of 7% in 2030 relative to BAU, with total GHG emissions capped to 116.', 'd Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction; Reduction of 7% in 2030 relative to BAU, with total GHG emissions capped to 116. 486 MTCO2e in 2030. e Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s); The following data sources were used to calculate the reference points: National energy strategy, 2015. National Strategy for Adaptation and Mitigation to Climate Change: 2020-2040, 2019. Second Communication of the Sultanate of Oman to UNFCCC, 2019. Biennial Update Report of Oman to UNFCCC, 2019. The Oman Power and Water Procurement Company (OPWP), 7 years statement, Issue 13 (2019-2025), 2019. First Voluntary National Review to the United Nations High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development, 2019. Oman vision 2040, 2020.', 'Oman vision 2040, 2020. Oman at a glance (Large scale planned projects), 2020. National Centre for Statistics and Information, "Population Projections in the Sultanate of Oman, 2017-2040", (in Arabic); Population Statistics Bulletin, Issue 7. A Quarterly magazine issued by the Special Economic Zone Authority at Duqm 9th Issue - July 2017. f Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators. The base year for the 2030 BAU emissions is predicted at about 125.254 MTCO2e, assuming a sustained moderate GDP growth rate of 3% per year, a total population of 6.3 million by 2030. The BAU scenario covers only confirmed primary industries planned for the following decade as per the available statements of June 2021, such as petrochemical, mining, and metals.', 'The BAU scenario covers only confirmed primary industries planned for the following decade as per the available statements of June 2021, such as petrochemical, mining, and metals. The base year for 2030 may be recalculated and updated based on the covid-19 pandemic and further methodological improvements. The Biennial Transparency Report (BTR) will provide details on updates made. 2 Time frames and/or periods for implementation: a Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA); 2021-2030. d Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable Single-year target in 2030.', '2 Time frames and/or periods for implementation: a Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA); 2021-2030. d Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable Single-year target in 2030. 3 Scope and coverage: a General description of the target; Oman s economic target to reduce 7% compared to BAU by 2030 covers the energy sector, which is the primary emission source. b Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines; Sectors : Please refer to section III. 2030 Carbon Control Target Plan Gases: Carbon Dioxide (CO2). Methane (CH4).', '2030 Carbon Control Target Plan Gases: Carbon Dioxide (CO2). Methane (CH4). Nitrous Oxide (N2O).c How the Party has taken into consideration paragraph 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21; (indicating how the Party is striving to include all sources and sinks, and why any categories are excluded). The energy sector emitted the most greenhouse gases in 2015, making up 65% of total emissions. This emission pattern will continue in the next decade, primarily due to the emissions from the oil and gas supply chain and electricity generation using natural gas and diesel. By 2030, the planned renewable power plants and energy efficiencies will reduce emissions from electricity generation. Over the following years, the Sultanate of Oman will continue working to lay the ground for expanding the scope of its NDC coverage to other categories of anthropogenic emissions.', 'Over the following years, the Sultanate of Oman will continue working to lay the ground for expanding the scope of its NDC coverage to other categories of anthropogenic emissions. d Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans. Please refer to section II. Vision 2040: Oman s strategy towards a low carbon economy 4 Planning processes: a Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: The enhanced target results from a comprehensive impact evaluation, analysis of the future vision and strategies 2040, and stakeholder feedback gathered through public consultation.', 'Vision 2040: Oman s strategy towards a low carbon economy 4 Planning processes: a Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: The enhanced target results from a comprehensive impact evaluation, analysis of the future vision and strategies 2040, and stakeholder feedback gathered through public consultation. b Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their Member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; Not applicable c How the Party s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; Oman s climate change strategy was formulated in light of the best available science.', 'b Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their Member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; Not applicable c How the Party s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; Oman s climate change strategy was formulated in light of the best available science. The IPCC Special Report on 1.5C has served as the basis for the evaluation of the second NDC.', 'The IPCC Special Report on 1.5C has served as the basis for the evaluation of the second NDC. d Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co- benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement Please refer to the following sections : I. National Circumstances II. Vision 2040: Oman s strategy towards a low carbon economyIV.', 'Vision 2040: Oman s strategy towards a low carbon economyIV. Climate Preparedness and Resilience Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: a Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; The Sultanate of Oman uses IPCC methodology and guidelines 2006 as of the Paris Agreement for the inventory of their GHG emissions and removals. b Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; The Sultanate of Oman will use appropriate methods and assumptions when reporting its progress in implementing the second NDC in its Biennial Transparency Report.', 'b Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; The Sultanate of Oman will use appropriate methods and assumptions when reporting its progress in implementing the second NDC in its Biennial Transparency Report. c If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; Please see 5(a) above. d IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; Please see 5(a) above—tier 1 method of the IPCC methodologies and guidelines 2006. e Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance Not applicable. There is no forest in the Sultanate of Oman.', 'There is no forest in the Sultanate of Oman. f Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: Please see 5(a) above. g The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable Reduction of 7% in 2030 relative to BAU. 4% of this commitment will be based on national efforts, and the remaining 3% would necessitate grants and other forms of concessional financing and assistance with capacity building and institutional strengthening and access to appropriate technologies. Furthermore, article 6 of the Paris Agreement is an additional mechanism for the Sultanate of Oman to achieve cost-efficient emission reductions, facilitate the transfer of carbon mitigation technology, and deliver significant sustainable development co- benefits.', 'Furthermore, article 6 of the Paris Agreement is an additional mechanism for the Sultanate of Oman to achieve cost-efficient emission reductions, facilitate the transfer of carbon mitigation technology, and deliver significant sustainable development co- benefits. How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances:a How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; The Sultanate of Oman is a non-annex I country with a vision to shift to a low carbon economy by 2040 and believes that the NDC s ambitious target conforms to Article 2 of the Convention. The NDC is an ambitious economy-wide goal that is consistent with the best available science and evidence. b Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; Please refer to 6(a) above.', 'b Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; Please refer to 6(a) above. c How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; Please refer to 4(d) above. d How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement Please refer to 4(d) above. e How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement. Please refer to 4(d) above. How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2: a How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2; Please see 6(a) above. b How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement. Please see 6(a) above.']

en-US

PAK

Pakistan

1st NDC

2016-11-10 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Pak-INDC.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Asia

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/9f142ff751524d6698845f5e4b906d29571383e5bbe72439580047211e578b59.pdf

['PAKISTAN’S INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION (PAK-INDC) Table of Contents Executive Summary 1. National Context of Pakistan 1.2 National Context 1.3 Climate Variability 1.4 Prevailing Energy Crisis 2. Response to Climate Change Issues 2.1 Policy Initiatives 3. GHG Emissions: Inventory and Analysis 3.1 Greenhouse Gas Inventory 3.2 Emissions by Sectors 3.3 Analysis of Current Emissions 4. Future Projections and Abatement Cost 4.1 Approach and Methodology 4.2 Sector-wise Projection of Emissions 4.3 Overall Projected Emissions for 2030 4.4 Estimation of Abatement Cost5. Intended Nationally Determined Contribution 5.1 National Parameters 5.2 Pak-INDC Statement 5.3 Implementation Mechanism 5.4 Assessment of Capacity Building Needs ConclusionExecutive Summary Universally eulogized as a panacea for global warming by limiting the global temperature increase to between 1.5 – 2.0 degrees Centigrade, the landmark Paris Agreement will enter into force on November 04, 2016, a month after the 55/55 ratification threshold was reached.', 'Intended Nationally Determined Contribution 5.1 National Parameters 5.2 Pak-INDC Statement 5.3 Implementation Mechanism 5.4 Assessment of Capacity Building Needs ConclusionExecutive Summary Universally eulogized as a panacea for global warming by limiting the global temperature increase to between 1.5 – 2.0 degrees Centigrade, the landmark Paris Agreement will enter into force on November 04, 2016, a month after the 55/55 ratification threshold was reached. Pakistan’s ratification is also envisaged before the 22nd Conference of the Parties (COP 22) of the UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change). As part of the international climate policy regime, national governments are obligated to submit their Intended Nationally Determined Contributions to achieve stabilization of GHG in the atmosphere, with a timeframe that adequately allows for adaptation to climate change.', 'As part of the international climate policy regime, national governments are obligated to submit their Intended Nationally Determined Contributions to achieve stabilization of GHG in the atmosphere, with a timeframe that adequately allows for adaptation to climate change. Thus, an INDC essentially indicates a country’s contribution to achievement of the universal target set in the Paris Agreement and the accompanying compliance mechanism at country level. Pakistan’s vulnerability to adverse impacts of climate change is well established and widely recognized. Despite Pakistan’s diminutive contribution to global GHG emissions, it is among the top ten most climate-affected countries of the world, as indicated by the Global Climate Risk Index developed by Germanwatch. Moreover, these adverse impacts of climate change are not in the distant future but are imminent.', 'Moreover, these adverse impacts of climate change are not in the distant future but are imminent. Indeed, these are already occurring as Pakistan has started suffering with ever-increasing frequency and ferocity of climate-induced catastrophes. Studies and assessments undertaken by the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) show that extreme climate events between 1994 and 2013 have resulted in an average annual economic loss of almost US dollars 4 billion. The last five floods (2010-2014) have resulted in monetary losses of over US$ 18 billion with 38.12 million people affected, 3.45 million houses damaged and 10.63 million acres of crops destroyed. Likewise, over 1200 people lost their lives due to the unprecedented heat wave in Karachi in 2015.', 'Likewise, over 1200 people lost their lives due to the unprecedented heat wave in Karachi in 2015. The response of the Government of Pakistan to climate change is already substantial. In spite of the country’s financial constraints, estimated federal climate-related expenditure was between 5.8 and 7.6 percent of the total expenditures in the federal budget last year. In the days to come, this climate-related expenditure is expected to increase further, primarily due to the likely increase in the frequency and intensity of the climate induced disasters. Needless to say, if there were no adverse climate change impacts, this budget could have been spent on education, health and poverty alleviation of the people of Pakistan.', 'Needless to say, if there were no adverse climate change impacts, this budget could have been spent on education, health and poverty alleviation of the people of Pakistan. Pak-INDC (Pakistan’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution) is rooted in the country’s strategic plan ‘Vision 2025’. It is aligned with the respective policies, plans and sectoral growth targets set by various ministries and other government entities. Similarly, potential impacts of key development plans and projects, such as measures being undertaken to address current energy shortages and contributions to economic growth partly due to China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) have been taken into consideration. Pak-INDC presents the overall GHG emissions profile and future emission projections, by considering both the present and future socio-economic parameters, changes in the demographic dynamics and emerging energy needs.', 'Pak-INDC presents the overall GHG emissions profile and future emission projections, by considering both the present and future socio-economic parameters, changes in the demographic dynamics and emerging energy needs. It also describes mitigation and adaptation measures already being implemented in Pakistan and discusses the challenges and difficulties being faced and those likely to be confronted in coming years.Based on the latest draft GHG Inventory of Pakistan (2014-15), growth in emissions of different sectors has been fairly consistent. Over the last twenty one years (1994-2015), the overall increase in the emissions has been approximately 123 percent, with energy and agriculture sectors accounting for about 90 percent of total emissions.', 'Over the last twenty one years (1994-2015), the overall increase in the emissions has been approximately 123 percent, with energy and agriculture sectors accounting for about 90 percent of total emissions. While the historical trend of increase in emissions has so far been fairly consistent, the envisaged economic growth and increasingly conducive macro-economic environment are likely to amplify future emissions. Future projections for the period 2015-30 show a steady increase in emissions due to the ambitious plans of the present government to spark economic activity through large-scale investments in energy, communication and industrial infrastructure. The forecasted economic growth is considered to be historically unprecedented and unmatched. Accordingly, future emissions of the country will increase manifold.', 'Accordingly, future emissions of the country will increase manifold. Consistent with historical trends, both energy and agriculture sectors are predicted to remain predominant in GHG emissions, whereas significant increase is also expected in other sectors like industrial processes and waste. At a time when future emissions are set to grow rapidly, the country also offers a huge potential for mitigation in almost all sectors of the economy. Based on economic analyses, a reduction of up to 20 percent in the projected emission figures for 2030 would require an investment of approximately US$ 40 billion, calculated at current prices. Similarly, a reduction of 15 percent in GHG emissions amounts to US$ 15.6 billion; whereas a 10 percent reduction is calculated as US$ 5.5 billion.', 'Similarly, a reduction of 15 percent in GHG emissions amounts to US$ 15.6 billion; whereas a 10 percent reduction is calculated as US$ 5.5 billion. It must be underscored that under the CBDR (common but differentiated responsibilities) principle of the UNFCCC Paris Agreement, the indicated mitigation potential can only be realized through international support in the form of financial grants, technical assistance, technology development and transfer and capacity building. Pakistan being highly vulnerable to extreme climate events is into a state of forced adaptation. There is a huge potential for adaptation in Pakistan, particularly in strengthening and fortifying the flood infrastructure including water reservoirs and water channels. This would involve enhancing resilience of local communities to the adverse impacts of climate change.', 'This would involve enhancing resilience of local communities to the adverse impacts of climate change. According to a national study, Pakistan’s adaptation need is between U$ 7 to U$ 14 billion/annum. Low abatement cost coupled with prospects for climate-resilient investment in energy, infrastructure, industrial processes etc. qualify Pakistan as one of the promising carbon investment markets in the world. In consideration of projected future emissions and potential for mitigation, Pakistan offers different options as part of its INDC for emission reduction, subject to the availability of Finance, Technology Development & Transfer and Capacity Building by the international community.', 'In consideration of projected future emissions and potential for mitigation, Pakistan offers different options as part of its INDC for emission reduction, subject to the availability of Finance, Technology Development & Transfer and Capacity Building by the international community. The Government of Pakistan presents this INDC with affirmation of the principles of global climate regime and hopes that the Common But Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR) principle will enable its people to enjoy a future that is much less vulnerable than the present.1. National Context of Pakistan The Pak-INDC Report is being submitted by Pakistan in compliance with its obligations under the UNFCCC process and in recognition of its responsibility to the comity of nations.', 'National Context of Pakistan The Pak-INDC Report is being submitted by Pakistan in compliance with its obligations under the UNFCCC process and in recognition of its responsibility to the comity of nations. It demonstrates the country’s resolve to respect the COP-21 mandate and to highlight its commitment to addressing the issues of climate change and associated challenges. Pak-INDC broadly articulates the major challenges faced by the country, which are likely to intensify in future as a result of climate-induced variability and natural disasters. Actions already underway for reducing GHG emissions and adaptation by way of managing disasters and building resilience capacities are also enunciated.', 'Actions already underway for reducing GHG emissions and adaptation by way of managing disasters and building resilience capacities are also enunciated. These actions represent Pakistan’s contribution to the global effort towards meeting the ultimate UNFCCC objectives and stabilizing the concentration of GHG emissions into the atmosphere, as stipulated in Article 2 of the Convention. Adoption of the Paris Agreement has further reinforced the ultimate objective of the UNFCCC and has provided a framework for its realization in a more intense manner with a long-term perspective. The global consensus on limiting temperature increase to below 2 degrees Centigrade is an endorsement of the scientific conclusions reached by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and provides safeguards for vulnerable regions and countries of the world from irreversible adverse consequences.', 'The global consensus on limiting temperature increase to below 2 degrees Centigrade is an endorsement of the scientific conclusions reached by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and provides safeguards for vulnerable regions and countries of the world from irreversible adverse consequences. In doing so, the urgent need for undertaking adaptation measures by all groups of countries has also been underscored. Moreover, it needs to be recognized that without provision of adequate finance, technology development and transfer and capacity building, the consequences for developing countries are likely to remain catastrophic. Being one of the most climate-change vulnerable countries in the world, Pakistan’s economy is already under severe strain from prevailing and likely future threats of climate change.', 'Being one of the most climate-change vulnerable countries in the world, Pakistan’s economy is already under severe strain from prevailing and likely future threats of climate change. Adverse climate-related impacts are draining public funds from essential social requirements towards disaster management. The livelihood of the poor and the underprivileged segments of society is particularly at risk from the ever increasing exposure to natural calamities, such as flash floods, riverine overflows, heavy monsoons, cyclones, droughts and heat waves. As a lower riparian state situated in a semi-arid region, Pakistan also needs to remain watchful of the implications of its water-stressed situation.', 'As a lower riparian state situated in a semi-arid region, Pakistan also needs to remain watchful of the implications of its water-stressed situation. The Pak-INDC Report presents the overall GHG emissions profile and future projections, by taking into consideration both the present and future socio-economic parameters, changes in the demographic dynamics and emerging energy needs. It also demonstrates mitigation and adaptation measures already being implemented in Pakistan. The challenges and difficultiesbeing faced by the country and those likely to be confronted in the coming years are also discussed. Efforts have also been made to undertake an assessment of economic and financial implications of different measures which the country shall adopt in order to realize the mitigation and adaptation potential.', 'Efforts have also been made to undertake an assessment of economic and financial implications of different measures which the country shall adopt in order to realize the mitigation and adaptation potential. An economic analysis has also been carried out, in the form of sector- specific abatement costs, which will allow framing of current and future mitigation measures in a measurable costing framework and also enable prioritization of forthcoming mitigation and adaptation actions. Pak-INDC derives its strength from Pakistan’s Vision 2025, a major policy document which provides a roadmap for national development until the year 2025. Vision 2025 rests on seven pillars for driving growth and development to transform Pakistan into a vibrant and prosperous nation.', 'Vision 2025 rests on seven pillars for driving growth and development to transform Pakistan into a vibrant and prosperous nation. It envisages adding 25,000 MW of electricity to the national grid by 2025, even though the latest estimates and policy shifts actually necessitate much higher energy supplies. The elimination of current energy demand-supply gap by 2018 and optimizing the energy mix of oil, gas, hydro, coal, nuclear, solar, wind and biomass are some of the key priorities of the policy. Guided by this strategic plan, the Pak-INDC has also benefited from the Government of Pakistan’s National Climate Change Policy as well as the National Policy on Disaster Risk Reduction, draft National Water Policy and draft National Flood Protection Plan-IV.', 'Guided by this strategic plan, the Pak-INDC has also benefited from the Government of Pakistan’s National Climate Change Policy as well as the National Policy on Disaster Risk Reduction, draft National Water Policy and draft National Flood Protection Plan-IV. Additionally declared national policies on energy efficiency, alternative energy and other policy documents have also been referenced. Pak-INDC outlines a broad range of potential adaptation and mitigation measures. It also lists the challenges associated with the realization of these measures in both current and future scenarios. These are the measures that can lead Pakistan to a climate compatible and low carbon development pathway, provided adequate technical and financial resources are made available by global partners and international development and finance institutions.', 'These are the measures that can lead Pakistan to a climate compatible and low carbon development pathway, provided adequate technical and financial resources are made available by global partners and international development and finance institutions. It would be prudent to stress that these indicators of potential reduction in GHG emissions and adaptation activities should not be considered as an international obligation of the country, unless the resource provisioning is ensured. Furthermore, our projected emissions, adaptation needs and abatement costs are based on present government’s plans and actions, which may be adjusted and reviewed, as deemed appropriate. 1.2. National Context Pakistan has a total area of 796,095 square kilometers (sq.km). It has an Exclusive Economic Zone of 240,000 sq. km and an additional Continental Shelf area of about 50,000 sq.', 'km and an additional Continental Shelf area of about 50,000 sq. km. Bordering China, India, Afghanistan and Iran, Pakistan is one of the key countries of the region with unique geo-strategic and socio-economic realities.Multiculturalism and ethnic diversity are important features of the society. The sizeable youth bulge offers an opportunity for accelerated economic growth and for reaping developmental dividend if required investments flow into social and development sectors. It is estimated that about 1.5 million new jobs will have to be created every year to gainfully engage the youth, keep unemployment at a low rate and increase the pace of economic growth. With current population estimated to be 195.5 million, Pakistan is the sixth-most-populous country of the world.', 'With current population estimated to be 195.5 million, Pakistan is the sixth-most-populous country of the world. Growing at a rate of 1.89 percent per annum, the population is expected to swell to 229 million by 2025 and approximately 275 million by year 2050. Aspirations for social mobility and search for better opportunities have already turned Pakistan into the second-most rapidly urbanizing country of South Asia with city dwellers accounting for 36 percent of the total population. In coming years this trend is set to grow further, resulting in a sizeable vibrant urban middle class despite innumerable economic, social and environmental pressures in the already dense urban areas. Matching economic growth with population increase has historically remained a challenge for successive governments.', 'Matching economic growth with population increase has historically remained a challenge for successive governments. Energy insecurity has been another stumbling block on the road to improved livelihoods of a large segment of society and industrial growth. The government has therefore initiated several programmes of financial and non-financial support to various categories and target groups to cater for social and economic protection of the very poor and vulnerable segments of society. At an average economic growth rate of 4.9 percent from 1952 to 2015, current gross domestic product (GDP) of Pakistan stands at nearly US$ 284 billion. This classifies Pakistan as a lower middle-income country.', 'This classifies Pakistan as a lower middle-income country. Vision 2025 sets the target rate of economic growth to be, on the average, seven percent until the year 2025 and well above that level for subsequent years. Investments in power generation, energy distribution and ‘China-Pakistan Economic Corridor’ (CPEC) will provide significant boost to the economy. Several large-scale infrastructure investments, energy and industrial growth projects currently in the pipeline, are expected to further accelerate the targeted economic growth. CPEC alone is expected to trigger an additional GDP growth of 1.5 percent from 2016 to 2020 and a further 1 percent increase for the period 2020 to 2030.', 'CPEC alone is expected to trigger an additional GDP growth of 1.5 percent from 2016 to 2020 and a further 1 percent increase for the period 2020 to 2030. With per capita oil equivalent use of just 482 kg (including traditional biomass fuels) in year 2014, Pakistan is one of the lowest ranked countries of the world in terms of energy use. However, the country has remained crippled with an unending energy crisis that has negatively impacted the industrial growth and severely affected agriculture output. The energy mix of the country shows a predominant share of natural gas, which currently stands at about 44 percent of total commercial energy requirements; the remaining comes from hydropower and fossil fuels with a small portion from renewable sources.', 'The energy mix of the country shows a predominant share of natural gas, which currently stands at about 44 percent of total commercial energy requirements; the remaining comes from hydropower and fossil fuels with a small portion from renewable sources. Given the prevailing energy crisis and the need to meet the so far depressed but growing demand, the country needs to exploit all its domestic sources of energy including coal, hydro, wind and solar. The use of nuclear and domestic coal- based energy in the power generation sector seems inevitable in the future.Although diversification of the economy has been an unremitting goal of successive governments, yet Pakistan largely remains an agrarian country.', 'The use of nuclear and domestic coal- based energy in the power generation sector seems inevitable in the future.Although diversification of the economy has been an unremitting goal of successive governments, yet Pakistan largely remains an agrarian country. The population directly and indirectly associated with the agriculture sector currently stands at 42.3 percent, whereas contribution of the sector to the overall GDP is around 19.8 percent. The forestry sector, commonly considered as bearing a high natural capital value for the society and also a safeguard against climatic threats, has suffered heavily during the past two decades. A number of factors have contributed to deforestation: prominent among these being poverty, population pressures and lack of fiscal space for strong policy initiatives in protecting forests.', 'A number of factors have contributed to deforestation: prominent among these being poverty, population pressures and lack of fiscal space for strong policy initiatives in protecting forests. The current forest cover of Pakistan is about 5 percent, which is extremely inadequate when considering exposure of the country to future climatic threats. Considerable efforts are in hand for the revival of forestry, aiming to expand the forest cover through mega tree plantation programmes and strengthening the regulatory & forest protection policy mechanism. The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province’s afforestation programme and the Green Pakistan Programme are other noteworthy examples of the country’s commitment. 1.3. Climate Variability Pakistan is well known for its geographic as well as climatic variability.', 'Climate Variability Pakistan is well known for its geographic as well as climatic variability. A high altitude mountainous region with several peaks over 8,000 meters (above sea level) and deserts, which cover about 11 million hectares, make 14 percent of the country’s total landmass. The coastline in the south stretches about 990 kilometers. The country exhibits most differentiated altitudes as well as diversely rich geophysical conditions. Presence of about 15,000 sq. km of glacial area and nearly 7,000 glaciers makes it one of the most glacially populated regions of the world outside the polar region. These glaciers are considered to be stabilizers of global and regional climatic changes, apart from being the most prominent source of water to meet the needs of the region.', 'These glaciers are considered to be stabilizers of global and regional climatic changes, apart from being the most prominent source of water to meet the needs of the region. The rate of glacial melt in Pakistan, 2.3 percent per annum, has placed Pakistan amongst the fastest melting glacial regions in the world. Climate-induced disasters pose a great challenge to the economy. Located in a subtropical arid zone, most of the country is subjected to a semi-arid climate. Based on physiographic factors and causes of diversity in climate, the country has been classified into four major climatic regions: i) the marine tropical coastland; ii) the subtropical continental lowlands; iii) the subtropical continental highlands; and iv) the subtropical continental plateau. Pakistan’s contribution to the global GHG emissions is miniscule.', 'Pakistan’s contribution to the global GHG emissions is miniscule. According to the Global Economy rankings, the share of Pakistan in total global GHG emissions is merely 0.8 percent and it is ranked as 135th in the list of global emitters on a per capita basis. However, due to geo- physical conditions, climatic extremes, high degree of exposure and vulnerability etc, Pakistan is ranked number three in the 2012 assessment of the Global Climate Risk Index 2014 with over 6 billion USD losses specifically due to climate change.Studies and assessments undertaken by NDMA show that the climate-induced catastrophes between 1994 and 2013 resulted in an average economic loss of US$ 3.99 billion per annum.', 'However, due to geo- physical conditions, climatic extremes, high degree of exposure and vulnerability etc, Pakistan is ranked number three in the 2012 assessment of the Global Climate Risk Index 2014 with over 6 billion USD losses specifically due to climate change.Studies and assessments undertaken by NDMA show that the climate-induced catastrophes between 1994 and 2013 resulted in an average economic loss of US$ 3.99 billion per annum. The last five flood events (2010-2014) alone have resulted into monetary losses of over US$ 18 billion with 38.12 million people affected, 3.45 million houses damaged and 10.63 million acres of crops destroyed. Similarly the unprecedented heat wave in Karachi in 2015 resulted in the deaths of over 1200 people.', 'Similarly the unprecedented heat wave in Karachi in 2015 resulted in the deaths of over 1200 people. According to climate models suggested by the Climate Change Vulnerability Index 2016 (CCVI), monsoons are increasingly becoming erratic both in their spatial and temporal nature. Similarly, drought events are expected to increase in winter, affecting the yield of cash harvests. CCVI indicates that an increase in precipitation and rainfall pattern will happen during the summer season, resulting in riverine and flash floods over different areas of Pakistan.', 'CCVI indicates that an increase in precipitation and rainfall pattern will happen during the summer season, resulting in riverine and flash floods over different areas of Pakistan. On the other hand, lack of capacity for flood management and wetlands results in discharge of extra water into the sea in less than a month’s time, leaving the country in water-stressed situation for the large part of the year, with serious implications for food and energy security. Other hydro- meteorological hazards such as glacial melt, glacial lake outburst flooding (GLOF), avalanches, storms, cyclones, desertification and heat waves are becoming more common, putting lives, property and the allied socio-economic features of country at great risk.', 'Other hydro- meteorological hazards such as glacial melt, glacial lake outburst flooding (GLOF), avalanches, storms, cyclones, desertification and heat waves are becoming more common, putting lives, property and the allied socio-economic features of country at great risk. The country is believed to be at the crossroads of economic development, offering a promising potential for mitigation and adaptation with a favorable opportunity to embark upon low emissions developmental pathways. Fundamental ingredients of development, such as energy needs, food and water consumption levels, and infrastructure development and transportation and communication channels are expected to grow manifold in the coming years. Consequently GHG emissions are likely to witness exponential growth, unless cleaner and sustainable technologies can intercept the developmental trajectory and engineer the desired change.', 'Consequently GHG emissions are likely to witness exponential growth, unless cleaner and sustainable technologies can intercept the developmental trajectory and engineer the desired change. The government is consciously aware of the potential growth of GHG emissions and is devising its developmental strategy, aiming at minimum possible carbon footprints. A number of policy and action-oriented measures are already underway, especially to prepare for emerging threats in a pro-active manner. 1.4. Prevailing Energy Crisis The prevailing energy crisis of Pakistan can be characterized in two ways: a) Lack of access to sustainable energy sources and products (energy poverty); and b) Power sector (electricity) demand and supply gap. The current energy mix of Pakistan is predominantly tilted towards thermal generation based on imported fuels.', 'The current energy mix of Pakistan is predominantly tilted towards thermal generation based on imported fuels. Over the years, this has created severe macro-economic challenges for Pakistan. The long-term solution to this energy crisis is now justifiably understood to be based on tapping into domestic sources of energy, including coal, hydro and nuclear for power generation, to the maximum extent possible. For this, the present government has already rolled out its plans.While a considerable share of future electricity demand will be met through both domestic and imported coal, the share of nuclear-based electricity is set to grow from a mere 750 MW (3 percent of the present 25000 MW installed capacity) to 9630 MW (8 percent of an immensely larger energy pie).', 'For this, the present government has already rolled out its plans.While a considerable share of future electricity demand will be met through both domestic and imported coal, the share of nuclear-based electricity is set to grow from a mere 750 MW (3 percent of the present 25000 MW installed capacity) to 9630 MW (8 percent of an immensely larger energy pie). Given that nuclear power produces zero emissions, the planned addition of nuclear power into the overall energy mix is calculated to avoid an annual 21.7 to 56.8 million tons of CO2 equivalent by 2030.', 'Given that nuclear power produces zero emissions, the planned addition of nuclear power into the overall energy mix is calculated to avoid an annual 21.7 to 56.8 million tons of CO2 equivalent by 2030. According to the estimates published by World Energy Outlook 2013, some 55 million people in Pakistan do not have access to modern sources of energy, which is 28 percent of the total population of the country. Conversely, peak demand supply gap in the electricity sector currently amounts to over 5600 MW.', 'Conversely, peak demand supply gap in the electricity sector currently amounts to over 5600 MW. Table 1: Power System Information of Pakistan (2014-15) Installed Capacity National Transmission and Distribution (NTDC) System (MW) Karachi Electric System (MW) Whole Country (MW) Nominal Installed Capacity (MW) at end of June 2015 Generation Capability at System Peak Demand (approx) Peak Demand Deficit (MW) * Generation capability is higher than the nominal installed capacity due to an import of 650 MW from national transmission and distribution system (NTDC). ** Peak generation capability of NTDC and Karachi Electric System are not coincident; thus can not be simply added. For Pakistan it would be a challenge to achieve its targeted economic growth rate without overcoming the prevailing energy crisis through an aggressive increase in energy supply in the coming years.', 'For Pakistan it would be a challenge to achieve its targeted economic growth rate without overcoming the prevailing energy crisis through an aggressive increase in energy supply in the coming years. The government energy policy (2013) states that all domestic sources of energy, including coal, hydro, natural gas, wind and solar will be fully harnessed in bridging the power sector supply shortfall. The government plans to achieve an optimal mix of coal, gas and hydro potentials. The planned addition to the total installed capacity and prescribed energy mix will recognizably have an impact on the projected emissions of the energy sector.2. Response to Climate Change Issues 2.1.', 'Response to Climate Change Issues 2.1. Policy Initiatives Pakistan’s response to the challenges of global warming and climate change has been closely aligned with its strategies for sustainable development, environmental protection, sustainable development goals (SDGs) and objectives of the Convention on Climate Change. Adoption of the National Climate Change Policy and National Disaster Risk Reduction Policy in 2012 provided a comprehensive framework for policy goals and actions towards mainstreaming climate change, especially in economically and socially vulnerable sectors of the economy. A follow-up to these policies was the launch in 2013 of the Framework for Implementation of the Climate Change Policy (2014-2030), which outlines the vulnerabilities of various sectors to climate change and identifies appropriate adaptation and mitigation actions.', 'A follow-up to these policies was the launch in 2013 of the Framework for Implementation of the Climate Change Policy (2014-2030), which outlines the vulnerabilities of various sectors to climate change and identifies appropriate adaptation and mitigation actions. The Framework document was developed to serve as a catalyst for mainstreaming climate change concerns into decision-making at national and sub-national levels and to create an enabling environment for an integrated climate-compatible development process. The document promotes preparation of the National Adaptation Plan (NAP), Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs), future National Communications to the UNFCCC as well as detailed sub-national adaptation action plans. In order to achieve the objectives of these policy initiatives, the country has considerably improved and strengthened its climate governance structure over time.', 'In order to achieve the objectives of these policy initiatives, the country has considerably improved and strengthened its climate governance structure over time. Climate change and environmental protection have been extensively recognized in national long-term plans, annual Economic Surveys of Pakistan, annual budgets and associated Public Sector Development Programmes (PSDP). Specific budgetary allocations have been made at national and sub-national levels for execution of the Framework for Implementation of the Climate Change Policy. Specific activities and responsibilities relating to climate change concerns are coordinated by the Ministry of Climate Change at the national level with corresponding support from the sub- national governments. The Ministry of Climate Change also works in tandem with the other concerned federal authorities, research institutions, universities and private sector organizations.', 'The Ministry of Climate Change also works in tandem with the other concerned federal authorities, research institutions, universities and private sector organizations. The Ministry of Climate Change is responsible for supervising and controlling several attached departments and implementation agencies, namely: Global Change Impact Studies Centre (GCISC), National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak-EPA) and Zoological Survey Department of Pakistan (ZSD). It also has specialized wings to deal with matters relating to Environment and Forestry. At the operational level, frequent interaction is maintained with the Pakistan Metrological Department (PMD), Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC), Federal Flood Commission (FFC), Indus River System Authority (IRSA), Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA), National Energy Conservation Centre (ENERCON), Alternate Energy Development Board (AEDB) and many private sector organizations.', 'At the operational level, frequent interaction is maintained with the Pakistan Metrological Department (PMD), Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC), Federal Flood Commission (FFC), Indus River System Authority (IRSA), Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA), National Energy Conservation Centre (ENERCON), Alternate Energy Development Board (AEDB) and many private sector organizations. The National Climate Change Policy and its Framework for Implementation make key recommendations relating to mitigation measures in different sectors including energy,agriculture and forestry. Both documents also provide the policy framework on adaptation measures with particular focus on water, agriculture and livestock, coastal areas, Indus deltaic region, forests and other vulnerable ecosystems. Technical Needs Assessment (TNA) for climate change mitigation is being undertaken with the assistance of United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).', 'Technical Needs Assessment (TNA) for climate change mitigation is being undertaken with the assistance of United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Preliminary results of the TNA exercise identify a host of mitigation technologies in energy, agriculture and transport sectors with a vast potential for mitigation ready to be harnessed but which remain unrealized due to financial and technical challenges. Only a fraction of the small hydel potential of about 3,000 MW for power generation in the shape of micro and small-scale hydro plants has so far been realized. Similarly, solar photovoltaic and thermal technologies for power generation, water pumping, solar geysers and other renewable energy-uses can curtail GHG emissions. A sizeable potential also exists in making the buildings energy-efficient and achieving fuel efficiency in the transport sector.', 'A sizeable potential also exists in making the buildings energy-efficient and achieving fuel efficiency in the transport sector. Moreover, the agriculture sector offers promising potential for rationalizing the use of fertilizers and improving soil carbon management, promoting use of biogas as a fuel and sustainable forest management for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. The wetlands in Pakistan have also been recognized as promising areas for carbon sequestration. Other key areas relate to (a) establishment of organizational structure at the national and sub- national levels; (b) use of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and other market mechanisms to support climate change activities; (c) capacity building; and (d) financing of climate change regime using national and international resources.', 'Other key areas relate to (a) establishment of organizational structure at the national and sub- national levels; (b) use of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and other market mechanisms to support climate change activities; (c) capacity building; and (d) financing of climate change regime using national and international resources. The Ministry is actively reviewing policy considerations for further integration of market mechanisms in responding to emerging threats in the context of Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. One of the key recent developments is formulation of the Pakistan Climate Change Act, which has been approved by the Cabinet and will be introduced in Parliament for enactment in its next session.', 'One of the key recent developments is formulation of the Pakistan Climate Change Act, which has been approved by the Cabinet and will be introduced in Parliament for enactment in its next session. The proposed Act envisages an over-arching Pakistan Climate Change Council headed by the Prime Minister of Pakistan, with representation of the sub-national governments at the Chief Ministerial level. It also envisages establishment of a high-powered Pakistan Climate Change Authority and Pakistan Climate Change Fund. The Fund would mobilize resources from both domestic and international sources for providing finances to support mitigation and adaptation initiatives in the country.', 'The Fund would mobilize resources from both domestic and international sources for providing finances to support mitigation and adaptation initiatives in the country. Pakistan’s Climate Public Expenditure and Institutional Review (CPEIR), undertaken by United Nations Development Program (UNDP) in 2015 shows that the total estimated federal climate- related expenditure remained between 5.8 and 7.6 percent of total federal expenditures. The relative proportion of the climate-relevant budget spent on adaptation and mitigation varied significantly; adaptation varied between 25 and 60 percent and mitigation between 30 and 71 percent (combined adaptation and mitigation benefits were a maximum of 11 percent).', 'The relative proportion of the climate-relevant budget spent on adaptation and mitigation varied significantly; adaptation varied between 25 and 60 percent and mitigation between 30 and 71 percent (combined adaptation and mitigation benefits were a maximum of 11 percent). While the fiscal space for climate-related development expenditures is tight, it is nonetheless growing.Distribution of budgetary expenses to different climate change related activities is shown in the pie chart below: An augmented allocation for climate-related activities has been made in the federal budgets of 2015-16 and 2016-17. Key initiatives include interest-free loans to farmers for installation of solar tube wells; abolishing tax duty for import of solar equipment, promoting other renewable technologies in meeting the energy needs of the country and ambitious plans of afforestation.', 'Key initiatives include interest-free loans to farmers for installation of solar tube wells; abolishing tax duty for import of solar equipment, promoting other renewable technologies in meeting the energy needs of the country and ambitious plans of afforestation. Before promulgation of the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution (18th Amendment) in 2010, the Ministry of Environment dealt with all climate change-related concerns in the country at the national level. Sub-national governments were mainly functioning as implementers of national policies, primarily by way of devising projects and programs within their respective development plans and jurisdictions.', 'Sub-national governments were mainly functioning as implementers of national policies, primarily by way of devising projects and programs within their respective development plans and jurisdictions. With the 18th Amendment coming into effect, large sets of responsibilities were devolved to sub-national governments, which have taken charge of the climate change concerns and have started embarking upon several institutional and policy development initiatives in this regard. Considering the over-arching nature of climate change and also to cater to national obligations vis-à-vis international treaties and agreements, a full-fledged Ministry of Climate Change was established at the national level in 2012.', 'Considering the over-arching nature of climate change and also to cater to national obligations vis-à-vis international treaties and agreements, a full-fledged Ministry of Climate Change was established at the national level in 2012. A synopsis of climate change actions being undertaken by the sub-national governments are as follows: o Establishment of Directorates of Climate Change and Multilateral Environment Agreement (MEAs)o Formulation of climate change policies o Frameworks for implementing climate change policies o Constitution of climate change policy implementation committees o Construction of 1,000 MW Quaid-e-Azam solar park in Punjab o Improvement of urban public transport systems, especially Bus Rapid Transport at Lahore, Rawalpindi-Islamabad and Multan, and urban rail transport (Orange Line) at Lahore o Green Pakistan Programme of tree plantation across Pakistan o Large-scale tree plantation programmes in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa o Conservation of national parks and protected areas o Natural resource management o Clean development mechanism o Green Charter for cities (already signed for Islamabad) With the institutional infrastructure rapidly becoming operational at the sub-national level, the national climate policy action plans are being re-defined with sub-national governments taking on dominant roles and responsibilities.', 'A synopsis of climate change actions being undertaken by the sub-national governments are as follows: o Establishment of Directorates of Climate Change and Multilateral Environment Agreement (MEAs)o Formulation of climate change policies o Frameworks for implementing climate change policies o Constitution of climate change policy implementation committees o Construction of 1,000 MW Quaid-e-Azam solar park in Punjab o Improvement of urban public transport systems, especially Bus Rapid Transport at Lahore, Rawalpindi-Islamabad and Multan, and urban rail transport (Orange Line) at Lahore o Green Pakistan Programme of tree plantation across Pakistan o Large-scale tree plantation programmes in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa o Conservation of national parks and protected areas o Natural resource management o Clean development mechanism o Green Charter for cities (already signed for Islamabad) With the institutional infrastructure rapidly becoming operational at the sub-national level, the national climate policy action plans are being re-defined with sub-national governments taking on dominant roles and responsibilities. It is expected that with the consolidation of legal and institutional infrastructure, the overall climate governance structure will strengthen and allow the Ministry of Climate Change to better assist policy and operational activities of sub-national entities.', 'It is expected that with the consolidation of legal and institutional infrastructure, the overall climate governance structure will strengthen and allow the Ministry of Climate Change to better assist policy and operational activities of sub-national entities. Pakistan is among the most severely threatened countries in terms of climate-induced challenges. Individual areas face unique stresses, which can be quite different depending on the geographical location and rate of urbanization of the individual administrative units within Pakistan. This requires a multifaceted approach to climate change at the national level, as well as active engagement with sub-national representatives. For Pakistan, adaptation to the adverse impacts of climate change is inevitable and likely to become critical in future.', 'For Pakistan, adaptation to the adverse impacts of climate change is inevitable and likely to become critical in future. Due to geo-physical conditions, climatic extremes and high degrees of exposure and vulnerability, Pakistan has become a disaster-prone country. Frequent exposure to extreme climate-induced events such as droughts, floods, landslides, cyclonic activities, recession of glaciers, glacial lake outburst flooding (GLOF) and heat-waves have led the country to rank amongst top ten most climate-affected countries on the Global Climate Risk Index. Agriculture is a critical component of Pakistan’s economy and the main livelihood source of the people. Much of the country is arid and semi-arid; hence 90 percent of agricultural production comes from irrigated lands.', 'Much of the country is arid and semi-arid; hence 90 percent of agricultural production comes from irrigated lands. Low growth in the sector coupled with rapid population expansion is contributing to increasing levels of food insecurity. Besides, Pakistan is also a water stressed country with inadequate water storage facilities and an aging water infrastructure, including the country’s vast irrigation network. The National Economic & Environmental Development Study (NEEDS) shows that the average cost of adaptation to flood disasters ranges between US$ 2.0 - 3.8 billion per annum, depending on the frequency and intensity. However, it does not include adaptation cost of other climatechange-induced extreme events such as glacial lake outbursts, cyclones, heat waves and droughts.', 'However, it does not include adaptation cost of other climatechange-induced extreme events such as glacial lake outbursts, cyclones, heat waves and droughts. Overall, Pakistan’s adaptation needs range between US$ 7 - 14 billion per annum. Government of Pakistan is in the process of developing a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) at the national level for creating a framework of action to guide the implementing agencies on mainstreaming of medium and long-term climate change efforts into policies, strategies and programmes. This is to provide capacity support for a more coordinated approach within and among different levels and tiers of the government. Along with NAP, sectoral and sub-national adaptation plans would also be prepared, that would incorporate the recommendations and actions considered so far.', 'Along with NAP, sectoral and sub-national adaptation plans would also be prepared, that would incorporate the recommendations and actions considered so far. These plans would enable the sub-national governments in prioritizing their adaptation needs and allocating corresponding financial resources. An overview of the adaptation road map is presented below: Table 2: National Adaptation Priorities Long-term Vision To build a climate resilient society and economy by ensuring that climate change is mainstreamed in the economically and socially vulnerable sectors of the economy.', 'An overview of the adaptation road map is presented below: Table 2: National Adaptation Priorities Long-term Vision To build a climate resilient society and economy by ensuring that climate change is mainstreamed in the economically and socially vulnerable sectors of the economy. Medium to long- term actions (up to To support achievement of our long-term adaptation vision of a climate- resilient society, Pakistan will pursue efforts up to 2030 that address the vulnerability of water, agriculture and infrastructure to climate change by taking the following actions: Improving the irrigation system through actions such as lining of canals and irrigation channels Enhancing water resource management through: \uf0a7 Integrated watershed management \uf0a7 Water conservation \uf0a7 Development and optimization of water resource allocation, implementation of strict water management regulations and utilization of unconventional water resources such as recycling of used water and harvesting rain water and flood water Strengthening risk management system for the agriculture sector Implementing a comprehensive Climate Smart Agriculture program Building climate-resilient infrastructure with focus on improved and safe operation of water-related infrastructure and better management of transport operations and energy transmission, supported by innovations in urban planning for synergistic implementation of mitigation and adaptation actionsImproving the emergency response mechanism for managing extreme climate events and strengthening the development of disaster reduction and relief management systems based on risk assessments, aligned with the goals of Sendai Framework on Disaster Risk Reduction: 2015-2030 Near-term actions Led by the Ministry of Climate Change, Pakistan shall develop a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) that will create a framework for guiding the mainstreaming of medium- and long-term climate change concerns into national sectoral policies, strategies and programmes.', 'Medium to long- term actions (up to To support achievement of our long-term adaptation vision of a climate- resilient society, Pakistan will pursue efforts up to 2030 that address the vulnerability of water, agriculture and infrastructure to climate change by taking the following actions: Improving the irrigation system through actions such as lining of canals and irrigation channels Enhancing water resource management through: \uf0a7 Integrated watershed management \uf0a7 Water conservation \uf0a7 Development and optimization of water resource allocation, implementation of strict water management regulations and utilization of unconventional water resources such as recycling of used water and harvesting rain water and flood water Strengthening risk management system for the agriculture sector Implementing a comprehensive Climate Smart Agriculture program Building climate-resilient infrastructure with focus on improved and safe operation of water-related infrastructure and better management of transport operations and energy transmission, supported by innovations in urban planning for synergistic implementation of mitigation and adaptation actionsImproving the emergency response mechanism for managing extreme climate events and strengthening the development of disaster reduction and relief management systems based on risk assessments, aligned with the goals of Sendai Framework on Disaster Risk Reduction: 2015-2030 Near-term actions Led by the Ministry of Climate Change, Pakistan shall develop a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) that will create a framework for guiding the mainstreaming of medium- and long-term climate change concerns into national sectoral policies, strategies and programmes. The framework will help provide a basis for a more coordinated approach within and among different levels of government for climate-resilient development Sub-national adaptation planning capacity will be strengthened, leading to the formation of adaptation strategies and plans aligned with NAP that will facilitate local level adaptation and mainstream adaptation into sector -level policies at the sub-national level Disaster risk management capacity will be further enhanced through implementation of actions under ‘National Disaster Management Plan’ that includes strengthening of institutional and legal system for disaster management, preparation of disaster management plans, awareness raising and establishment of a national emergency response mechanism Support • Development of a multitude of professionals in the field of climate change through strengthened educational opportunities for individuals in the disciplines of geo-sciences, social sciences, management sciences, governance, policy formation and implementation • Providing financial support based on detailed cost assessments and balancing domestic contributions with needed support from the international community There is widespread potential for mitigation in all sectors of the national economy.', 'The framework will help provide a basis for a more coordinated approach within and among different levels of government for climate-resilient development Sub-national adaptation planning capacity will be strengthened, leading to the formation of adaptation strategies and plans aligned with NAP that will facilitate local level adaptation and mainstream adaptation into sector -level policies at the sub-national level Disaster risk management capacity will be further enhanced through implementation of actions under ‘National Disaster Management Plan’ that includes strengthening of institutional and legal system for disaster management, preparation of disaster management plans, awareness raising and establishment of a national emergency response mechanism Support • Development of a multitude of professionals in the field of climate change through strengthened educational opportunities for individuals in the disciplines of geo-sciences, social sciences, management sciences, governance, policy formation and implementation • Providing financial support based on detailed cost assessments and balancing domestic contributions with needed support from the international community There is widespread potential for mitigation in all sectors of the national economy. Based on a review of existing literature and available secondary data, an estimation of overall mitigation potential has been reached.', 'Based on a review of existing literature and available secondary data, an estimation of overall mitigation potential has been reached. This exercise has also highlighted the challenges, predominantly in the shape of technological and financial constraints, which are restricting Pakistan from fully harnessing its mitigation potential.Pakistan is on the verge of embarking on an unprecedented phase of economic growth and development with large-scale investments in high emissions sectors, providing an opportunity for realizing the obvious mitigation potential. However, technical and financial constraints would need to be addressed through international climate financing and technology transfer mechanisms. 2.3.1.', 'However, technical and financial constraints would need to be addressed through international climate financing and technology transfer mechanisms. 2.3.1. Options in Energy Sector An overview of mitigation potential and mitigation options in two key emission-generating sectors of the economy are presented below: Table 3: Mitigation Options in Energy Supply Sector Options Justification for Ranking / Priority High Priority Increase in grid efficiency Transmission and distribution losses are known to be significant in the country, reaching 18% of total generation in 2015. Therefore improvements in the level of efficiency of the grid would lead not only to cost savings but also represent a significant GHG mitigation potential Improvement in coal efficiency Improving the efficiency of planned coal-based power generation could lead to GHG mitigation.', 'Therefore improvements in the level of efficiency of the grid would lead not only to cost savings but also represent a significant GHG mitigation potential Improvement in coal efficiency Improving the efficiency of planned coal-based power generation could lead to GHG mitigation. This measure is particularly important in view of plans for developing Pakistan’s coal resources and significantly increasing the fuel’s importance in domestic electricity generation Large scale and distributed grid connected solar, wind and hydroelectricity These three options represent the three distinct renewable energy options believed to be viable for Pakistan.', 'This measure is particularly important in view of plans for developing Pakistan’s coal resources and significantly increasing the fuel’s importance in domestic electricity generation Large scale and distributed grid connected solar, wind and hydroelectricity These three options represent the three distinct renewable energy options believed to be viable for Pakistan. Their potential as low-carbon sources of energy and their perceived cost-effectiveness warranted their inclusion in the analysis Low Priority Carbon sequestration Though there is no plan at present for carbon sequestration in the country due to uncertainty surrounding implementation potential and associated high costs, yet it would become relevant given the availability of resourcesTable 4: Mitigation Options in Energy Demand Sector Options Justification for Ranking / Priority High Priority More efficient irrigation motors and pumps (electric) Inexpensive Big impact Current inefficiency presents untapped potential for great improvement Replace incandescent bulbs with LEDs Relatively inexpensive Large impact, as bulbs cover the vast majority of the lighting market Provides tangible and visible benefits to a very large portion of population Per device cost is quite low Efficient stoves Very cheap Very large impact Provides tangible and visible benefits to a very large portion of population Per device cost is significantly low Efficient water heaters Cheap Per device cost is very low Average to large population coverage Average efficiency gains per device Replacement of Boilers/ Furnaces High Efficiency Low GHG impact Long Technical Life Medium Priority Efficient space heaters Per device cost is quite low Population coverage in lower middle class Average efficiency gains per device Efficient FTLs Average savings per unit FTLs cover a relatively small part of the lighting market Per device cost is very low Efficient refrigerators Average existing inefficiencies, so average potential.', 'Their potential as low-carbon sources of energy and their perceived cost-effectiveness warranted their inclusion in the analysis Low Priority Carbon sequestration Though there is no plan at present for carbon sequestration in the country due to uncertainty surrounding implementation potential and associated high costs, yet it would become relevant given the availability of resourcesTable 4: Mitigation Options in Energy Demand Sector Options Justification for Ranking / Priority High Priority More efficient irrigation motors and pumps (electric) Inexpensive Big impact Current inefficiency presents untapped potential for great improvement Replace incandescent bulbs with LEDs Relatively inexpensive Large impact, as bulbs cover the vast majority of the lighting market Provides tangible and visible benefits to a very large portion of population Per device cost is quite low Efficient stoves Very cheap Very large impact Provides tangible and visible benefits to a very large portion of population Per device cost is significantly low Efficient water heaters Cheap Per device cost is very low Average to large population coverage Average efficiency gains per device Replacement of Boilers/ Furnaces High Efficiency Low GHG impact Long Technical Life Medium Priority Efficient space heaters Per device cost is quite low Population coverage in lower middle class Average efficiency gains per device Efficient FTLs Average savings per unit FTLs cover a relatively small part of the lighting market Per device cost is very low Efficient refrigerators Average existing inefficiencies, so average potential. Cost per device is high Efficient air conditioners Only part of the population impacted Average existing inefficiencies, so average potential Cost per device is significantly high Low Priority Improve roof insulation Extremely expensive: Costs per replacement are very high Average savings.', 'Cost per device is high Efficient air conditioners Only part of the population impacted Average existing inefficiencies, so average potential Cost per device is significantly high Low Priority Improve roof insulation Extremely expensive: Costs per replacement are very high Average savings. Only part of the population impacted2.3.2. Options for Agriculture Sector Table 5: Mitigation Options in Agriculture Sector Options Justification for Ranking / Priority High Priority Improve Irrigation and Water Management High emission reduction potential. Prioritized in numerous strategy / policy documents. High sustainable development benefits. Cost is reasonable. Manage water in rice cultivation to control release of methane from agricultural soils and introduce low water dependent rice varieties High emission reduction potential. Included in numerous strategy / policy documents. High sustainable development benefits. Cost is reasonable.', 'High sustainable development benefits. Cost is reasonable. Implement agroforestry practices through plantation of multipurpose and fast growing tree species High emission reduction potential. Included in some strategy/policy documents. High sustainable development benefits. Cost is reasonable. Promote use of green manure, better manure storage and management Medium emission reduction potential. Prioritized in 2013 Framework for Implementation. High sustainable development benefits. Cost is reasonable. Medium Priority Use agricultural and animal wastes to produce biogas and organic fertilizer Medium emission reduction potential. Prioritized in numerous government documents. Medium sustainable development benefits. High cost of investment. Reduce nitrous oxide release from agricultural soils by efficient and targeted use of chemical fertilizers Medium emission reduction potential. Included in some strategy/policy documents. Low sustainable development benefits.', 'Low sustainable development benefits. Medium costs associated with planning and implementation. Introduce feedstock mixes, dietary oils, and additives for livestock, to reduce methane production from enteric fermentation High emission reduction potential. Included in numerous strategy/policy documents. Low sustainable development benefits. High cost of research, development and investment.Promote no-till farming to improve soil carbon storage High emission reduction potential. Included in numerous strategy/policy documents. Low sustainable development benefits. Medium cost but difficult to change tilling practices. Low Priority Develop and adopt new breeds of cattle which are more productive in terms of milk and meat, and have lower methane production from enteric fermentation Uncertainty in emission reduction potential. Included in some strategy/policy documents. High sustainable development benefits. High cost.', 'High sustainable development benefits. High cost. Identify and implement ideal cropping patterns to manage soil nitrogen and reduce needs for chemical fertilizers Medium emission reduction potential. Included in the draft National Food Security policy (2013). Low sustainable development benefits. High cost of planning and implementation. Introduce genetically modified crops that are more carbon responsive Low emission reduction potential. Included in the 2013 Framework for Implementation. Medium sustainable development benefits. High cost of research and development. 3. GHG Emissions: Inventory and Analysis 3.1. Greenhouse Gas Inventory Commitments in Pak-INDC in response to the Paris Agreement are based on socio-economic realities and their impact on the country’s current and future GHG emissions.', 'Greenhouse Gas Inventory Commitments in Pak-INDC in response to the Paris Agreement are based on socio-economic realities and their impact on the country’s current and future GHG emissions. The emissions have been quantified on the basis of the latest available data and recently completed national GHG inventory for 2014-15. Setting 2015 as the base year for quantification of emissions has allowed consideration of the latest economic and industry parameters as well as the government’s targeted growth rates and development goals and objectives. Implications on emissions of aggressive national plans for addressing the prevailing energy crisis and adequately meeting projected energy needs up to 2030 have also been given due consideration.', 'Implications on emissions of aggressive national plans for addressing the prevailing energy crisis and adequately meeting projected energy needs up to 2030 have also been given due consideration. It needs to be highlighted that the present GHG inventory has been prepared using UNFCCC revised 1996 guidelines, applying the Tier 1 approach (which includes default emission factors). Due to non-availability of detailed data in some sectors and absence of tier 2 and tier 3 approaches, the present estimates may not be considered as precise and highly accurate. Hence, there is a possibility that emissions from certain sub-sectors and sub-sub-sectors may not have been fully taken into account.', 'Hence, there is a possibility that emissions from certain sub-sectors and sub-sub-sectors may not have been fully taken into account. Nonetheless, utilization of country/region specific emission factors would have certainly led to higher levels of emissions as compared to the presented estimates.3.2. Emissions by Sectors Based on the National GHG Inventory for 2014-15, the total GHG emissions of Pakistan add up to 405 MT CO2-equivalent. The inventory quantifies the emissions for five key GHG contributing sectors of the economy, which are energy, agriculture, industrial processes, land use and forestry, and waste.', 'The inventory quantifies the emissions for five key GHG contributing sectors of the economy, which are energy, agriculture, industrial processes, land use and forestry, and waste. Table 6: Inventory of GHG Emissions (in MT CO2-equivalent) Industrial Processes, SECTORAL SHARES FOR 2015 GHG INVENTORYThe historical trend of energy-related emissions over the last 20 years corresponds with economic growth and developmental pathways of successive governments, having focus on addressing the issue of energy security. The country, however, continues to suffer from a severe energy crisis that needs to be addressed on priority basis in the coming years. The national government is committed to exploring all sources of energy to resolve the prevailing crisis.', 'The national government is committed to exploring all sources of energy to resolve the prevailing crisis. The sector also offers the most promising mitigation potential, which can be realized by making available required funding and technologies. Agriculture remains the second highest contributor to the economy, a situation that is likely to continue in the coming years. The increase in emissions from the agriculture sector over the last 20 years also corresponds with economic growth and developmental pathways of successive governments. Focusing on ensuring food security for a continuously increasing population underscores the relevance of the food security challenge. It merits recognition that the sector will make major GHG contributions in the coming years. However the sector also offers very promising mitigation potential. 3.2.3.', 'However the sector also offers very promising mitigation potential. 3.2.3. Industrial Processes Industrial processes show a gradual increase in emissions over the last twenty years. Again the trend is consistent with the overall emissions trajectory. Slightly lower increase in the industrial emissions is also an indicator of relatively slow growth in industrial sector. It needs to be recognized however that slower historical emissions of the industrial sector are not indicative of future industrial sector emissions, particularly in the context of governmental plans for GDP growth and industrial growth. 3.2.4. Land Use Change and Forestry Contributions of ‘Land Use Change and Forestry’ sector in overall emissions profile of the country are merely 2%. A consistent but gradual increase can be noticed over the last twenty years.', 'A consistent but gradual increase can be noticed over the last twenty years. Another striking fact in this sector is the alarming rate of deforestation (27,000 hectares per year). With strengthened regulations and aggressive plans for reforestation, it is expected that the country will benefit from the sink effect in the long run. However, in the short-term the emissions are expected to increase.Although waste is a low emissions contributing sector in the overall emissions trajectory but with the unprecedented increase in the urbanization rate and forecasted GDP growth, the emissions are expected to grow exponentially in future. Pakistan being one of the fastest urbanizing country of the region, foresees a logical increase in GHG contributions of the waste sector. 3.3.', 'Pakistan being one of the fastest urbanizing country of the region, foresees a logical increase in GHG contributions of the waste sector. 3.3. Analysis of Current Emissions A comparison of increase in emissions over the last twenty-one years (1994 - 2015), coinciding with GHG inventory preparation activities in the country, shows an increasing trend in emissions in all sectors of economy. Overall increase in emissions over the period of twenty-one years is approximately 123 percent. The average annual increase works out to 10 MT CO2 equivalent, which represents annual growth rate of 3.9 percent, with periods of high and low-growth emissions commensurate with economic performance.', 'The average annual increase works out to 10 MT CO2 equivalent, which represents annual growth rate of 3.9 percent, with periods of high and low-growth emissions commensurate with economic performance. The historical trend of increase in emissions has so far been fairly consistent; however the envisaged economic growth and increasingly conducive macro-economic environment are likely to boost future emissions. Understandably the most predominant increase has taken place in energy and agriculture sectors. Energy sector emissions in the year 2015 increased by 117 percent whereas upsurge in the agriculture sector is as high as 145 percent. Average percentage increase in emissions of other sectors, however, remained less than 85 percent.', 'Average percentage increase in emissions of other sectors, however, remained less than 85 percent. As evident from the figures quoted above, sectoral share of emissions has not seen any change over the years. Agriculture and energy sectors remained prominent, in accordance with the overall developmental trend of the economy. Agriculture being the backbone of economy contributes significantly to the overall emissions profile of the country. Within the agriculture sector, livestock has the major share in emissions. Increase and dominance of energy sector is also an indicator of increasing demand for the energy both as a result of growing population and also increase in energy demand in other associated sectors, particularly agriculture and transport.', 'Increase and dominance of energy sector is also an indicator of increasing demand for the energy both as a result of growing population and also increase in energy demand in other associated sectors, particularly agriculture and transport. Decrease in the share of emissions from industrial processes sector is explicably due to prevailing energy crisis in the country, which severely curtailed the production capacity of the sector during all these years. Textile sector, being the largest contributing sector in the overall industrial production, has particularly suffered to the extent that a significant portion of the industry relocated to other countries of the region; consequently slowing down the growth of industry.', 'Textile sector, being the largest contributing sector in the overall industrial production, has particularly suffered to the extent that a significant portion of the industry relocated to other countries of the region; consequently slowing down the growth of industry. With the priority of the present government to eradicate energy crisis by 2018 and also to harness economic dividend from the potential CPEC opportunities, the share of emissions from the industrial sector is expected to grow exponentially. Based on the increase in industrial growth, the sector foresees a growth of up to 14 percent in the industrial output. Similarly, with the rapid increase in urbanization, the share of the waste sector is also expected to increase in the coming years.4. Future Projections and Abatement Cost 4.1.', 'Future Projections and Abatement Cost 4.1. Approach and Methodology Quantification of future emissions in Pakistan has been based on possible future scenarios and assumptions, apart from a number of other relevant factors. The country is passing through a unique phase of economic and social development, and is faced with grave challenges, including of a rapidly increasing population and threats to its food security and energy security. Therefore, a detailed analysis of future emissions is based on a wide range of probable scenarios in different sectors. Since GDP growth is considered to have a strong correlation with GHG emission pathways, particularly during the early developmental phase, it is imperative to establish a realistically credible GDP growth scenario for projecting the levels of GHG emission for this period.', 'Since GDP growth is considered to have a strong correlation with GHG emission pathways, particularly during the early developmental phase, it is imperative to establish a realistically credible GDP growth scenario for projecting the levels of GHG emission for this period. The methodology for quantification of future emissions has been customized to integrate the multiple emerging factors, which historically has not been the practice in Pakistan. The quantification of future emissions based on the ‘business as usual’ scenario is, however, not consistent with future economic growth and developmental objectives of Pakistan. Hence, the methodology has been suitably adjusted to cater for the emerging needs and the forthcoming parameters in the developmental planning of Pakistan.', 'Hence, the methodology has been suitably adjusted to cater for the emerging needs and the forthcoming parameters in the developmental planning of Pakistan. The Vision 2025 document of the Government of Pakistan sets a target of average GDP growth rate of 7 percent until the year 2025, which has been used for the extended period until 2030. Further incremental growth rate due to CPEC investments, infrastructure development and increasing energy demand has been adequately incorporated. Based on this adjusted GDP growth rate, the sectoral growth rates have been calculated, thereby providing the sector-specific basis for quantification of the projected sectoral emissions till the year 2030. Although historical sectoral growth rates have been duly considered, the parameters for future scenarios are considered to be more relevant.', 'Although historical sectoral growth rates have been duly considered, the parameters for future scenarios are considered to be more relevant. In an endeavor to fully incorporate possible future prospects and also to undertake the analytical exercise, possible scenarios of emissions growth have been prepared with due care. This helped analyze the overall emissions trajectory on a broad spectrum with comprehensive perspective, leading to the final emissions numbers. Hence, projected emissions for different sectors are believed to be the most representative and quantitatively realistic. 4.2. Sector-wise Projection of Emissions 4.2.1. Energy Sector Energy is currently the largest contributing sector in Pakistan’s emissions profile, contributing nearly 46 percent to total emissions; and its share is likely to grow significantly in future.', 'Energy Sector Energy is currently the largest contributing sector in Pakistan’s emissions profile, contributing nearly 46 percent to total emissions; and its share is likely to grow significantly in future. Calculation of projected emissions for the year 2030 is based on the accelerated growth scenario of the energy sector, adjusted to the average GDP growth rate as estimated by the government. Itenvisages a high demand power sector growth scenario, which would result in substantial increase in total electricity capacity of the grid by the year 2030, from domestic as well as imported coal power plants and additional hydel generation. Share of LNG and renewable sources such as wind and hydro, is also likely to significantly increase in future.', 'Share of LNG and renewable sources such as wind and hydro, is also likely to significantly increase in future. Keeping in view the projected rate of GDP growth and sectoral growth; and taking into consideration the proposed implementation of power generation investment plans, projected emissions for the year 2030 for energy sector are calculated as 898 MT CO2-equivalent. Agriculture is the second largest sector contributing 43% of GHG emissions as recorded in the current GHG emissions inventory. Although the percentage share of agriculture in the coming years is likely to decrease due to expected growth in the industrial and transport sectors, the sector will continue to remain an important emissions contributor due to inherent inter-linkage of agriculture growth with food security and poverty alleviation.', 'Although the percentage share of agriculture in the coming years is likely to decrease due to expected growth in the industrial and transport sectors, the sector will continue to remain an important emissions contributor due to inherent inter-linkage of agriculture growth with food security and poverty alleviation. While achieving the diversification of the economy, sustained growth in the agriculture sector is one of the priority areas of the national government. The forecasted economic growth rate, duly adjusted, shows a faster agriculture sector growth as compared to its average historical trend of about 03 percent per annum. Minimum agriculture growth rate of 04 percent has been determined by the government to improve food security and ensure minimum nutritional value for the growing population.', 'Minimum agriculture growth rate of 04 percent has been determined by the government to improve food security and ensure minimum nutritional value for the growing population. Improvement in per capita incomes is already being reflected in a shift in the dietary habits of increasing proportions of population and the trend is likely to be intensified in foreseeable future. With expected healthy rise in GDP and sizeable impact of CPEC interventions, this growth is likely to be well over 4% per annum. The required adjustment of agricultural growth rate has been taken into consideration while calculating emissions from the agriculture sector. The projected size of total agriculture emissions adds up to 457 MT CO2-equivalent. 4.2.3.', 'The projected size of total agriculture emissions adds up to 457 MT CO2-equivalent. 4.2.3. Industrial Processes Share of emissions from industrial processes currently stands at slightly over 5%, with expectations of exponential growth in the coming years. This growth in industrial activity is considered to be the engine for higher targeted GDP growth beyond the current industrial sector growth of 7% per annum. It is envisaged that CPEC will boost the projected annual average trade volume by 24 percent in 2016-2020 and by another 16 percent in the 2020-30 decade. As the industrial sector is likely to see substantial growth, its share of emissions will also increase in the near future. Projected emissions for the industrial sector for year 2030 are 130 MT CO2-equivalent.4.2.4.', 'Projected emissions for the industrial sector for year 2030 are 130 MT CO2-equivalent.4.2.4. Land Use Change and Forestry Historical emissions from the land use change and forestry sector remained 2 to 3 percent of overall emissions. The projected increase in emissions is based on massive changes in land use and enormous deforestation which the country is currently suffering and potential use of biomass in energy and industrial processes. Large-scale tree plantation programmes in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Green Pakistan Programme are likely to increase forest cover from the current 5 percent to 6 percent, using domestic resources during the period 2016-2020. An approximate amount of US$ 936 million has been allocated for this purpose.', 'An approximate amount of US$ 936 million has been allocated for this purpose. An increase in the forest cover from 6 to 10 percent by the year 2030 requires an estimated US$ 3.74 billion. Projected emissions for the land use change and forestry sector for year 2030 are 29 MT CO2- equivalent. Waste has so far seen a gradual increase in the share of overall emissions in Pakistan. It is expected to grow significantly in the foreseeable future. The share of the waste sector in the current GHG inventory is 3 percent, which is quite low as compared to the size of the population.', 'The share of the waste sector in the current GHG inventory is 3 percent, which is quite low as compared to the size of the population. However, Pakistan is in the midst of rapid urbanization, which would result in a sharp increase in the overall amount of waste generation and consequently an increased share of waste sector emissions. The increased GDP growth rate coupled with an urbanization growth rate of 3 percent are major considerations in calculation of waste sector emissions. Projected emissions for the waste sector for year 2030 are 89 MT CO2-equivalent.', 'Projected emissions for the waste sector for year 2030 are 89 MT CO2-equivalent. 4.3 Overall Projected Emissions for 2030 Projected levels of GHG emissions and their comparison with the last two GHG inventory years (1994 and 2015) are as follows: Table 7: Sector Wise Projection of Emissions (MT CO2-equivalent) While from 1994 to 2015 the emissions increased by about 123 percent, the total emissions are expected to increase by about 300 percent for the projected period (2015-2030).4.4 Estimation of Abatement Cost The calculation of abatement cost has been made by applying the production function approach, which is a model to explain output (GDP) consisting of function of independent variables and application of realistic economic assumptions.', '4.3 Overall Projected Emissions for 2030 Projected levels of GHG emissions and their comparison with the last two GHG inventory years (1994 and 2015) are as follows: Table 7: Sector Wise Projection of Emissions (MT CO2-equivalent) While from 1994 to 2015 the emissions increased by about 123 percent, the total emissions are expected to increase by about 300 percent for the projected period (2015-2030).4.4 Estimation of Abatement Cost The calculation of abatement cost has been made by applying the production function approach, which is a model to explain output (GDP) consisting of function of independent variables and application of realistic economic assumptions. This calculation of the cost of reducing GHG emissions (abatement cost) in terms of lost output (opportunity/abatement cost of reducing GHG emissions) is a function of policy regulations and/or a consequence of adverse impacts of climate change.', 'This calculation of the cost of reducing GHG emissions (abatement cost) in terms of lost output (opportunity/abatement cost of reducing GHG emissions) is a function of policy regulations and/or a consequence of adverse impacts of climate change. In other words it is regulation driven [marginal] loss in productivity, which results in GHG reductions. Since the estimation of cost is directly dependent on a number of variables and technological options, it is important that abatement cost is calculated for a range of possibilities and scenarios to fully encompass different assumptions for emission reductions and different policy options. Based on economic analyses, a reduction of up to 20 percent in the projected emissions for 2030 would require approximately US$ 40 billion calculated at current prices.', 'Based on economic analyses, a reduction of up to 20 percent in the projected emissions for 2030 would require approximately US$ 40 billion calculated at current prices. 5 Intended Nationally Determined Contribution 5.1 National Parameters The future emissions trajectory of Pakistan depends upon a number of factors, both favorable and unfavorable. First, the huge gap in energy supply and demand presently faced by the country has to be met on a fast track basis if the economy is to follow the envisaged rate of growth. Secondly, with the country still at an early stage of development, any move to reduce GHG emissions without required financial assistance and technological support would compromise the nation’s ability to meet growing needs of the huge population, with high poverty levels.', 'Secondly, with the country still at an early stage of development, any move to reduce GHG emissions without required financial assistance and technological support would compromise the nation’s ability to meet growing needs of the huge population, with high poverty levels. Thirdly, there are critical deficiencies in social and economic infrastructure requiring immediate attention of the government. Hence, it is reasonable to assume that the GHG emissions of Pakistan in 2030 would be 1603 MT CO2-equivalent. Given the future economic growth and associated growth in the energy sector, the peaking of emissions in Pakistan is expected to take place much beyond the year 2030. An exponential increase of GHG emissions for many decades is likely to occur before any decrease in emissions can be expected.', 'An exponential increase of GHG emissions for many decades is likely to occur before any decrease in emissions can be expected. In view of the importance of the objectives of UNFCCC at both the national and global levels, Pakistan is determined to reduce its emissions to the maximum extent possible. However, financial and technical constraints do not permit realization of the full mitigation potential.', 'However, financial and technical constraints do not permit realization of the full mitigation potential. It is likely that these challenges will continue to feature prominently in future national discourse and would only be effectively addressed with financial grants and technical assistance from the international community.5.2 Pak-INDC Statement Having considered the existing potential for mitigation in the country, Pakistan intends to reduce up to 20% of its 2030 projected GHG emissions subject to availability of international grants to meet the total abatement cost for the indicated 20 percent reduction amounting to about US$ 40 billion at current prices. Pakistan’s adaptation needs range between U$ 7 to U$ 14 billion/annum during this period.', 'Pakistan’s adaptation needs range between U$ 7 to U$ 14 billion/annum during this period. 5.3 Implementation Mechanism Through its National Climate Change Policy, Pakistan has recognized the necessity for a suitable process to monitor and evaluate the cost-benefit ratio of potential actions. This also applies to the effectiveness of interventions in reducing vulnerabilities to climate change and overall progress towards achievement of adaptation objectives. The mechanism to ensure appropriateness of adaptation measures is in place. However, it needs to be implemented effectively and adjusted on a regular basis in response to new information and knowledge. The Ministry of Climate Change acts as the focal agency in Pakistan for preparation, updating, coordination and implementation supervision of the Pak-INDC.', 'The Ministry of Climate Change acts as the focal agency in Pakistan for preparation, updating, coordination and implementation supervision of the Pak-INDC. A high-powered body comprising key stakeholders from national government, sub-national governments and private sector would steer the process. The above institutional arrangements would continue, leading up to the review and revision of Pak-INDC and its implementation during the period 2016-2030. This institutional arrangement will also help improve national development planning processes. 5.4 Assessment of Capacity Building Needs Potential for mitigation and need for adaptation is well recognized and elaborately documented in Pakistan; and so is the determination of capacity gaps. Need for capacity building exists both at policy as well as operational levels at national and sub-national tiers alike.', 'Need for capacity building exists both at policy as well as operational levels at national and sub-national tiers alike. As an aftermath of the 18th Amendment, sub-national governments are now carrying out both policy and operational work. Hence there is a need for harmonizing national and sub-national policies and synergizing the action agenda so that considerations of climate change can be incorporated into over-arching development planning in a coherent manner.', 'Hence there is a need for harmonizing national and sub-national policies and synergizing the action agenda so that considerations of climate change can be incorporated into over-arching development planning in a coherent manner. The Ministry of Climate Change, which plays a pivotal role at the national level, would also benefit from institutional strengthening and capacity enhancement.In acknowledgment of the potential for mitigation and identification of priority areas for adaption, an independent assessment of capacity building needs has been carried out, considering following specific aspects: In spite of climate change being increasingly recognized as a critical issue interlinked with all key sectors of the economy, the requisite institutional and policy linkages have not been fully established; Technical capacity for climate proofing of existing and future developmental projects is low.', 'The Ministry of Climate Change, which plays a pivotal role at the national level, would also benefit from institutional strengthening and capacity enhancement.In acknowledgment of the potential for mitigation and identification of priority areas for adaption, an independent assessment of capacity building needs has been carried out, considering following specific aspects: In spite of climate change being increasingly recognized as a critical issue interlinked with all key sectors of the economy, the requisite institutional and policy linkages have not been fully established; Technical capacity for climate proofing of existing and future developmental projects is low. This has kept climate change largely disconnected from development programs and projects, restraining the country from climate compatible and disaster resilient developmental pathways; Mitigation typically requires technological upgrades with sophisticated technical capacity and additional costs.', 'This has kept climate change largely disconnected from development programs and projects, restraining the country from climate compatible and disaster resilient developmental pathways; Mitigation typically requires technological upgrades with sophisticated technical capacity and additional costs. Long-term planning and institutional strengthening, however, remain pre-requisites for adaptation at the local level. For fully realizing the prevailing potential for both mitigation and adaptation, technical capacity at all levels needs to be enhanced; and With the bulk of climate change policy implementation actions now to be implemented by the sub-national governments, the capacity building programmes relating to policy formulations, climate proofing of developmental projects, natural capital management and institutional strengthening shall have to be increasingly implemented at sub-national level.', 'For fully realizing the prevailing potential for both mitigation and adaptation, technical capacity at all levels needs to be enhanced; and With the bulk of climate change policy implementation actions now to be implemented by the sub-national governments, the capacity building programmes relating to policy formulations, climate proofing of developmental projects, natural capital management and institutional strengthening shall have to be increasingly implemented at sub-national level. Table 8: Capacity Building Needs Sector Action Potential interventions Energy Awareness raising through promotion of Energy Standards and Labeling (ESL) for manufacturers and importers, and promotion for consumers.', 'Table 8: Capacity Building Needs Sector Action Potential interventions Energy Awareness raising through promotion of Energy Standards and Labeling (ESL) for manufacturers and importers, and promotion for consumers. Training/advisory support in awareness raising for ESL from agencies and countries that have implemented such programmes Training through technical courses organized in Pakistan and abroad Training/advisory support for financial institutions on designing and implementing fiscal instruments Development of national systems for regulating the renewables and improving institutional / technical linkages with key players in the private sectorTechnical expertise in developing, installing and maintaining solar and wind power sources Training through technical courses organized in Pakistan and abroad Public sector capacity for promoting, regulating and monitoring energy efficiency Development of capacity to monitor and verify progress on the enforcement of ESL.', 'Training/advisory support in awareness raising for ESL from agencies and countries that have implemented such programmes Training through technical courses organized in Pakistan and abroad Training/advisory support for financial institutions on designing and implementing fiscal instruments Development of national systems for regulating the renewables and improving institutional / technical linkages with key players in the private sectorTechnical expertise in developing, installing and maintaining solar and wind power sources Training through technical courses organized in Pakistan and abroad Public sector capacity for promoting, regulating and monitoring energy efficiency Development of capacity to monitor and verify progress on the enforcement of ESL. Transport Awareness raising and provision of incentives for efficient vehicle operations Development of awareness materials and demonstration events in cities to show how to maintain vehicles efficiently Training of vehicle service providers through short courses on dissemination of information to vehicle owners and users Preparation of training materials for financial institutions on loan packages to finance efficiency improvements in the vehicle fleet Visits of representatives from financial institutions to countries where such loans schemes have been successful Upgrading and modernization of rail services Training of government officials at the national, regional and city levels on monitoring and evaluating mitigation programs and on methods of management for modern rail systems Training of technical staff to operate modern rail systems Upgrading and development of efficient public transport systems Training of government officials at the national, regional and city levels on monitoring and evaluating mitigation programs and on methods of management for public urban transport systems Training of technical staff to operate modern urban transport systems Public sector capacity to monitor and evaluate programs of mitigation and effectively manage the modernized rail and energy efficient public transport systems Visits of transport specialists to Pakistan Training of public sector officials on regulating and monitoring modern transport systems Study visits of Pakistan staff to countries with modern rail and bus rapid transport in citiesAgriculture Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Training programs on climate change and CSA for national, sub-national and local authorities by national and international experts Training programs on climate change and CSA financing needs for banks and micro-finance institutions Farmer field schools focused on specific CSA activities (e.g.', 'Transport Awareness raising and provision of incentives for efficient vehicle operations Development of awareness materials and demonstration events in cities to show how to maintain vehicles efficiently Training of vehicle service providers through short courses on dissemination of information to vehicle owners and users Preparation of training materials for financial institutions on loan packages to finance efficiency improvements in the vehicle fleet Visits of representatives from financial institutions to countries where such loans schemes have been successful Upgrading and modernization of rail services Training of government officials at the national, regional and city levels on monitoring and evaluating mitigation programs and on methods of management for modern rail systems Training of technical staff to operate modern rail systems Upgrading and development of efficient public transport systems Training of government officials at the national, regional and city levels on monitoring and evaluating mitigation programs and on methods of management for public urban transport systems Training of technical staff to operate modern urban transport systems Public sector capacity to monitor and evaluate programs of mitigation and effectively manage the modernized rail and energy efficient public transport systems Visits of transport specialists to Pakistan Training of public sector officials on regulating and monitoring modern transport systems Study visits of Pakistan staff to countries with modern rail and bus rapid transport in citiesAgriculture Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Training programs on climate change and CSA for national, sub-national and local authorities by national and international experts Training programs on climate change and CSA financing needs for banks and micro-finance institutions Farmer field schools focused on specific CSA activities (e.g. soil conservation).', 'Transport Awareness raising and provision of incentives for efficient vehicle operations Development of awareness materials and demonstration events in cities to show how to maintain vehicles efficiently Training of vehicle service providers through short courses on dissemination of information to vehicle owners and users Preparation of training materials for financial institutions on loan packages to finance efficiency improvements in the vehicle fleet Visits of representatives from financial institutions to countries where such loans schemes have been successful Upgrading and modernization of rail services Training of government officials at the national, regional and city levels on monitoring and evaluating mitigation programs and on methods of management for modern rail systems Training of technical staff to operate modern rail systems Upgrading and development of efficient public transport systems Training of government officials at the national, regional and city levels on monitoring and evaluating mitigation programs and on methods of management for public urban transport systems Training of technical staff to operate modern urban transport systems Public sector capacity to monitor and evaluate programs of mitigation and effectively manage the modernized rail and energy efficient public transport systems Visits of transport specialists to Pakistan Training of public sector officials on regulating and monitoring modern transport systems Study visits of Pakistan staff to countries with modern rail and bus rapid transport in citiesAgriculture Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Training programs on climate change and CSA for national, sub-national and local authorities by national and international experts Training programs on climate change and CSA financing needs for banks and micro-finance institutions Farmer field schools focused on specific CSA activities (e.g. soil conservation). Exposure visits of farmer groups to different regions to learn about specific CSA activities Curriculum development/enhancement within universities and technical institutes providing training for extensions workers on climate change and CSA practices Strengthening Risk Management system Training of extension workers in risk management and risk transfer mechanism Developing an institutional set-up for providing agriculture insurance Farmer field schools to build awareness of agriculture insurance options Study tours of government officials / members of the financial sector in other relevant countries Pre-feasibility study to assess viability and capacity gaps pertaining to the development of national weather index insurance system Conclusion Pakistan reiterates its commitment and obligations towards the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and Paris Agreement, and the objective to limit the average global temperature increase to 1.5 to 2.0 degrees Centigrade.', 'Exposure visits of farmer groups to different regions to learn about specific CSA activities Curriculum development/enhancement within universities and technical institutes providing training for extensions workers on climate change and CSA practices Strengthening Risk Management system Training of extension workers in risk management and risk transfer mechanism Developing an institutional set-up for providing agriculture insurance Farmer field schools to build awareness of agriculture insurance options Study tours of government officials / members of the financial sector in other relevant countries Pre-feasibility study to assess viability and capacity gaps pertaining to the development of national weather index insurance system Conclusion Pakistan reiterates its commitment and obligations towards the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and Paris Agreement, and the objective to limit the average global temperature increase to 1.5 to 2.0 degrees Centigrade. It will continue to play a meaningful role in global efforts towards achieving this goal.', 'It will continue to play a meaningful role in global efforts towards achieving this goal. As explained in the Pak-INDC, a number of mitigation and adaptation measures and actions are already being undertaken with domestic resources. These measures and actions can be intensified in coming years with expected availability of international climate finance, technology development and transfer, and capacity building.']

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PAK

Pakistan

Updated NDC

2021-10-21 00:00:00

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NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Pakistan%20Updated%20NDC%202021.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Asia

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../data/downloaded_documents/3ffbfaea63b162c7eccffd295639d695b24f8efaa9ec8d7601d2794e82a6d71f.pdf

['TABLE OF CONTENTS THE NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE CONTEXT 2.1. NDC Update Process 18 2.3.', 'TABLE OF CONTENTS THE NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE CONTEXT 2.1. NDC Update Process 18 2.3. New Identified Areas 19 CLIMATE VULNERABILITIES, RISKS, & COSTS 3.1 Climate Vulnerability Trends 22 3.2 Climate Impact Drivers (CIDs) 23 3.3 Compound Extreme Weather MITIGATION: EFFORTS, ACHIEVEMENTS & NDCs 4.3 Contributions to Mitigation 31 ADAPTATION: EFFORTS, ACHIEVEMENTS & NDCS 5.3 Contributions to Adaptation 47 CROSS-CUTTERS & CO-BENEFITS 6.2 Youth and Volunteer Engagement 59 6.3 Sustainable Development Goals 59 NATIONAL VISION FOR CLIMATE ACTIONNDC TARGETS & MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION 7.2 Medium Term Actions 63 7.3 Loss & Damage 64 CAPACITY ASSESSMENT & NEEDS 8.3 Technology Development & Transition Needs 68 CLIMATE FINANCE, MARKET & NON-MARKET BASE APPROACHES CLARITY, TRANSPARENCY AND UNDERSTANDING 10.2 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification MRV 74PAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Mitigation Policy Action in Six Sectors Table 4.2: Overarching Mitigation Objectives & Supporting Initiatives Table 5.1: Strengthening Policies, Strategies and Action Plans Table 5.2: Key Adaptation Sectors & Supporting Actions Table 5.3: Supporting Adaptation Actions & Indicators Table 6.1: Gender Mainstreaming Actions & Potential Targets Table 6.2: SDG Objectives, Actions & Indicators Table 10.1: Summary of GHG Emissions (2017-18) LIST OF FIGURES Fg.1.1: Voluntary and Conditional Reduction of 50% below its projected BAU emissions by 2030 Fg.1.2: Pakistan WB commitments and Climate co-Benefits (millions US$ and percent of total commitments)PAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 LIST OF ACRONYMS ADB Asian Development Bank AEDB Alternative and Renewable Energy Development Board AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land use ARE 2019 Alternative and Renewable Energy Policy 2019 BAU Business as usual BRT Bus Rapid Transit BTAP Billion Trees Afforestation Project BTR Biennial Transparency Report CBDRM Community Based Disaster Risk Management CCA Climate Change Adaptation CCGAP Climate Change Gender Action Plan CDWP Central Development Working Party Meeting CGPI – 2019 Clean Green Pakistan Index 2019 CIACA Collaborative Instruments for Ambitious Climate Action CID Climate Impact-Drivers CIF Climate Investment Fund COP Conference of Parties CPEC China - Pakistan Economic Corridor CPI Carbon Pricing Instrument CPPA-G Central Power Purchasing Agency-Guarantee CSOs Civil Society Organizations DWP Development Working Party EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EPA Environmental Protection Agency ESL Energy Standards and Labeling ESRF Ecosystem Restoration Fund ESRI Ecosystem Restoration Initiative ETF Enhanced Transparency Framework EV Electric Vehicles FCPF Forest Carbon Partnership FacilityPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 FFC Federal Flood Commission FY Fiscal Year GB Gilgit-Baltistan GCF Green Climate Fund GCISC Global Change Impact Studies Centre GDP Gross Domestic Product GEF Global Environment Facility GFP Gender Focal Point GHG Greenhouse Gases GHI Global Horizontal Irradiation / Irradiance GIS Geographic Information System GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (German International Development Agency) GLOF Glacial Lake Outburst Floods GoP Government of Pakistan GCMs General Circulation Models GtCO e Giga Tonnes Carbon dioxide equivalent HFCs Hydrofluorocarbons HiAP Health in All Policies IFC International Finance Corporation IGCEP 2021-30 Indicative Generation Capacity Expansion Plan 2021-30 IPCC Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change IPP Independent Power Producer IPPU Industrial Processes and Product Use KP Khyber Pakhtunkhwa L&D Loss and Damage LDN Land Degradation Neutrality LULUCF Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry MEPS Minimum Energy Performance Standards MoCC Ministry of Climate Change MoE Ministry of Energy MoF Ministry of Finance MoI Ministry of IndustriesPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 MoNFSR Ministry of National Food Security & Research MoNHSR&C Ministry of National Health Services, Regulations and Coordination MOPD&SI Ministry of Planning, Development & Special Initiatives MoWR Ministry of Water Resources MRV Monitoring, Reporting and Verification MT Million Tonnes MT CO e Million Tonnes of Carbon dioxide Equivalent MTOE Million Tonnes of Oil Equivalent MW Mega Watt NAMAs Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions NAP National Adaptation Plan NAP-SCP National Action Plan on Sustainable Consumption and Production NARC National Agricultural Research Centre NbS Nature-based Solutions NBSAP National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan NCCP National Climate Change Policy NCEC National Committee on the Establishment of Carbon Markets NCSW National Commission on the Status of Women NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NDMA National Disaster Management Authority NEECA National Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority NEP 2021 National Electricity Policy 2021 NEPRA National Electric Power Regulatory Authority NEVP 2019 National Electric Vehicles Policy 2019 NFPP-IV National Flood Protection Plan – IV NIT National Investment Trust NIU NDC Implementation Unit NMHVRA National Multi-Hazard Vulnerability and Risk Assessment NPB Nature Performance Bonds NRSP National Rural Support Programme NSC National Steering Committee NTDC National Transmission and Dispatch Company NWP 2018 National Water Policy 2018PAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 P&DDs Planning & Development Departments P&M Policies & Measures PAEC Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission PAI Protected Areas Initiative PASS Poverty Alleviation and Social Safety Net Division PDMA Provincial Disaster Management Authority PMCCC Prime Minister’s Committee on Climate Change PMD Pakistan Metrological Department POPs Persistent Organic Pollutants PPIB Private Power and Infrastructure Board PPPA Public Private Partnership Authority Provincial DoA Provincial Department of Agriculture PSDP Public Sector Development Programme PSLEP Pakistan Snow Leopard and Ecosystem Protection Program RBF Result-Based Financing RE Renewable Energy REDD+PES The United Nations Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation; Payments for Environmental Services RLNG Re-Gasified Liquefied Natural Gas R-PP Readiness Preparation Proposal 3Rs Reduce, reuse, recycle SBN Sustainable Banking Network SBP State Bank of Pakistan SDG Sustainable Development Goal SECP Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan SEIAs Social Environmental Impact Assessments SFF Sustainable Finance Framework SFM Sustainable Forest Management SLMP Sustainable Land Management Project SMEs Small and medium-sized enterprises SOPs Standard operating procedures SPO Second Party Opinion TBTTP Ten Billion Tree Tsunami ProgrammePAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 TNA Technology Need Assessment TOE Tonnes of Oil Equivalent UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environmental Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change VNR Voluntary National Review VRE Variable Renewable Energy WAPDA Water and Power Development Authority WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene WIM Warsaw International MechanismPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Government of Pakistan (GoP) as a Party to the Paris Agreement of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has performed its role to support the global efforts in combating climate change.', 'New Identified Areas 19 CLIMATE VULNERABILITIES, RISKS, & COSTS 3.1 Climate Vulnerability Trends 22 3.2 Climate Impact Drivers (CIDs) 23 3.3 Compound Extreme Weather MITIGATION: EFFORTS, ACHIEVEMENTS & NDCs 4.3 Contributions to Mitigation 31 ADAPTATION: EFFORTS, ACHIEVEMENTS & NDCS 5.3 Contributions to Adaptation 47 CROSS-CUTTERS & CO-BENEFITS 6.2 Youth and Volunteer Engagement 59 6.3 Sustainable Development Goals 59 NATIONAL VISION FOR CLIMATE ACTIONNDC TARGETS & MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION 7.2 Medium Term Actions 63 7.3 Loss & Damage 64 CAPACITY ASSESSMENT & NEEDS 8.3 Technology Development & Transition Needs 68 CLIMATE FINANCE, MARKET & NON-MARKET BASE APPROACHES CLARITY, TRANSPARENCY AND UNDERSTANDING 10.2 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification MRV 74PAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Mitigation Policy Action in Six Sectors Table 4.2: Overarching Mitigation Objectives & Supporting Initiatives Table 5.1: Strengthening Policies, Strategies and Action Plans Table 5.2: Key Adaptation Sectors & Supporting Actions Table 5.3: Supporting Adaptation Actions & Indicators Table 6.1: Gender Mainstreaming Actions & Potential Targets Table 6.2: SDG Objectives, Actions & Indicators Table 10.1: Summary of GHG Emissions (2017-18) LIST OF FIGURES Fg.1.1: Voluntary and Conditional Reduction of 50% below its projected BAU emissions by 2030 Fg.1.2: Pakistan WB commitments and Climate co-Benefits (millions US$ and percent of total commitments)PAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 LIST OF ACRONYMS ADB Asian Development Bank AEDB Alternative and Renewable Energy Development Board AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land use ARE 2019 Alternative and Renewable Energy Policy 2019 BAU Business as usual BRT Bus Rapid Transit BTAP Billion Trees Afforestation Project BTR Biennial Transparency Report CBDRM Community Based Disaster Risk Management CCA Climate Change Adaptation CCGAP Climate Change Gender Action Plan CDWP Central Development Working Party Meeting CGPI – 2019 Clean Green Pakistan Index 2019 CIACA Collaborative Instruments for Ambitious Climate Action CID Climate Impact-Drivers CIF Climate Investment Fund COP Conference of Parties CPEC China - Pakistan Economic Corridor CPI Carbon Pricing Instrument CPPA-G Central Power Purchasing Agency-Guarantee CSOs Civil Society Organizations DWP Development Working Party EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EPA Environmental Protection Agency ESL Energy Standards and Labeling ESRF Ecosystem Restoration Fund ESRI Ecosystem Restoration Initiative ETF Enhanced Transparency Framework EV Electric Vehicles FCPF Forest Carbon Partnership FacilityPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 FFC Federal Flood Commission FY Fiscal Year GB Gilgit-Baltistan GCF Green Climate Fund GCISC Global Change Impact Studies Centre GDP Gross Domestic Product GEF Global Environment Facility GFP Gender Focal Point GHG Greenhouse Gases GHI Global Horizontal Irradiation / Irradiance GIS Geographic Information System GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (German International Development Agency) GLOF Glacial Lake Outburst Floods GoP Government of Pakistan GCMs General Circulation Models GtCO e Giga Tonnes Carbon dioxide equivalent HFCs Hydrofluorocarbons HiAP Health in All Policies IFC International Finance Corporation IGCEP 2021-30 Indicative Generation Capacity Expansion Plan 2021-30 IPCC Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change IPP Independent Power Producer IPPU Industrial Processes and Product Use KP Khyber Pakhtunkhwa L&D Loss and Damage LDN Land Degradation Neutrality LULUCF Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry MEPS Minimum Energy Performance Standards MoCC Ministry of Climate Change MoE Ministry of Energy MoF Ministry of Finance MoI Ministry of IndustriesPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 MoNFSR Ministry of National Food Security & Research MoNHSR&C Ministry of National Health Services, Regulations and Coordination MOPD&SI Ministry of Planning, Development & Special Initiatives MoWR Ministry of Water Resources MRV Monitoring, Reporting and Verification MT Million Tonnes MT CO e Million Tonnes of Carbon dioxide Equivalent MTOE Million Tonnes of Oil Equivalent MW Mega Watt NAMAs Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions NAP National Adaptation Plan NAP-SCP National Action Plan on Sustainable Consumption and Production NARC National Agricultural Research Centre NbS Nature-based Solutions NBSAP National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan NCCP National Climate Change Policy NCEC National Committee on the Establishment of Carbon Markets NCSW National Commission on the Status of Women NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NDMA National Disaster Management Authority NEECA National Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority NEP 2021 National Electricity Policy 2021 NEPRA National Electric Power Regulatory Authority NEVP 2019 National Electric Vehicles Policy 2019 NFPP-IV National Flood Protection Plan – IV NIT National Investment Trust NIU NDC Implementation Unit NMHVRA National Multi-Hazard Vulnerability and Risk Assessment NPB Nature Performance Bonds NRSP National Rural Support Programme NSC National Steering Committee NTDC National Transmission and Dispatch Company NWP 2018 National Water Policy 2018PAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 P&DDs Planning & Development Departments P&M Policies & Measures PAEC Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission PAI Protected Areas Initiative PASS Poverty Alleviation and Social Safety Net Division PDMA Provincial Disaster Management Authority PMCCC Prime Minister’s Committee on Climate Change PMD Pakistan Metrological Department POPs Persistent Organic Pollutants PPIB Private Power and Infrastructure Board PPPA Public Private Partnership Authority Provincial DoA Provincial Department of Agriculture PSDP Public Sector Development Programme PSLEP Pakistan Snow Leopard and Ecosystem Protection Program RBF Result-Based Financing RE Renewable Energy REDD+PES The United Nations Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation; Payments for Environmental Services RLNG Re-Gasified Liquefied Natural Gas R-PP Readiness Preparation Proposal 3Rs Reduce, reuse, recycle SBN Sustainable Banking Network SBP State Bank of Pakistan SDG Sustainable Development Goal SECP Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan SEIAs Social Environmental Impact Assessments SFF Sustainable Finance Framework SFM Sustainable Forest Management SLMP Sustainable Land Management Project SMEs Small and medium-sized enterprises SOPs Standard operating procedures SPO Second Party Opinion TBTTP Ten Billion Tree Tsunami ProgrammePAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 TNA Technology Need Assessment TOE Tonnes of Oil Equivalent UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environmental Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change VNR Voluntary National Review VRE Variable Renewable Energy WAPDA Water and Power Development Authority WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene WIM Warsaw International MechanismPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Government of Pakistan (GoP) as a Party to the Paris Agreement of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has performed its role to support the global efforts in combating climate change. GoP takes ownership and pride in submitting an updated Nationally Determined Contributions NDC which is inclusive and represents national consensus to accelerating the transition towards a climate-resilient economy.', 'GoP takes ownership and pride in submitting an updated Nationally Determined Contributions NDC which is inclusive and represents national consensus to accelerating the transition towards a climate-resilient economy. The current submission showcases GoP’s progress in climate action that ranges from policy and programs on Nature-based Solutions (NbS) to technology-based interventions. Pakistan, recognizing the role of nature in climate adaptation and mitigation, has developed robust natural capital restoration efforts including the Ten Billion Tree Tsunami Programme (TBTTP), Protected Areas Initiative (PAI) etc. These programs have also served as a way to enhance livelihood opportunities for the most vulnerable, including women and youth. In addition, Pakistan has introduced a number of policy actions focused on mitigating greenhouse gas emissions from high emission sectors like energy and industry.', 'In addition, Pakistan has introduced a number of policy actions focused on mitigating greenhouse gas emissions from high emission sectors like energy and industry. The focus of GoP’s climate actions during the decade ahead is decided by the current climate-induced vulnerabilities, aimed at achieving reduced poverty and ensuring a stable economy. The current submission is informed by recent policy development in the country in the NDC sectors, and some ambitious decisions taken by the pro-climate leadership to enhance Pakistan’s resilience and decarbonize the economy. In addition—for enhanced contributions—new sectors and new gases have also been added to the updated document.', 'In addition—for enhanced contributions—new sectors and new gases have also been added to the updated document. Hence, Pakistan intends to set a cumulative ambitious conditional target of overall 50% reduction of its projected emissions by 2030, with 15% from the country’s own resources and 35% subject to provision of international grant finance that would require USD 101 billion just for energy transition. To reach the target, Pakistan aims to shift to 60% renewable energy, and 30% electric vehicles by 2030 and completely ban imported coal. Moreover, Pakistan seeks to expand NbS by implementation of TBTTP, Recharge Pakistan, and PAI. Pakistan‘s emissions as per 2018 are 489.87 MtCO e; Billion Trees Afforestation Project (BTAP) and TBTTP will sequester CO around 500 Mt CO e by 2040, if implemented fully.', 'Pakistan‘s emissions as per 2018 are 489.87 MtCO e; Billion Trees Afforestation Project (BTAP) and TBTTP will sequester CO around 500 Mt CO e by 2040, if implemented fully. Pakistan requires to strengthen its scientific and technical capacities to reach the set transition targets. Pakistan’s financial needs still remain high, given the country’s vulnerability to climate change and capital-intensive transition to decarbonize the economy. The country envisages enhancing the access to international climate finance to deliver the contributions, and also considers employing the instruments on enhanced ambition provided in Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. Pakistan has already identified market and non-market-based approaches to help diversify the funding sources, including Nature Performance Bonds, Green/Blue Bonds, Carbon Pricing Instruments, etc.', 'Pakistan has already identified market and non-market-based approaches to help diversify the funding sources, including Nature Performance Bonds, Green/Blue Bonds, Carbon Pricing Instruments, etc. Pakistan encourages the private sector to play a crucial role in implementing its climate ambition across sectors and the development of NbS that address its mitigation and adaptation potential.PAKISTAN UPDATED NDCs 2021PAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 NATIONAL VISION FOR CLIMATE ACTION Climate change is a threat multiplier, and there is a fundamental inequality in how people are impacted, with the poorest and those less equipped to withstand climate shocks and stresses— essentially those who did the least to cause the crisis— bearing the brunt. Low- income countries suffer more than developed countries where there are insufficient resources to tackle climate change.', 'Low- income countries suffer more than developed countries where there are insufficient resources to tackle climate change. Pakistan, although only contributing 0.9% to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, is one of the most vulnerable countries to the impacts of climate change. These impacts are primarily in the form of intense flooding, drastic change in rainfall patterns, melting Himalayan glaciers, increasing cases of vector-borne diseases such as dengue, and an overall increase in the frequency and intensity of climate-induced natural disasters. Climate Change imposes numerous challenges, and is becoming an existential threat globally. Pakistan’s experience through Nature-based Solutions (NbS) in addressing the global challenges serves as a solution provider.', 'Pakistan’s experience through Nature-based Solutions (NbS) in addressing the global challenges serves as a solution provider. Pakistan has surpassed mitigation contributions, and has taken climate change ‘beyond Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), and took initiatives which contributed to reduction of 8.7% emissions between 2016-2018. In view of the above, the central goal of the updated NDCs is to realize the vision of a sustainable, low carbon, and climate-resilient Pakistan. The Government of Pakistan (GoP) aims to work towards the full implementation of NDC contributions considering the current circumstances, and realizing the importance of socio-economic conditions in designing climate action. Pakistan aims to advance the following specific objectives: 1. Improve NDC planning, policy, strategy, and legislation 2. Strengthen an enabling environment for NDC implementation 3.', 'Strengthen an enabling environment for NDC implementation 3. Accelerate the policy coherence and integration to achieve the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the light of its Sustainable Development Report 2020PAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 4. Enhance NDC measurement, reporting and verification, and transparency of climate action GUIDING PRINCIPLES: 1. NbS green livelihood opportunities 2. Improve cross-referencing to climate change in national and provincial policies and action plans on climate adaptation and mitigation 3. Climate-informed preparatory and approval systems dealing with the life-cycle of projects and schemes 4. Foster the development of appropriate economic incentives to encourage public and private sector investment 5. Explore the market and non-market based approaches in diversifying the funding sources for commissioning capital intensive projects 6.', 'Explore the market and non-market based approaches in diversifying the funding sources for commissioning capital intensive projects 6. Promote opportunities for youth groups to engage in, and benefit from, Pakistan’s adaptation and mitigation objectives and targets 7. Gender-sensitive programming The GoP presents this updated NDC as obligatory under the Paris Agreement to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). This Updated NDC represents a consensus of our national aspirations and ambitions, constraints and barriers, as well the multi-sectoral directions of our climate actions, during the decade ahead. Pakistan’s national vision for climate change is aligned with national development plans and sectoral priorities. This updated NDC is anchored on National Climate Change Policy (NCCP), and the Framework for its implementation.', 'This updated NDC is anchored on National Climate Change Policy (NCCP), and the Framework for its implementation. This document reflects upon Pakistan’s acute vulnerability with a leading role in climate change-related actions and programs in pursuance of the Paris Agreement. The GoP has undertaken several policy measures since 2016 when the NDC was first submitted. The articulation and progress on ecosystem-based approaches, low carbon development, carbon sequestration, and adoption of renewable energy1 (RE), have all far exceed the narrative presented in the NDC. To further support ambitions, the GoP has adopted a NbS, approach along with green jobs and other chains of initiatives with its limited national resources.', 'To further support ambitions, the GoP has adopted a NbS, approach along with green jobs and other chains of initiatives with its limited national resources. KEY HIGHLIGHTS OF NDC CONTRIBUTIONS The GoP will follow the GHG emissions trajectory of 1603 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (Mt CO e.) for 2030 as communicated in Pakistan’s initial NDC submission in 2016. However, realizing reducing the GHG emissions under the Paris Agreement to limit the temperatures between 1.5 - 2°C, the GoP remains committed to reduce the emissions to the maximum possible extent. The GoP has taken a series of transformative initiatives.', 'The GoP has taken a series of transformative initiatives. 1 Including hydroPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 Hence, Pakistan intends to set a cumulative ambitious aim of conditional and voluntary contributions of overall 50% reduction of its projected emissions by 2030, with a 15% drop below business as usual (BAU) from the country’s own resources, and an additional 35% drop below BAU subject to international financial support. Fg.1.1: Voluntary and Conditional Reduction of 50% below its projected BAU emissions by 2030 HIGH PRIORITY ACTIONS The GoP attaches High Priority to reduce future GHG emissions from the following four sectoral initiatives which are conditional to the availability of international financial and technical resources: MITIGATION: 1. RENEWABLE ENERGY: By 2030, 60 % of all energy produced in the country will be generated from renewable energy resources including hydropower. 2.', 'RENEWABLE ENERGY: By 2030, 60 % of all energy produced in the country will be generated from renewable energy resources including hydropower. 2. TRANSPORTATION: By 2030, 30 % of all new vehicles sold in Pakistan in various categories will be Electric Vehicles (EVs).PAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 3. COAL: From 2020, new coal power plants are subject to a moratorium, and no generation of power through imported coal shall be allowed, shelving plans for two new coal fired power plants in favor of hydro- electric power and focusing on coal gasification and liquefaction for indigenous coal. 4.', 'COAL: From 2020, new coal power plants are subject to a moratorium, and no generation of power through imported coal shall be allowed, shelving plans for two new coal fired power plants in favor of hydro- electric power and focusing on coal gasification and liquefaction for indigenous coal. 4. LAND-USE CHANGE & FORESTRY: 2016 onwards, continued investments in NbS through the largest ever afforestation program in the history of the country—the Ten Billion Tree Tsunami Programme (TBTTP)—will sequester 148.76 MtCO e emissions over the next 10 years. The estimated project cost of about US$800 million is being met nationally from indigenous resources as an unconditional contribution. Tsunami Programme (TBTTP)—will sequester 148.76 MtCO e emissions over the next 10 years.', 'Tsunami Programme (TBTTP)—will sequester 148.76 MtCO e emissions over the next 10 years. The estimated project cost of about $800 million is being met nationally from indigenous resources as an unconditional contribution. Priority actions will result in an estimated saving of around 1.7 MtCO e (emissions from coal power plant are 8.8 MtCO e) on account of two shelved coal power plants, 24 Mt CO e on account of the introduction of EVs, and 22 MtCO e on account of stabilizing energy mix 40- 60 in favor of renewable energy2. Pakistan‘s emissions as per 2018 are 489.87 MtCO e, and the Billion Tree Afforestation Program (BTAP) and TBTTP will sequester CO of around 500 Mt CO e by 2040, if implemented fully. ADAPTATION: 5.', 'Pakistan‘s emissions as per 2018 are 489.87 MtCO e, and the Billion Tree Afforestation Program (BTAP) and TBTTP will sequester CO of around 500 Mt CO e by 2040, if implemented fully. ADAPTATION: 5. RECHARGE PAKISTAN: By 2030, the project envisages the reduction of flood risk and enhanced water recharge at six sites in the Indus Basin, building resilience of 10 million people, as well as strengthening vulnerable ecosystems. The project is under review by Green Climate Fund (GCF) for funding. In the meantime, Pakistan has allocated PKR 6 billion from national resources to commence the activities in three sites, namely Manchar & Hamal wetland, Taunsa pond area, and Dera Ismail Khan. 6.', 'In the meantime, Pakistan has allocated PKR 6 billion from national resources to commence the activities in three sites, namely Manchar & Hamal wetland, Taunsa pond area, and Dera Ismail Khan. 6. PROTECTED AREAS: By 2023, total protected areas in the country will be enhanced from 12% to 15% that will result in preserving rare fauna / flora, green job opportunities for 5,500 people, and promoting eco- tourism. 2 Including hydroPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 Additionally, other high priority initiatives that will significantly contribute to the country’s adaptive capacity include formulation of National Adaptation Plan (NAP), and creation of Green Jobs. PRIORITY ACTIONS Reducing energy sector emissions are critical for economic growth and clean air. The costs of achieving some energy sector targets are estimated as follows: MITIGATION: I.', 'The costs of achieving some energy sector targets are estimated as follows: MITIGATION: I. ADDITIONAL: More than 12 GW under construction requiring about $20 billion (PPIB) II. HYDROPOWER: For rapid expansion of RE including hydropower, reaching 60%3 production by 2030 would require an estimated investment of US$50 Billion by 2030 and $80 Billion by 2040 (IGCEP III. TRANSMISSION: An estimated US$20 billion is required to upgrade the transmission network by 2040.This will escalate in a case with large share of variable power from solar and wind. (JICA study) IV. COAL: Buying out the relatively new coal power projects, including the local Thar coalmines4, would have an upfront estimated cost of US$18 billion.', 'COAL: Buying out the relatively new coal power projects, including the local Thar coalmines4, would have an upfront estimated cost of US$18 billion. An additional estimated US$13 billion will be required to replace the production of the coal power plants with solar (World Bank study) This cost of energy transition alone would require US$101 billion by 2030, and additional US$65 billion by 2040, on account of completing the in-progress RE projects, additional hydropower, transmission, and phasing out of coal and replacing with hydropower.', 'An additional estimated US$13 billion will be required to replace the production of the coal power plants with solar (World Bank study) This cost of energy transition alone would require US$101 billion by 2030, and additional US$65 billion by 2040, on account of completing the in-progress RE projects, additional hydropower, transmission, and phasing out of coal and replacing with hydropower. Pakistan will require finance, technology transfer, and capacity building in line with Article 4 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Articles 9, 10 and 11 of the Paris 65% as per revised IGCEP 2021: 1%, 8%, 8% and 46% by bagasse, wind, solar and hydro add up to 63% 4 VREs, hydro and Thar coal will help in lowering the basket price of the overall system thus providing much needed relief, though in the long run, to the end consumers.', 'Pakistan will require finance, technology transfer, and capacity building in line with Article 4 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Articles 9, 10 and 11 of the Paris 65% as per revised IGCEP 2021: 1%, 8%, 8% and 46% by bagasse, wind, solar and hydro add up to 63% 4 VREs, hydro and Thar coal will help in lowering the basket price of the overall system thus providing much needed relief, though in the long run, to the end consumers. Induction of new local coal based committed power plants in Thar, during the next 5 years, share of local coal in the generation mix will enhance to 15% (IGCEP 2021-30)PAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 Agreement to fully implement the climate actions contained in these NDCs.', 'Induction of new local coal based committed power plants in Thar, during the next 5 years, share of local coal in the generation mix will enhance to 15% (IGCEP 2021-30)PAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 Agreement to fully implement the climate actions contained in these NDCs. Paragraph 5 of Article 4 of the Paris Agreement specifically committed that “support shall be provided to developing country Parties for the implementation of this Article, in accordance with Articles 9, 10 and 11, recognizing that enhanced support for developing country Parties will allow for higher ambition in their actions”.', 'Paragraph 5 of Article 4 of the Paris Agreement specifically committed that “support shall be provided to developing country Parties for the implementation of this Article, in accordance with Articles 9, 10 and 11, recognizing that enhanced support for developing country Parties will allow for higher ambition in their actions”. World Bank endorses Pakistan’s climate vision 2021, lending data showing Pakistan is leading the world on Climate Action; a massive 44% of its main stream development funding now climate compatible through on-ground initiatives like the TBTTP, Clean Energy, and Protected Areas Initiative (PAI).', 'World Bank endorses Pakistan’s climate vision 2021, lending data showing Pakistan is leading the world on Climate Action; a massive 44% of its main stream development funding now climate compatible through on-ground initiatives like the TBTTP, Clean Energy, and Protected Areas Initiative (PAI). Fg.1.2: Pakistan WB commitments and Climate co-Benefits (millions US$ and percent of total commitments)PAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 THE NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE CONTEXT The Paris Agreement was signed to limit global temperature rise below 2°C and mitigate GHG emissions to the pre-industrial levels. Under the Paris Agreement, each country must determine, plan, and regularly report on the contribution that it undertakes to mitigate global warming, and is required to communicate contributions as NDCs.', 'Under the Paris Agreement, each country must determine, plan, and regularly report on the contribution that it undertakes to mitigate global warming, and is required to communicate contributions as NDCs. Pakistan submitted its NDC to UNFCCC in November 2016, in recognition of its responsibility to the comity of nations. Pakistan’s first NDC intended to reduce up to 20% of its 2030 projected GHG emissions, subject to the availability of international grants to meet the total abatement cost of about US$40 billion for mitigation and US$7–14 billion for adaptation per annum at current prices. For the updated NDCs, Pakistan is aiming to highlight the nationally implemented initiatives since 2016, institutional arrangements, and governance approaches that were adopted for enhanced contributions.', 'For the updated NDCs, Pakistan is aiming to highlight the nationally implemented initiatives since 2016, institutional arrangements, and governance approaches that were adopted for enhanced contributions. The revised NDCs follow a whole-of-government approach to revising, reviewing, and reporting on climate action. HIGHLIGHTS OF PAKISTAN’S NDC CONTRIBUTIONS 2.1 NDC UPDATE PROCESS This revised NDC is guided by Pakistan’s growing climate vulnerability and its active contributions to the Paris Agreement for stabilizing global temperatures at less than 2°C, at 1.5 °C. This NDC revision is guided by three driving principles: 1. High Ambition: To undertake initiatives from our limited national resources to support global drive to stabilize global temperatures, while enhancing resilience and adaptation capacity of our people; 2.', 'High Ambition: To undertake initiatives from our limited national resources to support global drive to stabilize global temperatures, while enhancing resilience and adaptation capacity of our people; 2. Deep Contributions: To prioritize climate actions in adaptation and mitigation by including additional sectors to the GHG inventory; andPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 3. Inclusion: For institutional arrangements and governance necessary for climate actions by adopting whole-of-government approach. 2.2 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT The revision process blended bottom-up and top-down approaches that ensured active engagement and participation of a wide-range of stakeholders aimed at consensus, based on clarity, transparency and understanding. A National Steering Committee (NSC) chaired by Special Assistant to the Prime Minister on Climate Change guided the revision process that was spread over almost one year.', 'A National Steering Committee (NSC) chaired by Special Assistant to the Prime Minister on Climate Change guided the revision process that was spread over almost one year. The technical work was led by two committees - Mitigation Working Group led by Ministry of Energy and chaired by National Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority (NEECA), and Adaptation Working Group led by Ministry of Water Resources and chaired by Federal Flood Commission, supported by 15 sectoral working groups comprising of federal and provincial level policy-makers, scientists, experts, and other stakeholders. Global Change Impact Studies Center (GCISC) served as the Pak-NDC Secretariat. This NDC, therefore, reflects a consensus of our national aspirations and ambitions, barriers and constraints, as well the multi-sectoral directions of our climate actions during the decade ahead.', 'This NDC, therefore, reflects a consensus of our national aspirations and ambitions, barriers and constraints, as well the multi-sectoral directions of our climate actions during the decade ahead. The institutional arrangement defined during the revision process would continue, leading up to the review and revision of Pak-NDC and its implementation during the period 2021-2030. This institutional arrangement will also help improve national development planning processes. 2.3 NEW IDENTIFIED AREAS The updated NDC reflects the GoP’s enhanced adaptation and mitigation ambition. If implemented, it will reduce cumulative emissions more than the fully implemented initial NDC submitted in 2016. Pakistan will achieve this by pursuing a three-track implementation strategy: 1. Strengthen existing GHG emission reduction targets or adding new GHG targets; 2.', 'Strengthen existing GHG emission reduction targets or adding new GHG targets; 2. Enhance sectoral non-GHG targets or adding new sectoral non-GHG targets; and 3. Augment existing policies and actions or adding new policies and actions. Further, this submission has added additional sectors like gases (HFC - Hydrofluorocarbons and Nitric acid), and short-lived climate pollutants (SLCP), not covered in the previous NDC of 2016. The additional sectors include blue carbon ecosystems, health, waste, Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH), air pollution, gender and youth.', 'The additional sectors include blue carbon ecosystems, health, waste, Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH), air pollution, gender and youth. Finally, the revised NDC reflects the GoP’s long-term policy of reducing the country’s climate vulnerability and accelerating economic growth by following a pro-active renewable energy policy and decarbonization pathways.PAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 2.4 STOCKTAKING OF PAK-NDC 2016 Pakistan developed a NDC roadmap in 2018 with support from diverse stakeholders. The roadmap has a framework identifying and prioritizing needs, highlighting gaps, and proposing a range of mitigation and adaptation options. In 2019, Pakistan consolidated a Partnership Plan in the form of a results-based framework designed to plan, coordinate, monitor, and mobilize support for the implementation of 11 projects in agriculture and water and eight forestry sector projects, prioritized by the GoP.', 'In 2019, Pakistan consolidated a Partnership Plan in the form of a results-based framework designed to plan, coordinate, monitor, and mobilize support for the implementation of 11 projects in agriculture and water and eight forestry sector projects, prioritized by the GoP. With GHG emissions of 405 MtCO e in 2015, Pakistan only ranked 19th in terms of global emissions due to very low per capita emissions of just 2.4 tCO eq. per annum. Its emissions are less than 1% of the world’s total. If successful, Pakistan’s present per capita carbon consumption will decline, further reducing its share of global emissions from the present levels. The exact future ranking cannot be projected given the changes in carbon emission expected to occur during this period.', 'The exact future ranking cannot be projected given the changes in carbon emission expected to occur during this period. Pakistan’s NDC in 2016 projected a 300% growth in GHG emissions for the period 2015-2030, based on projected 9% Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth and increased reliance on fossil fuels. These estimates have now been revised downwards largely due to TBTTP (2016- 2021) sequestration of 8.4 MtCO eq., together with increased contribution to RE and energy efficiency, Covid-19 and economic growth rate, all contributing towards the reduction of 8.7% emissions between 2016 and 2021. Pakistan set 2015 as the base year for the quantification of emissions in GHG inventory and for the quantification of future emissions for 2030 that will be 1603 MtCO eq.', 'Pakistan set 2015 as the base year for the quantification of emissions in GHG inventory and for the quantification of future emissions for 2030 that will be 1603 MtCO eq. as outlined in the NDC submitted in 2016. These emissions were calculated based on the GDP growth of over 9%, economic impacts of China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), and sectoral growth rates. Consideration for economic and industrial parameters, as well as the government’s growth targets, social and economic infrastructure and the development goals were considered. Estimated energy demand and meeting the energy needs were given utmost importance. A contribution of reducing 20% of the projected emissions was subject to provision of international financial support of US$40 billion.', 'A contribution of reducing 20% of the projected emissions was subject to provision of international financial support of US$40 billion. The GoP aims to achieve significant economic gains and fiscal sustainability by adopting green pathways for development and scaling up mitigation actions in energy, transportation, land use, land-use change, and forestry sectors (LULUCF). The national and provincial ministries and departments have undertaken many actions and several mitigation and adaptation-related initiatives that go beyond the initial NDC contributions. In the context of implementing the mitigation targets outlined in the NDC, several barriers will need to be removed. Pakistan has carried a gap analysis by reviewing the implementation of the first NDC submitted in 2016.', 'Pakistan has carried a gap analysis by reviewing the implementation of the first NDC submitted in 2016. A sectoral survey was also conducted to evaluate keyPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 elements of success and challenges in respective sectors. Several recurring themes were explicitly expressed including lack of predictable international finance, technology transfer, and capacity building support, in addition to mainstreaming, reforms, and institutional strengthening. Pakistan places emphasis on these factors and they need to be given utmost importance for successful NDC implementation.PAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 CLIMATE VULNERABILITIES, RISKS & COSTS 3.1. CLIMATE VULNERABILITY TRENDS Pakistan biggest domestic climate change challenge is adaptation as Pakistan has been ranked by Germanwatch as the 8th most affected country in the world over the period 2000–2019.', 'CLIMATE VULNERABILITY TRENDS Pakistan biggest domestic climate change challenge is adaptation as Pakistan has been ranked by Germanwatch as the 8th most affected country in the world over the period 2000–2019. Pakistan’s vulnerability to climate change and climate-induced extreme events, and its consistent appearance in the top 10 ranking of Global Climate Risk Index by Germanwatch has placed the country, along with Haiti and the Philippines, in a new category of countries being recurrently affected by catastrophes both in the long-term index as well as in the index for the respective year. ND-Gain Index5 has placed Pakistan as the 39th most vulnerable country and the 27th least ready’ country in the world to address the impacts of climate change.', 'ND-Gain Index5 has placed Pakistan as the 39th most vulnerable country and the 27th least ready’ country in the world to address the impacts of climate change. This is borne out of the fact that in Fiscal Year (FY) 2020, 40% of households suffered from moderate to severe food insecurity6 and therefore cannot absorb further climate shocks to food systems. While the extreme weather events often cause crop failures threatening food security, the increased temperatures, and variations in precipitation and monsoon patterns coupled with increased carbon, are resulting in decreased protein, zinc, iron, and quality of protein in crops. This results in decreased dietary protein causing malnutrition and stunting.', 'This results in decreased dietary protein causing malnutrition and stunting. The country is increasingly exposed and vulnerable to various natural hazards, particularly floods, tropical cyclones, droughts, landslides, Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) and earthquakes. More than 30 million people have been affected since 2010. The three sectors of the economy that are most at risk include the agriculture-food-water nexus, urban infrastructure, and the financial sector coupled with the government budget. In terms of human costs, the poor are the most vulnerable as they are the most reliant on agriculture, livestock, fisheries, forests and groundwater that is heavily degraded, and are the most directly impacted by natural disasters and slow onset of climate change.', 'In terms of human costs, the poor are the most vulnerable as they are the most reliant on agriculture, livestock, fisheries, forests and groundwater that is heavily degraded, and are the most directly impacted by natural disasters and slow onset of climate change. 5 ND-Gain Index Available at: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 CLIMATE CHALLENGE POSES FOLLOWING TWO CONCURRENT CHALLENGES TO PAKISTAN: 3.2. CLIMATIC IMPACT-DRIVERS (CIDS) Slow-onset of Climate Change in Pakistan is reflected in changing weather patterns, particularly variations in precipitation and temperatures, glacial melt, sea level rise, loss of biodiversity, desertification and droughts. While Pakistan has experienced—on average—a 0.76 C rise in temperature, in some regions, the temperature increase has been higher than the national and global averages.', 'While Pakistan has experienced—on average—a 0.76 C rise in temperature, in some regions, the temperature increase has been higher than the national and global averages. The monsoon has begun to touch the upper reaches of the mountain regions including Chitral and Swat that are traditionally not in the monsoon range. Easterly winds from the Arabian Sea visit Balochistan more frequently with torrential rains. The increased temperatures and changes in precipitation have adversely affected the physical environment, weakened the carrying capacity of ecosystems, and increased the exposure to climate- induced disasters in both urban and rural settings.', 'The increased temperatures and changes in precipitation have adversely affected the physical environment, weakened the carrying capacity of ecosystems, and increased the exposure to climate- induced disasters in both urban and rural settings. Since most of the poorest people live on marginal lands and in fragile ecosystems, they are often least prepared to manage multi-tiered challenges, or further increase in CIDs, as defined and analyzed in the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 6th Assessment Report. In upper Indus Basin, the CIDs are manifested in reduced snowfall and snowfall periods and increasing rains and decreasing glaciers, resulting in GLOFs. At the coastal belts of Balochistan and Sindh, the CIDs are observed in increased frequency and severity of tropical storms, coastal rains, and seawater intrusion.', 'At the coastal belts of Balochistan and Sindh, the CIDs are observed in increased frequency and severity of tropical storms, coastal rains, and seawater intrusion. In the planes of Punjab and Sindh, CIDs manifest in extended and frequent riverine floods, heatwaves relevant to agriculture and health, coupled with increased aridity in arid and semi-arid regions of Balochistan, Sindh, and parts of Punjab. This is expected to accelerate as the temperatures cross the 1.5°C threshold. The degrading ecosystems have been costly for human health, adversely impacted water-agriculture, and the reduced productivity of ecosystems. These elements are important to understand the country’s climate vulnerability and its long-term threats and contextualize adaptation and mitigation needs and measures.', 'These elements are important to understand the country’s climate vulnerability and its long-term threats and contextualize adaptation and mitigation needs and measures. Finally, these gradual decadal processes are rapidly settling in, and in effect also cause sudden and abrupt extreme events, incurring immediate as well as long-term Loss and Damage (L&D). 3.3. COMPOUND EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS The frequency and intensity of floods, heatwaves, landslides, and tropical storms has exposed a very high percentage of Pakistan’s population to climate risks and rendered them vulnerable. Given high diversity of ecosystems in the country, compound extreme weather events, or a combination of their drivers and hazards are contributing to societal and environmental risks.', 'Given high diversity of ecosystems in the country, compound extreme weather events, or a combination of their drivers and hazards are contributing to societal and environmental risks. Concurrent extreme events at multiple locations have become more frequent including in high latitude mountain areas of Karakoram, Hindukush, and Himalayas mountain ranges, as well as food producing agricultural areas. Communities and local populations have long observed and endured concurrent extreme events at different locations, often well before their validation by the scientists. Most frequent compound extreme events are heatwaves and droughts in parts of Balochistan and Sindh. Summer temperatures in the city of Jacobabad in Pakistan‘s SindhPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 province have been recorded at 52°C . Biologically, humans cannot withstand heat beyond the threshold of 52°C.', 'Biologically, humans cannot withstand heat beyond the threshold of 52°C. In fact, the Indus Valley is the number one spot worldwide in the context of climate change7. With increasing temperatures and frequent dry spells, compound extreme events are characterized by torrential rains, flash floods and landslides. While the precipitation has increased at an average rate of 0.08 inches per decade since 1901 worldwide, in Pakistan some dry areas have become drier as they have experienced less than normal precipitation. Further, many extreme temperature conditions are becoming more common since the 1970s: hot summer days and hot summer nights, the latter at an even faster rate than the former, indicating less respite or ‘cooling off’ at night.', 'Further, many extreme temperature conditions are becoming more common since the 1970s: hot summer days and hot summer nights, the latter at an even faster rate than the former, indicating less respite or ‘cooling off’ at night. Both mean and maximum summer temperatures increased in all parts of the country between 1951 and 2000, while summer temperatures dropped in all parts of the country, receiving monsoon rains in all provinces except in Balochistan. Record-setting daily high temperatures have become more common than record lows. The two decades since 2000 had twice as many record highs as record lows. Generally, a stronger warming trend in the winter is observed as opposed to the summer, with winter growing shorter and summer growing longer.', 'Generally, a stronger warming trend in the winter is observed as opposed to the summer, with winter growing shorter and summer growing longer. The minimum temperature every summer has been increasing in central regions of Pakistan. The variations in precipitation continue to increase in geographic regions like Sindh, Gilgit Baltistan (GB) among other areas, and have begun to have implications for the future of the country’s food security. The temperature increase in a majority of districts results in reduced agricultural productivity. It is expected that both the temperature and precipitation will continue to grow through the 2050s. In response to the need to build resilience, the GoP has accordingly undertaken and planned several key actions, as recorded below in chapter 4 and 5.', 'In response to the need to build resilience, the GoP has accordingly undertaken and planned several key actions, as recorded below in chapter 4 and 5. In addition to the factors stated above, there are significant socio-economic dimensions and economic costs of climate change: 3.4. SOCIO-ECONOMIC DIMENSIONS With the current population estimated to be 220 million, Pakistan is the fifth-most-populous country of the world, growing at a rate of 2.4% per annum. Pakistan emits 2.4 tonnes of CO equivalent per capita, and occupies the 19th position globally, and 3rd regionally in emissions.', 'Pakistan emits 2.4 tonnes of CO equivalent per capita, and occupies the 19th position globally, and 3rd regionally in emissions. The population will be 229 million by 2025 and approximately 338 million by 2050, with business as usual (BAU), leaving 2.9 tonnes of CO equivalent per capita emissions by 2025 and 5.4 tonnes of CO equivalent per capita emissions by 2050. Demographically, Pakistan is a young country, with a projected population of young people reaching 181 million by 2050 with an estimated four million entering the working age every year. This poses significant challenges. Nearly 29.5% of the total population is living below 7 The first recording was made in July 1987, then in June 2005, followed by a rise in June 2010 and July 2012.', 'Nearly 29.5% of the total population is living below 7 The first recording was made in July 1987, then in June 2005, followed by a rise in June 2010 and July 2012. The ultra- heat had only persisted for a few hours, with the three-day average temperature under wet bulb measurement for the summer months of 2010 and 2012 at 34 degrees Celsius.PAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 the poverty line, and unemployment is reported to be 4.7%. The situation worsened with the advent of the Covid-19 pandemic. The Ministry of Planning Development & Special Initiatives (MOPD&SI) estimated that 12.3 million (20% of employed labor force) to 18.5 million people (30% of the labor force) was rendered unemployed due to the pandemic.', 'The Ministry of Planning Development & Special Initiatives (MOPD&SI) estimated that 12.3 million (20% of employed labor force) to 18.5 million people (30% of the labor force) was rendered unemployed due to the pandemic. Pakistan largely remains an agrarian country. According to the Economic Survey of Pakistan year 2020- 2021, agriculture has a 19.2% share in the GDP and accounts for 60% of exports, providing livelihood to about 68% of the country’s population living in rural areas, and employing 45% of the national labor force. Adverse impacts of climate change are the major causes of losses in livelihoods, productivity, and human and livestock health.', 'Adverse impacts of climate change are the major causes of losses in livelihoods, productivity, and human and livestock health. Agriculture sector is highly dependent on water, and climate change is becoming the major cause of water uncertainty that leads to agriculture loss and food insecurity. At an average economic growth rate of 4.8% from 1952 to 2020, current GDP stands at nearly US$ 284 billion. This classifies Pakistan as a lower middle-income country. The State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) has estimated that the real GDP has contracted by 0.4% in the fiscal year 2019-20, making it the first time since 1951 that the country recorded a negative economic growth. This was mostly due to the coronavirus pandemic and its adverse effects on business activities.', 'This was mostly due to the coronavirus pandemic and its adverse effects on business activities. The revised Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) submission has been prepared cognizant of the current socio-economic challenges posed by the Covid-19 pandemic, and highlights the country’s contribution for green economic recovery. 3.5. ECONOMIC COSTS Some preliminary sectoral studies have been carried out regarding direct economic costs of climate change. National Flood Protection Plan IV (NFPP-IV), for example, estimates that the cost of flood disasters has ranged around US$3.32 billion per year, depending on the frequency and intensity of floods. Pakistan is said to be spending 5.8–7.6% of total federal expenditures on climate change, (or about 11% combined on adaptation and mitigation), according to a multi- country study by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in 2015.', 'Pakistan is said to be spending 5.8–7.6% of total federal expenditures on climate change, (or about 11% combined on adaptation and mitigation), according to a multi- country study by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in 2015. Overall, Pakistan’s adaptation needs in 2016 were placed in the range of between US$ 7–14 billion per annum to 2050. This estimated that 70% of this amount was primarily due to infrastructural costs. Sectoral studies still need to be undertaken to accurately estimate increased costs of development, infrastructure upgradation based on resilience frameworks and building codes, or reduction in crop yields and agricultural productivity.', 'Sectoral studies still need to be undertaken to accurately estimate increased costs of development, infrastructure upgradation based on resilience frameworks and building codes, or reduction in crop yields and agricultural productivity. The comprehensive specialized economic analysis of adaptation costs of climate change-induced extreme events based on any projected increase in the frequency of extreme climate events under various temperature increase scenarios and trajectories still need to be undertaken.PAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 MITIGATION: EFFORTS, ACHIEVEMENTS, & NDCs Pakistan seeks to contributing towards global mitigation efforts without compromising on its growth and development pathways. As highlighted in the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) submitted in 2016, Pakistan’s top priority remains social development and poverty eradication. We recognize that large-scale investments in high emission sectors can also provide additional opportunities for mitigation potential.', 'We recognize that large-scale investments in high emission sectors can also provide additional opportunities for mitigation potential. However, constraints in technology transfer and climate financing mechanisms have remained barriers. Pakistan has surpassed mitigation contributions and has taken climate change beyond NDCs, and taken initiatives that have contributed to reduction of 8.7% emissions between 2016-2018. 4.1 POLICY INITIATIVES i. Energy Demand and Supply Management: According to the Pakistan Economic Survey 2019–20, the country is facing demand-supply gap of 3000 Mega Watt (MW) that can best be fulfilled by improving energy-mix. For the demand side management, the Government of Pakistan (GoP) has approved National Electric Vehicles Policy 2020-25 (NEVP 2019) stipulating a target of 30% and 90% share in sale of passenger vehicles and heavy-duty trucks by 2030 and 2040.', 'For the demand side management, the Government of Pakistan (GoP) has approved National Electric Vehicles Policy 2020-25 (NEVP 2019) stipulating a target of 30% and 90% share in sale of passenger vehicles and heavy-duty trucks by 2030 and 2040. Also, National Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority (NEECA) is developing Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPS) for electric motors, air conditioners, and LED lights. NEECA’s Draft Strategic Plan (2020-2023) will reduce 3 Million Tonnes of Oil Equivalent (MTOE) from the country’s primary energy supply contributing to 6.4 MtCO e carbon emissions reduction.', 'NEECA’s Draft Strategic Plan (2020-2023) will reduce 3 Million Tonnes of Oil Equivalent (MTOE) from the country’s primary energy supply contributing to 6.4 MtCO e carbon emissions reduction. More importantly, however, the GoP endeavors to meet the demand with the Indicative Generation Capacity Expansion Plan (IGCEP 2021- 30), National Electricity Policy (NEP) 2021, and Alternative and Renewable Energy Policy (ARE 2019), included together with hydropower, to prioritize transition to demand side management. ii. Engaging Private Sector: The GoP has engaged the private sector for energy supply.', 'Engaging Private Sector: The GoP has engaged the private sector for energy supply. ForPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 example, a Result Based Financing (RBF) pilot project in Sindh and Punjab was initiated in 2019 in order to encourage private sector investment for off-grid solution based on the International Finance Corporation’s (IFC) global standard products in off-grid communities. A four-year campaign has been launched to encourage private sector investment towards the lighting needs of consumers in the remote areas, including the addition of 1200 MW of wind. iii. Coal Consumption Trends: In Pakistan, coal consumption has tripled over the last five years to 21.5 million tonnes/year to meet the growing demand from industry, and the start of coal power production from 2018.', 'Coal Consumption Trends: In Pakistan, coal consumption has tripled over the last five years to 21.5 million tonnes/year to meet the growing demand from industry, and the start of coal power production from 2018. Whereas, coal import has increased upto five-fold in the last five years, primarily for industrial purposes - around 73%, of which the cement sector constitutes 65% of industrial coal consumption. The relatively high economic growth until 2018 led to increase in cement manufacturing and pushed cement production forecast to grow 10-15% annually over the next decade. This is an additional production of estimated 15-25 Million Tonnes (MT)/year by 2030.', 'This is an additional production of estimated 15-25 Million Tonnes (MT)/year by 2030. The share of power generation from coal was 24% in FY21 and is expected to increase to 31% by FY 25 due to committed plants, but will then decrease to 20.1% by FY30. The estimates are that the increase in coal consumption by power sector will only be 6 MT by 2030. Financially viable coal power exists only from lignite mining in Thar region of Sindh Province. iv. Energy Mix Projections: Pakistan has an estimated hydropower potential of around 60,000 MW, out of which approximately 14% is currently exploited.', 'Energy Mix Projections: Pakistan has an estimated hydropower potential of around 60,000 MW, out of which approximately 14% is currently exploited. Pakistan has an average theoretical solar photovoltaic (solar PV) potential of 5.341kWh/m Global Horizontal Irradiation (GHI) requiring only 0.071% of Pakistan’s total land area, mainly in the Balochistan province. If this potential is utilized, all of Pakistan’s current energy needs can be met with solar power alone. Pakistan also has a significant untapped potential for wind power generation, mainly in the coastal areas of Sindh and Balochistan. The share of renewables in recent years has increased significantly from 0.25% in 2015 to 5% in 20198, and the potential for several-fold growth is tremendous.', 'The share of renewables in recent years has increased significantly from 0.25% in 2015 to 5% in 20198, and the potential for several-fold growth is tremendous. There is a strong business case for meeting targets set in the Alternative and Renewable Energy Policy (ARE) 2019 for RE growth. The ARE 2019 mandates 30% solar, bagasse and wind by 2030. Yet, the most recent ‘Indicative Generation Capacity Expansion Plan’ stipulates that the energy mix should have 65% RE (hydropower, solar, wind and bagasse) by 2030, reversing the large dependence on imported fossil fuel. Given the system constraints, solar and wind will only begin to accelerate after 2030 in Pakistan. The new NEP 2021 includes principles of competitive bidding, environmentally responsible expanded generation through RE and more efficient use of generation.', 'The new NEP 2021 includes principles of competitive bidding, environmentally responsible expanded generation through RE and more efficient use of generation. Against this backdrop, achieving the least cost electricity mix in Pakistan would require an 8 According to IGCEP, however, it is 3% in annual power generation. The Regasified liquefied natural gas (RLNG) based plants, though installed and available are envisaged to have a decreasing share in the energy mix from 2021 to 2030 i.e. from 18% to 2% in 2025 and then eventually falling nearly to 0% in 2030. Similar trend is there for imported coal-based plants whose contribution in the overall generation mix falls from 21% in 2021 to only 9% by the year 2030.', 'Similar trend is there for imported coal-based plants whose contribution in the overall generation mix falls from 21% in 2021 to only 9% by the year 2030. Moreover, the share of solar and wind in the overall energy mix increases from about 3% in 2021 to 16% in 2030.PAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 ambitious expansion of RE, reaching proposed production levels by 2030 in the base case scenario (4.02% peak demand growth). Hydropower development in Pakistan is critical for the energy transition as it can even out the volatility of high shares of solar and wind. It is estimated that 42% of total installed capacity in 2030 will be hydropower in the base case scenario.', 'It is estimated that 42% of total installed capacity in 2030 will be hydropower in the base case scenario. Large number of projects are focused on clean hydropower, where more than 12 GW are under construction. In theory, an even higher variable renewable energy share is possible, allowing Pakistan to be close to 100% no-carbon but at a highly unaffordable cost, as transitioning to the proposed energy mix will require investments in the grid, changes to operational procedures, and proper planning of Variable Renewable Energy (VRE) expansion with storage facilities. 4.2 MITIGATION ACTIONS With respect to the Pak-NDC (2016) mitigation options, the following progress was made during Financial Year 2018-2021: i.', '4.2 MITIGATION ACTIONS With respect to the Pak-NDC (2016) mitigation options, the following progress was made during Financial Year 2018-2021: i. Policy Environment: Recognizing that the energy sector plays a critical role in achieving mitigation targets, the policies that guide Pakistan’s initiatives include NEP 2021, Energy Efficiency & Conservation Strategic Plan by NEECA, ARE 2019, NEVP 2019, and IGCEP 2021-2030. These policies are coordinated and steered by regulators and specialized agencies including National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA), Private Power & Infrastructure Board (PPIB), Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB), Central Power Purchasing Agency Guarantees (CPPA-G), National Transmission & Dispatch Company (NTDC), Water & Power Development Authority (WAPDA), and Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC). There are specialized agencies at the provincial level dealing with hydro and coal generation and transmission issues. ii.', 'There are specialized agencies at the provincial level dealing with hydro and coal generation and transmission issues. ii. Wind Power Projects: About 18 wind power projects of 926.76MW capacity were completed. Twelve wind power projects with a cumulative capacity of 610 MW achieved financial closing in November 2019 . iii. Bagasse energy: Eight bagasse cogeneration projects of 259.1 MW capacity were completed. iv. Solar Power Projects: Five solar projects are operational with installed capacity of 330 MW; four projects by Independent Power Producers (IPPs) with 41.80 MW capacity are expecting financial closure. v. Hydropower: Small hydro are contributing 128 MW, while 877 MW are under implementation and 1500 MW are available for development. Medium to large hydro project of 9,827 MW are installed. vi.', 'Medium to large hydro project of 9,827 MW are installed. vi. Net-Metering: More than 2,300 new licenses were issued by NEPRA during July 2019-March 2020 under its Net Metering Regulations (2015); poised to grow at an accelerated pace, as of March 2020, more than 4,125 solar installations withPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 cumulative capacity exceeding 75 MW were approved9. vii. International Finance Corporation (IFC) Lighting Pakistan: A four-year campaign to encourage private sector investment towards the lighting needs of consumers in the remote villages in Pakistan. The program introduced IFC global standard products in off-grid villages. viii. Off-Grid Electrification Pilot Project: The AEDB undertook a RBF pilot project in Sindh and Punjab to encourage private sector investment for off-grid solar solutions in remote villages.', 'Off-Grid Electrification Pilot Project: The AEDB undertook a RBF pilot project in Sindh and Punjab to encourage private sector investment for off-grid solar solutions in remote villages. The IFC program was completed in 2019 with 7.5 million people served in Sindh, Punjab and GB. The Internationale Zusammenarbeit (German International Development Agency – GIZ) undertook a small-scale RBF project serving limited number of villages in Punjab and Sind. Based on the initial success, Sindh has started a partial RBF program for electrifying 200,000 households. This project is expected to lead to a full-fledged program in 2021. The microgrids are being considered for electrification of remote communities. NEPRA will notify enabling regulations for these. ix.', 'NEPRA will notify enabling regulations for these. ix. Sustainable Energy For All (SEforAll) National Action Plan 2019: AEDB was mandated to achieve renewable energy targets whereas the energy efficiency targets were mandated to NEECA. This plan targets to – double renewable energy share -and double to energy efficiency rate by 2030. Policy also targets cooking fuel practices in Pakistan with a plan to introduce alternate sources for cooking to a total of 14.03 million households by 2025. x. National Electric Vehicles: Policy for two and three wheelers as well as heavy vehicles will target a 30% shift in sale of EVs by 2030.', 'National Electric Vehicles: Policy for two and three wheelers as well as heavy vehicles will target a 30% shift in sale of EVs by 2030. Pakistan follows the European (Euro) emissions standards, and while the recent switch to Euro 5 still has a limited share of the market, it is expected to have long-term benefits in terms of urban air quality and lowering vehicular emissions from combustion. xi. Bus Rapid Transit (BRT): System has been introduced in five cities—Islamabad, Lahore, Peshawar, and Multan, while a bus rapid transit zero emission metro-line was initiated in 2018 for the city of Karachi. Presently under implementation, the project which will also turn cow-dung to methane as a fuel for the metro-line is under implementation.', 'Presently under implementation, the project which will also turn cow-dung to methane as a fuel for the metro-line is under implementation. The 30 km metroline would be the world’s first bio- methane hybrid bus fleet where 100% of the fuel demand would be met by biogas. The project will last for an estimated 20 years piloting emission free public transport services. A 40 km Karachi Circular Railway is under development to provide mass transportation while reducing emissions in the city. 9 Net-metering rules allow DISCOs to balance the units consumed by consumer, from the grid, against the excess unit sold to them. With more than 2,300 new licenses issued during July 2019-March 2020, these installations stand at cumulative installed capacity of 47.6 MW in 2019.', 'With more than 2,300 new licenses issued during July 2019-March 2020, these installations stand at cumulative installed capacity of 47.6 MW in 2019. This contribution thus far accounts for only 0.12% of total energy mix. As of May 2021, there were 11121 commissioned systems.PAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 In terms of emissions, with 21% increase since 2015, six key sectors and the policy actions taken by Pakistan can be summarized in the following table: Table: 4.1: Mitigation Policy Action in Six Sectors GHG Emission Policy Initiatives Plans and Targets Energy Biggest source of GHG emissions in Pakistan with 218.9 MT CO eq.', 'As of May 2021, there were 11121 commissioned systems.PAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 In terms of emissions, with 21% increase since 2015, six key sectors and the policy actions taken by Pakistan can be summarized in the following table: Table: 4.1: Mitigation Policy Action in Six Sectors GHG Emission Policy Initiatives Plans and Targets Energy Biggest source of GHG emissions in Pakistan with 218.9 MT CO eq. ARE Policy (2019) The policy sets the specific target of at least 20% RE generation by 2025 and at least 30% NEECA Draft Strategic Sectoral actions account for 6.4 MtCO e emissions reduction by 2030 Transportation Major energy demand sector contributing to GHG emissions of 51.3 MT CO eq.', 'ARE Policy (2019) The policy sets the specific target of at least 20% RE generation by 2025 and at least 30% NEECA Draft Strategic Sectoral actions account for 6.4 MtCO e emissions reduction by 2030 Transportation Major energy demand sector contributing to GHG emissions of 51.3 MT CO eq. NEVP 2019 for two and three wheelers as well as heavy vehicles The policy sets the specific target of at least 20% RE generation by 2025 and at least 30% Switch to Euro 5 (in process) Improve Air quality Goal is to lower vehicular emissions from combustion and improving urban air quality Improve air quality standards as well as monitoring in provincial capital and other major cities Agriculture Second highest emitting sector with 198.59 MT CO eq.', 'NEVP 2019 for two and three wheelers as well as heavy vehicles The policy sets the specific target of at least 20% RE generation by 2025 and at least 30% Switch to Euro 5 (in process) Improve Air quality Goal is to lower vehicular emissions from combustion and improving urban air quality Improve air quality standards as well as monitoring in provincial capital and other major cities Agriculture Second highest emitting sector with 198.59 MT CO eq. in 2018 Punjab Smog Policy Complete ban on open burning of rice stubble, solid waste and other hazardous materials Disposal of crop residue in an environmentally friendly manner Climate Change Policy Azad Jammu & Kashmir Climate Change Action Plan (2019–2030) Industrial Processes Third largest emitting sector which releases 25.76 MT CO eq.', 'in 2018 Punjab Smog Policy Complete ban on open burning of rice stubble, solid waste and other hazardous materials Disposal of crop residue in an environmentally friendly manner Climate Change Policy Azad Jammu & Kashmir Climate Change Action Plan (2019–2030) Industrial Processes Third largest emitting sector which releases 25.76 MT CO eq. Pakistan’s National Action Plan on Sustainable Mitigation measures to encourage adoption of clean production technologies, implementation of eco-standard, incentivize carbon trading between industries to limit the production of GHGs Promote bottom up actions by private sector, and develop plans for emissions reductions form major sectors particularly cement and textilePAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 LULUCF Fourth GHG emitting sector calculated to be 24.86 MT CO eq.', 'Pakistan’s National Action Plan on Sustainable Mitigation measures to encourage adoption of clean production technologies, implementation of eco-standard, incentivize carbon trading between industries to limit the production of GHGs Promote bottom up actions by private sector, and develop plans for emissions reductions form major sectors particularly cement and textilePAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 LULUCF Fourth GHG emitting sector calculated to be 24.86 MT CO eq. National Forest Policy Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) Conserve existing forests, increase tree cover through community participation, and meet international obligations related to forests Identify policy priorities for protecting soil quality for nutrition and micronutrients and piloting approaches on LDN in various ecosystems. Waste Ranked lowest emitting sector in Pakistan that contributes 21.72 MT CO eq. to total GHG emissions in 2018. Methane is the major component with a share of 19.2 MT CO eq. Clean Green Pakistan Banning of single-use plastics Strengthening municipal service delivery by the local governments.', 'Clean Green Pakistan Banning of single-use plastics Strengthening municipal service delivery by the local governments. Includes a composite index of five pillars i.e. water, sanitation, hygiene, solid waste management and plantation Encourage turning animal waste (cow-dung) to methane for use as fuel for rural household and urban transportation projects as in Karachi BRT. Promote reuse and source reduction of waste 4.3 CONTRIBUTION TO MITIGATION While reviewing mitigation options and devising any low-carbon growth strategies, the following overarching sectoral considerations need to be adequately addressed 1. Energy Demand: While Pakistan’s supply and demand gap has considerably narrowed since 2016, more than 40 million people still remain without access to electricity. Access to energy and generation capacity influences the future investment and licensing of hydropower projects.', 'Access to energy and generation capacity influences the future investment and licensing of hydropower projects. Off-grid and RE resources have emerged as the least cost preferred option to overcome the energy access challenge. 2. Carbon Lock-in: Several coal power plants have become operational since 2016, including the 1,320 MW Sahiwal Coal Power Project. The share of coal power in Pakistan’s energy mix is small, and as under-construction hydropower projects become operational this ratio will further improve. 3. Just Transition: The introduction of EVs has provided an opportunity to switch fuels for two and three wheelers as well as light commercial transportation in order to ensure continuity of their livelihoods and a just transition for them and their communities.', 'Just Transition: The introduction of EVs has provided an opportunity to switch fuels for two and three wheelers as well as light commercial transportation in order to ensure continuity of their livelihoods and a just transition for them and their communities. Since the fossil fuel industry is a major employer of local communities10, any plans for phasing out fossils from the economy require sectoral planning, based on technical studies. 10 In 2018, the Fuels sector grew by approximately 52,000 jobs, or nearly 5% for a total of 1,122,764 jobs. Oil and natural gas employers added the most new jobs, nearly 51,000, employing 603,000 and 271,000 respectively.', 'Oil and natural gas employers added the most new jobs, nearly 51,000, employing 603,000 and 271,000 respectively. Including hydropowerPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 The following table outlines the key sectors along with the overarching objective and supporting actions as contributions towards mitigation.', 'Including hydropowerPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 The following table outlines the key sectors along with the overarching objective and supporting actions as contributions towards mitigation. Table-4.2: Overarching Mitigation Objectives & Supporting Initiatives Objective Supporting Actions Lead Organization Potential Indicators Goals To ensure efficient, affordable and renewable energy supply Increase in grid efficiency and transmission infrastructure NTDC Annual improvement in energy efficiency Increase energy efficiency with combined sectoral targets to achieve a total of 1.5% annual improvement in energy efficiency Mechanisms for grid flexibility and greater integration of VRE NTDC Number of RE options explored At least 20% RE generation11 by Improvement in coal efficiency and exploration of green coal technologies Ministry of Energy (MoE) – Power Division Number of green coal technologies identified Large scale and distributed grid connected solar, wind and hydroelectricity AEDB Ratio of energy mix 11 Including hydropowerPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 Support the deployment of ARE technologies: 1.', 'Table-4.2: Overarching Mitigation Objectives & Supporting Initiatives Objective Supporting Actions Lead Organization Potential Indicators Goals To ensure efficient, affordable and renewable energy supply Increase in grid efficiency and transmission infrastructure NTDC Annual improvement in energy efficiency Increase energy efficiency with combined sectoral targets to achieve a total of 1.5% annual improvement in energy efficiency Mechanisms for grid flexibility and greater integration of VRE NTDC Number of RE options explored At least 20% RE generation11 by Improvement in coal efficiency and exploration of green coal technologies Ministry of Energy (MoE) – Power Division Number of green coal technologies identified Large scale and distributed grid connected solar, wind and hydroelectricity AEDB Ratio of energy mix 11 Including hydropowerPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 Support the deployment of ARE technologies: 1. Promoting innovation and technology transfer to ensure availability of renewable technology at reduced costs (including offshore) 2.', 'Promoting innovation and technology transfer to ensure availability of renewable technology at reduced costs (including offshore) 2. Onshore large-scale wind and solar projects AEDB Number of low-cost renewable options explored Percentage increase in RE generation Exploration and development of storage technologies to tackle RE intermittency AEDB Number of options proposed for RE intermittency Utilizing other alternative energy sources for generating electricity AEDB Percentage of electricity generation from alternate sources Transition from biomass to electricity in 15% of households by 2050 Research and development programs for carbon capture and sequestration Ministry of Climate Change (MoCC), GCISC Number of research reports developed for policy uptake Improve mechanisms and procedures to provide for effective conservation and efficient use of energy Efficient irrigation motors/pumps (electric), fans, boilers/furnaces, stoves, water heaters and LEDs, etc.', 'Onshore large-scale wind and solar projects AEDB Number of low-cost renewable options explored Percentage increase in RE generation Exploration and development of storage technologies to tackle RE intermittency AEDB Number of options proposed for RE intermittency Utilizing other alternative energy sources for generating electricity AEDB Percentage of electricity generation from alternate sources Transition from biomass to electricity in 15% of households by 2050 Research and development programs for carbon capture and sequestration Ministry of Climate Change (MoCC), GCISC Number of research reports developed for policy uptake Improve mechanisms and procedures to provide for effective conservation and efficient use of energy Efficient irrigation motors/pumps (electric), fans, boilers/furnaces, stoves, water heaters and LEDs, etc. NEECA Annual improvement in energy efficiency Increase energy efficiency with combined sectoral targets to achieve a total of 1.5% annual improvement in energy efficiencyPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 Green Building codes and certification for new and refurbished buildings, including revolving guarantee mechanism for energy efficient appliances NEECA Energy efficient building codes notified Number of buildings certified Revolving guarantee mechanism operationalized At least 20% RE generation12 by Mandatory energy audits of large energy consuming industries and companies NEECA Number of energy audits conducted Explore and adopt cap and trade schemes and carbon levies to manage industrial emission efficiency MoCC Reduction in industrial emissions Promotion of Energy Standards and Labeling (ESL) NEECA Audit reports on enforcement of standards 12 Including hydropowerPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 Tax exemptions for hybrid and EVs Ministry of Industry (MoI) Number of vehicles purchased 30% shift to electric passenger vehicles and 50% shift to electric two/three wheelers and buses by 2030 90% shift to electric passenger vehicles and 90% shift to electric two/three wheelers and buses by 2040 Establishing recharging network for EV adoption MoI with MoE Number of charging stations Transition to Euro 5 MoE (Petroleum Division) Reduction in air pollution Promote climate smart inputs and management practices in agriculture and livestock management Improve irrigation practices and water management Provincial agriculture department Reduction in drop per crop Climate resilient agriculture/ agroforestry practices Ministry of National Health Services, Regulation & Coordination (MoNHSR&C) Number of farmers trained on farming techniques Introduce climate resilient seed varieties MoNHSR&C & Provincial Departments of Agriculture (DoAs) Number of crop varieties developed and piloted Promotion, storage and management of green manure MoNHSR&C & DoAs Area of land using green manure Promote energy efficient practices in industries Ensure the provision of gaseous fuels at cheaper rates Reduction in prices for energy efficient fuelsPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 Introduce and practice Polluter Pays Principle (PPP) Number of industries audited Introduce Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (RAC) standards, and labels NEECA Standards and labels notified Switching to zig-zag Brick kiln technology to mitigate SLCP Provincial departments Number of units switched N O abatement from nitric acid plants at comparatively low cost that accounted for 5.1% of the total Industrial emissions in 2015 • Nitric and fertilizer productions plants • Provincials EPAs & regulatory agencies, National Fertilizer Corporation, and academic institutes.', 'NEECA Annual improvement in energy efficiency Increase energy efficiency with combined sectoral targets to achieve a total of 1.5% annual improvement in energy efficiencyPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 Green Building codes and certification for new and refurbished buildings, including revolving guarantee mechanism for energy efficient appliances NEECA Energy efficient building codes notified Number of buildings certified Revolving guarantee mechanism operationalized At least 20% RE generation12 by Mandatory energy audits of large energy consuming industries and companies NEECA Number of energy audits conducted Explore and adopt cap and trade schemes and carbon levies to manage industrial emission efficiency MoCC Reduction in industrial emissions Promotion of Energy Standards and Labeling (ESL) NEECA Audit reports on enforcement of standards 12 Including hydropowerPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 Tax exemptions for hybrid and EVs Ministry of Industry (MoI) Number of vehicles purchased 30% shift to electric passenger vehicles and 50% shift to electric two/three wheelers and buses by 2030 90% shift to electric passenger vehicles and 90% shift to electric two/three wheelers and buses by 2040 Establishing recharging network for EV adoption MoI with MoE Number of charging stations Transition to Euro 5 MoE (Petroleum Division) Reduction in air pollution Promote climate smart inputs and management practices in agriculture and livestock management Improve irrigation practices and water management Provincial agriculture department Reduction in drop per crop Climate resilient agriculture/ agroforestry practices Ministry of National Health Services, Regulation & Coordination (MoNHSR&C) Number of farmers trained on farming techniques Introduce climate resilient seed varieties MoNHSR&C & Provincial Departments of Agriculture (DoAs) Number of crop varieties developed and piloted Promotion, storage and management of green manure MoNHSR&C & DoAs Area of land using green manure Promote energy efficient practices in industries Ensure the provision of gaseous fuels at cheaper rates Reduction in prices for energy efficient fuelsPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 Introduce and practice Polluter Pays Principle (PPP) Number of industries audited Introduce Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (RAC) standards, and labels NEECA Standards and labels notified Switching to zig-zag Brick kiln technology to mitigate SLCP Provincial departments Number of units switched N O abatement from nitric acid plants at comparatively low cost that accounted for 5.1% of the total Industrial emissions in 2015 • Nitric and fertilizer productions plants • Provincials EPAs & regulatory agencies, National Fertilizer Corporation, and academic institutes. Number of plants converted to low emitting technology and selling their credits in the open market Reduction of 0.9% of the total Industrial emissions for 2030 after the strong growth in this sector Promote conservation and sustainable management of area under cover Mass afforestation through the involvement of government agencies, provinces, local governments and non-state actors MoCC and provincial forest department Area afforested or number of new plants planted 1 million ha afforested Conservation and management of existing forests by controlling deforestation, protecting forest reserves, and controlling other anthropogenic disturbances Same as above Increase in forest cover Conservation and restoration of mangroves, peatland ecosystems, and coastal & marine ecosystems to reduce emissions and revive natural carbon sink Provincial forest department Increase in restored area as carbon sinkPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 Maintaining forest inventories and increasing capacity for monitoring and modeling carbon changes MoCC, GCISC and provincial forest department Annual forest inventory reports Encouraging private investments in farm forestry MoCC and provincial forest department Number of private investments Develop a comprehensive management system for protected areas including coastal wetlands MoCC Number of management plans generated Establishment of a transboundary ecological corridor MoCC Number of ecological corridors established Promote 3Rs and improve waste management practices Enacting by-laws on land use (landfills, sewage treatment plants and power plants, waste-to-energy schemes and recycling) Provincial department Number of laws enacted Infrastructural development for waste collection, transfer stations and treatment facilities Same as above Number of operational waste treatment facilities Promoting a culture of recycling and reuse Same as above and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Reduction in waste generation Installation of hospital and other on- site waste incineration devices Provincial department Number of onsite waste management facilities Material Flow Analysis to generate the evidence on plastic waste management MoCC Number of studies conductedPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 ADAPTATION: EFFORTS, ACHIEVEMENTS & THE NDC Adaptation will be a central pillar to manage risks from climate impacts, protect communities, and strengthen the resilience of the economy.', 'Number of plants converted to low emitting technology and selling their credits in the open market Reduction of 0.9% of the total Industrial emissions for 2030 after the strong growth in this sector Promote conservation and sustainable management of area under cover Mass afforestation through the involvement of government agencies, provinces, local governments and non-state actors MoCC and provincial forest department Area afforested or number of new plants planted 1 million ha afforested Conservation and management of existing forests by controlling deforestation, protecting forest reserves, and controlling other anthropogenic disturbances Same as above Increase in forest cover Conservation and restoration of mangroves, peatland ecosystems, and coastal & marine ecosystems to reduce emissions and revive natural carbon sink Provincial forest department Increase in restored area as carbon sinkPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 Maintaining forest inventories and increasing capacity for monitoring and modeling carbon changes MoCC, GCISC and provincial forest department Annual forest inventory reports Encouraging private investments in farm forestry MoCC and provincial forest department Number of private investments Develop a comprehensive management system for protected areas including coastal wetlands MoCC Number of management plans generated Establishment of a transboundary ecological corridor MoCC Number of ecological corridors established Promote 3Rs and improve waste management practices Enacting by-laws on land use (landfills, sewage treatment plants and power plants, waste-to-energy schemes and recycling) Provincial department Number of laws enacted Infrastructural development for waste collection, transfer stations and treatment facilities Same as above Number of operational waste treatment facilities Promoting a culture of recycling and reuse Same as above and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Reduction in waste generation Installation of hospital and other on- site waste incineration devices Provincial department Number of onsite waste management facilities Material Flow Analysis to generate the evidence on plastic waste management MoCC Number of studies conductedPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 ADAPTATION: EFFORTS, ACHIEVEMENTS & THE NDC Adaptation will be a central pillar to manage risks from climate impacts, protect communities, and strengthen the resilience of the economy. National Climate Change Policy (NCCP) has adopted an integrated approach to build resilience in various climate sensitive sectors, and to ensure a comprehensive response at both national and sub-national levels.', 'National Climate Change Policy (NCCP) has adopted an integrated approach to build resilience in various climate sensitive sectors, and to ensure a comprehensive response at both national and sub-national levels. Pakistan will continue to strive to make considerable progress in various sectors as per the following approach: 5.1 POLICY INITIATIVES Agriculture is the backbone of Pakistan’s economy, providing livelihoods and food security. Unfortunately, this sector is also the most impacted from climate variabilities as seen in the section on Climate Impact Drivers (CIDs) and compound extreme weather events. The crop yields over recent years have adversely been affected by changing climate patterns and associated shocks. The already strained water availability is expected to worsen over the coming decades, with water demand projected to rise significantly with rising population and warmer temperatures.', 'The already strained water availability is expected to worsen over the coming decades, with water demand projected to rise significantly with rising population and warmer temperatures. Agriculture sector is also the largest consumer of freshwater, accounting for 95% of total withdrawals. The four major crops that account for 80% of this share include high water consumption and low value crops such as rice and sugarcane. It is estimated that the country loses 4% of its GDP to inefficient water use in agriculture. Hence, to ensure long term water and food security of the country, Pakistan needs to significantly boost water efficiency and agriculture productivity.', 'Hence, to ensure long term water and food security of the country, Pakistan needs to significantly boost water efficiency and agriculture productivity. The development of a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) has commenced as was envisioned during near-term (2020-2025) targets of Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 2016, in order to create a framework for guiding the mainstreaming of medium and long-term climate change concerns into national sectoral policies, strategies and programs for coordinated approach between different tiers of government. The NAP aims to bestow trust in nature’s ability toPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 recoup and regenerate itself by investing in ecosystems as a means of forced adaptation measure. The GCF support through United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) for the development of NAP will help achieve the objectives through: i.', 'The GCF support through United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) for the development of NAP will help achieve the objectives through: i. Strengthening the capacity to coordinate and promote climate change adaptation (CCA) at systemic, institutional and individual levels, and help poor and climate vulnerable communities to adapt to climate change impact; ii. Integrating CCA into policies, strategies, legislation, regulations, and programs; iii. Strengthening of a system to generate and share knowledge, experience, and lessons learned at national and sub-national levels to advance CCA; and iv. Development of a strategy to implement, monitor, and communicate adaptation benefits at different levels, and scale up government efforts in adaptation efforts, and process of regularly updating NAP.', 'Development of a strategy to implement, monitor, and communicate adaptation benefits at different levels, and scale up government efforts in adaptation efforts, and process of regularly updating NAP. Since almost half of Pakistan’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are from agriculture, livestock, and Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF), the NAP will also propose strategies, and targets where possible, to reduce emissions from these sources. The medium- to long- term actions (up to 2030) proposed in the NDC 2016, recommended a long list of goals. Many of them were followed in various projects. Additionally, several projects were mobilized in forestry and agriculture-water as well.', 'Additionally, several projects were mobilized in forestry and agriculture-water as well. LULUCF are responsible for half of Pakistan’s GHG emissions in the First National Communication, now combined and bracketed with agriculture in the Second National Communication. The Government of Pakistan (GoP) has, therefore, prioritized three environmental areas for priority actions: Nature-based Solutions (NbS), Land Use Change & Forestry, and Community Infrastructure. These interventions are aligned with NCCP and NDC 2016, and indicate centrality of adaptation and resilience. Accumulatively, these interventions will enhance the adaptive capacity and resilience while giving several socio-economic, health and mitigation co-benefits.', 'Accumulatively, these interventions will enhance the adaptive capacity and resilience while giving several socio-economic, health and mitigation co-benefits. 5.2 ADAPTATION ACTIONS 1) Nature-based Solutions i. Eco-system Restoration Initiative (2019-2030): Mainstream adaptation and mitigation through ecologically targeted initiatives for afforestation, biodiversity conservation/ecosystem rehabilitation, and policy development by restoring 30% of degraded forest, 5% of degraded cropland, 6% of degraded grassland (rangeland) and 10% of degraded wetlands by 2030. Further, setting up a transparent Eco-system Restoration Fund (ESRF) to finance the initiatives under the Ecosystem Restoration Initiative (ESRI). ii. Protected Areas Initiative (2020-23): Expanding the coverage of protected areas from 12 to 15% of the total land area by 2023, at an estimated cost of Rs.', 'Protected Areas Initiative (2020-23): Expanding the coverage of protected areas from 12 to 15% of the total land area by 2023, at an estimated cost of Rs. 3.9PAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 billion, by notifying 15 new national parks covering a land area of over 7,300 square kilometers. The government will implement ecological management plans and governance through community-led conservation funds. iii. Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation-Payments for Environmental Services (REDD+PES) (2020-49): Protecting critical mangrove forests in Sindh and Balochistan, and raising new plantations of mangroves over an area of 16,552 ha for climate mitigation, biodiversity conservation, and strengthening local livelihoods of fisheries and eco-tourism. iv.', 'Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation-Payments for Environmental Services (REDD+PES) (2020-49): Protecting critical mangrove forests in Sindh and Balochistan, and raising new plantations of mangroves over an area of 16,552 ha for climate mitigation, biodiversity conservation, and strengthening local livelihoods of fisheries and eco-tourism. iv. Miyawaki Forests (2019-ongoing): Small urban forests, as pilot projects, in several cities for mitigating urban heat island effect through native tree species that grow faster, sequester more carbon and are self-sustaining. Presently, 126 urban forest projects using the Miyawaki technique are being implemented across the country, with 51 in Lahore, 50 in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 20 in Islamabad and five in Karachi.', 'Presently, 126 urban forest projects using the Miyawaki technique are being implemented across the country, with 51 in Lahore, 50 in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 20 in Islamabad and five in Karachi. v. Recharge Pakistan (2019-in pipeline): Building resilience to climate change through Ecosystem-based Adaptation for Integrated Flood Risk Management by identifying flood vulnerable areas where adaptation strategies could be most effective. The project aims to utilize floodwater for restoring wetland ecosystem and recharging its aquifer. The project would possibly impact around 10 million vulnerable people through reduced flood risks, increased water security, improved agricultural productivity and food security, community-based disaster risk management (CBDRM), and climate-resilient livelihood options. The project objectives require an investment of US$150 million (US$50 million requested from Green Climate Fund) in deployment of climate resilient infrastructure. vi.', 'The project objectives require an investment of US$150 million (US$50 million requested from Green Climate Fund) in deployment of climate resilient infrastructure. vi. Ten Billion Tree Tsunami Programme: This four-year flagship national program (2019-2023) will increase the existing forest area. During phase one, 3.29 billion plants will be planted and/or regenerated to restore nine different forest categories over an area of 1.2 million hectares by 2023. During phase two, 750 to 850 million plants/ year will continue over the next six years up to 2030. This initiative builds upon the success story of the Billion Trees Afforestation Project (BTAP) that was implemented in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province during 2015-2020, whereby 1.2 billion trees were planted/ regenerated during 2014– 2018 period at cost of Rs 14 billion.', 'This initiative builds upon the success story of the Billion Trees Afforestation Project (BTAP) that was implemented in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province during 2015-2020, whereby 1.2 billion trees were planted/ regenerated during 2014– 2018 period at cost of Rs 14 billion. An investment of approximately US$125 million was directed towards the project from provincial resources. This project increased KP’s forest area from 20.3% to 26.6%. It is expected to result in total carbon sequestration of 0.04 GtCO e. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), United National Environment Programme (UNEP), UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), the Bonn Challenge, and other international organizations such as the World Economic Forum acclaimed the ambitious project. For Pakistan, it has made way for Bonn Challenge II.PAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 vii.', 'For Pakistan, it has made way for Bonn Challenge II.PAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 vii. Transforming the Indus Basin with Climate Resilient Agriculture and Water Management (2019-2026): This US$47.7 million project will disseminate information and utilize state of the art technology to build the country’s capacity to adapt to climate challenges in agriculture and water sectors. The project envisages enhancing farmer’s resilience to climate through skill and capacity development. 2) Land Use Change and Forestry i. Sustainable Land Management Project (SLMP Phase II, 2015-21): Rehabilitated approximately 10,000 acres of land, 5000 acres of plantations, and 15,000 acres of land receding. For FY 2020-21, 800 acres of plantation, 4500 rangeland rehabilitation, 30 gated structures, and 5000 acres rangeland receding have been planned. ii.', 'For FY 2020-21, 800 acres of plantation, 4500 rangeland rehabilitation, 30 gated structures, and 5000 acres rangeland receding have been planned. ii. Sustainable Forest Management (SFM, 2016-21): Regeneration and management of seven forest landscapes spreading over 145,300 hectares; temperate coniferous forests in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, dry scrub forests in Punjab, and riverine forests in Punjab and Sindh. iii. National Forest Policy (2018): For strengthening the long-term objectives related to forestry sector, the policy has a three-pronged approach: a) conserve existing forests, b) increase tree cover through community participation, and c) meet international obligations related to forests. By 2030, Pakistan plans to increase forest area from 5.4% to 6.5%. iv. REDD+ Readiness Preparation Proposal (R-PP, 2015-2021): Extended by Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) in 2018 to further support the preparedness activities in Pakistan.', 'REDD+ Readiness Preparation Proposal (R-PP, 2015-2021): Extended by Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) in 2018 to further support the preparedness activities in Pakistan. Forest Reference Emission Level or FREL of Pakistan was submitted to the UNFCCC and the National REDD+ Strategy is presently being finalized. v. National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP, 2018): To conserve forest biodiversity and its sustainable use by providing an enabling institutional and policy environment, protection and restoration of forest ecosystem services, increasing indigenous floral diversity; improving knowledge base by adopting scientific research and modern technologies relating to forest biodiversity, and reform the rights and concessions of local people. vi.', 'v. National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP, 2018): To conserve forest biodiversity and its sustainable use by providing an enabling institutional and policy environment, protection and restoration of forest ecosystem services, increasing indigenous floral diversity; improving knowledge base by adopting scientific research and modern technologies relating to forest biodiversity, and reform the rights and concessions of local people. vi. REDD+ Indus delta (2019-2030 Delta Blue Carbon Phase I): Restoring 350,000 ha in the Districts of Thatta and Sujawal in Sindh province through plantation in 60 years via a multi-phase public private partnership. Phase 1 aims at restoration of 224,997 ha of degraded land through large scale reforestation of which 75,000 ha was restored by 2020 with mangrove plantations. vii.', 'Phase 1 aims at restoration of 224,997 ha of degraded land through large scale reforestation of which 75,000 ha was restored by 2020 with mangrove plantations. vii. Restoring mangrove forests (1990-ongoing): Under voluntary plantation drives,PAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 Pakistan has annually increased at an annual growth rate of 3.74%, making Pakistan the only country in the region with an expanding mangrove cover. Over four million mangroves were planted under various partnerships, involving public and private sectors as well as Civil Society Organizations (CSOs). Under TBTTP, Sindh province has planned a plantation of 1.5 billion trees, mainly in mangrove areas. Preservation of mangrove forests will be used for carbon capture and to develop resilience against seawater intrusion and tropical storms.', 'Preservation of mangrove forests will be used for carbon capture and to develop resilience against seawater intrusion and tropical storms. In Balochistan, 1,200 ha have been added over the years. viii. Sustainable Consumption and Production National Action Plan (SCP- NAP, 2017): The SCP-NAP aims to accomplish SCP targets pragmatically and systematically as delineated in SDG 12. This NAP document acts as the guiding beacon for promoting the efficient use of resources, minimizing the unsustainable patterns of production, assuring food security and modern infrastructure that resulted in the socio-economic development, better regional connectivity and healthy ecosystem of Pakistan.', 'This NAP document acts as the guiding beacon for promoting the efficient use of resources, minimizing the unsustainable patterns of production, assuring food security and modern infrastructure that resulted in the socio-economic development, better regional connectivity and healthy ecosystem of Pakistan. In continuation of the efforts, a comprehensive strategy is being developed that details the roadmap through identification of relevant indicators to develop a system for monitoring and reporting eventually creating an operational manual for a watch for meeting NAP-SCP related goals. ix. Natural Capital Accounts: Pakistan has signed a letter of support with the UK Statistics Authority to develop guidelines for Natural Capital Accounting system for Pakistan.', 'Natural Capital Accounts: Pakistan has signed a letter of support with the UK Statistics Authority to develop guidelines for Natural Capital Accounting system for Pakistan. In addition, Ministry of Climate Change (MoCC) in the recent development in partnership with the World Bank is formulating Natural Capital Account Roadmap that can provide detailed plan for better management of the economy. The outcome will help the government to design the evidence- based national forest policy and plans, improve institutional framework and help design and monitor strategies for implementing Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). 3) Community Infrastructure i.', 'The outcome will help the government to design the evidence- based national forest policy and plans, improve institutional framework and help design and monitor strategies for implementing Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). 3) Community Infrastructure i. Glacial Lake Outburst Flood II (2017-2022): Scaled up GLOF I from two districts to 10, and initiated the revision of two policies to include GLOF risk reduction, provide early warning signs to target communities for appropriate actions, scaling up monitoring systems, and deploying 250 small-scale engineering structures to reduce effect of GLOF on local livelihoods. This will help strengthen resilience of communities that are likely to be affected by GLOF. ii.', 'This will help strengthen resilience of communities that are likely to be affected by GLOF. ii. Pakistan Snow Leopard and Ecosystem Protection Program (PSLEP, 2018-2023): At least 1,500,000 hectares of critical snow leopard habitat effectively managed under integrated participatory management landscape approaches, and 4,000 households benefitted from sustainable resource management approaches.PAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 iii. Clean Green Pakistan Index (2019): Created a platform for strengthening municipal services, based on a composite index of five pillars—water, sanitation, hygiene, solid waste management, and plantation. Aimed at encouraging local governments and citizens to enhance cleanliness and hygiene in their respective cities and ensuring local representation and participation and knowledge- based practice among communities.', 'Aimed at encouraging local governments and citizens to enhance cleanliness and hygiene in their respective cities and ensuring local representation and participation and knowledge- based practice among communities. Piloted in 12 cities of Punjab and seven cities of KP to compete in strengthening municipal service delivery by the local governments, and upscaled to 93 cities from all provinces in 2020–2021 in order to spark the public’s interest in learning about effective waste management, self-hygiene, and the importance of forest cover. iv. Piloting the Ban of Single-use Polythene Bags in Islamabad (2019-ongoing): Engaging and encouraging the residents to use reusable bags achieving source reduction and minimize plastic bag littering in the city by imposing a ban on single-use polythene bags.', 'Piloting the Ban of Single-use Polythene Bags in Islamabad (2019-ongoing): Engaging and encouraging the residents to use reusable bags achieving source reduction and minimize plastic bag littering in the city by imposing a ban on single-use polythene bags. v. Green Stimulus (2020): Providing short-term relief in the shape of green jobs creation and livelihood under TBTTP post Covid-19 economic downturn by employing 84,609 daily wagers towards achieving a total plantation of 430 million during 2020. vi. Pakistan Hydromet & Climate services project (2018-24): Strengthening Pakistan’s public sector delivery of reliable and timely hydro-meteorological and disaster risk management services to enhance community risk to shock. Finally, ESRF was launched to serve as a financial mechanism for mobilizing resources and to facilitate Government Pakistan’s climate compatible development policies.', 'Finally, ESRF was launched to serve as a financial mechanism for mobilizing resources and to facilitate Government Pakistan’s climate compatible development policies. In pursuance of the foregoing, Pakistan will undertake the following policy actions: Table 5.1: Strengthening Policies, Strategies and Action Plans Supporting Policy Actions Lead Agency Proposed Completion Cross-Sectoral Climate Change Act established: 1. Pakistan Climate Change Council 2. Pakistan Climate Change Authority 3.', 'Pakistan Climate Change Council 2. Pakistan Climate Change Authority 3. Pakistan Climate Change Fund PM’s Committee on Climate Change was established and met four times to discuss the issues of climate change.PAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 National Adaptation Plan is developed, National Climate Change Policy revised, and the Framework for the implementation of NCCP developed after consultation with all relevant national and provincial stakeholders MoCC, GCISC 2023 National Climate Change Gender Action Plan (ccGAP) Provinces prepare their provincial climate change policies/action plans/strategies MoCC in collaboration with provinces Climate proofing risk assessment will be carried out for new public/private sector finance projects MoCC in collaboration with federal and Provincial Departments Climate screening appraisal mechanism will be established and implemented for public/private funded projects MoCC in collaboration with federal and provincial departments Climate proof development schemes estimated an upward to US$22 per annum, according to estimates by NDC Adaptation Committee to ensure that adaptation consideration is adhered to MoCC Federal Flood Commission (FFC), and NDMA Developing a Pakistan Cooling Action Plan (PCAP) which will identify the key cooling needs and prioritize actions for addressing current and future cooling demands with the minimum possible impact on the environment MoCC in collaboration with NEECA and federal and provincial departments Disaster Management National Multi-Hazard Vulnerability and Risk Assessment (MHVRA) undertaken at district level NDMA and Provincial Disaster Management Authority (PDMA)s Social Protection Climate change insurance products developed for marginalized communities MoCC, Poverty Alleviation and Social Safety Net Division (PASS)/EHSAAS Education Climate change is included in the curriculum of all secondary schools and specialized courses will be offered in colleges and universities MoCC/GCISC and Ministry of Federal Education and Professional Training/ Higher Education CommissionPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 Since the NDC submission in 2016, Pakistan has undertaken several initiatives for strengthening adaptation in various sectors, as provided in the table 5.2.', 'Pakistan Climate Change Fund PM’s Committee on Climate Change was established and met four times to discuss the issues of climate change.PAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 National Adaptation Plan is developed, National Climate Change Policy revised, and the Framework for the implementation of NCCP developed after consultation with all relevant national and provincial stakeholders MoCC, GCISC 2023 National Climate Change Gender Action Plan (ccGAP) Provinces prepare their provincial climate change policies/action plans/strategies MoCC in collaboration with provinces Climate proofing risk assessment will be carried out for new public/private sector finance projects MoCC in collaboration with federal and Provincial Departments Climate screening appraisal mechanism will be established and implemented for public/private funded projects MoCC in collaboration with federal and provincial departments Climate proof development schemes estimated an upward to US$22 per annum, according to estimates by NDC Adaptation Committee to ensure that adaptation consideration is adhered to MoCC Federal Flood Commission (FFC), and NDMA Developing a Pakistan Cooling Action Plan (PCAP) which will identify the key cooling needs and prioritize actions for addressing current and future cooling demands with the minimum possible impact on the environment MoCC in collaboration with NEECA and federal and provincial departments Disaster Management National Multi-Hazard Vulnerability and Risk Assessment (MHVRA) undertaken at district level NDMA and Provincial Disaster Management Authority (PDMA)s Social Protection Climate change insurance products developed for marginalized communities MoCC, Poverty Alleviation and Social Safety Net Division (PASS)/EHSAAS Education Climate change is included in the curriculum of all secondary schools and specialized courses will be offered in colleges and universities MoCC/GCISC and Ministry of Federal Education and Professional Training/ Higher Education CommissionPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 Since the NDC submission in 2016, Pakistan has undertaken several initiatives for strengthening adaptation in various sectors, as provided in the table 5.2. Table: 5.2: Key Adaptation Sectors & Supporting Actions Overview Supporting Actions The largest employer sector in Pakistan, agriculture, is also highly vulnerable to the climate change.', 'Table: 5.2: Key Adaptation Sectors & Supporting Actions Overview Supporting Actions The largest employer sector in Pakistan, agriculture, is also highly vulnerable to the climate change. Low growth in the sector coupled with rapid population expansion is contributing to increasing levels of food insecurity Agriculture: • NWP 2018 recognizes the need of adaptive measures to strengthen the sector’s resilience to climate change • Awareness campaigns that utilize media (radio, television etc.) to provide farmers weather updates and advisory services • Adoption of Climate Smart Agricultural practices for the production of a variety of plants • Balanced use of fertilizers, composting and using cropping calendars to perfect the planting times Water management has emerged as a critical area for Pakistan Water: • NFPP-IV was approved in 2017 and NWP in 2018.', 'to provide farmers weather updates and advisory services • Adoption of Climate Smart Agricultural practices for the production of a variety of plants • Balanced use of fertilizers, composting and using cropping calendars to perfect the planting times Water management has emerged as a critical area for Pakistan Water: • NFPP-IV was approved in 2017 and NWP in 2018. NFPP- IV has targeted to protect 2.47 million hectares area from inundation by flood waters, 779,250 hectares of lands from erosion besides reclamation of 154,180 hectares of eroded land.', 'NFPP- IV has targeted to protect 2.47 million hectares area from inundation by flood waters, 779,250 hectares of lands from erosion besides reclamation of 154,180 hectares of eroded land. Under NWP 2018, the construction of two large reservoirs (Diamer Bhasha and Mohmand) was initiated in order to address the agriculture-food-water nexus by increasing the national surface water pool and inter-seasonal water supply • For enhanced urban resilience, urban flooding risks will be reduced by promoting sponge cities, improving urban drainage, undertaking studies to address urban drainage problems in 20 cities of Balochistan, KP, Punjab, and Sindh for enhanced urban resilience, and undertaking non-structural measures, as per NFPP –IV • Pilot realistic water pricing mechanisms, reducing subsidies and water revenue collection systems • For groundwater recharging and water quality improvements, establishing ground water regulatory institutions and mechanisms, modernize irrigation and drainage system, accelerate program for canal and water course lining The GoP has also planned an Eco-Restoration Initiative that strengthens adaptation through ecologically targeted initiatives.', 'Under NWP 2018, the construction of two large reservoirs (Diamer Bhasha and Mohmand) was initiated in order to address the agriculture-food-water nexus by increasing the national surface water pool and inter-seasonal water supply • For enhanced urban resilience, urban flooding risks will be reduced by promoting sponge cities, improving urban drainage, undertaking studies to address urban drainage problems in 20 cities of Balochistan, KP, Punjab, and Sindh for enhanced urban resilience, and undertaking non-structural measures, as per NFPP –IV • Pilot realistic water pricing mechanisms, reducing subsidies and water revenue collection systems • For groundwater recharging and water quality improvements, establishing ground water regulatory institutions and mechanisms, modernize irrigation and drainage system, accelerate program for canal and water course lining The GoP has also planned an Eco-Restoration Initiative that strengthens adaptation through ecologically targeted initiatives. One major objective of this initiative is afforestation Land: • Achieving Land Degradation Neutrality by 2030 • Restoring 30% of degraded forest, 6% of degraded grassland and 10% of degraded wetlands, 5% of degraded cropland • Establishing an independent, transparent and comprehensive financial mechanism as Eco-System Restoration Fund, to mobilize and facilitate Pakistan’s climate compatible developmentPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 Health is one of the sectors prioritized by MoCC to be included in climate change adaptation and mitigation agenda.', 'One major objective of this initiative is afforestation Land: • Achieving Land Degradation Neutrality by 2030 • Restoring 30% of degraded forest, 6% of degraded grassland and 10% of degraded wetlands, 5% of degraded cropland • Establishing an independent, transparent and comprehensive financial mechanism as Eco-System Restoration Fund, to mobilize and facilitate Pakistan’s climate compatible developmentPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 Health is one of the sectors prioritized by MoCC to be included in climate change adaptation and mitigation agenda. In the last five years, MoCC being the federal agency on issues of climate change and environment has launched multiple initiatives that were designed to reduce burden of diseases Health Co-benefit: • Reinvestment of revenues in health. Revenues from mitigation actions can be earmarked for specific health related purposes.', 'Revenues from mitigation actions can be earmarked for specific health related purposes. Revenue can also be implemented to generate funds for specific purposes, such as support • Adopt a Health in All Policies (HiAP) approach to energy policy • Establish mechanisms to facilitate collaboration between health and energy professionals • Continue to obtain reliable data on health co-benefits of climate ambition in Pakistan to inform policies in various sectors Waste and WASH: • Operationalizing Pakistan Wash Strategic Planning & Coordination Cell established at MoCC to fast-track progress towards climate resilient WASH • Strengthening Clean Green Pakistan Index launched in 2019 to focus on improved water, sanitation and hygiene service delivery in targeted urban areas.', 'Revenue can also be implemented to generate funds for specific purposes, such as support • Adopt a Health in All Policies (HiAP) approach to energy policy • Establish mechanisms to facilitate collaboration between health and energy professionals • Continue to obtain reliable data on health co-benefits of climate ambition in Pakistan to inform policies in various sectors Waste and WASH: • Operationalizing Pakistan Wash Strategic Planning & Coordination Cell established at MoCC to fast-track progress towards climate resilient WASH • Strengthening Clean Green Pakistan Index launched in 2019 to focus on improved water, sanitation and hygiene service delivery in targeted urban areas. The Clean Green Pakistan Index (CGPI) to become a key tool for integrating mutual accountability mechanisms focused on five components, namely water, sanitation, hygiene, solid waste and urban plantation Air Pollution: • Revision of Pakistan Clean Air Program to enhance the actions in the light of recent scientific evidence • Switching to zig-zag brick kiln technology: In total 7,896 out of 20,000 traditional brick kilns in Punjab have been converted to the environmentally smart technology to also mitigate SLCP.', 'The Clean Green Pakistan Index (CGPI) to become a key tool for integrating mutual accountability mechanisms focused on five components, namely water, sanitation, hygiene, solid waste and urban plantation Air Pollution: • Revision of Pakistan Clean Air Program to enhance the actions in the light of recent scientific evidence • Switching to zig-zag brick kiln technology: In total 7,896 out of 20,000 traditional brick kilns in Punjab have been converted to the environmentally smart technology to also mitigate SLCP. Learning will be replicated in other provinces • Euro-5 standard fuel in petroleum industry introduced and the aim is to steadily increase is market share • Continuation of Reduction and Elimination of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP) program, initiated in 2015, will be continued to reduce human health and environmental risks by enhancing management capacities and disposal of POPs • Utilizing the Low Emission Analysis Platform-Integrated Benefit Calculator (LEAP IBC) tool for SLCP to assess the multiple benefits of reducing emissions including climate benefits, and health benefitsPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 5.3 CONTRIBUTIONS TO ADAPTATION Table 5.3: Supporting Adaptation Actions & Indicators Objective Supporting Actions Lead Organization Indicators Agriculture Promote climate smart inputs and management practices in agriculture Development of crop varieties and livestock breeds resistant to heat and water stresses National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), DoAs Number of crop varieties developed, piloted and approved Develop sustainable soil fertility improvement practices DoAs Area of land with sustainable soil fertility improvement practices Adopt mechanical and biological control methods to keep pest populations under control and to protect soil fertility and nutrient value agricultural produce Ministry of National Food Security & Research (MoNFSR), NDMA, PDMA & DoAs Area of land with systemic protection from pests Water Resources Improve irrigation and water management Demand management measures to increase water-use efficiency and productivity MoWR, Provincial P&DDs, DoIs Number of demand management measures developed and piloted Construction of large and small reservoirs, rain harvesting and storage, groundwater recharge, groundwater management, etc.', 'Learning will be replicated in other provinces • Euro-5 standard fuel in petroleum industry introduced and the aim is to steadily increase is market share • Continuation of Reduction and Elimination of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP) program, initiated in 2015, will be continued to reduce human health and environmental risks by enhancing management capacities and disposal of POPs • Utilizing the Low Emission Analysis Platform-Integrated Benefit Calculator (LEAP IBC) tool for SLCP to assess the multiple benefits of reducing emissions including climate benefits, and health benefitsPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 5.3 CONTRIBUTIONS TO ADAPTATION Table 5.3: Supporting Adaptation Actions & Indicators Objective Supporting Actions Lead Organization Indicators Agriculture Promote climate smart inputs and management practices in agriculture Development of crop varieties and livestock breeds resistant to heat and water stresses National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), DoAs Number of crop varieties developed, piloted and approved Develop sustainable soil fertility improvement practices DoAs Area of land with sustainable soil fertility improvement practices Adopt mechanical and biological control methods to keep pest populations under control and to protect soil fertility and nutrient value agricultural produce Ministry of National Food Security & Research (MoNFSR), NDMA, PDMA & DoAs Area of land with systemic protection from pests Water Resources Improve irrigation and water management Demand management measures to increase water-use efficiency and productivity MoWR, Provincial P&DDs, DoIs Number of demand management measures developed and piloted Construction of large and small reservoirs, rain harvesting and storage, groundwater recharge, groundwater management, etc. to improve inter-seasonal water availability MoWR, Provincial P&DDs, DoIs Number of small/ large reservoirs constructed or rehabilitated Introduction of water conservation technology and techniques in irrigated agriculture MoWR, DoIs Number of water conservation technology and techniques pilotedPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 Biodiversity and Other Vulnerable Ecosystems To build resilience through nature-based solutions and protection of ecosystems and biodiversity Wildlife corridors for preservation and protection of wildlife species.', 'to improve inter-seasonal water availability MoWR, Provincial P&DDs, DoIs Number of small/ large reservoirs constructed or rehabilitated Introduction of water conservation technology and techniques in irrigated agriculture MoWR, DoIs Number of water conservation technology and techniques pilotedPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 Biodiversity and Other Vulnerable Ecosystems To build resilience through nature-based solutions and protection of ecosystems and biodiversity Wildlife corridors for preservation and protection of wildlife species. Also, Develop community-focused management plans for protected areas MoCC Number of wildlife corridors established Adoption of good practices of natural grassland management in livestock production Provincial livestock departments Area of land protected with sustainable grassland management practices Management of notified areas in collaboration with local communities under the Protected Areas Initiative MoCC Area of land restores/conserved under Protected Areas Initiative Prioritize the consideration of “blue” nature-based solutions (NbS). MoCC Number of ‘blue’ nature-based solutions piloted Increase coastal areas under protection, notably through the creation of new marine protected areas and the demarcation of extensive no-take zones MoCC Length of coastal areas protected Disaster Preparedness Mitigate impacts of extreme events through preparedness and capacity building.', 'MoCC Number of ‘blue’ nature-based solutions piloted Increase coastal areas under protection, notably through the creation of new marine protected areas and the demarcation of extensive no-take zones MoCC Length of coastal areas protected Disaster Preparedness Mitigate impacts of extreme events through preparedness and capacity building. A hydro-meteorological monitoring system for developing an operational system on water-related DRR products and effective dissemination through online systems NDMA, FFC, MoWR, GCISC Hydro- meteorological monitoring system developed Establishment of a credible national water, weather, and climate database to tackle natural disasters NDMA, FFC, GCISC, PMD Climate database establishedPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 Promote the use of space technologies and digital innovation in DRR, agriculture water management through gender-segregated data and capacity development for national partners NDMA, FFC, GCISC, PMD Number of capacity development initiatives undertaken Cost-effective innovative disaster risk management solutions to reduce the loss of life, infrastructure, and livelihoods at all scales PDMAs Number of cost-effective innovative disaster risk management solutions implemented Develop a nationwide scale Multi-Hazard Vulnerability and Risk Assessment (MHVRA) in a Spatio-temporal format including detailed and location- specific assessments to providing comprehensive risk information NDMA MHVRA developed Health Incorporate health and environment in climate and disaster risk reduction related policies and vice versa.', 'A hydro-meteorological monitoring system for developing an operational system on water-related DRR products and effective dissemination through online systems NDMA, FFC, MoWR, GCISC Hydro- meteorological monitoring system developed Establishment of a credible national water, weather, and climate database to tackle natural disasters NDMA, FFC, GCISC, PMD Climate database establishedPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 Promote the use of space technologies and digital innovation in DRR, agriculture water management through gender-segregated data and capacity development for national partners NDMA, FFC, GCISC, PMD Number of capacity development initiatives undertaken Cost-effective innovative disaster risk management solutions to reduce the loss of life, infrastructure, and livelihoods at all scales PDMAs Number of cost-effective innovative disaster risk management solutions implemented Develop a nationwide scale Multi-Hazard Vulnerability and Risk Assessment (MHVRA) in a Spatio-temporal format including detailed and location- specific assessments to providing comprehensive risk information NDMA MHVRA developed Health Incorporate health and environment in climate and disaster risk reduction related policies and vice versa. Enhance research regarding impacts of climate change on health Ministry of National Health Services, Regulations and Coordination.', 'Enhance research regarding impacts of climate change on health Ministry of National Health Services, Regulations and Coordination. (MoNHSR&C) Number of research studies conducted Increase monitoring of climate-sensitive diseases and introduce forecasting systems to increase effective planning prior to pandemic and disease outbreaks MoNHSR&C Number of monitoring and forecasting systems developedPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 Establish mechanisms to facilitate collaboration between health, nutrition and energy professionals, including dialogue and collaboration between Ministries of Health, Climate and Energy as well as multi-sectoral co-operations MoCC, GCISC and MoNHSR&C Number of multi-sectoral collaboration mechanisms operationalized Obtain reliable data on health co-benefits of climate ambition in Pakistan to inform policies in various sectors- energy and carbon pricing MoCC Number of relevant studies undertaken Adoption of One Health mechanism MoCC One Health mechanism adopted Develop Geographic Information System (GIS) mapping to identify climate change/ health impacts hotspots and implement specified health adaptation prevention and control programs MoNHSR&C Number of health adaptation programs implemented with support of GIS tools Develop standardize emergency procedures and stockpiling of essential medicines in advance NDMA& PDMAs Number of standardized emergency procedures developed Ensure and adopt measures to improve child mortality rates and associated women’s health issues MoNHSR&C Number of measures adopted to improve child mortality rate Adopt a Health in All Policies (HiAP) approach to energy policy MoNHSR&C HiAP approach to energy policy adoptedPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 WASH Improve climate resilience of communities through improved development outcomes in WASH sector Vulnerability analysis for potential adaptation options targeted and designed for specific needs of communities MoCC GCISC Number of relevant vulnerability assessment studies undertaken Adopt low cost, climate resilient technology available for infrastructure MoCC Number of low-cost climate resilient technologies piloted Explore opportunity for metered water supply on cost recovery basis MoCC Number of pilots rolled out for metered water supplyPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 CROSS-CUTTERS & CO-BENEFITS 6.1 GENDER EQUALITY As signatory of the Paris Agreement, Pakistan is committed to gender equality.', '(MoNHSR&C) Number of research studies conducted Increase monitoring of climate-sensitive diseases and introduce forecasting systems to increase effective planning prior to pandemic and disease outbreaks MoNHSR&C Number of monitoring and forecasting systems developedPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 Establish mechanisms to facilitate collaboration between health, nutrition and energy professionals, including dialogue and collaboration between Ministries of Health, Climate and Energy as well as multi-sectoral co-operations MoCC, GCISC and MoNHSR&C Number of multi-sectoral collaboration mechanisms operationalized Obtain reliable data on health co-benefits of climate ambition in Pakistan to inform policies in various sectors- energy and carbon pricing MoCC Number of relevant studies undertaken Adoption of One Health mechanism MoCC One Health mechanism adopted Develop Geographic Information System (GIS) mapping to identify climate change/ health impacts hotspots and implement specified health adaptation prevention and control programs MoNHSR&C Number of health adaptation programs implemented with support of GIS tools Develop standardize emergency procedures and stockpiling of essential medicines in advance NDMA& PDMAs Number of standardized emergency procedures developed Ensure and adopt measures to improve child mortality rates and associated women’s health issues MoNHSR&C Number of measures adopted to improve child mortality rate Adopt a Health in All Policies (HiAP) approach to energy policy MoNHSR&C HiAP approach to energy policy adoptedPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 WASH Improve climate resilience of communities through improved development outcomes in WASH sector Vulnerability analysis for potential adaptation options targeted and designed for specific needs of communities MoCC GCISC Number of relevant vulnerability assessment studies undertaken Adopt low cost, climate resilient technology available for infrastructure MoCC Number of low-cost climate resilient technologies piloted Explore opportunity for metered water supply on cost recovery basis MoCC Number of pilots rolled out for metered water supplyPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 CROSS-CUTTERS & CO-BENEFITS 6.1 GENDER EQUALITY As signatory of the Paris Agreement, Pakistan is committed to gender equality. Several structural constraints, however, continue to hold back women’s full participation in mitigation and adaptation realms.', 'Several structural constraints, however, continue to hold back women’s full participation in mitigation and adaptation realms. Ministry of Climate Change (MoCC), through a Gender Readiness Grant from the Green Climate Fund (GCF), is in the process of developing a Climate Change Gender Action Plan (ccGAP). The exercise, based on United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change’s (UNFCCC) Gender Action Plan, builds upon five pillars: i) capacity- building, knowledge-sharing and communication, ii) gender balance and women’s leadership, iii) coherence across UNFCCC and UN, iv) gender-responsive implementation and means of implementation, and v) monitoring and reporting. Pakistan’s ccGAP aims to integrate gender and climate fully in key sectors of the economy, particularly agriculture and food security, water and sanitation, disaster risk management, forests and biodiversity, coastal management, energy and transportation.', 'Pakistan’s ccGAP aims to integrate gender and climate fully in key sectors of the economy, particularly agriculture and food security, water and sanitation, disaster risk management, forests and biodiversity, coastal management, energy and transportation. Various consultations have been held to mobilize wider society for climate action and to ensure that vulnerable segments of the society, particularly the girls and women, are included in the climate policies and strategies as a part of the ‘Whole-of-government’ approach. For Pakistan, ccGAP is a tool to enhance knowledge and capacities, identify gaps and enabling conditions, and build coordination and actions to strengthen gender-responsive strategies and results to meet the country’s climate change objectives.', 'For Pakistan, ccGAP is a tool to enhance knowledge and capacities, identify gaps and enabling conditions, and build coordination and actions to strengthen gender-responsive strategies and results to meet the country’s climate change objectives. Pakistan has made efforts towards gender and social inclusion through programs like Ten Billion Tree Tsunami Programme (TBTTP), REDD+ (Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation), GLOF-II (Glacial Lake Outburst Floods), Pakistan Snow Leopard and Ecosystem Protection Program (PSLEP), and Chilgoza Restoration Project. In addition, the Green StimulusPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 package has created jobs, including for women, for setting up nurseries, orchards, agricultural forestry, fisheries, horticulture, eco-tourism, wildlife area management and developing small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) through forestry operations and protected area management.', 'In addition, the Green StimulusPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 package has created jobs, including for women, for setting up nurseries, orchards, agricultural forestry, fisheries, horticulture, eco-tourism, wildlife area management and developing small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) through forestry operations and protected area management. All these under implementation projects are striving to generate gender data sets, as part of monitoring and evaluation. This large portfolio of projects, however, needs an overall strategy to quantify inputs, outputs and outcomes at project and portfolio levels, an exercise expected to be an integral part of ccGAP to develop an integrated strategy and define sectoral targets for Pakistan.', 'This large portfolio of projects, however, needs an overall strategy to quantify inputs, outputs and outcomes at project and portfolio levels, an exercise expected to be an integral part of ccGAP to develop an integrated strategy and define sectoral targets for Pakistan. The National Commission on the Status of Women (NCSW) is a statutory body that was established in 2000 as an outcome of the national and international contributions of the Government of Pakistan (GoP). The Commission serves as the lead agency to mainstream gender. All provinces have also established their provincial commissions. Since the last submission, several provinces have developed their gender policies or action plans.', 'Since the last submission, several provinces have developed their gender policies or action plans. However, climate impacts and women’s role in climate mitigation and adaptation in urban and rural contexts still requires further embedding of NCSW’s work. 6.1.1 GENDER EQUALITY TARGETS Since lack of economic empowerment prevents Pakistani women from adapting to the climate change impacts, it is fundamentally important to identify climate risks and specific needs of girls and women to respond to climate change challenges.', '6.1.1 GENDER EQUALITY TARGETS Since lack of economic empowerment prevents Pakistani women from adapting to the climate change impacts, it is fundamentally important to identify climate risks and specific needs of girls and women to respond to climate change challenges. Some of the proposed actions for gender mainstreaming have been identified as follows:PAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 Table 6.1: Gender Mainstreaming Actions & Potential Targets Objective Proposed Actions Potential Indicators Agriculture, Forestry and other land-use Change Identifying rights-based and gender- responsive measures Ensure that plans, strategies, programs and budgets of government bodies, funding agencies and NGOs promote gender equality and access to resources Assessing the differential impacts of actions in the agriculture sector Increase women’s participation: d. Build capacity of women on drought-resistant crop varieties, contemporary technologies, water-efficient irrigation systems and novel farming practices e. Encourage the investment by women in animal production and bio-product industries to enhance job opportunities and minimize waste f. Ensure women’s participation in protected areas management g. Promote non-timber forest production and services for micro-nutrients for the poor and particularly girls who are becoming deficit in vitamin D, A, calcium, and zinc Trainings and workshops conducted for women farmers Number of women employed/self-employed Number of women engaged in protected area management Non timer products prompted in TBTTP and other forestry initiatives Increase poor community especially women’s access to agricultural information through radio and mobiles Number of women accessing information Introduce a legal reform that allows female farmers to: a.', 'Some of the proposed actions for gender mainstreaming have been identified as follows:PAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 Table 6.1: Gender Mainstreaming Actions & Potential Targets Objective Proposed Actions Potential Indicators Agriculture, Forestry and other land-use Change Identifying rights-based and gender- responsive measures Ensure that plans, strategies, programs and budgets of government bodies, funding agencies and NGOs promote gender equality and access to resources Assessing the differential impacts of actions in the agriculture sector Increase women’s participation: d. Build capacity of women on drought-resistant crop varieties, contemporary technologies, water-efficient irrigation systems and novel farming practices e. Encourage the investment by women in animal production and bio-product industries to enhance job opportunities and minimize waste f. Ensure women’s participation in protected areas management g. Promote non-timber forest production and services for micro-nutrients for the poor and particularly girls who are becoming deficit in vitamin D, A, calcium, and zinc Trainings and workshops conducted for women farmers Number of women employed/self-employed Number of women engaged in protected area management Non timer products prompted in TBTTP and other forestry initiatives Increase poor community especially women’s access to agricultural information through radio and mobiles Number of women accessing information Introduce a legal reform that allows female farmers to: a. Buy or sell a land b. Conducive environment for female farmers to sell their goods at farmers markets c. Allows female farmers to access loans and finances d. Ensure that governmental incentives target women farmers also Number of incentive schemes designed for womenPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 Increase women’s participation in decision-making and implementation a.', 'Buy or sell a land b. Conducive environment for female farmers to sell their goods at farmers markets c. Allows female farmers to access loans and finances d. Ensure that governmental incentives target women farmers also Number of incentive schemes designed for womenPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 Increase women’s participation in decision-making and implementation a. Raising awareness of whole rural community about importance of women’s participation in decision making in natural resources management b. Promote women’s participation in decision-making positions at local levels Number of awareness sessions conducted Number of women present at various forums a. Assign a Gender Focal Point (GFP) for the national (inter- ministerial) level committee b. Revisit the national policies and legislation to ensure that gender and climate change are taken into consideration a.', 'Revisit the national policies and legislation to ensure that gender and climate change are taken into consideration a. Develop guidelines to engender budgets to promote gender-segregated data for inputs, outputs and outcomes Number of national level forums for better gender integration Number of sectoral policies integrating gender Track indicators of women’s nutrition by collecting data on women’s nutritional status for informing governments about the nature, extent, and consequences of climate change on female malnutrition Number of indicators for data collection identified Water Sector Promoting the role of women in water resource management Make local union level women’s association to create effort for keeping the water bodies (rivers, canals, lakes and wetlands) usable Number of union level associations formed Capacity development of women to fully engage in water resource management, maintenance of water infrastructure, low water consuming crop technologies, water efficient technologies Number of capacity building workshopsPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 Extension services on alternative irrigation technology (e.g.', 'Develop guidelines to engender budgets to promote gender-segregated data for inputs, outputs and outcomes Number of national level forums for better gender integration Number of sectoral policies integrating gender Track indicators of women’s nutrition by collecting data on women’s nutritional status for informing governments about the nature, extent, and consequences of climate change on female malnutrition Number of indicators for data collection identified Water Sector Promoting the role of women in water resource management Make local union level women’s association to create effort for keeping the water bodies (rivers, canals, lakes and wetlands) usable Number of union level associations formed Capacity development of women to fully engage in water resource management, maintenance of water infrastructure, low water consuming crop technologies, water efficient technologies Number of capacity building workshopsPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 Extension services on alternative irrigation technology (e.g. water purification, rain water harvesting, wastewater collection, water conservation) Number of females targeted extension services launched Identification, documentation, and expansion of indigenous water management technology Number of women-led indigenous technologies identified and promoted Energy Sector Ensure gender integration for efficient energy production, consumption and distribution Disseminate information on environment-friendly and green technology regarding the positive impact of these technologies on the health of women Number of information packs disseminated Train and create access for women to renewable alternative energy solutions Number of trainings conducted Pilot energy efficient low-cost cooking technology projects Number of women adopting energy- efficient technologies Soft credits/ loans for women to use green technology Number of women accessing credits/loans Provide green jobs in the energy sector for women by designating positions Number of women employedPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 Disaster Management Introduce social-safety nets with a focus on climate change adaptation for socio- economic development Schemes developed for cash transfers and social pensions, particularly for the disaster-affected communities Number of safety net schemes Advocacy/awareness at local level, including engaging print and electronic media, community radio for dissemination to improve women, girls and children’s security Number of awareness programs Include relevant issues in national curriculum and any other education materials Education material developed Sensitize men and harness them as champions in preventing violence and assaults.', 'water purification, rain water harvesting, wastewater collection, water conservation) Number of females targeted extension services launched Identification, documentation, and expansion of indigenous water management technology Number of women-led indigenous technologies identified and promoted Energy Sector Ensure gender integration for efficient energy production, consumption and distribution Disseminate information on environment-friendly and green technology regarding the positive impact of these technologies on the health of women Number of information packs disseminated Train and create access for women to renewable alternative energy solutions Number of trainings conducted Pilot energy efficient low-cost cooking technology projects Number of women adopting energy- efficient technologies Soft credits/ loans for women to use green technology Number of women accessing credits/loans Provide green jobs in the energy sector for women by designating positions Number of women employedPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 Disaster Management Introduce social-safety nets with a focus on climate change adaptation for socio- economic development Schemes developed for cash transfers and social pensions, particularly for the disaster-affected communities Number of safety net schemes Advocacy/awareness at local level, including engaging print and electronic media, community radio for dissemination to improve women, girls and children’s security Number of awareness programs Include relevant issues in national curriculum and any other education materials Education material developed Sensitize men and harness them as champions in preventing violence and assaults. Sensitization sessions conducted Provide alternative livelihood opportunities to disaster- affected communities to manage forced migrations Number of livelihood options designed Undertake special programs on income generating activities for women during and after disasters Number of women earning income Waste Sector Improve waste management and recycling practices Increase women awareness regarding waste management and recycling through targeted initiatives Number of awareness sessions Encourage women in decision-making positions in municipal waste management Number of women represented in decision- making forums Women’s access to credit, finance and services for waste management and recycling entrepreneurship Number of women accessing creditPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 Pilot biogas technology amongst women farmers to deal with agricultural waste Number of pilots Health Ensure targeted health initiatives regarding women health, hygiene and WASH services Increase women’s awareness regarding health issues and agendas through a One-Health lens Number of awareness sessions Targeted training of women in livestock management and agricultural practices under a OneHealth program Number of women trained Take measures to improve the access of women to medical services in emergencies Number of actions operationalized Research, and Knowledge Management Institutionalize gender-sensitive benefit- sharing mechanism Gendered impact of various strategies, plans and projects collected Gendered MRV mechanism to gather data developed Mapping of impacts of climate change and its gender dimension through case-studies Number of case studies Develop different funding scenarios for integration of gender issues in agriculture, forestry, water and waste sector programs Number of funding proposals submitted Strengthen research on the linkages between climate change/gender, disasters and health Number of research and policy papers Introduce Social Environmental Impact Assessments (SEIAs) to collect and present data in a sex-disaggregated manner as a part of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) regulations to address gender considerations SEIA integrated as part of EIAPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 6.2 YOUTH & VOLUNTEER ENGAGEMENT Pakistan is a young nation, with 68% of Pakistanis below the age of 30, and 27% aged between 15 and 29.', 'Sensitization sessions conducted Provide alternative livelihood opportunities to disaster- affected communities to manage forced migrations Number of livelihood options designed Undertake special programs on income generating activities for women during and after disasters Number of women earning income Waste Sector Improve waste management and recycling practices Increase women awareness regarding waste management and recycling through targeted initiatives Number of awareness sessions Encourage women in decision-making positions in municipal waste management Number of women represented in decision- making forums Women’s access to credit, finance and services for waste management and recycling entrepreneurship Number of women accessing creditPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 Pilot biogas technology amongst women farmers to deal with agricultural waste Number of pilots Health Ensure targeted health initiatives regarding women health, hygiene and WASH services Increase women’s awareness regarding health issues and agendas through a One-Health lens Number of awareness sessions Targeted training of women in livestock management and agricultural practices under a OneHealth program Number of women trained Take measures to improve the access of women to medical services in emergencies Number of actions operationalized Research, and Knowledge Management Institutionalize gender-sensitive benefit- sharing mechanism Gendered impact of various strategies, plans and projects collected Gendered MRV mechanism to gather data developed Mapping of impacts of climate change and its gender dimension through case-studies Number of case studies Develop different funding scenarios for integration of gender issues in agriculture, forestry, water and waste sector programs Number of funding proposals submitted Strengthen research on the linkages between climate change/gender, disasters and health Number of research and policy papers Introduce Social Environmental Impact Assessments (SEIAs) to collect and present data in a sex-disaggregated manner as a part of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) regulations to address gender considerations SEIA integrated as part of EIAPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 6.2 YOUTH & VOLUNTEER ENGAGEMENT Pakistan is a young nation, with 68% of Pakistanis below the age of 30, and 27% aged between 15 and 29. Pakistan’s growing young population offers demographic opportunities for climate action.', 'Pakistan’s growing young population offers demographic opportunities for climate action. The demographic dividend can best be harvested for climate adaptation and mitigation by investing in an environment that promotes their individual and collective actions. Pakistan has engaged youth groups to a) foster a shared understanding of the challenge, b) creating jobs for youth, c) increasing youth involvement and inclusion, and d) ownership of climate-smart development. A youth survey by MoCC has mapped the degree of climate awareness and contributions. Several youth and volunteer groups and their organizations were engaged in the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) consultative process.', 'Several youth and volunteer groups and their organizations were engaged in the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) consultative process. The engagement process focused on three core areas: a) review of NDC 2016 through youth’s perspective, b) a rapid survey on the relationship between climate change and youth, and c) a mapping of Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) working with youth groups. Gap analysis and proposed recommendations were particularly instructive since youth groups have a particular role in undertaking adaptation and mitigation measures in their communities and neighborhoods. 6.2.1 YOUTH AND VOLUNTEER ENGAGEMENT TARGETS Moving forward, MoCC will: 1. Promote opportunities for youth groups to engage in and benefit from Pakistan’s adaptation and mitigation objectives and targets, particularly through creating jobs for youth, entrepreneurship, macro-enterprises, and start-ups. 2.', 'Promote opportunities for youth groups to engage in and benefit from Pakistan’s adaptation and mitigation objectives and targets, particularly through creating jobs for youth, entrepreneurship, macro-enterprises, and start-ups. 2. Work with youth groups to develop National Youth Strategy for Climate Action to strengthen individual and collective actions for adaptation and mitigation. 3. Involve youth in research and innovation for the NDC implementation, and develop an independent report on implementation by youth. 4. Engage with the Ministry of Education, Higher Education Commission, universities, and CSOs to propagate climate education curriculum.', 'Engage with the Ministry of Education, Higher Education Commission, universities, and CSOs to propagate climate education curriculum. 6.3 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS In 2016, coinciding with the submission of NDC, Pakistan also adopted Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and set up SDG Support Units at the provincial Planning & Development Departments (P&DDs), coordinated by a secretariat at Pakistan Planning Commission. The units have identified their specific priorities for action and challenges and submitted the first Voluntary National Review (VNR) in 2019. The provincial SDG units are charged to contribute towards integration of climate change measures into national and provincial policies, strategies and planning. All provincial units have identified data availability as necessary for identification of their SDG priorities.', 'All provincial units have identified data availability as necessary for identification of their SDG priorities. Data availability continues to be a shared challenge for Pakistan NDC and SDG implementation.PAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 National Action Plan on Sustainable Consumption and Production (NAP-SCP, 2017) provides conceptual objectives and frameworks complemented by a set of suggested policy enablers and actions that could translate SCP into projects on the ground. The NAP-SCP is the road map for the country to achieve sustainable socio-economic development by eliminating inefficiencies and over-exploitation of resource base to protect environmental degradation through key sectors including climate change, water, waste, agriculture, forestry, energy, food, transport, industry and education. SDG 13 acknowledges that the UNFCCC is the main forum for negotiating the global climate response.', 'SDG 13 acknowledges that the UNFCCC is the main forum for negotiating the global climate response. It, however, does not set specific, measurable targets for mitigation or adaptation, a task that is left to the Paris Agreement and taken up by NDCs. SDGs reflect the centrality of climate change mitigation and adaptation for global sustainable development agenda. SDG 13 cuts across several SDGs and appears in targets under many other goals. SDG 13 reinforces the implementation of all but challenge targets of several SDGs. Pakistan in the year 2020 emerged as one of the countries to achieve SDG-13 Climate Action. According to SDG report 202013, Pakistan’s SDG index score improved whereby Pakistan was categorized as one of the countries that had achieved SDG-13.', 'According to SDG report 202013, Pakistan’s SDG index score improved whereby Pakistan was categorized as one of the countries that had achieved SDG-13. 6.3.1 CONTRIBUTIONS TO SDGS Table 6.2: SDG Objectives, Actions & Indicators Targets Objective Proposed Actions Lead Agency Potential indicators Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate- related disasters • Improve capacities to mitigate risks and respond to climatic- related disasters • Develop district- level multi-hazard vulnerability assessments FFC, NDMA, PDMAs • Number of capacity building initiatives undertaken for improving disaster risk mitigation and response • Number of district level multi-hazard assessments in various provincesPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 Integrate climate change measures into policies and planning • Integrate climate consideration in development planning processes Line Ministries and Provincial Departments, FFC • Integration of climate considerations in PC-I form Build knowledge and capacity to meet climate change • Undertake studies to assess climate risks and identify sectoral decarbonization pathways MoCC, Provincial P&DDs, Academia, GCISC • Number of climate-related studies and risk assessments undertaken Implement the UNFCC • Strengthen the processes around development and implementation of NDCs MoCC, GCISC • Development of an action plan for implementation of NDC.', '6.3.1 CONTRIBUTIONS TO SDGS Table 6.2: SDG Objectives, Actions & Indicators Targets Objective Proposed Actions Lead Agency Potential indicators Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate- related disasters • Improve capacities to mitigate risks and respond to climatic- related disasters • Develop district- level multi-hazard vulnerability assessments FFC, NDMA, PDMAs • Number of capacity building initiatives undertaken for improving disaster risk mitigation and response • Number of district level multi-hazard assessments in various provincesPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 Integrate climate change measures into policies and planning • Integrate climate consideration in development planning processes Line Ministries and Provincial Departments, FFC • Integration of climate considerations in PC-I form Build knowledge and capacity to meet climate change • Undertake studies to assess climate risks and identify sectoral decarbonization pathways MoCC, Provincial P&DDs, Academia, GCISC • Number of climate-related studies and risk assessments undertaken Implement the UNFCC • Strengthen the processes around development and implementation of NDCs MoCC, GCISC • Development of an action plan for implementation of NDC. Promote mechanisms to raise capacity for planning and management • Promote Integrated Water Resource Management • Undertake human and institutional capacity development on climate change issues FFC, Ministry of Water Resources (MOWR) • Number of climate-related capacity development initiatives rolled outPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 NDC TARGETS & MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION Large energy supply and demand gap, high basket price of electricity due to the dependence on imported sources of energy, a sizeable population living below the poverty line, and prevailing water and food insecurity concerns accentuate the need to follow a high economic growth pathway.', 'Promote mechanisms to raise capacity for planning and management • Promote Integrated Water Resource Management • Undertake human and institutional capacity development on climate change issues FFC, Ministry of Water Resources (MOWR) • Number of climate-related capacity development initiatives rolled outPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 NDC TARGETS & MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION Large energy supply and demand gap, high basket price of electricity due to the dependence on imported sources of energy, a sizeable population living below the poverty line, and prevailing water and food insecurity concerns accentuate the need to follow a high economic growth pathway. The Government of Pakistan (GoP) will, therefore, follow the greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions trajectory of 1603 Mt CO Eq. for 2030 as announced in Pakistan’s initial Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) submission in 2016.', 'for 2030 as announced in Pakistan’s initial Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) submission in 2016. However, realizing the importance of reducing the GHG emissions under Paris Agreement to limit the temperatures to 1.5/2°C, the GoP aims to reduce the emissions to the maximum possible extent. The GoP has taken a series of major initiatives as outlined in chapters 4 and 5. Hence, Pakistan intends to set a cumulative ambitious conditional target of overall 50% reduction of its projected emissions by 2030, with 15% from the country’s own resources and 35% subject to provision of international grant finance that would require USD 101 billion just for energy transition.', 'Hence, Pakistan intends to set a cumulative ambitious conditional target of overall 50% reduction of its projected emissions by 2030, with 15% from the country’s own resources and 35% subject to provision of international grant finance that would require USD 101 billion just for energy transition. 7.1 HIGH PRIORITY ACTIONS Addressing the Global Climate Summit at the United Nations in December 2020, the Prime Minister of Pakistan made an announcement to reduce future GHG emissions on a high priority basis if international financial and technical resources were made available: MITIGATION: 1. RENEWABLE ENERGY: By 2030, 60 % of all energy produced in the country will be generated from renewable energy resources, including hydro. 2.', 'RENEWABLE ENERGY: By 2030, 60 % of all energy produced in the country will be generated from renewable energy resources, including hydro. 2. TRANSPORTATION: By 2030, 30 % of all new vehicles sold in Pakistan in various categories will be Electric Vehicles (EVs). 3. COAL: From 2020 onwards, a moratorium is in place on new imported coal-based power plants and no generation of power through imported coal, plans for two new coal-firedPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 power plants have been shelved in favor of hydro-electric power, and there is increased focus on coal gasification and liquefaction for indigenous coal. 4.', 'COAL: From 2020 onwards, a moratorium is in place on new imported coal-based power plants and no generation of power through imported coal, plans for two new coal-firedPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 power plants have been shelved in favor of hydro-electric power, and there is increased focus on coal gasification and liquefaction for indigenous coal. 4. LAND-USE CHANGE & FORESTRY: From 2016 onwards, continued investments in Nature- based Solutions (NbS) through the largest ever afforestation programs in the history of the\x01 country Ten Billion Tree Tsunami Program (TBTTP) will sequester 148.76 MtCO e emissions\x01over the next ten years. The estimated project cost of about\x01aV $800\x01million ÛČ\x01 ÁËÛóÕ met nationally from indigenous resources, as unconditional contribution.', 'The estimated project cost of about\x01aV $800\x01million ÛČ\x01 ÁËÛóÕ met nationally from indigenous resources, as unconditional contribution. Pakistan’s priority contributions before the UN Summit in December 2020 will result in an estimated saving of around 1.7 Mt CO eq14 on account of the two shelved coal power plants, 24 Mt CO e, on account of the introduction of EVs, and 22 Mt CO eq on account of stabilizing energy mix 40-60 in favor of renewable energy. ADAPTATION: 5. RECHARGE PAKISTAN: By 2030, the project envisages the reduction of flood risk and enhanced water recharge at six sites in the Indus Basin, building resilience of 10 million people and vulnerable ecosystems.', 'RECHARGE PAKISTAN: By 2030, the project envisages the reduction of flood risk and enhanced water recharge at six sites in the Indus Basin, building resilience of 10 million people and vulnerable ecosystems. The Project is under review by the Green Climate Fund (GCF) for funding; in the meantime, Pakistan has allocated PKR 6 billion from national resources to commence the activities in three sites, namely Manchar & Hamal wetland, Taunsa pond area, and Dera Ismail Khan. 6. PROTECTED AREAS: By 2023, total protected areas in the country will be enhanced from 12% to 15% that will result in preserving rare fauna and flora, green job opportunities for 5,500 people, and promotion of eco-tourism.', 'PROTECTED AREAS: By 2023, total protected areas in the country will be enhanced from 12% to 15% that will result in preserving rare fauna and flora, green job opportunities for 5,500 people, and promotion of eco-tourism. Pakistan’s high priority contributions reflect deep commitment to the Paris Agreement and an increased ambition-heightened sense of urgency. For even deeper reductions, Pakistan seeks international support to realize this enhanced ambition for her low carbon development or decarbonization pathways. Pakistan’s overall mitigation financing gap and an estimated adaptation financing gap are presented below. 7.2 PRIORITY ACTIONS Financing the mitigation and adaptation gap will be a challenge.', '7.2 PRIORITY ACTIONS Financing the mitigation and adaptation gap will be a challenge. Pakistan has a GDP of US$284 billion, but the cost estimates for transition to low carbon and resilient development strategies are substantial, making the role of concessional international climate finance key. The costs of achieving some energy sector targets are estimated as follows, all adding to the cost of Low Emission Development pathways: 1. IN PROGRESS: More than 12 GW under construction requiring about $20 billion for Coal and Hydro projects (PPIB). 14 Emissions from coal power plant are 8.8 MtCO ePAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 2. HYDROPOWER: For rapid expansion of RE including hydropower, reaching 65%15 production by 2030 would require an estimated investment of US$50 billion by 2030 and $80 billion by 2040. 3.', 'HYDROPOWER: For rapid expansion of RE including hydropower, reaching 65%15 production by 2030 would require an estimated investment of US$50 billion by 2030 and $80 billion by 2040. 3. TRANSMISSION: An estimated US$20 billion is required to upgrade the transmission network by 2040. This will escalate in a case with large share of variable power from solar and wind. 4. COAL: Buying out the relatively new coal power projects, including the local Thar coal mines16, would upfront an estimated cost of US$18 billion. An additional estimated US$13 billion will be required to replace the production of the coal power plants with solar. Pakistan considers employing the instruments on enhanced ambition provided in Article 6 of the Paris Agreement.', 'Pakistan considers employing the instruments on enhanced ambition provided in Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. This may include the mitigation mechanism under Article 6.4 Paris as well as bilateral cooperative approaches under Article. 6.2 Paris Agreement. Pakistan may also pilot integrated, holistic and balanced non-market approaches under Article 6.8, as outlined in Chapter 9 below. Pakistan will require finance, technology transfer, and capacity building in line with Article 4 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Articles 9, 10 and 11 of the Paris Agreement to fully implement the climate actions contained in these NDCs. These articles are explicit on supporting developing countries to implement climate change actions and increasing mitigation ambition, considering ‘the common but differentiated responsibilities and their specific national priorities’.', 'These articles are explicit on supporting developing countries to implement climate change actions and increasing mitigation ambition, considering ‘the common but differentiated responsibilities and their specific national priorities’. Paragraph 5 of Article 4 of the Paris Agreement specifically committed that “support shall be provided to developing country Parties for the implementation of this Article, in accordance with Articles 9, 10 and 11, recognizing that enhanced support for developing country Parties will allow for higher ambition in their actions”. 7.3 LOSS & DAMAGE Pakistan urgently requires support for mainstreaming, institutional strengthening and integrated framework for adaptation and mitigation for enhanced social, economic and ecosystem resilience.', '7.3 LOSS & DAMAGE Pakistan urgently requires support for mainstreaming, institutional strengthening and integrated framework for adaptation and mitigation for enhanced social, economic and ecosystem resilience. Pakistan will also need support to bear increasing climate-induced Loss and Damage (L&D), particularly from Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs), seawater intrusions, droughts, heatwaves, tropical storms, landslides, and riverine floods. According to the NEEDS study referred to earlier, about 70% of the estimated US$7-14 billion adaptation cost is attributable to the damages to infrastructure. The rapid onset of slow onset is weakening the carrying capacity of our ecosystems and threatening our food, water, and energy security and exposing population to pandemics and vector-borne disease.', 'The rapid onset of slow onset is weakening the carrying capacity of our ecosystems and threatening our food, water, and energy security and exposing population to pandemics and vector-borne disease. Our L&D needs go beyond our adaptation requirements in agriculture and food production systems, water variability, human 15 65% as per revised IGCEP 2021: 1%, 8%, 8% and 46% by bagasse, wind, solar and hydro add up to 63% 16 VREs, hydro and Thar coal will help in lowering the basket price of the overall system thus providing much needed relief, though in the long run, to the end consumers.', 'Our L&D needs go beyond our adaptation requirements in agriculture and food production systems, water variability, human 15 65% as per revised IGCEP 2021: 1%, 8%, 8% and 46% by bagasse, wind, solar and hydro add up to 63% 16 VREs, hydro and Thar coal will help in lowering the basket price of the overall system thus providing much needed relief, though in the long run, to the end consumers. Induction of new local coal based committed power plants in Thar, during the next 5 years, share of local coal in the generation mix will enhance to 15% (IGCEP 2021-30.PAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 settlements and human displacements, biological and genetic diversity, and loss of coastal areas to seawater intrusion.', 'Induction of new local coal based committed power plants in Thar, during the next 5 years, share of local coal in the generation mix will enhance to 15% (IGCEP 2021-30.PAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 settlements and human displacements, biological and genetic diversity, and loss of coastal areas to seawater intrusion. Our need to access climate finance because of L&D is sharp and increasing. Pakistan’s estimates of climate losses have thus far not covered long-term and non-economic losses related to internal migration and displacement, increasing poverty levels and implications for nutrition, stunting, pandemics, gender and other socio-cultural issues.', 'Pakistan’s estimates of climate losses have thus far not covered long-term and non-economic losses related to internal migration and displacement, increasing poverty levels and implications for nutrition, stunting, pandemics, gender and other socio-cultural issues. Based on the weather and climate capacity strengthened in recent years, Pakistan will need 1. to undertake gap analysis to assess the current status of L&D and develop a roadmap based on rigorous methodology and costing, 2. to augment and utilize data management systems to record L&D in key sectors of the economy, and 3. to develop institutional mechanisms for L&D as articulated in the Warsaw International Mechanism (WIM) for Loss & Damage for systematic coordination with sectoral ministries, departments and the provinces.PAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 CAPACITY ASSESSMENT & NEEDS 8.1 WHOLE-OF-GOVERNMENT APPROACH Pakistan’s assessment and capability needs are driven by the whole-of-government approach already adopted in its Nature-based Solutions (NbS) approach in initiatives such as Recharge Pakistan, Protective Areas Initiative (PAI), and Ten Billion Tree Tsunami Programme (TBTTP).', 'Based on the weather and climate capacity strengthened in recent years, Pakistan will need 1. to undertake gap analysis to assess the current status of L&D and develop a roadmap based on rigorous methodology and costing, 2. to augment and utilize data management systems to record L&D in key sectors of the economy, and 3. to develop institutional mechanisms for L&D as articulated in the Warsaw International Mechanism (WIM) for Loss & Damage for systematic coordination with sectoral ministries, departments and the provinces.PAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 CAPACITY ASSESSMENT & NEEDS 8.1 WHOLE-OF-GOVERNMENT APPROACH Pakistan’s assessment and capability needs are driven by the whole-of-government approach already adopted in its Nature-based Solutions (NbS) approach in initiatives such as Recharge Pakistan, Protective Areas Initiative (PAI), and Ten Billion Tree Tsunami Programme (TBTTP). The need for capacity-building exists at policy, operational, as well as reform levels at national and sub-national tiers alike.', 'The need for capacity-building exists at policy, operational, as well as reform levels at national and sub-national tiers alike. In the federation of Pakistan, the provincial governments are responsible for provincial policies, operational plans, and provincial-level governance reforms. There is, therefore, an additional standing need for harmonization and coordination of national and sub-national policies, and for synergizing the national agenda for climate action. The Ministry of Climate Change (MoCC) will work closely with line ministries and provincial Planning & Development Departments (P&DD) to mainstream climate considerations into over-arching development and sectoral planning in a gradual and systematic manner. The wide-ranging mandate of the MoCC requires capacity-development for strong scientific and technical knowledge.', 'The wide-ranging mandate of the MoCC requires capacity-development for strong scientific and technical knowledge. MoCC and other ministries and departments will also stand to benefit from institutional and policy reforms, strengthening and capacity-building enactment through upgraded rules, procedures, guidelines, and standard operating procedures (SOPs) for well- coordinated climate actions. Improved climate forecasting, climate risk communication and early warning and comprehensive risk management framework is especially important for a country facing multiple climate hazards. Embedding climate change requires concurrent actions and investments in several arenas: 1. POLICIES: Cross-referencing to climate change in national and provincial sectoral policies and action plans on climate adaptation and mitigation will need improvements.', 'POLICIES: Cross-referencing to climate change in national and provincial sectoral policies and action plans on climate adaptation and mitigation will need improvements. Several policies will need to be refreshed or revised where they exist, or developed where they doPAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 not in order to fully align with Pakistan’s climate change needs and contributions. Priority sectors are the ones dealing with mitigation and adaptation, already mentioned in this Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) submission. 2. INVESTMENT PROCESSES: Preparatory and approval systems dealing with the life-cycle of projects and schemes need to be made climate-smart in order to fully embed climate adaptation and mitigation indicators. MoCC will lead the process together with its provincial counterparts, and the Ministry will also provide technical support and backstopping for this purpose.', 'MoCC will lead the process together with its provincial counterparts, and the Ministry will also provide technical support and backstopping for this purpose. 3. SCIENTIFIC/TECHNICAL CAPACITIES: While Pakistan has significantly augmented its climate modelling capacity and has established a robust National greenhouse gas (GHG) Inventory Management System since the NDC in 2016, the capacity need to be also developed for agricultural, health and economic costing purposes at national and provincial levels, as well as at selected universities and at technical research institutions. The areas of capacity and capability development include sub-national level application of General Circulation Models (GCMs); provincial GHG inventory capacities; early warning and forecasting systems for health (pandemics), flooding, weather, as well as attributive extreme events; and, economic and non-economic costing of climate Loss & Damage.', 'The areas of capacity and capability development include sub-national level application of General Circulation Models (GCMs); provincial GHG inventory capacities; early warning and forecasting systems for health (pandemics), flooding, weather, as well as attributive extreme events; and, economic and non-economic costing of climate Loss & Damage. Additionally, there is need to augment data collection, usage and reporting systems as well as the decision-support system at the planning and sectoral ministries. 8.2 IMPLEMENTATION MECHANISMS As focal agency, MoCC leads the processes for preparation, updating, coordination, and implementation of NDCs. Mainstreaming of climate change, however, continues to be a collective challenge.', 'Mainstreaming of climate change, however, continues to be a collective challenge. Climate Change has to find place in the country’s several policy planning mechanisms and forums as well as in economic decision-making such as Natural Income Accounting, GDP measurement, or annual allocations in the fiscal budgets and engagement. Likewise, it still need to be integrated with apex policy making bodies of the cabinet, as well as ECNEC, and Public Sector Development Programme (PSDP), Central Development Working Party Meeting (CDWP), and Development Working Party (DWP) processes to mainstream climate in sectoral projects and portfolios. The updated NDC has set the direction of travel for whole-of-government in this regard.', 'The updated NDC has set the direction of travel for whole-of-government in this regard. The Prime Minister’s Committee on Climate Change (PMCCC) will oversee the implementation progress as well as the regional and international partnerships and alliances to ensure that Pakistan continues to be an active member of global community for the implementation of Paris Agreement. Relevant national and provincial policies will be reviewed in order to embed climate change adaptation and mitigation and develop a NDC Coordination and Implementation Plan (NCIP). For institutional reform and augmenting planning processes, MoCC will coordinate for climate proofing of planning processes such as PC-1.PAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 8.3 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND TRANSITION NEEDS Pakistan needs introduction of new technology and technical cooperation to achieve adaptation and mitigation targets in all sectors.', 'For institutional reform and augmenting planning processes, MoCC will coordinate for climate proofing of planning processes such as PC-1.PAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 8.3 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND TRANSITION NEEDS Pakistan needs introduction of new technology and technical cooperation to achieve adaptation and mitigation targets in all sectors. In 2017, Pakistan conducted Technology Need Assessment (TNA) in order to tackle the recurring damage from extreme weather events. A possible outcome of the assessment was to help Pakistan delineate a holistic roadmap for National Climate Change Mitigation Technology Development. The study prioritized several technologies for mitigation and adaptation: MITIGATION: 1. ENERGY: a) Efficiency improvements to boiler and furnace energy, b) Improving energy efficiency in building, and c) Solar energy technology. 2.', 'ENERGY: a) Efficiency improvements to boiler and furnace energy, b) Improving energy efficiency in building, and c) Solar energy technology. 2. AGRICULTURE AND LULUCF: a) Reforestation and reducing CO emissions from forest degradation, and b) Farm forestry as a carbon sink. 3. TRANSPORT: a) Bus rapid transport, and b) Vehicle tuning. ADAPTATION: 1. AGRICULTURE: a) High-efficiency irrigation systems for irrigated and rain-fed areas, b) Drought- tolerant crop varieties, and c) Climate monitoring and forecasting - early warning system. 2. WATER: a) Surface rainwater harvesting, b) Groundwater recharge, and c) Urban storm-water management. Pakistan has tested or piloted several of these recommendations in various regions of the country.', 'Pakistan has tested or piloted several of these recommendations in various regions of the country. Scaling up and scaling out, however, has remained a challenge for reasons of resource limitations or integrated investments that fully integrate and measure climate adaptation and mitigation. However, since no projects were undertaken in some areas between 2014 and 2021, there is a growing urgency to prioritize pilots, mostly missed so far:PAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 Mitigation: Efficiency improvements to boiler and furnace energy (energy), Farm forestry as a carbon sink (Agriculture and land use, land-use change, and forestry sectors), and vehicle tuning in provinces (transportation). Adaptation: Drought- tolerant crop varieties (agriculture), and Urban storm-water management (water).', 'Adaptation: Drought- tolerant crop varieties (agriculture), and Urban storm-water management (water). Collaboration on technology development and deployment for climate action has many co-benefits and it therefore remains an important priority for the Government of Pakistan.PAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 CLIMATE FINANCE & MARKET AND NON-MARKET-BASED APPROACHES 9.1. CLIMATE FINANCE Pakistan has enjoyed very limited access to international climate finance that includes one project from Adaptation Fund, three from Green Climate Fund (GCF), and completed 15 projects (approved 19) from Global Environment Fund (GEF). Pakistan has thus far not accessed Climate Investment Funds (CIFs), major bilateral climate funds, or facilities—except for one project from Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs).', 'Pakistan has thus far not accessed Climate Investment Funds (CIFs), major bilateral climate funds, or facilities—except for one project from Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs). As of 2020, the GCF has approved projects worth approximately US$ 7.2 billion and Pakistan has secured about US$ 122 million through intermediary funding (UNDP, ADB, FAO) for three projects. MoCC, however, has supported the accreditation process of two national institutions to improve access to GCF through them for a range of financial instruments, including grants, grant equivalents, long-term concessional loans, equities and guarantees.', 'MoCC, however, has supported the accreditation process of two national institutions to improve access to GCF through them for a range of financial instruments, including grants, grant equivalents, long-term concessional loans, equities and guarantees. Additionally, Pakistan’s recent and new World Bank commitments had the highest contribution of climate co-benefits CCBs17 that reached 44% in FY21 (up from 34% in FY20), and is the highest in South Asia’s WB portfolio and among the highest in the World. Pakistan considers employing the instruments on enhanced ambition provided in Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. This may include the mitigation mechanism under Article 6.4 of the Paris Agreement, as well as bilateral cooperative approaches under Article. 6.2. Pakistan may also pilot integrated, holistic and balanced non-market approaches under Article 6.8, as described below.', 'Pakistan may also pilot integrated, holistic and balanced non-market approaches under Article 6.8, as described below. Market and non-market-based approaches help in diversifying the funding sources for commissioning capital-intensive projects. Some of the initiatives that Pakistan has embarked upon include: 17 CCBs refer to the share of World Bank’s lending commitments that contributes to climate action.PAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 3. GREEN BONDS: Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) has launched 10-yearGreen Bonds and has raised $500 million for a hydro-energy project. Given the encouraging market response, WAPDA is considering launching additional green bonds. Pakistan may launch additional bonds in other sectors.', 'Pakistan may launch additional bonds in other sectors. Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP) has approved national guidelines for green bonds that will encourage innovative financing mechanisms in several sectors for both adaptation and mitigation. 4. NATURE PERFORMANCE BONDS (NPB): Building on an earlier experience with the Government of Italy, Pakistan is engaged with several bilateral and other development partners to channel outstanding payments into conservation and climate-related investments via NPB. If successful in implementing the first pilot project, Pakistan will capitalize from country’s performance shown in the last few years through various flagship projects. 5. CARBON PRICING INSTRUMENT: Under the Collaborative Instruments for Ambitious Climate Action (CIACA) program, Pakistan has received support to establish Carbon Pricing Instrument (CPI).', 'CARBON PRICING INSTRUMENT: Under the Collaborative Instruments for Ambitious Climate Action (CIACA) program, Pakistan has received support to establish Carbon Pricing Instrument (CPI). A range of activities have commenced including capacity building on carbon pricing, national consultation on carbon pricing, and scoping of pricing instruments in Pakistani context. The aim is to explore options for the introduction of domestic CPIs to manage the cohort of large-scale emitting installations, representing around 27% of domestic emissions, as well as an opportunity for similar or related economic instruments for the transport sector that. A National Committee on the Establishment of Carbon Markets (NCEC) oversees the development of potential architecture of a carbon market landscape in Pakistan. 6.', 'A National Committee on the Establishment of Carbon Markets (NCEC) oversees the development of potential architecture of a carbon market landscape in Pakistan. 6. BLUE CARBON: The Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) in 2016 had not covered mangrove forests, even after Pakistan had increased mangrove coverage from 477 sq. km. in 1990 to approximately 1,464 sq. km. in 2020, with a 3.74% annual rate of change. The existing mangrove forests and tidal marshes potentially store approximately 21.8 million tonnes of organic carbon (or 76.4 million tonnes of CO e)18. A rapid assessment report19 has found using the terrestrial forest price of carbon credits of US$ 3 and aspirational blue carbon prices of US$12-15; revenue generated would be US$75 million and US$300-500 million, respectively.', 'A rapid assessment report19 has found using the terrestrial forest price of carbon credits of US$ 3 and aspirational blue carbon prices of US$12-15; revenue generated would be US$75 million and US$300-500 million, respectively. Carbon removals would continue beyond 2050 sustaining ongoing revenue. While this preliminary assessment requires further research, a combination of market and non-market-based approaches like Blue bonds can help meet Pakistan mitigation and adaptation objectives in mangrove forests, and also reap co-benefits of livelihood and biodiversity protection. 18 It was estimated that the gained mangrove areas between 1990 and 2020 accumulated soil carbon at a rate of 2 tonnes CO e per hectare per year(approximately 0.54 tonnes of organic carbon per hectare per year) 19 World Bank. 2021.', '18 It was estimated that the gained mangrove areas between 1990 and 2020 accumulated soil carbon at a rate of 2 tonnes CO e per hectare per year(approximately 0.54 tonnes of organic carbon per hectare per year) 19 World Bank. 2021. Pakistan Blue Carbon Rapid Assessment : Policy Recommendations for the Revision of Nationally Determined Contribution. World Bank, Washington, DC. © World Bank. License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.PAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 7. SUSTAINABLE FINANCE FRAMEWORK: The creation of a Sustainable Finance Framework (SFF) would allow the GoP to issue green, social and sustainability bonds, as well as loans, through the Ministry of Finance (MoF).', 'SUSTAINABLE FINANCE FRAMEWORK: The creation of a Sustainable Finance Framework (SFF) would allow the GoP to issue green, social and sustainability bonds, as well as loans, through the Ministry of Finance (MoF). SFF will provide guidance on identifying eligible expenditures, share best practices on setting up required systems to implement the framework and organize a Second Party Opinion (SPO) on the SFF. 9.2 PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS Pakistan encourages the involvement of the private sector in implementing its climate ambition across sectors and the development of nature-based solutions (NbS) that address Pakistan’s mitigation and adaptation potential.', '9.2 PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS Pakistan encourages the involvement of the private sector in implementing its climate ambition across sectors and the development of nature-based solutions (NbS) that address Pakistan’s mitigation and adaptation potential. Private investors may participate in transactions involving the transfer of mitigation outcomes through the instruments of Article 6 of the Paris Agreement or using voluntary markets where in the recent development, 26 private sector entities have pledged significant emission reduction targets. Pakistan plans to promote bottom-up actions by the private sector, and develop plans for emission reductions form major sectors, particularly cement and textile. The State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) in 2017 approved green banking guidelines to promote environmental risk management within the commercial banks and encourage climate finance that to reduce vulnerabilities.', 'The State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) in 2017 approved green banking guidelines to promote environmental risk management within the commercial banks and encourage climate finance that to reduce vulnerabilities. SBP has also determined to develop a framework for risk management systems. A steering committee comprising of the SBP, International Finance Corporation (IFC), and the Pakistan Banks’ Association was constituted to oversee the progress. A Public Private Partnership Authority (PPPA) was established in 2017 with mandate to facilitate federal implementing agencies in developing, procuring, and implementing infrastructure projects on public-private partnership basis.', 'A Public Private Partnership Authority (PPPA) was established in 2017 with mandate to facilitate federal implementing agencies in developing, procuring, and implementing infrastructure projects on public-private partnership basis. In several sectors central to Pakistan’s mitigation and adaptation needs: (i) Transport and logistics (including roads, bridges, rail, seaports, airports, fishing harbors and cold storages), (ii) Mass Urban Public Transport (including buses, and intra and inter-city rail), and (iii) Municipal Services (including water supply and sanitation; solid waste management; low-cost housing, and health and education facilities). The Authority’s environmental safeguard policies cover several aspects of climate induced risks and exposures.', 'The Authority’s environmental safeguard policies cover several aspects of climate induced risks and exposures. The PPPA can facilitate the flow of financing for implementation of the NDC and adaptation and mitigation priorities from the GCF, as the Minsitry of Climate Change has already pursued direct access modalities for climate finance through accreditation of JS Bank and National Rural Support Programme (NRSP) as the National Implementing Entity.PAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 CLARITY, TRANSPARENCY AND UNDERSTANDING An updated greenhouse gases (GHG) inventory (herein called as 2018) has been prepared by Global Change Impact Studies Centre (GCISC) to gauge the national GHG emissions. This inventory has been prepared based on the latest data sets available, using Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2006 Guidelines.', 'This inventory has been prepared based on the latest data sets available, using Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2006 Guidelines. The inventory includes four sectors: i) Energy including Transport, ii) Industrial Processes & Product Use (IPPU), iii) Agriculture, Forestry & other Land Use (AFOLU), and iv) Waste. The estimation under the Inventory shows the total emissions from Pakistan are 489.87 MtCO eq for the year 2018, with i) the Energy sector contributing (218.94), ii) Industrial processes (25.76), iii) Agriculture, Forestry and Land Use (223.45) and iv) Waste (21.72) MtCO equivalent, respectively. The key GHGs of concern are Carbon dioxide (CO ), methane (CH ), and nitrous oxide (N O).', 'The key GHGs of concern are Carbon dioxide (CO ), methane (CH ), and nitrous oxide (N O). Table10.1: Summary of GHG Emissions (2017-18) Sectors Sub-Sectors Emissions (Mt CO e) Total Emissions (Mt CO e) Energy Energy Industries 43.40 218.94 Manufacturing Industries and Construction 66.20 Others (commercial, residential & agricultural) Fugitive Fuel emissions 3.94PAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) Chemical Industry 2.71 Non-Energy Fuel and Solvent use product 0.10 Others (paper & pulp, Food 7 beverages) 0.20 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land use (AFOLU) Managed Soils 74.98 Rice Cultivation 7.83 Waste Solid Waste Disposal 10.23 21.72 Waste incineration and open burning 0.9 Wastewater treatment and discharge 11.90 Total Emissions 489.87 The 2018 inventory is based on revised 2006 IPCC guidelines, in the light of the Katowice Decision.', 'Table10.1: Summary of GHG Emissions (2017-18) Sectors Sub-Sectors Emissions (Mt CO e) Total Emissions (Mt CO e) Energy Energy Industries 43.40 218.94 Manufacturing Industries and Construction 66.20 Others (commercial, residential & agricultural) Fugitive Fuel emissions 3.94PAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) Chemical Industry 2.71 Non-Energy Fuel and Solvent use product 0.10 Others (paper & pulp, Food 7 beverages) 0.20 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land use (AFOLU) Managed Soils 74.98 Rice Cultivation 7.83 Waste Solid Waste Disposal 10.23 21.72 Waste incineration and open burning 0.9 Wastewater treatment and discharge 11.90 Total Emissions 489.87 The 2018 inventory is based on revised 2006 IPCC guidelines, in the light of the Katowice Decision. Increasing energy needs and food security concerns have led to increases in the emissions in Energy and Agriculture sector by 19% and 14% respectively as compared to the GHG inventory of 2015.', 'Increasing energy needs and food security concerns have led to increases in the emissions in Energy and Agriculture sector by 19% and 14% respectively as compared to the GHG inventory of 2015. It has been estimated that Pakistan has achieved a target of 8.7% reduction in GHG emissions in 2018 out of the 20% committed cumulative target of 2030 and this mainly has been attained from climate compatible efforts. 10.2 MONITORING REPORTING & VERIFICATION (MRV) As a signatory to the Paris Agreement, Pakistan is deeply committed to its implementation.', '10.2 MONITORING REPORTING & VERIFICATION (MRV) As a signatory to the Paris Agreement, Pakistan is deeply committed to its implementation. The countries are required, under Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF), to regularly track the progress on contributions, and particularly to put in place methodological tools necessary to account for GHG emissions, track mitigation, and adaptation Policies & Measures (P&M) as well as support needed and received. Further, under the ETF, Parties are expected to submit their first biennial transparency reports (BTRs) and national inventory reports, if submitted separately, no later than 31 December 2024. In this context, a broader GHG MRV system has been developed to establish historical baselines, validate data quality, analysis of mitigation policies implementation, and reporting compliance.', 'In this context, a broader GHG MRV system has been developed to establish historical baselines, validate data quality, analysis of mitigation policies implementation, and reporting compliance. An overarching objective for mitigation MRV is to ensure that estimates arePAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021 consistent and captured within the national inventory, BTR reporting, and feed into the Paris Agreement’s global stocktake. Therefore, a broader GHG MRV system, RISQ—a web platform for the compilation of the national MRV system database, has been developed. It will be used by entering into agreements with the key data providing national agencies. Similarly, efforts are underway to develop the national adaptation M&E system by developing a roadmap for its future setup, based on pilot experimentation in the agriculture sector.PAKISTAN: UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS 2021']

en-US

PAK

Pakistan

Updated NDC

2021-12-10 00:00:00

uploaded

NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Abridged%20Version%20of%20Updated%20Pakistan%20NDCs.docx

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Asia

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/3e6a46e16ddcb2548f97e1585ef2d1d4f67a1ca510268b150622a13bcce32a9a.pdf

[]

az-AZ

PLW

Palau

1st NDC

2016-04-22 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Palau_INDC.Final%20Copy.pdf

Non-Annex I

High-income

Oceania

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/fa249e499f510cac59531783f16f4e7351d59bf003660aee3b78d4f819dc7af8.pdf

['Republic of Palau Intended Nationally Determined Contribution The Republic of Palau is committed to the successful conclusion of negotiations under the Ad-\xad‐Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (ADP) in order to adopt, at COP21, a new legally-\xad‐binding agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) applicable to all Parties, to come into effect in 2020. In accordance with decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20, the Republic of Palau is pleased to communicate its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) towards achieving the objective of the UNFCCC, as well as accompanying information to facilitate clarity, transparency, and understanding of its INDC. The Republic of Palau is also pleased to provide additional accompanying information on our mitigation effort and support for implementation. 2.', 'The Republic of Palau is also pleased to provide additional accompanying information on our mitigation effort and support for implementation. 2. Intended Nationally Determined Contribution – Mitigation [Contribution] Timeframe Start year: 2020 End year:2025 Type of commitment Absolute energy sector emissions reduction target, with additional reductions coming from the waste and transport sectors.', 'Intended Nationally Determined Contribution – Mitigation [Contribution] Timeframe Start year: 2020 End year:2025 Type of commitment Absolute energy sector emissions reduction target, with additional reductions coming from the waste and transport sectors. Reference/base year Reference/base year is 2005 – emissions were approximated at 88 Estimated quantified emissions reductions Indicative targets: ₋ 22% energy sector emissions reductions below 2005 levels by ₋ 45% Renewable Energy target by 2025 ₋ 35% Energy Efficiency target by 2025 Coverage Energy (electricity generation), transport and waste sectorsGases: Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and methane (CH4) Baseline assumption Business as Usual (BAU) emissions scenario projections are based on economic growth in the absence of new climate change policies and measures in addition to those in place in 2015, and greater coverage and implementation of existing measures.', 'Reference/base year Reference/base year is 2005 – emissions were approximated at 88 Estimated quantified emissions reductions Indicative targets: ₋ 22% energy sector emissions reductions below 2005 levels by ₋ 45% Renewable Energy target by 2025 ₋ 35% Energy Efficiency target by 2025 Coverage Energy (electricity generation), transport and waste sectorsGases: Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and methane (CH4) Baseline assumption Business as Usual (BAU) emissions scenario projections are based on economic growth in the absence of new climate change policies and measures in addition to those in place in 2015, and greater coverage and implementation of existing measures. BAU projections include the electricity sector only, which is Palau’s largest emitting sector.', 'BAU projections include the electricity sector only, which is Palau’s largest emitting sector. BAU assumptions include a GDP per capita growth of 3.72% per year (historical 15 year CAGR) and EIA oil price projections in reference case as the basis for residential, government and commercial sector energy use growth projections. Commercial energy use growth projections also took into consideration energy use by private generators in the tourism sector. Emission from the waste management and transport sectors are not included in the BAU projection however emission reduction initiatives will be addressed on a project basis.', 'Emission from the waste management and transport sectors are not included in the BAU projection however emission reduction initiatives will be addressed on a project basis. Intention to use market-\xad‐based mechanisms to meet target No Land sector accounting approach N/A Planning Process Palau’s INDC is grounded in the Palau Climate Change Policy, which was informed by input from communities, civil society and other stakeholders, as well as on the preparatory work for Palau’s second National Communication which was also widely consulted. The Policy establishes Palau’s National Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA) and National Adaptation Plan (NAP) as well as the institutional and policy frameworks for: (a) climate change mitigation via management of greenhouse gas emissions including carbon sinks; and (b) climate change adaptation and risk reduction and management.', 'The Policy establishes Palau’s National Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA) and National Adaptation Plan (NAP) as well as the institutional and policy frameworks for: (a) climate change mitigation via management of greenhouse gas emissions including carbon sinks; and (b) climate change adaptation and risk reduction and management. It establishes the policy framework that will guide and inform action in accordance with Palau’s National Master Development Plan – Palau 2020. Fair and Ambitious The Republic of Palau’s total emissions are de minimis in the global context. Given Palau’s remoteness, the small size of the economy, low GDP per capita, dependence on partnership support and vulnerability to climate change, Palau’s proposed targets are ambitious and fair as measured against other nations.', 'Given Palau’s remoteness, the small size of the economy, low GDP per capita, dependence on partnership support and vulnerability to climate change, Palau’s proposed targets are ambitious and fair as measured against other nations. Under the BAU scenario emissions would be 140 thousand tCO2e in 2025, compared to 68 thousand tCO2e if both the renewable energy and energy efficiency targets are met.Emissions in 2005 were approximated at 88 thousand tCO2e. Full implementation of the renewable energy and energy efficiency strategies outlined below puts Palau on a trajectory to reducing emissions by half as against BAU in 2025, the equivalent of 22% under 2005 emissions levels. Business-\xad‐As Usual emissions projection against INDC full implementation emissions projection (and Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency scenarios disaggregated) 3. Accompanying Information on Palau’s INDC a.', 'Accompanying Information on Palau’s INDC a. General information on Palau Palau is joining the community of nations, both industrialised and developing, in taking action to address the causes and impacts of climate change. Palau is particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climatechange, principally from sea level rise and the increase in extreme events (drought, flooding, Category 4 and 5 typhoons). Sea-level rise threatens vital infrastructure, settlements, and facilities that support the livelihood of island communities. Moreover, under most climate change scenarios, water resources in small islands are likely to be seriously compromised. Subsistence and commercial agriculture will be adversely affected by climate change, and ocean warming and acidification will heavily impact coral reefs, fisheries, and other marine-based resources crucial to our livelihoods, economy and culture.', 'Subsistence and commercial agriculture will be adversely affected by climate change, and ocean warming and acidification will heavily impact coral reefs, fisheries, and other marine-based resources crucial to our livelihoods, economy and culture. b. Mitigation: Current and Future Policies and Measures to achieve INDC targets i. Current Policies and Measures Currently Palau is working to increase the share of renewables in our energy mix and to increase energy efficiency initiatives. To date, total renewable energy efforts have only reached 8% of the needed 22%, principally because two grid-\xad‐connected solar projects (1.5 and 3.5MW respectively) never came to fruition. However to date Palau has achieved an approximately 30% reduction in energy use due to efficiency measures taken.', 'However to date Palau has achieved an approximately 30% reduction in energy use due to efficiency measures taken. Current renewable energy and energy efficiency policies and measures include: a pilot loan subsidy for solar roof panels which will be increased to cover more homes if successful; a Home Energy Efficiency Program at the Palau National Development Bank; prepaid metering at Palau Public Utilities Corporation; distribution of CFL light bulbs; government building retrofits; and, a pilot Energy Audit program for large commercial buildings. ii.', 'Current renewable energy and energy efficiency policies and measures include: a pilot loan subsidy for solar roof panels which will be increased to cover more homes if successful; a Home Energy Efficiency Program at the Palau National Development Bank; prepaid metering at Palau Public Utilities Corporation; distribution of CFL light bulbs; government building retrofits; and, a pilot Energy Audit program for large commercial buildings. ii. Future Policies and Measures to achieve INDC targets To achieve the renewable energy target Palau will need considerable additional installed capacity, including the 5MW of solar already planned (two or more solar projects plus additional roof-\xad‐top solar) plus an additional 10 MW to power the water sector. Palau will also have to work to reduce transmission and distribution losses.', 'Palau will also have to work to reduce transmission and distribution losses. (Solar Capacity Factor is assumed to be 15.3%.) To implement the Energy Efficiency target, Palau will: ₋ Increase the Energy Retrofit Program; ₋ Institute a Tropical EE Building Code; ₋ Adopt the Energy Star Appliance Standard; ₋ Implement an Energy Labeling Scheme; ₋ Significantly expand our Cool Roof Program; ₋ Expand Energy Audit program to include all government and non-\xad‐government buildings; ₋ Enhance the Building Managers Working Group; and ₋ Improve Wastewater Infrastructure.Many of these renewable energy and energy efficiency initiatives will depend on the availability of partnership finance and technology support. i.', 'To implement the Energy Efficiency target, Palau will: ₋ Increase the Energy Retrofit Program; ₋ Institute a Tropical EE Building Code; ₋ Adopt the Energy Star Appliance Standard; ₋ Implement an Energy Labeling Scheme; ₋ Significantly expand our Cool Roof Program; ₋ Expand Energy Audit program to include all government and non-\xad‐government buildings; ₋ Enhance the Building Managers Working Group; and ₋ Improve Wastewater Infrastructure.Many of these renewable energy and energy efficiency initiatives will depend on the availability of partnership finance and technology support. i. Additional project based initiatives in the transport and waste sectors Reducing Methane Emissions from the Solid Waste Sector ₋ Palau has developed a “National Solid Waste Framework” but has not had funding to implement the planned actions.', 'Additional project based initiatives in the transport and waste sectors Reducing Methane Emissions from the Solid Waste Sector ₋ Palau has developed a “National Solid Waste Framework” but has not had funding to implement the planned actions. A key next step is to analyze landfill gas emissions and evaluate the potential for landfill gas capture projects at the national landfill site. Transport Sector ₋ Currently there is a pending national legislation that would mandate the use and commercial sale of four stroke outboard motor engines only to reduce emissions. ₋ Palau is investigating a project to convert waste cooking oil to biofuel for diesel vehicles, beginning with public school buses and a potential public bus route.', '₋ Palau is investigating a project to convert waste cooking oil to biofuel for diesel vehicles, beginning with public school buses and a potential public bus route. c. Support for Implementation Climate change presents a major challenge for Palau’s sustainable development, for which the nation relies significantly on development partnerships. Similarly, as noted above, implementation of many of the policies and measures needed to achieve our emissions reduction target will depend on the availability of partnership finance, technology support and capacity development. Based on a first-\xad‐order estimate, the upfront investment cost for the renewable energy and energy efficiency measures in Palau’s INDC would be on the order of $5.5 million USD. This investment has the potential to generate savings, on a net-\xad‐present-\xad‐value basis, of $2.5 million by 2025.', 'This investment has the potential to generate savings, on a net-\xad‐present-\xad‐value basis, of $2.5 million by 2025. This figure doesn’t show the full picture of potential returns on investment though, as there was not sufficient data to assess the energy efficiency savings which have the potential to be substantial.']

en-US

PSE

Palestine

Updated NDC

2021-10-10 00:00:00

uploaded

x

NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Updated%20NDC_%20State%20of%20Palestine_2021_FINAL.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Asia

0

MENA

../data/downloaded_documents/6ee1888d86673afe3255b531e22b9f8315e9111abf39b78f88d75899a635adf2.pdf

['The State of Palestine’s First Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) “Updated Submission”Acknowledgment We would like to thank the NDC Partnership for the support provided to update Palestine’s First NDC under Climate Action Enhancement Package (CAEP) aiming at enhancing the quality, increase the ambition, and implement Palestine’s NDC. Thanks are extended to the NDC Support Facility (NDC-SF) of the World Bank that was created under the umbrella of the Climate Support Facility (CSF) trust fund to facilitate the implementation of countries NDCs. We thank the Islamic Development Bank for their support under CAEP. We also thank our National Climate Change Committee and the national stakeholders for their active engagement in the NDC update process.', 'We also thank our National Climate Change Committee and the national stakeholders for their active engagement in the NDC update process. Finally, we thank the national and international team of experts for their efforts and dedication, as well as for Environment Quality Authority staff for their role in coordinating and facilitating the NDC update process.', 'Finally, we thank the national and international team of experts for their efforts and dedication, as well as for Environment Quality Authority staff for their role in coordinating and facilitating the NDC update process. Without involvement of all of the above, this NDC update was not possible.Table of contents 2 Summary of changes from the First NDCs 6 3 National circumstances . 7 4 Guiding principles . 9 4.1 The adaptation-mitigation nexus 9 5.1 Adaptation priorities by sector 11 Agriculture . 11 Energy . 12 Health 13 Transport . 13 Waste 14 Water . 15 Coastal and marine (Gaza Strip) 16 Food 16 Industry 17 Terrestrial ecosystems . 18 Tourism . 18 Urban and infrastructure 19 6.1 Mitigation contribution 19 6.2 Baseline GHG emissions . 21 6.3 BAU projections for both Status-quo and Independence Scenarios . 22 Status-quo Scenario 22 Independence Scenario . 22 6.4 Fairness and ambition 23 6.5 Achieving the national emissions reduction target 24 Energy sector 24 AFOLU Sector . 25 Transport sector. 26 Waste and wastewater sector 27 Industrial processes and product use (IPPU) sector 28 8 Action for Climate Empowerment . 30 9 Means of implementation 31 9.1 Technology transfer . 31 9.2 Capacity building . 339.3 Climate finance 33 NDC implementation costs and funding gaps 33 Scaling-up private climate finance and enhancing private sector engagement in climate action 35 Use of carbon markets . 35 Loss and damage 36 Appendix 1: Information for clarity, transparency and understanding . 38 Appendix 2: Actions amended from the First NDCs by subsequent NDC implementation action plan development . 46 Appendix 3: Association of NDC actions with climate adaptation and/or mitigation 50 Appendix 4: Costs of conditional NDC actions and additional activities in the NDC Partnership Plan . 53List of abbreviations List of abbreviations ACE Action for Climate Empowerment AFOLU Agriculture, forestry and other land use BAU Business-as-usual BUR Biennial Update Report CAEP Climate Action Enhancement Package CCFF Climate Change Financing Framework CSA Climate-smart agriculture EQA Environment Quality Authority ETF Enhanced Transparency Framework EV Electric vehicle GHG Greenhouse gas GPP Gaza Power Plant HEV Hybrid-electric vehicle INCR Initial National Communication Report IPPU Industrial processes and product use ITMO Internationally transferred mitigation outcomes LEAP Low Emissions Analysis Platform KPI Key performance indicator MRV Measurement, reporting, and verification NAP National Adaptation Plan NDCs Nationally Determined Contributions PV Photovoltaic SMART Specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, time-bound UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change USD United States DollarsThe Palestinian Authority is delighted to present its Updated Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).', 'Without involvement of all of the above, this NDC update was not possible.Table of contents 2 Summary of changes from the First NDCs 6 3 National circumstances . 7 4 Guiding principles . 9 4.1 The adaptation-mitigation nexus 9 5.1 Adaptation priorities by sector 11 Agriculture . 11 Energy . 12 Health 13 Transport . 13 Waste 14 Water . 15 Coastal and marine (Gaza Strip) 16 Food 16 Industry 17 Terrestrial ecosystems . 18 Tourism . 18 Urban and infrastructure 19 6.1 Mitigation contribution 19 6.2 Baseline GHG emissions . 21 6.3 BAU projections for both Status-quo and Independence Scenarios . 22 Status-quo Scenario 22 Independence Scenario . 22 6.4 Fairness and ambition 23 6.5 Achieving the national emissions reduction target 24 Energy sector 24 AFOLU Sector . 25 Transport sector. 26 Waste and wastewater sector 27 Industrial processes and product use (IPPU) sector 28 8 Action for Climate Empowerment . 30 9 Means of implementation 31 9.1 Technology transfer . 31 9.2 Capacity building . 339.3 Climate finance 33 NDC implementation costs and funding gaps 33 Scaling-up private climate finance and enhancing private sector engagement in climate action 35 Use of carbon markets . 35 Loss and damage 36 Appendix 1: Information for clarity, transparency and understanding . 38 Appendix 2: Actions amended from the First NDCs by subsequent NDC implementation action plan development . 46 Appendix 3: Association of NDC actions with climate adaptation and/or mitigation 50 Appendix 4: Costs of conditional NDC actions and additional activities in the NDC Partnership Plan . 53List of abbreviations List of abbreviations ACE Action for Climate Empowerment AFOLU Agriculture, forestry and other land use BAU Business-as-usual BUR Biennial Update Report CAEP Climate Action Enhancement Package CCFF Climate Change Financing Framework CSA Climate-smart agriculture EQA Environment Quality Authority ETF Enhanced Transparency Framework EV Electric vehicle GHG Greenhouse gas GPP Gaza Power Plant HEV Hybrid-electric vehicle INCR Initial National Communication Report IPPU Industrial processes and product use ITMO Internationally transferred mitigation outcomes LEAP Low Emissions Analysis Platform KPI Key performance indicator MRV Measurement, reporting, and verification NAP National Adaptation Plan NDCs Nationally Determined Contributions PV Photovoltaic SMART Specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, time-bound UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change USD United States DollarsThe Palestinian Authority is delighted to present its Updated Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). This was approved by the National Climate Change Committee on 5 October 2021 and is duly signed by the Chair of the National Climate Change Committee, Chairman of the Environment Quality Authority (EQA) in Palestine, Mr. Jamil Mtoor, in the cover letter that is appended to these NDCs.', 'This was approved by the National Climate Change Committee on 5 October 2021 and is duly signed by the Chair of the National Climate Change Committee, Chairman of the Environment Quality Authority (EQA) in Palestine, Mr. Jamil Mtoor, in the cover letter that is appended to these NDCs. They replace Palestine’s First NDCs, which were submitted to the UNFCCC on 21 August 2017, and include amendments and additions to actions to 2040 that are conditional on receiving international support.', 'They replace Palestine’s First NDCs, which were submitted to the UNFCCC on 21 August 2017, and include amendments and additions to actions to 2040 that are conditional on receiving international support. While Palestine’s contributions to global emissions are negligible, it is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change considering its location in the Mediterranean region; a hot spot for climate change and its impact.1 Consequently, Palestine’s overriding priority must be adaptation to ensure climate change impacts do not hinder Palestine’s sustainable development. Nonetheless, despite our miniscule contribution to global emissions, we have increased our ambition to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, beyond the targets in our First NDC in 2017, and are committed to climate leadership.', 'Nonetheless, despite our miniscule contribution to global emissions, we have increased our ambition to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, beyond the targets in our First NDC in 2017, and are committed to climate leadership. Key stakeholders and national partners across all sectors in Palestine have worked collaboratively to develop these climate adaptation and mitigation goals, and to strengthen the national institutions in Palestine to ensure that the goals and targets of these Updated NDCs are achieved, driving sustainable development, and ensuring prosperity for future generations. However, Palestine cannot achieve its ambitious climate adaptation and mitigation goals alone. Without appropriate support, its climate adaptation and mitigation plans cannot be effectively implemented.', 'Without appropriate support, its climate adaptation and mitigation plans cannot be effectively implemented. Palestine looks to international partners to support its NDC actions through finance, technology, and capacity-building support, while it continues to seek sovereignty, freedom, and independence. 2 Summary of changes from the First NDCs Although Palestine must prioritise climate adaptation nationally, nonetheless, through these Updated NDCs, Palestine demonstrates its commitment to climate mitigation and the global objective of the UNFCCC and Article 2.1(a) of the Paris Agreement to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C.', '2 Summary of changes from the First NDCs Although Palestine must prioritise climate adaptation nationally, nonetheless, through these Updated NDCs, Palestine demonstrates its commitment to climate mitigation and the global objective of the UNFCCC and Article 2.1(a) of the Paris Agreement to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C. Even with the multi-layered challenges facing Palestine, the Palestinian Government has decided to increase its ambition regarding its conditional mitigation contribution, as outlined in Table 1 below. Further detail on the differences between the two NDCs is set out in Appendix 1.', 'Further detail on the differences between the two NDCs is set out in Appendix 1. Table 1: The State of Palestine’s conditional mitigation contribution NDC Independence Scenario Status-quo Scenario 26.6% emissions reduction by 2040 relative to business-as-usual 17.5% emissions reduction by 2040 relative to business-as-usual 24.4% emissions reduction by 2040 relative to business-as-usual 12.8% emissions reduction by 2040 relative to business-as-usual 1 The Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2014) defines impact as: “Effect on a natural or human system… the interaction of climate changes or hazardous climate events occurring within a specific time period and the vulnerability of an exposed society or system.”Since the development of its First NDCs in 2017, the State of Palestine has made significant advancements in its climate action planning.', 'Table 1: The State of Palestine’s conditional mitigation contribution NDC Independence Scenario Status-quo Scenario 26.6% emissions reduction by 2040 relative to business-as-usual 17.5% emissions reduction by 2040 relative to business-as-usual 24.4% emissions reduction by 2040 relative to business-as-usual 12.8% emissions reduction by 2040 relative to business-as-usual 1 The Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2014) defines impact as: “Effect on a natural or human system… the interaction of climate changes or hazardous climate events occurring within a specific time period and the vulnerability of an exposed society or system.”Since the development of its First NDCs in 2017, the State of Palestine has made significant advancements in its climate action planning. For example, it has developed 14 investment- ready NDC implementation action plans for six of the 12 most vulnerable sectors in Palestine, as identified in the National Adaptation Plan (NAP): agriculture, energy, health, transport, waste, and water.', 'For example, it has developed 14 investment- ready NDC implementation action plans for six of the 12 most vulnerable sectors in Palestine, as identified in the National Adaptation Plan (NAP): agriculture, energy, health, transport, waste, and water. The targets contained in these plans replace the conditional actions contained in the First NDCs for those sectors. The new conditional actions are gender- responsive, time-bound, and contain measurable targets, evidencing Palestine’s increased ambition in the Updated NDCs. Appendix 2 outlines the changes made to the conditional actions in Palestine’s First NDCs by sector.', 'Appendix 2 outlines the changes made to the conditional actions in Palestine’s First NDCs by sector. In addition, Palestine has also produced an NDC Partnership Plan containing proposals to develop further NDC implementation action plans for priority actions within these sectors and for other priority sectors, as well as cross-cutting priority activities that support all sectors. The NDC Partnership Plan is discussed further below. It is essential that support for implementing the Updated NDCs is secured from the international community to enable implementation of its actions. Palestine’s First NDCs identified substantial gaps in necessary finance, as do the Updated NDCs. However, development of the NDC implementation action plans means that related figures presented in the NDC are now backed by detailed financial breakdowns in relation to planned activities.', 'However, development of the NDC implementation action plans means that related figures presented in the NDC are now backed by detailed financial breakdowns in relation to planned activities. Furthermore, the Updated NDCs further articulate how Palestine intends to access the finance it needs to implement the NDC actions. While it remains vital that international donors are a major source of financing, the Updated NDCs also outline how Palestine intends to explore other financing options, including leveraging private finance through enhanced private sector engagement and exploring the role of carbon markets. 3 National circumstances On 17 March 2016, the State of Palestine officially became the 197th party to the UNFCCC and, on 22 April 2016, signed and ratified the Paris Agreement which entered into force on 4 November 2016.', '3 National circumstances On 17 March 2016, the State of Palestine officially became the 197th party to the UNFCCC and, on 22 April 2016, signed and ratified the Paris Agreement which entered into force on 4 November 2016. While the State of Palestine’s priority on climate change is adaptation, it is also committed to ensuring that its emissions pathway is in line with the objective of the UNFCCC to stabilise greenhouse gas emissions at a level that prevents dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. The State of Palestine submitted its Initial National Communication Report (INCR) to the UNFCCC on 11 November 2016, highlighting its commitment to being an active player in tackling and responding to climate change.', 'The State of Palestine submitted its Initial National Communication Report (INCR) to the UNFCCC on 11 November 2016, highlighting its commitment to being an active player in tackling and responding to climate change. Palestine also developed its NAP, in accordance with the UNFCCC’s Guidelines for NAPS and, on 11 November 2016, became the sixth party to submit its NAP to the UNFCCC. The period between joining the UNFCCC and submitting the INCR and NAP was less than eight months, highlighting the importance of climate change within Palestine’s national agenda.', 'The period between joining the UNFCCC and submitting the INCR and NAP was less than eight months, highlighting the importance of climate change within Palestine’s national agenda. Palestine’s climate action planning has continued throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, with the development in 2020-2021 of 14 NDC implementation action plans for the agriculture, energy, health, transport, waste, and water sectors, in close consultation with sectoral stakeholders, supported by development of the Technology Roadmap for the Implementation of Climate Action Plans in Palestine2. The NDC implementation action plans contain: a. “SMART”3 targets, which form the basis of revised NDC actions for those six sectors 2 Technology Road Map for Palestine s Implementation of Climate Action Plans (INCR, NAP and NDC) 3 Specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, time-boundb.', '“SMART”3 targets, which form the basis of revised NDC actions for those six sectors 2 Technology Road Map for Palestine s Implementation of Climate Action Plans (INCR, NAP and NDC) 3 Specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, time-boundb. Activities and associated detailed costings to achieve those targets c. Institutional arrangements for implementation of the plans and associated activities; and d. Policy recommendations to ensure an enabling environment for plan implementation.', 'Activities and associated detailed costings to achieve those targets c. Institutional arrangements for implementation of the plans and associated activities; and d. Policy recommendations to ensure an enabling environment for plan implementation. In 2021, Palestine also produced: e. An NDC Partnership Plan containing 45 key performance indicators drawn from its NDC implementation action plans and additional needs (related to sectors with such plans, other priority sectors needing such plans, and cross-cutting priority activities), as identified by key stakeholders f. An NDC Investment Plan outlining Palestine’s strategy to fill the funding gap identified in its NDC Partnership Plan, and g. The mitigation chapter of its First Biennial Update Report (BUR), which will be submitted to the UNFCCC once all its chapters have been completed.4 In a holistic effort to improve conditions, the Palestinian Government developed a National Policy Agenda 2017-20225 with policies and strategies designed to establish the sovereign state, ensure effective and citizen-centred governance, and promote sustainable development.', 'In 2021, Palestine also produced: e. An NDC Partnership Plan containing 45 key performance indicators drawn from its NDC implementation action plans and additional needs (related to sectors with such plans, other priority sectors needing such plans, and cross-cutting priority activities), as identified by key stakeholders f. An NDC Investment Plan outlining Palestine’s strategy to fill the funding gap identified in its NDC Partnership Plan, and g. The mitigation chapter of its First Biennial Update Report (BUR), which will be submitted to the UNFCCC once all its chapters have been completed.4 In a holistic effort to improve conditions, the Palestinian Government developed a National Policy Agenda 2017-20225 with policies and strategies designed to establish the sovereign state, ensure effective and citizen-centred governance, and promote sustainable development. The Government has built on the National Policy Agenda through the National Development Plan 2021-2023, which sets out Palestine’s vision of how it will build back better, fairer, and greener after the COVID-19 pandemic.', 'The Government has built on the National Policy Agenda through the National Development Plan 2021-2023, which sets out Palestine’s vision of how it will build back better, fairer, and greener after the COVID-19 pandemic. The Updated NDCs, therefore, build upon Palestine’s First NDC, INCR, NAP, NDC Partnership Plan, NDC Investment Plan, the 14 NDC implementation action plans, the mitigation chapter of the BUR, and accord with the National Development Plan 2021-2023 and its associated sectoral strategies to achieve sustainable economic development in line with adaptation and emissions reduction priorities. Thus, the Updated NDCs build upon the active stakeholder engagement undertaken to develop the documents and strategies on which they rely and are endorsed by the Palestinian Government.', 'Thus, the Updated NDCs build upon the active stakeholder engagement undertaken to develop the documents and strategies on which they rely and are endorsed by the Palestinian Government. Palestine constitutes the Occupied Palestinian Territory, which is made up of the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and the Gaza Strip, based on the borders of June 1967 and are separated by Israel, the occupying power. Neighbouring countries include Jordan to the east and Egypt to the south.', 'Neighbouring countries include Jordan to the east and Egypt to the south. The Oslo II Accord, formally entitled the ‘Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip of 1995’, created three territorial zones in the West Bank: Area A, where the Palestinian Government has responsibility for public order and internal security; Area B, where the Palestinian Government assumes responsibility for public order for Palestinians, while Israel controls internal security; and Area C, where Israel maintains exclusive control. Most land resources are in Area C, which is under full Israeli control. Restrictions on access to land and actions that can be taken, especially in this area, pose challenges for implementation of both mitigation and adaptation actions.', 'Restrictions on access to land and actions that can be taken, especially in this area, pose challenges for implementation of both mitigation and adaptation actions. Hence, the Updated NDCs focus on actions that can be implemented despite the occupation. 4 The mitigation chapter provides current data on GHG emissions for NDC mitigation actions. 5 National Policy Agenda 2017-20224 Guiding principles The State of Palestine, as a party to the UNFCCC, is committed to its core principles of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities and equity. The Updated NDCs support and seek to implement this principle on both global and national levels: a.', 'The Updated NDCs support and seek to implement this principle on both global and national levels: a. On a global level, it is important to recognise that a small number of countries are responsible for most greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions now and will be in the future.6 These countries are also in the best position to support countries like Palestine, which have contributed little to global emissions but are bearing a significant proportion of the burden of climate change, through technology transfer, capacity building and finance. b. At a national level, Palestine will implement adaptation and mitigation measures based on equity, ensuring equal and equitable protection of women, children, the poor, and other vulnerable groups. Palestine’s domestic priority is climate adaptation rather than mitigation.', 'Palestine’s domestic priority is climate adaptation rather than mitigation. It is highly vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change but responsible for less than 0.01% of global emissions.7 As identified in the mitigation chapter of the First BUR, Palestine’s per capita e in 2011, substantially less than the global average of 6.73 tCO2 e per capita at that time.8 The State of Palestine’s key climate goal is to reduce its climate vulnerabilities, primarily through increasing adaptive capacities, and, thereby, enhance the climate resilience of the national development process and local communities. At the same time, all efforts will be made to select measures that also have a mitigation benefit.', 'At the same time, all efforts will be made to select measures that also have a mitigation benefit. The State of Palestine is committed to ensuring that its emissions pathway is in line with the objective of the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C. Palestine will seek to maximise mitigation opportunities in line with its adaptation and wider sustainable development goals. A holistic approach will be taken to ensure that climate change or non-climate change activities in one sector do not restrict adaptation in other sectors. Palestine’s approach to the adaptation-mitigation nexus is set out in Section 4.1, below.', 'Palestine’s approach to the adaptation-mitigation nexus is set out in Section 4.1, below. All of Palestine’s climate actions will be gender responsive and will be based on equity, ensuring equitable protection of disadvantaged groups in society. The State of Palestine supports the over-arching goal of Action for Climate Empowerment (ACE) to empower all members of society to engage in climate action, as outlined further in Section 8. 4.1 The adaptation-mitigation nexus Palestine recognise that if mitigation actions are designed without considering climate vulnerabilities and risks, they may be maladapted or lead to wider maladaptation (i.e. by compounding climate impacts). On the other hand, well-designed climate mitigation actions 6 United Nations Environment Programme, Emissions Gap Report 2020.', 'On the other hand, well-designed climate mitigation actions 6 United Nations Environment Programme, Emissions Gap Report 2020. 7 Based on Palestine’s economy-wide emissions in the mitigation chapter of the First BUR, and global emissions data from the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research. 8 Greenhouse gas time series 1990-2015 per capita emissions for world countries NDC actions drawn from the NAP and the NDC implementation action plans have been prioritised in relation to both adaptation benefits (i.e.', 'Given the inherent, inseverable connections between climate adaptation and mitigation, all NDC actions drawn from the NAP and the NDC implementation action plans have been prioritised in relation to both adaptation benefits (i.e. the extent to which they reduce climate sensitivities, increase adaptive capacities, and reduce exposure) and mitigation benefits, alongside a range of other criteria. Hence, adaptation options have been favoured that reduce or minimise GHG emissions. Similarly, mitigation options that actively support adaptation have been favoured. Where that is not possible, mitigation options that are not potentially maladapted or would not lead to wider maladaptation have been selected. The NDC actions in each sector have both positive and negative impacts on NDC mitigation and adaptation actions in other sectors.', 'The NDC actions in each sector have both positive and negative impacts on NDC mitigation and adaptation actions in other sectors. Palestine’s NDC Partnership Plan, therefore, provides for development of NDC implementation action plans addressing the nexus between sectors,9 which will be developed when funding is secured. Israeli occupation substantially reduces Palestine’s adaptive capacities thereby compounding climate vulnerabilities. For example, Israeli occupation of the State of Palestine restricts availability of land and resources, freedom of movement of goods and people, import and export of raw materials and products, full control of international borders, and the development of domestic and industrial infrastructure.', 'For example, Israeli occupation of the State of Palestine restricts availability of land and resources, freedom of movement of goods and people, import and export of raw materials and products, full control of international borders, and the development of domestic and industrial infrastructure. These limitations on Palestine’s adaptive capacities are most prevalent in Area C, which is under full Israeli control and covers more than 61% of the occupied West Bank, and in the Gaza Strip. The State of Palestine’s NAP was approved by all relevant ministries in May 2016. Palestine’s particular circumstances mean that the NAP is focused on the implementation of immediate, near-future adaptation actions that address issues that are highly vulnerable to climate change under Israeli occupation.', 'Palestine’s particular circumstances mean that the NAP is focused on the implementation of immediate, near-future adaptation actions that address issues that are highly vulnerable to climate change under Israeli occupation. However, the NAP also considers medium- and long-term adaptation actions that can be taken when the Israeli occupation ends. All stages of Element A (‘Lay the groundwork and address gaps’) and Element B (‘Preparatory elements’) of the NAP process, as described in the UNFCCC’s Guidelines for NAPs, have been completed and resultant priority actions were included in Palestine’s First NDCs. Furthermore, Element C (‘Implementation Strategies’) has been progressed for six of the NAP’s priority sectors through the development of NDC implementation plans that include targets that are the basis of revised NDC actions.', 'Furthermore, Element C (‘Implementation Strategies’) has been progressed for six of the NAP’s priority sectors through the development of NDC implementation plans that include targets that are the basis of revised NDC actions. Hence, Palestine has used the NAP as a foundation for developing a mutually supportive NAP and NDCs in accordance with international guidance on Linking NAP processes with NDCs. The State of Palestine aims to maintain an active NAP process to support development and implementation of the NDCs.', 'The State of Palestine aims to maintain an active NAP process to support development and implementation of the NDCs. Financial support is needed to progress Element C in relation to NDC actions that resulted from the NAP that are not already addressed by NDC implementation action plans, Element D (‘Reporting, Monitoring and Review’), and review and update of the NAP itself, as it is five years since it was first developed. 9 Key sectoral stakeholders highlighted the nexus between: (a) agriculture, waste, energy, water, and food; (b) waste, water, energy, and infrastructure; and (c) transport and energy (particularly regarding electric vehicles).5.1 Adaptation priorities by sector Adaptation actions are, by their nature, interrelated with each other and with mitigation actions, which are addressed in Section 6.', '9 Key sectoral stakeholders highlighted the nexus between: (a) agriculture, waste, energy, water, and food; (b) waste, water, energy, and infrastructure; and (c) transport and energy (particularly regarding electric vehicles).5.1 Adaptation priorities by sector Adaptation actions are, by their nature, interrelated with each other and with mitigation actions, which are addressed in Section 6. However, consideration of adaptation priorities by sector is important, as it ensures that the immediate, direct relevance of adaptation to a broad range of actors is clear. The NAP identifies the following 12 sectors as “highly vulnerable” to climate change: agriculture, coastal and marine, energy, food, gender, health, industry, terrestrial ecosystems, tourism, urban and infrastructure, waste and wastewater, and water.', 'The NAP identifies the following 12 sectors as “highly vulnerable” to climate change: agriculture, coastal and marine, energy, food, gender, health, industry, terrestrial ecosystems, tourism, urban and infrastructure, waste and wastewater, and water. The adaptation actions identified and included in the Updated NDCs aim to reduce climate sensitivity or increase adaptive capacity in relation to each of the highly vulnerable issues across these sectors and take into consideration national development goals. Rather than addressing gender as a separate “sector”, gender has been mainstreamed in all NDC implementation action plans developed for six of the highly vulnerable sectors: agriculture, energy, health, transport, waste, and water. These plans build upon and update the NDC actions set out in Palestine’s First NDCs.', 'These plans build upon and update the NDC actions set out in Palestine’s First NDCs. In addition to the existing plans, Palestine’s NDC Partnership Plan provides for the development of NDC implementation action plans for the remaining sectors identified in the NAP, which will be developed when funding is secured. Adaptation needs for each of the highly vulnerable sectors and associated NDC adaptation actions, which are conditional on receiving international support, are discussed below. The consultative planning processes underpinning the Updated NDCs considered priorities across the adaptation-mitigation nexus. Hence, while this section focuses specifically on adaptation needs and associated NDC actions some of the latter are equally, or more, important for mitigation and also addressed in Section 6.', 'Hence, while this section focuses specifically on adaptation needs and associated NDC actions some of the latter are equally, or more, important for mitigation and also addressed in Section 6. A summary table of all NDC actions, outlining their relevance to adaptation and mitigation, is included in Appendix 3. Agriculture Adaptation needs Future climate scenarios for Palestine project an increase in temperature and a decrease in average annual rainfall, translating into an increase in the risk of drought. The wettest days may also become more frequent, leading to an increased risk of flood. These extreme events and slow-onset changes are expected to: a. Disturb soil quality and stability, water quality, biodiversity, and overall ecosystem health b.', 'Disturb soil quality and stability, water quality, biodiversity, and overall ecosystem health b. Reduce the quality and quantity of crops that can be grown; and c. Reduce the agricultural area that can be used. This will likely lead to: a. A substantial reduction in food production, which would have negative impacts on the income and employment of Palestinians working along the agricultural value chain, leading to vulnerable parts of society suffering significant losses to their livelihoods b. A reduction in the quality and quantity of food products, which may also lead to food insecurity and adverse health impacts among the populationc. Negative impacts on all sectors relying on ecosystem services, in particular agriculture, human health and water.', 'Negative impacts on all sectors relying on ecosystem services, in particular agriculture, human health and water. Conditional NDC actions To address these needs, two NDC implementation action plans have been developed for the agriculture sector on: (1) Climate-smart agriculture (CSA), and (2) Climate-resilient land planning and management. The targets contained in these plans form the basis of two conditional actions. As identified in the NDC Partnership Plan, international funding is also needed to develop a further NDC implementation action plan for sustainable livestock production and management. Conditional NDC actions a. 50% of farms in the State of Palestine apply gender-sensitive CSA by 2040 b. An annual increase of 2% until 2040 in the total area of forest land, rangeland and upland rehabilitated and sustainably managed.', 'An annual increase of 2% until 2040 in the total area of forest land, rangeland and upland rehabilitated and sustainably managed. Energy Adaptation needs All three climate scenarios on which Palestine’s NAP is based suggest temperature will increase with warmer periods becoming more prominent. This will increase demand for energy across many sectors. However, domestic electricity production currently fulfils only 7% of consumption. As Palestine’s temperatures are projected to increase by 1-1.5 degrees C by 2025 there is an urgent need to do more to improve energy security through promoting domestic renewable energy production, improving the resilience of the energy distribution system, and increasing energy efficiency, all of which have high adaptation co-benefits by improving security of energy supply and air quality, which will be beneficial to many sectors e.g.', 'As Palestine’s temperatures are projected to increase by 1-1.5 degrees C by 2025 there is an urgent need to do more to improve energy security through promoting domestic renewable energy production, improving the resilience of the energy distribution system, and increasing energy efficiency, all of which have high adaptation co-benefits by improving security of energy supply and air quality, which will be beneficial to many sectors e.g. industry, water, agriculture, etc. Conditional NDC actions These needs are addressed by three NDC implementation action plans, which have been developed for the energy sector primarily from a mitigation perspective, on (1) Energy distribution, (2) Energy efficiency, and (3) Renewable energy production. The targets contained in these plans form the basis of three conditional actions.', 'The targets contained in these plans form the basis of three conditional actions. As these actions deliver substantial reductions in GHG emissions, they also feature in Section 6, which provides details of Palestine’s mitigation contribution by sector. The NDC Partnership Plan also identifies that international funding is needed repair damage to the electrical distribution network arising from Israeli military actions in May 2021 to increase access to renewable energy. Conditional NDC actions a. Upgrade of the electricity grid to enable distribution of renewable energy, primarily from solar photovoltaic (PV), by 2030 b.', 'Upgrade of the electricity grid to enable distribution of renewable energy, primarily from solar photovoltaic (PV), by 2030 b. Improve energy efficiency by 20% (versus business as usual) across all sectors by 2035 c. 20-33% of electricity to be generated from renewable energy by 2040, primarily from solar PV.Health Adaptation needs Future climate scenarios for Palestine are expected to impact health in the following ways, among others: a. Warm temperatures, stagnant water resulting from floods, and high water temperatures may favour the survival and reproduction rates of vectors of diseases, such as mosquitoes, fleas, ticks and/or rodents, which can contaminate water bodies and food sources b.', 'Warm temperatures, stagnant water resulting from floods, and high water temperatures may favour the survival and reproduction rates of vectors of diseases, such as mosquitoes, fleas, ticks and/or rodents, which can contaminate water bodies and food sources b. Runoff from floods may contaminate soil and water bodies, making water unsafe for human consumption, and/or contaminate crops and livestock, thereby increasing water-borne and food-borne diseases c. Higher temperatures will make it more challenging to preserve food products along the value chain, increasing the chances of food-borne diseases and degrading the quality of fresh products d. Higher temperatures and reduced rainfall may cause heat stress and dehydration, particularly among vulnerable population, such as children and the elderly e. Reduced rainfall and higher temperatures may also reduce the quantity and quality of crops and livestock produced for consumption, and the availability of water, which may indirectly increase the likelihood of diseases.', 'Runoff from floods may contaminate soil and water bodies, making water unsafe for human consumption, and/or contaminate crops and livestock, thereby increasing water-borne and food-borne diseases c. Higher temperatures will make it more challenging to preserve food products along the value chain, increasing the chances of food-borne diseases and degrading the quality of fresh products d. Higher temperatures and reduced rainfall may cause heat stress and dehydration, particularly among vulnerable population, such as children and the elderly e. Reduced rainfall and higher temperatures may also reduce the quantity and quality of crops and livestock produced for consumption, and the availability of water, which may indirectly increase the likelihood of diseases. Conditional NDC actions To address these needs, two NDC implementation action plans have been developed for the health sector on (1) Increasing awareness and capacities for disease prevention and (2) Developing safety and monitoring systems for water, food and sanitation.', 'Conditional NDC actions To address these needs, two NDC implementation action plans have been developed for the health sector on (1) Increasing awareness and capacities for disease prevention and (2) Developing safety and monitoring systems for water, food and sanitation. The targets contained in these plans form the basis of three conditional actions. The NDC Partnership Plan also identifies that international funding is needed to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on both climate adaptation and mitigation efforts in Palestine, which will help ensure resilience in the face of future pandemics. While this assessment will necessarily involve other sectors due to the wide-ranging impacts of COVID-19, the health sector will play a leading role in its development and implementation. Conditional NDC actions a.', 'While this assessment will necessarily involve other sectors due to the wide-ranging impacts of COVID-19, the health sector will play a leading role in its development and implementation. Conditional NDC actions a. Improve the capacity for disease prevention by training 300 health professionals in disease prevention by 2025 b. At least a 30% increase in the awareness of people, particularly women, by 2030 about measures that they can take to help prevent major diseases related to water, sanitation and food c. By 2030, the capacity of the Ministry of Health to monitor the safety of water, food and sanitation increases by at least 50% from the situation in 2020. Transport Adaptation needs Air pollution from road transport damages people’s health leading to respiratory problems, exhaustion, and heatstroke, among others.', 'Transport Adaptation needs Air pollution from road transport damages people’s health leading to respiratory problems, exhaustion, and heatstroke, among others. This exacerbates people’s sensitivity to the negative impacts of higher temperatures on health. Moreover, air pollution from road transport amplifies the urban-heat-island effect, increasing the capacity of surfaces to absorb and retain heat.Conditional NDC actions These needs are addressed by two NDC implementation action plans, which have been developed for the transport sector primarily from a mitigation perspective, on (1) Reducing emissions in the road transport sector and (2) Promoting sustainable road usage. The targets contained in these plans form the basis of five conditional actions. As these actions deliver substantial reductions in GHG emissions, they also feature in Section 6, which provides details of Palestine’s mitigation contribution by sector.', 'As these actions deliver substantial reductions in GHG emissions, they also feature in Section 6, which provides details of Palestine’s mitigation contribution by sector. Conditional NDC actions a. Reducing the emissions of the passenger vehicle fleet by 8% by 2030, and 24% by 2040 b. Scrapping 60% of vehicles older than 20 years by 2030 and scrapping all vehicles older than c. Conducting statutory tests on 30% of on-road vehicles by 2030, and 60% by 2040 d. 20% of all small transit vehicles are replaced with larger capacity buses by 2030, and 40% e. The overall number of vehicles is reduced by 20% by 2030, and 40% by 2040.', 'Reducing the emissions of the passenger vehicle fleet by 8% by 2030, and 24% by 2040 b. Scrapping 60% of vehicles older than 20 years by 2030 and scrapping all vehicles older than c. Conducting statutory tests on 30% of on-road vehicles by 2030, and 60% by 2040 d. 20% of all small transit vehicles are replaced with larger capacity buses by 2030, and 40% e. The overall number of vehicles is reduced by 20% by 2030, and 40% by 2040. Waste Adaptation needs Waste management operations are sensitive to extreme weather conditions, and impacts on the waste sector affect local communities in the following ways: a. Biological activities within treatment systems (such as for leachate management) are directly affected by high temperatures and storms.', 'Biological activities within treatment systems (such as for leachate management) are directly affected by high temperatures and storms. Leachate from landfill sites can leak into nearby water sources, polluting and contaminating them b. Higher temperatures increase the odours, pests and diseases associated with waste, which have a direct impact on local communities’ health and hygiene, as waste is, currently, left close to residential areas c. Methane leakage into the atmosphere may increase with extreme heat and droughts, and cause respiratory and cardiac problems, further increasing the population’s climate sensitivity. Conditional NDC actions These needs are addressed by two NDC implementation action plans, which have been developed for the waste sector primarily from a mitigation perspective, on (1) improving waste management and (2) reducing emissions in the waste management sector.', 'Conditional NDC actions These needs are addressed by two NDC implementation action plans, which have been developed for the waste sector primarily from a mitigation perspective, on (1) improving waste management and (2) reducing emissions in the waste management sector. The targets contained in these plans form the basis of seven conditional actions. As these actions deliver substantial reductions in GHG emissions, they also feature in Section 6, which provides details of Palestine’s mitigation contribution by sector. As identified in the NDC Partnership Plan, international funding is needed to develop a further NDC implementation action plan(s) for various categories of special waste, including medical, electronic, construction and demolition, and hazardous or toxic waste. Conditional NDC actions a.', 'As identified in the NDC Partnership Plan, international funding is needed to develop a further NDC implementation action plan(s) for various categories of special waste, including medical, electronic, construction and demolition, and hazardous or toxic waste. Conditional NDC actions a. Reduce the volume of leachate by 50% by 2030 from suitable landfill sites.b.', 'Reduce the volume of leachate by 50% by 2030 from suitable landfill sites.b. Reduce the amount of waste for final disposal in landfill sites by 30% by 2030 and by 50% by 2040. c. Increase the amount of waste re-used or recycled by 30% by 2030 and by 40% by 2040. d. Increase the amount of waste collected to 90% by 2030 and to 100% by 2040. e. Modernise (replacement of working equipment) 70% of the collection system by 2030 and by 100% by 2040. f. 30% reduction of methane emissions from landfill sites by 2030 and 70% reduction by 2040. g. 80MW of electricity produced from combustion of solid waste and methane at landfill sites by 2030 and 140MW by 2040.', 'Reduce the amount of waste for final disposal in landfill sites by 30% by 2030 and by 50% by 2040. c. Increase the amount of waste re-used or recycled by 30% by 2030 and by 40% by 2040. d. Increase the amount of waste collected to 90% by 2030 and to 100% by 2040. e. Modernise (replacement of working equipment) 70% of the collection system by 2030 and by 100% by 2040. f. 30% reduction of methane emissions from landfill sites by 2030 and 70% reduction by 2040. g. 80MW of electricity produced from combustion of solid waste and methane at landfill sites by 2030 and 140MW by 2040. Water Adaptation needs Extreme events and slow-onset changes are expected to cause a decrease in the availability of water resources, while simultaneously leading to an increase in demand as a result of increasing temperatures.', 'Water Adaptation needs Extreme events and slow-onset changes are expected to cause a decrease in the availability of water resources, while simultaneously leading to an increase in demand as a result of increasing temperatures. Efforts to meet this demand may lead to a reduction in groundwater quantity, which would damage ecosystems and soil health. On the other hand, not meeting the demand may lead to significant health impacts on the population, including dehydration and heat stress. Currently, 97% of available water in the Gaza Strip is undrinkable due to the contamination of the over-pumped coastal aquifer. The quality of water resources may also reduce as a result of runoffs following heavy rain events and floods.', 'The quality of water resources may also reduce as a result of runoffs following heavy rain events and floods. This may lead to contamination of water and food resources, and subsequent impacts on people’s health. Floods may have further impacts on all other sectors of the economy, damaging infrastructure and increasing the risk of landslides. Conditional NDC actions To address these needs, three NDC implementation action plans have been developed for the water sector, on (1) water treatment and conservation, (2) improving water networks infrastructure, and (3) improving water sources infrastructure. The targets contained in these plans form the basis of five conditional actions. In addition, as a high priority, construction and funding of the Gaza Central Desalination Plant are currently being progressed.', 'In addition, as a high priority, construction and funding of the Gaza Central Desalination Plant are currently being progressed. The construction of this desalination plant forms a sixth conditional action. As identified in the NDC Partnership Plan, international funding is also needed to understand the full extent of potential water sources beyond those already identified. Conditional NDC actions a. 70% of the treated wastewater in large-scale wastewater treatment plants in the West Bank and Gaza are re-used by 2030. b. 7 MCM of rainwater in the West Bank is harvested by 2032. c. Non-revenue water is reduced by 15% by 2032. d. 5% of rainwater in priority urban areas is drained and collected by 2032. e. 100% of identified wells and springs are rehabilitated by 2030.f.', '7 MCM of rainwater in the West Bank is harvested by 2032. c. Non-revenue water is reduced by 15% by 2032. d. 5% of rainwater in priority urban areas is drained and collected by 2032. e. 100% of identified wells and springs are rehabilitated by 2030.f. Construction of the Gaza Central Desalination Plant by 2025 to provide 55 million m3 of quality fresh drinking water per year. Coastal and marine (Gaza Strip) Adaptation needs Higher temperatures encourage fish to move from warm, shallow coastal waters into cooler, deeper waters with potentially negative implications for the quantity and quality of the fish catch.', 'Coastal and marine (Gaza Strip) Adaptation needs Higher temperatures encourage fish to move from warm, shallow coastal waters into cooler, deeper waters with potentially negative implications for the quantity and quality of the fish catch. Increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will also lead to acidification of seawater, which will dissolve the shells of some animals, and reduce the rate of survival and affect the behaviour of fish, with consequences for the fish catch and the whole coastal and marine ecosystem. The fishing area in the Gaza Strip has been reduced from the 20 nautical miles stipulated by the Oslo Agreement to 6 nautical miles, which is enforced by Israel. Resultant overfishing has led to diminishing fish populations.', 'Resultant overfishing has led to diminishing fish populations. Israeli restrictions on installation of wastewater treatment plants along the Gaza Strip leads to wastewater seepage directly into the sea, polluting the fishing area. Agricultural land amounts to about 43% of the coastal area and contributes 31% of the Gaza Strip’s total agricultural production. Sea-level rise will accelerate coastal erosion and increase saltwater intrusion, affecting nearby farms.', 'Sea-level rise will accelerate coastal erosion and increase saltwater intrusion, affecting nearby farms. Sea-level rise will also increase wave impact and accelerate coastal erosion, damaging harbours and other coastal structures, and potentially leading to collapse of the coastal beach cliff.10 Conditional NDC actions As identified in the NDC Partnership Plan, international funding is needed to develop an NDC implementation action plan(s) to address the seven adaptation actions for this sector in the Gaza Strip, as identified in the State of Palestine’s First NDC, which remain relevant. Conditional NDC actions a. Rainwater harvesting b.', 'Conditional NDC actions a. Rainwater harvesting b. Construction of detached breakwaters c. Introduction of new saline-tolerant crops d. Enlargement of the fishing area and improving fishing equipment e. Provision of beach nourishment, reclamation, and beach drift rehabilitation f. Provision of laboratories and equipment for data collection and analysis g. Supporting the fish packaging/preservation industry. Food Adaptation needs As discussed above regarding the agricultural sector, domestic food production is sensitive to climate, and is expected to be further impacted by all future climate scenarios. This may lead to food shortages and price instability. There is also a lack of large-scale cold-storage facilities (increasingly problematic due to projected temperature increases), and restrictions on trade 10 State of Palestine Environment Quality Authority (2016).', 'There is also a lack of large-scale cold-storage facilities (increasingly problematic due to projected temperature increases), and restrictions on trade 10 State of Palestine Environment Quality Authority (2016). National Adaptation Plan p. 26-27.in food between West Bank and the Gaza Strip and between these Palestinian territories and international markets. In addition, Palestine imports a significant amount of food for domestic consumption and when global food prices rise, local prices also rise. The State of Palestine lacks access to the finance required to construct large-scale storage facilities and grain silos to import and store food and grain when prices are low during periods of low demand in the international markets.', 'The State of Palestine lacks access to the finance required to construct large-scale storage facilities and grain silos to import and store food and grain when prices are low during periods of low demand in the international markets. Logistical problems, such as the lack of an airport, as well as Israeli barriers to imports increase the cost of trade and, thus, food prices.11 Conditional NDC actions As identified in the NDC Partnership Plan, international funding is needed to develop an NDC implementation action plan(s) to address the four adaptation actions for this sector, identified in the State of Palestine’s First NDC, which remain relevant. Conditional NDC actions a.', 'Logistical problems, such as the lack of an airport, as well as Israeli barriers to imports increase the cost of trade and, thus, food prices.11 Conditional NDC actions As identified in the NDC Partnership Plan, international funding is needed to develop an NDC implementation action plan(s) to address the four adaptation actions for this sector, identified in the State of Palestine’s First NDC, which remain relevant. Conditional NDC actions a. Enhancing agricultural value chain and improving infrastructure for livestock production b. Greenhouse management c. Construction of large-scale cold storage d. Construction of large-scale steel silos for grain to enable import and storage during periods when prices on international markets are low.', 'Enhancing agricultural value chain and improving infrastructure for livestock production b. Greenhouse management c. Construction of large-scale cold storage d. Construction of large-scale steel silos for grain to enable import and storage during periods when prices on international markets are low. Industry Adaptation needs The amount and, therefore, value of raw materials imported by a wide range of industries is potentially sensitive to changes in climate. For example, more raw materials may be imported to produce medicine to treat illnesses resulting from extreme climate conditions, or to produce building insulation in response to extreme climate changes. In addition, storms can damage factories and lead to their collapse. Factories also may not provide a suitable working environment during extremely hot or cold weather (e.g. due to lack of adequate air-conditioning or heating).', 'due to lack of adequate air-conditioning or heating). Lack of suitable storage facilities means that those products that are likely to be most negatively affected by climate include food (particularly frozen and refrigerated products), textiles, furniture, cosmetics, and cleaning products.12 Conditional NDC actions As identified in the NDC Partnership Plan, international funding is needed to develop an NDC implementation action plan(s) to address the six adaptation actions for this sector identified in the State of Palestine’s First NDCs, which remain relevant. Conditional NDC actions a. Replace imported raw materials with local materials whenever possible b. Building fossil-fuel storage facilities c. Rehabilitation and maintenance of industrial facilities and equipment d. Provision of suitable storage facilities for industrial products intended for export 11 State of Palestine Environment Quality Authority (2016).', 'Building fossil-fuel storage facilities c. Rehabilitation and maintenance of industrial facilities and equipment d. Provision of suitable storage facilities for industrial products intended for export 11 State of Palestine Environment Quality Authority (2016). National Adaptation Plan p. 30-31. 12 State of Palestine Environment Quality Authority (2016). National Adaptation Plan p. 35-36.e. Improve handling, fumigation, packaging, and storage techniques for raw materials intended for export f. Capacity building to enable industries to adapt to climate change. The State of Palestine’s First NDCs also included an adaptation action for the industry sector to “Improve water supply through wastewater collection and treatment systems”.', 'The State of Palestine’s First NDCs also included an adaptation action for the industry sector to “Improve water supply through wastewater collection and treatment systems”. This is now addressed by an NDC action for the water sector (above): “70% of the treated wastewater in large-scale wastewater treatment plants in the West Bank and Gaza are re-used by 2030”.', 'This is now addressed by an NDC action for the water sector (above): “70% of the treated wastewater in large-scale wastewater treatment plants in the West Bank and Gaza are re-used by 2030”. Similarly, previous actions to “Reduce energy consumption through introduction of modern production technologies” and “Conduct energy audits to increase industries use of energy efficiency measures” are now addressed under the NDC action for the energy sector (above) to: “Improve energy efficiency by 20% (versus business as usual) across all sectors by 2030.” Finally, a previous action to “Provide reliable electricity supply” is now addressed under the NDC action for the energy sector (above) to: “Upgrade the electricity grid to enable distribution of renewable energy, primarily from solar PV, by 2030.” Terrestrial ecosystems Adaptation needs Palestine’s strategic position at the meeting point between Eurasia and Africa enriches the country s biodiversity.', 'Similarly, previous actions to “Reduce energy consumption through introduction of modern production technologies” and “Conduct energy audits to increase industries use of energy efficiency measures” are now addressed under the NDC action for the energy sector (above) to: “Improve energy efficiency by 20% (versus business as usual) across all sectors by 2030.” Finally, a previous action to “Provide reliable electricity supply” is now addressed under the NDC action for the energy sector (above) to: “Upgrade the electricity grid to enable distribution of renewable energy, primarily from solar PV, by 2030.” Terrestrial ecosystems Adaptation needs Palestine’s strategic position at the meeting point between Eurasia and Africa enriches the country s biodiversity. Species will need to shift their ranges in response to changes in climate.', 'Species will need to shift their ranges in response to changes in climate. However, extreme climatic conditions and human activities limit species abilities to move between terrestrial ecosystems. Ongoing loss of habitat is increasing habitat fragmentation and reducing habitat connectivity, as a result of: creeping urban development; alteration and destruction of habitats; environmental pollution; intensive use of herbicides and pesticides; and human disturbance.13 Conditional NDC actions As identified in the NDC Partnership Plan, international funding is needed to develop an NDC implementation action plan(s) to address the adaptation action for this sector identified in the State of Palestine’s First NDCs, which remains relevant. Conditional NDC action a. National network of protected areas, including 50 protected areas and 51 biodiversity hotspots (West Bank), Wadi Gaza and 3 biodiversity hotspots (Gaza Strip).', 'National network of protected areas, including 50 protected areas and 51 biodiversity hotspots (West Bank), Wadi Gaza and 3 biodiversity hotspots (Gaza Strip). Tourism Adaptation needs The State of Palestine is known worldwide as the “Holy Land”, as it is the focus of three major monotheistic religions. It embraces many historical, cultural, and religious sites, which are potentially major tourist attractions. However, the condition of these sites is sensitive to climate extremes. The State of Palestine has launched a few projects to maintain and improve the condition of the cultural heritage with help from international donors. However, significant 13 State of Palestine Environment Quality Authority (2016). National Adaptation Plan p. 37-38. 14 State of Palestine Environment Quality Authority (2016).', '14 State of Palestine Environment Quality Authority (2016). National Adaptation Plan p. 38.Conditional NDC actions As identified in the NDC Partnership Plan, international funding is needed to develop an NDC implementation action plan to address the adaptation action identified in the State of Palestine’s First NDCs, which remains relevant. Conditional NDC action a. Identify, design, and implement flood management schemes for cultural heritage sites, where appropriate. Urban and infrastructure Adaptation needs Urban areas are sensitive to floods, heat waves, droughts, and other extreme events. Rapid population growth and urbanisation are contributing to the sensitivity of cities to climate.', 'Rapid population growth and urbanisation are contributing to the sensitivity of cities to climate. Road infrastructure is in a poor condition and heavy rainfall can lead to its erosion, collapse, and closure, and to accidents due to the presence of dangerous curves and slopes coupled with a lack of retaining walls, traffic signals, and pedestrian bridges. Recent developments, particularly in the Gaza Strip, have used imported western styles of architecture and techniques that are ill-suited to Palestine’s climatic conditions. New urban centres include modern high-rise buildings with glass facades; the antithesis of thermal massing.', 'New urban centres include modern high-rise buildings with glass facades; the antithesis of thermal massing. These towers feature inoperable windows and create significant energy demand to power air conditioning systems.15 Conditional NDC actions As identified in the NDC Partnership Plan, international funding is needed to develop an NDC implementation action plan(s) to address the two adaptation actions identified in the State of Palestine’s First NDCs, which remain relevant. Conditional NDC actions a) Promoting green buildings b) Rehabilitation of resilient road infrastructure.', 'Conditional NDC actions a) Promoting green buildings b) Rehabilitation of resilient road infrastructure. 6.1 Mitigation contribution Palestine is committed to ensuring that its emissions pathway is in line with the global objective of the UNFCCC and Article 2.1(a) of the Paris Agreement to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C. Palestine’s approach is to prioritise high-emitting sectors such as, power generation, transport, and waste. A new mitigation analysis has been carried out to produce the mitigation chapter of Palestine’s First BUR,16 which informs the Updated NDCs. This new analysis clearly highlights the State 15 State of Palestine Environment Quality Authority (2016). National Adaptation Plan p. 39.', 'National Adaptation Plan p. 39. 16 EQA (2021) First BUR of the State of Palestine: Mitigation Chapterof Palestine’s increased ambition, as compared to its First NDCs. Palestine’s updated total carbon reduction by 2040 equates to a total of 2.8 Mt CO2 e (Status-quo Scenario) and 4.6 Mt e (Independence Scenario). The State of Palestine, therefore, increases its commitment to reduce its GHG emissions by 17.5% by 2040 relative to the business-as-usual (BAU) levels under a scenario where the Israeli occupation continues (Status-quo Scenario), and by 26.6% by 2040 under a scenario where the Israeli occupation ends17 (Independence Scenario). In comparison, in its First NDCs (2017), Palestine committed to a 12.8% reduction (Status-quo Scenario) and 24.4% reduction (Independence Scenario) respectively.', 'In comparison, in its First NDCs (2017), Palestine committed to a 12.8% reduction (Status-quo Scenario) and 24.4% reduction (Independence Scenario) respectively. Status-quo and Independence Scenarios Palestine considers two business-as-usual (BAU) scenarios when projecting its emissions until 2040: the Status-quo Scenario; and the Independence Scenario. The NDCs’ mitigation target addresses economy-wide reductions below BAU targets with the difference that there is a target for both scenarios: status-quo and independence. It is assumed that independence will lead to increased economic activity and the increased return of Palestinian refugees following the successful conclusion of negotiations and resultant improvements in economic and political conditions. Therefore, the Independence Scenario has a higher average growth rate, in terms of population and GDP, than the Status-quo Scenario.', 'Therefore, the Independence Scenario has a higher average growth rate, in terms of population and GDP, than the Status-quo Scenario. The Low Emissions Analysis Platform (LEAP) model was used to re-assess the two BAU scenarios via updates to the key growth factors (population and GDP) used in each sector, derived from the Palestine Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS). Table 2 illustrates the differences in the growth factors used for the Status-quo and Independence Scenarios. Table 2: Differences in the growth factors used for the Status-quo and Independence Scenarios Factor Status-quo Independence Average population growth Gaza power plant transmission constraint 0.5 (i.e., the plant is operating at 50% of its capacity due to the Israeli occupation) 0 (i.e., the plant is operating at its full capacity) Electricity imports The starting point is 90% imported, and 10% produced.', 'Table 2: Differences in the growth factors used for the Status-quo and Independence Scenarios Factor Status-quo Independence Average population growth Gaza power plant transmission constraint 0.5 (i.e., the plant is operating at 50% of its capacity due to the Israeli occupation) 0 (i.e., the plant is operating at its full capacity) Electricity imports The starting point is 90% imported, and 10% produced. Once the West Bank power plants are operational, imports will decrease after 2025 to be between 50 and 60%. Imports will decrease gradually to zero in 2040. By 2040, BAU emissions are projected to reach 15.93 MtCO2 e in the Status- quo and Independence Scenarios, respectively. The NDC mitigation actions discussed in the following sections, which are conditional on receiving international support, can achieve 17 This reduction is conditional on the provision of international support.', 'The NDC mitigation actions discussed in the following sections, which are conditional on receiving international support, can achieve 17 This reduction is conditional on the provision of international support. 18 For the Status-quo Scenario, the GDP growth rate was based on projections in the INCR and confirmed from the State of Palestine’s Green Climate Fund (GCF) Country Programme (2020), and for the Independence Scenario, it was based on the INCR. 19 For the Status-quo Scenario, the average population growth rate was calculated PCBS (2009-2021), and for the Independence Scenario, it was based on the INCR.e in 2040 compared to the BAU Status-quo Scenario and 4.6 MtCO2 e compared to the BAU Independence Scenario (see Figure 1).', '19 For the Status-quo Scenario, the average population growth rate was calculated PCBS (2009-2021), and for the Independence Scenario, it was based on the INCR.e in 2040 compared to the BAU Status-quo Scenario and 4.6 MtCO2 e compared to the BAU Independence Scenario (see Figure 1). Unlike for Palestine’s First NDCs, the BAU emissions and NDC mitigation actions take into account emissions from imported electricity (mainly from Israel). For this reason, emissions appear to increase significantly in 2019 in the figure below, as from this point emissions from imported electricity are included. This figure also incorporates the projected increase in emissions in 2019 contained in Palestine’s first NDC, due to a planned cement factory becoming operational.', 'This figure also incorporates the projected increase in emissions in 2019 contained in Palestine’s first NDC, due to a planned cement factory becoming operational. Figure 1: Differences in emissions between the BAU and mitigation pathways in the Status-quo and Independence Scenarios, as included in the mitigation chapter of the First BUR 6.2 Baseline GHG emissions The baseline year chosen for the GHG Inventory is 2011, as this baseline year was used in the State of Palestine’s Intended NDC and First NDC.', 'Figure 1: Differences in emissions between the BAU and mitigation pathways in the Status-quo and Independence Scenarios, as included in the mitigation chapter of the First BUR 6.2 Baseline GHG emissions The baseline year chosen for the GHG Inventory is 2011, as this baseline year was used in the State of Palestine’s Intended NDC and First NDC. The total emissions in 2011 were 3.2 e. The country’s emissions per capita (for the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and the Gaza Strip) were approximately 0.8 tCO2 e in 2011, which is substantially less than the global average of 6.73 tCO2 e per capita in 2011.20 The energy sector (including transport) was the largest source of GHG emissions with 2 e emitted in 2011 (62% of the national total emissions).', 'The total emissions in 2011 were 3.2 e. The country’s emissions per capita (for the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and the Gaza Strip) were approximately 0.8 tCO2 e in 2011, which is substantially less than the global average of 6.73 tCO2 e per capita in 2011.20 The energy sector (including transport) was the largest source of GHG emissions with 2 e emitted in 2011 (62% of the national total emissions). Waste is the second largest contributor to overall GHG emissions (23% of total national emissions in 2011), followed by agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) (approximately 15% of national total GHG emissions in 2011), as shown in Figure 2.', 'Waste is the second largest contributor to overall GHG emissions (23% of total national emissions in 2011), followed by agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) (approximately 15% of national total GHG emissions in 2011), as shown in Figure 2. The industrial processes and product use (IPPU) sector is not represented in Figure 2 because there were no direct GHG emissions reported from it.', 'The industrial processes and product use (IPPU) sector is not represented in Figure 2 because there were no direct GHG emissions reported from it. 20 Greenhouse gas time series 1990-2015 per capita emissions for world countries 100-Year GWP: Direct (At Point of Emissions) All Fuels, All GHGs Million Metric Tonnes CO2 Equivalent < Historical Scenario > BAU Status quo BAU Independence All mitigation independence All mitigation status quoFigure 2: Total GHG by sector in 2011 (Mt CO2e), as included in the mitigation chapter of the First BUR 6.3 BAU projections for both Status-quo and Independence Scenarios Status-quo Scenario The total GHG emissions in the BAU Status-quo Scenario are projected to be 15.93 Mt CO2 e in 2040. The total GHG emissions under this scenario, therefore, increase 2.4 times between 2015 and 2040.', 'The total GHG emissions under this scenario, therefore, increase 2.4 times between 2015 and 2040. In 2040 power generation21 is the highest emitting sector followed by transport, waste, residential, industrial, AFOLU and commercial sectors. In the power generation sector, the introduction of the West Bank North and West Bank South gas power plants has a main role in increasing emissions. The industrial sector is one of the main sectors in terms of the rate of emissions growth due to the commissioning of the proposed cement plant in 2025, increasing the sector’s emissions by about five times compared to 2020. The increase in emissions in the AFOLU, residential, and commercial sectors is in line with increases in population and GDP.', 'The increase in emissions in the AFOLU, residential, and commercial sectors is in line with increases in population and GDP. The Status-quo Scenario baseline projections of GHG emissions are sensitive to the assumptions (see Table 1) regarding how activity in the different GHG emitting source sectors will change in future. These assumptions include that 90% of Palestine’s energy is imported from Israel and that the Gaza Power Plant (GPP) will operate at full capacity but with a transmission constraint of 50% due to Israeli occupation. Projections of GHG emissions in 2040 for the BAU Status-quo Scenario and BAU Independence are 21% and 24.5% higher respectively than reported in the First NDCs. These increases are mainly driven by revised assumptions regarding transport and power generation.', 'These increases are mainly driven by revised assumptions regarding transport and power generation. Additionally, emissions from electricity consumption in the wastewater and water sectors are accounted for in the new mitigation analysis. All remaining commercial, residential, and AFOLU sectors have equivalent values to those reported in the First NDCs. Independence Scenario Under the BAU Independence Scenario, Palestine achieves independence and control over its resources, borders, and power plants, and has higher GDP and population growth, resulting 21 Accounting for electricity imports. Energy Waste AFOLU Energy Waste AFOLUin higher emissions in all sectors. The total GHG emissions in the baseline scenario are projected to be 22.49 Mt CO2 e in 2040.', 'The total GHG emissions in the baseline scenario are projected to be 22.49 Mt CO2 e in 2040. As in the BAU Status-quo Scenario, power generation is the largest emitting sector, and the transport is second single sources of GHG emissions in 2040. The Independence Scenario baseline projections are sensitive to the assumptions regarding how activity in the different GHG emitting source sectors will change into the future. See Table 1 for an overview of assumptions used for the BAU Independence Scenario. The Independence Scenario has a higher average growth rate in terms of population and GDP than the status quo scenario. It is assumed that the GPP will operate on full capacity in the BAU Independence Scenario instead of 50% as in the BAU Status-quo Scenario.', 'It is assumed that the GPP will operate on full capacity in the BAU Independence Scenario instead of 50% as in the BAU Status-quo Scenario. The imported electricity is also assumed to decrease to zero in 2040 in the BAU Independence Scenario as Palestine’s new power plants will be operating at full capacity by 2040 and the renewable electricity target will be met. When comparing the 2017 NDC projections with the updated BAU projections, there is an 24.5% increase in GHG emissions in 2040 in the new BAU Independence Scenario. Similar to the BAU Status-quo Scenario, the key reason for this increase is the inclusion of GHG emissions derived from imported electricity from Israel.', 'Similar to the BAU Status-quo Scenario, the key reason for this increase is the inclusion of GHG emissions derived from imported electricity from Israel. However, it is important to note that electricity imports are assumed to be phased out as Palestine’s new power plants come online and are fully operational by 2040. Therefore, the emissions derived from electricity imports decrease over time as there is a gradual reduction in imports. As with the BAU Status-quo Scenario, the difference also arises due to new data derived from the energy balance data (2018) and electricity consumption in the wastewater and water sectors. 6.4 Fairness and ambition The State of Palestine’s updated NDC represents a fair and ambitious contribution to the objectives of the Paris Agreement.', '6.4 Fairness and ambition The State of Palestine’s updated NDC represents a fair and ambitious contribution to the objectives of the Paris Agreement. The conditional contribution represents a significant progression towards the State of Palestine’s vision of reducing current GHG emissions. The scale of the emissions reductions is 2.8 Mt CO2 e in 2040, as compared to the BAU Status- quo Scenario, and 4.6 Mt CO2 e, as compared to the BAU Independence Scenario. As previously mentioned, Palestine is responsible for less than 0.01% of global emissions, which puts into perspective the State’s commitment and ambition. The State of Palestine’s updated NDC is also ambitious in light of the country’s challenging political circumstances. The Israeli occupation obstructs Palestine’s ability to implement mitigation actions in a wide range of ways.', 'The Israeli occupation obstructs Palestine’s ability to implement mitigation actions in a wide range of ways. It is difficult for Palestine to have full control over its emissions profile, as it is almost entirely dependent on imported energy from Israel due to political and logistical factors. In addition, the occupation prevents Palestine from controlling its own borders. Moreover, the flow of information, cooperation and coordination between staff members that work on climate change in both the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and the Gaza Strip is hindered by the inability to move freely between these areas.', 'Moreover, the flow of information, cooperation and coordination between staff members that work on climate change in both the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and the Gaza Strip is hindered by the inability to move freely between these areas. However, despite the State of Palestine’s small share of global GHG emissions, low level of economic development and challenging political circumstances, the Palestinian Government is committed to making a fair and ambitious contribution to global efforts to limit emissions consistent with the objectives of the UNFCCC.', 'However, despite the State of Palestine’s small share of global GHG emissions, low level of economic development and challenging political circumstances, the Palestinian Government is committed to making a fair and ambitious contribution to global efforts to limit emissions consistent with the objectives of the UNFCCC. The Palestinian Government reaffirms its belief that all countries must play their part to deliver an effective solution to climate change.6.5 Achieving the national emissions reduction target Achieving the NDC’s national emissions reduction target by 2040 will require significant action across all sectors, building on the work that the country has already done.', 'The Palestinian Government reaffirms its belief that all countries must play their part to deliver an effective solution to climate change.6.5 Achieving the national emissions reduction target Achieving the NDC’s national emissions reduction target by 2040 will require significant action across all sectors, building on the work that the country has already done. As noted above in Section 5 on adaptation, detailed NDC implementation action plans have recently been developed for six sectors: agriculture, energy, health, transport, waste, and water.22 These plans build upon and update the NDC actions set out in Palestine’s First NDC. Energy is the priority sector in terms of the share of total GHG emissions and the number of NDC mitigation actions.', 'Energy is the priority sector in terms of the share of total GHG emissions and the number of NDC mitigation actions. The energy and transport sectors together represent the largest source of GHG emissions in Palestine (62% of overall emissions)23. Each subsection outlines: a. The current situation regarding emissions and the BAU scenarios without mitigation actions b. The State of Palestine’s NDC mitigation actions (as amended by the NDC implementation action plans), which are conditional on receiving international support. Energy sector Mitigation needs At present, Palestine imports most of its electricity; however, it is expected that the West Bank South and North power plants will progressively become fully operational by 2040.', 'Energy sector Mitigation needs At present, Palestine imports most of its electricity; however, it is expected that the West Bank South and North power plants will progressively become fully operational by 2040. Taking into account emissions associated with electricity from the Israeli grid, it is expected that the sector’s emissions will represent 45.5% of Palestine’s total emissions by 2030 and 48.3% by 2040 in the BAU Status-quo Scenario, and 46.6% by 2030 and 46.3% by 2040 in the BAU Independence Scenario. Energy use and associated GHG emissions are projected to increase with population and economic growth. Reducing this energy demand through energy efficiency will help to reduce GHG emissions. In particular, energy efficiency in the household sector can offset household- level emission increases due to population and economic growth.', 'In particular, energy efficiency in the household sector can offset household- level emission increases due to population and economic growth. One example that demonstrates the scale of possible emission reductions from energy efficiency is that enforcement of Palestine s building standards (that set limits on heat losses from residential and commercial buildings) could save 510,000 tonnes CO2 e per year by 2040. Another example is that a 1% annual improvement in lighting demand could see savings of around e per year across all buildings24. Improving Palestine’s electricity grid is crucial to enable diversification of energy sources and integration of renewable energy sources. It will enable Palestine to reduce its heavy reliance on imported energy, increase domestic renewable-energy generation, and significantly reduce GHG emissions.', 'It will enable Palestine to reduce its heavy reliance on imported energy, increase domestic renewable-energy generation, and significantly reduce GHG emissions. Additional benefits will include a reduction in electricity losses, thus, reducing the amount of energy generation required, thereby, further helping to decrease GHG emissions. 22 While the NAP identifies gender as a separate vulnerable sector, the NDC implementation action plans mainstream gender, ensuring all activities identified as gender-relevant are planned in ways that ensure they are at least gender-sensitive and at best gender-transformative. 23 INCR of the State of Palestine. 24 INCR of the State of Palestine.Conditional NDC actions To reduce the sector’s GHG emissions, three NDC implementation action plans have been developed on: (1) Renewable energy production, (2) Energy efficiency, and (3) Energy distribution.', '24 INCR of the State of Palestine.Conditional NDC actions To reduce the sector’s GHG emissions, three NDC implementation action plans have been developed on: (1) Renewable energy production, (2) Energy efficiency, and (3) Energy distribution. The targets contained in these plans form the basis of three conditional actions. Conditional NDC actions a. 20-33% of electricity to be generated from renewable energy by 2040, primarily from solar PV b. Improve energy efficiency by 20% (versus business as usual) across all sectors by 2030. c. Upgrade of the electricity grid to enable distribution of renewable energy, primarily from solar PV, by 2030. The energy sector’s achievement of progress to date and cumulative mitigation contribution to 2040 are included in the mitigation chapter of the First BUR.', 'The energy sector’s achievement of progress to date and cumulative mitigation contribution to 2040 are included in the mitigation chapter of the First BUR. AFOLU Sector Mitigation needs Palestine s forests were assessed in 2011 as the only sector representing a net carbon sink. They occupy approximately 102 km2 (1.7% of the country) and were estimated to absorb e per year25. According to the 2018 National GHG Inventory, the AFOLU sector currently contributes 11.5% of the country emissions, i.e., 523.03 kt CO2 e.20 It is expected that GHG emissions from the AFOLU sector will reach around 910 ktCO2 e in the BAU Status-quo Scenario by 2040. It is important to note majority of Palestine’s land resources are located in Area C, which is under full Israeli control.', 'It is important to note majority of Palestine’s land resources are located in Area C, which is under full Israeli control. This represents 61% of Palestinian agricultural land26. Therefore, it is expected that under the BAU Independence Scenario, the emissions from the AFOLU sector will increase to 1,360 ktCO2 e by 2040. Afforestation has the potential to increase the contribution of AFOLU to climate mitigation by increasing carbon sequestration. Increasing forest area by 200 hectares per year over five years could sequester an additional 9,000 tonnes CO2 e per year over that period and continue to provide long-term mitigation benefits at a lower rate thereafter.27 Expanding climate-smart agriculture (CSA) will improve water-use efficiency and use alternative water resources.', 'Increasing forest area by 200 hectares per year over five years could sequester an additional 9,000 tonnes CO2 e per year over that period and continue to provide long-term mitigation benefits at a lower rate thereafter.27 Expanding climate-smart agriculture (CSA) will improve water-use efficiency and use alternative water resources. It will encourage a shift from diesel-powered water pumps with solar water pumping for agricultural purposes. Additionally, CSA will promote the use of animal and agricultural waste for energy production, reduce fertiliser use, increase soil organic matter by organic fertilisation and apply conservation principles. Conditional NDC actions To reduce the sector’s GHG emissions, two NDC implementation action plans have been developed on: (1) Climate-resilient land planning and management, and (2) Climate- smart agriculture.', 'Conditional NDC actions To reduce the sector’s GHG emissions, two NDC implementation action plans have been developed on: (1) Climate-resilient land planning and management, and (2) Climate- smart agriculture. Although the CSA implementation plan was primarily developed from an 25 EQA (2021) First BUR of the State of Palestine: Mitigation Chapter 26 Ministry of Agriculture 2016: National Agriculture Sector Strategy (2017-2022) “Resilience and Sustainable Development”, Palestine 27 State of Palestine Environment Quality Authority (2016). National Adaptation Plan p. 109-110.adaptation perspective, a reduction in emissions from the agriculture sector using resources more efficiently will be an associated co-benefit. Conditional NDC actions a. An annual increase of 2% until 2040 in the total area of forest land, rangeland and upland rehabilitated and sustainably managed b.', 'An annual increase of 2% until 2040 in the total area of forest land, rangeland and upland rehabilitated and sustainably managed b. 50% of farms in the State of Palestine apply gender-sensitive CSA by 2040. The AFOLU sector’s achievement of progress to date and cumulative mitigation contribution to 2040 are included in the mitigation chapter of the First BUR. Transport sector Mitigation needs Emissions from road transport represent around 30% of Palestine s total GHG emissions. If the current fleet remains unchanged, emissions are projected to grow proportionally to population growth. Hence, it is crucial to ensure that a growth in population and road transport activity does not translate into a substantial increase in emissions.', 'Hence, it is crucial to ensure that a growth in population and road transport activity does not translate into a substantial increase in emissions. Older vehicles used in Palestine emit much more carbon dioxide, particulate matter, and nitrogen oxides than newer vehicles. Therefore, it is intended that older vehicles will be phased out and steps taken to ensure remaining vehicles are more efficient and well maintained. To achieve a substantial reduction in emissions from the passenger fleet it will be essential to increase EVs, thus, encouraging a decrease in fossil-fuelled vehicles. Palestine has a very limited national public transport network. The population relies on privately-owned vehicles for transportation.', 'The population relies on privately-owned vehicles for transportation. Encouraging the use of public transport, in addition to bus rapid transport will reduce the number of vehicles on the road and congestion, thereby, reducing emissions per person and emissions per trip. Conditional NDC actions To reduce the sector’s GHG emissions, two NDC implementation action plans have been developed on: (1) Reducing emissions in the road transport sector, and (2) Promoting sustainable road usage. Conditional NDC actions a.', 'Conditional NDC actions To reduce the sector’s GHG emissions, two NDC implementation action plans have been developed on: (1) Reducing emissions in the road transport sector, and (2) Promoting sustainable road usage. Conditional NDC actions a. Reducing the emissions of the passenger vehicle fleet by 8% by 2030, and 24% by 2040 b. Scrapping 60% of vehicles older than 20 years by 2030 and scrapping all vehicles older than c. Conducting statutory tests on 30% of on-road vehicles by 2030, and 60% by 2040 d. 20% of all small transit vehicles are replaced with larger capacity buses by 2030, and 40% e. The overall number of vehicles is reduced by 20% by 2030 and 40% by 2040.', 'Reducing the emissions of the passenger vehicle fleet by 8% by 2030, and 24% by 2040 b. Scrapping 60% of vehicles older than 20 years by 2030 and scrapping all vehicles older than c. Conducting statutory tests on 30% of on-road vehicles by 2030, and 60% by 2040 d. 20% of all small transit vehicles are replaced with larger capacity buses by 2030, and 40% e. The overall number of vehicles is reduced by 20% by 2030 and 40% by 2040. The transport sector’s achievement of progress to date and cumulative mitigation contribution to 2040 are included in the mitigation chapter of the First BUR.Waste and wastewater sector Mitigation needs In Palestine, GHG emissions in the waste sector mainly originate from wastewater handling and solid waste disposal on land.', 'The transport sector’s achievement of progress to date and cumulative mitigation contribution to 2040 are included in the mitigation chapter of the First BUR.Waste and wastewater sector Mitigation needs In Palestine, GHG emissions in the waste sector mainly originate from wastewater handling and solid waste disposal on land. In the 2018 National GHG inventory, the emissions in the waste sector reached 931.89 ktCO2 e, equivalent to 20.6% of national emissions. Wastewater treatment and discharge contributed 60.9% to the sectoral emissions and solid waste disposal 39.1%. It is expected that under the BAU Status-quo Scenario, emissions will reach 1,600 e under the BAU independence scenario by 2040. ) is a powerful greenhouses gas with a 100-year global warming potential 28- .', 'is a powerful greenhouses gas with a 100-year global warming potential 28- . Measured over a 20-year period, that ratio grows to 84-86 times.28 It is estimated that methane accounts for more than 75% of GHG emissions from the waste sector in Palestine29. Improved management of leachate from landfill sites and reducing waste sent to landfill will contribute to reducing methane emissions, albeit these benefits will be small compared with the total emissions from the waste sector. The current vehicle fleet used for waste collection in Palestine is extremely old30. Vehicles in the fleet are inefficient and, therefore, emit much larger quantities of CO2 than modern vehicles. Improving the waste collection system will have mitigation benefits by upgrading the vehicle fleet to newer, more environmentally-friendly vehicles.', 'Improving the waste collection system will have mitigation benefits by upgrading the vehicle fleet to newer, more environmentally-friendly vehicles. However, there is also a need to increase the numbers of vehicles in use. Hence, the reductions in emissions per vehicle may be counterbalanced by the increase in the number of waste collection vehicles emitting CO2. Further mitigation benefits may arise from the improved waste collection system by decreasing the likelihood of waste being burned in-situ. The primary methods of disposing of waste in Palestine are to send it to sanitary landfill sites or to random dumpsites, which are major sources of GHG emissions, particularly methane emitted during the decomposition of waste.', 'The primary methods of disposing of waste in Palestine are to send it to sanitary landfill sites or to random dumpsites, which are major sources of GHG emissions, particularly methane emitted during the decomposition of waste. Collecting and using methane for electricity generation and using waste for electricity generation” will have important mitigation benefits by reducing the amount of methane from landfill that is left to escape to the surroundings. Conditional NDC actions To reduce the sector’s GHG emissions, two NDC implementation action plans have been developed on: (1) Improving waste management, and (2) Reducing emissions in the waste management sector. Conditional NDC actions a. Reduce the volume of leachate by 50% by 2030 from suitable landfill sites b.', 'Reduce the volume of leachate by 50% by 2030 from suitable landfill sites b. Reduce the amount of waste for final disposal in landfill sites by 30% by 2030 and by 50% c. Increase the amount of waste reused or recycled by 30% by 2030 and by 40% by 2040 d. Increase the amount of waste collected to 90% by 2030 and to 100% by 2040. 28 UNECE, Methane Management: the Challenge 29 The State of Palestine’s Initial National Communication Report. 30 Thöni, V. & Matar, S.K.I. (2019) Solid Waste Management in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, West Bank including East Jerusalem & the Gaza Strip. CESVI.e.', '(2019) Solid Waste Management in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, West Bank including East Jerusalem & the Gaza Strip. CESVI.e. Modernise (replacement of working equipment) 70% of the collection system by 2030 and f. 30% reduction of methane emissions from landfill sites by 2030 and 70% reduction by g. 80MW of electricity produced from combustion of solid waste and methane at landfill sites in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip by 2030 and 140MW by 2040. The waste sector’s achievement of progress to date and cumulative mitigation contribution to 2040 are included in the mitigation chapter of the First BUR.', 'The waste sector’s achievement of progress to date and cumulative mitigation contribution to 2040 are included in the mitigation chapter of the First BUR. Industrial processes and product use (IPPU) sector Mitigation needs GHG emissions from the IPPU sector are expected to reach around 660 ktCO2 e in the BAU Status-quo Scenario by 2040. Under the BAU Independence Scenario, GHG emissions from the IPPU sector are expected to amount to 1,130 ktCO2 e in 2040. Small family-owned businesses mainly comprise the industrial sector in Palestine. Large enterprises are still very limited in number. The stone and marble sector are one of the largest and most active industries in Palestine. Other relevant industries in the country are the food manufacturing and agricultural industries.', 'Other relevant industries in the country are the food manufacturing and agricultural industries. With no heavy industry existent in the country, the emissions from industrial processes and product use (IPPU) were not estimated by the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics in their 2018 GHG national inventory. The Government is currently preparing for the construction of a cement factory in the West Bank. To partially mitigate the emissions of this plant, the use of municipal solid waste as an alternative fuel for cement production is proposed. Conditional NDC action Conditional NDC action a. Municipal solid waste used as a substitute for 30% of pet coke in cement production by 2040 (5% in 2025, linear increase until 30% in 2040).', 'Municipal solid waste used as a substitute for 30% of pet coke in cement production by 2040 (5% in 2025, linear increase until 30% in 2040). The IPPU sector’s conditional action is still in the planning phase. The sector’s cumulative mitigation contribution to 2040 are included in the mitigation chapter of the First BUR. Climate-related measurement, reporting, and verification (MRV) in Palestine is being strengthened through support from the NDC Partnership’s Climate Action Enhancement Package (CAEP). The World Bank is preparing a roadmap for establishing a national MRV system in relation to climate mitigation in Palestine. It will be designed to be compatible with the Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF) under the Paris Agreement.', 'It will be designed to be compatible with the Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF) under the Paris Agreement. Following an initial pilot and after identifying needs for customisation, a plan for the MRV system across all sectors will be developed and implemented to enable reporting from 2024. The MRV system will take advantage of the existing institutional set up for data collection for the GHG Inventory. EQA will be the main entity at the national level that monitorsimplementation of the NDC mitigation actions. It will be responsible for collecting and managing data and information from the relevant sectoral ministries, as well as the reporting and verification of the information nationally and internationally.', 'It will be responsible for collecting and managing data and information from the relevant sectoral ministries, as well as the reporting and verification of the information nationally and internationally. Data collection regarding the implementation of NDC mitigation actions will be led by the sectoral ministries and will be shared with EQA. The MRV system will be integrated horizontally across ministries and vertically between different levels of national and local government. Like all countries, Palestine is currently preparing for the ETF coming into effect in 2024. The ETF requires progress indicators to track implementation of NDC adaptation actions.', 'The ETF requires progress indicators to track implementation of NDC adaptation actions. Thus, one of the activities identified in the State of Palestine’s NDC Partnership Plan is the establishment of a monitoring and evaluation system for adaptation that meets the requirements for reporting in line with the ETF, including special consideration of gender issues. The Technology Roadmap for the Implementation of Climate Action Plans in Palestine includes a strategy that identifies roles and responsibilities and a logical results framework.31 Furthermore, in developing the NDC implementation action plans, Palestine has rephrased NDC adaptation actions as “SMART” targets that can be used as key performance indicators (KPIs) and established baselines for them. It has also done the same regarding all further needs identified in its NDC Partnership Plan.', 'It has also done the same regarding all further needs identified in its NDC Partnership Plan. The KPIs developed enable monitoring of outputs. Monitoring of outcomes (i.e. reductions in climate vulnerabilities and impacts) is more difficult due to a lack of current quantitative data with which to set baselines and related issues with quantifying observations going forwards. Steps may be taken to address the current lack of quantitative national datasets in relation to the ‘highly vulnerable’ issues (and their component climate sensitivities and adaptive capacities). However, the simplest monitoring solution may be to replicate the systematic process used by the NAP to identify and prioritise vulnerabilities and adaptation options each time the NAP is reviewed and updated.', 'However, the simplest monitoring solution may be to replicate the systematic process used by the NAP to identify and prioritise vulnerabilities and adaptation options each time the NAP is reviewed and updated. This qualitative process would continue to involve a wide cross-section of national stakeholders. Article 13 of the Paris Agreement, which establishes the ETF, suggests that developing country parties are encouraged to communicate the international support that they need and have received, as well as to encompass a wider range of climate finance reporting and transparency measures.', 'Article 13 of the Paris Agreement, which establishes the ETF, suggests that developing country parties are encouraged to communicate the international support that they need and have received, as well as to encompass a wider range of climate finance reporting and transparency measures. Thus, one of the activities for which funding is sought in the State of Palestine’s NDC Partnership Plan is the establishment of a Climate Change Financing Framework (CCFF) with instruments and measures to ensure accountability over the use of climate finance to the public and to beneficiaries. This will thereby increase transparency for investors and create an attractive environment for financial flows. It is intended that the State of Palestine’s CCFF will consider various approaches to ensuring that climate finance flows are reported transparently.', 'It is intended that the State of Palestine’s CCFF will consider various approaches to ensuring that climate finance flows are reported transparently. These include: a) Climate-budget tagging for tracking and monitoring expenditure related to the NDC Partnership Plan to provide clarity about where funding gaps remain. b) Establishing clear climate change budgeting and appraisal guidelines to identify funding gaps and provide investors with clarity. 31 Technology Road Map for Palestine s Implementation of Climate Action Plans (INCR, NAP and NDC)c) Integrating climate-expenditure tracking with the MRV system for mitigation and monitoring and evaluation of adaptation. d) Considering implementing the requirements of different non-financial disclosure reporting frameworks, such as the United Nations Principles for Responsible Investment, which consider social and governance aspects in addition to the environmental dimension.', 'd) Considering implementing the requirements of different non-financial disclosure reporting frameworks, such as the United Nations Principles for Responsible Investment, which consider social and governance aspects in addition to the environmental dimension. e) Defining roles for monitoring and tracking climate finance flows, some of which may lie outside of government, in line with Palestine’s institutional arrangements. f) Ensuring appropriate capacity building. 8 Action for Climate Empowerment Action for Climate Empowerment (ACE) is a term adopted by the UNFCCC to denote work under Article 6 of the Convention and Article 12 of the Paris Agreement. The overarching goal of ACE is to empower all members of society to engage in climate action, through education, training, public awareness, public participation, public access to information, and international cooperation on these issues.', 'The overarching goal of ACE is to empower all members of society to engage in climate action, through education, training, public awareness, public participation, public access to information, and international cooperation on these issues. The State of Palestine regards ACE initiatives as an ideal opportunity to engage youth, women, and other vulnerable groups in NDC implementation, including enhancing the visibility and best use of the latest available science by incorporating it into educational programmes at different levels. Some communication and outreach activities to support implementation of Palestine’s Updated NDC are planned to begin shortly through CAEP support. These will involve developing a set of communication and outreach tools that are effective, clear, locally relevant, tailored to the target audience, and co-developed with stakeholders.', 'These will involve developing a set of communication and outreach tools that are effective, clear, locally relevant, tailored to the target audience, and co-developed with stakeholders. The dissemination of these messages will utilise a range of different communication channels, recognising that information needs to be delivered when and how different target audiences need it. The State of Palestine recognises that impacts of climate change are not gender neutral32. Globally, women and girls are disproportionately affected by the impacts of the climate crisis, as existing vulnerabilities are intensified and intersect with a range of social, economic and political inequalities33. A business-as-usual approach is likely to exacerbate existing inequalities and limit the opportunities for gender-sensitive and, where appropriate, gender- responsive adaptation actions that may improve gender equality.', 'A business-as-usual approach is likely to exacerbate existing inequalities and limit the opportunities for gender-sensitive and, where appropriate, gender- responsive adaptation actions that may improve gender equality. At the UNFCCC’s 25th Conference of the Parties in 2019 the Enhanced Lima Work Programme on Gender and its gender action plan acknowledged the need for gender mainstreaming through all relevant targets and goals, noting that gender-responsive implementation of climate policy and action can raise ambition, enhance gender equality, and promote a just transition of the workforce34. Integrating gender equality into development leads to better outcomes in terms of economic efficiency, productivity and policy choices35. Gender 32 Toolkit for a Gender-Responsive Process to Formulate and Implement National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) (2019), p.2.', 'Gender 32 Toolkit for a Gender-Responsive Process to Formulate and Implement National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) (2019), p.2. 33 Climate change, agriculture and gender in Gaza: Assessing the implications of the climate crisis for smallholder farming and gender within olive and grape value chains in Gaza (2020), p.5. 34 Report of the Conference of the Parties on its twenty-fifth session, held in Madrid from 2 to 15 December 2019 (2019), p.6-15. 35 World Development Report 2012: Gender Equality and Development (2012), p.3-6.responsive solutions can help to tackle poverty and inequality while providing better community representation and technical solutions36.', '35 World Development Report 2012: Gender Equality and Development (2012), p.3-6.responsive solutions can help to tackle poverty and inequality while providing better community representation and technical solutions36. Palestine’s technology roadmap is designed to be gender responsive and makes recommendations throughout to ensure that the differing needs of women and men (along with other groups, including youth, persons with disabilities, and refugees) are met. It provides recommendations to ensure that all solutions adopted by Palestine are designed through a gender and inclusion perspective, including through providing opportunities for inclusive participation, capacity, and skill-building. Palestine’s NDC implementation action plans (which include targets used to update the conditional actions contained in the First NDC) were reviewed by a team of gender experts, including a representative of Ministry of Women’s Affairs.', 'Palestine’s NDC implementation action plans (which include targets used to update the conditional actions contained in the First NDC) were reviewed by a team of gender experts, including a representative of Ministry of Women’s Affairs. Activities identified as “gender- relevant” were devised to ensure that they are at least gender-sensitive37 and at best gender- transformative38.', 'Activities identified as “gender- relevant” were devised to ensure that they are at least gender-sensitive37 and at best gender- transformative38. Palestine’s NDC Partnership Plan includes an output to enhance awareness of, and therefore support for, climate action amongst the general public, supported by a key performance indicator (KPI) that: “by 2030, at least an additional 30% of the population, particularly women, is aware of measures that they can take to support adaptation and mitigation efforts.” 9 Means of implementation The State of Palestine’s commitment to delivering actions identified in the Updated NDCs is conditional on receiving international support. Without it, their implementation will be challenging, if not impossible. The most important means of necessary support are: technology transfer, capacity building, and finance.', 'The most important means of necessary support are: technology transfer, capacity building, and finance. 9.1 Technology transfer Technology transfer has been recognised globally for its critical role in responding to the challenges of climate change. Removing barriers to accessing the latest available technologies is essential to respond to the climate change challenge. There are many different aspects to technology transfer, such as the provision of technical and manual skills training, access to scientific and technical information and data, and creation of joint research and development projects. Palestine has developed a Technology Roadmap for the Implementation of Climate Action Plans, which sets out technology needs by sector.', 'Palestine has developed a Technology Roadmap for the Implementation of Climate Action Plans, which sets out technology needs by sector. These needs were then prioritised based on: a) Relevance to the Palestinian context 36 Implementation of gender-responsive climate action in the context of sustainable development (2016). 37 Gender-sensitive programmes and policies are Level 3 in the WHO Gender Responsive Assessment Scale and is defined as “Considers gender norms, roles and relations; Does not address inequality generated by unequal norms, roles or relations; Indicates gender awareness, although often no remedial action is developed”.', '37 Gender-sensitive programmes and policies are Level 3 in the WHO Gender Responsive Assessment Scale and is defined as “Considers gender norms, roles and relations; Does not address inequality generated by unequal norms, roles or relations; Indicates gender awareness, although often no remedial action is developed”. 38 Gender-transformative programmes and policies are Level 5 in the WHO Gender Responsive Assessment Scale and is defined as “Considers gender norms, roles and relations for women and men and that these affect access to and control over resources; Considers women’s and men’s specific needs; Addresses the causes of gender- based health inequities; Includes ways to transform harmful gender norms, roles and relations; The objective is often to promote gender equality; Includes strategies to foster progressive changes in power relationships between women and men”.b) Linkage to the State of Palestine’s First NDC c) Co-benefits d) Acceptability e) Transferability to the country f) Possible occupation-related challenges g) Feasibility in the current policy environment h) Risk assessment; and i) The need for external support for the introduction of technologies.', '38 Gender-transformative programmes and policies are Level 5 in the WHO Gender Responsive Assessment Scale and is defined as “Considers gender norms, roles and relations for women and men and that these affect access to and control over resources; Considers women’s and men’s specific needs; Addresses the causes of gender- based health inequities; Includes ways to transform harmful gender norms, roles and relations; The objective is often to promote gender equality; Includes strategies to foster progressive changes in power relationships between women and men”.b) Linkage to the State of Palestine’s First NDC c) Co-benefits d) Acceptability e) Transferability to the country f) Possible occupation-related challenges g) Feasibility in the current policy environment h) Risk assessment; and i) The need for external support for the introduction of technologies. Based on these criteria, the technologies identified as priorities for implementation of Palestine’s climate action plans, and amended by the needs subsequently identified specifically with regard to the NDC implementation action plans, are summarised in Table 3.', 'Based on these criteria, the technologies identified as priorities for implementation of Palestine’s climate action plans, and amended by the needs subsequently identified specifically with regard to the NDC implementation action plans, are summarised in Table 3. Table 3: List of prioritised technologies Sector Technology Energy 1. National grid assessment and electricity grid upgrade 2. Various applications of solar PV technologies 3. Energy efficiency 4. Solar water heating Agriculture 1. Climate smart agriculture (precision agriculture) 2. Efficient irrigation 3. Resilient animal fodder 4. Conservation agriculture 5. Water harvesting Water and wastewater 1. Rainwater harvesting 2. Water resources monitoring technologies 3. Wastewater collection and treatment plants and advanced wastewater treatment technologies Transportation 1. Upgrade of the existing vehicle fleet 2. Reducing emissions through greater use of electric and hybrid vehicles 3. Public transportation (modal shift) Solid waste 1. Waste sorting 2. Modernise waste collection and management equipment 4.', 'Modernise waste collection and management equipment 4. Recycling and re-using waste (including generating electricity from waste) Others 1. Provision of beach nourishment, reclamation, and beach drift rehabilitation 2. Development of water, food and sanitation monitoring and safety systems using high technology related to health Palestine’s technology roadmap also encourages leveraging private sector finance to implement technology solutions, particularly in sectors which can bring revenues. Leveraging private sector finance is addressed in Section 9.3, below.9.2 Capacity building The Paris Agreement puts capacity building at the heart of global efforts to reduce GHG emissions and increase climate resilience, through the establishment of the Paris Committee for Capacity Building. In Palestine, as in all countries, capacity building is needed at the individual, institutional and systemic levels.', 'In Palestine, as in all countries, capacity building is needed at the individual, institutional and systemic levels. A great deal has already been done to assess capacity building needs, including: a. An assessment of national capacities for implementing adaptation and mitigation measures and identifying needs for capacity development of Palestinian Authority institutions regarding climate adaptation and mitigation b. Development of a National Capacity Development Programme for the Palestinian Authority c. Implementation of Phase 1 of the Capacity Development Action Plan on Climate Change, including identification of needs to establish a regulatory and legal framework d. Identification of institutional structures, recommendations for development of the enabling policy environment, and all necessary capacity-building activities in relation to the new conditional NDC actions encompassed by each of the 14 NDC implementation action plans.', 'Development of a National Capacity Development Programme for the Palestinian Authority c. Implementation of Phase 1 of the Capacity Development Action Plan on Climate Change, including identification of needs to establish a regulatory and legal framework d. Identification of institutional structures, recommendations for development of the enabling policy environment, and all necessary capacity-building activities in relation to the new conditional NDC actions encompassed by each of the 14 NDC implementation action plans. Palestine’s NDC Partnership Plan also includes targets to ensure the capacities of the State of Palestine’s institutions to mainstream and address the challenges of climate change in the areas of reporting, mitigation, adaptation, and climate finance are enhanced, subject to the availability of finance to achieve these targets.', 'Palestine’s NDC Partnership Plan also includes targets to ensure the capacities of the State of Palestine’s institutions to mainstream and address the challenges of climate change in the areas of reporting, mitigation, adaptation, and climate finance are enhanced, subject to the availability of finance to achieve these targets. Some capacity-building activities to implement Palestine’s Updated NDCs are already underway through CAEP support. These involve conducting capacity-building that is relevant to the institutions that will develop and implement Palestine’s policies in relation to the NDC implementation action plans. The capacity-building activities will develop expertise and technical guidance, drawing from best practices in the region and globally. 9.3 Climate finance NDC implementation costs and funding gaps Lack of finance is one of the key challenges for implementing the Updated NDCs.', '9.3 Climate finance NDC implementation costs and funding gaps Lack of finance is one of the key challenges for implementing the Updated NDCs. As outlined in greater detail in the State of Palestine’s NDC Partnership Plan, the total cost of implementing the NDC actions based on the NDC implementation action plans, and the additional activities identified during consultation on the NDC Partnership Plan for which cost information is available, is USD 5,930m in total, from 2021-2040. There is a funding gap of at least USD 2,742m for the period 2021-2040, which needs to be filled in order to implement the activities outlined above (see Table 4, and Appendix 4 for a more detailed break-down).', 'There is a funding gap of at least USD 2,742m for the period 2021-2040, which needs to be filled in order to implement the activities outlined above (see Table 4, and Appendix 4 for a more detailed break-down). It is, therefore, essential that the international community fulfils its funding commitments to ensure that countries like Palestine can implement their NDCs.Table 4: NDC implementation costs and funding gaps Indicative cost (USD) Indicative funding gap (USD) Existing 14 NDC implementation action plans 5,116,188,000 2,627,270,800 Additional needs for the sectors with NDC implementation action plans Development of NDC implementation action plans for six additional sectors (coastal and marine, food, industry, terrestrial ecosystems, tourism, urban and infrastructure) Other cross-cutting activities to support implementation of the Updated NDCs The total cost quoted for implementing the State of Palestine’s Updated NDCs (USD 5,930m) is substantially less than the figure of USD14,100m in the country’s First NDCs.', 'It is, therefore, essential that the international community fulfils its funding commitments to ensure that countries like Palestine can implement their NDCs.Table 4: NDC implementation costs and funding gaps Indicative cost (USD) Indicative funding gap (USD) Existing 14 NDC implementation action plans 5,116,188,000 2,627,270,800 Additional needs for the sectors with NDC implementation action plans Development of NDC implementation action plans for six additional sectors (coastal and marine, food, industry, terrestrial ecosystems, tourism, urban and infrastructure) Other cross-cutting activities to support implementation of the Updated NDCs The total cost quoted for implementing the State of Palestine’s Updated NDCs (USD 5,930m) is substantially less than the figure of USD14,100m in the country’s First NDCs. This is because: a. The costs included in the First NDCs were broad estimates for all sectors b.', 'The costs included in the First NDCs were broad estimates for all sectors b. The costs included in the Updated NDCs for NDC actions in the agriculture, energy, health, transport, waste, and water sectors from the 14 NDC implementation action plans, which have since been developed, are derived from more detailed consideration of activities required to achieve those NDC actions c. The costs included in the Updated NDC for the six remaining sectors (coastal and marine, food, industry, terrestrial ecosystems, tourism, urban and infrastructure) for which NDC implementation action plans are yet to be developed are only for the development of those plans (see Table 4), as compared with the USD 1,538m for those sectors included in the First NDCs to implement the NDC actions.', 'The costs included in the Updated NDCs for NDC actions in the agriculture, energy, health, transport, waste, and water sectors from the 14 NDC implementation action plans, which have since been developed, are derived from more detailed consideration of activities required to achieve those NDC actions c. The costs included in the Updated NDC for the six remaining sectors (coastal and marine, food, industry, terrestrial ecosystems, tourism, urban and infrastructure) for which NDC implementation action plans are yet to be developed are only for the development of those plans (see Table 4), as compared with the USD 1,538m for those sectors included in the First NDCs to implement the NDC actions. Once the additional NDC implementation action plans have been developed, figures in the NDC Partnership Plan will be updated accordingly to include the costs of implementing associated NDC actions.', 'Once the additional NDC implementation action plans have been developed, figures in the NDC Partnership Plan will be updated accordingly to include the costs of implementing associated NDC actions. Further costs associated with additional needs for the sectors with NDC implementation action plans and other cross-cutting activities to support implementation of the Updated NDCs identified in the NDC Partnership Plan and in Table 4 will also be higher than quoted here, as only some of the activities have been costed and only on the basis of broad estimates. The State of Palestine has developed an NDC Investment Plan which outlines a strategy to secure funding for all activities that are featured in the NDC Partnership Plan.', 'The State of Palestine has developed an NDC Investment Plan which outlines a strategy to secure funding for all activities that are featured in the NDC Partnership Plan. The NDC Investment Plan collates and presents the project costs, funding gaps, and potential donors for each activity. It includes a review of Palestine’s climate-finance landscape, current and potential donor mapping, and recommended measures to scale-up climate finance and access additional funding from donors, the private sector, and other sources.Scaling-up private climate finance and enhancing private sector engagement in climate action The State of Palestine acknowledges the vital role of the private sector in contributing to both national climate adaptation and mitigation goals.', 'It includes a review of Palestine’s climate-finance landscape, current and potential donor mapping, and recommended measures to scale-up climate finance and access additional funding from donors, the private sector, and other sources.Scaling-up private climate finance and enhancing private sector engagement in climate action The State of Palestine acknowledges the vital role of the private sector in contributing to both national climate adaptation and mitigation goals. Government policy aims to encourage participation of the private sector at all levels of planning, including in: governance and collaboration; integrating climate adaptation and disaster risk reduction and management into business plans; aligning private-sector activities with national targets; and creating the enabling environment for public-private partnerships.', 'Government policy aims to encourage participation of the private sector at all levels of planning, including in: governance and collaboration; integrating climate adaptation and disaster risk reduction and management into business plans; aligning private-sector activities with national targets; and creating the enabling environment for public-private partnerships. In addition, private organisations are frequently identified as key stakeholders in the institutional framework for each NDC implementation action plan, and occasionally as project delivery partners. To realise the opportunities presented by private climate finance and private sector involvement more broadly, creative approaches will need to be considered.', 'To realise the opportunities presented by private climate finance and private sector involvement more broadly, creative approaches will need to be considered. For example, blended finance, which strategically uses development finance to attract commercial capital, can help de-risk investment opportunities, making them more attractive to the private sector and “kick-starting” investment.39 The NDC implementation action plans seek to secure public funding for baseline assessments and pilots, while also engaging the private sector in these efforts. This may then help build private support for and investment in these initiatives. An example of private sector engagement comes from the SUNREF Palestine Programme, which provides private actors with facilitated access to finance, to help them grasp the opportunities of the environmental and energy transition.', 'An example of private sector engagement comes from the SUNREF Palestine Programme, which provides private actors with facilitated access to finance, to help them grasp the opportunities of the environmental and energy transition. SUNREF Palestine, together with other partners including the Bank of Palestine and the Cairo Amman Bank, has provided support to private actors via a credit facility for the two banks, investment premiums, and technical assistance, both with support from the EU. The programme promoted the use of renewable energy and energy efficiency measures in the country, supported the role of the private sector in financing and structuring sustainable projects, and strengthened the capacities of local stakeholders involved.', 'The programme promoted the use of renewable energy and energy efficiency measures in the country, supported the role of the private sector in financing and structuring sustainable projects, and strengthened the capacities of local stakeholders involved. Finally, in addition to the SUNREF programme, many other activities and training workshops have been carried out in Palestine to enhance the capacities of local actors to access climate finance; some examples of these actions are outlined in Palestine’s NDC Investment Plan. Use of carbon markets To gather additional finance for mitigation and adaptation, Palestine could decide to participate in international carbon markets and other forms of international exchanges of carbon credits.', 'Use of carbon markets To gather additional finance for mitigation and adaptation, Palestine could decide to participate in international carbon markets and other forms of international exchanges of carbon credits. Indeed, carbon markets can be a cost-effective way of abating emissions while accessing finance, as they enable emission mitigation to occur in countries that find it cheapest to do so, and then sell these to countries where paying for carbon credits is cheaper than reducing emissions. The Paris Agreement contains provisions under Article 6 for the creation of an international carbon market under a central UN mechanism (Article 6.4) as well as for enabling country-to- country exchanges of emission credits, called internationally transferred mitigation outcomes (ITMOs) under Article 6.2.', 'The Paris Agreement contains provisions under Article 6 for the creation of an international carbon market under a central UN mechanism (Article 6.4) as well as for enabling country-to- country exchanges of emission credits, called internationally transferred mitigation outcomes (ITMOs) under Article 6.2. Given the funding gap outlined above, and Palestine’s significant mitigation potential, there are opportunities for Palestine to participate in the Article 6 mechanisms. Palestine will first 39 LEDS Global Partnership, ‘Blending finance to accelerate NDCs and scale-up investment in low carbon energy’explore establishing carbon pricing at the national level to determine a domestic carbon price and assess the extent to which carbon pricing will help it fund and achieve its Updated NDCs.', 'Palestine will first 39 LEDS Global Partnership, ‘Blending finance to accelerate NDCs and scale-up investment in low carbon energy’explore establishing carbon pricing at the national level to determine a domestic carbon price and assess the extent to which carbon pricing will help it fund and achieve its Updated NDCs. To do so, Palestine will undertake an economic modelling exercise in which it will simulate a domestic carbon market under different conditions (e.g. grandfathering vs. auctioning of allowances to regulated entities, stand-alone or linked to other carbon markets, etc.). The domestic carbon price arising from this exercise will then be compared with an international carbon price, to simulate participation in the Article 6 market mechanism.', 'The domestic carbon price arising from this exercise will then be compared with an international carbon price, to simulate participation in the Article 6 market mechanism. The comparison between the two prices will determine whether Palestine will be a buyer or a seller of ITMOs under Article 6. Indeed, if the carbon price emerging domestically is lower than that of other Parties, then Palestine will be an ITMOs seller and it could use the proceeds to cover the funding gaps identified.', 'Indeed, if the carbon price emerging domestically is lower than that of other Parties, then Palestine will be an ITMOs seller and it could use the proceeds to cover the funding gaps identified. It is important to highlight that Article 6 is the only element of the Paris rulebook that has not yet been agreed, and it will be a critical element to discuss at the 26th UN Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP26) taking place in Glasgow in November 2021. In the absence of agreement on Article 6, Palestine could decide to participate in voluntary carbon markets. However, voluntary carbon credits usually sell for lower prices than compliance credits and, thus, will likely provide less finance than participation in a regulatory market.', 'However, voluntary carbon credits usually sell for lower prices than compliance credits and, thus, will likely provide less finance than participation in a regulatory market. Due to Palestine’s significant finance needs, it therefore hopes to sell compliance credits and consider voluntary carbon markets only if it is unable to sell compliance credits. While Palestine may consider selling carbon credits, domestic carbon taxing is not an appropriate component of a carbon market system in Palestine at this time.', 'While Palestine may consider selling carbon credits, domestic carbon taxing is not an appropriate component of a carbon market system in Palestine at this time. Carbon taxes may directly or indirectly aggravate poverty by increasing prices of basic goods and services, such as food, energy and travel.40 They could also have greater impact on women, for example, by imposing environmental taxes on energy products for domestic use on which women tend to spend a higher share of their disposable income. Placing an additional burden on vulnerable communities that have contributed negligible amounts to global emissions through a carbon tax would not be appropriate, as it would risk exacerbating vulnerability and adversely impacting desired sustainable development outcomes, contrary to principles of fairness.', 'Placing an additional burden on vulnerable communities that have contributed negligible amounts to global emissions through a carbon tax would not be appropriate, as it would risk exacerbating vulnerability and adversely impacting desired sustainable development outcomes, contrary to principles of fairness. Loss and damage Loss and damage refers to the unavoidable consequences of human-made climate change. Given that loss and damage can arise from extreme or slow onset events, it is necessary to address it to safeguard people and nature at risk.', 'Given that loss and damage can arise from extreme or slow onset events, it is necessary to address it to safeguard people and nature at risk. Including loss and damage in a country’s NDCs ensures that it is addressed by establishing the appropriate policies and measures to protect the environment and people, while also legitimising the mobilisation of finance to deliver increased ambition under the Paris Agreement for addressing, minimising, and averting the impact of loss and damage associated with climate change impacts. Loss and damage is particularly relevant in light of Palestine’s context, which is subject to high vulnerabilities and an increasing potential for extreme events (i.e. droughts, high temperatures, heat waves and floods), and substantial financing needs.', 'droughts, high temperatures, heat waves and floods), and substantial financing needs. In addition to highlighting efforts to address and minimise loss and damage, including the adaptation actions outlined in Section 5, Palestine will assess the scale and scope of loss and damage in the country and the corresponding financing needed to address it. It will also consider ways in which it could strengthen financing mechanisms to address loss and damage, for instance by 40 Vogt-Schilb, A. et al. (2019). Cash transfers for pro-poor carbon taxes in Latin America and the Caribbean. Nature Sustainability, 941–948.setting up a dedicated fund within the national CCFF. Palestine has already nominated a focal point for loss and damage under UNFCCC.Appendix 1: Information for clarity, transparency and understanding 1.', 'Palestine has already nominated a focal point for loss and damage under UNFCCC.Appendix 1: Information for clarity, transparency and understanding 1. Quantified information on the reference point, including, as appropriate, a base year a. Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s) The reference year for targets is 2040, unless stated otherwise (some actions include interim targets). The objective is expressed as a reduction in total emissions from BAU by 2040, with a base data period of 2011. b. Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year i. Total absolute GHG emissions in the base year were 3.2 Mt CO2e in 2011. ii.', 'Total absolute GHG emissions in the base year were 3.2 Mt CO2e in 2011. ii. Under a BAU growth scenario, Palestine’s emissions are projected to reach 15.93 MtCO2e and 22.5 MtCO2e in the BAU Status-quo and BAU Independence Scenarios, respectively. c. For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information N/A d. Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction i. 17.5% emissions reduction by 2040 relative to the BAU levels under a scenario where the Israeli occupation continues (Status-quo Scenario) ii.', '17.5% emissions reduction by 2040 relative to the BAU levels under a scenario where the Israeli occupation continues (Status-quo Scenario) ii. 26.6% emissions reduction by 2040 under a scenario where the Israeli occupation ends (Independence Scenario) e. Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s) Historical emissions data from Palestine’s INCR. Future emissions calculated using the LEAP model, along with official government projections of population and GDP. The LEAP model contains references to all relevant data sources and key assumptions. The emissions reference values were derived from the relevant IPCC guidelines. This model was updated with more recent assumptions and data provided by the national stakeholders, particularly regarding the transport sector. Cost estimates were drawn from the NDC implementation action plans.', 'Cost estimates were drawn from the NDC implementation action plans. Data to inform the BAU scenario were: Actual energy balance data (2018)Emissions from electricity consumption in the wastewater and water sectors are accounted for in both BAU. Emissions associated with the imported electricity from Israel. f. Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators Palestine may update the reference indicator under 1.d to account for significant changes (such as changes in GDP projections or any technical errors identified) at the point of its Third NDC submission, to be prepared in accordance with the Paris Agreement provisions in 2024. 2. Time frames and/or periods for implementation a.', 'Time frames and/or periods for implementation a. Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the CMA Implementation period 2021-2040 b. Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable. The overall target for emissions reduction is a single-year target for 2040. Some individual actions include interim targets where applicable. 3. Scope and coverage a. General description of the target By 2040, BAU emissions are projected to reach 15.93 MtCO2e and 22.5 MtCO2e in the BAU Status-quo and BAU Independence Scenarios, respectively. By applying mitigation interventions as discussed in the following sections, Palestine can achieve savings of 2.8 MtCO2e in 2040 compared to BAU Status-quo Scenario and 4.6 MtCO2e compared to BAU Independence Scenario. b.', 'By applying mitigation interventions as discussed in the following sections, Palestine can achieve savings of 2.8 MtCO2e in 2040 compared to BAU Status-quo Scenario and 4.6 MtCO2e compared to BAU Independence Scenario. b. Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with IPCC guidelines Sectors covered for mitigation: energy (including electricity generation and imported electricity, oil and gas), AFOLU, transport, waste and wastewater, and IPPU. Sectors covered for adaptation: agriculture, coastal and marine, energy, food, gender, health, industry, terrestrial ecosystems, tourism, urban and infrastructure, waste, and water. Greenhouse gases covered: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O).', 'Greenhouse gases covered: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). c. How the Party has taken into consideration paragraphs 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21 In pursuit of the objectives of the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement, as outlined above, Palestine has included the energy, AFOLU, transport, waste and wastewater, and IPPU sectors in developing its mitigation contribution. Importantly, due to Palestine’s significant reliance on imported electricity, Palestine’s baseline and target include imported electricity. Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) are covered in the Updated NDCs. Data on other GHGs was not available at the time of developing these NDCs.d.', 'Data on other GHGs was not available at the time of developing these NDCs.d. Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans. Many of the adaptation actions in the Updated NDCs will result in mitigation co-benefits. For example: i. Agriculture: implementing CSA practices will reduce GHG emissions in the agriculture sector through, for example, reduced irrigation demand, reduced tillage, increased productivity and reduced waste, etc. ii. Energy: increasing energy security through greater use of renewable energy will reduce GHG emissions by replacing fossil fuels. iii. Industry: replacing imported raw materials with local materials will reduce GHG emissions associated with imports (e.g. from transport). iv.', 'Industry: replacing imported raw materials with local materials will reduce GHG emissions associated with imports (e.g. from transport). iv. Terrestrial ecosystems: establishing a national network of protected areas to safeguard ecosystem services will also result in carbon sequestration and storage. Palestine has conducted a detailed analysis of the Co-benefits of Adaptation and Mitigation Actions, which addresses these issues in further detail. 4. Planning process a. Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its NDCs and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: i. Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner ii. Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: 1. National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development, and poverty eradication; 2.', 'National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development, and poverty eradication; 2. Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the NDCs 3. Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement The Updated NDCs build upon Palestine’s First NDCs, INCR, NAP, Technology Roadmap for the Implementation of Climate Action Plans in Palestine, gender-responsive NDC implementation action plans, NDC Partnership Plan, NDC Investment Plan, and the mitigation chapter of the First BUR. The Updated NDCs are in accordance with the National Development Plan (2021-2023) and its associated sectoral strategies to achieve sustainable economic development in line with emissions reduction and adaptation priorities.', 'The Updated NDCs are in accordance with the National Development Plan (2021-2023) and its associated sectoral strategies to achieve sustainable economic development in line with emissions reduction and adaptation priorities. The Updated NDCs, therefore, build on the active stakeholder engagement undertaken to develop the documents and strategies on which it relies, and benefits from high-level political endorsement by the Palestinian Government. Palestine constitutes the Occupied Palestinian Territory, which is made up of the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and the Gaza Strip, based on the borders of June 1967 and are separated by Israel, the occupying power. Neighbouring countries include Jordan to the east and Egypt to the south.', 'Neighbouring countries include Jordan to the east and Egypt to the south. The Oslo II Accord, formally entitled the ‘Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip of 1995’, created three territorial zones in the West Bank: Area A, where the Palestinian Government has responsibility for public order and internal security; Area B, where the Palestinian Government assumes responsibility for public order for Palestinians, while Israel controls internal security; and Area C, where Israel maintains exclusive control. Most land resources are in Area C, which is under full Israeli control. Restrictions on access to land and actions that can be taken, especially in Area C, pose challenges for implementation ofboth mitigation and adaptation actions.', 'Restrictions on access to land and actions that can be taken, especially in Area C, pose challenges for implementation ofboth mitigation and adaptation actions. However, the Updated NDCs focus on actions that can be implemented despite the occupation. b. Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement N/A c. How the Party’s preparation of its NDCs has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement A first global stocktake will take place in 2023.', 'Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement N/A c. How the Party’s preparation of its NDCs has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement A first global stocktake will take place in 2023. In line with Palestine’s commitment to the 1.5°C objective of the Paris Agreement, and despite Palestine’s minimal contribution to global emissions, the conditional mitigation contribution in the Updated NDCs is significantly more ambitious than Palestine’s First NDCs (2017).d.', 'In line with Palestine’s commitment to the 1.5°C objective of the Paris Agreement, and despite Palestine’s minimal contribution to global emissions, the conditional mitigation contribution in the Updated NDCs is significantly more ambitious than Palestine’s First NDCs (2017).d. Each Party with NDCs under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consist of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co- benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: i. How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the NDCs ii.', 'How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the NDCs ii. Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co- benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. As outlined above, many of the adaptation actions in the Updated NDC will result in mitigation co- benefits. For example: i.', 'As outlined above, many of the adaptation actions in the Updated NDC will result in mitigation co- benefits. For example: i. Agriculture: implementing climate-smart agriculture practices will reduce GHG emissions in the agriculture sector through, for example, reduced irrigation demand, reduced tillage, increased productivity and reduced waste, etc. ii. Energy: increasing energy security through greater use of renewable energy will reduce GHG emissions by replacing fossil fuels. iii. Industry: replacing imported raw materials with local materials will reduce GHG emissions associated with imports (e.g. from transport). iv. Terrestrial ecosystems: establishing a national network of protected areas to safeguard ecosystem services will also result in carbon sequestration and storage.', 'Terrestrial ecosystems: establishing a national network of protected areas to safeguard ecosystem services will also result in carbon sequestration and storage. Palestine has conducted a detailed analysis of the Co-benefits of Adaptation and Mitigation Actions, which addresses these issues in further detail. These plans were developed through significant stakeholder consultation to ensure that any economic and social consequences were identified and addressed. This process included mainstreaming gender considerations and aimed to reduce vulnerability and avoid maladaptation in all plans. 5.', 'This process included mainstreaming gender considerations and aimed to reduce vulnerability and avoid maladaptation in all plans. 5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals a. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA In its 2011 GHG inventory included in the INCR submitted in 2016, Palestine accounted for its anthropogenic GHG emissions and removals using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories and IPCC Good Practice Guidance.', 'Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals a. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA In its 2011 GHG inventory included in the INCR submitted in 2016, Palestine accounted for its anthropogenic GHG emissions and removals using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories and IPCC Good Practice Guidance. During the development of the First BUR, the historical accounting of GHG emissions and removals was updated to 2018, utilising the latest available data, including an updated PCBS energy balance for 2018. b. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and The impact on emissions of policies and measures has been calculated using an economy-wide emissions scenario model for Palestine, implemented in the LEAP software tool.', 'During the development of the First BUR, the historical accounting of GHG emissions and removals was updated to 2018, utilising the latest available data, including an updated PCBS energy balance for 2018. b. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and The impact on emissions of policies and measures has been calculated using an economy-wide emissions scenario model for Palestine, implemented in the LEAP software tool. The emissionmeasures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution reduction potential of policies and measures was compared against a baseline projection of emissions from 2011 to 2040. The LEAP model contains references to all relevant data sources and key assumptions. The emission factors were taken from the relevant IPCC 2006 and 2019 refinement guidelines.', 'The emission factors were taken from the relevant IPCC 2006 and 2019 refinement guidelines. c. If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate See 5(a). d. IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals See 5 (a). Palestine’s emissions for CO2, CH4 and N2O are derived using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines e. Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: i.', 'Palestine’s emissions for CO2, CH4 and N2O are derived using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines e. Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: i. Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands The characterisation of net GHG sources and sinks from the Land sector were based on the National Agricultural Sector Strategy (2017-2022). Palestine’s forests were a net carbon sink in 2011, accounting for absorption of just under 3,200 CO2e. It is important to note that the majority of Palestine’s land resources are located in Area C, which is under full Israeli control. This represents 61% of Palestinian agricultural land41. ii. Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products N/A iii.', 'Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products N/A iii. Approach used to address the effects of age- class structure in forests N/A f. Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: 41 Ministry of Agriculture 2016i. How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used Palestine considers two business-as-usual (BAU) scenarios when projecting its emissions until 2040: the Status-quo Scenario; and the Independence Scenario. The NDCs’ mitigation target addresses economy-wide reductions below BAU targets with the difference that there is a target for both scenarios: status-quo and independence. LEAP was used to re-assess the two BAU scenarios.', 'LEAP was used to re-assess the two BAU scenarios. There are two main key factors, which were updated, population and GDP. For example, population is the key driver of residential energy demand, while for industry; the driver is growth in GDP. Population and GDP figures were taken from Palestine Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS). When actual figures of population and GDP were compared to projected figures from the INC, they matched to a great extent. One important factor for the BAU scenarios is the emissions associated with the imported electricity from Israel. Most of electricity is imported, therefore, imported emissions are accounted for using the Israeli emission factor.', 'Most of electricity is imported, therefore, imported emissions are accounted for using the Israeli emission factor. It was also assumed under the BAU Status-quo Scenario the GPP is operating at full capacity but a transmission constraint of 50% was assumed as a result of Israeli occupation. Subsequently, under the BAU Independence Scenario the GPP, the two planned West Bank gas power plants as well as solar PV plant are all operating at full capacity, and the 50% transmission constraint on GPP is removed. The energy demand was taken from PCBS energy balance published reports for 2009 till 2018. Under the commercial and residential sector, several activities were determined and fuel allocation for each activity under commercial and residential sector reflect what was also used in the INCR.', 'Under the commercial and residential sector, several activities were determined and fuel allocation for each activity under commercial and residential sector reflect what was also used in the INCR. The assumptions for the transport sector were updated to reflect the reality of what the Israeli occupation imposes in terms of the many check points Palestinians have to go through even for small distances. The check points lead to increase distance travelled and more fuel consumption. The new assumptions are based on actual survey studies provided by the Ministry of Transport for the distance and fuel economy. The number of vehicles was also provided by the Ministry of Transport. ii.', 'The number of vehicles was also provided by the Ministry of Transport. ii. For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable N/Aiii. For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated N/A iv. Further technical information, as necessary N/A g. The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable. N/A 6. How the Party considers that its NDCs are fair and ambitious in light of its national circumstances a. How the Party considers that its NDCs are fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances b.', 'How the Party considers that its NDCs are fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances b. Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity c. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement d. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement e. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement. In line with Palestine’s commitment to the 1.5°C objective of the Paris Agreement, and despite Palestine’s minimal contribution to global emissions, the conditional mitigation contribution in the Updated NDCs is significantly more ambitious than in Palestine’s First NDCs (2017).', 'In line with Palestine’s commitment to the 1.5°C objective of the Paris Agreement, and despite Palestine’s minimal contribution to global emissions, the conditional mitigation contribution in the Updated NDCs is significantly more ambitious than in Palestine’s First NDCs (2017). Nonetheless, it is important to note that this contribution is conditional – it relies on financial, technology transfer, and capacity-building support from developed country parties to achieve this ambition. 7. How the NDCs contribute towards achieving the objectives of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 a.', 'How the NDCs contribute towards achieving the objectives of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 a. How the NDCs contribute towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 The Updated NDCs contribute to the global objective of the UNFCCC and Article 2.1(a) of the Paris Agreement to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C. b.', 'How the NDCs contribute towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 The Updated NDCs contribute to the global objective of the UNFCCC and Article 2.1(a) of the Paris Agreement to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C. b. How the NDCs contribute towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement.Appendix 2: Actions amended from the First NDCs by subsequent NDC implementation action plan development The table below outlines how NDC actions from Palestine’s First NDCs (2017) for the agriculture, energy, health, transport, waste, and water sectors have been amended by the Updated NDCs, based on Palestine’s NDC implementation action plans developed in 2019-2020.', 'How the NDCs contribute towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement.Appendix 2: Actions amended from the First NDCs by subsequent NDC implementation action plan development The table below outlines how NDC actions from Palestine’s First NDCs (2017) for the agriculture, energy, health, transport, waste, and water sectors have been amended by the Updated NDCs, based on Palestine’s NDC implementation action plans developed in 2019-2020. Through consultation with key stakeholders, measurable targets and timeframes have been added to these actions. For some sectors, actions were consolidated to increase focus and clarity. In other sectors, additional actions were added. Overall, the new actions provide greater clarity and transparency by providing measurable and time-bound targets.', 'Overall, the new actions provide greater clarity and transparency by providing measurable and time-bound targets. Sector: NDC implementation action plan 2017 NDC Actions 2021 NDC Actions from NDC implementation action plans Agriculture: Climate-smart agriculture • 50% of farms in the State of Palestine to apply CSA by 2040 • CSA (West Bank) • Management of crop production systems, including soil and water resources, for better environmental sustainability along with improved economic profitability for farmers (Gaza Strip) 50% of farms in the State of Palestine apply gender-sensitive CSA by 2040 Agriculture: Climate-resilient land planning and management • Increase carbon stock in plant biomass and soil organic matter, through agroforestry and rangeland development, to support an annual 2% increase in green areas within the State of Palestine • Afforestation • Land-use planning and management – greening, afforestation, and rangeland development (West Bank).', 'Sector: NDC implementation action plan 2017 NDC Actions 2021 NDC Actions from NDC implementation action plans Agriculture: Climate-smart agriculture • 50% of farms in the State of Palestine to apply CSA by 2040 • CSA (West Bank) • Management of crop production systems, including soil and water resources, for better environmental sustainability along with improved economic profitability for farmers (Gaza Strip) 50% of farms in the State of Palestine apply gender-sensitive CSA by 2040 Agriculture: Climate-resilient land planning and management • Increase carbon stock in plant biomass and soil organic matter, through agroforestry and rangeland development, to support an annual 2% increase in green areas within the State of Palestine • Afforestation • Land-use planning and management – greening, afforestation, and rangeland development (West Bank). An annual increase of 2% until 2040 in the total area of forest land, rangeland and upland rehabilitated and sustainably managed.', 'An annual increase of 2% until 2040 in the total area of forest land, rangeland and upland rehabilitated and sustainably managed. Energy: Renewable energy • Solar photovoltaic (PV) • Use of renewable energy, such as solar, to reduce imported energy (West Bank) • Use of renewable energy, such as solar, to reduce imported energy (Gaza Strip) 20-33% of electricity to be generated from renewable energy by 2040, primarily from solar PV.Sector: NDC implementation action plan 2017 NDC Actions 2021 NDC Actions from NDC implementation action plans • Generation of solar electricity for medium-large scale commercial and industrial application (West Bank) • Generate 5% of the total electric energy consumed by utilising renewable energy technologies by the year 2020 • Increase use of solar thermal energy, including solar water heaters, solar heating, solar fruit driers.', 'Energy: Renewable energy • Solar photovoltaic (PV) • Use of renewable energy, such as solar, to reduce imported energy (West Bank) • Use of renewable energy, such as solar, to reduce imported energy (Gaza Strip) 20-33% of electricity to be generated from renewable energy by 2040, primarily from solar PV.Sector: NDC implementation action plan 2017 NDC Actions 2021 NDC Actions from NDC implementation action plans • Generation of solar electricity for medium-large scale commercial and industrial application (West Bank) • Generate 5% of the total electric energy consumed by utilising renewable energy technologies by the year 2020 • Increase use of solar thermal energy, including solar water heaters, solar heating, solar fruit driers. Energy: Energy efficiency • Implement energy efficiency measures to reduce consumption and hence imported energy (West Bank) • Implement energy efficiency measures to reduce consumption and hence imported energy (Gaza Strip) • Implement energy efficiency measures to reduce consumption, mainly for commercial and industrial application (West Bank) • Reduce energy consumption through modern production technologies (West Bank) • Energy audits to improve energy efficiency in industry (Gaza Strip) • Maintenance to enhance energy efficiency (Gaza Strip).', 'Energy: Energy efficiency • Implement energy efficiency measures to reduce consumption and hence imported energy (West Bank) • Implement energy efficiency measures to reduce consumption and hence imported energy (Gaza Strip) • Implement energy efficiency measures to reduce consumption, mainly for commercial and industrial application (West Bank) • Reduce energy consumption through modern production technologies (West Bank) • Energy audits to improve energy efficiency in industry (Gaza Strip) • Maintenance to enhance energy efficiency (Gaza Strip). Improve energy efficiency by 20% (versus business as usual) across all sectors by 2030. Energy: Energy distribution • Providing reliable electricity supply (West Bank) • Electricity grid upgrading (West Bank) Upgrade of the electricity grid to enable distribution of renewable energy, primarily from solar PV, by 2030.', 'Energy: Energy distribution • Providing reliable electricity supply (West Bank) • Electricity grid upgrading (West Bank) Upgrade of the electricity grid to enable distribution of renewable energy, primarily from solar PV, by 2030. Health: Developing safety and monitoring systems for water, food and sanitation Development of water, food and sanitation monitoring and safety systems using high technology. By 2030, the capacity of the Ministry of Health (MoH) to monitor the safety of water, food and sanitation increases by at least 50% from the situation in 2020.', 'By 2030, the capacity of the Ministry of Health (MoH) to monitor the safety of water, food and sanitation increases by at least 50% from the situation in 2020. Health: Increasing awareness and • Training health professionals and increasing the awareness of people, particularly women, in all areas about measures they can • Improve the capacity for disease prevention by training 300 health professionals in disease prevention by 2025.Sector: NDC implementation action plan 2017 NDC Actions 2021 NDC Actions from NDC implementation action plans capacities for disease prevention take to help prevent major diseases related to water, sanitation and food, and • Increasing awareness of people, particularly women, in all areas of measures they can take to help prevent major diseases related to water, sanitation and food.', 'Health: Increasing awareness and • Training health professionals and increasing the awareness of people, particularly women, in all areas about measures they can • Improve the capacity for disease prevention by training 300 health professionals in disease prevention by 2025.Sector: NDC implementation action plan 2017 NDC Actions 2021 NDC Actions from NDC implementation action plans capacities for disease prevention take to help prevent major diseases related to water, sanitation and food, and • Increasing awareness of people, particularly women, in all areas of measures they can take to help prevent major diseases related to water, sanitation and food. • At least a 30% increase in the awareness of people, particularly women, by 2030 about measures that they can take to help prevent major diseases related to water, sanitation and food.', '• At least a 30% increase in the awareness of people, particularly women, by 2030 about measures that they can take to help prevent major diseases related to water, sanitation and food. Transport: Reducing emissions in the road transport sector • Plug-in electric-hybrid-vehicles • Improve the efficiency of the road vehicles • Control the technical condition of vehicles and periodic maintenance to improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions. • Reducing the emissions of the passenger vehicle fleet by 8% by 2030, and 24% by 2040. • Scrapping 60% of vehicles older than 20 years by 2030 and scrapping all vehicles older than 20 years by 2040. • Conducting statutory tests on 30% of on-road vehicles by 2030, and 60% by 2040.', '• Conducting statutory tests on 30% of on-road vehicles by 2030, and 60% by 2040. Transport: Promoting sustainable road usage • Encourage the use of public transport, in addition to bus rapid transport • Modal shift programmes • 20% of all small transit vehicles are replaced with larger capacity buses by 2030, and 40% by 2040. • The overall number of vehicles is reduced by 20% by 2030, and 40% by 2040. Waste: Improving waste management • Improve management of leachate from landfill • Reduce, re-use, recycle • Improving the waste collection system • Reduce the volume of leachate by 50% by 2030 from suitable landfill sites. • Reduce the amount of waste for final disposal in landfill sites by 30% by 2030 and by 50% by 2040.', '• Reduce the amount of waste for final disposal in landfill sites by 30% by 2030 and by 50% by 2040. • Increase the amount of waste re-used or recycled by 30% by 2030 and by 40% by 2040. • Increase the amount of waste collected to 90% by 2030 and to 100% by 2040. • Modernise (replacement of working equipment) 70% of the collection system by 2030 and by 100% by 2040.', '• Modernise (replacement of working equipment) 70% of the collection system by 2030 and by 100% by 2040. Waste: Reducing emissions in the • Reduction of methane from landfill • Use of waste for electricity generation • 30% reduction of methane emissions from landfill sites by 2030 and 70% reduction by 2040.Sector: NDC implementation action plan 2017 NDC Actions 2021 NDC Actions from NDC implementation action plans waste management sector • 80MW of electricity produced from combustion of solid waste and methane at landfill sites in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip by 2030 and 140MW by 2040. Water: Water treatment and conservation Enhance the use of additional and alternative water resources for non- domestic purposes in both the West Bank and Gaza Strip.', 'Water: Water treatment and conservation Enhance the use of additional and alternative water resources for non- domestic purposes in both the West Bank and Gaza Strip. • 70% of the treated wastewater in large-scale wastewater treatment plants in the West Bank and Gaza are re-used • 7 MCM of rainwater in the West Bank is harvested by 2032. Water: Improving water networks infrastructure • Control of leakage from distribution systems • Develop and improve stormwater systems and drainage infrastructure. • Non-revenue water is reduced by 15% by 2032. • 5% of rainwater in priority urban areas is drained and collected by 2032. Water: Improving water sources infrastructure Rehabilitate water sources: wells, canals and springs.', 'Water: Improving water sources infrastructure Rehabilitate water sources: wells, canals and springs. 100% of identified wells and springs are rehabilitated by 2030Appendix 3: Association of NDC actions with climate adaptation and/or mitigation The below table includes all actions contained in the Updated NDCs, all of which are conditional. It also confirms which actions are included in the adaptation analysis (bold tick in adaptation column), which actions are included in the mitigation analysis (bold tick in the mitigation column), and which actions have mitigation co-benefits, but were not included in the mitigation analysis (normal tick in the mitigation column). Conditional NDC actions Adaptation Mitigation Agriculture 50% of farms in the State of Palestine apply gender-sensitive CSA by 2040.', 'Conditional NDC actions Adaptation Mitigation Agriculture 50% of farms in the State of Palestine apply gender-sensitive CSA by 2040. ✓ ✓ An annual increase of 2% until 2040 in the total area of forest land, rangeland and upland rehabilitated and sustainably managed. ✓ ✓ Energy Upgrade of the electricity grid to enable distribution of renewable energy, primarily from solar photovoltaic (PV), by 2030. ✓ ✓ Improve energy efficiency by 20% (versus business as usual) across all sectors by 2035. ✓ ✓ 20-33% of electricity to be generated from renewable energy by 2040, primarily from solar PV. ✓ ✓ Health Improve the capacity for disease prevention by training 300 health professionals in disease prevention by 2025.', '✓ ✓ Health Improve the capacity for disease prevention by training 300 health professionals in disease prevention by 2025. ✓ At least a 30% increase in the awareness of people, particularly women, by 2030 about measures that they can take to help prevent major diseases related to water, sanitation and food. ✓ By 2030, the capacity of the Ministry of Health to monitor the safety of water, food and sanitation increases by at least 50% from the situation in 2020. ✓ Transport Reducing the emissions of the passenger vehicle fleet by 8% by 2030, and 24% by 2040. ✓ ✓ Scrapping 60% of vehicles older than 20 years by 2030 and scrapping all vehicles older than 20 years by 2040. ✓ ✓ Conducting statutory tests on 30% of on-road vehicles by 2030, and 60% by 2040.', '✓ ✓ Conducting statutory tests on 30% of on-road vehicles by 2030, and 60% by 2040. ✓ ✓ 20% of all small transit vehicles are replaced with larger capacity buses by 2030, and 40% by 2040. ✓ ✓ The overall number of vehicles is reduced by 20% by 2030, and 40% by 2040. ✓ ✓ Waste Reduce the volume of leachate by 50% by 2030 from suitable landfill sites. ✓ ✓ Reduce the amount of waste for final disposal in landfill sites by 30% by 2030 and by 50% by 2040. ✓ ✓ Increase the amount of waste re-used or recycled by 30% by 2030 and by 40% by 2040. ✓ ✓Conditional NDC actions Adaptation Mitigation Increase the amount of waste collected to 90% by 2030 and to 100% by 2040.', '✓ ✓Conditional NDC actions Adaptation Mitigation Increase the amount of waste collected to 90% by 2030 and to 100% by 2040. ✓ ✓ Modernise (replacement of working equipment) 70% of the collection system by 2030 and by 100% by 2040. ✓ ✓ 30% reduction of methane emissions from landfill sites by 2030 and 70% reduction by 2040. ✓ ✓ 80MW of electricity produced from combustion of solid waste and methane at landfill sites in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip by 2030 and 140MW by 2040. ✓ ✓ Water 70% of the treated wastewater in large-scale wastewater treatment plants in the West Bank and Gaza are re-used by 2030. ✓ 7 MCM of rainwater in the West Bank is harvested by 2032. ✓ Non-revenue water is reduced by 15% by 2032.', '✓ Non-revenue water is reduced by 15% by 2032. ✓ 5% of rainwater in priority urban areas is drained and collected by 2032.', '✓ 5% of rainwater in priority urban areas is drained and collected by 2032. ✓ 100% of identified wells and springs are rehabilitated by 2030 ✓ Construction of the Gaza Central Desalination Plant by 2025 to provide 55 million m3 of quality fresh drinking water per year ✓ Coastal and marine (Gaza Strip) Rainwater harvesting ✓ ✓ Construction of detached breakwaters ✓ Introduction of new saline-tolerant crops ✓ ✓ Enlargement of the fishing area and improving fishing equipment ✓ Provision of beach nourishment, reclamation, and beach drift rehabilitation ✓ Provision of laboratories and equipment for data collection and analysis ✓ Supporting the fish packaging/preservation industry ✓ Food Enhancing agricultural value chain and improving infrastructure for livestock production ✓ Greenhouse management ✓ Construction of large-scale cold storage ✓ Construction of large-scale steel silos for grain to enable import and storage during periods when prices on international markets are low ✓ Industry Municipal solid waste used as a substitution of 30% of pet coke in cement production by 2040 (5% in 2025, linear increase until 30% in 2040).', '✓ 100% of identified wells and springs are rehabilitated by 2030 ✓ Construction of the Gaza Central Desalination Plant by 2025 to provide 55 million m3 of quality fresh drinking water per year ✓ Coastal and marine (Gaza Strip) Rainwater harvesting ✓ ✓ Construction of detached breakwaters ✓ Introduction of new saline-tolerant crops ✓ ✓ Enlargement of the fishing area and improving fishing equipment ✓ Provision of beach nourishment, reclamation, and beach drift rehabilitation ✓ Provision of laboratories and equipment for data collection and analysis ✓ Supporting the fish packaging/preservation industry ✓ Food Enhancing agricultural value chain and improving infrastructure for livestock production ✓ Greenhouse management ✓ Construction of large-scale cold storage ✓ Construction of large-scale steel silos for grain to enable import and storage during periods when prices on international markets are low ✓ Industry Municipal solid waste used as a substitution of 30% of pet coke in cement production by 2040 (5% in 2025, linear increase until 30% in 2040). ✓ Replace imported raw materials with local materials whenever possible ✓ ✓ Building fossil-fuel storage facilities ✓Conditional NDC actions Adaptation Mitigation Rehabilitation and maintenance of industrial facilities and equipment ✓ Provision of suitable storage facilities for industrial products intended for export ✓ Improve handling, fumigation, packaging, and storage techniques for raw materials intended for export ✓ Capacity building to enable industries to adapt to climate change ✓ Terrestrial ecosystems National network of protected areas, including 50 protected areas and 51 biodiversity hotspots (West Bank), Wadi Gaza and 3 biodiversity hotspots (Gaza Strip).', '✓ Replace imported raw materials with local materials whenever possible ✓ ✓ Building fossil-fuel storage facilities ✓Conditional NDC actions Adaptation Mitigation Rehabilitation and maintenance of industrial facilities and equipment ✓ Provision of suitable storage facilities for industrial products intended for export ✓ Improve handling, fumigation, packaging, and storage techniques for raw materials intended for export ✓ Capacity building to enable industries to adapt to climate change ✓ Terrestrial ecosystems National network of protected areas, including 50 protected areas and 51 biodiversity hotspots (West Bank), Wadi Gaza and 3 biodiversity hotspots (Gaza Strip). ✓ ✓ Tourism Identify, design, and implement flood management schemes for cultural heritage sites, where appropriate.', '✓ ✓ Tourism Identify, design, and implement flood management schemes for cultural heritage sites, where appropriate. ✓ Urban and infrastructure Promoting green buildings ✓ ✓ Rehabilitation of resilient road infrastructure ✓ ✓Appendix 4: Costs of conditional NDC actions and additional activities in the NDC Partnership Plan Indicative cost (USD) Indicative funding gap (USD) Conditional NDC actions Agriculture 50% of farms in the State of Palestine apply gender-sensitive CSA by 2040. An annual increase of 2% until 2040 in the total area of forest land, rangeland and upland rehabilitated and sustainably managed. Energy Upgrade of the electricity grid to enable distribution of renewable energy, primarily from solar PV, by 2030. Improve energy efficiency by 20% (versus business as usual) across all sectors by 2035. 20-33% of electricity to be generated from renewable energy by 2040, primarily from solar PV (560MW).', '20-33% of electricity to be generated from renewable energy by 2040, primarily from solar PV (560MW). Health By 2025, improve the capacity for disease prevention by training 300 health professionals in disease prevention. By 2030, at least an additional 30% of the population, particularly women, is aware of measures that they can take to help prevent major diseases related to water, sanitation and food. By 2030, the capacity of the Ministry of Health to monitor the safety of water, food and sanitation increases by at least 50% from the situation in 2020. Transport Reduce the emissions of the passenger vehicle fleet by 8% by 2030, and 24% by 2040. Scrap 60% of vehicles older than 20 years by 2030, and all vehicles older than 20 years by 2040.', 'Scrap 60% of vehicles older than 20 years by 2030, and all vehicles older than 20 years by 2040. Conduct statutory tests on 30% of on-road vehicles by 2030, and 60% by 2040. 20% of all small transit vehicles are replaced with larger capacity buses by 2030, and 40% by 2040.Indicative cost (USD) Indicative funding gap (USD) The overall number of vehicles is reduced by 20% by 2030, and 40% by 2040. Waste Reduce the volume of leachate by 50% by 2030 from suitable landfill sites. Reduce the amount of waste for final disposal in landfill sites by 30% by 2030 and by 50% by 2040. Increase the amount of waste re-used or recycled by 30% by 2030 and by 40% by 2040.', 'Increase the amount of waste re-used or recycled by 30% by 2030 and by 40% by 2040. Increase the amount of waste collected to 90% by 2030 and to 100% by 2040. Modernise (replacement of working equipment) 70% of the collection system by 2030 and 100% by 2040. 30% reduction of methane emissions from landfill sites by 2030 and 70% reduction by 2040. 80MW of electricity produced from landfill gas and combustion of waste at landfill sites in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip by 2030, and 140MW by 2040. Water 70% of the treated wastewater in large scale wastewater treatment plants in the West Bank and Gaza is re-used by 2030. 7 MCM of rainwater in the West Bank is harvested by 2032.', '7 MCM of rainwater in the West Bank is harvested by 2032. 36,789,000 23,186,000 Non-revenue water is reduced by 15% by 2032. 35,032,000 32,442,000 5% of rainwater in priority urban areas is drained and collected by 2032. 100% of identified wells and springs are rehabilitated by 2030. 25,000,000 24,674,000 Construction of a desalination plant in the Gaza Strip by 2025 to provide 55 million m3 of quality fresh drinking water per year.', '25,000,000 24,674,000 Construction of a desalination plant in the Gaza Strip by 2025 to provide 55 million m3 of quality fresh drinking water per year. Other needs not included as NDC actions Additional needs for the sectors with NDC implementation plans* 94,220,000 94,220,000 Development of NDC implementation plans for six additional sectors (coastal and marine, food, industry, terrestrial ecosystems, tourism, urban and infrastructure) 42 Details of funding are currently being progressedIndicative cost (USD) Indicative funding gap (USD) Other cross-cutting activities to support implementation of the Updated NDCs* Note The total cost quoted for implementing the State of Palestine’s Updated NDCs (USD 5,930m) is substantially less than the figure of USD14,100m in the country’s First NDCs. This is because: a. The costs included in the First NDCs were broad estimates for all sectors b.', 'The costs included in the First NDCs were broad estimates for all sectors b. The costs included in the Updated NDCs for NDC actions in the agriculture, energy, health, transport, waste, and water sectors from the 14 NDC implementation action plans, which have since been developed, are derived from more detailed consideration of activities required to achieve those NDC actions c. The costs included in the Updated NDC for the six remaining sectors (coastal and marine, food, industry, terrestrial ecosystems, tourism, urban and infrastructure) for which NDC implementation action plans are yet to be developed are only for the development of those plans (see Table 4), as compared with the USD 1,538m for those sectors included in the First NDCs to implement the NDC actions.', 'The costs included in the Updated NDCs for NDC actions in the agriculture, energy, health, transport, waste, and water sectors from the 14 NDC implementation action plans, which have since been developed, are derived from more detailed consideration of activities required to achieve those NDC actions c. The costs included in the Updated NDC for the six remaining sectors (coastal and marine, food, industry, terrestrial ecosystems, tourism, urban and infrastructure) for which NDC implementation action plans are yet to be developed are only for the development of those plans (see Table 4), as compared with the USD 1,538m for those sectors included in the First NDCs to implement the NDC actions. Once the additional NDC implementation action plans have been developed, figures in the NDC Partnership Plan will be updated accordingly to include the costs of implementing associated NDC actions.', 'Once the additional NDC implementation action plans have been developed, figures in the NDC Partnership Plan will be updated accordingly to include the costs of implementing associated NDC actions. Further costs associated with additional needs for the sectors with NDC implementation action plans and other cross-cutting activities to support implementation of the Updated NDCs identified in the NDC Partnership Plan and in Table 4 will also be higher than quoted here, as only some of the activities have been costed and only on the basis of broad estimates.']

en-US

PSE

Palestine

1st NDC

2017-08-21 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/State%20of%20Palestine%20First%20NDC.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Asia

0

MENA

../data/downloaded_documents/ab03e6343ff2d5ad7ccdde7dbfdeb836f2472ffbcf8cd5a289998c490a8a3d92.pdf

['STATE OF PALESTINE NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS/ United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)Contents 1. National Context . 3 2.1 Mitigation contribution . 5 2.2 Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding 8 2.3 Fairness and ambition . 10 4. Planning processes 15 5. Means of implementation 161. National Context This document summarises the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) of the State of Palestine. The State of Palestine recently gained accession to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).', 'The State of Palestine recently gained accession to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). On the 17th of March 2016, it officially became the 197th party to the Convention and, on the 22nd of April 2016, signed and ratified the Paris Agreement which entered into force on the 4th of November 2016.While the State of Palestine’s priority on climate change is adaptation, it is also committed to ensuring that its emissions pathway is in line with the objective of the UNFCCC to stabilise greenhouse gas emissions at a level that prevents dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.', 'On the 17th of March 2016, it officially became the 197th party to the Convention and, on the 22nd of April 2016, signed and ratified the Paris Agreement which entered into force on the 4th of November 2016.While the State of Palestine’s priority on climate change is adaptation, it is also committed to ensuring that its emissions pathway is in line with the objective of the UNFCCC to stabilise greenhouse gas emissions at a level that prevents dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. The State of Palestine recently completedits Initial National Communication Report1(INCR) and submitted it to the UNFCCC on November 11th 2016 highlighting its commitment to being an active player in tackling and responding to climate change.', 'The State of Palestine recently completedits Initial National Communication Report1(INCR) and submitted it to the UNFCCC on November 11th 2016 highlighting its commitment to being an active player in tackling and responding to climate change. In addition, the State of Palestine also recently developed its National Adaptation Plan (NAP)2,in accordance with the UNFCCC’s Consultative Group of Experts guidelines for least developed countries, and on November 11th 2016 became the sixth country to have submitted their NAP to the UNFCCC. The period between joining the UNFCCC and submitting the INCR and NAP is less than eight months,highlighting the importance of climate change within the Palestinian national agenda.', 'The period between joining the UNFCCC and submitting the INCR and NAP is less than eight months,highlighting the importance of climate change within the Palestinian national agenda. The State of Palestineconstitutes the Occupied Palestinian Territory,based on the borders of June 1967, and comprises the West Bank including East Jerusalem and the Gaza Strip, which areseparated by Israel. The State of Palestine’s population increased from 1.5 million in 1980 to 4.0 million in 2010 and is expected to reach 8.9 million by 2050. In addition to the 4 million Palestinians living in Palestine, more than 6.5 million Palestinians are refugees and living abroad and cannot exercise their right to return to their homes because of the Israeli Occupation.', 'In addition to the 4 million Palestinians living in Palestine, more than 6.5 million Palestinians are refugees and living abroad and cannot exercise their right to return to their homes because of the Israeli Occupation. Nearly one-third of registered Palestinian refugees, more than 1.5 million people, live in 58 recognised Palestinian refugee camps in Jordan, Lebanon, the Syrian Arab Republic, and within the State of Palestine. The country is under Israeli occupation, and Israeli settlements have been established throughout the West Bank including East Jerusalem. Consequently, the Palestinian Government does not have control over its own territory and natural resources, which are subject to systematic and widespread Israeli violations, and the Israeli occupation has a negative impact on the delivery of the Palestinian Government’s environmental policies.', 'Consequently, the Palestinian Government does not have control over its own territory and natural resources, which are subject to systematic and widespread Israeli violations, and the Israeli occupation has a negative impact on the delivery of the Palestinian Government’s environmental policies. The Gaza Strip has suffered from a siege and blockade imposed by Israel, for the past ten years, which has severely affected the viability of living conditions, decreased their resilience and reduced their adaptive capacities to the adverse impact of climate change The State of Palestine is particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, with severe implications for its economy, living standards and environment.The NAP identifies a wide range of ‘highly vulnerable’ issues across 12 themes/sectors.', 'The Gaza Strip has suffered from a siege and blockade imposed by Israel, for the past ten years, which has severely affected the viability of living conditions, decreased their resilience and reduced their adaptive capacities to the adverse impact of climate change The State of Palestine is particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, with severe implications for its economy, living standards and environment.The NAP identifies a wide range of ‘highly vulnerable’ issues across 12 themes/sectors. Many of these issues have inter-connectionsmore generally across themes/sectors, most notably, in relation to water, agriculture, food and energy.Israeli occupation, along with the illegal settlements regime, annexation and expansionWall substantially reduces the State of Palestine’s adaptive capacities in relation to many issues across all themes/sectors thereby compounding climate vulnerabilities.The NAP identifies and prioritises adaptation options in relation to all ‘highly vulnerable’ issues.', 'Many of these issues have inter-connectionsmore generally across themes/sectors, most notably, in relation to water, agriculture, food and energy.Israeli occupation, along with the illegal settlements regime, annexation and expansionWall substantially reduces the State of Palestine’s adaptive capacities in relation to many issues across all themes/sectors thereby compounding climate vulnerabilities.The NAP identifies and prioritises adaptation options in relation to all ‘highly vulnerable’ issues. In an holistic effort to improve conditions, the Palestinian Government alsodeveloped a National Development Plan 2014-20163 with policies and strategies designed to establish the sovereign state, consolidate its control over its natural resources, develop Area C4 (particularly in the Jordan Valley), and restore East Jerusalem and the Gaza Strip.', 'In an holistic effort to improve conditions, the Palestinian Government alsodeveloped a National Development Plan 2014-20163 with policies and strategies designed to establish the sovereign state, consolidate its control over its natural resources, develop Area C4 (particularly in the Jordan Valley), and restore East Jerusalem and the Gaza Strip. The plan also signalled the State of Palestine’s determination to boost its national economy, bolster its economic independence, and enhance the private sector’s ability to build its productive capacity, its competitiveness and ability to create jobs for its people. The National Development Plan continues national endeavours to strengthen institutions, ensure financial stability and deliver quality public services efficiently and sustainably.', 'The National Development Plan continues national endeavours to strengthen institutions, ensure financial stability and deliver quality public services efficiently and sustainably. Moreover, the Environment Quality Authority (EQA) led the preparation and development of the Environment Sector Strategy (2014-2016) with the vision of: “A protected, maintained and safe Palestinian environment that achieves sustainability of natural resources, under an independent Palestinian sovereignty.” Sectoral strategies (2017-2022) have been developed for 21 sectors in total, including: water, agriculture, energy and waste among others. Three sectors were considered cross-cutting: environment, gender and Youth. These include strategic goals some of which are linked to climate change mitigation and/or adaptation.', 'These include strategic goals some of which are linked to climate change mitigation and/or adaptation. As such, the NDC builds upon the INCR, the NAP, and is in line with the National Development Plan and the recently developed sectoral strategies to achieve sustainable economic development in line with emissions reduction. The delivery of the climate actions described in this NDC will help achieve a number of national development and policy objectives as well reflects the country s vision for climate action and address the political commitment to climate change at a global level. These include improvements in the State’s energy security, with a reduced dependence on imported electricity from Israel and increased energy reserves through development and exploitation of the Gaza Strip’s gas field.', 'These include improvements in the State’s energy security, with a reduced dependence on imported electricity from Israel and increased energy reserves through development and exploitation of the Gaza Strip’s gas field. Improvements in the Palestinian people’s living conditions, health and environment, through better air quality, less unmanaged waste, increased food production and increased water resources are also important co- benefits. These actions will also support the implementation of sustainable development goals (SDGs).', 'These actions will also support the implementation of sustainable development goals (SDGs). The State of Palestine’s ability to mitigate and adapt to climate impacts will be crucial to the ability to achieve, by 2030, not only SDG 13 on combating climate change, but a number of other SDGs such as SDG 1 on ending poverty in all its forms, SDG 3 on good health and well-being, SDG 5 on gender equality, SDG 6 on clean water and sanitation, and SDG 7 on affordable and clean energy among others. Hence, implementing NDCs can support the achievement of the sustainable development goals across all sectors and levels of government.', 'Hence, implementing NDCs can support the achievement of the sustainable development goals across all sectors and levels of government. 4 The Oslo II Accord, formally entitled the ‘Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip of 1995’, created three territorial zones in The West Bank: Area A, where the Palestinian Government has responsibility for public order and internal security; Area B, where the Palestinian Government assumes responsibility for public order for Palestinians, while Israel controls internal security; and Area C, where Israel maintains exclusive control. Area C covers 61% of the West BankThe NDC has been developed by a multi-stakeholder engagement process building on the stakeholder engagement undertaken to develop the INCR and NAP and with high-level political endorsement by the Palestinian Government.', 'Area C covers 61% of the West BankThe NDC has been developed by a multi-stakeholder engagement process building on the stakeholder engagement undertaken to develop the INCR and NAP and with high-level political endorsement by the Palestinian Government. 2.1 Mitigation contribution Palestine intends to reduce its CO2eq emissions as set out in Table 1, conditional on receiving international support in the form of finance, technology transfer and capacity building. Table 1: The State of Palestine’s conditional mitigation contribution Independence Status quo 24.4% by 2040 relative to business-as-usual 12.8% by 2040 relative to business-as-usual Until independence is achieved, two scenarios are provided for the NDC: Independence scenario–by ending the Israeli occupation, Government of the State of Palestine achieves independence and is able to exercise full control over its resources.', 'Table 1: The State of Palestine’s conditional mitigation contribution Independence Status quo 24.4% by 2040 relative to business-as-usual 12.8% by 2040 relative to business-as-usual Until independence is achieved, two scenarios are provided for the NDC: Independence scenario–by ending the Israeli occupation, Government of the State of Palestine achieves independence and is able to exercise full control over its resources. Statusquoscenario – reflecting a continuation of the Israeli occupation of the State of Palestine. This does not mean that this is an acceptable situation.Figure 1: The State of Palestine’s conditional mitigation contribution The State of Palestine will implement themitigation actions set out inTable 2 below, conditional on receiving international support. Further information on the mitigation actions are provided in the State of Palestine’s INCR.', 'Further information on the mitigation actions are provided in the State of Palestine’s INCR. Table 2: Mitigation actions to be implemented, conditional on receiving international support Mitigation action Brief description of the action Solar photovoltaic Generation of 20%-33% of electricity using solar PV. Energy Service Companies (ESCOS) could be used to overcome financial barriers. Energy efficiency in buildings Buildings standards on thermal efficiency, developing on existing regulations. Use of waste for cement production Municipal solid waste used as a substitution of 20% of coal in cement production. Acquired through contract tender to private organisations. Use of waste for electricity generation Deployment of a 1 MW (50 tonnes per day of waste) waste incineration unit.', 'Use of waste for electricity generation Deployment of a 1 MW (50 tonnes per day of waste) waste incineration unit. Reduction of methane from landfill The capture of 14,000 tonnes of landfill gases per annum for use in power generation.Mitigation action Brief description of the action Energy efficient lighting Annual increase as part of buildings standards. Increase of 1% per annum using energy efficient lightbulbs. Hybrid electric vehicles Promotional campaigns and maintenance/increases to tax credits for qualifying vehicles Compressed natural gas powered vehicles Development of compressed natural gas refuelling infrastructure and amendment to the Traffic Act regarding licence fees. Assumes that 20% of trucks and buses could use compressed natural gas by 2040. Modal shift programmes Numerous measures including standard public service contracts, simplified fare systems, improved passenger information and better vehicles and maintenance.', 'Modal shift programmes Numerous measures including standard public service contracts, simplified fare systems, improved passenger information and better vehicles and maintenance. Envisions a 25% shift from private vehicle to public bus by 2030. Afforestation Annual increase of 200 hectares of forested land per annum, building on existing forested land. In addition, the State of Palestine commits to unconditionally undertake the mitigation actionsset out inTable 3 below. Table 3: Mitigation actions to be implemented unconditionally Mitigation action Brief description of action Timescale for implementation Sustainable Urban Demonstration Installation of six net-metering photovoltaic systems on 6 main public buildings in the Tubas Municipality: Municipality Building Public Information Centre Cafeteria Building - Public Transportation Dynamo-meter Building Youth Centre Building Storage Building.', 'Table 3: Mitigation actions to be implemented unconditionally Mitigation action Brief description of action Timescale for implementation Sustainable Urban Demonstration Installation of six net-metering photovoltaic systems on 6 main public buildings in the Tubas Municipality: Municipality Building Public Information Centre Cafeteria Building - Public Transportation Dynamo-meter Building Youth Centre Building Storage Building. Sustainable Urban Demonstration Installation of a small-scale wastewater treatment plant powered by solarenergy in Za atara, Palestine, and evaluation of the feasibility of upscaling this technology in 5SUDEP involves improving the capacities of local authorities to develop and implement sustainable energy efficiency practices and renewable demonstration actionsMitigation action Brief description of action Timescale for implementation Projects Central Asia Afforestation Project Afforestation through: reclamation of approximately 1200 dunums6 of unused agricultural lands development of approximately 1000 dunums of grazing lands. The introduction of new areas for planting new trees will provide increased carbon sequestration.', 'The introduction of new areas for planting new trees will provide increased carbon sequestration. Greening Palestine Increasing green cover to provide increased carbon sequestration. Ongoing Rangeland development, improvement and rehabilitation. New forage plants (shrubs and trees) will provide increased carbon sequestration. 2.2 Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding Table 4: Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding Period for implementation Timeframe for implementation Scope and coverage Scope of gases included in the contribution Carbon dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), Nitrous oxide (N2O). Sectors/sources covered by the contribution Energy; industrial processes and product use; agriculture, forestry and other land use; waste.', 'Sectors/sources covered by the contribution Energy; industrial processes and product use; agriculture, forestry and other land use; waste. Industrial processes and product use (IPPU) is not included in the mitigation measures as emissions from that sector are negligible.Geographies covered by the contribution All national territories are included, which are the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and Gaza Strip.Emissions from illegal Israeli settlements on Palestinian land are not included. Assumptions and methodological approaches Methodology for emissions accounting 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Global warming potentials Global warming potential 100 values (i.e. 100-year timescale) in accordance with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) Second Assessment Report. Approach for land use, land- use change and forestry emissions Agriculture, forestry and other land use emissions are accounted for in the Greenhouse Gas Inventory and these are included in the baseline scenarios.', 'Approach for land use, land- use change and forestry emissions Agriculture, forestry and other land use emissions are accounted for in the Greenhouse Gas Inventory and these are included in the baseline scenarios. Palestine’s mitigation contribution covers the agriculture and forestry section. Business-as- usual emissions in the target 18.1Mt CO2eq in 2040 under independence scenario. 9.1Mt CO2eq in 2040 under status quo scenario. Baseline projection methodology Palestine employs two fixed baselines for the two political scenarios set out above (independence; status quo). Projection methodology for low carbon scenarios The Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning (LEAP) System model was used to estimate projections. Please see Palestine’s Initial National Communication Report for the assumptions used in the projections.', 'Please see Palestine’s Initial National Communication Report for the assumptions used in the projections. Net contribution of International Market Based Mechanism Palestine does not rule out the use of international market-based mechanisms to achieve its NDC targets.2.3 Fairness and ambition The State of Palestine’s emissions per person are extremely low. In 2011, there were 0.8tCO2eq per capita per year7, forecasted to grow to 1.6 tCO2eq per capita per year in 2040 under the independence scenario or 1.2 tCO2eq per capita per year under the status quo scenario. This is significantly less than the global average of 7.58 tCO2eq8percapita per year.', 'This is significantly less than the global average of 7.58 tCO2eq8percapita per year. Moreover, the State of Palestine’s gross domestic product (GDP) per capita was approximatelyUS$ 2,800 in 2011 and is forecast to be US$ 9,400in 2040 under the independence scenario or US$ 7,400 in 2040 under the status quo scenario. This is also significantly less than the global average of US$ 10,400 GDP/capita in 20119. However, despite the State of Palestine’s small share of global greenhouse gas emissions and low level of economic development, the Palestinian Government is committed to making a fair and ambitious contribution to global efforts to limit emissions consistent with the objectives of the UNFCCC.', 'However, despite the State of Palestine’s small share of global greenhouse gas emissions and low level of economic development, the Palestinian Government is committed to making a fair and ambitious contribution to global efforts to limit emissions consistent with the objectives of the UNFCCC. The Palestinian Government reaffirms its belief in the principles of equity, and of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities. Given that the State of Palestine is not a high emitter, and is very vulnerable to climate change impacts, the NDC is ambitious in putting forward a quantified emission reduction contribution. The State of Palestine’s NDC is also ambitious in light of the country’s challenging political circumstances.The Israeli occupationobstructs the State of Palestine’s ability to implementadaptation and mitigation activities.', 'The State of Palestine’s NDC is also ambitious in light of the country’s challenging political circumstances.The Israeli occupationobstructs the State of Palestine’s ability to implementadaptation and mitigation activities. It is difficult for the State of Palestine to have full control over its emissions profile, as it is almost entirely dependent on imported energy from Israeldue to political and logistical factors. In addition, the occupation prevents the State of Palestine having control of its own borders in the West Bank, including east Jerusalem,andGaza Strip, which impacts on Palestine’s resilience to climate change.The occupation has also made information sharing and networking at a national level very difficult, impacting on the Palestinian Government’s ability to address climate change challenges.', 'In addition, the occupation prevents the State of Palestine having control of its own borders in the West Bank, including east Jerusalem,andGaza Strip, which impacts on Palestine’s resilience to climate change.The occupation has also made information sharing and networking at a national level very difficult, impacting on the Palestinian Government’s ability to address climate change challenges. The flow of information, cooperation and coordination between staff members that work on climate change in both the West Bank, including east Jerusalem, and Gaza Strip is hindered by road blocks, check points and the inability to move freely between both areas. The NDC is also ambitious given that the State of Palestine has only been a party to the UNFCCC since March 2016.', 'The NDC is also ambitious given that the State of Palestine has only been a party to the UNFCCC since March 2016. Despite being the newest State Party to the UNFCCC, in less than 9 months the State of Palestine has signed and ratified the Paris Agreement, developed and published its INCR and NAP, and submitted its NDC to the UNFCCC. Adaptation to adverse impact of climate change is considered as the highest priority. The State of Palestine’s NAP was approved by all relevant ministries in May 2016. All stages of Element A (‘Lay the groundwork and address gaps’) and Element B (‘Preparatory elements’) described in the 7These emissions are calculated for the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and the Gaza Strip.', 'All stages of Element A (‘Lay the groundwork and address gaps’) and Element B (‘Preparatory elements’) described in the 7These emissions are calculated for the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and the Gaza Strip. These calculations do not include emissions from illegal Israeli settlements as the Palestinian Government has no direct control over the activities that cause these emissions, although they occur within the Occupied Palestine Territory. 8 Greenhouse gas time series 1990-2012 per capita emissions for world countries 2012. 9 NAP Guidelines for Least Developed Countries have been completed; in addition the NAP sets out a replicable approach for monitoring and evaluation of the adaptation actions in the NAP.', '9 NAP Guidelines for Least Developed Countries have been completed; in addition the NAP sets out a replicable approach for monitoring and evaluation of the adaptation actions in the NAP. The State of Palestine aims to maintain the NAP as a living document, and is intent on driving forward implementation of the NAP, subject to securing appropriate international support. The NAP identifies‘highly vulnerable’ issues in relation to the following 12 theme/sectors: agriculture, coastal and marine (Gaza Strip only), energy, food, gender, health, industry, terrestrial ecosystems, tourism (West Bank only –because Israel’s occupation and blockade of the Gaza Strip prevents opportunities for tourism), urban and infrastructure, waste and wastewater, and water.', 'The NAP identifies‘highly vulnerable’ issues in relation to the following 12 theme/sectors: agriculture, coastal and marine (Gaza Strip only), energy, food, gender, health, industry, terrestrial ecosystems, tourism (West Bank only –because Israel’s occupation and blockade of the Gaza Strip prevents opportunities for tourism), urban and infrastructure, waste and wastewater, and water. Many of these issues have inter-connections more generally across themes/sectors, most notably, in relation to water, agriculture, food and energy. Israeli occupation substantially reduces the State of Palestine’s adaptive capacities thereby compounding climate vulnerabilities. For example, Israeli occupation of the State of Palestine restricts availability of land and resources, freedom of movement, import and export of raw materials and products, and the development of domestic and industrial infrastructure.', 'For example, Israeli occupation of the State of Palestine restricts availability of land and resources, freedom of movement, import and export of raw materials and products, and the development of domestic and industrial infrastructure. These limitations on the State of Palestine’s adaptive capacities are most prevalent in the so-called Area C, which covers 61% of the occupied West Bank, and in the Gaza Strip. The State of Palestine’s particular circumstances mean that the NAP is focused on the implementation of immediate, near-future adaptation actions that address highly vulnerable themes/sectors under Israeli occupation. However, the NAP also gives limited consideration to medium- and long-term adaptation actions that could be taken if the Israeli occupation was resolved.', 'However, the NAP also gives limited consideration to medium- and long-term adaptation actions that could be taken if the Israeli occupation was resolved. The adaptation actions aim to reduce climate sensitivity or increase adaptive capacity in relation to each of the highly vulnerable issues across the 12 themes/sectors, and take into consideration national development goals. Wherever possible, adaptation actions have been identified that are relevant to three future-climate scenarios for the State of Palestine that are representative of all projections considered in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report. Such actions will, therefore, be beneficial whichever of the scenarios comes to pass.', 'Such actions will, therefore, be beneficial whichever of the scenarios comes to pass. Under the most pessimistic scenario in the NAP, should emissions continue to increase with some reductions from historic level but breaching the 2°C target, the below impacts are expected: Temperature increases (by about 1.5°C by 2025, 2.5°C by 2055 and 4.5°C by 2090) Reduced cold periods and more warmer periods, both becoming more prominent over time Decreased rainfall overall (up to around 20% less by 2025, 15% by 2055 and 30% less by 2090), but also extended dry periods, reduced wet periods and heavier rainfall days.', 'Under the most pessimistic scenario in the NAP, should emissions continue to increase with some reductions from historic level but breaching the 2°C target, the below impacts are expected: Temperature increases (by about 1.5°C by 2025, 2.5°C by 2055 and 4.5°C by 2090) Reduced cold periods and more warmer periods, both becoming more prominent over time Decreased rainfall overall (up to around 20% less by 2025, 15% by 2055 and 30% less by 2090), but also extended dry periods, reduced wet periods and heavier rainfall days. This presents an overall increase in drought risks, as well as an indication that the rare wettest days might become more frequent, especially in the West Bank, and hence potentially increase flood risks.Table 5below summarises the issues that are ranked as highly vulnerable to climate change for each of the themes/sectors.', 'This presents an overall increase in drought risks, as well as an indication that the rare wettest days might become more frequent, especially in the West Bank, and hence potentially increase flood risks.Table 5below summarises the issues that are ranked as highly vulnerable to climate change for each of the themes/sectors. The complete vulnerability assessments for all themes/sectors in relation to the West Bank and the Gaza Strip are available on request from the Environment Quality Authority.', 'The complete vulnerability assessments for all themes/sectors in relation to the West Bank and the Gaza Strip are available on request from the Environment Quality Authority. Table 5: Issues ranked as ‘Highly vulnerable’ Theme/sector Highly vulnerable issue West Bank Highly vulnerable issue Gaza Strip Agriculture Olive production; Grape production; Stone fruits; Rain-fed vegetables; Field crops; Irrigated vegetables; Grazing area and soil erosion; Irrigation water; Livestock production Livestock production; Cost of agricultural production; Employment; Vegetable production; Olive production, Citrus; Irrigation water Coastal and marine N/A Fishing/fisheries; Coastal agriculture; Condition of beaches Energy Domestic/local energy production; Energy imports; Condition of infrastructure Domestic energy production; Energy imports; Condition of infrastructure Food Domestic food prices; Imported food prices Domestic food prices; Imported food prices Gender Major diseases related to water and sanitation Employment and gender; Major diseases related to water and sanitation; Food security and gender Health Major diseases related to water, sanitation, and food Major diseases related to water, sanitation, and food Industry Value of raw materials imported; Infrastructure; Energy supply; Energy demand Value of industrial products exported; Value of raw materials exported; Employment; Energy supply; Energy demand Terrestrial ecosystems Habitat connectivity Wadi Gaza – Habitat connectivity Tourism Condition of cultural heritage N/A due to Israel’s occupation and blockade of the Gaza Strip Urban and infrastructure Urbanisation Building conditions; Urban drainage Waste and wastewater Waste management Waste management Water Ground water supply; Flood management; Condition of Groundwater supply; Groundwater quality; Flood managementTheme/sector Highly vulnerable issue West Bank Highly vulnerable issue Gaza Strip infrastructure The adaptation actions in the NAP comprise management and operational strategies, infrastructural changes, policy adjustments or capacity-building.', 'Table 5: Issues ranked as ‘Highly vulnerable’ Theme/sector Highly vulnerable issue West Bank Highly vulnerable issue Gaza Strip Agriculture Olive production; Grape production; Stone fruits; Rain-fed vegetables; Field crops; Irrigated vegetables; Grazing area and soil erosion; Irrigation water; Livestock production Livestock production; Cost of agricultural production; Employment; Vegetable production; Olive production, Citrus; Irrigation water Coastal and marine N/A Fishing/fisheries; Coastal agriculture; Condition of beaches Energy Domestic/local energy production; Energy imports; Condition of infrastructure Domestic energy production; Energy imports; Condition of infrastructure Food Domestic food prices; Imported food prices Domestic food prices; Imported food prices Gender Major diseases related to water and sanitation Employment and gender; Major diseases related to water and sanitation; Food security and gender Health Major diseases related to water, sanitation, and food Major diseases related to water, sanitation, and food Industry Value of raw materials imported; Infrastructure; Energy supply; Energy demand Value of industrial products exported; Value of raw materials exported; Employment; Energy supply; Energy demand Terrestrial ecosystems Habitat connectivity Wadi Gaza – Habitat connectivity Tourism Condition of cultural heritage N/A due to Israel’s occupation and blockade of the Gaza Strip Urban and infrastructure Urbanisation Building conditions; Urban drainage Waste and wastewater Waste management Waste management Water Ground water supply; Flood management; Condition of Groundwater supply; Groundwater quality; Flood managementTheme/sector Highly vulnerable issue West Bank Highly vulnerable issue Gaza Strip infrastructure The adaptation actions in the NAP comprise management and operational strategies, infrastructural changes, policy adjustments or capacity-building. Some actions involve adjusting (climate-proofing) current activities, while others are new, or require major transformations in operations.', 'Some actions involve adjusting (climate-proofing) current activities, while others are new, or require major transformations in operations. Some are ecosystem-based, i.e. helping people adapt to the impacts of climate change through the conservation, sustainable management, and restoration of ecosystems. A full list of costed adaption actions for each of the sectors is presented in the means of implementation section. In addition, Palestine unconditionally commits to undertake the specific adaptation actions set out in Table 6below. Many of these reflect adaptation actions that will be undertaken locally, but need to be scaled up and implemented more widely or currently under implementation across the State of Palestine, as set out in the NAP and summarised in seeTable 9.', 'Many of these reflect adaptation actions that will be undertaken locally, but need to be scaled up and implemented more widely or currently under implementation across the State of Palestine, as set out in the NAP and summarised in seeTable 9. Table 6: Adaptationactions to be implemented unconditionally Adaptation action Brief description of action Timescale for implementation Enhancing food security (Jenin, Tubas, Ramallah) Implemented by MOA Ongoing Land, water and human resources development in marginalised areas (Hebron, Bethlehem) Increase water availability by constructing cistern and earthy dams, and improved irrigationby installingwater tanks.', 'Table 6: Adaptationactions to be implemented unconditionally Adaptation action Brief description of action Timescale for implementation Enhancing food security (Jenin, Tubas, Ramallah) Implemented by MOA Ongoing Land, water and human resources development in marginalised areas (Hebron, Bethlehem) Increase water availability by constructing cistern and earthy dams, and improved irrigationby installingwater tanks. Ongoing Rehabilitation of agricultural land (Salfit, Bethlehem, Hebron, Jenin) Implemented by MOA Ongoing Land development and water resources project (Jenin, Nablus, Qalqylia, Tulkarem,Hebron) Increase water availability by constructing a 2,000 m3 capacity earthy pond Improved irrigation scheduling byinstalling 10 water tanks Minimise water leakages by installing new water conveyance systems.', 'Ongoing Rehabilitation of agricultural land (Salfit, Bethlehem, Hebron, Jenin) Implemented by MOA Ongoing Land development and water resources project (Jenin, Nablus, Qalqylia, Tulkarem,Hebron) Increase water availability by constructing a 2,000 m3 capacity earthy pond Improved irrigation scheduling byinstalling 10 water tanks Minimise water leakages by installing new water conveyance systems. Ongoing Integrated rural development project (Marj Sanour) Increase water availability by: - constructing 50 earthy ponds OngoingAdaptation action Brief description of action Timescale for implementation - constructing 15-170 - rehabilitating 500 dunums10 of sloped terrain to minimise soil erosion Water harvesting project - 2 dams and pond (Hebron district, Jenin) Increase water availability in the agricultural sector by constructing 3 large scale earthy ponds with a total Ongoing Adaptation to climate change project (Tulkarem,Jenin,Jericho, Ramallah, Dora) Improve farmers’ and agricultural engineers’ adaptive capacity through improved irrigation management, treated wastewater reuse, introducing new fodder seeds and minimising soil erosion through minimum tillage Ongoing Water harvesting and soil conservation project to adaptation to climate change (Jenin, Ramallah,Dora) Soil water harvesting to improve water availability and soil quality, and build adaptation capacity in the agricultural sector with respect to soil water harvesting Ongoing Water harvesting project - rainwater collecting wells (Hebron) Increase water availability in the agriculture sector (animal and crops) by constructing 50 cisterns Ongoing Water management project (Jordan Valley, Nablus) Improve water management and increase available water by rehabilitating 6 wells and 10 km of conveyance infrastructure Ongoing Enhancing food security (Jenin) Improve food security by planting 200 dunum of alfalfa OngoingAdaptation action Brief description of action Timescale for implementation Enhancing food security (Jenin, Nablus) Increase food security by cultivating 100 dunum in Jenin and 100 dunum in Nablus with food crops and reusing treated wastewater Ongoing 4.', 'Ongoing Integrated rural development project (Marj Sanour) Increase water availability by: - constructing 50 earthy ponds OngoingAdaptation action Brief description of action Timescale for implementation - constructing 15-170 - rehabilitating 500 dunums10 of sloped terrain to minimise soil erosion Water harvesting project - 2 dams and pond (Hebron district, Jenin) Increase water availability in the agricultural sector by constructing 3 large scale earthy ponds with a total Ongoing Adaptation to climate change project (Tulkarem,Jenin,Jericho, Ramallah, Dora) Improve farmers’ and agricultural engineers’ adaptive capacity through improved irrigation management, treated wastewater reuse, introducing new fodder seeds and minimising soil erosion through minimum tillage Ongoing Water harvesting and soil conservation project to adaptation to climate change (Jenin, Ramallah,Dora) Soil water harvesting to improve water availability and soil quality, and build adaptation capacity in the agricultural sector with respect to soil water harvesting Ongoing Water harvesting project - rainwater collecting wells (Hebron) Increase water availability in the agriculture sector (animal and crops) by constructing 50 cisterns Ongoing Water management project (Jordan Valley, Nablus) Improve water management and increase available water by rehabilitating 6 wells and 10 km of conveyance infrastructure Ongoing Enhancing food security (Jenin) Improve food security by planting 200 dunum of alfalfa OngoingAdaptation action Brief description of action Timescale for implementation Enhancing food security (Jenin, Nablus) Increase food security by cultivating 100 dunum in Jenin and 100 dunum in Nablus with food crops and reusing treated wastewater Ongoing 4. Planning processes The implementation of the NDC will require effective governance to drive progress, ensure accountability, coordinate decision-making processes and maintain political will at all levels.', 'Planning processes The implementation of the NDC will require effective governance to drive progress, ensure accountability, coordinate decision-making processes and maintain political will at all levels. This includes supporting sectors with the planning and implementation of mitigation and adaptation actions, the assessment and communication of financing and support needs (nationally and internationally), and monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) related to NDC implementation. It will involve further mainstreaming of mitigation and adaptation within economic development, promoting mitigation and adaptation actions, improving cooperation among ministries, and mobilising support for mitigation and adaptation actions. MRV of NDC implementation will include tracking the implementation of mitigation and adaptation activities, assessing the impacts (greenhouse gas and non-greenhouse gas) of mitigation and adaptation activities, as well as tracking climate finance (both national and international) flows.', 'MRV of NDC implementation will include tracking the implementation of mitigation and adaptation activities, assessing the impacts (greenhouse gas and non-greenhouse gas) of mitigation and adaptation activities, as well as tracking climate finance (both national and international) flows. The State of Palestine aims to integrate the necessary MRV activities into existing processes and structures for international reporting to ensure an efficient and consistent approach.Palestine is in the process of determining the most appropriate process for MRV of NDC implementation and is intending to implement a robust MRV system. The Palestinian Government has chosen the Environment Quality Authority to be the single national entity responsible for driving the implementation of the NDC, and reporting on progress on NDC implementation.', 'The Palestinian Government has chosen the Environment Quality Authority to be the single national entity responsible for driving the implementation of the NDC, and reporting on progress on NDC implementation. The State of Palestine has a National Committee on Climate Change, which is a cross-ministerial expert advisory committee. Its aim is to support the Palestinian Government in the implementation and evaluation of its climate policies. It advises on where attention is required with regard to risks and on mitigation and adaptation needs. The National Committee on Climate Change, on behalf of the Palestinian Government, is responsible for preparing climate-related policies, and following decisions by the Cabinet, and monitoring implementation of these policies.', 'The National Committee on Climate Change, on behalf of the Palestinian Government, is responsible for preparing climate-related policies, and following decisions by the Cabinet, and monitoring implementation of these policies. The Environment Quality Authority will be given the responsibility to coordinate NDC implementation at the national level and between sectors.5. Means of implementation The mitigation actions proposed in this NDC can only be delivered with appropriate international support. Technology, capacity building and financial needs across mitigation are set out in Chapter 5 of the INCR, and summarised in Table 7below.The total cost of implementingthe mitigation actions set out in Table 7isUS$ 10.6billion.', 'Technology, capacity building and financial needs across mitigation are set out in Chapter 5 of the INCR, and summarised in Table 7below.The total cost of implementingthe mitigation actions set out in Table 7isUS$ 10.6billion. Table 7: Type of international support required for mitigation actions Mitigation action Brief description of the action Type of support needed Solar photovoltaic 33% of generation to come from solar PV Finance, technology Energy efficiency of buildings Increased energy efficiency through buildings standards Finance, capacity-building Energy efficient lighting Increased efficiency of lightbulbs through standards Finance, capacity-building Use of waste for cement production Use of waste in cement production Finance Use of waste for electricity generation Capture and utilisation of landfill gases Finance, technology,capacity-building Reduction of methane from landfill Capture landfill gases for use in power generation.', 'Table 7: Type of international support required for mitigation actions Mitigation action Brief description of the action Type of support needed Solar photovoltaic 33% of generation to come from solar PV Finance, technology Energy efficiency of buildings Increased energy efficiency through buildings standards Finance, capacity-building Energy efficient lighting Increased efficiency of lightbulbs through standards Finance, capacity-building Use of waste for cement production Use of waste in cement production Finance Use of waste for electricity generation Capture and utilisation of landfill gases Finance, technology,capacity-building Reduction of methane from landfill Capture landfill gases for use in power generation. Finance, technology, capacity-building Compressed natural gas powered vehicles Conversion of 1,000 taxis to CNG-powered vehicles Finance Plug-in electric- hybrid vehicles Conversion of 1,000 vehicle to electric vehicles Finance, technology Modal shift programmes Creation and maintenance of bus rapid transit lanes Finance Afforestation Planting additional FinanceMitigation action Brief description of the action Type of support needed hectares of forestland Further to Table 7, additional conditional mitigation actions have been identified since the publication of the INCR and are not included in the cost estimate above.', 'Finance, technology, capacity-building Compressed natural gas powered vehicles Conversion of 1,000 taxis to CNG-powered vehicles Finance Plug-in electric- hybrid vehicles Conversion of 1,000 vehicle to electric vehicles Finance, technology Modal shift programmes Creation and maintenance of bus rapid transit lanes Finance Afforestation Planting additional FinanceMitigation action Brief description of the action Type of support needed hectares of forestland Further to Table 7, additional conditional mitigation actions have been identified since the publication of the INCR and are not included in the cost estimate above. These are presented in the table below. Table 8: Additional conditional mitigation actions, identified since the publication of the INCR Sector Action Agriculture Adoption of climate-smart production practices and more resource efficient post-harvest processing practices in agricultural value chains (including fruit trees, vegetables, field crops and livestock) that reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase carbon sequestration in plant biomass and soil organic matter.', 'Table 8: Additional conditional mitigation actions, identified since the publication of the INCR Sector Action Agriculture Adoption of climate-smart production practices and more resource efficient post-harvest processing practices in agricultural value chains (including fruit trees, vegetables, field crops and livestock) that reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase carbon sequestration in plant biomass and soil organic matter. The objective is for at least 50% of farms in the State of Palestine to apply climate-smart agriculture by 2040. Agriculture In addition to afforestation, increase carbon stock in plant biomass and soil organic matter through agroforestry and rangeland development, to support an annual 2% increase in green areas within the State of Palestine.', 'Agriculture In addition to afforestation, increase carbon stock in plant biomass and soil organic matter through agroforestry and rangeland development, to support an annual 2% increase in green areas within the State of Palestine. Energy Implementation of State of Palestine’s Renewable Energy Strategy, which aims to generate 5% of the total electric energy consumed by utilising renewable energy technologies by the year 2020. Energy Implementation of the State of Palestine’s National Energy Efficiency Action Plan, whichaims to achieve 5% savings in overall electricity demand by 2020 (or annual energy savings of 384GWh). Energy Promote increase use of solar thermal energy including solar water heaters, solar heating, solar fruit driers Transport Encourage the use of public transport, in addition to bus rapid transport.', 'Energy Promote increase use of solar thermal energy including solar water heaters, solar heating, solar fruit driers Transport Encourage the use of public transport, in addition to bus rapid transport. Transport Improve the efficiency of the road vehicles by updating the vehicle fleet, disposing of old vehicles, and promoting and encouraging the use of efficient vehicles Transport Reduce traffic jams. Transport Use multi-modal transport patterns.', 'Transport Use multi-modal transport patterns. Transport Control the technical condition of vehicles and periodic maintenance (MOT)Sector Action to improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions The total cost to implement the adaptation actions set out in the NAPis $3.5 billion USD (targeting the highly vulnerable sectors only),with the cost per adaptation action per theme/sector further detailed in Table 9below.The NAP has also identified for each adaptation actionwhere technology or capacity (knowledge and skills) within the State of Palestine are required and the necessary steps required to enable their implementation, e.g.', 'Transport Control the technical condition of vehicles and periodic maintenance (MOT)Sector Action to improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions The total cost to implement the adaptation actions set out in the NAPis $3.5 billion USD (targeting the highly vulnerable sectors only),with the cost per adaptation action per theme/sector further detailed in Table 9below.The NAP has also identified for each adaptation actionwhere technology or capacity (knowledge and skills) within the State of Palestine are required and the necessary steps required to enable their implementation, e.g. import of relevant technologies or capacity building.Table 9: Cost and support needed for adaptation actions for ‘highly vulnerable’ themes/sectors Theme/sector Highly vulnerable issue Adaptation action Cost (US$) Type of support need Agriculture (West Bank) Irrigated vegetables Enhance sustainable community-level irrigation schemes and infrastructure 19,400,000 Finance, capacity building Production of olives, grapes, stone fruits, rain-fed vegetables and field crops Climate-smart agriculture 146,000,000 Finance, capacity building Irrigation water Improve water-use efficiency and using alternatives water resources Finance, capacity building, technology Grazing area and soil erosion Land-use planning and management - greening, afforestation, and rangeland development 600,000,000 Finance, capacity building Production of olives, grapes, stone fruits, rain-fed vegetables, field crops and livestock Agricultural disaster risk reduction and management (DRR/M) Finance, technology, capacity building Livestock production Increase the availability of animal feed (including plant and organic residues) at an affordable price Finance, technology, capacity building Livestock production Improve livestock-production pens 15,000,000 Finance, capacity building Agriculture (Gaza strip) Citrus, Olive production, Vegetable production, Employment Climate-smart agriculture: Management of crop production systems including soil and water resources for better environmental sustainability along with improved economic profitability for farmers Finance, technology, capacity building Irrigation water Improve water-use efficiency and using 14,270,000 Finance, technology, capacityTheme/sector Highly vulnerable issue Adaptation action Cost (US$) Type of support need alternatives water resources building Cost of agricultural production Establishment of farmers support (subsidies, awareness training programs) 85,000,000 Finance, technology Cost of agricultural production Agricultural disaster risk reduction and management (DRR/M) Finance, technology, capacity building Livestock production Improve livestock-production pens 15,000,000 Finance, capacity building Coastal and Marine (Gaza strip) Coastal agriculture Rain-water harvesting 500,000 Finance Condition of beaches Construction of detached breakwaters 10,000,000 Finance Coastal agriculture Introduction of new saline-tolerant crops 500,000 Finance, technology, capacity building Fishing/fisheries Enlargement of the fishing area and improve fishing equipment Condition of beaches Provision of beach nourishment, reclamation and beach drift rehabilitation Finance, technology, capacity building Condition of beaches Provision of laboratories and equipment for data collection and analysis Finance, technology, capacity Building Fish catch Fish packaging/preservation industry 1,000,000 Finance, technology, capacity building Energy (West Bank) Domestic/local energy production Generation of solar electricity for medium-large scale commercial and industrial application 99,548,000 Finance, capacity building Energy imports Use of renewable energy such as solar to reduce imported energy.', 'import of relevant technologies or capacity building.Table 9: Cost and support needed for adaptation actions for ‘highly vulnerable’ themes/sectors Theme/sector Highly vulnerable issue Adaptation action Cost (US$) Type of support need Agriculture (West Bank) Irrigated vegetables Enhance sustainable community-level irrigation schemes and infrastructure 19,400,000 Finance, capacity building Production of olives, grapes, stone fruits, rain-fed vegetables and field crops Climate-smart agriculture 146,000,000 Finance, capacity building Irrigation water Improve water-use efficiency and using alternatives water resources Finance, capacity building, technology Grazing area and soil erosion Land-use planning and management - greening, afforestation, and rangeland development 600,000,000 Finance, capacity building Production of olives, grapes, stone fruits, rain-fed vegetables, field crops and livestock Agricultural disaster risk reduction and management (DRR/M) Finance, technology, capacity building Livestock production Increase the availability of animal feed (including plant and organic residues) at an affordable price Finance, technology, capacity building Livestock production Improve livestock-production pens 15,000,000 Finance, capacity building Agriculture (Gaza strip) Citrus, Olive production, Vegetable production, Employment Climate-smart agriculture: Management of crop production systems including soil and water resources for better environmental sustainability along with improved economic profitability for farmers Finance, technology, capacity building Irrigation water Improve water-use efficiency and using 14,270,000 Finance, technology, capacityTheme/sector Highly vulnerable issue Adaptation action Cost (US$) Type of support need alternatives water resources building Cost of agricultural production Establishment of farmers support (subsidies, awareness training programs) 85,000,000 Finance, technology Cost of agricultural production Agricultural disaster risk reduction and management (DRR/M) Finance, technology, capacity building Livestock production Improve livestock-production pens 15,000,000 Finance, capacity building Coastal and Marine (Gaza strip) Coastal agriculture Rain-water harvesting 500,000 Finance Condition of beaches Construction of detached breakwaters 10,000,000 Finance Coastal agriculture Introduction of new saline-tolerant crops 500,000 Finance, technology, capacity building Fishing/fisheries Enlargement of the fishing area and improve fishing equipment Condition of beaches Provision of beach nourishment, reclamation and beach drift rehabilitation Finance, technology, capacity building Condition of beaches Provision of laboratories and equipment for data collection and analysis Finance, technology, capacity Building Fish catch Fish packaging/preservation industry 1,000,000 Finance, technology, capacity building Energy (West Bank) Domestic/local energy production Generation of solar electricity for medium-large scale commercial and industrial application 99,548,000 Finance, capacity building Energy imports Use of renewable energy such as solar to reduce imported energy. 106,048,000 Finance, capacity buildingTheme/sector Highly vulnerable issue Adaptation action Cost (US$) Type of support need Domestic/local energy production Implement energy efficiency measures to reduce consumption, mainly for commercial and industrial application Finance, technology, capacity building Energy imports Implement energy efficiency measures to reduce consumption and hence imported energy Finance, technology, capacity building Condition of infrastructure Electricity grid upgrading 16,250,000 Finance, capacity building Condition of infrastructure Building fossil-fuel storage facilities 21,200,000 Finance, technology, capacity building Energy (Gaza Strip) Total energy imports Additional supply of energy from neighbouring countries 10,000,000 finance, technology Total domestic energy production Enhancing the equipment and efficiency of the Gaza Power Plant (GPP) 10,000,000 Finance, capacity building Total energy imports Use of renewable energy, such as solar, to reduce imported energy.', '106,048,000 Finance, capacity buildingTheme/sector Highly vulnerable issue Adaptation action Cost (US$) Type of support need Domestic/local energy production Implement energy efficiency measures to reduce consumption, mainly for commercial and industrial application Finance, technology, capacity building Energy imports Implement energy efficiency measures to reduce consumption and hence imported energy Finance, technology, capacity building Condition of infrastructure Electricity grid upgrading 16,250,000 Finance, capacity building Condition of infrastructure Building fossil-fuel storage facilities 21,200,000 Finance, technology, capacity building Energy (Gaza Strip) Total energy imports Additional supply of energy from neighbouring countries 10,000,000 finance, technology Total domestic energy production Enhancing the equipment and efficiency of the Gaza Power Plant (GPP) 10,000,000 Finance, capacity building Total energy imports Use of renewable energy, such as solar, to reduce imported energy. 50,000,000 Finance, capacity building Total domestic energy production Implement energy efficiency measures to reduce consumption and hence imported energy Finance, technology, capacity building Condition of infrastructure Electricity grid upgrading 100,000,000 Finance, capacity building Food (West Bank) Domestic food prices Enhancing agricultural value chain and improving infrastructure for livestock-production 227,500,000 Finance, capacity building Domestic food prices Greenhouse management 25,000,000 Finance Domestic food prices Construction of large-scale cold storage 33,000,000 Finance, capacity building Imported food prices Construct large-scale steel silos for grain to enable import and storage during periods when Finance, technology, capacity buildingTheme/sector Highly vulnerable issue Adaptation action Cost (US$) Type of support need prices on the international markets are low Food (Gaza Strip) Domestic food prices Enhancing agricultural value chain and improving infrastructure for livestock-production 121,250,000 Finance, capacity building Domestic food prices Greenhouse management 12,500,000 Finance Domestic food prices Construction large-scale cold storage 15,000,000 Finance, capacitybuilding Imported food prices Construct large-scale steel silos for grain to enable import and storage during periods when prices on the international markets are low Finance, technology, capacity building Gender (West Bank) Major diseases related to water, sanitation, and food Increasing the awareness of people, particularly women, in water-poor areas of measures they can take to help prevent major diseases related to water, sanitation, and food 2,200,000 Finance, capacity building Gender (Gaza Strip) Major diseases related to water and sanitation Increasing the awareness of people, particularly women, in water-poor areas of measures they can take to help prevent major diseases related to water, sanitation, and food 3,200,000 Finance, capacity building Employment and gender Supporting improvements in efficient use of water in women s private small-scale agricultural projects 3,000,000 Finance, capacity building Food security and gender Encouraging women to use their house gardens to produce food Health (West Bank) Major diseases related to water, sanitation, and food Development of water, food and sanitation monitoring and safety systems using high technology Finance, technology, capacity buildingTheme/sector Highly vulnerable issue Adaptation action Cost (US$) Type of support need Major diseases related to water, sanitation, and food Training health professionals and increasing the awareness of people, particularly women, in water-poor areas about measures they can take to help prevent major diseases related to water, sanitation, and food 2,680,000 Finance, capacity building Health (Gaza Strip) Major diseases related to water, sanitation, and food Training health professionals and increasing the awareness of people, particularly women, in water-poor areas about measures they can take to help prevent major diseases related to water, sanitation, and food 850,000 Finance, capacity building Major diseases related to water, sanitation, and food Development of water, food and sanitation monitoring and safety systems using high technology Finance, technology, capacity building Industry (West Bank) Energy supply Providing reliable electricity supply 29,400,000 Finance, capacity building Value of raw materials imported Replace imported raw materials with local materials whenever possible Finance, technology, capacity building Infrastructure Improve water supply through wastewater collection and treatment systems Finance, technology, capacity building Energy demand Reducing energy consumption through introduction of modern production technologies Finance, technology, capacity buildingTheme/sector Highly vulnerable issue Adaptation action Cost (US$) Type of support need Energy supply Building fossil-fuel storage facilities 25,400,000 Finance, technology, capacity building Industry (Gaza Strip) Value of raw materials exported Improve handling, fumigation, packaging, and storage techniques for raw materials intended for export 1,000,000 Finance, capacity building Employment Capacity building to enable industries to adapt to climate change Finance, technology, capacity building Value of industrial products exported Rehabilitation of industrial facilities 30,000,000 Finance, capacity building Finance, Capacity Building Energy demand Conducting energy audits in order to increase industries use of energy efficiency measures Finance, capacity building Finance, Capacity Building Value of industrial products exported Provision of suitable storage facilities for industrial products intended for export Energy demand Rehabilitation and maintenance of industrial equipment Finance, capacity building Energy supply Providing reliable electricity supply 10,000,000 Finance, capacity building Terrestrial ecosystems (West Bank) Habitat connectivity National network of protected areas, including 50 protected areas and 51 biodiversity hotspots Finance, technology, capacity buildingTheme/sector Highly vulnerable issue Adaptation action Cost (US$) Type of support need Terrestrial ecosystems (Gaza Strip) Habitat connectivity in Wadi Gaza National network of protected areas, including Wadi Gaza and 3 biodiversity hotspots Finance, technology, capacity building Tourism (West Bank) Condition of cultural heritage Identify, design and implement flood management schemes for cultural heritage sites, where appropriate Condition of cultural heritage Identify, design and implement flood management schemes for eco-tourist attractions, where appropriate Urban and infrastructure (West Bank) Urbanization Promoting green buildings 10,000,000 Finance Urbanization Rehabilitation of resilient road infrastructure Urban and infrastructure (Gaza Strip) Building conditions Promoting green buildings 12,600,000 Finance Urbanization Rehabilitation of resilient road infrastructure 10,000,000 Finance Waste and wastewater (West Bank) Waste management Improving waste collection system 34,250,000 Finance, technology, capacity building Waste management Improve management of leachate from landfill sites Finance, technology, capacity buildingTheme/sector Highly vulnerable issue Adaptation action Cost (US$) Type of support need Waste management Reduce, re-use, recycle 8,000,000 Finance, technology, capacity building Waste and wastewater (Gaza Strip) Waste management Improving waste collection system 12,000,000 Finance, technology, capacity building Waste management Improve management of leachate from landfill sites Finance, technology, capacity building Waste management Reduce, re-use, recycle 2,000,000 Finance, technology, capacity building Water (West Bank) Condition of infrastructure Rehabilitate water sources: wells, canals and springs Finance, capacity building Condition of infrastructure Control of leakage from distribution systems 16,500,000 Finance, capacity building Groundwater supply Allocate transboundary water resources equitably and reasonably between Israel and the State of Palestine Groundwater supply Enhance the use of additional and alternative water resources for non-domestic purposes Flood management Develop and improve storm-water systems and 20,800,000 FinanceTheme/sector Highly vulnerable issue Adaptation action Cost (US$) Type of support need drainage infrastructure Water (Gaza Strip) Groundwater supply Increase share of imported water 1,000,000 Finance Groundwater supply Enhance the use of alternative water resources for non-domestic purposes Groundwater quality and supply Build a large desalination plant for Gaza 510,000,000 Finance, capacity building Flood management Develop and improve storm-water systems and drainage infrastructureFurther to Table 9,additional conditional adaptation actions have been identified since the publication of the NAP and have not been included in the cost estimates above.', '50,000,000 Finance, capacity building Total domestic energy production Implement energy efficiency measures to reduce consumption and hence imported energy Finance, technology, capacity building Condition of infrastructure Electricity grid upgrading 100,000,000 Finance, capacity building Food (West Bank) Domestic food prices Enhancing agricultural value chain and improving infrastructure for livestock-production 227,500,000 Finance, capacity building Domestic food prices Greenhouse management 25,000,000 Finance Domestic food prices Construction of large-scale cold storage 33,000,000 Finance, capacity building Imported food prices Construct large-scale steel silos for grain to enable import and storage during periods when Finance, technology, capacity buildingTheme/sector Highly vulnerable issue Adaptation action Cost (US$) Type of support need prices on the international markets are low Food (Gaza Strip) Domestic food prices Enhancing agricultural value chain and improving infrastructure for livestock-production 121,250,000 Finance, capacity building Domestic food prices Greenhouse management 12,500,000 Finance Domestic food prices Construction large-scale cold storage 15,000,000 Finance, capacitybuilding Imported food prices Construct large-scale steel silos for grain to enable import and storage during periods when prices on the international markets are low Finance, technology, capacity building Gender (West Bank) Major diseases related to water, sanitation, and food Increasing the awareness of people, particularly women, in water-poor areas of measures they can take to help prevent major diseases related to water, sanitation, and food 2,200,000 Finance, capacity building Gender (Gaza Strip) Major diseases related to water and sanitation Increasing the awareness of people, particularly women, in water-poor areas of measures they can take to help prevent major diseases related to water, sanitation, and food 3,200,000 Finance, capacity building Employment and gender Supporting improvements in efficient use of water in women s private small-scale agricultural projects 3,000,000 Finance, capacity building Food security and gender Encouraging women to use their house gardens to produce food Health (West Bank) Major diseases related to water, sanitation, and food Development of water, food and sanitation monitoring and safety systems using high technology Finance, technology, capacity buildingTheme/sector Highly vulnerable issue Adaptation action Cost (US$) Type of support need Major diseases related to water, sanitation, and food Training health professionals and increasing the awareness of people, particularly women, in water-poor areas about measures they can take to help prevent major diseases related to water, sanitation, and food 2,680,000 Finance, capacity building Health (Gaza Strip) Major diseases related to water, sanitation, and food Training health professionals and increasing the awareness of people, particularly women, in water-poor areas about measures they can take to help prevent major diseases related to water, sanitation, and food 850,000 Finance, capacity building Major diseases related to water, sanitation, and food Development of water, food and sanitation monitoring and safety systems using high technology Finance, technology, capacity building Industry (West Bank) Energy supply Providing reliable electricity supply 29,400,000 Finance, capacity building Value of raw materials imported Replace imported raw materials with local materials whenever possible Finance, technology, capacity building Infrastructure Improve water supply through wastewater collection and treatment systems Finance, technology, capacity building Energy demand Reducing energy consumption through introduction of modern production technologies Finance, technology, capacity buildingTheme/sector Highly vulnerable issue Adaptation action Cost (US$) Type of support need Energy supply Building fossil-fuel storage facilities 25,400,000 Finance, technology, capacity building Industry (Gaza Strip) Value of raw materials exported Improve handling, fumigation, packaging, and storage techniques for raw materials intended for export 1,000,000 Finance, capacity building Employment Capacity building to enable industries to adapt to climate change Finance, technology, capacity building Value of industrial products exported Rehabilitation of industrial facilities 30,000,000 Finance, capacity building Finance, Capacity Building Energy demand Conducting energy audits in order to increase industries use of energy efficiency measures Finance, capacity building Finance, Capacity Building Value of industrial products exported Provision of suitable storage facilities for industrial products intended for export Energy demand Rehabilitation and maintenance of industrial equipment Finance, capacity building Energy supply Providing reliable electricity supply 10,000,000 Finance, capacity building Terrestrial ecosystems (West Bank) Habitat connectivity National network of protected areas, including 50 protected areas and 51 biodiversity hotspots Finance, technology, capacity buildingTheme/sector Highly vulnerable issue Adaptation action Cost (US$) Type of support need Terrestrial ecosystems (Gaza Strip) Habitat connectivity in Wadi Gaza National network of protected areas, including Wadi Gaza and 3 biodiversity hotspots Finance, technology, capacity building Tourism (West Bank) Condition of cultural heritage Identify, design and implement flood management schemes for cultural heritage sites, where appropriate Condition of cultural heritage Identify, design and implement flood management schemes for eco-tourist attractions, where appropriate Urban and infrastructure (West Bank) Urbanization Promoting green buildings 10,000,000 Finance Urbanization Rehabilitation of resilient road infrastructure Urban and infrastructure (Gaza Strip) Building conditions Promoting green buildings 12,600,000 Finance Urbanization Rehabilitation of resilient road infrastructure 10,000,000 Finance Waste and wastewater (West Bank) Waste management Improving waste collection system 34,250,000 Finance, technology, capacity building Waste management Improve management of leachate from landfill sites Finance, technology, capacity buildingTheme/sector Highly vulnerable issue Adaptation action Cost (US$) Type of support need Waste management Reduce, re-use, recycle 8,000,000 Finance, technology, capacity building Waste and wastewater (Gaza Strip) Waste management Improving waste collection system 12,000,000 Finance, technology, capacity building Waste management Improve management of leachate from landfill sites Finance, technology, capacity building Waste management Reduce, re-use, recycle 2,000,000 Finance, technology, capacity building Water (West Bank) Condition of infrastructure Rehabilitate water sources: wells, canals and springs Finance, capacity building Condition of infrastructure Control of leakage from distribution systems 16,500,000 Finance, capacity building Groundwater supply Allocate transboundary water resources equitably and reasonably between Israel and the State of Palestine Groundwater supply Enhance the use of additional and alternative water resources for non-domestic purposes Flood management Develop and improve storm-water systems and 20,800,000 FinanceTheme/sector Highly vulnerable issue Adaptation action Cost (US$) Type of support need drainage infrastructure Water (Gaza Strip) Groundwater supply Increase share of imported water 1,000,000 Finance Groundwater supply Enhance the use of alternative water resources for non-domestic purposes Groundwater quality and supply Build a large desalination plant for Gaza 510,000,000 Finance, capacity building Flood management Develop and improve storm-water systems and drainage infrastructureFurther to Table 9,additional conditional adaptation actions have been identified since the publication of the NAP and have not been included in the cost estimates above. These are presented in Table 10 below: Table 10: Additional conditional adaptation actions, identified since the publication of the NAP Sector Action Urban and infrastructure Support for dangerous cliffs through retaining walls and trenches.', 'These are presented in Table 10 below: Table 10: Additional conditional adaptation actions, identified since the publication of the NAP Sector Action Urban and infrastructure Support for dangerous cliffs through retaining walls and trenches. Cross-cutting The establishment of an early warning system, including utilising mobile phone applications.']

en-US

PAN

Panama

1st NDC

2016-04-18 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/PANAMA%20NDC.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Latin America and the Caribbean

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/2c3ecf3aeefee64c07ae7a82408226d92ea713f7f82a2c04bbecfcf9b23e1532.pdf

['Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada a la Mitigación del Cambio Climático (NDC) de la Republica Panamá ante la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático (CMNUCC)ÍNDICE RESUMEN EJECUTIVO . 3 1. Contexto Nacional 5 1.1. Características Socioeconómicas y demográficas 5 1.2. Panamá en el contexto de emisiones globales de Gases Efecto Invernadero (GEI) 7 1.3. Avances del país en el contexto legal e institucional . 9 1.4. Objetivos y prioridades nacionales 10 1.5. Perfil actual de emisiones del país . 12 1.6. Proyecciones sectoriales 13 2.1.1. Sector Energía 15 2.1.2. Sector Uso de la Tierra, Cambio en el Uso de la Tierra y Silvicultura 17 2.2. Contribución Nacional en Materia de Mitigación 18 2.2.1. Sector Energía 18 2.2.2.', 'Contribución Nacional en Materia de Mitigación 18 2.2.1. Sector Energía 18 2.2.2. Sector Uso de la Tierra Cambio de Uso de la Tierra y Silvicultura – UT-CUTS . 21 3. Información que se comunica a la Secretaría de la CMNUCC para claridad, entendimiento y Transparencia . 25 3.1. Nivel de Ambición de la Contribución 26 4. Construcción al Fortalecimiento de Capacidades 26 4.2. Contribución Nacional al Desarrollo y Fortalecimiento de Capacidades . 27 5.1. Contribución Nacional en Financiamiento . 28 6. Planificación, Procesos de Implementación y Seguimiento a la Contribución 28 7.', 'Planificación, Procesos de Implementación y Seguimiento a la Contribución 28 7. Resumen de las Contribuciones Nacionalmente Determinadas a la Mitigación del Cambio Climático de la República de Panamá 30RESUMEN EJECUTIVO El Estado panameño reconoce que el cambio climático es una amenaza global importante en materia ambiental que incide en la población, los ecosistemas y todos los sectores productivos de la economía, así como también reconoce su responsabilidad común, pero diferenciada de participación en la estabilización de las concentraciones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI) en la atmósfera “a un nivel que impida interferencias antropogénicas peligrosas en el sistema climático global”.', 'Resumen de las Contribuciones Nacionalmente Determinadas a la Mitigación del Cambio Climático de la República de Panamá 30RESUMEN EJECUTIVO El Estado panameño reconoce que el cambio climático es una amenaza global importante en materia ambiental que incide en la población, los ecosistemas y todos los sectores productivos de la economía, así como también reconoce su responsabilidad común, pero diferenciada de participación en la estabilización de las concentraciones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI) en la atmósfera “a un nivel que impida interferencias antropogénicas peligrosas en el sistema climático global”. Históricamente, el aporte del país a las emisiones globales de gases de efecto invernadero ha representado el 0,02%; igualmente las emisiones per cápita de GEI indican que el país no contribuye significativamente al cambio climático no obstante, es sumamente vulnerable a los efectos adversos del cambio climático.', 'Históricamente, el aporte del país a las emisiones globales de gases de efecto invernadero ha representado el 0,02%; igualmente las emisiones per cápita de GEI indican que el país no contribuye significativamente al cambio climático no obstante, es sumamente vulnerable a los efectos adversos del cambio climático. Por ello, tiene como meta concretar acciones para abordar este reto global, considerando los desafíos que esto significa, no solo para el país, sino para el mundo. Panamá ratificó el Protocolo de Kioto en junio de 1998, y recientemente ratificó su compromiso al aprobar la Enmienda de Doha mediante la ley 38 de 3 de junio de 2015.', 'Panamá ratificó el Protocolo de Kioto en junio de 1998, y recientemente ratificó su compromiso al aprobar la Enmienda de Doha mediante la ley 38 de 3 de junio de 2015. La Ley 8 de 25 de marzo de 2015, que crea el ministerio de ambiente adiciona el título XI con dos capítulos en referencia a la Adaptación y Mitigación del Cambio Climático, en donde el estado asume en colaboración con otras instituciones una estrategia nacional e iniciativas para incrementar la resiliencia del país a los efectos adversos del cambio climático y para promover la transición nacional hacia un desarrollo económico bajo en carbono.', 'La Ley 8 de 25 de marzo de 2015, que crea el ministerio de ambiente adiciona el título XI con dos capítulos en referencia a la Adaptación y Mitigación del Cambio Climático, en donde el estado asume en colaboración con otras instituciones una estrategia nacional e iniciativas para incrementar la resiliencia del país a los efectos adversos del cambio climático y para promover la transición nacional hacia un desarrollo económico bajo en carbono. Actualmente, aproximadamente 60 % de la capacidad instalada de la matriz eléctrica nacional está compuesta por fuentes renovables, de esta cifra el 52 % proviene de fuente hídrica, 7 % de eólica y 1 % de fuente solar (Plan Energético Nacional 2015-2050).', 'Actualmente, aproximadamente 60 % de la capacidad instalada de la matriz eléctrica nacional está compuesta por fuentes renovables, de esta cifra el 52 % proviene de fuente hídrica, 7 % de eólica y 1 % de fuente solar (Plan Energético Nacional 2015-2050). Los esfuerzos nacionales reflejados en la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinadas (NDC, por sus siglas en inglés) a la mitigación del cambio climático de la República de Panamá incrementará en el sector energía en un 30% la capacidad instalada al 2050 proveniente de fuentes renovables no convencionales como la eólica y solar y en el sector UT-CUTS, con asistencia del Fondo Verde para el Clima por medio de un esquema pago por desempeño del y otros mecanismos financieros, permitirá el incremento de la capacidad de absorción de carbono en un 10% con respecto al escenario de referencia al 2050; y si el país recibe apoyo internacional en medios de implementación, la capacidad de absorción podrá incrementar hasta un 80% con respecto al escenario de referencia al 2050.', 'Los esfuerzos nacionales reflejados en la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinadas (NDC, por sus siglas en inglés) a la mitigación del cambio climático de la República de Panamá incrementará en el sector energía en un 30% la capacidad instalada al 2050 proveniente de fuentes renovables no convencionales como la eólica y solar y en el sector UT-CUTS, con asistencia del Fondo Verde para el Clima por medio de un esquema pago por desempeño del y otros mecanismos financieros, permitirá el incremento de la capacidad de absorción de carbono en un 10% con respecto al escenario de referencia al 2050; y si el país recibe apoyo internacional en medios de implementación, la capacidad de absorción podrá incrementar hasta un 80% con respecto al escenario de referencia al 2050. El NDC de Panamá, estimulará la reducción de GEI por parte del sector público y privado, además de brindar flexibilidad e incentivos para promover la transición hacia una economía baja en carbono.', 'El NDC de Panamá, estimulará la reducción de GEI por parte del sector público y privado, además de brindar flexibilidad e incentivos para promover la transición hacia una economía baja en carbono. No obstante a los esfuerzos del país en inversiones climáticamente inteligentes, se requiere de apoyo financiero para encaminar al país a un desarrollo resiliente al cambio climático y bajo en emisiones.INTRODUCCIÓN La Conferencia de las Partes de la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas para el Cambio Climático de Diciembre de 2015 (COP21), por medio de su decisión 1CP/21 reitera su invitación a todas las Partes, que todavía no lo hayan hecho, a que comuniquen a la Secretaría sus Contribuciones Nacionalmente Determinadas (NDC) a nivel nacional para alcanzar el objetivo de la Convención enunciado en su artículo 2 lo antes posible, de un modo que aumente la claridad, transparencia y comprensión de las NDC.', 'No obstante a los esfuerzos del país en inversiones climáticamente inteligentes, se requiere de apoyo financiero para encaminar al país a un desarrollo resiliente al cambio climático y bajo en emisiones.INTRODUCCIÓN La Conferencia de las Partes de la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas para el Cambio Climático de Diciembre de 2015 (COP21), por medio de su decisión 1CP/21 reitera su invitación a todas las Partes, que todavía no lo hayan hecho, a que comuniquen a la Secretaría sus Contribuciones Nacionalmente Determinadas (NDC) a nivel nacional para alcanzar el objetivo de la Convención enunciado en su artículo 2 lo antes posible, de un modo que aumente la claridad, transparencia y comprensión de las NDC. En este contexto, Panamá analiza el potencial de mitigación nacional y posibles medidas para la implementación de políticas en los sectores Energía y Uso de la Tierra, Cambio de Uso de la Tierra y Silvicultura (UT-CUTS), y formula su NDC a la mitigación del Cambio Climático, tomando en consideración sus circunstancias nacionales y las emisiones históricas.', 'En este contexto, Panamá analiza el potencial de mitigación nacional y posibles medidas para la implementación de políticas en los sectores Energía y Uso de la Tierra, Cambio de Uso de la Tierra y Silvicultura (UT-CUTS), y formula su NDC a la mitigación del Cambio Climático, tomando en consideración sus circunstancias nacionales y las emisiones históricas. El Estado panameño, por medio de la ley 8 del 25 de marzo de 2015, reconoce que el cambio climático es una amenaza global importante en materia ambiental que incide en la población, los ecosistemas y todos los sectores productivos de la economía, así como también reconoce su responsabilidad común, pero diferenciada de participación en la estabilización de las concentraciones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI) en la atmósfera a un nivel que impida interferencias antropogénicas peligrosas en el sistema climático global.', 'El Estado panameño, por medio de la ley 8 del 25 de marzo de 2015, reconoce que el cambio climático es una amenaza global importante en materia ambiental que incide en la población, los ecosistemas y todos los sectores productivos de la economía, así como también reconoce su responsabilidad común, pero diferenciada de participación en la estabilización de las concentraciones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI) en la atmósfera a un nivel que impida interferencias antropogénicas peligrosas en el sistema climático global. Panamá presenta su la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada con el objetivo de apoyar el esfuerzo global en mantener el aumento de la temperatura media mundial muy por debajo de 2 ºC con respecto a los niveles preindustriales, y proseguir los esfuerzos para limitar ese aumento de la temperatura a 1,5 ºC con respecto a los niveles preindustriales.', 'Panamá presenta su la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada con el objetivo de apoyar el esfuerzo global en mantener el aumento de la temperatura media mundial muy por debajo de 2 ºC con respecto a los niveles preindustriales, y proseguir los esfuerzos para limitar ese aumento de la temperatura a 1,5 ºC con respecto a los niveles preindustriales. Con la intensión de promover la transparencia, integridad ambiental, exactitud, comparabilidad y coherencia, Panamá aumentará sus esfuerzos para evitar la doble contabilidad de las emisiones de GEI.', 'Con la intensión de promover la transparencia, integridad ambiental, exactitud, comparabilidad y coherencia, Panamá aumentará sus esfuerzos para evitar la doble contabilidad de las emisiones de GEI. Cónsono con la Política Nacional de Cambio Climático de Panamá, la cual indica que se deberá gestionar adecuadamente en el ámbito nacional el tema de cambio climático y los efectos que pueda generar sobre la población y el territorio, de conformidad con las disposiciones comprendidas en la CMNUCC, el NDC de la República de Panamá es el resultado de un esfuerzo nacional liderado por el Ministerio de Ambiente (MIAMBIENTE), con el apoyo del Comité Nacional de Cambio Climático en Panamá (CONACCP) tanto para su elaboración y consulta como parte de la estrategia quinquenal de desarrollo económico y social bajo en carbono del Estado.1.', 'Cónsono con la Política Nacional de Cambio Climático de Panamá, la cual indica que se deberá gestionar adecuadamente en el ámbito nacional el tema de cambio climático y los efectos que pueda generar sobre la población y el territorio, de conformidad con las disposiciones comprendidas en la CMNUCC, el NDC de la República de Panamá es el resultado de un esfuerzo nacional liderado por el Ministerio de Ambiente (MIAMBIENTE), con el apoyo del Comité Nacional de Cambio Climático en Panamá (CONACCP) tanto para su elaboración y consulta como parte de la estrategia quinquenal de desarrollo económico y social bajo en carbono del Estado.1. Contexto Nacional 1.1.', 'Cónsono con la Política Nacional de Cambio Climático de Panamá, la cual indica que se deberá gestionar adecuadamente en el ámbito nacional el tema de cambio climático y los efectos que pueda generar sobre la población y el territorio, de conformidad con las disposiciones comprendidas en la CMNUCC, el NDC de la República de Panamá es el resultado de un esfuerzo nacional liderado por el Ministerio de Ambiente (MIAMBIENTE), con el apoyo del Comité Nacional de Cambio Climático en Panamá (CONACCP) tanto para su elaboración y consulta como parte de la estrategia quinquenal de desarrollo económico y social bajo en carbono del Estado.1. Contexto Nacional 1.1. Características Socioeconómicas y demográficas La República de Panamá cuenta con una superficie total de 75,031.49 km2, ubicada en la región Centroamericana, entre las coordenadas: 7°12’07” y 9°38’46 de Latitud Norte y los 77°09’24” y 83°03’07” de longitud oeste, colinda con Costa Rica en el oeste y Colombia en el este.', 'Características Socioeconómicas y demográficas La República de Panamá cuenta con una superficie total de 75,031.49 km2, ubicada en la región Centroamericana, entre las coordenadas: 7°12’07” y 9°38’46 de Latitud Norte y los 77°09’24” y 83°03’07” de longitud oeste, colinda con Costa Rica en el oeste y Colombia en el este. La superficie de mar territorial es de 319,823.9 km2, incluyendo el derecho del lecho, subsuelo, y el espacio aéreo. La división político-administrativa está compuesta por: 10 provincias, 77 distritos, 3 comarcas indígenas consideradas provincias y 2 comarcas consideradas corregimientos. De acuerdo al último Censo de Población y Vivienda del año 2010, el país cuenta con una población de 3, 405, 813 habitantes.', 'De acuerdo al último Censo de Población y Vivienda del año 2010, el país cuenta con una población de 3, 405, 813 habitantes. El Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) de la República de Panamá representó 52,565 millones de Balboas para el año 2015 con una tasa de crecimiento del PIB real de 6.5%. De acuerdo al Plan Estratégico de Gobierno (PEG) 2015-20191. Panamá es uno de los países que ha tenido el mayor crecimiento económico en el continente, alcanzando valores de más del 12% de crecimiento del PIB en 2007, como se muestra en la Gráfica N° 1, por lo que el desacoplamiento del crecimiento económico de las emisiones es un tema prioritario.', 'Panamá es uno de los países que ha tenido el mayor crecimiento económico en el continente, alcanzando valores de más del 12% de crecimiento del PIB en 2007, como se muestra en la Gráfica N° 1, por lo que el desacoplamiento del crecimiento económico de las emisiones es un tema prioritario. Por lo que se busca reorientar y contrarrestar el crecimiento de las emisiones en varios sectores por medio de medidas como la eficiencia energética, la electrificación del transporte público (ampliación de la red del Metro de Panamá) y la diversificación de la matriz energética, entre otras.', 'Por lo que se busca reorientar y contrarrestar el crecimiento de las emisiones en varios sectores por medio de medidas como la eficiencia energética, la electrificación del transporte público (ampliación de la red del Metro de Panamá) y la diversificación de la matriz energética, entre otras. Gráfica N° 1: Crecimiento del PIB en los diferentes bloques económicos y Panamá2 Fuente: Indicadores Mundiales de Desarrollo, Banco Mundial (2015) El Plan Estratégico de Gobierno (PEG) 2015-20191, Un Solo País, Diciembre 2014 2 1. La OCDE incluye a los EE.UU. y a otros estados de la UE que también son miembros de la OCDE. 2. El PIB por paridad del poder adquisitivo (PPA) es el producto interno bruto convertido a dólares internacionales utilizando las tasas de paridad del poder adquisitivo.', 'El PIB por paridad del poder adquisitivo (PPA) es el producto interno bruto convertido a dólares internacionales utilizando las tasas de paridad del poder adquisitivo. Un dólar internacional tiene el mismo poder adquisitivo sobre el PIB que el que posee el dólar de los Estados Unidos en ese país. El PIB es la suma del valor agregado bruto de todos los productores residentes en la economía más todo impuesto a los productos, menos todo subsidio no incluido en el valor de los productos. Se calcula sin hacer deducciones por depreciación de bienes manufacturados o por agotamiento y degradación de recursos naturales. Los datos se expresan en dólares internacionales a precios constantes de 2011.', 'Los datos se expresan en dólares internacionales a precios constantes de 2011. Tasa de Crecimiento del Producto Interno Bruto (PIB), PPA ($ a Precios Internacionales Constantes de 2011) Panamá Asia Pacífico África OCDE Unión Europea América Latina y el CaribeEl crecimiento del PIB ha sido impulsado por una serie de inversiones públicas y privadas, lo que generó la necesidad de aumentar la oferta de energía eléctrica. Por ello, el país prevé abastecer el incremento de esta demanda contemplando perspectivas de carácter social, ambiental y económico fundamentadas en la electricidad como herramienta habilitante del desarrollo sostenible; por lo cual, el desarrollo del sector eléctrico debe acompañar el crecimiento económico sostenible del país en los próximos años.', 'Por ello, el país prevé abastecer el incremento de esta demanda contemplando perspectivas de carácter social, ambiental y económico fundamentadas en la electricidad como herramienta habilitante del desarrollo sostenible; por lo cual, el desarrollo del sector eléctrico debe acompañar el crecimiento económico sostenible del país en los próximos años. Gráfica N° 2: Comportamiento de la Intensidad Energética en los bloques económicos y Panamá3 Fuente: Indicadores Mundiales de Desarrollo, Banco Mundial y Agencia Internacional de Energía La intensidad energética indica el costo invertido en dólares por país para convertir energía en riquezas, se representa por las variables de consumo energético y Producto Interno Bruto (PIB).', 'Gráfica N° 2: Comportamiento de la Intensidad Energética en los bloques económicos y Panamá3 Fuente: Indicadores Mundiales de Desarrollo, Banco Mundial y Agencia Internacional de Energía La intensidad energética indica el costo invertido en dólares por país para convertir energía en riquezas, se representa por las variables de consumo energético y Producto Interno Bruto (PIB). En ese sentido, la Gráfica N° 2 muestra que durante los últimos años, la República de Panamá ha realizado una serie de inversiones en el sector de infraestructura, de comercio y de servicios que han permitido el crecimiento de la economía reflejada en el Producto Interno Bruto (PIB), donde la demanda energética si bien ha aumentado, la misma refleja una generación de riqueza.', 'En ese sentido, la Gráfica N° 2 muestra que durante los últimos años, la República de Panamá ha realizado una serie de inversiones en el sector de infraestructura, de comercio y de servicios que han permitido el crecimiento de la economía reflejada en el Producto Interno Bruto (PIB), donde la demanda energética si bien ha aumentado, la misma refleja una generación de riqueza. PPA USD 2011: El PIB por paridad del poder adquisitivo (PPA) es el producto interno bruto convertido a dólares internacionales utilizando las tasas de paridad del poder adquisitivo. Un dólar internacional tiene el mismo poder adquisitivo sobre el PIB que el que posee el dólar de los Estados Unidos en ese país.', 'Un dólar internacional tiene el mismo poder adquisitivo sobre el PIB que el que posee el dólar de los Estados Unidos en ese país. El PIB es la suma del valor agregado bruto de todos los productores residentes en la economía más todo impuesto a los productos, menos todo subsidio no incluido en el valor de los productos. Se calcula sin hacer deducciones por depreciación de bienes manufacturados o por agotamiento y degradación de recursos naturales. Los datos se expresan en dólares internacionales a precios constantes de 2011. INTENSIDAD ENERGÉTICA (BTU/PPP USD 2011) AÑO Intensidad Energética (BTU/PPA USD 2011) Panamá Africa Asia Pacífico Unión Europea América Latina y el Caribe OECDGráfica N° 3: Capacidad Instalada de Energías Renovables en los bloques económicos y Panamá al 2012.', 'INTENSIDAD ENERGÉTICA (BTU/PPP USD 2011) AÑO Intensidad Energética (BTU/PPA USD 2011) Panamá Africa Asia Pacífico Unión Europea América Latina y el Caribe OECDGráfica N° 3: Capacidad Instalada de Energías Renovables en los bloques económicos y Panamá al 2012. Fuente: Agencia Internacional de Energía, Año 2012 Como muestra la Gráfica N° 3, las regiones en desarrollo cuentan con una menor diversificación de la matriz eléctrica. En Panamá, el 100% de la generación eléctrica por medio de renovables provino de fuentes hídricas; lo que aumentó la vulnerabilidad del sector eléctrico y la economía panameña al depender en gran medida a una sola fuente de generación renovable, particularmente durante eventos climatológicos extremos como las sequías o el fenómeno El Niño. 1.2.', 'En Panamá, el 100% de la generación eléctrica por medio de renovables provino de fuentes hídricas; lo que aumentó la vulnerabilidad del sector eléctrico y la economía panameña al depender en gran medida a una sola fuente de generación renovable, particularmente durante eventos climatológicos extremos como las sequías o el fenómeno El Niño. 1.2. Panamá en el contexto de emisiones globales de Gases Efecto Invernadero (GEI) Históricamente, el aporte del país a las emisiones globales de gases de efecto invernadero ha representado el 0,02 % (Ver Gráfica N° 4); igualmente las emisiones per cápita de GEI (Ver Gráfica N° 5 ) indican que el país no contribuye significativamente al calentamiento global, no obstante, es sumamente vulnerable a los efectos adversos del cambio climático.', 'Panamá en el contexto de emisiones globales de Gases Efecto Invernadero (GEI) Históricamente, el aporte del país a las emisiones globales de gases de efecto invernadero ha representado el 0,02 % (Ver Gráfica N° 4); igualmente las emisiones per cápita de GEI (Ver Gráfica N° 5 ) indican que el país no contribuye significativamente al calentamiento global, no obstante, es sumamente vulnerable a los efectos adversos del cambio climático. Por ello, tiene como meta concretar acciones para abordar este reto global, considerando los desafíos que esto significa, no solo para el país, sino para el mundo. Panamá es parte del Protocolo de Kioto desde junio de 1998, y recientemente reafirmó su compromiso al aprobar la Enmienda de Doha mediante la ley 38 de 3 de junio de 2015.', 'Panamá es parte del Protocolo de Kioto desde junio de 1998, y recientemente reafirmó su compromiso al aprobar la Enmienda de Doha mediante la ley 38 de 3 de junio de 2015. OECD Unión Europea Asía Pacífico África América Latina y el Caribe Panamá Capacidad Instalada de Energía Electrica por Fuente en porcentaje Fosil Hídrica Eólica Solar Biomasa GeotérmicaOCDE Asia Pacífico Unión Europea América Latina y el Caribe África Panamá % del Total de Emisiones Globales de CO2 Excluyendo Cambio de Uso de la Tierra y Silvicultura (MtCO2 ), Período: 1950-2011 del Total Global de MtCO Gráfica N° 4: Emisiones Globales de CO2 Fuente: DC: World Resources Institute. Disponible en: Indicadores Mundiales de Desarrollo, Banco Mundial. 4 1. La data de CAIT es derivada de varias fuentes. 2. La OCDE incluye a los EE.UU.', 'La OCDE incluye a los EE.UU. y a otros estados de la UE que también son miembros de la OCDE.Gráfica N° 5: Emisiones Globales Per Cápita de tCO2 Fuente: DC: World Resources Institute. Disponible en: World Development Indicators, World Bank. 1.3. Avances del país en el contexto legal e institucional Mediante Decreto Ejecutivo No.', 'Avances del país en el contexto legal e institucional Mediante Decreto Ejecutivo No. 35, del 26 de febrero de 2007, se aprobó la Política Nacional de Cambio Climático, sus principios, objetivos y líneas de acción, destacándose como su objetivo general “Gestionar adecuadamente en el ámbito nacional el tema de Cambio Climático y los efectos que pueda generar sobre la población y el territorio, de conformidad con las disposiciones comprendidas en la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático, el Protocolo de Kioto, la Constitución Política de la República de Panamá y la Ley General del Ambiente”.', '35, del 26 de febrero de 2007, se aprobó la Política Nacional de Cambio Climático, sus principios, objetivos y líneas de acción, destacándose como su objetivo general “Gestionar adecuadamente en el ámbito nacional el tema de Cambio Climático y los efectos que pueda generar sobre la población y el territorio, de conformidad con las disposiciones comprendidas en la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático, el Protocolo de Kioto, la Constitución Política de la República de Panamá y la Ley General del Ambiente”. El 9 de enero de 2009 se crea el Comité Nacional de Cambio Climático (CONACCP) en apoyo a la entonces Autoridad Nacional del Ambiente (ANAM), hoy Ministerio de Ambiente, para la implementación y seguimiento de la Política Nacional de Cambio Climático.', 'El 9 de enero de 2009 se crea el Comité Nacional de Cambio Climático (CONACCP) en apoyo a la entonces Autoridad Nacional del Ambiente (ANAM), hoy Ministerio de Ambiente, para la implementación y seguimiento de la Política Nacional de Cambio Climático. El más reciente hito en la política nacional de cambio climático es la promulgación de la Ley 8 de marzo de 2015 donde se eleva a la ANAM a nivel ministerial, creando así el Ministerio de Ambiente y en donde, el Estado reconoce que el cambio climático es una amenaza global importante en materia ambiental que incide en la población, en los ecosistemas y en todos los sectores productivos de nuestra economía.', 'El más reciente hito en la política nacional de cambio climático es la promulgación de la Ley 8 de marzo de 2015 donde se eleva a la ANAM a nivel ministerial, creando así el Ministerio de Ambiente y en donde, el Estado reconoce que el cambio climático es una amenaza global importante en materia ambiental que incide en la población, en los ecosistemas y en todos los sectores productivos de nuestra economía. Así como reconoce su responsabilidad común, pero diferenciada de participación en la estabilización de las concentraciones de GEI en la atmósfera a un nivel que impida interferencias antropogénicas peligrosas en el sistema climático global.', 'Así como reconoce su responsabilidad común, pero diferenciada de participación en la estabilización de las concentraciones de GEI en la atmósfera a un nivel que impida interferencias antropogénicas peligrosas en el sistema climático global. Para ello MIAMBIENTE tiene la responsabilidad de establecer los mecanismos necesarios para captar recursos financieros y económicos, mediante instrumentos nacionales e internacionales que promuevan la transición hacia un desarrollo económico bajo en emisiones de GEI. 5 La data de CAIT es derivada de varias fuentes. La OCDE incluye a los EE.UU. y a otros estados de la UE que también son miembros de la OCDE.', 'y a otros estados de la UE que también son miembros de la OCDE. OCDE Unión Europea Asia Pacífico América Latina y el Caribe Panamá África Promedio de Emisiones Globales de CO2 Per Cápita Excluyendo Cambio de Uso de la Tierra y Silvicultura (tCO2 ), Período: 1990-El Estado Panameño, con la finalidad de iniciar la transición hacia un desarrollo económico bajo en emisiones y resiliente al cambio climático y como parte de la priorización del desarrollo sostenible en el marco del artículo No. 4 de la CMNUCC, realizó inversiones en infraestructura que contribuye a las reducciones de GEI, adaptado a los nuevos escenarios climáticos (FAR 2014).', '4 de la CMNUCC, realizó inversiones en infraestructura que contribuye a las reducciones de GEI, adaptado a los nuevos escenarios climáticos (FAR 2014). Actualmente, el país está realizando una inversión de 6,000 millones de USD en proyectos asociados al tema de seguridad hídrica, así como 1,500 millones de USD en el sector energía para la ampliación del sistema de transmisión eléctrica y 5,250 millones de USD en el proyecto de ampliación del canal de Panamá, acortando la distancia de navegación de aproximadamente el 5% del comercio mundial, reduciendo las emisiones de carbono del sector marítimo internacional.', 'Actualmente, el país está realizando una inversión de 6,000 millones de USD en proyectos asociados al tema de seguridad hídrica, así como 1,500 millones de USD en el sector energía para la ampliación del sistema de transmisión eléctrica y 5,250 millones de USD en el proyecto de ampliación del canal de Panamá, acortando la distancia de navegación de aproximadamente el 5% del comercio mundial, reduciendo las emisiones de carbono del sector marítimo internacional. Adicionalmente, el país cuenta con un Portafolio de Acciones de Mitigación Nacionalmente Apropiadas (NAMA, por sus siglas en inglés) de 11 iniciativas multisectoriales, competitivas, armónicas y sostenibles, tanto del sector público como privado; donde el NAMA de Movilidad Urbana Sostenible es una de las prioridades nacionales.', 'Adicionalmente, el país cuenta con un Portafolio de Acciones de Mitigación Nacionalmente Apropiadas (NAMA, por sus siglas en inglés) de 11 iniciativas multisectoriales, competitivas, armónicas y sostenibles, tanto del sector público como privado; donde el NAMA de Movilidad Urbana Sostenible es una de las prioridades nacionales. Por otra parte, el país funge como sede operativa de esfuerzos regionales de ayuda humanitaria, investigación aplicada y desarrollo, estos esfuerzos incluyen el Hub de Asistencia Humanitaria, el Centro del Agua del Trópico Húmedo para América Latina y el Caribe (CATHALAC), el Centro Regional para el Hemisferio Occidental de la Convención RAMSAR (CREHO) y el Centro Internacional para la Implementación de REDD+ (ICIREDD).', 'Por otra parte, el país funge como sede operativa de esfuerzos regionales de ayuda humanitaria, investigación aplicada y desarrollo, estos esfuerzos incluyen el Hub de Asistencia Humanitaria, el Centro del Agua del Trópico Húmedo para América Latina y el Caribe (CATHALAC), el Centro Regional para el Hemisferio Occidental de la Convención RAMSAR (CREHO) y el Centro Internacional para la Implementación de REDD+ (ICIREDD). El Hub de Asistencia Humanitaria para Latinoamérica operado desde la República de Panamá, iniciativa que nace del compromiso del gobierno nacional para ejecutar una política al servicio del desarrollo global y buscar la posibilidad de que actúe como una facilidad regional de respuesta rápida multilateral ante los desastres naturales y cambio climático. 1.4.', 'El Hub de Asistencia Humanitaria para Latinoamérica operado desde la República de Panamá, iniciativa que nace del compromiso del gobierno nacional para ejecutar una política al servicio del desarrollo global y buscar la posibilidad de que actúe como una facilidad regional de respuesta rápida multilateral ante los desastres naturales y cambio climático. 1.4. Objetivos y prioridades nacionales Panamá ha mantenido y mantiene activa participación y compromiso de Estado a nivel nacional e internacional.', 'Objetivos y prioridades nacionales Panamá ha mantenido y mantiene activa participación y compromiso de Estado a nivel nacional e internacional. En septiembre de 2014, el gobierno panameño durante su participación en la Cumbre Sobre Cambio Climático, celebrada en las Naciones Unidas, resaltó las líneas de acción del país frente a los retos del cambio climático, articulada en torno al fortalecimiento de la institucionalidad; la diversificación de la matriz energética; la gestión y restauración de cuencas hidrográficas; la protección, conservación y gestión de la biodiversidad; la construcción de plantas de tratamientos de los desechos sólidos para eliminar los vertederos a cielo abierto; el desarrollo de sistemas de transporte público masivo energéticamente eficientes) y la reforestación de 1,000,000 de hectáreas durante los próximos 20 años.', 'En septiembre de 2014, el gobierno panameño durante su participación en la Cumbre Sobre Cambio Climático, celebrada en las Naciones Unidas, resaltó las líneas de acción del país frente a los retos del cambio climático, articulada en torno al fortalecimiento de la institucionalidad; la diversificación de la matriz energética; la gestión y restauración de cuencas hidrográficas; la protección, conservación y gestión de la biodiversidad; la construcción de plantas de tratamientos de los desechos sólidos para eliminar los vertederos a cielo abierto; el desarrollo de sistemas de transporte público masivo energéticamente eficientes) y la reforestación de 1,000,000 de hectáreas durante los próximos 20 años. Adicionalmente en Diciembre de 2015 en la reunión de jefes de Estados durante la COP21 señaló que “A Través del Canal de Panamá y su proyecto de ampliación, que culminaremos exitosamente en el 2016, el Estado panameño realiza importantes inversiones para impulsar un comercio internacional amigable con el ambiente, acortando la distancia de navegación del 5% del comercio mundial, lo que se traduce en una reducción significativa de las emisiones de carbono del sector marítimo internacional”.', 'Adicionalmente en Diciembre de 2015 en la reunión de jefes de Estados durante la COP21 señaló que “A Través del Canal de Panamá y su proyecto de ampliación, que culminaremos exitosamente en el 2016, el Estado panameño realiza importantes inversiones para impulsar un comercio internacional amigable con el ambiente, acortando la distancia de navegación del 5% del comercio mundial, lo que se traduce en una reducción significativa de las emisiones de carbono del sector marítimo internacional”. Esto reafirma el compromiso del Gobierno Nacional con los esfuerzosinternacionales a fin de mitigar el cambio climático y avanzar hacia un sistema de baja generación emisiones de carbono.', 'Esto reafirma el compromiso del Gobierno Nacional con los esfuerzosinternacionales a fin de mitigar el cambio climático y avanzar hacia un sistema de baja generación emisiones de carbono. El compromiso de la Administración del Estado se ha concretado formalmente en un Plan de Gobierno que distingue seis ejes principales de la acción estratégica.', 'El compromiso de la Administración del Estado se ha concretado formalmente en un Plan de Gobierno que distingue seis ejes principales de la acción estratégica. El sexto eje refleja el compromiso con el medio ambiente, ya que se enfoca en el: “Respeto, defensa y protección del medio ambiente (‘Ambiente sano para todos’), con énfasis en objetivos de reforma integral del sector ambiental con participación ciudadana; desarrollo de políticas públicas en armonía con el medio ambiente; gestión de desastres, mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático, y protección y rescate de la biodiversidad.” El Plan Estratégico de Gobierno (PEG) 2015-2019 orienta las líneas de acción prioritarias para el recientemente creado Ministerio de Ambiente.', 'El sexto eje refleja el compromiso con el medio ambiente, ya que se enfoca en el: “Respeto, defensa y protección del medio ambiente (‘Ambiente sano para todos’), con énfasis en objetivos de reforma integral del sector ambiental con participación ciudadana; desarrollo de políticas públicas en armonía con el medio ambiente; gestión de desastres, mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático, y protección y rescate de la biodiversidad.” El Plan Estratégico de Gobierno (PEG) 2015-2019 orienta las líneas de acción prioritarias para el recientemente creado Ministerio de Ambiente. En el marco de la estrategia económica y social del PEG, se destaca la importancia de apoyar con mayor fuerza a sectores impulsores de crecimiento y la inclusión dentro de los cuales se indica al sector forestal, actualmente rezagado, no obstante con un gran potencial para generar un cambio importante desde el punto de vista económico y social.', 'En el marco de la estrategia económica y social del PEG, se destaca la importancia de apoyar con mayor fuerza a sectores impulsores de crecimiento y la inclusión dentro de los cuales se indica al sector forestal, actualmente rezagado, no obstante con un gran potencial para generar un cambio importante desde el punto de vista económico y social. Bajo el ámbito de actuación del PEG referente al sector ambiente se reconoce que la pérdida de cobertura de bosque nativo es uno de los principales problemas que afecta al país y por tanto destaca, entre otras medidas, “considerar la lucha contra el cambio climático y sus efectos como eje fundamental de la acción de gobierno, frenando la deforestación y restaurando la cubierta vegetal para evitar la desertificación y reduciendo la vulnerabilidad existente mediante el desarrollo y aplicación de medidas de adaptación y mitigación”.', 'Bajo el ámbito de actuación del PEG referente al sector ambiente se reconoce que la pérdida de cobertura de bosque nativo es uno de los principales problemas que afecta al país y por tanto destaca, entre otras medidas, “considerar la lucha contra el cambio climático y sus efectos como eje fundamental de la acción de gobierno, frenando la deforestación y restaurando la cubierta vegetal para evitar la desertificación y reduciendo la vulnerabilidad existente mediante el desarrollo y aplicación de medidas de adaptación y mitigación”. Finalmente, el Plan Estratégico de Gobierno establece como indicadores explícitos de éxito la aprobación de la nueva Ley Forestal y la implementación de la Alianza por el Millón de Hectáreas Reforestadas, como parte de la Estrategia Nacional de Reducción de Emisiones por Deforestación y Degradación de los Bosques (REDD+), que equivale a reforestar el 13% de la superficie del país.', 'Finalmente, el Plan Estratégico de Gobierno establece como indicadores explícitos de éxito la aprobación de la nueva Ley Forestal y la implementación de la Alianza por el Millón de Hectáreas Reforestadas, como parte de la Estrategia Nacional de Reducción de Emisiones por Deforestación y Degradación de los Bosques (REDD+), que equivale a reforestar el 13% de la superficie del país. Como muestra del compromiso en la lucha contra el cambio climático, se definió un marco de acción que permita ajustar los paradigmas existentes y plasmar de manera concreta las líneas de acción requeridas para fortalecer la economía nacional por medio de la implementación de iniciativas transformacionales que desvincularán el crecimiento económico del incremento en las emisiones de GEI.', 'Como muestra del compromiso en la lucha contra el cambio climático, se definió un marco de acción que permita ajustar los paradigmas existentes y plasmar de manera concreta las líneas de acción requeridas para fortalecer la economía nacional por medio de la implementación de iniciativas transformacionales que desvincularán el crecimiento económico del incremento en las emisiones de GEI. Dichas líneas de acción tienen por objetivo aumentar la capacidad adaptativa de las poblaciones más vulnerables e impulsar la transición hacia un modelo de desarrollo bajo en emisiones.', 'Dichas líneas de acción tienen por objetivo aumentar la capacidad adaptativa de las poblaciones más vulnerables e impulsar la transición hacia un modelo de desarrollo bajo en emisiones. Este eje esboza un conjunto de acciones que, con base a las circunstancias nacionales, le permitirá a Panamá contribuir responsablemente en la consecución del objetivo último de la CMNUCC y disminuir su vulnerabilidad ante los efectos adversos del cambio climático, por medio de la priorización e implementación de medidas de adaptación específicas. Esta estrategia incluye tres componentes: 1) adaptación, 2) desarrollo bajo en emisiones y 3) desarrollo de capacidades y transferencia de tecnologías.', 'Esta estrategia incluye tres componentes: 1) adaptación, 2) desarrollo bajo en emisiones y 3) desarrollo de capacidades y transferencia de tecnologías. Para cada uno de estos componentes, se priorizó sectores y líneas de acción para incrementar su resiliencia, reducir su vulnerabilidad ante los efectos adversos del cambio climático y facilitar la transición del país hacia una economía baja en emisiones de gases efecto invernadero.1.5.', 'Para cada uno de estos componentes, se priorizó sectores y líneas de acción para incrementar su resiliencia, reducir su vulnerabilidad ante los efectos adversos del cambio climático y facilitar la transición del país hacia una economía baja en emisiones de gases efecto invernadero.1.5. Perfil actual de emisiones del país De acuerdo con la Segunda Comunicación Nacional ante la CMNUCC, presentada en 2011 con datos del año 2000, los sectores de cambio en el uso de la tierra (específicamente la conversión de bosques y praderas) y energético son los que tienen una mayor contribución en las emisiones de GEI del país, ya que juntos contribuyen con el 97.75% de las emisiones de CO2 (Gráfica N° 6).', 'Perfil actual de emisiones del país De acuerdo con la Segunda Comunicación Nacional ante la CMNUCC, presentada en 2011 con datos del año 2000, los sectores de cambio en el uso de la tierra (específicamente la conversión de bosques y praderas) y energético son los que tienen una mayor contribución en las emisiones de GEI del país, ya que juntos contribuyen con el 97.75% de las emisiones de CO2 (Gráfica N° 6). En cuanto a las emisiones de metano (CH4 ), ambos sectores contribuyen con el 31% del total nacional, aunque el total de emisiones nacionales de CH4 constituye alrededor del 14% de las emisiones totales. El total nacional de emisiones de CO2 fue estimado en 26, 402,210 toneladas para el año 2000.', 'El total nacional de emisiones de CO2 fue estimado en 26, 402,210 toneladas para el año 2000. Gráfica N° 6: Emisiones de CO2 por sector Fuente: Segunda Comunicación Nacional sobre Cambio Climático. Año 2000, Panamá 2010. Cabe mencionar que el sector UT-CUTS es también el mayor sumidero, causando que el sector absorba más GEI de los que emite, logrando así que el país sea un sumidero neto de dióxido de carbono, como lo muestra abajo la Gráfica N° 7. Emisiones de CO2 Panamá, INGEI 2000 Energía UT-CUTS Resto de los sectoresGráfica N° 7: Balance de Emisiones y Absorciones de CO2 Fuente: Segunda Comunicación Nacional sobre Cambio Climático. Año 2000, Panamá 2010. 1.6.', 'Año 2000, Panamá 2010. 1.6. Proyecciones sectoriales En términos energéticos, se prevé que la demanda eléctrica en el país se incremente en más de un 600% en el período 2014-2050, por lo que se cuenta con un Plan Energético Nacional 2015-2050. Esta demanda espera ser satisfecha con una amplia gama de tecnologías que incluyen plantas hidroeléctricas de pequeña y mediana escala, energía renovables como eólicas y solares fotovoltaicas, así como plantas de gas natural y carbón. Además de tener la oportunidad de introducir más fuentes renovables a la matriz energética, la acción temprana con medidas de eficiencia energética puede reducir la necesidad de instalar nuevas plantas de generación.', 'Además de tener la oportunidad de introducir más fuentes renovables a la matriz energética, la acción temprana con medidas de eficiencia energética puede reducir la necesidad de instalar nuevas plantas de generación. Emisiones Absorciones Emisiones netas Balance de Emisiones y Absorciones de CO2Gráfica N° 8: Proyección del crecimiento de la capacidad instalada al 2050 (Escenario tendencial BAU, por sus siglas en inglés). Fuente: Plan Energético Nacional 2015-2050, Secretaría Nacional de Energía, 2015 La Gráfica N° 8 muestra el escenario tendencial para la generación de electricidad donde el 67.0% será cubierto por energía térmica, un 22.9% por fuentes hídricas, y un 10.1% por otras fuentes renovables como solar y eólica.', 'Fuente: Plan Energético Nacional 2015-2050, Secretaría Nacional de Energía, 2015 La Gráfica N° 8 muestra el escenario tendencial para la generación de electricidad donde el 67.0% será cubierto por energía térmica, un 22.9% por fuentes hídricas, y un 10.1% por otras fuentes renovables como solar y eólica. En cuanto al sector de Uso de la Tierra, Cambio en el Uso de la Tierra y Silvicultura, éste representa una absorción neta, es decir actúa como sumidero de GEI. No obstante, las emisiones brutas asociadas a este sector constituyen casi el 80% del total nacional.', 'No obstante, las emisiones brutas asociadas a este sector constituyen casi el 80% del total nacional. Asociado a lo anterior, la principal fuente de emisiones está dada por la deforestación, que de acuerdo a las cifras preliminares del inventario de GEI con año base 20136, se encontraría en un valor promedio anual neto para el 2013 de 10,868 hectáreas, para este mismo año el sector UT-CUTS representa una absorción de 28.6 millones de tCO2 e. 6 Estimaciones preliminares del TINGEI sector UT-CUTS, MIAMBIENTE MW Proyección de la Capacidad Instalada en el Escenario Tendencial al 2050 Hidraulica Carbón Gas Natural Bunker (Petróleo) Diésel (Petróleo) Eólica Solar BiomasaLa Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada a la mitigación incluye los sectores Energía y UT- CUTS, por medio de medidas para el incremento de otras fuentes de energías renovables como solar y eólica, la reforestación y recuperación forestal.', 'Asociado a lo anterior, la principal fuente de emisiones está dada por la deforestación, que de acuerdo a las cifras preliminares del inventario de GEI con año base 20136, se encontraría en un valor promedio anual neto para el 2013 de 10,868 hectáreas, para este mismo año el sector UT-CUTS representa una absorción de 28.6 millones de tCO2 e. 6 Estimaciones preliminares del TINGEI sector UT-CUTS, MIAMBIENTE MW Proyección de la Capacidad Instalada en el Escenario Tendencial al 2050 Hidraulica Carbón Gas Natural Bunker (Petróleo) Diésel (Petróleo) Eólica Solar BiomasaLa Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada a la mitigación incluye los sectores Energía y UT- CUTS, por medio de medidas para el incremento de otras fuentes de energías renovables como solar y eólica, la reforestación y recuperación forestal. El NDC de Panamá contempla la consecución de las metas establecidas con aporte nacional tanto para para el sector energético como para el sector UT-CUTS.', 'El NDC de Panamá contempla la consecución de las metas establecidas con aporte nacional tanto para para el sector energético como para el sector UT-CUTS. Se podrá aumentar la ambición en el sector UT-CUTS de contar con apoyo internacional. 2.1.1. Sector Energía Para efectos de la contribución a la mitigación de Panamá, se analizó el sector energía centrado en el sub-sector industrias de la energía, que se refiere a la producción de energía eléctrica. Las emisiones de este sub-sector pueden ser reducidas de dos maneras principales: 1) Por medio de la reducción del factor de emisión de la red eléctrica, y 2) mediante la disminución de la demanda, que impacta las necesidades de generación y la velocidad en la que debe ampliarse la red de generación eléctrica.', 'Las emisiones de este sub-sector pueden ser reducidas de dos maneras principales: 1) Por medio de la reducción del factor de emisión de la red eléctrica, y 2) mediante la disminución de la demanda, que impacta las necesidades de generación y la velocidad en la que debe ampliarse la red de generación eléctrica. El enfoque de la contribución en este sub-sector está en los planes de expansión de la infraestructura de generación eléctrica específicamente con el incremento de la generación a partir de otras fuentes renovables, como la eólica y la solar, para el año 2050. Emisiones del Sector en el Contexto Nacional De acuerdo a la última Comunicación Nacional ante la CMNUCC, el sector energía contribuye con el 17.3% de las emisiones nacionales de CO2 .', 'Emisiones del Sector en el Contexto Nacional De acuerdo a la última Comunicación Nacional ante la CMNUCC, el sector energía contribuye con el 17.3% de las emisiones nacionales de CO2 . Dentro del sector, el sub-sector de las industrias de la energía (sub-sector eléctrico) aportan el 19.4% (ver Gráfica N° 9). El rápido crecimiento económico y el creciente acceso a la energía son las principales razones para el aumento esperado en la demanda eléctrica. El Plan Energético Nacional 2015-2050 proyecta que la economía panameña continuará creciendo a una tasa de alrededor del 4.6% promedio hasta el 2050 y estima que para el año 2034, el 100% de la población tendrá electricidad.Gráfica N° 9: Emisiones del Sector Energía por Subsector Fuente: Segunda Comunicación Nacional sobre Cambio Climático.', 'El Plan Energético Nacional 2015-2050 proyecta que la economía panameña continuará creciendo a una tasa de alrededor del 4.6% promedio hasta el 2050 y estima que para el año 2034, el 100% de la población tendrá electricidad.Gráfica N° 9: Emisiones del Sector Energía por Subsector Fuente: Segunda Comunicación Nacional sobre Cambio Climático. Año 2000, ANAM, 2010 Gráfica N° 10: Capacidad Instalada en Panamá año 2014 Fuente: Plan Energético Nacional 2015-2050, Secretaria Nacional de Energía, 2015 Emisiones de CO2 del sector Energía, Panamá INGEI 2,000 Transporte Industrias manufactureras y de la construcción Industrias de la energía (electricidad) Comercial e institucional Residencial ´La generación eléctrica en el 2014 provenía en un 52% de combustibles fósiles (ver Gráfica N° 10), mayormente bunker, diésel y carbón.', 'Año 2000, ANAM, 2010 Gráfica N° 10: Capacidad Instalada en Panamá año 2014 Fuente: Plan Energético Nacional 2015-2050, Secretaria Nacional de Energía, 2015 Emisiones de CO2 del sector Energía, Panamá INGEI 2,000 Transporte Industrias manufactureras y de la construcción Industrias de la energía (electricidad) Comercial e institucional Residencial ´La generación eléctrica en el 2014 provenía en un 52% de combustibles fósiles (ver Gráfica N° 10), mayormente bunker, diésel y carbón. Estos fueron responsables de alrededor de 9, 600,000 tCO2 eq generadas por el sub-sector eléctrico, de acuerdo al Plan Energético Nacional 2015-2050 elaborado por la Secretaria Nacional de Energía. 2.1.2.', 'Estos fueron responsables de alrededor de 9, 600,000 tCO2 eq generadas por el sub-sector eléctrico, de acuerdo al Plan Energético Nacional 2015-2050 elaborado por la Secretaria Nacional de Energía. 2.1.2. Sector Uso de la Tierra, Cambio en el Uso de la Tierra y Silvicultura De acuerdo al inventario nacional de GEI con año base 2000, el sector UT-CUTS presenta una absorción neta de 7.04 millones de tCO2 eq7, es decir, actúa como sumidero de GEI. Las emisiones brutas asociadas a este sector constituyen casi el 80% del total nacional. Asociado a lo anterior, la principal fuente de emisiones está dada por la deforestación, que de acuerdo a las cifras preliminares del inventario de GEI con año base 20138 se encontraría en un valor promedio anual neto de 10,868 hectáreas.', 'Asociado a lo anterior, la principal fuente de emisiones está dada por la deforestación, que de acuerdo a las cifras preliminares del inventario de GEI con año base 20138 se encontraría en un valor promedio anual neto de 10,868 hectáreas. Para este mismo año, este sector representa una absorción de 28.6 millones de tCO29. Como lo indica la Gráfica N° 11 este sector ha tenido un comportamiento constante los últimos 16 años, actuando como secuestrador de carbono.', 'Como lo indica la Gráfica N° 11 este sector ha tenido un comportamiento constante los últimos 16 años, actuando como secuestrador de carbono. Gráfica N° 11: Emisiones Netas del Sector UT-CUTS 1994-2013 Fuente: MIAMBIENTE, 2016 7 Segunda Comunicación Nacional ante la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio 8 Estimaciones preliminares del TINGEI sector UT-CUTS, MIAMBIENTE Emisiones Netas Estimadas del Sector UT-CUTS )En la Gráfica N° 11 se aprecia la evolución del comportamiento del sector UT-CUTS, donde pasa de ser un sector emisor a un sector secuestrador de CO2 .', 'Gráfica N° 11: Emisiones Netas del Sector UT-CUTS 1994-2013 Fuente: MIAMBIENTE, 2016 7 Segunda Comunicación Nacional ante la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio 8 Estimaciones preliminares del TINGEI sector UT-CUTS, MIAMBIENTE Emisiones Netas Estimadas del Sector UT-CUTS )En la Gráfica N° 11 se aprecia la evolución del comportamiento del sector UT-CUTS, donde pasa de ser un sector emisor a un sector secuestrador de CO2 . Esto se debe a dos factores: a) la instauración de bosques secundarios en tierras que estaban bajo uso agropecuario y que fueron abandonadas porque en los últimos años, hubo una migración del campo hacia la ciudad en busca de nuevas ofertas laborales y a su vez, ha incidido en la disminución de actividades agropecuarias y b) a la disminución de la deforestación, asociado a la implementación de políticas y programas incluyendo la ley de delito ecológico y los programas de sensibilización ambiental, la creación de comarcas y territorios colectivos indígenas, de áreas protegidas y el fortalecimiento de las instituciones que tienen responsabilidades ambientales, además de la generación y aplicación de normativas en este ámbito, han contribuido a de manera notoria a la disminución en la tasa de deforestación.', 'Esto se debe a dos factores: a) la instauración de bosques secundarios en tierras que estaban bajo uso agropecuario y que fueron abandonadas porque en los últimos años, hubo una migración del campo hacia la ciudad en busca de nuevas ofertas laborales y a su vez, ha incidido en la disminución de actividades agropecuarias y b) a la disminución de la deforestación, asociado a la implementación de políticas y programas incluyendo la ley de delito ecológico y los programas de sensibilización ambiental, la creación de comarcas y territorios colectivos indígenas, de áreas protegidas y el fortalecimiento de las instituciones que tienen responsabilidades ambientales, además de la generación y aplicación de normativas en este ámbito, han contribuido a de manera notoria a la disminución en la tasa de deforestación. 2.2.', 'Esto se debe a dos factores: a) la instauración de bosques secundarios en tierras que estaban bajo uso agropecuario y que fueron abandonadas porque en los últimos años, hubo una migración del campo hacia la ciudad en busca de nuevas ofertas laborales y a su vez, ha incidido en la disminución de actividades agropecuarias y b) a la disminución de la deforestación, asociado a la implementación de políticas y programas incluyendo la ley de delito ecológico y los programas de sensibilización ambiental, la creación de comarcas y territorios colectivos indígenas, de áreas protegidas y el fortalecimiento de las instituciones que tienen responsabilidades ambientales, además de la generación y aplicación de normativas en este ámbito, han contribuido a de manera notoria a la disminución en la tasa de deforestación. 2.2. Contribución Nacional en Materia de Mitigación 2.2.1.', 'Contribución Nacional en Materia de Mitigación 2.2.1. Sector Energía Medidas y Políticas en el Sector Energía Panamá cuenta con programas relacionados a la mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático, dentro del cual se aborda el sector energético. Las líneas de acción contempladas dentro de este sector son las siguientes: Utilizar combustibles con menor contenido de carbono. Impulsar el incremento de la inversión en energías otras fuentes renovables como solar, eólica y la biomasa. Impulsar el uso de nuevas tecnologías para obtener mejoras en la eficiencia, generación, almacenamiento, transmisión y distribución de energía. Modificar y crear nuevos marcos regulatorios de promoción de otros tipos de fuentes de energías renovables y eficiencia energética.', 'Modificar y crear nuevos marcos regulatorios de promoción de otros tipos de fuentes de energías renovables y eficiencia energética. Contribución Unilateral en el Sector Energía La Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada a la mitigación del sector energía en Panamá será incrementar el porcentaje de generación eléctrica por medio de otras fuentes de energías renovables como solar, eólica y biomasa en un 30% en el 2050 con respecto al año 2014.', 'Contribución Unilateral en el Sector Energía La Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada a la mitigación del sector energía en Panamá será incrementar el porcentaje de generación eléctrica por medio de otras fuentes de energías renovables como solar, eólica y biomasa en un 30% en el 2050 con respecto al año 2014. Como se observa en la Gráfica N° 12, el escenario con NDC para las energías renovables provenientes de estas fuentes, muestra que para el 2030 su participación en la matriz eléctrica será de un 15 % y para el 2050 de un 30%.Gráfica N° 12: Participación de Tipos de Fuentes de Energías Renovables en la Matriz Eléctrica Fuente: MIAMBIENTE, 2016 Descripción de las Medidas en el Sector Energía Para lograr el incremento del 30% de otras fuentes de energías renovables para el periodo 2015- 2050, Panamá deberá apoyarse en la ley 8 del 25 de marzo de 2015 y en el Plan Energético Nacional 2015-2050, específicamente en la línea de acción que contempla la descarbonización de la matriz eléctrica.', 'Como se observa en la Gráfica N° 12, el escenario con NDC para las energías renovables provenientes de estas fuentes, muestra que para el 2030 su participación en la matriz eléctrica será de un 15 % y para el 2050 de un 30%.Gráfica N° 12: Participación de Tipos de Fuentes de Energías Renovables en la Matriz Eléctrica Fuente: MIAMBIENTE, 2016 Descripción de las Medidas en el Sector Energía Para lograr el incremento del 30% de otras fuentes de energías renovables para el periodo 2015- 2050, Panamá deberá apoyarse en la ley 8 del 25 de marzo de 2015 y en el Plan Energético Nacional 2015-2050, específicamente en la línea de acción que contempla la descarbonización de la matriz eléctrica. Panamá cuenta con potencial eólico y solar disponible en el país.', 'Panamá cuenta con potencial eólico y solar disponible en el país. Se identificaron diversos sitios que cumplen con las características necesarias para la instalación de turbinas eólicas o sistemas de paneles solares para su óptimo rendimiento; así como el sector privado ha mostrado su interés en impulsar el desarrollo de estas tecnologías a nivel nacional. Para enero de 2016, existían según la Autoridad de Servicios Públicos (ASEP) licencias definitivas para la instalación de 1,184.1 Megavatios (MW) de otras energías renovables como la solar y eólica, equivalente al 41.8 % de la capacidad instalada en el 2014, lo que indica que el sector eléctrico ha iniciado el proceso preparativo para contar con una economía baja en emisiones de GEI.', 'Para enero de 2016, existían según la Autoridad de Servicios Públicos (ASEP) licencias definitivas para la instalación de 1,184.1 Megavatios (MW) de otras energías renovables como la solar y eólica, equivalente al 41.8 % de la capacidad instalada en el 2014, lo que indica que el sector eléctrico ha iniciado el proceso preparativo para contar con una economía baja en emisiones de GEI. Energía Renovable No Convencional (%) Años Proyección al 2050 de la Participación de otros tipos de fuentes de Energias Renovables en la Matriz Eléctrica Escenario con NDC Escenario de ReferenciaAdicionalmente, el NDC se apoya en el robusto marco regulatorio de la generación eléctrica por medio de otras energías renovables al contar con un grupo de legislaciones que las promueven a nivel nacional: 1.', 'Energía Renovable No Convencional (%) Años Proyección al 2050 de la Participación de otros tipos de fuentes de Energias Renovables en la Matriz Eléctrica Escenario con NDC Escenario de ReferenciaAdicionalmente, el NDC se apoya en el robusto marco regulatorio de la generación eléctrica por medio de otras energías renovables al contar con un grupo de legislaciones que las promueven a nivel nacional: 1. Ley N ° 37 de 10 de junio de 2013, que establece el régimen de incentivos para el fomento de la construcción, operación y mantenimiento de centrales y/o instalaciones solares. 2. Ley 18 de 26 de marzo de 2013, que modifica y adiciona a la ley 44 de 2011, relativos a las centrales eólicas destinadas a la prestación del servicio público de electricidad; 3.', 'Ley 18 de 26 de marzo de 2013, que modifica y adiciona a la ley 44 de 2011, relativos a las centrales eólicas destinadas a la prestación del servicio público de electricidad; 3. Ley 44 de 25 de abril de 2011, que establece el régimen de incentivos para el fomento de la construcción y explotación de centrales eólicas destinadas a la prestación del servicio público de electricidad; 4. Ley N ° 45 de 4 de agosto de 2004, que establece un régimen de incentivos para el fomento de los sistemas de generación hidroeléctrica y de otras fuentes nuevas, renovables y limpias y dicta otras disposiciones; 5.', 'Ley N ° 45 de 4 de agosto de 2004, que establece un régimen de incentivos para el fomento de los sistemas de generación hidroeléctrica y de otras fuentes nuevas, renovables y limpias y dicta otras disposiciones; 5. Ley N ° 6 de 3 de febrero de 1997, con las modificaciones de la ley-decreto Nº 10 del 26 de febrero de 1998, establece el marco institucional y regulatorio para el sector eléctrico en la República de Panamá.', 'Ley N ° 6 de 3 de febrero de 1997, con las modificaciones de la ley-decreto Nº 10 del 26 de febrero de 1998, establece el marco institucional y regulatorio para el sector eléctrico en la República de Panamá. Opciones para Incrementar la Ambición en el Sector Energía Para la instalación de infraestructura de generación eléctrica, la ASEP ha identificado y otorgado licencias provisionales para la construcción de proyectos que generarán una capacidad instalada de 2,083.92 MW con otros tipos de fuentes de energías renovables, adicionales a la capacidad instalada de 1,184.1 MW que ya cuentan con licencia definitiva.', 'Opciones para Incrementar la Ambición en el Sector Energía Para la instalación de infraestructura de generación eléctrica, la ASEP ha identificado y otorgado licencias provisionales para la construcción de proyectos que generarán una capacidad instalada de 2,083.92 MW con otros tipos de fuentes de energías renovables, adicionales a la capacidad instalada de 1,184.1 MW que ya cuentan con licencia definitiva. Estos proyectos requieren continuar con los procesos normados para su planificación, construcción y operación, y aunque algunos se encuentran en su etapa inicial de diseño, es evidencia del gran potencial que tiene Panamá para aumentar el porcentaje de otros tipos de fuentes de energías renovables en su matriz eléctrica.', 'Estos proyectos requieren continuar con los procesos normados para su planificación, construcción y operación, y aunque algunos se encuentran en su etapa inicial de diseño, es evidencia del gran potencial que tiene Panamá para aumentar el porcentaje de otros tipos de fuentes de energías renovables en su matriz eléctrica. Tal aumento en la generación conlleva otros retos, como la expansión y fortalecimiento de la red de transmisión y distribución, que deberá ir de la mano de los aumentos en la generación que se propongan para evitar el colapso de la red eléctrica y la entrada expedita de recursos renovables.', 'Tal aumento en la generación conlleva otros retos, como la expansión y fortalecimiento de la red de transmisión y distribución, que deberá ir de la mano de los aumentos en la generación que se propongan para evitar el colapso de la red eléctrica y la entrada expedita de recursos renovables. Actualmente la SNE, es el ente responsable de dictar las políticas del sector energético que incluyen el uso racional y eficiente de la energía y el desarrollo de fuentes alternativas. Esta entidad iniciará el proceso de revisión, unificación del marco institucional existente y establecimiento del mecanismo financiero que faciliten la inversión en otros tipos de fuentes de energías renovables por parte de actores públicos y privados.2.2.2.', 'Esta entidad iniciará el proceso de revisión, unificación del marco institucional existente y establecimiento del mecanismo financiero que faciliten la inversión en otros tipos de fuentes de energías renovables por parte de actores públicos y privados.2.2.2. Sector Uso de la Tierra Cambio de Uso de la Tierra y Silvicultura – UT-CUTS Medidas y políticas en el Sector UT-CUTS En Octubre de 2014 se firmó el convenio intersectorial público privado que oficializa la iniciativa “Alianza por el Millón”, donde, tanto el sector público, como privado, sociedad civil y organizaciones no gubernamentales comparten el objetivo de reforestación de un millón de hectáreas en un periodo de 20 años, con el fin de rehabilitar y restaurar ecosistemas impactados por la deforestación y la degradación de bosques en Panamá.', 'Sector Uso de la Tierra Cambio de Uso de la Tierra y Silvicultura – UT-CUTS Medidas y políticas en el Sector UT-CUTS En Octubre de 2014 se firmó el convenio intersectorial público privado que oficializa la iniciativa “Alianza por el Millón”, donde, tanto el sector público, como privado, sociedad civil y organizaciones no gubernamentales comparten el objetivo de reforestación de un millón de hectáreas en un periodo de 20 años, con el fin de rehabilitar y restaurar ecosistemas impactados por la deforestación y la degradación de bosques en Panamá. Los gestores de esta alianza son la Autoridad Nacional del Ambiente (Hoy Ministerio de Ambiente), el Ministerio de Desarrollo Agropecuario, la Asociación Nacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza, la Asociación Nacional de Reforestadores y afines de Panamá y la Cámara de Comercio, Industrias y Agricultura de Panamá y en la actualidad son 44 miembros que conforman la misma.', 'Los gestores de esta alianza son la Autoridad Nacional del Ambiente (Hoy Ministerio de Ambiente), el Ministerio de Desarrollo Agropecuario, la Asociación Nacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza, la Asociación Nacional de Reforestadores y afines de Panamá y la Cámara de Comercio, Industrias y Agricultura de Panamá y en la actualidad son 44 miembros que conforman la misma. Esta iniciativa, cuenta además de esta ambiciosa meta, con una serie de acuerdos de colaboración para otorgar las condiciones habilitantes regulatorias y de política pública, que permitirán dar operatividad, viabilidad y sustentabilidad a las actividades contempladas. Los acuerdos de colaboración que establece la alianza son: a. Modernizar la legislación forestal. b. Promover la simplificación de los procesos relacionados con las actividades forestales.', 'b. Promover la simplificación de los procesos relacionados con las actividades forestales. c. Identificar y priorizar áreas susceptibles a reforestar, con la finalidad de revertir los procesos de deforestación y proteger los bosques existentes. d. Elaborar un registro de las reforestaciones realizadas y mantener un monitoreo de los avances alcanzados con la ejecución del convenio. e. Impulsar el fortalecimiento de la institucionalidad forestal y trabajar en conjunto para acceder a recursos económicos nacionales e internacionales para promover el sector de forma sostenible y eficiente. f. Promover la creación de sistemas de incentivos para el manejo sostenible de los recursos forestales, la reforestación y la restauración de las tierras de vocación forestal degradadas.', 'f. Promover la creación de sistemas de incentivos para el manejo sostenible de los recursos forestales, la reforestación y la restauración de las tierras de vocación forestal degradadas. g. Promover la creación de franjas de protección con reforestación y restauración alrededor de las áreas protegidas amenazadas por la deforestación. h. Promover e incentivar a los tenedores de tierras para la protección de las fuentes de agua; mantener y/o aumentar la cobertura forestal de sus fincas mediante el establecimiento de sistemas agroforestales, silvopastoriles y el establecimiento de parcelas forestales de rápido crecimiento; y el mantenimiento de la cobertura boscosa de sus fincas. i. Crear corredores biológicos por medio del establecimiento de cercas vivas en todas las fincas y la protección de las fuentes de agua.', 'i. Crear corredores biológicos por medio del establecimiento de cercas vivas en todas las fincas y la protección de las fuentes de agua. j. Incorporar a los sistemas agrícolas los conceptos de reforestación y restauración de ecosistemas.k. Promover la investigación sobre especies forestales en Panamá como base para la toma de decisiones sobre políticas estatales del sector forestal. l. Establecer campañas de concienciación para la participación de la población panameña en el objetivo del convenio en beneficio del país.', 'l. Establecer campañas de concienciación para la participación de la población panameña en el objetivo del convenio en beneficio del país. Contribución Unilateral en el sector UT-CUTS La Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada a la mitigación del sector UT-CUTS es de incrementar la capacidad de absorción del mismo en un 10%, por medio de actividades de reforestación y restauración en las áreas protegidas, con respecto al escenario base tendencial al 2050 (Ver Gráfica N° 13).', 'Contribución Unilateral en el sector UT-CUTS La Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada a la mitigación del sector UT-CUTS es de incrementar la capacidad de absorción del mismo en un 10%, por medio de actividades de reforestación y restauración en las áreas protegidas, con respecto al escenario base tendencial al 2050 (Ver Gráfica N° 13). Gráfica N° 13: Contribución unilateral del Sector UT-CUTS al NCD de Panamá Fuente: MIAMBIENTE, 2016 Descripción de las Medida en el sector UT-CUTS El Gobierno de Panamá ha asumido el compromiso de implementar la Alianza por el Millón de Hectáreas Reforestadas y con ese fin, como parte de su Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada, prevé aumentar el almacenamiento de carbono por medio de la reforestación y restauración de las superficies en las áreas protegidas que no posean cobertura boscosa, muchas de las cuales se ubican en las 5 cuencas prioritarias del país.', 'Gráfica N° 13: Contribución unilateral del Sector UT-CUTS al NCD de Panamá Fuente: MIAMBIENTE, 2016 Descripción de las Medida en el sector UT-CUTS El Gobierno de Panamá ha asumido el compromiso de implementar la Alianza por el Millón de Hectáreas Reforestadas y con ese fin, como parte de su Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada, prevé aumentar el almacenamiento de carbono por medio de la reforestación y restauración de las superficies en las áreas protegidas que no posean cobertura boscosa, muchas de las cuales se ubican en las 5 cuencas prioritarias del país. A la fecha se cuenta con un financiamiento inicial de Escenario Tendencial de Absorción al 2050 del Sector UT-CUTS y Contribución Unilateral Escenario Tendencial Escenario Tendencial (Proyectado) NDC No Condicionada 10% de incremento en la absorción de GEI con respecto al escenario tendencial de referencia20 millones de dólares lo que se incrementará a medida que se incorporen los costos del programa a las partidas presupuestarias de la nación en los años venideros.', 'A la fecha se cuenta con un financiamiento inicial de Escenario Tendencial de Absorción al 2050 del Sector UT-CUTS y Contribución Unilateral Escenario Tendencial Escenario Tendencial (Proyectado) NDC No Condicionada 10% de incremento en la absorción de GEI con respecto al escenario tendencial de referencia20 millones de dólares lo que se incrementará a medida que se incorporen los costos del programa a las partidas presupuestarias de la nación en los años venideros. Para la implementación de esta iniciativa se ha creado una unidad coordinadora que trabaja desde el Ministerio de Ambiente y que opera en sincronía con las oficinas regionales que implementarán las acciones. El monitoreo, registro y verificación de las actividades asociadas a la iniciativa serán responsabilidad del Ministerio de Ambiente.', 'El monitoreo, registro y verificación de las actividades asociadas a la iniciativa serán responsabilidad del Ministerio de Ambiente. Contribución Apoyada en el sector UT-CUTS Dado los altos costos asociados a la implementación de la Alianza por el Millón de Hectáreas Reforestadas y su gran ambición en términos técnicos, institucionales y operativos, Panamá considera que puede incrementar el almacenamiento de carbono del sector UT-CUTS hasta un 80 % adicional a la tendencia identificada en el Escenario Tendencial de este sector, por medio de fuentes de apoyo internacional para acelerar el proceso de implementación para co-financiar su estructura de costos.', 'Contribución Apoyada en el sector UT-CUTS Dado los altos costos asociados a la implementación de la Alianza por el Millón de Hectáreas Reforestadas y su gran ambición en términos técnicos, institucionales y operativos, Panamá considera que puede incrementar el almacenamiento de carbono del sector UT-CUTS hasta un 80 % adicional a la tendencia identificada en el Escenario Tendencial de este sector, por medio de fuentes de apoyo internacional para acelerar el proceso de implementación para co-financiar su estructura de costos. (Ver Gráfica N° 14) Gráfica N° 14: Contribución apoyada del Sector UT-CUTS de Panamá al 2050 Fuente: MIAMBIENTE, 2016 Escenario Tendencial de Absorción de Emisiones del Sector UT-CUTS, Contribución Unilaterial y Contribución Apoyada al 2050 Escenario Tendencial Escenario Tendencial (Proyectado) NDC No Condicionada NDC Condicionado 80% de incremento en la absorción de GEI con respecto al escenario tendencial de referenciaOpciones para Incrementar la Ambición Para incrementar la ambición, Panamá se encuentra preparando el nuevo marco regulatorio asociado al sector UT-CUTS, en el que se considera el diseño e implementación de una política de fomento a la reforestación y restauración, tanto con fines de conservación como productivos, con la finalidad de fungir como un instrumento catalizador que acelere y maximice el potencial para mitigar los GEI y así, permite disponer de una herramienta de política integral en tanto sus beneficios repercutan en varios aspectos relevantes para el desarrollo del país.', '(Ver Gráfica N° 14) Gráfica N° 14: Contribución apoyada del Sector UT-CUTS de Panamá al 2050 Fuente: MIAMBIENTE, 2016 Escenario Tendencial de Absorción de Emisiones del Sector UT-CUTS, Contribución Unilaterial y Contribución Apoyada al 2050 Escenario Tendencial Escenario Tendencial (Proyectado) NDC No Condicionada NDC Condicionado 80% de incremento en la absorción de GEI con respecto al escenario tendencial de referenciaOpciones para Incrementar la Ambición Para incrementar la ambición, Panamá se encuentra preparando el nuevo marco regulatorio asociado al sector UT-CUTS, en el que se considera el diseño e implementación de una política de fomento a la reforestación y restauración, tanto con fines de conservación como productivos, con la finalidad de fungir como un instrumento catalizador que acelere y maximice el potencial para mitigar los GEI y así, permite disponer de una herramienta de política integral en tanto sus beneficios repercutan en varios aspectos relevantes para el desarrollo del país. Adicionalmente, como parte de los mecanismos para facilitar la transición hacia una matriz eléctrica baja en emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero, se realizará una evaluación de la legislación existente en materia de energías renovables, para asegurar que el sector privado cuenta con los elementos necesarios para incrementar la participación de las energías renovables no convencionales.', 'Adicionalmente, como parte de los mecanismos para facilitar la transición hacia una matriz eléctrica baja en emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero, se realizará una evaluación de la legislación existente en materia de energías renovables, para asegurar que el sector privado cuenta con los elementos necesarios para incrementar la participación de las energías renovables no convencionales. Imagen N° 1: Pasos para incrementar la ambición del NDC de la República de Panamá3. Información que se comunica a la Secretaría de la CMNUCC para claridad, entendimiento y Transparencia Esta sección incluye información general sobre las contribuciones nacionales presentadas anteriormente. Tabla N° 1: Información General de los NDCs de la República de Panamá INFORMACIÓN GENERAL DE LAS CONTRIBUCIONES NACIONALES Año meta NDC 2050 1. Cobertura geográfica para la cuantificación de emisiones NACIONAL 2.', 'Cobertura geográfica para la cuantificación de emisiones NACIONAL 2. Sectores del INGEI considerados en la meta Energía UT-CUTS 3. Contribución a la mitigación Promoción del uso de otras fuentes de energía renovables: Al 2050, el 30% de la capacidad instalada de la matriz eléctrica deberá provenir de otros tipos de fuentes de energías renovables. Reforestación de zonas degradadas: Contribución Unilateral Incremento en la capacidad de absorción de Carbono en un 10 % con respecto al Escenario de Referencia al 2050. Contribución Apoyada Incremento en la capacidad de absorción de Carbono en un 80 % con respecto al Escenario de Referencia al 2050. 4. Año base de la contribución 5.', '4. Año base de la contribución 5. Fuentes de datos utilizados para la definición de la meta Primera Comunicación Nacional de Cambio Climático de Panamá, Segunda Comunicación Nacional de Cambio Climático de Panamá, Plan Energético Nacional 2015-2050, Base de datos de Proceso de Aprobación de Estudios de Impacto Ambiental del Ministerio de Ambiente. Primera Comunicación Nacional de Cambio Climático de Panamá, Segunda Comunicación Nacional de Cambio Climático de Panamá, Estimaciones preliminares de Inventario de Gases de Efecto Invernadero del sector UT- CUTS 2005, 2010, 2013. 6. Gases considerados en las contribuciones Dióxido de Carbono (CO2) 7. Metodología para la cuantificación de las emisiones Directrices para los INGEI, Panel Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre Cambio Climático (IPCC) 8.', 'Metodología para la cuantificación de las emisiones Directrices para los INGEI, Panel Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre Cambio Climático (IPCC) 8. Participación en Mercados de Carbono Panamá contempla diseñar un mercado de carbono y continuará participando en el comercio internacional de emisiones El país tomará medidas voluntarias en los sectores marítimos y aéreos internacionales que faciliten el cumplimiento de estas industrias, en el marco de la Organización Marítima Internacional (OMI) y la Organización de Aviación Civil (OACI), por medio de medidas basadas en mercados. 9. Construcción y Fortalecimiento de Capacidades Promoción de una cultura de manejo forestal sostenible y el comercio internacional de reducción de emisiones de carbono: Establecimiento del Centro Internacional de Implementación para la Reducción de Emisiones por Deforestación y Degradación de los Bosques ICIREDD.', 'Construcción y Fortalecimiento de Capacidades Promoción de una cultura de manejo forestal sostenible y el comercio internacional de reducción de emisiones de carbono: Establecimiento del Centro Internacional de Implementación para la Reducción de Emisiones por Deforestación y Degradación de los Bosques ICIREDD. Apoyo a la implementación de políticas y proyectos de mitigación y adaptación alrededor del mundo: Donación al Fondo Verde del Clima (GCF).3.1.', 'Apoyo a la implementación de políticas y proyectos de mitigación y adaptación alrededor del mundo: Donación al Fondo Verde del Clima (GCF).3.1. Nivel de Ambición de la Contribución Teniendo en consideración que las emisiones de GEI históricas de la República de Panamá representa el 0.02% de las emisiones globales en comparación al año 2010, los esfuerzos nacionales reflejados en las NDC a la mitigación del cambio climático es justa y ambiciosa porque incrementará en un 30%, la capacidad instalada al 2050 proveniente de otros tipos de fuentes renovables en el sector energía y en el sector UT-CUTS, permitirá el incremento de la capacidad de absorción de carbono en un 10% con respecto al escenario de referencia al 2050; y si el país recibe apoyo internacional en medios de implementación, la capacidad de absorción podrá incrementar hasta un 80% con respecto al escenario de referencia al 2050.', 'Nivel de Ambición de la Contribución Teniendo en consideración que las emisiones de GEI históricas de la República de Panamá representa el 0.02% de las emisiones globales en comparación al año 2010, los esfuerzos nacionales reflejados en las NDC a la mitigación del cambio climático es justa y ambiciosa porque incrementará en un 30%, la capacidad instalada al 2050 proveniente de otros tipos de fuentes renovables en el sector energía y en el sector UT-CUTS, permitirá el incremento de la capacidad de absorción de carbono en un 10% con respecto al escenario de referencia al 2050; y si el país recibe apoyo internacional en medios de implementación, la capacidad de absorción podrá incrementar hasta un 80% con respecto al escenario de referencia al 2050. Adicionalmente el NDC de Panamá, estimulará la reducción de GEI por parte del sector público y privado, además de brindar flexibilidad e incentivos para promover la transición hacia una economía baja en carbono.', 'Adicionalmente el NDC de Panamá, estimulará la reducción de GEI por parte del sector público y privado, además de brindar flexibilidad e incentivos para promover la transición hacia una economía baja en carbono. No obstante a los esfuerzos del país en inversiones climáticamente inteligentes, se requiere de apoyo financiero para encaminar al país a un desarrollo resiliente al cambio climático y bajo en emisiones. 4. Construcción al Fortalecimiento de Capacidades El desarrollo de capacidades es uno de los elementos que ya se consideran en las líneas de acción sobre cambio climático.', 'Construcción al Fortalecimiento de Capacidades El desarrollo de capacidades es uno de los elementos que ya se consideran en las líneas de acción sobre cambio climático. Es por ello que se está elaborando un plan a nivel nacional con un enfoque doble: el de educar y sensibilizar a la población en la importancia de la mitigación del cambio climático y las medidas que pueden ser tomadas a nivel individual y actualizar a agentes gubernamentales de todas las instituciones de gobierno en los procesos internacionales de lucha contra el cambio climático, especialmente en el marco de la CMNUCC.', 'Es por ello que se está elaborando un plan a nivel nacional con un enfoque doble: el de educar y sensibilizar a la población en la importancia de la mitigación del cambio climático y las medidas que pueden ser tomadas a nivel individual y actualizar a agentes gubernamentales de todas las instituciones de gobierno en los procesos internacionales de lucha contra el cambio climático, especialmente en el marco de la CMNUCC. Para la educación de la población en general se cuenta ya con instituciones internacionales como el Hub Humanitario, Ciudad del Saber, el Centro del Agua del Trópico Húmedo para América Latina y el Caribe (CATHALAC) y el Centro Regional para el Hemisferio Occidental (CREHO), que con la experiencia de haber desarrollado programas de educación a nivel nacional, regional e internacional, contribuyen de manera importante a la educación en temas de cambio climático, gestión de riesgo y análisis ambiental.', 'Para la educación de la población en general se cuenta ya con instituciones internacionales como el Hub Humanitario, Ciudad del Saber, el Centro del Agua del Trópico Húmedo para América Latina y el Caribe (CATHALAC) y el Centro Regional para el Hemisferio Occidental (CREHO), que con la experiencia de haber desarrollado programas de educación a nivel nacional, regional e internacional, contribuyen de manera importante a la educación en temas de cambio climático, gestión de riesgo y análisis ambiental. Los Ministerios de Educación y Ambiente cuentan con un acuerdo que facilita la coordinación para incluir los temas de cambio climático y educación ambiental a los currículos universitarios de diferentes instituciones públicas y privadas, así como para desarrollar materiales como la actual guía de cambio climático que ya se utiliza en las instituciones de educación primaria además de haber implementado una campaña educativa sobre el tema en los 3300 planteles educativos a nivel nacional Panamá ha adelantado su proceso normativo y legal para el abordaje de la educación ambiental por medio de la Ley No.', 'Los Ministerios de Educación y Ambiente cuentan con un acuerdo que facilita la coordinación para incluir los temas de cambio climático y educación ambiental a los currículos universitarios de diferentes instituciones públicas y privadas, así como para desarrollar materiales como la actual guía de cambio climático que ya se utiliza en las instituciones de educación primaria además de haber implementado una campaña educativa sobre el tema en los 3300 planteles educativos a nivel nacional Panamá ha adelantado su proceso normativo y legal para el abordaje de la educación ambiental por medio de la Ley No. 10 de 1992, por la cual se adopta la educación ambiental como una estrategianacional para conservar y desarrollar los recursos naturales y preservar el ambiente.', '10 de 1992, por la cual se adopta la educación ambiental como una estrategianacional para conservar y desarrollar los recursos naturales y preservar el ambiente. Su proceso de reglamentación incluye todo un apartado para el abordaje del cambio climático en los diferentes niveles educativos a nivel nacional. Para una mayor educación, cultura y sensibilización pública en el tema de cambio climático, la ENCCP contribuye a desarrollar e instaurar un programa de divulgación masiva de información relativa al tema en los diferentes medios de comunicación nacional y que permita incrementar el conocimiento sobre adaptación y mitigación hasta en los lugares más distantes del país donde la Reducción de Emisiones por Deforestación y Degradación de los Bosques (REDD+) es una de las prioridades Nacionales. 4.2.', 'Para una mayor educación, cultura y sensibilización pública en el tema de cambio climático, la ENCCP contribuye a desarrollar e instaurar un programa de divulgación masiva de información relativa al tema en los diferentes medios de comunicación nacional y que permita incrementar el conocimiento sobre adaptación y mitigación hasta en los lugares más distantes del país donde la Reducción de Emisiones por Deforestación y Degradación de los Bosques (REDD+) es una de las prioridades Nacionales. 4.2. Contribución Nacional al Desarrollo y Fortalecimiento de Capacidades En la sesión de jefes de estados, durante la Conferencia de las Partes 21, que tuvo lugar en Paris, Francia, el presidente Varela anunció que Panamá establecerá un Centro Internacional para la Implementación de REDD+ (ICIREDD) que facilite la colaboración entre actores públicos y privados en la lucha contra la deforestación, promoviendo una cultura de manejo forestal sostenible y el comercio internacional de reducción de emisiones de carbono.', 'Contribución Nacional al Desarrollo y Fortalecimiento de Capacidades En la sesión de jefes de estados, durante la Conferencia de las Partes 21, que tuvo lugar en Paris, Francia, el presidente Varela anunció que Panamá establecerá un Centro Internacional para la Implementación de REDD+ (ICIREDD) que facilite la colaboración entre actores públicos y privados en la lucha contra la deforestación, promoviendo una cultura de manejo forestal sostenible y el comercio internacional de reducción de emisiones de carbono. Por ello, la contribución de Panamá para el desarrollo y fortalecimiento de capacidades es la implementación de ICIREDD, el cual promoverá de forma eficaz, justa y transparente la cooperación internacional, la colaboración y el comercio a fin de implementar actividades REDD+, dentro del contexto de la CMNUCC, tomando en cuenta la más avanzada base científica del Panel Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre el Cambio Climático (IPCC).', 'Por ello, la contribución de Panamá para el desarrollo y fortalecimiento de capacidades es la implementación de ICIREDD, el cual promoverá de forma eficaz, justa y transparente la cooperación internacional, la colaboración y el comercio a fin de implementar actividades REDD+, dentro del contexto de la CMNUCC, tomando en cuenta la más avanzada base científica del Panel Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre el Cambio Climático (IPCC). Entre sus actividades están: Investigación: promover y organizar investigación así como el desarrollo de programas, proyectos y actividades relacionadas con REDD+ y actividades conexas. Desarrollo de capacidades: promover y organizar actividades de educación y desarrollo de capacidades técnicas, científicas y operativas para la investigación y la implementación de REDD+ y actividades conexas.', 'Desarrollo de capacidades: promover y organizar actividades de educación y desarrollo de capacidades técnicas, científicas y operativas para la investigación y la implementación de REDD+ y actividades conexas. Redes de conocimiento: crear y mantener redes de conocimiento, información y tecnología con las instituciones internacionales y regionales que trabajan REDD+ y actividades conexas, incluida la industria. Establecimiento de Normas: fomentar la recopilación, el análisis, la normalización de los datos científicos, información y protocolos relacionados a REDD+ y actividades conexas. Marcos de financiamiento: organizar y dirigir los esfuerzos para promover la financiación pública y enfoques orientados al mercado a niveles nacionales, regionales e internacionales para asegurar que el mecanismo REDD+ se puede financiar de manera sostenible.', 'Marcos de financiamiento: organizar y dirigir los esfuerzos para promover la financiación pública y enfoques orientados al mercado a niveles nacionales, regionales e internacionales para asegurar que el mecanismo REDD+ se puede financiar de manera sostenible. Implementación: movilizar y administrar donaciones, fideicomisos, subvenciones, licitaciones, contratos y préstamos concedidos por medio de la cooperación multilateral, bilateral, privada yfilantrópica con el fin de poner en práctica programas de desarrollo sostenible, proyectos y actividades relacionadas con conservación y gestión de bosques tropicales. 5.1. Contribución Nacional en Financiamiento El compromiso de Panamá en la lucha contra el cambio climático también se hizo vigente por medio de la donación de 1 millón de USD al Fondo Verde del Clima (GCF).', 'Contribución Nacional en Financiamiento El compromiso de Panamá en la lucha contra el cambio climático también se hizo vigente por medio de la donación de 1 millón de USD al Fondo Verde del Clima (GCF). Panamá espera con esto contribuir a la implementación de políticas y proyectos de mitigación y adaptación alrededor del mundo. Adicionalmente, Panamá aportará 250,000 USD para el funcionamiento de ICIREDD, que se encargará de implementar mecanismos innovadores de mercado para facilitar la reducción de emisiones internacionales. 6.', 'Adicionalmente, Panamá aportará 250,000 USD para el funcionamiento de ICIREDD, que se encargará de implementar mecanismos innovadores de mercado para facilitar la reducción de emisiones internacionales. 6. Planificación, Procesos de Implementación y Seguimiento a la Contribución Como parte del proceso de preparación del NDC de la República de Panamá, ya se han iniciado acciones para reducir los gases de efecto invernadero que contribuyen al cambio climático y ha definido acciones dentro de la hoja de ruta para asumir compromisos de reducción de emisiones al 2020.', 'Planificación, Procesos de Implementación y Seguimiento a la Contribución Como parte del proceso de preparación del NDC de la República de Panamá, ya se han iniciado acciones para reducir los gases de efecto invernadero que contribuyen al cambio climático y ha definido acciones dentro de la hoja de ruta para asumir compromisos de reducción de emisiones al 2020. Por ello, como parte del proceso de preparación de los compromisos nacionales para el periodo post-2020 por medio de sus Contribuciones Nacionalmente Determinadas se llevó a cabo un proceso de participación ciudadana basado en diversos mecanismos para que la población tenga acceso a las decisiones del gobierno sin necesidad de formar parte de la administración pública o de un partido político con el objetivo de intercambiar información y crear interacción para construir como país el NDC fundado en las necesidades y valores de los distintos actores, no solo del sector público, sino también de la sociedad civil, sector privado y pueblos originarios.', 'Por ello, como parte del proceso de preparación de los compromisos nacionales para el periodo post-2020 por medio de sus Contribuciones Nacionalmente Determinadas se llevó a cabo un proceso de participación ciudadana basado en diversos mecanismos para que la población tenga acceso a las decisiones del gobierno sin necesidad de formar parte de la administración pública o de un partido político con el objetivo de intercambiar información y crear interacción para construir como país el NDC fundado en las necesidades y valores de los distintos actores, no solo del sector público, sino también de la sociedad civil, sector privado y pueblos originarios. El proceso de participación ciudadana se llevó a cabo en base a los criterios definidos por el artículo # 25 de la Ley 6 de 2002 que establece las modalidades de participación ciudadana, donde se utilizó el mecanismo de audiencia pública para la participación de sectores diversos, resaltando la equidad de género, presencia de grupos minoritarios, jóvenes y ancianos, personas alfabetizadas y no alfabetizadas.', 'El proceso de participación ciudadana se llevó a cabo en base a los criterios definidos por el artículo # 25 de la Ley 6 de 2002 que establece las modalidades de participación ciudadana, donde se utilizó el mecanismo de audiencia pública para la participación de sectores diversos, resaltando la equidad de género, presencia de grupos minoritarios, jóvenes y ancianos, personas alfabetizadas y no alfabetizadas. Como resultado del proceso de audiencias públicas, donde hubo representación de las 10 provincias y 9 estructuras de los pueblos originarios de Panamá como voluntad emanada de las mismas se definió que la planificación, implementación y Monitoreo, Registro y Verificación (MRV) del NDC de la República de Panamá y el apoyo internacional requerido para implementarlo será realizado por el Ministerio de Ambiente, en conjunto con las entidades competentes, como loestablece la ley 8 del 25 de marzo de 2015, en donde la sociedad civil, y pueblos originarios tendrán un rol activo: - La Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada a la mitigación al cambio climático incluye la participación activa del gobierno central y local, como ente rector presupuestario que garantizará el cumplimiento adecuado de la propuesta.', 'Como resultado del proceso de audiencias públicas, donde hubo representación de las 10 provincias y 9 estructuras de los pueblos originarios de Panamá como voluntad emanada de las mismas se definió que la planificación, implementación y Monitoreo, Registro y Verificación (MRV) del NDC de la República de Panamá y el apoyo internacional requerido para implementarlo será realizado por el Ministerio de Ambiente, en conjunto con las entidades competentes, como loestablece la ley 8 del 25 de marzo de 2015, en donde la sociedad civil, y pueblos originarios tendrán un rol activo: - La Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada a la mitigación al cambio climático incluye la participación activa del gobierno central y local, como ente rector presupuestario que garantizará el cumplimiento adecuado de la propuesta. Sin embargo, el acompañamiento de la sociedad civil y la empresa privada forman parte del proceso de implementación y seguimiento con el fin de que todas las piezas del engranaje nacional funcionen adecuadamente y exista un compromiso firme hacia un desarrollo bajo en emisiones y resiliente al cambio climático.', 'Sin embargo, el acompañamiento de la sociedad civil y la empresa privada forman parte del proceso de implementación y seguimiento con el fin de que todas las piezas del engranaje nacional funcionen adecuadamente y exista un compromiso firme hacia un desarrollo bajo en emisiones y resiliente al cambio climático. - Siendo el cambio climático un hecho inequívoco, la reducción de las emisiones de los sectores desechos, industria y sector agrícola del país serán considerado posteriormente y de forma progresiva como parte del NDC de Panamá en la medida en que se fortalezcan los medios de implementación a nivel nacional, ya que las los efectos adversos de este fenómeno no discriminan clases sociales, económicas o regionales.', '- Siendo el cambio climático un hecho inequívoco, la reducción de las emisiones de los sectores desechos, industria y sector agrícola del país serán considerado posteriormente y de forma progresiva como parte del NDC de Panamá en la medida en que se fortalezcan los medios de implementación a nivel nacional, ya que las los efectos adversos de este fenómeno no discriminan clases sociales, económicas o regionales. - El NDC será implementado a nivel nacional, haciendo énfasis en disminuir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero proyectada por el escenario de referencia tendencial al 2050, marcando así un hito significativo y sin precedentes hacia la transformación de hábitos preestablecidos, que nos sólo mitigan el cambio climático sino que coadyuvan a crear resiliencia climática en el país.', '- El NDC será implementado a nivel nacional, haciendo énfasis en disminuir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero proyectada por el escenario de referencia tendencial al 2050, marcando así un hito significativo y sin precedentes hacia la transformación de hábitos preestablecidos, que nos sólo mitigan el cambio climático sino que coadyuvan a crear resiliencia climática en el país. - La participación ciudadana y la organización comunitaria permitirán que la vigilancia constante de la comunidad/ciudadano, gobierno central y local junto con el uso de sistemas y tecnologías provistas por el Estado asegura el cumplimiento de la contribución.', '- La participación ciudadana y la organización comunitaria permitirán que la vigilancia constante de la comunidad/ciudadano, gobierno central y local junto con el uso de sistemas y tecnologías provistas por el Estado asegura el cumplimiento de la contribución. - Para facilitar la implementación del NDC se llevarán a cabo acciones dirigidas a la educación y sensibilización sobre cambio climático de tal manera que se arraigue el sentimiento de protección, preservación, conservación en todos los niveles por medio de la educación formal y no formal teniendo como público meta áreas rurales y urbanas. Imagen N° 2: Consulta Pública del NDC de Panamá, Ciudad de Panamá7.', 'Imagen N° 2: Consulta Pública del NDC de Panamá, Ciudad de Panamá7. Resumen de las Contribuciones Nacionalmente Determinadas a la Mitigación del Cambio Climático de la República de Panamá Tabla N° 2: Resumen del NDC de la República de Panamá RESUMEN DE LAS NDC A LA MITIGACIÓN DEL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO DE LA REPÚBLICA DE PANAMÁ Sector Contribución Medidas Proyección de Inversión Energético sub- sector Eléctrico Promoción del uso de otros tipos fuentes de energía renovables Al 2050, el 30% de la capacidad instalada de la matriz eléctrica deberá provenir de otros tipos de fuentes de energías renovables Millones Uso de la Tierra Cambio de Uso de la Tierra y Silvicultura Reforestación de zonas degradadas Contribución Unilateral Incremento en la capacidad de absorción de Carbono en un 10 % con respecto al Escenario de Referencia al 2050.', 'Resumen de las Contribuciones Nacionalmente Determinadas a la Mitigación del Cambio Climático de la República de Panamá Tabla N° 2: Resumen del NDC de la República de Panamá RESUMEN DE LAS NDC A LA MITIGACIÓN DEL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO DE LA REPÚBLICA DE PANAMÁ Sector Contribución Medidas Proyección de Inversión Energético sub- sector Eléctrico Promoción del uso de otros tipos fuentes de energía renovables Al 2050, el 30% de la capacidad instalada de la matriz eléctrica deberá provenir de otros tipos de fuentes de energías renovables Millones Uso de la Tierra Cambio de Uso de la Tierra y Silvicultura Reforestación de zonas degradadas Contribución Unilateral Incremento en la capacidad de absorción de Carbono en un 10 % con respecto al Escenario de Referencia al 2050. Contribución Apoyada Incremento en la capacidad de absorción de Carbono en un 80 % con respecto al Escenario de Referencia al 2050.', 'Contribución Apoyada Incremento en la capacidad de absorción de Carbono en un 80 % con respecto al Escenario de Referencia al 2050. Millones Construcción y Fortalecimiento de Capacidades Promoción de una cultura de manejo forestal sostenible y el comercio internacional de reducción de emisiones de carbono Establecimiento del Centro Internacional de Implementación para la Reducción de Emisiones por Deforestación y Degradación de los Bosques ICIREDD USD Financiamiento Apoyo a la implementación de políticas y proyectos de mitigación y adaptación alrededor del mundo Donación al Fondo Verde del Clima (GCF)']

es-ES

PAN

Panama

Updated NDC

2020-12-28 00:00:00

x

NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/CDN1%20Actualizada%20Rep%C3%BAblica%20de%20Panam%C3%A1.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Latin America and the Caribbean

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/a3813a8d313ffd2d0f23f6eb6e5b0e2f83d3b45a66e52a92673316afab3be851.pdf

['La nación panameña tiene una vocación de servicio y conectividad que ha marcado la historia del país desde sus inicios. Con una posición geográfi ca estratégica, un patrimonio natural exuberante y resultados de crecimiento económico robustos, el país cuenta con los elementos necesarios para garantizar una vida digna a sus habitantes, pero ello no será posible si el reto del cambio climático no es asumido con la más alta prioridad y perspectiva de Estado como una condición clave del entorno que pone en riesgo el patrimonio natural y material que nos sostiene. En cumplimiento de los compromisos adquiridos ante la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC), la República de Panamá presenta en Diciembre de 2020, la actualización de la Primera Contribución Determinada A Nivel Nacional (CDN1) presentada en 2016.', 'En cumplimiento de los compromisos adquiridos ante la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC), la República de Panamá presenta en Diciembre de 2020, la actualización de la Primera Contribución Determinada A Nivel Nacional (CDN1) presentada en 2016. La presente actualización representa la evolución de una perspectiva de acción climática desde la gestión ambiental, hacia una gestión orientada a la descarbonización de la economía y al aumento de la resiliencia climática a nivel nacional, local y sectorial. Este cambio de paradigma es la meta con la cual estamos comprometidos.', 'Este cambio de paradigma es la meta con la cual estamos comprometidos. La aspiración transformacional de la economía es la principal característica del proceso de actualización de los compromisos climáticos que hemos emprendido como país, y que lejos de representar un punto de llegada, es un hito más en el camino hacia el desarrollo sostenible, bajo en emisiones, resiliente e inclusivo. De allí el lema “Panamá Transfórmate” como un llamado a la acción climática conjunta y estratégica. PRÓLOGO La CDN1 Actualizada acomete la acción climática desde un enfoque integrado, que busca superar la dicotomía adaptación-mitigación, proponiendo compromisos que integran ambas dimensiones.', 'PRÓLOGO La CDN1 Actualizada acomete la acción climática desde un enfoque integrado, que busca superar la dicotomía adaptación-mitigación, proponiendo compromisos que integran ambas dimensiones. La CDN1 Actualizada incluye la elaboración y puesta en marcha de instrumentos climáticos de planifi cación y gestión que marcan la ruta hacia la resiliencia, abarcando diez sectores y áreas estratégicas de la economía panameña, marcando un tránsito de los instrumentos de política nacional existentes, a la implantación y uso de instrumentos operacionales climáticos a nivel sectorial y transversal, abarcando toda la economía.', 'La CDN1 Actualizada incluye la elaboración y puesta en marcha de instrumentos climáticos de planifi cación y gestión que marcan la ruta hacia la resiliencia, abarcando diez sectores y áreas estratégicas de la economía panameña, marcando un tránsito de los instrumentos de política nacional existentes, a la implantación y uso de instrumentos operacionales climáticos a nivel sectorial y transversal, abarcando toda la economía. En este sentido, junto al compromiso de reducción de emisiones en el sector de energía, enmarcado en el contexto de la Agenda de Transición Energética, Panamá presenta por primera vez compromisos que incluyen la elaboración y puesta en marcha de instrumentos climáticos de planifi cación y gestión que marcan la ruta hacia la adaptación y la resiliencia, a través de la elaboración e implementación de seis planes sectoriales y cuatro guías sectoriales de cambio climático.', 'En este sentido, junto al compromiso de reducción de emisiones en el sector de energía, enmarcado en el contexto de la Agenda de Transición Energética, Panamá presenta por primera vez compromisos que incluyen la elaboración y puesta en marcha de instrumentos climáticos de planifi cación y gestión que marcan la ruta hacia la adaptación y la resiliencia, a través de la elaboración e implementación de seis planes sectoriales y cuatro guías sectoriales de cambio climático. Con la puesta en ejecución de estos instrumentos sectoriales buscamos que, en el mediano plazo, todo programa, proyecto o emprendimiento, público o privado, integre el clima como variable intrínseca desde las fases más tempranas de su idea, diseño y planifi cación.', 'Con la puesta en ejecución de estos instrumentos sectoriales buscamos que, en el mediano plazo, todo programa, proyecto o emprendimiento, público o privado, integre el clima como variable intrínseca desde las fases más tempranas de su idea, diseño y planifi cación. Para esto, se incorpora al Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas (MEF)como un agente de cambio clave en la acción climática, junto a los Ministerios e instituciones rectoras que han asumido compromisos sectoriales.', 'Para esto, se incorpora al Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas (MEF)como un agente de cambio clave en la acción climática, junto a los Ministerios e instituciones rectoras que han asumido compromisos sectoriales. La convergencia de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS), el Acuerdo de París, nuevo marco global de biodiversidad y la recuperación frente la crisis por COVID 19, ofrece la oportunidad para que, colocando la sostenibilidad y la acción climática al centro de la gestión económica y social, superemos las barreras de la pobreza y la desigualdad, que, junto con la amenaza climática, constituyen desafíos impostergables del gobierno y la sociedad panameña en su conjunto. Con los compromisos que presenta Panamá en la CDN1 Actualizada, atendemos el llamado del Acuerdo de París, de aumentar el nivel de ambición.', 'Con los compromisos que presenta Panamá en la CDN1 Actualizada, atendemos el llamado del Acuerdo de París, de aumentar el nivel de ambición. Para cumplir con este desafío se requiere avanzar en formas innovadoras de colaboración regional y global que nos permitan acelerar la respuesta climática, maximizando el acceso y efi ciencia del fi nanciamiento climático público, y creando condiciones para movilizar la inversión climática privada a gran escala. Milciades Concepción, Ministro de Ambiente Panamá, Ciudad Centro, Cinta CosteraLa República de Panamá es un país diverso y multicultural, distinguido por una dinámica de crecimiento económico sustentado en una oferta sofi sticada de servicios logísticos y fi nancieros.', 'Milciades Concepción, Ministro de Ambiente Panamá, Ciudad Centro, Cinta CosteraLa República de Panamá es un país diverso y multicultural, distinguido por una dinámica de crecimiento económico sustentado en una oferta sofi sticada de servicios logísticos y fi nancieros. El país se mantiene fi rme en la decisión estratégica de compromiso con los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) y la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre el cambio climático (CMNUCC).', 'El país se mantiene fi rme en la decisión estratégica de compromiso con los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) y la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre el cambio climático (CMNUCC). La vulnerabilidad del país ante los efectos del cambio climático, tanto a nivel de sus estructuras físicas, como de la plataforma de servicios ecosistémicos y antropogénicos que sustenta la economía nacional, exige un aumento en el nivel de ambición climática para garantizar la sostenibilidad y competitividad del país en el largo plazo, en un escenario de desarrollo que para ser sostenible tiene que ser resiliente al clima.', 'La vulnerabilidad del país ante los efectos del cambio climático, tanto a nivel de sus estructuras físicas, como de la plataforma de servicios ecosistémicos y antropogénicos que sustenta la economía nacional, exige un aumento en el nivel de ambición climática para garantizar la sostenibilidad y competitividad del país en el largo plazo, en un escenario de desarrollo que para ser sostenible tiene que ser resiliente al clima. En seguimiento a los compromisos adquiridos por el país en el marco del Acuerdo de Paris (AP), la actualización de la primera Contribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional de Panamá (CDN1) es innovadora, justa y ambiciosa, toda vez que se fundamenta en un enfoque integrado, en el cual las acciones para la adaptación y mitigación se complementan para la construcción de resiliencia y avanzar hacia la neutralidad en carbono del país al 2050, generando benefi cios triples.', 'En seguimiento a los compromisos adquiridos por el país en el marco del Acuerdo de Paris (AP), la actualización de la primera Contribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional de Panamá (CDN1) es innovadora, justa y ambiciosa, toda vez que se fundamenta en un enfoque integrado, en el cual las acciones para la adaptación y mitigación se complementan para la construcción de resiliencia y avanzar hacia la neutralidad en carbono del país al 2050, generando benefi cios triples. Esto es, que producen resultados múltiples y tangibles en los ámbitos del desarrollo económico, el bienestar social y la sostenibilidad ambiental, la igualdad de género y empoderamiento de las mujeres, jóvenes y grupos vulnerables, al minimizar el daño causado por los impactos del cambio climático y al mismo tiempo maximizar las oportunidades que ofrece el fi nanciamiento climático.', 'Esto es, que producen resultados múltiples y tangibles en los ámbitos del desarrollo económico, el bienestar social y la sostenibilidad ambiental, la igualdad de género y empoderamiento de las mujeres, jóvenes y grupos vulnerables, al minimizar el daño causado por los impactos del cambio climático y al mismo tiempo maximizar las oportunidades que ofrece el fi nanciamiento climático. A la vez, representa una oportunidad para refl ejar una mayor ambición climática y resolver los problemas multidimensionales ligados con la falta de equidad, las desigualdades sociales existentes, las brechas de género e intergeneracionales y la pobreza que siguen afectando al país y limitan la sostenibilidad del desarrollo.', 'A la vez, representa una oportunidad para refl ejar una mayor ambición climática y resolver los problemas multidimensionales ligados con la falta de equidad, las desigualdades sociales existentes, las brechas de género e intergeneracionales y la pobreza que siguen afectando al país y limitan la sostenibilidad del desarrollo. Desde esta visión, en Panamá el desarrollo y la reducción de la pobreza y la desigualdad son elementos centrales de la adaptación y la mitigación climática, así como el además del compromiso de garantizar los derechos humanos e incorporar la igualdad de género como eje transversal para promover el desarrollo de políticas, estrategias y acciones climáticas sostenibles.', 'Desde esta visión, en Panamá el desarrollo y la reducción de la pobreza y la desigualdad son elementos centrales de la adaptación y la mitigación climática, así como el además del compromiso de garantizar los derechos humanos e incorporar la igualdad de género como eje transversal para promover el desarrollo de políticas, estrategias y acciones climáticas sostenibles. RESUMEN EJECUTIVO Un aspecto clave de la CDN1 Actualizada que presenta la República de Panamá en 2020 es la incorporación de un concepto más amplio de cambio climático y resiliencia en la planifi cación para el desarrollo del país, proponiendo un proceso transformacional de toda la dinámica económica, social y productiva panameña para avanzar en la circularidad, resiliencia y reducción progresiva de emisiones.', 'RESUMEN EJECUTIVO Un aspecto clave de la CDN1 Actualizada que presenta la República de Panamá en 2020 es la incorporación de un concepto más amplio de cambio climático y resiliencia en la planifi cación para el desarrollo del país, proponiendo un proceso transformacional de toda la dinámica económica, social y productiva panameña para avanzar en la circularidad, resiliencia y reducción progresiva de emisiones. Para ello se plantean acciones en diez sectores y/o áreas estratégicas para la acción climática integrada, con metas GEI y no GEI, las cuales se espera provean múltiples servicios ecosistémicos, así como mejoras signifi cativas en materia de emisiones derivadas del transporte e implementación de estándares climáticos y de efi ciencia.', 'Para ello se plantean acciones en diez sectores y/o áreas estratégicas para la acción climática integrada, con metas GEI y no GEI, las cuales se espera provean múltiples servicios ecosistémicos, así como mejoras signifi cativas en materia de emisiones derivadas del transporte e implementación de estándares climáticos y de efi ciencia. Para ello, se coloca la acción climática al más alto nivel de la planifi cación integrando de manera directa al Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas (MEF), otras instituciones públicas, gobiernos locales, sector privado y sociedad civil en el logro de objetivos de climáticos.', 'Para ello, se coloca la acción climática al más alto nivel de la planifi cación integrando de manera directa al Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas (MEF), otras instituciones públicas, gobiernos locales, sector privado y sociedad civil en el logro de objetivos de climáticos. Cabe señalar que, los compromisos sectoriales planteados han sido fruto de un amplio proceso de participación, diálogo y consenso, en el cual el aumento de la ambición climática ha tomado en cuenta las prioridades políticas y sectoriales, capacidades, barreras y brechas existentes, así como a todos los sectores: sector público incluyendo entidades del gobierno central y gobiernos locales, sector privado, a los jóvenes, academia, sociedad civil y organismos no gubernamentales, a fi n de plantear compromisos acordes a las circunstancias nacionales y que evidencien el compromiso climático de Panamá y su gente.', 'Cabe señalar que, los compromisos sectoriales planteados han sido fruto de un amplio proceso de participación, diálogo y consenso, en el cual el aumento de la ambición climática ha tomado en cuenta las prioridades políticas y sectoriales, capacidades, barreras y brechas existentes, así como a todos los sectores: sector público incluyendo entidades del gobierno central y gobiernos locales, sector privado, a los jóvenes, academia, sociedad civil y organismos no gubernamentales, a fi n de plantear compromisos acordes a las circunstancias nacionales y que evidencien el compromiso climático de Panamá y su gente. En atención a lo anterior, los veintinueve (29) compromisos presentados en la CDN1 Actualizada, se estructuran en torno a diez sectores y áreas estratégicas: • Energía, • Bosques, • Gestión Integrada de Cuencas Hidrográfi cas, • Sistema Marino-Costeros, • Biodiversidad, • Agricultura, Ganadería y Acuicultura Sostenible, • Asentamientos Humanos Resilientes, • Salud Pública, • Infraestructura Sostenible y • Economía Circular, Incluyendo dos compromisos de fortalecimiento de capacidades para la transparencia climática sobre la determinación de las pérdidas y daños, y el monitoreo y evaluación de datos climáticos que fortalezcan la toma de decisiones para la acción climática.', 'En atención a lo anterior, los veintinueve (29) compromisos presentados en la CDN1 Actualizada, se estructuran en torno a diez sectores y áreas estratégicas: • Energía, • Bosques, • Gestión Integrada de Cuencas Hidrográfi cas, • Sistema Marino-Costeros, • Biodiversidad, • Agricultura, Ganadería y Acuicultura Sostenible, • Asentamientos Humanos Resilientes, • Salud Pública, • Infraestructura Sostenible y • Economía Circular, Incluyendo dos compromisos de fortalecimiento de capacidades para la transparencia climática sobre la determinación de las pérdidas y daños, y el monitoreo y evaluación de datos climáticos que fortalezcan la toma de decisiones para la acción climática. Lo mismo que otros países de la región de América Latina y el Caribe (ALyC), Panamá tiene una posición asimétrica en relación con el cambio climático, al ser un país altamente vulnerable a sus efectos debido principalmente a su geografía, a la vez que ha tenido una contribución menor en el problema, con un aporte a las emisiones globales de GEI por el orden del 0.036%.', 'Lo mismo que otros países de la región de América Latina y el Caribe (ALyC), Panamá tiene una posición asimétrica en relación con el cambio climático, al ser un país altamente vulnerable a sus efectos debido principalmente a su geografía, a la vez que ha tenido una contribución menor en el problema, con un aporte a las emisiones globales de GEI por el orden del 0.036%. Cuenca del Canal de Panamá, área boscosa de Arraiján.En seguimiento al principio de responsabilidades compartidas, pero diferenciadas y cumpliendo con lo establecido en el artículo 4.4 del Acuerdo de París, el país presenta un compromiso GEI para contribuir a la mitigación del cambio climático global, mediante el avance hacia una meta absoluta de reducción de emisiones para el conjunto de la economía, priorizando los sectores Energía y UTCUTS (Bosques) que son los de mayor incidencia en las tendencias de las emisiones nacionales.', 'Cuenca del Canal de Panamá, área boscosa de Arraiján.En seguimiento al principio de responsabilidades compartidas, pero diferenciadas y cumpliendo con lo establecido en el artículo 4.4 del Acuerdo de París, el país presenta un compromiso GEI para contribuir a la mitigación del cambio climático global, mediante el avance hacia una meta absoluta de reducción de emisiones para el conjunto de la economía, priorizando los sectores Energía y UTCUTS (Bosques) que son los de mayor incidencia en las tendencias de las emisiones nacionales. Con el compromiso de cuantías asociadas a los GEI, se reducirán las emisiones totales del sector Energía con respecto al escenario tendencial (BAU, por sus siglas en inglés) en un total estimado de 60 millones de toneladas de CO2 equivalente acumuladas entre 2022- 2050 y hasta 10 millones de toneladas de CO2 equivalente acumuladas entre 2022-2030.', 'Con el compromiso de cuantías asociadas a los GEI, se reducirán las emisiones totales del sector Energía con respecto al escenario tendencial (BAU, por sus siglas en inglés) en un total estimado de 60 millones de toneladas de CO2 equivalente acumuladas entre 2022- 2050 y hasta 10 millones de toneladas de CO2 equivalente acumuladas entre 2022-2030. Esta contribución global a la mitigación se complementa con una priorización de los sectores y áreas estratégicas de la economía más vulnerables a los efectos del cambio climático y que a la vez representan una oportunidad para la diversifi cación económica y para el inicio del proceso nacional de planifi cación para la adaptación en cada uno de ellos.', 'Esta contribución global a la mitigación se complementa con una priorización de los sectores y áreas estratégicas de la economía más vulnerables a los efectos del cambio climático y que a la vez representan una oportunidad para la diversifi cación económica y para el inicio del proceso nacional de planifi cación para la adaptación en cada uno de ellos. Estos compromisos integrados adaptación-mitigación constituyen una mejora signifi cativa en comparación a la CDN1 presentada en 2016 y contribuyen directamente al objetivo del artículo 2 de la CMNUCC.', 'Estos compromisos integrados adaptación-mitigación constituyen una mejora signifi cativa en comparación a la CDN1 presentada en 2016 y contribuyen directamente al objetivo del artículo 2 de la CMNUCC. Como parte de esta visión, Panamá reconoce que al adoptar medidas para hacer frente al cambio climático, se deberá respetar, promover y tomar en consideración sus respectivas obligaciones con respecto a los derechos humanos, el derecho a la salud, los derechos de los pueblos indígenas, las comunidades locales, los migrantes, los niños, las personas con discapacidad y las personas en situaciones de vulnerabilidad y el derecho al desarrollo, así como la igualdad de género, el empoderamiento de la mujer y la equidad intergeneracional.', 'Como parte de esta visión, Panamá reconoce que al adoptar medidas para hacer frente al cambio climático, se deberá respetar, promover y tomar en consideración sus respectivas obligaciones con respecto a los derechos humanos, el derecho a la salud, los derechos de los pueblos indígenas, las comunidades locales, los migrantes, los niños, las personas con discapacidad y las personas en situaciones de vulnerabilidad y el derecho al desarrollo, así como la igualdad de género, el empoderamiento de la mujer y la equidad intergeneracional. Para lograr este objetivo, Panamá se compromete a incorporar el enfoque de género y derechos humanos en los programas y proyectos de mitigación y adaptación con el fi n de promover una sociedad con bajas emisiones en carbono donde se visibilizasen los esfuerzos de hombres y mujeres en la gestión climática, se reduzcan las desigualdades existentes y se promuevan oportunidades de empoderamiento efectivo para las mujeres.', 'Para lograr este objetivo, Panamá se compromete a incorporar el enfoque de género y derechos humanos en los programas y proyectos de mitigación y adaptación con el fi n de promover una sociedad con bajas emisiones en carbono donde se visibilizasen los esfuerzos de hombres y mujeres en la gestión climática, se reduzcan las desigualdades existentes y se promuevan oportunidades de empoderamiento efectivo para las mujeres. La actualización de la CDN1 se realizó en el contexto mundial, regional y nacional signado por la agenda de recuperación ante la crisis del COVID 19 y las pérdidas y daños de la temporada de huracanes 2020.', 'La actualización de la CDN1 se realizó en el contexto mundial, regional y nacional signado por la agenda de recuperación ante la crisis del COVID 19 y las pérdidas y daños de la temporada de huracanes 2020. Para enfrentar la situación post 2020, se elaboró un Plan para la Recuperación Económica 2020 con acciones para el inmediato, corto y mediano plazo, con una serie de políticas de atenuación de los efectos económicos que buscan apoyar a segmentos de la población vulnerables. Además, Panamá se integró a la “Plataforma para el Rediseño 2020” para diseñar e implementar medidas de recuperación de la pandemia del coronavirus, abordando al mismo tiempo las medidas relativas al cambio climático y avanzando en tres transiciones principales: hacia una sociedad descarbonizada, hacia una economía circular y hacia una sociedad descentralizada.', 'Además, Panamá se integró a la “Plataforma para el Rediseño 2020” para diseñar e implementar medidas de recuperación de la pandemia del coronavirus, abordando al mismo tiempo las medidas relativas al cambio climático y avanzando en tres transiciones principales: hacia una sociedad descarbonizada, hacia una economía circular y hacia una sociedad descentralizada. En síntesis, la CDN1 Actualizada de Panamá se construye a partir de tres aspiraciones claves: 1. El compromiso de generar una política climática que no es genérica, sino que tiene indicadores medibles, verifi cables y reportables, para priorizar y evaluar políticas en toda la economía nacional. 2. Romper con la dicotomía o separación entre mitigación y adaptación, propiciando la multidisciplinariedad, complementariedad y multisectorialidad, mediante un enfoque integrado adaptación-mitigación. 3.', 'Romper con la dicotomía o separación entre mitigación y adaptación, propiciando la multidisciplinariedad, complementariedad y multisectorialidad, mediante un enfoque integrado adaptación-mitigación. 3. Vincular la acción climática con los esfuerzos para reducir la desigualdad y la pobreza, potenciando una recuperación económica verde y resiliente. Para avanzar en el cumplimiento de los compromisos presentados, se aplicará una gestión adaptativa a la luz de las circunstancias y necesidades nacionales, respondiendo a las cuestiones de género, participación y transparencia, tomando en consideración a los grupos, comunidades y ecosistemas vulnerables, según lo estipulado en el Acuerdo de Paris.', 'Para avanzar en el cumplimiento de los compromisos presentados, se aplicará una gestión adaptativa a la luz de las circunstancias y necesidades nacionales, respondiendo a las cuestiones de género, participación y transparencia, tomando en consideración a los grupos, comunidades y ecosistemas vulnerables, según lo estipulado en el Acuerdo de Paris. Igualmente se atenderán los requerimientos del Acuerdo de Paris en relación a las orientaciones sobre información necesaria para claridad, transparencia y comprensión (ICTC) relacionadas con la CDN respectiva de cada Parte y las orientaciones para las comunicaciones de adaptación (Decisiones 4/CMA.1 y 9/CMA.1 respectivamente), con miras a participar en el proceso Balance Mundial a partir de 2023, y mejorar el acceso a fuentes de fi nanciamiento climático internacional.', 'Igualmente se atenderán los requerimientos del Acuerdo de Paris en relación a las orientaciones sobre información necesaria para claridad, transparencia y comprensión (ICTC) relacionadas con la CDN respectiva de cada Parte y las orientaciones para las comunicaciones de adaptación (Decisiones 4/CMA.1 y 9/CMA.1 respectivamente), con miras a participar en el proceso Balance Mundial a partir de 2023, y mejorar el acceso a fuentes de fi nanciamiento climático internacional. Bandera panameña en Cinta Costera, Mirador del Mar del Sur.Agradecimientos Prólogo Resumen Ejecutivo Lista de Acrónimos Introducción 1 Panorama nacional de desarrollo 1.1 Perfi l geográfi co 1.3 Características socio económicas 1.4 Panamá en cifras 2 Marco de políticas y condiciones habilitantes para un desarrollo sostenible y resiliente 2.1 Proceso de actualización de la CDN1, principios y enfoques orientadores 3 Hacia un nuevo nivel de ambición climática 4 Compromisos Sectoriales de Acción Climática 4.1 Sector Energía 4.2 Sector Bosques 4.3 Gestión integrada de cuencas hidrográfi cas 4.4 Sistemas Marino-Costeros 4.6 Agricultura, ganadería y acuicultura sostenible 4.7 Asentamientos humanos resilientes 4.8 Salud pública 4.9 Infraestructura sostenible 4.10 Economía Circular 5 Compromisos sobre fortalecimiento de capacidades para la acción y la transparencia climática 5.1 Pérdidas y daños 5.2 Medición, reporte y verifi cación (MRV) para el monitoreo, evaluación y gestión de los riesgos climáticos y el desarrollo bajo en emisiones de Panamá.', 'Bandera panameña en Cinta Costera, Mirador del Mar del Sur.Agradecimientos Prólogo Resumen Ejecutivo Lista de Acrónimos Introducción 1 Panorama nacional de desarrollo 1.1 Perfi l geográfi co 1.3 Características socio económicas 1.4 Panamá en cifras 2 Marco de políticas y condiciones habilitantes para un desarrollo sostenible y resiliente 2.1 Proceso de actualización de la CDN1, principios y enfoques orientadores 3 Hacia un nuevo nivel de ambición climática 4 Compromisos Sectoriales de Acción Climática 4.1 Sector Energía 4.2 Sector Bosques 4.3 Gestión integrada de cuencas hidrográfi cas 4.4 Sistemas Marino-Costeros 4.6 Agricultura, ganadería y acuicultura sostenible 4.7 Asentamientos humanos resilientes 4.8 Salud pública 4.9 Infraestructura sostenible 4.10 Economía Circular 5 Compromisos sobre fortalecimiento de capacidades para la acción y la transparencia climática 5.1 Pérdidas y daños 5.2 Medición, reporte y verifi cación (MRV) para el monitoreo, evaluación y gestión de los riesgos climáticos y el desarrollo bajo en emisiones de Panamá. 6 Brechas, necesidades y desafíos para la acción climática 7 Cooperación internacional para apoyar la acción climática Referencias 8 Anexo A: Información para facilitar la claridad, transparencia y comprensión de la CDN1 de Panamá actualizada (formatos tabulares) 8.1 Metas GEI-Energía y Bosques (formato tabular) 8.2 Metas no GEI (formato tabular) Referencias 9 Anexo B 9.1 Comunicación de la Adaptación de Panamá 9.2 Las circunstancias, los arreglos institucionales y los marcos jurídicos nacionales 9.3 Los efectos, riesgos y vulnerabilidades, según proceda 9.4 Las prioridades, estrategias, políticas, planes, objetivos y medidas nacionales en materia de adaptación 9.5 Las necesidades de aplicación y apoyo de las Partes que son países en desarrollo, y el apoyo que se les haya prestado.', '6 Brechas, necesidades y desafíos para la acción climática 7 Cooperación internacional para apoyar la acción climática Referencias 8 Anexo A: Información para facilitar la claridad, transparencia y comprensión de la CDN1 de Panamá actualizada (formatos tabulares) 8.1 Metas GEI-Energía y Bosques (formato tabular) 8.2 Metas no GEI (formato tabular) Referencias 9 Anexo B 9.1 Comunicación de la Adaptación de Panamá 9.2 Las circunstancias, los arreglos institucionales y los marcos jurídicos nacionales 9.3 Los efectos, riesgos y vulnerabilidades, según proceda 9.4 Las prioridades, estrategias, políticas, planes, objetivos y medidas nacionales en materia de adaptación 9.5 Las necesidades de aplicación y apoyo de las Partes que son países en desarrollo, y el apoyo que se les haya prestado. 9.6 Otra información Referencias 10 Anexo C: Breve descripción del proceso 10.1 Equipos sectoriales 12.2 Talleres virtuales de escucha activa y participación para la elaboración y discusión de la INDICE Panamá posee una extensa zona costera con una longitud de 1.700,6 km en el Pacífco y 1.287,7 km.', '9.6 Otra información Referencias 10 Anexo C: Breve descripción del proceso 10.1 Equipos sectoriales 12.2 Talleres virtuales de escucha activa y participación para la elaboración y discusión de la INDICE Panamá posee una extensa zona costera con una longitud de 1.700,6 km en el Pacífco y 1.287,7 km. en el Caribe.Plántulas de Mangle ACE ACP ALyC AP ATE BAU BM BID CDN CAF CMNUCC CONEP CONACCP CONAGUA EIA ERNC ETESA FAO GCF GEF GEI IBA ICTC IDH IPCC Kbep MEF MiAMBIENTE MINSA MIDA MIRE MIVIOT MOP MRT NAMA IIN INGEI ODS PIOTA PNCCSA PNRF PNTC PNUD PNUMA SINIA SINIP SIRED SNE UTCUTS Lista de AcrónimosEl cambio climático es el desafío global de nuestra generación, y enfrentarlo requiere el compromiso de todos los países y personas, sin distingos ni exclusiones de ninguna índole. La República de Panamá, en cumplimiento de los compromisos adquiridos ante la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC) y el Acuerdo de París (AP), presenta la actualización de la Primera Contribución Determinada a nivel Nacional (CDN1).', 'La República de Panamá, en cumplimiento de los compromisos adquiridos ante la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC) y el Acuerdo de París (AP), presenta la actualización de la Primera Contribución Determinada a nivel Nacional (CDN1). Con la presentación de la CDN1 Actualizada en 2020, Panamá se apresta a seguir los lineamientos establecidos en el artículo 4 del Acuerdo de París y el marco Reforzado de Transparencia (MRT) que incluye la presentación de Informes de Inventarios Nacionales (IIN), Informes Bienales de Transparencia (IBT) y reporte del progreso de las Contribuciones Determinadas a Nivel Nacional (CDN).', 'Con la presentación de la CDN1 Actualizada en 2020, Panamá se apresta a seguir los lineamientos establecidos en el artículo 4 del Acuerdo de París y el marco Reforzado de Transparencia (MRT) que incluye la presentación de Informes de Inventarios Nacionales (IIN), Informes Bienales de Transparencia (IBT) y reporte del progreso de las Contribuciones Determinadas a Nivel Nacional (CDN). Para el proceso de actualización se han tomado en cuenta los lineamientos establecidos en las orientaciones para los fi nes de claridad, transparencia, comprensión y para las comunicaciones de adaptación (Decisiones incorporado las recomendaciones de las instancias y organismos de apoyo en cuanto a elementos considerados como esenciales para aumentar el nivel de ambición y la robustez de la información.', 'Para el proceso de actualización se han tomado en cuenta los lineamientos establecidos en las orientaciones para los fi nes de claridad, transparencia, comprensión y para las comunicaciones de adaptación (Decisiones incorporado las recomendaciones de las instancias y organismos de apoyo en cuanto a elementos considerados como esenciales para aumentar el nivel de ambición y la robustez de la información. INTRODUCCIÓN En las primeras secciones se presenta información del contexto nacional, una descripción del proceso de actualización de la CDN1, los principios que la han orientado y cómo se refl eja el nivel de ambición aumentado. A partir de la sección 4, se describen detalladamente los compromisos específi cos a futuro para toda la economía, expresados a nivel sectorial y en áreas estratégicas, bajo un enfoque integrado adaptación-mitigación, incluyendo un compromiso GEI.', 'A partir de la sección 4, se describen detalladamente los compromisos específi cos a futuro para toda la economía, expresados a nivel sectorial y en áreas estratégicas, bajo un enfoque integrado adaptación-mitigación, incluyendo un compromiso GEI. Para efectos de claridad, los compromisos se presentan separados en compromisos sectoriales y compromisos de fortalecimiento de capacidades para la acción y la transparencia climática. Para cada compromiso se incluye una breve descripción del contexto con referencia a las circunstancias del sector o área estratégica correspondiente, seguida de una tabla resumen que incluye el compromiso con su meta, la entidad regente, el tipo de compromiso, indicadores preliminares y los ODS a los que contribuye.', 'Para cada compromiso se incluye una breve descripción del contexto con referencia a las circunstancias del sector o área estratégica correspondiente, seguida de una tabla resumen que incluye el compromiso con su meta, la entidad regente, el tipo de compromiso, indicadores preliminares y los ODS a los que contribuye. La descripción de cada compromiso se complementa con una breve referencia indicativa a aspectos operativos relacionados con los medios de implementación, su potencial de integración adaptación-mitigación y termina con una declaración de la ambición en el largo plazo.', 'La descripción de cada compromiso se complementa con una breve referencia indicativa a aspectos operativos relacionados con los medios de implementación, su potencial de integración adaptación-mitigación y termina con una declaración de la ambición en el largo plazo. En el Anexo A se incluye información para facilitar la claridad, transparencia y comprensión de la CDN1 de Panamá Actualizada, se incluye un resumen tabular de todos los compromisos indicando para cada uno: datos de cobertura (descripción y objetivos, los sectores cubiertos, marco geográfi co, horizonte temporal); circunstancias nacionales (marco político habilitante y entidades implementadoras); estatus del compromiso (estado, pasos previstos e indicadores de implementación); efectos (benefi cios en adaptación y benefi cios en mitigación).', 'En el Anexo A se incluye información para facilitar la claridad, transparencia y comprensión de la CDN1 de Panamá Actualizada, se incluye un resumen tabular de todos los compromisos indicando para cada uno: datos de cobertura (descripción y objetivos, los sectores cubiertos, marco geográfi co, horizonte temporal); circunstancias nacionales (marco político habilitante y entidades implementadoras); estatus del compromiso (estado, pasos previstos e indicadores de implementación); efectos (benefi cios en adaptación y benefi cios en mitigación). En atención al proceso permanente de aprendizaje, implementación, evaluación y ajuste con que Panamá adelanta la acción climática, la CDN1 Actualizada incorpora elementos relativos al género y la equidad, que nos permiten avanzar en los objetivos nacionales de lucha contra la pobreza y la desigualdad, en el marco de planifi cación nacional para el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) y la Agenda 2030.', 'En atención al proceso permanente de aprendizaje, implementación, evaluación y ajuste con que Panamá adelanta la acción climática, la CDN1 Actualizada incorpora elementos relativos al género y la equidad, que nos permiten avanzar en los objetivos nacionales de lucha contra la pobreza y la desigualdad, en el marco de planifi cación nacional para el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) y la Agenda 2030. Igualmente, se incorpora en los elementos del contexto la situación especialísima de la pandemia del COVID 19 que ha exigido un replanteamiento y reacomodo de la planifi cación y de la administración del Estado para hacer frente a la situación crítica y al escenario de recuperación post 2020. Isla en el Caribe panameño. Comarca indígena Guna Yala.Vista de Ciudad de Panamá desde el Parque Metropolitano.', 'Comarca indígena Guna Yala.Vista de Ciudad de Panamá desde el Parque Metropolitano. PANORAMA NACIONAL DE DESARROLLO IBarco mercante transitando por el sector del pacífi co del Canal de Panamá. PANORAMA NACIONAL DE DESARROLLO En esta sección se presenta un breve resumen del contexto general del país al momento de la actualización de la CDN1. Información detallada y ampliada está disponible en el Segundo Informe Bienal de Actualización (2IBA) de Panamá, en la Tercera Comunicación Nacional (MiAMBIENTE, 2018) e informes nacionales conexos presentados a la CMNUCC. 1.1 Perfi l geográfi co El territorio de la República de Panamá comprende la superfi cie terrestre, el mar territorial, la plataforma continental submarina y el espacio aéreo entre Colombia y Costa Rica de acuerdo con los tratados de límites celebrados entre Panamá y estos dos Estados.', '1.1 Perfi l geográfi co El territorio de la República de Panamá comprende la superfi cie terrestre, el mar territorial, la plataforma continental submarina y el espacio aéreo entre Colombia y Costa Rica de acuerdo con los tratados de límites celebrados entre Panamá y estos dos Estados. Panamá se encuentra localizado en el hemisferio norte, en la zona intertropical cercana al Ecuador. La República de Panamá se localiza geográfi camente en las latitudes septentrionales bajas es decir entre los 7°12´07´´ y los 9°38´46´´ latitud Norte y los 77°09´24´´ y 83°03´07´´ de longitud occidental.', 'La República de Panamá se localiza geográfi camente en las latitudes septentrionales bajas es decir entre los 7°12´07´´ y los 9°38´46´´ latitud Norte y los 77°09´24´´ y 83°03´07´´ de longitud occidental. Panamá posee un territorio continental e insular de 75,517 km2, su forma es similar a una «S» mayúscula acostada y presenta una dirección de este a oeste, contraria a la dirección del resto de los países centroamericanos los cuales se presentan de norte a sur. Está dispuesto en sentido Oeste-Este, limita al Norte con el Mar Caribe, al sur con el Océano Pacífi co, al Este con Colombia y al Oeste con Costa Rica.', 'Está dispuesto en sentido Oeste-Este, limita al Norte con el Mar Caribe, al sur con el Océano Pacífi co, al Este con Colombia y al Oeste con Costa Rica. El 70 % del territorio nacional está ocupado por las tierras bajas y colinas de menos de 700 msnm y está conformado por las extensas llanuras de Chiriquí, Veraguas, la península de Azuero, Coclé y las llanuras costeras del Caribe.', 'El 70 % del territorio nacional está ocupado por las tierras bajas y colinas de menos de 700 msnm y está conformado por las extensas llanuras de Chiriquí, Veraguas, la península de Azuero, Coclé y las llanuras costeras del Caribe. El restante 30 % corresponde a las tierras por encima de los 700 msnm, que incluyen la cordillera central con elevaciones entre las que se destacan el volcán Barú que posee la cota más elevada del país (3, 475 msnm), cerro Fábrega (3,375 msnm) y cerro Echandi (3,163 msnm), hacia el Oeste; hacia el Este, el arco oriental del Norte que incluye la sierra Llorona de Portobelo, la cordillera de San Blas y la cordillera de Tacarcuna y el arco oriental del Sur que comprende la serranía del Sapo, la serranía de Majé y la serranía de Pirre (MiAMBIENTE, 2018).', 'El restante 30 % corresponde a las tierras por encima de los 700 msnm, que incluyen la cordillera central con elevaciones entre las que se destacan el volcán Barú que posee la cota más elevada del país (3, 475 msnm), cerro Fábrega (3,375 msnm) y cerro Echandi (3,163 msnm), hacia el Oeste; hacia el Este, el arco oriental del Norte que incluye la sierra Llorona de Portobelo, la cordillera de San Blas y la cordillera de Tacarcuna y el arco oriental del Sur que comprende la serranía del Sapo, la serranía de Majé y la serranía de Pirre (MiAMBIENTE, 2018). El territorio se divide en diez provincias (Bocas del Toro, Coclé, Colón, Chiriquí, Darién, Herrera, Los Santos, Panamá, Panamá Oeste y Veraguas), 81 distritos o municipios, 679 corregimientos (dos comarcas con nivel de corregimiento: Kuna de Madugandi y Kuna de Wargandi y tres comarcas indígenas con categoría de provincia: Guna Yala, Emberá-Wounaan y Ngäbe-Buglé) (INEC,2019).', 'El territorio se divide en diez provincias (Bocas del Toro, Coclé, Colón, Chiriquí, Darién, Herrera, Los Santos, Panamá, Panamá Oeste y Veraguas), 81 distritos o municipios, 679 corregimientos (dos comarcas con nivel de corregimiento: Kuna de Madugandi y Kuna de Wargandi y tres comarcas indígenas con categoría de provincia: Guna Yala, Emberá-Wounaan y Ngäbe-Buglé) (INEC,2019). El territorio panameño presenta un clima tropical uniforme durante todo el año con una estacionalidad determinada por los patrones de precipitación marcando el clima panameño entre temporada seca y lluviosa.', 'El territorio panameño presenta un clima tropical uniforme durante todo el año con una estacionalidad determinada por los patrones de precipitación marcando el clima panameño entre temporada seca y lluviosa. Los valores de temperatura promedio anual oscilan entre los 23 y 27° C, con máximas de hasta 33°C para las áreas costeras, y a mayor elevación los valores pueden descender hasta los 16° C. La temperatura en Panamá se defi ne principalmente por la topografía del territorio donde esta aumenta alrededor de 0.56°C por cada 100 m de altitud. (TCNCC, 2018).', 'Los valores de temperatura promedio anual oscilan entre los 23 y 27° C, con máximas de hasta 33°C para las áreas costeras, y a mayor elevación los valores pueden descender hasta los 16° C. La temperatura en Panamá se defi ne principalmente por la topografía del territorio donde esta aumenta alrededor de 0.56°C por cada 100 m de altitud. (TCNCC, 2018). Por otro lado, las precipitaciones varían entre los 1,500 y 3000 mm al año, con variaciones de acuerdo a la topografía e infl uencia oceánica; para el lado Caribe las precipitaciones son mayores que en la vertiente del Pacífi co. En Panamá el régimen pluviométrico infl uye mucho en las actividades productivas, la ubicación de los bosques, biodiversidad, entre otros.', 'Por otro lado, las precipitaciones varían entre los 1,500 y 3000 mm al año, con variaciones de acuerdo a la topografía e infl uencia oceánica; para el lado Caribe las precipitaciones son mayores que en la vertiente del Pacífi co. En Panamá el régimen pluviométrico infl uye mucho en las actividades productivas, la ubicación de los bosques, biodiversidad, entre otros. Se identifi can tres regiones pluviométricas (Pacífi ca, Central y Atlántica), cada una con características propias.Las grandes masas oceánicas del Atlántico y del Pacífi co son las responsables del alto contenido de humedad del ambiente, y debido a lo angosto de la franja que separa ambos océanos, el clima panameño tiene una gran infl uencia marítima.', 'Se identifi can tres regiones pluviométricas (Pacífi ca, Central y Atlántica), cada una con características propias.Las grandes masas oceánicas del Atlántico y del Pacífi co son las responsables del alto contenido de humedad del ambiente, y debido a lo angosto de la franja que separa ambos océanos, el clima panameño tiene una gran infl uencia marítima. Respecto a la meteorología, el anticiclón semipermanente del Atlántico Norte afecta sensiblemente las condiciones climáticas de nuestro país, ya que desde este sistema se generan los vientos alisios del nordeste que en las capas bajas de la atmósfera llegan a nuestro país, determinando sensiblemente el clima del país (ETESA, 2009). Según la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático 2050, las principales afectaciones asociadas al cambio climático incluyen los riesgos por aumento del nivel del mar y eventos hidro-meteorológicos.', 'Según la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático 2050, las principales afectaciones asociadas al cambio climático incluyen los riesgos por aumento del nivel del mar y eventos hidro-meteorológicos. En cuanto al aumento del nivel del mar se enfrentan ya situaciones críticas actuales en poblaciones indígenas vulnerables. Un caso crítico es la situación de la Comarca Guna Yala, archipiélago ubicado en la costa caribe del país, para la cual desde 2014 se documenta la necesidad de planifi car procesos de desplazamiento del archipiélago hacia a la zona continental (Displacement, 2014). Herramientas de modelación de riesgo costero sugieren escenarios de inundación a 2050 que comprometen áreas críticas de la operación canalera en la ciudad de Panamá.', 'Herramientas de modelación de riesgo costero sugieren escenarios de inundación a 2050 que comprometen áreas críticas de la operación canalera en la ciudad de Panamá. La recurrencia de periodos de sequía en los últimos años y las importantes pérdidas que han generado en el sector agropecuario (US$ 100 millones de pérdidas en el sector solo en el año 2013) han hecho que el cambio climático se convierta en una de las principales preocupaciones del rubro agropecuario panameño (PNCCSA). Unas 365 islas conforman el archipiélago de la Comarca de Guna Yala.1.3 Características socio económicas Según datos del Plan Estratégico de Gobierno (PEG) 2019-2024, la economía panameña se ha desarrollado como una economía de servicios, y es allí donde se encuentra su ventaja comparativa.', 'Unas 365 islas conforman el archipiélago de la Comarca de Guna Yala.1.3 Características socio económicas Según datos del Plan Estratégico de Gobierno (PEG) 2019-2024, la economía panameña se ha desarrollado como una economía de servicios, y es allí donde se encuentra su ventaja comparativa. El centro de tránsito constituye el 83% del PIB, 90% de las exportaciones de servicios y 65% de la población. La actividad logística está constituida por el trasbordo, almacenaje, consolidación, reempaque, ensamblaje y redistribución en puertos, Zona Libre de Colón, Panamá Pacífi co, Ciudad del Saber y zonas procesadoras de exportación (PEG 2019). Esta vocación de tránsito y conectividad, posiciona al país como una plataforma de acceso a la región de América Latina y el Caribe (ALyC). Desde 1990, Panamá ha tenido un desempeño económico excepcional.', 'Desde 1990, Panamá ha tenido un desempeño económico excepcional. Constantemente ha liderado la región en tasa de crecimiento económico, con un 5.9% en promedio por año. En el mismo tiempo, Panamá ha tenido una transformación estructural de su economía, en la que los sectores de la construcción, los servicios fi nancieros y logísticos, así como el comercio al por menor y al por mayor han realizado la mayor contribución al crecimiento. El sector agropecuario, uno de los sectores con mayor porcentaje de ocupación, con el 14.4% de todos los empleos, ha caído constantemente en su aportación al PIB, pasando de 6.2% en 2005 a 3.1% en 2015 y entre 2016 y 2019 se ha mantenido en 2%.', 'El sector agropecuario, uno de los sectores con mayor porcentaje de ocupación, con el 14.4% de todos los empleos, ha caído constantemente en su aportación al PIB, pasando de 6.2% en 2005 a 3.1% en 2015 y entre 2016 y 2019 se ha mantenido en 2%. Al mismo tiempo, entre 2015 y 2019 los sectores transporte, construcción y comercio al por menor y al por mayor, que en 2019 registraron el 35% del empleo, han aumentado su participación en el PIB, o se ha mantenido relativamente constante. Transporte de 13% a 14%, construcción 14% y comercio al por menor y al por mayor 18% (INDH, 2019).', 'Transporte de 13% a 14%, construcción 14% y comercio al por menor y al por mayor 18% (INDH, 2019). Según datos del Informe mundial sobre Desarrollo Humano 2019, del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD), Panamá se encuentra en el puesto 67 en el Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH) de 189 países y territorios, lo que lo sitúa en el grupo de países con IDH alto. Panamá ha tenido progresos signifi cativos en cuanto a reducción de la pobreza. La tasa de pobreza general en 2017 se situó en 20.7%, y para el caso de la pobreza extrema del año 2017 se presentó una tasa de 9.8% (MEF, 2019), debido en parte al crecimiento económico y a las transferencias públicas.', 'La tasa de pobreza general en 2017 se situó en 20.7%, y para el caso de la pobreza extrema del año 2017 se presentó una tasa de 9.8% (MEF, 2019), debido en parte al crecimiento económico y a las transferencias públicas. Utilizando la línea de pobreza de US$5,5 al día, entre los años 2015-2018, hubo una disminución de pobreza del 15,4% a un 12,6%, mientras que la pobreza extrema, fi jada en US$3,2 diarios, declinó de 6,7% a 5,2%. Si bien las brechas urbano - rurales han disminuido, las mismas siguen siendo amplias: la tasa de pobreza es casi el doble en la población rural (40.8%) que en el conjunto del país (20.7%) y en la población indígena es cuatro veces superior (82%).', 'Si bien las brechas urbano - rurales han disminuido, las mismas siguen siendo amplias: la tasa de pobreza es casi el doble en la población rural (40.8%) que en el conjunto del país (20.7%) y en la población indígena es cuatro veces superior (82%). (BID, 2019) A pesar de los avances en la lucha contra la pobreza, Panamá se mantiene como uno de los países más desiguales del mundo. La elevada desigualdad que existe en Panamá y su persistencia están estrechamente relacionadas con los fuertes desequilibrios territoriales que existen en el país, siendo uno de los países con mayores diferencias territoriales de América Latina. (BID 2019). Esta desigualdad se traduce en vulnerabilidad, siendo las mujeres, las personas con discapacidad y los indígenas las poblaciones en condiciones más vulnerables.', 'Esta desigualdad se traduce en vulnerabilidad, siendo las mujeres, las personas con discapacidad y los indígenas las poblaciones en condiciones más vulnerables. La población en Panamá al 1 de julio de 2018 se estimó en 4 158 783, el total de hombres es de 2, 085, 950 representando un 50.2% y el de mujeres es de 2 072 833 representando un 49.8% (MINSA, 2019a). Para el año 2018, la población indígena representó el 12,3% del total y la afro descendiente el 9,2%. Del total de la población, las mujeres y niñas representan el 49,77% según el censo de 2010.', 'Del total de la población, las mujeres y niñas representan el 49,77% según el censo de 2010. Según datos de ONU Mujeres, el índice de desigualdad de género del país es de 0.58 y de 0.87 en las zonas indígenas, lo que da un promedio de 0.73 y califi ca a Panamá como un país de alta desigualdad de género. Antes de la pandemia del COVID-19 aproximadamente una de cada cinco personas en Panamá estaba en situación de pobreza multidimensional7. Pero para la población indígena la incidencia de la pobreza multidimensional es extremadanamente alta: el 93.7% de las mujeres Gunas, el 89.8% de las mujeres Ngäbe Buglé y el 70.9% de las mujeres Emberá estaban en condiciones de pobreza multidimensional. (ONU Mujeres, s.f.)', 'Pero para la población indígena la incidencia de la pobreza multidimensional es extremadanamente alta: el 93.7% de las mujeres Gunas, el 89.8% de las mujeres Ngäbe Buglé y el 70.9% de las mujeres Emberá estaban en condiciones de pobreza multidimensional. (ONU Mujeres, s.f.) En cuanto al perfi l de salud de su población, Panamá se encuentra en plena transición demográfi ca con polarización epidemiológica, es decir, con doble carga de enfermedad, por un lado, las transmisibles son prevalentes en la población rural y pobre y las enfermedades de tipo crónico-degenerativo van en ascenso, como es de esperar en poblaciones en envejecimiento. La esperanza de vida al nacer es de 77,7 años con diferencias importantes según el sexo. Para los hombres es de 74,8 años y 80,9 para las mujeres.', 'Para los hombres es de 74,8 años y 80,9 para las mujeres. En materia de cobertura universal de salud, las estimaciones de cobertura asignan el 60% de la población a la Caja del Seguro Social y el 40% al Ministerio de Salud que además de ser un prestador de servicios es también el ente Rector del Sistema Nacional de Salud. (MINSA, 2018). Centro Financiero Internacional de Panamá.El sector agropecuario panameño es diverso, sin embargo, la producción se concentra en algunos rubros específicos. En términos de volumen, destacan la caña de azúcar, banano, arroz, plátanos y maíz; sin embargo, los productos que más valor agregan son la carne de vacuno y cerdo, el banano, el arroz y la caña de azúcar.', 'En términos de volumen, destacan la caña de azúcar, banano, arroz, plátanos y maíz; sin embargo, los productos que más valor agregan son la carne de vacuno y cerdo, el banano, el arroz y la caña de azúcar. Según datos del Banco Mundial, entre 2010 y 2015 la participación de la agricultura en el PIB de Panamá fue, en promedio, de 3.3%, por debajo del promedio de 5.2% de América Latina y el Caribe. A pesar del aporte modesto del sector agropecuario en la economía panameña, más del 33.3% del total de la población total de Panamá (alrededor de 1.3 millones de personas) vive en zonas rurales, de acuerdo con información del Banco Mundial.', 'A pesar del aporte modesto del sector agropecuario en la economía panameña, más del 33.3% del total de la población total de Panamá (alrededor de 1.3 millones de personas) vive en zonas rurales, de acuerdo con información del Banco Mundial. Según el Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas (MEF), el 39.8% de la población rural vive en condiciones de pobreza; lo que contrasta con las áreas urbanas donde el 9.3% de la población urbana se encuentra en tales condiciones. Por lo tanto, gran parte de la pobreza del país se concentra en áreas rurales. Asimismo, el 9% de las mujeres trabajadoras, y el 20% de los trabajadores varones se dedican a actividades agropecuarias (Banco Mundial, 2018), lo que resulta en que el 15.7% de la población trabaje en este sector.', 'Asimismo, el 9% de las mujeres trabajadoras, y el 20% de los trabajadores varones se dedican a actividades agropecuarias (Banco Mundial, 2018), lo que resulta en que el 15.7% de la población trabaje en este sector. (BID, Adicionalmente, las condiciones de desigualdad de oportunidades para hacerle frente a las amenazas naturales, la distribución de la pobreza, la necesidad de un mayor seguimiento a obras o acciones para contrarrestar los efectos climáticos, así como el reto de una mayor coordinación entre todos los interesados, hacen que las condiciones de vulnerabilidad se incrementen y se expresen de manera más significativa mayor en la población con escasos recursos, mayormente adulta, particularmente mujeres o niños y niñas en estado de pobreza, así como la necesidad de mayores servicios básicos y programas de fortalecimiento de capacidades locales.', '(BID, Adicionalmente, las condiciones de desigualdad de oportunidades para hacerle frente a las amenazas naturales, la distribución de la pobreza, la necesidad de un mayor seguimiento a obras o acciones para contrarrestar los efectos climáticos, así como el reto de una mayor coordinación entre todos los interesados, hacen que las condiciones de vulnerabilidad se incrementen y se expresen de manera más significativa mayor en la población con escasos recursos, mayormente adulta, particularmente mujeres o niños y niñas en estado de pobreza, así como la necesidad de mayores servicios básicos y programas de fortalecimiento de capacidades locales. La cuenca de Canal de Panamá, clave para la economía del país, ha registrado un aumento de la temperatura de 0.5%, con una reducción de hasta 20% de los caudales del río Chagres que provee el agua para las esclusas de la vía acuática y para el consumo de casi dos millones de personas en Panamá, Colón y Panamá Oeste.', 'La cuenca de Canal de Panamá, clave para la economía del país, ha registrado un aumento de la temperatura de 0.5%, con una reducción de hasta 20% de los caudales del río Chagres que provee el agua para las esclusas de la vía acuática y para el consumo de casi dos millones de personas en Panamá, Colón y Panamá Oeste. Estas amenazas se traducen en situaciones concretas de disponibilidad de agua en verano, una mayor demanda de energía ante altas temperaturas, potencial pérdida de cultivos y de suelos y consecuente aumento de frontera agrícola; adicionalmente, la mayor probabilidad de eventos extremos que pueden afectar las poblaciones de la cuenca y estructuras para la operación del Canal. 1.4 Panamá en cifras A continuación, se presenta un resumen de los principales indicadores nacionales.', '1.4 Panamá en cifras A continuación, se presenta un resumen de los principales indicadores nacionales. El 5 de abril de 2014, se inaugura el Metro de Panamá como una solución al sistema de transporte y movilidad urbana En cuanto a datos desagregados por sexo e indicadores que caracterizan la situación económica y social de las mujeres en Panamá, en condiciones sociales regulares, diversos estudios evidencian la brecha de género existente entre hombres y mujeres en el país (ONU Mujeres, 2020).', 'El 5 de abril de 2014, se inaugura el Metro de Panamá como una solución al sistema de transporte y movilidad urbana En cuanto a datos desagregados por sexo e indicadores que caracterizan la situación económica y social de las mujeres en Panamá, en condiciones sociales regulares, diversos estudios evidencian la brecha de género existente entre hombres y mujeres en el país (ONU Mujeres, 2020). En 2018, un 18.6% de las mujeres se encontraba en situación de pobreza multidimensional, siendo las Comarcas Indígenas y las provincias de Bocas del Toro y Darién donde mayor impacto tiene las condiciones de pobreza, mientras que en las provincias de Los Santos y Herrera las mujeres están en situaciones de menor empobrecimiento (INEC, Encuesta de hogares 2018).', 'En 2018, un 18.6% de las mujeres se encontraba en situación de pobreza multidimensional, siendo las Comarcas Indígenas y las provincias de Bocas del Toro y Darién donde mayor impacto tiene las condiciones de pobreza, mientras que en las provincias de Los Santos y Herrera las mujeres están en situaciones de menor empobrecimiento (INEC, Encuesta de hogares 2018). Las desigualdades entre hombres y mujeres sugieren una situación de feminización de la pobreza, en donde las diferencias en cuanto a ingresos propios, desempleo, subempleo y tenencia de la tierra son solo algunos ámbitos que evidencian la inequidad de género.', 'Las desigualdades entre hombres y mujeres sugieren una situación de feminización de la pobreza, en donde las diferencias en cuanto a ingresos propios, desempleo, subempleo y tenencia de la tierra son solo algunos ámbitos que evidencian la inequidad de género. Según información proporcionada por el Programa de Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD), el valor del IDH de las mujeres correspondiente a Panamá en 2018 es de 0.794, mientras que para los hombres es de 0.790, y, en consecuencia, el valor del Índice de Desarrollo de Género es 1.005. Por otro lado, el IDH 2010 introdujo el Índice de Desigualdad de Género, que refleja las desigualdades basadas en el género en tres dimensiones: salud reproductiva, empoderamiento y actividad económica. Panamá obtuvo un valor de 0.460 en el Índice de Tabla 1.', 'Panamá obtuvo un valor de 0.460 en el Índice de Tabla 1. Principales indicadores de Panamá Desigualdad de Género, por lo que en 2018 ocupa el lugar 108 de un total de 162 países. Otros datos desagregados por género para Panamá indican que el 18.3% de los escaños parlamentarios están ocupados por mujeres, y el 74.8% de las mujeres adultas ha alcanzado, al menos, la educación secundaria, frente al 68.4% de sus homólogos masculinos. Por cada 100,000 nacidos vivos mueren 94 mujeres por causas relacionadas con el embarazo, y la tasa de fecundidad entre las adolescentes es de 81.8 nacimientos por cada 1,000 mujeres de 15 a 19 años. La participación de las mujeres en el mercado de trabajo es del 52.5%, en comparación con el 80.5% de los hombres.', 'La participación de las mujeres en el mercado de trabajo es del 52.5%, en comparación con el 80.5% de los hombres. El Plan Nacional de Gestión de Riesgo de Desastres incluye entre sus principios estratégicos la Equidad de Género y Pluriculturalidad, por lo que Es necesario avanzar analizando la vulnerabilidad diferenciada de los mujeres y hombres, en su diversidad, antes los impactos climáticos; sus roles y contribuciones diferenciadas a la gestión del riesgo de desastres y sus contribuciones a los procesos de desarrollo y resiliencia climática.', 'El Plan Nacional de Gestión de Riesgo de Desastres incluye entre sus principios estratégicos la Equidad de Género y Pluriculturalidad, por lo que Es necesario avanzar analizando la vulnerabilidad diferenciada de los mujeres y hombres, en su diversidad, antes los impactos climáticos; sus roles y contribuciones diferenciadas a la gestión del riesgo de desastres y sus contribuciones a los procesos de desarrollo y resiliencia climática. La incorporación explícita de consideraciones de género en las acciones climáticas que se deriven de los compromisos establecidos en la CDN1 Actualizada es una forma concreta de avanzar en la equidad de género desde la acción climática.MARCO DE POLÍTICAS Y CONDICIONES HABILITANTES PARA UN DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE Y RESILIENTE II La población en Panamá al 1 de julio de 2018 se estimó en 4 millones 158 mil 783 habitantes.Isla Diablo, Guna Yala.', 'La incorporación explícita de consideraciones de género en las acciones climáticas que se deriven de los compromisos establecidos en la CDN1 Actualizada es una forma concreta de avanzar en la equidad de género desde la acción climática.MARCO DE POLÍTICAS Y CONDICIONES HABILITANTES PARA UN DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE Y RESILIENTE II La población en Panamá al 1 de julio de 2018 se estimó en 4 millones 158 mil 783 habitantes.Isla Diablo, Guna Yala. MARCO DE POLÍTICAS Y CONDICIONES HABILITANTES PARA UN DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE Y RESILIENTE La CDN1 de Panamá Actualizada se benefi cia de un marco habilitante de política pública, normativo y de planifi cación general y sectorial para la acción climática y el desarrollo sostenible.', 'MARCO DE POLÍTICAS Y CONDICIONES HABILITANTES PARA UN DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE Y RESILIENTE La CDN1 de Panamá Actualizada se benefi cia de un marco habilitante de política pública, normativo y de planifi cación general y sectorial para la acción climática y el desarrollo sostenible. Previo a la presentación de la CDN1 en 2016, el compromiso del país con la Agenda 2030 y los ODS se formalizó a través del Decreto Ejecutivo 393 de 2015 que adopta los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) y dicta otras disposiciones. En alineación con esta agenda de desarrollo sostenible se elaboró un Plan Estratégico Nacional con Visión de Estado “Panamá 2030” (PEN 2030) en el seno del Consejo de la Concertación Nacional para el Desarrollo y el Plan Estratégico de Gobierno 2019-2024.', 'En alineación con esta agenda de desarrollo sostenible se elaboró un Plan Estratégico Nacional con Visión de Estado “Panamá 2030” (PEN 2030) en el seno del Consejo de la Concertación Nacional para el Desarrollo y el Plan Estratégico de Gobierno 2019-2024. Este último reconoce la necesidad de enfrentar a los problemas que provienen del cambio climático y el peligro que éste constituye para el bienestar de todas las personas panameñas, especialmente por la desprotección e inadecuada aplicación de regulaciones ecológicas en la cuenca del Canal y la Región del Darién. Al momento de la actualización de la CDN1, el país cuenta con una normativa ambiental enmarcada en el Texto Único de la Ley 41 General de Ambiente de 1998 (la Ley 8 de 2015) que crea el Ministerio de Ambiente.', 'Al momento de la actualización de la CDN1, el país cuenta con una normativa ambiental enmarcada en el Texto Único de la Ley 41 General de Ambiente de 1998 (la Ley 8 de 2015) que crea el Ministerio de Ambiente. Mediante el Acuerdo de Paris ratifi cado por Ley 40 de 2016, la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático 2050 y la Política Nacional de Cambio Climático en proceso de revisión, y Decreto Ejecutivo 100 de 20 de octubre de 2020, que reglamenta el capítulo sobre Mitigación del Cambio Climático Global de la Ley General de Ambiente y crea el Programa Nacional Reduce Tu Huella para la gestión y monitoreo del desarrollo económico y social bajo en carbono en la República de Panamá.', 'Mediante el Acuerdo de Paris ratifi cado por Ley 40 de 2016, la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático 2050 y la Política Nacional de Cambio Climático en proceso de revisión, y Decreto Ejecutivo 100 de 20 de octubre de 2020, que reglamenta el capítulo sobre Mitigación del Cambio Climático Global de la Ley General de Ambiente y crea el Programa Nacional Reduce Tu Huella para la gestión y monitoreo del desarrollo económico y social bajo en carbono en la República de Panamá. Este reglamento de Mitigación crea además la Plataforma Nacional de Transparencia Climática (PNTC), adscrita al Sistema Nacional de Información Ambiental (SINIA), establece los parámetros por los cuales se regirá la elaboración de los inventarios nacionales de emisiones de GEI por fuentes y absorciones por sumideros de carbono y plantea los arreglos institucionales para la actualización, presentación, implementación, seguimiento y reporte de las sucesivas CDN de Panamá.', 'Este reglamento de Mitigación crea además la Plataforma Nacional de Transparencia Climática (PNTC), adscrita al Sistema Nacional de Información Ambiental (SINIA), establece los parámetros por los cuales se regirá la elaboración de los inventarios nacionales de emisiones de GEI por fuentes y absorciones por sumideros de carbono y plantea los arreglos institucionales para la actualización, presentación, implementación, seguimiento y reporte de las sucesivas CDN de Panamá. Este marco general se complementa con un corpus extenso de instrumentos de política pública y normativa sectorial en implementación, que incluye documentos de políticas, planes, estrategias y marcos legales y reglamentarios para cada uno de los diez sectores y áreas estratégicas transversales priorizadas.', 'Este marco general se complementa con un corpus extenso de instrumentos de política pública y normativa sectorial en implementación, que incluye documentos de políticas, planes, estrategias y marcos legales y reglamentarios para cada uno de los diez sectores y áreas estratégicas transversales priorizadas. El listado de instrumentos orientadores de política sectorial relevante incluye: • Plan Energético Nacional (PEN) 2015-2050 • Agenda de Transición Energética (2020-2030) • Estrategia Nacional Forestal 2018-2050 • Política Nacional de Salud y Lineamientos • Estrategia Nacional de Biodiversidad y Plan de • Política de los Recursos Acuáticos de Panamá • Política Nacional de Humedales • Plan Nacional de Cambio Climático para el Sector Agropecuario de Panamá • Política Nacional de Gestión de Recursos hídricos • Plan Nacional de Seguridad Hídrica • Política Nacional de Producción + Limpia • Política de Basura Cero y su Marco de Acción para la Gestión Integral de los Residuos • Política Nacional de Ordenamiento Territorial • Política Pública de Transparencia de Datos Abiertos de Gobierno • Política Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos de Desastres • Política Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (PENCYT • Política Pública de Igualdad de Oportunidades para las Mujeres.Parador Fotográfi co Panamá en la fuente Anayasi, Cinta Costera.', 'El listado de instrumentos orientadores de política sectorial relevante incluye: • Plan Energético Nacional (PEN) 2015-2050 • Agenda de Transición Energética (2020-2030) • Estrategia Nacional Forestal 2018-2050 • Política Nacional de Salud y Lineamientos • Estrategia Nacional de Biodiversidad y Plan de • Política de los Recursos Acuáticos de Panamá • Política Nacional de Humedales • Plan Nacional de Cambio Climático para el Sector Agropecuario de Panamá • Política Nacional de Gestión de Recursos hídricos • Plan Nacional de Seguridad Hídrica • Política Nacional de Producción + Limpia • Política de Basura Cero y su Marco de Acción para la Gestión Integral de los Residuos • Política Nacional de Ordenamiento Territorial • Política Pública de Transparencia de Datos Abiertos de Gobierno • Política Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos de Desastres • Política Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (PENCYT • Política Pública de Igualdad de Oportunidades para las Mujeres.Parador Fotográfi co Panamá en la fuente Anayasi, Cinta Costera. 2.1 Proceso de actualización de la CDN1, principios y enfoques orientadores Para la actualización de la CDN1, incluyendo el diseño, establecimiento de los compromisos y su socialización, se realizó un proceso amplio, sistemático y multisectorial de consulta y validación, liderado por el MiAMBIENTE.', '2.1 Proceso de actualización de la CDN1, principios y enfoques orientadores Para la actualización de la CDN1, incluyendo el diseño, establecimiento de los compromisos y su socialización, se realizó un proceso amplio, sistemático y multisectorial de consulta y validación, liderado por el MiAMBIENTE. Cada compromiso fue discutido y consensuado con la institución sectorial responsable de su implementación. Además de las sesiones de trabajo institucionales para diseño, defi nición y ajuste de los compromisos, se realizaron nueve talleres interactivos virtuales de escucha activa con el sector privado, sector público, gobiernos locales, organizaciones no gubernamentales, comunidad científi ca y jóvenes, en los que participaron más de trescientas personas, con evidencia de participación de al menos 53 % mujeres y 47% hombres.', 'Además de las sesiones de trabajo institucionales para diseño, defi nición y ajuste de los compromisos, se realizaron nueve talleres interactivos virtuales de escucha activa con el sector privado, sector público, gobiernos locales, organizaciones no gubernamentales, comunidad científi ca y jóvenes, en los que participaron más de trescientas personas, con evidencia de participación de al menos 53 % mujeres y 47% hombres. Previo a su formalización, el documento de la CDN1 Actualizada fue sometido a un proceso de revisión de pares y participación pública por medio de la web institucional del MiAMBIENTE.', 'Previo a su formalización, el documento de la CDN1 Actualizada fue sometido a un proceso de revisión de pares y participación pública por medio de la web institucional del MiAMBIENTE. El proceso de actualización de la CDN1 resultó en el establecimiento de veintinueve (29) compromisos estructurados en torno a diez (10) sectores y áreas estratégicas priorizadas así: • Energía • Bosques • Gestión Integrada de Cuencas Hidrográfi cas • Sistema Marino-Costeros • Biodiversidad • Agricultura, Ganadería y Acuicultura Sostenible • Asentamientos Humanos Resilientes • Salud Pública • Infraestructura Sostenible • Economía Circular Incluyendo además dos (2) compromisos de fortalecimiento de capacidades para la transparencia climática, en materia de determinación de las pérdidas y daños, y el monitoreo y la evaluación de los riesgos climáticos y del desarrollo bajo en emisiones en Panamá.Fuente: Memorias Talleres de Consulta.', 'El proceso de actualización de la CDN1 resultó en el establecimiento de veintinueve (29) compromisos estructurados en torno a diez (10) sectores y áreas estratégicas priorizadas así: • Energía • Bosques • Gestión Integrada de Cuencas Hidrográfi cas • Sistema Marino-Costeros • Biodiversidad • Agricultura, Ganadería y Acuicultura Sostenible • Asentamientos Humanos Resilientes • Salud Pública • Infraestructura Sostenible • Economía Circular Incluyendo además dos (2) compromisos de fortalecimiento de capacidades para la transparencia climática, en materia de determinación de las pérdidas y daños, y el monitoreo y la evaluación de los riesgos climáticos y del desarrollo bajo en emisiones en Panamá.Fuente: Memorias Talleres de Consulta. Los principios y enfoques metodológicos que orientaron la actualización de la CDN1 son: 1.', 'Los principios y enfoques metodológicos que orientaron la actualización de la CDN1 son: 1. Enfoque integrado adaptación-mitigación: se refi ere a la necesidad de demostrar cómo cada uno de los diez sectores y áreas estratégicas priorizados puede reducir emisiones, a la vez que promueve sinergias y benefi cios potenciales en resiliencia de las poblaciones y mejoramiento de medios de vida, genera empleos verdes y gatilla mejora de resultados en salud, educación, y reducción de desigualdad. 2.', 'Enfoque integrado adaptación-mitigación: se refi ere a la necesidad de demostrar cómo cada uno de los diez sectores y áreas estratégicas priorizados puede reducir emisiones, a la vez que promueve sinergias y benefi cios potenciales en resiliencia de las poblaciones y mejoramiento de medios de vida, genera empleos verdes y gatilla mejora de resultados en salud, educación, y reducción de desigualdad. 2. Enfoque de planifi cación y toma de decisiones participativas y sensibles al género para el desarrollo resiliente e inclusivo: se refi ere a la defi nición de las contribuciones y los mecanismos para su implementación son consensuados con los actores nacionales, sectoriales y locales, asegurando una amplia participación y distribuyendo las cargas y oportunidades, de la manera más equitativa y justa posible, a la vez que se reconoce el género como un tema esencial y se toman en cuenta las normas, los roles de género y las desigualdades como parte de sus objetivos.', 'Enfoque de planifi cación y toma de decisiones participativas y sensibles al género para el desarrollo resiliente e inclusivo: se refi ere a la defi nición de las contribuciones y los mecanismos para su implementación son consensuados con los actores nacionales, sectoriales y locales, asegurando una amplia participación y distribuyendo las cargas y oportunidades, de la manera más equitativa y justa posible, a la vez que se reconoce el género como un tema esencial y se toman en cuenta las normas, los roles de género y las desigualdades como parte de sus objetivos. 3.', 'Enfoque de planifi cación y toma de decisiones participativas y sensibles al género para el desarrollo resiliente e inclusivo: se refi ere a la defi nición de las contribuciones y los mecanismos para su implementación son consensuados con los actores nacionales, sectoriales y locales, asegurando una amplia participación y distribuyendo las cargas y oportunidades, de la manera más equitativa y justa posible, a la vez que se reconoce el género como un tema esencial y se toman en cuenta las normas, los roles de género y las desigualdades como parte de sus objetivos. 3. Enfoque de soluciones basadas en naturaleza e infraestructura verde: se refi ere a las soluciones basadas en la naturaleza (SbN) que incluye aquellas acciones que integran a los ecosistemas y los servicios que estos proveen, para responder a diversos desafíos de la sociedad como el cambio climático, la seguridad alimentaria o el riesgo de desastres.', 'Enfoque de soluciones basadas en naturaleza e infraestructura verde: se refi ere a las soluciones basadas en la naturaleza (SbN) que incluye aquellas acciones que integran a los ecosistemas y los servicios que estos proveen, para responder a diversos desafíos de la sociedad como el cambio climático, la seguridad alimentaria o el riesgo de desastres. La “infraestructura verde” constituye una buena alternativa o complemento para los enfoques de ingeniería convencional, conocidos ingeniería “dura” o infraestructura “gris”. Mono capuchino de cara blanca.La fl or del Espíritu Santo, un tipo de orquídea conocida como Peristeria elata. Es la fl or nacional de Panamá. HACIA UN NUEVO NIVEL DE AMBICIÓN CLIMÁTICA IIICampo de siembra de papa, Cerro Punta, provincia de Chiriquí.', 'HACIA UN NUEVO NIVEL DE AMBICIÓN CLIMÁTICA IIICampo de siembra de papa, Cerro Punta, provincia de Chiriquí. HACIA UN NUEVO NIVEL DE AMBICIÓN CLIMÁTICA La visión que orientó el proceso de actualización de la CDN1 es la resiliencia y reducción progresiva de emisiones de dióxido de carbono hacia la neutralidad en carbono del país al 2050. En la Tercera Comunicación Nacional sobre Cambio Climático de Panamá, se indica que Panamá ocupa el puesto 14 entre los países con mayor exposición a amenazas naturales múltiples, con 15% de su área y 12.5% de su población total, expuesta a dos o más amenazas.', 'En la Tercera Comunicación Nacional sobre Cambio Climático de Panamá, se indica que Panamá ocupa el puesto 14 entre los países con mayor exposición a amenazas naturales múltiples, con 15% de su área y 12.5% de su población total, expuesta a dos o más amenazas. En atención al principio de responsabilidades comunes, pero diferenciadas, aun cuando Panamá no tiene un aporte signifi cativo a las emisiones globales de GEI, la CDN1 Actualizada es justa y ambiciosa toda vez que incluye un compromiso de reducción en el sector de energía que es el mayor emisor en el país y establece acciones para incrementar la transparencia aclarando las cifras de absorción.', 'En atención al principio de responsabilidades comunes, pero diferenciadas, aun cuando Panamá no tiene un aporte signifi cativo a las emisiones globales de GEI, la CDN1 Actualizada es justa y ambiciosa toda vez que incluye un compromiso de reducción en el sector de energía que es el mayor emisor en el país y establece acciones para incrementar la transparencia aclarando las cifras de absorción. Igualmente, la CDN1 de Panamá Actualizada representa un aumento del nivel de ambición respecto a la CDN1 de 2016, al incorporar compromisos integrados de adaptación-mitigación para diez (10) sectores y áreas estratégicas de la economía nacional y hacer un llamado al desarrollo sostenible, comprometiendo acciones para todos los sectores en un contexto de rutas de descarbonización de la economía y recuperación económica ante la pandemia del COVID-19.', 'Igualmente, la CDN1 de Panamá Actualizada representa un aumento del nivel de ambición respecto a la CDN1 de 2016, al incorporar compromisos integrados de adaptación-mitigación para diez (10) sectores y áreas estratégicas de la economía nacional y hacer un llamado al desarrollo sostenible, comprometiendo acciones para todos los sectores en un contexto de rutas de descarbonización de la economía y recuperación económica ante la pandemia del COVID-19. En paralelo a los compromisos específi cos asumidos por el país, al 2025 estará en implementación un conjunto adicional de normativas, instrumentos y acciones relevantes a la acción climática que se encuentran actualmente en proceso de elaboración y formalización, que incluye: 1. La modernización de los instrumentos de gestión ambiental basada en el marco conceptual de cambio climático y análisis de variabilidad climática. 2.', 'La modernización de los instrumentos de gestión ambiental basada en el marco conceptual de cambio climático y análisis de variabilidad climática. 2. Ofi cialización del mapa nacional de riesgos climáticos e indicadores de vulnerabilidad (diferenciado por sexo y edad según sea apropiado). 3. Formulación del anteproyecto de Ley Marco sobre Cambio Climático y actualización de la Política Nacional de Cambio Climático de Panamá al 2050. 4. Estrategia de Desarrollo Económico y Social Bajo en Carbono al 2050. 5. Reglamentación de las disposiciones de Adaptación de la Ley General de Ambiente. 6.', 'Reglamentación de las disposiciones de Adaptación de la Ley General de Ambiente. 6. En conjunto con el Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas (MEF): • Implementación del etiquetador de cambio climático en el presupuesto para permitir la medición del gasto y fi nanciamiento climático e identifi car la manera en que fl uye el fi nanciamiento y el destino fi nal por sector, • Guía y procedimiento para incorporación de la variabilidad climática y de las variables de cambio climático en el Sistema Nacional de Inversiones Públicas (SINIP).', 'En conjunto con el Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas (MEF): • Implementación del etiquetador de cambio climático en el presupuesto para permitir la medición del gasto y fi nanciamiento climático e identifi car la manera en que fl uye el fi nanciamiento y el destino fi nal por sector, • Guía y procedimiento para incorporación de la variabilidad climática y de las variables de cambio climático en el Sistema Nacional de Inversiones Públicas (SINIP). Aspectos relativos al género En atención a lo establecido en el Acuerdo de París (AP) en cuanto que las Partes deben promover la equidad de género e incluir medidas de adaptación en dicho sentido, la CDN1 Actualizada reconoce el rol transformacional que tienen las mujeres para la acción climática y con ello la importancia de avanzar en la inclusión de la equidad de género en la misma.', 'Aspectos relativos al género En atención a lo establecido en el Acuerdo de París (AP) en cuanto que las Partes deben promover la equidad de género e incluir medidas de adaptación en dicho sentido, la CDN1 Actualizada reconoce el rol transformacional que tienen las mujeres para la acción climática y con ello la importancia de avanzar en la inclusión de la equidad de género en la misma. Se hace constar que el país avanza un Plan Nacional de Acción de Género que facilitará abordar las acciones de mitigación y adaptación con un enfoque de derechos y equidad.El sector de las actividades vinculadas al Uso de la Tierra, Cambio del uso de la Tierra y Silvicultura juegan un papel importante en el desarrollo socio eco- nómico de Panamá.', 'Se hace constar que el país avanza un Plan Nacional de Acción de Género que facilitará abordar las acciones de mitigación y adaptación con un enfoque de derechos y equidad.El sector de las actividades vinculadas al Uso de la Tierra, Cambio del uso de la Tierra y Silvicultura juegan un papel importante en el desarrollo socio eco- nómico de Panamá. COMPROMISOS SECTORIALES DE ACCIÓN CLIMÁTICA IVBandera de Panamá en el Cerro Ancón.', 'COMPROMISOS SECTORIALES DE ACCIÓN CLIMÁTICA IVBandera de Panamá en el Cerro Ancón. COMPROMISOS SECTORIALES DE ACCIÓN CLIMÁTICA En Panamá, los sectores más importantes en términos de emisiones y absorciones de GEI (actuales o futuras), son el sector Energía (generación de electricidad y transporte terrestre) y el sector de las actividades vinculadas al Uso de la Tierra, Cambio del uso de la Tierra y Silvicultura (UTCUTS), donde la deforestación y degradación de los bosques, juega un papel importante. Por esta razón y en coherencia con la contribución presentada en 2016, la CDN1 Actualizada da continuidad a los esfuerzos en ambos sectores, con un nivel de ambición aumentado.', 'Por esta razón y en coherencia con la contribución presentada en 2016, la CDN1 Actualizada da continuidad a los esfuerzos en ambos sectores, con un nivel de ambición aumentado. Desde la perspectiva de adaptación, el objetivo específi co que se persigue con la actualización de la CDN1 de Panamá es promover la resiliencia al clima y reducir el riesgo ante los efectos del cambio climático. La CDN1 será progresiva y se implementará mediante un enfoque participativo y transparente, inclusivo y sensible al género, sobre la base de nuestras circunstancias nacionales y sectoriales. A continuación, se detallan los compromisos por sector o área estratégica. 4.1 Sector Energía En Panamá, el sector Energía toma en cuenta las emisiones procedentes de la combustión estacionaria y fuentes móviles procedentes de la quema de diversos tipos de combustibles.', '4.1 Sector Energía En Panamá, el sector Energía toma en cuenta las emisiones procedentes de la combustión estacionaria y fuentes móviles procedentes de la quema de diversos tipos de combustibles. Es el mayor emisor de GEI, de acuerdo a los datos de inventarios de gases de efecto invernadero (INGEI) de Panamá (MiAMBIENTE, 2020). 4.1.1 Circunstancias sectoriales La República de Panamá es un país con una economía basada en el comercio y servicio. En 2019, el consumo energético nacional por sector estaba distribuido de la siguiente manera: 47.4% representaba al transporte, 19% al industrial, 17.1% al comercial y servicios públicos, 16% al residencial y 0.5% a otros (SNE, 2019).', 'En 2019, el consumo energético nacional por sector estaba distribuido de la siguiente manera: 47.4% representaba al transporte, 19% al industrial, 17.1% al comercial y servicios públicos, 16% al residencial y 0.5% a otros (SNE, 2019). Para satisfacer esta demanda la oferta energética nacional provino, principalmente, de fuentes importadas en un 82.3% (derivados del petróleo, carbón y gas natural) y de recursos naturales en un 17.7% (hidro-energía, eólica, solar, biogás, bagazo y leña), según el balance energético de 2019. Es evidente que Panamá cuenta con una matriz energética diversifi cada, sin embargo, todavía depende considerablemente de la importación de combustibles fósiles y, por consiguiente, está sujeto a la volatilidad de los precios mundiales. Del total de la oferta energética (38,918 Kbep), el 48.7% fue dirigido a la generación de electricidad.', 'Del total de la oferta energética (38,918 Kbep), el 48.7% fue dirigido a la generación de electricidad. La capacidad instalada por tipo de fuente en 2019 fue de 43.9% (hidroeléctrica), 24.9% (derivados del petróleo), 10.3% (carbón), 9.3% (gas natural) y 11.6% (energías renovables no convencionales, distribuidos en 6.6% eólico, 4.8% solar, 0.2% biogás). Es importante resaltar que estos números están cercanos (77% de la meta al 2030) al compromiso presentado en 2016 en la CDN1 de Panamá sobre 15% de Energías Renovables No Convencionales (ERNC) al 2030. Tomando como año base 2014 donde la participación de ERNC era 2.1%, en el 2019 se refl eja un aumento en cuanto a participación de ERNC de 9.5%.', 'Tomando como año base 2014 donde la participación de ERNC era 2.1%, en el 2019 se refl eja un aumento en cuanto a participación de ERNC de 9.5%. Es importante resaltar que múltiples medidas de impacto directo se han llevado a cabo para alcanzar dicho aumento en las ERNC, entre ellos una serie de incentivos fi scales para el fomento de la generación hidroeléctrica que abarcan mini-centrales, centrales eólicas, solares y de gas natural, así como la modifi cación a las reglas de compras de energía y potencia.', 'Es importante resaltar que múltiples medidas de impacto directo se han llevado a cabo para alcanzar dicho aumento en las ERNC, entre ellos una serie de incentivos fi scales para el fomento de la generación hidroeléctrica que abarcan mini-centrales, centrales eólicas, solares y de gas natural, así como la modifi cación a las reglas de compras de energía y potencia. Adicionalmente, se cuenta con medidas de efi ciencia energética tales como, la defi nición de catorce (14) índices de efi ciencia energética, normas y reglamentos técnicos vigentes para aire acondicionado y refrigeración, con su respectivo etiquetado energético, reglamento técnico vigente para la edifi cación sostenible, una estrategia nacional en movilidad eléctrica, y una modifi cación en la ley de las contrataciones públicas para la promoción de compras socialmente responsables, sostenibles y sustentables.Sin embargo, todavía el sector Energía cuenta con una serie de retos que debe sobrepasar, entre ellos: 1) cerrar la brecha de acceso energético en el país, 2) disminuir el consumo de combustibles fósiles y hacer un mayor uso del potencial de energías renovables con los que cuenta el país, 3) atender la calidad del servicio eléctrico, la cual se ha visto afectada por el crecimiento de la población y su concentración en la ciudad de Panamá, San Miguelito, Arraiján, David y Colón, 4) disminuir los subsidios eléctricos y de hidrocarburos, manteniendo unos precios de electricidad y combustibles aceptables al usuario final, 5) mitigar las emisiones de gases de efecto de invernadero del sector transporte, las cuales en el 2017 correspondían a aproximadamente un 57% de las emisiones del sector, 6) adaptar el sector energético ante los efectos adversos del cambio climático como lo son los incrementos de temperatura y cambios en los patrones de precipitación, que tienen el potencial de impactar la demanda, distribución, transmisión y generación de energía.', 'Adicionalmente, se cuenta con medidas de efi ciencia energética tales como, la defi nición de catorce (14) índices de efi ciencia energética, normas y reglamentos técnicos vigentes para aire acondicionado y refrigeración, con su respectivo etiquetado energético, reglamento técnico vigente para la edifi cación sostenible, una estrategia nacional en movilidad eléctrica, y una modifi cación en la ley de las contrataciones públicas para la promoción de compras socialmente responsables, sostenibles y sustentables.Sin embargo, todavía el sector Energía cuenta con una serie de retos que debe sobrepasar, entre ellos: 1) cerrar la brecha de acceso energético en el país, 2) disminuir el consumo de combustibles fósiles y hacer un mayor uso del potencial de energías renovables con los que cuenta el país, 3) atender la calidad del servicio eléctrico, la cual se ha visto afectada por el crecimiento de la población y su concentración en la ciudad de Panamá, San Miguelito, Arraiján, David y Colón, 4) disminuir los subsidios eléctricos y de hidrocarburos, manteniendo unos precios de electricidad y combustibles aceptables al usuario final, 5) mitigar las emisiones de gases de efecto de invernadero del sector transporte, las cuales en el 2017 correspondían a aproximadamente un 57% de las emisiones del sector, 6) adaptar el sector energético ante los efectos adversos del cambio climático como lo son los incrementos de temperatura y cambios en los patrones de precipitación, que tienen el potencial de impactar la demanda, distribución, transmisión y generación de energía. Proceso de planificación nacional para la preparación del compromiso Para la preparación de la contribución del sector Energía, se tomó como referencia el Plan Energético Nacional 2015-2050 y los Lineamientos Estratégicos de la Agenda de Transición Energética (ATE) 2020-2030 que, a la fecha, son los instrumentos de planificación a mediano y largo plazo de este sector.', 'Proceso de planificación nacional para la preparación del compromiso Para la preparación de la contribución del sector Energía, se tomó como referencia el Plan Energético Nacional 2015-2050 y los Lineamientos Estratégicos de la Agenda de Transición Energética (ATE) 2020-2030 que, a la fecha, son los instrumentos de planificación a mediano y largo plazo de este sector. El Parque Eólico Penonomé, es el primero de Panamá y el mayor de Centroamérica. Los Lineamientos Estratégicos de la ATE 2020-2030, plantean las ocho (8) Estrategias Nacionales que servirán como hojas de rutas para llevar el sector energético hacia una transición en el que llegue a ser asequible, accesible, confiable, segura y sostenible para el panameño.', 'Los Lineamientos Estratégicos de la ATE 2020-2030, plantean las ocho (8) Estrategias Nacionales que servirán como hojas de rutas para llevar el sector energético hacia una transición en el que llegue a ser asequible, accesible, confiable, segura y sostenible para el panameño. Estas son: 1) Acceso Universal, 2) Uso Racional y Eficiente de la Energía, 3) Movilidad Eléctrica, 4) Generación Distribuida, 5) Innovación del Sistema Interconectado Nacional (SIN), 6) Panamá como Hub Energético (hub de gas natural y hub de energías verdes), 7) Modernización de marco regulatorio del sector hidrocarburos y 8) Fortalecimiento institucional. La ATE fue oficializada a través de la Resolución de Gabinete 93 de 2020. 1 Análisis de Reactivación Económica Post Covid19 y Transición Energética de Panamá, PNUMA y Gobierno de Panamá, 2020. Informe en progreso. SNE.', '1 Análisis de Reactivación Económica Post Covid19 y Transición Energética de Panamá, PNUMA y Gobierno de Panamá, 2020. Informe en progreso. SNE. 2 Lineamientos Estratégicos de la Agenda de Transición Energética 2020-2030, Secretaría Nacional de Energía, 2020 Para la construcción de un nuevo compromiso fue necesario evaluar dos escenarios1: 1. Escenario tendencial (BAU, por sus siglas en inglés): escenario basado en los paquetes de reactivación económica Post COVID19 con inversiones en infraestructura convencional. Supone a Panamá como un Hub de distribución de Gas Natural Licuado (GNL); y no considera inversiones específicas en renovables y eficiencia energética, más de los instrumentos de políticas ya previstos y se considera el avance de la Movilidad Eléctrica sin estímulos adicionales a los pilotos ya previstos. El consumo energético y PBI siguen tendencias históricas. 2.', 'El consumo energético y PBI siguen tendencias históricas. 2. Escenario de la Agenda de Transición Energética (ATE): escenario basado en objetivos de ATE (Agenda de Transición Energética)2 y sus mesas consultivas; Paquete de reactivación económica Post COVID-19 con inversiones en infraestructura convencional e inversiones climáticas de ERNC, eficiencia energética y movilidad eléctrica, la evolución del sistema de transporte público se establece de acuerdo al Plan Integrado de Movilidad Urbana Sostenible (PIMUS).El 6% de la generación eléctrica del país proviene de la energía eólica y 4.8% de la energía solar.', 'Escenario de la Agenda de Transición Energética (ATE): escenario basado en objetivos de ATE (Agenda de Transición Energética)2 y sus mesas consultivas; Paquete de reactivación económica Post COVID-19 con inversiones en infraestructura convencional e inversiones climáticas de ERNC, eficiencia energética y movilidad eléctrica, la evolución del sistema de transporte público se establece de acuerdo al Plan Integrado de Movilidad Urbana Sostenible (PIMUS).El 6% de la generación eléctrica del país proviene de la energía eólica y 4.8% de la energía solar. Cabe resaltar que debido a la crisis sanitaria que vive el mundo, se parte del supuesto que estos escenarios ponen en marcha los paquetes de reactivación económica a partir de 2022 y que la demanda de energía comienza a desacoplarse del crecimiento económico en el escenario ATE producto de las políticas planteadas para el sector.', 'Cabe resaltar que debido a la crisis sanitaria que vive el mundo, se parte del supuesto que estos escenarios ponen en marcha los paquetes de reactivación económica a partir de 2022 y que la demanda de energía comienza a desacoplarse del crecimiento económico en el escenario ATE producto de las políticas planteadas para el sector. La ATE 2020-2030 busca ser la nueva ruta de descarbonización y resiliencia climática del sector energía en la República de Panamá y se centrará en lineamientos estratégicos priorizados por el Gobierno de Panamá tanto para la acción climática y la política nacional energética como para la reactivación económica Post-COVID-19.', 'La ATE 2020-2030 busca ser la nueva ruta de descarbonización y resiliencia climática del sector energía en la República de Panamá y se centrará en lineamientos estratégicos priorizados por el Gobierno de Panamá tanto para la acción climática y la política nacional energética como para la reactivación económica Post-COVID-19. En este sentido, según los análisis para la ATE 2020- 2030, las inversiones climáticas necesarias para lograr los objetivos planteados en este escenario, en promedio, son del 1.5% del PIB al 2050 y permitirán ahorros acumulados en subsidios de alrededor de B/.2MM para el 2030 y B/.10.5MM para el 2050, con un potencial de creación de nuevos empleos directos e indirectos al sector energético de aproximadamente 35 mil empleos para los 2030 y 100 mil empleos para el 2050.', 'En este sentido, según los análisis para la ATE 2020- 2030, las inversiones climáticas necesarias para lograr los objetivos planteados en este escenario, en promedio, son del 1.5% del PIB al 2050 y permitirán ahorros acumulados en subsidios de alrededor de B/.2MM para el 2030 y B/.10.5MM para el 2050, con un potencial de creación de nuevos empleos directos e indirectos al sector energético de aproximadamente 35 mil empleos para los 2030 y 100 mil empleos para el 2050. La implementación de la ATE 2020-2030 generará una disminución de la contaminación del aire, conllevando a que menos panameños padezcan enfermedades respiratorias, más calidad de vida especialmente en época post COVID19 y menos costos para el sistema de salud cuantifi cados en un ahorro acumulado de B/.43 millones al 2030 y B/.195 millones al 2050.', 'La implementación de la ATE 2020-2030 generará una disminución de la contaminación del aire, conllevando a que menos panameños padezcan enfermedades respiratorias, más calidad de vida especialmente en época post COVID19 y menos costos para el sistema de salud cuantifi cados en un ahorro acumulado de B/.43 millones al 2030 y B/.195 millones al 2050. Con estas cifras salta a relucir las ventajas económicas que traería el realizar inversiones climáticas de esta índole, sin embargo, son metas ambiciosas que requieren de un compromiso país.', 'Con estas cifras salta a relucir las ventajas económicas que traería el realizar inversiones climáticas de esta índole, sin embargo, son metas ambiciosas que requieren de un compromiso país. Desde el punto de vista ambiental, Panamá logrará una reducción de las emisiones totales del sector energía del país en al menos el 24% al 2050 y en al menos 11.5% al 2030, con respecto al escenario BAU, que representan un estimado de 60 millones de toneladas de CO2 equivalentes acumuladas entre 2022-2050 y hasta 10 millones de toneladas de CO2 equivalentes acumuladas entre 2022- 2030. Es importante, resaltar que la ATE 2020-2030 supone un instrumento que requerirá de apoyo internacional para romper barreras fi nancieras, de transferencia de tecnologías climáticas y de construcción de capacidades.', 'Es importante, resaltar que la ATE 2020-2030 supone un instrumento que requerirá de apoyo internacional para romper barreras fi nancieras, de transferencia de tecnologías climáticas y de construcción de capacidades. Por otra parte, considerando el potencial que presenta el sector para el abordaje de integración mitigación- adaptación, adicionales a los instrumentos de políticas de transición energética que proporcionan un potencial claro de mitigación nacional de GEI, se avanza en los instrumentos de políticas para la adaptación del sector. La transformación del sector energético a uno bajo en emisiones, sumado de una planifi cación que considere y se adapte a los riesgos futuros por cambio climático, resultará en un sector energético resiliente, garantizando un suministro seguro para satisfacer las necesidades crecientes de la sociedad.', 'La transformación del sector energético a uno bajo en emisiones, sumado de una planifi cación que considere y se adapte a los riesgos futuros por cambio climático, resultará en un sector energético resiliente, garantizando un suministro seguro para satisfacer las necesidades crecientes de la sociedad. En este sentido, la República de Panamá inicia su planifi cación nacional y sectorial en materia de adaptación y se compromete a establecer un Plan de Cambio Climático para el sector Energía, basado en la Agenda de Transición Energética y el Plan Energético Nacional 2015- 2050, que se perfi la como el instrumento de planifi cación de la operación del sistema energético, contribuyendo a la resiliencia climática del sector y aportando a la ruta de descarbonización del sector.', 'En este sentido, la República de Panamá inicia su planifi cación nacional y sectorial en materia de adaptación y se compromete a establecer un Plan de Cambio Climático para el sector Energía, basado en la Agenda de Transición Energética y el Plan Energético Nacional 2015- 2050, que se perfi la como el instrumento de planifi cación de la operación del sistema energético, contribuyendo a la resiliencia climática del sector y aportando a la ruta de descarbonización del sector. El proceso de actualización del compromiso del sector Energía parte del incremento de las capacidades nacionales en materia de INGEI, que resultó en una serie temporal de INGEI para este sector que comprende el período 1990- 2017 (Ministerio de Ambiente, Segundo Informe Bienal de Actualización, 2020) y del Análisis de Reactivación Económica Post-COVID19 y Transición Energética de Panamá (Secretaria Nacional de Energía, 2020).', 'El proceso de actualización del compromiso del sector Energía parte del incremento de las capacidades nacionales en materia de INGEI, que resultó en una serie temporal de INGEI para este sector que comprende el período 1990- 2017 (Ministerio de Ambiente, Segundo Informe Bienal de Actualización, 2020) y del Análisis de Reactivación Económica Post-COVID19 y Transición Energética de Panamá (Secretaria Nacional de Energía, 2020). Para mayores detalles, refi érase al Anexo A sobre información para facilitar la claridad, transparencia y comprensión de la presente CDN1 Actualizada.4.1.3 Aspectos operativos La Agenda de Transición Energética (ATE) oficializada en Noviembre 2020 constituye la hoja de ruta para la acción climática del sector.', 'Para mayores detalles, refi érase al Anexo A sobre información para facilitar la claridad, transparencia y comprensión de la presente CDN1 Actualizada.4.1.3 Aspectos operativos La Agenda de Transición Energética (ATE) oficializada en Noviembre 2020 constituye la hoja de ruta para la acción climática del sector. En la misma se indica que “la energía eléctrica puede considerarse como un derecho humano del que 93,000 familias panameñas todavía no gozan”, por lo cual es necesario implementar nuevas tecnologías, innovar, educar y empoderar a jóvenes y mujeres líderes de comunidades para la sostenibilidad de las inversiones futuras en el sector energía.', 'En la misma se indica que “la energía eléctrica puede considerarse como un derecho humano del que 93,000 familias panameñas todavía no gozan”, por lo cual es necesario implementar nuevas tecnologías, innovar, educar y empoderar a jóvenes y mujeres líderes de comunidades para la sostenibilidad de las inversiones futuras en el sector energía. es importante que las políticas y estrategias energéticas y los registros nacionales analicen los usos y aprovechamientos energéticos diferenciados de los hombres y mujeres, los impactos diferenciados por género de la pobreza energética y los roles de género en el sector energético. Además, se promoverán opciones técnicas y económicas que reflejen las necesidades diferenciadas y sean accesible a los hombres y mujeres por igual.', 'Además, se promoverán opciones técnicas y económicas que reflejen las necesidades diferenciadas y sean accesible a los hombres y mujeres por igual. El cumplimiento del compromiso relativo al Plan Nacional de Cambio Climático para el sector Energía se adelantará con recursos propios y apoyo de socios estratégicos de la cooperación internacional. Se requiere de recursos financieros climáticos adicionales para promover y escalar otras medidas de acción climática en las áreas de eficiencia energética, movilidad eléctrica, uso de paneles solares fotovoltaicos/calentadores solares de agua y construcción sostenible, entre otras, para lograr la meta de reducción de emisiones totales planteada a 2030 y 2050.', 'Se requiere de recursos financieros climáticos adicionales para promover y escalar otras medidas de acción climática en las áreas de eficiencia energética, movilidad eléctrica, uso de paneles solares fotovoltaicos/calentadores solares de agua y construcción sostenible, entre otras, para lograr la meta de reducción de emisiones totales planteada a 2030 y 2050. Potencial de integración adaptación-mitigación: A la vez que se implementan medidas de reducción de emisiones de GEI, se avanza en la adaptación al incluir los riesgos por cambio climático en la planificación del sector energía, aumentando la resiliencia misma del sector y la seguridad en la disponibilidad de energía ante eventos extremos, a la vez que se incide en la creación de empleos verdes. Ambición: Matriz energética resiliente parcialmente descarbonizada e innovaciones tecnológicas implementadas.', 'Ambición: Matriz energética resiliente parcialmente descarbonizada e innovaciones tecnológicas implementadas. Porcentaje de emisiones de CO eq reducidas del sector energía con respecto al escenario tendencial (BAU) al 2050. Compromiso Entidad regente Tipo de compromiso Indicadores ODS Al 2050, Panamá logrará una reducción de las emisiones totales del sector energía del país en al menos el 24% y en al menos 11.5% al 2030, con respecto al escenario tendencial, que representan un estimado de 60 millones de toneladas de CO equivalentes acumuladas entre 2022-2050 y hasta 10 millones de toneladas de CO equivalentes acumuladas entre 2022-2030. Secretaria Nacional de Energía Meta GEI. Acciones, Políticas y Regulaciones. Plan de Cambio Climático para el sector Energía desarrollado. Al 2025, Panamá contará con un Plan Nacional de Cambio Climático para el sector Energía, con un componente de mitigación y uno de adaptación. Ministerio de Ambiente. Secretaria Nacional de Energía Meta No GEI. Acciones, Políticas y Regulaciones.', 'Secretaria Nacional de Energía Meta No GEI. Acciones, Políticas y Regulaciones. 4.2 Sector Bosques Bajo este sector se incluyen las actividades sobre Uso de la tierra, Cambio del Uso de la Tierra y Silvicultura, conocidas por sus siglas UTCUTS. Este sector es importante para la mitigación y la adaptación al cambio climático. En Panamá, en términos de mitigación del cambio climático, el sector actúa como un sumidero neto de GEI y las emisiones brutas indican como principal fuente a la deforestación, en especial la transición de bosque natural a pastos.', 'En Panamá, en términos de mitigación del cambio climático, el sector actúa como un sumidero neto de GEI y las emisiones brutas indican como principal fuente a la deforestación, en especial la transición de bosque natural a pastos. Además, el sector tiene el potencial de aportar a la disminución de la vulnerabilidad y el aumento de la resiliencia climática por medio del adecuado manejo de bosques e incremento de la cobertura forestal en cuencas hidrográficas, lo cual genera una serie de servicios ecosistémicos que benefician a las comunidades más vulnerables y protegen sus medios de vida.', 'Además, el sector tiene el potencial de aportar a la disminución de la vulnerabilidad y el aumento de la resiliencia climática por medio del adecuado manejo de bosques e incremento de la cobertura forestal en cuencas hidrográficas, lo cual genera una serie de servicios ecosistémicos que benefician a las comunidades más vulnerables y protegen sus medios de vida. 4.2.1 Circunstancias sectoriales El sector UTCUTS es estratégico dado que la República de Panamá cuenta con 4,925,789.72 hectáreas de bosques, las cuales representan el 65.40% del territorio nacional, por lo cual Panamá pertenece al grupo de países con mayor porcentaje de cobertura boscosa del mundo, según lo indica la Estrategia Nacional Forestal 2018-2050. Por consiguiente, su importancia en proveer múltiples servicios ecosistémicos; no obstante, actividades socioeconómicas como las agropecuarias ejercen fuerte presión sobre los bosques.', 'Por consiguiente, su importancia en proveer múltiples servicios ecosistémicos; no obstante, actividades socioeconómicas como las agropecuarias ejercen fuerte presión sobre los bosques. La gestión del sector forestal se enmarca dentro de un marco regulatorio con normas específicas para la conservación y la reforestación, incluyendo mecanismos financieros e incentivos. Entre estos instrumentos destacan la Ley 69 de 2017 que crea el Programa de Incentivos para la cobertura forestal y la conservación de bosques naturales, así como la Estrategia Nacional Forestal 2018-2050, bajo el Decreto Ejecutivo No. 20 de 28 de marzo de 2019, creada para generar una visión a largo plazo para el sector Forestal de Panamá.', '20 de 28 de marzo de 2019, creada para generar una visión a largo plazo para el sector Forestal de Panamá. Por su parte, la Estrategia Nacional para la Reducción de Emisiones por la Deforestación y Degradación (ENREDD+) se encuentra en la etapa de validación como uno de los elementos claves para implementar este mecanismo en el país. Las mujeres y los hombres usan y dependen de los bosques y productos de manera diferenciada. Sus roles y responsabilidades de género determinan sus necesidades y preferencias en relación con el manejo sostenible y conservación de los recursos forestales.', 'Sus roles y responsabilidades de género determinan sus necesidades y preferencias en relación con el manejo sostenible y conservación de los recursos forestales. Las relaciones de género también influyen en el uso y control de los recursos, las estructuras de poder, la toma de decisiones, las oportunidades de fortalecimiento de capacidades, acceso y control a recursos tecnológicos e incentivos y las estrategias de subsistencia. Proceso de planificación nacional para la preparación del compromiso. En 2019, el Gobierno Nacional presentó el Plan Estratégico de Gobierno 2019-2024 con 125 acciones prioritarias para ejecutar durante este periodo administrativo. La acción número 76 es el lanzamiento del Programa Nacional de Reforestación de Cuencas Productoras de Agua. En este marco, la Dirección Forestal del MiAMBIENTE coordinó las acciones para formular el Programa Nacional de Restauración Forestal (PNRF) correspondiente al período 2021-2025.', 'En este marco, la Dirección Forestal del MiAMBIENTE coordinó las acciones para formular el Programa Nacional de Restauración Forestal (PNRF) correspondiente al período 2021-2025. El Programa Nacional de Restauración Forestal (PNRF) es un instrumento nacional que se enmarca en los objetivos de la Ley 1 Forestal de 1994, la Política Forestal, las modalidades de reforestación establecidas en la Ley 69 de 2017 que crea el programa de incentivos forestales, la Estrategia Forestal Nacional, el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo Forestal, Alianza por el Millón de Hectáreas y la CDN1 presentada en 2016, como parte de los compromisos nacionales ante el Acuerdo de París. Actualmente, la Dirección Forestal está elaborando el Plan Maestro Forestal en alineación con los instrumentos anteriores.', 'Actualmente, la Dirección Forestal está elaborando el Plan Maestro Forestal en alineación con los instrumentos anteriores. MiAMBIENTE, a través de la Dirección Forestal (DIFOR), es el ente rector del sector forestal en la República de Panamá, por ende, el impulsor y coordinador general delEl 65.40% del territorio nacional son bosques. Programa Nacional de Restauración Forestal (PNRF). Es importante señalar que el PRNF considerará mecanismos existentes de coordinación, como el Comité Nacional de Gestión Forestal (CONAGEFOR). El CONAGEFOR se perfi la como un facilitador entre las instituciones públicas y privadas para apoyar el PNRF, la Alianza por el millón de hectáreas, la Política Forestal, la Estrategia Nacional Forestal, el Fondo REFORESTA, la ENREDD+ y otros instrumentos sectoriales.', 'El CONAGEFOR se perfi la como un facilitador entre las instituciones públicas y privadas para apoyar el PNRF, la Alianza por el millón de hectáreas, la Política Forestal, la Estrategia Nacional Forestal, el Fondo REFORESTA, la ENREDD+ y otros instrumentos sectoriales. El avance de la República de Panamá en materia de INGEI ha potencializado la planifi cación y formulación de instrumentos de políticas públicas y acciones asociadas a la mitigación del cambio climático a nivel nacional que estén basadas en información científi ca para la toma de decisiones.', 'El avance de la República de Panamá en materia de INGEI ha potencializado la planifi cación y formulación de instrumentos de políticas públicas y acciones asociadas a la mitigación del cambio climático a nivel nacional que estén basadas en información científi ca para la toma de decisiones. Para el sector UTCUTS Panamá se compromete a la restauración 50,000 hectáreas a nivel nacional, que contribuirá a la absorción de aproximadamente 2.6 millones de toneladas de CO2eq al año 2050, un incremento equivalente al 10% con respecto al promedio de absorciones del periodo 1994-2017 El proceso de actualización del compromiso UTCUTS parte del incremento de las capacidades nacionales en materia de INGEI, que resultó en una serie temporal de INGEI para este sector (MiAMBIENTE, 2020a), siguiendo las Directrices IPCC 2006.', 'Para el sector UTCUTS Panamá se compromete a la restauración 50,000 hectáreas a nivel nacional, que contribuirá a la absorción de aproximadamente 2.6 millones de toneladas de CO2eq al año 2050, un incremento equivalente al 10% con respecto al promedio de absorciones del periodo 1994-2017 El proceso de actualización del compromiso UTCUTS parte del incremento de las capacidades nacionales en materia de INGEI, que resultó en una serie temporal de INGEI para este sector (MiAMBIENTE, 2020a), siguiendo las Directrices IPCC 2006. Esto representa un aumento en el nivel de ambición respecto al compromiso de la CDN1 en 2016, dado que se incrementará la transparencia del seguimiento, a través de un sistema de monitoreo de hectáreas restauradas bajo las modalidades del PNRF 2021-2025, y de su traducción a toneladas de CO equivalente.', 'Esto representa un aumento en el nivel de ambición respecto al compromiso de la CDN1 en 2016, dado que se incrementará la transparencia del seguimiento, a través de un sistema de monitoreo de hectáreas restauradas bajo las modalidades del PNRF 2021-2025, y de su traducción a toneladas de CO equivalente. El sistema de monitoreo funcionará a través de un aplicativo que se utilizará para dar seguimiento a las actividades de reforestación y conservación que ejecute MiAMBIENTE a nivel nacional. Para mayores detalles, refi érase al Anexo A sobre información para facilitar la claridad, transparencia y comprensión de la presente CDN1 Actualizada.Provincia de Chiriquí, tierras altas. Volcán Barú. 4.2.3 Aspectos operativos El desarrollo y cumplimiento de las metas de reforestación del Programa Nacional de Restauración Forestal (PNRF), se estima en US$81,222,846.00.', '4.2.3 Aspectos operativos El desarrollo y cumplimiento de las metas de reforestación del Programa Nacional de Restauración Forestal (PNRF), se estima en US$81,222,846.00. MiAMBIENTE llevará a cabo acciones a nivel nacional e internacional para la búsqueda y obtención de fondos para la gestión y ejecución de proyectos, su monitoreo, seguimiento, promoción y divulgación de las acciones de reforestación en el país. 4.3 Gestión integrada de cuencas hidrográfi cas Bajo esta área estratégica se hace referencia a la gestión del recurso hídrico, el cual constituye uno de los motores principales del desarrollo económico y humano de Panamá al ser el pilar de la economía, agricultura y seguridad energética del país. 4.3.1 Circunstancias sectoriales Panamá es considerado uno de los países con mayores recursos hídricos, con aproximadamente 35.894 m3 de recursos renovables de agua dulce per cápita (GWP 2017).', '4.3.1 Circunstancias sectoriales Panamá es considerado uno de los países con mayores recursos hídricos, con aproximadamente 35.894 m3 de recursos renovables de agua dulce per cápita (GWP 2017). Este escenario de abundancia es relativo, ya que esconde una serie de limitaciones regionales y estacionales, específi camente aquellas asociadas a la zona conocida como “Arco Seco”, la región más árida del país. El escenario de abundancia relativa de agua actual y futura coexiste con serios confl ictos por la competencia por el uso del agua que tienden a agravarse, en cantidad e intensidad.', 'El escenario de abundancia relativa de agua actual y futura coexiste con serios confl ictos por la competencia por el uso del agua que tienden a agravarse, en cantidad e intensidad. A su vez, este escenario de relativa abundancia de agua y confl ictos crecientes se ve agravado por la variabilidad climática y los fenómenos meteorológicos extremos, principalmente sequías e inundaciones, donde los usuarios y autoridades carecen de medios e información para afrontarlos oportuna y efi cazmente.', 'A su vez, este escenario de relativa abundancia de agua y confl ictos crecientes se ve agravado por la variabilidad climática y los fenómenos meteorológicos extremos, principalmente sequías e inundaciones, donde los usuarios y autoridades carecen de medios e información para afrontarlos oportuna y efi cazmente. De acuerdo con registros estadísticos y meteorológicos, desde el año 2004 se ha observado un incremento en la frecuencia de eventos extremos en el país, siendo los hidro-meteorológicos los que han afectado más ecosistemas diferentes, así como a la población más vulnerable, incluyendo mujeres, niños y niñas, personas con discapacidad, personas en situación de pobreza ypersonas adultos mayores, en varias cuencas prioritarias en el nivel nacional.', 'De acuerdo con registros estadísticos y meteorológicos, desde el año 2004 se ha observado un incremento en la frecuencia de eventos extremos en el país, siendo los hidro-meteorológicos los que han afectado más ecosistemas diferentes, así como a la población más vulnerable, incluyendo mujeres, niños y niñas, personas con discapacidad, personas en situación de pobreza ypersonas adultos mayores, en varias cuencas prioritarias en el nivel nacional. Las crisis producto de eventos extremos de precipitación ocurridos en los últimos años incluyendo los eventos de La Purísima 2010, El Niño 2015, y la tormenta Otto 2016 y la tormenta ETA en 2020, han puesto en evidencia la vulnerabilidad de los sistemas alrededor de la recolección, distribución y acceso al agua.', 'Las crisis producto de eventos extremos de precipitación ocurridos en los últimos años incluyendo los eventos de La Purísima 2010, El Niño 2015, y la tormenta Otto 2016 y la tormenta ETA en 2020, han puesto en evidencia la vulnerabilidad de los sistemas alrededor de la recolección, distribución y acceso al agua. Evidencias de la dependencia de la economía nacional respecto del recurso hídrico son la operación del Canal de Panamá, una matriz de generación energética compuesta por un 60.1% de hidroelectricidad y una agricultura altamente dependiente de los ciclos hidrológicos, con poca cobertura de sistemas de riego. Al sustentar la logística, el transporte y los servicios fi nancieros, la gestión del agua es clave para el funcionamiento socioeconómico y ambiental del país.', 'Al sustentar la logística, el transporte y los servicios fi nancieros, la gestión del agua es clave para el funcionamiento socioeconómico y ambiental del país. Sectores complementarios como la energía y el turismo, también están directamente relacionados con la gestión del agua, por el uso de los recursos como por los servicios ecosistémicos (abastecimiento de agua, belleza escénica, usos recreativos, otros). Desde esta perspectiva, la gestión de los recursos hídricos es la base de la sostenibilidad económica, social y ambiental del país. La gestión del agua en Panamá se lleva a cabo con base en un enfoque de gestión integrada de los recursos hídricos y de cuenca.', 'La gestión del agua en Panamá se lleva a cabo con base en un enfoque de gestión integrada de los recursos hídricos y de cuenca. El nexo agua-alimentos-energía- clima es ampliamente reconocido y ha sido aplicado en Panamá para avanzar en una gestión resiliente del recurso hídrico a través del Programa de Adaptación al Cambio Climático a través del Manejo Integrado del Recurso Hídrico en Panamá en implementación desde 2018 con recursos del Fondo de Adaptación.', 'El nexo agua-alimentos-energía- clima es ampliamente reconocido y ha sido aplicado en Panamá para avanzar en una gestión resiliente del recurso hídrico a través del Programa de Adaptación al Cambio Climático a través del Manejo Integrado del Recurso Hídrico en Panamá en implementación desde 2018 con recursos del Fondo de Adaptación. A pesar de que el marco legal del agua está desactualizado en términos de acción climática, el sector cuenta con un instrumento estratégico de largo plazo en implementación que puede ser el marco de dicha adecuación transformacional hacia un modelo nacional de resiliencia hídrica, el Plan Nacional de Seguridad Hídrica (PNSH) 2015-2050: Agua para todos (PNSH), liderado por el Consejo Nacional del Agua (CONAGUA).', 'A pesar de que el marco legal del agua está desactualizado en términos de acción climática, el sector cuenta con un instrumento estratégico de largo plazo en implementación que puede ser el marco de dicha adecuación transformacional hacia un modelo nacional de resiliencia hídrica, el Plan Nacional de Seguridad Hídrica (PNSH) 2015-2050: Agua para todos (PNSH), liderado por el Consejo Nacional del Agua (CONAGUA). Además del desfase legal, la resiliencia del sector hídrico enfrenta otras debilidades relacionadas con falta de una red meteorológica consolidada orientada a generar base de datos para el estudio del cambio climático con un registro de datos desagregados por sexo que evidencien las vulnerabilidades diferencias a las que se exponen los Panamá, con el Canal Interoceánico, es uno de los mayores administradores de agua en el mundo.', 'Además del desfase legal, la resiliencia del sector hídrico enfrenta otras debilidades relacionadas con falta de una red meteorológica consolidada orientada a generar base de datos para el estudio del cambio climático con un registro de datos desagregados por sexo que evidencien las vulnerabilidades diferencias a las que se exponen los Panamá, con el Canal Interoceánico, es uno de los mayores administradores de agua en el mundo. hombres y las mujeres, y falta de presupuesto para la ejecución de programas de investigación y planifi cación de los recursos hídricos a nivel de cuencas hidrográfi cas. En materia de género, el Plan Nacional de Seguridad Hídrica (PNSH) 2015-2050: Agua para todos, resalta que la escasez de agua exacerba la desigualdad de género, y en algunos casos origina el trabajo infantil en niñas.', 'En materia de género, el Plan Nacional de Seguridad Hídrica (PNSH) 2015-2050: Agua para todos, resalta que la escasez de agua exacerba la desigualdad de género, y en algunos casos origina el trabajo infantil en niñas. Por ello, Panamá está comprometido a lograr el acceso equitativo a servicios de saneamiento e higiene adecuados para todas las personas, prestando especial atención a las necesidades de las mujeres y las niñas y las personas en situaciones de vulnerabilidad. Para ello, el gobierno facilitará la participación de hombres, mujeres, niños y grupos vulnerables en la gestión del uso sostenible de los recursos hídricos en todos los niveles y en la distribución de benefi cios y se integrará una perspectiva de género en el diseño e implementación de programas de gestión de recursos hídricos.', 'Para ello, el gobierno facilitará la participación de hombres, mujeres, niños y grupos vulnerables en la gestión del uso sostenible de los recursos hídricos en todos los niveles y en la distribución de benefi cios y se integrará una perspectiva de género en el diseño e implementación de programas de gestión de recursos hídricos. El compromiso sectorial implica la elaboración de instrumentos de planifi cación sectorial, de un instrumento climático nacional y uno de ordenamiento de alcance sub- nacional, así: Compromiso Entidad regente Tipo de compromiso Indicadores ODS Ministerio de Ambiente Meta No GEI. Acciones, Políticas y Regulaciones. Autoridad del Canal de Panamá Meta No GEI. Acciones, Políticas y Regulaciones.Barcos esperando entrar al Canal de Panamá la costa atlántica en la provincia de Colón.', 'Acciones, Políticas y Regulaciones.Barcos esperando entrar al Canal de Panamá la costa atlántica en la provincia de Colón. 4.3.3 Aspectos operativos Ambos procesos de planifi cación enfocados en cuencas prioritarias contemplan el desarrollo de componentes climáticos como índice de vulnerabilidad, estudios socioeconómicos, escenarios de cambio climático y evaluación de riesgos climáticos, entre otros, integrándolos a los instrumentos empleados para el manejo efectivo de las mismas, como lo son Diagnósticos Pormenorizados de las Cuencas Hidrográfi cas, Planes de Ordenamiento Ambiental Territorial de la Cuenca Hidrográfi ca y Planes de Manejo. Su elaboración es facilitada por la disponibilidad de datos ofi ciales y actualizados, comités de cuenca fortalecidos y herramientas técnicas existentes como el mapa de aguas subterráneas, mapa nacional de suelos degradados y cobertura boscosa y la guía metodológica para evaluación de huella hídrica, entre otras.', 'Su elaboración es facilitada por la disponibilidad de datos ofi ciales y actualizados, comités de cuenca fortalecidos y herramientas técnicas existentes como el mapa de aguas subterráneas, mapa nacional de suelos degradados y cobertura boscosa y la guía metodológica para evaluación de huella hídrica, entre otras. Con el propósito de garantizar la armonía entre instrumentos de planifi cación y gestión de los recursos naturales implementados desde el Estado, el Plan de cambio climático para la gestión integrada de cuencas hidrográfi cas incorporará la visión del PNSH. De esa manera, se descentralizará al nivel de cuencas hidrográfi cas, la planifi cación de la Seguridad Hídrica, particularmente en lo referente a la Meta 4 de Gestión de Cuencas Hidrográfi cas Saludables.', 'De esa manera, se descentralizará al nivel de cuencas hidrográfi cas, la planifi cación de la Seguridad Hídrica, particularmente en lo referente a la Meta 4 de Gestión de Cuencas Hidrográfi cas Saludables. Para el Plan de cambio climático para la GICH se contará con apoyo del proceso de planifi cación nacional de adaptación con recursos del Fondo Verde del Clima. El PIOTA de la CHCP está en elaboración. Potencial de integración adaptación-mitigación: Los planes enfatizarán la aplicación de soluciones basadas en la naturaleza, cuya aplicación resultará en un aumento de resiliencia en las cuencas priorizadas, reducción de emisiones y aumento del almacenamiento de carbono a través de la reforestación, forestación, restauración de suelos, manejo sostenible de los bosques y la conservación de las reservas forestales de carbono.', 'Potencial de integración adaptación-mitigación: Los planes enfatizarán la aplicación de soluciones basadas en la naturaleza, cuya aplicación resultará en un aumento de resiliencia en las cuencas priorizadas, reducción de emisiones y aumento del almacenamiento de carbono a través de la reforestación, forestación, restauración de suelos, manejo sostenible de los bosques y la conservación de las reservas forestales de carbono. Ambición: Cuencas hidrográfi cas cuentan con suelos restaurados y con cantidad y calidad del recurso hídrico garantizado, que permite el abastecimiento de la población y de las actividades productivas. 4.4 Sistemas Marino-Costeros Este sector hace referencia a la gestión estratégica de los recursos marinos y costeros que incluyen las aguas del mar territorial, esteros, plataforma continental submarina, litorales, bahías, estuarios, manglares, arrecifes, vegetación submarina, bellezas escénicas, recursos bióticos y abióticos dentro de dichas aguas y la franja costera.', '4.4 Sistemas Marino-Costeros Este sector hace referencia a la gestión estratégica de los recursos marinos y costeros que incluyen las aguas del mar territorial, esteros, plataforma continental submarina, litorales, bahías, estuarios, manglares, arrecifes, vegetación submarina, bellezas escénicas, recursos bióticos y abióticos dentro de dichas aguas y la franja costera. 4.4.1 Circunstancias sectoriales Panamá posee una extensa zona costera con una longitud de 1.700,6 km en el Pacífi co y 1.287,7 km. en el Caribe. Las amenazas climáticas más comunes reportadas a la zona costera son la elevación del nivel del mar, las marejadas, tormentas ciclónicas, los vientos fuertes, inundaciones, sequías, deslizamientos de suelos y sismos. Adicionalmente, también se incrementan dichas amenazas con la concurrencia de los efectos extremos producidos temporalmente por los fenómenos climáticos de El Niño.', 'Adicionalmente, también se incrementan dichas amenazas con la concurrencia de los efectos extremos producidos temporalmente por los fenómenos climáticos de El Niño. Las afectaciones a las infraestructuras de comunidades pesqueras, eventos de intrusión salina y erosión costera, entre otros daños, asociados a eventos del clima requieren incorporar un enfoque de reducción de riesgo de desastres en el manejo de los sistemas marino-costeros. Aunque se carece de datos sufi cientes sobre el nivel de afectación del cambio climático en ecosistemas marino-costeros, hay indicios importantes. Por ejemplo, datos de la estación de mareógrafo de San Cristóbal en Panamá indican una tendencia de aumento del nivel del mar en una escala de aumento de 1.4 mm por año (Biomarc-USAID, 2013).', 'Por ejemplo, datos de la estación de mareógrafo de San Cristóbal en Panamá indican una tendencia de aumento del nivel del mar en una escala de aumento de 1.4 mm por año (Biomarc-USAID, 2013). Por otra parte, se ha documentado la afectación de arrecifes de coral por aumento de temperaturas reportados en áreas del Pacífi co Occidental de Panamá a través de programas de monitoreo de biodiversidad.La gestión de la zona costera se realiza aplicando políticas y normas de manejo costero integrado género responsivas, a fin de mejorar la calidad de vida de las comunidades que dependen de los recursos costeros mediante el ordenamiento de espacios de costas y mares, así como a través de acciones de manejo de recursos.', 'Por otra parte, se ha documentado la afectación de arrecifes de coral por aumento de temperaturas reportados en áreas del Pacífi co Occidental de Panamá a través de programas de monitoreo de biodiversidad.La gestión de la zona costera se realiza aplicando políticas y normas de manejo costero integrado género responsivas, a fin de mejorar la calidad de vida de las comunidades que dependen de los recursos costeros mediante el ordenamiento de espacios de costas y mares, así como a través de acciones de manejo de recursos. Entre los instrumentos utilizados para la gestión costera destaca la existencia de cinco zonas especiales de manejo de los recursos marino-costeros y al menos cuarenta y seis áreas protegidas marinas, las cuales se han establecido y gestionan al margen de consideraciones climáticas.', 'Entre los instrumentos utilizados para la gestión costera destaca la existencia de cinco zonas especiales de manejo de los recursos marino-costeros y al menos cuarenta y seis áreas protegidas marinas, las cuales se han establecido y gestionan al margen de consideraciones climáticas. En Panamá se han implementado iniciativas aisladas para incorporar el clima en la gestión costera entre las cuales resaltan: i) el Proyecto de protección de reservas de carbono en manglares y áreas protegidas3; ii) la iniciativa “Blue Economy (BE): Caribbean Large Marine Ecosystem Plus (CLME +)”: Promoviendo las prioridades nacionales de la economía azul a través de la planificación espacial marina en el CLME+4; iii) el Plan de acción nacional de basura marina5; iv) Diagnóstico Participativo sobre afectaciones en medios de vida de la comunidad de Garachiné asociada a la erosión costera y elaboración de Estrategia y Plan de Acción Comunitario6; v) Diagnóstico Participativo sobre afectaciones en medios de vida de la comunidad de Garachiné asociada a la erosión costera y elaboración de Estrategia y Plan de Acción Comunitario7.', 'En Panamá se han implementado iniciativas aisladas para incorporar el clima en la gestión costera entre las cuales resaltan: i) el Proyecto de protección de reservas de carbono en manglares y áreas protegidas3; ii) la iniciativa “Blue Economy (BE): Caribbean Large Marine Ecosystem Plus (CLME +)”: Promoviendo las prioridades nacionales de la economía azul a través de la planificación espacial marina en el CLME+4; iii) el Plan de acción nacional de basura marina5; iv) Diagnóstico Participativo sobre afectaciones en medios de vida de la comunidad de Garachiné asociada a la erosión costera y elaboración de Estrategia y Plan de Acción Comunitario6; v) Diagnóstico Participativo sobre afectaciones en medios de vida de la comunidad de Garachiné asociada a la erosión costera y elaboración de Estrategia y Plan de Acción Comunitario7. Si bien son iniciativas ambiciosas, hace falta un marco general de resiliencia climática costera que facilite la coherencia y complementariedad entre las iniciativas presentes y futuras.', 'Si bien son iniciativas ambiciosas, hace falta un marco general de resiliencia climática costera que facilite la coherencia y complementariedad entre las iniciativas presentes y futuras. Adicionalmente se enfrentan otras limitaciones relacionadas con bajo nivel de involucramiento de comunidades costeras, problemas de tenencia de la tierra en la franja costera, así como datos geoespaciales insuficientes y aumento sostenido de las presiones antropogénicas sobre ecosistemas marino costeros frágiles, especialmente manglares y turberas. La pérdida de cobertura de ecosistemas de humedales, principalmente manglares, aumenta los niveles de vulnerabilidad de la zona costera.', 'La pérdida de cobertura de ecosistemas de humedales, principalmente manglares, aumenta los niveles de vulnerabilidad de la zona costera. En 2018 se aprobó la Política Nacional de Humedales a través del Decreto 127 de 2018 orientada a evitar nuevas pérdidas y aplicar medidas de restauración, incluyendo entre sus lineamientos de acción fomentar la generación de oportunidades y fortalecer las capacidades de las organizaciones de base comunitaria para aprovechar las oportunidades de negocios y otras alternativas económicas que brinda el aprovechamiento sostenible de los humedales con equidad de género. El Plan Nacional de Acción para la Pesca Sostenible reconoce el rol fundamental que tienen las mujeres en sector pesca, como pescadoras, trabajadoras en las plantas de transformación, comerciantes, preparadoras de insumos para la pesca, activistas y representantes de grupos/comunidades de pescadores.', 'El Plan Nacional de Acción para la Pesca Sostenible reconoce el rol fundamental que tienen las mujeres en sector pesca, como pescadoras, trabajadoras en las plantas de transformación, comerciantes, preparadoras de insumos para la pesca, activistas y representantes de grupos/comunidades de pescadores. Además, datos nacionales muestran que los medios de vida de las mujeres que dependen de los recursos marino-costeros van a sufrir impactos desmedidos causados por la degradación de los océanos, pérdida de la biodiversidad marina y los recursos naturales.', 'Además, datos nacionales muestran que los medios de vida de las mujeres que dependen de los recursos marino-costeros van a sufrir impactos desmedidos causados por la degradación de los océanos, pérdida de la biodiversidad marina y los recursos naturales. Por estas razones, es esencial que las normativas y estrategias vinculadas a la regulación de los sistemas marino-costeros y su uso sostenible sean género responsivas, reconozcan las vulnerabilidades e impactos diferenciados por género y se orienten a mejorar la calidad de vida tanto de hombres como de mujeres que viven y dependen de estos ecosistemas marino-costeros.', 'Por estas razones, es esencial que las normativas y estrategias vinculadas a la regulación de los sistemas marino-costeros y su uso sostenible sean género responsivas, reconozcan las vulnerabilidades e impactos diferenciados por género y se orienten a mejorar la calidad de vida tanto de hombres como de mujeres que viven y dependen de estos ecosistemas marino-costeros. El compromiso sectorial consiste en el fortalecimiento del manejo a través de dos herramientas climáticas e integración del carbono azul en el inventario nacional aplicando los estándares del suplemento de 2013 de las directrices del IPCC de 2006, incluyendo: Las ballenas jorobadas migran, todos los años, desde el Polo Sur y el Polo Norte hasta las costas del Pacífico panameño.4.4.3 Aspectos operativos: Para la elaboración de la guía técnica, se contará con apoyo del proceso de planificación nacional de adaptación con recursos preparatorios del Fondo Verde para el Clima.', 'El compromiso sectorial consiste en el fortalecimiento del manejo a través de dos herramientas climáticas e integración del carbono azul en el inventario nacional aplicando los estándares del suplemento de 2013 de las directrices del IPCC de 2006, incluyendo: Las ballenas jorobadas migran, todos los años, desde el Polo Sur y el Polo Norte hasta las costas del Pacífico panameño.4.4.3 Aspectos operativos: Para la elaboración de la guía técnica, se contará con apoyo del proceso de planificación nacional de adaptación con recursos preparatorios del Fondo Verde para el Clima. Igualmente se cuenta con condiciones habilitantes dada la existencia de iniciativas en implementación, tales como proyectos en ejecución sobre economía azul, pastos marinos, monitoreo de arrecifes, plan de acción nacional de basura marina, antecedentes de medición de carbono en manglares y proyectos de restauración de humedales costeros en ejecución.', 'Igualmente se cuenta con condiciones habilitantes dada la existencia de iniciativas en implementación, tales como proyectos en ejecución sobre economía azul, pastos marinos, monitoreo de arrecifes, plan de acción nacional de basura marina, antecedentes de medición de carbono en manglares y proyectos de restauración de humedales costeros en ejecución. La guía se enfocará en la restauración de áreas claves y en corredores biológicos para fortalecer la conectividad, así como en el diseño e implementación de soluciones basadas en naturaleza (SbN). Potencial de integración adaptación-mitigación: Las intervenciones en torno a humedales, especialmente manglares, son altamente costos eficientes pues permiten generar beneficios e impactos en materia de biodiversidad, mitigación climática mediante la gestión de reservas de carbono y fortalecimiento de la resiliencia y medios de vida de comunidades urbanas y rurales.', 'Potencial de integración adaptación-mitigación: Las intervenciones en torno a humedales, especialmente manglares, son altamente costos eficientes pues permiten generar beneficios e impactos en materia de biodiversidad, mitigación climática mediante la gestión de reservas de carbono y fortalecimiento de la resiliencia y medios de vida de comunidades urbanas y rurales. Ambición: Resiliencia de comunidades, ecosistemas y sistemas productivos costeros al cambio climático incrementada; y emisiones evitadas más el potencial de absorción de sumideros de carbono azul estimado en el país para la correcta toma de decisiones que potencien la acción climática. La biodiversidad hace referencia a la variabilidad de organismos vivos de cualquier fuente, incluidos, entre otros, los ecosistemas terrestres y marinos, encontrándose dentro de cada especie, entre especies y entre ecosistemas. uía técnica de cambio climático para el sector Sistemas Marinos-Costeros desarrollada.', 'uía técnica de cambio climático para el sector Sistemas Marinos-Costeros desarrollada. Compromiso Entidad regente Tipo de compromiso Indicadores ODS Al 2025, Panamá contará con la Guía Técnica de cambio climático para el sector Sistemas marinos-costeros con componentes de adaptación y mitigación. Ministerio de Ambiente Meta No GEI. Acciones, Políticas y Regulaciones. Manual de Técnicas de Restauración para Áreas Degradadas de Manglar desarrollado. Al 2025, Panamá habrá desarrollado el Manual de Técnicas de Restauración para Áreas Degradadas de Manglar. Ministerio de Ambiente Meta No GEI. Acciones, Políticas y Regulaciones. Cambios en las reservas de carbono en los humedales costeros (manglares) estimados en los próximos INGEI aplicando el capítulo 4 del Suplemento 2013 del IPCC. A partir del 2022, los inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero integrarán el carbono azul, aplicando el capítulo 4 del suplemento 2013 del IPCC que hace énfasis en humedales costeros. Ministerio de Ambiente. Ministerio de Desarrollo Agropecuario Meta No GEI. Acciones, Políticas y Regulaciones.', 'Ministerio de Desarrollo Agropecuario Meta No GEI. Acciones, Políticas y Regulaciones. “Blue Economy (BE): Caribbean Large Marine Ecosystem Plus (CLME +): Promoviendo las prioridades nacionales de la economía azul a través de la planificación espacial marina en el CLME+”, es un proyecto de cuatro años financiado por Global Environment Facility (GEF) con participación del Banco de Desarrollo de América Latina (CAF), FAO y el Mecanismo Regional de Pesca del Caribe (CRFM). 5 Plan de acción nacional de basura marina sometido a proceso de consulta pública en Octubre de 2020 por el Ministerio del Ambiente.', '5 Plan de acción nacional de basura marina sometido a proceso de consulta pública en Octubre de 2020 por el Ministerio del Ambiente. 6 Proyecto “Diagnóstico Participativo sobre afectaciones en medios de vida de la comunidad de Garachiné asociada a la erosión costera y elaboración de Estrategia y Plan de Acción Comunitario” – Plan de Acción asociado a la Erosión Costera en el Comunidad de Garachiné, Distrito de Chepigana, Provincia de Darién. 7 Proyecto “Diagnóstico Participativo sobre afectaciones en medios de vida de la comunidad de Garachiné asociada a la erosión costera y elaboración de Estrategia y Plan de Acción Comunitario” – Plan de Acción asociado a la Erosión Costera en el Comunidad de Garachiné, Distrito de Chepigana, Provincia de Darién.', '7 Proyecto “Diagnóstico Participativo sobre afectaciones en medios de vida de la comunidad de Garachiné asociada a la erosión costera y elaboración de Estrategia y Plan de Acción Comunitario” – Plan de Acción asociado a la Erosión Costera en el Comunidad de Garachiné, Distrito de Chepigana, Provincia de Darién. Las ballenas jorobadas migran, todos los años, desde el Polo Sur y el Polo Norte hasta las costas del Pacífico panameño.4.5.1 Circunstancias nacionales La riqueza de la biodiversidad de Panamá está extensamente documentada, con cifras signifi cativas en contraste con el tamaño del territorio.', 'Las ballenas jorobadas migran, todos los años, desde el Polo Sur y el Polo Norte hasta las costas del Pacífico panameño.4.5.1 Circunstancias nacionales La riqueza de la biodiversidad de Panamá está extensamente documentada, con cifras signifi cativas en contraste con el tamaño del territorio. La Estrategia Nacional de Biodiversidad 2018-2050, destaca que, en parte, a su ubicación como un puente biogeográfi co entre la fl ora y fauna de Centro y Sur América, Panamá es el hogar de aproximadamente el 3,4 % de las especies de anfi bios del mundo, el 2,3 % de sus especies de reptiles, el 9 % de las especies de aves conocidas, y el 4.8 % de las especies de mamíferos.', 'La Estrategia Nacional de Biodiversidad 2018-2050, destaca que, en parte, a su ubicación como un puente biogeográfi co entre la fl ora y fauna de Centro y Sur América, Panamá es el hogar de aproximadamente el 3,4 % de las especies de anfi bios del mundo, el 2,3 % de sus especies de reptiles, el 9 % de las especies de aves conocidas, y el 4.8 % de las especies de mamíferos. En Panamá se han identifi cado un total de 220 especies de peces de agua dulce y 1157 especies de peces marinos. También se encuentra entre los primeros 25 países del mundo en términos de diversidad de especies de plantas con fl ores. En el territorio se conocen 10 444 especies de plantas (3,3 % de la diversidad mundial).', 'En el territorio se conocen 10 444 especies de plantas (3,3 % de la diversidad mundial). De éstas, 9 520 son vasculares, de las cuales 17 son especies gimnospermas y 938 especies de helechos y aliados; de las 924 no vasculares, 796 son especies de musgos y grupos cercanos (MiAMBIENTE, 2018a). El cambio climático es una de las cinco presiones principales que impulsan la pérdida de la biodiversidad en el mundo, junto con la pérdida de hábitats, la sobreexplotación, la contaminación y las especies exóticas invasoras. Panamá está desarrollando iniciativas para conservar ecosistemas, hábitats y paisajes naturales in situ, con un enfoque de restauración de áreas protegidas y corredores biológicos para garantizar la interconectividad.', 'Panamá está desarrollando iniciativas para conservar ecosistemas, hábitats y paisajes naturales in situ, con un enfoque de restauración de áreas protegidas y corredores biológicos para garantizar la interconectividad. En cuanto a evidencia sobre el nivel de afectación y vulnerabilidad de la biodiversidad asociada al cambio y variabilidad climática existen datos parciales. Por ejemplo, se cuenta con data histórica sobre la afectación de ecosistemas de arrecifes producto de programas de monitoreo principalmente en el Pacífi co Occidental de Panamá, pero no se cuenta con información similar para Panamá es el hogar de aproximadamente 9% de las aves conocidas. el resto del país o con relación a otros ecosistemas.', 'el resto del país o con relación a otros ecosistemas. El enfoque de adaptación basada en ecosistemas ha sido aplicado en proyectos específi cos de tipo piloto, como el proyecto de protección de reservas de carbono en manglares y áreas protegidas de Panamá. La Estrategia y Plan Nacional de Biodiversidad 2018- 2050 destaca la perspectiva diferenciada que pueden tener hombres y mujeres sobre la biodiversidad, su valor intrínseco desde la mirada de lo ambiental y su valor social, como elemento que contribuye a la vida humana. También se reconoce que las acciones de conservación, uso sostenible y restauración de diversidad pueden ser un elemento dinamizador en comunidades locales rurales del país, benefi ciando particularmente a jóvenes y mujeres.', 'También se reconoce que las acciones de conservación, uso sostenible y restauración de diversidad pueden ser un elemento dinamizador en comunidades locales rurales del país, benefi ciando particularmente a jóvenes y mujeres. El compromiso sectorial es la elaboración e implementación de una guía de cambio climático que oriente la dimensión climática en las acciones de conservación, uso y restauración de la biodiversidad, así: El cumplimiento de los compromisos internacionales en materia de biodiversidad adquiridos en el marco de la Convención sobre la Diversidad Biológica (CBD), el Plan Estratégico para la Diversidad Biológica 2011-2020 (conocido como las Metas de Aichi) y el proceso para el nuevo marco mundial de diversidad biológica hacia la Visión 2050 de “ Vivir en armonía con la naturaleza “, entre otros marcos globales, se realiza en Panamá en el contexto de un amplio marco estratégico de política para la gestión de biodiversidad dado por los siguientes instrumentos principales: • Plan Estratégico del Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas de Panamá (SINAP) – 2017 • Estrategia y Plan Nacional de Biodiversidad 2018- 2050, ofi cializada mediante Decreto Ejecutivo 128 • Estrategia Turismo-Conservación-Investigación (TCI) ofi cializada mediante el Decreto Ejecutivo 598 de 2020, alineada con el Plan Maestro de Turismo Sostenible 2020-2025 (PMTS), cuyo objetivo principal es orientar el relanzamiento del país como destino turístico tras la reapertura post pandemia4.5.3 Aspectos operativos El compromiso será apoyado por el proceso de planifi cación nacional de adaptación con recursos preparatorios del Fondo Verde para el Clima, en alineación con las estrategias de biodiversidad y sus instrumentos conexos, así como a través del Plan Nacional de Acción de Género que aspira a lograr la participación y empoderamiento de las mujeres panameñas en los objetivos de gestión y conservación de los recursos naturales.', 'El compromiso sectorial es la elaboración e implementación de una guía de cambio climático que oriente la dimensión climática en las acciones de conservación, uso y restauración de la biodiversidad, así: El cumplimiento de los compromisos internacionales en materia de biodiversidad adquiridos en el marco de la Convención sobre la Diversidad Biológica (CBD), el Plan Estratégico para la Diversidad Biológica 2011-2020 (conocido como las Metas de Aichi) y el proceso para el nuevo marco mundial de diversidad biológica hacia la Visión 2050 de “ Vivir en armonía con la naturaleza “, entre otros marcos globales, se realiza en Panamá en el contexto de un amplio marco estratégico de política para la gestión de biodiversidad dado por los siguientes instrumentos principales: • Plan Estratégico del Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas de Panamá (SINAP) – 2017 • Estrategia y Plan Nacional de Biodiversidad 2018- 2050, ofi cializada mediante Decreto Ejecutivo 128 • Estrategia Turismo-Conservación-Investigación (TCI) ofi cializada mediante el Decreto Ejecutivo 598 de 2020, alineada con el Plan Maestro de Turismo Sostenible 2020-2025 (PMTS), cuyo objetivo principal es orientar el relanzamiento del país como destino turístico tras la reapertura post pandemia4.5.3 Aspectos operativos El compromiso será apoyado por el proceso de planifi cación nacional de adaptación con recursos preparatorios del Fondo Verde para el Clima, en alineación con las estrategias de biodiversidad y sus instrumentos conexos, así como a través del Plan Nacional de Acción de Género que aspira a lograr la participación y empoderamiento de las mujeres panameñas en los objetivos de gestión y conservación de los recursos naturales. La Guía de Cambio Climático para el Sector Biodiversidad incluirá el reconocimiento de las contribuciones y saberes diferenciados por género para potenciar oportunidades y soluciones basadas en la naturaleza que involucren y valoren a los hombres y las mujeres como agentes de conservación.', 'La Guía de Cambio Climático para el Sector Biodiversidad incluirá el reconocimiento de las contribuciones y saberes diferenciados por género para potenciar oportunidades y soluciones basadas en la naturaleza que involucren y valoren a los hombres y las mujeres como agentes de conservación. Potencial de integración adaptación-mitigación derivado del compromiso: La implementación de las disposiciones establecidas en la guía sobre protección de la diversidad biológica y disminución de incendios y medidas de adaptación basada en ecosistemas, resultará en sumideros de carbono conservados y enriquecidos, así como disminución de emisiones por fuegos y potrerización. Ambición: Plan y estrategia de conservación de la biodiversidad implementadas, vulnerabilidad y fragmentación del hábitat disminuida y resiliencia aumentada ante eventos extremos de cambio climático, a la vez que se protegen los depósitos de carbono.', 'Ambición: Plan y estrategia de conservación de la biodiversidad implementadas, vulnerabilidad y fragmentación del hábitat disminuida y resiliencia aumentada ante eventos extremos de cambio climático, a la vez que se protegen los depósitos de carbono. 4.6 Agricultura, ganadería y acuicultura sostenible En el marco mundial en el que la demanda y la producción de alimentos está aumentando rápidamente, Panamá apuesta por un crecimiento de su sector agrícola y ganadero abordando el contexto de contar con recursos fi nitos, la contribución a los medios de vida y la seguridad alimentaria a largo plazo, así como las respuestas al cambio climático. Una de las ambiciones del país es la de transformar y hacer que el sector agropecuario sea más productivo y sostenible mediante el desarrollo e implementación de nuevas estrategias para la adaptación y mitigación al cambio climático.', 'Una de las ambiciones del país es la de transformar y hacer que el sector agropecuario sea más productivo y sostenible mediante el desarrollo e implementación de nuevas estrategias para la adaptación y mitigación al cambio climático. 4.6.1 Circunstancias sectoriales El sector agropecuario del país, enmarcado en una economía caracterizada por ser mayoritariamente proveedora de servicios, ha ido perdiendo importancia en las últimas décadas, decreciendo desde un 25% en relación al PIB al año 1950 a apenas un 2.1% al año 2015 y representando una contribución a la economía del país en ese año de aproximadamente USD 1,084.1 millones (Chacón et al, 2019).', '4.6.1 Circunstancias sectoriales El sector agropecuario del país, enmarcado en una economía caracterizada por ser mayoritariamente proveedora de servicios, ha ido perdiendo importancia en las últimas décadas, decreciendo desde un 25% en relación al PIB al año 1950 a apenas un 2.1% al año 2015 y representando una contribución a la economía del país en ese año de aproximadamente USD 1,084.1 millones (Chacón et al, 2019). Ha sido y es el principal sector generador de oportunidades de empleo para una importante cantidad de población asentada en las provincias del interior del país y en las comarcas indígenas que suponen aproximadamente un 33% (alrededor de 1.3 millones de personas) del total de la población nacional.', 'Ha sido y es el principal sector generador de oportunidades de empleo para una importante cantidad de población asentada en las provincias del interior del país y en las comarcas indígenas que suponen aproximadamente un 33% (alrededor de 1.3 millones de personas) del total de la población nacional. Según datos ofi ciales, se estima en un 39.8% de esta población rural se encuentra viviendo en condiciones de pobreza y que de forma general un 15.7% de la población de Panamá trabaja en el sector agropecuario, de ahí su importancia. (Chacón et al, 2019).', 'Según datos ofi ciales, se estima en un 39.8% de esta población rural se encuentra viviendo en condiciones de pobreza y que de forma general un 15.7% de la población de Panamá trabaja en el sector agropecuario, de ahí su importancia. (Chacón et al, 2019). La transición gradual de la República de Panamá hacia una agricultura y ganadería resiliente al clima, se evidencia entre otros, a través de instrumentos legales sectoriales recientes como la Ley No 20 de 2018 que adoptó medidas para apoyar a los productores agropecuarios afectados por las condiciones climatológicas adversas y el Programa de Adaptación y Mitigación al Cambio Climático ofi cializado en 2019 que identifi ca las normas generales por las cuales el Banco de Desarrollo Agropecuario otorgará créditos con condiciones concesionales (plazos de hasta 25 años y tasa de interés de 1%) para el desarrollo de proyectos para mitigar los impactos negativos del cambio climático.', 'La transición gradual de la República de Panamá hacia una agricultura y ganadería resiliente al clima, se evidencia entre otros, a través de instrumentos legales sectoriales recientes como la Ley No 20 de 2018 que adoptó medidas para apoyar a los productores agropecuarios afectados por las condiciones climatológicas adversas y el Programa de Adaptación y Mitigación al Cambio Climático ofi cializado en 2019 que identifi ca las normas generales por las cuales el Banco de Desarrollo Agropecuario otorgará créditos con condiciones concesionales (plazos de hasta 25 años y tasa de interés de 1%) para el desarrollo de proyectos para mitigar los impactos negativos del cambio climático. Producción de café arábigo. Boquete, Chiriquí.Proceso de planifi cación nacional para la preparación del compromiso.', 'Boquete, Chiriquí.Proceso de planifi cación nacional para la preparación del compromiso. En el proceso de preparación de la presente actualización de la CDN1, y dado que el Gobierno de Panamá está altamente comprometido en erradicar la pobreza y garantizar la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional de la población, así como en abordar los desafíos ambientales globales, es consciente de que el cambio climático añade un reto adicional al sistema alimentario. En este contexto, el país decide aumentar la ambición de la CDN1 presentada en 2016, vinculando activamente al Ministerio de Desarrollo Agropecuario (MIDA), como institución rectora y normalizadora del sector agropecuario panameño, a los compromisos climáticos del país.', 'En este contexto, el país decide aumentar la ambición de la CDN1 presentada en 2016, vinculando activamente al Ministerio de Desarrollo Agropecuario (MIDA), como institución rectora y normalizadora del sector agropecuario panameño, a los compromisos climáticos del país. El MIDA dirige la planifi cación de la adaptación y mitigación al cambio climático del sector, en línea con los marcos institucionales de acción climática del país buscando impulsar la modernización de un sector productivo bajo en emisiones, que mejore los sumideros de gases efecto invernadero, más biodiverso y resiliente a las nuevas condiciones climáticas y que provea amplios benefi cios socioeconómicos a través de una gestión climáticamente inteligente.', 'El MIDA dirige la planifi cación de la adaptación y mitigación al cambio climático del sector, en línea con los marcos institucionales de acción climática del país buscando impulsar la modernización de un sector productivo bajo en emisiones, que mejore los sumideros de gases efecto invernadero, más biodiverso y resiliente a las nuevas condiciones climáticas y que provea amplios benefi cios socioeconómicos a través de una gestión climáticamente inteligente. El fortalecimiento del sector ha de incidir en la generación de ingresos para una sección signifi cativa de la población panameña, y se espera que, a través del proceso de planifi cación de políticas públicas inclusivas, las mujeres rurales se vean particularmente benefi ciadas al formar parte activa desde las fases de planifi cación hasta las de ejecución.', 'El fortalecimiento del sector ha de incidir en la generación de ingresos para una sección signifi cativa de la población panameña, y se espera que, a través del proceso de planifi cación de políticas públicas inclusivas, las mujeres rurales se vean particularmente benefi ciadas al formar parte activa desde las fases de planifi cación hasta las de ejecución. El Plan Nacional de Cambio Climático para el Sector Agropecuario (PNCCSA), como herramienta de planifi cación pública esencial para el sector, debe considerar los nuevos retos climáticos a los cuales se enfrenta el país y por ello, está en proceso su actualización y operativización con el fi n de aumentar así la competitividad y mejora del medio rural de manera sostenible.', 'El Plan Nacional de Cambio Climático para el Sector Agropecuario (PNCCSA), como herramienta de planifi cación pública esencial para el sector, debe considerar los nuevos retos climáticos a los cuales se enfrenta el país y por ello, está en proceso su actualización y operativización con el fi n de aumentar así la competitividad y mejora del medio rural de manera sostenible. En este marco y con el fi n de propiciar un proceso participativo y representativo, se conforma en el 2020 el primer Comité Interinstitucional sobre Cambio Climático en el Sector Agropecuario, (CICCSA) el cual agrupa un variado número de actores claves nacionales e internacionales para que, entre otros objetivos, la modernización del PNCCSA sea inclusiva y transversal.', 'En este marco y con el fi n de propiciar un proceso participativo y representativo, se conforma en el 2020 el primer Comité Interinstitucional sobre Cambio Climático en el Sector Agropecuario, (CICCSA) el cual agrupa un variado número de actores claves nacionales e internacionales para que, entre otros objetivos, la modernización del PNCCSA sea inclusiva y transversal. Como se viene indicando, la adaptación y resiliencia del sector a las nuevas condiciones climáticas es clave y por eso el MIDA prioriza en sus acciones la puesta en marcha de un sistema de información agroclimática con el fi n de orientar, planifi car e impulsar los ajustes necesarios en el desarrollo de las actividades agropecuarias basándose en las predicciones climáticas a corto plazo.', 'Como se viene indicando, la adaptación y resiliencia del sector a las nuevas condiciones climáticas es clave y por eso el MIDA prioriza en sus acciones la puesta en marcha de un sistema de información agroclimática con el fi n de orientar, planifi car e impulsar los ajustes necesarios en el desarrollo de las actividades agropecuarias basándose en las predicciones climáticas a corto plazo. Así mismo, comprometido con reducir el aporte del GEI del sector a las emisiones nacionales, y bajo la visión al 2050 de alcanzar la carbono neutralidad, el país está altamente comprometido en mitigar sus emisiones de GEI, y el MIDA desea transformar el sector agropecuario a través del impulso de políticas públicas que permitan a los productores aumentar su producción sin aumentar la frontera agrícola, y un modelo de agricultura rentable y sostenible, con acceso a mercados nacionales e internacionales.', 'Así mismo, comprometido con reducir el aporte del GEI del sector a las emisiones nacionales, y bajo la visión al 2050 de alcanzar la carbono neutralidad, el país está altamente comprometido en mitigar sus emisiones de GEI, y el MIDA desea transformar el sector agropecuario a través del impulso de políticas públicas que permitan a los productores aumentar su producción sin aumentar la frontera agrícola, y un modelo de agricultura rentable y sostenible, con acceso a mercados nacionales e internacionales. Es por ello, que el MIDA desea liderar una ambiciosa transformación de tierras degradadas a: i) sistemas silvopastoriles, como una solución factible para la ganadería tradicional con un nuevo enfoque de sostenibilidad y como opción viable para la conservación de los recursos naturales y la adaptación al cambio climático; y ii) sistemas agroforestales, proporcionando una oportunidad única para incrementar las reservas de carbono, emplear menor cantidad de fertilizantes y generar co-benefi cios como la mejora en la estructura de los suelos redundando en mayores y mejores rendimientos productivos.', 'Es por ello, que el MIDA desea liderar una ambiciosa transformación de tierras degradadas a: i) sistemas silvopastoriles, como una solución factible para la ganadería tradicional con un nuevo enfoque de sostenibilidad y como opción viable para la conservación de los recursos naturales y la adaptación al cambio climático; y ii) sistemas agroforestales, proporcionando una oportunidad única para incrementar las reservas de carbono, emplear menor cantidad de fertilizantes y generar co-benefi cios como la mejora en la estructura de los suelos redundando en mayores y mejores rendimientos productivos. Y, por último, a través de Acciones de Mitigación Nacionalmente Apropiadas (NAMA), el país quiere sumar un esfuerzo más a la respuesta climática global desde el sector agropecuario, logrando reducir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero en varios rubros clave, como el arrocero y en ganadero.', 'Y, por último, a través de Acciones de Mitigación Nacionalmente Apropiadas (NAMA), el país quiere sumar un esfuerzo más a la respuesta climática global desde el sector agropecuario, logrando reducir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero en varios rubros clave, como el arrocero y en ganadero. La transformación del sector agropecuario paname- ño se enfocará en un nuevo modelo productivo de resiliencia al clima.4.6.3 Aspectos operativos Cabe destacar, que todo este aumento de la ambición que el país demuestra a través de los múltiples compromisos que pretende desarrollar en los próximos años, debe discurrir en paralelo a la movilización de recursos fi nancieros y técnicos que salvaguarden el éxito de cada una de las iniciativas que se planifi can poner en marcha.', 'La transformación del sector agropecuario paname- ño se enfocará en un nuevo modelo productivo de resiliencia al clima.4.6.3 Aspectos operativos Cabe destacar, que todo este aumento de la ambición que el país demuestra a través de los múltiples compromisos que pretende desarrollar en los próximos años, debe discurrir en paralelo a la movilización de recursos fi nancieros y técnicos que salvaguarden el éxito de cada una de las iniciativas que se planifi can poner en marcha. Es por ello que los compromisos demostrados en pro de mitigar y adaptar un sector estratégico tan relevante como es el agropecuario, requieren de apoyos internacionales para su puesta en marcha.', 'Es por ello que los compromisos demostrados en pro de mitigar y adaptar un sector estratégico tan relevante como es el agropecuario, requieren de apoyos internacionales para su puesta en marcha. Potencial de integración adaptación-mitigación: Emisiones de GEI reducidas en sistemas agropecuarios como resultado de la aplicación de buenas prácticas climáticas en las explotaciones agrícolas y ganaderas, con potencial de generación de empleos verdes y aumento de la resiliencia de productores agropecuarios ante eventos hidrometeorológicos. Ambición: Fortalecer y transformar el sector agropecuario para que sea más productivo y sostenible mediante el desarrollo e implementación de nuevas estrategias para la adaptación y mitigación al cambio climático.', 'Ambición: Fortalecer y transformar el sector agropecuario para que sea más productivo y sostenible mediante el desarrollo e implementación de nuevas estrategias para la adaptación y mitigación al cambio climático. 4.7 Asentamientos humanos resilientes Esta área estratégica hace referencia a acciones de políticas públicas y gestión dirigidas al desarrollo sostenible y resiliente en los ámbitos urbano y territorial, mejorando la calidad de vida de los habitantes. Incluye lo relativo a la planifi cación urbana y territorial y la vivienda, y su relación con patrones de producción, distribución y consumo de bienes y servicios como educación, salud, empleo, infraestructura, transporte, entre otros. 4.7.1 Circunstancias sectoriales En Panamá cerca del 65% de la población habita en áreas urbanas y semi-urbanas.', '4.7.1 Circunstancias sectoriales En Panamá cerca del 65% de la población habita en áreas urbanas y semi-urbanas. El desarrollo urbano ha exacerbado vulnerabilidades climáticas y sociales, incluyendo procesos de construcción y reconstrucción de infraestructura inefi cientes al no incorporar la variable climática. El crecimiento acelerado que experimentan las principales áreas urbanas del país, propició un crecimiento desordenado y la proliferación de asentamientos informales. Si bien la Ciudad de Panamá cuenta con una Estrategia de Resiliencia presentada en 2018 en el contexto del Programa 100 Ciudades Resilientes, la gestión de ciudades resilientes es incipiente y no ha permeado los procesos de urbanización y ordenamiento del territorio. En el ámbito rural la vulnerabilidad climática es superlativa asociada al riesgo de desastres con afectaciones de medios de vida ya empobrecidos y estrechamente dependientes de las condiciones meteorológicas y variabilidad climática.', 'En el ámbito rural la vulnerabilidad climática es superlativa asociada al riesgo de desastres con afectaciones de medios de vida ya empobrecidos y estrechamente dependientes de las condiciones meteorológicas y variabilidad climática. El resultado es un panorama de pérdidas y daños recurrentes ante variabilidad y cambio climático en asentamientos humanos. La inclusión de aspectos de vulnerabilidad en la normativa sectorial inicia a partir de 2011 cuando se comienzan a establecer las bases para una complementariedad de funciones entre las áreas de vivienda y ordenamiento territorial para incluir variables de riesgo, vulnerabilidad y sostenibilidad en la planifi cación, estudios, planes, programas, proyectos, toma de decisiones y/o aprobaciones.', 'La inclusión de aspectos de vulnerabilidad en la normativa sectorial inicia a partir de 2011 cuando se comienzan a establecer las bases para una complementariedad de funciones entre las áreas de vivienda y ordenamiento territorial para incluir variables de riesgo, vulnerabilidad y sostenibilidad en la planifi cación, estudios, planes, programas, proyectos, toma de decisiones y/o aprobaciones. En 2018 mediante el Decreto Ejecutivo 39 de 2018 que aprueba la revisión y actualización del Plan de Desarrollo Urbano de las Áreas Metropolitanas del Pacífi co y del Atlántico, adscrito al Ministerio de Vivienda y Ordenamiento Territorial, y su reglamento general, el cual contempla entre sus metas: • Apoyar la conservación, protección, restauración y uso sostenible de los recursos físicos (agua, suelo, aire) y biológicos (fl ora, fauna, ecosistema) de la región metropolitana; • Emigrar hacia un desarrollo sostenible, compacto de zonas o nodos concentrados, frente al desarrollo fragmentado y disperso que prevalece en las áreas metropolitanas; • Evitar a toda costa ocupaciones en áreas vulnerables propensas a riesgos inundaciones, deslizamientos y proyectándonos al cambio climático.', 'En 2018 mediante el Decreto Ejecutivo 39 de 2018 que aprueba la revisión y actualización del Plan de Desarrollo Urbano de las Áreas Metropolitanas del Pacífi co y del Atlántico, adscrito al Ministerio de Vivienda y Ordenamiento Territorial, y su reglamento general, el cual contempla entre sus metas: • Apoyar la conservación, protección, restauración y uso sostenible de los recursos físicos (agua, suelo, aire) y biológicos (fl ora, fauna, ecosistema) de la región metropolitana; • Emigrar hacia un desarrollo sostenible, compacto de zonas o nodos concentrados, frente al desarrollo fragmentado y disperso que prevalece en las áreas metropolitanas; • Evitar a toda costa ocupaciones en áreas vulnerables propensas a riesgos inundaciones, deslizamientos y proyectándonos al cambio climático. Desde el sector agropecuario, desea reducir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero en rubros como el arrocero y ganaderoEl compromiso implica la elaboración de un instrumento técnico de alcance nacional, así como el involucramiento de las autoridades locales en acciones de mitigación mediante la gestión de su huella de carbono 4.7.3 Aspectos operativos La elaboración de la guía técnica será apoyada mediante el proceso de planifi cación nacional de adaptación fi nanciado con recursos preparatorios del Fondo Verde del Clima, en alineación con herramientas como los mapas de vulnerabilidad y áreas críticas y la actualización de instrumentos de planifi cación como el Plan nacional del Gestión de Riesgo de Desastre y del Plan de Desarrollo Urbano de las Áreas Metropolitanas del Pacífi co (Panamá) y del Atlántico (Colón), que establece planes de desarrollo integral y participativo para afrontar el crecimiento urbano al año 2035.', 'Desde el sector agropecuario, desea reducir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero en rubros como el arrocero y ganaderoEl compromiso implica la elaboración de un instrumento técnico de alcance nacional, así como el involucramiento de las autoridades locales en acciones de mitigación mediante la gestión de su huella de carbono 4.7.3 Aspectos operativos La elaboración de la guía técnica será apoyada mediante el proceso de planifi cación nacional de adaptación fi nanciado con recursos preparatorios del Fondo Verde del Clima, en alineación con herramientas como los mapas de vulnerabilidad y áreas críticas y la actualización de instrumentos de planifi cación como el Plan nacional del Gestión de Riesgo de Desastre y del Plan de Desarrollo Urbano de las Áreas Metropolitanas del Pacífi co (Panamá) y del Atlántico (Colón), que establece planes de desarrollo integral y participativo para afrontar el crecimiento urbano al año 2035. Las municipalidades que participan del Pacto Global de Alcaldes por el Clima y la Energía contarán con capacidades fortalecidas para avanzar en la implementación de la guía y del Programa Reduce Tu Huella Municipal.', 'Las municipalidades que participan del Pacto Global de Alcaldes por el Clima y la Energía contarán con capacidades fortalecidas para avanzar en la implementación de la guía y del Programa Reduce Tu Huella Municipal. Potencial de integración adaptación-mitigación: Mediante la integración del cambio climático en los instrumentos de planifi cación y ordenamiento territorial se contribuye a reducir emisiones de GEI y a aumentar la resiliencia de las ciudades. Ambición: Capacidad adaptativa de las comunidades ante los efectos adversos del cambio climático aumentada, vulnerabilidad reducida y medidas para gestionar el riesgo de desastre establecidas. 4.8 Salud pública El cambio climático infl uye en los determinantes sociales y medioambientales de la salud, tales como el aire limpio, agua potable, alimentos sufi cientes y una vivienda segura.', '4.8 Salud pública El cambio climático infl uye en los determinantes sociales y medioambientales de la salud, tales como el aire limpio, agua potable, alimentos sufi cientes y una vivienda segura. Muchas de las enfermedades más mortíferas, como las diarreas, la malnutrición, la malaria y el dengue, son muy sensibles al clima, a la vez que aumentan las presiones antropogénicas en los ecosistemas que incrementan los riesgos ambientales a la salud mediante la transmisión de enfermedades. Cabe resaltar que estas enfermedades tienen un impacto directo sobre las responsabilidades y cargas de cuido, especialmente de las mujeres y las niñas, tal como se ha evidenciado con la pandemia del COVID-19.', 'Cabe resaltar que estas enfermedades tienen un impacto directo sobre las responsabilidades y cargas de cuido, especialmente de las mujeres y las niñas, tal como se ha evidenciado con la pandemia del COVID-19. Disparidades en el acceso a la estructura de buena calidad, deja a las mujeres en evidente condición de vulnerabilidad; en este sentido se debe resaltar como los servicios de infraestructura son un componente determinante de la inclusión social, reducción de la pobreza y promoción de la igualdad de género y el empoderamiento de las mujeres.', 'Disparidades en el acceso a la estructura de buena calidad, deja a las mujeres en evidente condición de vulnerabilidad; en este sentido se debe resaltar como los servicios de infraestructura son un componente determinante de la inclusión social, reducción de la pobreza y promoción de la igualdad de género y el empoderamiento de las mujeres. El diseño de una infraestructura sostenible que tome en cuenta las necesidades y preferencias diferenciadas de los hombres y mujeres conduce a un desarrollo más inclusivo, resiliente y sostenible a largo y puede representar una oportunidad laboral y de empoderamientos económico novedoso para los hombres y mujeres si se implementan acciones género responsivas. 4.8.1 Circunstancias sectoriales Las áreas del país con infraestructuras sanitarias defi cientes son las áreas donde viven las personas más pobres y más vulnerables.', '4.8.1 Circunstancias sectoriales Las áreas del país con infraestructuras sanitarias defi cientes son las áreas donde viven las personas más pobres y más vulnerables. La vulnerabilidad misma de la infraestructura de las instalaciones de salud limita su capacidad para seguir operando durante y después de situaciones de desastres y/o emergencias, lo cual aumenta la vulnerabilidad de las poblaciones, en un círculo vicioso. En Panamá se requiere contar con capacidad técnica sufi ciente para construir resiliencia en el sistema de salud y en todos los niveles; así como para la planifi cación, preparación y respuesta ante emergencias y/o desastres y la adaptación al cambio climático género responsiva.', 'En Panamá se requiere contar con capacidad técnica sufi ciente para construir resiliencia en el sistema de salud y en todos los niveles; así como para la planifi cación, preparación y respuesta ante emergencias y/o desastres y la adaptación al cambio climático género responsiva. Una línea de acción clave para avanzar en este proceso es que el sector salud esté debidamente representado en el proceso de planifi cación nacional de adaptación, con la construcción de capítulos específi cos de salud. Panamá ha mantenido un avance sistemático en materia de sustancias agotadoras de la capa de ozono (SAO) e implementación del Protocolo de Montreal.', 'Panamá ha mantenido un avance sistemático en materia de sustancias agotadoras de la capa de ozono (SAO) e implementación del Protocolo de Montreal. Desde 2004 se trabaja formalmente en el establecimiento de mecanismos para la regulación y control de las importaciones de las SAO y en 2018, con la ratifi cación de la Enmienda de Kigali, se sientan las bases para el establecimiento de un marco normativo para la importación y consumo de los hidrofl uorocarbonos (HFC). Estos gases fueron implementados para sustituir las SAO y tienen un potencial de calentamiento global que puede ser hasta 1000 veces mayor al dióxido de carbono, aunque no amenazan la capa de ozono; por lo que al sustituirlos se ayudará a cumplir los objetivos del Acuerdo de París.', 'Estos gases fueron implementados para sustituir las SAO y tienen un potencial de calentamiento global que puede ser hasta 1000 veces mayor al dióxido de carbono, aunque no amenazan la capa de ozono; por lo que al sustituirlos se ayudará a cumplir los objetivos del Acuerdo de París. En materia de marcos estratégicos sectoriales se destaca que la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático 2050 incorpora acciones de sanidad básica en materia de acceso al agua potable, a la vez que prioriza el Proyecto de Saneamiento de la Ciudad - Bahía de Panamá.', 'En materia de marcos estratégicos sectoriales se destaca que la Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático 2050 incorpora acciones de sanidad básica en materia de acceso al agua potable, a la vez que prioriza el Proyecto de Saneamiento de la Ciudad - Bahía de Panamá. La Política Nacional de Salud y Lineamientos Estratégicos 2016-2025 se orienta en principios y valores mediante los cuales busca alcanzar un mejor nivel de bienestar y calidad de vida de la población a lo largo del curso de vida, integrando a los individuos, a la familia, al ambiente y a la comunidad.', 'La Política Nacional de Salud y Lineamientos Estratégicos 2016-2025 se orienta en principios y valores mediante los cuales busca alcanzar un mejor nivel de bienestar y calidad de vida de la población a lo largo del curso de vida, integrando a los individuos, a la familia, al ambiente y a la comunidad. La política cuenta con lineamientos estratégicos que incluyen entre sus ejes de acción que las intervenciones en salud deben ser encaminadas a mejorar el acceso universal a la salud y la cobertura universal de salud con la fi nalidad de disminuir las brechas y las desigualdades, considerando las necesidades, prioridades y atendiendo en forma transversal el tema de la interculturalidad y las particularidades de género.', 'La política cuenta con lineamientos estratégicos que incluyen entre sus ejes de acción que las intervenciones en salud deben ser encaminadas a mejorar el acceso universal a la salud y la cobertura universal de salud con la fi nalidad de disminuir las brechas y las desigualdades, considerando las necesidades, prioridades y atendiendo en forma transversal el tema de la interculturalidad y las particularidades de género. Vista del valle central de Boquete, provincia de Chiriquí.El compromiso principal en materia de salud y cambio climático es ampliar los instrumentos de planifi cación para reducir la vulnerabilidad de la población a través del desarrollo del Plan de Cambio Climático para el Sector Salud, enfocándose en el fortalecimiento de los sistemas de vigilancia epidemióloga con riesgos ambientales y riesgos climáticos.', 'Vista del valle central de Boquete, provincia de Chiriquí.El compromiso principal en materia de salud y cambio climático es ampliar los instrumentos de planifi cación para reducir la vulnerabilidad de la población a través del desarrollo del Plan de Cambio Climático para el Sector Salud, enfocándose en el fortalecimiento de los sistemas de vigilancia epidemióloga con riesgos ambientales y riesgos climáticos. Compromiso Entidad regente Tipo de compromiso Indicadores ODS Plan de Cambio Climático para el Sector Salud desarrollado. Al 2025, Panamá habrá desarrollado un “Plan de Cambio Climático para el Sector Salud que incluya componentes de adaptación y mitigación”. Ministerio de Ambiente Meta No GEI. Acciones, Políticas y Regulaciones. El cambio climático se considera como el mayor desafío para la salud del siglo XXIPanamá espera lograr el incremento de la resiliencia en las infraestructuras.', 'El cambio climático se considera como el mayor desafío para la salud del siglo XXIPanamá espera lograr el incremento de la resiliencia en las infraestructuras. 4.8.3 Aspectos operativos El compromiso será apoyado por el proceso de planifi cación nacional de adaptación fi nanciado con recursos preparatorios del Fondo Verde del Clima, en alineación con la implementación de la Política Nacional de Salud y Lineamientos Estratégicos 2016-2025 que integra el cambio climático. En este sentido, son especialmente relevantes el aprovechamiento de las experiencias derivadas de la realización de informes bioclimáticos del pronóstico del índice de infestación de Aedes aegypti para los distritos de Panamá y San Miguelito y de los avances en materia de hospitales seguros y riesgo urbano adelantadas por el Ministerio de Salud con apoyo de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS).', 'En este sentido, son especialmente relevantes el aprovechamiento de las experiencias derivadas de la realización de informes bioclimáticos del pronóstico del índice de infestación de Aedes aegypti para los distritos de Panamá y San Miguelito y de los avances en materia de hospitales seguros y riesgo urbano adelantadas por el Ministerio de Salud con apoyo de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS). Potencial de integración adaptación-mitigación sectorial en el mediano plazo: Mediante la integración del cambio climático en el desarrollo de políticas y planes de salud, se podrá incidir en la resiliencia y reducción de emisiones del sector a través de la construcción de instalaciones de salud seguras ante el riesgo de desastres y la reducción de huella de carbono e hídrica en la infraestructura de salud a través del programa Reduce Tu Huella Corporativo (aplicado a organizaciones del sector público, privado y de la sociedad civil), a la vez que se reduce la vulnerabilidad de la población ante enfermedades asociadas al clima.', 'Potencial de integración adaptación-mitigación sectorial en el mediano plazo: Mediante la integración del cambio climático en el desarrollo de políticas y planes de salud, se podrá incidir en la resiliencia y reducción de emisiones del sector a través de la construcción de instalaciones de salud seguras ante el riesgo de desastres y la reducción de huella de carbono e hídrica en la infraestructura de salud a través del programa Reduce Tu Huella Corporativo (aplicado a organizaciones del sector público, privado y de la sociedad civil), a la vez que se reduce la vulnerabilidad de la población ante enfermedades asociadas al clima. Ambición: Resiliencia de la salud humana incrementada mediante sistemas de vigilancia sanitaria fortalecidos y garantizada la atención en los servicios de salud a las poblaciones vulnerables.', 'Ambición: Resiliencia de la salud humana incrementada mediante sistemas de vigilancia sanitaria fortalecidos y garantizada la atención en los servicios de salud a las poblaciones vulnerables. 4.9 Infraestructura sostenible Esta área estratégica hace referencia a la necesidad de diseñar infraestructura que se ajuste a los contextos locales, proporcione servicios efi cientes, y sea duradera, abordando los riesgos ambientales y la sostenibilidad, al asegurar los recursos fi nancieros para construir y mantener la infraestructura durante su vida útil, considerar las preferencias y necesidades de la población, y entender la dinámica política e institucional para garantizar que los proyectos sobrevivan a los ciclos políticos (BID, Ciudades Sostenibles). 4.9.1 Circunstancias sectoriales En los últimos años, la actividad de la construcción en Panamá se ha orientado principalmente a viviendas residenciales, ofi cinas, locales comerciales e infraestructura turística.', '4.9.1 Circunstancias sectoriales En los últimos años, la actividad de la construcción en Panamá se ha orientado principalmente a viviendas residenciales, ofi cinas, locales comerciales e infraestructura turística. La importancia que tiene este sector en la dinámica económica radica en el efecto multiplicador que ejerce sobre la demanda de bienes y servicios de otros sectores de la economía y en su gran capacidad de emplear de mano de obra no califi cada. No obstante, el modelo constructivo del país se ha basado en una visión tradicional de ingeniería gris que ha resultado en un acelerado proceso de urbanización no planifi cado ambiental ni climáticamente, con importantes asimetrías territoriales. Además, los estándares constructivos aplicados evidencian conocimiento limitado del riesgo y vulnerabilidad al cambio climático por las entidades regentes en materia de desarrollo de infraestructura pública y desarrolladores privados.', 'Además, los estándares constructivos aplicados evidencian conocimiento limitado del riesgo y vulnerabilidad al cambio climático por las entidades regentes en materia de desarrollo de infraestructura pública y desarrolladores privados. Se cuenta con herramientas para promover la sostenibilidad de las infraestructuras a nivel urbano y existen iniciativas de aplicación de estándares voluntarios de eco-efi ciencia que apuntan principalmente a la efi ciencia energética. Estas iniciativas aún deben ser escaladas para una mayor aplicación y alcance a nivel nacional. La visibilización del nexo entre la infraestructura natural y construida es un aspecto clave para avanzar hacia un modelo de infraestructura sostenible.', 'La visibilización del nexo entre la infraestructura natural y construida es un aspecto clave para avanzar hacia un modelo de infraestructura sostenible. La pérdida de servicios eco sistémicos de protección por afectación de ecosistemas de humedales costeros aumenta la vulnerabilidad de la zona costera, a la vez que el aumento del riesgo de desastre por conversión de uso de suelo y malas prácticas constructivas, afecta tanto a la zona urbana como rural del país.', 'La pérdida de servicios eco sistémicos de protección por afectación de ecosistemas de humedales costeros aumenta la vulnerabilidad de la zona costera, a la vez que el aumento del riesgo de desastre por conversión de uso de suelo y malas prácticas constructivas, afecta tanto a la zona urbana como rural del país. La dinámica cíclica de pérdida de infraestructura pública vial, así como de viviendas y medios de vida por inundaciones y eventos climáticos extremos es una evidencia de la necesidad de transformación de los modelos y prácticas constructivas para incorporar las variables de riesgo de desastre y climático.4.9.3 Aspectos operativos El Plan de cambio climático para el sector de infraestructura se orientará al desarrollo de infraestructuras resilientes ante impactos de cambio climático considerando tecnologías como riego por goteo, hidráulica para control de crecidas, edifi caciones sostenibles, entre otras.', 'La dinámica cíclica de pérdida de infraestructura pública vial, así como de viviendas y medios de vida por inundaciones y eventos climáticos extremos es una evidencia de la necesidad de transformación de los modelos y prácticas constructivas para incorporar las variables de riesgo de desastre y climático.4.9.3 Aspectos operativos El Plan de cambio climático para el sector de infraestructura se orientará al desarrollo de infraestructuras resilientes ante impactos de cambio climático considerando tecnologías como riego por goteo, hidráulica para control de crecidas, edifi caciones sostenibles, entre otras. A través del enfoque de incremento de la resiliencia de las infraestructuras, el Plan incluirá el desarrollo de un índice de vulnerabilidad, estudios socioeconómicos, escenarios de cambio climático y evaluación de riesgos climáticos.', 'A través del enfoque de incremento de la resiliencia de las infraestructuras, el Plan incluirá el desarrollo de un índice de vulnerabilidad, estudios socioeconómicos, escenarios de cambio climático y evaluación de riesgos climáticos. Sobre esta línea base se podrá realizar la planifi cación adecuada de las medidas de adaptación a implementar en el sector. El compromiso será apoyado por el proceso de planifi cación nacional de adaptación fi nanciado con recursos preparatorios del Fondo Verde para el Clima, así como a través de un programa de capacitación conjunto MiAMBIENTE-MEF para los servidores públicos en materia de incorporación de cambio climático para la estructuración de proyectos.', 'El compromiso será apoyado por el proceso de planifi cación nacional de adaptación fi nanciado con recursos preparatorios del Fondo Verde para el Clima, así como a través de un programa de capacitación conjunto MiAMBIENTE-MEF para los servidores públicos en materia de incorporación de cambio climático para la estructuración de proyectos. Igualmente el compromiso se ve facilitado por la implementación de la Agenda de Transición Energética y del marco legal vigente relativo a las edifi caciones sostenibles que incluye: i) el reglamento de edifi cación sostenible para la República de Panamá aprobado mediante la Resolución n° JTIA 035 del 26.06.19 de la Junta Técnica de Ingeniería y Arquitectura; ii) la Guía de construcción sostenible para el ahorro de energía en edifi caciones y medidas para el uso racional y efi ciente de energía para la construcción de nuevas edifi caciones, adoptada mediante Resolución 3142 de 2016 de la Secretaría Nacional de Energía y adoptada como obligatoria en el Código de Construcción para Aplicación en la Nueva Vivienda por la Sociedad Panameña de Ingenieros y Arquitectos (SPIA) en Septiembre de 2019, la cual contiene un paquete de efi ciencias obligatorias de aplicación inmediata.', 'Igualmente el compromiso se ve facilitado por la implementación de la Agenda de Transición Energética y del marco legal vigente relativo a las edifi caciones sostenibles que incluye: i) el reglamento de edifi cación sostenible para la República de Panamá aprobado mediante la Resolución n° JTIA 035 del 26.06.19 de la Junta Técnica de Ingeniería y Arquitectura; ii) la Guía de construcción sostenible para el ahorro de energía en edifi caciones y medidas para el uso racional y efi ciente de energía para la construcción de nuevas edifi caciones, adoptada mediante Resolución 3142 de 2016 de la Secretaría Nacional de Energía y adoptada como obligatoria en el Código de Construcción para Aplicación en la Nueva Vivienda por la Sociedad Panameña de Ingenieros y Arquitectos (SPIA) en Septiembre de 2019, la cual contiene un paquete de efi ciencias obligatorias de aplicación inmediata. La directriz técnica sobre el cambio climático para la inversión pública en proyectos de infraestructura, para evaluar los riesgos actuales y futuros relacionados con el cambio climático e incorporar medidas de adaptación a lo largo de los ciclos del proyecto elaborada por el MiAMBIENTE en mayo de 2020 y el inicio del proceso de revisión de los instrumentos de gestión ambiental incluyendo el marco legal del proceso de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental iniciado en Diciembre 2020 son también medios de implementación que facilitarán el cumplimiento del compromiso.', 'La directriz técnica sobre el cambio climático para la inversión pública en proyectos de infraestructura, para evaluar los riesgos actuales y futuros relacionados con el cambio climático e incorporar medidas de adaptación a lo largo de los ciclos del proyecto elaborada por el MiAMBIENTE en mayo de 2020 y el inicio del proceso de revisión de los instrumentos de gestión ambiental incluyendo el marco legal del proceso de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental iniciado en Diciembre 2020 son también medios de implementación que facilitarán el cumplimiento del compromiso. Plan de Cambio Climático para el Sector Infraestructura desarrollado. Compromiso Entidad regente Tipo de compromiso Indicadores ODS Al 2025, Panamá habrá desarrollado un “Plan de Cambio Climático para el Sector Infraestructura" que incluya componentes de adaptación y mitigación. Ministerio de Ambiente Meta No GEI. Acciones, Políticas y Regulaciones.', 'Ministerio de Ambiente Meta No GEI. Acciones, Políticas y Regulaciones. Normativa actualizada con gestión de riesgo climático, medidas de adaptación y reducción de huella de carbono de proyectos, integrados. Al 2022 se tendrá actualizada la normativa de Evaluación de los Estudios de Impacto Ambiental (EIA) que incorporará gestión de riesgo climático, medidas de adaptación y reducción de huella de carbono de los proyectos. MiAMBIENTE Acciones, Políticas y Regulaciones. Proyectos de inversión pública con aspectos de cambio climático integrados. Al 2025, Panamá integrará la dimensión de Cambio Climático en los proyectos de inversión pública a través de la implementación de la "Guía Técnica de Cambio Climático para Proyectos de Infraestructura de Inversión Pública". Ministerio de Obras Públicas (MOP) Meta No GEI. Acciones, Políticas y Regulaciones.', 'Ministerio de Obras Públicas (MOP) Meta No GEI. Acciones, Políticas y Regulaciones. Panamá Construcción, área de Punta Pacífi ca, Ciudad de Panamá.Panamá necesita mejorar el manejo de sus sistema de desechos Potencial de integración adaptación-mitigación: La aplicación generalizada de estándares de sostenibilidad en la construcción que se derivará de la implementación de ambos instrumentos, tendrá un impacto en la reducción de la huella de carbono por aumento de la efi ciencia energética, a la vez que la infraestructura será más resiliente ante impactos de cambio climático. Ambición: Infraestructura resiliente al cambio climático diseñada y construida con criterios sostenibles, en el ámbito urbano y rural. 4.10 Economía Circular La economía circular propone un nuevo modelo económico social mediante el cual se utiliza y optimiza los recursos, fl ujos de materiales, energía y residuos.', '4.10 Economía Circular La economía circular propone un nuevo modelo económico social mediante el cual se utiliza y optimiza los recursos, fl ujos de materiales, energía y residuos. El tránsito hacia una economía circular implica accionar transversalmente en todos los niveles y sectores de la economía nacional, incidiendo en los estilos de vida y patrones de consumo individual, hasta la trasformación de los procesos industriales y la incorporación de la sostenibilidad en las agendas de desarrollo local, a nivel de municipios y demás instancias de desarrollo local.', 'El tránsito hacia una economía circular implica accionar transversalmente en todos los niveles y sectores de la economía nacional, incidiendo en los estilos de vida y patrones de consumo individual, hasta la trasformación de los procesos industriales y la incorporación de la sostenibilidad en las agendas de desarrollo local, a nivel de municipios y demás instancias de desarrollo local. 4.10.1 Circunstancias sectoriales En términos generales en Panamá se sigue trabajando sobre la base de una economía lineal que, si bien genera ganancias y empleos al país en su posición de centro logístico y multimodal de transporte, demanda cada vez más recursos (agua, energía y alimentos), a la vez que genera más desechos orgánicos e inorgánicos y menos capacidad a los ecosistemas de regenerarse en el tiempo.', '4.10.1 Circunstancias sectoriales En términos generales en Panamá se sigue trabajando sobre la base de una economía lineal que, si bien genera ganancias y empleos al país en su posición de centro logístico y multimodal de transporte, demanda cada vez más recursos (agua, energía y alimentos), a la vez que genera más desechos orgánicos e inorgánicos y menos capacidad a los ecosistemas de regenerarse en el tiempo. El manejo de desechos en el país aún es incipiente, adoleciendo de recursos tanto de conocimiento como de inversión para dinamizar la transformación sectorial requerida.', 'El manejo de desechos en el país aún es incipiente, adoleciendo de recursos tanto de conocimiento como de inversión para dinamizar la transformación sectorial requerida. La experiencia acumulada tanto en el sector público como privado de implementación de iniciativas de producción más limpia desde 2007, ha sido clave para avanzar en el desarrollo reciente de un marco legal habilitante para dinamizar la agenda de transformación hacia una Economía Circular que incluye las siguientes normas: • Ley 33 de 2018 establece la política de basura cero y su marco de acción para la gestión integral de los residuos y mandata a las entidades sectoriales a promover la importación, fabricación y comercialización de productos que favorezcan la gestión integral de residuos, así como regular la importación de materiales o productos cuya valorización o gestión integral sea limitada o inexistentes en el país; • Ley 1 de 19 de 2018 que prohíbe el uso de bolsas de un solo uso de polietileno en establecimientos de expendio, ampliando la restricción para almacenes y mayoristas; • Ley del 6 de febrero de 2018 que establece la gestión integrada de los residuos sólidos en las instituciones públicas.', 'La experiencia acumulada tanto en el sector público como privado de implementación de iniciativas de producción más limpia desde 2007, ha sido clave para avanzar en el desarrollo reciente de un marco legal habilitante para dinamizar la agenda de transformación hacia una Economía Circular que incluye las siguientes normas: • Ley 33 de 2018 establece la política de basura cero y su marco de acción para la gestión integral de los residuos y mandata a las entidades sectoriales a promover la importación, fabricación y comercialización de productos que favorezcan la gestión integral de residuos, así como regular la importación de materiales o productos cuya valorización o gestión integral sea limitada o inexistentes en el país; • Ley 1 de 19 de 2018 que prohíbe el uso de bolsas de un solo uso de polietileno en establecimientos de expendio, ampliando la restricción para almacenes y mayoristas; • Ley del 6 de febrero de 2018 que establece la gestión integrada de los residuos sólidos en las instituciones públicas. • Acuerdo Municipal 124 de 2015 del Consejo Municipal de Panamá mediante el cual se adopta la Política Municipal de Gestión Integral de Residuos Sólidos y Programa Basura Cero 2015- 2035 de la Ciudad de Panamá.', '• Acuerdo Municipal 124 de 2015 del Consejo Municipal de Panamá mediante el cual se adopta la Política Municipal de Gestión Integral de Residuos Sólidos y Programa Basura Cero 2015- 2035 de la Ciudad de Panamá. En octubre de 2019 se fi rmó un Acuerdo entre el MiAMBIENTE, el Sindicato de Industriales de Panamá (SIP) y el Consejo Nacional de la Empresa Privada (CONEP) para la creación del Centro de Economía Circular de Panamá. Las acciones de gestión de residuos también tienen repercusiones en la igualdad de género, considerando que en el sector se han documentado iniciativas de grupos de mujeres enfocadas en la reutilización y reciclaje de materiales para la elaboración y venta de diversos productos.', 'Las acciones de gestión de residuos también tienen repercusiones en la igualdad de género, considerando que en el sector se han documentado iniciativas de grupos de mujeres enfocadas en la reutilización y reciclaje de materiales para la elaboración y venta de diversos productos. Mejorar la situación del sector presenta la oportunidad de mejorar la situación de las mujeres muchas de las cuales están involucradas en la gestión de residuos de manera informal. Acciones para propiciar una economía circular a través de la gestión integral de los residuos y desechos sólidos de forma sostenible tiene el potencial de promover fuentes de empleo decente que promuevan la igualdad de género y empoderamiento económico de las mujeres.En este compromiso de carácter transversal a toda la economía resalta el rol clave del involucramiento del sector privado.', 'Acciones para propiciar una economía circular a través de la gestión integral de los residuos y desechos sólidos de forma sostenible tiene el potencial de promover fuentes de empleo decente que promuevan la igualdad de género y empoderamiento económico de las mujeres.En este compromiso de carácter transversal a toda la economía resalta el rol clave del involucramiento del sector privado. MiBus, la empresa encargada de la operación del servicio de público masivo en la ciudad de Panamá, espera contar con 15% y 30% de buses eléctricos en 2030.El Canal de Panamá es reconocido por sus esfuerzos de adecuar sus procesos hacia un transporte marítimo sostenible para un planeta sostenible.', 'MiBus, la empresa encargada de la operación del servicio de público masivo en la ciudad de Panamá, espera contar con 15% y 30% de buses eléctricos en 2030.El Canal de Panamá es reconocido por sus esfuerzos de adecuar sus procesos hacia un transporte marítimo sostenible para un planeta sostenible. 4.10.3 Aspectos operativos Un hito clave que habilita esta contribución en materia de Economía Circular es la ofi cialización del Decreto Ejecutivo 100 de 20 de octubre de 2020 que establece el Programa Nacional de gestión de Emisiones GEI, operativizado a través de los Programas Reduce Tu Huella Corporativo y Reduce Tu Huella Municipal, así como el proceso de actualización del marco legal sobre la certifi cación de productos y servicios ambientalmente limpios establecido en el Decreto Ejecutivo 100 de 2008, incluido en el proyecto de modernización de los instrumentos de gestión ambiental basada en el marco conceptual de cambio climático y análisis de variabilidad climática en ejecución desde Noviembre 2020 con recursos de cooperación de la CAF.', '4.10.3 Aspectos operativos Un hito clave que habilita esta contribución en materia de Economía Circular es la ofi cialización del Decreto Ejecutivo 100 de 20 de octubre de 2020 que establece el Programa Nacional de gestión de Emisiones GEI, operativizado a través de los Programas Reduce Tu Huella Corporativo y Reduce Tu Huella Municipal, así como el proceso de actualización del marco legal sobre la certifi cación de productos y servicios ambientalmente limpios establecido en el Decreto Ejecutivo 100 de 2008, incluido en el proyecto de modernización de los instrumentos de gestión ambiental basada en el marco conceptual de cambio climático y análisis de variabilidad climática en ejecución desde Noviembre 2020 con recursos de cooperación de la CAF. Potencial de integración adaptación-mitigación: La implementación de prácticas de economía circular promoverá la efi ciencia en el uso de los recursos reduciendo la huella de carbono, la huella hídrica y favoreciendo estilos de vida más saludables.', 'Potencial de integración adaptación-mitigación: La implementación de prácticas de economía circular promoverá la efi ciencia en el uso de los recursos reduciendo la huella de carbono, la huella hídrica y favoreciendo estilos de vida más saludables. Ambición: Transición de la sociedad panameña en el sector público y privado alineada a un modelo de economía circular.Fortalecimiento de capacidades institucionales MiAMBIENTE COMPROMISOS SOBRE FORTALECIMIENTO DE CAPACIDADES PARA LA ACCIÓN Y LA TRANSPARENCIA CLIMÁTICA VPanamá fortalecerá sus capacidades para determinar los daños y pérdidas con manejo de información climática.', 'Ambición: Transición de la sociedad panameña en el sector público y privado alineada a un modelo de economía circular.Fortalecimiento de capacidades institucionales MiAMBIENTE COMPROMISOS SOBRE FORTALECIMIENTO DE CAPACIDADES PARA LA ACCIÓN Y LA TRANSPARENCIA CLIMÁTICA VPanamá fortalecerá sus capacidades para determinar los daños y pérdidas con manejo de información climática. COMPROMISOS SOBRE FORTALECIMIENTO DE CAPACIDADES PARA LA ACCIÓN Y LA TRANSPARENCIA CLIMÁTICA Dado que la agenda climática es una agenda transversal de desarrollo, además de los compromisos sectoriales, Panamá identificó dos áreas prioritarias para la promoción y la consolidación de la acción climática a nivel nacional y subnacional relacionadas con el manejo de información de relevancia climática, a saber: • La agenda de pérdidas y daños directamente asociada a la vulnerabilidad climática • Las herramientas de monitoreo y evaluación de las políticas climáticas, que no implican únicamente indicadores ambientales, sino la necesidad de identificar indicadores económicos y sociales relevantes 5.1 Monitoreo y Evaluación (ME) de las Pérdidas y Daños En noviembre del 2013, en la COP 19 se estableció el Mecanismo Internacional de Varsovia para las pérdidas y los daños, con el fin de hacer frente a las pérdidas y los daños relacionados con las repercusiones del cambio climático, incluidos los fenómenos extremos y los fenómenos graduales, en los países en desarrollo que son particularmente vulnerables a los efectos adversos del cambio climático.', 'COMPROMISOS SOBRE FORTALECIMIENTO DE CAPACIDADES PARA LA ACCIÓN Y LA TRANSPARENCIA CLIMÁTICA Dado que la agenda climática es una agenda transversal de desarrollo, además de los compromisos sectoriales, Panamá identificó dos áreas prioritarias para la promoción y la consolidación de la acción climática a nivel nacional y subnacional relacionadas con el manejo de información de relevancia climática, a saber: • La agenda de pérdidas y daños directamente asociada a la vulnerabilidad climática • Las herramientas de monitoreo y evaluación de las políticas climáticas, que no implican únicamente indicadores ambientales, sino la necesidad de identificar indicadores económicos y sociales relevantes 5.1 Monitoreo y Evaluación (ME) de las Pérdidas y Daños En noviembre del 2013, en la COP 19 se estableció el Mecanismo Internacional de Varsovia para las pérdidas y los daños, con el fin de hacer frente a las pérdidas y los daños relacionados con las repercusiones del cambio climático, incluidos los fenómenos extremos y los fenómenos graduales, en los países en desarrollo que son particularmente vulnerables a los efectos adversos del cambio climático. En este tema un aspecto clave es analizar la disponibilidad de financiación pública e internacional para pérdidas y daños de los países en desarrollo para hacer frente a los impactos climáticos.', 'En este tema un aspecto clave es analizar la disponibilidad de financiación pública e internacional para pérdidas y daños de los países en desarrollo para hacer frente a los impactos climáticos. 5.1.1 Circunstancias nacionales Por su ubicación en el Istmo Centroamericano, Panamá tiene una alta exposición a la ocurrencia de desastres relacionados con el clima.', '5.1.1 Circunstancias nacionales Por su ubicación en el Istmo Centroamericano, Panamá tiene una alta exposición a la ocurrencia de desastres relacionados con el clima. Con respecto a la variabilidad climática, durante el periodo 1990 a 2013, en la República de Panamá se registró un total de 2.717 eventos de origen natural; de éstos, el 57% corresponde a inundaciones, el 17% a vendavales o vientos fuertes, el 15% a deslizamientos, mientras que el restante 11% se distribuye en otros eventos, siendo las inundaciones las que han causado el mayor número de personas afectadas y defunciones en el periodo de estudio (MIAMBIENTE, 2018).Para avanzar en la determinación de los daños y pérdidas, Panamá se compromete a fortalecer sus capacidades para la determinación de los daños y las pérdidas así: 5.1.3 Aspectos operativos Panamá cuenta recientemente con la plataforma Sistema para la Recopilación y Evaluación de Daños (SIRED), con el objetivo de recopilar datos acerca de desastres naturales que entran en la categoría de eventos extremos climáticos como deslizamientos e inundaciones.', 'Con respecto a la variabilidad climática, durante el periodo 1990 a 2013, en la República de Panamá se registró un total de 2.717 eventos de origen natural; de éstos, el 57% corresponde a inundaciones, el 17% a vendavales o vientos fuertes, el 15% a deslizamientos, mientras que el restante 11% se distribuye en otros eventos, siendo las inundaciones las que han causado el mayor número de personas afectadas y defunciones en el periodo de estudio (MIAMBIENTE, 2018).Para avanzar en la determinación de los daños y pérdidas, Panamá se compromete a fortalecer sus capacidades para la determinación de los daños y las pérdidas así: 5.1.3 Aspectos operativos Panamá cuenta recientemente con la plataforma Sistema para la Recopilación y Evaluación de Daños (SIRED), con el objetivo de recopilar datos acerca de desastres naturales que entran en la categoría de eventos extremos climáticos como deslizamientos e inundaciones. En base a esto, se busca expandir la plataforma SIRED, para incluir aquellos eventos de proceso lento como lo son la desertifi cación y degradación de tierras y bosques, la pérdida de biodiversidad, la salinización, el aumento del nivel del mar, la acidifi cación oceánica.', 'En base a esto, se busca expandir la plataforma SIRED, para incluir aquellos eventos de proceso lento como lo son la desertifi cación y degradación de tierras y bosques, la pérdida de biodiversidad, la salinización, el aumento del nivel del mar, la acidifi cación oceánica. 5.2 Medición, reporte y verifi cación (MRV) para la gestión de los riesgos climáticos y el desarrollo bajo en emisiones La agenda climática es una agenda transversal de desarrollo. En ese sentido, el monitoreo y evaluación de políticas climáticas no implica únicamente indicadores ambientales, sino que es necesario identifi car indicadores económicos y sociales que sean relevantes.', 'En ese sentido, el monitoreo y evaluación de políticas climáticas no implica únicamente indicadores ambientales, sino que es necesario identifi car indicadores económicos y sociales que sean relevantes. Mientras que la medición de los avances en mitigación se encuentra en general más desarrollada, la medición de la adaptación se trata de un tema complejo y menos desarrollado desde el punto de vista teórico y práctico. Aun así, ambos temas requieren atención en el diseño de los sistemas monitoreo y evaluación, siendo un reto adicional, pero necesario, el llevar adelante evaluación conjunta de mitigación y adaptación (Memorias, 2018).', 'Aun así, ambos temas requieren atención en el diseño de los sistemas monitoreo y evaluación, siendo un reto adicional, pero necesario, el llevar adelante evaluación conjunta de mitigación y adaptación (Memorias, 2018). 5.2.1 Circunstancias nacionales El reto inicial corresponde a la identifi cación y estructuración inicial del sistema de monitoreo, reporte y verifi cación de adaptación y mitigación, buscando la articulación y sinergias entre el plan de desarrollo del país, los planes sectoriales, los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible y los compromisos establecidos en la presente CDN1 Actualizada.', '5.2.1 Circunstancias nacionales El reto inicial corresponde a la identifi cación y estructuración inicial del sistema de monitoreo, reporte y verifi cación de adaptación y mitigación, buscando la articulación y sinergias entre el plan de desarrollo del país, los planes sectoriales, los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible y los compromisos establecidos en la presente CDN1 Actualizada. En seguimiento a lo establecido en el Marco de Reforzado Transparencia, y en el contexto de la implementación de la Plataforma Nacional para la Transparencia Climática (PNTC), el sistema de MRV de Panamá generará información sobre el avance en la implementación de la CDN, así como información sobre el apoyo en forma de fi nanciación, transferencia de tecnología y fomento de la capacidad requerido y recibido, atendiendo a los siguientes lineamientos: • Informe de inventario nacional (obligatoria) • Información para seguimiento del progreso en la implementación de la CDN (obligatoria) • Información sobre los impactos del cambio climático y la adaptación (deseable) • Información sobre el apoyo proporcionado (recomendada) • Información sobre el apoyo necesario y recibir (voluntaria) Hato ganadero, provincia de Coclé, Panamá El monitoreo y evaluación de políticas climáticas identifi cará indicadores econó- micos y sociales que sean relevantes en las acciones a tomar.', 'En seguimiento a lo establecido en el Marco de Reforzado Transparencia, y en el contexto de la implementación de la Plataforma Nacional para la Transparencia Climática (PNTC), el sistema de MRV de Panamá generará información sobre el avance en la implementación de la CDN, así como información sobre el apoyo en forma de fi nanciación, transferencia de tecnología y fomento de la capacidad requerido y recibido, atendiendo a los siguientes lineamientos: • Informe de inventario nacional (obligatoria) • Información para seguimiento del progreso en la implementación de la CDN (obligatoria) • Información sobre los impactos del cambio climático y la adaptación (deseable) • Información sobre el apoyo proporcionado (recomendada) • Información sobre el apoyo necesario y recibir (voluntaria) Hato ganadero, provincia de Coclé, Panamá El monitoreo y evaluación de políticas climáticas identifi cará indicadores econó- micos y sociales que sean relevantes en las acciones a tomar. Para atender este reto, Panamá ha asumido el siguiente compromiso de fortalecimiento de capacidad: 5.2.3 Aspectos operativos El cumplimiento de este compromiso es apoyado por la iniciativa de fortalecimiento de capacidad para la transparencia (CBIT por sus siglas en inglés) en implementación desde 2019 con recursos del Fondo Ambiental para el Medio Ambiente (GEF) con el Programa de Ambiente de Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente (ONU Ambiente) como Agencia Implementadora y Wetlands International como Entidad Ejecutora.', 'Para atender este reto, Panamá ha asumido el siguiente compromiso de fortalecimiento de capacidad: 5.2.3 Aspectos operativos El cumplimiento de este compromiso es apoyado por la iniciativa de fortalecimiento de capacidad para la transparencia (CBIT por sus siglas en inglés) en implementación desde 2019 con recursos del Fondo Ambiental para el Medio Ambiente (GEF) con el Programa de Ambiente de Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente (ONU Ambiente) como Agencia Implementadora y Wetlands International como Entidad Ejecutora. A través de este proyecto se pondrá en marcha la Plataforma Nacional para la Transparencia Climática (PNTC) que albergará: • Sistema de Inventarios Nacionales de Gases de Efecto Invernadero • Registro Nacional para Acciones de Mitigación • Sistema Nacional para el Monitoreo y Evaluación de la Adaptación • Registro Nacional para Medios de Implementación para la Acción Climática, incluyendo apoyo fi nanciero, asistencias técnicas y construcción de capacidades recibidas.', 'A través de este proyecto se pondrá en marcha la Plataforma Nacional para la Transparencia Climática (PNTC) que albergará: • Sistema de Inventarios Nacionales de Gases de Efecto Invernadero • Registro Nacional para Acciones de Mitigación • Sistema Nacional para el Monitoreo y Evaluación de la Adaptación • Registro Nacional para Medios de Implementación para la Acción Climática, incluyendo apoyo fi nanciero, asistencias técnicas y construcción de capacidades recibidas. Plataforma operando Número de entidades que acceden y utilizan data climática Compromiso Entidad regente Tipo de compromiso Indicadores ODS Al 2025, Panamá se compromete a establecer y poner en marcha la Plataforma Nacional de Transparencia Climática. MiAMBIENTE Meta No GEI. Acciones, Políticas y Regulaciones.BRECHAS, NECESIDADES Y DESAFÍOS PARA LA ACCIÓN CLIMÁTICA VI Perezoso, Parque Metropolitano de Panamá.Parque Nacional Soberanía, Ciudad de Panamá.', 'Acciones, Políticas y Regulaciones.BRECHAS, NECESIDADES Y DESAFÍOS PARA LA ACCIÓN CLIMÁTICA VI Perezoso, Parque Metropolitano de Panamá.Parque Nacional Soberanía, Ciudad de Panamá. BRECHAS, NECESIDADES Y DESAFÍOS PARA LA ACCIÓN CLIMÁTICA La implementación de la CDN1 Actualizada supone retos en materia de fi nanciamiento, capacidades técnicas, tecnológicas, científi cas, transformación institucional y de gobernanza. Si bien en el país existen iniciativas y alianzas entre las diferentes instituciones del sector público y organismos no gubernamentales, persisten vacíos de capacidad y recursos que deben ser gestionados. Con el objetivo de identifi car las limitaciones y/o necesidades principales para la implementación de los compromisos sectoriales adquiridos, el Ministerio de Ambiente realizó rondas de consultas entre los actores claves.', 'Con el objetivo de identifi car las limitaciones y/o necesidades principales para la implementación de los compromisos sectoriales adquiridos, el Ministerio de Ambiente realizó rondas de consultas entre los actores claves. Como resultado se establecieron las siguientes tres categorías principales de necesidades: • Transferencia de tecnología • Fomento de capacidades • Necesidades de fi nanciamiento A continuación, se presenta una descripción resumida de los principales hallazgos. Información detallada y ampliada está disponible en el Segundo Informe Bienal de Actualización (2IBA) de Panamá, capítulo 4. 6.1 Necesidades de transferencia de tecnología. En materia de tecnología, se identifi có un mayor número de necesidades en los sectores de “Gestión Integrada de Cuencas Hidrográfi cas” (25%) y “Bosques (UTCUTS)” (20%). La categoría de “Otros” también refl eja un alto número de necesidades (15%), indicando limitaciones en temas administrativos e investigativos.', 'La categoría de “Otros” también refl eja un alto número de necesidades (15%), indicando limitaciones en temas administrativos e investigativos. Si bien no se trata de un análisis concluyente sobre las necesidades prioritarias nacionales en el contexto tecnológico a nivel nacional, el mismo, identifi ca las necesidades expuestas por los equipos técnicos de la Dirección de Cambio Climático, responsables de la coordinación de la acción climática y quienes manejan proyectos con componentes climáticos.', 'Si bien no se trata de un análisis concluyente sobre las necesidades prioritarias nacionales en el contexto tecnológico a nivel nacional, el mismo, identifi ca las necesidades expuestas por los equipos técnicos de la Dirección de Cambio Climático, responsables de la coordinación de la acción climática y quienes manejan proyectos con componentes climáticos. *Los sectores IPPU y Residuos no han sido incluidos entre los sectores de la CDN1 actualizada de Panamá, pero forman parte de los Inventarios Nacionales, por los que se ven refl ejados en el análisis de necesidades.En el Informe de Evaluación de Necesidades Tecnológicas ante el Cambio Climático (ENT) emitido por el MiAMBIENTE en 2017 se identifi có una lista de 24 tecnologías para atender la problemática del agua potable y saneamiento, particularmente para el área del Arco Seco, incluyendo entre otras: a) elaboración de balances hídricos en cuencas prioritarias como aporte a la GICH; b) evaluación del impacto de la intrusión salina en los acuíferos costeros y la delimitación de zonas vulnerables a contaminación por salinización; c) identifi cación y planifi cación de acciones para el control de avenidas ante crecidas por eventos de lluvia intensa para su aprovechamiento; d) establecimiento de índice de calidad ambiental para su aplicación en los ríos, embalses y humedales; e) desarrollo del manual técnico para realizar proyectos de recarga artifi cial de acuíferos (metodología y procedimientos).', '*Los sectores IPPU y Residuos no han sido incluidos entre los sectores de la CDN1 actualizada de Panamá, pero forman parte de los Inventarios Nacionales, por los que se ven refl ejados en el análisis de necesidades.En el Informe de Evaluación de Necesidades Tecnológicas ante el Cambio Climático (ENT) emitido por el MiAMBIENTE en 2017 se identifi có una lista de 24 tecnologías para atender la problemática del agua potable y saneamiento, particularmente para el área del Arco Seco, incluyendo entre otras: a) elaboración de balances hídricos en cuencas prioritarias como aporte a la GICH; b) evaluación del impacto de la intrusión salina en los acuíferos costeros y la delimitación de zonas vulnerables a contaminación por salinización; c) identifi cación y planifi cación de acciones para el control de avenidas ante crecidas por eventos de lluvia intensa para su aprovechamiento; d) establecimiento de índice de calidad ambiental para su aplicación en los ríos, embalses y humedales; e) desarrollo del manual técnico para realizar proyectos de recarga artifi cial de acuíferos (metodología y procedimientos). Los próximos pasos en el proceso de la evaluación de necesidades tecnológicas implican la identifi cación y análisis de las oportunidades y barreras de cada una de las tecnologías identifi cadas.', 'Los próximos pasos en el proceso de la evaluación de necesidades tecnológicas implican la identifi cación y análisis de las oportunidades y barreras de cada una de las tecnologías identifi cadas. 6.2 Necesidades de fomento de capacidades En cuanto al fomento de capacidades, los sectores que presentan mayor cantidad de necesidades son el sector Gestión Integrada de Cuencas Hidrográfi cas (28%), Bosques (UTCUTS) (16%) y Agricultura, Ganadería y Acuicultura (12%). *Los sectores IPPU y Residuos no han sido incluidos entre los sectores de la CDN1 actualizada de Panamá, pero forman parte de los Inventarios Nacionales, por los que se ven refl ejados en el análisis de necesidades. Vista del Lago Gatún, provincia de Colón, Panamá.Cuenca Hidrográfi ca del Canal de Panamá, provincia de Colón.', 'Vista del Lago Gatún, provincia de Colón, Panamá.Cuenca Hidrográfi ca del Canal de Panamá, provincia de Colón. 6.3 Necesidades de fi nanciamiento En cuanto a las necesidades de fi nanciamiento, nuevamente el sector “Gestión Integrada de Cuencas Hidrográfi cas” es el que presenta una mayor cantidad (30%), seguido por “Bosques (UTCUTS)” (20%). La clasifi cación “Otros” (15%) encierra necesidades generales para la acción climática tanto administrativas como de investigación.', 'La clasifi cación “Otros” (15%) encierra necesidades generales para la acción climática tanto administrativas como de investigación. * Los sectores IPPU y Residuos no han sido incluidos entre los sectores de la CDN1 actualizada de Panamá, pero forman parte de los Inventarios Nacionales, por los que se ven refl ejados en el análisis de necesidades.6.4 Apoyo recibido respecto medios de implementación En cuanto a los apoyos recibidos, se realizó un análisis general por ámbito de la acción climática en mitigación y adaptación, manteniendo una categoría de apoyos transversales. La mayor cantidad de apoyos recibidos fueron en el ámbito de la Adaptación, con un 72%l, tal como se refl eja en la gráfi ca siguiente.', 'La mayor cantidad de apoyos recibidos fueron en el ámbito de la Adaptación, con un 72%l, tal como se refl eja en la gráfi ca siguiente. * La gráfi ca refl eja el porcentaje basado en la cantidad de iniciativas reportadas como apoyo, su porcentaje no está basado en el total del monto recibido, pues no se contaba con la información completa para el caso de algunas iniciativas.', '* La gráfi ca refl eja el porcentaje basado en la cantidad de iniciativas reportadas como apoyo, su porcentaje no está basado en el total del monto recibido, pues no se contaba con la información completa para el caso de algunas iniciativas. APOYOS RECIBIDOS POR AMBITO Transversal Mitigación Adaptación Panamá es un punto especial de la ruta del viaje continental de 15 especies de aves.COOPERACIÓN INTERNACIONAL PARA APOYAR LA ACCIÓN CLIMÁTICA VII Dasyprocta especie de roedor mejor conocido en Panamá como “Ñeque”BRECHAS, NECESIDADES Y DESAFÍOS PARA LA ACCIÓN CLIMÁTICA Para avanzar en el cumplimiento de los compromisos climáticos adquiridos y considerando las categorías de necesidades antes listadas, además de la coordinación interinstitucional entre las instituciones y entidades locales se requiere un aprovechamiento estratégico de la cooperación internacional.', 'APOYOS RECIBIDOS POR AMBITO Transversal Mitigación Adaptación Panamá es un punto especial de la ruta del viaje continental de 15 especies de aves.COOPERACIÓN INTERNACIONAL PARA APOYAR LA ACCIÓN CLIMÁTICA VII Dasyprocta especie de roedor mejor conocido en Panamá como “Ñeque”BRECHAS, NECESIDADES Y DESAFÍOS PARA LA ACCIÓN CLIMÁTICA Para avanzar en el cumplimiento de los compromisos climáticos adquiridos y considerando las categorías de necesidades antes listadas, además de la coordinación interinstitucional entre las instituciones y entidades locales se requiere un aprovechamiento estratégico de la cooperación internacional. El Ministerio de Ambiente (MiAMBIENTE) como punto focal nacional ante las facilidades fi nancieras climáticas, en conjunto con el Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas (MEF) y el Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores (MINRE) son los principales responsables de este proceso de alineación climática estratégica para la movilización de recursos globales y regionales.', 'El Ministerio de Ambiente (MiAMBIENTE) como punto focal nacional ante las facilidades fi nancieras climáticas, en conjunto con el Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas (MEF) y el Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores (MINRE) son los principales responsables de este proceso de alineación climática estratégica para la movilización de recursos globales y regionales. La República de Panamá participa de manera activa en iniciativas cooperativas para avanzar la acción climática que van desde instancias para incidir en el proceso de negociación climática internacional, hasta programas temáticos y de acceso a ventanas de fi nanciamiento climático.', 'La República de Panamá participa de manera activa en iniciativas cooperativas para avanzar la acción climática que van desde instancias para incidir en el proceso de negociación climática internacional, hasta programas temáticos y de acceso a ventanas de fi nanciamiento climático. Algunos de estos espacios internacionales para la acción climática en los que Panamá participa al momento de la actualización de la CDN1 son: • Programa EUROCLIMA+ • Coalición de Naciones con Bosques Tropicales • NDC Partnership • Partnership for Market Readiness • Asociación de Programas de Gases de Efecto Invernadero de América Latina y El Caribe • Red Iberoamericana de Ofi cinas de Cambio Climático • Red Latinoamericana de Inventarios Nacionales de Gases de Efecto Invernadero • Asociación Independiente de América Latina y el Caribe • Pacto Global de Alcaldes por el Clima y la Energía.', 'Algunos de estos espacios internacionales para la acción climática en los que Panamá participa al momento de la actualización de la CDN1 son: • Programa EUROCLIMA+ • Coalición de Naciones con Bosques Tropicales • NDC Partnership • Partnership for Market Readiness • Asociación de Programas de Gases de Efecto Invernadero de América Latina y El Caribe • Red Iberoamericana de Ofi cinas de Cambio Climático • Red Latinoamericana de Inventarios Nacionales de Gases de Efecto Invernadero • Asociación Independiente de América Latina y el Caribe • Pacto Global de Alcaldes por el Clima y la Energía. • Pacifi c Rim Ocean-Climate Action Partnership Igualmente, la República de Panamá mantiene trabajo colaborativo con agencias del sistema de Naciones Unidas como PNUD, ONU Ambiente, FAO, e instituciones fi nancieras internacionales y multilaterales como BID, BCIE, Banco Mundial, CAF, para acceder a fuentes de fi nanciamiento climático, incluyendo el Fondo de Adaptación, el Fondo Verde del Clima y el Fondo Mundial del Ambiente (GEF), entre otras.', '• Pacifi c Rim Ocean-Climate Action Partnership Igualmente, la República de Panamá mantiene trabajo colaborativo con agencias del sistema de Naciones Unidas como PNUD, ONU Ambiente, FAO, e instituciones fi nancieras internacionales y multilaterales como BID, BCIE, Banco Mundial, CAF, para acceder a fuentes de fi nanciamiento climático, incluyendo el Fondo de Adaptación, el Fondo Verde del Clima y el Fondo Mundial del Ambiente (GEF), entre otras. Aun contando con estos apoyos de la cooperación, los desafíos para una implementación coherente de la presente CDN1 Actualizada son múltiples, incluyendo sin restringirse a: • Priorización de la dimensión climática en la reactivación económica post 2020 • Estrategia fi nanciera climática como parte de la política exterior, política fi scal y de crédito público • Reforzamiento de las capacidades de negociación climática y relacionamiento a todos los niveles • Operativización de los mecanismos y arreglos de implementación inter e intrainstitucional para la planifi cación y la ejecución presupuestaria de una forma sensible al clima • Estructuración de programas climáticos transformacionales presentados con éxito a las instituciones fi nancieras globales y regionales para aumentar los recursos fi nancieros y de conocimiento disponibles • Superar la percepción de que el tema climático es responsabilidad única o prioritaria de la autoridad ambiental, clarifi cando los roles y responsabilidad de cada uno de los actores y sectores en el marco de la política y acción climática.', 'Aun contando con estos apoyos de la cooperación, los desafíos para una implementación coherente de la presente CDN1 Actualizada son múltiples, incluyendo sin restringirse a: • Priorización de la dimensión climática en la reactivación económica post 2020 • Estrategia fi nanciera climática como parte de la política exterior, política fi scal y de crédito público • Reforzamiento de las capacidades de negociación climática y relacionamiento a todos los niveles • Operativización de los mecanismos y arreglos de implementación inter e intrainstitucional para la planifi cación y la ejecución presupuestaria de una forma sensible al clima • Estructuración de programas climáticos transformacionales presentados con éxito a las instituciones fi nancieras globales y regionales para aumentar los recursos fi nancieros y de conocimiento disponibles • Superar la percepción de que el tema climático es responsabilidad única o prioritaria de la autoridad ambiental, clarifi cando los roles y responsabilidad de cada uno de los actores y sectores en el marco de la política y acción climática. • Destrabar la inversión climática privada, disminuyendo la dependencia del fi nanciamiento público • Usar la información generada por el sistema de monitoreo y evaluación para la toma de decisiones más allá del Ministerio del Ambiente y del ámbito puramente público La sinergia, coherencia y complementariedad entre las fuentes y procesos de fi nanciación climática será el principio orientador del relacionamiento con las agencias de cooperación y la banca de desarrollo y el sector privado.', '• Destrabar la inversión climática privada, disminuyendo la dependencia del fi nanciamiento público • Usar la información generada por el sistema de monitoreo y evaluación para la toma de decisiones más allá del Ministerio del Ambiente y del ámbito puramente público La sinergia, coherencia y complementariedad entre las fuentes y procesos de fi nanciación climática será el principio orientador del relacionamiento con las agencias de cooperación y la banca de desarrollo y el sector privado. A la luz de lo establecido por el Marco Reforzado de Transparencia (MTR) del Acuerdo de París, el logro de la coherencia y complementariedad entre las diferentes oportunidades de fi nanciamiento se facilitará a través de la implementación de la Plataforma Nacional de Transparencia Climática (PNTC) antes descrita.', 'A la luz de lo establecido por el Marco Reforzado de Transparencia (MTR) del Acuerdo de París, el logro de la coherencia y complementariedad entre las diferentes oportunidades de fi nanciamiento se facilitará a través de la implementación de la Plataforma Nacional de Transparencia Climática (PNTC) antes descrita. Puente de las Américas en la salida hacia el Pácifi co en el Canal de Panamá.En términos operativos, el arranque de la implementación de la CDN1 Actualizada estará apoyado de manera directa por un conjunto de medios y arreglos de implementación que incluye sin restringirse a: • Proceso de Planifi cación Nacional de Adaptación (NAP por sus siglas en inglés) que Panamá adelantará con apoyo del programa preparatorio del Fondo Verde del Clima (GCF por sus siglas en inglés), con el Programa de Naciones para el Medio Ambiente (ONU Ambiente) como socio de ejecución • Elaboración del Plan Nacional de Acción por el Clima (PNAC) con apoyo del Banco Mundial con énfasis en el plan de inversiones para la implementación de la CDN1 Actualizada • Proceso de implementación, seguimiento y actualización de la CDN liderado por el MiAMBIENTE con la intervención del Comité Nacional de Cambio Climático de Panamá (CONACCP), tal como se ha regulado a través de lo establecido en el Capítulo II sobre la CDN del Decreto Ejecutivo 100 de 2020 que reglamenta lo relativo a la mitigación del cambio climático y establece otras disposiciones.', 'Puente de las Américas en la salida hacia el Pácifi co en el Canal de Panamá.En términos operativos, el arranque de la implementación de la CDN1 Actualizada estará apoyado de manera directa por un conjunto de medios y arreglos de implementación que incluye sin restringirse a: • Proceso de Planifi cación Nacional de Adaptación (NAP por sus siglas en inglés) que Panamá adelantará con apoyo del programa preparatorio del Fondo Verde del Clima (GCF por sus siglas en inglés), con el Programa de Naciones para el Medio Ambiente (ONU Ambiente) como socio de ejecución • Elaboración del Plan Nacional de Acción por el Clima (PNAC) con apoyo del Banco Mundial con énfasis en el plan de inversiones para la implementación de la CDN1 Actualizada • Proceso de implementación, seguimiento y actualización de la CDN liderado por el MiAMBIENTE con la intervención del Comité Nacional de Cambio Climático de Panamá (CONACCP), tal como se ha regulado a través de lo establecido en el Capítulo II sobre la CDN del Decreto Ejecutivo 100 de 2020 que reglamenta lo relativo a la mitigación del cambio climático y establece otras disposiciones. • Acuerdo colaborativo con gremios del sector privado para impulsar la economía circular y las fi nanzas sostenibles • El artículo 12 del Acuerdo de París reconoce que mejorar la educación sobre el cambio climático, así como la capacitación, la conciencia y la participación, son elementos clave para mejorar la acción mundial sobre el cambio climático, ya que promueven cambios en los estilos de vida, actitudes y comportamientos que fomentan desarrollo bajo en emisiones, resiliente y sostenible.', '• Acuerdo colaborativo con gremios del sector privado para impulsar la economía circular y las fi nanzas sostenibles • El artículo 12 del Acuerdo de París reconoce que mejorar la educación sobre el cambio climático, así como la capacitación, la conciencia y la participación, son elementos clave para mejorar la acción mundial sobre el cambio climático, ya que promueven cambios en los estilos de vida, actitudes y comportamientos que fomentan desarrollo bajo en emisiones, resiliente y sostenible. • La Acción para el Empoderamiento Climático (conocida como ACE por sus siglas en inglés) es una propuesta transversal en las políticas públicas que busca generar y articular capacidades que impulsen una acción transformadora frente al cambio climático, apoyándose en la educación, la formación, la sensibilización social, el acceso a la información, la participación ciudadana y la cooperación internacional, como elementos indispensables para la implementación de procesos de capacitación y fortalecimientos políticos y sociales sobre competencias climáticas.', '• La Acción para el Empoderamiento Climático (conocida como ACE por sus siglas en inglés) es una propuesta transversal en las políticas públicas que busca generar y articular capacidades que impulsen una acción transformadora frente al cambio climático, apoyándose en la educación, la formación, la sensibilización social, el acceso a la información, la participación ciudadana y la cooperación internacional, como elementos indispensables para la implementación de procesos de capacitación y fortalecimientos políticos y sociales sobre competencias climáticas. Para ello, es necesario el trabajo común entre todos los sectores, ámbitos e instituciones y a todas las escalas (desde lo global a lo local) con la ciudadanía.', 'Para ello, es necesario el trabajo común entre todos los sectores, ámbitos e instituciones y a todas las escalas (desde lo global a lo local) con la ciudadanía. • La implementación de la CDN1 Actualizada arranca con la puesta en marcha en 2021 de procesos de fortalecimiento de capacidades para la acción climática que incluyen: • Programa conjunto Ministerio del Ambiente- Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas (MEF) de capacitación para la estructuración de proyectos de inversión pública incorporando la dimensión climática. El objetivo es establecer las bases y estándares para que a 2025 todos los proyectos que entren en el Sistema Nacional de Inversiones Públicas (SINIP) integren debidamente la dimensión climática.', 'El objetivo es establecer las bases y estándares para que a 2025 todos los proyectos que entren en el Sistema Nacional de Inversiones Públicas (SINIP) integren debidamente la dimensión climática. En paralelo con apoyo de la CAF se apoyará el fortalecimiento de capacidades de los consultores que intervienen en la elaboración de estudios de impacto ambiental y auditorías ambientales, a la luz de la normativa actualizada de los instrumentos de gestión ambiental basada en el marco conceptual de cambio climático y análisis de variabilidad climática.', 'En paralelo con apoyo de la CAF se apoyará el fortalecimiento de capacidades de los consultores que intervienen en la elaboración de estudios de impacto ambiental y auditorías ambientales, a la luz de la normativa actualizada de los instrumentos de gestión ambiental basada en el marco conceptual de cambio climático y análisis de variabilidad climática. • Fortalecimiento de capacidades del sector fi nanciero panameño para crear un entorno habilitante para el fi nanciamiento climático, mediante iniciativas para el involucramiento del sector privado y el diseño de mecanismos fi nancieros innovadores, en asocio estratégico con la iniciativa UNEP FI y el Club de Bancos para el Desarrollo (IDFC por sus siglas en inglés), aprovechando recursos del programa preparatorio del Fondo Verde del Clima.', '• Fortalecimiento de capacidades del sector fi nanciero panameño para crear un entorno habilitante para el fi nanciamiento climático, mediante iniciativas para el involucramiento del sector privado y el diseño de mecanismos fi nancieros innovadores, en asocio estratégico con la iniciativa UNEP FI y el Club de Bancos para el Desarrollo (IDFC por sus siglas en inglés), aprovechando recursos del programa preparatorio del Fondo Verde del Clima. • La entrada en implementación en 2021 del Acuerdo regional sobre el acceso a la información, la participación pública y el acceso a la justicia en asuntos ambientales en América Latina y el Caribe, conocido como el Acuerdo de Escazú, ratifi cado por Panamá a través de la Ley N° 125 de 2020, el cual es una oportunidad concreta para abordar y mitigar la crisis climática a través del enfoque basado en los derechos, reconociendo el nexo entre el cambio climático, la pobreza y la desigualdad.', '• La entrada en implementación en 2021 del Acuerdo regional sobre el acceso a la información, la participación pública y el acceso a la justicia en asuntos ambientales en América Latina y el Caribe, conocido como el Acuerdo de Escazú, ratifi cado por Panamá a través de la Ley N° 125 de 2020, el cual es una oportunidad concreta para abordar y mitigar la crisis climática a través del enfoque basado en los derechos, reconociendo el nexo entre el cambio climático, la pobreza y la desigualdad. 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Cambio Climático y Desplazamiento en la Región Autónoma de Guna Yala, Panamá. 2014. Informe de misión. Recuperado de: • ETESA (Empresa de Transmisión Eléctrica S.A.). 2009.', 'Recuperado de: • ETESA (Empresa de Transmisión Eléctrica S.A.). 2009. Descripción general del clima de Panamá. Recuperado de: • GWP (Global Water Partnership). 2017. La Situación de los Recursos Hídricos en Centroamérica: Hacia una gestión integrada. Recuperado de: org/globalassets/global/gwp-cam_files/situacion-de- los-recursos-hidricos_fin.pdf • INDH (Informe Nacional de Desarrollo Humano). Panamá 2019. PNUD. Recuperado de: • • MEF (Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas). 2018. Índice de Pobreza Multidimensional de Panamá - Año 2018. Recuperado de: • MEF (Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas). 2019. Índice de Progreso Social de Panamá, con enfoque de género. Recuperado de: default/files/informe-del-indice-de-progreso-social- • Memorias. Taller de Intercambio: Monitoreo y Evaluación de Políticas de Mitigación y Adaptación al Cambio Climático Ciudad de México, 16-18 de abril de 2018. Recuperado de: Reporte-Taller-Regional-CdP-MyE.pdf • MiAMBIENTE (Ministerio de Ambiente). 2016.', 'Recuperado de: Reporte-Taller-Regional-CdP-MyE.pdf • MiAMBIENTE (Ministerio de Ambiente). 2016. Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada a la Mitigación del Cambio Climático (NDC) de la Republica Panamá ante la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático (CMNUCC). Recuperado de: NDC.pdf • MiAMBIENTE (Ministerio de Ambiente). 2018. Tercera comunicación nacional sobre cambio climático Panamá. Panamá. Recuperado de: MiAMBIENTE.gob.pa/biblioteca-virtual/# • MiAMBIENTE (Ministerio de Ambiente). 2018a. Estrategia Nacional de Biodiversidad 2018-2050. Recuperado de: estrategias-ambientales/ • MiAMBIENTE (Ministerio de Ambiente). 2019. Diagnóstico de cobertura de bosques y otras tierras boscosas. Recuperado de: nacional SITIOS WEB INSTITUCIONALES • MiAMBIENTE (Ministerio de Ambiente). 2019a. Estrategia Nacional Forestal 2018-2050. Recuperado de: ambientales/ • MiAMBIENTE (Ministerio de Ambiente). 2019b. Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático 2050. Recuperado de: estrategias-ambientales/ • MiAMBIENTE (Ministerio de Ambiente). 2020. Plan de Acción Nacional de Basura Marina (en consulta). Ministerio del Ambiente. 2020.', 'Plan de Acción Nacional de Basura Marina (en consulta). Ministerio del Ambiente. 2020. Recuperado de: somete-proyecto-de-plan-de-accion-nacional-de- basura-marina-a-consulta-publica/?print=pdf • MiAMBIENTE (Ministerio de Ambiente). 2020a. Segundo Informe Bienal de Actualización. • MIDA (Ministerio de Desarrollo Agropecuario). 2018. PNCCSA Plan Nacional de Cambio Climático para el Sector Agropecuario). Recuperado de: mida.gob.pa/upload/documentos/PlanNacCambio. pdf • MINSA (Ministerio de Salud). 2016. Política Nacional de Salud. 2016 – 2025. Recuperado de: • transparencia/politicas_de_salud_del_minsa.pdf • MINSA (Ministerio de Salud) 2018. Análisis de Situación de Salud Panamá 2018 Macro Visión Nacional de Salud. Ministerio de Salud. Recuperado de: minsa.b-cdn.net/sites/default/files/publicaciones/ • MINSA (Ministerio de Salud). 2019. Boletín Estadístico Anuario 2018 Recuperado de: cdn.net/sites/default/files/publicacion-general/ • ONU Mujeres. 2020. Panamá: Análisis preliminar sobre el impacto de la pandemia del COVID-19 en las mujeres. Diagnóstico y recomendaciones para la reactivación económica y social. ONU Mujeres.', 'Diagnóstico y recomendaciones para la reactivación económica y social. ONU Mujeres. Recuperado de: • h t t p s : / / w w w 2 . u n w o m e n . o r g / m e d i a / f i e l d % 2 0 o ff i c e % 2 0 a m e r i c a s / d o c u m e n t o s / • Plan Estratégico de Gobierno (PEG) 2020 – 2024. 2019. Recuperado de: • Plan para la recuperación económica. Primer año de gestión. Julio 2019-Julio 2020.', 'Primer año de gestión. Julio 2019-Julio 2020. Recuperado de: • h t t p s : / / w w w . m e f . g o b . p a / w p - c o n t e n t / • PNUD (Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo). 2019. Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano 2019. Desigualdades del desarrollo humano en el siglo XXI. Nota informativa para los países acerca del Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano 2019. Panamá. Recuperado de: hdr_theme/country-notes/es/PAN.pdf • Thompson Marilyn, Edwards, Sally. Hacia la salud universal en Panamá. Cambio climático y salud en Panamá. Organización panamericana de la salud. OPS. s.f.', 'Organización panamericana de la salud. OPS. s.f. Recuperado de: • c l i m a t i c o - y - s a l u d - e n - p a n a m a & c a t e g o r y _ • SNE (Secretaría Nacional de Energía). 2019. Balance energético. Recuperado de: • h t t p : / / w w w . e n e r g i a . g o b . p a / m e r c a d o - 1. Programa Euroclima. 2. UNFCCC. Estrategia Acción Empoderamiento accion_para_el_empoderamiento_climatico_ unfcccadriana_valenzuela.pdf 3. UNFCCC. Contribuciones determinadas a nivel nacional (NDC) meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement/ contribuciones-determinadas-a-nivel-nacional- 4. Ministerio de Ambiente. Biodiversidad, el gran tesoro de Panamá. Página web del Ministerio del Ambiente de Panamá. panama-una-joya-de-la-biodiversidad-global/ 5.', 'Página web del Ministerio del Ambiente de Panamá. panama-una-joya-de-la-biodiversidad-global/ 5. Acuerdo de Escazú. Cepal Observatorio cepal.org/es/acuerdodeescazu 6. CDKN. Alianza Clima y Desarrollo. pobreza-en-las-ndcs-y-en-las-politicas-publicas-de- cambio-climatico-en-america-latina/?loclang=es_es 7. Pacto Global de Alcaldes por el Clima y la Energía. Energía La contribución del sector Energía de Panamá considera como punto referencia a un escenario tendencial (BAU, por sus siglas en inglés) de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero de este sector proyectadas al año 2050. Sector UTCUTS El compromiso del sector UTCUTS no considera un punto de referencia comparativo, pero sí considera como año meta 2050 y un horizonte temporal de 2021-2050.', 'Sector UTCUTS El compromiso del sector UTCUTS no considera un punto de referencia comparativo, pero sí considera como año meta 2050 y un horizonte temporal de 2021-2050. Años de referencia, años de base, períodos de referencia u otros puntos de partid Sector Energía Meta Relativa al Indicador de Referencia expresada en porcentajes en cuantías relacionadas a gases de efecto invernadero: 24% de reducción de las emisiones totales del sector Energía del país al 2050 y 11.5% al 2030, con respecto al escenario tendencial (BAU). Sector UTCUTS Meta Absoluta del Indicador de Referencia en cuantías no relacionadas a gases de efecto invernadero: 50,000 hectáreas restauradas al 2050 a nivel nacional.', 'Sector UTCUTS Meta Absoluta del Indicador de Referencia en cuantías no relacionadas a gases de efecto invernadero: 50,000 hectáreas restauradas al 2050 a nivel nacional. Meta relativa al indicador de referencia, expresada numéricamente, por ejemplo, en forma de porcentaje o cuantía de la reducción Sector Energía Existe un escenario tendencial como referencia con emisiones proyectadas al 2050. Se considera una meta relativa. Indicador de Referencia: Porcentaje de Emisiones de CO equivalente reducidas del sector energía al 2050. Valores de Referencia: Escenario tendencial de las emisiones totales del sector Energía proyectadas al 2050. Puntos de Partida: 2022 Año Meta del Indicador: 2050 y valor intermedio a mediano plazo al 2030. Sector UTCUTS No existe un año de referencia, se considera una meta absoluta. Indicadores de Referencia: Números hectáreas restauradas a nivel nacional.', 'Indicadores de Referencia: Números hectáreas restauradas a nivel nacional. Valores de Referencia: Sin año o punto de referencia. Puntos de Partida: 2021 Año Meta del Indicador: 2050 y sin valores intermedios a mediano plazo al 2030. re los indicadores de referencia, sus valores en los correspondientes años de referencia, años de base, períodos de referencia u otros puntos de partida y, según corresponda, en el año de referencia CDN1 de P TC) Sector Energía Período de Aplicación: 2022-2050 Sector UTCUTS Período de Aplicación: 2022-2050 a) Plazo y/o período de aplicación, incluidas las , de conformidad con cualquier otra decisión pertinente que adopte la Conferencia de las Partes en calidad de reunión de las Partes en el Acuerdo de París (CP/RA) (CMA): Sector Energía Metas de un solo año (2050), con corte al 2030.', 'Puntos de Partida: 2021 Año Meta del Indicador: 2050 y sin valores intermedios a mediano plazo al 2030. re los indicadores de referencia, sus valores en los correspondientes años de referencia, años de base, períodos de referencia u otros puntos de partida y, según corresponda, en el año de referencia CDN1 de P TC) Sector Energía Período de Aplicación: 2022-2050 Sector UTCUTS Período de Aplicación: 2022-2050 a) Plazo y/o período de aplicación, incluidas las , de conformidad con cualquier otra decisión pertinente que adopte la Conferencia de las Partes en calidad de reunión de las Partes en el Acuerdo de París (CP/RA) (CMA): Sector Energía Metas de un solo año (2050), con corte al 2030. Sector UTCUTS Se trata de una meta de un solo año, 2050. b) Si se trata de una meta de un solo año o de una meta plurianual, según corresponda: Sector Energía Al 2050, Panamá logrará una reducción de las emisiones totales del sector energía del país en al menos el 24% y en al menos 11.5% al 2030, con respecto al escenario tendencial, que representan un estimado de 60 millones de toneladas de CO2 equivalentes acumuladas entre 2022-2050 y hasta 10 millones de toneladas de CO2 equivalentes acumuladas entre 2022-2030.', 'Sector UTCUTS Se trata de una meta de un solo año, 2050. b) Si se trata de una meta de un solo año o de una meta plurianual, según corresponda: Sector Energía Al 2050, Panamá logrará una reducción de las emisiones totales del sector energía del país en al menos el 24% y en al menos 11.5% al 2030, con respecto al escenario tendencial, que representan un estimado de 60 millones de toneladas de CO2 equivalentes acumuladas entre 2022-2050 y hasta 10 millones de toneladas de CO2 equivalentes acumuladas entre 2022-2030. Sector UTCUTS Panamá se compromete a la restauración forestal de 50,000 ha a nivel nacional, que contribuirán a la absorción de carbono de aproximadamente 2.6 Millones de toneladas de CO eq al año 2050.', 'Sector UTCUTS Panamá se compromete a la restauración forestal de 50,000 ha a nivel nacional, que contribuirán a la absorción de carbono de aproximadamente 2.6 Millones de toneladas de CO eq al año 2050. Descripción general de la meta Sector Energía La meta y su indicador de referencia ha sido expresado en porcentajes de cuantías relacionadas a gases de efecto invernadero, donde fueron incluidos las siguientes categorías para el sector Energía, de acuerdo a las Directrices IPCC 2006 para la Elaboración de Inventarios Nacionales de Gases de Efecto Invernadero: Industria de la Energía Industrias Manufactureras y de la Construcción Transporte Otros Sectores Gases incluidos: CO , CH , N 0. Sector UTCUTS No aplica porque la meta y su indicador de referencia ha sido expresado en porcentajes de cuantías no relacionadas a gases de efecto invernadero.', 'Sector UTCUTS No aplica porque la meta y su indicador de referencia ha sido expresado en porcentajes de cuantías no relacionadas a gases de efecto invernadero. Sectores, gases, categorías y reservorios cubiertos por la contribución determinada a nivel nacional, que, cuando proceda, se ajusten a las directrices del Grupo Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre el Cambio Climático (IPCC) 2. Plazos y/o períodos de aplicación: 3. Alcance y cobertura ANEXO A: INFORMACIÓN PARA FACILITAR LA CLARIDAD, TRANSPARENCIA Y COMPRENSIÓN DE LA CDN1 DE PANAMÁ ACTUALIZADA (FORMATOS TABULARES)No se han incluido todos los sectores establecidos por el IPCC.', 'Alcance y cobertura ANEXO A: INFORMACIÓN PARA FACILITAR LA CLARIDAD, TRANSPARENCIA Y COMPRENSIÓN DE LA CDN1 DE PANAMÁ ACTUALIZADA (FORMATOS TABULARES)No se han incluido todos los sectores establecidos por el IPCC. Luego de una evaluación detallada de las fuentes y sumideros de emisiones que pudiesen ser incluidos dentro de la CDN1 de Panamá Actualizada, se ha determinado que no existen los datos necesarios para evaluarla en otros sectores referidos en las Directrices IPCC 2006 tales como: Agricultura, Procesos Industriales y Usos de Productos y Residuos y no incluidos en la CDN1 de Panamá Actualizada.', 'Luego de una evaluación detallada de las fuentes y sumideros de emisiones que pudiesen ser incluidos dentro de la CDN1 de Panamá Actualizada, se ha determinado que no existen los datos necesarios para evaluarla en otros sectores referidos en las Directrices IPCC 2006 tales como: Agricultura, Procesos Industriales y Usos de Productos y Residuos y no incluidos en la CDN1 de Panamá Actualizada. La República de Panamá reconoce que el desarrollo y fortalecimiento de los Inventarios Nacionales de Gases de Efecto Invernadero deberán proveer el ra lograr la meta nacional a largo plazo de carbono neutralidad al 2050, así como también la presentación de la reducción progresiva de las emisiones nacionales de GEI con respecto a esta meta nacional en las sucesivas CDN presentadas ante la Secretaría de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC).', 'La República de Panamá reconoce que el desarrollo y fortalecimiento de los Inventarios Nacionales de Gases de Efecto Invernadero deberán proveer el ra lograr la meta nacional a largo plazo de carbono neutralidad al 2050, así como también la presentación de la reducción progresiva de las emisiones nacionales de GEI con respecto a esta meta nacional en las sucesivas CDN presentadas ante la Secretaría de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC). En este sentido, se propone reducir las brechas existentes y poder incluirlos en futuras actualizaciones.', 'En este sentido, se propone reducir las brechas existentes y poder incluirlos en futuras actualizaciones. La CDN1 de Panamá Actualizada incluye Energía y UTCUTS, sectores de mayor incidencia en el comportamiento y tendencias de las emisiones nacionales, de acuerdo a los Inventarios Nacionales de Gases de Efecto Invernadero 1990-2017 presentados en el Segundo Informe de Actualización de Panamá (2IBA). De qué manera la Parte ha tenido en cuenta el párrafo 31 c) y d) de la decisión 1/CP.21: El Ministerio de Ambiente como punto focal ante la CMNUCC, promulgó un Decreto Ejecutivo No. 100 del 20 de octubr , para poder establecer un marco de gobernanza para la actualización, presentación, implementación, seguimiento y reporte de la CDN.', '100 del 20 de octubr , para poder establecer un marco de gobernanza para la actualización, presentación, implementación, seguimiento y reporte de la CDN. En este mismo decreto se establece el rol del Comité Nacional de Cambio Climático de Panamá para la institucionalización de este proceso. Además, pr para los sucesivos ciclos de presentación de la CDN. Información sobre los pr que la Parte haya emprendido para preparar su contribución determinada a nivel nacional y, si se dispone de ella, sobre los planes de aplicación de la Parte, incluidos, según proceda Revisar sección de Circunstancias Nacionales en el presente informe. Circunstancias nacionales, como la geografía, el clima, la economía, el desarrollo sostenible y la erradicación de la pobreza: En la actualización se incluirán acciones en adaptación que traer mitigación, para todos los sectores.', 'Circunstancias nacionales, como la geografía, el clima, la economía, el desarrollo sostenible y la erradicación de la pobreza: En la actualización se incluirán acciones en adaptación que traer mitigación, para todos los sectores. Estas acciones están descritas a detalle en la siguiente sección del presente documento (metas no GEI). resultantes de las medidas de adaptación y/o los planes de Partes, con una descripción de los proyectos, medidas e iniciativas rte de las medidas de económica de las Partes El proceso de actualización de la CDN1 de Panamá se ha desarrollado durante circunstancias especiales debido al COVID 19, por lo que la participación de actores relevantes se ha realizado mediante plataformas virtuales.', 'resultantes de las medidas de adaptación y/o los planes de Partes, con una descripción de los proyectos, medidas e iniciativas rte de las medidas de económica de las Partes El proceso de actualización de la CDN1 de Panamá se ha desarrollado durante circunstancias especiales debido al COVID 19, por lo que la participación de actores relevantes se ha realizado mediante plataformas virtuales. Se realizaron reuniones bilaterales con entidades regentes y talleres de escucha activa y participativa con actores relevantes (como lo son los pueblos indígenas, afrodescendientes, campesinos, instituciones públicas y privadas en las diferentes provincias), cumpliendo con las normas de transparencia y participación pública del país. La CDN que se pretende actualizar estará articulada con el Plan de Acción de Género del país, que está en desarrollo.', 'La CDN que se pretende actualizar estará articulada con el Plan de Acción de Género del país, que está en desarrollo. Los arreglos institucionales nacionales, la participación del público y el compromiso con las comunidades locales y los pueblos indígenas, con una perspectiva de género 5. Contexto Nacional La CDN1 de Panamá Actualizada se basa en instrumentos de políticas, acciones y regulaciones algunas asociadas a metas expresadas en cuantías de gases de efecto invernadero y no gases de efecto invernadero relativas a la mitigación al cambio climático global y otr o. Esto le brinda robustez a la CDN1 de Panamá Actualizada, al basarse en instrumentos de políticas, acciones y regulaciones que cuentan con apoyo del alto nivel y que tienen agendas por ser cumplidas.', 'Contexto Nacional La CDN1 de Panamá Actualizada se basa en instrumentos de políticas, acciones y regulaciones algunas asociadas a metas expresadas en cuantías de gases de efecto invernadero y no gases de efecto invernadero relativas a la mitigación al cambio climático global y otr o. Esto le brinda robustez a la CDN1 de Panamá Actualizada, al basarse en instrumentos de políticas, acciones y regulaciones que cuentan con apoyo del alto nivel y que tienen agendas por ser cumplidas. Además, brinda muestra una clara articulación entre las diferentes políticas con la acción climática del país. Mejores prácticas y experiencias relacionadas con la preparación de la contribución determinada a nivel nacional: Los compromisos que conforman la CDN1 de Panamá Actualizada se han estructurado de manera sectorial, de acuerdo a las actividades económicas productivas del país.', 'Mejores prácticas y experiencias relacionadas con la preparación de la contribución determinada a nivel nacional: Los compromisos que conforman la CDN1 de Panamá Actualizada se han estructurado de manera sectorial, de acuerdo a las actividades económicas productivas del país. Par , acciones y regulaciones que abordan de manera integrada la adaptación y mitigación, y que incluyen en algunos casos metas con cuantías asociadas a gases de efecto invernadero y en otros casos no vinculadas a estas cuantías. Para los compromisos basados en metas GEI y no GEI: En el caso del sector Energía, se desarrollaron escenarios que cuentan con proyecciones de los impactos económicos y sociales de apostar a las inversiones climáticas.', 'Para los compromisos basados en metas GEI y no GEI: En el caso del sector Energía, se desarrollaron escenarios que cuentan con proyecciones de los impactos económicos y sociales de apostar a las inversiones climáticas. Para cada escenario se realizó un estimado de empleos adicionales (99,000.00 al 2050) y ahorros para el estado (21.490 Millones al 2050) que se generan a partir de la implementación de la meta. Para los compromisos basados instrumentos de política, acciones y regulaciones: Para aquellos sectores que cuentan con compromisos sobre instrumentos de políticas, acciones y regulaciones, se abordó a los actores regentes de cada sector para validar los pasos concretos para la correcta implementación de estos compromisos.', 'Para los compromisos basados instrumentos de política, acciones y regulaciones: Para aquellos sectores que cuentan con compromisos sobre instrumentos de políticas, acciones y regulaciones, se abordó a los actores regentes de cada sector para validar los pasos concretos para la correcta implementación de estos compromisos. Las acciones y planes incluidos en la presente CDN1 de Panamá Actualizada cuentan con r ro, y representan un posible aumento de empleos adicionales. Consecuencias económicas y sociales de las medidas de respuesta al elaborar la contribución determinada a nivel nacional El primer balance mundial será en el 2023. Panamá como miembro de la Coalición de la Alta Ambición y con miras de cumplir el reto de los 1.5° ha actualizado su CDN teniendo en cuenta las circunstancias nacionales y mostrando la mayor ambición posible.', 'Panamá como miembro de la Coalición de la Alta Ambición y con miras de cumplir el reto de los 1.5° ha actualizado su CDN teniendo en cuenta las circunstancias nacionales y mostrando la mayor ambición posible. Medida en que la Parte ha basado la preparación de su contribución determinada a nivel nacional en los resultados del balance mundial, de conformidad con el artículo 4, párrafo 9, del Acuerdo de París Los compromisos incluidos en la CDN1 de Panamá Actualizada son abordados con visión integrada adaptación-mitigación. Las mismas serán descritas a detalle en la siguiente sección del presente documento (metas no GEI).', 'Las mismas serán descritas a detalle en la siguiente sección del presente documento (metas no GEI). Los proyectos, que se llevarán a cabo para contribuir a los , incluida la información sobre los planes de adaptación que también pr mitigación, que pueden abarcar, entre otros, sectores clave como los recursos energéticos, los recursos hídricos, los recursos costeros, los , la agricultura y la silvicultura; así como las medidas , que pueden abarcar, entre otros, sectores como la industria y las manufacturas, la energía y la minería, el transporte y las comunicaciones, la construcción, el turismo, el sector inmobiliario, la agricultura y la pesca.Panamá ha utilizado las Directrices del Panel Intergubernamental sobre Cambio Climático (IPCC) de 2006 para los Inventarios Nacionales de Gases de Efecto Invernadero, la Guía de Buenas Prácticas del IPCC y la Gestión de la Incertidumbre en los Inventarios Nacionales de Gases de Efecto Invernadero.', 'Los proyectos, que se llevarán a cabo para contribuir a los , incluida la información sobre los planes de adaptación que también pr mitigación, que pueden abarcar, entre otros, sectores clave como los recursos energéticos, los recursos hídricos, los recursos costeros, los , la agricultura y la silvicultura; así como las medidas , que pueden abarcar, entre otros, sectores como la industria y las manufacturas, la energía y la minería, el transporte y las comunicaciones, la construcción, el turismo, el sector inmobiliario, la agricultura y la pesca.Panamá ha utilizado las Directrices del Panel Intergubernamental sobre Cambio Climático (IPCC) de 2006 para los Inventarios Nacionales de Gases de Efecto Invernadero, la Guía de Buenas Prácticas del IPCC y la Gestión de la Incertidumbre en los Inventarios Nacionales de Gases de Efecto Invernadero. Los supuestos y los enfoques metodológicos utilizados para contabilizar las emisiones y la absorción antropógenas de gases de efecto invernadero correspondientes a la contribución determinada a nivel nacional de la Parte, de conformidad con la decisión 1/CP.21, párrafo 31, y con las orientaciones sobre la rendición de cuentas aprobadas por la CP/RA (CMA): En el caso del sector Energía, las emisiones para CO , CH , N O se han calculado utilizando las Directrices del IPCC de 2006, a través del enfoque sectorial.', 'Los supuestos y los enfoques metodológicos utilizados para contabilizar las emisiones y la absorción antropógenas de gases de efecto invernadero correspondientes a la contribución determinada a nivel nacional de la Parte, de conformidad con la decisión 1/CP.21, párrafo 31, y con las orientaciones sobre la rendición de cuentas aprobadas por la CP/RA (CMA): En el caso del sector Energía, las emisiones para CO , CH , N O se han calculado utilizando las Directrices del IPCC de 2006, a través del enfoque sectorial. La metodología de Nivel 1 se utilizó para la mayoría de las estimaciones de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero.', 'La metodología de Nivel 1 se utilizó para la mayoría de las estimaciones de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. En el caso del sector UTCUTS para estimar las absorciones de CO equivalente que representa la meta de esta contribución se utilizó una mezcla entre Tier 1 y 2 para el cálculo de emisiones, pues se utilizaron factores de emisión del país en tierras forestales. La agregación de las emisiones y absorciones de GEI se informará utilizando los valores del potencial de calentamiento global (PCG) de horizonte temporal de 100 años del Quinto Informe de Evaluación del IPCC.', 'La agregación de las emisiones y absorciones de GEI se informará utilizando los valores del potencial de calentamiento global (PCG) de horizonte temporal de 100 años del Quinto Informe de Evaluación del IPCC. Las metodologías y los sistemas de medición del IPCC utilizados para estimar las emisiones y la absorción antropógenas de gases de efecto invernadero: Panamá también aplicar , cuando corresponda, al contabilizar el progreso de diversas políticas y medidas en su Informe Bienal de Actualización o en su Informe Bienal de Transparencia. Los supuestos y los enfoques metodológicos utilizados para rendir cuentas de la aplicación de políticas y medidas o estrategias en la contribución determinada a nivel nacional: 7.', 'Los supuestos y los enfoques metodológicos utilizados para rendir cuentas de la aplicación de políticas y medidas o estrategias en la contribución determinada a nivel nacional: 7. Supuestos y enfoques metodológicos, incluidos los utilizados para estimar y contabilizar las emisiones antropógenas de gases de efecto invernadero y, en su caso, la absorción antropógena Sector Energía Para el desarrollo de la contribución y la obtención sus indicadores se desarrolló un escenario BAU y un escenario alternativo llamado Agenda de Transición Energética (ATE), del cual se derivó el compromiso condicionado en la medida de la recepción de apoyo internacional para la acción climática. Para el desarrollo de escenarios se utilizó el modelo Green Economy Model.', 'Para el desarrollo de escenarios se utilizó el modelo Green Economy Model. Se dará seguimiento a las emisiones utilizando los resultados del inventario nacional de gases de efecto invernadero para el sector Energía. A continuación, se describen los detalles del escenario alternativo en el cual se basa la nueva contribución condicionada para el sector energía: Al 2030 el escenario alternativo incluye: - En términos de movilidad eléctrica, incluye metas conservadoras de ENME y la evolución de transporte público según PIMUS, MIBUS y METRO. , , 25% en vehículos particulares, 20% en transpor . . rgética, se prevé la evolución solar térmica según PNTP. 60% de penetr ACS e industria. Incluye incentivos. - En términos de energía eléctrica, se prevé evolución EE según plan director de la EE y Ley UREE.', '- En términos de energía eléctrica, se prevé evolución EE según plan director de la EE y Ley UREE. Demanda estimada Potencia (MW) 2.301,98; demanda estimada energía (GWh) 16.359,81; Acceso a electricidad 100%. - En términos de infraestructura pública y privada, se prevé un 10% de nuevas obras de carreteras y caminos con EERR, EE y ciclovías. Al 2050 el escenario alternativo incluye: - En términos de movilidad eléctrica, incluye metas conservadoras de ENME y la evolución de transporte público según PIMUS, MIBUS y METRO. , , 75% en vehículos particulares, 60% en transpor . . rgética, se prevé la evolución solar térmica según PNTP. 100% de penetr ACS e industria. Incluye incentivos.', '100% de penetr ACS e industria. Incluye incentivos. - En términos de energía eléctrica, se prevé evolución EE según plan Director de la EE y Ley UREE. Demanda estimada Potencia (MW) 3.304,95; demanda estimada energía (GWh) 33.572,26; Acceso a electricidad 100%. - En términos de infraestructura pública y privada, se prevé un 30% de nuevas obras de carreteras y caminos con EERR, EE y ciclovías. UTCUTS: La contribución del sector UTCUTS no considera un punto de referencia comparativo, más sí un horizonte temporal (2021-2050) y año de meta (2050). Por lo tanto, no se tiene una meta relativa al año de inicio o referencia.', 'Por lo tanto, no se tiene una meta relativa al año de inicio o referencia. Cómo se construyen los indicadores de referencia, las líneas de base y/o los niveles de referencia, incluidos, cuando proceda, los niveles de refer ra cada sector, categoría o actividad, señalando, por ejemplo, los parámetros clave, los supuestos, , las metodologías, las fuentes de datos y los modelos utilizados 8. Otros supuestos y enfoques metodológicos utilizados para comprender la contribución determinada a nivel nacional y, si procede, estimar las emisiones y la absorción correspondientes, indicando: Las contribuciones incluidas en la CDN1 actualizada que no contienen componentes GEI serán descritas a detalle en la siguiente sección del presente documento (metas no GEI).', 'Otros supuestos y enfoques metodológicos utilizados para comprender la contribución determinada a nivel nacional y, si procede, estimar las emisiones y la absorción correspondientes, indicando: Las contribuciones incluidas en la CDN1 actualizada que no contienen componentes GEI serán descritas a detalle en la siguiente sección del presente documento (metas no GEI). En el caso de las Partes con contribuciones determinadas a nivel nacional que contengan componentes que no sean gases de efecto invernadero, información sobre los supuestos y los enfoques metodológicos utilizados en relación con esos componentes, según proceda:El Estado Panameño vislumbra los mecanismos de cooperación voluntaria esbozados por el Artículo 6 del Acuerdo de París como fundamentales para la integridad climática global y esenciales para acelerar la acción climática.', 'En el caso de las Partes con contribuciones determinadas a nivel nacional que contengan componentes que no sean gases de efecto invernadero, información sobre los supuestos y los enfoques metodológicos utilizados en relación con esos componentes, según proceda:El Estado Panameño vislumbra los mecanismos de cooperación voluntaria esbozados por el Artículo 6 del Acuerdo de París como fundamentales para la integridad climática global y esenciales para acelerar la acción climática. Por lo tanto, apostamos por una conclusión exitosa de las negociaciones sobre artículo 6 que tengan como resultado mecanismos que contribuyan al alcance de la neutralidad de carbono a nivel global y nacional al 2050. Por lo tanto, Panamá apuesta por utilizar los tres mecanismos de cooperación incluidos en el artículo 6.2 del Acuerdo de París para cumplir con sus objetivos climáticos.', 'Por lo tanto, Panamá apuesta por utilizar los tres mecanismos de cooperación incluidos en el artículo 6.2 del Acuerdo de París para cumplir con sus objetivos climáticos. En ese sentido, nos hemos unido a la Alianza de los Principios de San José liderada por Costa Rica, que constituye un espacio clave para debatir soluciones innovadoras y de alta ambición para la negociación de las normas y orientaciones relacionadas con el artículo 6 del Acuerdo de París, pero también como guía para la pronta implementación de mercados nacionales de carbono en los países participantes.', 'En ese sentido, nos hemos unido a la Alianza de los Principios de San José liderada por Costa Rica, que constituye un espacio clave para debatir soluciones innovadoras y de alta ambición para la negociación de las normas y orientaciones relacionadas con el artículo 6 del Acuerdo de París, pero también como guía para la pronta implementación de mercados nacionales de carbono en los países participantes. La intención de recurrir a la cooperación voluntaria en virtud del artículo 6 del Acuerdo de París, si procede: Teniendo en consideración que las emisiones de GEI históricas de la República de Panamá representan el 0.02% 1 de las emisiones globales en comparación al año 2017, los esfuerzos nacionales r Panamá Actualizada a la mitigación del cambio climático son justos y ambiciosos pues, además de enfocarse en el sector más emisor del país (Energía) y aumentar los esfuerzos para reducir sus emisiones, ha enfocado sus esfuerzos en incrementar la transparencia aclarando las cifras de absorción.', 'La intención de recurrir a la cooperación voluntaria en virtud del artículo 6 del Acuerdo de París, si procede: Teniendo en consideración que las emisiones de GEI históricas de la República de Panamá representan el 0.02% 1 de las emisiones globales en comparación al año 2017, los esfuerzos nacionales r Panamá Actualizada a la mitigación del cambio climático son justos y ambiciosos pues, además de enfocarse en el sector más emisor del país (Energía) y aumentar los esfuerzos para reducir sus emisiones, ha enfocado sus esfuerzos en incrementar la transparencia aclarando las cifras de absorción. A través del Decreto No.', 'A través del Decreto No. 100 de 2020, la República de Panamá reconoce que el desarrollo y fortalecimiento de los Inventarios Nacionales de Gases de Efecto Invernadero deberán pr ra lograr la meta nacional a largo plazo de carbono neutralidad al 2050, así como también la presentación de la reducción progresiva de las emisiones nacionales de GEI con respecto a esta meta nacional en las sucesivas CDN presentadas ante la Secretaria de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC). Adicionalmente, la CDN1 actualizada representa un aumento de ambición al incluir compromisos en diez (10) sectores y áreas priorizadas par económica del país en línea con los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible, la erradicación de la pobreza y la reactivación económica sostenible Post-COVID19.', 'Adicionalmente, la CDN1 actualizada representa un aumento de ambición al incluir compromisos en diez (10) sectores y áreas priorizadas par económica del país en línea con los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible, la erradicación de la pobreza y la reactivación económica sostenible Post-COVID19. Cómo considera la Parte que su contribución determinada a nivel nacional es justa y ambiciosa a la luz de sus circunstancias nacionales: 8. Otros supuestos y enfoques metodológicos utilizados para comprender la contribución determinada a nivel nacional y, si procede, estimar las emisiones y la absorción correspondientes, indicando: 9.', 'Otros supuestos y enfoques metodológicos utilizados para comprender la contribución determinada a nivel nacional y, si procede, estimar las emisiones y la absorción correspondientes, indicando: 9. Cómo considera la Parte que su contribución determinada a nivel nacional es justa y ambiciosa a la luz de sus circunstancias nacionales: La República de Panamá, implementando su CDN1 Actualizada, busca alinear agendas de desarrollo con nuestras metas climáticas y lograr un crecimiento inclusivo, bajo en carbono y resiliente al cambio climático.', 'Cómo considera la Parte que su contribución determinada a nivel nacional es justa y ambiciosa a la luz de sus circunstancias nacionales: La República de Panamá, implementando su CDN1 Actualizada, busca alinear agendas de desarrollo con nuestras metas climáticas y lograr un crecimiento inclusivo, bajo en carbono y resiliente al cambio climático. Entre las acciones propuestas se encuentra el desarrollo de un Plan de Acción de Género para el país, a través del cual se procurará que las actividades, planes y programas que se lleven a cabo para el cumplimiento de la CDN1 tengan un enfoque de género y de desarrollo para todos los grupos sociales.', 'Entre las acciones propuestas se encuentra el desarrollo de un Plan de Acción de Género para el país, a través del cual se procurará que las actividades, planes y programas que se lleven a cabo para el cumplimiento de la CDN1 tengan un enfoque de género y de desarrollo para todos los grupos sociales. Adicionalmente, se han alineado los compromisos a los Objetivos de Desarrollo sostenible, para procurar un crecimiento sostenible como país, que procure la inclusión de grupos minoritarios. El país reconoce que, para lograr la equidad, se deben reconocer los mismos derechos, obligaciones y oportunidades para todos sus ciudadanos, evitando cualquier tipo de discriminación y entorpecimiento del crecimiento individual y colectivo.', 'El país reconoce que, para lograr la equidad, se deben reconocer los mismos derechos, obligaciones y oportunidades para todos sus ciudadanos, evitando cualquier tipo de discriminación y entorpecimiento del crecimiento individual y colectivo. Consideraciones de equidad, incluida una r exión sobre la equidad: No Aplica, ya que es la primera CDN con las mismas metas, pero con una mejora de transparencia. Cómo ha abordado la Parte el artículo 4, párrafo 3, del Acuerdo de París: No aplica.', 'Cómo ha abordado la Parte el artículo 4, párrafo 3, del Acuerdo de París: No aplica. Cómo ha abordado la Parte el artículo 4, párrafo 6, del Acuerdo de París: Los compromisos presentados en la CDN1 persiguen la consecución metas, acciones y regulaciones, incluyendo soluciones basadas en la naturaleza para combatir el cambio climático, que buscan en general una reducción de emisiones GEI como país, y un aumento de absorciones, procurando un balance entre estos. A nivel mundial se han reconocido a las soluciones basadas en la naturaleza como acciones de alto impacto en la reducción de emisiones de GEI y en la resiliencia, por lo cual constituyen elementos claves para cumplir con los objetivos de la Convención y el Acuerdo de París.', 'A nivel mundial se han reconocido a las soluciones basadas en la naturaleza como acciones de alto impacto en la reducción de emisiones de GEI y en la resiliencia, por lo cual constituyen elementos claves para cumplir con los objetivos de la Convención y el Acuerdo de París. La forma en que la contribución determinada a nivel nacional contribuye a la consecución del objetivo de la Convención, enunciado en su Participación de Panamá en 2017 en base a emisiones globales reportadas para el 2017 en el Emissions Gap Report 2018 de PNUMA 9. Cómo considera la Parte que su contribución determinada a nivel nacional es justa y ambiciosa a la luz de sus circunstancias nacionales: 10.', 'Cómo considera la Parte que su contribución determinada a nivel nacional es justa y ambiciosa a la luz de sus circunstancias nacionales: 10. La forma en que la contribución determinada a nivel nacional contribuye a la consecución del objetivo de la Convención, enunciado en su artículo 2: A la luz de nuestras circunstancias nacionales, se cuenta con un avance al contar con una meta basada en desviación del escenario BAU del sector Energía, el de mayor emisión del país.', 'La forma en que la contribución determinada a nivel nacional contribuye a la consecución del objetivo de la Convención, enunciado en su artículo 2: A la luz de nuestras circunstancias nacionales, se cuenta con un avance al contar con una meta basada en desviación del escenario BAU del sector Energía, el de mayor emisión del país. Esto representa los primeros pasos en el establecimiento de metas para el conjunto de la economía, como establece el Decreto No 100 de 2020 sobre la preparación, comunicación y mantenimiento de una sucesiva CDN que represente una progresión de los esfuerzos nacionales de mitigación, con respecto a la CDN que esté vigente y r . Cómo ha abordado la Parte el artículo 4, párrafo 4, del Acuerdo de París:Descripción del compromiso Nombre del compromiso Descripción y objetivos Sectores cubiertos Horizonte temporal Marco político habilitante Entidades implementadoras Estado Pasos previstos # Cobertura Efectos Circunstancias Nacionales Estatus del compromiso Al 2025, Panamá contará con un Plan Nacional de Cambio Climático para el sector Energía, con un componente de mitigación y uno de adaptación.', 'Esto representa los primeros pasos en el establecimiento de metas para el conjunto de la economía, como establece el Decreto No 100 de 2020 sobre la preparación, comunicación y mantenimiento de una sucesiva CDN que represente una progresión de los esfuerzos nacionales de mitigación, con respecto a la CDN que esté vigente y r . Cómo ha abordado la Parte el artículo 4, párrafo 4, del Acuerdo de París:Descripción del compromiso Nombre del compromiso Descripción y objetivos Sectores cubiertos Horizonte temporal Marco político habilitante Entidades implementadoras Estado Pasos previstos # Cobertura Efectos Circunstancias Nacionales Estatus del compromiso Al 2025, Panamá contará con un Plan Nacional de Cambio Climático para el sector Energía, con un componente de mitigación y uno de adaptación. 1 Evaluar riesgos de generación de energía para disminuir riesgos y garantizar la seguridad eléctrica del país.', '1 Evaluar riesgos de generación de energía para disminuir riesgos y garantizar la seguridad eléctrica del país. Nacional 2025 ATE; Plan Energético Nacional MiAMBIENTE SNE ETESA Matriz energética resiliente ante los efectos del cambio climático; Seguridad en la disponibilidad de energía ante eventos extremos Disminución de emisiones de GEI Energía Al 2025, Panamá se compromete al desarrollo y a iniciar la implementación de la Estrategia Nacional REDD+. 3 Contribuir a la mitigación del cambio climático global a través de la reducción de deforestación y degradación forestal, conservación de ecosistemas forestales, aumento de las reservas de carbono forestal y el manejo sostenible de los bosques. MIDA Reducción de deforestación y degradación forestal, conservación de ecosistemas forestales. Aumento de sumideros UTCUTS Panamá se compromete a la restauración forestal de 50,000 hectáreas a nivel nacional, que contribuirán a la absorción de carbono de aproximadamente toneladas de CO2eq al año 2050. 2 Incrementar la capacidad de absorción del sector UTCUTS por medio de actividades de reforestación y restauración Nacional 2050 Estrategia Nacional Forestal MiAMBIENTE Implementación del Programa Nacional de Restauración Forestal Reducción de deforestación y degradación forestal, conservación de ecosistemas forestales Aumento de sumideros UTCUTS Al 2025, Panamá se compromete al desarrollo de una Guía Técnica Nacional de Cambio Climático para el sector UTCUTS (Bosques), con enfoque en adaptación y mitigación.', '2 Incrementar la capacidad de absorción del sector UTCUTS por medio de actividades de reforestación y restauración Nacional 2050 Estrategia Nacional Forestal MiAMBIENTE Implementación del Programa Nacional de Restauración Forestal Reducción de deforestación y degradación forestal, conservación de ecosistemas forestales Aumento de sumideros UTCUTS Al 2025, Panamá se compromete al desarrollo de una Guía Técnica Nacional de Cambio Climático para el sector UTCUTS (Bosques), con enfoque en adaptación y mitigación. 4 Manejo sostenible y la restauración de bosques naturales, buscando el aumento de cobertura boscosa y el incremento de la capacidad de absorción de CO . Nacional 2025 No Aplica MiAMBIENTE Desarrollo del documento Aumento de cobertura boscosa Incremento de capacidad de absorción UTCUTS Descripción del compromiso Nombre del compromiso Descripción y objetivos Sectores cubiertos Horizonte temporal Marco político habilitante Entidades implementadoras Estado Pasos previstos # Cobertura Efectos Circunstancias Nacionales Estatus del compromiso 5 Nacional 2025 No Aplica MiAMBIENTE Desarrollo de documento Sector más sostenible y resiliente. Reducción de emisiones Al 2025, Panamá contará con la guía técnica de cambio climático para el sector Sistemas marinos-costeros con componentes de adaptación y mitigación. 7 Manejo sostenible de los sistemas marinos y costeros Nacional 2025 No Aplica MiAMBIENTE Desarrollo de documento Sector más sostenible y resiliente.', '7 Manejo sostenible de los sistemas marinos y costeros Nacional 2025 No Aplica MiAMBIENTE Desarrollo de documento Sector más sostenible y resiliente. Reducción de emisiones / aumento de absorción Sistemas Marino-Costeros 6 2022 No Aplica Instituciones que conforman la Comisión Interinstitucional de la Cuenca del Canal (CICH), otras instituciones con injerencia en temas territoriales, autoridades locales, academia, actores claves comunitarios y sectoriales, entre otros. Desarrollo de documento Reducción de emisiones y aumento de sumideros A partir del 2022, los inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero integrarán el carbono azul, aplicando el capítulo 4 del del IPCC que hace énfasis en humedales costeros. 8 Reconocer el papel crucial que representan los ecosistemas de carbono azul para el país. Nacional 2022 Guía suplemento 2013 del IPCC, capítulo 4. MiAMBIENTE Mejora de inventarios al integrar el carbono azul Sector más sostenible y resiliente. Aumento de absorción Sistemas Marino-CosterosDescripción del compromiso Nombre del compromiso Descripción y objetivos Sectores cubiertos Horizonte temporal Marco político habilitante Entidades implementadoras Estado Pasos previstos # Cobertura Efectos Circunstancias Nacionales Estatus del compromiso Al 2025, Panamá habrá desarrollado el Manual de Técnicas de Restauración para Áreas Degradadas de Manglar. 9 Fortalecer los proyectos de reforestación de manglares venideros para garantizar una mejor probabilidad de éxito en su ejecución para recobrar estas zonas degradadas.', '9 Fortalecer los proyectos de reforestación de manglares venideros para garantizar una mejor probabilidad de éxito en su ejecución para recobrar estas zonas degradadas. Nacional 2025 No Aplica MiAMBIENTE Desarrollo de documento Sector más sostenible y resiliente. Aumento de absorción Sistemas Marino-Costeros Al año 2025 se habrá actualizado y comenzado a implementar el Plan Nacional de Cambio Climático para el Sector Agropecuario (PNCCSA). vulnerabilidad incrementar resiliencia (adaptación); y reducir emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero del sector Agro. Nacional 2025 PNCCSA MIDA Concluir proceso de actualización Reducción de vulnerabilidad y aumento de resiliencia del sector agropecuario a los nuevos escenarios climáticos Reducción de emisiones Agricultura, Ganadería y Acuicultura Al 2025, se contará con el diseño, construcción y acciones preliminares de implementación de la Guía de Cambio Climático para el Sector Biodiversidad con enfoque en adaptación y mitigación, construida con acompañamiento técnico de la Dirección de Áreas Protegidas y Biodiversidad 10 Nacional 2025 No Aplica MiAMBIENTE Desarrollo de documento Sector más sostenible y resiliente Reducción de emisiones Biodiversidad Al 2030, el NAMA de arroz habrá comenzado a implementarse y el NAMA ganadero habrá sido formulado y se habrá iniciado su implementación, en la medida del apoyo internacional recibido.', 'Nacional 2025 PNCCSA MIDA Concluir proceso de actualización Reducción de vulnerabilidad y aumento de resiliencia del sector agropecuario a los nuevos escenarios climáticos Reducción de emisiones Agricultura, Ganadería y Acuicultura Al 2025, se contará con el diseño, construcción y acciones preliminares de implementación de la Guía de Cambio Climático para el Sector Biodiversidad con enfoque en adaptación y mitigación, construida con acompañamiento técnico de la Dirección de Áreas Protegidas y Biodiversidad 10 Nacional 2025 No Aplica MiAMBIENTE Desarrollo de documento Sector más sostenible y resiliente Reducción de emisiones Biodiversidad Al 2030, el NAMA de arroz habrá comenzado a implementarse y el NAMA ganadero habrá sido formulado y se habrá iniciado su implementación, en la medida del apoyo internacional recibido. 12 Transformación de la economía hacia un crecimiento bajo en carbono Nacional 2030 No Aplica MIDA Disminución del impacto del cultivo de arroz y el sector ganadero en el clima. Reducción de emisiones Agricultura, Ganadería y Acuicultura Descripción del compromiso Nombre del compromiso Descripción y objetivos Sectores cubiertos Horizonte temporal Marco político habilitante Entidades implementadoras Estado Pasos previstos # Cobertura Efectos Circunstancias Nacionales Estatus del compromiso Al 2025, Panamá habrá desarrollado el Manual de Técnicas de Restauración para Áreas Degradadas de Manglar.', 'Reducción de emisiones Agricultura, Ganadería y Acuicultura Descripción del compromiso Nombre del compromiso Descripción y objetivos Sectores cubiertos Horizonte temporal Marco político habilitante Entidades implementadoras Estado Pasos previstos # Cobertura Efectos Circunstancias Nacionales Estatus del compromiso Al 2025, Panamá habrá desarrollado el Manual de Técnicas de Restauración para Áreas Degradadas de Manglar. 9 Fortalecer los proyectos de reforestación de manglares venideros para garantizar una mejor probabilidad de éxito en su ejecución para recobrar estas zonas degradadas. Nacional 2025 No Aplica MiAMBIENTE Desarrollo de documento Sector más sostenible y resiliente. Aumento de absorción Sistemas Marino-Costeros Al año 2025 se habrá actualizado y comenzado a implementar el Plan Nacional de Cambio Climático para el Sector Agropecuario (PNCCSA). vulnerabilidad incrementar resiliencia (adaptación); y reducir emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero del sector Agro.', 'vulnerabilidad incrementar resiliencia (adaptación); y reducir emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero del sector Agro. Nacional 2025 PNCCSA MIDA Concluir proceso de actualización Reducción de vulnerabilidad y aumento de resiliencia del sector agropecuario a los nuevos escenarios climáticos Reducción de emisiones Agricultura, Ganadería y Acuicultura Al 2025, se contará con el diseño, construcción y acciones preliminares de implementación de la Guía de Cambio Climático para el Sector Biodiversidad con enfoque en adaptación y mitigación, construida con acompañamiento técnico de la Dirección de Áreas Protegidas y Biodiversidad 10 Nacional 2025 No Aplica MiAMBIENTE Desarrollo de documento Sector más sostenible y resiliente Reducción de emisiones Biodiversidad Al 2030, el NAMA de arroz habrá comenzado a implementarse y el NAMA ganadero habrá sido formulado y se habrá iniciado su implementación, en la medida del apoyo internacional recibido. 12 Transformación de la economía hacia un crecimiento bajo en carbono Nacional 2030 No Aplica MIDA Disminución del impacto del cultivo de arroz y el sector ganadero en el clima. Reducción de emisiones Agricultura, Ganadería y AcuiculturaDescripción del compromiso Nombre del compromiso Descripción y objetivos Sectores cubiertos Horizonte temporal Marco político habilitante Entidades implementadoras Estado Pasos previstos # Cobertura Efectos Circunstancias Nacionales Estatus del compromiso Al 2025, Panamá habrá desarrollado un “Plan de Cambio Climático para el Sector Salud” que incluya componentes de adaptación y mitigación.', 'Reducción de emisiones Agricultura, Ganadería y AcuiculturaDescripción del compromiso Nombre del compromiso Descripción y objetivos Sectores cubiertos Horizonte temporal Marco político habilitante Entidades implementadoras Estado Pasos previstos # Cobertura Efectos Circunstancias Nacionales Estatus del compromiso Al 2025, Panamá habrá desarrollado un “Plan de Cambio Climático para el Sector Salud” que incluya componentes de adaptación y mitigación. 17 Nacional 2025 No Aplica MiAMBIENTE Desarrollo del documento Sector más sostenible y resiliente. Reducción de emisiones Salud Pública Al 2025, Panamá integrará la dimensión de Cambio Climático en los proyectos de inversión pública a través de la implementación de la "Guía Técnica de Cambio Climático Para Proyectos de Infraestructura de Inversión Pública". 19 Evaluar los riesgos actuales y futuros, relacionados con el cambio climático e incorporar medidas de adaptación a lo largo de los ciclos del proyecto. Nacional 2025 Guía Técnica de Riesgo Climático Para Proyectos de Infraestructura de Infraestructura Pública MiAMBIENTE Iniciar proceso de integración de proyectos Sector más sostenible y resiliente. Reducción de emisiones Infraestructura Sostenible Al 2025, Panamá habrá desarrollado un “Plan de Cambio Climático para el Sector Infraestructura" que incluya componentes de adaptación y mitigación.', 'Reducción de emisiones Infraestructura Sostenible Al 2025, Panamá habrá desarrollado un “Plan de Cambio Climático para el Sector Infraestructura" que incluya componentes de adaptación y mitigación. 18 Incrementar la resiliencia de la infraestructura en el país ante los efectos del cambio climático Nacional 2025 No Aplica MiAMBIENTE Desarrollo del documento Sector más sostenible y resiliente. Reducción de emisiones Infraestructura Sostenible Al 2022 se tendrá actualizada la normativa de Evaluación de los Estudios de Impacto Ambiental (EIA) que incorporará gestión de riesgo climático, medidas de adaptación y reducción de huella de carbono de los proyectos. 20 Actualización del Decreto Ejecutivo agosto de 2009, la metodología de análisis de gestión ambiental, los elementos, aspectos y variables que pueden ser causados por el calentamiento global, considerando el cambio climático como un vector que introduce cambios al ambiente.', '20 Actualización del Decreto Ejecutivo agosto de 2009, la metodología de análisis de gestión ambiental, los elementos, aspectos y variables que pueden ser causados por el calentamiento global, considerando el cambio climático como un vector que introduce cambios al ambiente. Nacional 2022 Decreto Ejecutivo regula el proceso de EIA; Decreto N° agosto del 2004, “Por el cual se reglamentan los del Capítulo IV del Título IV, de la Ley 41 de 1 de julio de 1998, General de Ambiente de la República de Panamá” MiAMBIENTE En proceso de implementación Proyectos de inversión pública y privada más resilientes ante efectos adversos de Cambio Climático y desarrollo sostenible por medio de la protección de los ecosistemas vulnerables a los efectos del Cambio Climático Reducción de emisiones Infraestructura Sostenible Descripción del compromiso Nombre del compromiso Descripción y objetivos Sectores cubiertos Horizonte temporal Marco político habilitante Entidades implementadoras Estado Pasos previstos # Cobertura Efectos Circunstancias Nacionales Estatus del compromiso Al 2025 se contará con la actualización del Decreto Ejecutivo Eco-Etiquetado Ministerio de Comercio e industrias Sector más sostenible y resiliente.', 'Nacional 2022 Decreto Ejecutivo regula el proceso de EIA; Decreto N° agosto del 2004, “Por el cual se reglamentan los del Capítulo IV del Título IV, de la Ley 41 de 1 de julio de 1998, General de Ambiente de la República de Panamá” MiAMBIENTE En proceso de implementación Proyectos de inversión pública y privada más resilientes ante efectos adversos de Cambio Climático y desarrollo sostenible por medio de la protección de los ecosistemas vulnerables a los efectos del Cambio Climático Reducción de emisiones Infraestructura Sostenible Descripción del compromiso Nombre del compromiso Descripción y objetivos Sectores cubiertos Horizonte temporal Marco político habilitante Entidades implementadoras Estado Pasos previstos # Cobertura Efectos Circunstancias Nacionales Estatus del compromiso Al 2025 se contará con la actualización del Decreto Ejecutivo Eco-Etiquetado Ministerio de Comercio e industrias Sector más sostenible y resiliente. Reducción de emisiones Economía Circular Al 2025 se habrán generado métricas e indicadores para el monitoreo de los avances del país en este sector 23 Métricas e indicadores alineados con el modelo de desarrollo sostenible, ayudando a mejorar la competitividad y a su vez generando a una economía con menor cantidad de emisiones y mejor manejo de recursos Nacional 2025 MiAMBIENTE Estudio de línea base para conocer el avance de los distintos sectores en la implementación de tecnologías innovadoras que mejoren la productividad y disminuyan el impacto en el ambiente Sector más sostenible y resiliente Reducción de emisiones Economía Circular Al 2025 se contará con el Centro de Economía Circular del CONEP en funcionamiento CONEP Trámites de formalización del centro y armar una hoja de ruta para la funcionalidad de este Sector más sostenible y resiliente.', 'Reducción de emisiones Economía Circular Al 2025 se habrán generado métricas e indicadores para el monitoreo de los avances del país en este sector 23 Métricas e indicadores alineados con el modelo de desarrollo sostenible, ayudando a mejorar la competitividad y a su vez generando a una economía con menor cantidad de emisiones y mejor manejo de recursos Nacional 2025 MiAMBIENTE Estudio de línea base para conocer el avance de los distintos sectores en la implementación de tecnologías innovadoras que mejoren la productividad y disminuyan el impacto en el ambiente Sector más sostenible y resiliente Reducción de emisiones Economía Circular Al 2025 se contará con el Centro de Economía Circular del CONEP en funcionamiento CONEP Trámites de formalización del centro y armar una hoja de ruta para la funcionalidad de este Sector más sostenible y resiliente. Reducción de emisiones Economía Circular Al 2025, se contará con el programa Reduce Tu Huella Corporativo desarrollado y en funcionamiento, con al menos 100 organizaciones registradas reportando huella de carbono o hídrica. 24 Gestión de huella de carbono de entidades público-privadas Nacional 2025 Decreto Ejecutivo No.', '24 Gestión de huella de carbono de entidades público-privadas Nacional 2025 Decreto Ejecutivo No. 100 del 20 de octubre de 2020 MiAMBIENTE En proceso de implementación Inscripción de primeras empresas Sector más sostenible y resiliente Reducción de emisiones Economía CircularDescripción del compromiso Nombre del compromiso Descripción y objetivos Sectores cubiertos Horizonte temporal Marco político habilitante Entidades implementadoras Estado Pasos previstos # Cobertura Efectos Circunstancias Nacionales Estatus del compromiso Al 2022, se contará con el Plan Nacional de Cambio Climático para el sector de Economía Circular desarrollado, y al año 2025, se contará con al menos el 10% de su implementación Instrumento de Gestión Ambiental y Participación Empresarial en Producción más Limpia MiAMBIENTE MEF CONEP CNP+L Establecer Hoja de Ruta para transición del Proyecto de Producción más Limpia hacia el proyecto en cuestión Sector más sostenible y resiliente.', '100 del 20 de octubre de 2020 MiAMBIENTE En proceso de implementación Inscripción de primeras empresas Sector más sostenible y resiliente Reducción de emisiones Economía CircularDescripción del compromiso Nombre del compromiso Descripción y objetivos Sectores cubiertos Horizonte temporal Marco político habilitante Entidades implementadoras Estado Pasos previstos # Cobertura Efectos Circunstancias Nacionales Estatus del compromiso Al 2022, se contará con el Plan Nacional de Cambio Climático para el sector de Economía Circular desarrollado, y al año 2025, se contará con al menos el 10% de su implementación Instrumento de Gestión Ambiental y Participación Empresarial en Producción más Limpia MiAMBIENTE MEF CONEP CNP+L Establecer Hoja de Ruta para transición del Proyecto de Producción más Limpia hacia el proyecto en cuestión Sector más sostenible y resiliente. Reducción de emisiones Economía Circular Al 2025 se habrá mejorado, ampliado y fortalecido la Plataforma SIRED (Sistema de Recopilación y Evaluación de Daños) por medio de la inclusión de los eventos de lento progreso resultado del cambio climático 27 Nacional 2025 Política Nacional de Gestión de Riesgo de Desastres Decreto Ejecutivo Del 30 de diciembre de 2010 MiAMBIENTE Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas (MEF) No Aplica No Aplica No Aplica No sectorial Al 2022 se tendrá actualizada la normativa de Auditorías Ambientales y Programa de adecuación y manejo Ambiental que incluirá gestión de riesgo de desastres, medidas de adaptación y reducción de huella de carbono.', 'Reducción de emisiones Economía Circular Al 2025 se habrá mejorado, ampliado y fortalecido la Plataforma SIRED (Sistema de Recopilación y Evaluación de Daños) por medio de la inclusión de los eventos de lento progreso resultado del cambio climático 27 Nacional 2025 Política Nacional de Gestión de Riesgo de Desastres Decreto Ejecutivo Del 30 de diciembre de 2010 MiAMBIENTE Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas (MEF) No Aplica No Aplica No Aplica No sectorial Al 2022 se tendrá actualizada la normativa de Auditorías Ambientales y Programa de adecuación y manejo Ambiental que incluirá gestión de riesgo de desastres, medidas de adaptación y reducción de huella de carbono. 26 Actualización del Decreto Ejecutivo No.', 'Reducción de emisiones Economía Circular Al 2025 se habrá mejorado, ampliado y fortalecido la Plataforma SIRED (Sistema de Recopilación y Evaluación de Daños) por medio de la inclusión de los eventos de lento progreso resultado del cambio climático 27 Nacional 2025 Política Nacional de Gestión de Riesgo de Desastres Decreto Ejecutivo Del 30 de diciembre de 2010 MiAMBIENTE Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas (MEF) No Aplica No Aplica No Aplica No sectorial Al 2022 se tendrá actualizada la normativa de Auditorías Ambientales y Programa de adecuación y manejo Ambiental que incluirá gestión de riesgo de desastres, medidas de adaptación y reducción de huella de carbono. 26 Actualización del Decreto Ejecutivo No. 57 de 10 de agosto del 2004, que reglamenta el proceso de Evaluación de las Auditorías Ambientales y Programa de Adecuación y Manejo Ambiental, el mismo incluirá gestión de riesgo de desastres, medidas de adaptación y reducción de huella de carbono Nacional 2022 Decreto N° 57, del 10 de agosto del 2004, “Por el cual se reglamentan los del Capítulo IV del Título IV, de la Ley 41 de 1 de julio de 1998, General de Ambiente de la República de Panamá” relacionado a la Evaluación de las Auditorías Ambientales y Programa de Adecuación y Manejo Ambiental MiAMBIENTE En proceso de implementación esarrollo del documento de anteproyecto de Decreto Ejecutivo que regirá el proceso de Evaluación de las auditorías ambientales y programa de adecuación y manejo ambiental, incluyendo el manual de procedimiento Proyectos de inversión pública y privada más resilientes ante efectos adversos de Cambio Climático y desarrollo sostenible por medio de la protección de los ecosistemas vulnerables a los efectos del Cambio Climático Reducción de emisiones Economía Circular Al 2025 Panamá se compromete a establecer y poner en marcha la Plataforma Nacional de Transparencia Climática 28 Gestión y monitoreo de las acciones que nos encaminan hacia la neutralidad de carbono y el desarrollo sostenible, inclusivo, bajo en emisiones y resiliente, mediante sus componentes: Sistema Nacional de Gases de Efecto Invernadero, Registro Nacional para Acciones de Mitigación, Sistema Nacional para el Monitoreo y Evaluación de la Adaptación, Registro Nacional para Medios de Implementación para la Acción Climática Nacional 2025 Decreto ejecutivo octubre de 2020 MiAMBIENTE No Aplica No Aplica No Aplica No sectoria ANEXO B. COMUNICACIÓN EN ADAPTACIÓN De acuerdo con la Decisión 9/CMA.1, a continuación, se presenta la Comunicación en Adaptación de la República de Panamá como un componente de la primera actualización de la Contribución Determinada a nivel Nacional (CDN1).', '57 de 10 de agosto del 2004, que reglamenta el proceso de Evaluación de las Auditorías Ambientales y Programa de Adecuación y Manejo Ambiental, el mismo incluirá gestión de riesgo de desastres, medidas de adaptación y reducción de huella de carbono Nacional 2022 Decreto N° 57, del 10 de agosto del 2004, “Por el cual se reglamentan los del Capítulo IV del Título IV, de la Ley 41 de 1 de julio de 1998, General de Ambiente de la República de Panamá” relacionado a la Evaluación de las Auditorías Ambientales y Programa de Adecuación y Manejo Ambiental MiAMBIENTE En proceso de implementación esarrollo del documento de anteproyecto de Decreto Ejecutivo que regirá el proceso de Evaluación de las auditorías ambientales y programa de adecuación y manejo ambiental, incluyendo el manual de procedimiento Proyectos de inversión pública y privada más resilientes ante efectos adversos de Cambio Climático y desarrollo sostenible por medio de la protección de los ecosistemas vulnerables a los efectos del Cambio Climático Reducción de emisiones Economía Circular Al 2025 Panamá se compromete a establecer y poner en marcha la Plataforma Nacional de Transparencia Climática 28 Gestión y monitoreo de las acciones que nos encaminan hacia la neutralidad de carbono y el desarrollo sostenible, inclusivo, bajo en emisiones y resiliente, mediante sus componentes: Sistema Nacional de Gases de Efecto Invernadero, Registro Nacional para Acciones de Mitigación, Sistema Nacional para el Monitoreo y Evaluación de la Adaptación, Registro Nacional para Medios de Implementación para la Acción Climática Nacional 2025 Decreto ejecutivo octubre de 2020 MiAMBIENTE No Aplica No Aplica No Aplica No sectoria ANEXO B. COMUNICACIÓN EN ADAPTACIÓN De acuerdo con la Decisión 9/CMA.1, a continuación, se presenta la Comunicación en Adaptación de la República de Panamá como un componente de la primera actualización de la Contribución Determinada a nivel Nacional (CDN1). Circunstancias nacionales Esta sección detalla de manera general las circunstancias del país, sus características geográficas, climáticas, demográficas y económicas.', 'Circunstancias nacionales Esta sección detalla de manera general las circunstancias del país, sus características geográficas, climáticas, demográficas y económicas. Para mayor información dirigirse a la sección 4 de la CDN1 de Panamá actualizada, en la cual se desarrolla la información de acuerdo los compromisos sectoriales, desde una visión integral de adaptación-mitigación. Geografía y Clima El territorio de la República de Panamá comprende la superficie terrestre, el mar territorial, la plataforma continental submarina y el espacio aéreo entre Colombia y Costa Rica de acuerdo con los tratados de límites celebrados entre Panamá y estos dos Estados. Panamá se caracteriza por un clima tropical muy caluroso, que predomina durante todo el año en las costas y tierras bajas, pero que cambia hacia el interior a medida que gana altitud (INEC, 2005).', 'Panamá se caracteriza por un clima tropical muy caluroso, que predomina durante todo el año en las costas y tierras bajas, pero que cambia hacia el interior a medida que gana altitud (INEC, 2005). Recursos Hídricos Panamá se considera como uno de los países del mundo con un gran recurso hídrico, esta riqueza hídrica se genera por una red hidrográfica integrada por 52 cuencas, las cuales recogen las aguas de unos 500 ríos de dos vertientes, la del Caribe y la del Pacífico, este régimen hídrico está condicionado por la posición, orientación y el relieve del Istmo (INEC, 2005). Cobertura Boscosa En el año 2019 el Ministerio de Ambiente a través de la Dirección de Información Ambiental (DIAM) presentó un mapa diagnóstico el cual detallaba el estado de los bosques y otras tierras boscosas.', 'Cobertura Boscosa En el año 2019 el Ministerio de Ambiente a través de la Dirección de Información Ambiental (DIAM) presentó un mapa diagnóstico el cual detallaba el estado de los bosques y otras tierras boscosas. De acuerdo al informe generado, Panamá cuenta con 65.4% de bosques y otras tierras boscosas, un 32.5% de otras tierras y 2.1 de aguas continentales (MiAMBIENTE, 2019a). Los bosques en Panamá son de gran valor gracias por los múltiples servicios y beneficios que nos proveen, sin embargo, es necesario que sean monitoreados ya que se ejerce mucha presión sobre los mismos debido a las actividades forestales y agropecuarias.', 'Los bosques en Panamá son de gran valor gracias por los múltiples servicios y beneficios que nos proveen, sin embargo, es necesario que sean monitoreados ya que se ejerce mucha presión sobre los mismos debido a las actividades forestales y agropecuarias. Demografía Estimaciones de total de población realizadas para el año 2018, establece una cifra de 4 158 783 habitantes que en relación a la superficie total de 75 517 km2 en Panamá, representa una densidad poblacional de 55.07 habitantes/ km2 (MINSA, 2019a). Perfil Económico Antes del impacto de la pandemia por el COVID-19 y, Panamá se encontraba entre las economías de más rápido crecimiento en el mundo, con un promedio anual del 4.6 % en los últimos cinco años.', 'Perfil Económico Antes del impacto de la pandemia por el COVID-19 y, Panamá se encontraba entre las economías de más rápido crecimiento en el mundo, con un promedio anual del 4.6 % en los últimos cinco años. El país ha avanzado con la reducción de la pobreza en los últimos años, en parte debido al crecimiento económico y las transferencias públicas. Entre el 2015 y 2018 resultaría en una disminución de pobreza del 15,4% a un 12,6%, mientras que la pobreza extrema, declinó de 6,7% a 5,2%. Panamá es considerado como uno de los más desiguales de la región (Banco Principales arreglos institucionales y marcos normativos nacionales Los arreglos interinstitucionales consisten en un conjunto de arreglos formales (tales como reglamentos, directivas, leyes, decretos o memorandos de entendimiento) dirigidos a proporcionar los recursos financieros, datos y humanos necesarios.', 'Panamá es considerado como uno de los más desiguales de la región (Banco Principales arreglos institucionales y marcos normativos nacionales Los arreglos interinstitucionales consisten en un conjunto de arreglos formales (tales como reglamentos, directivas, leyes, decretos o memorandos de entendimiento) dirigidos a proporcionar los recursos financieros, datos y humanos necesarios. A continuación, se detalla la jerarquía jurídica del Cambio Climático en Panamá: Constitución Política de la República de Panamá La Constitución de la República de Panamá establece en su Artículo 118 que es deber fundamental del Estado garantizar que la población viva en un ambiente sano y libre de contaminación, que satisfaga los requerimientos del desarrollo adecuado de la vida humana.', 'A continuación, se detalla la jerarquía jurídica del Cambio Climático en Panamá: Constitución Política de la República de Panamá La Constitución de la República de Panamá establece en su Artículo 118 que es deber fundamental del Estado garantizar que la población viva en un ambiente sano y libre de contaminación, que satisfaga los requerimientos del desarrollo adecuado de la vida humana. El Artículo 119, dice que el Estado y todos los habitantes del territorio nacional tienen el deber de propiciar un desarrollo social y económico que prevenga la contaminación del ambiente, mantenga el equilibrio ecológico y evite la destrucción de los ecosistemas.Marco legal internacional en cambio climático Panamá ha adoptado compromisos en materia de cambio climático al ratificar las siguientes leyes: • Ley N°10 de 12 de abril de 1995, “por la cual se aprueba la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático hecha en Nueva York el 9 de mayo de 1992”.', 'El Artículo 119, dice que el Estado y todos los habitantes del territorio nacional tienen el deber de propiciar un desarrollo social y económico que prevenga la contaminación del ambiente, mantenga el equilibrio ecológico y evite la destrucción de los ecosistemas.Marco legal internacional en cambio climático Panamá ha adoptado compromisos en materia de cambio climático al ratificar las siguientes leyes: • Ley N°10 de 12 de abril de 1995, “por la cual se aprueba la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático hecha en Nueva York el 9 de mayo de 1992”. • Ley N°88 de 30 de noviembre de 1998, “por la cual se aprueba el Protocolo de Kyoto de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático, hecho en Kyoto, el 11 de diciembre de 1997”.', '• Ley N°88 de 30 de noviembre de 1998, “por la cual se aprueba el Protocolo de Kyoto de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático, hecho en Kyoto, el 11 de diciembre de 1997”. • Ley N°40 de 12 de septiembre de 2016, por la cual se aprueba el Acuerdo De París, hecho en París el 12 de diciembre de 2015. • Decreto Ejecutivo N°393 de 17 septiembre de 2015, la República de Panamá adopta los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS), dentro de los cuales, en materia de cambio climático, se destaca el Objetivo 13 denominado Acción por el Clima.', '• Decreto Ejecutivo N°393 de 17 septiembre de 2015, la República de Panamá adopta los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS), dentro de los cuales, en materia de cambio climático, se destaca el Objetivo 13 denominado Acción por el Clima. Ley 41 del 1 de julio de 1998, General del Ambiente La Ley 41 General de Ambiente de la República de Panamá, señala que la administración del ambiente es una obligación del Estado, por tanto, establece los principios y normas básicas para la protección, conservación y recuperación del ambiente, promoviendo el uso sostenible de los recursos naturales. Además, ordena la gestión ambiental y la integra a los objetivos sociales y económicos, a efecto de lograr el desarrollo humano sostenible del país.', 'Además, ordena la gestión ambiental y la integra a los objetivos sociales y económicos, a efecto de lograr el desarrollo humano sostenible del país. Texto Único de la Ley 41 General de Ambiente Con la promulgación de la Ley 8 del 25 de marzo del 2015 que crea el Ministerio de Ambiente se establece un nuevo texto único para la Ley General de Ambiente en donde se incluye un Título al tema de cambio climático. El Título V de Cambio Climático, contiene el Capítulo I, de Adaptación al Cambio Climático que señala lo siguiente: • Artículo 82. El Estado reconoce que el cambio climático es una amenaza global importante en materia ambiental que incide en la población, los ecosistemas y lodos los sectores productivos de la economía del país. • Artículo 83.', 'El Estado reconoce que el cambio climático es una amenaza global importante en materia ambiental que incide en la población, los ecosistemas y lodos los sectores productivos de la economía del país. • Artículo 83. El Ministerio de Ambiente, en coordinación con las autoridades competentes. impulsará iniciativas de adaptación al cambio climático que incrementen la resiliencia del país a los efectos adversos del cambio climático, haciendo especial énfasis en la población y los ecosistemas más vulnerables • Artículo 84. El Ministerio de Ambiente, con la colaboración de otras instituciones. elaborará. publicará y actualizará periódicamente una estrategia nacional de adaptación al cambio climático. • Artículo 85.', 'publicará y actualizará periódicamente una estrategia nacional de adaptación al cambio climático. • Artículo 85. Se crea el Fondo de Adaptación al Cambio Climático que estará destinado a financiar las iniciativas priorizadas de adaptación al cambio climático global, y cuyos ingresos estarán constituidos por las donaciones y/o aportaciones de organismos nacionales o internacionales para este propósito, así como por un porcentaje de los beneficios provenientes de los proyectos de mitigación del cambio climático. Entre los principales arreglos institucionales para la gestión de la adaptación en Panamá podemos identificar los siguientes.', 'Entre los principales arreglos institucionales para la gestión de la adaptación en Panamá podemos identificar los siguientes. Comité Nacional de Cambio Climático Mediante la Resolución N°DM-0221-2018 del 4 de junio de 2018, Por la cual se adopta el Reglamento Interno del Comité Nacional de Cambio Climático (CONACCP) tal como lo expresa en su Artículo 1, y en su Artículo 2, dice que el mismo entrará a regir a partir de su aprobación por cada uno de los miembros del CONACCP. Los fines y objetivos del comité de acuerdo al Reglamento Interno son: 1. Consolidar el sistema de coordinación interinstitucional para el cumplimiento de lo dispuesto en los acuerdos internacionales sobre cambio climático. 2. Servirá de contraparte coordinadora de las acciones con el Sistema Interinstitucional del Ambiente (SIA). 3.', 'Servirá de contraparte coordinadora de las acciones con el Sistema Interinstitucional del Ambiente (SIA). 3. Promover el tema de cambio climático, de manera transversal, en las políticas nacionales en cada una de las instituciones miembros del comité. El CONACCP está integrado por las siguientes instituciones: Comité Interinstitucional de Cambio Climático para el Sector Agropecuario El Comité Interinstitucional de Cambio Climático para el Sector Agropecuario (CICCSA), fue creado por la Resolución N°OAL 059-ADM.2019 del lunes 10 de junio de 2019. “Mediante la cual se adopta e implementa el Plan Nacional de Cambio Climático para el Sector Agropecuario y se crea el Comité Interinstitucional de Cambio Climático para el Sector Agropecuario”, publicado en Gaceta Oficial N°28864.', '“Mediante la cual se adopta e implementa el Plan Nacional de Cambio Climático para el Sector Agropecuario y se crea el Comité Interinstitucional de Cambio Climático para el Sector Agropecuario”, publicado en Gaceta Oficial N°28864. El Ministerio de Desarrollo Agropecuario tiene la responsabilidad de dirigir medidas de adaptación y de mitigación al sector agropecuario, a través de la Unidad Agroambiental y de Cambio Climático quien es la responsable de la planificación, coordinación y apoyo a la implementación, divulgación, seguimiento, monitoreo y evaluación del cumplimiento de las acciones establecidas en el Plan Nacional de Cambio Climático para el Sector Agropecuario (PNCCSA) (MIDA,2018) Impactos, riesgos y vulnerabilidades del país Como ya se ha mencionado, Panamá es un país altamente vulnerable a los impactos de la variabilidad y el cambio climático, aunque en comparación con los países de la región Centroamericana y del caribe, se encuentra en una condición privilegiada.', 'El Ministerio de Desarrollo Agropecuario tiene la responsabilidad de dirigir medidas de adaptación y de mitigación al sector agropecuario, a través de la Unidad Agroambiental y de Cambio Climático quien es la responsable de la planificación, coordinación y apoyo a la implementación, divulgación, seguimiento, monitoreo y evaluación del cumplimiento de las acciones establecidas en el Plan Nacional de Cambio Climático para el Sector Agropecuario (PNCCSA) (MIDA,2018) Impactos, riesgos y vulnerabilidades del país Como ya se ha mencionado, Panamá es un país altamente vulnerable a los impactos de la variabilidad y el cambio climático, aunque en comparación con los países de la región Centroamericana y del caribe, se encuentra en una condición privilegiada. Con respecto a la variabilidad climática, durante el periodo 1990 a 2013, en la República de Panamá se registró un total de 2.717 eventos de origen natural; de éstos, el 57% corresponde a inundaciones, el 17% a vendavales o vientos fuertes, el 15% a deslizamientos, mientras que el restante 11% se distribuye en otros eventos.', 'Con respecto a la variabilidad climática, durante el periodo 1990 a 2013, en la República de Panamá se registró un total de 2.717 eventos de origen natural; de éstos, el 57% corresponde a inundaciones, el 17% a vendavales o vientos fuertes, el 15% a deslizamientos, mientras que el restante 11% se distribuye en otros eventos. Cabe resaltar que, dentro de los fenómenos climáticos mencionados, las inundaciones son las que han causado el mayor número de personas afectadas y defunciones en el periodo de estudio. Sin embargo, los registros o reportes por daño, ha tendido al incremento y está estrechamente relacionado al comportamiento de los eventos extremos registrados en áreas vecinas en la última década.', 'Sin embargo, los registros o reportes por daño, ha tendido al incremento y está estrechamente relacionado al comportamiento de los eventos extremos registrados en áreas vecinas en la última década. Lo anterior, permite inferir que, aunque la población pueda estar mejor preparada, las afectaciones a infraestructura, vías de comunicación o servicios públicos puedan ser susceptibles a daños y con impactos colaterales para la población. En el Quinto Informe de Evaluación del IPCC (AR5, por sus siglas en inglés) se establece que desde 1950 se han observado muchos cambios en eventos climáticos extremos (IPCC, 2014). Panamá no es la excepción.', 'Panamá no es la excepción. Los cambios mostrados en la variabilidad climáticos en los últimos años han incrementado alrededor de 1-2°C, lo que ha puesto en evidencia una condición de vulnerabilidad creciente en los sectores económicos clave: recursos hídricos, la agricultura, salud humana, zonas marino- costeras y ciudades resilientes. A pesar de la abundancia de los recursos hídricos en Panamá, las crisis producto de eventos extremos de precipitación ocurridos en los últimos años como La Purísima 2010, El Niño 2015, y la tormenta Otto 2016, y los más reciente impactos por las tormentas tropicales ETA e Iota 2020, así como los déficits de lluvia observados durante el Niño en el 2015, en donde los niveles de las fuentes de agua a nivel nacional fueron críticos.', 'A pesar de la abundancia de los recursos hídricos en Panamá, las crisis producto de eventos extremos de precipitación ocurridos en los últimos años como La Purísima 2010, El Niño 2015, y la tormenta Otto 2016, y los más reciente impactos por las tormentas tropicales ETA e Iota 2020, así como los déficits de lluvia observados durante el Niño en el 2015, en donde los niveles de las fuentes de agua a nivel nacional fueron críticos. Todos estos eventos han puesto en evidencia la vulnerabilidad de los sistemas alrededor de la recolección, distribución y acceso al agua. Con respecto a las zonas marino-costeras, se conoce que estos recursos se han visto gravemente amenazados por la presión que ejercen las actividades humanas y los impactos asociados al cambio climático.', 'Con respecto a las zonas marino-costeras, se conoce que estos recursos se han visto gravemente amenazados por la presión que ejercen las actividades humanas y los impactos asociados al cambio climático. Entre las amenazas climáticas más comunes de estas zonas se encuentran los vientos fuertes, inundaciones, sequías, deslizamientos de suelos, sismos, el ascenso del nivel del mar y la intrusión salina. Ante este panorama, la vulnerabilidad de los pobladores y sectores económicos costeros se ve amenazada, en particular ante cambios de la variabilidad climática que año con año parecen intensificar los valores extremos de lluvia y temperatura. Una de las actividades económicas sobre la que más se observarán los efectos del calentamiento global es la agricultura, ganadería y acuicultura.', 'Una de las actividades económicas sobre la que más se observarán los efectos del calentamiento global es la agricultura, ganadería y acuicultura. Se destacan entre los efectos principales: la modificación en los cultivos, debido al aumento en la atmósfera en la concentración de dióxido de carbono; mayor probabilidad de un incremento en la población de plagas, y ajustes en las demandas y ofertas de agua para irrigación. Prioridades, estrategias, políticas, planes, metas y acciones nacionales de adaptación Desde la perspectiva de adaptación, con la actualización de la CDN1 de Panamá, se procura promover la resiliencia al clima y reducir el riesgo ante los efectos del cambio climático. Los compromisos dispuestos, serán progresivos y se implementarán mediante un enfoque participativo y transparente, sobre la base de nuestras circunstancias nacionales.', 'Los compromisos dispuestos, serán progresivos y se implementarán mediante un enfoque participativo y transparente, sobre la base de nuestras circunstancias nacionales. El país ha identificado compromisos en 10 sectores y áreas prioritarias, abordados bajo un enfoque integral de cambio climático y de relevancia para la adaptación, detallados a continuación. Para mayor información dirigirse a la sección 9 de la CDN1 de Panamá actualizada, en la cual se desarrolla la información de acuerdo los compromisos desde una visión integral de adaptación-mitigación.Tabla 1. Compromisos sectoriales en adaptación en atención a la actualización de la CDN1 de Panamá Propone una visión para desarrollar Infraestructuras resistentes ante impactos de cambio climático en múltiples ámbitos: Riego por goteo, hidráulica para control de crecidas, agua potable, alcantarillado, de logística (portuaria, carreteras, puentes, aeropuer rdes.', 'Compromisos sectoriales en adaptación en atención a la actualización de la CDN1 de Panamá Propone una visión para desarrollar Infraestructuras resistentes ante impactos de cambio climático en múltiples ámbitos: Riego por goteo, hidráulica para control de crecidas, agua potable, alcantarillado, de logística (portuaria, carreteras, puentes, aeropuer rdes. Tiene por objeto promover una lista completa de medidas par ativas más relevantes, implementarlas y supervisarlas. Se busca lograr la implementación de esta Guía Técnica dentro de los proyectos de inversión pública, de esta manera se podr r, entender los riesgos climáticos y los procesos de adaptación y mitigación a consider ejecución de una obra. Sector Acciones Estratégicas Descripción ODS Infraestructura Sostenible Al 2025, Panamá habrá desarrollado un “Plan de Cambio Climático para el Sector Infraestructura" que incluya componentes de adaptación y mitigación.', 'Sector Acciones Estratégicas Descripción ODS Infraestructura Sostenible Al 2025, Panamá habrá desarrollado un “Plan de Cambio Climático para el Sector Infraestructura" que incluya componentes de adaptación y mitigación. Consiste en la actualización del Decreto Ejecutivo 123 del 14 de agosto de 2009, la metodología de análisis de gestión ambiental, los elementos, aspectos y variables que pueden ser causados por el calentamiento global, considerando el cambio climático como un vector que introduce cambios al ambiente.', 'Consiste en la actualización del Decreto Ejecutivo 123 del 14 de agosto de 2009, la metodología de análisis de gestión ambiental, los elementos, aspectos y variables que pueden ser causados por el calentamiento global, considerando el cambio climático como un vector que introduce cambios al ambiente. Al 2022 se tendrá actualizada la normativa de Evaluación de los Estudios de Impacto Ambiental (EIA) que incorporará gestión de riesgo climático, medidas de adaptación y reducción de huella de carbono de los proyectos Al 2025, Panamá integrará la dimensión de Cambio Climático en los proyectos de inversión pública a través de la implementación de la "Guía Técnica de Cambio Climático para Proyectos de Infraestructura de Inversión P para reducir la vulnerabilidad de la población enfocándose en el fortalecimiento de los sistemas de vigilancia epidemiológica con riesgos ambientales y riesgos climáticos que permitan monitorear enfermedades emergentes y reemergentes relacionados con el cambio climático, y a su vez contribuiría a la reducción de emisiones de manera indirecta, mediante la implementación de diversas medidas de adaptación.', 'Al 2022 se tendrá actualizada la normativa de Evaluación de los Estudios de Impacto Ambiental (EIA) que incorporará gestión de riesgo climático, medidas de adaptación y reducción de huella de carbono de los proyectos Al 2025, Panamá integrará la dimensión de Cambio Climático en los proyectos de inversión pública a través de la implementación de la "Guía Técnica de Cambio Climático para Proyectos de Infraestructura de Inversión P para reducir la vulnerabilidad de la población enfocándose en el fortalecimiento de los sistemas de vigilancia epidemiológica con riesgos ambientales y riesgos climáticos que permitan monitorear enfermedades emergentes y reemergentes relacionados con el cambio climático, y a su vez contribuiría a la reducción de emisiones de manera indirecta, mediante la implementación de diversas medidas de adaptación. Salud Pública Al 2025, Panamá habrá desarrollado un “Plan de Cambio Climático para el Sector Salud que incluya componentes de adaptación y mitigación”.Sector Acciones Estratégicas Descripción ODS Modernización, restructuración y validación del Decreto Ejecutivo No.', 'Salud Pública Al 2025, Panamá habrá desarrollado un “Plan de Cambio Climático para el Sector Salud que incluya componentes de adaptación y mitigación”.Sector Acciones Estratégicas Descripción ODS Modernización, restructuración y validación del Decreto Ejecutivo No. 100 de 7 de octubre de 2008, que reglamenta la cer roductos y servicios ambientalmente limpios. Economía Circular Al 2025, se contará con la actualización del Decreto Ejecutivo de Eco-Etiquetado. Integra el Sindicato de Industriales de Panamá (SIP), Ministerio de Ambiente (MiAmbiente) y Consejo Nacional de la Empresa Privada (CONEP) por un modelo productivo amigable con el ambiente. Al 2025, se contará con el Centro de Economía Circular en funcionamiento. Métricas e indicadores alineados con el modelo de desarrollo sostenible, ayudando a mejorar la competitividad y a su vez generando a una economía con menor cantidad de emisiones y mejor manejo de recursos.', 'Métricas e indicadores alineados con el modelo de desarrollo sostenible, ayudando a mejorar la competitividad y a su vez generando a una economía con menor cantidad de emisiones y mejor manejo de recursos. Al 2025, se habrán generado métricas e indicadores para el monitoreo de los avances del país en este sector. Gestionar la de huella de carbono corporativa de organizaciones públicas y privadas. Esta sirve como una herramienta para guiar la recuperación económica de estas organizaciones de forma sostenible y acorde con la integridad climática. Al 2025, se contará con el programa Reduce Tu Huella Corporativo desarrollado y en funcionamiento, con al menos 100 organizaciones registradas reportando huella de carbono o hídrica. P para reducir la vulnerabilidad del sector a los efectos del cambio climático, siendo su objetivo la integr marco regula existente.', 'P para reducir la vulnerabilidad del sector a los efectos del cambio climático, siendo su objetivo la integr marco regula existente. Al 2025, Panamá habrá desarrollado su Plan Nacional de Cambio Climático para la Economía Circular a largo plazo y al 2025, se tendrá el 10% de avance en su implementación. Actualización del Decreto Ejecutivo No. 57 de 10 de agosto del 2004, que reglamenta el proceso de Evaluación de las Auditorías Ambientales y Programa de Adecuación y Manejo Ambiental, el mismo incluirá gestión de riesgo de desastres, medidas de adaptación y reducción de huella de carbono.', '57 de 10 de agosto del 2004, que reglamenta el proceso de Evaluación de las Auditorías Ambientales y Programa de Adecuación y Manejo Ambiental, el mismo incluirá gestión de riesgo de desastres, medidas de adaptación y reducción de huella de carbono. Al 2022 se tendrá actualizada la normativa de Auditorías Ambientales y Planes de Manejo Ambiental que incluirá gestión de riesgo de desastres, medidas de adaptación y reducción de huella de carbono.Expandir la plataforma SIRED, para incluir aquellos eventos de lento proceso como lo son la deser radación de tierras y bosques, la pérdida de biodiversidad, la salinización, el oceánica. Sector Acciones Estratégicas Descripción ODS Perdidas y daños Al 2025 se habrá mejorado, ampliado y fortalecido la Plataforma SIRED (Sistema de Recopilación y Evaluación de Daños) por medio de la inclusión de los eventos de lento progreso resultado del cambio climático.', 'Sector Acciones Estratégicas Descripción ODS Perdidas y daños Al 2025 se habrá mejorado, ampliado y fortalecido la Plataforma SIRED (Sistema de Recopilación y Evaluación de Daños) por medio de la inclusión de los eventos de lento progreso resultado del cambio climático. Gestión y monitoreo de las acciones que nos encaminan hacia la neutralidad de carbono y el desarrollo sostenible, inclusivo, bajo en emisiones y resiliente. La plataforma tendrá los siguientes componentes: • Sistema Nacional de Gases de Efecto Invernadero • Registro Nacional para Acciones de Mitigación • Sistema Nacional para el Monitoreo y Evaluación de la Adaptación • Registro Nacional para Medios de Implementación Medición, reporte y (MRV) para el monitoreo, evaluación y gestión de los riesgos climáticos y el desarrollo bajo en emisiones de Panamá. Al 2025, Panamá se compromete a establecer y poner en marcha la Plataforma Nacional de Transparencia Climática.', 'Al 2025, Panamá se compromete a establecer y poner en marcha la Plataforma Nacional de Transparencia Climática. Necesidades de implementación y apoyo recibido En el marco de la Evaluación de Necesidades Tecnológicas ante el cambio climático (ENT), Informe identificación y priorización de tecnologías para la Adaptación del sector Recursos Hídricos, del 2017; Panamá desarrolla una serie de productos de acuerdo con los compromisos adquiridos en torno a la ENT, con el propósito de dar respuesta a sus necesidades y prioridades específicas en torno al sector (MiAMBIENTE 2017). En el ENT, dentro del marco del CONACCP se identifica como de atención prioritaria al sector de los recursos hídricos, subsector de agua potable y saneamiento, tomando en cuenta: 1.', 'En el ENT, dentro del marco del CONACCP se identifica como de atención prioritaria al sector de los recursos hídricos, subsector de agua potable y saneamiento, tomando en cuenta: 1. La prioridad estratégica de atención del gobierno nacional: considerando instrumentos estratégicos de planificación como el Plan Nacional de Seguridad Hídrica 2015-2050, donde se establece el garantizar la seguridad hídrica en un clima cambiante y la gestión preventiva de los riesgos relacionados al agua, así como fortalecer la gestión integrada para la sostenibilidad hídrica; 2. Que la adaptación al cambio climático y la reducción de la vulnerabilidad en los recursos hídricos son temas de interés nacional, así como el aporte de resiliencia a la sociedad los cuales son lineamientos cónsonos con la Política Nacional de Cambio Climático aprobada 3.', 'Que la adaptación al cambio climático y la reducción de la vulnerabilidad en los recursos hídricos son temas de interés nacional, así como el aporte de resiliencia a la sociedad los cuales son lineamientos cónsonos con la Política Nacional de Cambio Climático aprobada 3. Que estratégicamente, el esquema de coordinación interinstitucional por medio del CONACCP es el pertinente para las acciones de la ENT, donde se considera la participación de 27 instituciones gubernamentales al mismo tiempo que se amplía la participación a la academia y organismos internacionales, para contar con una extensa red de conocimiento sobre la temática de cambio climático en sus respectivos sectores.', 'Que estratégicamente, el esquema de coordinación interinstitucional por medio del CONACCP es el pertinente para las acciones de la ENT, donde se considera la participación de 27 instituciones gubernamentales al mismo tiempo que se amplía la participación a la academia y organismos internacionales, para contar con una extensa red de conocimiento sobre la temática de cambio climático en sus respectivos sectores. De acuerdo con la revisión bibliográfica y de documentos técnicos en el marco de la gestión hídrica en Panamá, así como de páginas web de las instituciones involucradas en la temática de estudio y partes interesadas que han participado en talleres en el marco de la ENT, se realizó una lista de las probables tecnologías para que pueden atender la problemática referida al agua potable y saneamiento, particularmente para el área del Arco Seco.', 'De acuerdo con la revisión bibliográfica y de documentos técnicos en el marco de la gestión hídrica en Panamá, así como de páginas web de las instituciones involucradas en la temática de estudio y partes interesadas que han participado en talleres en el marco de la ENT, se realizó una lista de las probables tecnologías para que pueden atender la problemática referida al agua potable y saneamiento, particularmente para el área del Arco Seco. Esta lista de tecnologías se presenta en la Tabla 2 y la cual se explica a continuación (MiAMBIENTE 2017).', 'Esta lista de tecnologías se presenta en la Tabla 2 y la cual se explica a continuación (MiAMBIENTE 2017). A fin de enfocarse plenamente en los aspectos establecidos en la fase del análisis de barreras, las etapas subsiguientes considerarán solo 5 tecnologías de mayor porcentaje alcanzado para conducir de manera más objetiva su análisis a partir de su contextualización a la realidad, el ambiente propicio para su desarrollo e incluso su dimensión económica para su implementación (Tabla 2). Tabla 2. Tecnologías presentadas al Comité Nacional para la ENT y al CONACCP, para su evaluación y consideración. 1. Elaboración de balances hídricos en cuencas hidrográficas prioritarias como aporte a la Gestión Integrada de Cuencas Hidrográficas y Cambio Climático. 2. Elaboración de normativa (metodología y procedimientos hidrogeológicos) para identificar, delimitar y clasificar los acuíferos del país. 3.', 'Elaboración de normativa (metodología y procedimientos hidrogeológicos) para identificar, delimitar y clasificar los acuíferos del país. 3. Desarrollo de manual técnico para realizar proyectos de recarga artificial de acuíferos (metodología y procedimientos). 4. Evaluación del impacto de la intrusión salina en los acuíferos costeros y la delimitación de zonas vulnerables a contaminación por salinización. 5. Identificación y planificación de acciones para el control de avenidas ante crecidas por eventos de lluvia intensa para su aprovechamiento.', 'Identificación y planificación de acciones para el control de avenidas ante crecidas por eventos de lluvia intensa para su aprovechamiento. Tomado del: Reporte de Evaluación de Necesidades Tecnológicas ante el Cambio Climático, Informe Identificación y Priorización de Tecnologías para la Adaptación Sector Recursos Hídricos, 2017Los próximos pasos involucrarán la identificación y análisis de las oportunidades o barreras de su entorno habilitante o el ambiente propicio de cada una de las tecnologías identificadas, tomando en cuenta las condiciones institucionales, reguladoras y el marco político que conduce a la promoción y facilitación de la transferencia y difusión de tecnologías.', 'Tomado del: Reporte de Evaluación de Necesidades Tecnológicas ante el Cambio Climático, Informe Identificación y Priorización de Tecnologías para la Adaptación Sector Recursos Hídricos, 2017Los próximos pasos involucrarán la identificación y análisis de las oportunidades o barreras de su entorno habilitante o el ambiente propicio de cada una de las tecnologías identificadas, tomando en cuenta las condiciones institucionales, reguladoras y el marco político que conduce a la promoción y facilitación de la transferencia y difusión de tecnologías. De esta manera, se podrá generar el marco propicio para continuar el proceso de desarrollo de la ENT, así como continuar el trabajo con las partes interesadas por medio de la creación de espacios de dialogo y talleres de consulta, aprovechando otros procesos paralelos y ejecutándolos simultáneamente.', 'De esta manera, se podrá generar el marco propicio para continuar el proceso de desarrollo de la ENT, así como continuar el trabajo con las partes interesadas por medio de la creación de espacios de dialogo y talleres de consulta, aprovechando otros procesos paralelos y ejecutándolos simultáneamente. Todo ello, teniendo la finalidad de articular adecuadamente las distintas dimensiones ambientales y de cambio climático en las políticas públicas y sectoriales, así como la capacidad humana, organizativa e institucional (MiAMBIENTE, 2017). Implementación de acciones y/o planes de adaptación Un hito clave para la implementación de la adaptación es el proceso de planificación nacional de la adaptación (NAP por sus siglas en inglés).', 'Implementación de acciones y/o planes de adaptación Un hito clave para la implementación de la adaptación es el proceso de planificación nacional de la adaptación (NAP por sus siglas en inglés). Este proceso se adelantará con apoyo de fondos preparatorios del Fondo Verde del Clima (GCF), en conjunto con ONU Ambiente como socio de ejecución, para su presentación y formalización a partir de 2021. Este proceso incluye apoyo para la elaboración de los planes sectoriales indicados como compromisos en la CDN1 actualizada. En paralelo el país se encuentra implementando el “Programa de Adaptación al Cambio Climático a través del Manejo Integrado del Recurso Hídrico en Panamá”, en ejecución desde 2018 con recursos del Fondo de Adaptación.', 'En paralelo el país se encuentra implementando el “Programa de Adaptación al Cambio Climático a través del Manejo Integrado del Recurso Hídrico en Panamá”, en ejecución desde 2018 con recursos del Fondo de Adaptación. Igualmente, se han implementado proyectos con componentes de adaptación climática, tales como: • Proyecto de protección de reservas de carbono en manglares y áreas protegidas ejecutado de 2014 a 2017 con recursos del Ministerio Federal de Medio Ambiente, Protección de la Naturaleza, Obras Públicas y Seguridad Nuclear (BMUB) a través de la Iniciativa Internacional para la Protección del Clima (ICI) y participación del Ministerio del Ambiente, la Autoridad de Recursos Acuáticos, Conservación Internacional y Wetlands International. • Programa Conjunto Incorporación de medidas de adaptación y mitigación del cambio climático en el manejo de los recursos naturales en dos cuencas prioritarias en Panamá.', '• Programa Conjunto Incorporación de medidas de adaptación y mitigación del cambio climático en el manejo de los recursos naturales en dos cuencas prioritarias en Panamá. Estudio de vulnerabilidad actual y futura ante el cambio climático y medidas de adaptación y mitigación en las cuencas de los ríos Tabasará y Chucunaque (2010). El mecanismo de monitoreo, reporte y verificación que incluye el desarrollo de la plataforma nacional de transparencia climática, establecido como uno de los compromisos de fortalecimiento de capacidades para la transparencia climática, será un elemento clave para facilitar la coherencia y complementariedad entre las iniciativas climáticas, de manera que se maximicen las sinergias y se logren impactos de mayor alcance. Información relacionada con la adaptación. Adaptación / diversificación económica, co-beneficios en mitigación.', 'Adaptación / diversificación económica, co-beneficios en mitigación. una característica clave del proceso de acción climática emprendido por Panamá es el de promover un enfoque integrado mitigación-adaptación, a fin de superar la dicotomía adaptación-mitigación. Para este fin se busca que las acciones que se avancen en los 10 sectores y áreas prioritarias generen beneficios climáticos de adaptación y mitigación, a la vez que contribuyen a los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible y a la recuperación económica. En los compromisos descritos se mencionan los beneficios de mitigación derivados, que, si bien no se han planteado como metas GEI, sí tienen el potencial de generar resultados medibles de mitigación en el mediano y largo plazo. Cómo la adaptación contribuye a otros marcos internacionales.', 'Cómo la adaptación contribuye a otros marcos internacionales. Los compromisos listados en la CDN1 actualizada contribuyen al avance de la Agenda 2030, como se observa en el detalle de cada compromiso dispuesto en la sección 4. Asimismo, con los compromisos sectoriales presentados en bosques; biodiversidad; sistemas marino- costeros; gestión integrada de cuencas hidrográficas; agricultura, ganadería y acuicultura sostenible; infraestructura sostenible y asentamientos humanos resilientes, se contribuye a avanzar con los compromisos adquiridos mediante la Convención de Biodiversidad, Convención Ramsar, Convención de Lucha contra la Desertificación y el Marco de Sendai para la reducción del riesgo de desastres. Un aspecto importante del proceso de implementación de la CDN1 será la determinación de los mecanismos para evidenciar y dar seguimiento de estos vínculos, estableciendo las métricas y protocolos de intercambio de datos que correspondan.', 'Un aspecto importante del proceso de implementación de la CDN1 será la determinación de los mecanismos para evidenciar y dar seguimiento de estos vínculos, estableciendo las métricas y protocolos de intercambio de datos que correspondan. La puesta en marcha de la plataforma de transparencia climática permitirá avanzar en la sistematización y uso estratégico de la información y datos, de manera que se pueda medir y reportar cómo las acciones de adaptación climática están permitiendo avanzar otros objetivos. Adaptación sensible al género y conocimiento tradicional /InstitucionesTalleres Virtuales con Actores Estratégicos Con el propósito de asegurar la participación de todos los sectores de la sociedad panameña en la actualización de la CDN1, el MiAMBIENTE lideró el diseño e implementación de un proceso amplio de escucha activa y participación.', 'Adaptación sensible al género y conocimiento tradicional /InstitucionesTalleres Virtuales con Actores Estratégicos Con el propósito de asegurar la participación de todos los sectores de la sociedad panameña en la actualización de la CDN1, el MiAMBIENTE lideró el diseño e implementación de un proceso amplio de escucha activa y participación. El proceso fue liderado por el equipo técnico de la Dirección de Cambio Climático de MiAMBIENTE como expositores/ facilitadores, y se contó con el apoyo metodológico de la cooperación internacional en los ámbitos especializados de comunicación y participación, dada la naturaleza multisectorial y multidisciplinaria del proceso de actualización de la CDN1. En cuanto a la audiencia se identificaron seis (6) grupos principales de partes/actores interesados: gobiernos locales, sector público, sector privado, jóvenes, organizaciones no gubernamentales (ONG) y comunidad científica.', 'En cuanto a la audiencia se identificaron seis (6) grupos principales de partes/actores interesados: gobiernos locales, sector público, sector privado, jóvenes, organizaciones no gubernamentales (ONG) y comunidad científica. Para la identificación de los participantes se elaboraron listas de invitados relevantes por sector, a los cuales se les circuló la invitación, además de ser ampliamente circuladas a través de las redes sociales del MiAMBIENTE para asegurar la más amplia participación posible. Con el objetivo de informar sobre la importancia y alcance de la CDN y hacer parte a los participantes del proceso de actualización, se realizaron 9 talleres virtuales entre el 29 de septiembre y el 26 de noviembre de 2020, con un total de 420 participantes; quienes brindaron importantes insumos para mejorar la claridad, transparencia y aceptación de los compromisos (véase Tabla 2 más adelante).', 'Con el objetivo de informar sobre la importancia y alcance de la CDN y hacer parte a los participantes del proceso de actualización, se realizaron 9 talleres virtuales entre el 29 de septiembre y el 26 de noviembre de 2020, con un total de 420 participantes; quienes brindaron importantes insumos para mejorar la claridad, transparencia y aceptación de los compromisos (véase Tabla 2 más adelante). Cabe señalar que, en cumplimiento de las medidas de restricción de movilidad y bioseguridad por la crisis de salud devenida por la pandemia COVID-19, las sesiones se realizaron en modalidad virtual.', 'Cabe señalar que, en cumplimiento de las medidas de restricción de movilidad y bioseguridad por la crisis de salud devenida por la pandemia COVID-19, las sesiones se realizaron en modalidad virtual. Las sesiones fueron grabadas y se cuenta con un registro detallado de cada una, incluyendo la agenda de la sesión, los expositores, los materiales utilizados, los participantes y los resultados de las dinámicas interactivas; los cuales se encuentran disponibles en la página web del MiAMBIENTE.Colaboraciones y agradecimiento La actualización de la CDN1 de Panamá contó con el apoyo de las siguientes instituciones, y sus respectivos equipos técnicos: Ministerio de Ambiente Milciades Concepción Dirección Nacional de Cambio Climático Ligia Castro de Doens. Departamento Acción Climática Ana C. Martínez, Mari Castillo, Patricia Rodríguez Dopazo, Yaneth Laffaurie, Ligia Rodríguez, Gina Buendía, Jhonathan Giummarra.', 'Departamento Acción Climática Ana C. Martínez, Mari Castillo, Patricia Rodríguez Dopazo, Yaneth Laffaurie, Ligia Rodríguez, Gina Buendía, Jhonathan Giummarra. Departamento de Adaptación y Resiliencia Israel Torres, Erika Gómez, Jorlenis Vargas, María Laura Herrera, Rene López, Adriana Calderón, Maribel Pinto, Verónica Rodríguez, Roberto de la Cruz, Doris Hidalgo, Yahaira Cárdenas, Nicole Francisco, Luis Acosta, Lorena Vanegas, Katherine Martínez, Edna Flores. Departamento de Mitigación Ana Domínguez, Ana Moreno, Javier Martínez, Carolina Velásquez, Ana Him, Isaías Martínez, Marcial Arias, Verónica González, Yusseff Domínguez Margie Moreno, Yuriza Guerrero, Juan Monterrey, Yoisy Belén Castillo, Rubén Abrego, Melani Acosta, Raúl Gutiérrez, Alejandra Guevera. Apoyo Administrativo Deyanira González, Daisy Chu, Leticia de Vallarino Dirección Nacional de Áreas Protegidas y Vida Silvestre Shirley Binder, Adrián Jiménez. Dirección Nacional de Costas y Mares José Julio de las Casas, Ana Lorena Rodríguez, Jorge Elías Jaén Bonilla.', 'Dirección Nacional de Costas y Mares José Julio de las Casas, Ana Lorena Rodríguez, Jorge Elías Jaén Bonilla. Dirección Nacional Forestal Víctor Cadavid, Vaneska Bethancourt. Dirección Nacional de Seguridad Hídrica José Victoria, Ángel Araúz, Joel Jaramillo López. Dirección Nacional de Verificación del Desempeño Ambiental Miguel Flores, Maria Hilary Navas. Ministerio de Desarrollo Agropecuario Augusto Valderrama, Rodrigo Luque, Héctor Pérez, Moisés Batista, Virgilio Salazar, Farides Vargas. Ministerio de Salud Luis Francisco Sucre, Atala Milord, Niurka González, Anabel Tatis, Juan Lucero. Ministerio de Obras Públicas Rafael Sabonge, Julio Ayala, Omayra Pardo. Ministerio de Vivienda y Ordenamiento Territorial Rogelio Paredes, Lourdes de Lore, Carmen Vargas. Secretaria Nacional de Energía Jorge Rivera Staff, Guadalupe González, Marta Bernal, Nerys Gaitán. Asociación de Municipios de Panamá Julio Vivies, Jorge Solís, Anyury Juárez.', 'Asociación de Municipios de Panamá Julio Vivies, Jorge Solís, Anyury Juárez. Autoridad del Canal de Panamá Ricaurte Vásquez, Daniel Muschett, Alexis Rodríguez, Ángel Ureña y Magnolia Calderón. Consejo Nacional del Agua Rafael Mezquita, Miroslava Morán. Comité Nacional de Cambio Climárico Consejo Nacional de la Empresa Privada CoNEP Julio de la Lastra, Analisa Montenegro. • Centro de Producción más Limpia de Panamá- CoNEP Alfredo Du Bois. • Cámara Panameña de la Construcción-Capac Jorge Lara, Dagma Barnett. • Sindicato de Industriales de Panamá-SIP Aldo Mangravita, Nelly Rangel, Vielkis Torres. Asociación Panameña de Ejecutivos de Empresa Elisa Suárez de Gómez, Gina Forte. Fundación Natura Rosa Montañez. Centro de Incidencia Ambiental Sonia Montenegro. Fundación MarViva Jorge Jiménez, Antonio Clemente. Wetlands International Mayte González. Organización Jóvenes y Cambio Climático Beatriz Reyes. Libélula Javier Perla, Andrea Cuba, Katherine Tinoco, Tina Chávez.', 'Libélula Javier Perla, Andrea Cuba, Katherine Tinoco, Tina Chávez. Imágenes Ministerio de Ambiente Ministerio de Salud Metro de Panamá Mi Bus IDIAP Imágenes Licencia Libre Dominici Castillo Getty Images Rloumeu Getty Images MarcoPo Getty Images VirsuZiglis Getty Images 35007 Getty Images Picturis Getty Images TexPan Getty Images Damocean Getty Images Diego Grandi Getty Images Parkol Getty Images Simmon Dannhauer Getty Images Crédito Mario Roberto Durán Ortiz Licencia CC BY-SA 4.0']

es-ES

PNG

Papua New Guinea

1st NDC

2016-03-24 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/PNG_INDC%20to%20the%20UNFCCC.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Oceania

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/024db9534a70e2d859237f8f79c061063a4c88eed0e64418b9759d802bc3c16c.pdf

['PAPUA NEW GUINEA Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Summary Papua New Guinea (PNG) has both very low absolute emissions and relatively low per capita emissions. The nation is, however, committed to also be a responsible global citizen contributes meaningfully to the reduction of global emissions by transitioning to a low carbon economy. PNG shares the deep concerns of its nearby Pacific Island neighbours in terms of existential threats to some of the more vulnerable low lying countries. In addition there are the same existential threats to coastal and low lying areas of PNG itself.', 'In addition there are the same existential threats to coastal and low lying areas of PNG itself. From a historical perspective, PNG’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have been negligible and the state of the economy is such that the main burden for any mitigation undertaken by the country must be the responsibility of the developed countries that have been primarily responsible for the bulk of the world’s emissions. The primary mitigation effort of PNG lies in reducing emissions from land use change and forestry. PNG can contribute to addressing the global mitigation gap by reducing deforestation and promoting forest conservation and sustainable management of its forests. The main forestry effort will be coordinated though the existing REDD+ initiative.', 'The main forestry effort will be coordinated though the existing REDD+ initiative. However, PNG ‘s current economic development is seeing a growth in fuel use therefore a big effort will be to reduce fossil fuel emissions in the electricity generation sector by transitioning as far as possible to using renewable energy. The target in this respect will be 100% renewable energy by 2030, contingent on funding being made available. In addition PNG will improve energy efficiency sector wide and reduce emissions where possible in the transport and forestry sectors. The main forestry effort will be coordinated though the existing REDD+ initiative.', 'The main forestry effort will be coordinated though the existing REDD+ initiative. In summary PNG is committed to assist in global mitigation efforts but the country’s effort will be contingent on external, adequate and predictable funding being made available. In addition it is likely that in the near term GHG emissions will need to rise with economic growth to enable severe developmental problems to be resolved.PNG’s National Circumstances Papua New Guinea (PNG) is the eastern part of the world’s second largest island land mass in the tropical West Pacific. It is one of the more undeveloped regions in the world with low per capita incomes and serious health and social problems.', 'It is one of the more undeveloped regions in the world with low per capita incomes and serious health and social problems. A large proportion of its 7 million plus population live a lifestyle that has remained little changed for millennia, with extremely low use of fossil fuels and GHG emissions. In the last decade or two the situation in PNG has been changing and there has been considerable physical infrastructure development in the main urban areas due to proceeds from the development and sale of the country’s rich natural resources, including minerals and oil and gas.', 'In the last decade or two the situation in PNG has been changing and there has been considerable physical infrastructure development in the main urban areas due to proceeds from the development and sale of the country’s rich natural resources, including minerals and oil and gas. There have been, however, significant challenges in managing and utilizing these resources sustainably and ensuring that suitable sustainable development goals and plans are in place to guide the needs of the present without comprising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs. In terms of climate change, the growth in the PNG economy has produced a concurrent increase in GHG emissions, as also seen in countries the world over.', 'In terms of climate change, the growth in the PNG economy has produced a concurrent increase in GHG emissions, as also seen in countries the world over. National development goals and context In October 2009, the Government launched a 40 year development strategy: PNG Vision 2050. The intention is to transform the nation’s mind-set and attitude and align the people, institutions and systems into educated, healthy and prosperous society. The vision stresses the importance of engaging the community into the process of building a strategy for sustainable development for all. Vision 2050 is underpinned by seven Strategic Focus Areas: 1. Human Capital Development, Gender, Youth and People Empowerment; 2. Wealth Creation; 3. Institutional Development and Service Delivery; 4. Security and International Relations; 5. Environmental Sustainability and Climate Change; 6.', 'Environmental Sustainability and Climate Change; 6. Spiritual, Cultural and Community Development; and 7. Strategic Planning, Integration and Control The current theme of this new development road map is to shift the country’s socio-economic growth away from the current emissions-intensive growth strategy towards a more sustainable path that is able to leverage PNG’s competitive advantages, natural wealth and significant human capital into the future. Foreign direct investment in the mining sector has increased significantly in recent years which have provided direct benefits including job opportunities to local Papua New Guineans. As the economy comes to rely more heavily on resource extraction, policies will be put in place to ensure that the benefits of growth are shared widely to reduce poverty and regional inequality, and promote sustainable development.', 'As the economy comes to rely more heavily on resource extraction, policies will be put in place to ensure that the benefits of growth are shared widely to reduce poverty and regional inequality, and promote sustainable development. In May 2015 the PNG Government passed the Climate Change Bill to become the first nation in the Pacific region to implement a law that will, among other things, minimise the effects of climate change as a result of infrastructural development. PNG’s Mitigation Contribution Existing National GHG Emissions and BAU projections of GHG emissions The mitigation options for PNG are based on previous reports including the draft Second National Communication to the UNFCCC (SNC), third party reports and various national development plans.', 'PNG’s Mitigation Contribution Existing National GHG Emissions and BAU projections of GHG emissions The mitigation options for PNG are based on previous reports including the draft Second National Communication to the UNFCCC (SNC), third party reports and various national development plans. The APEC energy supply and demand outlook 2009 gave the total primary energy supply in 2005 as a little under 2 MTOE which would give a CO2 emission level of around 6 Mt CO2 as of that year. 2010eq emissions were estimated from earlier reports including the draft SNC to be around 5 Mt tonnes (from a primary energy supply of 1.8MTOE) which would give a per capita emission level of around 0.7 tonnes compared to the world average of just under 6 tonnes.', '2010eq emissions were estimated from earlier reports including the draft SNC to be around 5 Mt tonnes (from a primary energy supply of 1.8MTOE) which would give a per capita emission level of around 0.7 tonnes compared to the world average of just under 6 tonnes. It is likely, however, that the previous PNG figures do not include emissions from the indigenous oil and gas production sector. The growth of this sector in recent years has produced additional emissions which are likely to be around 5 Mt per annum (0.8 Mt Oil Search, 3.2 Mt Exxon Mobil, and 1 Mt other, including mining) as of 2014. The total would give around 10 Mt CO2 eq.', 'The total would give around 10 Mt CO2 eq. This would give per capita emissions (2014) of around 1.4 tonnes per person per year which is still low by world standards. As noted there is considerable uncertainty in these estimates as the figures given in the draft SNC are under revision for the final document. In addition, the draft SNC report reports the PNG forestry CO2 emissions (FOLU) as 413 Gg for 1994 and 2199 Gg for 2010 or around 2 Mt for 2010. It was noted in the draft SNC that forestry removals are estimated to vary considerably from year to year. Due to the uncertainty in forestry emissions, waste emission and agricultural emissions the numbers reported in this INDC document do not include these sectors.', 'Due to the uncertainty in forestry emissions, waste emission and agricultural emissions the numbers reported in this INDC document do not include these sectors. Emissions from the forestry and agriculture sectors are expected to rise concurrently to national economic growth, as demand increases for forest and agricultural commodities – fuelled by both domestic and international markets, and demands of the rural populace put increasing demands on the forest for food, fodder, fuel and building materials. Gases considered The paucity of reliable data at the present time regarding emissions suggests that PNG limit the gases considered to CO2 only, except for the indigenous oil and gas production sector where CH4 is also included in the industry calculations.', 'Gases considered The paucity of reliable data at the present time regarding emissions suggests that PNG limit the gases considered to CO2 only, except for the indigenous oil and gas production sector where CH4 is also included in the industry calculations. Expected trajectory Projections of emission levels are difficult to make as they are likely to be dominated by changes in the mining, oil and gas sectors. Estimates are optimistic in terms of the gas sector exporting LNG with predictions of a doubling of capacity in the near future. LNG production is very energy intensive and will incur a concurrent increase in emissions.', 'LNG production is very energy intensive and will incur a concurrent increase in emissions. According to the Asian Development Bank (ADB), “New gas exports (LNG) are forecast to drive a growth surge to 15.0% in 2015 that will subside to 5.0% in 2016. In contrast with mining and petroleum, the rest of the Papua New Guinea economy is projected to grow by a more modest 4.0% in both years.” Longer term national economic projections suggest emission increases at around the 3-4% level per annum, meaning that the 2014 emission level of 5 Mt per year could increase to around 8 Mt per year by 2030. A doubling of oil and gas sector emissions would produce some 10 Mt of additional eq.', 'A doubling of oil and gas sector emissions would produce some 10 Mt of additional eq. emissions by the same date but the actual figure would depend on the extent of economically extractable oil and gas reserves, which are not well documented. Thus with BAU CO2 emissions in 2030 could reach 18 Mt CO2 per year (including CO2 eq in the oil and gas sector only).', 'Thus with BAU CO2 emissions in 2030 could reach 18 Mt CO2 per year (including CO2 eq in the oil and gas sector only). Assumptions and methods for establishing BAU emissions The method for establishing BAU emissions has included examining past reports including the draft SNC with cross checks to stakeholder information including Government and private sector sources.Mitigation opportunities Immediate mitigation opportunities for PNG are extremely limited if economic growth progresses at current rates and the oil and gas sector expands as anticipated, other than in the forestry sector through the implementation of REDD+ activities, in the context of adequate and predictable support. The main opportunities exist in the electricity supply sector, energy efficiency, transport and forestry. The key technologies for mitigation are renewable energy deployment technologies in the electricity sector.', 'The key technologies for mitigation are renewable energy deployment technologies in the electricity sector. Considerable assistance will, however, be needed in terms of human resource development and institutional support, technology transfer and capacity building in order to carry out the mitigation measures. Electricity supply: PNG has a number of opportunities to transfer a proportion of its electricity generation to renewable options. In this regard the relatively high installed capacity of hydro of around 200MW presents itself as a large scale storage facility for intermittent renewable inputs to be fed to the main Port Moresby grid. In addition there are opportunities for additional hydro throughout the country. There is also geothermal potential, with 56 MW installed (2010) and 22 TWh/annum possible, albeit mostly in remote areas.', 'There is also geothermal potential, with 56 MW installed (2010) and 22 TWh/annum possible, albeit mostly in remote areas. PNG also has considerable biomass resources although there are indications of overexploitation of natural forests and harvesting of these will affect land use emissions in the forestry sector. Any final balance needed to achieve close to 100% renewables could be filled using solar PV. Energy efficiency: has also been identified as a relatively low cost easily implemented option but, however, one that has not been seriously implemented in the country for various reasons including financial constraints. Energy efficiency will become more important as higher cost renewable resources are employed.', 'Energy efficiency will become more important as higher cost renewable resources are employed. Transport: The number of motor vehicles in PNG has been increasing in recent years along with economic development in the main urban centres. The increasing social preference for individual transport is likely to limit mitigation options in the transport sector in the near future. Forestry: PNG has extensive forest areas which present opportunities for mitigation. In the past rapid exploitation of these forests by uncontrolled logging and land use conversion to agriculture has produced increased FOLU emissions.', 'In the past rapid exploitation of these forests by uncontrolled logging and land use conversion to agriculture has produced increased FOLU emissions. PNG has been a global leader in the promotion of a mechanism to provide incentives to developing countries for the reduction of emissions from deforestation and forest degradation through the UNFCCC, and has been building national and regional capacities to implement REDD+ activities since 2009. PNG is assessing its drivers of deforestation and will develop a national REDD+ strategy over the next two years that will including specific policies and measures to implement REDD+.', 'PNG is assessing its drivers of deforestation and will develop a national REDD+ strategy over the next two years that will including specific policies and measures to implement REDD+. The policies and measures will aim to reduced emission from deforestation and forest degradation, as well as support sustainable management, conservation and enhancement of forest carbon stocks, thereby leading to enhanced removals from the forestry sector A key current shortcoming is the lack of data on forestry emissions and removals, which is currently being addressed through national assessments of land use change and the implementation of a national forest inventory.', 'The policies and measures will aim to reduced emission from deforestation and forest degradation, as well as support sustainable management, conservation and enhancement of forest carbon stocks, thereby leading to enhanced removals from the forestry sector A key current shortcoming is the lack of data on forestry emissions and removals, which is currently being addressed through national assessments of land use change and the implementation of a national forest inventory. Data for forestry emissions will therefore be forthcoming in the next few years, which will allow a more accurate estimation of the potential emissions reductions and enhanced removals that PNG can achieve in its forestry sector through REDD+ implementation.', 'Data for forestry emissions will therefore be forthcoming in the next few years, which will allow a more accurate estimation of the potential emissions reductions and enhanced removals that PNG can achieve in its forestry sector through REDD+ implementation. Methodology and assumptions The methodology used for calculating emissions has been to identify the drivers of carbon emissions in various sectors and estimate the annual GHG emissions from each activity. In accordance with IPCC guidelines, emissions from shipping, aviation and the burning of fossil fuels that are exported have not been included.For future reports on land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) activities, a net approach will be used (in line with IPCC guidelines).', 'In accordance with IPCC guidelines, emissions from shipping, aviation and the burning of fossil fuels that are exported have not been included.For future reports on land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) activities, a net approach will be used (in line with IPCC guidelines). PNG will be using the IPCC 2006 guidelines to estimate emissions and removals for all sectors. In terms of the methodology to estimate emissions into the future to obtain a BAU scenario to the year 2030 it can only be estimates in terms of existing economic and population growth patterns. Population growth is high and around 2.7% pa. Economic growth is also high in the formal sector and dependant on the resource production sectors in mining and oil and gas.', 'Population growth is high and around 2.7% pa. Economic growth is also high in the formal sector and dependant on the resource production sectors in mining and oil and gas. Options for Mitigation contribution for INDC Time frame for contribution Due to the lead times in terms of technology transfer, capacity building, infrastructure development required, modelling and detailed costing of projects a 2020 – 2030 timeframe is put forward. Mitigation contribution The main mitigation contribution for PNG would be in terms of an indicative replacement of fossil fuelled electricity generation with renewable energy sources. This could be accomplished at a rate determined by the availability of external funding.', 'This could be accomplished at a rate determined by the availability of external funding. Due to the difficulty in accounting for actual emissions and the difficulty of large scale mitigation in the transport and land use sectors PNG will opt for a national target in the electricity sector in terms of becoming carbon free by a 2030 target date. This option has been explored both in official PNG Government policy and also by external third party reports such as the recent ANZ report (August 2015). In this regard there are many options in terms of PV, geothermal, biomass fuelled plants and additional hydro which could be investigated. Together these could make the country close to 100% renewable in the power sector.', 'Together these could make the country close to 100% renewable in the power sector. Longer term increases in energy consumption would, however, have to be restrained and ameliorated by extensive energy efficiency options. Energy Efficiency options: Energy efficiency and conservation is always a good mitigation opportunity but would require external funding and assistance. Even though energy conservation and the use of renewable energy may save money in the long term, higher up-front costs have often prevented their use in the past. Improve data gathering and human resource capability. PNG would like to vigorously pursue mitigation options in the future; however, considerable assistance will be needed in terms of capacity building and technology transfer for emissions data collection and tracking mitigation progress.', 'PNG would like to vigorously pursue mitigation options in the future; however, considerable assistance will be needed in terms of capacity building and technology transfer for emissions data collection and tracking mitigation progress. Without improving national capacities in this area there is a high likelihood that regulation of the government and the private sector in terms of emissions will not be effective. Oil and Gas sector: This sector is a generator of jobs and national economic growth and consequently considerable capital is being spent on developing this sector. Unfortunately the sector is responsible for considerable emissions and if the world does mitigate climate change seriously the production situation may change dramatically and the capital expended in the sector may become a stranded asset.', 'Unfortunately the sector is responsible for considerable emissions and if the world does mitigate climate change seriously the production situation may change dramatically and the capital expended in the sector may become a stranded asset. While this change is unlikely to happen before 2030, if the world does follow mitigation strategies that reduce all fossil fuel use to zero, as required by IPCC AR5 RCP 2.6, there will of course be no market for hydrocarbons after 2050. Transport: Transport will continue to be a significant emitter of CO2 and mitigation needs to be seriously addressed.', 'Transport: Transport will continue to be a significant emitter of CO2 and mitigation needs to be seriously addressed. Options include improving public transport by introducing energy efficient busses in the main urban centres, and the future introduction of infrastructure for more sophisticated modes of public transport, such as trains and trams.Forestry/land use: PNG will implement REDD+ activities under the UNFCCC to reduce emissions and enhance removals from this important sector, which PNG has set as a priority, as can be seen from its creation of a REDD+ Directorate within the Office for Climate Change and Development (OCCD). Extensive capacity building, technology transfer and technical assistance is required to implement effective actions and ensure the collection of accurate data.', 'Extensive capacity building, technology transfer and technical assistance is required to implement effective actions and ensure the collection of accurate data. Domestically financed contribution Little domestic finance is available but Government assistance will be provided where possible. Private finance could be made available especially for the mining and oil and gas sectors. Energy efficiency initiatives could be encouraged by policy decisions. Internationally supported contributions The transition to renewable energy in the electricity sector thus would need to be mostly financed from external sources. The first step would be to quantify the funding needed and work with PNG Power to finalise a plan that would fit into the existing main grids.', 'The first step would be to quantify the funding needed and work with PNG Power to finalise a plan that would fit into the existing main grids. Financing for the implementation of REDD+ activities under the UNFCCC are currently being supported by the UN-REDD Programme, the World Bank’s Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF), and the European Union. These lines of support focus on REDD+ readiness and data collection. Further international financial support will be required for effective national scale REDD+ implementation. Means of Implementation for supported Mitigation Contribution The GoPNG has the Climate Change Act to implement the contribution together with sectoral agencies Tracking and Monitoring Progress Sectors and gases covered- Electricity sector for targeted reductions. Forestry to be covered under REDD+, Gasses: Carbon Dioxide only.', 'Forestry to be covered under REDD+, Gasses: Carbon Dioxide only. Accounting Methods for tracking the mitigation contribution (e.g., for economy wide reduction below BAU, based on GHG inventory developed using, say, tier II; for EE goal it would be approach to measure EE gains and estimation of GHG impact; etc. The GoPNG will use IPCC Guidelines and sectoral accounting methods to track contributions. The greatest challenge in terms of tracking and monitoring progress is to put in place robust measures for data collection. Existing systems and institutions will be built on to create adequate national capacities for carrying out these tasks, if adequate and predictable support can be sourced to support these efforts.', 'Existing systems and institutions will be built on to create adequate national capacities for carrying out these tasks, if adequate and predictable support can be sourced to support these efforts. MRV approach for mitigation actions The national measurement, reporting and verification process in place will cater for the monitoring of the INDC activities. Equity and Ambition Papua New Guinea is a developing country that has not been responsible for most of the GHG emissions of the world. In addition it still faces multiple development challenges. Of the country’s approximately 7 million people, over 90% are employed in the informal sector and live an almostentirely sustainable fossil fuel free existence.', 'Of the country’s approximately 7 million people, over 90% are employed in the informal sector and live an almostentirely sustainable fossil fuel free existence. Domestic and international surveys reveal widespread illiteracy, malnutrition, poor health and vulnerability to natural hazards, many of which will become more salient with climate change. In terms of equity PNG cannot be expected to mitigate out of its own resources and would need considerable international assistance. Adaptation While there is considerable attention in terms of mitigation to keep the world average temperature increase below 2 degrees Celsius and effort in the Pacific Island countries to limit this increase to below 1.5 degrees Celsius the scientific opinion expressed in the latest 2014 IPCC AR5 reports suggests otherwise.', 'Adaptation While there is considerable attention in terms of mitigation to keep the world average temperature increase below 2 degrees Celsius and effort in the Pacific Island countries to limit this increase to below 1.5 degrees Celsius the scientific opinion expressed in the latest 2014 IPCC AR5 reports suggests otherwise. In this respect adaptation must be a high priority for PNG. The natural environment already poses significant risks to Papua New Guinea today; hazards like coastal flooding, inland flooding and droughts take a severe toll on the people and the economy.', 'The natural environment already poses significant risks to Papua New Guinea today; hazards like coastal flooding, inland flooding and droughts take a severe toll on the people and the economy. Climate change are predicted to exacerbate some of these event-driven hazards and may also introduce new hazards due to gradual shifts in climatic conditions – most prominently, increased malaria penetration in the highlands, changed agricultural yields and damaged coral reefs. Throughout the country, natural disasters driven by climatic conditions (i.e., excluding seismic and volcanic activity) as well as gradual shifts in climatic conditions disrupt daily life, cause damage to assets and infrastructure, destroy livelihoods, endanger cultural and ecological treasures, and kill or injure people.', 'Throughout the country, natural disasters driven by climatic conditions (i.e., excluding seismic and volcanic activity) as well as gradual shifts in climatic conditions disrupt daily life, cause damage to assets and infrastructure, destroy livelihoods, endanger cultural and ecological treasures, and kill or injure people. Adaptation is included because it gives reports on specific activities, national projects, targets, objectives and goals on adaptation by identifying, coordinating and monitoring projects that supports specific adaptation solutions that protect people against the risk of climate change. The government of Papua New Guinea through the Office of Climate Change and Development has put its emphasis on identifying the specific nine (9) hazards prevalent in Papua New Guinea. 1. Coastal Flooding and Sea Level Rise 2. Inland Flooding 3.', 'Coastal Flooding and Sea Level Rise 2. Inland Flooding 3. Food Insecurity caused by crop failures due to droughts and inland frosts 4. Cities and Climate Change 5. Climate Induced Migration 6. Damage to Coral Reefs 7. Malaria and Vector Borne Diseases 8. Water and Sanitation In the National Climate Change Development Management Policy the Adaptation Strategies, Risk Management has been prioritised and quantifying and prioritising hazards is one of the key activities of the strategies as given above. Summary of needs for adaptation In summary PNG is highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change and given the temperature increases locked in by present world emissions of greenhouse gasses, adaptation is a high priority.', 'Summary of needs for adaptation In summary PNG is highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change and given the temperature increases locked in by present world emissions of greenhouse gasses, adaptation is a high priority. The country will need financial support, capacity building and technical support to face the uncertain future posed by climate change.']

en-US

PNG

Papua New Guinea

2nd NDC

2020-12-16 00:00:00

x

NDC 2.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/PNG%20Second%20NDC.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Oceania

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/3672331377764d2bb621b8d3bcc78a37dae646942d3bac442ada9b8c157bd750.pdf

['Government of Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea’s Enhanced Nationally Determined ContributionFor more information contact: Climate Change and Development Authority Address: PO Box 4107 BOROKO National Capital District Papua New Guinea Email: info@ccda.gov.pg Published by the Climate Change and Development Authority Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea Copy @ 2020 Climate Change Development AuthorityPapua New Guinea signed the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in June 1992 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and became a Party after its ratification in March 1993. On 21st September 2016, PNG ratified the Paris Agreement in New York during the 72nd Session of the United Nations General Assembly. PNG is also a member of the Small Island Developing States (SIDS) and aligns itself with the Alliance of the Small Island Developing States (AOSIS) in the context of the UNFCCC.', 'PNG is also a member of the Small Island Developing States (SIDS) and aligns itself with the Alliance of the Small Island Developing States (AOSIS) in the context of the UNFCCC. PNG is the current Chair of the Coalition for Rainforest Nations (CfRN), engaging in negotiations under the UNFCCC for its 52 member countries, especially on Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. PNG established the Climate Change and Development Authority (CCDA) under its national Climate Change Management Act 2015 (CCMA), with the primary role of facilitating and developing appropriate policies, and regulatory framework to address climate change in the country. The Act is currently under review to ensure that it can effectively respond to the needs of and PNG’s obligations under the Paris Agreement.', 'The Act is currently under review to ensure that it can effectively respond to the needs of and PNG’s obligations under the Paris Agreement. The Government of PNG (GoPNG) has shown its commitment to fulfilling its obligations under the UNFCCC. This includes mainstreaming climate change in its development priorities, as captured in the national long-term political vision, plans, and strategies of; PNG Vision 2050, the National Development Strategic Plan 2010-2030, and the Medium Term Development Plan III. These strategies are founded on the concepts of helping to strengthen and diversify the foundations of PNG’s economic growth while taking action to both increase the country’s resilience to climate change and take steps to further mitigate emissions.', 'These strategies are founded on the concepts of helping to strengthen and diversify the foundations of PNG’s economic growth while taking action to both increase the country’s resilience to climate change and take steps to further mitigate emissions. The most recent steps in developing these policy approaches have been the development of PNG’s SDG 13 Climate Action Roadmap as well as the development of the National REDD+ Strategy (NRS). The development of PNG’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) aligns with the national strategies noted above and builds on the first NDC submitted in 2016. This NDC further aligns with sectorial policies, plans, and strategies that stakeholders will implement in response, existing challenges and circumstances.', 'This NDC further aligns with sectorial policies, plans, and strategies that stakeholders will implement in response, existing challenges and circumstances. PNG’s NDC sets out a comprehensive package of policies and measures, sectorial targets, and sector-specific actions that are tailored towards meeting defined contributions to addressing climate change through both immediate action and developing the enabling environment and technical capacity for an ongoing process of increased ambition. The document is, in compliance with the Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF) requirements as stipulated under the Paris Agreement. The contributions outlined in this NDC are all conditional. The NDC outlines key pathways towards sustainable economic development in line with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals – in particular, Goal 13 on Climate Action.', 'The NDC outlines key pathways towards sustainable economic development in line with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals – in particular, Goal 13 on Climate Action. The central element of this is; maintaining PNG’s high forest cover (currently reported at 78 percent1) and reducing emissions from both the AFOLU and Energy Sectors covering two (2) of the four (4) emitting sectors from PNG’s first Biennial Update Report submitted in 2019. Adaptation is a high priority due to the climate-related hazards that already pose significant risks to PNG today. PNG’s commitment to adaptation for 2020-2030 will focus on four priority development sectors of agriculture, health, transport, and infrastructure. The PNG’s National Adaptation Plan which is due for completion in 2021 will align with this enhanced NDC.', 'The PNG’s National Adaptation Plan which is due for completion in 2021 will align with this enhanced NDC. The commitment here seeks to ensure a gender-responsive and human rights-based approach in all related planning, programming, and implementation. This includes the participation of men, women, youths, and vulnerable groups in consultations, planning, decision making and implementation in the identified sectors, as well as ensuring men, women and youths have opportunities to develop sustainable low-carbon livelihoods. Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution Executive Summary 1. Forest and Land Use Change in Papua New Guinea 2000 – 2015. (2019).', 'Forest and Land Use Change in Papua New Guinea 2000 – 2015. (2019). iEXECUTIVE SUMMARY i TABLE OF CONTENTS ii LIST OF TABLES iii LIST OF FIGURES iii GLOSSARY iv ACRONYM viii INTRODUCTION x Geography & Climate 1 Impacts & Vulnerability 2 Sustainable Economic Development 3 Climate Change Policy, Institutions & Reporting History 4 Summary of Emissions & Removals for PNG 5 2. SUMMARY OF INFORMATION ON CLARITY, TRANSPARENCY & UNDERSTANDING 6 Reference Point 6 Implementation Period 6 Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution Institutional Arrangement & Planning Process 6 Development Methodology 8 Consideration of NDC being Fair & Ambitious 8 Summary of Contributions including Scope & Coverage 9 3.', 'SUMMARY OF INFORMATION ON CLARITY, TRANSPARENCY & UNDERSTANDING 6 Reference Point 6 Implementation Period 6 Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution Institutional Arrangement & Planning Process 6 Development Methodology 8 Consideration of NDC being Fair & Ambitious 8 Summary of Contributions including Scope & Coverage 9 3. PAPUA NEW GUINEA’S MITIGATION CONTRIBUTION 11 Energy Sector 11 Non - GHG Quantitative Targets 12 Non - GHG Action Based Targets 12 Achieving Energy Industries Sub-Sector Targets 13 Potential Energy Measures 13 Land Use, Land-Use Change & Forestry Sub-Sector 14 GHG - Absolute Target 16 GHG - Relative Target 16 Non GHG Quantitative Targets 16 Non – GHG – Actions Based Targets 16 Summary of Targets 17 Potential Policies & Measures 18 4.', 'PAPUA NEW GUINEA’S MITIGATION CONTRIBUTION 11 Energy Sector 11 Non - GHG Quantitative Targets 12 Non - GHG Action Based Targets 12 Achieving Energy Industries Sub-Sector Targets 13 Potential Energy Measures 13 Land Use, Land-Use Change & Forestry Sub-Sector 14 GHG - Absolute Target 16 GHG - Relative Target 16 Non GHG Quantitative Targets 16 Non – GHG – Actions Based Targets 16 Summary of Targets 17 Potential Policies & Measures 18 4. PAPUA NEW GUINEA’S ADAPTATION ACTIONS 19 Adaptation Planning 20 Adaptation Nine Priority Areas 21 Adaptation Actions 24 Adaptation Data Gaps 27 Four Development Sectors 29 Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution ii Table of ContentsAdaptation Targets 30 Implementation of Adaptation Targets 30 5.', 'PAPUA NEW GUINEA’S ADAPTATION ACTIONS 19 Adaptation Planning 20 Adaptation Nine Priority Areas 21 Adaptation Actions 24 Adaptation Data Gaps 27 Four Development Sectors 29 Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution ii Table of ContentsAdaptation Targets 30 Implementation of Adaptation Targets 30 5. MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION 31 Information on Finance 31 Information on Technology 31 Information on Capacity Building 31 Gender & Youth 32 Annex NDC Implementation Plan 39 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Climate Projections for Papua New Guinea 2 Table 2 LULUCF Area of Influence 17 Table 3 Summary of Supported & Unsupported Priority Area Adaptation Actions 24 Table 4 Adaptation Nine Priority Areas Data Gaps 27 Table 5 NAP Development Sectors Matrix for the Nine Key Adaptation Priority Areas 29 Table 6 Adaptation Targets 30 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Map of Papua New Guinea.', 'MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION 31 Information on Finance 31 Information on Technology 31 Information on Capacity Building 31 Gender & Youth 32 Annex NDC Implementation Plan 39 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Climate Projections for Papua New Guinea 2 Table 2 LULUCF Area of Influence 17 Table 3 Summary of Supported & Unsupported Priority Area Adaptation Actions 24 Table 4 Adaptation Nine Priority Areas Data Gaps 27 Table 5 NAP Development Sectors Matrix for the Nine Key Adaptation Priority Areas 29 Table 6 Adaptation Targets 30 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Map of Papua New Guinea. Source CCDA 1 Figure 2 Time Series of PNG’s Total Emission & Removals 5 Figure 3 PNG’s NDC Institutional Arrangement 7 Figure 4 PNG NDC Preparations & Planning 7 Figure 5 PNG’s annual GHG emissions & removals between 2001 - 2015, the future emissions prediction under the business-as-usual scenario and the NDC target from the LULUCF Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution iiiAdaptation Afforestation Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) Base Year Biomass fuels or biofuels Capacity building Carbon dioxide equivalent Census Coalition for Rainforest Nations Adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities.', 'Source CCDA 1 Figure 2 Time Series of PNG’s Total Emission & Removals 5 Figure 3 PNG’s NDC Institutional Arrangement 7 Figure 4 PNG NDC Preparations & Planning 7 Figure 5 PNG’s annual GHG emissions & removals between 2001 - 2015, the future emissions prediction under the business-as-usual scenario and the NDC target from the LULUCF Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution iiiAdaptation Afforestation Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) Base Year Biomass fuels or biofuels Capacity building Carbon dioxide equivalent Census Coalition for Rainforest Nations Adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities. Planting of new forests on lands that historically have not contained forests.', 'Planting of new forests on lands that historically have not contained forests. One of the four main anthropogenic greenhouse gas emitting sectors according to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines concerned with land. This integration recognizes that the processes underlying greenhouse gas emissions and removals, as well as the different forms of terrestrial carbon stocks, can occur across all types of land. It recognizes that land-use changes can involve all types of land Starting year of the inventory. A fuel produced from dry organic matter or combustible oils produced by plants. These fuels are considered renewable as long as the vegetation producing them is maintained or replanted, such as firewood, alcohol fermented from sugar, and combustible oils extracted from soy beans.', 'These fuels are considered renewable as long as the vegetation producing them is maintained or replanted, such as firewood, alcohol fermented from sugar, and combustible oils extracted from soy beans. Their use in place of fossil fuels cuts greenhouse gas emissions because the plants that are the fuel sources capture carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. In the context of climate change, the process of developing the technical skills and institutional capability in developing countries and economies in transition to enable them to address effectively the causes and results of climate change. A measure to compare different greenhouse gases based on their contribution to radiative forcing. The UNFCCC currently (2005) uses global warming potentials (GWPs) as factors to calculate carbon dioxide equivalent. Data collected by interrogation or count of an entire population.', 'Data collected by interrogation or count of an entire population. A voluntary grouping of largely developing nations with rainforests which addresses issues surrounding environmental sustainability specific to tropical rainforests. Participation does not necessarily imply that countries adhere to any specific domestic policies or negotiating positions within the international context. At September 2011, the group included Argentina, Bangladesh, Belize, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chile, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d’Ivoire, DR Congo, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Equatorial Guinea, El Salvador, Fiji, Gabon, Ghana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Indonesia, Jamaica, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malaysia, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Samoa, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Suriname, Thailand, Uruguay, Uganda, Vanuatu and Vietnam. Countries participate on a voluntarily basis primarily through unified negotiating positions, workshops and collaborative programs.', 'Countries participate on a voluntarily basis primarily through unified negotiating positions, workshops and collaborative programs. Glossary Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution ivData for either activities or emission that are based on research carried out on sites either in that country or otherwise representative of that country. Is the conversion of forest land to any non-forest land. Primary deforestation is the conversion of primary forest. Secondary deforestation is the conversion of degraded forest. Is the conversion of primary forest to disturbed forest One of the four main anthropogenic greenhouse gas emitting sectors according to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines concerned with the combustion of fossil fuels, fugitive emission and carbon.', 'Is the conversion of primary forest to disturbed forest One of the four main anthropogenic greenhouse gas emitting sectors according to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines concerned with the combustion of fossil fuels, fugitive emission and carbon. At COP 16 in Cancun in 2010, Governments established a Green Climate Fund as an operating entity of the financial mechanism of the Convention under Article 11. The GCF will support projects, programs, policies and other activities in developing country Parties. The Fund will be governed by the GCF Board The atmospheric gases responsible for causing global warming and climate change. The major GHGs are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Less prevalent but very powerful greenhouse gases are hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (IMOs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6).', 'Less prevalent but very powerful greenhouse gases are hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (IMOs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). Established in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization and the UN Environment Program, the IPCC surveys world-wide scientific and technical literature and publishes assessment reports that are widely recognized as the most credible existing sources of information on climate change. The IPCC also works on methodologies and responds to specific requests from the Convention’s subsidiary bodies. The IPCC is independent of the Convention. An international agreement standing on its own, and requiring separate ratification by governments, but linked to the UNFCCC. The Kyoto Protocol, among other things, sets binding targets for the reduction of greenhouse-gas emissions by industrialized countries. The type of vegetation, rock, water, etc. covering the earth’s surface.', 'The type of vegetation, rock, water, etc. covering the earth’s surface. The type of activity being carried out on a unit of land. A greenhouse gas inventory sector that covers emissions and removals of greenhouse gases resulting from direct human-induced land use, land-use change and forestry activities. At COP 16 in Cancun in 2010, Governments established a work program in order to consider approaches to address loss and damage associated with climate change impacts in developing countries that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change as part of the Cancun Adaptation Framework. In the context of climate change, a human intervention to reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases.', 'In the context of climate change, a human intervention to reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases. Examples include using fossil fuels more efficiently for industrial processes or electricity generation, switching to solar energy or wind power, improving the insulation of buildings, and expanding forests and other “sinks” to remove greater amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Country – specific data Deforestation Forest degradation Energy Sector Green Climate Fund (GCF) Greenhouse gases (GHGs) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Kyoto Protocol Land cover Land use Land use, land-use change, and forestry (LULUCF) Loss and damage Mitigation Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution vMeasurement, reporting and verification (MRV) National Adaptation Programmes National Communication National Determined Contribution (NDC) Party Population Removals Sink Source Time series Trend Measurable, reportable and verifiable. A process/concept that potentially supports greater transparency in the climate change regime.', 'A process/concept that potentially supports greater transparency in the climate change regime. Documents prepared by least developed countries (LDCs) identifying urgent and immediate needs for adapting to climate change. A document submitted in accordance with the Convention (and the Protocol) by which a Party informs other Parties of activities undertaken to address climate change. Most developed countries have now submitted their fifth national communications; most developing countries have completed their first national communication and are in the process of preparing their second. According to Article 4 paragraph 2 of the Paris Agreement, each Party shall prepare, communicate and maintain successive nationally determined contributions (NDCs) that it intends to achieve. Parties shall pursue domestic mitigation measures, with the aim of achieving the objectives of such contributions.', 'Parties shall pursue domestic mitigation measures, with the aim of achieving the objectives of such contributions. A state (or regional economic integration organization such as the European Union) that agrees to be bound by a treaty and for which the treaty has entered into force. The population is the totality of items under consideration. In the case of a random variable, the probability distribution is considered to define the population of that variable. Removal of greenhouse gases and/or their precursors from the atmosphere by sink. Any process, activity or mechanism which removes a greenhouse gas, an aerosol, or a precursor of a greenhouse gas from the atmosphere. (UNFCCC Article 1.8) Notation in the final stages of reporting is negative (-) sign.', '(UNFCCC Article 1.8) Notation in the final stages of reporting is negative (-) sign. Any process or activity which releases a greenhouse gas, an aerosol, or a precursor of a greenhouse gas into the atmosphere. (UNFCCC Article 1.9) Notation in the final stages of reporting is the positive (+) sign. A time series is a series of values which are affected by random processes and which are observed at successive (usually equidistant) points in time. The trend of a quantity measures its change over a time period, with a positive trend value indicating growth in the quantity, and a negative value indicating a decrease.', 'The trend of a quantity measures its change over a time period, with a positive trend value indicating growth in the quantity, and a negative value indicating a decrease. It is defined as the ratio of the change in the quantity over the time period, divided by the initial value of the quantity, and is usually expressed either as a percentage or a fraction. Guideline for estimating emissions and (removals) of particular gases from the five (5) anthropogenic greenhouse gas sectors. Energy Sector, Industrial Processes Sector, Agricultures, Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry Sector and Waste Sector Guideline for estimating emissions and (removals) of particular gases from the four (4) anthropogenic greenhouse gas sectors. Energy Sector; Industrial Processes and Product Use Sector; Agricultures, Forestry and Other Land-Use; and Waste Sector.', 'Energy Sector; Industrial Processes and Product Use Sector; Agricultures, Forestry and Other Land-Use; and Waste Sector. Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution viVerification Vulnerability Verification refers to the collection of activities and procedures that can be followed during the planning and development, or after completion of an inventory that can help to establish its reliability for the intended applications of that inventory The degree to which a system is susceptible to, or unable to cope with, adverse effects of climate change, including climate variability and extremes. Vulnerability is a function of the character, magnitude, and rate of climate variation to which a system is exposed, its sensitivity, and its adaptive capacity.', 'Vulnerability is a function of the character, magnitude, and rate of climate variation to which a system is exposed, its sensitivity, and its adaptive capacity. Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution viiABM Australia Bureau of Meteorology AD Activity data AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use AOSIS Alliance of the Small Island States BUR Biennial update report CCDA Climate Change and Development Authority CCDA NDC TWC Climate Change and Development Authority Nationally Determined Contribution Technical Working Committee CCMA Climate Change Management Act CfRN Coalition for Rainforest Nations Methane CHARM Comprehensive Hazards and Risk Management Carbon Dioxide COP Conference of Parties DNPM Department of National Planning and Monitoring EF Emission factor ETF Enhanced Transparency Framework FAO The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FRDP Pacific’s Framework for Resilient Development Plan FRL Forest Reference Level GCF Green Climate Fund GEF Global Environment Facility Gg Giga gram GHG Greenhouse gas GoPNG Government of Papua New Guinea ICCAI International Climate Change Adaptation Initiative INC Initial National Communication INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contributions.', 'Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution viiABM Australia Bureau of Meteorology AD Activity data AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use AOSIS Alliance of the Small Island States BUR Biennial update report CCDA Climate Change and Development Authority CCDA NDC TWC Climate Change and Development Authority Nationally Determined Contribution Technical Working Committee CCMA Climate Change Management Act CfRN Coalition for Rainforest Nations Methane CHARM Comprehensive Hazards and Risk Management Carbon Dioxide COP Conference of Parties DNPM Department of National Planning and Monitoring EF Emission factor ETF Enhanced Transparency Framework FAO The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FRDP Pacific’s Framework for Resilient Development Plan FRL Forest Reference Level GCF Green Climate Fund GEF Global Environment Facility Gg Giga gram GHG Greenhouse gas GoPNG Government of Papua New Guinea ICCAI International Climate Change Adaptation Initiative INC Initial National Communication INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contributions. IOC International Ocean Commission IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPPU Industrial processes and product use Acronym Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution viiiPapua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution ix KRA Key Result Area LNG Liquefied Natural Gas LULUCF Land use, land-use change and forestry MTDP Medium-Term Development Plan MRV Measurement, reporting and verification O Nitrous Oxide NAP National Adaptation Plan NC National Communication NCCDMP National Climate Compatible Development Management Policy NDA National Designated Authority NDC Nationally determined contribution NEC National Executive Council NRS National REDD+ Strategy 2017–2027 NSO National Statistical Office PNG Papua New Guinea REDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and, Forest Degradation and the role of conservation, sustainable forest management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks RFIP REDD+ Finance and Investment Plan SIDS Small Island Developing States SNC Second National Communication STaRs Strategy for the Responsible Development for PNG STWC Sub-technical Working Committee UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeThe Paris Agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is the cornerstones that bind international obligations on climate change globally.', 'IOC International Ocean Commission IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPPU Industrial processes and product use Acronym Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution viiiPapua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution ix KRA Key Result Area LNG Liquefied Natural Gas LULUCF Land use, land-use change and forestry MTDP Medium-Term Development Plan MRV Measurement, reporting and verification O Nitrous Oxide NAP National Adaptation Plan NC National Communication NCCDMP National Climate Compatible Development Management Policy NDA National Designated Authority NDC Nationally determined contribution NEC National Executive Council NRS National REDD+ Strategy 2017–2027 NSO National Statistical Office PNG Papua New Guinea REDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and, Forest Degradation and the role of conservation, sustainable forest management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks RFIP REDD+ Finance and Investment Plan SIDS Small Island Developing States SNC Second National Communication STaRs Strategy for the Responsible Development for PNG STWC Sub-technical Working Committee UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeThe Paris Agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is the cornerstones that bind international obligations on climate change globally. The Paris Agreement specifically challenges Parties under Article 3 to take robust climate action, through what has become known as the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC).', 'The Paris Agreement specifically challenges Parties under Article 3 to take robust climate action, through what has become known as the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC). Papua New Guinea (PNG) like all other Parties is required to communicate its ambitious targets and report on progression overtime on how PNG through national action is contributing towards achieving the long term temperature and adaptation goals set under Article 2 of the Paris Agreement. The NDC is an articulation of PNG’s mitigation and adaptation contributions. It sets out targets and identifies measures and actions to be pursued towards achieving these targets.', 'It sets out targets and identifies measures and actions to be pursued towards achieving these targets. It contains five (5) chapters which outline the following: \uf0a1 Chapter 1 (National Context) provides a general synopsis of PNG, setting out information on the country’s geography; climate; population; an overview on economic development; an assessment of the impacts and vulnerabilities; and an outline of key climate change policies, institutions, and regulatory frameworks. \uf0a1 Chapter 2 (Summary of Information on Clarity, Transparency and Understanding) establishes the reference point, period of implementation, methodology, scope and sector coverage, and a summary of targets.', '\uf0a1 Chapter 2 (Summary of Information on Clarity, Transparency and Understanding) establishes the reference point, period of implementation, methodology, scope and sector coverage, and a summary of targets. \uf0a1 Chapter 3 (Papua New Guinea’s Mitigation Contribution) focuses on mitigation targets and potential actions and measures to be taken in sectors identified: Energy Sectors and LULUCF sub-sector; \uf0a1 Chapter 4 (Papua New Guinea’s Adaptation Actions) covers adaptation planning, priorities, data gaps, and outlines the adaptation actions and targets; and:- \uf0a1 Chapter 5 (Means of Implementation) discusses matters pertaining to implementation. The chapter contains a needs assessment which covers general support, finances and capacity building. Introduction Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution xPNG is an island country in the South Pacific Region, located between the Equator and the Tropic of Capricorn.', 'Introduction Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution xPNG is an island country in the South Pacific Region, located between the Equator and the Tropic of Capricorn. It shares the international land border with Indonesia to the west, and maritime borders with Australia to the south, the Solomon Islands to the east, and the Federated States of Micronesia to the north. It has a total land area of (46.13 million hectares), 97 percent2 of which is customarily owned by local indigenous people, while 3 percent is alienated land owned by the State.', 'It has a total land area of (46.13 million hectares), 97 percent2 of which is customarily owned by local indigenous people, while 3 percent is alienated land owned by the State. Owing to its geographical proximity to the northward moving Australian continental plate and the northwest moving Pacific plate, PNG is located in one of the most tectonically active areas in the world, also known as the ring of fire. The country is bestowed with remarkable diversity and extraordinary landscapes, terrestrial ecosystems, rich flora and fauna with accommodating climatic conditions. PNG’s climate is classified as an ‘Af climate’ according to Koppen –Geiger Classification with hot, humid tropical climate experienced all year round3.', 'PNG’s climate is classified as an ‘Af climate’ according to Koppen –Geiger Classification with hot, humid tropical climate experienced all year round3. The country experiences two distinctive seasons: wet and dry - whereby the wet season occurs from December to March, and the dry season from June to September. PNG’s average monthly rainfall ranges between 250mm – 350mm, with average temperatures between 26 – 28 degrees Celsius. Humidity is relatively high in PNG, ranging between 70 - 90 percent4. 2. Papua New Guinea First Biennial Update Report .(2019). 3. Australian Bureau of Meterology and CSIRO. (2011). Climate Change in the Pacific. Scientific Assessment and New Research. Volume 2. Country Reports 4. Australian Bureau of Meterology and CSIRO. (2011). Climate Change in the Pacific.', 'Climate Change in the Pacific. Scientific Assessment and New Research. Volume 2. Country Reports NATIONAL CONTEXT 1 GEOGRAPHY & CLIMATE Figure 1 Map of Papua New Guinea. Source CCDA Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 1PNG is ranked as the tenth most vulnerable country in the world to the risk of climate change5. PNG’s highlands region is susceptible to extreme weather such as heavy rainfall, which may increase the occurrence of landslides and inland flooding. The coastal regions, the islands and the low-lying atoll areas are mostly vulnerable to extreme weather events, storm surge, sea-level rise, and coastal inundation. With more than 75 - 80 percent of the population living in rural areas6, the risk of exposure to natural hazards is very high.', 'With more than 75 - 80 percent of the population living in rural areas6, the risk of exposure to natural hazards is very high. PNG’s rural populations are mostly subsistence farmers that rely on subsistence farming for their livelihoods, with limited capacity to protect themselves from climate-induced natural disasters. The rugged mountainous terrain as well as limited access to basic infrastructures such as roads and bridges has hindered rural communities to access health care, education and broader development opportunities. Women are particularly vulnerable due to the lack of access to land, income, credit and other resources. This lack of access impedes their ability to cope with climate stresses and disasters. About 60 percent of PNG’s population is under the age of 25 years7.', 'About 60 percent of PNG’s population is under the age of 25 years7. Much of this group experience poverty as a result of lack of access to education and employment opportunities. The literacy rate for young men is 67 percent, and for young women, people (between the ages of 15-24) are not employed or otherwise participating in educational or vocational training opportunities9. PNG’s climate is projected to change as shown in Table 1 below. According to the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), there is a high confidence level of different climate variables increasing over the course of the 21st century. These projections are expected to raise exposure levels and increased vulnerability to shifting climatic conditions and will impact the growing population and economic development. Impacts & Vulnerability 5. World Risk Report. (2016).', 'Impacts & Vulnerability 5. World Risk Report. (2016). 6. Papua New Guinea’s Voluntary National Review 2020- Progress of Implementing the Sustainable Development Goals. (2020). 7. Papua New Guinea Young People. (2018). 8. Education for All 2000 – 2015: Achievements and Challenges. (2015) 9. International Labour Organization. Youth Labour Statistics. (2020).', '(2015) 9. International Labour Organization. Youth Labour Statistics. (2020). Climate variable Projection Confidence level Surface air temperature Projected to increase Very high confidence Sea surface temperature Projected to increase Very high confidence Annual mean rainfall Projected to increase High confidence Seasonal mean rainfall Projected to increase High confidence Intensity and frequency of days of extreme heat Projected to increase Very high confidence Intensity and frequency of days of extreme rainfall Projected to increase High confidence Incidence of drought Projected to decrease Moderate confidence Frequency of tropical cyclones Projected to decrease Moderate confidence Ocean acidification Projected to continue Very high confidence Mean sea-level rise Projected to increase Very high confidence Table 1 Climate Projections for Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionAccording to the PNG’s national population census 2011, the country’s population has grown from 3.8 million in 1990 to 7.3 million.', 'Climate variable Projection Confidence level Surface air temperature Projected to increase Very high confidence Sea surface temperature Projected to increase Very high confidence Annual mean rainfall Projected to increase High confidence Seasonal mean rainfall Projected to increase High confidence Intensity and frequency of days of extreme heat Projected to increase Very high confidence Intensity and frequency of days of extreme rainfall Projected to increase High confidence Incidence of drought Projected to decrease Moderate confidence Frequency of tropical cyclones Projected to decrease Moderate confidence Ocean acidification Projected to continue Very high confidence Mean sea-level rise Projected to increase Very high confidence Table 1 Climate Projections for Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionAccording to the PNG’s national population census 2011, the country’s population has grown from 3.8 million in 1990 to 7.3 million. The 2000 and 2011 censuses10 acknowledged that around 12 percent of PNG’s population lives in urban areas while the rest of the population lives in rural communities.', 'The 2000 and 2011 censuses10 acknowledged that around 12 percent of PNG’s population lives in urban areas while the rest of the population lives in rural communities. These rural communities maintain traditional village structures and depend on subsistence farming, supplemented by cash cropping. Thirty nine percent of the overall population live in the Highlands region, 26 percent in the Momase region, with the Southern and New Guinea Islands regions totalling 20 percent and 15 percent of the population respectively. Sustainable economic development is a priority agenda for the Government of Papua New Guinea (GoPNG), and is reflected as a long-term goal in the PNG Vision 2050 (Vision 2050), for PNG to be a “Smart, Wise, Fair, Healthy and Happy Society”.', 'Sustainable economic development is a priority agenda for the Government of Papua New Guinea (GoPNG), and is reflected as a long-term goal in the PNG Vision 2050 (Vision 2050), for PNG to be a “Smart, Wise, Fair, Healthy and Happy Society”. To implement the Vision 2050, the PNG Development Strategic Plan 2010-2030 was developed and endorsed by the National Executive Council (NEC), which sets out key targets and more detailed strategies. This serves as the building block to achieving the requirements of the Vision 2050. To ensure that the priority pillars of the Vision 2050 are met, a 5-year plan called the Medium-Term Development Plan (MTDP) was developed with specific sector targets and indicators. PNG is a developing country and has a dual economy, consisting of both the formal and informal economy.', 'PNG is a developing country and has a dual economy, consisting of both the formal and informal economy. The formal economy is made up of the large-scale extractive mining and petroleum sector, and the primary industries sector including; forestry, fishing, and commercial agriculture. It employs 15 percent of the total workforce. The informal economy on the other hand supports 85 percent of the population through subsistence agriculture11 and is dominated by women. Despite the abundance of natural resources and economic growth recorded since 2013, PNG’s economy faces numerous challenges. The rugged terrain and the high costs of infrastructure hamper the exploitation and development of natural resources, and consequently, the formal and informal economies which support it. The GoPNG, with the support of development partners and investors, aims to pursue economic activities to realize sustainable economic development.', 'The GoPNG, with the support of development partners and investors, aims to pursue economic activities to realize sustainable economic development. Population Sustainable Economic Development 10. National Population and Housing 2011. (2013). 11. Papua New Guinea, First Biennial Update Report. (2019). Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 3Papua New Guinea is a signatory to the UNFCCC since 13th June 1992 and has been engaged in international climate change negotiations. PNG ratified the UNFCCC on 16th March 1993. In 2015, the Paris Agreement was adopted, and PNG ratified the agreement on 21st September 2016. In 2016, PNG enacted the United Nations Paris Agreement Act 2016, which gives domestic effect to the Paris Agreement and provides a legal basis under which the NDC is administered in PNG, together with the Climate Change Management Act, 2015.', 'In 2016, PNG enacted the United Nations Paris Agreement Act 2016, which gives domestic effect to the Paris Agreement and provides a legal basis under which the NDC is administered in PNG, together with the Climate Change Management Act, 2015. The Climate Change and Development Authority CCDA is the National Designated Authority that coordinates all climate change-related matters in PNG. CCDA is also the focal point to the UNFCCC. As the coordinating agency, CCDA works in collaboration with stakeholders, with the objective of providing a coordination mechanism at the national and provincial level for research, analysis, and development of the policy and the legislative framework to move towards a low carbon economy and achieving climate-resilient development in the country.', 'As the coordinating agency, CCDA works in collaboration with stakeholders, with the objective of providing a coordination mechanism at the national and provincial level for research, analysis, and development of the policy and the legislative framework to move towards a low carbon economy and achieving climate-resilient development in the country. To comply with the reporting obligations under the UNFCCC, PNG prepared and submitted its First and Second National Communication (NC) in 2002 and 2014, respectively. The report captures Papua New Guinea’s Green House Gas emissions and removals including the country’s actions to mitigate and adapt to the effects of climate change. The Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines were used for the First NC and Second NC and the categories were estimated using Tier 1 methods. The 2006 Good Practice Guidance was also used in the Second NC.', 'The 2006 Good Practice Guidance was also used in the Second NC. PNG then submitted its First Biennial Update Report (BUR1) to the UNFCCC in 2019. The BUR1 contains updated information of PNG’s GHG emissions and removals as well as mitigation actions and support received. The 2006 IPCC Guidelines was used in the BUR1 GHG Inventory and most categories were estimated using Tier 1 method while certain categories in the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) and the Waste sector was estimated using the Tier 2 method. The time series reported in the GHG Inventory for the BUR1 was 2000 to 2015, which is an updated version of the Second NC.', 'The time series reported in the GHG Inventory for the BUR1 was 2000 to 2015, which is an updated version of the Second NC. The BUR1 contains the results achieved by PNG from reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation and enhancement of forest carbon stock (REDD+) initiatives in the AFOLU sector as a Technical Annex. The Third National Communication (Third NC) and BUR2 are planned to be submitted by 2021 which will provide an update of the Second NC and BUR1. Further improvement will be needed to comply with the Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF) as per Decision 18/CMA. PNG submitted its NDC on 24th March 2016 in which its contributions and pledges were declared conditional and subject to relevant technical and funding support made available by the developed countries through relevant international funding sources.', 'PNG submitted its NDC on 24th March 2016 in which its contributions and pledges were declared conditional and subject to relevant technical and funding support made available by the developed countries through relevant international funding sources. It proposed that PNG’s main contributions will come from the existing REDD+ initiatives under the Agriculture Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector, and a 100 percent renewable energy target set for 2030 as well as promotion of energy efficiency uses in all appliances from the energy sector. The other important component of the contributions would be from climate-resilient development in the country and enhancing adaptation in the livelihood of the rural population which amounts to 75 – 80 percent12 of the 8.25 million13 people in PNG.', 'The other important component of the contributions would be from climate-resilient development in the country and enhancing adaptation in the livelihood of the rural population which amounts to 75 – 80 percent12 of the 8.25 million13 people in PNG. PNG’s NDC in 2016 was prepared in line with the national strategies and plans. The commitments were adduced from the National Climate Compatible Development Management Policy (NCCDMP), under which PNG aspires to reduce its emission to 50 percent by 2030 and to be carbon neutral by 2050. Specific to the forest sector, PNG developed its National REDD+ Strategy which was approved by NEC in May 2017. The National REDD+ Strategy outlines the key action areas across the sectors.', 'The National REDD+ Strategy outlines the key action areas across the sectors. These are addressed further within the section on LULUCF PNG’s Forest Reference Level (FRL) was submitted to the UNFCCC on 15th January 2017 which shows the historical annual emissions from the LULUCF sub- sector of 31,000 Gg CO2 eq per annum, and it predicts an ongoing increase in the emissions levels in the sector. However, should there be any reduction Climate Change Policy, Institutions & Reporting History 12. Papua New Guinea’s Voluntary National Review 2020- Progress of Implementing the Sustainable Development Goals. (2020) 13. Papua New Guinea’s Voluntary National Review 2020- Progress of Implementing the Sustainable Development Goals. (2020) Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contributionbelow this level; PNG will become eligible for result based payments (RBP).', '(2020) Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contributionbelow this level; PNG will become eligible for result based payments (RBP). All four design elements of the Warsaw Framework (National REDD+ Strategy14, National Forest Monitoring System, SIS and FREL/FRL were developed with technical assistance of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). This allowed PNG to prepare a submission for RBP to the Green Climate Fund (GCF) and other donor agencies. \uf0a1 Energy Sector amounted to 11,806 Gg CO2 eq in 2015 an increase of 5,532 Gg CO2 eq when compared to 2000. \uf0a1 Industrial Process and Product Use amounted to 35 Gg CO2 eq in 2015 an increase of 1.4 Gg CO2 eq when compared to 2000.', '\uf0a1 Industrial Process and Product Use amounted to 35 Gg CO2 eq in 2015 an increase of 1.4 Gg CO2 eq when compared to 2000. \uf0a1 Agriculture sector amounted to 796 Gg CO2 eq in 2015, an increase of 114 Gg CO2 eq when compared with the year 2000. \uf0a1 Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) sector historically acted as a sink. However, the sector has evolved into a smaller sink over time due to the decrease in forest lands over time. The net emissions from the LULUCF sector amounted to 1,716 Gg CO2 eq in 2015 compared to - 21,636 Gg CO2 eq in 2000 which is a total decrease of removals amounting to 23,370 Gg CO2 eq.', 'The net emissions from the LULUCF sector amounted to 1,716 Gg CO2 eq in 2015 compared to - 21,636 Gg CO2 eq in 2000 which is a total decrease of removals amounting to 23,370 Gg CO2 eq. \uf0a1 Waste sector amounted to 873 Gg CO2 eq in 2015, an increase of 354 Gg CO2 eq when compared to 2000. Summary of Emissions and Removals for PNG According to the BUR1, the total net Greenhouse Gas Emissions in 2015 amounted to 15,193 Gg CO2 eq compared to the emissions in 2000 which was -14,179 Gg CO2 eq. Therefore, PNG went from a net sink in 2000 to a net source in 2015.', 'Therefore, PNG went from a net sink in 2000 to a net source in 2015. Below are emissions from each sector: Figure 2 Time Series of PNG’s Total Emission and Removals Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 5 14. Papua New Guinea, National REDD+ Strategy 2017-2027. (2017).SUMMARY OF INFORMATION ON CLARITY, TRANSPARENCY & UNDERSTANDING The current Enhanced NDC utilizes 2015 as the base year for all emission targets with information being based on PNG’s current Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report for Papua New Guinea of that year.15 The targeted GHG for this NDC is carbon dioxide (CO2 ). No reference point is provided for the Adaptation Targets due to the diverse adaptation interventions at different levels of development. The NDC Implementation Period is from 2020 to 2030.', 'The NDC Implementation Period is from 2020 to 2030. This is based on the accompanied decisions to the Paris Agreement adopted in 201516. The Climate Change and Development Authority is the National Designated Authority of Papua New Guinea that is responsible to implement the Paris Agreement and commitments under the UNFCCC, in close collaboration with line agencies. CCDA provided a coordination mechanism at the national level for the PNG Enhanced NDC through existing institutional frameworks and newly created to best support the successful revision of the NDC. The coordination by CCDA with Development Partners and Stakeholders is well outlined in Figure 3. Reference Point Implementation Period Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution Institutional Arrangement & Planning Process 15. Papua New Guinea’s First Biennial Update Report. (2019).', 'Papua New Guinea’s First Biennial Update Report. (2019). .21 “Requests those Parties whose intended nationally determined contribution pursuant to decision 1/CP .20 contains a time frame up to 2025 to communicate by 2020 a new nationally determined contribution and to do so every five years thereafter pursuant to Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Agreement.” Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionIn planning for the revision of the enhanced NDC, CCDA has ensured the following necessary steps were taken to ensure better coordination through National Consultation and NDC Coordination through various steps outlined in Figure 4; \uf0a1 NDC Partnership Members \uf0a1 PNG NDC Preparation \uf0a1 Engagement of NDC Activities in PNG \uf0a1 Key Submission Dates \uf0a1 NDC Implementation Figure 3 PNG’s NDC Institutional Arrangement Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 7 • AFLOU Sector NDC implementation Activities • Energy Sector NDC implementation Acitivities • Adaption Sector NDC implementation Acitivities Figure 4 PNG NDC Preparations and Planning NDC Partnership Member Engagement of NDC Activities in PNG NDC Implementation Key Submission Dates PNG NDC Preparation • PNG becomes member of NDC Partnership • PNG Participated in the CAEP Program under NDC Partnership • CAEP program was accepted and endorsed by NDC Partnership • Fromation of CCDA NDC TWC • Delegation of Chapter to CCDA NDC TWC Members • CCDANDC TWC Meetings \uf0fc 6 meetings \uf0fc Aug to Dec 2019 • Validation meeting (27th Nov) • 3rd Dec - CACC Submission • 9th Dec - NEC Submission • 16th Dec - UNFCCC Submission • 21st Dec - High Level/NDC Launching • 4 x CCDA NDC TWC Meeting • 6 x Development Partners Meeting • 3 x Lockdown Session • One-on one meeting with key stakeholders • NDC Inception Workshop • NDC Stakeholders Consultation Workshop • NDC Validation Workshop • High Level Meeting Central Agencies Coordinating Committee National Executive Council (NEC) Minister of Climate Change Climate Change and Development Authority Key Stakeholders Government, Private Sector and NGO’s NDC Partnership NDC Coordinator Adaption Sector Lead Adaption Sub-technical Working Committee Key Stakeholders Key Stakeholders Key Stakeholders AFOLU Sub-technical Working Committee Energy Sub-technical Working Committee AFOLU Sector Lead Energy Sector Lead NDC A/Coordinator Mitigation Sector Lead PNG National NDC Focal Point NDC Key Development Partners Pacific NDC HubThe NDC is consistent with the methodologies used in the preparation and development of the BUR1 using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.', '.21 “Requests those Parties whose intended nationally determined contribution pursuant to decision 1/CP .20 contains a time frame up to 2025 to communicate by 2020 a new nationally determined contribution and to do so every five years thereafter pursuant to Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Agreement.” Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionIn planning for the revision of the enhanced NDC, CCDA has ensured the following necessary steps were taken to ensure better coordination through National Consultation and NDC Coordination through various steps outlined in Figure 4; \uf0a1 NDC Partnership Members \uf0a1 PNG NDC Preparation \uf0a1 Engagement of NDC Activities in PNG \uf0a1 Key Submission Dates \uf0a1 NDC Implementation Figure 3 PNG’s NDC Institutional Arrangement Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 7 • AFLOU Sector NDC implementation Activities • Energy Sector NDC implementation Acitivities • Adaption Sector NDC implementation Acitivities Figure 4 PNG NDC Preparations and Planning NDC Partnership Member Engagement of NDC Activities in PNG NDC Implementation Key Submission Dates PNG NDC Preparation • PNG becomes member of NDC Partnership • PNG Participated in the CAEP Program under NDC Partnership • CAEP program was accepted and endorsed by NDC Partnership • Fromation of CCDA NDC TWC • Delegation of Chapter to CCDA NDC TWC Members • CCDANDC TWC Meetings \uf0fc 6 meetings \uf0fc Aug to Dec 2019 • Validation meeting (27th Nov) • 3rd Dec - CACC Submission • 9th Dec - NEC Submission • 16th Dec - UNFCCC Submission • 21st Dec - High Level/NDC Launching • 4 x CCDA NDC TWC Meeting • 6 x Development Partners Meeting • 3 x Lockdown Session • One-on one meeting with key stakeholders • NDC Inception Workshop • NDC Stakeholders Consultation Workshop • NDC Validation Workshop • High Level Meeting Central Agencies Coordinating Committee National Executive Council (NEC) Minister of Climate Change Climate Change and Development Authority Key Stakeholders Government, Private Sector and NGO’s NDC Partnership NDC Coordinator Adaption Sector Lead Adaption Sub-technical Working Committee Key Stakeholders Key Stakeholders Key Stakeholders AFOLU Sub-technical Working Committee Energy Sub-technical Working Committee AFOLU Sector Lead Energy Sector Lead NDC A/Coordinator Mitigation Sector Lead PNG National NDC Focal Point NDC Key Development Partners Pacific NDC HubThe NDC is consistent with the methodologies used in the preparation and development of the BUR1 using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. PNG adopted the baseline method in the determination of contributions and in compiling its NDC.', 'PNG adopted the baseline method in the determination of contributions and in compiling its NDC. Whilst there are existing laws, policies, measures, and initiatives that will guide actions going forward, effective implementation will require structural adjustments to the domestic regulatory framework, institutional measures, financing, and additional action (including projects). Hence, the NDC will be assessed against the identified baselines, as opposed to considering the contributions and targets as “business as usual”. PNG’s emissions account for a minimal percentage of global emissions. Despite this, PNG has made significant commitments to address the impacts of climate change, with the proposed targets considered to be very ambitious as assessed against PNG’s levels of development, its status as a Small Island Developing State (SIDS) and its emissions profile.', 'Despite this, PNG has made significant commitments to address the impacts of climate change, with the proposed targets considered to be very ambitious as assessed against PNG’s levels of development, its status as a Small Island Developing State (SIDS) and its emissions profile. The NDC is in line with PNG’s Vision 2050 as well as the Climate Compatible Development Management Policy accords. The policy outlines the government’s commitment, to be 50 percent carbon neutral by 2030, and be entirely carbon neutral by 2050. The NDC commits to ensuring gender-responsive and human rights-based approach in all related planning, programming, and implementation.', 'The NDC commits to ensuring gender-responsive and human rights-based approach in all related planning, programming, and implementation. This includes the participation of women, youth and vulnerable groups in consultations, planning and decision making in the sectors, as well as to ensure women and youth have opportunities to develop sustainable low-carbon livelihoods. Development Methodology Consideration of NDC being Fair and Ambitious Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionMitigation Papua New Guinea reported a net emission in 2015 of 15,193 Gg CO2 eq which is a significant increase from the -14,179 Gg CO2 eq reported for 200017. PNG, therefore, went from a net sink in 2000 to a net source in 2015.', 'PNG, therefore, went from a net sink in 2000 to a net source in 2015. The increasing trend was due to the reduction of removals from the AFOLU sector which decreased from - 20,972 Gg CO2 eq in 2000 to 2,512 Gg CO2 eq in 2015, a decrease of 23,484 Gg CO2 eq18. The Energy sector also had an impact on this increasing trend where emissions increased from 6,274 Gg CO2 eq in 2000 to 11,806 Gg CO2 eq in 2015, an increase of 5,532 Gg CO2 eq19.', 'The Energy sector also had an impact on this increasing trend where emissions increased from 6,274 Gg CO2 eq in 2000 to 11,806 Gg CO2 eq in 2015, an increase of 5,532 Gg CO2 eq19. Within the AFOLU sector, the LULUCF sub- sector was one of the biggest contributors to GHG emission in PNG accounting for net emission of -21,654 Gg CO2 eq in 2000 and 1,716 Gg CO2 eq in 2015.20 Within the Energy sector, the Energy industries sub-sector was the biggest contributor which accounted to eq in 201521.', 'Within the AFOLU sector, the LULUCF sub- sector was one of the biggest contributors to GHG emission in PNG accounting for net emission of -21,654 Gg CO2 eq in 2000 and 1,716 Gg CO2 eq in 2015.20 Within the Energy sector, the Energy industries sub-sector was the biggest contributor which accounted to eq in 201521. As such this Enhanced NDC Focuses on targets and actions within these two sectors specifically the LULUCF sub-sector and Energy Industries sub-sectors, while also noting opportunities for action within the transport sub-sector and a commitment to enhance ambition in the way that PNG collects and manages data within them and across all emitting sectors to allow for further refinement and enhancement of ambition within future updates. Key targets within these areas include: Summary of contributions including scope and coverage 17.', 'Key targets within these areas include: Summary of contributions including scope and coverage 17. Papua New Guinea’s First Biennial Update Report. (2019). 18. Papua New Guinea’s First Biennial Update Report. (2019). 19. Papua New Guinea’s First Biennial Update Report. (2019). 20. Papua New Guinea’s First Biennial Update Report. (2019). 21. Papua New Guinea’s First Biennial Update Report. (2019). Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 9Energy Sector PNG is committing to a headline target of carbon neutrality within the energy industries sub-sector. This will be achieved by: \uf0a1 Increasing levels of renewables in the energy mix for on-grid connection – through increasing the share of installed capacity of renewable energy from 30 percent in 2015 to 78 percent in 2030.', 'This will be achieved by: \uf0a1 Increasing levels of renewables in the energy mix for on-grid connection – through increasing the share of installed capacity of renewable energy from 30 percent in 2015 to 78 percent in 2030. The target of 100 percent renewable energy by 2030 in the previous NDC was revised due to the influence of liquefied natural gas (LNG) into the energy mix and existing agreements with Independent Power Producers that extend beyond 2030. \uf0a1 Reducing energy demand - through adoption and implementation of Minimum Energy Performance Standards and Labelling (MEPSL) Regulations as well as enhancing public awareness of energy use and means of reducing energy use.', '\uf0a1 Reducing energy demand - through adoption and implementation of Minimum Energy Performance Standards and Labelling (MEPSL) Regulations as well as enhancing public awareness of energy use and means of reducing energy use. \uf0a1 Establishing a framework for fossil fuel emission offsetting – PNG remains committed to an energy transition but also recognizes that a full transition will take time given PNG’s complex geographies and dispersed population as well as a growing economy. As such a framework for offsetting of emissions from fossil fuels will be introduced to support economic incentives for the transition while also helping to finance domestic nature- based solutions in particularly reduced emissions and enhanced removals from the forest sector.', 'As such a framework for offsetting of emissions from fossil fuels will be introduced to support economic incentives for the transition while also helping to finance domestic nature- based solutions in particularly reduced emissions and enhanced removals from the forest sector. \uf0a1 Enhanced data collection – PNG will establish a framework for the enhanced data collection on energy use and associated emissions to support improved policy and regulation to manage emissions. Also, PNG will continue to review appropriate options and approaches to reduce emissions from the transport sub-sector. LULUCF Sub-sector By 2030, the annual emission from deforestation and forest degradation due to agriculture expansion and commercial logging will be reduced by 10,000 Gg CO2 eq comparing to 2015 level.', 'LULUCF Sub-sector By 2030, the annual emission from deforestation and forest degradation due to agriculture expansion and commercial logging will be reduced by 10,000 Gg CO2 eq comparing to 2015 level. This will result in the LULUCF sub-sector moving from a net GHG source (1, 176 Gg CO2 eq) in 2015 to net GHG sink (-8,284 Gg CO2 eq) by 2030 to mitigate emissions from other sector This will be achieved by a 25 percent reduction in both the area of annual deforestation and annual degradation against 2015 levels (equating to a reduction of 8,300 ha of annual deforestation and 43,300ha of degradation) as well as an increase in the areas of forest planted. ADAPTATION The enhanced NDC will focus on four (4) development sectors impacted by the nine (9) priority areas.', 'ADAPTATION The enhanced NDC will focus on four (4) development sectors impacted by the nine (9) priority areas. The development sectors include agriculture, health, infrastructure, and transport which are in line with the development of the PNG National Adaptation Plan.', 'The development sectors include agriculture, health, infrastructure, and transport which are in line with the development of the PNG National Adaptation Plan. The adaptation targets are measured against beneficiaries for the agriculture and health sectors, and the value and number of assets for the transport and infrastructure sector and are summarized below: i) 100 percent of PNG’s population to benefit from introduced health measures to respond to malaria and other climate-sensitive diseases; ii) 6 million people (70 percent of the population) benefit from improved early warning information to respond to climate extremes; iii) 10 percent of the total population (0.8 million beneficiaries (25 percent are women) have increased resilience of food and water security, health, and well-being in PNG; and iv) US$ 1.7 billion value of transport, building and utility infrastructure and assets is built and or rehabilitated according to climate- resilient codes and standards.', 'The adaptation targets are measured against beneficiaries for the agriculture and health sectors, and the value and number of assets for the transport and infrastructure sector and are summarized below: i) 100 percent of PNG’s population to benefit from introduced health measures to respond to malaria and other climate-sensitive diseases; ii) 6 million people (70 percent of the population) benefit from improved early warning information to respond to climate extremes; iii) 10 percent of the total population (0.8 million beneficiaries (25 percent are women) have increased resilience of food and water security, health, and well-being in PNG; and iv) US$ 1.7 billion value of transport, building and utility infrastructure and assets is built and or rehabilitated according to climate- resilient codes and standards. Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionPAPUA NEW GUINEA’S MITIGATION CONTRIBUTION The energy sector is the largest net emitting sector in Papua New Guinea, emitting approximately 87.7 percent of the total emissions (excluding LULUCF) in 2015.', 'Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionPAPUA NEW GUINEA’S MITIGATION CONTRIBUTION The energy sector is the largest net emitting sector in Papua New Guinea, emitting approximately 87.7 percent of the total emissions (excluding LULUCF) in 2015. The total emission from the energy sector in 2015 was 11,806 Gg CO2 eq, which was an increase of 5,532 Gg CO2 eq (88.2 percent) from 200022. The GHG makeup of the emissions sees CO2 as 68 percent of the total sector emissions, CH4 was 31 percent and N2O was 0.4 percent23. This increase in emissions was a result of an increase in economic activities in the country. To achieve the mitigation contributions in the energy sector, efforts will be directed towards the energy industries and transport sub-sectors that will build on existing policy directives of the implementing agencies.', 'To achieve the mitigation contributions in the energy sector, efforts will be directed towards the energy industries and transport sub-sectors that will build on existing policy directives of the implementing agencies. Energy industries, manufacturing industries and construction account for 5,596 (47 percent) Gg CO2 eq in 201524 and include emissions from on and off- grid electricity generation and operation of the LNG plant. The on-grid generation that is managed by PNG Power Limited (a state-owned entity) and off- grid generation is from the minerals and agricultural industries that produce their own electricity. The lack of access to reliable and clean energy is restricting economic development, affecting health, and constraining access to education, health and other services in rural areas.', 'The lack of access to reliable and clean energy is restricting economic development, affecting health, and constraining access to education, health and other services in rural areas. Development of renewable energy small to medium-sized enterprises (SME), such as small-scale solar power, can provide green livelihood alternatives to subsistence agriculture. Access to electricity or affordable renewable energies will improve the livelihood of women and young people in particular through decreased workloads, improved cooking, processing of food and Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs), increased safety and security from reliable lighting, engaging in home-based businesses and educational activities in the evenings, and reducing air pollution. The transport sub-sector contributed approximately 2,007 Gg CO2 eq (17 percent) of the total sectoral emissions in 201525.', 'The transport sub-sector contributed approximately 2,007 Gg CO2 eq (17 percent) of the total sectoral emissions in 201525. This sub-sector is a growing source of emissions, particularly with the expansion of urban towns and cities, the population contained in these towns and cities mainly rely on fossil fuel-run vehicles for commuting. Availability of safe, affordable, energy-efficient transportation will increase access to employment, markets, education, health, and other services. Other Sectors contributed 459Gg CO2 eq (4 percent) of the sectoral emissions in 201526, especially from the residential and commercial buildings. PNG does not have much experience with energy efficiency in the residential and commercial building sub-sector; hence the lack of energy efficiency measures to date or energy efficiency projects, which may generate a high return on investments.', 'PNG does not have much experience with energy efficiency in the residential and commercial building sub-sector; hence the lack of energy efficiency measures to date or energy efficiency projects, which may generate a high return on investments. Thus, energy efficiency in PNG presents the potential for win- win results, reducing greenhouse gas emissions while at the same time providing financial returns via reduced power bills and improving health and economic opportunities for citizens. Remaining emissions from the energy sector in 2015 came from fugitive emissions of oil and natural gas production which contributed 3,784 Gg CO2 eq (32 percent)27. Irrespective of PNG’s efforts in reducing GHG emissions, PNG stands as a developing country and the economy relies on oil and natural gas production.', 'Irrespective of PNG’s efforts in reducing GHG emissions, PNG stands as a developing country and the economy relies on oil and natural gas production. Hence future GHG emissions are predicted to take place that potentially will come with the development of oil and natural gas production. The GHG information presented above is reflective of quantitative data uncovered as a result of the BUR1 GHG inventory. Since PNG does not have a National Energy Balance table, the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) energy balance table was used to estimate emissions from the energy sector in the BUR1. While some of the data used to develop the APEC energy balance table were from actual sources in PNG, most of the information was based on estimates.', 'While some of the data used to develop the APEC energy balance table were from actual sources in PNG, most of the information was based on estimates. Due to these uncertainties, it was decided not to include quantified GHG targets for the energy sector in this NDC. The appropriate technical and financial support will be necessary to build the capacity of relevant agencies to manage and analyze data to enable the setting of GHG targets in PNG’s forthcoming NDCs. Energy Sector 22. Papua New Guinea First Biennial Update Report. (2019). 23. Papua New Guinea First Biennial Update Report. (2019). 24. Papua New Guinea First Biennial Update Report. (2019). 25. Papua New Guinea First Biennial Update Report. (2019). 26. Papua New Guinea First Biennial Update Report. (2019). 27.', 'Papua New Guinea First Biennial Update Report. (2019). 27. Papua New Guinea First Biennial Update Report. (2019). Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 11Contributions PNG is committing to a headline target of carbon neutrality within the energy industries sub-sector. This will be achieved by: Non - GHG Quantitative Targets As part of PNG’s energy transition, the country is targeting a transition in its energy mix in the energy industries for the share of installed capacity of renewables from 30 percent in 2015 to 78 percent in 2030 for on-grid connection managed by PNG Power Limited. This target is conditional and based on the availability and timing of international support.', 'This target is conditional and based on the availability and timing of international support. The National Electricity Roll-Out Plan and PNG Power Limited’s 15-year power development plan were used to establish this target and will also be used to monitor the progress of this target. This target represents a decrease from PNG’s original target of 100 percent renewable by 2030. This revision is based on: \uf0a1 Enhanced information on existing and planned projects and the time lag to operationalize larger generation projects. \uf0a1 The expansion of PNG’s LNG sector and its increased role in electricity generation – which while allowing for removal of or avoidance of higher emission energy sources from the grid do not present a renewable energy resource. Non - GHG Action Based Targets 1.', 'Non - GHG Action Based Targets 1. Reducing electricity demand through energy efficiency Increased efficiency of energy use will play a key role in mitigating the growth in PNG’s demand for energy linked to a growing economy and population. Central to this approach will be the adoption and implementation of Minimum Energy Performance Standards and Labelling (MEPSL) Regulations as well as enhancing public awareness of energy use and means of reducing energy use. In-depth work in the areas of building energy efficiencies such as evaluating the performance of installed air conditioning and refrigeration systems and developing recommendations to improve such systems as retrofits or in industrial energy- efficiency audits and retrofits will require financial and technical support. The draft MEPSL is intended to be fully implemented by 2030.', 'The draft MEPSL is intended to be fully implemented by 2030. Limited data on existing energy use and potential trends currently prohibits placing a quantified target on the impact of these actions. 2. Fossil fuel off-setting from the energy industries sub-sector through nature-based solutions PNG remains committed to an energy transition but also recognizes that a full transition will take time given PNG’s complex geographies and dispersed population as well as a growing economy. As such, a framework for offsetting of emissions from fossil fuels will be introduced to support economic incentives for the transition while also helping to finance domestic nature-based solutions in particular, reduced emissions and enhanced removals from the forest sector. 3.', 'As such, a framework for offsetting of emissions from fossil fuels will be introduced to support economic incentives for the transition while also helping to finance domestic nature-based solutions in particular, reduced emissions and enhanced removals from the forest sector. 3. Enhanced data collection PNG will establish a framework for enhanced data collection on energy use and associated emissions to support improved policy and regulation to manage emissions. Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionPapua New Guinea aims to further enhance its ambitions on taking action within the Energy sector. One of the areas is the transport subsector which aims to promote clean fuel technology regulations to set standards for the GHG emissions, and economic incentives for fuel-efficient vehicles.', 'One of the areas is the transport subsector which aims to promote clean fuel technology regulations to set standards for the GHG emissions, and economic incentives for fuel-efficient vehicles. Actions from the transport subsector are contained in the National Transport Strategy, the Medium-Term Transport Plan II 2019-2022, National Energy Policy 2017-2027, and National Climate Compatible Development Management Policy but will need financial and technical support for them to be implemented by 2030.', 'Actions from the transport subsector are contained in the National Transport Strategy, the Medium-Term Transport Plan II 2019-2022, National Energy Policy 2017-2027, and National Climate Compatible Development Management Policy but will need financial and technical support for them to be implemented by 2030. These measures include the following: \uf0a1 Reduce vehicle-miles through more compact development patterns; \uf0a1 Encourage the introduction of fuel-efficient transport equipment; \uf0a1 Encourage sustainable substitution of fossil fuels with biofuels; \uf0a1 Monitor vehicle fleet-weighted fuel and CO2 efficiency; \uf0a1 Eliminate high emission vehicles; \uf0a1 Establish low carbon fuel standards; \uf0a1 Encourage the introduction of hybrid and electric vehicles Potential Energy Measures Achieving Energy Industries Sub-sector Targets The above targets are fully in line with existing national policy and strategy documents as well as industry action plans.', 'These measures include the following: \uf0a1 Reduce vehicle-miles through more compact development patterns; \uf0a1 Encourage the introduction of fuel-efficient transport equipment; \uf0a1 Encourage sustainable substitution of fossil fuels with biofuels; \uf0a1 Monitor vehicle fleet-weighted fuel and CO2 efficiency; \uf0a1 Eliminate high emission vehicles; \uf0a1 Establish low carbon fuel standards; \uf0a1 Encourage the introduction of hybrid and electric vehicles Potential Energy Measures Achieving Energy Industries Sub-sector Targets The above targets are fully in line with existing national policy and strategy documents as well as industry action plans. Key strategies linked to these targets and central to their achievement include: \uf0a1 National Energy Policy 2017 - 2027 \uf0a1 The National Electrification Roll-Out Plan \uf0a1 PNG Power 15 Year Power Development Plan \uf0a1 The Medium-Term Development Plan III Key Result Area 2: Goal 2.1 \uf0a1 Papua New Guinea’s Sustainable Development Goal 13 Roadmap: The four key energy actions: 1) Carbon neutral gas and minerals sector 2) Renewable-based rural electrification 3) Resilient, reliable and efficient electricity grids 4) Energy-efficient government and private sector Priority renewable energy projects for investment set out in PNG’s Country Programme for Green Climate Fund finance Several major programs are already being implemented that will contribute to achieving the targets, and they include: \uf0a1 PNG Electrification Programme \uf0a1 Pawarim Komuniti – PNG Off-grid Electrification Program \uf0a1 Town Electrification National Program (TEP) \uf0a1 Rural On-grid Electrification Program (ROGEP) The Climate Change (Management) Act 2015 is being reviewed to provide a stronger link between the energy sector and emissions reductions and to create a framework for improving energy data collection.', 'Key strategies linked to these targets and central to their achievement include: \uf0a1 National Energy Policy 2017 - 2027 \uf0a1 The National Electrification Roll-Out Plan \uf0a1 PNG Power 15 Year Power Development Plan \uf0a1 The Medium-Term Development Plan III Key Result Area 2: Goal 2.1 \uf0a1 Papua New Guinea’s Sustainable Development Goal 13 Roadmap: The four key energy actions: 1) Carbon neutral gas and minerals sector 2) Renewable-based rural electrification 3) Resilient, reliable and efficient electricity grids 4) Energy-efficient government and private sector Priority renewable energy projects for investment set out in PNG’s Country Programme for Green Climate Fund finance Several major programs are already being implemented that will contribute to achieving the targets, and they include: \uf0a1 PNG Electrification Programme \uf0a1 Pawarim Komuniti – PNG Off-grid Electrification Program \uf0a1 Town Electrification National Program (TEP) \uf0a1 Rural On-grid Electrification Program (ROGEP) The Climate Change (Management) Act 2015 is being reviewed to provide a stronger link between the energy sector and emissions reductions and to create a framework for improving energy data collection. Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 13The Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) sub-sector is one of the biggest contributors to GHG emissions in PNG.', 'Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 13The Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) sub-sector is one of the biggest contributors to GHG emissions in PNG. Nevertheless, the sector also has the highest potential for removal. The sector has evolved into a smaller sink over time due to a decrease in forest lands. The net emissions from the LULUCF sector amounted to 1, 717 Gg CO2 eq in which is a total decrease of removals amounting to 23,370 Gg CO2 eq28. Most of the emissions in the sector occurred as a result of deforestation and forest degradation. Almost all deforestation was due to land-use conversion from forest land to cropland, in particular, subsistence agriculture (68.8 percent) and for oil palms plantation development (24.4 percent).', 'Almost all deforestation was due to land-use conversion from forest land to cropland, in particular, subsistence agriculture (68.8 percent) and for oil palms plantation development (24.4 percent). Logging was the major driver of forest degradation, accounting for over 90 percent of the total degraded forest in PNG. Hence, the primary mitigation effort of the sector lies in reducing emission from deforestation and forest degradation due to commercial agriculture, subsistence agriculture and commercial logging. Sustainable forest management practice is the cornerstone of the current forest policy in the management and utilization of the nation’s forest resources.', 'Sustainable forest management practice is the cornerstone of the current forest policy in the management and utilization of the nation’s forest resources. This is now being strengthened by the approval of several national government policy instruments in 2020, including; the National Reforestation and Afforestation Strategies, National Strategies on Domestic Processing of Forest Produce, Revised PNG Logging Code of Practice 2nd Edition, and the PNG Timber Legality Standard. These policy instruments are crucial to facilitating orderly management and development of the forest resources, with the view of giving significant recognition to mitigate against climate change effects. The REDD+ Finance and Investment Plan (RFIP) which is integral part of the NDC Implementation Plan identified areas within the AFOLU sector to mitigate GHG Emissions .', 'The REDD+ Finance and Investment Plan (RFIP) which is integral part of the NDC Implementation Plan identified areas within the AFOLU sector to mitigate GHG Emissions . The RFIP sets out the potential opportunities that scaling up actions in line with PNG’s National REDD Strategy (NRS) could deliver. These include emissions reductions of more than 60 million tonnes of CO2e over the coming decade, while also delivering significant economic, social and environmental co-benefits. This information is intended to help inform decision makers and potential investors of the potential to deliver tangible returns from upfront investments in REDD+ in PNG.', 'This information is intended to help inform decision makers and potential investors of the potential to deliver tangible returns from upfront investments in REDD+ in PNG. Progress in the sector is influenced by the following: (i) coordinated planning on how forest land can be cleared and utilised in a sustainable manner; (ii) development and implementation of legislation to manage forest resources for its multiple values, and (iii) effective support to rural development. Landholders and communities are in need of access to basic services and development opportunities. Many communities and landholders are faced with rapid transition into a global cash-based economy, without the appropriate awareness, skills, and support for sustainable management of resources. Hence, they are indirectly increasing the deforestation and degradation of the forest cover.', 'Hence, they are indirectly increasing the deforestation and degradation of the forest cover. Achievement of proposed action areas in the enhanced NDC will be critical in helping transform the livelihoods of PNG’s rural communities, safeguard biodiversity and progress PNG towards establishing a sustainable and climate smart economy capable of meeting the Sustainable Development Goals while also helping to deliver sustainable deforestation free agricultural commodities to international markets. Land Use, Land-Use Change & Forestry Sub-Sector 28. Papua New Guinea First Biennial Update Report. (2019). Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionPapua New Guinea reported the GHG emissions in the LULUCF sub-sector from 2000 to 2015 in the country’s BUR1 in 201929.', 'Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionPapua New Guinea reported the GHG emissions in the LULUCF sub-sector from 2000 to 2015 in the country’s BUR1 in 201929. PNG’s emissions in LULUCF sub-sector have been increasing steadily during the reporting period due to increases in deforestation and forest degradation caused predominantly by the expansion of agriculture and commercial logging. Actions noted within this NDC will transform this upward trend into a downward trend over the next 10 years (by 2030) as shown in Figure 4. PNG will reduce the area of annual deforestation and annual degradation by 25 percent against 2015 levels (equating to a reduction of 8,300 ha or annual deforestation and 43,300ha of degradation), and increase the area of afforestation, reforestation, and ecosystem restoration.', 'PNG will reduce the area of annual deforestation and annual degradation by 25 percent against 2015 levels (equating to a reduction of 8,300 ha or annual deforestation and 43,300ha of degradation), and increase the area of afforestation, reforestation, and ecosystem restoration. It will reduce 10,000 Gg CO2 eq of the net emission from the LULUCF sub- sector by 2030. PNG is a High Forest cover Low Deforestation (HFLD) country with 78 percent forest cover and average annual deforestation rate of 0.05 percent between 2001 and 201530. Increase of deforestation and forest degradation in recent years is largely owing to the rapid population growth (3.1 percent per annum) and fast-growing economy (6.7 percent average annual constant GDP growth between 2009 and 2016)31.', 'Increase of deforestation and forest degradation in recent years is largely owing to the rapid population growth (3.1 percent per annum) and fast-growing economy (6.7 percent average annual constant GDP growth between 2009 and 2016)31. This trend is expected to continue as well as the increasing trend of emissions in the LULUCF sector as shown in Figure 45. PNG will shift to a downwards trend mainly by promoting REDD+ activities such as enhancement of land use planning and monitoring, promoting climate-friendly agriculture, strengthened monitoring of FCA permits, enhancement of timber legality, and promoting reforestation and ecosystem restoration. PNG will continue improving the monitoring capacity of LULUCF sub-sector by enhancing its National Forest Monitoring System for more accurate monitoring of forest and land-use change, and assessment of GHG emissions in LULUCF sub-sector.', 'PNG will continue improving the monitoring capacity of LULUCF sub-sector by enhancing its National Forest Monitoring System for more accurate monitoring of forest and land-use change, and assessment of GHG emissions in LULUCF sub-sector. The NDC targets and the activities in the LULUCF sector are listed in Table 2. There were no emissions reduction targets set for the Agriculture sub-sector under the AFOLU sector due to unavailability of country-specific activity data and insignificant emission results. However, there is greater potential for livestock and agriculture development in the country; as such it will be a potential sector that will attract mitigation actions in the future. The LULUCF GHG and Non-GHG targets are determined based on the sector’s primary mitigation efforts as well as capacity needs to address the sector’s monitoring capacity.', 'The LULUCF GHG and Non-GHG targets are determined based on the sector’s primary mitigation efforts as well as capacity needs to address the sector’s monitoring capacity. There are options to improve monitoring and accounting to better address sustainable management of forests and conservation of forest carbon stocks but current data does not allow for this, which PNG would like to improve on in the near future. Contributions 29. Papua New Guinea’s first Biennial Update Report (2019) 30. PNG Forest Authority (2019) Forest and land use change in Papua New Guinea: 2000-2015 31. National Statistical Office | Papua New Guinea [Internet]. [cited 2020 Aug 30].', 'National Statistical Office | Papua New Guinea [Internet]. [cited 2020 Aug 30]. Available from: Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 15Figure 5 PNG’s annual GHG emissions and removals between 2001 and 2015, the future emissions prediction under the business as usual scenario and the NDC target from the LULUCF sub-sector. GHG - Absolute Target \uf0a1 By 2030, annual net emission from deforestation and forest degradation due to agriculture expansion and commercial logging is reduced by 10,000 Gg CO2 eq comparing to 2015 level. GHG - Relative Target \uf0a1 LULUCF will be converted from net GHG source (1,716 Gg CO2 eq) in 2015 to net GHG sink (-8,284 Gg CO2 eq) by 2030 to mitigate emissions from other sectors.', 'GHG - Relative Target \uf0a1 LULUCF will be converted from net GHG source (1,716 Gg CO2 eq) in 2015 to net GHG sink (-8,284 Gg CO2 eq) by 2030 to mitigate emissions from other sectors. Non-GHG Quantitative Targets \uf0a1 The area of annual deforestation is reduced by 25 percent of 2015 level by 2030 (Equating to a reduction of 8,300 ha of annual deforestation). \uf0a1 The area of forest degradation is reduced by 25 percent of 2015 level by 2030 (Equating to a reduction of 43,300 ha of annual degradation). \uf0a1 The area of planted forest and forest restoration is increased.', '\uf0a1 The area of planted forest and forest restoration is increased. Non-GHG Actions Based Targets \uf0a1 Enhanced land use planning \uf0a1 Promoting climate-friendly agriculture \uf09f Oil palm platform \uf09f Cacao platform \uf09f Coffee platform \uf09f Enhancing community level agriculture productivity \uf09f Certification system for climate- friendly agriculture products \uf09f Enhancing value chain of climate- friendly agriculture products \uf09f Strengthened monitoring of FCA permits \uf0a1 Enhancement of timber legality \uf0a1 Promoting REDD+ \uf0a1 Promoting downstream processing \uf0a1 Promoting the Painim Graun Planim Diwai initiative and planting 10 million trees initiative.', 'Non-GHG Actions Based Targets \uf0a1 Enhanced land use planning \uf0a1 Promoting climate-friendly agriculture \uf09f Oil palm platform \uf09f Cacao platform \uf09f Coffee platform \uf09f Enhancing community level agriculture productivity \uf09f Certification system for climate- friendly agriculture products \uf09f Enhancing value chain of climate- friendly agriculture products \uf09f Strengthened monitoring of FCA permits \uf0a1 Enhancement of timber legality \uf0a1 Promoting REDD+ \uf0a1 Promoting downstream processing \uf0a1 Promoting the Painim Graun Planim Diwai initiative and planting 10 million trees initiative. \uf09f Setting up detailed strategic action plans based on scientific and socio- economic analysis Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionSummary of Targets Overarching target in LULUCF sector: PNG will shift the upward trend of GHG emission in the AFOLU sector due to the increase of deforestation and forest degradation to a downward trend in the next 10 years (by 2030).', '\uf09f Setting up detailed strategic action plans based on scientific and socio- economic analysis Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionSummary of Targets Overarching target in LULUCF sector: PNG will shift the upward trend of GHG emission in the AFOLU sector due to the increase of deforestation and forest degradation to a downward trend in the next 10 years (by 2030). GHG TARGETS Absolute annual net emission from deforestation and forest degradation due to agriculture expansion and commercial logging is reduced by eq comparing to 2015 level. Activities/actions on improving NDC monitoring: \uf0a1 Completing National Forest Inventory for; \uf09f More accurate emission factor; \uf09f More accurate post-disturbance forest growth; \uf09f A better understanding of biodiversity.', 'Activities/actions on improving NDC monitoring: \uf0a1 Completing National Forest Inventory for; \uf09f More accurate emission factor; \uf09f More accurate post-disturbance forest growth; \uf09f A better understanding of biodiversity. \uf0a1 Re-vitalizing Permanent Sample Plot for; \uf09f Understanding the rate of carbon sequestration of regrowth forest; \uf09f More accurate post-disturbance forest growth; \uf09f Understanding the carbon sequestration of the primary forest; \uf09f A better understanding of forest recovery for better forestry planning and policymaking. \uf0a1 Assessment of forest and land use prior to 2000 for; \uf09f More reliable estimation of GHG removal of forest degraded prior to 2000. \uf09f Understanding of longer historical trend of forest and land-use change in PNG.', '\uf09f Understanding of longer historical trend of forest and land-use change in PNG. \uf0a1 Improving the monitoring of logging concession for; \uf09f More precise emission data from logging, which is the far most significant GHG emission source in PNG; \uf09f Enhancement of timber legality system by implementation of Near-Real-time Deforestation and Degradation Alerts Monitoring System for PNG at relevant government institutions and agencies Non-GHG quantitative targets The area of annual deforestation is reduced by 25% of 2015 level by to a reduction of 8,300 ha of annual deforestation). The area of forest degradation is reduced by 25% of 2015 level by to a reduction of 43,300 ha of annual degradation). The area of planted forest and forest restoration is increased. NON-GHG TARGETS Relative AFOLU will be converted from net GHG Gg CO2 eq) in 2015 to net GHG sink (- 8, eq) by 2030 to mitigate emissions from other sectors.', 'NON-GHG TARGETS Relative AFOLU will be converted from net GHG Gg CO2 eq) in 2015 to net GHG sink (- 8, eq) by 2030 to mitigate emissions from other sectors. Action-based targets \uf0a1 Enhanced land use planning \uf0a1 Promoting climate-friendly agriculture o Oil palm platform o Cacao platform o Coffee platform o Enhancing community level agriculture productivity o Certification system for climate-friendly agriculture products \uf0a1 Enhancing value chain of climate- friendly agriculture products \uf0a1 Strengthened monitoring of FCA permits \uf0a1 Enhancement of timber legality \uf0a1 Promoting REDD+ \uf0a1 Promoting downstream processing \uf0a1 Promoting the Painim Graun Planim Diwai initiative and planting 10 million trees initiative. o Setting up detailed strategic action plans based on the scientific and socio- economic analysis.', 'o Setting up detailed strategic action plans based on the scientific and socio- economic analysis. Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 17 Table 2 LULUCF Area of InfluencePotential Policies and Measures a) Strengthening Land Use & Development Planning The main drivers of emissions are forest degradation and deforestation (forest land converted to other land use). As logging was the main driver for 90 percent of forest degradation between 2011- 2015, strategies on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation and Enhancement of Carbon Stocks (REDD+) must be implemented effectively.', 'As logging was the main driver for 90 percent of forest degradation between 2011- 2015, strategies on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation and Enhancement of Carbon Stocks (REDD+) must be implemented effectively. b) Stronger Environmental Management, Protection & Enforcement – Degradation Potential The action area will be concentrated on the development and implementation of a system of developing land-use planning that is both consistent with and able to promote the concepts of StaRS while also supporting the strengthening of the development and land use planning frameworks.', 'b) Stronger Environmental Management, Protection & Enforcement – Degradation Potential The action area will be concentrated on the development and implementation of a system of developing land-use planning that is both consistent with and able to promote the concepts of StaRS while also supporting the strengthening of the development and land use planning frameworks. It is intended to secure the importance of communities and landholders as the custodians of their land, including directing resources to support strengthened forest management and protection by women and youth.33 c) Enforce Economic Productive & Sustainable Livelihoods There is a rapid increase in land clearing for commercial agriculture due to the demand for investment in rural areas. This is supported by government policies that promote agricultural expansion for increasing food security and expanding agricultural exports.', 'This is supported by government policies that promote agricultural expansion for increasing food security and expanding agricultural exports. However, this does not link with actions to support staple food production within family agriculture or clear guidance on the environmental and social standards. The NRS, therefore, targets actions to strengthen food security and develop a sustainable commercial agriculture sector to be able to respond to changing international standards.', 'The NRS, therefore, targets actions to strengthen food security and develop a sustainable commercial agriculture sector to be able to respond to changing international standards. The Papua New Guinea National REDD+ Strategy (2017 - 2027), has identified priority areas and measures to achieve PNG’s emissions reduction targets, it will require action that cuts across government sectors and stakeholder groups, at every level (National, Provincial, Local and Ward), which will not halt economic and social development but ensure responsible and sustainable development and deliver long term benefits to the people of PNG. The policies and measure needed that will address the direct and underlying drivers of forest cover change32 will be based on the following outlined; 32. Papua New Guinea National REDD+ Strategy (2017 – 2027). (2017). 33.', 'Papua New Guinea National REDD+ Strategy (2017 – 2027). (2017). 33. Papua New Guinea National REDD+ Strategy (2017 – 2027). (2017). Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionPAPUA NEW GUINEA’S ADAPTATION ACTIONS Adaptation is a high priority due to the climate- related hazards that already pose significant risks to Papua New Guinea considered highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change.34 Addressing this high vulnerability to climate change involves a breadth of measures,35 to which adaptation is integral. PNG’s Second NC describes the extremely exposed status of this island nation and its vulnerability to the negative impacts of climate change.', 'PNG’s Second NC describes the extremely exposed status of this island nation and its vulnerability to the negative impacts of climate change. The country’s tropical climate is changing rapidly and exposure to climate change-related hazards such as inland flooding, coastal flooding, inland frosts and droughts, coastal erosion and inundation, soil salinization, and coral reef degradation have resulted in a severe toll to both the people of PNG and the national economy. Climate change is predicted to exacerbate some of these event-driven hazards and introduce new hazards due to gradual shifts in climatic conditions – most prominently, an increase in malaria penetration into the highlands changed agricultural yields and further damage to coral reefs. These event-driven hazards in turn cause damage to assets and infrastructures, destroy livelihoods, endanger cultural and ecological treasures, and kill or injure people.', 'These event-driven hazards in turn cause damage to assets and infrastructures, destroy livelihoods, endanger cultural and ecological treasures, and kill or injure people. The GoPNG, through the CCDA, has emphasized the significance of adaptation through its reporting on national projects and specific activities. CCDA also coordinates and monitors projects that support specific adaptation solutions that protect people against the risk of climate change. Adapting to the impacts of climate change is integral to PNG and, therefore, included in this NDC. Vulnerability and risk exposure to climate change impacts exacerbate human development challenges and social issues. The last recorded total net GHG emissions for PNG were 15,193 Gg CO2 eq; tailored adaptation measures are necessary to adapt to this climate change influencing trend into the future.', 'The last recorded total net GHG emissions for PNG were 15,193 Gg CO2 eq; tailored adaptation measures are necessary to adapt to this climate change influencing trend into the future. PNG is one of the countries that mention loss and damage in terms of finances. According to a report by the United Nations Office of Disaster, USD 23 million was lost due to the severity and intensity of disasters occurring between 2005 and 2014. In terms of adaptation, a 2013 report by the Asian Development Bank revealed that the annual adaptation cost ranged between 0.14 percent -1.52 percent of the GDP . The economic cost to climate change is projected to reach 15.2 percent of GDP by 2100. Observation from investments made in climate change adaptation however has seen positive implications towards climate resilience.', 'Observation from investments made in climate change adaptation however has seen positive implications towards climate resilience. The PNG National Disaster Centre launched the National Disaster Risk Reduction Framework (NDRRF) 2017-2030, in 2017, with the assistance of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). This framework comprises of four priority areas: i) Understanding Disaster Risk; ii) Strengthening Disaster Risk Governance to Manage Disaster Risk; iii) Investing in Disaster Risk Reduction for Resilience; and iv) Enhancing Disaster Preparedness for Effective Response and to “Build Back Better” in Recovery, Rehabilitation, and Reconstruction. The addition of adaptation into this Enhanced NDC builds upon the initial NDC report by expanding on identified priority areas and including subsections on adaptation planning, defining adaptation targets and providing an overview of the implementation process. 34.', 'The addition of adaptation into this Enhanced NDC builds upon the initial NDC report by expanding on identified priority areas and including subsections on adaptation planning, defining adaptation targets and providing an overview of the implementation process. 34. Options for Strengthening Climate Finance Coordination and Accessibility in Papua New Guinea. (2019) 35. Green Growth Potential Assessment. Papua New Guinea Country Report. (2019). 36. PNG GCF NAP Readiness Support Proposal. ( 2020) Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 19Adaptation Planning Adaptation planning is guided by PNG’s international agreements, regional commitments, and strategic framework of national plans designed to meet the country’s climate change goals in the immediate to long-term.', '( 2020) Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 19Adaptation Planning Adaptation planning is guided by PNG’s international agreements, regional commitments, and strategic framework of national plans designed to meet the country’s climate change goals in the immediate to long-term. As a party to the UNFCCC, the Paris Agreement, and the Sendai Framework, PNG is ultimately committed to achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, in particular, Goal 13 on Climate Action. PNG commenced adaptation planning with its Initial National Communication (INC) to the UNFCCC in 2000, followed by its Climate Compatible Development Strategy in 2010. Regionally, PNG’s goals are strategically positioned with the Pacific’s Framework for Resilient Development Plan (FRDP) confirmed through robust engagement with regional partners.', 'Regionally, PNG’s goals are strategically positioned with the Pacific’s Framework for Resilient Development Plan (FRDP) confirmed through robust engagement with regional partners. The adoption of Climate Change Management Act 2015 and the Paris Agreement Implementation Act 2016 provide the foundational legislative framework to guide the adaptation activities of PNG.37 Additionally, the Vision 2050, the Development Strategic Plan (DSP), the Strategy for the Responsible Development for PNG (STaRs), and the National Climate Compatible Development Management Policy (NCCDMP) set a strong foundation for adaptation planning. PNG takes an inclusive and responsible and sustainable development approach to adaptation planning guided by the 21 principles for inclusive green growth outlined in STaRs.', 'PNG takes an inclusive and responsible and sustainable development approach to adaptation planning guided by the 21 principles for inclusive green growth outlined in STaRs. The strategic focus of the GoPNG to address climate change adaptation is outlined in the Medium Term Development Plan (MTDP III) 2018- 2022 Goal 7 Key Result Area (KRA) 7.2, which is to ‘adapt to the domestic impacts of climate change and contribute to global efforts to abate greenhouse gas emissions.’ The Government has identified twelve overarching adaptation strategies to help meet its strategic adaptation focus. One of the strategies is ‘to establish and strengthen national and sub-national climate change and development strategies’, which the Government aims to achieve through the development of the PNG National Adaptation Plan (NAP).', 'One of the strategies is ‘to establish and strengthen national and sub-national climate change and development strategies’, which the Government aims to achieve through the development of the PNG National Adaptation Plan (NAP). The NAP aims to advance effective adaptation planning with an overall objective to strengthen institutional and technical capacities and integrate climate change adaptation into national and sub-national planning and budgeting processes. 37. Papua New Guinea and the Green Climate Fund. Country Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionAdaptation Nine Priority Areas This subsection identifies PNG’s priority actions in the face of climate challenges while interlinking them with the country’s key policy and strategy documents, verified through robust stakeholder engagement and national validation workshops.', 'Country Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionAdaptation Nine Priority Areas This subsection identifies PNG’s priority actions in the face of climate challenges while interlinking them with the country’s key policy and strategy documents, verified through robust stakeholder engagement and national validation workshops. Nine adaptation priority areas have been identified and prioritized in key national documents, including the Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC), the Climate Change Management Act of 2015, the National Communications, and the GCF Readiness Support for NAP Project for PNG, the CCDA Climate Change Corporate Plan, and the GCF PNG Country Programme. The nine adaptation priority areas influence key priority development sectors and the linkages between them are summarized below. 1.', 'The nine adaptation priority areas influence key priority development sectors and the linkages between them are summarized below. 1. Coastal Flooding and Sea Level Rise Coastal flooding and sea level rise continue to affect the coastal regions of Papua New Guinea. The sea level surrounding PNG has risen by approximately 7mm per year since 1993, which is higher than the global average of 2.8-3.6mm per year.38 Projections anticipate a continued rise. Under a high emissions scenario, the sea is expected to rise between 4cm - 15cm by 2030.39 This will impact storm surges and flooding to coastal regions.40 Risk of flooding (both coastal and inland flooding) is ranked amongst the highest level of climate risks in PNG.', 'Under a high emissions scenario, the sea is expected to rise between 4cm - 15cm by 2030.39 This will impact storm surges and flooding to coastal regions.40 Risk of flooding (both coastal and inland flooding) is ranked amongst the highest level of climate risks in PNG. Approximately 1 percent of the country’s total landmass is Coastal flooding is anticipated to increase, particularly in PNG’s northern areas.42 In rural coastal lowland areas, mangroves, estuaries and coral reefs are impacted as a result of the heavy silt and debris deposited from flood events.', 'Approximately 1 percent of the country’s total landmass is Coastal flooding is anticipated to increase, particularly in PNG’s northern areas.42 In rural coastal lowland areas, mangroves, estuaries and coral reefs are impacted as a result of the heavy silt and debris deposited from flood events. Rising sea levels are having an impact on agricultural crops grown on coral atolls, including swamp taro and coconut, where the freshwater lens is being intruded by saltwater resulting in a loss of production and an impact on livelihoods.43 This priority area is linked to the transport, infrastructure, agriculture, urban development, natural resources and environment, and water and sanitation sectors. 2. Inland flooding Driven by heavy irregular rainfalls, inland flooding regularly affects valleys and wetlands in both the lowlands and the highlands. Most of PNG experiences flooding during the monsoon season.', 'Most of PNG experiences flooding during the monsoon season. This impacts most rural livelihoods, which are highly reliant on agriculture.44 As referred to above under Priority Area 1, the risk of flooding (both coastal and inland flooding) is ranked amongst the highest level of climate risks in PNG. Approximately 18 percent of the country’s total landmass is experiencing flooding. In August 2017, flooding in the Morobe Province resulted in 150 homes being swept away by floodwaters in a single day and 500 people becoming displaced.45 46The effects of inland flooding are amplified by steep inclines and deforestation. Inland flooding is projected to increase in wetlands and valleys in highlands and This priority area is linked to the transport, infrastructure, agriculture, urban development, and water and sanitation sectors. 38. International Climate Change Adaptation Initiative.', '38. International Climate Change Adaptation Initiative. Pacific Climate Change Science Program. Current and Future Climate of Papua New Guinea. (2013). 39. International Climate Change Adaptation Initiative. Pacific Climate Change Science Program. Current and Future Climate of Papua New Guinea. 40. Green Climate Fund Papua New Guinea Country Programme. (2020). 41. Green Climate Fund Papua New Guinea Country Programme. (2020). 42. Green Climate Fund Papua New Guinea Country Programme. (2020). 43. Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture in Papua New Guinea.(2018). 44. Green Climate Fund Papua New Guinea Country Programme. (2020). 45. National Adaptation Plan process in focus: Lessons from Papua New Guinea.(2018). 46. Green Climate Fund Papua New Guinea Country Programme. (2020). 47. UNFCCC PNG Second National Communication. (2014). 48.', 'UNFCCC PNG Second National Communication. (2014). 48. Green Climate Fund Papua New Guinea Country Programme. (2020). Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 213. Food Insecurity Variability in agricultural yields affects many of PNG’s agricultural regions. The highland regions are particularly sensitive to variability in agricultural yields as a result of a change in climatic conditions. Sweet potato, coffee and cocoa are examples of climate- sensitive crops. Subsistence farmers are affected the most and may need to look for alternative crops. This priority is linked to the agriculture sector. 4. Cities & Climate Change Papua New Guinea is experiencing an increase in rural to urban migration. Climate change exacerbates existing urban development challenges and vulnerabilities, such as poor health, inadequate housing, and lack of access to infrastructure, basic services and social safety nets.', 'Climate change exacerbates existing urban development challenges and vulnerabilities, such as poor health, inadequate housing, and lack of access to infrastructure, basic services and social safety nets. Urban areas on the coast are under threat of storm surge and sea-level rise, and, in PNG, cities are often located in hazard- prone areas in the coastal zone.49 50 This priority area is linked to the transport, infrastructure, health, urban development, and water and sanitation sectors. 5. Climate-Induced Migration Climate change affects patterns and rates of internal migration and urbanization within PNG, particularly for communities residing in climate- vulnerable areas and reliant on natural resources for livelihoods and well-being. Vulnerabilities faced by rural communities, exacerbated by climate change, are a key driver for rural to urban migration within PNG.', 'Vulnerabilities faced by rural communities, exacerbated by climate change, are a key driver for rural to urban migration within PNG. The drivers for migration, which are often aggravated by the impacts of climate change, include access to employment, access to education, access to health services, access to socio-cultural networks, access to financial services, access to telecommunications, and access to clean water, sanitation and electricity.51 52 Key hotspots, where rates of climate change-induced migration are high, include urban areas, outer islands and atolls, and coastal, delta and riverine communities, and communities prone to drought.53 Both the Manam and the Carteret Islands in PNG have been impacted by environmental degradation and climate change hazards, which has resulted in the displacement of communities from these islands.54 Resettlement of climate-induced migrants will be complicated by the requirement for access to land and resources, including the provision of sustainable livelihoods, housing, infrastructure and public services such as education and healthcare.55 This priority area is linked to the transport, health, education, urban development, and water and sanitation sectors.', 'The drivers for migration, which are often aggravated by the impacts of climate change, include access to employment, access to education, access to health services, access to socio-cultural networks, access to financial services, access to telecommunications, and access to clean water, sanitation and electricity.51 52 Key hotspots, where rates of climate change-induced migration are high, include urban areas, outer islands and atolls, and coastal, delta and riverine communities, and communities prone to drought.53 Both the Manam and the Carteret Islands in PNG have been impacted by environmental degradation and climate change hazards, which has resulted in the displacement of communities from these islands.54 Resettlement of climate-induced migrants will be complicated by the requirement for access to land and resources, including the provision of sustainable livelihoods, housing, infrastructure and public services such as education and healthcare.55 This priority area is linked to the transport, health, education, urban development, and water and sanitation sectors. 6.', 'The drivers for migration, which are often aggravated by the impacts of climate change, include access to employment, access to education, access to health services, access to socio-cultural networks, access to financial services, access to telecommunications, and access to clean water, sanitation and electricity.51 52 Key hotspots, where rates of climate change-induced migration are high, include urban areas, outer islands and atolls, and coastal, delta and riverine communities, and communities prone to drought.53 Both the Manam and the Carteret Islands in PNG have been impacted by environmental degradation and climate change hazards, which has resulted in the displacement of communities from these islands.54 Resettlement of climate-induced migrants will be complicated by the requirement for access to land and resources, including the provision of sustainable livelihoods, housing, infrastructure and public services such as education and healthcare.55 This priority area is linked to the transport, health, education, urban development, and water and sanitation sectors. 6. Damage to Coral Reefs As atmospheric CO2 concentrations continue to rise, oceans will warm and continue to acidify.56 Under all three emissions scenarios, ocean acidification is projected to increase in the waters surrounding PNG.57 Data shows that ocean acidification around PNG has slowly been increasing since the 18th century, impacting the growth of corals and organisms that require carbonate minerals to develop.58 This damage will impact the health and viability of PNG’s marine ecosystems, including the coral reefs that provide ecosystem services to PNG with a population of approximately 4.5 million that rely on food, shelter and livelihoods sourced 49.', 'Damage to Coral Reefs As atmospheric CO2 concentrations continue to rise, oceans will warm and continue to acidify.56 Under all three emissions scenarios, ocean acidification is projected to increase in the waters surrounding PNG.57 Data shows that ocean acidification around PNG has slowly been increasing since the 18th century, impacting the growth of corals and organisms that require carbonate minerals to develop.58 This damage will impact the health and viability of PNG’s marine ecosystems, including the coral reefs that provide ecosystem services to PNG with a population of approximately 4.5 million that rely on food, shelter and livelihoods sourced 49. Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment: Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea. (2014). 50. Green Climate Fund Papua New Guinea Country Programme. (2020). 51.', 'Green Climate Fund Papua New Guinea Country Programme. (2020). 51. Urban Life, Internal Migration and Development: The Need to Re-Address Internal Migration as a Positive Nexus for Growth and Development in PNG. 52. Green Climate Fund Papua New Guinea Country Programme. (2020). 53. Climate Change and Migration Issues in the Pacific. United Nations. (2014). 54. Environmental Refugees? A tale of two resettlement projects in coastal Papua New Guinea.(2017). 55. Green Climate Fund Papua New Guinea Country Programme. (2020). 56. PACCSAP Country Report. (2014). 57. International Climate Change Adaptation Initiative. Pacific Climate Change Science Program. Current and Future Climate of Papua New Guinea. 58. International Climate Change Adaptation Initiative. Pacific Climate Change Science Program.', 'Pacific Climate Change Science Program. Current and Future Climate of Papua New Guinea. (2013). 59. PACCSAP Country Report. (2014). 60. International Climate Change Adaptation Initiative. Pacific Climate Change Science Program. Current and Future Climate of Papua New Guinea. (2014). 61. Green Climate Fund Papua New Guinea Country Programme. (2014). Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contributionfrom coral reefs.62 Not only do the reefs contribute to livelihoods, but also protect the coastlines from storms and loss of land. This priority area is linked to the transport, infrastructure, fisheries, agriculture, natural resources and environment, and water and sanitation sectors. 7. Malaria and Vector-borne Diseases Malaria in PNG is one of the top five health priorities presently challenging the health sector63.', 'Malaria and Vector-borne Diseases Malaria in PNG is one of the top five health priorities presently challenging the health sector63. Malaria severely affects daily life in PNG, with 1.7m people infected every year. About 60 percent of the population lives in high-risk malaria regions. Once a disease found only in PNG’s low-lying coastal regions, over the last 20 years climatic changes resulting in rising temperatures have worsened the effects of malaria with malaria vector mosquitoes carrying the malaria parasite establishing itself in the highlands where it was not previously present.64 Migration of malaria to densely populated highland regions with no immunity is a high risk to the community. Poor environmental health management, poor waste management and poor water and sanitation management provide an environment for increased and optimal breeding conditions for malaria parasites.', 'Poor environmental health management, poor waste management and poor water and sanitation management provide an environment for increased and optimal breeding conditions for malaria parasites. This priority area is linked to the health, water and sanitation sectors. 8. Water and Sanitation PNG’s population is among those with the least access to safe water supply in the world. The GoPNG’s Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Policy 2015- 2030 indicates that 89 percent of people in urban areas and 33 percent in rural areas have access to safe water, while 57 percent of urban dwellers and only 13 percent of the rural population have access to basic sanitation.65 Climate change impacts from coastal and inland flooding and landslides risk increasing cases of malaria and vector-borne diseases, as well as contaminating drinking water.', 'The GoPNG’s Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Policy 2015- 2030 indicates that 89 percent of people in urban areas and 33 percent in rural areas have access to safe water, while 57 percent of urban dwellers and only 13 percent of the rural population have access to basic sanitation.65 Climate change impacts from coastal and inland flooding and landslides risk increasing cases of malaria and vector-borne diseases, as well as contaminating drinking water. This priority area is linked to the health, natural resources and environment, and water and sanitation sectors. Triggered by increased rainfall intensity and land- use changes in the mountainous rural areas of PNG, landslides frequently cause damage to vital infrastructure, homes and gardens, and upland forests.66 PNG ranks 1st in global landslide hazard profiles, according to a World Bank Hotspot study.', 'Triggered by increased rainfall intensity and land- use changes in the mountainous rural areas of PNG, landslides frequently cause damage to vital infrastructure, homes and gardens, and upland forests.66 PNG ranks 1st in global landslide hazard profiles, according to a World Bank Hotspot study. 67 In recent decades, landslides have caused considerable damage to road infrastructure and remote communities. Landslides have caused significant damage along the Highlands Highway, the sole lifeline for the highland communities and export businesses. Increases in rainfall and inland flooding as a result of climate change will increase the likelihood of landslide events.', 'Increases in rainfall and inland flooding as a result of climate change will increase the likelihood of landslide events. This priority area is linked to the transport, infrastructure, health, natural resources and environment, water and sanitation sectors Additional Priority Areas PNG has determined additional adaptation priority areas as part of the 2019-2020 regional and sectoral consultations of the Green Climate Fund Readiness Support project’s identification of climate change and investment priorities for the PNG GCF Country Programme. The additional adaptation priorities are not recognized under the current Climate Change Management Act 2015. The additional adaptation priority areas include Forestry and Land- Use, Waste, Fisheries, Extractive industries, Biodiversity and Tourism/Cultural. These priority areas are linked to the agriculture, health, natural resources, and environment sector. 62. National Statistical Office, Port Moresby. (2014) 63. PNG Health Sector Strategic Priorities 2016 – 2021.', 'PNG Health Sector Strategic Priorities 2016 – 2021. (2017) 64. Reducing the risk of disasters and Climate Variability in the Pacific Islands: A PNG Country Assessment. ( 2014). 65. Papua New Guinea Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Policy 2015-2030. (2015). 66. Climate Change Knowledge Portal for Development Practitioners and Policy Makers.(2020). 67. Green Climate Papua New Guinea Country Programme. (2020). Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 23Adaptation Actions Papua New Guinea’s adaptation actions comprise tangible and intangible activities that aim to benefit targeted populations.', 'Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 23Adaptation Actions Papua New Guinea’s adaptation actions comprise tangible and intangible activities that aim to benefit targeted populations. These include smallholder farmers, micro, small and medium-enterprises in business, community-based organizations, clans, and villages, with particular focus on the most vulnerable groups, including women, children, young persons, the elderly, and people living with disabilities, members of underprivileged or less advanced groups, or residents of less advanced This subsection provides information on the key adaptation actions to address PNG’s above- described nine priority areas, both supported and unsupported, relative to the period 2021-2030. Supported adaptation actions are those that have been resourced and implemented in PNG by various stakeholders and partners, at different levels, through programs and projects. Unsupported actions have yet to be programmed or implemented.', 'Unsupported actions have yet to be programmed or implemented. Unsupported adaptation actions provide entry points to build upon and implement future adaptation projects and programs, throughout PNG, at all levels of development intervention.69 Priority area 1. Coastal flooding and sea-level rise 2. Inland flooding 3. Food insecurity 4. Cities and climate change.', 'Food insecurity 4. Cities and climate change. Supported • Mangrove planting • Coastal defence structures • Coastal rehabilitation and relocation/resettlement • Climate risk and vulnerability assessments across five provinces (New Ireland, Oro, Madang, East Sepik and Morobe) • Climate risk, hazard and vulnerability assessments • Community-based flood simulation exercises • Early Warning System integration • Climate-Smart Agriculture Policy is socially inclusive • Progress on food security is underpinned by the National Food Security Policy 2016-2027 • National Energy Policy 2018- 2028, which underpins action on PNG’s energy sector, affecting cities in the face of climate change impacts Unsupported • Scaling-up and replication of successful measures across coastlines country-wide • Climate-resilient physical planning standards and codes • No policy on climate-resilient infrastructure.', 'Supported • Mangrove planting • Coastal defence structures • Coastal rehabilitation and relocation/resettlement • Climate risk and vulnerability assessments across five provinces (New Ireland, Oro, Madang, East Sepik and Morobe) • Climate risk, hazard and vulnerability assessments • Community-based flood simulation exercises • Early Warning System integration • Climate-Smart Agriculture Policy is socially inclusive • Progress on food security is underpinned by the National Food Security Policy 2016-2027 • National Energy Policy 2018- 2028, which underpins action on PNG’s energy sector, affecting cities in the face of climate change impacts Unsupported • Scaling-up and replication of successful measures across coastlines country-wide • Climate-resilient physical planning standards and codes • No policy on climate-resilient infrastructure. • Scaling-up and replication country-wide • Hazard mapping • Soil stabilization • Climate-resilient planning physical planning standards and codes • Infrastructure and asset management plans • Scaling-up and replication of smallholder Climate Smart Agriculture infrastructure, technology, training and information and knowledge management to enhance food safety, security, nutrition and build the resilience of vulnerable farmers and have access to • Action on low-emission transport options remain unsupported • Connecting farmers to markets in rural areas via climate- proofed infrastructure Adaptation actions 68.', '• Scaling-up and replication country-wide • Hazard mapping • Soil stabilization • Climate-resilient planning physical planning standards and codes • Infrastructure and asset management plans • Scaling-up and replication of smallholder Climate Smart Agriculture infrastructure, technology, training and information and knowledge management to enhance food safety, security, nutrition and build the resilience of vulnerable farmers and have access to • Action on low-emission transport options remain unsupported • Connecting farmers to markets in rural areas via climate- proofed infrastructure Adaptation actions 68. National Constitution of Papua New Guinea. ( 1975) 69. UNDP Produce for Adaptation Planning/ NAP projects financed by the Green Climate Fund. (2020). 70. GCF PNG Country Programme. (2020). Table 3 Summary of Supported and Unsupported Priority Area Adaptation Actions Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contributionmigration 6. Damage to coral reefs. 7. Malaria and vector- borne diseases.', '7. Malaria and vector- borne diseases. • Project support has been received to create a more climate-resilient transport sector • Indirect support for action on climate-induced migration, the 2015 IOM report Assessing the Evidence: Migration, Environment and Climate Change in PNG71 provides an evidence base for action • Mangrove planting • Coral rehabilitation • Establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs), locally managed marine areas (LMMA) • Mangrove management • Marine awareness • Malaria is recognised as one of the top five 5 priority activities for the Department of Health • Action has been taken to destroy and reduce malaria- vector breeding • Environmental health management is under consideration • Climate Change Health Impact Policy is in draft • Measures to increase infrastructure coastal defences, climate-resilient physical planning standards and codes • ‘Greening’ of urban development plans • Stormwater and drainage systems and waste management (sewerage, municipal, industrial) requires improvements (see ‘Water and sanitation’ • Relocation, resettlement, gender social inclusion assessments require exploration • Awareness-raising of impacts of climate change migration on customary land • A range of strategies and activities are also required to prepare for relocation, including comprehensive consultations with the climate- induced migrants and their host communities;72 the NCCDMP states that supporting the relocation of people should be considered, including through local level government planning and construction of buildings and infrastructure73 • Establishment of marine protected areas • Planting of seagrass • Replanting of coral coordination • Response measures for marine disposal • Protection and promotion of biodiversity conservation through ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) approaches.', '• Project support has been received to create a more climate-resilient transport sector • Indirect support for action on climate-induced migration, the 2015 IOM report Assessing the Evidence: Migration, Environment and Climate Change in PNG71 provides an evidence base for action • Mangrove planting • Coral rehabilitation • Establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs), locally managed marine areas (LMMA) • Mangrove management • Marine awareness • Malaria is recognised as one of the top five 5 priority activities for the Department of Health • Action has been taken to destroy and reduce malaria- vector breeding • Environmental health management is under consideration • Climate Change Health Impact Policy is in draft • Measures to increase infrastructure coastal defences, climate-resilient physical planning standards and codes • ‘Greening’ of urban development plans • Stormwater and drainage systems and waste management (sewerage, municipal, industrial) requires improvements (see ‘Water and sanitation’ • Relocation, resettlement, gender social inclusion assessments require exploration • Awareness-raising of impacts of climate change migration on customary land • A range of strategies and activities are also required to prepare for relocation, including comprehensive consultations with the climate- induced migrants and their host communities;72 the NCCDMP states that supporting the relocation of people should be considered, including through local level government planning and construction of buildings and infrastructure73 • Establishment of marine protected areas • Planting of seagrass • Replanting of coral coordination • Response measures for marine disposal • Protection and promotion of biodiversity conservation through ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) approaches. • Improve environmental health services.', '• Project support has been received to create a more climate-resilient transport sector • Indirect support for action on climate-induced migration, the 2015 IOM report Assessing the Evidence: Migration, Environment and Climate Change in PNG71 provides an evidence base for action • Mangrove planting • Coral rehabilitation • Establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs), locally managed marine areas (LMMA) • Mangrove management • Marine awareness • Malaria is recognised as one of the top five 5 priority activities for the Department of Health • Action has been taken to destroy and reduce malaria- vector breeding • Environmental health management is under consideration • Climate Change Health Impact Policy is in draft • Measures to increase infrastructure coastal defences, climate-resilient physical planning standards and codes • ‘Greening’ of urban development plans • Stormwater and drainage systems and waste management (sewerage, municipal, industrial) requires improvements (see ‘Water and sanitation’ • Relocation, resettlement, gender social inclusion assessments require exploration • Awareness-raising of impacts of climate change migration on customary land • A range of strategies and activities are also required to prepare for relocation, including comprehensive consultations with the climate- induced migrants and their host communities;72 the NCCDMP states that supporting the relocation of people should be considered, including through local level government planning and construction of buildings and infrastructure73 • Establishment of marine protected areas • Planting of seagrass • Replanting of coral coordination • Response measures for marine disposal • Protection and promotion of biodiversity conservation through ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) approaches. • Improve environmental health services. • Improve technology (i.e.', '• Improve environmental health services. • Improve technology (i.e. bed nets). And distribution • Improve research on understanding impacts and responses • Increased access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation in rural areas leading to a decrease in malaria and other vector-borne diseases • Apply Healthy Islands concept 71. Assessing the Evidence: Migration, Environment and Climate Change in Papua New Guinea. (2015). 72. Assessing the Evidence: Migration, Environment and Climate Change in Papua New Guinea. Geneva, Switzerland. (2015). 73. GCF PNG Country Programme. (2020).', 'GCF PNG Country Programme. (2020). Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 25• Improve the Health Sector’s ownership in managing malaria and vector-borne diseases • The WASH Policy recommends community health posts consisting of 30 facilities across PNG • The WASH Program Management Unit (PMU) has yet to drive implementation • Increased access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation in rural areas leading to a decrease in malaria and other vector-borne diseases • Improvements in technological approaches • Improvements in water catchment • Desalination processes • Development of renewable energy initiatives to combat climate change-induced water • Activities implemented under the WASH Policy need replication across all communities • Improvements to engineer designs • Implement geo-hazards assessments • Improvements in stormwater drainage • Reforestation and soil stabilization • Urban growth has placed pressure on cities, in turn, placing stress on waste management services and urban sanitation services,75 wastewater management is in its infancy in PNG and no formal waste management • Improving the waste sector’s capacity through knowledge, training, research and response • Biodiversity is also affected through ineffective waste management protocols where investment is needed in industrial and wastewater management • Establishment of the Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) • Development partners are now actively implementing the policy within provinces; the Department of National Planning and Monitoring (DNPM) oversees this activity, which has commenced in some provinces • Identifying landslide risks using technology (GIS, LiDAR, and others) • Advisory support to engineer- design for road and infrastructure projects using development partner climate- resilient guidelines • Promote solid and chemical waste management at the national level • Municipal waste management planning • Special waste (plastic, e-wastes, bulky, mining, etc.)', 'Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 25• Improve the Health Sector’s ownership in managing malaria and vector-borne diseases • The WASH Policy recommends community health posts consisting of 30 facilities across PNG • The WASH Program Management Unit (PMU) has yet to drive implementation • Increased access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation in rural areas leading to a decrease in malaria and other vector-borne diseases • Improvements in technological approaches • Improvements in water catchment • Desalination processes • Development of renewable energy initiatives to combat climate change-induced water • Activities implemented under the WASH Policy need replication across all communities • Improvements to engineer designs • Implement geo-hazards assessments • Improvements in stormwater drainage • Reforestation and soil stabilization • Urban growth has placed pressure on cities, in turn, placing stress on waste management services and urban sanitation services,75 wastewater management is in its infancy in PNG and no formal waste management • Improving the waste sector’s capacity through knowledge, training, research and response • Biodiversity is also affected through ineffective waste management protocols where investment is needed in industrial and wastewater management • Establishment of the Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) • Development partners are now actively implementing the policy within provinces; the Department of National Planning and Monitoring (DNPM) oversees this activity, which has commenced in some provinces • Identifying landslide risks using technology (GIS, LiDAR, and others) • Advisory support to engineer- design for road and infrastructure projects using development partner climate- resilient guidelines • Promote solid and chemical waste management at the national level • Municipal waste management planning • Special waste (plastic, e-wastes, bulky, mining, etc.) management planning • Household waste awareness • Community awareness and education 8.', 'management planning • Household waste awareness • Community awareness and education 8. Water and sanitation. 9. Landslides. Other - Waste 74. GCF PNG Country Programme. (2020). 75. Fifth National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity. (2014). 76. Fifth National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity. (2014). Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionDomestic budget constraints impede the progress of implementation of unsupported adaptation initiatives. The external financial and technical support received by the GoPNG through development partners to address climate change adaptation plays an important role in the planning and implementation of adaptation initiatives at all levels. As such, over the past few years, efforts have been made to strengthen institutional and technical capacity to design and implement adaptation projects to be climate-resilient.', 'As such, over the past few years, efforts have been made to strengthen institutional and technical capacity to design and implement adaptation projects to be climate-resilient. Achieving PNG’s adaptation goals requires the successful and timely implementation of adaptation actions, monitoring and regulation. Collective involvement of institutions creates the enabling environment to develop and implement effective adaptation policies. The NDC Implementation Plan provides guidance (see Annex 1). ADAPTATION DATA GAPS Data to inform climate change adaptation action is limited. Existing adaptation data and adaptation data gaps are listed against the nine priority areas in Table 4-2 below Priority area flooding and sea-level rise 2. Inland flooding 3.', 'Existing adaptation data and adaptation data gaps are listed against the nine priority areas in Table 4-2 below Priority area flooding and sea-level rise 2. Inland flooding 3. Food insecurity Summary of Data Gaps Assessment Weather, atmosphere, ocean current, and tsunami early warning data and information from 4,000 Argo floats from the International Ocean Commission (IOC) project in the Pacific and PNG waters have been available since 2000. Furthermore Australian-funded sea level and climate monitoring from 1991 to 2020, has aided in determining land movements and sea-level changes; and the Comprehensive Hazards and Risk Management (CHARM) Framework for PNG and the Pacific Island States has contributed to planning and management of sea-level rise since 1992.', 'Furthermore Australian-funded sea level and climate monitoring from 1991 to 2020, has aided in determining land movements and sea-level changes; and the Comprehensive Hazards and Risk Management (CHARM) Framework for PNG and the Pacific Island States has contributed to planning and management of sea-level rise since 1992. Data gaps exist however in the following ways: • Only four tide gauges exist in Milne Bay, Manus, Madang and Rabaul, scaling up and replication is required across all maritime provinces to improve data collection and determination • Where soft and hard defence structures have been implemented (i.e.', 'Data gaps exist however in the following ways: • Only four tide gauges exist in Milne Bay, Manus, Madang and Rabaul, scaling up and replication is required across all maritime provinces to improve data collection and determination • Where soft and hard defence structures have been implemented (i.e. Manus Province, East Cape Road in Milne Bay Province – there is not a collation of data that indicates the percentage of coastline prone to coastal flooding or shoreline erosion • Lack of monitoring tools to identify hazard areas in the country for flooding in highlands, coastal regions and islands • Mapping and planning to mitigate flooding is needed using a blended approach of traditional knowledge and modern infrastructure tools and methods • Promote the use of drone GIS mapping, artificial intelligence (AI) and internet of things (IoT) technology to mitigate flooding, both inland and islands.', 'Manus Province, East Cape Road in Milne Bay Province – there is not a collation of data that indicates the percentage of coastline prone to coastal flooding or shoreline erosion • Lack of monitoring tools to identify hazard areas in the country for flooding in highlands, coastal regions and islands • Mapping and planning to mitigate flooding is needed using a blended approach of traditional knowledge and modern infrastructure tools and methods • Promote the use of drone GIS mapping, artificial intelligence (AI) and internet of things (IoT) technology to mitigate flooding, both inland and islands. • Insurance and private sector support required • Further data on climate change and variability throughout the entire country to manage food supply is needed • Early warning and forecasting to all communities in the country is required.', '• Insurance and private sector support required • Further data on climate change and variability throughout the entire country to manage food supply is needed • Early warning and forecasting to all communities in the country is required. There is presently a lack of information on disaster impacts on agriculture and water etc. • Disaster risk management in agriculture (agriculture insurance, probing an indemnity insurance framework, weather index setup, linking with multi- hazard early warning systems, etc.) is needed.', '• Disaster risk management in agriculture (agriculture insurance, probing an indemnity insurance framework, weather index setup, linking with multi- hazard early warning systems, etc.) is needed. • Use of satellite forecasting requires further development and application to the planning and agriculture sectors Table 4 Adaptation Nine Priority Areas Data Gaps Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 27• Need for research to develop climate-adaptive crops/food supply in the islands and hinterland • Application of Sustainable Land Use Policy in the country is needed • Lack of policies and application in the towns and cities in PNG. city profiling only completed for three cities (Port Moresby, Kokopo and Goroka) • Monitoring and advice on ozone pollution, heat waves and bush fires in cities are needed.', 'city profiling only completed for three cities (Port Moresby, Kokopo and Goroka) • Monitoring and advice on ozone pollution, heat waves and bush fires in cities are needed. • Building codes introduced to mitigate climate change heat waves and cyclones is needed • Better water and waste drainage to be introduced • Greater awareness and development of information and communication strategy in cities on climate change and disaster and heatwaves etc.', '• Building codes introduced to mitigate climate change heat waves and cyclones is needed • Better water and waste drainage to be introduced • Greater awareness and development of information and communication strategy in cities on climate change and disaster and heatwaves etc. • Disasters and climate change policies need to be incorporated to support town development and planning in PNG • Lack of analysis of data and information on induced migration as a result of climate change • Articulation of induced migration drivers other than climate change to inform policymaking • LMMA only covering 159,259 hectares; this requires replication and scaling- up • Lack of awareness on coral reef damage due to climate change versus traditional use of coral/lime budding/planting of corals in pristine water requires implementation; there are presently no programmes on budding/ planting corals in the country; there is an opportunity to introduce communities and schools to support this sector • Mining and waste sectors are causing damage to coral; regulation and awareness-raising need immediate attention Department of Health keeps records of incidences of malaria and vector-borne diseases, however, monitoring of these diseases from the coast to the highlands is an issue that needs consideration • Lack of tools/technology in the country to enable advancements in exploring desalination options • Lack of uptake and application of new technology for water resources in the country • Information and communication strategy is needed country-wide due to water shortage due to El Nino and dry spells • There is a need to introduce large water reservoirs to all isolated provinces/ LLG • Supply of medication for water treatment is required country-wide • Application of traditional knowledge in the country requires broader uptake and implementation The Geophysical Observatory of the Department of Mineral Policy and Geohazards Management (DMPGM) has seismographs located around the country which measure earthquakes continuously; the DMPGM also has linkages with the Rabaul Volcanological Observatory which monitors earth tremors leading to an eruption.', '• Disasters and climate change policies need to be incorporated to support town development and planning in PNG • Lack of analysis of data and information on induced migration as a result of climate change • Articulation of induced migration drivers other than climate change to inform policymaking • LMMA only covering 159,259 hectares; this requires replication and scaling- up • Lack of awareness on coral reef damage due to climate change versus traditional use of coral/lime budding/planting of corals in pristine water requires implementation; there are presently no programmes on budding/ planting corals in the country; there is an opportunity to introduce communities and schools to support this sector • Mining and waste sectors are causing damage to coral; regulation and awareness-raising need immediate attention Department of Health keeps records of incidences of malaria and vector-borne diseases, however, monitoring of these diseases from the coast to the highlands is an issue that needs consideration • Lack of tools/technology in the country to enable advancements in exploring desalination options • Lack of uptake and application of new technology for water resources in the country • Information and communication strategy is needed country-wide due to water shortage due to El Nino and dry spells • There is a need to introduce large water reservoirs to all isolated provinces/ LLG • Supply of medication for water treatment is required country-wide • Application of traditional knowledge in the country requires broader uptake and implementation The Geophysical Observatory of the Department of Mineral Policy and Geohazards Management (DMPGM) has seismographs located around the country which measure earthquakes continuously; the DMPGM also has linkages with the Rabaul Volcanological Observatory which monitors earth tremors leading to an eruption. Data gaps exist however in the following area: • While the earthquake and volcanic data exist, there is no linkage to the occurrence of landslides.', 'Data gaps exist however in the following area: • While the earthquake and volcanic data exist, there is no linkage to the occurrence of landslides. GIS and Remote Sensing Tools could be used to ensure connectivity and linkages between landslides and rainfall patterns and intensity. 4. Cities and climate change induced migration 6. Damage to coral reefs 7. Malaria and vector-borne diseases 8. Water and sanitation Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionFOUR DEVELOPMENT SECTORS PNG conducted sector consultations to develop its NAP Readiness Support Proposal to the Green Climate Fund (GCF) in 2017 and 2019 and identified four key development sectors for the NAP to develop and implement. The four key development sectors are agriculture, health, transport and infrastructure. During 2019 and 2020, PNG conducted regional and sector consultations to review and re-affirm its national and sub-national priorities on climate change.', 'During 2019 and 2020, PNG conducted regional and sector consultations to review and re-affirm its national and sub-national priorities on climate change. The consultations agreed to prioritize the four key development sectors to address the nine adaptation priority areas (Table 4). The PNG Enhanced NDC 2020-2030 will report on PNG’s four priority development sectors for adaptation. Through the process of developing the NAP , PNG commits to strengthening institutional, technical, and financial capabilities and integration of climate change adaptation into planning and budgeting processes. In advancing PNG’s National Adaptation Plan (NAP), climate change is being mainstreamed into regulatory and policy frameworks to address climate change adaptation and to increase awareness amongst key stakeholders at the national and sub- national levels.77 The NAP is being developed with a specific focus on the development sectors of agriculture, health, transport and infrastructure.', 'In advancing PNG’s National Adaptation Plan (NAP), climate change is being mainstreamed into regulatory and policy frameworks to address climate change adaptation and to increase awareness amongst key stakeholders at the national and sub- national levels.77 The NAP is being developed with a specific focus on the development sectors of agriculture, health, transport and infrastructure. The NAP is due for completion in August 2021.78 Table 5 NAP Development Sectors Matrix for the Nine Key Adaptation Priority Areas Priority Development Sector Agriculture Health Transport Infrastructure Priority Areas (*Additional priority areas identified in the 2019-2020 regional consultations, which are not recognized under the current Climate Change Management Act.)', 'The NAP is due for completion in August 2021.78 Table 5 NAP Development Sectors Matrix for the Nine Key Adaptation Priority Areas Priority Development Sector Agriculture Health Transport Infrastructure Priority Areas (*Additional priority areas identified in the 2019-2020 regional consultations, which are not recognized under the current Climate Change Management Act.) \uf09f Coastal flooding and sea-level rise \uf09f Inland flooding \uf09f Food insecurity \uf09f Damage to coral reefs \uf09f Water and sanitation \uf09f Landslides \uf09f Forestry and land-use* \uf09f Waste* \uf09f Fisheries* \uf09f Biodiversity* \uf09f Malaria and vector-borne diseases \uf09f Water and sanitation \uf09f Food insecurity \uf09f Climate-induced migration \uf09f Coastal flooding and sea-level rise \uf09f Inland flooding \uf09f Cities and climate change \uf09f Landslides \uf09f Waste* \uf09f Extractive industries* \uf09f Biodiversity* \uf09f Tourism/cultural* \uf09f Damage to coral reefs \uf09f Climate-induced migration \uf09f Inland flooding \uf09f Cities and climate change \uf09f Landslides \uf09f Biodiversity* \uf09f Climate-induced migration \uf09f Coastal flooding and sea-level rise \uf09f Inland flooding \uf09f Cities and climate change \uf09f Landslides \uf09f Waste* \uf09f Extractive industries* \uf09f Biodiversity* 77.', '\uf09f Coastal flooding and sea-level rise \uf09f Inland flooding \uf09f Food insecurity \uf09f Damage to coral reefs \uf09f Water and sanitation \uf09f Landslides \uf09f Forestry and land-use* \uf09f Waste* \uf09f Fisheries* \uf09f Biodiversity* \uf09f Malaria and vector-borne diseases \uf09f Water and sanitation \uf09f Food insecurity \uf09f Climate-induced migration \uf09f Coastal flooding and sea-level rise \uf09f Inland flooding \uf09f Cities and climate change \uf09f Landslides \uf09f Waste* \uf09f Extractive industries* \uf09f Biodiversity* \uf09f Tourism/cultural* \uf09f Damage to coral reefs \uf09f Climate-induced migration \uf09f Inland flooding \uf09f Cities and climate change \uf09f Landslides \uf09f Biodiversity* \uf09f Climate-induced migration \uf09f Coastal flooding and sea-level rise \uf09f Inland flooding \uf09f Cities and climate change \uf09f Landslides \uf09f Waste* \uf09f Extractive industries* \uf09f Biodiversity* 77. Advancing Papua New Guinea’s National Adaptation Plan. (2020). 78. Advancing Papua New Guinea’s National Adaptation Plan. (2020).', 'Advancing Papua New Guinea’s National Adaptation Plan. (2020). Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 29ADAPTATION TARGETS PNG aims to broaden and sustain the scope of its NDC to include adaptation in the current and subsequent NDCs. This subsection establishes a technical approach to defining PNG’s national adaptation targets. PNG recognizes that the more comprehensively the NDC’s are defined, the better the priorities can be integrated into development partner operations and support programs. The approach for defining PNG’s adaptation targets was undertaken by conducting a series of surveys and workshops which included sub-national and sector vulnerability and adaptation assessments, data collection, and multi-criteria analysis. The adaptation targets are measured against beneficiaries for the agriculture and health sectors, and the value and number of assets for the transport and infrastructure sector.', 'The adaptation targets are measured against beneficiaries for the agriculture and health sectors, and the value and number of assets for the transport and infrastructure sector. The adaptation targets for the four NAP development sector are provided in Table 6. Table 6 Adaptation Targets Priority Development Sector per the NAP Agriculture Health Transport Infrastructure Adaptation Target 2030 10% of the total population (0.8 million beneficiaries (25% are women)) have increased resilience with respect to food and water security, health and well- being in PNG. 100% of the population benefits from improved health measures to respond to malaria and other climate-sensitive diseases in PNG. US$1.2b (PGK 4.2b) value of transport (air, sea, and land) infrastructure and assets built/rehabilitated according to climate-resilient codes and standards.', 'US$1.2b (PGK 4.2b) value of transport (air, sea, and land) infrastructure and assets built/rehabilitated according to climate-resilient codes and standards. 6 million people (70% of the population) benefit from improved early warning systems/information to respond to extreme climate events. US$172m (PGK 608m) value of building and utility infrastructure assets built/ rehabilitated according to climate-resilient codes and standards. IMPLEMENTATION OF ADAPTATION TARGETS Section 4 of the NDC Implementation Plan (Annex) outlines PNG’s Implementation Plan on adaptation). The Implementation Plan sets out the strategic adaptation outcomes that will be achieved by Government’s twelve overarching adaptation strategies and objectives. The development of the NAP is one of the Government’s key objectives, which will ultimately direct the implementation and delivery of PNG’s adaptation actions.', 'The development of the NAP is one of the Government’s key objectives, which will ultimately direct the implementation and delivery of PNG’s adaptation actions. The NAP will have in place short-, medium- and long-term targets to achieve the outcomes of its key priority development sectors of agriculture, health, transport and infrastructure. The NAP will include a list of implementing measures and establish mechanisms for coordination amongst Government agencies and national stakeholders with activities to generate the necessary investment and financing strategy to implement the adaptation plans at all development intervention levels. Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionThe projects and programs in the Implementation Plan outline the financial resources needed for implementation. Technology transfer and capacity development cannot take place without sufficient financial resources made available to meet the targets.', 'Technology transfer and capacity development cannot take place without sufficient financial resources made available to meet the targets. As a Small Island Developing State that is vulnerable to the impact of climate change, it is important to find the right balance in building the country’s resilience, and implementing the necessary adaptation and mitigation measures, while supporting the day to day needs of the country. Implementing the proposed actions could deliver significant emissions reductions that could be monetised through results based payments under a range of mechanisms including the Green Climate Fund, bilateral, market or non-market mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement and PNG is looking forward to enforcement of the Article 6 on the ground.', 'Implementing the proposed actions could deliver significant emissions reductions that could be monetised through results based payments under a range of mechanisms including the Green Climate Fund, bilateral, market or non-market mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement and PNG is looking forward to enforcement of the Article 6 on the ground. MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION 5 Papua New Guinea is fully committed to taking action on climate change. The targets identified within the NDC are fully in line with existing policy documents and commitments. As such the GoPNG will take a central role within the implementation of proposed actions while also working to create a positive environment for private sector investment and partnerships with other parties to the convention.', 'As such the GoPNG will take a central role within the implementation of proposed actions while also working to create a positive environment for private sector investment and partnerships with other parties to the convention. To commit to reducing GHG emission levels and to increase climate resilience, PNG will require the appropriate financial support, technology, capacity building, and a good means of coordination to drive the implementation of the Nationally Determined Contributions, as outlined in the implementation plan. PNG’s NDC Implementation Plan is a living document and will be updated annually. It is annexed to the NDC and lists key actions and activities, and the respective resource requirements for each to ensure successful implementation.', 'It is annexed to the NDC and lists key actions and activities, and the respective resource requirements for each to ensure successful implementation. INFORMATION ON FINANCE INFORMATION ON TECHNOLOGY A Technology Needs Assessment (TNA) must be conducted (if not yet carried out), which will clearly set out the specific needs of the identified sectors . The need for innovation is crucial to ensure more efficient and cleaner technologies. The availability and transfer of technology that is environmentally sound and which support low carbon and climate- resilient development are paramount. As a SIDS these opportunities are not often readily accessible, hence the need for external support. A TNA for the NDC needs to be carried out with relevant stakeholders at the national level. The TNA ought to be gender-responsive and should consider the local context.', 'The TNA ought to be gender-responsive and should consider the local context. INFORMATION ON CAPACITY BUILDING As a SIDS, Papua New Guinea is faced with many challenges, including limitations on resources. PNG’s economic growth and development are centered on institutional capacity building. GoPNG welcomes the support from development partners in areas of research and sectoral actions outlined in this Implementation Plan annexed to the NDC. Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 31GENDER AND YOUTHS Women in Papua New Guinea tend to rank well below men in almost all measures of health, education, employment, access to economic resources, and political voice. They make extensive use of forest resources for food, fuelwood, medicine and handicrafts.', 'They make extensive use of forest resources for food, fuelwood, medicine and handicrafts. Resource use is gendered in that in most PNG societies women have use rights to cultivate the land, gather forest products and to fish for or collect marine and riverine resources. Regardless of whether they are members of matrilineal or patrilineal societies, women cannot enforce rights to land and property nor claim income from cash crops or land leases such as for mining, logging and infrastructure construction.79 Subsistence agriculture in the informal economy supports 80 percent of the PNG population, a sector dominated by women80 (DPNM, 2020). Women are particularly vulnerable to climate change impacts due to reliance on natural resources for their livelihoods and household well- being, lack of access to land, income, credit and other resources.', 'Women are particularly vulnerable to climate change impacts due to reliance on natural resources for their livelihoods and household well- being, lack of access to land, income, credit and other resources. Sixty percent of PNG’s population is under 25 years old, and they have limited education and employment opportunities. They are involved in environmental efforts at the local level, both through local Youth Councils that are linked to the National Youth Commission, as well as in non-governmental activities in conservation, tree planting, and other forms of environmental activism. It is important to ensure that youth have the resources and opportunities they need to develop low-carbon, environmentally sustainable businesses. They also need support in their environmental conservation activities such as tree planting and forest management.', 'They also need support in their environmental conservation activities such as tree planting and forest management. Eighty-five percent of the population use fuelwood on at least an occasional basis for domestic and commercial cooking, even in urban areas. Rural women in Papua Guinea experience energy poverty differently than men. With effects on workload and health, due to distance travelled to collect biomass, safety concerns when travelling long distances, reliance on food that requires short or no cooking time; and indoor air pollution.81 Women and youth play an important role in management and production in forest lands, although they are not landholders. While they have use rights, women rarely have ownership rights over productive resources. When customary land rights are negotiated, women tend not to have the right to claim a direct share of leases, royalties or compensation payments82.', 'When customary land rights are negotiated, women tend not to have the right to claim a direct share of leases, royalties or compensation payments82. The primary objectives of women’s access to forests are to meet household needs for fuel, fodder, medicinal needs; however, once these needs are met, they become important vehicles through which income-generating opportunities and enterprises can be developed83. Given the importance of sustainable development of these resources, it will be important to work with local communities, youth and women to implement sustainable agricultural and agroforestry practices. Potential approaches include promoting socially- inclusive climate-friendly agriculture; promoting women’s access to resources, information, and climate-smart technologies; enhancing the role of women and youth in agricultural value chains; and promoting inclusive forest rehabilitation and timber management. Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 79.', 'Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 79. CEDAW Shadow report on the status of Women in Papua New Guinea and the Autonomous Region of Bougainville. (2010) 80. Papua New Guinea Department of National Planning and Monitoring. (2020). 81. United Nations Industrial Development Organization and United Nations Women (2014). 82. Papua New Guinea Country Gender Assessment. (2012) 83. Country gender assessment of agriculture and the rural sector in Papua New Guinea. (2019)Subsistence agriculture in the informal economy supports 80 percent of the PNG population, a sector dominated by women84.', '(2019)Subsistence agriculture in the informal economy supports 80 percent of the PNG population, a sector dominated by women84. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), more than 50 percent of the female labour force in Papua New Guinea is engaged in agriculture, and women comprise nearly 35 percent of the economically active population in the sector. Rural women play a prominent role in subsistence food production, agricultural value chains and rural livelihoods.', 'Rural women play a prominent role in subsistence food production, agricultural value chains and rural livelihoods. They actively participate in livestock and poultry production and in fish farming and sell surplus produce to generate income for the household.85 Increasing rates of migration to urban centres by young people86, the movement of men to the logging and extraction industries for employment, and women’s consistent exclusion from employment in these sectors (FAO, 2019), mean that women will continue to make up at least half of agricultural producers in the country. Women are also responsible for family and child health, including water and sanitation management.', 'Women are also responsible for family and child health, including water and sanitation management. Actions should also take into account the gender digital gap and differing access rates of youth and remote communities to information and early warning systems (see GSMA, 2020 and Mehrabi et al, 2020). 84. Papua New Guinea Voluntario National Review. (2020) 85. Country gender assessment of agriculture and the rural sector in Papua New Guinea. (2019) 86. Papua New Guinea Voluntario National Review. (2020) Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 33REFERENCE Asian Development Bank (ADB). (2012). Papua New Guinea Country Gender Assessment. Port Moresby, PNG: UNDP Australian Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO. (2011). Climate Change in the Pacific. Scientific Assessment and New Research. Volume 1: Regional Overview. Australian Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO. (2011).', 'Australian Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO. (2011). Climate Change in the Pacific. Scientific Assessment and New Research. Volume 2. Country Reports. Australian Government. (2014). Pacific-Australia Climate Change Science and Adaptation Planning Program Current and Future Climate of Papua New Guinea. Retrieved from: org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/14_PACCSAP-PNG-11pp_WEB.pdf. Bourke, RM. (2018). Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture in Papua New Guinea. 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Sustainable Energy for All: The Gender Dimensions. Vienna: UNIDO. Retrieved from: files/2014-02/GUIDANCENOTE_FINAL_WEB_s_0.pdf. United Nations University. (2016). World Risk Report. Retrieved from: uploads/2016/08/WorldRiskReport2016.pdf. World Bank. (2020). Climate Change Knowledge Portal for Development Practitioners and Policy Makers.', 'Climate Change Knowledge Portal for Development Practitioners and Policy Makers. Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionAcknowledgements The development and production of PNG’s NDC has been led by the Climate Change and Development Authority (CCDA) through its Measurement, Reporting and Verification and National Communications Division. This product is a result of extensive consultations with stakeholders from the relevant government agencies, civil society institutions and the private sector. Its development was made possible by the strong contributions of the members of Inter-agency Sub-Technical Technical Working Groups on AFOLU, Energy and Adaptation.', 'Its development was made possible by the strong contributions of the members of Inter-agency Sub-Technical Technical Working Groups on AFOLU, Energy and Adaptation. Special thanks also go to a number of development partners including the NDC Partnership, UNDP’s Climate Promise, FAO, Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI), UNEP , Regional Pacific NDC Hub composed of GIZ, SPC, SPREP and GGGI, German Development Corporation implemented by GIZ, UK Government, New Zealand Government, Government of Australia, USAID Climate Ready, and IRENA for invaluable support in the development of this product. It should be noted that the views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the supporting partners.', 'It should be noted that the views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the supporting partners. Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 37PNG’s NDCs The JourneyPapua New Guinea NDC Implementation Plan (A Living Document) Annex to PNG’s Nationally Determined Contributions: Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 39This Implementation Plan outlines the mitigation actions/activities that will be undertaken to achieve the emission reduction targets in the AFOLU and Energy Sectors, and the priority measures for Adaptation that have been listed in PNG’s NDC. The targets, as provided in the NDC, are summarized below: • AFOLU: PNG aims to reduce an estimated deforestation and forest degradation due to commercial agriculture expansion and commercial logging.', 'The targets, as provided in the NDC, are summarized below: • AFOLU: PNG aims to reduce an estimated deforestation and forest degradation due to commercial agriculture expansion and commercial logging. • Energy: PNG will work towards a carbon neutral energy industries sub-sector by 2030 • Adaptation: to identify and implement adaptation actions aimed at reducing vulnerability and building climate resilience across different parts of the country. In determining the necessary actions to be taken, the Sub-Technical Working Groups (STWG’s) identified existing national policies, strategies and plans, and developed the measures to ensure alignment with these existing efforts. A detailed narration is contained in the NDC. OVERVIEW OF THE IMPLEMENTATION PLAN The Implementation Plan seeks to address the five key modules: Mitigation; Adaptation; Governance; Measurement, Reporting, and Verification (MRV); and finance. These are set out in Implementation Schedules below.', 'These are set out in Implementation Schedules below. Elements of the Finance module have been incorporated into each of the other four modules. The Implementation Schedules are designed to clearly outline the activities, and their respective operational elements to guide implementation. The Implementation Schedules set out the following information, as they relate to the specific reported sector targets: • the activity/action that will be introduced, or enhanced, relative to the established target; • the indicators that will be used to track progress during implementation, and for monitoring and evaluation; • listing of the lead and supporting government agencies; • timeframes, including the start/end dates for each of the activities; and • the budget estimates for each activity, and sources of funding, including potential sources of funding.', 'The Implementation Schedules set out the following information, as they relate to the specific reported sector targets: • the activity/action that will be introduced, or enhanced, relative to the established target; • the indicators that will be used to track progress during implementation, and for monitoring and evaluation; • listing of the lead and supporting government agencies; • timeframes, including the start/end dates for each of the activities; and • the budget estimates for each activity, and sources of funding, including potential sources of funding. The Climate Change & Development Authority (CCDA) as the mandated authority responsible for coordination of climate change initiatives of the Government, and acting as the focal point to the UNFCCC, will collaborate with key stakeholders to ensure fulfillment of the implementation plan.', 'The Climate Change & Development Authority (CCDA) as the mandated authority responsible for coordination of climate change initiatives of the Government, and acting as the focal point to the UNFCCC, will collaborate with key stakeholders to ensure fulfillment of the implementation plan. The implementation plan will be supported with an Intra-Governmental Memorandum of Understanding on the Implementation of PNG’s Nationally Determined Contribution (MOU) that will, among other things, formalize the commitment of the implementing agencies and establish a platform for dialogue. Further activities identified include a review of the existing and legislative and regulatory framework to support the mitigation and adaptation targets. In order to monitor implementation of the activities listed in the Implementation Schedules, the mechanism for monitoring will be based on the MRV Framework.', 'In order to monitor implementation of the activities listed in the Implementation Schedules, the mechanism for monitoring will be based on the MRV Framework. The Implementation Plan obligates the implementing agencies to furnish regular reports; and a final evaluation report due in 2024. PLANNING PROCESS This Implementation Plan was developed in tandem with the NDC, using the following process: 1. Identifying team leads within CCDA, who were responsible for the gathering of data through the Technical Working Groups in the two mitigation reporting sectors (AFOLU and Energy), and adaptation; 2. Review and analysis of the data; 3. Determination of mitigation and adaptation targets in the NDC; 4. Identification of action items and activities that will be implemented towards the achievement of the respective targets; and 5. Validation workshop with key stakeholders. INTRODUCTION Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionImplementation Schedule 2.0.', 'INTRODUCTION Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionImplementation Schedule 2.0. Mitigation Actions/Activities – AFOLU MITIGATION The Enhanced NDC covers two (2) of the five emitting sectors , as identified in PNG’s most recent GHG Inventory: AFOLU & Energy . Taken together, the two sectors contributed to a total net of 13,522 Gg CO2-e of the total net emissions of the 2015 net of 15,192 Gg CO2-eq. AFOLU AFOLU Sector Target: PNG aims to reduce an estimated emission of 10,000 GgCO2eq by 2030 from deforestation and forest degradation due to commercial agriculture expansion and com- mercial logging.', 'AFOLU AFOLU Sector Target: PNG aims to reduce an estimated emission of 10,000 GgCO2eq by 2030 from deforestation and forest degradation due to commercial agriculture expansion and com- mercial logging. Overall Objective: From the net GHG source from 2015 levels to net GHG sink by 2030 Action or Activity Sustainable Land-Use and Development Planning Enhancing value chain of climate friendly agriculture products Strengthening monitoring of FCA - Policy and regulatory framework for sustainable land use and development planning are developed and implemented across concerned sectors. A national central information system to store all data relating to land use in PNG is developed. A prototype to be in place before 2025. HCV and HCS methodology are adopted for more sustainable, agri- cultural practices by agri-businesses in PNG A tracking system (e.g. a mobile app) for tracking production line from farmers’ level to manufacturers is established.', 'a mobile app) for tracking production line from farmers’ level to manufacturers is established. PNG REDD+ and National Forest Monitoring Web-Portal is updated with latest FCA data. - The Department of Lands and Physical Planning (DLPP) have taken steps to develop a draft Sustainable Land Use Policy (SLUP) that is currently under consultation and further development. The DLPP is developing a National Land Use Infor- mation System Porotype. Once fully developed, it will store all data relating to land use in PNG. HCV and HCS methodol- ogy tested using PNG data. A national scale map has been devel- oped identifying all areas in PNG with high HCV and HCS value. This initiative has been discussed by relevant government agencies but is yet to be fully im- plemented Existing web portal does not have data and information on FCA.', 'This initiative has been discussed by relevant government agencies but is yet to be fully im- plemented Existing web portal does not have data and information on FCA. It only disseminate informa- tion Logging concession DLPP , CCDA DLPP , CCDA DLPP , CCDA DAL PNGFA DLPP , DAL, PNGFA, DNPM, CCDA DLPP , DAL, PNGFA, DNPM, CCDA DLPP , DAL, PNGFA, DNPM, CCDA CCDA CCDA, DAL Existing: UNDP Potential Funding Source: Development Partners Potential Funding Source: Development Partners Potential Funding Source: Development Partners Potential Funding Source: Development Partners Potential Funding Source: Development Partners 1. Technical Support 2. Capacity Building Support 1. Technical Support 2. Capacity Building Support 1. Technical Support 2. Capacity Building Support 1. Technical Support 2. Capacity Building Support 1. Technical Support 2. Capacity Building Support Indicator Status Lead Implementing Agencies Supporting Agencies Time Frame Budget (USD) Funding Source (Existing/Potential) Other Support Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 41boundaries, Forest Base Map 2012, NFI pre-as- sessment (Collect Earth) and PSP . Necessary policy frame- work and legislation in place but slow enforce- ment. PNGFA has already established 60,000 ha of planted forest under the initiative. Necessary policy frame- work for agro-forestry in place. Land use and land use change assessment for the period 2016-2019 was conducted by PNGFA in 2020.', 'Land use and land use change assessment for the period 2016-2019 was conducted by PNGFA in 2020. Certain component of the current NFI is ongoing such as data analysis. However, funding is required to complete the remaining NFI sampling plots in the country for full determination of country specific data. PNGFA PNGFA, CCDA PNGFA PNGFA, DAL PNGFA, PNGFA CCDA DAL, DLPP , CEPA CCDA, CEPA CCDA, CEPA, DLPP CCDA CCDA Potential Funding Source: Development Partners Potential funding source: GCF RBP and other development partners Potential Funding Source: Development Partners Potential Funding Source: Development Partners Potential Funding Source: Development partners Potential funding source: GCF RBP and other development partners 1. Technical Support 2. Capacity Building Support 1. Technical Support 2. Capacity Building Support 1. Technical Support 2. Capacity Building Support 1. Technical Support 2. Capacity Building Support Technical assistance required to build ca- pacity of PNGFA and CCDA officers. Export of round logs in the country is reduced by more than 50% in 2025 through proper enforcement by PNGFA.', 'Export of round logs in the country is reduced by more than 50% in 2025 through proper enforcement by PNGFA. Near-Real-time Deforestation and Degradation Alerts Monitoring System for PNG is established at all relevant government institutions and agen- cies by 2025 to enhance the PNG of timber legality system. First draft action plan in place no more than 3 years after the submis- sion of PNG’s Enhanced NDC. Agro forestry activities are implement- ed at community level throughout PNG by 2026. System for generating LULUCF activ- ity data on land use and land use change under REDD+ MRV is up- graded with new capacity accurately measure forest regeneration before and after 2000. Country specific Emission Factors for all forest types in PNG are available before the submission of PNG’s first BTR to UNFCCC. Promoting downstream processing of logs in the country.', 'Promoting downstream processing of logs in the country. Enhanced application of timber legality standards and permitting processes – strengthened monitoring of timber concessions Prepare strategic action plan based on detailed studies to scale up the Painim Graun Planim Diwai initiative Development and En- couraging agro-forestry initiatives in line with the National Reforestation Strategy and the National Agriculture Development Plan (NADP) Enhanced monitoring and reporting on regenera- tion by conducting Forest and land use change assessment prior to 2000 to enable more realis- tic calculations of the biomass gain of the forest degrade before 2020 and to determine long term historical forest and land use change trend. Complete National Forest Inventory to Improving the country specific Emission Factor (EF) and to en- able space borne forest carbon estimation and monitoring.', 'Complete National Forest Inventory to Improving the country specific Emission Factor (EF) and to en- able space borne forest carbon estimation and monitoring. Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionConduct PSP data and growth model update to enable estimation of post-disturbance CO2 se- questration of the forests, calculation of annual loss/ gain and creation of Post disturbance forest carbon recovery model. Improve forest conces- sion monitoring to allow more accurate emission estimation from the log- ging operation (75% of emission in LULUCF) and to contribute timber legality verification system (TLVS).', 'Improve forest conces- sion monitoring to allow more accurate emission estimation from the log- ging operation (75% of emission in LULUCF) and to contribute timber legality verification system (TLVS). Enhance ambition in PNG’s 2025 NDC by including blue carbon ecosystems in the GHG inventory and UNFCCC reporting, including: - Identify pathways to incorporating blue carbon by build upon existing AFOLU and REDD+ capabilities - considering how to reflect mangroves and seagrasses in climate policies; - data collection, mapping and modelling PSP data and growth model are updated by 2023 All forest concessions areas in PNG are registered in the PNG’s Near-Real- time Deforestation and Degradation Alerts Monitoring System for receiving activity alerts by 2023.', 'Enhance ambition in PNG’s 2025 NDC by including blue carbon ecosystems in the GHG inventory and UNFCCC reporting, including: - Identify pathways to incorporating blue carbon by build upon existing AFOLU and REDD+ capabilities - considering how to reflect mangroves and seagrasses in climate policies; - data collection, mapping and modelling PSP data and growth model are updated by 2023 All forest concessions areas in PNG are registered in the PNG’s Near-Real- time Deforestation and Degradation Alerts Monitoring System for receiving activity alerts by 2023. - PNG has technical capacity for blue carbon estimation and reporting, and policy making - Mangrove mapping - Carbon stock modelling and reporting - Mangroves incorporated in GHG inventory and BUR Several PSP plots have already been established in the country by Forest Research Institute PNG’s Near-Real-time Deforestation and Deg- radation Alerts Monitoring System prototype devel- oped. Certain conces- sion areas in PNG were registered and subscribed to for activity alerts on a monthly basis as a trial.', 'Certain conces- sion areas in PNG were registered and subscribed to for activity alerts on a monthly basis as a trial. Ongoing PNGFA, CCDA PNGFA, CCDA PNGFA CCDA PNG University of Technology CEPA, DLPP , DAL, UPNG, Government of Australia; CSIRO; UPNG Potential funding source: GCF, GEF and other development partners Potential funding source: GCF RBP and other development partners Potential: Development Partners 1. Technical Support 2. Capacity Building Support 1. Technical Support 2. Capacity Building Support 1. Technical Support 2. Capacity Building Support Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 43Solar PV + ESS Bovo Hydro Implementation Schedule 2.0. Mitigation Actions/Activities – Energy Sector Energy Sector Target Electricity supply from the Energy Sector aims to increase the share of installed capacity of renewable energy from 30% in 2015 to 78% by 2030.', 'Mitigation Actions/Activities – Energy Sector Energy Sector Target Electricity supply from the Energy Sector aims to increase the share of installed capacity of renewable energy from 30% in 2015 to 78% by 2030. Non-GHG Targets Southern Region Objective: Reduce unit cost of production and meet reliability in Proposed Capacity (MW) Alotau Kerema Daru Arawa New Guinea Islands Region Objective: Reduce unit cost of production and meet reliability in Proposed Capacity (MW) Overall Objective: Reduce unit cost of production and meet reliability Action or Activity Solar PV + ESS Gumini Hydro Solar PV + ESS Murua Hydro This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans PNG Power Limited (PPL) PNG Power Limited (PPL) PPL PPL PPL PPL CCDA, Department of Energy (DPE) CCDA, Department of Energy (DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners 1.', 'Non-GHG Targets Southern Region Objective: Reduce unit cost of production and meet reliability in Proposed Capacity (MW) Alotau Kerema Daru Arawa New Guinea Islands Region Objective: Reduce unit cost of production and meet reliability in Proposed Capacity (MW) Overall Objective: Reduce unit cost of production and meet reliability Action or Activity Solar PV + ESS Gumini Hydro Solar PV + ESS Murua Hydro This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans PNG Power Limited (PPL) PNG Power Limited (PPL) PPL PPL PPL PPL CCDA, Department of Energy (DPE) CCDA, Department of Energy (DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3.', 'Non-GHG Targets Southern Region Objective: Reduce unit cost of production and meet reliability in Proposed Capacity (MW) Alotau Kerema Daru Arawa New Guinea Islands Region Objective: Reduce unit cost of production and meet reliability in Proposed Capacity (MW) Overall Objective: Reduce unit cost of production and meet reliability Action or Activity Solar PV + ESS Gumini Hydro Solar PV + ESS Murua Hydro This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans PNG Power Limited (PPL) PNG Power Limited (PPL) PPL PPL PPL PPL CCDA, Department of Energy (DPE) CCDA, Department of Energy (DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3. Research & Innovation 1.', 'Non-GHG Targets Southern Region Objective: Reduce unit cost of production and meet reliability in Proposed Capacity (MW) Alotau Kerema Daru Arawa New Guinea Islands Region Objective: Reduce unit cost of production and meet reliability in Proposed Capacity (MW) Overall Objective: Reduce unit cost of production and meet reliability Action or Activity Solar PV + ESS Gumini Hydro Solar PV + ESS Murua Hydro This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans PNG Power Limited (PPL) PNG Power Limited (PPL) PPL PPL PPL PPL CCDA, Department of Energy (DPE) CCDA, Department of Energy (DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3. Research & Innovation 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3.', 'Capacity Building Transfer 3. Research & Innovation 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3. Research & Innovation 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3. Research & Innovation 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3. Research & Innovation 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3. Research & Innovation 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3.', 'Capacity Building Transfer 3. Research & Innovation 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3. Research & Innovation Indicator Status (ongoing/new proposal), and previous references Lead Implementing Agencies Supporting Agencies Time Frame Budget (USD) Funding Source (Existing/Potential) Other Support Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionBuka Lombrum Kavieng Namatanai Kimbe- Bialla Ramazon Hydro Solar PV + ESS Lawes Hydro Solar PV +ESS Kimadan Hydro Sohun Hydro Lower Lake Hargy Hydro Ru Creek 2 Hydro This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans, hence refurbishment is required to further up- grade or downgrade depending on head, water flow and latest technology improve- ments for turbines This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans PPL PPL PPL PPL PPL New Ireland Provin- cial Government PPL PPL CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA,DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA,DPE PPL CCDA, DPE CCDA,DPE Under ADB considerations for possible funding in trench 3 under Town Electrification Investment Program Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners 1.', 'Research & Innovation Indicator Status (ongoing/new proposal), and previous references Lead Implementing Agencies Supporting Agencies Time Frame Budget (USD) Funding Source (Existing/Potential) Other Support Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionBuka Lombrum Kavieng Namatanai Kimbe- Bialla Ramazon Hydro Solar PV + ESS Lawes Hydro Solar PV +ESS Kimadan Hydro Sohun Hydro Lower Lake Hargy Hydro Ru Creek 2 Hydro This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans, hence refurbishment is required to further up- grade or downgrade depending on head, water flow and latest technology improve- ments for turbines This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans PPL PPL PPL PPL PPL New Ireland Provin- cial Government PPL PPL CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA,DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA,DPE PPL CCDA, DPE CCDA,DPE Under ADB considerations for possible funding in trench 3 under Town Electrification Investment Program Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3.', 'Research & Innovation Indicator Status (ongoing/new proposal), and previous references Lead Implementing Agencies Supporting Agencies Time Frame Budget (USD) Funding Source (Existing/Potential) Other Support Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionBuka Lombrum Kavieng Namatanai Kimbe- Bialla Ramazon Hydro Solar PV + ESS Lawes Hydro Solar PV +ESS Kimadan Hydro Sohun Hydro Lower Lake Hargy Hydro Ru Creek 2 Hydro This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans, hence refurbishment is required to further up- grade or downgrade depending on head, water flow and latest technology improve- ments for turbines This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans PPL PPL PPL PPL PPL New Ireland Provin- cial Government PPL PPL CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA,DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA,DPE PPL CCDA, DPE CCDA,DPE Under ADB considerations for possible funding in trench 3 under Town Electrification Investment Program Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3. Research & Innovation 1.', 'Research & Innovation Indicator Status (ongoing/new proposal), and previous references Lead Implementing Agencies Supporting Agencies Time Frame Budget (USD) Funding Source (Existing/Potential) Other Support Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionBuka Lombrum Kavieng Namatanai Kimbe- Bialla Ramazon Hydro Solar PV + ESS Lawes Hydro Solar PV +ESS Kimadan Hydro Sohun Hydro Lower Lake Hargy Hydro Ru Creek 2 Hydro This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans, hence refurbishment is required to further up- grade or downgrade depending on head, water flow and latest technology improve- ments for turbines This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans PPL PPL PPL PPL PPL New Ireland Provin- cial Government PPL PPL CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA,DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA,DPE PPL CCDA, DPE CCDA,DPE Under ADB considerations for possible funding in trench 3 under Town Electrification Investment Program Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3. Research & Innovation 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3.', 'Capacity Building Transfer 3. Research & Innovation 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3. Research & Innovation 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3. Research & Innovation 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3. Research & Innovation 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3. Research & Innovation 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3. Research & Innovation 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3. Research & Innovation 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3.', 'Capacity Building Transfer 3. Research & Innovation 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3. Research & Innovation Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 45Finschaffen Aitape Vanimo Wewak – Mprik Tari Solar PV + ESS Butaweng Hydro Solar PV + ESS Daundo Hydro Sausia Solar PV + ESS Damar/Mabam Hydro - Dauli Mini Hydro Proposed Capacity This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and imple-mented in accord-ance to PPL’s Infra-structure Develop-ment Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and imple-mented in accord-ance to PPL’s Infra-structure Develop-ment Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and imple-mented in accord-ance to PPL’s Infra-structure Develop-ment Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and imple-mented in accord-ance to PPL’s Infra-structure Develop-ment Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans PPL PPL PPL PPL PPL PPL PPL, Hela Provincial Government CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners 1.', 'Research & Innovation Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 45Finschaffen Aitape Vanimo Wewak – Mprik Tari Solar PV + ESS Butaweng Hydro Solar PV + ESS Daundo Hydro Sausia Solar PV + ESS Damar/Mabam Hydro - Dauli Mini Hydro Proposed Capacity This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and imple-mented in accord-ance to PPL’s Infra-structure Develop-ment Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and imple-mented in accord-ance to PPL’s Infra-structure Develop-ment Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and imple-mented in accord-ance to PPL’s Infra-structure Develop-ment Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and imple-mented in accord-ance to PPL’s Infra-structure Develop-ment Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans PPL PPL PPL PPL PPL PPL PPL, Hela Provincial Government CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3.', 'Research & Innovation Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 45Finschaffen Aitape Vanimo Wewak – Mprik Tari Solar PV + ESS Butaweng Hydro Solar PV + ESS Daundo Hydro Sausia Solar PV + ESS Damar/Mabam Hydro - Dauli Mini Hydro Proposed Capacity This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and imple-mented in accord-ance to PPL’s Infra-structure Develop-ment Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and imple-mented in accord-ance to PPL’s Infra-structure Develop-ment Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and imple-mented in accord-ance to PPL’s Infra-structure Develop-ment Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and imple-mented in accord-ance to PPL’s Infra-structure Develop-ment Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans PPL PPL PPL PPL PPL PPL PPL, Hela Provincial Government CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3. Research & Innovation 1.', 'Research & Innovation Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 45Finschaffen Aitape Vanimo Wewak – Mprik Tari Solar PV + ESS Butaweng Hydro Solar PV + ESS Daundo Hydro Sausia Solar PV + ESS Damar/Mabam Hydro - Dauli Mini Hydro Proposed Capacity This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and imple-mented in accord-ance to PPL’s Infra-structure Develop-ment Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and imple-mented in accord-ance to PPL’s Infra-structure Develop-ment Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and imple-mented in accord-ance to PPL’s Infra-structure Develop-ment Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and imple-mented in accord-ance to PPL’s Infra-structure Develop-ment Plans This is a project that is going to be devel- oped and implemented in accordance to PPL’s Infrastructure Development Plans PPL PPL PPL PPL PPL PPL PPL, Hela Provincial Government CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE CCDA, DPE Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3. Research & Innovation 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3.', 'Capacity Building Transfer 3. Research & Innovation 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3. Research & Innovation 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3. Research & Innovation 1. Capacity Build-ing Transfer 3. Research & In- novation 1. Capacity Build-ing Transfer 3. Research & In- novation 1. Capacity Build-ing Transfer 3. Research & In- novation 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3.', 'Research & In- novation 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3. Research & Innovation MOMASE Region Objective: Reduce unit cost of production and meet reliability in Proposed Capacity (MW) Highlands Region Objective: Reduce unit cost of production and meet reliability in Proposed Capacity (MW) Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionGreen Transport - E-Mobility Policy for PNG National Renewable Energy Policy Minimum Energy Perform- ance Standards and La- belling Regulation (MEPSL) Renewable Energy Projects Mapping National E- Mobility Policy Developed and Endorsed A National Renewable Energy Policy Developed & Endorsed MEPSL Regula- tion Devel- oped and En-dorsed Mapping Report Com- pleted with en-dorsed recom-men- da-tions On-going On-going On-going To be Developed DoT National Energy Authority National Energy Authority This is an activity to be implemented through the Mitiga- tion Roadmap under the Energy Sector CCDA, DHERTS PPL, DMPGHM, CCDA, DNPM CCDA, NISIT, DPE Budget will be determined as per scope of support determined by Climate Technology Center and Network (CTCN) Need scop- ing to verify budget Need scop- ing to verify budget Need scop- ing to verify budg-et Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners Development Partners 1. Capacity Building Transfer 3. Research and Innovation 1. Capacity Building Transfer 1. Capacity Building Transfer 1.', 'Research and Innovation 1. Capacity Building Transfer 1. Capacity Building Transfer 1. Capacity Building Transfer Transport Sector Objective: The E-mobility Policy will enable the development and implementation of green transport in PNG Policy and Regulation Objective: To enable the implementation of renewable energy targets Policy and Regulation Objective: To enable the regulation of energy efficient appliances Policy and Regulation Objective: Map out existing renewable energy projects in PNG for on-grid connections to determine whether the 78% by 2030 target is reached Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 47Implementation Schedule 3.0.', 'Capacity Building Transfer Transport Sector Objective: The E-mobility Policy will enable the development and implementation of green transport in PNG Policy and Regulation Objective: To enable the implementation of renewable energy targets Policy and Regulation Objective: To enable the regulation of energy efficient appliances Policy and Regulation Objective: Map out existing renewable energy projects in PNG for on-grid connections to determine whether the 78% by 2030 target is reached Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 47Implementation Schedule 3.0. Adaptation Actions/Activities Priority Sector: Agriculture Quantifiable Targets: By 2030, 10% of the total population (0.8 million beneficiaries (25% are women)) have increased resilience of food and water security, health and well-being in PNG Action or Activity Application of Sustain- able Agri-culture Practices (ASAP) for Smallholder Farmers in the Southern Region (Western, Central and Milne Bay Province) Climate Resilient Agricul- ture for Farmers and Ag- ricultural SMEs in Vulner- able Re-gions of Papua New Guinea PNG Agriculture Commer- cializa-tion and Diversi- fication Project, World tar-geted beneficiar-ies: STREIT, EU 85m Euros, target beneficiaries: women) (July 2020, Issue By 2025, at least 20% of total ben- eficiaries of 163,000 have increased capacity to apply climate-resilient farming practices By 2025, at least 63,000 beneficiaries (20% are women) have improved ca- pacity to implement cli-mate resilient agricultural practices By 2025, at least 50% of direct ben- eficiaries have applied commercial and diversification planning in their agriculture business By 2025, at least 20% of beneficiaries (20% are women) have increased capacity to conduct agricul-ture business Green Cli-mate Fund (GCF) Sim-plified Ap- proval Pro-cess Con-cept Note GCF Simpli-fied Ap-proval Pro-cess Con-cept Note Project ap-proved 2020 Ongoing Department of Agri-culture and Live-stock (DAL) DAL DAL DAL Accredited Enti-ty (AE): Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI) AE: Food and Agriculture Or-ganization (FAO) World Bank FAO, UNDP , UNCDF, UN Women, DNPM, NFA, Cocoa Board, Spice Board, Provincial gov-ernments in the Momase region.', 'Adaptation Actions/Activities Priority Sector: Agriculture Quantifiable Targets: By 2030, 10% of the total population (0.8 million beneficiaries (25% are women)) have increased resilience of food and water security, health and well-being in PNG Action or Activity Application of Sustain- able Agri-culture Practices (ASAP) for Smallholder Farmers in the Southern Region (Western, Central and Milne Bay Province) Climate Resilient Agricul- ture for Farmers and Ag- ricultural SMEs in Vulner- able Re-gions of Papua New Guinea PNG Agriculture Commer- cializa-tion and Diversi- fication Project, World tar-geted beneficiar-ies: STREIT, EU 85m Euros, target beneficiaries: women) (July 2020, Issue By 2025, at least 20% of total ben- eficiaries of 163,000 have increased capacity to apply climate-resilient farming practices By 2025, at least 63,000 beneficiaries (20% are women) have improved ca- pacity to implement cli-mate resilient agricultural practices By 2025, at least 50% of direct ben- eficiaries have applied commercial and diversification planning in their agriculture business By 2025, at least 20% of beneficiaries (20% are women) have increased capacity to conduct agricul-ture business Green Cli-mate Fund (GCF) Sim-plified Ap- proval Pro-cess Con-cept Note GCF Simpli-fied Ap-proval Pro-cess Con-cept Note Project ap-proved 2020 Ongoing Department of Agri-culture and Live-stock (DAL) DAL DAL DAL Accredited Enti-ty (AE): Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI) AE: Food and Agriculture Or-ganization (FAO) World Bank FAO, UNDP , UNCDF, UN Women, DNPM, NFA, Cocoa Board, Spice Board, Provincial gov-ernments in the Momase region. Dec 2022 – Jun 2022 – April 2020 – December Ongoing - Existing: GCF, GGGI, and oth-er Development Part-ners, GoPNG Potential: Development Part- ners Existing: GCF, FAO, and Other Development Part-ners, GoPNG Potential: Development Part- ners World Bank European Union NDA supported Require international support NDA supported Require technical and partnership support Support committed Support committed Indicator Status (ongoing/new proposal), and previous references Lead Implementing Agencies Supporting Agencies Time Frame Budget (USD) Funding Source (Existing/Potential) Other Support ADAPTATION The NDC Implementation Plan focuses on the four (4) National Adaptation Plan (NAP) priority development sectors that are influenced by the 9 adaptation priority areas.', 'Dec 2022 – Jun 2022 – April 2020 – December Ongoing - Existing: GCF, GGGI, and oth-er Development Part-ners, GoPNG Potential: Development Part- ners Existing: GCF, FAO, and Other Development Part-ners, GoPNG Potential: Development Part- ners World Bank European Union NDA supported Require international support NDA supported Require technical and partnership support Support committed Support committed Indicator Status (ongoing/new proposal), and previous references Lead Implementing Agencies Supporting Agencies Time Frame Budget (USD) Funding Source (Existing/Potential) Other Support ADAPTATION The NDC Implementation Plan focuses on the four (4) National Adaptation Plan (NAP) priority development sectors that are influenced by the 9 adaptation priority areas. These development sec- tors are Agriculture, Health, Infrastructure and Transport. The adaptation targets are measured against beneficiaries for the agriculture and health sectors, and the value and number of assets for transport and infrastructure sector.', 'The adaptation targets are measured against beneficiaries for the agriculture and health sectors, and the value and number of assets for transport and infrastructure sector. Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionPriority Sector: Health Quantifiable Target: By 2030, 100% of the population benefit from introduced health measures to respond to malaria and other climate-sensitive diseases in PNG. Action or Activity Improve vector control measures, with a priority of all households having access to a long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN). Maximize access to prompt quality diagnosis and appropriate treat- ment for malaria. Maintain high coverage of LLINs and in-crease the utiliza-tion of appropri- ate malaria pre-vention measures. Strengthen ma-laria program management at all levels with district level as priority. Strengthen ma-laria ad- vocacy, communication, and social mobi-lization.', 'Strengthen ma-laria ad- vocacy, communication, and social mobi-lization. By 2025, at least 95% of PNGs house- holds with at least one LLIN Proportion of children <5years sleep- ing under in-secticide treated nets (%) Proportion of children <5 years with fever received treatment with antima- larial drugs (%) - By 2025, at least 85% of women] who slept under an LLIN the previous night - By 2025, at least 80% of districts have access to af-fordable WHOPES approved LLINs through retailer outlets. By 2025, 90% of District Activity Imple- mentation Plans (DAIP) with Malaria Control Act and funding allocated - By 2025, at least 80% of moth- ers and caregivers in home managed malaria (HMM) and Integrated Community-based Case Management (iCCM) vil- lages aware of diagnostic and treatment ser-vices available from trained volun-teers.', 'By 2025, 90% of District Activity Imple- mentation Plans (DAIP) with Malaria Control Act and funding allocated - By 2025, at least 80% of moth- ers and caregivers in home managed malaria (HMM) and Integrated Community-based Case Management (iCCM) vil- lages aware of diagnostic and treatment ser-vices available from trained volun-teers. - Percentage of eligi-ble villages with HMM/iCCM ser-vices Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing NDOH NDOH NDOH NDOH NDOH PNG Institute of Medical Re-search (IMR), Provincial Health Authori-ty (PHA) IMR, PHA, WHO IMR, PHA, WHO IMR, PHA, WHO IMR, PHA, WHO Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing - - - - - Existing: GoPNG, WHO, The Global Fund Potential: Other Development Partners Existing: GoPNG, WHO, The Global Fund Potential: Other Development Partners Existing: GoPNG, WHO, The Global Fund Potential: Other Development Partners Existing: GoPNG, WHO, The Global Fund Potential: Other Development Partners Existing: GoPNG, WHO, The Global Fund Potential: Other De- velopment Partners Require resource support (financial, technical) and capacity support Require resource support (financial, technical) and capacity support Require resource support (financial, technical) and capacity support Require resource support (financial, technical) and capacity support Require resource support (financial, technical) and capacity support Indicator Status (ongoing/new proposal), and previous references Lead Implementing Agencies Supporting Agencies Timeframe/ End Date Budget (USD) Funding Source (Existing/Potential) Other Support Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 49Priority Sector: Transport Quantifiable Target: By 2030, US$1.2b (PGK 4.2b) value of transport infrastructure and assets built / rehabilitated according to climate resilient codes and standards.', '- Percentage of eligi-ble villages with HMM/iCCM ser-vices Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing NDOH NDOH NDOH NDOH NDOH PNG Institute of Medical Re-search (IMR), Provincial Health Authori-ty (PHA) IMR, PHA, WHO IMR, PHA, WHO IMR, PHA, WHO IMR, PHA, WHO Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing - - - - - Existing: GoPNG, WHO, The Global Fund Potential: Other Development Partners Existing: GoPNG, WHO, The Global Fund Potential: Other Development Partners Existing: GoPNG, WHO, The Global Fund Potential: Other Development Partners Existing: GoPNG, WHO, The Global Fund Potential: Other Development Partners Existing: GoPNG, WHO, The Global Fund Potential: Other De- velopment Partners Require resource support (financial, technical) and capacity support Require resource support (financial, technical) and capacity support Require resource support (financial, technical) and capacity support Require resource support (financial, technical) and capacity support Require resource support (financial, technical) and capacity support Indicator Status (ongoing/new proposal), and previous references Lead Implementing Agencies Supporting Agencies Timeframe/ End Date Budget (USD) Funding Source (Existing/Potential) Other Support Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 49Priority Sector: Transport Quantifiable Target: By 2030, US$1.2b (PGK 4.2b) value of transport infrastructure and assets built / rehabilitated according to climate resilient codes and standards. Quantifiable Target for Air Transport: By 2030, US$90m (PGK 320m) value of 16 airports rehabilitated to international and climate resilient standards.', 'Quantifiable Target for Air Transport: By 2030, US$90m (PGK 320m) value of 16 airports rehabilitated to international and climate resilient standards. Quantifiable Target for Sea Transport: By 2030, US$85m (PGK 302m) value of 4 wharves rehabilitated according to climate resilient codes. Quantifiable Target for Land Transport (Green Transport): By 2030, US$20m (PGK 6m) value of low-emissions public transport services and infrastructure in urban centers in PNG Action or Activity Design and/or manage the re-habilitation of air- ports to inter-national and cli-mate resilient stand- ards in partnership with development partners Design and/or manage- ment of the 4 wharves in partnership with develop- ment partners Incorporate cli-mate change adaptation goals into National Ports policies and support policy imple- mentation PNG green energy trans- port project.', 'Quantifiable Target for Land Transport (Green Transport): By 2030, US$20m (PGK 6m) value of low-emissions public transport services and infrastructure in urban centers in PNG Action or Activity Design and/or manage the re-habilitation of air- ports to inter-national and cli-mate resilient stand- ards in partnership with development partners Design and/or manage- ment of the 4 wharves in partnership with develop- ment partners Incorporate cli-mate change adaptation goals into National Ports policies and support policy imple- mentation PNG green energy trans- port project. Objectives: Green Trans- port Action Plan linked to Medium Term Transport Plan III, Electrified bus rapid transit systems in urban centers and cli- mate-resilient supporting infrastructure, Implemen- tation of pilot projects in Port Moresby and Lae - Number of airports rehabilitated to in-ternational and climate resilient standards. - Number of laws, policies, strategies, plans or regulations addressing climate change (mitigation or adaptation) of- ficially proposed, adopted, or imple-mented.', '- Number of laws, policies, strategies, plans or regulations addressing climate change (mitigation or adaptation) of- ficially proposed, adopted, or imple-mented. GoPNG design and imple-ment at least 2 wharves. Number of laws, policies, strategies, plans or regula-tions addressing climate change (mitigation or adap- tation) officially proposed, adopted, or implemented.', 'Number of laws, policies, strategies, plans or regula-tions addressing climate change (mitigation or adap- tation) officially proposed, adopted, or implemented. - Draft Green Transport Action Plan - Feasibility studies conducted for electrified bus rapid transit systems in urban centers and climate-resilient supporting infrastructure (such as flood proofing of bus stops) Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Project idea: Country Programme pipeline NAC PNG Ports Au- thority PNG Ports Au- thority Department of Transport (DoT) DNPM DNPM ADB BRCC, DNPM, UNDP DoW, CCDA, CEPA, DNPM AE: tbc TBC - Existing GoPNG NAC Potential: Development Part- ners Existing GoPNG PNG PA ADB BRCC Potential: Development Part- ners Existing GoPNG PNG PA Development Part- ners Potential: Development Part- ners GCF Require technical advisory and funding support Require capacity and funding resource support Require human capacity and resource support for implementation Requires Accredited En-tity support Indicator Status (ongoing/new proposal), and previous references Lead Implementing Agencies Supporting Agencies Timeframe/ End Date Budget (USD) Funding Source (Existing/Potential) Other Support Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionQuantifiable Target for Land Transport (National roads): By 2030, US$907m (PGK 3.2b) value of 2,838 km of national roads built / rehabilitated according to climate resilient codes.', '- Draft Green Transport Action Plan - Feasibility studies conducted for electrified bus rapid transit systems in urban centers and climate-resilient supporting infrastructure (such as flood proofing of bus stops) Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Project idea: Country Programme pipeline NAC PNG Ports Au- thority PNG Ports Au- thority Department of Transport (DoT) DNPM DNPM ADB BRCC, DNPM, UNDP DoW, CCDA, CEPA, DNPM AE: tbc TBC - Existing GoPNG NAC Potential: Development Part- ners Existing GoPNG PNG PA ADB BRCC Potential: Development Part- ners Existing GoPNG PNG PA Development Part- ners Potential: Development Part- ners GCF Require technical advisory and funding support Require capacity and funding resource support Require human capacity and resource support for implementation Requires Accredited En-tity support Indicator Status (ongoing/new proposal), and previous references Lead Implementing Agencies Supporting Agencies Timeframe/ End Date Budget (USD) Funding Source (Existing/Potential) Other Support Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionQuantifiable Target for Land Transport (National roads): By 2030, US$907m (PGK 3.2b) value of 2,838 km of national roads built / rehabilitated according to climate resilient codes. Quantifiable Target for Land Transport (Bridges and culverts): By 2030, US$104m (PGK 370m) value of 2,171 bridges and culverts built / rehabilitated according to climate resilient codes.', 'Quantifiable Target for Land Transport (Bridges and culverts): By 2030, US$104m (PGK 370m) value of 2,171 bridges and culverts built / rehabilitated according to climate resilient codes. Quantifiable Target for Land Transport (Bridges and culverts): By 2030, US$104m (PGK 370m) value of 2,171 bridges and culverts built / rehabilitated according to climate resilient codes. Quantifiable Target 1: By 2030, US$172m (PGK 608m) value of building and utility infrastructure assets built / rehabilitated according to climate resilient codes and standards. Quantifiable Target 2: By 2030, 6 million people (70% of population) benefit from improved Multi-hazard early warning information to respond to climate extremes.', 'Quantifiable Target 2: By 2030, 6 million people (70% of population) benefit from improved Multi-hazard early warning information to respond to climate extremes. Infrastructure: Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems Quantifiable Target 1: By 2030, US$48.9m (PGK 173m) value of multi-hazard early warning system assets built / rehabilitated according to climate resilient codes. Quantifiable Target 2: By 2030, 6 million people (70% of population) benefit from improved multi hazard early warning information to respond to climate extremes.', 'Quantifiable Target 2: By 2030, 6 million people (70% of population) benefit from improved multi hazard early warning information to respond to climate extremes. National roads built to climate resilient codes and standards Bridges and cul-verts built to cli-mate resilient codes and stand-ards Enhancing Adap-tation and Resili-ence Through Impact-Based Forecast- ing and End-to-End Early Warning (EARTH) Rehabilitate and refurbish priority health infrastruc- tures identified to meet the Nation-al Health Service Standards - Kilometers of na-tional roads built / rehabilitated to climate resilient codes - Number of climate resilient codes and standards policy addressing climate change proposed, adopted and ap- plied to national road projects - Number of nation-al road projects adopting climate resilient codes and standards in man-agement - Number of bridges and culverts built / rehabilitated to climate resilient codes - Number of climate resilient codes and standards policy addressing climate change proposed, adopted and ap- plied to bridge and culvert projects - Number of culvert and bridge projects adopting climate resilient codes and standards in man-agement - Number of benefi-ciaries in High-lands, riverine and coastal communi-ties benefiting from multi hazard early warning infor- mation.', 'National roads built to climate resilient codes and standards Bridges and cul-verts built to cli-mate resilient codes and stand-ards Enhancing Adap-tation and Resili-ence Through Impact-Based Forecast- ing and End-to-End Early Warning (EARTH) Rehabilitate and refurbish priority health infrastruc- tures identified to meet the Nation-al Health Service Standards - Kilometers of na-tional roads built / rehabilitated to climate resilient codes - Number of climate resilient codes and standards policy addressing climate change proposed, adopted and ap- plied to national road projects - Number of nation-al road projects adopting climate resilient codes and standards in man-agement - Number of bridges and culverts built / rehabilitated to climate resilient codes - Number of climate resilient codes and standards policy addressing climate change proposed, adopted and ap- plied to bridge and culvert projects - Number of culvert and bridge projects adopting climate resilient codes and standards in man-agement - Number of benefi-ciaries in High-lands, riverine and coastal communi-ties benefiting from multi hazard early warning infor- mation. - Multi hazard early warning sys- tem as-sets built / rehabili-tated according to climate resilient codes (USD, mil-lion) - Climate change in-corporated into Na-tional Health Ser-vice Standards - Number of Com-munity Health Posts constructed to meet climate re-silient standards and are fully oper-ational - Number of Climate Health pro- grams introduced at Ward level Ongoing Ongoing SAP Con-cept Note Ongoing Department of Works and Imple-mentation (DoW) Department of Works and Imple-mentation (DoW) National Weather Service (NWS) NDOH DNPM, ADB, WB DNPM, ADB, WB FAO PHA, WHO Existing GoPNG PNG PA ADB UNDP Potential: Other Development Partners Existing GoPNG ADB Potential: Other Development Partners Existing: GCF SAP , FAO, Go- PNG Potential: Other Development Partners Existing: GoPNG, WHO, The Global Fund Potential: Other Development Partners Require human capaci-ty, technology and re-source support for appli-cation, monitoring of climate resilient codes and standards Require human capacity, technology and resource support for application, monitoring of climate resilient codes and standards Require development partner support Require resource support (financial, technical) and capacity support Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 51The governance and MRV actions and activities will be pursued to develop the necessary regulatory and legal infrastructure to support the NDC implementation, and to build institutional capacity, to among other things, enhance MRV capabilities.', '- Multi hazard early warning sys- tem as-sets built / rehabili-tated according to climate resilient codes (USD, mil-lion) - Climate change in-corporated into Na-tional Health Ser-vice Standards - Number of Com-munity Health Posts constructed to meet climate re-silient standards and are fully oper-ational - Number of Climate Health pro- grams introduced at Ward level Ongoing Ongoing SAP Con-cept Note Ongoing Department of Works and Imple-mentation (DoW) Department of Works and Imple-mentation (DoW) National Weather Service (NWS) NDOH DNPM, ADB, WB DNPM, ADB, WB FAO PHA, WHO Existing GoPNG PNG PA ADB UNDP Potential: Other Development Partners Existing GoPNG ADB Potential: Other Development Partners Existing: GCF SAP , FAO, Go- PNG Potential: Other Development Partners Existing: GoPNG, WHO, The Global Fund Potential: Other Development Partners Require human capaci-ty, technology and re-source support for appli-cation, monitoring of climate resilient codes and standards Require human capacity, technology and resource support for application, monitoring of climate resilient codes and standards Require development partner support Require resource support (financial, technical) and capacity support Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 51The governance and MRV actions and activities will be pursued to develop the necessary regulatory and legal infrastructure to support the NDC implementation, and to build institutional capacity, to among other things, enhance MRV capabilities. The Climate Change and Development Authority (CCDA) is mandated under the Climate Change (Management) Act 2015 with the responsibility to contribute toward global efforts in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, through low carbon development that fosters economic growth and social welfare for the people’s wellbeing and prosperity.', 'The Climate Change and Development Authority (CCDA) is mandated under the Climate Change (Management) Act 2015 with the responsibility to contribute toward global efforts in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, through low carbon development that fosters economic growth and social welfare for the people’s wellbeing and prosperity. The agency is the National Designated Authority that coordinates all climate change related matters in PNG as well as the focal point to the UNFCCC. CCDA works in collaboration with line agencies with an objective to provide a coordination mechanism at the national level.', 'CCDA works in collaboration with line agencies with an objective to provide a coordination mechanism at the national level. Technical Working Committee; CCDA - communicates and coordinates actions to achieve outcomes and activities outlined in the implementation plan - Ensures relevant MRV data needs are conveyed with the appropriate government agencies - Review and amend the Implementation Plan as deemed necessary Government Ministerial Committee; - Provide high level policy guidance - Highlight, approve updates on the roadmap GOVERNANCE & MRV Central Agencies Coordinating Committee National Executive Council (NEC) Minister of Climate Change Climate Change and Development Authority Key Stakeholders Government, Private Sector and NGO’s NDC Partnership NDC Coordinator Adaption Sector Lead Adaption Sub-technical Working Committee Key Stakeholders Key Stakeholders Key Stakeholders AFOLU Sub-technical Working Committee Energy Sub-technical Working Committee AFOLU Sector Lead Energy Sector Lead NDCA / Coordinator Mitigation Sector Lead PNG National NDC Focal Point NDC Key Development Partners Pacific NDC Hub Figure 1.', 'Technical Working Committee; CCDA - communicates and coordinates actions to achieve outcomes and activities outlined in the implementation plan - Ensures relevant MRV data needs are conveyed with the appropriate government agencies - Review and amend the Implementation Plan as deemed necessary Government Ministerial Committee; - Provide high level policy guidance - Highlight, approve updates on the roadmap GOVERNANCE & MRV Central Agencies Coordinating Committee National Executive Council (NEC) Minister of Climate Change Climate Change and Development Authority Key Stakeholders Government, Private Sector and NGO’s NDC Partnership NDC Coordinator Adaption Sector Lead Adaption Sub-technical Working Committee Key Stakeholders Key Stakeholders Key Stakeholders AFOLU Sub-technical Working Committee Energy Sub-technical Working Committee AFOLU Sector Lead Energy Sector Lead NDCA / Coordinator Mitigation Sector Lead PNG National NDC Focal Point NDC Key Development Partners Pacific NDC Hub Figure 1. Institutional Arrangement The Implementation Plan Roadmap the will be developed by March 2021 will detail the Implementation Schedule of each activity in this Implementation Plan.', 'Institutional Arrangement The Implementation Plan Roadmap the will be developed by March 2021 will detail the Implementation Schedule of each activity in this Implementation Plan. Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined ContributionMonitoring and evaluation Implementation will be monitored and evaluated based on the MRV framework. The table below describes the specific intervals of the reporting periods, and the institutions required to reporting. A biennial update report shall be submitted by implementing government agencies and/or development partners supporting the implementation of these actions. These are submitted to CCDA, who will then be responsible to compile these status updates into a bi-annual progress report to be shared with stakeholders and an annual report submitted to Cabinet Ministers.', 'These are submitted to CCDA, who will then be responsible to compile these status updates into a bi-annual progress report to be shared with stakeholders and an annual report submitted to Cabinet Ministers. At the end of the implementation period for the NDC Implementation Plan 2021-2030, a final evaluation report should be prepared by CCDA. Action Timing Responsible agencies Status update for each activity Biennially Implementing government agencies and supporting development partners Progress report Bi-annual CCDA, implementing agencies, and stakeholders. Annual report By December 2021, CCDA, implementing agencies, December 2022 and and stakeholders. December 2023. Interim Evaluation Report January 2024 CCDA, implementing agencies, and stakeholders. Final evaluation Report January 2030 CCDA, implementing agencies, and stakeholders Papua New Guinea’s Nationally Determined Contribution 53']

en-US

PRY

Paraguay

1st NDC

2016-10-14 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Documento%20INDC%20Paraguay%2001-10-15.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Latin America and the Caribbean

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/69ef052efb8c7617662a0f3ef73f8cb93e95148cf3177aa189052dc2b0df8cfb.pdf

['Contribuciones Nacionales de la República del Paraguay Visión Paraguay 2030 Plan Nacional de Desarrollo “El Paraguay es un país competitivo, ubicado entre los más eficientes productores de alimentos a nivel mundial, con industrias pujantes e innovadoras, que empleen fuerza laboral capacitada, proveedor de productos y servicios con tecnología, hacia una economía del conocimiento; con índices de desarrollo social en el rango más alto de Sudamérica; conectado y abierto a los vecinos y al mundo; ambiental y económicamente sostenible; con elevados índices de seguridad jurídica y ciudadana; con atención a los pueblos indígenas, fuerte protagonismo de la mujer; con jóvenes visionarios y entrenados liderando el país; con un Estado democrático, solidario, subsidiario, transparente, y que promueva la igualdad de oportunidades.', 'Contribuciones Nacionales de la República del Paraguay Visión Paraguay 2030 Plan Nacional de Desarrollo “El Paraguay es un país competitivo, ubicado entre los más eficientes productores de alimentos a nivel mundial, con industrias pujantes e innovadoras, que empleen fuerza laboral capacitada, proveedor de productos y servicios con tecnología, hacia una economía del conocimiento; con índices de desarrollo social en el rango más alto de Sudamérica; conectado y abierto a los vecinos y al mundo; ambiental y económicamente sostenible; con elevados índices de seguridad jurídica y ciudadana; con atención a los pueblos indígenas, fuerte protagonismo de la mujer; con jóvenes visionarios y entrenados liderando el país; con un Estado democrático, solidario, subsidiario, transparente, y que promueva la igualdad de oportunidades. A través de una amplia alianza entre un Gobierno Abierto, empresas privadas socialmente responsables, y una sociedad civil activa”Paraguay, es un país mediterráneo, con casi siete millones de habitantes que tuvo el mayor crecimiento económico en toda Latinoamérica en los últimos 30 años.', 'A través de una amplia alianza entre un Gobierno Abierto, empresas privadas socialmente responsables, y una sociedad civil activa”Paraguay, es un país mediterráneo, con casi siete millones de habitantes que tuvo el mayor crecimiento económico en toda Latinoamérica en los últimos 30 años. En los últimos años el país viene apostando a posicionarse como un lugar atractivo para inversiones y está desarrollando políticas ordenadas en todo el país.', 'En los últimos años el país viene apostando a posicionarse como un lugar atractivo para inversiones y está desarrollando políticas ordenadas en todo el país. Es un país que cuenta con innumerables riquezas naturales y la producción de energía limpia es una de las actividades más relevantes del país, así como un creciente desarrollo agropecuario con un sistema productivo basado casi en su totalidad por la agricultura de conservación o sistema de siembre directa y una ganadería creciente con mercados altamente rentables que requieren al país mayor esfuerzo en la producción de alimentos para el mundo. Paraguay dispone de abundante energía, limpia y renovable, que lo sitúa como primer exportador mundial neto de energía eléctrica.', 'Paraguay dispone de abundante energía, limpia y renovable, que lo sitúa como primer exportador mundial neto de energía eléctrica. Comparte con Brasil la Hidroeléctrica Itaipú, que es una potencia mundial en la producción de este tipo de energías. Desde el año 1973 cuenta con una Ley Forestal que obliga a los propietarios a mantener el veinticinco por ciento de su área de bosques naturales, y en caso de no tener este porcentaje mínimo, el propietario deberá reforestar una superficie equivalente al cinco por ciento de la superficie del predio.', 'Desde el año 1973 cuenta con una Ley Forestal que obliga a los propietarios a mantener el veinticinco por ciento de su área de bosques naturales, y en caso de no tener este porcentaje mínimo, el propietario deberá reforestar una superficie equivalente al cinco por ciento de la superficie del predio. Además, en la Reserva de la Biosfera del Chaco los propietarios deben poseer como mínimo cincuenta por ciento de la superficie con mínimas alteraciones antrópicas, o en condiciones naturales, y preferentemente la realización de actividades tendientes al mantenimiento de Servicios Ambientales. Paraguay pose aproximadamente 18.500.000 hectáreas de bosques (FRA, FAO 2005) que representan 45% de la superficie total del país, y nos dan un valor de 2,9 hectáreas de bosque per cápita.', 'Paraguay pose aproximadamente 18.500.000 hectáreas de bosques (FRA, FAO 2005) que representan 45% de la superficie total del país, y nos dan un valor de 2,9 hectáreas de bosque per cápita. En la última década, el país ha logrado importantes avances en el aspecto macroeconómico, con sólidos resultados en el ámbito fiscal, monetario y con el inicio de importantes reformas sociales. Con estas medidas la pobreza y pobreza extrema fueron disminuyendo en este periodo de 15 años en coincidencia con el crecimiento económico. Para responder a los desafíos económicos y sociales el Gobierno del Paraguay ha elaborado un Plan Nacional de Desarrollo (PND) para el período 2014-2030, donde esta expresada nuestra visión país al 2030.', 'Para responder a los desafíos económicos y sociales el Gobierno del Paraguay ha elaborado un Plan Nacional de Desarrollo (PND) para el período 2014-2030, donde esta expresada nuestra visión país al 2030. El Plan Nacional de Desarrollo está organizado en torno a tres pilares temáticos: i) reducción de la pobreza y desarrollo social; ii) crecimiento económico inclusivo, e iii) inserción del Paraguay en los mercados internacionales. Asimismo, se apoya en un marco económico de mediano plazo que prevé políticas fiscales sostenibles, mejoras en las iniciativas de recaudación tributaria, una mayor eficacia de las políticas de protección social y su focalización, y una inclusión financiera más amplia.', 'Asimismo, se apoya en un marco económico de mediano plazo que prevé políticas fiscales sostenibles, mejoras en las iniciativas de recaudación tributaria, una mayor eficacia de las políticas de protección social y su focalización, y una inclusión financiera más amplia. Las contribuciones del Paraguay están ajustadas a las circunstancias nacionales presentes y los objetivos a largo plazo fijados en el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo, así como el apoyo en el financiamiento y la cooperación tecnológica internacional.', 'Las contribuciones del Paraguay están ajustadas a las circunstancias nacionales presentes y los objetivos a largo plazo fijados en el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo, así como el apoyo en el financiamiento y la cooperación tecnológica internacional. Paraguay es un país que ha expresado su deseo de contribuir con acciones positivas para reducir los efectos adversos del cambio climático, y en este plan se incluyen aspectos estratégicos vinculados a cambio climático en tanto para la mitigación y la adaptación.Dentro del Plan Nacional de Desarrollo de Paraguay existen muchos objetivos planteados en lo económico, social y ambiental y los que están vinculados al cambio climático son los siguientes; \uf0d8 Transporte multimodal eficiente \uf0d8 Control efectivo de la deforestación \uf0d8 Aumentar ingresos por venta de carbono \uf0d8 Crecimiento del PIB de 6,8% anual.', 'Paraguay es un país que ha expresado su deseo de contribuir con acciones positivas para reducir los efectos adversos del cambio climático, y en este plan se incluyen aspectos estratégicos vinculados a cambio climático en tanto para la mitigación y la adaptación.Dentro del Plan Nacional de Desarrollo de Paraguay existen muchos objetivos planteados en lo económico, social y ambiental y los que están vinculados al cambio climático son los siguientes; \uf0d8 Transporte multimodal eficiente \uf0d8 Control efectivo de la deforestación \uf0d8 Aumentar ingresos por venta de carbono \uf0d8 Crecimiento del PIB de 6,8% anual. \uf0d8 Aumentar los ingresos nacionales por la venta de servicios ambientales (créditos por sumideros de carbono). \uf0d8 Aumentar la cobertura de áreas forestales y biomasa protegida (% de cobertura forestal y % ponderado por biomasas globales).', '\uf0d8 Aumentar la cobertura de áreas forestales y biomasa protegida (% de cobertura forestal y % ponderado por biomasas globales). \uf0d8 Aumentar en 60% el consumo de energías renovables (% participación en la matriz energética). \uf0d8 Reducir en 20% el consumo de combustible fósil (% participación en la matriz energética). \uf0d8 Aumento de la Eficiencia en los sistemas productivos agropecuarios. Las líneas de acción correspondientes serán: \uf0d8 Desarrollar una matriz energética sostenible. \uf0d8 Incorporar tecnologías para la explotación de nuevas fuentes de energía sustentable (incluye energía solar, eólica, biomasa). \uf0d8 Promover el manejo sostenible de los ecosistemas forestales e impulsar actividades de reforestación con fines de protección y de generación de ingreso y disminución del proceso de pérdida y degradación de los bosques nativos.', '\uf0d8 Promover el manejo sostenible de los ecosistemas forestales e impulsar actividades de reforestación con fines de protección y de generación de ingreso y disminución del proceso de pérdida y degradación de los bosques nativos. En este último año el Paraguay ha demostrado sus compromisos en los aspectos climáticos y ambientales ya que ha presentado un Plan Nacional de Forestación y Reforestación, donde a través de un decreto presidencial se autoriza al Viceministerio de Minas y Energía a establecer regímenes de certificación y fondeo al Banco Nacional de Fomento de 40.000.000 US$ para el inicio de plantaciones forestales con fines energéticos y maderables, lo que directamente repercutirá en una menor presión que hay sobre los bosques nativos para la utilización de la biomasa.', 'En este último año el Paraguay ha demostrado sus compromisos en los aspectos climáticos y ambientales ya que ha presentado un Plan Nacional de Forestación y Reforestación, donde a través de un decreto presidencial se autoriza al Viceministerio de Minas y Energía a establecer regímenes de certificación y fondeo al Banco Nacional de Fomento de 40.000.000 US$ para el inicio de plantaciones forestales con fines energéticos y maderables, lo que directamente repercutirá en una menor presión que hay sobre los bosques nativos para la utilización de la biomasa. Paraguay también publicó su Plan Nacional de Cambio Climático – Fase 1– Estrategia de Mitigación, en el cual se describen las prioridades nacionales con respecto a esta línea de acción, y ha centrado sus esfuerzos en transversalizar las acciones vinculadas a la mitigación de los efectos adversos del cambio climático, de forma a articular estrategias para su efectiva implementación.Paraguay es un país particularmente vulnerable a los impactos de la variabilidad del cambio climático.', 'Paraguay también publicó su Plan Nacional de Cambio Climático – Fase 1– Estrategia de Mitigación, en el cual se describen las prioridades nacionales con respecto a esta línea de acción, y ha centrado sus esfuerzos en transversalizar las acciones vinculadas a la mitigación de los efectos adversos del cambio climático, de forma a articular estrategias para su efectiva implementación.Paraguay es un país particularmente vulnerable a los impactos de la variabilidad del cambio climático. La adaptación es un elemento imprescindible para ajustarnos ante estos cambios del clima con el fin de moderar el daño.', 'La adaptación es un elemento imprescindible para ajustarnos ante estos cambios del clima con el fin de moderar el daño. La escasa información y falta de estrategias sobre cómo hacer frente a los impactos del cambio climático provocan problemas ambientales, sociales, de salud y económicos; por lo que es necesario encaminar los planes de acción hacia la adaptación, en los cuales se incluya la participación de todos los actores posibles. Basados en las responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas de cada uno de los países como lo menciona el artículo cuarto de los compromisos de la CMNUCC, donde las prioridades nacionales y regionales de desarrollo, están enfocados de acuerdo a sus circunstancias nacionales.', 'Basados en las responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas de cada uno de los países como lo menciona el artículo cuarto de los compromisos de la CMNUCC, donde las prioridades nacionales y regionales de desarrollo, están enfocados de acuerdo a sus circunstancias nacionales. Y en donde el mismo artículo indica que al llevar a la práctica los compromisos hay que atender las necesidades y preocupaciones específicas de las partes que son países en desarrollo derivadas de los efectos adversos del cambio climático o del impacto de la aplicación de medidas de respuesta, en especial de algunos países “entre los cuales citan a los países sin litoral”.', 'Y en donde el mismo artículo indica que al llevar a la práctica los compromisos hay que atender las necesidades y preocupaciones específicas de las partes que son países en desarrollo derivadas de los efectos adversos del cambio climático o del impacto de la aplicación de medidas de respuesta, en especial de algunos países “entre los cuales citan a los países sin litoral”. Por tanto en las siguientes paginas están descritas las contribuciones nacionales del Paraguay con lo cual nuestro país se fija metas ambiciosas y justas a fin de evitar emisiones por un valor de 429 MtCO2eq. durante el periodo de implementación de este plan de acción, y a partir del 2030 evitar emisiones por un total de 83 MtCO2eq.', 'durante el periodo de implementación de este plan de acción, y a partir del 2030 evitar emisiones por un total de 83 MtCO2eq. en forma anual, establecidos de acuerdo a los cálculos de desarrollo proyectados en los estudios existentes. “Este documento fue preparado, elaborado y socializado por la Secretaria del Ambiente como autoridad de aplicación de la Ley 251/93 “Que aprueba el Convenio Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático”, y se encuentra sujeto a la aprobación del Poder Ejecutivo.” Mitigación Politica Ambiental Nacional Politica Nacional de Cambio Climatico Estrategia de Mitigación Plan Nacional de DesarrolloCONTRIBUCION NACIONAL DE LA REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY Tipo de Meta Desviación de las emisiones con respecto a la línea base proyectada al 2030. “Desviación del escenario de Business as Usual” Meta Global 20% de reducciones en base al comportamiento de las emisiones proyectadas al 2030.', '“Desviación del escenario de Business as Usual” Meta Global 20% de reducciones en base al comportamiento de las emisiones proyectadas al 2030. - Meta Unilateral: 10% de reducción de emisiones proyectadas al 2030 - Meta Condicionada: 10% de reducción de emisiones proyectadas al Línea Base Punto de Referencia: INGEI año base 2000 presentado en la Segunda Comunicación Nacional. Proyección de emisiones - INGEI proyectado año base 2011: 140 Millones de toneladas de CO2 equivalentes (en revisión) - INGEI proyectado año base 2020: 232 Millones de toneladas de CO2 equivalentes (en revisión) - INGEI proyectado año base 2030: 416 Millones de toneladas de CO2 equivalentes (en revisión) Alcance Sectores: todos los sectores citados en las guías metodológicas del IPCC para la realización de los inventarios de gases de efecto invernadero.', 'Proyección de emisiones - INGEI proyectado año base 2011: 140 Millones de toneladas de CO2 equivalentes (en revisión) - INGEI proyectado año base 2020: 232 Millones de toneladas de CO2 equivalentes (en revisión) - INGEI proyectado año base 2030: 416 Millones de toneladas de CO2 equivalentes (en revisión) Alcance Sectores: todos los sectores citados en las guías metodológicas del IPCC para la realización de los inventarios de gases de efecto invernadero. Gases: Todos los gases citados por el Protocolo de Kyoto Cobertura: Nacional Periodo de Aplicación 2014-2030 (De acuerdo a lo establecido en el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo). Periodos de revisión Cada 5 años. Además, Paraguay se reserva el derecho de revisar, actualizar o ajustar la propuesta de contribuciones así como los compromisos fijados de acuerdo a las actualizaciones de las comunicaciones nacionales.', 'Además, Paraguay se reserva el derecho de revisar, actualizar o ajustar la propuesta de contribuciones así como los compromisos fijados de acuerdo a las actualizaciones de las comunicaciones nacionales. Así también de acuerdo a los nuevos compromisos que deriven del nuevo acuerdo climático global. Metodología - Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2014-2030, Política Nacional de Cambio Climático, Estrategia de Mitigación del Plan Nacional de Cambio Climático Fase I, Primera Comunicación Nacional, Segunda Comunicación Nacional, Estadísticas Nacionales del Banco Central del Paraguay, Compendio Estadístico Ambiental del Paraguay. - Inventario de Gases de Efecto año base 2000, que fue presentado en la Segunda Comunicación Nacional y realizado con las guías metodológicas del IPCC 1996. - Los potenciales de calentamiento global (Global Warming Potential) son los citados en las Guías del IPCC 1996.', '- Los potenciales de calentamiento global (Global Warming Potential) son los citados en las Guías del IPCC 1996. Nivel de Ambición - El nivel de ambición unilateral está sustentado en el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2014-2030.- Las metas condicionadas serán consideradas a partir de la cooperación internacional e intercambio tecnológico, en base a las prioridades nacionales identificadas en el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2014-2030. Adaptación - Para el Paraguay la adaptación es una prioridad establecida en el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2014-2030. El Plan Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio Climático está en proceso de construcción.', 'El Plan Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio Climático está en proceso de construcción. - Los sectores prioritarios identificados son; \uf0a7 Recursos hídricos \uf0a7 Bosques \uf0a7 Producción agrícola y ganadera \uf0a7 Ordenamiento Territorial \uf0a7 Energía \uf0a7 Infraestructura \uf0a7 Salud y saneamiento \uf0a7 Gestión de riesgos y desastres naturales \uf0a7 Sistemas de alerta temprana Financiamiento - Paraguay necesita promover la aplicación de recursos financieros necesarios para implementar planes, programas y proyectos de adaptación y mitigación al Cambio Climático en los siguientes sectores prioritarios: \uf0a7 Seguridad y soberanía alimentaria \uf0a7 Agua (provisión y saneamiento) \uf0a7 Energía \uf0a7 Diversidad biológica y bosques \uf0a7 Salud \uf0a7 Industrias limpias \uf0a7 Infraestructura \uf0a7 Transporte - Financiamiento climático a través de los distintos fondos existentes (Fondo Verde para el Clima, Fondo de Adaptación, Mecanismos de mercado y no mercado, Fondo Mundial de Medio Ambiente, etc.)', '- Los sectores prioritarios identificados son; \uf0a7 Recursos hídricos \uf0a7 Bosques \uf0a7 Producción agrícola y ganadera \uf0a7 Ordenamiento Territorial \uf0a7 Energía \uf0a7 Infraestructura \uf0a7 Salud y saneamiento \uf0a7 Gestión de riesgos y desastres naturales \uf0a7 Sistemas de alerta temprana Financiamiento - Paraguay necesita promover la aplicación de recursos financieros necesarios para implementar planes, programas y proyectos de adaptación y mitigación al Cambio Climático en los siguientes sectores prioritarios: \uf0a7 Seguridad y soberanía alimentaria \uf0a7 Agua (provisión y saneamiento) \uf0a7 Energía \uf0a7 Diversidad biológica y bosques \uf0a7 Salud \uf0a7 Industrias limpias \uf0a7 Infraestructura \uf0a7 Transporte - Financiamiento climático a través de los distintos fondos existentes (Fondo Verde para el Clima, Fondo de Adaptación, Mecanismos de mercado y no mercado, Fondo Mundial de Medio Ambiente, etc.) Transferencia de Tecnología Paraguay está impulsando mecanismos que promuevan la transferencia de tecnología, a fin de promover y facilitar la investigación y el análisis de las medidas tecnológicas y soluciones aplicables a la vulnerabilidad y adaptación a los efectos del Cambio Climático, incluyendo aquellas que garanticen la reducción de la pobreza, soberanía y seguridad alimentaria.', 'Transferencia de Tecnología Paraguay está impulsando mecanismos que promuevan la transferencia de tecnología, a fin de promover y facilitar la investigación y el análisis de las medidas tecnológicas y soluciones aplicables a la vulnerabilidad y adaptación a los efectos del Cambio Climático, incluyendo aquellas que garanticen la reducción de la pobreza, soberanía y seguridad alimentaria. Medios de implementación Las INDC de Paraguay incluyen una contribución unilateral y otra condicionada. - La contribución incondicional asume acciones unilaterales. - La contribución condicional asume actividades nacionales a ser implementadas que requerirán de cooperación internacional en cuanto a financiamiento, transferencia de tecnología, creación de capacidades.']

es-ES

PRY

Paraguay

Updated NDC

2021-07-16 00:00:00

x

NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Documento%20INDC%20Paraguay%2001-10-15.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Latin America and the Caribbean

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/69ef052efb8c7617662a0f3ef73f8cb93e95148cf3177aa189052dc2b0df8cfb.pdf

['Contribuciones Nacionales de la República del Paraguay Visión Paraguay 2030 Plan Nacional de Desarrollo “El Paraguay es un país competitivo, ubicado entre los más eficientes productores de alimentos a nivel mundial, con industrias pujantes e innovadoras, que empleen fuerza laboral capacitada, proveedor de productos y servicios con tecnología, hacia una economía del conocimiento; con índices de desarrollo social en el rango más alto de Sudamérica; conectado y abierto a los vecinos y al mundo; ambiental y económicamente sostenible; con elevados índices de seguridad jurídica y ciudadana; con atención a los pueblos indígenas, fuerte protagonismo de la mujer; con jóvenes visionarios y entrenados liderando el país; con un Estado democrático, solidario, subsidiario, transparente, y que promueva la igualdad de oportunidades.', 'Contribuciones Nacionales de la República del Paraguay Visión Paraguay 2030 Plan Nacional de Desarrollo “El Paraguay es un país competitivo, ubicado entre los más eficientes productores de alimentos a nivel mundial, con industrias pujantes e innovadoras, que empleen fuerza laboral capacitada, proveedor de productos y servicios con tecnología, hacia una economía del conocimiento; con índices de desarrollo social en el rango más alto de Sudamérica; conectado y abierto a los vecinos y al mundo; ambiental y económicamente sostenible; con elevados índices de seguridad jurídica y ciudadana; con atención a los pueblos indígenas, fuerte protagonismo de la mujer; con jóvenes visionarios y entrenados liderando el país; con un Estado democrático, solidario, subsidiario, transparente, y que promueva la igualdad de oportunidades. A través de una amplia alianza entre un Gobierno Abierto, empresas privadas socialmente responsables, y una sociedad civil activa”Paraguay, es un país mediterráneo, con casi siete millones de habitantes que tuvo el mayor crecimiento económico en toda Latinoamérica en los últimos 30 años.', 'A través de una amplia alianza entre un Gobierno Abierto, empresas privadas socialmente responsables, y una sociedad civil activa”Paraguay, es un país mediterráneo, con casi siete millones de habitantes que tuvo el mayor crecimiento económico en toda Latinoamérica en los últimos 30 años. En los últimos años el país viene apostando a posicionarse como un lugar atractivo para inversiones y está desarrollando políticas ordenadas en todo el país.', 'En los últimos años el país viene apostando a posicionarse como un lugar atractivo para inversiones y está desarrollando políticas ordenadas en todo el país. Es un país que cuenta con innumerables riquezas naturales y la producción de energía limpia es una de las actividades más relevantes del país, así como un creciente desarrollo agropecuario con un sistema productivo basado casi en su totalidad por la agricultura de conservación o sistema de siembre directa y una ganadería creciente con mercados altamente rentables que requieren al país mayor esfuerzo en la producción de alimentos para el mundo. Paraguay dispone de abundante energía, limpia y renovable, que lo sitúa como primer exportador mundial neto de energía eléctrica.', 'Paraguay dispone de abundante energía, limpia y renovable, que lo sitúa como primer exportador mundial neto de energía eléctrica. Comparte con Brasil la Hidroeléctrica Itaipú, que es una potencia mundial en la producción de este tipo de energías. Desde el año 1973 cuenta con una Ley Forestal que obliga a los propietarios a mantener el veinticinco por ciento de su área de bosques naturales, y en caso de no tener este porcentaje mínimo, el propietario deberá reforestar una superficie equivalente al cinco por ciento de la superficie del predio.', 'Desde el año 1973 cuenta con una Ley Forestal que obliga a los propietarios a mantener el veinticinco por ciento de su área de bosques naturales, y en caso de no tener este porcentaje mínimo, el propietario deberá reforestar una superficie equivalente al cinco por ciento de la superficie del predio. Además, en la Reserva de la Biosfera del Chaco los propietarios deben poseer como mínimo cincuenta por ciento de la superficie con mínimas alteraciones antrópicas, o en condiciones naturales, y preferentemente la realización de actividades tendientes al mantenimiento de Servicios Ambientales. Paraguay pose aproximadamente 18.500.000 hectáreas de bosques (FRA, FAO 2005) que representan 45% de la superficie total del país, y nos dan un valor de 2,9 hectáreas de bosque per cápita.', 'Paraguay pose aproximadamente 18.500.000 hectáreas de bosques (FRA, FAO 2005) que representan 45% de la superficie total del país, y nos dan un valor de 2,9 hectáreas de bosque per cápita. En la última década, el país ha logrado importantes avances en el aspecto macroeconómico, con sólidos resultados en el ámbito fiscal, monetario y con el inicio de importantes reformas sociales. Con estas medidas la pobreza y pobreza extrema fueron disminuyendo en este periodo de 15 años en coincidencia con el crecimiento económico. Para responder a los desafíos económicos y sociales el Gobierno del Paraguay ha elaborado un Plan Nacional de Desarrollo (PND) para el período 2014-2030, donde esta expresada nuestra visión país al 2030.', 'Para responder a los desafíos económicos y sociales el Gobierno del Paraguay ha elaborado un Plan Nacional de Desarrollo (PND) para el período 2014-2030, donde esta expresada nuestra visión país al 2030. El Plan Nacional de Desarrollo está organizado en torno a tres pilares temáticos: i) reducción de la pobreza y desarrollo social; ii) crecimiento económico inclusivo, e iii) inserción del Paraguay en los mercados internacionales. Asimismo, se apoya en un marco económico de mediano plazo que prevé políticas fiscales sostenibles, mejoras en las iniciativas de recaudación tributaria, una mayor eficacia de las políticas de protección social y su focalización, y una inclusión financiera más amplia.', 'Asimismo, se apoya en un marco económico de mediano plazo que prevé políticas fiscales sostenibles, mejoras en las iniciativas de recaudación tributaria, una mayor eficacia de las políticas de protección social y su focalización, y una inclusión financiera más amplia. Las contribuciones del Paraguay están ajustadas a las circunstancias nacionales presentes y los objetivos a largo plazo fijados en el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo, así como el apoyo en el financiamiento y la cooperación tecnológica internacional.', 'Las contribuciones del Paraguay están ajustadas a las circunstancias nacionales presentes y los objetivos a largo plazo fijados en el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo, así como el apoyo en el financiamiento y la cooperación tecnológica internacional. Paraguay es un país que ha expresado su deseo de contribuir con acciones positivas para reducir los efectos adversos del cambio climático, y en este plan se incluyen aspectos estratégicos vinculados a cambio climático en tanto para la mitigación y la adaptación.Dentro del Plan Nacional de Desarrollo de Paraguay existen muchos objetivos planteados en lo económico, social y ambiental y los que están vinculados al cambio climático son los siguientes; \uf0d8 Transporte multimodal eficiente \uf0d8 Control efectivo de la deforestación \uf0d8 Aumentar ingresos por venta de carbono \uf0d8 Crecimiento del PIB de 6,8% anual.', 'Paraguay es un país que ha expresado su deseo de contribuir con acciones positivas para reducir los efectos adversos del cambio climático, y en este plan se incluyen aspectos estratégicos vinculados a cambio climático en tanto para la mitigación y la adaptación.Dentro del Plan Nacional de Desarrollo de Paraguay existen muchos objetivos planteados en lo económico, social y ambiental y los que están vinculados al cambio climático son los siguientes; \uf0d8 Transporte multimodal eficiente \uf0d8 Control efectivo de la deforestación \uf0d8 Aumentar ingresos por venta de carbono \uf0d8 Crecimiento del PIB de 6,8% anual. \uf0d8 Aumentar los ingresos nacionales por la venta de servicios ambientales (créditos por sumideros de carbono). \uf0d8 Aumentar la cobertura de áreas forestales y biomasa protegida (% de cobertura forestal y % ponderado por biomasas globales).', '\uf0d8 Aumentar la cobertura de áreas forestales y biomasa protegida (% de cobertura forestal y % ponderado por biomasas globales). \uf0d8 Aumentar en 60% el consumo de energías renovables (% participación en la matriz energética). \uf0d8 Reducir en 20% el consumo de combustible fósil (% participación en la matriz energética). \uf0d8 Aumento de la Eficiencia en los sistemas productivos agropecuarios. Las líneas de acción correspondientes serán: \uf0d8 Desarrollar una matriz energética sostenible. \uf0d8 Incorporar tecnologías para la explotación de nuevas fuentes de energía sustentable (incluye energía solar, eólica, biomasa). \uf0d8 Promover el manejo sostenible de los ecosistemas forestales e impulsar actividades de reforestación con fines de protección y de generación de ingreso y disminución del proceso de pérdida y degradación de los bosques nativos.', '\uf0d8 Promover el manejo sostenible de los ecosistemas forestales e impulsar actividades de reforestación con fines de protección y de generación de ingreso y disminución del proceso de pérdida y degradación de los bosques nativos. En este último año el Paraguay ha demostrado sus compromisos en los aspectos climáticos y ambientales ya que ha presentado un Plan Nacional de Forestación y Reforestación, donde a través de un decreto presidencial se autoriza al Viceministerio de Minas y Energía a establecer regímenes de certificación y fondeo al Banco Nacional de Fomento de 40.000.000 US$ para el inicio de plantaciones forestales con fines energéticos y maderables, lo que directamente repercutirá en una menor presión que hay sobre los bosques nativos para la utilización de la biomasa.', 'En este último año el Paraguay ha demostrado sus compromisos en los aspectos climáticos y ambientales ya que ha presentado un Plan Nacional de Forestación y Reforestación, donde a través de un decreto presidencial se autoriza al Viceministerio de Minas y Energía a establecer regímenes de certificación y fondeo al Banco Nacional de Fomento de 40.000.000 US$ para el inicio de plantaciones forestales con fines energéticos y maderables, lo que directamente repercutirá en una menor presión que hay sobre los bosques nativos para la utilización de la biomasa. Paraguay también publicó su Plan Nacional de Cambio Climático – Fase 1– Estrategia de Mitigación, en el cual se describen las prioridades nacionales con respecto a esta línea de acción, y ha centrado sus esfuerzos en transversalizar las acciones vinculadas a la mitigación de los efectos adversos del cambio climático, de forma a articular estrategias para su efectiva implementación.Paraguay es un país particularmente vulnerable a los impactos de la variabilidad del cambio climático.', 'Paraguay también publicó su Plan Nacional de Cambio Climático – Fase 1– Estrategia de Mitigación, en el cual se describen las prioridades nacionales con respecto a esta línea de acción, y ha centrado sus esfuerzos en transversalizar las acciones vinculadas a la mitigación de los efectos adversos del cambio climático, de forma a articular estrategias para su efectiva implementación.Paraguay es un país particularmente vulnerable a los impactos de la variabilidad del cambio climático. La adaptación es un elemento imprescindible para ajustarnos ante estos cambios del clima con el fin de moderar el daño.', 'La adaptación es un elemento imprescindible para ajustarnos ante estos cambios del clima con el fin de moderar el daño. La escasa información y falta de estrategias sobre cómo hacer frente a los impactos del cambio climático provocan problemas ambientales, sociales, de salud y económicos; por lo que es necesario encaminar los planes de acción hacia la adaptación, en los cuales se incluya la participación de todos los actores posibles. Basados en las responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas de cada uno de los países como lo menciona el artículo cuarto de los compromisos de la CMNUCC, donde las prioridades nacionales y regionales de desarrollo, están enfocados de acuerdo a sus circunstancias nacionales.', 'Basados en las responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas de cada uno de los países como lo menciona el artículo cuarto de los compromisos de la CMNUCC, donde las prioridades nacionales y regionales de desarrollo, están enfocados de acuerdo a sus circunstancias nacionales. Y en donde el mismo artículo indica que al llevar a la práctica los compromisos hay que atender las necesidades y preocupaciones específicas de las partes que son países en desarrollo derivadas de los efectos adversos del cambio climático o del impacto de la aplicación de medidas de respuesta, en especial de algunos países “entre los cuales citan a los países sin litoral”.', 'Y en donde el mismo artículo indica que al llevar a la práctica los compromisos hay que atender las necesidades y preocupaciones específicas de las partes que son países en desarrollo derivadas de los efectos adversos del cambio climático o del impacto de la aplicación de medidas de respuesta, en especial de algunos países “entre los cuales citan a los países sin litoral”. Por tanto en las siguientes paginas están descritas las contribuciones nacionales del Paraguay con lo cual nuestro país se fija metas ambiciosas y justas a fin de evitar emisiones por un valor de 429 MtCO2eq. durante el periodo de implementación de este plan de acción, y a partir del 2030 evitar emisiones por un total de 83 MtCO2eq.', 'durante el periodo de implementación de este plan de acción, y a partir del 2030 evitar emisiones por un total de 83 MtCO2eq. en forma anual, establecidos de acuerdo a los cálculos de desarrollo proyectados en los estudios existentes. “Este documento fue preparado, elaborado y socializado por la Secretaria del Ambiente como autoridad de aplicación de la Ley 251/93 “Que aprueba el Convenio Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático”, y se encuentra sujeto a la aprobación del Poder Ejecutivo.” Mitigación Politica Ambiental Nacional Politica Nacional de Cambio Climatico Estrategia de Mitigación Plan Nacional de DesarrolloCONTRIBUCION NACIONAL DE LA REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY Tipo de Meta Desviación de las emisiones con respecto a la línea base proyectada al 2030. “Desviación del escenario de Business as Usual” Meta Global 20% de reducciones en base al comportamiento de las emisiones proyectadas al 2030.', '“Desviación del escenario de Business as Usual” Meta Global 20% de reducciones en base al comportamiento de las emisiones proyectadas al 2030. - Meta Unilateral: 10% de reducción de emisiones proyectadas al 2030 - Meta Condicionada: 10% de reducción de emisiones proyectadas al Línea Base Punto de Referencia: INGEI año base 2000 presentado en la Segunda Comunicación Nacional. Proyección de emisiones - INGEI proyectado año base 2011: 140 Millones de toneladas de CO2 equivalentes (en revisión) - INGEI proyectado año base 2020: 232 Millones de toneladas de CO2 equivalentes (en revisión) - INGEI proyectado año base 2030: 416 Millones de toneladas de CO2 equivalentes (en revisión) Alcance Sectores: todos los sectores citados en las guías metodológicas del IPCC para la realización de los inventarios de gases de efecto invernadero.', 'Proyección de emisiones - INGEI proyectado año base 2011: 140 Millones de toneladas de CO2 equivalentes (en revisión) - INGEI proyectado año base 2020: 232 Millones de toneladas de CO2 equivalentes (en revisión) - INGEI proyectado año base 2030: 416 Millones de toneladas de CO2 equivalentes (en revisión) Alcance Sectores: todos los sectores citados en las guías metodológicas del IPCC para la realización de los inventarios de gases de efecto invernadero. Gases: Todos los gases citados por el Protocolo de Kyoto Cobertura: Nacional Periodo de Aplicación 2014-2030 (De acuerdo a lo establecido en el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo). Periodos de revisión Cada 5 años. Además, Paraguay se reserva el derecho de revisar, actualizar o ajustar la propuesta de contribuciones así como los compromisos fijados de acuerdo a las actualizaciones de las comunicaciones nacionales.', 'Además, Paraguay se reserva el derecho de revisar, actualizar o ajustar la propuesta de contribuciones así como los compromisos fijados de acuerdo a las actualizaciones de las comunicaciones nacionales. Así también de acuerdo a los nuevos compromisos que deriven del nuevo acuerdo climático global. Metodología - Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2014-2030, Política Nacional de Cambio Climático, Estrategia de Mitigación del Plan Nacional de Cambio Climático Fase I, Primera Comunicación Nacional, Segunda Comunicación Nacional, Estadísticas Nacionales del Banco Central del Paraguay, Compendio Estadístico Ambiental del Paraguay. - Inventario de Gases de Efecto año base 2000, que fue presentado en la Segunda Comunicación Nacional y realizado con las guías metodológicas del IPCC 1996. - Los potenciales de calentamiento global (Global Warming Potential) son los citados en las Guías del IPCC 1996.', '- Los potenciales de calentamiento global (Global Warming Potential) son los citados en las Guías del IPCC 1996. Nivel de Ambición - El nivel de ambición unilateral está sustentado en el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2014-2030.- Las metas condicionadas serán consideradas a partir de la cooperación internacional e intercambio tecnológico, en base a las prioridades nacionales identificadas en el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2014-2030. Adaptación - Para el Paraguay la adaptación es una prioridad establecida en el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2014-2030. El Plan Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio Climático está en proceso de construcción.', 'El Plan Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio Climático está en proceso de construcción. - Los sectores prioritarios identificados son; \uf0a7 Recursos hídricos \uf0a7 Bosques \uf0a7 Producción agrícola y ganadera \uf0a7 Ordenamiento Territorial \uf0a7 Energía \uf0a7 Infraestructura \uf0a7 Salud y saneamiento \uf0a7 Gestión de riesgos y desastres naturales \uf0a7 Sistemas de alerta temprana Financiamiento - Paraguay necesita promover la aplicación de recursos financieros necesarios para implementar planes, programas y proyectos de adaptación y mitigación al Cambio Climático en los siguientes sectores prioritarios: \uf0a7 Seguridad y soberanía alimentaria \uf0a7 Agua (provisión y saneamiento) \uf0a7 Energía \uf0a7 Diversidad biológica y bosques \uf0a7 Salud \uf0a7 Industrias limpias \uf0a7 Infraestructura \uf0a7 Transporte - Financiamiento climático a través de los distintos fondos existentes (Fondo Verde para el Clima, Fondo de Adaptación, Mecanismos de mercado y no mercado, Fondo Mundial de Medio Ambiente, etc.)', '- Los sectores prioritarios identificados son; \uf0a7 Recursos hídricos \uf0a7 Bosques \uf0a7 Producción agrícola y ganadera \uf0a7 Ordenamiento Territorial \uf0a7 Energía \uf0a7 Infraestructura \uf0a7 Salud y saneamiento \uf0a7 Gestión de riesgos y desastres naturales \uf0a7 Sistemas de alerta temprana Financiamiento - Paraguay necesita promover la aplicación de recursos financieros necesarios para implementar planes, programas y proyectos de adaptación y mitigación al Cambio Climático en los siguientes sectores prioritarios: \uf0a7 Seguridad y soberanía alimentaria \uf0a7 Agua (provisión y saneamiento) \uf0a7 Energía \uf0a7 Diversidad biológica y bosques \uf0a7 Salud \uf0a7 Industrias limpias \uf0a7 Infraestructura \uf0a7 Transporte - Financiamiento climático a través de los distintos fondos existentes (Fondo Verde para el Clima, Fondo de Adaptación, Mecanismos de mercado y no mercado, Fondo Mundial de Medio Ambiente, etc.) Transferencia de Tecnología Paraguay está impulsando mecanismos que promuevan la transferencia de tecnología, a fin de promover y facilitar la investigación y el análisis de las medidas tecnológicas y soluciones aplicables a la vulnerabilidad y adaptación a los efectos del Cambio Climático, incluyendo aquellas que garanticen la reducción de la pobreza, soberanía y seguridad alimentaria.', 'Transferencia de Tecnología Paraguay está impulsando mecanismos que promuevan la transferencia de tecnología, a fin de promover y facilitar la investigación y el análisis de las medidas tecnológicas y soluciones aplicables a la vulnerabilidad y adaptación a los efectos del Cambio Climático, incluyendo aquellas que garanticen la reducción de la pobreza, soberanía y seguridad alimentaria. Medios de implementación Las INDC de Paraguay incluyen una contribución unilateral y otra condicionada. - La contribución incondicional asume acciones unilaterales. - La contribución condicional asume actividades nacionales a ser implementadas que requerirán de cooperación internacional en cuanto a financiamiento, transferencia de tecnología, creación de capacidades.']

es-ES

PER

Peru

1st NDC

2016-07-25 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/iNDC%20Per%C3%BA%20english.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Latin America and the Caribbean

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/e9daf8431283dc68c429ad4fcdacf108e3673f31c7bc93882bbecfb1dde999fc.pdf

['INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION (iNDC) FROM THE REPUBLIC OF PERUI. INTRODUCTION Since the ratification of Peru as a Party of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the country has maintained a position which is cautious of the national interests, collaborative in front of peer countries (in the context of the Latin America and the Caribbean region), and proactive in the pursuit of international synergies and convergence of decisions oriented to the ultimate goal of the UNFCCC. Peru makes its best efforts regarding its commitment to the ongoing UNFCCC negotiating process for the approval of the new global climate agreement that will allow for the fulfillment of the objective described in Article 2 of the Convention.', 'Peru makes its best efforts regarding its commitment to the ongoing UNFCCC negotiating process for the approval of the new global climate agreement that will allow for the fulfillment of the objective described in Article 2 of the Convention. The iNDC responds to the reality and circumstances of the country, and aligns to the two pillars under which the 20th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP20) in Lima was conducted: sense of urgency and high level of ambition. Peru, with the presidency of the Conference of the Parties (COP) of the UNFCCC, demonstrated not only its commitment to organize the COP20, but also presented itself as a country responsible for its actions and one that envisages its development in an optimistic manner.', 'Peru, with the presidency of the Conference of the Parties (COP) of the UNFCCC, demonstrated not only its commitment to organize the COP20, but also presented itself as a country responsible for its actions and one that envisages its development in an optimistic manner. Peru is a country with low per capita and total emissions, with a global share of emissions of only 0.3%, of which approximately half of them generate through land use, land-use change and forestry sector activities (LULUCF). On the other hand, however, Peru has seven out of the nine characteristics to be recognized by the UNFCCC as a "particularly vulnerable" country; these features are intensified by anthropogenic processes that cause the degradation of ecosystems and environmental pollution.', 'On the other hand, however, Peru has seven out of the nine characteristics to be recognized by the UNFCCC as a "particularly vulnerable" country; these features are intensified by anthropogenic processes that cause the degradation of ecosystems and environmental pollution. The country also faces diverse threats of hydro-meteorological origin, as indicated by national emergencies and disasters, 72% of which are related to this kind of phenomena (extreme drought and rain, floods, frost, etc.). Peru has gone trough a rapid economic growth along the past ten years, which has helped to dramatically reduce poverty figures; this growth has led to significant progress in social inclusion, provision of basic health, education, and infrastructure, among other services.', 'Peru has gone trough a rapid economic growth along the past ten years, which has helped to dramatically reduce poverty figures; this growth has led to significant progress in social inclusion, provision of basic health, education, and infrastructure, among other services. This has been achieved while complying with the country’s international commitments and the domestic action necessary to face the conditions imposed by climate change. Thus, we have been implementing innovative projects, based on domestic resources and contributions from international cooperation, in several regions and sectors in order to test and expand systems and strategies designed to address climate change, thereby enhancing the social and physical resilience of the territory.', 'Thus, we have been implementing innovative projects, based on domestic resources and contributions from international cooperation, in several regions and sectors in order to test and expand systems and strategies designed to address climate change, thereby enhancing the social and physical resilience of the territory. In parallel, we have been implementing different initiatives that are enabling the transformation of the national energy consumption and generation matrixes through switching fuels to natural gas, and promoting renewable energy sources which have given place to the connection of wind farms, solar and biomass power plants to the national grid, among other examples.', 'In parallel, we have been implementing different initiatives that are enabling the transformation of the national energy consumption and generation matrixes through switching fuels to natural gas, and promoting renewable energy sources which have given place to the connection of wind farms, solar and biomass power plants to the national grid, among other examples. In this context, it is necessary to continue and increase the promotion, development and implementation of complementary and synergistic actions of mitigation and adaptation in order to meet the ethical responsibilities at the national and international levels, maintaininga highly competitive economy that is in line with the new global trends, and to maximize the social and environmental benefits of efficient and inclusive productive sectors, as a result of sustainable use of natural resources,.', 'In this context, it is necessary to continue and increase the promotion, development and implementation of complementary and synergistic actions of mitigation and adaptation in order to meet the ethical responsibilities at the national and international levels, maintaininga highly competitive economy that is in line with the new global trends, and to maximize the social and environmental benefits of efficient and inclusive productive sectors, as a result of sustainable use of natural resources,. In this framework, the iNDC considers both mitigation and adaptation components.', 'In this framework, the iNDC considers both mitigation and adaptation components. The iNDC has been founded upon a solid base of information and actions, being undertaken on climate change since 2003, which has allowed content to be developed and viable scenarios that fulfill strict selection and evaluation criteria to be proposed to the iNDC formulation process. This input has nourished a participatory process that included internal discussions over specific or ongoing viable proposals that are included in sectoral planning, for which existing sectoral plans, programs and instruments were considered. This formulation process has generated over 100 meetings at a political and technical level and has incorporated the advice of more than 300 experts.', 'This formulation process has generated over 100 meetings at a political and technical level and has incorporated the advice of more than 300 experts. In short, Peru has implemented the required effort to submit an iNDC based on initiatives in accordance with national circumstances and capabilitiesand in line with national economic development, poverty reduction and social inclusion goals. The initiatives will also pursue to maximize the overall benefit in adaptation and mitigation as a result of sound management of national forest resources. Throughout this process it is considered that there is a need for constant updating and revision of the information basis and its evolution, as well as for the implementation and feedback actions needed in the context of national development.', 'Throughout this process it is considered that there is a need for constant updating and revision of the information basis and its evolution, as well as for the implementation and feedback actions needed in the context of national development. The proposed iNDC will be subjected to ratification of the Congress, should it be required by the decisions of the UNFCCC. In this sense, the iNDC will be final only after the existence of a formally ratified global climate agreement or other agreements of the UNFCCC.', 'In this sense, the iNDC will be final only after the existence of a formally ratified global climate agreement or other agreements of the UNFCCC. Considering that this proposal is tentative, and that future agreements will not be retroactive, Peru also reserves the right to update or adjust the iNDC in line with the current proposal and with the agreements derived from the new global climate agreement under the Convention. Pursuant to decision 1 / CP.19 and 1 / CP.20, the Peruvian State formally communicates the iNDC proposal and its complementary information.II. INDC IN MITIGATION 2.1.', 'Pursuant to decision 1 / CP.19 and 1 / CP.20, the Peruvian State formally communicates the iNDC proposal and its complementary information.II. INDC IN MITIGATION 2.1. Proposal of iNDC in Mitigation The Peruvian iNDC envisages a reduction of emissions equivalent to 30% in relation to the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions of the projected Business as Usual scenario (BaU) in 2030. The Peruvian State considers that a 20% reduction will be implemented through domestic investment and expenses, from public and private resources (non-conditional proposal), and the remaining 10% is subject to the availability of international financing1 and the existence of favorable conditions (conditional proposal). 2.2. Complementary information i) Type and reference point.', 'Complementary information i) Type and reference point. The Peruvian proposal is an emissions reduction compared to a Business as Usual (BaU) baseline scenario starting in 2010, as reference year, and ending in 2030. The projection considers the total emissions and removals of the LULUCF sector. For transparency and a better understanding of the national effort, the document contains the emissions of the reference and target year, with and without the emissions from this sector: Table 11: GHG emissions - BaU scenario including LULUCF excluding LULUCF The Peruvian State reserves the right to update the BaU scenario, based on new information available before 2020. ii) Scope and coverage • Scope: National • Considered GHG emissions: the main GHG considered in the iNDC are carbon ), methane (CH4 ) and nitrous oxide (N2 O).', 'For transparency and a better understanding of the national effort, the document contains the emissions of the reference and target year, with and without the emissions from this sector: Table 11: GHG emissions - BaU scenario including LULUCF excluding LULUCF The Peruvian State reserves the right to update the BaU scenario, based on new information available before 2020. ii) Scope and coverage • Scope: National • Considered GHG emissions: the main GHG considered in the iNDC are carbon ), methane (CH4 ) and nitrous oxide (N2 O). • Sectors: The categories considered in the 2010 National GHG Inventory are similar to those considered in the projections of the BaU scenario.', '• Sectors: The categories considered in the 2010 National GHG Inventory are similar to those considered in the projections of the BaU scenario. In the BaU scenario 1 It should be noted that Peru will not assume conditional commitments that might result in public debt.projections, the emissions from international aviation and freight were not considered due to lack of an agreed accounting framework; nor were considered emissions from rail or sea national transport, since they have marginal percentage participation in the subcategory "Transport" and detailed information is not available. The "Solvent and product use” category has zero emissions. The period for implementation covers January 1st, 2021 to December 31st, 2030.', 'The period for implementation covers January 1st, 2021 to December 31st, 2030. The Ministry of Environment (MINAM), as the national focal point for the UNFCCC, designed a process since 2014in which three levels of dialogue were included: a) "Technical and scientific" with experts for the calculation of emissions, based on technical parameters and the estimation of the costs of mitigation options; b) "Technical and political" with representatives of the Ministries linked to the emission sources and mitigation options in order to gather technical opinions in the framework of political and sectoral plans; and, c) "High political level", for which a Multisectoral Commission (MC) was established at the level of Ministers or Deputy Ministers, responsible to develop the technical report containing the proposed Peruvian iNDC (Supreme Resolution No 129-2015-PCM).', 'The Ministry of Environment (MINAM), as the national focal point for the UNFCCC, designed a process since 2014in which three levels of dialogue were included: a) "Technical and scientific" with experts for the calculation of emissions, based on technical parameters and the estimation of the costs of mitigation options; b) "Technical and political" with representatives of the Ministries linked to the emission sources and mitigation options in order to gather technical opinions in the framework of political and sectoral plans; and, c) "High political level", for which a Multisectoral Commission (MC) was established at the level of Ministers or Deputy Ministers, responsible to develop the technical report containing the proposed Peruvian iNDC (Supreme Resolution No 129-2015-PCM). The MC incorporated the representation of the Presidency of the Ministers Council and the following Ministries: Economy and Finance; Energy and Mines; Agriculture and Irrigation; Transport and Communications; Production; Construction, Housing and Sanitation; Foreign Affairs; Education; Justice and Human Rights; Health; Culture; Development and Social Inclusion; and Environment.', 'The MC incorporated the representation of the Presidency of the Ministers Council and the following Ministries: Economy and Finance; Energy and Mines; Agriculture and Irrigation; Transport and Communications; Production; Construction, Housing and Sanitation; Foreign Affairs; Education; Justice and Human Rights; Health; Culture; Development and Social Inclusion; and Environment. The last one held the Presidency of the MC, and assumed the role of Technical Secretariat. As an input for the formulation and review of the progress and the preliminary results of the iNDC, a decentralized public consultation process was held. National and subnational governmental entities, and representatives of civil society, including indigenous organizations, participated to ensure that the iNDC was constructed with transparent and participatory criteria.', 'National and subnational governmental entities, and representatives of civil society, including indigenous organizations, participated to ensure that the iNDC was constructed with transparent and participatory criteria. For the implementation process, channels and coordination mechanisms with relevant institutions and actors will be maintained, taking into account the results of the international agreements and consolidating the progress and commitments obtained. In addition to governmental efforts, the participation of the national and international private sector, as well as the access to new financing sources and to international support, will enable that the level of expected emissions reduction, as well as the socioeconomic and environmental co-benefits related to the mitigation efforts, are fulfilled.iii) Assumptions and methodological approaches.', 'In addition to governmental efforts, the participation of the national and international private sector, as well as the access to new financing sources and to international support, will enable that the level of expected emissions reduction, as well as the socioeconomic and environmental co-benefits related to the mitigation efforts, are fulfilled.iii) Assumptions and methodological approaches. To calculate the 2010 National GHG Inventory and national BaU projections (based on the estimation of sectoral BaU scenarios according to its own dynamics) the 1996 and 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines and the 2003 Good Practice guidelines, national statistics and projections of population and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) were used. National experts, that coordinated with the relevant government sectors, developed the sectoral projections.', 'National experts, that coordinated with the relevant government sectors, developed the sectoral projections. The base year of the BaU projections were aligned with the 2010 National GHG Inventory. We used the values of Global Warming Potential published in the Second Report of the IPCC, in accordance with the National GHG Inventories submitted to the UNFCCC (CH4 O : 310 ). BaU projections consider the removals of the LULUCF sector. iv) Ambition, fairness and contribution to achieve the objective of the UNFCCC (Article 2). Based on the evaluation process, we can infer that there is sufficient room for upgrading the iNDC on subsequent review phases that are necessary in light of the decisions of the UNFCCC. The Peruvian iNDC is fair and ambitious.', 'The Peruvian iNDC is fair and ambitious. In one side, the 2010 national GHG emissions accounted for only 0.3% of global emissions, with per capita emissions significantly lower than the average of Latin America and the world; but on the other side, Peru is among the most vulnerable countries to the effects of climate change. This combination means that even while the country must make an important economic and social effort in its adaptation process, it is committed to a significant reduction of GHG emissions which are based on extensive initial work for the participatory development of goals by 2030.', 'This combination means that even while the country must make an important economic and social effort in its adaptation process, it is committed to a significant reduction of GHG emissions which are based on extensive initial work for the participatory development of goals by 2030. For the country, it is also ambitious to work actively in strengthening mechanisms and activities to introduce the mitigation variable in its planning processes, and for the achievement of its development goals, involving in the process all the stakeholders that will ensure economic, social and environmental sustainability, and resulting in improvements in competitiveness and social and environmental changes. The proposal has an increased ambition by incorporating and articulating forecasts and efforts on Climate Change adaptation.', 'The proposal has an increased ambition by incorporating and articulating forecasts and efforts on Climate Change adaptation. Peru s proposal is - in short - in line with the ultimate objective of the UNFCCC by formulating emission reductions in the different activities at the national level. v) International Market Mechanisms At the time of submitting the iNDC proposal, the acquisition of emission reductions through existing or new international market mechanisms is not considered for its compliance. This is in order to avoid adjustments or duplications for ownership or accounting reasons. However, Peru is considering selling emission reductions provided this is not an obstacle for the compliance with the national commitment.III.', 'However, Peru is considering selling emission reductions provided this is not an obstacle for the compliance with the national commitment.III. INDC IN ADAPTATION After the results of the COP20 in Lima, the determination of the Parties to strengthen their adaptation actions was affirmed, and the Parties were invited to consider communicating their efforts in adaptation or the inclusion of a component referring to adaptation in their intended nationally determined contributions (INDC). Therefore, in line with decision 1 / CP.20 and within the framework of its national circumstances and development priorities, Peru assumes the challenge of submitting an iNDC in adaptation.', 'Therefore, in line with decision 1 / CP.20 and within the framework of its national circumstances and development priorities, Peru assumes the challenge of submitting an iNDC in adaptation. The proposal is based on information from previous years, but with greater emphasis on information after 2003 due to the formulation of the National Climate Change Strategy and the Regional Strategies, the Second National Communication and the Adaptation and Mitigation Action Plan against Climate Change. The adaptation proposal is based on national and regional vulnerability studies, as well as those of prioritized basins, and the results of different projects and practical experiences on adaptation2.', 'The adaptation proposal is based on national and regional vulnerability studies, as well as those of prioritized basins, and the results of different projects and practical experiences on adaptation2. Is also based on the documents developed under the InterCLIMA3 program, and on a set of goals already included in sectoral plans and programs, complemented with crosscutting goals and approaches that seek to incorporate effectively the topic of climate change in the development of the country. Through the consultation process, the proposal has been enhanced by sectoral and stakeholders contributions working on different levels of government. 3.2.', 'Through the consultation process, the proposal has been enhanced by sectoral and stakeholders contributions working on different levels of government. 3.2. Vulnerability and impacts of climate change in Peru Peru has seven of the nine characteristics recognized by the UNFCCC to describe a country as "particularly vulnerable": low-lying coastal area, arid and semi-arid lands, areas liable to flood, drought and desertification, fragile mountain ecosystems, disaster-prone areas, areas with high urban atmospheric pollution and economies highly dependent on income generated from the production and use of fossil fuels4. The processes of ecosystem degradation and environmental pollution from anthropogenic origin exacerbate these conditions.', 'The processes of ecosystem degradation and environmental pollution from anthropogenic origin exacerbate these conditions. In addition, the country faces a high exposure to hydro-meteorological threats, where 72% of total national emergencies are related to this kind of phenomena, such as severe droughts, rains, floods, frost, among others5.', 'In addition, the country faces a high exposure to hydro-meteorological threats, where 72% of total national emergencies are related to this kind of phenomena, such as severe droughts, rains, floods, frost, among others5. 2 Interventions started with the PROCLIM Program in 2003, which allowed the analysis of the current and future vulnerability in the basins of Piura and Mantaro; and later with the "Second National Communication on Climate Change (CNCC2 in Spanish)", the "Regional Project of Adaptation to Climate Change (PRAA in Spanish)", the "Program for Adaptation to Climate Change (PACC in Spanish)"; the projects "Public Investment and Climate Change Adaptation (IPACC in Spanish)", "Glaciers 513", the Adaptation project based on Mountain Ecosystems "EbA Mountains" and others.', '2 Interventions started with the PROCLIM Program in 2003, which allowed the analysis of the current and future vulnerability in the basins of Piura and Mantaro; and later with the "Second National Communication on Climate Change (CNCC2 in Spanish)", the "Regional Project of Adaptation to Climate Change (PRAA in Spanish)", the "Program for Adaptation to Climate Change (PACC in Spanish)"; the projects "Public Investment and Climate Change Adaptation (IPACC in Spanish)", "Glaciers 513", the Adaptation project based on Mountain Ecosystems "EbA Mountains" and others. 3 Annual event that allows the elaboration of an updated report on the progress, challenges and priorities in the national management of Climate Change. 4 National Strategy on Climate Change. Ministry of Environment 2015. Approved by Supreme Decree No 011-2015- MINAM.', 'Approved by Supreme Decree No 011-2015- MINAM. 5 Second National Communication on Climate Change. Ministry of Environment, 2010Studies reveal that temperature and rainfall regimes are changing throughout the country. Climate scenarios predict water regime irregularities in 2030. In the Mountain regions, it is predicted that annual rainfalls would show deficiencies between -10% and -20%; in the northern and central Amazon area (high jungle) annual rainfalls it would be up to -10%, and in the northern and southern coast it would show increases between + 10% and + 20%.', 'In the Mountain regions, it is predicted that annual rainfalls would show deficiencies between -10% and -20%; in the northern and central Amazon area (high jungle) annual rainfalls it would be up to -10%, and in the northern and southern coast it would show increases between + 10% and + 20%. It is worth mentioning that the retreat of tropical glaciers in the country also modifies the hydrological regimes: seven basins studied in the “Cordillera Blanca” (mountain range) have exceeded a critical transition point in their retreat, showing a decline in the dry season discharge6.', 'It is worth mentioning that the retreat of tropical glaciers in the country also modifies the hydrological regimes: seven basins studied in the “Cordillera Blanca” (mountain range) have exceeded a critical transition point in their retreat, showing a decline in the dry season discharge6. Moreover, in rural areas and areas inhabited by indigenous people, development is largely based on primary and extractive activities that depend on vulnerable ecosystems; the agricultural sector uses 65% of the rural Economically Active Population (EAP); and over 80% of the EAP in the rural area live in poverty conditions and work in agriculture, fishing and mining. Peru is exposed to the cyclical and adverse climate impacts of “El Niño”, which affects primary sectors such as agriculture and fishery, and natural, economic and social infrastructure.', 'Peru is exposed to the cyclical and adverse climate impacts of “El Niño”, which affects primary sectors such as agriculture and fishery, and natural, economic and social infrastructure. Major events during the 1997-19987 "El Niño" registered losses of more than 3,500 million dollars (more than 4.5% of the 19978 GDP) mainly due to the impact on primary production sectors and infrastructure destruction. In addition, annual climatic events such as frost, drought and floods severely affect many different parts of the country. These phenomena are exacerbated and expanded due to climate change, including greater difficulties in forecasting their cycles and intensities. Peru has 84 out of the 117 life zones of the world.', 'Peru has 84 out of the 117 life zones of the world. This factor can determine that, even in the most moderate climate change scenario, the potential growth of the country will be adversely affected since many activities of high economic potential depend on eco-systemic resources that this diversity provides (such as the hydropower, agriculture, livestock and tourism sectors). Consequently, it is expected that extreme climate events, which are more frequent, would affect aggregate production, limiting the availability of resources, damaging infrastructure and consequently affecting national growth. Finally, it is important to take into consideration that 76% of the population lives in urban areas, with an annual growth rate of 2.1%, whereas rural areas have grown at a rate of 0.01% per annum9.', 'Finally, it is important to take into consideration that 76% of the population lives in urban areas, with an annual growth rate of 2.1%, whereas rural areas have grown at a rate of 0.01% per annum9. That is why it is essential to consider the vulnerability of cities and promote the concept of "Resilient Cities" as units of climate risk management. Studies that quantify the impact of climate change on national economic growth show that in 2030, under a climate change scenario, real GDP would be lower than the GDP without climate change by 5.7% to 6.8%. In 2050, the gap would be between 20.2% and 23.4%.This is equivalent to an average annual loss between 7.3% and 8.6% of the potential GDP10 up to 2050.', 'In 2050, the gap would be between 20.2% and 23.4%.This is equivalent to an average annual loss between 7.3% and 8.6% of the potential GDP10 up to 2050. 6Baraer et al. Glaciers recession and Water Resources in the “Cordillera Blanca“ (Mountain Range) in Peru. 2012 7 Multiannual Macroeconomic Framework, 2015-2017 (Ministry of Economy and Finance, 2015) 8 “El Niño” Lessons. Peru (CAF, 2000) 9 National Institute of Statistics and Informatics, 2007 10Climate change and its effects in Peru (Vargas, 2009)3.3. Priorities in adaptation The sectors and systems that the country needs to address on a priority basis have been identified based on available scientific information, processes of formulation of management and planning tools and consultations with relevant sectors, regions and civil society.', 'Priorities in adaptation The sectors and systems that the country needs to address on a priority basis have been identified based on available scientific information, processes of formulation of management and planning tools and consultations with relevant sectors, regions and civil society. In addition, it has been taken into account that these sectors / systems meet the defined prioritization criteria. These sectors / systems are: i) Water (Water resources) ii) Agriculture iii) Fishery iv) Forestry v) Health In accordance with the determined sectors and systems that are vulnerable to climate change - and focusing on people and their livelihoods – the vulnerable populations that need to be addressed on a priority basis has been determined.', 'These sectors / systems are: i) Water (Water resources) ii) Agriculture iii) Fishery iv) Forestry v) Health In accordance with the determined sectors and systems that are vulnerable to climate change - and focusing on people and their livelihoods – the vulnerable populations that need to be addressed on a priority basis has been determined. These are: rural populations related to subsistence family farming and/or weak market linkages, many of them grouped in peasant and indigenous communities; small farmers; artisanal fishermen; native communities; small forest producers; and, from a health perspective, infants, women and seniors.', 'These are: rural populations related to subsistence family farming and/or weak market linkages, many of them grouped in peasant and indigenous communities; small farmers; artisanal fishermen; native communities; small forest producers; and, from a health perspective, infants, women and seniors. 3.4. iNDC Proposal in adaptation After a review of the vulnerabilities and adaptation priorities of the country, and based on the study of the national goals established by the current national planning documents (Bicentennial Plan, National Plan for Disaster Risk Management - PLANAGERD, Environmental Action Plan - PLANAA, Environment Agenda 2014) and sectoral planning documents (PLANGRACC-A11, Budget Programs, Integral Plan of mitigation and adaptation to the effects of climate change on public health, among others), the adaptation component is formulated for different sectors and prioritized systems.', '3.4. iNDC Proposal in adaptation After a review of the vulnerabilities and adaptation priorities of the country, and based on the study of the national goals established by the current national planning documents (Bicentennial Plan, National Plan for Disaster Risk Management - PLANAGERD, Environmental Action Plan - PLANAA, Environment Agenda 2014) and sectoral planning documents (PLANGRACC-A11, Budget Programs, Integral Plan of mitigation and adaptation to the effects of climate change on public health, among others), the adaptation component is formulated for different sectors and prioritized systems. The established goals try to reach a main objective for 2030: "Peru adapts to the adverse effects and takes advantage of the opportunities imposed by climate change. "12 Scopes, objectives and goals were identified under this vision for each sector / system.', '"12 Scopes, objectives and goals were identified under this vision for each sector / system. In addition, five crosscutting areas, where action must be taken in order to address adaptation effectively, are identified: disaster risk management, resilient infrastructure, poverty and vulnerable populations approach, gender approach and promotion of private investment in climate change adaptation. Goals are proposed for each one of them (see Table 2). The objectives and goals are formulated in consultation with the relevant sectors. It is worth mentioning that the instrument for complying with the goals established in the INDC in adaptation will be the National Adaptation Plan, whose formulation process begins in the last quarter of 2015.', 'It is worth mentioning that the instrument for complying with the goals established in the INDC in adaptation will be the National Adaptation Plan, whose formulation process begins in the last quarter of 2015. 11 Risk and Adaptation to Climate Change Management Plan, in the Agrarian Sector (Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, 2012) 12 Objective corresponding to the 2021 Vision of the National Strategy on Climate Change (Ministry of Environment, 2015).Table 2: Summary of the iNDC in adaptation Scope Includes supply (resources) and demand (use): direct human consumption, agriculture and livestock, energy, mining and industry. It includes physical and eco-systemic infrastructure. Considers protecting the sector and its contribution to the economy, and includes attending the most vulnerable groups (small and subsistence farmers). Considers protecting the sector and its contribution to the economy, and includes attending the most vulnerable groups (artisanal fishermen).', 'Considers protecting the sector and its contribution to the economy, and includes attending the most vulnerable groups (artisanal fishermen). Considers protecting ecosystem services that forests provide, and attend the most vulnerable groups (indigenous communities and small forest producers). Considers increasing the adaptive capacity of health services in order to face CC, and the resilience of vulnerable populations to its effects. Intermediate objectives Encourage and promote actions and projects that increase the availability of water in the context of CC. Reduce the negative impact of climate change on the agrarian activity (agriculture, livestock and forestry). Reduce the vulnerability of the fishery and aquaculture sector to Climate Change Promote comprehensive land management with a landscape approach, oriented to increase forests resilience to CC, and reduce the vulnerability of local populations. Reduce vulnerability and increase the population resilience to the health effects of climate change. Crosscutting areas/ Goals 1.', 'Reduce vulnerability and increase the population resilience to the health effects of climate change. Crosscutting areas/ Goals 1. Disaster Risk Management 15 • Increase the number of prioritized districts, due to hydro-meteorological and climate events, that are monitored. • Increase the number of people with education and knowledge in disaster risk management and adaptation to climate change. 2. Resilient Public Infrastructure - Climate Shield of the National Public Investment System (SNIP in Spanish) • Incorporate guiding elements in the methodological guidelines for the development of public investment projects of the National Public Investment System (SNIP), that allow, for relevant sectors, performing these activities in a climate change context. 3.', 'Resilient Public Infrastructure - Climate Shield of the National Public Investment System (SNIP in Spanish) • Incorporate guiding elements in the methodological guidelines for the development of public investment projects of the National Public Investment System (SNIP), that allow, for relevant sectors, performing these activities in a climate change context. 3. Poverty and Vulnerable Populations Approach – adjustments to the design of programs and regulatory frameworks with adaptation criteria • Increase the number of programs and instruments against poverty that incorporate adaptation to climate change. 4. Gender and Intercultural Approach • Formulation and approval of the Action Plan on Gender and Climate Change • Encourage the participation of indigenous organizations in actions on climate change. 5.', 'Gender and Intercultural Approach • Formulation and approval of the Action Plan on Gender and Climate Change • Encourage the participation of indigenous organizations in actions on climate change. 5. Promotion of private investment in adaptation - evaluate the introduction of innovative mechanisms to encourage private investment that increase the resilience of vulnerable systems. 13 Measures applied to all kinds of agriculture. 14 The National Health System officially recognizes five functions: disease prevention, health promotion, health protection, health restoration and rehabilitation. 15 Goals consistent with the 0068 Budget Program Goals conditioned to international funding3.5.', '15 Goals consistent with the 0068 Budget Program Goals conditioned to international funding3.5. Resources required for the development and communication of the iNDC in adaptation Peru is making a substantial effort to adapt to the combined effects of variability and climate change, and the proof of that is the large number of established goals that are part of national plans, budget programs and on-going projects, including those with international cooperation. However, the country still needs international support in terms of funding, research, technology and capacity building to fulfill the proposed goals. The need to support the development and implementation of an effective monitoring, evaluation and reporting system is foreseen. The proposed iNDC distinguishes goals that have funding from those conditioned to international funding. IV.', 'The proposed iNDC distinguishes goals that have funding from those conditioned to international funding. IV. CROSSCUTTING APPROACHES Mitigation and adaptation national policies and instruments incorporate a gender perspective to promote and ensure active, continuous, full and equal participation of women and men in the consultation and decision-making processes for the control and access to natural resources, management of GHG emissions and generation of mitigation and adaptation strategies. This is currently based on the implementation of the National Plan for Gender Equality 2012-2017 (PLANIG in Spanish) and the future Peruvian Action Plan on Gender and Climate Change (PAGCC-Peru in Spanish) which is framed in the National Strategy on Climate Change (ENCC in Spanish). The implementation phase of the iNDC will maintain the intercultural and intergenerational foundation considered in the formulation phase.', 'The implementation phase of the iNDC will maintain the intercultural and intergenerational foundation considered in the formulation phase. V. COMMITMENT TOWARDS A NEW INTERNACIONAL CLIMATE AGREEMENT 5.1. Consensus Position: With respect to the negotiation towards a new climate agreement for the post 2020 period, Peru supports a global agreement that is a short and concise document by which a long-term system is established with legally binding obligations for all countries. Our country considers that the agreement should contain a global vision to be subscribed by all Parties and that is aimed to be achieved through individual and collective efforts in accordance with the principles of the Convention. It should also ensure that Parties progressively increase their level of ambition.', 'It should also ensure that Parties progressively increase their level of ambition. At the same time, the agreement should be accompanied by decisions adopted during COP21 related to the implementation of commitments under the new agreement. To ensure that the agreement will serve as an instrument that incentivizes and facilitates the ambition of countries, it should clarify and establish the necessary processes to renew in asuccessive and periodic basis the nationally determined contributions in mitigation, adaptation and means of implementation components. Each one of the components has specific characteristics but the agreement must establish a link between them. Adaptation is key to respond to the impacts of climate change and the political balance between adaptation and mitigation is a priority in Peru.', 'Adaptation is key to respond to the impacts of climate change and the political balance between adaptation and mitigation is a priority in Peru. In addition, Peru has defined its mitigation commitment in order to participate in the collective effort to keep global warming below the 1.5 Co – 2 Co. At the same time, means of implementation are crucial to facilitate mitigation and adaptation activities in developing countries. 5.2. Details about the positions in adaptation and mitigation: a. Adaptation: • The new agreement should strengthen the political parity between adaptation and mitigation. • In order to encourage ambition in adaptation, a qualitative global goal will be required, as well as collective and individual efforts that allow closing the gap in adaptation.', '• In order to encourage ambition in adaptation, a qualitative global goal will be required, as well as collective and individual efforts that allow closing the gap in adaptation. • Funding for adaptation must be strengthened and increased, including the Green Climate Fund. • The exchange on experiences and best practices in adaptation must be strengthened between the Parties. b. Mitigation: • A global goal for mitigation should be included. This goal will be met through the efforts of all countries in accordance to science and the principles of differentiated equity. • Mechanisms that allow countries to increase their ambition and fulfill their commitments shall be established, such as market mechanisms.', '• Mechanisms that allow countries to increase their ambition and fulfill their commitments shall be established, such as market mechanisms. • The mitigation component should include a system of rules, for example, to avoid double counting of emission reductions and to monitor the implementation of commitments allowing for the full aggregation of mitigation commitments. This is important to ensure the environmental integrity of the agreement. • REDD+, as defined in the Warsaw framework and the related decisions, will be an important tool for the country to achieve its mitigation commitments, and there is the need to reinforce support for this mechanism under the new agreement. In the negotiations, Peru is an active member of the Independent Alliance of Latin America and the Caribbean (AILAC, in Spanish).', 'In the negotiations, Peru is an active member of the Independent Alliance of Latin America and the Caribbean (AILAC, in Spanish). The other members of this negotiating group are Colombia, Costa Rica, Chile, Guatemala, Panama and Paraguay. --------']

en-US

PER

Peru

Updated NDC

2020-12-19 00:00:00

x

NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Reporte%20de%20Actualizacio%CC%81n%20de%20las%20NDC%20del%20Peru%CC%81.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Latin America and the Caribbean

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/a87612cf3dbba595bb4f77a4850cc80bc3b064f9161a810a600386f20ebf347e.pdf

['CONTRIBUCIONES DETERMINADAS A NIVEL NACIONAL DEL PERÚ REPORTE DE ACTUALIZACIÓN PERIODO 2021 – 2030REPORTE DE ACTUALIZACIÓN PERIODO 2021 – 2030 La presente actualización de las Contribuciones Determinadas a Nivel Nacional del Perú (NDC) fue aprobada el 16 de diciembre de 2020 por la Comisión de Alto Nivel de Cambio Climático, que es conformada por la Presidencia del Consejo de Ministros, que la preside, 13 ministerios de Estado, y representantes del Centro Nacional de Planeamiento Estratégico, la Asamblea Nacional de Gobiernos Regionales y la Asociación de Municipalidades del Perú. Asimismo, contó con el soporte técnico del Grupo de Trabajo de las NDC. Créditos: Foto de portada: Diego Pérez - El Taller Foto de contraportada: Thomas Müller - SPDA Pronaturaleza 2.', 'Créditos: Foto de portada: Diego Pérez - El Taller Foto de contraportada: Thomas Müller - SPDA Pronaturaleza 2. LA ACTUALIZACIÓN DE LAS CONTRIBUCIONES DETERMINADAS A NIVEL NACIONAL DEL PERÚ PARA EL PERIODO 2021 - 2030 2.1 El compromiso del Perú en materia de mitigación de gases de efecto invernadero 2.2 El compromiso del Perú en materia de adaptación al cambio climático 3. INFORMACIÓN ADICIONAL SOBRE LAS NDC DEL PERÚ 3.1 Características de las NDC para la mitigación de gases de efecto invernadero 3.1.1. Año meta 3.1.2. Información cuantificable en el año meta 3.1.3. Periodo de aplicación 3.1.4. Alcance y cobertura 3.1.5. Enfoque metodológico y supuestos considerados 3.1.6. Cooperación voluntaria bajo el Artículo 6 del Acuerdo de París 3.2. Características de las NDC para la adaptación al cambio climático 3.2.1.', 'Características de las NDC para la adaptación al cambio climático 3.2.1. Riesgos y oportunidades ante los efectos del cambio climático en el Perú 3.2.2. Prioridades para la adaptación al cambio climático en el Perú 3.2.3. Año meta 3.2.4. Periodo de aplicación 3.2.5. Alcance y cobertura 3.2.6. Modelo de gestión del riesgo ante los efectos del cambio climático para la adaptación en el Perú 4. MEJORAS A LAS CONTRIBUCIONES NACIONALES PRESENTADAS EN EL AÑO 2015 4.1. Mejoras en las NDC de mitigación de GEI 4.2. Mejoras en las NDC de adaptación al cambio climático 5. PROCESOS DE PLANIFICACIÓN PARA LA IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE LAS NDC DEL PERÚ 6. NDC JUSTAS Y AMBICIOSAS A LA LUZ DE LAS CIRCUNSTANCIAS NACIONALES DEL PERÚ 7.', 'NDC JUSTAS Y AMBICIOSAS A LA LUZ DE LAS CIRCUNSTANCIAS NACIONALES DEL PERÚ 7. CONTRIBUCIÓN PERUANA A LA CONSECUCIÓN DEL OBJETIVO DE LA CONVENCIÓN Índice de ContenidoREPORTE DE ACTUALIZACIÓN PERIODO 2021 – 2030 CONTRIBUCIONES DETERMINADAS A NIVEL NACIONAL DEL PERÚ En el año 2014, la Vigésima Conferencia de las Partes (COP 20) de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC) fue realizada en Lima, Perú, con la misión de facilitar el espacio de discusión para lo- grar un acuerdo climático global vinculante.', 'CONTRIBUCIÓN PERUANA A LA CONSECUCIÓN DEL OBJETIVO DE LA CONVENCIÓN Índice de ContenidoREPORTE DE ACTUALIZACIÓN PERIODO 2021 – 2030 CONTRIBUCIONES DETERMINADAS A NIVEL NACIONAL DEL PERÚ En el año 2014, la Vigésima Conferencia de las Partes (COP 20) de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC) fue realizada en Lima, Perú, con la misión de facilitar el espacio de discusión para lo- grar un acuerdo climático global vinculante. En ese contex- to y bajo la Presidencia peruana, se logró la adopción del “Llamado de Lima para la Acción Climática”, que marcó un hito hacia la COP 21, que se realizaría en París, Francia, y donde se aprobaría un nuevo acuerdo en el marco de la CMNUCC.', 'En ese contex- to y bajo la Presidencia peruana, se logró la adopción del “Llamado de Lima para la Acción Climática”, que marcó un hito hacia la COP 21, que se realizaría en París, Francia, y donde se aprobaría un nuevo acuerdo en el marco de la CMNUCC. Asimismo, durante la COP 20 se resaltó que este futuro acuerdo debería reflejar el principio de las respon- sabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas y las capacidades respectivas (CBDR-RC, por sus siglas en inglés), entendido a la luz de las diferentes circunstancias nacionales. Éste es quizá uno de los elementos distintivos de la COP realizada en el Perú, pues planteó un consenso sobre el tema de la diferenciación entre países desarrollados y en desarrollo.', 'Éste es quizá uno de los elementos distintivos de la COP realizada en el Perú, pues planteó un consenso sobre el tema de la diferenciación entre países desarrollados y en desarrollo. Entre los logros obtenidos durante la COP 20 también se incluye: i) el refuerzo en la invitación y en la definición del plazo para que cada una de las Partes comunique a la secre- taría de la CMNUCC sus contribuciones previstas y deter- minadas a nivel nacional (posteriormente conocidas como iNDC, por sus siglas en inglés); ii) la invitación a las Partes a que consideren incluir iniciativas o componentes de adap- tación en sus iNDC; iii) el incentivo a que cada país sea más ambicioso en la formulación de sus contribuciones nacio- nales; y, iv) la solicitud a la secretaría de la CMNUCC para que elaborase, a más tardar el 1 de noviembre de 2015, un informe de síntesis que contuviese el efecto agregado de las iNDC que hayan sido presentadas por las Partes hasta el 1 de octubre de 20151.', 'Entre los logros obtenidos durante la COP 20 también se incluye: i) el refuerzo en la invitación y en la definición del plazo para que cada una de las Partes comunique a la secre- taría de la CMNUCC sus contribuciones previstas y deter- minadas a nivel nacional (posteriormente conocidas como iNDC, por sus siglas en inglés); ii) la invitación a las Partes a que consideren incluir iniciativas o componentes de adap- tación en sus iNDC; iii) el incentivo a que cada país sea más ambicioso en la formulación de sus contribuciones nacio- nales; y, iv) la solicitud a la secretaría de la CMNUCC para que elaborase, a más tardar el 1 de noviembre de 2015, un informe de síntesis que contuviese el efecto agregado de las iNDC que hayan sido presentadas por las Partes hasta el 1 de octubre de 20151. De esta forma, con el objetivo de cumplir con los acuerdos y decisiones de la COP 19 (en Varsovia, Polonia), ratifica- dos durante la COP 20, el Estado Peruano inició el proceso de formulación de sus Contribuciones Previstas y Determi- nadas a Nivel Nacional (iNDC) en el segundo semestre del año 2014.', 'De esta forma, con el objetivo de cumplir con los acuerdos y decisiones de la COP 19 (en Varsovia, Polonia), ratifica- dos durante la COP 20, el Estado Peruano inició el proceso de formulación de sus Contribuciones Previstas y Determi- nadas a Nivel Nacional (iNDC) en el segundo semestre del año 2014. Para ello, el Estado estableció la Comisión Multi- sectorial de naturaleza temporal encargada de elaborar el informe técnico que debía contener la propuesta peruana de las Contribuciones Previstas y Determinadas a Nivel Na- cional2, llevada a cabo entre abril y setiembre del año 2015.', 'Para ello, el Estado estableció la Comisión Multi- sectorial de naturaleza temporal encargada de elaborar el informe técnico que debía contener la propuesta peruana de las Contribuciones Previstas y Determinadas a Nivel Na- cional2, llevada a cabo entre abril y setiembre del año 2015. El Ministerio del Ambiente del Perú, en su calidad de Pre- sidencia y Secretaría Técnica de esta Comisión, estuvo en- cargado de elaborar el Informe Técnico que sirvió de base para la elaboración del Reporte de la propuesta de iNDC del país3, elevada a la CMNUCC en setiembre de 2015. Esta propuesta nacional tuvo una ambición aumentada porque ¹ UNFCCC 2015. Informe de la Conferencia de las Partes sobre su 20º período de sesiones, celebrado en Lima del 1 al 14 de diciembre de 2014.', 'Informe de la Conferencia de las Partes sobre su 20º período de sesiones, celebrado en Lima del 1 al 14 de diciembre de 2014. Disponible en: ² Creada por Resolución Suprema Nº 129-2015-PCM. ³ Disponible en: AntecedentesREPORTE DE ACTUALIZACIÓN PERIODO 2021 – 2030 CONTRIBUCIONES DETERMINADAS A NIVEL NACIONAL DEL PERÚ además de formular metas para la mitigación de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI), también comunicó los esfuerzos nacionales en materia de adaptación al cambio climático.', '³ Disponible en: AntecedentesREPORTE DE ACTUALIZACIÓN PERIODO 2021 – 2030 CONTRIBUCIONES DETERMINADAS A NIVEL NACIONAL DEL PERÚ además de formular metas para la mitigación de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI), también comunicó los esfuerzos nacionales en materia de adaptación al cambio climático. Posteriormente, ya durante la COP 21 y sobre la base de las acciones y negociaciones realizadas en el marco de la Agen- da Lima-París, 195 naciones aprobaron por unanimidad un acuerdo global sin precedentes para combatir el cambio climático e impulsar medidas e inversiones para un futu- ro bajo en emisiones de carbono, resiliente y sostenible, el llamado Acuerdo de París.', 'Posteriormente, ya durante la COP 21 y sobre la base de las acciones y negociaciones realizadas en el marco de la Agen- da Lima-París, 195 naciones aprobaron por unanimidad un acuerdo global sin precedentes para combatir el cambio climático e impulsar medidas e inversiones para un futu- ro bajo en emisiones de carbono, resiliente y sostenible, el llamado Acuerdo de París. Los objetivos del Acuerdo son mantener el aumento de la temperatura media mundial por debajo de 2°C con respecto a los niveles preindustriales y proseguir los esfuerzos para limitar ese aumento de tem- peratura en 1,5°C.', 'Los objetivos del Acuerdo son mantener el aumento de la temperatura media mundial por debajo de 2°C con respecto a los niveles preindustriales y proseguir los esfuerzos para limitar ese aumento de tem- peratura en 1,5°C. Adicionalmente, el Acuerdo plantea au- mentar la capacidad de adaptación a los efectos adversos del cambio climático y promover la resiliencia al clima y un desarrollo con bajas emisiones de GEI, así como situar los flujos financieros en un nivel compatible con una trayecto- ria que conduzca a un desarrollo bajo estas características4. El Acuerdo de París señala que todas las Partes deben rea- lizar y comunicar esfuerzos ambiciosos relacionados a sus ⁴ ONU 2015. Acuerdo de París.', 'El Acuerdo de París señala que todas las Partes deben rea- lizar y comunicar esfuerzos ambiciosos relacionados a sus ⁴ ONU 2015. Acuerdo de París. Disponible en: sites/default/files/spanish_paris_agreement.pdf Contribuciones Determinadas a Nivel Nacional (NDC, por sus siglas en inglés), que constituyen la respuesta mundial al cambio climático. Además, indica que las Partes se pro- ponen lograr que las emisiones mundiales de GEI alcancen su punto máximo lo antes posible, llevando en considera- ción que los países en desarrollo tardarán más en lograr- lo, y que, a partir de ese momento, las emisiones de GEI deberían reducirse rápidamente, de conformidad con la mejor información científica disponible sobre la base de la equidad y en el contexto del desarrollo sostenible y de los esfuerzos por erradicar la pobreza.', 'Además, indica que las Partes se pro- ponen lograr que las emisiones mundiales de GEI alcancen su punto máximo lo antes posible, llevando en considera- ción que los países en desarrollo tardarán más en lograr- lo, y que, a partir de ese momento, las emisiones de GEI deberían reducirse rápidamente, de conformidad con la mejor información científica disponible sobre la base de la equidad y en el contexto del desarrollo sostenible y de los esfuerzos por erradicar la pobreza. Siendo así, cada una de las Partes deberá aumentar la ambición de sus contribucio- nes nacionales en las sucesivas comunicaciones a la Con- vención, en periodos de cinco años, teniendo en cuenta sus responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas y sus capa- cidades respectivas, a la luz de las diferentes circunstancias nacionales.', 'Siendo así, cada una de las Partes deberá aumentar la ambición de sus contribucio- nes nacionales en las sucesivas comunicaciones a la Con- vención, en periodos de cinco años, teniendo en cuenta sus responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas y sus capa- cidades respectivas, a la luz de las diferentes circunstancias nacionales. Algunos meses antes de su entrada en vigor, el 4 de no- viembre de 2016, el Estado Peruano fue el primer país his- panoamericano en ratificar el Acuerdo de París5. De esta manera, luego de la entrada en vigor del Acuerdo, las iNDC presentadas por el Perú ante la CMNUCC en el año 2015 pasaron a ser denominadas NDC y a constituir nuestras primeras contribuciones nacionales a los esfuerzos globa- les de reducción de emisiones de GEI y de adaptación al cambio climático.', 'De esta manera, luego de la entrada en vigor del Acuerdo, las iNDC presentadas por el Perú ante la CMNUCC en el año 2015 pasaron a ser denominadas NDC y a constituir nuestras primeras contribuciones nacionales a los esfuerzos globa- les de reducción de emisiones de GEI y de adaptación al cambio climático. Ya durante este periodo de actualización de las NDC del Perú, el Estado Peruano creó el Grupo de Trabajo Multisec- torial de naturaleza temporal encargado de generar infor- mación técnica para orientar la implementación de las Con- tribuciones Nacionalmente Determinadas (GTM-NDC)6, que tuvo un mandato con una duración total de 21 meses7.', 'Ya durante este periodo de actualización de las NDC del Perú, el Estado Peruano creó el Grupo de Trabajo Multisec- torial de naturaleza temporal encargado de generar infor- mación técnica para orientar la implementación de las Con- tribuciones Nacionalmente Determinadas (GTM-NDC)6, que tuvo un mandato con una duración total de 21 meses7. El proceso del GTM-NDC estuvo basado en un trabajo de articulación e involucramiento multisectorial entre los sec- tores gubernamentales que tienen bajo sus competencias la implementación de las NDC del país, además de aquellos que velan por la incorporación de los enfoques transver- ⁵ El Acuerdo de París fue ratificado mediante Decreto Supremo Nº 058-2016-RE del 22 de julio de 2016.', 'El proceso del GTM-NDC estuvo basado en un trabajo de articulación e involucramiento multisectorial entre los sec- tores gubernamentales que tienen bajo sus competencias la implementación de las NDC del país, además de aquellos que velan por la incorporación de los enfoques transver- ⁵ El Acuerdo de París fue ratificado mediante Decreto Supremo Nº 058-2016-RE del 22 de julio de 2016. ⁶ El GTM-NDC, creado mediante Resolución Suprema Nº 005-2016-MINAM el 20 de julio de 2016, estuvo conformado por: el Ministerio del Ambiente, quien lo presidió y tuvo a su cargo la Secretaría Técnica; Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores; Minis- terio de Agricultura y Riego; Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas; Ministerio de Energía y Minas; Ministerio de Transportes y Comu- nicaciones; Ministerio de la Producción; Ministerio de Vivienda, Construcción y Saneamiento; Ministerio de Salud; Ministerio de Educación; Ministerio de Desarrollo e Inclusión Social; Ministerio de Cultura; Ministerio de la Mujer y Poblaciones Vulnerables; y el Centro Nacional de Planeamiento Estratégico.', '⁶ El GTM-NDC, creado mediante Resolución Suprema Nº 005-2016-MINAM el 20 de julio de 2016, estuvo conformado por: el Ministerio del Ambiente, quien lo presidió y tuvo a su cargo la Secretaría Técnica; Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores; Minis- terio de Agricultura y Riego; Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas; Ministerio de Energía y Minas; Ministerio de Transportes y Comu- nicaciones; Ministerio de la Producción; Ministerio de Vivienda, Construcción y Saneamiento; Ministerio de Salud; Ministerio de Educación; Ministerio de Desarrollo e Inclusión Social; Ministerio de Cultura; Ministerio de la Mujer y Poblaciones Vulnerables; y el Centro Nacional de Planeamiento Estratégico. ⁷ Su vigencia inicial de 18 meses fue ampliada por un perío- do adicional de 3 meses, mediante Resolución Suprema Nº 007-2018-MINAM. sales de género, interculturalidad e intergeneracional.', 'sales de género, interculturalidad e intergeneracional. Adi- cionalmente, para el éxito de este proceso fue necesario un abordaje no solo multisectorial sino también multinivel y multiactor, debido a la necesidad de involucrar, atender y comprometer a todas las esferas del Estado, los gobier- nos regionales y locales; así como a una gran diversidad de actores no estatales, como los pueblos indígenas u origi- narios, el sector privado, jóvenes y ciudadanía en general. El proceso participativo “Dialoguemos sobre las NDC”8, ins- tituido durante este periodo, fue y continúa siendo clave para este proceso.', 'El proceso participativo “Dialoguemos sobre las NDC”8, ins- tituido durante este periodo, fue y continúa siendo clave para este proceso. De esta forma y de acuerdo con las sucesivas decisiones en el marco de la CMNUCC, el proceso para la actualización de las NDC del Perú al año 2030 está caracterizado por una apuesta para el incremento de la ambición, tanto en miti- gación como en adaptación; por un esfuerzo para propor- cionar la información necesaria a los fines de la claridad, la transparencia y la comprensión; por un compromiso ex- plícito destinado a garantizar la consistencia metodológica; por el fortalecimiento normativo para la gestión integral del cambio climático; por su articulación con los otros proce- sos emprendidos por el Estado para alcanzar el desarrollo del país, más aún en un contexto caracterizado por las con- secuencias de la pandemia de COVID-19 y de reactivación económica; y por haber realizado un proceso participativo, multinivel y multiactor con el objetivo de garantizar el éxito del proceso de formulación, actualización e implementa- ción de las contribuciones nacionales del país.', 'De esta forma y de acuerdo con las sucesivas decisiones en el marco de la CMNUCC, el proceso para la actualización de las NDC del Perú al año 2030 está caracterizado por una apuesta para el incremento de la ambición, tanto en miti- gación como en adaptación; por un esfuerzo para propor- cionar la información necesaria a los fines de la claridad, la transparencia y la comprensión; por un compromiso ex- plícito destinado a garantizar la consistencia metodológica; por el fortalecimiento normativo para la gestión integral del cambio climático; por su articulación con los otros proce- sos emprendidos por el Estado para alcanzar el desarrollo del país, más aún en un contexto caracterizado por las con- secuencias de la pandemia de COVID-19 y de reactivación económica; y por haber realizado un proceso participativo, multinivel y multiactor con el objetivo de garantizar el éxito del proceso de formulación, actualización e implementa- ción de las contribuciones nacionales del país. ⁸ El proceso participativo “Dialoguemos sobre las NDC”, creado en marzo de 2018 con el apoyo de la Comisión Nacional de Cam- bio Climático, garantiza un desarrollo resiliente, inclusivo, compe- titivo y sostenible frente al cambio climático; asimismo, facilita la implementación y el aumento de la ambición de las NDC del país.', '⁸ El proceso participativo “Dialoguemos sobre las NDC”, creado en marzo de 2018 con el apoyo de la Comisión Nacional de Cam- bio Climático, garantiza un desarrollo resiliente, inclusivo, compe- titivo y sostenible frente al cambio climático; asimismo, facilita la implementación y el aumento de la ambición de las NDC del país. “El Acuerdo de París señala que todas las Partes deben realizar y comunicar esfuerzos ambiciosos relacionados a sus Contribuciones Determinadas a Nivel Nacional. ” Foto: Arnaud Bouissou - MEDDE / SG COP21CONTRIBUCIONES DETERMINADAS A NIVEL NACIONAL DEL PERÚ REPORTE DE ACTUALIZACIÓN PERIODO 2021 – 2030 2.1.', '” Foto: Arnaud Bouissou - MEDDE / SG COP21CONTRIBUCIONES DETERMINADAS A NIVEL NACIONAL DEL PERÚ REPORTE DE ACTUALIZACIÓN PERIODO 2021 – 2030 2.1. El compromiso del Perú en materia de mitigación de gases de efecto invernadero El Estado Peruano se compromete a que sus emisiones ne- tas de gases de efecto invernadero no excedan las 208,8 MtCO2eq en el año 2030 (meta no condicionada)1.', 'El compromiso del Perú en materia de mitigación de gases de efecto invernadero El Estado Peruano se compromete a que sus emisiones ne- tas de gases de efecto invernadero no excedan las 208,8 MtCO2eq en el año 2030 (meta no condicionada)1. Adicio- nalmente, el Estado Peruano considera que las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero podrían alcanzar un nivel máximo de 179,0 MtCO2eq2 en función a la disponibilidad ⁹ La meta no condicionada se refiere al compromiso de no superar un número máximo de emisiones de GEI en el año 2030 logrado con esfuerzos de mitigación impulsados por el gobierno peruano en base a inversiones y gastos con recursos internos, externos, públicos y pri- vados. Las emisiones de GEI son medidas en millones de toneladas de dióxido de carbono equivalente (MtCO2eq).', 'Las emisiones de GEI son medidas en millones de toneladas de dióxido de carbono equivalente (MtCO2eq). ¹⁰ Con el objetivo de reflejar el aumento de la ambición peruana con respecto a las NDC presentadas en el año 2015, es importante resaltar que estos valores absolutos corresponden a reducciones de emisiones de GEI respecto al escenario BaU presentado en ese mismo año de la siguiente manera: i) 30% para la meta no condicionada; y, ii) 10% adicional para la meta condicionada. Sumando ambas metas, no con- dicionada y condicionada, se alcanzaría una reducción total del 40%. El escenario BaU utilizado para determinar la meta en las NDC presenta- das en el año 2015 muestra un valor de emisiones de GEI de 298,3 Mt- CO2eq en el año 2030.', 'El escenario BaU utilizado para determinar la meta en las NDC presenta- das en el año 2015 muestra un valor de emisiones de GEI de 298,3 Mt- CO2eq en el año 2030. Las emisiones de GEI son medidas en millones de toneladas de dióxido de carbono equivalente (MtCO2eq). “El Estado Peruano aspira a que las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero alcancen un nivel máximo de 179,0 MtCO2eq en el año 2030. de financiamiento externo internacional y a la existencia de condiciones favorables (meta condicionada). 2.2.', '“El Estado Peruano aspira a que las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero alcancen un nivel máximo de 179,0 MtCO2eq en el año 2030. de financiamiento externo internacional y a la existencia de condiciones favorables (meta condicionada). 2.2. El compromiso del Perú en materia de adaptación al cambio climático El Estado Peruano se compromete a contribuir a la meta glo- bal de adaptación mediante la reducción de los daños, las posibles alteraciones y las consecuentes pérdidas actuales y futuras, generadas por los peligros asociados al cambio cli- mático sobre las poblaciones y sus medios de vida; sobre las cuencas, los ecosistemas y los territorios; y sobre la infraes- tructura, los bienes y los servicios del país. A su vez, contempla aprovechar las oportunidades que ofrece el cambio climáti- co para el desarrollo sostenible y climáticamente responsable.', 'A su vez, contempla aprovechar las oportunidades que ofrece el cambio climáti- co para el desarrollo sostenible y climáticamente responsable. La actualización de las Contribuciones Determinadas a Nivel Nacional del Perú para el periodo 2021 - 2030REPORTE DE ACTUALIZACIÓN PERIODO 2021 – 2030 CONTRIBUCIONES DETERMINADAS A NIVEL NACIONAL DEL PERÚ 3 3.1. Características de las NDC para la mitigación de gases de efecto invernadero El Perú formula la actualización de sus NDC para la miti- gación de GEI considerando metas absolutas que deben tener un impacto en el conjunto de nuestra economía. Estos esfuerzos reflejan, de esta manera, el compromiso ambicioso adquirido por el Estado Peruano y manifiestan de forma clara y consistente su visión de descarbonización en el largo plazo.', 'Estos esfuerzos reflejan, de esta manera, el compromiso ambicioso adquirido por el Estado Peruano y manifiestan de forma clara y consistente su visión de descarbonización en el largo plazo. Para ello, nuestras contribuciones nacio- nales plantean una meta no condicionada de limitar nues- tras emisiones de GEI a un nivel máximo 208,8 MtCO2eq. Adicionalmente, incorpora un componente condicionado a la disponibilidad de financiamiento internacional, a tra- vés del cual se plantea limitar nuestras emisiones hasta un nivel de 179,0 MtCO2eq. Para cumplir con esta meta, el Perú establece la imple- mentación de medidas de mitigación formuladas en to- dos los sectores de emisiones que conforman las NDC de mitigación.', 'Para cumplir con esta meta, el Perú establece la imple- mentación de medidas de mitigación formuladas en to- dos los sectores de emisiones que conforman las NDC de mitigación. En ese sentido, el Artículo 16 de la Ley Marco sobre Cambio Climático del Perú (LMCC)1 indica que el Estado, en sus tres niveles de gobierno, de manera articu- ¹¹ La Ley Nº 30754, Ley Marco sobre Cambio Climático, promulga- da el 17 de abril de 2018. lada y participativa diseña e implementa programas, pro- yectos y actividades orientadas a la reducción de las emi- siones de GEI, a la captura de carbono y al incremento de sumideros.', 'En ese sentido, el Artículo 16 de la Ley Marco sobre Cambio Climático del Perú (LMCC)1 indica que el Estado, en sus tres niveles de gobierno, de manera articu- ¹¹ La Ley Nº 30754, Ley Marco sobre Cambio Climático, promulga- da el 17 de abril de 2018. lada y participativa diseña e implementa programas, pro- yectos y actividades orientadas a la reducción de las emi- siones de GEI, a la captura de carbono y al incremento de sumideros. Asimismo, según el Reglamento de la LMCC2 , estas medidas de mitigación son acciones adoptadas por actores estatales y no estatales que buscan reducir las emisiones de GEI e incrementar las remociones de GEI y que, además, contribuyen a un desarrollo bajo en car- bono a largo plazo.', 'Asimismo, según el Reglamento de la LMCC2 , estas medidas de mitigación son acciones adoptadas por actores estatales y no estatales que buscan reducir las emisiones de GEI e incrementar las remociones de GEI y que, además, contribuyen a un desarrollo bajo en car- bono a largo plazo. De esta forma, el Estado Peruano ha trabajado durante los últimos años para fortalecer su ins- titucionalidad; para garantizar espacios de participación a los actores no estatales en los procesos de diseño de las medidas de adaptación y mitigación, facilitando espacios de articulación y concertación entre los diversos actores estatales y no estatales vinculados a la gestión integral del cambio climático; y para fortalecer y brindar legitimidad a la gestión de emisiones y reducciones de GEI en el Perú.', 'De esta forma, el Estado Peruano ha trabajado durante los últimos años para fortalecer su ins- titucionalidad; para garantizar espacios de participación a los actores no estatales en los procesos de diseño de las medidas de adaptación y mitigación, facilitando espacios de articulación y concertación entre los diversos actores estatales y no estatales vinculados a la gestión integral del cambio climático; y para fortalecer y brindar legitimidad a la gestión de emisiones y reducciones de GEI en el Perú. Todo ello sienta bases sólidas para la implementación, el seguimiento y el cumplimiento de nuestras contribucio- nes nacionales. 3.1.1. Año meta El año meta considerado para las NDC del Perú es 2030. ¹² Aprobado mediante Decreto Supremo Nº 013-2019-MINAM el 31 de diciembre de 2019.', '¹² Aprobado mediante Decreto Supremo Nº 013-2019-MINAM el 31 de diciembre de 2019. Información adicional sobre las NDC del PerúREPORTE DE ACTUALIZACIÓN PERIODO 2021 – 2030 CONTRIBUCIONES DETERMINADAS A NIVEL NACIONAL DEL PERÚ 3.1.2. Información cuantificable en el año meta El compromiso del Perú para la mitigación de GEI plantea metas absolutas de emisiones en el año 2030, la llamada meta no condicionada; y, adicionalmente, una meta de emisiones condicionada al financiamiento externo interna- cional (Tabla 1). Tabla 1. Metas absolutas de emisiones de GEI en el año 2030 3.1.3. Periodo de aplicación La aplicación de nuestras NDC corresponde al periodo comprendido entre el 1 de enero de 2021 y el 31 de di- ciembre de 20303. 3.1.4. Alcance y cobertura • Alcance: Nacional.', 'Alcance y cobertura • Alcance: Nacional. • GEI considerados: Dióxido de carbono (CO2), metano (CH4), óxido nitroso (N2O), hidrofluorocarburos (HFC), per- fluorocarburos (PFC) y hexafluoruro de azufre (SF6). • Sectores: Se consideran los sectores de emisiones inclui- dos en el INGEI. Los sectores son: i) Energía; ii) Procesos Industriales y Uso de Productos (PIUP); iii) Desechos; iv) Uso de la Tierra, Cambio de Uso de la Tierra y Silvicultura (UTCUTS); y, v) Agricultura. Cabe mencionar que todos los sectores considerados en nuestras NDC presentadas en el año 2015 se mantienen para este periodo de actualización. 3.1.5.', 'Cabe mencionar que todos los sectores considerados en nuestras NDC presentadas en el año 2015 se mantienen para este periodo de actualización. 3.1.5. Enfoque metodológico y supuestos considerados Las NDC peruanas para la mitigación han sido construi- das a partir del análisis de nuestros sectores de emisio- nes de GEI, lo que incluyó la proyección de escenarios ¹³ Las reducciones de emisiones alcanzadas por la implementa- ción de medidas de mitigación serán contabilizadas durante este periodo de aplicación y reportadas en los informes bienales de transparencia a partir del año 2024, conforme a la Decisión 18/ CMA.1, “Modalidades, procedimientos y directrices para el marco de transparencia para las medidas y el apoyo al que se hace refe- rencia en el Artículo 13 del Acuerdo de París”. sectoriales.', 'Enfoque metodológico y supuestos considerados Las NDC peruanas para la mitigación han sido construi- das a partir del análisis de nuestros sectores de emisio- nes de GEI, lo que incluyó la proyección de escenarios ¹³ Las reducciones de emisiones alcanzadas por la implementa- ción de medidas de mitigación serán contabilizadas durante este periodo de aplicación y reportadas en los informes bienales de transparencia a partir del año 2024, conforme a la Decisión 18/ CMA.1, “Modalidades, procedimientos y directrices para el marco de transparencia para las medidas y el apoyo al que se hace refe- rencia en el Artículo 13 del Acuerdo de París”. sectoriales. Estos escenarios fueron determinados lle- vando en consideración la dinámica de cada uno de los sectores y tomando como base la información de las fuentes y categorías reportadas en nuestros INGEI.', 'Estos escenarios fueron determinados lle- vando en consideración la dinámica de cada uno de los sectores y tomando como base la información de las fuentes y categorías reportadas en nuestros INGEI. A su vez, los INGEI nacionales han sido elaborados siguiendo las guías del Panel Intergubernamental sobre el Cam- bio Climático (IPCC, por sus siglas en inglés) de 2006 y empleando los valores de Potencial de Calentamiento Global (PCG) proporcionados por el mismo IPCC en su Segundo Informe de Evaluación (CH4:21 y N2O:310) 4. 3.1.6. Cooperación voluntaria bajo el Artículo 6 del Acuerdo de París El Perú prevé su participación en los enfoques cooperativos del Acuerdo de París.', 'Cooperación voluntaria bajo el Artículo 6 del Acuerdo de París El Perú prevé su participación en los enfoques cooperativos del Acuerdo de París. Para ello, está preparando las condi- ciones domésticas necesarias, como arreglos instituciona- les, regulaciones y procedimientos, que, una vez aplicadas, contribuyan a incrementar la ambición de nuestras NDC, promuevan el desarrollo sostenible y garanticen la integri- dad ambiental. En ese sentido, se debe aplicar una conta- bilidad robusta y transparente que asegure la ausencia de doble cómputo. 3.2. Características de las NDC para la adaptación al cambio climático Desde el punto de vista de los compromisos internaciona- les, el Perú ha sido impulsor y pionero en la incorporación del componente de adaptación al cambio climático como parte de las contribuciones nacionales desde la COP 20, realizada en Lima, Perú.', 'Características de las NDC para la adaptación al cambio climático Desde el punto de vista de los compromisos internaciona- les, el Perú ha sido impulsor y pionero en la incorporación del componente de adaptación al cambio climático como parte de las contribuciones nacionales desde la COP 20, realizada en Lima, Perú. En ese sentido, el país está com- prometido a contribuir con la meta global de adaptación al cambio climático establecida en el Artículo 7 del Acuerdo de París, que consiste en aumentar la capacidad de adap- tación, fortalecer la resiliencia y reducir la vulnerabilidad al cambio climático con miras a contribuir al desarrollo soste- nible y lograr una respuesta de adaptación adecuada en el contexto del objetivo referente a limitar el incremento de la temperatura que se menciona en el Artículo 2 del mismo Acuerdo.', 'En ese sentido, el país está com- prometido a contribuir con la meta global de adaptación al cambio climático establecida en el Artículo 7 del Acuerdo de París, que consiste en aumentar la capacidad de adap- tación, fortalecer la resiliencia y reducir la vulnerabilidad al cambio climático con miras a contribuir al desarrollo soste- nible y lograr una respuesta de adaptación adecuada en el contexto del objetivo referente a limitar el incremento de la temperatura que se menciona en el Artículo 2 del mismo Acuerdo. Adicionalmente, en los párrafos 10 y 11 del Artí- culo 7, se recomienda que cada una de las Partes debería presentar y actualizar una comunicación sobre la adapta- ción al cambio climático 5.', 'Adicionalmente, en los párrafos 10 y 11 del Artí- culo 7, se recomienda que cada una de las Partes debería presentar y actualizar una comunicación sobre la adapta- ción al cambio climático 5. Siguiendo estas recomendaciones y con el objetivo de cum- plir con los compromisos internacionales asumidos por el ¹⁴ IPCC 1996. Climate Change 1995. The Science of Climate Chan- ge. Contribution of WGI to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [J.T. Houghton, L.G. Meira Filho, B.A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg y K. Maskell (eds.)]. IPCC, Cambridge University Press. 103pp. ¹⁵ NACIONES UNIDAS 2015. Acuerdo de París. Disponible en: ht- tps://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/spanish_paris_agreement.pdf Perú, el Estado ha formulado sus NDC para la adaptación al cambio climático.', 'Disponible en: ht- tps://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/spanish_paris_agreement.pdf Perú, el Estado ha formulado sus NDC para la adaptación al cambio climático. Estos resultados han sido obtenidos a través de procesos participativos (Dialoguemos sobre las NDC) y de producción de información realizados a lo largo del territorio nacional y que han convocado una gran diver- sidad de actores estatales y no estatales. De esta forma, el país ha realizado un importante esfuerzo a fin de construir un modelo para la adaptación al cambio climático basado en la gestión del riesgo ante los efectos del cambio climáti- co, que contribuye a planificar e implementar acciones des- tinadas a orientar la reducción de la exposición y la vulnera- bilidad, así como a incrementar la capacidad adaptativa de los diferentes sujetos vulnerables del país ante los peligros asociados al cambio climático6 .', 'De esta forma, el país ha realizado un importante esfuerzo a fin de construir un modelo para la adaptación al cambio climático basado en la gestión del riesgo ante los efectos del cambio climáti- co, que contribuye a planificar e implementar acciones des- tinadas a orientar la reducción de la exposición y la vulnera- bilidad, así como a incrementar la capacidad adaptativa de los diferentes sujetos vulnerables del país ante los peligros asociados al cambio climático6 . Este modelo considera, además, una mirada prospectiva y de largo plazo con base en la mejor ciencia disponible. 3.2.1.', 'Este modelo considera, además, una mirada prospectiva y de largo plazo con base en la mejor ciencia disponible. 3.2.1. Riesgos y oportunidades ante los efectos del cambio climático en el Perú El cambio climático es un fenómeno global incontestable y sus consecuencias afectan, en mayor o menor medida, a toda la población mundial, a sus medios de vida y a su se- guridad. Debido a factores socioambientales estructurales fuertemente influenciados por la pobreza y las diversas asi- metrías sociales características del país, que se suman a la particular vulnerabilidad de nuestros diversos ecosistemas, el Perú es uno de los países más vulnerables a esos efec- tos.', 'Debido a factores socioambientales estructurales fuertemente influenciados por la pobreza y las diversas asi- metrías sociales características del país, que se suman a la particular vulnerabilidad de nuestros diversos ecosistemas, el Perú es uno de los países más vulnerables a esos efec- tos. Según la Estrategia Nacional ante el Cambio Climático 7 vigente, el Perú presenta siete de las nueve características reconocidas por la CMNUCC para calificar a los países parti- cularmente vulnerables al cambio climático: i) zonas coste- ras bajas; ii) zonas áridas y semiáridas; iii) zonas expuestas a inundaciones, sequías y desertificación; iv) ecosistemas montañosos frágiles; v) zonas propensas a desastres; vi) zonas con alta contaminación atmosférica urbana; y, vii) presentar una economía dependiente de los ingresos ge- nerados por la producción y el uso de combustibles fósiles.', 'Según la Estrategia Nacional ante el Cambio Climático 7 vigente, el Perú presenta siete de las nueve características reconocidas por la CMNUCC para calificar a los países parti- cularmente vulnerables al cambio climático: i) zonas coste- ras bajas; ii) zonas áridas y semiáridas; iii) zonas expuestas a inundaciones, sequías y desertificación; iv) ecosistemas montañosos frágiles; v) zonas propensas a desastres; vi) zonas con alta contaminación atmosférica urbana; y, vii) presentar una economía dependiente de los ingresos ge- nerados por la producción y el uso de combustibles fósiles. Las alteraciones en el clima y el aumento en la frecuencia y en la intensidad de los peligros asociados al cambio cli- mático afectan a nuestro país a través del incremento de la temperatura media, la pérdida de superficie glaciar, la inci- ¹⁶ De acuerdo con el Reglamento de la LMCC, un peligro asociado al cambio climático es un “fenómeno físico, tendencia o perturba- ción en el ambiente debido a los cambios graduales o extremos en las propiedades del clima; con probabilidad o potencialidad de ocurrir en un lugar específico con determinadas características y con la capacidad de causar daños o pérdidas a un sujeto, alterar severamente su funcionamiento.', 'Las alteraciones en el clima y el aumento en la frecuencia y en la intensidad de los peligros asociados al cambio cli- mático afectan a nuestro país a través del incremento de la temperatura media, la pérdida de superficie glaciar, la inci- ¹⁶ De acuerdo con el Reglamento de la LMCC, un peligro asociado al cambio climático es un “fenómeno físico, tendencia o perturba- ción en el ambiente debido a los cambios graduales o extremos en las propiedades del clima; con probabilidad o potencialidad de ocurrir en un lugar específico con determinadas características y con la capacidad de causar daños o pérdidas a un sujeto, alterar severamente su funcionamiento. Estos cambios en las propieda- des del clima pueden ser actuales y futuros”. ¹⁷ MINAM 2015. Estrategia Nacional ante el Cambio Climático.', 'Estrategia Nacional ante el Cambio Climático. Ministerio del Ambiente; Viceministerio de Desarrollo Estratégico de los Recursos Naturales; Dirección General de Cambio Climático, Desertificación y Recursos Hídricos. Primera edición, abril de 2015. Emisiones en MtCO2eq Meta no condicionada 208,8 Meta condicionada 179,0REPORTE DE ACTUALIZACIÓN PERIODO 2021 – 2030 CONTRIBUCIONES DETERMINADAS A NIVEL NACIONAL DEL PERÚ dencia de sequías prolongadas, la mayor frecuencia de llu- vias intensas que originan deslizamientos e inundaciones, entre otros. Estos peligros, a su vez, impactan en los diver- sos grupos poblacionales; en los ecosistemas y sus servi- cios ecosistémicos; en la estructura productiva nacional; y en la infraestructura económica y social, lo que ocasiona el deterioro del bienestar de la población. Muchos de estos efectos ya pueden ser observados y continuarán a mediano y largo plazo.', 'Muchos de estos efectos ya pueden ser observados y continuarán a mediano y largo plazo. Estos múltiples efectos e impactos del cambio climático en nuestro territorio demandan que el Estado, en sus diferentes niveles de gobierno, la academia, los agentes económicos privados y la sociedad civil en general establez- can medidas eficaces destinadas a evitar o reducir los daños, las posibles alteraciones y las consecuentes pérdidas actua- les y futuras generados por los peligros asociados al cambio climático sobre las poblaciones y sus medios de vida; sobre las cuencas y los territorios; y sobre la infraestructura, los bienes y los servicios del país.', 'Estos múltiples efectos e impactos del cambio climático en nuestro territorio demandan que el Estado, en sus diferentes niveles de gobierno, la academia, los agentes económicos privados y la sociedad civil en general establez- can medidas eficaces destinadas a evitar o reducir los daños, las posibles alteraciones y las consecuentes pérdidas actua- les y futuras generados por los peligros asociados al cambio climático sobre las poblaciones y sus medios de vida; sobre las cuencas y los territorios; y sobre la infraestructura, los bienes y los servicios del país. De esta forma y como conse- cuencia de esta situación, es necesario enfrentar el desafío de generar políticas públicas que permitan la inclusión so- cial y que promuevan la adaptación al cambio climático y el aprovechamiento de las oportunidades que éste ofrece.', 'De esta forma y como conse- cuencia de esta situación, es necesario enfrentar el desafío de generar políticas públicas que permitan la inclusión so- cial y que promuevan la adaptación al cambio climático y el aprovechamiento de las oportunidades que éste ofrece. De acuerdo con los lineamientos del IPCC8 , la primera me- dida de adaptación al cambio climático debería consistir en la reducción de la vulnerabilidad y de la exposición a la va- riabilidad climática actual. De esa manera, la integración de la adaptación en la planificación, su inclusión en el diseño de políticas y su incorporación en los procesos de toma de ¹⁸ IPCC 2014. Cambio climático 2014: Informe de síntesis.', 'Cambio climático 2014: Informe de síntesis. Con- tribución de los Grupos de trabajo I, II y III al Quinto Informe de Evaluación del Grupo Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre el Cambio Climático [Equipo principal de redacción, R.K. Pachauri y L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. IPCC, Ginebra, Suiza. 157pp. decisiones pueden promover sinergias con el desarrollo, la reducción de los riesgos de desastres, la conservación de la biodiversidad y la lucha contra la desertificación. En ese sentido, el Artículo 15 de la LMCC indica que el Es- tado, en sus tres niveles de gobierno, de manera articulada y participativa, adopta las medidas de adaptación y apro- vechamiento de oportunidades frente al cambio climático.', 'En ese sentido, el Artículo 15 de la LMCC indica que el Es- tado, en sus tres niveles de gobierno, de manera articulada y participativa, adopta las medidas de adaptación y apro- vechamiento de oportunidades frente al cambio climático. Asimismo, el Reglamento de la LMCC define a las medidas de adaptación como intervenciones planificadas por acto- res estatales y no estatales, que consisten en acciones, prác- ticas, tecnologías y servicios necesarios destinados a reducir o a evitar alteraciones severas, pérdidas y daños, desenca- denados por los peligros asociados al cambio climático en poblaciones, medios de vida, ecosistemas, cuencas, terri- torios, infraestructura, bienes y servicios, entre otros; así como al aprovechamiento de las oportunidades que cambio climático ofrece.', 'Asimismo, el Reglamento de la LMCC define a las medidas de adaptación como intervenciones planificadas por acto- res estatales y no estatales, que consisten en acciones, prác- ticas, tecnologías y servicios necesarios destinados a reducir o a evitar alteraciones severas, pérdidas y daños, desenca- denados por los peligros asociados al cambio climático en poblaciones, medios de vida, ecosistemas, cuencas, terri- torios, infraestructura, bienes y servicios, entre otros; así como al aprovechamiento de las oportunidades que cambio climático ofrece. Siendo así, desde la perspectiva del Estado Peruano, la adaptación al cambio climático es una prioridad si se pretende alcanzar un desarrollo sostenible y resiliente. 3.2.2.', 'Siendo así, desde la perspectiva del Estado Peruano, la adaptación al cambio climático es una prioridad si se pretende alcanzar un desarrollo sostenible y resiliente. 3.2.2. Prioridades para la adaptación al cambio climático en el Perú Las NDC del Perú para la adaptación al cambio climático busca reducir y/o evitar los daños, las pérdidas y las altera- ciones actuales y futuras desencadenadas por los peligros al cambio climático en los medios de vida de las poblacio- nes, los ecosistemas, las cuencas, los territorios, la infraes- tructura, los bienes y/o los servicios, entre otros; así como, aprovechar las oportunidades que ofrece el cambio climá- tico para el desarrollo sostenible y resiliente. 3.2.3. Año meta El año meta considerado para las NDC del Perú es 2030. 3.2.4.', 'Año meta El año meta considerado para las NDC del Perú es 2030. 3.2.4. Periodo de aplicación La aplicación de nuestras NDC corresponde al periodo com- prendido entre el 1 de enero de 2021 y el 31 de diciembre de 2030. 3.2.5. Alcance y cobertura • Alcance: Nacional • Áreas temáticas priorizadas: Se establecen objetivos y medidas de adaptación en cinco áreas temáticas prioriza- das: i) Agricultura; ii) Bosques; iii) Pesca y acuicultura; iv) Salud; y, v) Agua; que incluyen, además, la incorporación de enfoques transversales. Adicionalmente, se consideran dos nuevas áreas temáticas con respecto nuestras NDC presen- tadas en el año 2015, que contribuirán a la meta del país: i) Turismo y ii) Transporte.', 'Adicionalmente, se consideran dos nuevas áreas temáticas con respecto nuestras NDC presen- tadas en el año 2015, que contribuirán a la meta del país: i) Turismo y ii) Transporte. “ Adicionalmente, se consideran dos nuevas áreas temáticas en adaptación con respecto a nuestras NDC presentadas en el año 2015, que contribuirá a la meta del país: Turismo y Transporte. ” Los objetivos propuestos para cada una de las áreas temá- ticas priorizadas buscan alcanzar la adaptación en el largo plazo (2050) debido a que están articulados con el proce- so de construcción del Plan Nacional de Adaptación9 , que será el documento orientador para la adaptación al cam- bio climático en el Perú. De esta forma y para alcanzar este horizonte, se deben concretar medidas de adaptación que, una vez implementadas, contribuirán a alcanzar el compro- miso del país.', 'De esta forma y para alcanzar este horizonte, se deben concretar medidas de adaptación que, una vez implementadas, contribuirán a alcanzar el compro- miso del país. Las medidas de adaptación de las NDC tienen un horizonte temporal de implementación al 2030, bajo esa perspectiva se cuenta con indicadores y metas a corto (2021) y mediano (2025) plazos, lo que permitirá, a su vez, monitorear y evaluar el nivel de cumplimiento y de avance del objetivo prioritario para la adaptación en el Perú en el marco de nuestras contribuciones nacionales. • Fuentes de datos: Procesos participativos multiactor, hojas de ruta para la implementación de las medidas de adaptación desarrolladas por los sectores gubernamen- tales competentes, análisis de riesgo ante los efectos del cambio climático, escenarios climáticos y de riesgo climá- tico para el país. 3.2.6.', '• Fuentes de datos: Procesos participativos multiactor, hojas de ruta para la implementación de las medidas de adaptación desarrolladas por los sectores gubernamen- tales competentes, análisis de riesgo ante los efectos del cambio climático, escenarios climáticos y de riesgo climá- tico para el país. 3.2.6. Modelo de gestión del riesgo ante los efectos del cambio climático para la adaptación en el Perú Finalmente, para lograr nuestra meta de adaptación, el Es- tado Peruano ha desarrollado un modelo que permite la gestión del riesgo ante los efectos del cambio climático.', 'Modelo de gestión del riesgo ante los efectos del cambio climático para la adaptación en el Perú Finalmente, para lograr nuestra meta de adaptación, el Es- tado Peruano ha desarrollado un modelo que permite la gestión del riesgo ante los efectos del cambio climático. En ese sentido, la gestión del riesgo ante los efectos del cambio climático, según el Reglamento de la LMCC, está enfocada en reducir, prevenir o evitar los daños actuales y potenciales, así como las alteraciones severas generados por los peligros asociados al cambio climático y, de esta forma, también evitar las pérdidas que podrían ocurrir por su causa, en concordancia con la normativa establecida del Sistema Nacional de Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres.', 'En ese sentido, la gestión del riesgo ante los efectos del cambio climático, según el Reglamento de la LMCC, está enfocada en reducir, prevenir o evitar los daños actuales y potenciales, así como las alteraciones severas generados por los peligros asociados al cambio climático y, de esta forma, también evitar las pérdidas que podrían ocurrir por su causa, en concordancia con la normativa establecida del Sistema Nacional de Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres. Para ello, se establece un modelo cíclico, compuesto por cuatro fases: i) el análisis de riesgo ante los efectos del cambio cli- mático; ii) la formulación y sistematización de medidas de adaptación adoptadas; iii) el desarrollo de una estrategia de implementación de las medidas de adaptación; y, iv) el mo- nitoreo y la evaluación para medir los avances en la imple- mentación de las medidas de adaptación.', 'Para ello, se establece un modelo cíclico, compuesto por cuatro fases: i) el análisis de riesgo ante los efectos del cambio cli- mático; ii) la formulación y sistematización de medidas de adaptación adoptadas; iii) el desarrollo de una estrategia de implementación de las medidas de adaptación; y, iv) el mo- nitoreo y la evaluación para medir los avances en la imple- mentación de las medidas de adaptación. Es en base a este modelo de gestión del riesgo para la adaptación que el Perú ha desarrollado la actualización de sus NDC para la adapta- ción al cambio climático, 25% de las cuales corresponden a medidas de reducción de riesgo de desastres. ¹⁹ El Plan Nacional de Adaptación se encuentra actualmente en elaboración.REPORTE DE ACTUALIZACIÓN PERIODO 2021 – 2030 CONTRIBUCIONES DETERMINADAS A NIVEL NACIONAL DEL PERÚ 4.1.', '¹⁹ El Plan Nacional de Adaptación se encuentra actualmente en elaboración.REPORTE DE ACTUALIZACIÓN PERIODO 2021 – 2030 CONTRIBUCIONES DETERMINADAS A NIVEL NACIONAL DEL PERÚ 4.1. Mejoras en las NDC de mitigación de GEI Como resultado de la actualización de nuestras primeras NDC, presentadas a la Secretaría de la CMNUCC en setiembre del año 20151 , el Perú ha establecido un compromiso claro y ambicioso como parte de la respuesta global ante el cambio climático. En ese sentido, las mejoras realizadas con respecto a las NDC en materia de mitigación de GEI presentadas en el año 2015 se expresan a través de: i) un menor nivel de emi- siones en el año meta; ii) la mayor robustez metodológica; y, iii) la transparencia para su medición y su reporte.', 'En ese sentido, las mejoras realizadas con respecto a las NDC en materia de mitigación de GEI presentadas en el año 2015 se expresan a través de: i) un menor nivel de emi- siones en el año meta; ii) la mayor robustez metodológica; y, iii) la transparencia para su medición y su reporte. Dos acciones claves han sido desarrolladas para la mejora de nuestras NDC. La primera se refiere al cambio de enfoque en la formulación de las metas, que han pasado de ser metas relativas, estimadas en función a un escenario Bussiness as Usual (BaU), a ser metas absolutas, lo que significa establecer un límite máximo de emisiones en el año meta, determinado a través de un valor fijo, en unidades de CO2eq.', 'La primera se refiere al cambio de enfoque en la formulación de las metas, que han pasado de ser metas relativas, estimadas en función a un escenario Bussiness as Usual (BaU), a ser metas absolutas, lo que significa establecer un límite máximo de emisiones en el año meta, determinado a través de un valor fijo, en unidades de CO2eq. Este cambio ²⁰ En setiembre del año 2015, el Perú envió a la Secretaría de la CMNUCC su Contribución Prevista y Determinada a Nivel Nacional (iNDC). Sin embargo, luego de que el Perú ratificase el Acuerdo de París (el 22 de julio de 2016, mediante Decreto Supremo Nº 058-2016-RE), las iNDC del país dejaron de ser previstas y se vol- vieron vinculantes.', 'Sin embargo, luego de que el Perú ratificase el Acuerdo de París (el 22 de julio de 2016, mediante Decreto Supremo Nº 058-2016-RE), las iNDC del país dejaron de ser previstas y se vol- vieron vinculantes. De esta manera, las iNDC presentadas ante la CMNUCC en el año 2015 pasaron a ser denominadas NDC y a constituir nuestras primeras contribuciones nacionales. de enfoque permite presentar una meta clara, descartando el nivel de incertidumbre que conlleva usar una referencia para medir su progreso. De esta forma, el uso de una meta absoluta de emisiones permite reflejar de manera más clara nuestra contribución a la meta global en mitigación. La segunda acción clave hace referencia a la determinación de la magnitud de las metas, tanto en su componente no condicionado como condicionado.', 'La segunda acción clave hace referencia a la determinación de la magnitud de las metas, tanto en su componente no condicionado como condicionado. Para ello, los valores meta en términos absolutos han sido determinados a partir del incremento en la magnitud de las reducciones consi- deradas frente al escenario BaU, pasando de un 20% a un 30% de reducciones en el año 2030, para la meta no condi- cionada; y de un 30% a un 40%, para la meta condicionada. Las metas propuestas en esta actualización establecen lími- tes más rigurosos respecto a nuestras NDC presentadas en el año 20152 . En la Tabla 2, se comparan los valores estima- dos de las metas de las NDC presentadas en el año 2015 y las metas actualizadas durante este periodo.', 'En la Tabla 2, se comparan los valores estima- dos de las metas de las NDC presentadas en el año 2015 y las metas actualizadas durante este periodo. ²¹ Las NDC presentadas en el año 2015 comunicaron una meta no condicionada que establecía una reducción de emisiones de GEI correspondiente al 20% de las proyecciones del escenario BaU para el año 2030. Además, estas NDC contemplaban una meta condicionada a la disponibilidad de financiamiento internacional y a la existencia condiciones favorables correspondiente a un 10 % adicional en la reducción de emisiones de GEI respecto a las proyecciones del mismo escenario BaU. Mejoras a las Contribuciones Nacionales presentadas en elREPORTE DE ACTUALIZACIÓN PERIODO 2021 – 2030 CONTRIBUCIONES DETERMINADAS A NIVEL NACIONAL DEL PERÚ Tabla 2.', 'Mejoras a las Contribuciones Nacionales presentadas en elREPORTE DE ACTUALIZACIÓN PERIODO 2021 – 2030 CONTRIBUCIONES DETERMINADAS A NIVEL NACIONAL DEL PERÚ Tabla 2. Actualización de las metas para la mitigación de GEI Es importante indicar que las nuevas metas que pre- senta el Perú cuentan con el soporte de hojas de ruta sectoriales desarrolladas durante este periodo de ac- tualización en un proceso multisectorial, multinivel y multiactor conducido por el Estado.', 'Actualización de las metas para la mitigación de GEI Es importante indicar que las nuevas metas que pre- senta el Perú cuentan con el soporte de hojas de ruta sectoriales desarrolladas durante este periodo de ac- tualización en un proceso multisectorial, multinivel y multiactor conducido por el Estado. Estas hojas de ruta tienen como objetivo guiar la implementación de medi- das que conduzcan al cumplimiento de nuestras metas; fortalecer la institucionalidad construida; y, garantizar la articulación entre los diversos sectores gubernamen- tales que tienen bajo sus competencias la implementa- ción de las medidas, los sectores gubernamentales que velan por la incorporación de los enfoques transversa- les de género, interculturalidad e intergeneracional, los actores no estatales y la ciudadanía en general.', 'Estas hojas de ruta tienen como objetivo guiar la implementación de medi- das que conduzcan al cumplimiento de nuestras metas; fortalecer la institucionalidad construida; y, garantizar la articulación entre los diversos sectores gubernamen- tales que tienen bajo sus competencias la implementa- ción de las medidas, los sectores gubernamentales que velan por la incorporación de los enfoques transversa- les de género, interculturalidad e intergeneracional, los actores no estatales y la ciudadanía en general. Por otro lado, el Estado Peruano ha realizado un es- fuerzo para aumentar la robustez metodológica del INGEI, consolidándolo como la principal herramienta para la formulación de las NDC y para la medición del progreso en su implementación.', 'Por otro lado, el Estado Peruano ha realizado un es- fuerzo para aumentar la robustez metodológica del INGEI, consolidándolo como la principal herramienta para la formulación de las NDC y para la medición del progreso en su implementación. Es importante men- cionar que, durante los últimos años y como resulta- do del trabajo multisectorial desarrollado por el país, han sido realizadas profundas mejoras en el INGEI, bajo la ges- tión del INFOCARBONO3 . El INFOCARBONO es un arreglo institucional que permite a los sectores gubernamentales competentes reportar sus emisiones y absorciones de GEI ²² Presentada por el Ministerio del Ambiente del Perú en el año 2016. Disponible en: con miras a contar con un INGEI transparente, exhaustivo, coherente, comparable y exacto.', 'Disponible en: con miras a contar con un INGEI transparente, exhaustivo, coherente, comparable y exacto. Esto último ha permitido la incorporación de mejoras metodológicas que reducen el nivel de incertidumbre y que contribuyen a representar nuestras emisiones de manera más exacta. En este sentido, para esta actualización de nuestras NDC, el Perú ha mejorado el INGEI a través del uso estandarizado de la guía del IPCC de 2006 para todos los sectores de emisio- nes y sus categorías. Adicionalmente, el INGEI ha considera- do nuevas categorías de fuentes y sumideros, así como ha incrementado en el alcance de algunas de las ya incluidas.', 'Adicionalmente, el INGEI ha considera- do nuevas categorías de fuentes y sumideros, así como ha incrementado en el alcance de algunas de las ya incluidas. Por otro lado, los mecanismos de medición, reporte y ve- rificación (MRV) de las medidas de mitigación constituyen el principal instrumento para realizar su seguimiento y son fundamentales para evaluar su progreso, planificar su ges- tión y conocer la reducción de emisiones de GEI. De esta forma, será posible tomar acciones correctivas a tiempo y generar información que aportará claridad al seguimien- to del progreso de las NDC, fomentando la confianza de la información. Las autoridades sectoriales, que formulan o promueven medidas de mitigación, son las responsables de realizar el monitoreo de las medidas que contribuyen a las NDC en mitigación.', 'Las autoridades sectoriales, que formulan o promueven medidas de mitigación, son las responsables de realizar el monitoreo de las medidas que contribuyen a las NDC en mitigación. Finalmente, la adopción de metas absolutas establece un compromiso claro y en concordancia con la respuesta global frente al cambio climático y que considera alcanzar emisio- nes netas globales iguales a cero a partir de la segunda mitad de este siglo. Con esta medida tomada por el Estado Perua- no se descarta las incertidumbres respecto a la magnitud de nuestras NDC generadas por la elección de una meta rela- tiva.', 'Con esta medida tomada por el Estado Perua- no se descarta las incertidumbres respecto a la magnitud de nuestras NDC generadas por la elección de una meta rela- tiva. De esta forma, nuestra meta absoluta constituye una referencia exacta para el seguimiento, el reporte del progre- so y el cumplimiento de nuestras NDC de mitigación, en el cumplimiento de los compromisos asumidos por el país ante el Acuerdo de París con respecto al marco de transparencia. 4.2. Mejoras en las NDC de adaptación al cambio climático Como parte de nuestras primeras NDC, el Perú presen- tó cinco sectores o sistemas prioritarios para la adapta- ción al cambio climático en el país: i) Agua (Recursos hí- dricos); ii) Agricultura; iii) Pesca; iv) Bosques; y, v) Salud.', 'Mejoras en las NDC de adaptación al cambio climático Como parte de nuestras primeras NDC, el Perú presen- tó cinco sectores o sistemas prioritarios para la adapta- ción al cambio climático en el país: i) Agua (Recursos hí- dricos); ii) Agricultura; iii) Pesca; iv) Bosques; y, v) Salud. Estos sectores o sistemas prioritarios fueron identificados durante el proceso de formulación de nuestras primeras contribuciones nacionales sobre la base de la información científica disponible en ese momento, además de ser pro- ducto de la revisión de información de referencia sobre procesos de formulación de instrumentos de gestión y de planificación, así como de consultas realizadas con los sectores gubernamentales competentes, las autoridades subnacionales y la sociedad civil.', 'Estos sectores o sistemas prioritarios fueron identificados durante el proceso de formulación de nuestras primeras contribuciones nacionales sobre la base de la información científica disponible en ese momento, además de ser pro- ducto de la revisión de información de referencia sobre procesos de formulación de instrumentos de gestión y de planificación, así como de consultas realizadas con los sectores gubernamentales competentes, las autoridades subnacionales y la sociedad civil. Adicionalmente, para cada uno de estos sectores o sistemas priorizados, fueron determinados un alcance, unas metas y unos objetivos in- termedios4. Desde entonces, el esfuerzo que ha realizado el Perú como parte del proceso de actualización de nuestras NDC ha sido considerable y es coherente con el liderazgo his- tórico del país en materia de adaptación al cambio climá- tico.', 'Desde entonces, el esfuerzo que ha realizado el Perú como parte del proceso de actualización de nuestras NDC ha sido considerable y es coherente con el liderazgo his- tórico del país en materia de adaptación al cambio climá- tico. De esta forma, las mejoras realizadas sobre las NDC presentadas en el año 2015 se expresan a través de: i) el establecimiento de un marco conceptual para la gestión del riesgo asociado al cambio climático, mediante el cual ha sido identificada la problemática y establecido el obje- tivo prioritario para la adaptación en el país; ii) la formu- lación de medidas de adaptación concretas, que cuentan con indicadores, metas y plazos de implementación, para cada una de las áreas temáticas priorizadas presentadas en el año 2015; iii) el esfuerzo para haber ido más allá del diagnóstico, producido información, generado esce- narios, identificado los riesgos a los que están y poten- cialmente estarán expuestos los sujetos o grupos vulnera- ²³ Disponible en: bles, como un proceso permanente de mejora continua, para cada una de las áreas temáticas priorizadas; y, iv) la identificación de nuevas áreas temáticas prioritarias, so- bre las cuales se identificarán medidas concretas, indica- dores y metas.', 'De esta forma, las mejoras realizadas sobre las NDC presentadas en el año 2015 se expresan a través de: i) el establecimiento de un marco conceptual para la gestión del riesgo asociado al cambio climático, mediante el cual ha sido identificada la problemática y establecido el obje- tivo prioritario para la adaptación en el país; ii) la formu- lación de medidas de adaptación concretas, que cuentan con indicadores, metas y plazos de implementación, para cada una de las áreas temáticas priorizadas presentadas en el año 2015; iii) el esfuerzo para haber ido más allá del diagnóstico, producido información, generado esce- narios, identificado los riesgos a los que están y poten- cialmente estarán expuestos los sujetos o grupos vulnera- ²³ Disponible en: bles, como un proceso permanente de mejora continua, para cada una de las áreas temáticas priorizadas; y, iv) la identificación de nuevas áreas temáticas prioritarias, so- bre las cuales se identificarán medidas concretas, indica- dores y metas. Aquí es importante indicar que la generación de escenarios de riesgos actuales y futuros ante los efectos del cambio climático a nivel nacional para cada área temática, sujeto de análisis y peligro priorizado, ha sido de suma importan- cia para la definición de la ambición del país en materia de adaptación al cambio climático.', 'Aquí es importante indicar que la generación de escenarios de riesgos actuales y futuros ante los efectos del cambio climático a nivel nacional para cada área temática, sujeto de análisis y peligro priorizado, ha sido de suma importan- cia para la definición de la ambición del país en materia de adaptación al cambio climático. Esto, a su vez, demuestra el interés del país en la producción de información cientí- fica y técnica destinada a guiar la toma de decisiones y la evaluación de los resultados obtenidos.', 'Esto, a su vez, demuestra el interés del país en la producción de información cientí- fica y técnica destinada a guiar la toma de decisiones y la evaluación de los resultados obtenidos. Es decir, a lo largo de este proceso de actualización de nuestras NDC y en el marco de la meta global para la adaptación, el Perú ha tra- bajado en la formulación de medidas destinadas a reducir la vulnerabilidad y los riesgos ante los efectos del cambio climático, mediante el fortalecimiento de la información de base y la participación de los diversos actores de la so- ciedad a través de un trabajo conjunto y consensuado.', 'Es decir, a lo largo de este proceso de actualización de nuestras NDC y en el marco de la meta global para la adaptación, el Perú ha tra- bajado en la formulación de medidas destinadas a reducir la vulnerabilidad y los riesgos ante los efectos del cambio climático, mediante el fortalecimiento de la información de base y la participación de los diversos actores de la so- ciedad a través de un trabajo conjunto y consensuado. NDC presentadas NDC actualizadas Meta no condicionada Meta condicionada “ Las nuevas metas que presenta el Perú cuentan con el soporte de hojas de ruta sectoriales desarrolladas durante este periodo de actualización en un proceso multisectorial, multinivel y multiactor conducido por el Estado.', 'NDC presentadas NDC actualizadas Meta no condicionada Meta condicionada “ Las nuevas metas que presenta el Perú cuentan con el soporte de hojas de ruta sectoriales desarrolladas durante este periodo de actualización en un proceso multisectorial, multinivel y multiactor conducido por el Estado. ”REPORTE DE ACTUALIZACIÓN PERIODO 2021 – 2030 CONTRIBUCIONES DETERMINADAS A NIVEL NACIONAL DEL PERÚ Debido a sus características geográficas, ecológicas y so- ciales, el Perú es uno de los países más vulnerables a los efectos del cambio climático. Durante las últimas décadas, consciente de esta realidad y sobre la base de diversos procesos históricos nacionales e internacionales, el Esta- do Peruano ha diseñado e iniciado la implementación de una gestión integral del cambio climático.', 'Durante las últimas décadas, consciente de esta realidad y sobre la base de diversos procesos históricos nacionales e internacionales, el Esta- do Peruano ha diseñado e iniciado la implementación de una gestión integral del cambio climático. En ese contexto y en forma paralela al proceso de actualización de nuestras NDC, el Estado Peruano ha fortalecido la normativa y la ins- titucionalidad que sustentan la gestión integral del cambio climático en el país. En ese sentido, la promulgación de la Ley Nº 30754, Ley Marco sobre Cambio Climático, en abril de 2018, y la aprobación de su Reglamento, en diciembre de 2019, fueron un punto de inflexión.', 'En ese sentido, la promulgación de la Ley Nº 30754, Ley Marco sobre Cambio Climático, en abril de 2018, y la aprobación de su Reglamento, en diciembre de 2019, fueron un punto de inflexión. La LMCC tiene como objetivo establecer los principios, en- foques y disposiciones generales para la gestión participa- tiva, transparente e integral del cambio climático, a fin de reducir la vulnerabilidad del país, aprovechar las oportuni- dades del crecimiento bajo en carbono y cumplir con los compromisos internacionales asumidos por el Estado ante la CMNUCC. Esta Ley es importante porque establece man- datos claros y porque define lineamientos específicos a los sectores gubernamentales, gobiernos regionales, gobier- nos locales y actores no estatales.', 'Esta Ley es importante porque establece man- datos claros y porque define lineamientos específicos a los sectores gubernamentales, gobiernos regionales, gobier- nos locales y actores no estatales. Los principales elemen- tos incluidos en la LMCC son: i) articulación con el contexto internacional; ii) incorporación del cambio climático en la planificación del desarrollo nacional; iii) fortalecimiento de la institucionalidad; iv) aumento de la competitividad de la inversión y del presupuesto público nacional; v) respaldo a la ciencia y la tecnología; y, vi) monitoreo de las Contribu- ciones Determinadas a Nivel Nacional. Por otro lado, luego de un proceso participativo y de con- sulta previa que se inició en julio de 20181 , el Reglamento de la LMCC fue aprobado mediante Decreto Supremo Nº 013-2019-MINAM.', 'Por otro lado, luego de un proceso participativo y de con- sulta previa que se inició en julio de 20181 , el Reglamento de la LMCC fue aprobado mediante Decreto Supremo Nº 013-2019-MINAM. Esta norma reglamenta las disposicio- nes establecidas en la Ley para la planificación, articulación, ejecución, monitoreo, evaluación, reporte y difusión de las políticas públicas para la gestión integral del cambio climá- tico, orientadas al servicio de la ciudadanía, que buscan reducir la situación de vulnerabilidad del país frente a los efectos del cambio climático, aprovechar las oportunida- des de desarrollo bajo en carbono y cumplir con los com- promisos internacionales asumidos por el Estado Peruano ante CMNUCC.', 'Esta norma reglamenta las disposicio- nes establecidas en la Ley para la planificación, articulación, ejecución, monitoreo, evaluación, reporte y difusión de las políticas públicas para la gestión integral del cambio climá- tico, orientadas al servicio de la ciudadanía, que buscan reducir la situación de vulnerabilidad del país frente a los efectos del cambio climático, aprovechar las oportunida- des de desarrollo bajo en carbono y cumplir con los com- promisos internacionales asumidos por el Estado Peruano ante CMNUCC. De esta forma, el Reglamento de la LMCC establece una acción climática multisectorial, multinivel y ²⁴ La primera etapa de construcción del Reglamento de la LMCC comprendió 48 talleres desarrollados en todo el país y que contó con la participación de 2200 representantes de todos los actores sociales (61% de mujeres y 39% de hombres).', 'De esta forma, el Reglamento de la LMCC establece una acción climática multisectorial, multinivel y ²⁴ La primera etapa de construcción del Reglamento de la LMCC comprendió 48 talleres desarrollados en todo el país y que contó con la participación de 2200 representantes de todos los actores sociales (61% de mujeres y 39% de hombres). Posteriormente, fue iniciado el proceso de consulta pública y; finalmente, fue realizada la consul- ta previa con los pueblos indígenas u originarios. Esta última tuvo la intervención directa de 1433 líderes indígenas. En el marco de estos acuerdos se crea, en la Décimo Segunda Disposición Complementaria Final del Reglamento de la LMCC, la Plataforma de los Pueblos Indíge- nas para enfrentar el Cambio Climático.', 'En el marco de estos acuerdos se crea, en la Décimo Segunda Disposición Complementaria Final del Reglamento de la LMCC, la Plataforma de los Pueblos Indíge- nas para enfrentar el Cambio Climático. Procesos de planificación para la implementación de las NDC del PerúREPORTE DE ACTUALIZACIÓN PERIODO 2021 – 2030 CONTRIBUCIONES DETERMINADAS A NIVEL NACIONAL DEL PERÚ multiactor, considerando la inclusión de los enfoques de género, interculturalidad e intergeneracional, así como el monitoreo de las NDC sujeto a una mejora continua. La in- corporación de estos enfoques transversales hace posible que las contribuciones nacionales del Perú y su ambición sean más justas e inclusivas y que cumplan con las reco- mendaciones de la CMNUCC.', 'La in- corporación de estos enfoques transversales hace posible que las contribuciones nacionales del Perú y su ambición sean más justas e inclusivas y que cumplan con las reco- mendaciones de la CMNUCC. Asimismo, el Artículo 10 de la LMCC prevé la creación de la Comisión de Alto Nivel de Cambio Climático (CANCC)2 como la instancia que propone las medidas de adaptación y mitiga- ción al cambio climático y las NDC, en el marco del Acuer- do de París; y, que aprueba el Reporte de Actualización que debe ser elevado a la Secretaría de la CMNUCC cada cinco años.', 'Asimismo, el Artículo 10 de la LMCC prevé la creación de la Comisión de Alto Nivel de Cambio Climático (CANCC)2 como la instancia que propone las medidas de adaptación y mitiga- ción al cambio climático y las NDC, en el marco del Acuer- do de París; y, que aprueba el Reporte de Actualización que debe ser elevado a la Secretaría de la CMNUCC cada cinco años. Según el Decreto Supremo de su creación, la CANCC propone y recomienda, en el marco de la Es- trategia Nacional ante el Cambio Climático del Perú, las acciones para neutralizar las emisiones de GEI y adap- tarnos al cambio climático al año 2050; así como propo- ne el incremento progresivo de la ambición de nuestras contribuciones nacionales, considerando las propuestas y recomendaciones elaboradas por los gobiernos sub- nacionales, los pueblos indígenas u originarios, el sector privado o cualquier otro actor no estatal.', 'Según el Decreto Supremo de su creación, la CANCC propone y recomienda, en el marco de la Es- trategia Nacional ante el Cambio Climático del Perú, las acciones para neutralizar las emisiones de GEI y adap- tarnos al cambio climático al año 2050; así como propo- ne el incremento progresivo de la ambición de nuestras contribuciones nacionales, considerando las propuestas y recomendaciones elaboradas por los gobiernos sub- nacionales, los pueblos indígenas u originarios, el sector privado o cualquier otro actor no estatal. Además, super- visa la elaboración de las proyecciones de reducción de emisiones de GEI, que contribuyen al proceso de toma de decisiones sobre las NDC, así como propone la actua- lización de las metodologías utilizadas. ²⁵ La CANCC fue creada mediante Decreto Supremo Nº 006-2020-MINAM el 4 de julio de 2020.', '²⁵ La CANCC fue creada mediante Decreto Supremo Nº 006-2020-MINAM el 4 de julio de 2020. La CANCC es una comisión multisectorial de carácter permanente, cuya presidencia es ocupada por la Presidencia del Consejo de Ministros, mientras que la Secretaría Técnica recae sobre el Ministerio del Ambiente del Perú. La CANCC está conformada, además, por los ministros de Energía y Minas; de Agricul- tura y Riego; de la Producción; de Transportes y Comunicaciones; de Vivienda, Construcción y Saneamiento; de Salud; de Relaciones Exte- riores; de Economía y Finanzas; de Educación; de Desarrollo e Inclusión Social; de Cultura; de la Mujer y Poblaciones Vulnerables.', 'La CANCC está conformada, además, por los ministros de Energía y Minas; de Agricul- tura y Riego; de la Producción; de Transportes y Comunicaciones; de Vivienda, Construcción y Saneamiento; de Salud; de Relaciones Exte- riores; de Economía y Finanzas; de Educación; de Desarrollo e Inclusión Social; de Cultura; de la Mujer y Poblaciones Vulnerables. Asimismo, también la conforman los presidentes del Consejo Directivo del Cen- tro Nacional de Planeamiento Estratégico; de la Asamblea Nacional de Gobiernos Regionales; y de la Asociación de Municipalidades del Perú. Con respecto a la implementación de las medidas de mitigación de nuestras NDC, a la medición de la reduc- ción de emisiones y al incremento de remociones de GEI, el Reglamento de la LMCC establece la creación del Registro Nacional de Medidas de Mitigación (RE- NAMI).', 'Con respecto a la implementación de las medidas de mitigación de nuestras NDC, a la medición de la reduc- ción de emisiones y al incremento de remociones de GEI, el Reglamento de la LMCC establece la creación del Registro Nacional de Medidas de Mitigación (RE- NAMI). El RENAMI tiene como objetivo recopilar, re- gistrar, monitorear y gestionar la información sobre el nivel de avance en las reducciones de emisiones y en el incremento de las remociones de GEI de las medidas de mitigación; así como registrar cobeneficios, finan- ciamiento u otro tipo de información relevante. El RE- NAMI es una plataforma digital a través de la cual las instituciones públicas y privadas pueden registrar sus iniciativas que contribuyen a la reducción de emisiones GEI.', 'El RE- NAMI es una plataforma digital a través de la cual las instituciones públicas y privadas pueden registrar sus iniciativas que contribuyen a la reducción de emisiones GEI. Además, a través de esta plataforma, será posi- ble efectuar la transferencia de la disminución de GEI producida por las acciones de mitigación realizadas por esas instituciones con el objetivo de que participen en los mercados nacionales e internacionales de carbono, aportando de esa forma a la acción climática del país. De esta forma, con el objetivo de promover el cum- plimiento de nuestras metas de mitigación propuestas, así como de una mayor ambición en el tiempo, el Perú está comprometido con fortalecimiento del trabajo de coordinación multisectorial realizado a través de la CANCC.', 'De esta forma, con el objetivo de promover el cum- plimiento de nuestras metas de mitigación propuestas, así como de una mayor ambición en el tiempo, el Perú está comprometido con fortalecimiento del trabajo de coordinación multisectorial realizado a través de la CANCC. Este trabajo permitirá definir las oportunida- des de reducción de emisiones para cada uno de los sectores de la economía, lo que hará posible definir la meta de mitigación a nivel nacional.', 'Este trabajo permitirá definir las oportunida- des de reducción de emisiones para cada uno de los sectores de la economía, lo que hará posible definir la meta de mitigación a nivel nacional. Asimismo, y en lí- nea con el compromiso asumido para la construcción de un marco de transparencia reforzado en el marco de lo establecido en el Acuerdo de París, el Perú se encuentra actualizando las herramientas del MRV con el objetivo de elaborar el INGEI con una frecuencia no mayor de dos años y de mejorar la calidad de la infor- mación. Este proceso se realiza a través del Ministe- rio del Ambiente, en su calidad autoridad nacional en “ El Perú iniciará en el año 2021 el proceso de actualización de su Estrategia Nacional ante el Cambio Climático con un horizonte al año 2050.', 'Este proceso se realiza a través del Ministe- rio del Ambiente, en su calidad autoridad nacional en “ El Perú iniciará en el año 2021 el proceso de actualización de su Estrategia Nacional ante el Cambio Climático con un horizonte al año 2050. ” materia de cambio climático, en coordinación con los sectores estatales competentes. Adicionalmente, con el fin de asegurar que la actualización de las metas de mitigación sea ventajosa y promueva la competitividad del país, el Perú buscará promover mayores inversio- nes bajas en carbono en los sectores que tienen mayor participación en el INGEI y/o que tengan mayores co- beneficios.', 'Adicionalmente, con el fin de asegurar que la actualización de las metas de mitigación sea ventajosa y promueva la competitividad del país, el Perú buscará promover mayores inversio- nes bajas en carbono en los sectores que tienen mayor participación en el INGEI y/o que tengan mayores co- beneficios. Por otro lado, con el objetivo de garantizar la implemen- tación de las medidas de mitigación de GEI y de adapta- ción al cambio climático, el Estado Peruano se encuen- tra en el proceso de formulación de una Estrategia de Financiamiento Climático. Esta Estrategia, construida coordinadamente entre el Ministerio del Ambiente y el Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas, será uno de los ins- trumentos destinados a la gestión integral del cambio climático y permitirá abordar la planificación financiera para la implementación de las NDC.', 'Esta Estrategia, construida coordinadamente entre el Ministerio del Ambiente y el Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas, será uno de los ins- trumentos destinados a la gestión integral del cambio climático y permitirá abordar la planificación financiera para la implementación de las NDC. Además, su diseño lleva en consideración el desarrollo de algunos elemen- tos centrales de acuerdo con las particularidades y los principales retos del país, entre los que destacan la vin- culación de las NDC con instrumentos de política y de desarrollo, la identificación de las brechas de financia- miento, el fortalecimiento de capacidades, y la transpa- rencia y rendición de cuentas. Finalmente, es importante indicar que el Perú inicia- rá en el año 2021 el proceso de actualización de su Estrategia Nacional ante el Cambio Climático con un horizonte al año 2050.', 'Finalmente, es importante indicar que el Perú inicia- rá en el año 2021 el proceso de actualización de su Estrategia Nacional ante el Cambio Climático con un horizonte al año 2050. En ese sentido, ha iniciado la generación participativa de dos referentes importan- tes con relación a la mitigación de GEI y la adaptación al cambio climático a través de la elaboración, por un lado, del Estudio Técnico para la Carbono Neutralidad del Perú al 2050 y, por otro, del desarrollo del Plan Na- cional de Adaptación, con horizontes temporales hacia los años 2030 y 2050.REPORTE DE ACTUALIZACIÓN PERIODO 2021 – 2030 CONTRIBUCIONES DETERMINADAS A NIVEL NACIONAL DEL PERÚ El Perú está profundamente comprometido con la res- puesta mundial al cambio climático y considera priori- tario que la actualización de sus contribuciones nacio- nales incorpore la mayor ambición posible, tanto en los objetivos de adaptación al cambio climático como a los concernientes a la mitigación de GEI.', 'En ese sentido, ha iniciado la generación participativa de dos referentes importan- tes con relación a la mitigación de GEI y la adaptación al cambio climático a través de la elaboración, por un lado, del Estudio Técnico para la Carbono Neutralidad del Perú al 2050 y, por otro, del desarrollo del Plan Na- cional de Adaptación, con horizontes temporales hacia los años 2030 y 2050.REPORTE DE ACTUALIZACIÓN PERIODO 2021 – 2030 CONTRIBUCIONES DETERMINADAS A NIVEL NACIONAL DEL PERÚ El Perú está profundamente comprometido con la res- puesta mundial al cambio climático y considera priori- tario que la actualización de sus contribuciones nacio- nales incorpore la mayor ambición posible, tanto en los objetivos de adaptación al cambio climático como a los concernientes a la mitigación de GEI. De esta forma, el Perú reconoce que se requiere una acción decisiva, arti- culada y urgente para limitar el aumento de la tempera- tura media mundial por debajo de 1,5 °C, así como para gestionar adecuadamente los efectos y los impactos del cambio climático.', 'De esta forma, el Perú reconoce que se requiere una acción decisiva, arti- culada y urgente para limitar el aumento de la tempera- tura media mundial por debajo de 1,5 °C, así como para gestionar adecuadamente los efectos y los impactos del cambio climático. Siendo así, el país ha realizado esfuer- zos durante el proceso de actualización de sus NDC para garantizar el aumento en la ambición de sus medidas de adaptación y mitigación, procurando abarcar todo el territorio nacional y promoviendo una acción conjunta entre los actores estatales y no estatales, de acuerdo con sus circunstancias y capacidades.', 'Siendo así, el país ha realizado esfuer- zos durante el proceso de actualización de sus NDC para garantizar el aumento en la ambición de sus medidas de adaptación y mitigación, procurando abarcar todo el territorio nacional y promoviendo una acción conjunta entre los actores estatales y no estatales, de acuerdo con sus circunstancias y capacidades. Es decir, el Perú ha for- talecido su institucionalidad para la gestión integral del cambio climático de tal forma que garantice y estimule la participación de los tres niveles de gobierno y de la sociedad civil en su conjunto.', 'Es decir, el Perú ha for- talecido su institucionalidad para la gestión integral del cambio climático de tal forma que garantice y estimule la participación de los tres niveles de gobierno y de la sociedad civil en su conjunto. Por otro lado, en concordancia con el llamado esta- blecido a través del Artículo 4.4. del Acuerdo de París, nuestras contribuciones nacionales consideran accio- nes, mecanismos y resultados que abarcan toda nuestra economía, con énfasis en el sector forestal debido a la importancia que tiene con respecto a las emisiones de GEI en el país.', 'Por otro lado, en concordancia con el llamado esta- blecido a través del Artículo 4.4. del Acuerdo de París, nuestras contribuciones nacionales consideran accio- nes, mecanismos y resultados que abarcan toda nuestra economía, con énfasis en el sector forestal debido a la importancia que tiene con respecto a las emisiones de GEI en el país. Este alcance se ve claramente reflejado en nuestro INGEI y en las políticas públicas para el desa- rrollo del país, entre las que destacan aquellas dirigidas a los grupos sociales más vulnerables, a los medios de vida de la población, a la integridad de nuestros ecosistemas y a la manutención de la infraestructura, los bienes y los servicios del Estado. El compromiso del país se ha reflejado en los impor- tantes hitos alcanzados durante los últimos años.', 'El compromiso del país se ha reflejado en los impor- tantes hitos alcanzados durante los últimos años. En- tre ellos, se puede destacar: i) el marco institucional y normativo; ii) los esfuerzos para implementar nuestro marco de transparencia mediante un sistema de mo- nitoreo de las medidas de adaptación y mitigación; iii) las mejoras de diversa índole en los INGEI; iv) la pro- ducción de información de base y de escenarios que permitan direccionar las medidas de adaptación; v) el desarrollo de una estrategia de financiamiento climáti- co; y, vi) la incorporación de los enfoques transversales de género, interculturalidad e intergeneracional en las medidas que conforman nuestras contribuciones y en todos los procesos relacionados a la gestión integral del cambio climático.', 'En- tre ellos, se puede destacar: i) el marco institucional y normativo; ii) los esfuerzos para implementar nuestro marco de transparencia mediante un sistema de mo- nitoreo de las medidas de adaptación y mitigación; iii) las mejoras de diversa índole en los INGEI; iv) la pro- ducción de información de base y de escenarios que permitan direccionar las medidas de adaptación; v) el desarrollo de una estrategia de financiamiento climáti- co; y, vi) la incorporación de los enfoques transversales de género, interculturalidad e intergeneracional en las medidas que conforman nuestras contribuciones y en todos los procesos relacionados a la gestión integral del cambio climático. Con respecto a la incorporación de los enfoques trans- versales, es importante indicar que el Estado Peruano ha realizado un esfuerzo de articulación y operacionaliza- ción de los elementos de la Acción para el Empodera- NDC justas y ambiciosas a la luz de las circunstancias nacionales del PerúREPORTE DE ACTUALIZACIÓN PERIODO 2021 – 2030 CONTRIBUCIONES DETERMINADAS A NIVEL NACIONAL DEL PERÚ miento Climático (ACE)1 , que tienen como objetivo legitimar la acción climática y garantizar el alcance de las políticas na- cionales en materia de cambio climático mediante la amplia participación ciudadana.', 'Con respecto a la incorporación de los enfoques trans- versales, es importante indicar que el Estado Peruano ha realizado un esfuerzo de articulación y operacionaliza- ción de los elementos de la Acción para el Empodera- NDC justas y ambiciosas a la luz de las circunstancias nacionales del PerúREPORTE DE ACTUALIZACIÓN PERIODO 2021 – 2030 CONTRIBUCIONES DETERMINADAS A NIVEL NACIONAL DEL PERÚ miento Climático (ACE)1 , que tienen como objetivo legitimar la acción climática y garantizar el alcance de las políticas na- cionales en materia de cambio climático mediante la amplia participación ciudadana. El Perú reconoce que las capacida- des para mitigar el cambio climático son menores en pobla- ciones históricamente excluidas, y que una acción destinada a promover la participación ciudadana en la implementación de una medida de adaptación no puede realizarse sin considerar la desigualdad y vulnerabilidad de estos grupos sociales, pues esto afectaría su alcance, su impacto y su sostenibilidad.', 'El Perú reconoce que las capacida- des para mitigar el cambio climático son menores en pobla- ciones históricamente excluidas, y que una acción destinada a promover la participación ciudadana en la implementación de una medida de adaptación no puede realizarse sin considerar la desigualdad y vulnerabilidad de estos grupos sociales, pues esto afectaría su alcance, su impacto y su sostenibilidad. En ese sentido, el Reglamento de la LMCC incorpora tanto los en- foques transversales como los elementos de ACE en el marco conceptual para la gestión integral de cambio climático, mien- tras que nuestras NDC los incorpora en todas sus etapas, des- de su formulación hasta su implementación. De esta manera, nuestras contribuciones nacionales son justas e inclusivas.', 'De esta manera, nuestras contribuciones nacionales son justas e inclusivas. En definitiva y de acuerdo con todo lo comunicado en este do- cumento, las NDC del Perú correspondientes a esta actualiza- ción representan una progresión con respecto a las NDC pre- sentadas en el año 2015. Adicionalmente, el país ha realizado esta actualización de sus contribuciones nacionales llevando en consideración y de manera consistente con una visión de largo plazo que nos conduzca a alcanzar un equilibrio entre las emisiones y absorciones antropógenas de GEI y a situaciones más favorables con respecto a la reducción de los riesgos y al incremento de la capacidad adaptativa en el año 2050.', 'Adicionalmente, el país ha realizado esta actualización de sus contribuciones nacionales llevando en consideración y de manera consistente con una visión de largo plazo que nos conduzca a alcanzar un equilibrio entre las emisiones y absorciones antropógenas de GEI y a situaciones más favorables con respecto a la reducción de los riesgos y al incremento de la capacidad adaptativa en el año 2050. ²⁶ El término Acción para el Empoderamiento Climático (ACE, por sus siglas en inglés) fue adaptado en relación con el Artículo 6 de la CMNUCC (“Educación, formación y sensibilización del público”) y se enmarca en el Programa de Trabajo de Doha 2012-2020, es- tablecido en la COP 18 de Doha (Qatar), realizada en 2012.', '²⁶ El término Acción para el Empoderamiento Climático (ACE, por sus siglas en inglés) fue adaptado en relación con el Artículo 6 de la CMNUCC (“Educación, formación y sensibilización del público”) y se enmarca en el Programa de Trabajo de Doha 2012-2020, es- tablecido en la COP 18 de Doha (Qatar), realizada en 2012. La ACE se apoya en la educación, la formación, las campañas de sensibi- lización, la participación pública, el acceso a la información y la cooperación internacional para ser un instrumento articulador de capacidades que faciliten el diseño y la implementación de progra- mas y estrategias sobre el cambio climático desde diversos frentes.', 'La ACE se apoya en la educación, la formación, las campañas de sensibi- lización, la participación pública, el acceso a la información y la cooperación internacional para ser un instrumento articulador de capacidades que faciliten el diseño y la implementación de progra- mas y estrategias sobre el cambio climático desde diversos frentes. “ Nuestras contribuciones nacionales consideran acciones, mecanismos y resultados que abarcan toda nuestra economía, con énfasis en el sector forestal debido a la importancia que tiene con respecto a las emisiones de GEI en el país.', '“ Nuestras contribuciones nacionales consideran acciones, mecanismos y resultados que abarcan toda nuestra economía, con énfasis en el sector forestal debido a la importancia que tiene con respecto a las emisiones de GEI en el país. ”REPORTE DE ACTUALIZACIÓN PERIODO 2021 – 2030 CONTRIBUCIONES DETERMINADAS A NIVEL NACIONAL DEL PERÚ Las NDC del Perú contribuirán para que los objetivos de la CMNUCC relacionados a estabilizar las concentraciones de GEI en la atmósfera a un nivel que impida interferencias antropogénicas peligrosas en el sistema climático sean al- canzados, así como a aumentar la capacidad de adaptación, fortalecer la resiliencia y reducir la vulnerabilidad al cambio climático con miras a contribuir al desarrollo sostenible y cli- máticamente responsable.', '”REPORTE DE ACTUALIZACIÓN PERIODO 2021 – 2030 CONTRIBUCIONES DETERMINADAS A NIVEL NACIONAL DEL PERÚ Las NDC del Perú contribuirán para que los objetivos de la CMNUCC relacionados a estabilizar las concentraciones de GEI en la atmósfera a un nivel que impida interferencias antropogénicas peligrosas en el sistema climático sean al- canzados, así como a aumentar la capacidad de adaptación, fortalecer la resiliencia y reducir la vulnerabilidad al cambio climático con miras a contribuir al desarrollo sostenible y cli- máticamente responsable. El Estado Peruano está comprometido con la meta global de mantener el aumento de la temperatura media mundial muy por debajo de 2 °C con respecto a los niveles preindustriales, así como de proseguir los esfuerzos para limitar ese aumen- to a 1,5 °C.', 'El Estado Peruano está comprometido con la meta global de mantener el aumento de la temperatura media mundial muy por debajo de 2 °C con respecto a los niveles preindustriales, así como de proseguir los esfuerzos para limitar ese aumen- to a 1,5 °C. Para ello reconoce que el cumplimiento de esta Contribución peruana a la consecución del objetivo de la Convención meta reduciría considerablemente los riesgos y los efectos del cambio climático.', 'Para ello reconoce que el cumplimiento de esta Contribución peruana a la consecución del objetivo de la Convención meta reduciría considerablemente los riesgos y los efectos del cambio climático. En ese sentido, las metas de nuestras contribuciones nacionales están alineadas con una visión de largo plazo destinadas a que nuestras emisiones alcancen su punto máximo lo antes posible, y, partir de ese momento, se reduzcan rápidamente con el objetivo de alcanzar el equili- brio entre las emisiones antropogénicas por las fuentes y la absorción antropogénicas por los sumideros en el año 2050.', 'En ese sentido, las metas de nuestras contribuciones nacionales están alineadas con una visión de largo plazo destinadas a que nuestras emisiones alcancen su punto máximo lo antes posible, y, partir de ese momento, se reduzcan rápidamente con el objetivo de alcanzar el equili- brio entre las emisiones antropogénicas por las fuentes y la absorción antropogénicas por los sumideros en el año 2050. Finalmente, es importante resaltar que la formulación de nuestras NDC ha sido realizada en consistencia con el princi- pio de no discriminación y el derecho a la igualdad, llevando en consideración los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible, y for- taleciendo los esfuerzos del Estado por erradicar la pobreza.', 'Finalmente, es importante resaltar que la formulación de nuestras NDC ha sido realizada en consistencia con el princi- pio de no discriminación y el derecho a la igualdad, llevando en consideración los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible, y for- taleciendo los esfuerzos del Estado por erradicar la pobreza. “Las metas de nuestras contribuciones nacionales están alineadas con una visión de largo plazo destinadas a que nuestras emisiones alcancen su punto máximo lo antes posible. ”El presente reporte de actualización de las Contribuciones Determinadas a Nivel Nacional del Perú (NDC) contó con el valioso apoyo de la siguientes iniciativas y organizaciones de cooperación internacional: Agradecimientos']

es-ES

PHL

Philippines

1st NDC

2015-10-01 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Philippines%20-%20NDC.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Asia

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/f1050440fb9ec3946fc8fdfba138bb9e98c7f0b27c8118c73227f965b8d791a7.pdf

['REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES Nationally Determined Contribution Communicated to the UNFCCC on 15 April 2021 The Republic of the Philippines submits its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) in accordance with Decision 1/CP.21 of the Conference of Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The Philippines’ NDC supports the country’s national development objectives and priorities of sustainable industrial development, poverty eradication and inclusive growth, energy security, and social and climate justice, and the transformation of its socio-economic sectors towards a climate and disaster-resilient and low carbon economy.', 'The Philippines’ NDC supports the country’s national development objectives and priorities of sustainable industrial development, poverty eradication and inclusive growth, energy security, and social and climate justice, and the transformation of its socio-economic sectors towards a climate and disaster-resilient and low carbon economy. The Philippines shares the view that the NDC is a means to communicate opportunities for transforming our world with gender-responsive sustainable development options through the commitment of Parties to support and complement each other’s endeavors in accordance with the partnership arrangement under the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement.', 'The Philippines shares the view that the NDC is a means to communicate opportunities for transforming our world with gender-responsive sustainable development options through the commitment of Parties to support and complement each other’s endeavors in accordance with the partnership arrangement under the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement. Developed through a whole-of-government-and-society approach, the Philippines’ NDC upholds the importance of meaningful participation of women, children, youth, persons with diverse sexual orientation and gender identity, differently abled, indigenous peoples, elderly, local communities, civil society, faith-based organizations, and the private sector, and recognizes the indispensable value of inclusion and collaborative participation of local governments in implementing climate actions. It shall enable a market signal to support local and foreign direct green investments.', 'It shall enable a market signal to support local and foreign direct green investments. The NDC recognizes the private sector as the country’s main engine of economic growth and transformation, and promotes its full engagement in climate change adaptation and mitigation.Aware of its exposure and vulnerability to climate change impacts and the increasing losses and damages the Philippines is incurring, it is employing its full national political strength to address the problem of climate change. Thus, the NDC is also based on and informed by national laws, as well as domestic legal, financial, and policy frameworks, with the accompanying instruments and institutional arrangements on adaptation and mitigation, foremost of which is Republic Act No.', 'Thus, the NDC is also based on and informed by national laws, as well as domestic legal, financial, and policy frameworks, with the accompanying instruments and institutional arrangements on adaptation and mitigation, foremost of which is Republic Act No. 9729, otherwise known as the Climate Change Act of 2009, as amended by Republic Act No. 10174, and its requisite policy instruments, the National Framework Strategy on Climate Change 2010-2022 and the National Climate Change Action Plan 2011-2028. The NDC also considers the Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022, Philippine Energy Plan 2018-2040, the Philippine National Security Policy 2017- 2022, National Climate Risk Management Framework of 2019 and the Sustainable Finance Policy Framework of 2020. It shall also be progressively informed by the Filipino people’s aspirations across generations.', 'It shall also be progressively informed by the Filipino people’s aspirations across generations. The Philippines, in line with its national security policy and its sustainable development aspirations and in solidarity with ASEAN Member States, shall endeavor to peak its emissions by 2030 in the context of accelerating the just transition of its sectors into a green economy and the delivery of green jobs and other benefits of a climate and disaster-resilient and low carbon development to its people, among others. The NDC upholds the importance of ensuring ecosystems integrity and promoting the country’s obligations on human rights and the rights of its indigenous peoples.', 'The NDC upholds the importance of ensuring ecosystems integrity and promoting the country’s obligations on human rights and the rights of its indigenous peoples. The Philippines recognizes the importance of traditional knowledge, education and public awareness, and enhancement of climate actions through measures embodied in Article 12 of the Paris Agreement, and shall endeavor to institute a multi-level mechanism in this regard in the implementation of the NDC.National Circumstances The Philippines is a low-middle income developing country with a current population of 108.7 million,1 growing at a projected average rate of 0.84 percent2 until 2040.', 'The Philippines recognizes the importance of traditional knowledge, education and public awareness, and enhancement of climate actions through measures embodied in Article 12 of the Paris Agreement, and shall endeavor to institute a multi-level mechanism in this regard in the implementation of the NDC.National Circumstances The Philippines is a low-middle income developing country with a current population of 108.7 million,1 growing at a projected average rate of 0.84 percent2 until 2040. Located in the Tropical Cyclone belt and the Pacific Ring of Fire, it is extremely vulnerable to climate-related and geological hazards that include around 20 tropical cyclones every year and an almost daily occurrence of seismic shocks which cost the country an average of 0.5% of its GDP annually.', 'Located in the Tropical Cyclone belt and the Pacific Ring of Fire, it is extremely vulnerable to climate-related and geological hazards that include around 20 tropical cyclones every year and an almost daily occurrence of seismic shocks which cost the country an average of 0.5% of its GDP annually. 3 It is burdened with 16.7% poverty incidence 4 and saddled with an aging infrastructure and intermittent insecurities in the food and agriculture and health sectors.', '3 It is burdened with 16.7% poverty incidence 4 and saddled with an aging infrastructure and intermittent insecurities in the food and agriculture and health sectors. Despite these, the Philippines remains steadfast in achieving zero poverty by 2040 and sustainable and inclusive economic growth.5 Loss and damage from extreme weather events are increasing at an unacceptable rate, reaching 4% of GDP in 2013 due to Super Typhoon Haiyan.6 The successive typhoons in October and November 2020 alone resulted in approximately USD 852 million in losses and damages in agriculture and infrastructure.7 In the energy sector, Super Typhoon Goni alone destroyed USD 56.3 million worth of infrastructure in 25 provinces in the country.8 Noting the increasing difficulty for fast and timely recovery, it is apparent that the loss and damage impacts of these climate events are outstripping the country’s capacity to withstand climate shocks.', 'Despite these, the Philippines remains steadfast in achieving zero poverty by 2040 and sustainable and inclusive economic growth.5 Loss and damage from extreme weather events are increasing at an unacceptable rate, reaching 4% of GDP in 2013 due to Super Typhoon Haiyan.6 The successive typhoons in October and November 2020 alone resulted in approximately USD 852 million in losses and damages in agriculture and infrastructure.7 In the energy sector, Super Typhoon Goni alone destroyed USD 56.3 million worth of infrastructure in 25 provinces in the country.8 Noting the increasing difficulty for fast and timely recovery, it is apparent that the loss and damage impacts of these climate events are outstripping the country’s capacity to withstand climate shocks. 1 Updated Projected Mid-Year Population Based on 2015 POPCEN by Five- Year Age Group, Sex, Single-Calendar Year and by Province: 2015 – 2025.', '1 Updated Projected Mid-Year Population Based on 2015 POPCEN by Five- Year Age Group, Sex, Single-Calendar Year and by Province: 2015 – 2025. Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) website. 02015%20POPCEN.pdf . Retrieved on 20 December 2020. 2 Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) 3 National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (2011) 4 Poverty incidence in 2018 reported by the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) 5 National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) 6 National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA). 2013.', '2 Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) 3 National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (2011) 4 Poverty incidence in 2018 reported by the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) 5 National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) 6 National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA). 2013. Reconstruction Assistance for Yolanda 7 Estimation from published NDRRMC Reports on Typhoons Molave, Goni, and Vamco 8 Department of Energy (DOE)Climate Change Mitigation In terms of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the Philippines emits an average of 1.98 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent per capita in 2020, or way below the global average of four (4) metric tons per capita.', 'Reconstruction Assistance for Yolanda 7 Estimation from published NDRRMC Reports on Typhoons Molave, Goni, and Vamco 8 Department of Energy (DOE)Climate Change Mitigation In terms of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the Philippines emits an average of 1.98 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent per capita in 2020, or way below the global average of four (4) metric tons per capita. The Philippines commits to a projected GHG emissions reduction and avoidance of 75%, of which 2.71% is unconditional 9 and 72.29% is conditional, 10 representing the country’s ambition for GHG mitigation for the period 2020 to 2030 for the sectors of agriculture, wastes, industry, transport, and energy. 11 This commitment is referenced against a projected business-as-usual cumulative economy-wide emission of 3,340.3 MtCO2 e 12 for the same period.', '11 This commitment is referenced against a projected business-as-usual cumulative economy-wide emission of 3,340.3 MtCO2 e 12 for the same period. The country’s climate change mitigation actions shall strengthen the resilience and adaptive capacity of the country, including through enhanced access to climate finance, technology development and transfer, and capacity building, especially on the implementation of the policies and measures on and the uptake of circular economy and sustainable consumption and production practices. The implementation of the mitigation commitments shall be undertaken through bilateral, regional and multilateral cooperation. In addition, the benefits of market and non-market mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement shall continue to be explored, consistent with national circumstances and sustainable development aspirations.', 'In addition, the benefits of market and non-market mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement shall continue to be explored, consistent with national circumstances and sustainable development aspirations. 9 Unconditional refers to policies and measures which can be undertaken using nationally mobilized resources. 10 Conditional refers to policies and measures which require support or the means of implementation under the Paris Agreement. 11 Greenhouse gases covered are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).', '11 Greenhouse gases covered are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). 12 Million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalentClimate Change Adaptation The National Climate Change Action Plan 2011 - 2028 established the seven thematic areas of government action to address climate change, namely food security, water sufficiency, ecological and environmental stability, human security, climate-smart industries and services, sustainable energy, and knowledge and capacity development, which are pursued coherently with the Sustainable Development Goals and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. The Philippines shall undertake adaptation measures across but not limited to, the sectors of agriculture, forestry, coastal and marine ecosystems and biodiversity, health, and human security, to preempt, reduce and address residual loss and damage.', 'The Philippines shall undertake adaptation measures across but not limited to, the sectors of agriculture, forestry, coastal and marine ecosystems and biodiversity, health, and human security, to preempt, reduce and address residual loss and damage. The Philippines shall pursue forest protection, forest restoration and reforestation, and access to results-based finance in forest conservation. The country shall also endeavor to undertake equitable adaptation strategies with mitigation co-benefits and ensure their contribution to the national pandemic recovery. For this purpose, the Philippines shall diligently access the means of implementation under the Paris Agreement. Concluding Note The Philippines’ NDC conveys the country’s progressive climate change mitigation commitment and adaptation challenges and requirements, including addressing residual loss and damage, in pursuit of low carbon, sustainable, and climate and disaster-resilient development.', 'Concluding Note The Philippines’ NDC conveys the country’s progressive climate change mitigation commitment and adaptation challenges and requirements, including addressing residual loss and damage, in pursuit of low carbon, sustainable, and climate and disaster-resilient development. With continuing analysis and public-private sector collaboration, enhancements on this NDC are expected to reflect increasing ambition and economy-wide mitigation potential, based on the growth directions and projected climate change adaptation needs of the Filipino people. These shall include enhancement of transformative policies and measures for climate change mitigation and information for clarity, transparency, and understanding in accordance with relevant guidelines. The Philippines shall continue to engage all stakeholders concerned in the NDC implementation, updating, and monitoring and review processes.']

en-US

PHL

Philippines

Updated NDC

2021-04-15 00:00:00

x

NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Philippines%20-%20NDC.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Asia

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/f1050440fb9ec3946fc8fdfba138bb9e98c7f0b27c8118c73227f965b8d791a7.pdf

['REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES Nationally Determined Contribution Communicated to the UNFCCC on 15 April 2021 The Republic of the Philippines submits its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) in accordance with Decision 1/CP.21 of the Conference of Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The Philippines’ NDC supports the country’s national development objectives and priorities of sustainable industrial development, poverty eradication and inclusive growth, energy security, and social and climate justice, and the transformation of its socio-economic sectors towards a climate and disaster-resilient and low carbon economy.', 'The Philippines’ NDC supports the country’s national development objectives and priorities of sustainable industrial development, poverty eradication and inclusive growth, energy security, and social and climate justice, and the transformation of its socio-economic sectors towards a climate and disaster-resilient and low carbon economy. The Philippines shares the view that the NDC is a means to communicate opportunities for transforming our world with gender-responsive sustainable development options through the commitment of Parties to support and complement each other’s endeavors in accordance with the partnership arrangement under the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement.', 'The Philippines shares the view that the NDC is a means to communicate opportunities for transforming our world with gender-responsive sustainable development options through the commitment of Parties to support and complement each other’s endeavors in accordance with the partnership arrangement under the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement. Developed through a whole-of-government-and-society approach, the Philippines’ NDC upholds the importance of meaningful participation of women, children, youth, persons with diverse sexual orientation and gender identity, differently abled, indigenous peoples, elderly, local communities, civil society, faith-based organizations, and the private sector, and recognizes the indispensable value of inclusion and collaborative participation of local governments in implementing climate actions. It shall enable a market signal to support local and foreign direct green investments.', 'It shall enable a market signal to support local and foreign direct green investments. The NDC recognizes the private sector as the country’s main engine of economic growth and transformation, and promotes its full engagement in climate change adaptation and mitigation.Aware of its exposure and vulnerability to climate change impacts and the increasing losses and damages the Philippines is incurring, it is employing its full national political strength to address the problem of climate change. Thus, the NDC is also based on and informed by national laws, as well as domestic legal, financial, and policy frameworks, with the accompanying instruments and institutional arrangements on adaptation and mitigation, foremost of which is Republic Act No.', 'Thus, the NDC is also based on and informed by national laws, as well as domestic legal, financial, and policy frameworks, with the accompanying instruments and institutional arrangements on adaptation and mitigation, foremost of which is Republic Act No. 9729, otherwise known as the Climate Change Act of 2009, as amended by Republic Act No. 10174, and its requisite policy instruments, the National Framework Strategy on Climate Change 2010-2022 and the National Climate Change Action Plan 2011-2028. The NDC also considers the Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022, Philippine Energy Plan 2018-2040, the Philippine National Security Policy 2017- 2022, National Climate Risk Management Framework of 2019 and the Sustainable Finance Policy Framework of 2020. It shall also be progressively informed by the Filipino people’s aspirations across generations.', 'It shall also be progressively informed by the Filipino people’s aspirations across generations. The Philippines, in line with its national security policy and its sustainable development aspirations and in solidarity with ASEAN Member States, shall endeavor to peak its emissions by 2030 in the context of accelerating the just transition of its sectors into a green economy and the delivery of green jobs and other benefits of a climate and disaster-resilient and low carbon development to its people, among others. The NDC upholds the importance of ensuring ecosystems integrity and promoting the country’s obligations on human rights and the rights of its indigenous peoples.', 'The NDC upholds the importance of ensuring ecosystems integrity and promoting the country’s obligations on human rights and the rights of its indigenous peoples. The Philippines recognizes the importance of traditional knowledge, education and public awareness, and enhancement of climate actions through measures embodied in Article 12 of the Paris Agreement, and shall endeavor to institute a multi-level mechanism in this regard in the implementation of the NDC.National Circumstances The Philippines is a low-middle income developing country with a current population of 108.7 million,1 growing at a projected average rate of 0.84 percent2 until 2040.', 'The Philippines recognizes the importance of traditional knowledge, education and public awareness, and enhancement of climate actions through measures embodied in Article 12 of the Paris Agreement, and shall endeavor to institute a multi-level mechanism in this regard in the implementation of the NDC.National Circumstances The Philippines is a low-middle income developing country with a current population of 108.7 million,1 growing at a projected average rate of 0.84 percent2 until 2040. Located in the Tropical Cyclone belt and the Pacific Ring of Fire, it is extremely vulnerable to climate-related and geological hazards that include around 20 tropical cyclones every year and an almost daily occurrence of seismic shocks which cost the country an average of 0.5% of its GDP annually.', 'Located in the Tropical Cyclone belt and the Pacific Ring of Fire, it is extremely vulnerable to climate-related and geological hazards that include around 20 tropical cyclones every year and an almost daily occurrence of seismic shocks which cost the country an average of 0.5% of its GDP annually. 3 It is burdened with 16.7% poverty incidence 4 and saddled with an aging infrastructure and intermittent insecurities in the food and agriculture and health sectors.', '3 It is burdened with 16.7% poverty incidence 4 and saddled with an aging infrastructure and intermittent insecurities in the food and agriculture and health sectors. Despite these, the Philippines remains steadfast in achieving zero poverty by 2040 and sustainable and inclusive economic growth.5 Loss and damage from extreme weather events are increasing at an unacceptable rate, reaching 4% of GDP in 2013 due to Super Typhoon Haiyan.6 The successive typhoons in October and November 2020 alone resulted in approximately USD 852 million in losses and damages in agriculture and infrastructure.7 In the energy sector, Super Typhoon Goni alone destroyed USD 56.3 million worth of infrastructure in 25 provinces in the country.8 Noting the increasing difficulty for fast and timely recovery, it is apparent that the loss and damage impacts of these climate events are outstripping the country’s capacity to withstand climate shocks.', 'Despite these, the Philippines remains steadfast in achieving zero poverty by 2040 and sustainable and inclusive economic growth.5 Loss and damage from extreme weather events are increasing at an unacceptable rate, reaching 4% of GDP in 2013 due to Super Typhoon Haiyan.6 The successive typhoons in October and November 2020 alone resulted in approximately USD 852 million in losses and damages in agriculture and infrastructure.7 In the energy sector, Super Typhoon Goni alone destroyed USD 56.3 million worth of infrastructure in 25 provinces in the country.8 Noting the increasing difficulty for fast and timely recovery, it is apparent that the loss and damage impacts of these climate events are outstripping the country’s capacity to withstand climate shocks. 1 Updated Projected Mid-Year Population Based on 2015 POPCEN by Five- Year Age Group, Sex, Single-Calendar Year and by Province: 2015 – 2025.', '1 Updated Projected Mid-Year Population Based on 2015 POPCEN by Five- Year Age Group, Sex, Single-Calendar Year and by Province: 2015 – 2025. Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) website. 02015%20POPCEN.pdf . Retrieved on 20 December 2020. 2 Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) 3 National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (2011) 4 Poverty incidence in 2018 reported by the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) 5 National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) 6 National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA). 2013.', '2 Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) 3 National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (2011) 4 Poverty incidence in 2018 reported by the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) 5 National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) 6 National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA). 2013. Reconstruction Assistance for Yolanda 7 Estimation from published NDRRMC Reports on Typhoons Molave, Goni, and Vamco 8 Department of Energy (DOE)Climate Change Mitigation In terms of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the Philippines emits an average of 1.98 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent per capita in 2020, or way below the global average of four (4) metric tons per capita.', 'Reconstruction Assistance for Yolanda 7 Estimation from published NDRRMC Reports on Typhoons Molave, Goni, and Vamco 8 Department of Energy (DOE)Climate Change Mitigation In terms of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the Philippines emits an average of 1.98 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent per capita in 2020, or way below the global average of four (4) metric tons per capita. The Philippines commits to a projected GHG emissions reduction and avoidance of 75%, of which 2.71% is unconditional 9 and 72.29% is conditional, 10 representing the country’s ambition for GHG mitigation for the period 2020 to 2030 for the sectors of agriculture, wastes, industry, transport, and energy. 11 This commitment is referenced against a projected business-as-usual cumulative economy-wide emission of 3,340.3 MtCO2 e 12 for the same period.', '11 This commitment is referenced against a projected business-as-usual cumulative economy-wide emission of 3,340.3 MtCO2 e 12 for the same period. The country’s climate change mitigation actions shall strengthen the resilience and adaptive capacity of the country, including through enhanced access to climate finance, technology development and transfer, and capacity building, especially on the implementation of the policies and measures on and the uptake of circular economy and sustainable consumption and production practices. The implementation of the mitigation commitments shall be undertaken through bilateral, regional and multilateral cooperation. In addition, the benefits of market and non-market mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement shall continue to be explored, consistent with national circumstances and sustainable development aspirations.', 'In addition, the benefits of market and non-market mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement shall continue to be explored, consistent with national circumstances and sustainable development aspirations. 9 Unconditional refers to policies and measures which can be undertaken using nationally mobilized resources. 10 Conditional refers to policies and measures which require support or the means of implementation under the Paris Agreement. 11 Greenhouse gases covered are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).', '11 Greenhouse gases covered are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). 12 Million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalentClimate Change Adaptation The National Climate Change Action Plan 2011 - 2028 established the seven thematic areas of government action to address climate change, namely food security, water sufficiency, ecological and environmental stability, human security, climate-smart industries and services, sustainable energy, and knowledge and capacity development, which are pursued coherently with the Sustainable Development Goals and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. The Philippines shall undertake adaptation measures across but not limited to, the sectors of agriculture, forestry, coastal and marine ecosystems and biodiversity, health, and human security, to preempt, reduce and address residual loss and damage.', 'The Philippines shall undertake adaptation measures across but not limited to, the sectors of agriculture, forestry, coastal and marine ecosystems and biodiversity, health, and human security, to preempt, reduce and address residual loss and damage. The Philippines shall pursue forest protection, forest restoration and reforestation, and access to results-based finance in forest conservation. The country shall also endeavor to undertake equitable adaptation strategies with mitigation co-benefits and ensure their contribution to the national pandemic recovery. For this purpose, the Philippines shall diligently access the means of implementation under the Paris Agreement. Concluding Note The Philippines’ NDC conveys the country’s progressive climate change mitigation commitment and adaptation challenges and requirements, including addressing residual loss and damage, in pursuit of low carbon, sustainable, and climate and disaster-resilient development.', 'Concluding Note The Philippines’ NDC conveys the country’s progressive climate change mitigation commitment and adaptation challenges and requirements, including addressing residual loss and damage, in pursuit of low carbon, sustainable, and climate and disaster-resilient development. With continuing analysis and public-private sector collaboration, enhancements on this NDC are expected to reflect increasing ambition and economy-wide mitigation potential, based on the growth directions and projected climate change adaptation needs of the Filipino people. These shall include enhancement of transformative policies and measures for climate change mitigation and information for clarity, transparency, and understanding in accordance with relevant guidelines. The Philippines shall continue to engage all stakeholders concerned in the NDC implementation, updating, and monitoring and review processes.']

en-US

PRT

Portugal

LTS

2019-09-20 00:00:00

x

LTS 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/RNC2050_EN_PT%20Long%20Term%20Strategy.pdf

Annex I

High-income

Europe

EU27

0

../data/downloaded_documents/4234cea20ccb0f6ff2a11d68b8b6dc5cf483847fd1ef02b6dabe2ab5b8e78b89.pdf

['EN ROADMAP FOR CARBON LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 Environment PortugalROADMAP FOR CARBON LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMYSUMMARY PREFACE International and European framework National compliance Progress made in reducing national greenhouse gas emissions 2. VISION AND FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES 3. THE TRANSITION TO A COMPETITIVE, CIRCULAR, RESILIENT AND CARBON NEUTRAL ECONOMY 4. TRAJECTORIES FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY BY 2050 4.1. Role of the energy system in the transition to Carbon Neutrality 4.1.1 Power generation sector 4.1.2 Mobility and transport 4.1.3 Indústria e processos industriais 4.1.3.1 Refining and petrochemical industry 4.1.3.4 Chemical products 4.1.3.5 Iron and steel 4.1.3.7 Pulp and paper 4.1.3.8 Other industries 4.1.4 Buildings - residential and services 4.2.', 'Role of the energy system in the transition to Carbon Neutrality 4.1.1 Power generation sector 4.1.2 Mobility and transport 4.1.3 Indústria e processos industriais 4.1.3.1 Refining and petrochemical industry 4.1.3.4 Chemical products 4.1.3.5 Iron and steel 4.1.3.7 Pulp and paper 4.1.3.8 Other industries 4.1.4 Buildings - residential and services 4.2. Role of agriculture, forests and other land uses in the transition to Carbon Neutrality Emission reduction in livestock production and pastures Emission reduction in crop production and agricultural land Reduced emissions and increased sequestration in forests and other land uses 4.3. Role of waste and wastewater in the transition to Carbon Neutrality 4.4. Papel da economia circular na transição para a Neutralidade Carbónica 4.5. Co-benefícios da neutralidade carbónica para a qualidade do ar e saúde pública 5.', 'Co-benefícios da neutralidade carbónica para a qualidade do ar e saúde pública 5. CONTRIBUTING TO NATIONAL RESILIENCE AND CAPACITY TO ADAPT TO CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITIES AND IMPACTS 6. STIMULATING RESEARCH, INNOVATION AND KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTION 7. GUARANTEE FINANCING CONDITIONS AND INCREASE INVESTMENT LEVELS 7.2. Savings on fossil fuel imports 7.4. Impact on employment and GDP 8. ENSURE A FAIR AND COHESIVE TRANSITION 9. GUARANTEE EFFECTIVE CONDITIONS FOR GOVERNANCE AND ENSURE THE INTEGRATION OF CARBON NEUTRAL OBJECTIVES IN SECTORAL AREAS 10. ENGAGE SOCIETY, FOCUS ON EDUCATION, INFORMATION AND AWARENESS AND CONTRIBUTE TO INCREASING INDIVIDUAL AND COLLECTIVE ACTION 11. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS RESOLUTION OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERSThe signature of the Paris Agreement was one of the first official acts in which I had the privilege of participating as Minister of the Environment, responsible for the climate portfolio.', 'FINAL CONSIDERATIONS RESOLUTION OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERSThe signature of the Paris Agreement was one of the first official acts in which I had the privilege of participating as Minister of the Environment, responsible for the climate portfolio. A year later, at the COP 22 in Marrakech, the Prime-Minister committed to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050, in a pioneering act of leadership, placing Portugal among those who advocate greater ambition in climate action. Our political orientation has been structured with a long-term vision, coupled with immediate action, around three interconnected axes: the valorisation of territory and habitats, a more circular economy and the decarbonisation of society and energy transition, with the ultimate objective being the promotion of wealth and wellbeing.', 'Our political orientation has been structured with a long-term vision, coupled with immediate action, around three interconnected axes: the valorisation of territory and habitats, a more circular economy and the decarbonisation of society and energy transition, with the ultimate objective being the promotion of wealth and wellbeing. The 2050 Carbon Neutrality Roadmap for Portugal (RNC2050) was developed in alignment with the territorial dimension included in the National Spatial Planning Policy Program and incorporating the orientations of the Circular Economy Action Plan. I also highlight the unprecedented participation of the civil society, which was guaranteed throughout the different phases of the elaboration of the RNC2050 and allowed for a wide public discussion of its results.', 'I also highlight the unprecedented participation of the civil society, which was guaranteed throughout the different phases of the elaboration of the RNC2050 and allowed for a wide public discussion of its results. The RNC2050 sets the path to carbon neutrality in a sustained manner, establishes the main guidelines and identifies cost-effective options to achieve this end in different socio-economic development scenarios Accomplishing carbon neutrality in Portugal implies reducing greenhouse gas emissions by more than 85%, compared to 2005, and ensuring an agricultural and forestry carbon sequestration capacity of around 13 million tonnes.', 'The RNC2050 sets the path to carbon neutrality in a sustained manner, establishes the main guidelines and identifies cost-effective options to achieve this end in different socio-economic development scenarios Accomplishing carbon neutrality in Portugal implies reducing greenhouse gas emissions by more than 85%, compared to 2005, and ensuring an agricultural and forestry carbon sequestration capacity of around 13 million tonnes. As Portugal is one of the countries that is most potentially affected by climate change, ensuring a sustainable and resilient agriculture and forest, and fighting desertification, are the biggest challenges we face, They must be coordinated with territorial cohesion and the protection of biodiversity, in order to ensure we achieve the said neutrality.', 'As Portugal is one of the countries that is most potentially affected by climate change, ensuring a sustainable and resilient agriculture and forest, and fighting desertification, are the biggest challenges we face, They must be coordinated with territorial cohesion and the protection of biodiversity, in order to ensure we achieve the said neutrality. In line with the results of the IPCC Report on 1.5 ºC, it is by 2030 that the largest effort to reduce emissions will be placed, and this ambition has already been translated into the 2030 National Energy and Climate Plan, with a clear focus on energy transition and sustainable mobility. The RNC2050 demonstrated that carbon neutrality can be achieved with positive impacts on the economy and employment.', 'The RNC2050 demonstrated that carbon neutrality can be achieved with positive impacts on the economy and employment. The transition to a carbon neutral economy, together with the energy transition that is needed, implies a significant investment, being necessary to ensure social justice in the way investments are funded. In order to promote investments towards a carbon neutral economy, Portugal initiated, in 2019, a debate about sustainable finance, which has led to the Letter of Commitment to Sustainable Financing in Portugal, that was subscribed by the large majority of the Portuguese financial sector. Achieving carbon neutrality implies changing from a linear, fossil fuel-based economic model to a circular, carbon-neutral model. It implies a profound transformation of society as we know it.', 'It implies a profound transformation of society as we know it. This is a process that brings challenges, but above all opportunities, and only with everyone’s contribution will be possible to operate a just and cohesive transition. We have no time to hesitate. We can be flexible in solutions, but we cannot have margin on the set goals. Effective and ambitious climate action is key. We must act before it is too late. The path to carbon neutrality is the path of the future.', 'The path to carbon neutrality is the path of the future. João Pedro Matos Fernandes Minister of the Environment and Energy Transition PREFACEROADMAP FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY 2050 LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 INTERNATIONAL AND EUROPEAN FRAMEWORK The Paris Agreement1, adopted in 2015, sets three overall objectives, namely, to limit the average global temperature increase to well below 2 °C and to pursue efforts to limit the average global temperature increase to 1.5 °C, acknowledging that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change; increase the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change and promote climate resilience and low carbon development; and to make financial flows become consistent with resilient and low carbon development trajectories.', 'João Pedro Matos Fernandes Minister of the Environment and Energy Transition PREFACEROADMAP FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY 2050 LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 INTERNATIONAL AND EUROPEAN FRAMEWORK The Paris Agreement1, adopted in 2015, sets three overall objectives, namely, to limit the average global temperature increase to well below 2 °C and to pursue efforts to limit the average global temperature increase to 1.5 °C, acknowledging that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change; increase the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change and promote climate resilience and low carbon development; and to make financial flows become consistent with resilient and low carbon development trajectories. The Paris Agreement further stipulates that, to attain these objectives, it will be necessary to achieve carbon neutrality in the second half of this century, establishing that all Parties to the Agreement must prepare and communicate in a successive and progressively more ambitious manner their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) to the global effort to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.', 'The Paris Agreement further stipulates that, to attain these objectives, it will be necessary to achieve carbon neutrality in the second half of this century, establishing that all Parties to the Agreement must prepare and communicate in a successive and progressively more ambitious manner their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) to the global effort to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In this context, all Parties are invited to submit, by 2020, their long-term development strategies with low GHG emissions2. This agreement marks a new era of global mobilisation to address climate change and represents a paradigm shift in the implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), with explicit acknowledgement that only with everyone’s contribution is it possible overcome the challenge of climate change.', 'This agreement marks a new era of global mobilisation to address climate change and represents a paradigm shift in the implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), with explicit acknowledgement that only with everyone’s contribution is it possible overcome the challenge of climate change. Limiting the increase in global average temperature to 1.5 °C, in line with the most ambitious objectives of the Paris Agreement, requires an unprecedented transformation of modern societies and urgent and profound emission reductions in all sectors of activity, as well as changes in behaviour and the involvement of all parties.', 'Limiting the increase in global average temperature to 1.5 °C, in line with the most ambitious objectives of the Paris Agreement, requires an unprecedented transformation of modern societies and urgent and profound emission reductions in all sectors of activity, as well as changes in behaviour and the involvement of all parties. The Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) on the impacts of an average global temperature increase of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels is decisive in affirming that human activities have already caused approximately 1 °C of global warming over pre-industrial levels, with a likely range of 0.8 °C to 1.2 °C, and that, with current expected trends in global emissions, the 1.5 °C level will be reached between 2030 and 2052.', 'The Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) on the impacts of an average global temperature increase of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels is decisive in affirming that human activities have already caused approximately 1 °C of global warming over pre-industrial levels, with a likely range of 0.8 °C to 1.2 °C, and that, with current expected trends in global emissions, the 1.5 °C level will be reached between 2030 and 2052. Limitation of the average global temperature increase to 1.5 °C in relation to the pre-industrial period is crucial as it may prevent irreversible impacts of global warming.', 'Limitation of the average global temperature increase to 1.5 °C in relation to the pre-industrial period is crucial as it may prevent irreversible impacts of global warming. The difference between an increase of 1.5 °C and 2 °C is significant in terms of impacts and consequences for ecosystems and the economy, especially given that these are global average values and that the average temperature increase in more vulnerable areas of the planet could be even higher. The impacts of recent extreme events such as heat waves, droughts, floods and forest fires demonstrate the significant vulnerability and exposure to climate variability of some ecosystems and many societies. 1.', 'The impacts of recent extreme events such as heat waves, droughts, floods and forest fires demonstrate the significant vulnerability and exposure to climate variability of some ecosystems and many societies. 1. FRAMEWORKLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 The IPCC Special Report states that, in order not to exceed 1.5 °C of global temperature increase, global net anthropogenic CO2emissions should fall until 2030 by about 45% from 2010 levels, reaching carbon neutrality by 2050. To keep the average global temperature rise below 2 °C, global CO2 emissions must decrease by around 25% by 2030 and carbon neutrality will have to be reached by 2070.', 'To keep the average global temperature rise below 2 °C, global CO2 emissions must decrease by around 25% by 2030 and carbon neutrality will have to be reached by 2070. Emissions of other greenhouse gases also have to decrease significantly, to limit the temperature rise to either 1.5 °C or 2 °C. These are global goals to be achieved by the countries of the world in general. Maintaining the average global temperature increase within the limit of 1.5 °C is still possible but requires unprecedented change and urgent action to avoid the worst of its expected impacts and the costs associated with adapting our societies and economies to those impacts.', 'Maintaining the average global temperature increase within the limit of 1.5 °C is still possible but requires unprecedented change and urgent action to avoid the worst of its expected impacts and the costs associated with adapting our societies and economies to those impacts. The reduction of future damage will depend on the level of global warming that it is possible to avoid, and therefore on the rapid reduction of GHG emissions. In this context, it is crucial that as many countries as possible that are net emitters of GHG today achieve carbon neutrality as soon as possible.', 'In this context, it is crucial that as many countries as possible that are net emitters of GHG today achieve carbon neutrality as soon as possible. It is widely acknowledged, and reinforced by the conclusions of the IPCC Special Report, that the later that measures known to be necessary and unavoidable are taken, the greater the costs of delayed action, and the more significant and rapid the GHG reductions will have to be in the post-2030 period. In 20143 the European Union (EU) defined its goal for GHG reduction in the period from 2021 to 2030 by setting a binding target of at least 40% internal reduction of GHG emissions throughout the economy by 2030, compared with 1990 levels.', 'In 20143 the European Union (EU) defined its goal for GHG reduction in the period from 2021 to 2030 by setting a binding target of at least 40% internal reduction of GHG emissions throughout the economy by 2030, compared with 1990 levels. This goal was embodied in the first EU Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) for the 2030 horizon under the Paris Agreement commitments and underpinned the preparation of the 2030 Climate and Energy legislative framework. This Climate and Energy framework includes the EU-level policy targets and objectives for the period of 2021-2030, including at least a 40% reduction in GHG emissions (compared to 1990); at least 32% of energy derived from renewable sources4; and an improvement of at least 32.5% in energy efficiency5.', 'This Climate and Energy framework includes the EU-level policy targets and objectives for the period of 2021-2030, including at least a 40% reduction in GHG emissions (compared to 1990); at least 32% of energy derived from renewable sources4; and an improvement of at least 32.5% in energy efficiency5. The European Commission presented the Communication “A Clean Planet for All”, in November 2018, which proposes a long-term strategic vision for a thriving, modern, competitive economy that permits the achievement of zero net GHG emissions by 2050, providing the basis for the EU’s long-term development strategy to be submitted to the UNFCCC under the Paris Agreement.', 'The European Commission presented the Communication “A Clean Planet for All”, in November 2018, which proposes a long-term strategic vision for a thriving, modern, competitive economy that permits the achievement of zero net GHG emissions by 2050, providing the basis for the EU’s long-term development strategy to be submitted to the UNFCCC under the Paris Agreement. The analysis conducted by the Commission indicates that the policies and objectives already established in the EU will allow a reduction of its GHG emissions by around 45% by 2030 and around 60% by 2050.', 'The analysis conducted by the Commission indicates that the policies and objectives already established in the EU will allow a reduction of its GHG emissions by around 45% by 2030 and around 60% by 2050. However, this figure falls far short of the 80-95% reductions in GHG emissions that will be required for the EU to reach the target of carbon neutrality by 2050 and contribute adequately to the long-term temperature objective set by the Paris Agreement.', 'However, this figure falls far short of the 80-95% reductions in GHG emissions that will be required for the EU to reach the target of carbon neutrality by 2050 and contribute adequately to the long-term temperature objective set by the Paris Agreement. 4 Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and the Council, dated 11 December 2018, on promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources (reformula- tion) 5 Directive (EU) 2018/844 of the European Parliament and the Council, dated 30 May 2018, amending Directive 2010/31/EU regarding the energy performance of buildings and Directive 2012/27/EU on energy efficiencyLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 The EU’s long-term strategy is seen to be crucial for outlining the best course for meeting the goal of achieving carbon neutrality by 2050 in the EU, through a socially fair, cost-effective transition that ensures the active participation of citizens, presenting a clear message of a paradigm shift in terms of production and consumption models, changes in the way of viewing financial flows and research, innovation and knowledge, and aligning action in key areas, from energy - with particular focus on the importance of renewable energy and energy efficiency - to mobility, the role of buildings and industry and suitable agroforestry management.', '4 Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and the Council, dated 11 December 2018, on promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources (reformula- tion) 5 Directive (EU) 2018/844 of the European Parliament and the Council, dated 30 May 2018, amending Directive 2010/31/EU regarding the energy performance of buildings and Directive 2012/27/EU on energy efficiencyLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 The EU’s long-term strategy is seen to be crucial for outlining the best course for meeting the goal of achieving carbon neutrality by 2050 in the EU, through a socially fair, cost-effective transition that ensures the active participation of citizens, presenting a clear message of a paradigm shift in terms of production and consumption models, changes in the way of viewing financial flows and research, innovation and knowledge, and aligning action in key areas, from energy - with particular focus on the importance of renewable energy and energy efficiency - to mobility, the role of buildings and industry and suitable agroforestry management. The carbon neutrality commitments already made by a number of countries, both developed and developing, vary in terms of their definition of neutrality, the date to achieve zero net emissions and the legal strength of the commitment to achieve the targets established.', 'The carbon neutrality commitments already made by a number of countries, both developed and developing, vary in terms of their definition of neutrality, the date to achieve zero net emissions and the legal strength of the commitment to achieve the targets established. Several countries have already adopted the commitment to carbon neutrality by 2050, especially those that enshrined this commitment in legislation: • Norway aims to achieve carbon neutrality by 2030, by having recourse to international credits, formalised in a Parliamentary Agreement; • Sweden aims to achieve carbon neutrality by 2045, with a 15% offset limit and excluding aviation and shipping, formalised in legislation; • Denmark aims to achieve a low carbon society by 2050, formalised in legislation, and a strategy that refers to carbon neutrality on that timescale.', 'Several countries have already adopted the commitment to carbon neutrality by 2050, especially those that enshrined this commitment in legislation: • Norway aims to achieve carbon neutrality by 2030, by having recourse to international credits, formalised in a Parliamentary Agreement; • Sweden aims to achieve carbon neutrality by 2045, with a 15% offset limit and excluding aviation and shipping, formalised in legislation; • Denmark aims to achieve a low carbon society by 2050, formalised in legislation, and a strategy that refers to carbon neutrality on that timescale. The EU, Spain, France, the United Kingdom and New Zealand are currently preparing commitments to carbon neutrality by 2050, and many others are expected to adopt this commitment in the preparation of their long-term strategies, to be submitted under the Paris Agreement by 2020.', 'The EU, Spain, France, the United Kingdom and New Zealand are currently preparing commitments to carbon neutrality by 2050, and many others are expected to adopt this commitment in the preparation of their long-term strategies, to be submitted under the Paris Agreement by 2020. Between November 2016 and February 2019, 11 countries submitted their long-term strategies to the UNFCCC Secretariat. Of these, four are EU Member States: Germany and France (submission in 2016 and re-submission in 2017); the United Kingdom and the Czech Republic (2018). Through the “2050 Pathways”6 platform, a multilateral initiative set up to support the achievement of long-term zero GHG commitments, 19 countries (including Portugal) and 32 cities have committed to developing long-term development strategies, with low emissions and climate resilience.', 'Through the “2050 Pathways”6 platform, a multilateral initiative set up to support the achievement of long-term zero GHG commitments, 19 countries (including Portugal) and 32 cities have committed to developing long-term development strategies, with low emissions and climate resilience. INTERNATIONAL OVERVIEW OF THE COMMITMENTS TO CARBON NEUTRALITYLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 NATIONAL COMPLIANCE In 2016, the Portuguese government pledged to ensure neutrality of its emissions by the end of 2050, outlining a clear view on intense decarbonisation of the national economy, as a contribution to the Paris Agreement and in line with the most ambitious efforts under way at an international level.', 'INTERNATIONAL OVERVIEW OF THE COMMITMENTS TO CARBON NEUTRALITYLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 NATIONAL COMPLIANCE In 2016, the Portuguese government pledged to ensure neutrality of its emissions by the end of 2050, outlining a clear view on intense decarbonisation of the national economy, as a contribution to the Paris Agreement and in line with the most ambitious efforts under way at an international level. The commitment to reach carbon neutrality by 2050 means achieving a neutral balance between GHG emissions and carbon sequestration, for which substantial reductions in emissions and/or substantial increases in national carbon sinks will be required, which have to materialise between now and 2050.', 'The commitment to reach carbon neutrality by 2050 means achieving a neutral balance between GHG emissions and carbon sequestration, for which substantial reductions in emissions and/or substantial increases in national carbon sinks will be required, which have to materialise between now and 2050. The national commitment does not foresee having recourse to international carbon credits to achieve the carbon neutrality goal. In order to achieve this goal, the 2050 Carbon Neutrality Roadmap (RNC2050) has been developed, identifying the main decarbonisation vectors in all sectors of the economy, the policy and measures options and the emission reduction path to achieve this end, in different scenarios of socioeconomic development.', 'In order to achieve this goal, the 2050 Carbon Neutrality Roadmap (RNC2050) has been developed, identifying the main decarbonisation vectors in all sectors of the economy, the policy and measures options and the emission reduction path to achieve this end, in different scenarios of socioeconomic development. All sectors must contribute to reducing emissions, increasing efficiency and innovation, promoting improvements, notably in buildings, agriculture, waste management and industry, with the energy system making the greatest contribution, particularly as regards electricity generation and transport. RNC2050 is also the national strategy for long-term low-GHG development to be submitted to the UNFCCC, in accordance with the Paris Agreement, and to the European Commission, in accordance with the EU Regulation on Governance of the Energy Union and Climate Action.', 'RNC2050 is also the national strategy for long-term low-GHG development to be submitted to the UNFCCC, in accordance with the Paris Agreement, and to the European Commission, in accordance with the EU Regulation on Governance of the Energy Union and Climate Action. The elaboration of RNC2050 was carried out in parallel with the preparatory work for the National Energy and Climate Plan (PNEC), which will be the main energy and climate policy instrument for the decade 2021-2030, setting new national targets for the reduction of GHG emissions, renewable energy and energy efficiency in line with the objective of carbon neutrality.', 'The elaboration of RNC2050 was carried out in parallel with the preparatory work for the National Energy and Climate Plan (PNEC), which will be the main energy and climate policy instrument for the decade 2021-2030, setting new national targets for the reduction of GHG emissions, renewable energy and energy efficiency in line with the objective of carbon neutrality. The PNEC emerges within the framework of the obligations laid down by the Regulations of Governance of the Energy Union and Climate Action, which provide for all Member States to draw up and periodically submit to the European Commission a PNEC that establishes national targets and objectives for GHG emissions, renewable energy, energy efficiency, energy security, internal market and research, innovation and competitiveness, as well as a clear approach regarding how to achieve them.', 'The PNEC emerges within the framework of the obligations laid down by the Regulations of Governance of the Energy Union and Climate Action, which provide for all Member States to draw up and periodically submit to the European Commission a PNEC that establishes national targets and objectives for GHG emissions, renewable energy, energy efficiency, energy security, internal market and research, innovation and competitiveness, as well as a clear approach regarding how to achieve them. Portugal is a country with a proven record on climate policy, having met the goals defined in the Kyoto Protocol targets and is on course for compliance with the 2020 goals for emissions reduction, energy efficiency and promotion of sources of renewable energy.', 'Portugal is a country with a proven record on climate policy, having met the goals defined in the Kyoto Protocol targets and is on course for compliance with the 2020 goals for emissions reduction, energy efficiency and promotion of sources of renewable energy. Looking towards 2030, the first step towards achieving the 2030 European Climate and Energy Package at a national level was taken in 2015 with approval of the Strategic Framework for Climate Policy (QEPiC), with a vision of decarbonising the economy and placing the country in better conditions to meet the challenges created by the Paris Agreement.', 'Looking towards 2030, the first step towards achieving the 2030 European Climate and Energy Package at a national level was taken in 2015 with approval of the Strategic Framework for Climate Policy (QEPiC), with a vision of decarbonising the economy and placing the country in better conditions to meet the challenges created by the Paris Agreement. The QEPiC established an integrated, complementary and articulated framework of climate policy instruments for the horizon 2020/2030, in liaison with air policies, with the approval of the National Climate Change Program (PNAC 2020 - 2030), which identifies the guidelines for policies and measures that can ensure achievement of the new emissions reduction targets for 2020 and 2030, and the National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy (ENAAC 2020).', 'The QEPiC established an integrated, complementary and articulated framework of climate policy instruments for the horizon 2020/2030, in liaison with air policies, with the approval of the National Climate Change Program (PNAC 2020 - 2030), which identifies the guidelines for policies and measures that can ensure achievement of the new emissions reduction targets for 2020 and 2030, and the National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy (ENAAC 2020). It was then established that Portugal should reduce its GHG emissions from -18% to -23% by 2020 and from -30% to -40% by 2030, compared to the 2005 figures, contingent on the results of the European negotiations, and sectoral targets for the reduction of GHG emissions were also defined.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 The establishment of these targets was underpinned by the National Low Carbon Roadmap 2050 (RNBC), which was the first long- term modelling exercise of national emissions, carried out at a national level.', 'It was then established that Portugal should reduce its GHG emissions from -18% to -23% by 2020 and from -30% to -40% by 2030, compared to the 2005 figures, contingent on the results of the European negotiations, and sectoral targets for the reduction of GHG emissions were also defined.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 The establishment of these targets was underpinned by the National Low Carbon Roadmap 2050 (RNBC), which was the first long- term modelling exercise of national emissions, carried out at a national level. In the Roadmap, it was stated that it was possible to achieve national emissions reductions of between -50% and -60%, compared to 1990, which corresponds to a reduction of -60% to -70% in the energy sector compared to 19907.', 'In the Roadmap, it was stated that it was possible to achieve national emissions reductions of between -50% and -60%, compared to 1990, which corresponds to a reduction of -60% to -70% in the energy sector compared to 19907. It can be seen that the potential for reducing emissions that was modelled at that time is already outdated, essentially as a result of faster than anticipated developments in technology. PROGRESS MADE IN REDUCING NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS Following the rapid growth in GHG emissions seen during the 1990s, Portugal reached its peak of national emissions in 2005, after which they recorded a significant and sustained fall, and since then have consolidated a trend of decarbonisation of the national economy.', 'PROGRESS MADE IN REDUCING NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS Following the rapid growth in GHG emissions seen during the 1990s, Portugal reached its peak of national emissions in 2005, after which they recorded a significant and sustained fall, and since then have consolidated a trend of decarbonisation of the national economy. In fact, in 2005 it was verified that emissions increased by about 44% compared to 1990 levels. In 2017, according to the most recent update of the 2019 National Emissions Inventory, GHG emissions, without considering emissions due to land use changes and forests (LULUCF), are estimated at about 70.7 Mt CO2eq, representing an increase of around 19.5% compared to 1990.', 'In 2017, according to the most recent update of the 2019 National Emissions Inventory, GHG emissions, without considering emissions due to land use changes and forests (LULUCF), are estimated at about 70.7 Mt CO2eq, representing an increase of around 19.5% compared to 1990. Considering the LULUCF sector, total emissions in 2017 are estimated at 78.0 Mt CO2eq, corresponding to an increase of 29.2% over 1990.', 'Considering the LULUCF sector, total emissions in 2017 are estimated at 78.0 Mt CO2eq, corresponding to an increase of 29.2% over 1990. This marked growth is related to the rural fires that occurred in the tragic year of 2017, a situation associated with a particularly dry year, the high recorded temperatures that occurred outside the normal summer period (the largest rural fires occurred in June and October), and unusually strong winds, such as Hurricane Ophelia that struck the coast of the Iberian Peninsula in October 2017. 7 Corresponding to a reduction in national emissions of between -65% and -70%, compared to 2005, and a reduction of -70% to -80% in the energy sector compared to 2005.', '7 Corresponding to a reduction in national emissions of between -65% and -70%, compared to 2005, and a reduction of -70% to -80% in the energy sector compared to 2005. Evolution of national greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) eq) Total emissions without LULUCFLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 An analysis of GHG emissions per unit of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) shows that a decoupling trend between GDP and emissions started in 2005, resulting from decarbonisation of the economy, that is, an economy with less carbon emitted for each unit of produced wealth that is being maintained.', 'Evolution of national greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) eq) Total emissions without LULUCFLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 An analysis of GHG emissions per unit of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) shows that a decoupling trend between GDP and emissions started in 2005, resulting from decarbonisation of the economy, that is, an economy with less carbon emitted for each unit of produced wealth that is being maintained. Evolution of the carbon intensity of the national economy Several factors underlie this trend, such as the significant growth of energy produced from renewable energy sources (mainly wind and water), and the implementation of energy efficiency measures, as well as the replacement of more polluting energy sources such as fuel oil by natural gas, with the construction of more efficient combined cycle power plants and cogeneration units.', 'Evolution of the carbon intensity of the national economy Several factors underlie this trend, such as the significant growth of energy produced from renewable energy sources (mainly wind and water), and the implementation of energy efficiency measures, as well as the replacement of more polluting energy sources such as fuel oil by natural gas, with the construction of more efficient combined cycle power plants and cogeneration units. Public policies on climate change are now an integral part of a series of sectoral policies in Portugal. Indeed, in areas such as energy and industry covered by the European Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS), the ‘carbon dimension’ is now part of the strategic and economic considerations of the companies concerned.', 'Indeed, in areas such as energy and industry covered by the European Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS), the ‘carbon dimension’ is now part of the strategic and economic considerations of the companies concerned. In agriculture and forestry there is also a growing awareness of the important contribution that the sector can make in terms of mitigating GHG emissions. In areas with major challenges such as transport, steps have been taken to decarbonise vehicle fleets and an electric mobility network has been set up and electric vehicle support schemes introduced with the aim of reinforcing incentives for the introduction of vehicles of this kind.', 'In areas with major challenges such as transport, steps have been taken to decarbonise vehicle fleets and an electric mobility network has been set up and electric vehicle support schemes introduced with the aim of reinforcing incentives for the introduction of vehicles of this kind. Similarly, in the area of the freight transport system, in particular maritime and inland waterways transport, important steps have been taken in line with the Strategy for Increasing Port Competitiveness - Horizon 2026, where national ports are an essential pillar for sustainable economic development, with progress in the adaptation of their infrastructures to increasing ship size and overall demand, as well as adjustment for the promotion of inland waterway transport, in parallel with increasing electrification of equipment and the introduction of supply systems of liquefied natural gas (LNG).', 'Similarly, in the area of the freight transport system, in particular maritime and inland waterways transport, important steps have been taken in line with the Strategy for Increasing Port Competitiveness - Horizon 2026, where national ports are an essential pillar for sustainable economic development, with progress in the adaptation of their infrastructures to increasing ship size and overall demand, as well as adjustment for the promotion of inland waterway transport, in parallel with increasing electrification of equipment and the introduction of supply systems of liquefied natural gas (LNG). The implementation of the Single Logistics Window, which will lead to process dematerialisation and the monitoring of goods with tracking and tracing processes, will contribute significantly to the promotion of an efficient logistics chain as an aggregating and fundamental tool in a modal division of transport of goods with lower carbon intensity.', 'The implementation of the Single Logistics Window, which will lead to process dematerialisation and the monitoring of goods with tracking and tracing processes, will contribute significantly to the promotion of an efficient logistics chain as an aggregating and fundamental tool in a modal division of transport of goods with lower carbon intensity. The Portuguese experience shows that ambitious climate policies can go hand in hand with economic growth, job creation, people’s health and the environment. Nowadays, Portugal is already producing more wealth with less emissions and this is the way forward to continue building a strategy towards carbon neutrality and a carbon neutral economy. GDP GHG emissions Carbon IntensityLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 2.', 'GDP GHG emissions Carbon IntensityLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 2. VISION AND FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES In 2016, at the 22nd Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention on Climate Change in Marrakech, Portugal set itself the goal of achieving Carbon Neutrality by 2050, outlining clear guidelines with regard to intense decarbonisation of the national economy, contributing to the most ambitious objectives set in the framework of the Paris Agreement. This RNC2050 sets out the vision and trajectories and identifies guidelines for the policies and measures needed to achieve this goal. RNC2050 is also Portugal’s Long-Term Strategy to be submitted to the EU and the UNFCCC under the Paris Agreement.', 'RNC2050 is also Portugal’s Long-Term Strategy to be submitted to the EU and the UNFCCC under the Paris Agreement. The transition to a carbon neutral economy requires timely long-term planning that allows advantage to be taken of opportunities associated with the inherent transformation of the economy and to establish the basis of trust among all the citizens and economic agents that this change is possible, advantageous and timely.', 'The transition to a carbon neutral economy requires timely long-term planning that allows advantage to be taken of opportunities associated with the inherent transformation of the economy and to establish the basis of trust among all the citizens and economic agents that this change is possible, advantageous and timely. RNC2050 provides insight into key future trends and the necessary economic and social transformations, involving all sectors of the economy and society, in order to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality by 2050, through a socially fair and efficient transition in terms of costs, strengthening the competitiveness of the national economy, promoting job creation and enhancing co-benefits associated in particular with air quality and human health.', 'RNC2050 provides insight into key future trends and the necessary economic and social transformations, involving all sectors of the economy and society, in order to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality by 2050, through a socially fair and efficient transition in terms of costs, strengthening the competitiveness of the national economy, promoting job creation and enhancing co-benefits associated in particular with air quality and human health. This transition must also be a factor of valorisation of the country and a contribution to national cohesion.', 'This transition must also be a factor of valorisation of the country and a contribution to national cohesion. In this context, RNC2050 was elaborated in conjunction with the principles established in other important circular economy strategies, particularly by following the guidelines set forth in the Circular Economy Action Plan, and in the planning and spatial planning of the country, specifically the proposal of the National Program of Spatial Planning Policies, without prejudice to the different time horizons.', 'In this context, RNC2050 was elaborated in conjunction with the principles established in other important circular economy strategies, particularly by following the guidelines set forth in the Circular Economy Action Plan, and in the planning and spatial planning of the country, specifically the proposal of the National Program of Spatial Planning Policies, without prejudice to the different time horizons. Achievement of the objective of carbon neutrality in 2050 is based on a strategic vision aimed at promoting decarbonisation of the economy and the energy transition towards carbon neutrality by 2050, as an opportunity for the country, based on a democratic and fair model of national cohesion that enhances the generation of wealth and the efficient use of resources.', 'Achievement of the objective of carbon neutrality in 2050 is based on a strategic vision aimed at promoting decarbonisation of the economy and the energy transition towards carbon neutrality by 2050, as an opportunity for the country, based on a democratic and fair model of national cohesion that enhances the generation of wealth and the efficient use of resources. Realisation of this strategic vision rests on eight key premises, described in more detail in the following sections: i) iPromote the transition to a competitive, circular, resilient and carbon neutral economy, generating more wealth, employment and well-being; ii) Identify decarbonisation vectors and lines of action that underlie the route to carbon neutrality by 2050; iii) Contribute to resilience and the national capacity to adapt to climate change vulnerabilities and impacts; iv) Stimulate research, innovation and knowledge production in key areas to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality; v) Guarantee financing conditions and increase investment levels;LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 vi) Ensure a fair and cohesive transition that contributes to valorisation of the country; vii) Ensure effective conditions for monitoring progress towards the goal of carbon neutrality (governance) and ensure the adoption of carbon neutral objectives in the sectoral areas; viii) Involve society in the challenges of climate change, focusing on education, information and awareness raising, contributing to increasing individual and collective action.', 'Realisation of this strategic vision rests on eight key premises, described in more detail in the following sections: i) iPromote the transition to a competitive, circular, resilient and carbon neutral economy, generating more wealth, employment and well-being; ii) Identify decarbonisation vectors and lines of action that underlie the route to carbon neutrality by 2050; iii) Contribute to resilience and the national capacity to adapt to climate change vulnerabilities and impacts; iv) Stimulate research, innovation and knowledge production in key areas to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality; v) Guarantee financing conditions and increase investment levels;LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 vi) Ensure a fair and cohesive transition that contributes to valorisation of the country; vii) Ensure effective conditions for monitoring progress towards the goal of carbon neutrality (governance) and ensure the adoption of carbon neutral objectives in the sectoral areas; viii) Involve society in the challenges of climate change, focusing on education, information and awareness raising, contributing to increasing individual and collective action. This vision will necessarily have to be translated into the various sectoral policy strategies and instruments in energy, transport, trade, services, industry, waste, agriculture and forests, taking into account the decarbonisation vectors identified and to be pursued by the country over the next 30 years.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 3.', 'This vision will necessarily have to be translated into the various sectoral policy strategies and instruments in energy, transport, trade, services, industry, waste, agriculture and forests, taking into account the decarbonisation vectors identified and to be pursued by the country over the next 30 years.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 3. THE TRANSITION TO A COMPETITIVE, CIRCULAR, RESILIENT AND CARBON NEUTRAL ECONOMY The current economic model is based on the exploitation of resources (extraction of fossil fuels, raw materials, soil and water), which are transformed, used and returned to the environment as waste or emissions to the atmosphere.', 'THE TRANSITION TO A COMPETITIVE, CIRCULAR, RESILIENT AND CARBON NEUTRAL ECONOMY The current economic model is based on the exploitation of resources (extraction of fossil fuels, raw materials, soil and water), which are transformed, used and returned to the environment as waste or emissions to the atmosphere. This linear economic model is not sustainable and is the basis of most of the environmental problems: air, water and soil pollution; the impermeability and expansion of urbanised areas, the need to continuously expand the areas dedicated to agriculture, livestock and forestry, and the consequent reduction of biodiversity, deforestation and destruction of natural habitats.', 'This linear economic model is not sustainable and is the basis of most of the environmental problems: air, water and soil pollution; the impermeability and expansion of urbanised areas, the need to continuously expand the areas dedicated to agriculture, livestock and forestry, and the consequent reduction of biodiversity, deforestation and destruction of natural habitats. The challenge of carbon neutrality thus fits into the broader theme of how to survive and thrive on a finite planet, as a species that continues to grow in population and legitimately desires to achieve increasing standards of comfort and security, without, in this process, creating disruptions that jeopardise the survival of the human species and all the other species that share the planet with us.', 'The challenge of carbon neutrality thus fits into the broader theme of how to survive and thrive on a finite planet, as a species that continues to grow in population and legitimately desires to achieve increasing standards of comfort and security, without, in this process, creating disruptions that jeopardise the survival of the human species and all the other species that share the planet with us. One, and perhaps the greatest, of these ongoing disruptions is climate change. Part of the response to the challenge of climate change lies in the use of renewable energy sources, greater efficiency and circularity in resource use and the reinforcement of carbon sinks.', 'Part of the response to the challenge of climate change lies in the use of renewable energy sources, greater efficiency and circularity in resource use and the reinforcement of carbon sinks. Renewable energies already have the potential to replace a very significant part of fossil fuels and thus eliminate emissions and other pollution associated with their exploitation and use, noting also, in this context, the new challenges and contributions of oceanic renewable energy. Increasing economy circularity and efficiency will make it possible to do more with less resources, reduce raw material consumption and transform a waste chain into a new material chain. Reinforcing carbon sinks will have an extremely important impact on reducing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and on climate regulation.', 'Reinforcing carbon sinks will have an extremely important impact on reducing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and on climate regulation. This profound transformation of society is not only compatible with the goal of carbon neutrality, but in fact will be one of the engines to achieve that neutrality. The goal of decarbonisation must also be addressed in the context of adaptation to climate change. The more marked these changes, the greater the costs that the country will have to bear with the disruption of agriculture, with fires, with degradation of the coastline, with the health and safety of people, particularly during heatwaves and other extreme climate events.', 'The more marked these changes, the greater the costs that the country will have to bear with the disruption of agriculture, with fires, with degradation of the coastline, with the health and safety of people, particularly during heatwaves and other extreme climate events. Carbon neutrality, as a goal shared by all countries, will be the engine for limiting the extent of climate change and thus the key factor for limiting the volume of losses associated with the damage it would cause.', 'Carbon neutrality, as a goal shared by all countries, will be the engine for limiting the extent of climate change and thus the key factor for limiting the volume of losses associated with the damage it would cause. In the economic sphere, both the objective of carbon neutrality and adaptation to climate change can and should be seen not only as a cost to be avoided for the economy, but also as an opportunity for the country, with the creation of new sectors, clusters, business models, and for conversion of current linear production lines into an economic circularity.', 'In the economic sphere, both the objective of carbon neutrality and adaptation to climate change can and should be seen not only as a cost to be avoided for the economy, but also as an opportunity for the country, with the creation of new sectors, clusters, business models, and for conversion of current linear production lines into an economic circularity. In this context, it will be essential to ensure a stable and competitive regulatory framework, that guarantees the involvement and commitment of the main actors, public and private, with implementation of the measures necessary to achieve the defined objectives, thus providing stability for investors in the most diverse sectors.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 Decarbonisation should be based on principles of technological diversity, removing any regulatory constraints, perverse subsidies and other restrictions that create distortions in the workings of the market (which should promote more efficient and competitive solutions but taking into account the entire value chain of each solution).', 'In this context, it will be essential to ensure a stable and competitive regulatory framework, that guarantees the involvement and commitment of the main actors, public and private, with implementation of the measures necessary to achieve the defined objectives, thus providing stability for investors in the most diverse sectors.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 Decarbonisation should be based on principles of technological diversity, removing any regulatory constraints, perverse subsidies and other restrictions that create distortions in the workings of the market (which should promote more efficient and competitive solutions but taking into account the entire value chain of each solution). It should be noted that the strategic vision of achieving carbon neutrality based on the eight premises set out above constitutes an important contribution to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals, namely SDG 13 - Climate action defined as one of the Priority Objectives for Portugal in the context of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.', 'It should be noted that the strategic vision of achieving carbon neutrality based on the eight premises set out above constitutes an important contribution to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals, namely SDG 13 - Climate action defined as one of the Priority Objectives for Portugal in the context of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The development model proposed in this strategic vision will also contribute to meeting the goals associated with other SDGs, of which we highlight SDG 1 - Eradicating Poverty, SDG 3 - Quality Health; SDG 4 - Quality Education; SDG 8 - Decent Work and Economic Growth; SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure; SDG 11 - Sustainable Cities and Communities; SDG 12 - Sustainable Production and Consumption and SDG 15 - Protecting Life on Earth.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 4.', 'The development model proposed in this strategic vision will also contribute to meeting the goals associated with other SDGs, of which we highlight SDG 1 - Eradicating Poverty, SDG 3 - Quality Health; SDG 4 - Quality Education; SDG 8 - Decent Work and Economic Growth; SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure; SDG 11 - Sustainable Cities and Communities; SDG 12 - Sustainable Production and Consumption and SDG 15 - Protecting Life on Earth.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 4. TRAJECTORIES FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY BY 2050 The objective of carbon neutrality means equating the level of GHG emissions with the carbon sink level by the year 2050 (net emissions equal to zero).', 'TRAJECTORIES FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY BY 2050 The objective of carbon neutrality means equating the level of GHG emissions with the carbon sink level by the year 2050 (net emissions equal to zero). This will require substantial emissions reductions and/or substantial increases in national carbon sinks, which should be implemented between now and 2050. Portugal’s average annual emissions in the decade 2007-2017 were 69 Mt CO2 (54 to 74 Mt CO2). When broken down by sector, national emissions are distributed by: 25% in energy production, 25% in transport, 23% in industry, 10% in agriculture, 8% in other energy uses; and 8% in waste.', 'When broken down by sector, national emissions are distributed by: 25% in energy production, 25% in transport, 23% in industry, 10% in agriculture, 8% in other energy uses; and 8% in waste. Carbon sinks are the result of some land uses, notably in agriculture, pastures, forests and scrubland, and, during this period, they absorbed from the atmosphere about -8.5 Mt CO2 (from -13 to +7 Mt CO2), or about -12% of the emissions from the other sectors8. The net total of emissions and carbon sinks is therefore currently 60 Mt CO2, and this is the order of magnitude that will have to be reduced by 2050 in order to achieve carbon neutrality.', 'The net total of emissions and carbon sinks is therefore currently 60 Mt CO2, and this is the order of magnitude that will have to be reduced by 2050 in order to achieve carbon neutrality. The potential for reducing emissions and increasing carbon sinks is not the same in all sectors of the economy and for all greenhouse gases. In some sectors, technologies are available and are cost-effective, while in others very large reductions are not possible (without reducing the sector’s activity) or are extremely expensive. Also, the cost of each technology is not constant over time, and it is expected in most cases that the technologies currently most innovative and still relatively expensive will become progressively more cost-effective over time.', 'Also, the cost of each technology is not constant over time, and it is expected in most cases that the technologies currently most innovative and still relatively expensive will become progressively more cost-effective over time. The identification of GHG emission trajectories to achieve carbon neutrality is supported by modelling exercises that cover all sectors of the economy with significant contributions to national total emissions and all the important GHGs. It was also intended to evaluate whether there is technological and economic viability for the Portuguese economy to reach carbon neutrality by 2050, using only technologies and processes known today (albeit with different technological maturity).', 'It was also intended to evaluate whether there is technological and economic viability for the Portuguese economy to reach carbon neutrality by 2050, using only technologies and processes known today (albeit with different technological maturity). RNC2050 is based on three alternative macroeconomic scenarios for development of the Portuguese economy and on two sets of objectives for each scenario. In the first set of objectives, it was sought to evaluate the evolution of emissions in a scenario of maintenance of the current trend of climate policies in force, representing a significant decarbonisation trajectory of the national economy. In this case, the economy grows and reduces emissions, but this reduction is mainly due to the introduction of more efficient and/or less emitting technologies (e.g.', 'In this case, the economy grows and reduces emissions, but this reduction is mainly due to the introduction of more efficient and/or less emitting technologies (e.g. renewable energy sources or electric vehicles) through their cost-effective potential and the progressive reduction of their cost. In the second set of objectives, it was sought to evaluate the evolution of emissions in a carbon neutral scenario, translated into a trajectory of reduction of emissions of the energy system of -60% by 2030 and -90% by 2050 compared to 2005. 8 It should be noted that the size of the national carbon sink varies greatly between years, mainly due to the influence of the rural fires each year.', '8 It should be noted that the size of the national carbon sink varies greatly between years, mainly due to the influence of the rural fires each year. In 2017, when the fires were exceptionally dramatic, this sector was not as it usually is a carbon sink, but rather an additional source of emissions (at around 7 Mt CO2). Excluding that year, the average over the last decade would .LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 Emissions reduction trajectory from 85% compared to 2005 NOTA: The emissions trajectory includes net emissions from agriculture and agricultural lands, taking into account their carbon sink role. The value of the carbon sink does not include this component for pastures and other agricultural lands.', 'The value of the carbon sink does not include this component for pastures and other agricultural lands. Carbon sink between Sectoral contribution to the GHG emissions reduction trajectory by Energy Industry Industry Residential & Services Transport Agricultures & Agricultural Lands Waste Forests & Land UsesLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 TABLE 1a: Potential emissions reduction in relation to 2005 resulting from the modelling exercise. The scenarios modelled offer support for the technological viability of carbon neutrality by 2050, based on a trajectory of emissions sink value of between -9 and -13 Mt CO2.', 'The scenarios modelled offer support for the technological viability of carbon neutrality by 2050, based on a trajectory of emissions sink value of between -9 and -13 Mt CO2. From the modelling performed it is clear that: • Given the scale of the challenge (zero net emissions by 2050) all sectors will be called upon to contribute, either by reducing their emissions or by increasing their carbon sink capacity. • The potential reduction of each sector is different, that is, the contribution that each sector can make to reduce emissions is not equally cost-effective. • It is possible to identify the main vectors and technologies that, with current knowledge, will allow a decarbonisation trajectory to be achieved.', '• It is possible to identify the main vectors and technologies that, with current knowledge, will allow a decarbonisation trajectory to be achieved. From the broadest view of the results, two main and complementary decarbonisation vectors stand out clearly: reduction of the carbon intensity of electricity produced in Portugal; and replacement of fossil fuels by electricity in most sectors of the economy (electrification of the economy). Energy production and consumption will therefore become based on endogenous and renewable sources of energy, which in itself constitutes the biggest transformation of the energy paradigm in Portugal since the industrial revolution, reinforcing the path that Portugal has been following in recent years.', 'Energy production and consumption will therefore become based on endogenous and renewable sources of energy, which in itself constitutes the biggest transformation of the energy paradigm in Portugal since the industrial revolution, reinforcing the path that Portugal has been following in recent years. Also, with the horizontal nature of most sectors of the economy, we can highlight very significant gains in energy efficiency and resource use efficiency, which will allow the economy to grow, while reducing primary and final energy consumption as well as consumption of materials, also with a logic of greater circularity.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 In electricity generation the transformation will be profound (99% reduction in GHG emissions compared to 2005) and will be achieved with significant investments in new renewable capacity, in particular wind and photovoltaic energy, and in a big reduction or abandonment of electricity produced with fossil fuels such as coal, fuel oil and natural gas, supported by a resilient, flexible and modern system.', 'Also, with the horizontal nature of most sectors of the economy, we can highlight very significant gains in energy efficiency and resource use efficiency, which will allow the economy to grow, while reducing primary and final energy consumption as well as consumption of materials, also with a logic of greater circularity.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 In electricity generation the transformation will be profound (99% reduction in GHG emissions compared to 2005) and will be achieved with significant investments in new renewable capacity, in particular wind and photovoltaic energy, and in a big reduction or abandonment of electricity produced with fossil fuels such as coal, fuel oil and natural gas, supported by a resilient, flexible and modern system. Decarbonisation of the transport sector will be almost total (98% reduction in GHG emissions compared to 2005) and will be based fundamentally on strengthening the role of the public transport system and replacing current fossil fuel vehicles with a mainly electric fleet.', 'Decarbonisation of the transport sector will be almost total (98% reduction in GHG emissions compared to 2005) and will be based fundamentally on strengthening the role of the public transport system and replacing current fossil fuel vehicles with a mainly electric fleet. The use of hydrogen and advanced biofuels will also play an important role in replacing current fuels. The conversion of mobility in private vehicles into other forms of mobility (public, active, shared, autonomous) will significantly increase the volume of passengers or goods transported, without the need to increase fleets, particularly that of private cars.', 'The conversion of mobility in private vehicles into other forms of mobility (public, active, shared, autonomous) will significantly increase the volume of passengers or goods transported, without the need to increase fleets, particularly that of private cars. Both residential and service buildings will also make a significant contribution to decarbonisation (reductions of over 96% compared to 2005), due to an almost total electrification of energy consumption, further supported by large energy efficiency gains through reinforcing the insulation of buildings, the use of solar heating and heat pumps. In industry the reductions will be less significant but still quite large.', 'In industry the reductions will be less significant but still quite large. Reductions of around 80% will be possible in emissions from burning fuels, through electrification, biomass use and efficiency increases, while for emissions that result from industrial processes the potential is much more limited (less diversity of cost-effective technologies available), and therefore emissions reductions are expected to be around 60%, which translates into an overall emission reduction potential of around 73%. The use of fluorinated gases will be reduced by 54% by 2050, compared to the emissions values observed in 2005. This is due to the reduction imposed by implementation of the Kigali Agreement and the European Regulations, which restrict the production, consumption and market availability of Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).', 'This is due to the reduction imposed by implementation of the Kigali Agreement and the European Regulations, which restrict the production, consumption and market availability of Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). Emissions from agriculture, particularly those from animal production, have a lower potential for reduction, and this sector will reduce its emissions by 9% to 30% by 2050. Possible options include improvements in animal feed and manure management systems, and reduced fertilisation and water needs boosted by biological and precision agriculture, respectively. Agricultural land and pastures have the potential to cease being a source of emissions and become sources of sequestration, through conservation agriculture, by replacing mineral fertilisers with organic fertilisers and sowing improved and biodiverse pastures.', 'Agricultural land and pastures have the potential to cease being a source of emissions and become sources of sequestration, through conservation agriculture, by replacing mineral fertilisers with organic fertilisers and sowing improved and biodiverse pastures. Considering emissions from agriculture and from agricultural lands and pastures as a single system, the potential for emissions reduction rises from 40% to 60%. Other land uses, including forests, can significantly increase current sequestration levels to around 11-13 million tonnes of CO2, and for this to happen, it is essential to control areas set on fire annually and to achieve productivity increases across forestry species in general.', 'Other land uses, including forests, can significantly increase current sequestration levels to around 11-13 million tonnes of CO2, and for this to happen, it is essential to control areas set on fire annually and to achieve productivity increases across forestry species in general. For waste and wastewater, reductions will be more significant (around 75% compared to 2005) due to a sharp increase in the circularity of the economy, the elimination of organic waste in landfills and the reduction of total and organic waste produced per capita.', 'For waste and wastewater, reductions will be more significant (around 75% compared to 2005) due to a sharp increase in the circularity of the economy, the elimination of organic waste in landfills and the reduction of total and organic waste produced per capita. Some of the alternative destinations for these wastes (biological treatment and composting) may, for the same reasons, increase, but their effect on total emissions will remain small.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 Overall narrative of carbon neutrality by Hreenhouse Gas Emissions (Mt CO2e) End of coal-fired power production by End of gas-fired power production from 2040 Light duty vehicles total mobility demand is served by electricity Electric vehicle starts to become mainstream Passenger cars: autonomous and/or shared vehicles serve 1/3 | 1/2 of mobility demand Solar installed capacity equals wind installed capacity 11%|12% of energy consumption in buildings is satisfied by solar Boost in development of recycling lines Heat pumps satisfy 15% of cooling/ heating energy demands in buildings in per capita urban waste generation Solar PV share starts to gain momentum 36% of passenger cars mobility demand is served by electricity Passenger cars: 100% of mobility demand is served by electricity Heavy passenger vehicles: Electricity and hydrogen replace diesel by electricity generation is used in hydrogen production electricity generation is used in hydrogen production Heavy-duty vehicles: Hydrogen and electricity serve mobility demands Diesel is no longer cost- efficient for cars and vans Off-shore wind electricity generation becomes competitive Battery storage amounts to 6% of total installed capacity Battery storage amounts to 3%|4% of total installed capacity Renewable installed capacity doubles Wind-ofshore installed capacity surpasses Solar thermal power for low temperature heat production in industry becomes competitive 11% of industry heat demand is satisfied by solar thermal Precision agriculture Organic and conservation agriculture Total burnt area | Total burnt area ha/year Forest area in per capita urban waste generation reduction in food waste 82% reduction in urban waste landfill deposit Solar installed capacity surpasses wind capacity | Decentralised solar PV starts to gain momentum Forest area % of renewables in electricity production 60% > 80% > 90% 100% Retrofitting measures energy demand reduction for heating in buildings 16% of energy consumption in buildings for water heating is satisfied by solar 15%|13% of industry energy consumption is satisfied by natural gas | Industry natural gas consumption amounts to 90% of total natural gas consumption of the country N Organic fertilisers replace synthetic ones and amount to 48%|66% of nitrogen used in soils Solar installed capacity amounts to 50% of total installed capacity Precision agriculture up to 300 000 ha Organic and conservation agriculture up to Electricity consumption in industry increases by 1,5 X Power generation from hydro without pumping decreases 4% compared to 2020 due to reduced water availability Precision agriculture up to 300 000 ha Organic and conservation agriculture up to +25% of energy consumption in industry is satisfied by natural gas % of electricity in total energy consumption 26% > 30% 50% > 65% 66%|75% of energy consumption in buildings for water heating is satisfied by solar Biodiverse grassland | up to 250 000 ha Precision agriculture up to 300 000 ha Organic and conservation agriculture up to Biodiverse grassland | up to 50 000 ha Improvement in food efficiency and wastewater management PORTUGALLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 The tables presented in the following sections and chapters show the results of the carbon neutrality trajectories of the Peloton and Yellow Jersey scenarios (PL|YJ) and, for a question of simplicity, only the results of the Yellow Jersey scenario are presented graphically.', 'Some of the alternative destinations for these wastes (biological treatment and composting) may, for the same reasons, increase, but their effect on total emissions will remain small.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 Overall narrative of carbon neutrality by Hreenhouse Gas Emissions (Mt CO2e) End of coal-fired power production by End of gas-fired power production from 2040 Light duty vehicles total mobility demand is served by electricity Electric vehicle starts to become mainstream Passenger cars: autonomous and/or shared vehicles serve 1/3 | 1/2 of mobility demand Solar installed capacity equals wind installed capacity 11%|12% of energy consumption in buildings is satisfied by solar Boost in development of recycling lines Heat pumps satisfy 15% of cooling/ heating energy demands in buildings in per capita urban waste generation Solar PV share starts to gain momentum 36% of passenger cars mobility demand is served by electricity Passenger cars: 100% of mobility demand is served by electricity Heavy passenger vehicles: Electricity and hydrogen replace diesel by electricity generation is used in hydrogen production electricity generation is used in hydrogen production Heavy-duty vehicles: Hydrogen and electricity serve mobility demands Diesel is no longer cost- efficient for cars and vans Off-shore wind electricity generation becomes competitive Battery storage amounts to 6% of total installed capacity Battery storage amounts to 3%|4% of total installed capacity Renewable installed capacity doubles Wind-ofshore installed capacity surpasses Solar thermal power for low temperature heat production in industry becomes competitive 11% of industry heat demand is satisfied by solar thermal Precision agriculture Organic and conservation agriculture Total burnt area | Total burnt area ha/year Forest area in per capita urban waste generation reduction in food waste 82% reduction in urban waste landfill deposit Solar installed capacity surpasses wind capacity | Decentralised solar PV starts to gain momentum Forest area % of renewables in electricity production 60% > 80% > 90% 100% Retrofitting measures energy demand reduction for heating in buildings 16% of energy consumption in buildings for water heating is satisfied by solar 15%|13% of industry energy consumption is satisfied by natural gas | Industry natural gas consumption amounts to 90% of total natural gas consumption of the country N Organic fertilisers replace synthetic ones and amount to 48%|66% of nitrogen used in soils Solar installed capacity amounts to 50% of total installed capacity Precision agriculture up to 300 000 ha Organic and conservation agriculture up to Electricity consumption in industry increases by 1,5 X Power generation from hydro without pumping decreases 4% compared to 2020 due to reduced water availability Precision agriculture up to 300 000 ha Organic and conservation agriculture up to +25% of energy consumption in industry is satisfied by natural gas % of electricity in total energy consumption 26% > 30% 50% > 65% 66%|75% of energy consumption in buildings for water heating is satisfied by solar Biodiverse grassland | up to 250 000 ha Precision agriculture up to 300 000 ha Organic and conservation agriculture up to Biodiverse grassland | up to 50 000 ha Improvement in food efficiency and wastewater management PORTUGALLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 The tables presented in the following sections and chapters show the results of the carbon neutrality trajectories of the Peloton and Yellow Jersey scenarios (PL|YJ) and, for a question of simplicity, only the results of the Yellow Jersey scenario are presented graphically. It should be noted that these results reflect the modelling response, taking into account the assumptions defined, and serve as a basis for informing the policy choices made in the context of RNC2050 and PNEC 2030.', 'It should be noted that these results reflect the modelling response, taking into account the assumptions defined, and serve as a basis for informing the policy choices made in the context of RNC2050 and PNEC 2030. The RNC2050 methodology had as its starting point the development of coherent socioeconomic scenarios, based on common narratives of possible evolutions of Portuguese society by 2050 based on the evolution of macroeconomic and demographic parameters over this time horizon. These scenarios were widely discussed with the various stakeholders. As there is no single model for projecting emissions for all sectors and gases in an integrated manner, a methodologically separate approach has been adopted for each of the four major sectors: 1) Energy system.', 'As there is no single model for projecting emissions for all sectors and gases in an integrated manner, a methodologically separate approach has been adopted for each of the four major sectors: 1) Energy system. GHG emissions were estimated based on the TIMES_PT optimisation model which includes, in an integrated manner, the entire Portuguese energy system starting from energy generation, transport and distribution through to consumption in the end-use sectors such as industry, transport, residential, services and agriculture in their multiple uses (heating, cooling, lighting, electrical equipment, passenger and freight mobility, among others). 2) Agriculture, forests and other land uses. GHG emissions were estimated based on different assumptions aligned with the narratives of the socioeconomic scenarios, from which the respective evolutionary trends of the crop and animal sector, and their emissions, were established.', 'GHG emissions were estimated based on different assumptions aligned with the narratives of the socioeconomic scenarios, from which the respective evolutionary trends of the crop and animal sector, and their emissions, were established. This sector includes animal emissions and manure management systems, fertiliser use, rural fires, and the emissions or sequestration of different land uses. 3) Waste and wastewater. GHG emissions were estimated based on projections of the volume of municipal waste and domestic wastewater generated each year, considering the resident population, and the impact of the policies already adopted. This sector includes emissions from the disposal and treatment of urban and industrial solid waste and wastewater. 4) Fluorinated gases.', 'This sector includes emissions from the disposal and treatment of urban and industrial solid waste and wastewater. 4) Fluorinated gases. GHG emissions were estimated based on the implications of implementation of the Kigali Agreement and the European Regulations that foresee the phasing out of some of these gases over coming decades. This sector includes emissions from the use of fluorinated gases in refrigeration and air conditioning equipment, fire protection systems and electrical switches. Estimated GHG emissions for each sector were subsequently aggregated to calculate national total emissions. The base year for the modelling in TIMES_PT is 2015.', 'The base year for the modelling in TIMES_PT is 2015. In all sectors, GHG emissions estimation follows the methodologies presented in the national emissions inventories, which comply with the emissions calculation guidelines of the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and relevant UNFCCC decisions for calculation of emissions and reporting emissions projections. METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH OF THE ROADMAP FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY 2050 For RNC2050, 3 scenarios were built: Scenario Off-Track: Scenario that retains the essentials of the economic structure and current trends as well as the decarbonisation policies already adopted or in force. Scenario Peloton: Scenario of socioeconomic developments compatible with carbon neutrality with the development and application of new technologies that, however, do not significantly change either the production structures or the population’s lifestyles.', 'Scenario Peloton: Scenario of socioeconomic developments compatible with carbon neutrality with the development and application of new technologies that, however, do not significantly change either the production structures or the population’s lifestyles. It foresees a modest incorporation of circular economy models and the maintenance of population concentration in the Metropolitan Areas. Scenario Yellow Jersey: Scenario of socioeconomic evolution compatible with carbon neutrality, characterised by a structural and transverse change in production chains, made possible by the combination of a series of technologies of the 4th Industrial Revolution. It foresees a more effective incorporation of circular economy models and greater growth of the importance of medium-sized cities.', 'It foresees a more effective incorporation of circular economy models and greater growth of the importance of medium-sized cities. SCENARIOS CONSIDERED IN THE 2050 CARBON NEUTRALITY ROADMAPLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 • Uncompetitive Portugal • Population continues declining • Popoulation concentrated in metropolitan areas, depopulation of the countryside and medium-sized towns • Maintenance of current production structures • Low level circularity • Mobility patterns similar to current ones (low adherence OFF-TRACK • Competitive Portugal • Population with less pronounced decrease due to the effect of migratory balance • Population concentrated in Metropolitan Areas • Conservative evolution of current production strutures but with techonological development and increased efficiency • Moderate circularity of the economy • Moderate adherence to new forms of mobility (shared and low-impact) • Conservation and biological agriculture and precision agriculture PELOTON • Very competitive Portugal • Population stable, due to equilibrium of the physiological balance and substantially increase of the migration balance • Growth of medium-sized towns and reduction of population concentration in metropolitan • Higher degree of decentralization and digitization of the energy system • Greater entrepreneurship • Grater circularity of the economy • High penetration of new forms of mobility (shared and low-impact) • Predominance of biological abd conservation agriculture and precision agriculture: valorisation of externalities (ecosystem services) YELLOW JERSEY GDP growth rates (%) Historic Off-Trank Yellow Jersey Peloton Resident population (thousand) Historic Off-Trank Yellow Jersey Peloton GVA sectoral structure Aggregate Dimension Energy system Industry Agriculture Services Construction OFF-TRACK Energy system Industry Agriculture Services Construction Energy system Industry Agriculture Services Construction YELLOW JERSEY Energy system Industry Agriculture Services Construction PELOTONLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 In the Peloton and Yellow Jersey scenarios, two variants were also considered, one in which the economy evolves without imposing a GHG emission reduction target (called ‘without neutrality’) and a variant in which the economy evolves with the imposition of a GHG emissions reduction target (called ‘with neutrality’).', 'SCENARIOS CONSIDERED IN THE 2050 CARBON NEUTRALITY ROADMAPLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 • Uncompetitive Portugal • Population continues declining • Popoulation concentrated in metropolitan areas, depopulation of the countryside and medium-sized towns • Maintenance of current production structures • Low level circularity • Mobility patterns similar to current ones (low adherence OFF-TRACK • Competitive Portugal • Population with less pronounced decrease due to the effect of migratory balance • Population concentrated in Metropolitan Areas • Conservative evolution of current production strutures but with techonological development and increased efficiency • Moderate circularity of the economy • Moderate adherence to new forms of mobility (shared and low-impact) • Conservation and biological agriculture and precision agriculture PELOTON • Very competitive Portugal • Population stable, due to equilibrium of the physiological balance and substantially increase of the migration balance • Growth of medium-sized towns and reduction of population concentration in metropolitan • Higher degree of decentralization and digitization of the energy system • Greater entrepreneurship • Grater circularity of the economy • High penetration of new forms of mobility (shared and low-impact) • Predominance of biological abd conservation agriculture and precision agriculture: valorisation of externalities (ecosystem services) YELLOW JERSEY GDP growth rates (%) Historic Off-Trank Yellow Jersey Peloton Resident population (thousand) Historic Off-Trank Yellow Jersey Peloton GVA sectoral structure Aggregate Dimension Energy system Industry Agriculture Services Construction OFF-TRACK Energy system Industry Agriculture Services Construction Energy system Industry Agriculture Services Construction YELLOW JERSEY Energy system Industry Agriculture Services Construction PELOTONLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 In the Peloton and Yellow Jersey scenarios, two variants were also considered, one in which the economy evolves without imposing a GHG emission reduction target (called ‘without neutrality’) and a variant in which the economy evolves with the imposition of a GHG emissions reduction target (called ‘with neutrality’). SENSITIVITY ANALYSES An exercise of this nature and with this time horizon always entails a considerable level of uncertainty, not only in the kind of development that the population, society and the Portuguese economy will experience, but also in the preferences and sensitivity of consumers, and in the technological gamut that is available to bring about decarbonisation.', 'SENSITIVITY ANALYSES An exercise of this nature and with this time horizon always entails a considerable level of uncertainty, not only in the kind of development that the population, society and the Portuguese economy will experience, but also in the preferences and sensitivity of consumers, and in the technological gamut that is available to bring about decarbonisation. The modelling performed was based on a wide range of technologies, complemented by assumptions regarding the evolution of the investment, operation, maintenance and decommissioning costs of these technologies. Only technologies that are already available or in a pre-commercial phase were considered. Cost assumptions were drawn from recent historical trends and specific studies of these sectors or technologies.', 'Cost assumptions were drawn from recent historical trends and specific studies of these sectors or technologies. However, consideration was not given to technologies that are promising but have not yet been proven in the context of the real economy and the emergence of disruptive technologies between now and 2050, that are completely unknown today, cannot be disregarded. As a way to test the robustness of the emission trajectories to these uncertainties, some sensitivity analyses were performed for the most critical factors for the evolution of national emissions, revealing the impact of variations in some of the assumptions (for example, in technology costs) on the final modelling results.', 'As a way to test the robustness of the emission trajectories to these uncertainties, some sensitivity analyses were performed for the most critical factors for the evolution of national emissions, revealing the impact of variations in some of the assumptions (for example, in technology costs) on the final modelling results. As expected, the results were different, but the decarbonisation vectors and the potentials of each sector were substantially the same, which suggests a high degree of robustness in the results achieved. This uncertainty can be viewed as a limitation of such an exercise, but it is also a factor of optimism: if decarbonisation is possible with current technologies, the emergence of new technologies will only make this goal simpler and/or more cost-effective than what is estimated today.', 'This uncertainty can be viewed as a limitation of such an exercise, but it is also a factor of optimism: if decarbonisation is possible with current technologies, the emergence of new technologies will only make this goal simpler and/or more cost-effective than what is estimated today. The technical work that supported the elaboration of RNC2050 was developed by a multidisciplinary team, consisting of several national experts from various fields of knowledge.', 'The technical work that supported the elaboration of RNC2050 was developed by a multidisciplinary team, consisting of several national experts from various fields of knowledge. The various technical reports and information about the process can be found on the website of the Portuguese Environment Agency, I.P., the entity responsible for the general coordination of RNC2050.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 As a key framework element of national climate policy that has an impact on all sectors of the economy, including the development of potential sectoral plans and strategies towards carbon neutrality, it was considered appropriate to carry out a Strategic Environmental Evaluation of RNC2050. Thus, the legally prescribed procedure was followed, after consulting the Entities with Specific Environmental Responsibilities and performing the public consultation.', 'Thus, the legally prescribed procedure was followed, after consulting the Entities with Specific Environmental Responsibilities and performing the public consultation. After receiving and duly considering the contributions received, the process culminated with the issuance of the Environmental Statement on Strategic Evaluation. STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION As the transition to carbon neutrality is an ambitious challenge and requires the broad and participatory involvement of all the agents, the elaboration of RNC2050 was also a broad process of sectoral involvement and mobilisation of society throughout different stages and with different objectives. The construction of the macroeconomic scenarios that underlie the whole prospecting and modelling exercise went through different iterative phases that allowed the gathering of contributions from various national institutions and experts, which gave rise to the three scenarios considered.', 'The construction of the macroeconomic scenarios that underlie the whole prospecting and modelling exercise went through different iterative phases that allowed the gathering of contributions from various national institutions and experts, which gave rise to the three scenarios considered. The cycle of technical workshops had the main aim of understanding the role of the circular economy in the future of different sectors, as well as informing the emissions modelling work over the time horizon up to 2050 through stakeholders’ perceptions regarding the configuration of the sectors’ value chain and of the evolution of some of the main assumptions and trends. This cycle included the following sectoral workshops: mobility; forestry activities; agri-food; construction; cities; energy; waste and wastewater.', 'This cycle included the following sectoral workshops: mobility; forestry activities; agri-food; construction; cities; energy; waste and wastewater. At the same time, a cycle of thematic events was held on the decarbonisation of society, with a total of four sessions focused on the themes of Mobility; Forestry Activities; Energy Transition; Fair Transition. An event dedicated to sustainable financing will also be held. The preliminary results of the Roadmap were divulged for public consultation for a period of 3 months, which began in Lisbon with the public presentation of these results, and about 80 contributions were received at the event. A series of joint public presentation sessions of RNC2050 and the 2030 National Energy and Climate Plan were also held in Coimbra, Porto, Évora, Faro and Funchal.', 'A series of joint public presentation sessions of RNC2050 and the 2030 National Energy and Climate Plan were also held in Coimbra, Porto, Évora, Faro and Funchal. INVOLVEMENT OF SOCIETY IN THE PREPARATION OF THE 2050 CARBON NEUTRALITY ROADMAPLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 4.1. ROLE OF THE ENERGY SYSTEM IN THE TRANSITION TO CARBON NEUTRALITY The energy system covers in an integrated manner energy production, transport and distribution and final energy consumption in the various sectors (industry, transport, residential and services and agriculture). It is possible to identify, with current technologies and knowledge about their future evolution, neutrality trajectories with cost- effective options to achieve emissions reductions of around 60% by 2030 and 90% by 2050 (compared to 2005).', 'It is possible to identify, with current technologies and knowledge about their future evolution, neutrality trajectories with cost- effective options to achieve emissions reductions of around 60% by 2030 and 90% by 2050 (compared to 2005). These trajectories express a mix of technologies that minimises the cost to the national energy system, through progressive technological substitution, that begins with the sectors/technologies for which the transition is most cost-effective and progressively expands to more expensive sectors/technologies, until the desired emissions reductions are achieved. No support, fiscal or otherwise, was considered for any technology. As a consequence, we will see a significant change in the primary and final energy balances, the technological profile of energy production and consumption and the sectoral dissociation from emissions.', 'As a consequence, we will see a significant change in the primary and final energy balances, the technological profile of energy production and consumption and the sectoral dissociation from emissions. In the energy system, transport and the power generation sector have the greatest potential for reducing GHG emissions in the decade of 2020-2030, and decarbonisation of buildings and industry will be more intense, respectively, in the decades of 2030-2040 and 2040-2050.', 'In the energy system, transport and the power generation sector have the greatest potential for reducing GHG emissions in the decade of 2020-2030, and decarbonisation of buildings and industry will be more intense, respectively, in the decades of 2030-2040 and 2040-2050. Evolution of energy system emissions up Energy generation Residential Refining Services Industry Agriculture Transport Fugitive emissionsLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 TABLE 1b: Evolution of energy system emissions, up to 2050 In fact, the path towards carbon neutrality will lead to a much wider use of endogenous renewable energy resources of which over two thirds are sun and wind, accounting for over 80% of primary energy consumption by 2050.', 'Evolution of energy system emissions up Energy generation Residential Refining Services Industry Agriculture Transport Fugitive emissionsLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 TABLE 1b: Evolution of energy system emissions, up to 2050 In fact, the path towards carbon neutrality will lead to a much wider use of endogenous renewable energy resources of which over two thirds are sun and wind, accounting for over 80% of primary energy consumption by 2050. The national energy system thus moves from an essentially fossil base to an essentially renewable base by 2050, with positive consequences for the energy bill, the trade balance and the reduction of energy dependency, which drops from the current 78% of dependence on foreign countries to less than 20% in 2050.', 'The national energy system thus moves from an essentially fossil base to an essentially renewable base by 2050, with positive consequences for the energy bill, the trade balance and the reduction of energy dependency, which drops from the current 78% of dependence on foreign countries to less than 20% in 2050. In 2050, energy dependency will be less than 20% (compared to 78% in 2015). Evolution of primary energy consumption, up to 2050 Net Electricity Imp.', 'Evolution of primary energy consumption, up to 2050 Net Electricity Imp. Coal Natural Gas Petroleum Products Renewables + Non-renewable waste Energy Dependence PJ % TOTAL ENERGY SYSTEM Unit: Mt C02eq.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 TABLE 2: Evolution of primary energy consumption, up to 2050 Achieving this level of reductions will also be supported by decarbonisation of final energy consumption, where there will be increased integration of renewable energy sources and increasing electrification of energy consumption, visible from 2030 onwards, and these are the main vectors of decarbonisation. In 2050, between 66% and 68% of final energy consumption will be met by electricity and there will be a sharp reduction in the consumption of petroleum products, explained by the technological change that will take place, especially in the car fleet.', 'In 2050, between 66% and 68% of final energy consumption will be met by electricity and there will be a sharp reduction in the consumption of petroleum products, explained by the technological change that will take place, especially in the car fleet. The emergence of new energy vectors, such as hydrogen, is gradually coming to fruition, reaching an overall contribution of 4% in final energy consumption by 2050, but which will be an important decarbonisation vector in some sectors with few alternative technological options, such as heavy passenger and freight transport, a sector which will represent, in 2050, 40% to 68% of the demand for heavy transport.', 'The emergence of new energy vectors, such as hydrogen, is gradually coming to fruition, reaching an overall contribution of 4% in final energy consumption by 2050, but which will be an important decarbonisation vector in some sectors with few alternative technological options, such as heavy passenger and freight transport, a sector which will represent, in 2050, 40% to 68% of the demand for heavy transport. This hydrogen will be produced mainly by alkaline electrolysis using renewable electricity, and by 2050, 5% to 8% of all electricity produced will be used for hydrogen generation. With a more limited role, other renewable sources, such as solar heating and biomass, will also play an important role, for example, in heat generation.', 'With a more limited role, other renewable sources, such as solar heating and biomass, will also play an important role, for example, in heat generation. Biomass is also emerging as one of the decarbonisation vectors. Overall, its consumption will grow until 2030/35, falling later to below current levels, with the emergence or increase of other more competitive energy vectors. It is in the industrial sector that the consumption of biomass is most evident, replacing, among other sources, petroleum coke. Decentralised cogeneration and dedicated heat production plants near the collection sites will allow the most cost-effective use of the resource and also contribute to sustainable forest management.', 'Decentralised cogeneration and dedicated heat production plants near the collection sites will allow the most cost-effective use of the resource and also contribute to sustainable forest management. TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY Unit: PJ Unit: %LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 In 2050 there will be over 85% of renewable energy in final energy consumption. TABLE 3: Evolution of final energy consumption, up to 2050 The increased efficiency of the energy system underlying this transformation will allow a reduction in primary energy consumption from -44% to -47% compared to 2015, and in final energy from -25% to -28% compared to 2015, despite economic growth and increased demand.', 'TABLE 3: Evolution of final energy consumption, up to 2050 The increased efficiency of the energy system underlying this transformation will allow a reduction in primary energy consumption from -44% to -47% compared to 2015, and in final energy from -25% to -28% compared to 2015, despite economic growth and increased demand. Evolution of final energy consumption, up to PJ % Electricity Coal Natural Gas Petroleum Products Hydrogen Renewables in final energy consumption Biomass & waste Heat Solar FINAL ENERGY Unit: PJLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 In 2050 the energy intensity of the economy falls by more than 50% compared to today.', 'Evolution of final energy consumption, up to PJ % Electricity Coal Natural Gas Petroleum Products Hydrogen Renewables in final energy consumption Biomass & waste Heat Solar FINAL ENERGY Unit: PJLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 In 2050 the energy intensity of the economy falls by more than 50% compared to today. TABLE 4: Evolution of the energy intensity of primary and final energy consumption, up to 2050 Main decarbonisation drivers in the energy sector: • Renewable endogenous resources; • Energy efficiency; • Electrification; • New energy vectors, e.g. hydrogen.', 'TABLE 4: Evolution of the energy intensity of primary and final energy consumption, up to 2050 Main decarbonisation drivers in the energy sector: • Renewable endogenous resources; • Energy efficiency; • Electrification; • New energy vectors, e.g. hydrogen. Evolution of the energy intensity of primary and final energy consumption, up to Final Energy PJ / 103M€ Primary Energy Unit: PJ/103 M€LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 4.1.1 Power generation sector The power generation sector is currently one of the leading national GHG emitters (around 29%) and as such shall be one of the major contributors to decarbonisation. Moreover, given the expected role of electrification in decarbonisation of the remaining sectors, emissions from power generation will also have a very significant indirect contribution to make to decarbonisation of the economy as a whole.', 'Moreover, given the expected role of electrification in decarbonisation of the remaining sectors, emissions from power generation will also have a very significant indirect contribution to make to decarbonisation of the economy as a whole. These two contributions to a carbon neutral society point to the need to progressively discontinue the use of fossil fuels in power generation, in particular coal, and Portugal has already made a commitment to cease coal-based power generation by 2030. Increasing demand caused by the growing electrification of various sectors of society will dictate the need for a substantial increase in renewable power production capacity by 2050.', 'Increasing demand caused by the growing electrification of various sectors of society will dictate the need for a substantial increase in renewable power production capacity by 2050. Evolution of emissions from the power generation sector and % of incorporation of Renewable Sources of Electricity (%RES-E) TABLE 5: Potential evolution of emissions from the power generation sector and % of incorporation of Renewable Sources of Electricity (%RES-E) % RES-E Emissões Setor Eletroprodutor Total decarbonisation of the power generation sector by 2050. In 2050, 100% renewable sources in electricity generation. Unit: MT C02eq. Unit: %LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 This transition is facilitated by the reduction in the cost of renewable-based technologies for electricity generation that has been observed in recent years, especially in technologies associated with solar photovoltaics.', 'Unit: %LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 This transition is facilitated by the reduction in the cost of renewable-based technologies for electricity generation that has been observed in recent years, especially in technologies associated with solar photovoltaics. In fact, it is this cost reduction, coupled also with an expected rapid fall in the cost of storage solutions, that will allow renewable energy to have a participation close to 100% in electricity production in 2050. Photovoltaic solar technology will be most clearly established by increasing its importance and reaching 13 GW centralised and 13 GW decentralised by 2050. Onshore wind energy is also increasing its share significantly (almost 2.5x).', 'Onshore wind energy is also increasing its share significantly (almost 2.5x). These two technologies have a cost-effective potential to jointly supply 50% of the electricity generated in 2030 and 70% in 2050. However, these technologies, due to their daily and inter-annual variability, pose challenges in terms of dependability and security of supply that it is essential to be aware of and for which new solutions are emerging, be they technological in terms of battery storage and hydrogen production. or hybrid solutions, or in terms of network management, which should be endowed with greater intelligence and flexibility. Interconnections with the EU power grid and with other markets will also have an important role to play in the management and security of supply of the national power system.', 'Interconnections with the EU power grid and with other markets will also have an important role to play in the management and security of supply of the national power system. Maintaining some natural gas capacity in the national power system until 2040, even if marginally used, ensures the necessary backup to bring about the transition to a renewable-based power system, allowing time for the development and installation of technological storage solutions. In this context, batteries will become a cost-effective technology that is necessary for stability of the system as early as 2025 (187 MW), coupled with a renewable sun and wind capacity that will exceed 16 GW.', 'In this context, batteries will become a cost-effective technology that is necessary for stability of the system as early as 2025 (187 MW), coupled with a renewable sun and wind capacity that will exceed 16 GW. However, it is from the 2030s onwards that the weight of this technology gains expression, reaching values between 0.6 and 1.0 GW in 2030 and growing by 4 GW up to 2050, accounting for between 7% and 8% of the total installed capacity in a 100% renewable system. Along with batteries, mostly associated with decentralised solar energy, hydroelectric production using pumped water will also continue to play an important role in regulating the power system.', 'Along with batteries, mostly associated with decentralised solar energy, hydroelectric production using pumped water will also continue to play an important role in regulating the power system. The existing capacity together with the investments in progress means that in 2030 there will be 3.4 GW of pumped hydroelectric capacity. Together, batteries and pumped hydroelectric, in 2050, will account for 7.5 GW, about 14% of total installed capacity, offering storage and facilitating efficient management of the electric supply/demand equilibrium. Electrification of the economy will require an expansion of the transmission and distribution network which should be linked to efficient consumption management (e.g. in industry) and allow the creation of new business models and solutions that contribute to the flexibility of the system.', 'in industry) and allow the creation of new business models and solutions that contribute to the flexibility of the system. New regulatory models will allow new players to enter the electricity market, such as energy production cooperatives and energy communities. The increase in installed capacity of decentralised solar to 2.3 GW by 2030 and 12 to 13 GW by 2050 demonstrates the cost-effectiveness of decentralisation in solar electricity generation, allowing one to envisage the important role of producers/ consumers in the future. Families and other small producers may account for more than 20% of total electricity production. Of course, this vision requires the development of smart distribution networks and new locally based business models.', 'Of course, this vision requires the development of smart distribution networks and new locally based business models. Decentralisation of electricity generation combined with its increased efficiency will contribute to a reduction in grid losses, reaching around 5% by 2050, compared to the current 9%. This fall in grid losses attenuates the increasing consumption of hydroelectric pumping and battery storage.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 The carbon intensity of the electricity produced in Portugal goes from the current 315 tCO2eq./GWh (in a dry year) to about 1.6 tCO2eq./GWh in 2050.', 'This fall in grid losses attenuates the increasing consumption of hydroelectric pumping and battery storage.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 The carbon intensity of the electricity produced in Portugal goes from the current 315 tCO2eq./GWh (in a dry year) to about 1.6 tCO2eq./GWh in 2050. Evolution of installed capacity of the power generation sector (including cogeneration) and the carbon intensity of electricity generation GW Batteries Centralised Solar PV Hydroelectric with pumping Offshore Wind Energy Fuel Oil Coal Hydroelectric Biomass/Biogas/Waste Onshore Wind Energy Decentralised Solar PV Natural Gas Carbon Intensity in electricity generation in Portugal eq/GWh GeothermicLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 TABLE 6: Evolution of the installed capacity of the power generation sector (including cogeneration) and carbon intensity of electricity production NOTE: As explained earlier, the results presented reflect the modelling response, taking into account the assumptions made, and serve as a basis for informing policy options, notably in the context of PNEC 2030, so there may be differences between the modelling results and the policy options to be pursued.', 'Evolution of installed capacity of the power generation sector (including cogeneration) and the carbon intensity of electricity generation GW Batteries Centralised Solar PV Hydroelectric with pumping Offshore Wind Energy Fuel Oil Coal Hydroelectric Biomass/Biogas/Waste Onshore Wind Energy Decentralised Solar PV Natural Gas Carbon Intensity in electricity generation in Portugal eq/GWh GeothermicLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 TABLE 6: Evolution of the installed capacity of the power generation sector (including cogeneration) and carbon intensity of electricity production NOTE: As explained earlier, the results presented reflect the modelling response, taking into account the assumptions made, and serve as a basis for informing policy options, notably in the context of PNEC 2030, so there may be differences between the modelling results and the policy options to be pursued. Main decarbonisation drivers in the power generation sector: • Evolution to a production base that uses solar (centralised and decentralised), wind (onshore and offshore) and hydroelectric (with and without pumping); • End of electricity production based on coal by 2030 and, in a second phase, end of electricity production based on natural gas after 2040; • New storage solutions (batteries and hydrogen); • Greater network intelligence and flexibility.', 'Main decarbonisation drivers in the power generation sector: • Evolution to a production base that uses solar (centralised and decentralised), wind (onshore and offshore) and hydroelectric (with and without pumping); • End of electricity production based on coal by 2030 and, in a second phase, end of electricity production based on natural gas after 2040; • New storage solutions (batteries and hydrogen); • Greater network intelligence and flexibility. INSTALLED CAPACITY Unit: GW CARBON INTENSITY OF ELECTRICITY PRODUCED IN PORTUGAL Unit: t C02eq./GWhLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 4.1.2 Mobility and transport The transport sector is, together with the power generation system, one of the main national emitters (representing about 25% of emissions) and is the sector with the highest growth in emissions in recent decades.', 'INSTALLED CAPACITY Unit: GW CARBON INTENSITY OF ELECTRICITY PRODUCED IN PORTUGAL Unit: t C02eq./GWhLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 4.1.2 Mobility and transport The transport sector is, together with the power generation system, one of the main national emitters (representing about 25% of emissions) and is the sector with the highest growth in emissions in recent decades. This sector includes road, rail and maritime transport and aviation (only its national components) and can be divided into passenger and freight transport. The road subsector accounts for 96% of transport emissions, with national rail, aviation and shipping accounting for only 4% of emissions. Car use accounts for 60% of emissions in relation to the total for road transport.', 'Car use accounts for 60% of emissions in relation to the total for road transport. This is also the sector with the highest energy intensity and the largest indirect contribution to primary energy imports and associated energy dependence. These transport modes have quite low usage efficiency rates, with values of about 1.2 passengers per private vehicle and average public transport occupancy between 17% and 24% (percentages below the European average), leaving room for significant efficiency gains.', 'These transport modes have quite low usage efficiency rates, with values of about 1.2 passengers per private vehicle and average public transport occupancy between 17% and 24% (percentages below the European average), leaving room for significant efficiency gains. Narrative of carbon neutrality by 2050 of the power generation sector Offshore wind power exceeds 1 GW % GHG reduction (compared to 2005) Battery storage represents 7% | 8% of installed capacity of the power generation system Batteries+hydroelectric with pumping 14% of total installed capacity Hydroelectric production without pumping falls 10% compared to 2020 due to reduced water avaliability Solar production capacity of total total electricity generated is used to Total installed capacity is 2x current installed capacity Electricity used production: electricity production Battery storage 6%of the total installed capacity of the power generation system Offshore wind power becomes cost-effective Batteries become cost effective associated with decentralized solar Photovoltaic solar production begins to gain traction End of coal-based electricity production Solar production capacity may equal wind power Decentralized solar production gains traction End of electricity production from natural gas afterLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 Thus, this is a sector in which it is urgent to reverse the growing trend in emissions, moving towards almost total decarbonisation by 2050.', 'Narrative of carbon neutrality by 2050 of the power generation sector Offshore wind power exceeds 1 GW % GHG reduction (compared to 2005) Battery storage represents 7% | 8% of installed capacity of the power generation system Batteries+hydroelectric with pumping 14% of total installed capacity Hydroelectric production without pumping falls 10% compared to 2020 due to reduced water avaliability Solar production capacity of total total electricity generated is used to Total installed capacity is 2x current installed capacity Electricity used production: electricity production Battery storage 6%of the total installed capacity of the power generation system Offshore wind power becomes cost-effective Batteries become cost effective associated with decentralized solar Photovoltaic solar production begins to gain traction End of coal-based electricity production Solar production capacity may equal wind power Decentralized solar production gains traction End of electricity production from natural gas afterLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 Thus, this is a sector in which it is urgent to reverse the growing trend in emissions, moving towards almost total decarbonisation by 2050. Incorporation of renewables in the transport sector of over 35% in 2030, 60% in 2040 and 90% in 2050.', 'Incorporation of renewables in the transport sector of over 35% in 2030, 60% in 2040 and 90% in 2050. TABLE 7: Evolution of transport sector emissions and percentage of incorporation of renewables in transport (%RES-T) In this sector, the availability of technology solutions with better environmental performance and the offer of shared solutions with significant efficiency gains make it possible to substantially reduce emissions in a cost-effective way, even in the context of increasing demand.', 'TABLE 7: Evolution of transport sector emissions and percentage of incorporation of renewables in transport (%RES-T) In this sector, the availability of technology solutions with better environmental performance and the offer of shared solutions with significant efficiency gains make it possible to substantially reduce emissions in a cost-effective way, even in the context of increasing demand. The growing adherence expected for the use of low-impact and active modes in urban centres, together with proactive land use planning that allows for greater discussion and use of the public transport system, will form the basis of a veritable revolution in this sector, and these vectors are essential for its decarbonisation. In 2050, between 8% and 14% of short-distance mobility is expected to be made using low-impact modes.', 'In 2050, between 8% and 14% of short-distance mobility is expected to be made using low-impact modes. Evolution of transport sector emissions and percentage of incorporation of renewables in transport (%RES-T) % RES-T Transport sector emissions Unit: MT C02 eq. Unit: % (no multipliers from 2030)LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 It is therefore essential to reinforce the supply of public transport systems, and to expand the networks (metro and rail) and their multimodal integration. All these changes will be part of a very diverse and decarbonised transport ecosystem, in which complementarity and modal articulation, coupled with even greater digitisation, will lead to progressively greater gains in efficiency.', 'All these changes will be part of a very diverse and decarbonised transport ecosystem, in which complementarity and modal articulation, coupled with even greater digitisation, will lead to progressively greater gains in efficiency. Electrification, based on renewable sources, throughout all end-consumer sectors will soon allow a relatively rapid transition from the current internal combustion engine vehicles to electric vehicles, with electricity reaching around 70% of total transport energy consumption by 2050. In a transitional phase, hybrid vehicles will play an important role in decarbonisation, mainly in individual transport, and advanced biofuels, especially in heavy long-distance intercity transport of passengers and freight by road, where the distances travelled are longer.', 'In a transitional phase, hybrid vehicles will play an important role in decarbonisation, mainly in individual transport, and advanced biofuels, especially in heavy long-distance intercity transport of passengers and freight by road, where the distances travelled are longer. However, as time goes by, biofuels may become irrelevant in the road sector, given the greater competitiveness and cost- effectiveness of electric traction and other energy vectors such as hydrogen, while maintaining some of their importance in sectors such as aviation. In light passenger transport, diesel will no longer be cost-effective by 2030 and petrol by 2040, in both cases being replaced by electric vehicles. Electricity will satisfy more than 30% of the mobility demand in 2030, with a potential to reach 100% by 2050.', 'Electricity will satisfy more than 30% of the mobility demand in 2030, with a potential to reach 100% by 2050. As a complement to the use of electric vehicles, forms of shared and/or autonomous mobility will enable huge efficiency gains, with higher utilisation rates for each vehicle (more passengers per trip and more trips per day). This type of model will ensure half of mobility demand by 2050, which will allow accelerated decarbonisation of the sector. In the case of heavy vehicles, the possibility of introducing new fuels such as hydrogen (H2) or new dynamic propulsion technologies (e.g. overhead contact lines or induction systems) is expected.', 'overhead contact lines or induction systems) is expected. However, implementation of these solutions will depend on the development of core infrastructures, and their investment and operating costs are still subject to a high degree of uncertainty, given the small number of pilot projects underway. These two energy vectors will account for almost all heavy passenger and freight mobility by 2050. For the shipping sector, the main solutions include energy efficiency measures, and also the use of LNG and biofuels for medium and long distances. Electrification, through the introduction of hybrid and electric propulsion systems, is mainly dedicated to inland waterway short-distance passenger transport. Also noteworthy is the electrification of quay equipment and the provision of an “Onshore power supply” for vessels.', 'Also noteworthy is the electrification of quay equipment and the provision of an “Onshore power supply” for vessels. It is also worth mentioning the implementation of Portugal’s promotion strategy as an LNG hub region for the freight and tourism shipping segments (cruise ships), with international and national impact on decarbonisation, in particular on maritime connections between the mainland and the archipelagos of Madeira and the Azores.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 Nationwide aviation should also become substantially electrified by 2050, as electric aeroplanes are expected to be a cost-effective solution for distances of up to 1500 km. For greater distances (e.g.', 'It is also worth mentioning the implementation of Portugal’s promotion strategy as an LNG hub region for the freight and tourism shipping segments (cruise ships), with international and national impact on decarbonisation, in particular on maritime connections between the mainland and the archipelagos of Madeira and the Azores.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 Nationwide aviation should also become substantially electrified by 2050, as electric aeroplanes are expected to be a cost-effective solution for distances of up to 1500 km. For greater distances (e.g. transport from the mainland to the Autonomous Regions of Madeira and the Azores), the use of hybrid aircraft is expected, which may use biokerosene for takeoff and landing.', 'transport from the mainland to the Autonomous Regions of Madeira and the Azores), the use of hybrid aircraft is expected, which may use biokerosene for takeoff and landing. These technological changes in mobility give rise to very significant efficiency improvements with an impact on final energy consumption, generating by 2050 a reduction in the energy intensity of passenger and freight transport of -81% and -84% respectively (energy consumed per passenger transported - pkm) and -73% to -75% (energy consumed per tonne of goods transported - tkm). Reduction in the energy intensity of passenger and freight transport, respectively, from -81% to -84% and -73% to -75% by 2050.', 'Reduction in the energy intensity of passenger and freight transport, respectively, from -81% to -84% and -73% to -75% by 2050. Evolution of final energy consumption and energy intensity in the transport sector PJ LPG Electricity Gas Diesel Kerosene & HFO Hydrogen Petrol Energy intensity Goods MJ/pkm; MJ/tkm Biofuels Energy Intensity PassengersLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 TABLE 8: Evolution of final energy consumption and energy intensity in the transport sector The circular economy is key to decarbonisation of the transport and mobility sector, as the success of shared mobility models is essential to leveraging the technological changes foreseen for mobility (e.g. autonomous vehicles) and can lead to emissions reductions of up to 25 % in 2050.', 'autonomous vehicles) and can lead to emissions reductions of up to 25 % in 2050. The most significant impact of circularity refers to the significant increase in the use of public transport, which leads to a reduction in total transport energy consumption of between 3% and 2% in 2030 and 2050, respectively. Main decarbonisation drivers in the transport sector: • Greater efficiency and reinforcement of public transport systems; • Active and low-impact mobility; • Greater efficiency, associated to shared mobility and autonomous vehicles; • Electrification; • Biofuels and hydrogen.', 'Main decarbonisation drivers in the transport sector: • Greater efficiency and reinforcement of public transport systems; • Active and low-impact mobility; • Greater efficiency, associated to shared mobility and autonomous vehicles; • Electrification; • Biofuels and hydrogen. FUEL Unit: PJ ENERGY INTENSITY Unit: MJ/pKmLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 4.1.3 Industry and industrial processes The industrial sector is made up of a wide range of activities and processes, including sectors such as refining, pulp and paper production, glass, ceramics, cement and lime, iron and steel, chemicals, among others. Their emissions derive from the consumption of fossil fuels and, in some sectors, emissions from the chemical processes involved.', 'Their emissions derive from the consumption of fossil fuels and, in some sectors, emissions from the chemical processes involved. Industrial emissions in 2015 accounted for about 19% of national emissions, of which 62% are associated with the burning of fossil fuels and 38% associated with process emissions. This is a particularly regulated sector as it is covered by the European Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS), the sector’s main decarbonisation instrument, which applies to 74% of the industry’s emissions. The evolution of the different industrial sectors is influenced by various market trends and dynamics that may lead to an adjustment of production logics and consequently influence the associated emissions.', 'The evolution of the different industrial sectors is influenced by various market trends and dynamics that may lead to an adjustment of production logics and consequently influence the associated emissions. Changes in consumption patterns or factors such as the buoyancy of the construction sector, reduced use of plastics in packaging, increased recycling rates or substitution of fuels in transport, among other factors, can impact the value chain and lead to readjustment of the industry, which is a challenge for this sector.', 'Changes in consumption patterns or factors such as the buoyancy of the construction sector, reduced use of plastics in packaging, increased recycling rates or substitution of fuels in transport, among other factors, can impact the value chain and lead to readjustment of the industry, which is a challenge for this sector. Narrative of carbon neutrality of the transport sector up to Passengers Goods - Beginning of general use of EV’s Passenger cars 36% of mobility is electric Diesel is no longer cost effective Petrol is no longer cost effective Passenger cars: Autonomous and/or shared vehicles provide almost 50%of mobility of mobility BUS: Electricity and Hydrogen account for most travel Electrification of sort-range aviation Vehicles with dynamic loading systems meet 60% of demand, the remainder being provided by H2 Dynamic loading vehicles account for about 20% of demand and electricity provide 88% of mobility demand in heavy goods vehicles Transition to electricity provides total demand by 2030 for light goods vehicles % of electrification Power consumption (PJ) % GHG reduction (compared to 2005) % de FER (excludes national and international shipping and aviation) 8% of short-distance mobility is done usingLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 Industry will be one of the sectors with the greatest challenges for decarbonisation, given the still limited range of technological options that allow emissions to be reduced, particularly emissions from industrial processes.', 'Narrative of carbon neutrality of the transport sector up to Passengers Goods - Beginning of general use of EV’s Passenger cars 36% of mobility is electric Diesel is no longer cost effective Petrol is no longer cost effective Passenger cars: Autonomous and/or shared vehicles provide almost 50%of mobility of mobility BUS: Electricity and Hydrogen account for most travel Electrification of sort-range aviation Vehicles with dynamic loading systems meet 60% of demand, the remainder being provided by H2 Dynamic loading vehicles account for about 20% of demand and electricity provide 88% of mobility demand in heavy goods vehicles Transition to electricity provides total demand by 2030 for light goods vehicles % of electrification Power consumption (PJ) % GHG reduction (compared to 2005) % de FER (excludes national and international shipping and aviation) 8% of short-distance mobility is done usingLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 Industry will be one of the sectors with the greatest challenges for decarbonisation, given the still limited range of technological options that allow emissions to be reduced, particularly emissions from industrial processes. Despite these aspects, the domestic industry will also undergo profound transformations, reducing its emissions by about 70% (compared to 2005).', 'Despite these aspects, the domestic industry will also undergo profound transformations, reducing its emissions by about 70% (compared to 2005). TABLE 9: Evolution of industrial sector emissions Industry emissions reduced by -72% to -73% by 2050. Evolution of industrial sector emissions Mineral Industry (Cement, Lime, Glass, Ceramics) Pulp and Paper Iron and Steel Food, drinks and others Electrical and electronic equipment and pharmaceuticals Chemical Solvents INDUSTRY Unit: Mt C02eq.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 With a power generation system strongly based on renewable energy, prospects for strengthening the use of electricity are also opened for industry.', 'Evolution of industrial sector emissions Mineral Industry (Cement, Lime, Glass, Ceramics) Pulp and Paper Iron and Steel Food, drinks and others Electrical and electronic equipment and pharmaceuticals Chemical Solvents INDUSTRY Unit: Mt C02eq.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 With a power generation system strongly based on renewable energy, prospects for strengthening the use of electricity are also opened for industry. This potential exists in the electrification of some processes and industries, particularly in the less energy- intensive ones, and in the use of biomass and waste (which will increase 3.5x compared to current values), replacing the use of petroleum products from 2030 onwards. Natural gas emerges as a transitional fuel, increasing its share by 2030 and falling thereafter, as some processes are electrified.', 'Natural gas emerges as a transitional fuel, increasing its share by 2030 and falling thereafter, as some processes are electrified. Along with electrification, high temperature heat from renewable cogeneration and solar heating for low/medium temperature heat needs are the main decarbonisation vectors. Options such as electric ovens, increased robotisation and the transformation of some sectors into a more digital 4.0 industry drive electricity consumption 2x higher than current consumption in the sector and also contribute to decarbonisation in line with carbon neutrality by 2050. Carbon capture and storage is an important option in decarbonisation of the energy system. In Portugal, this technological option could only have technical and economic viability in the cement sector, however.', 'In Portugal, this technological option could only have technical and economic viability in the cement sector, however. But the evolution of national cement production may not be large enough to justify the creation of a CO2 transport and subsequent storage network, from an economic point of view. In the same vein, and with current knowledge, the bioenergy options with carbon capture and storage are not seen to be cost-effective in light of current knowledge. However, acknowledging that these are also priority areas for fostering research and innovation at a European level, this scenario could change, and therefore the development of these technologies should be monitored.', 'However, acknowledging that these are also priority areas for fostering research and innovation at a European level, this scenario could change, and therefore the development of these technologies should be monitored. Carbon capture and use for production of e-fuels was considered but is not seen to be cost-effective over this time horizon, and this technology would always have associated emissions. Thus, there is a great need for innovation and the creation of new business models in the industry. Reinforcing the perspectives of the circular economy and resource efficiency assumes a determinant character in the path to be followed to identify and create innovative, efficient and green solutions, with emission close to zero.', 'Reinforcing the perspectives of the circular economy and resource efficiency assumes a determinant character in the path to be followed to identify and create innovative, efficient and green solutions, with emission close to zero. The focus on industrial symbioses and the reuse of resources with greater incorporation of secondary materials and increased recyclability of the products produced may bring gains on a medium and long-term time horizon.', 'The focus on industrial symbioses and the reuse of resources with greater incorporation of secondary materials and increased recyclability of the products produced may bring gains on a medium and long-term time horizon. All these factors allow, in addition to decarbonisation, very significant gains in energy efficiency in the industry, resulting in a reduction in energy intensity of the sector from -52% to -64% in 2050, compared to 2015 (industries of coke manufacturing and petroleum products and electricity and gas production not included).LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 Reduction of energy intensity in industry by -52% to -64% by 2050.', 'All these factors allow, in addition to decarbonisation, very significant gains in energy efficiency in the industry, resulting in a reduction in energy intensity of the sector from -52% to -64% in 2050, compared to 2015 (industries of coke manufacturing and petroleum products and electricity and gas production not included).LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 Reduction of energy intensity in industry by -52% to -64% by 2050. TABLE 10: Evolution of final energy consumption and energy intensity in industry Pj Electricity Coal Natural Gas Petroleum Products Energy Intensity in Industry Biomass Heat Solar Evolution of final energy consumption and energy intensity in industry by 2050 FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION INDUSTRY Unit: PJ ENERGY INTENSITY Main decarbonisation drivers in the industrial sector: • Energy and resource efficiency; • Electrification; • Solar heating and biomass; • Innovation and new business models (e.g.', 'TABLE 10: Evolution of final energy consumption and energy intensity in industry Pj Electricity Coal Natural Gas Petroleum Products Energy Intensity in Industry Biomass Heat Solar Evolution of final energy consumption and energy intensity in industry by 2050 FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION INDUSTRY Unit: PJ ENERGY INTENSITY Main decarbonisation drivers in the industrial sector: • Energy and resource efficiency; • Electrification; • Solar heating and biomass; • Innovation and new business models (e.g. bio-refineries); • Industrial symbioses and resource reuse.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 4.1.3.1 Refining and petrochemical industry As a consequence mainly of the change in the mobility paradigm, the refining sector is expected to evolve into other forms of production and product diversification, such as hydrogen production in the post-2030 period and, potentially, reconversion to bio- refineries, witnessing a significant change in the current production system with a reduction of -64% and -66% of the crude oil processed in 2040 and -87% and -88% in 2050, depending on the scenario analysed.', 'bio-refineries); • Industrial symbioses and resource reuse.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 4.1.3.1 Refining and petrochemical industry As a consequence mainly of the change in the mobility paradigm, the refining sector is expected to evolve into other forms of production and product diversification, such as hydrogen production in the post-2030 period and, potentially, reconversion to bio- refineries, witnessing a significant change in the current production system with a reduction of -64% and -66% of the crude oil processed in 2040 and -87% and -88% in 2050, depending on the scenario analysed. The development of e-fuels is currently not seen to be cost effective, limited by the process costs and costs associated with CO2 capture, compared to other energy system mitigation options.', 'The development of e-fuels is currently not seen to be cost effective, limited by the process costs and costs associated with CO2 capture, compared to other energy system mitigation options. As mentioned above, this technology will always be associated with CO2 emissions. According to the scenarios studied, the increased use of glass as a substitute for plastic packaging (notably PET) contributes to the sector’s increased production, albeit moderately due to relatively low plastic/glass substitutability. However, the circular economy coupled with optimised packaging collection and design processes makes it possible to achieve very high levels of incorporation of glass containers in the manufacturing process - between 65% and 75% in 2050 (vs. 50% today).', 'However, the circular economy coupled with optimised packaging collection and design processes makes it possible to achieve very high levels of incorporation of glass containers in the manufacturing process - between 65% and 75% in 2050 (vs. 50% today). An increase in energy efficiency and the emergence of electric ovens are expected by 2040 in some units that will allow the sector to reduce energy intensity: between -24% and -29% in 2050 compared to 2015.', 'An increase in energy efficiency and the emergence of electric ovens are expected by 2040 in some units that will allow the sector to reduce energy intensity: between -24% and -29% in 2050 compared to 2015. Narrative of carbon neutrality of the industrial sector by 15% | 13% of final energy consumption is provided by NG | Represents 90% of total Natural Gas consumption Solar heating appears in some industrial units more than currently 11%of industrial heat needs are met by solar heating (only in CA) Energy Consumption (PJ) % of electrification % CHC reduction (compared to 2005) Industry electicity consumption Consumption of petroleum products is marginal in industrys final energy consumption More than 25% of energy consumption is provided by NGLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 The structural ceramics subsector (tiles, bricks, floors) faces, in the scenarios analysed, some competition from the greater introduction of other materials in the construction sector (e.g.', 'Narrative of carbon neutrality of the industrial sector by 15% | 13% of final energy consumption is provided by NG | Represents 90% of total Natural Gas consumption Solar heating appears in some industrial units more than currently 11%of industrial heat needs are met by solar heating (only in CA) Energy Consumption (PJ) % of electrification % CHC reduction (compared to 2005) Industry electicity consumption Consumption of petroleum products is marginal in industrys final energy consumption More than 25% of energy consumption is provided by NGLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 The structural ceramics subsector (tiles, bricks, floors) faces, in the scenarios analysed, some competition from the greater introduction of other materials in the construction sector (e.g. wood, cork) associated with a paradigm shift in construction, which has already begun to favour materials that are carbon reservoirs.', 'wood, cork) associated with a paradigm shift in construction, which has already begun to favour materials that are carbon reservoirs. Also, the reuse of ceramic products will contribute to changes in this activity. Decarbonisation of the sector is essentially affected by slightly increasing electrification and the use of biomass. 4.1.3.4 Chemical products The transformation and modernisation of the sector is expected to include the manufacture of synthetic/artificial and bioplastic fibres and greater use of secondary raw material. Decarbonisation of this subsector is mainly based on very significant electrification associated with its modernisation, with this vector representing almost 90% of final energy consumption in 2050, compared with 45% today.', 'Decarbonisation of this subsector is mainly based on very significant electrification associated with its modernisation, with this vector representing almost 90% of final energy consumption in 2050, compared with 45% today. 4.1.3.5 Iron and steel The scenarios analysed point to an increase in iron/steel production due to the high openness of the sector to foreign competition and its incorporation in growing industries, such as that of renewable energy. In addition, a larger circular economy will allow the sector to have more effective and efficient access to raw materials. The current electrification of the sector does not anticipate important energy transformations, despite a continued focus on energy efficiency.', 'The current electrification of the sector does not anticipate important energy transformations, despite a continued focus on energy efficiency. The sector may be the subject of some competition due to the substitution of cement with alternative construction materials, associated with changes in the construction sector, which also involves a significant increase of productivity in the use of materials. Decarbonisation of the sector occurs mainly due to reduced incorporation of clinker in cement production (gradual reduction to a maximum of -10% by 2050 compared to current levels) and the incorporation of alternative fuels such as those derived from waste, vegetable waste and others. In addition, recovery of part of the residual process heat will enable the industry to increase its energy efficiency.', 'In addition, recovery of part of the residual process heat will enable the industry to increase its energy efficiency. New technologies such as the emergence of Oxyfuel furnaces with CO2 capture may be an alternative in the future, although their viability has not yet been seen to be cost-effective today. 4.1.3.7 Pulp and paper There may be a change in the productive structure of the sector with a reduction in the production of printing paper, as a result of digitisation, and an increase in the production of tissue and packaging paper, in the latter case as a result of the replacement of plastic packaging and an increase in digital commerce.', '4.1.3.7 Pulp and paper There may be a change in the productive structure of the sector with a reduction in the production of printing paper, as a result of digitisation, and an increase in the production of tissue and packaging paper, in the latter case as a result of the replacement of plastic packaging and an increase in digital commerce. The circular economy contributes to an optimised paper collection process and increased pulp production from secondary fibre (between 50% and 70% by 2050).', 'The circular economy contributes to an optimised paper collection process and increased pulp production from secondary fibre (between 50% and 70% by 2050). The sector continues its path towards decarbonisation with heat consumption deriving from black liquors and electrification of some processes, which leads to a reduction in energy intensity of -23% to -28% by 2050 compared to 2005.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 The sector is also expected to diversify its production, e.g. through a focus on bio-refineries, although at present the cost of technologies such as the Fischer-Tropsch process does not yet make them cost effective.', 'through a focus on bio-refineries, although at present the cost of technologies such as the Fischer-Tropsch process does not yet make them cost effective. 4.1.3.8 Other industries There is an increase in the industry associated with the manufacture of computer, communication, electronics and optical equipment; pharmaceutical products; electrical equipment and other industries with high technological potential. The increasing use of robots contributes such that 70% of the demand for energy services in the sector is associated with machinery, compared to the 32% estimated today. Decarbonisation is due to increased electrification, which replaces petroleum products, and the use of solar heating for low and medium temperature heat generation. 4.1.4 Buildings - residential and services Buildings are currently responsible for 5% of national GHG emissions.', '4.1.4 Buildings - residential and services Buildings are currently responsible for 5% of national GHG emissions. Buildings, which include the residential and service sectors, are major energy consumers, currently accounting for about 30% of final energy consumption, and are one of the most important sources of CO2 emissions. In buildings, energy is consumed for the provision of energy services such as space heating and cooling, lighting, refrigeration and cooking, sanitary water heating, among others. Despite the expected increase in demand for cooling services, due to rising average temperatures, and for other electrical uses associated with servers, clouds, etc., these sectors still show high potential for reducing emissions, which will already start to be felt over the next two decades.', 'Despite the expected increase in demand for cooling services, due to rising average temperatures, and for other electrical uses associated with servers, clouds, etc., these sectors still show high potential for reducing emissions, which will already start to be felt over the next two decades. Thus, emissions reductions are estimated for 2050 in the residential sector at -97% and -96% and 100% in the services sector (compared to 2005), with the incorporation of renewable energy in heating and cooling to be 66% and 68%. Evolution of emissions from the residential and services sectors and percentage of incorporation of renewable energies in heating and cooling (%RES-A&A) % RES-A&A Services ResidentialLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 Total decarbonisation of the residential and service sectors by 2050.', 'Evolution of emissions from the residential and services sectors and percentage of incorporation of renewable energies in heating and cooling (%RES-A&A) % RES-A&A Services ResidentialLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 Total decarbonisation of the residential and service sectors by 2050. TABLE 11: Evolution of emissions from residential and services sectors and percentage of incorporation of renewable energies in heating and cooling (%RES- A&A) In the residential and service sector, an increase is expected in residential thermal comfort, both in heating and cooling (by 2050, thermal comfort will triple in heating and double in cooling compared to the current situation). This increase in comfort comes from the continued trend of electrification in the sector (electricity is already the main energy vector today), the use of more efficient equipment (e.g.', 'This increase in comfort comes from the continued trend of electrification in the sector (electricity is already the main energy vector today), the use of more efficient equipment (e.g. heat pumps), the increased use of insulation materials and higher rates of urban rehabilitation (e.g. replacement of windows). Insulation measures are estimated to reduce heating energy consumption by 26% by 2040 and around 50% by 2050 in the residential sector, so this increase in comfort does not result in a direct increase in final energy consumption. A continued focus on urban rehabilitation will provide the opportunity for the incorporation of improvements in energy and water efficiency, the incorporation of low carbon materials and renewable energy sources, contributing to the fight against energy poverty.', 'A continued focus on urban rehabilitation will provide the opportunity for the incorporation of improvements in energy and water efficiency, the incorporation of low carbon materials and renewable energy sources, contributing to the fight against energy poverty. A sharing economy contributes to a lower possession rate of some equipment - relocation of the demand to services (e.g. laundry, kitchen). On the other hand, increased working from home involves increased use of air conditioning, lighting and other equipment - relocation of demand to the residence.', 'On the other hand, increased working from home involves increased use of air conditioning, lighting and other equipment - relocation of demand to the residence. BUILDINGS Unit: Mt C02eq Renewables in Heating and Cooling (%RES-A&A)LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 In 2050 there is also the possibility of a decrease in energy consumption per m2 in residential buildings from -7% to -20% compared to today, explained by the adoption of high-performance electrical equipment such as LEDs for lighting and equipment of higher energetic efficiency classes. Natural gas remains an option in housing in the time horizon until 2040, virtually disappearing over the following decade. Biomass usage options follow the same trend, although their importance is different in urban and rural areas (more decentralised).', 'Biomass usage options follow the same trend, although their importance is different in urban and rural areas (more decentralised). Particularly in the services sector, there is a prospect of extensive electrification accompanied by solar heating for water heating and the predominance of heat pumps for heating spaces, these being the most cost-effective options for decarbonising buildings Reduction of energy intensity of residential and service buildings respectively from -7% to -20% and from -42% to -43% by 2050.', 'Particularly in the services sector, there is a prospect of extensive electrification accompanied by solar heating for water heating and the predominance of heat pumps for heating spaces, these being the most cost-effective options for decarbonising buildings Reduction of energy intensity of residential and service buildings respectively from -7% to -20% and from -42% to -43% by 2050. Evolution of final energy consumption and energy intensity in buildings (residential and services) PJ Energy Intensity Residential sector Energy Intensity Services sector Electricity Natural gas Petrolum Products Biomass Heat SolarLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 TABLE 12: Evolution of final energy consumption and energy intensity in buildings (residential and services) The perspective of net zero energy buildings and Positive Energy Districts (PED) are aspects that will mark the future of buildings.', 'Evolution of final energy consumption and energy intensity in buildings (residential and services) PJ Energy Intensity Residential sector Energy Intensity Services sector Electricity Natural gas Petrolum Products Biomass Heat SolarLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 TABLE 12: Evolution of final energy consumption and energy intensity in buildings (residential and services) The perspective of net zero energy buildings and Positive Energy Districts (PED) are aspects that will mark the future of buildings. A range of opportunities can be anticipated around these concepts, not only of an energy and digital technology base, but of new business models, integrated into the broader concept of smart cities. Another factor to consider in buildings is the adoption of nature-based solutions that can partially coat the envelope of buildings, and that can contribute to alter the building’s energy balance.', 'Another factor to consider in buildings is the adoption of nature-based solutions that can partially coat the envelope of buildings, and that can contribute to alter the building’s energy balance. Also, urban farming, whether on the rooftops or in the basements of buildings using hydroponic and aeroponic systems, seems to be a trend in cities with a positive impact on their energy performance. Increasingly, building management models focus not only on the building itself, but on the local system in which it is situated, with a positive impact, whether through the possibility of own production, or shared consumption and locally based business models, integrating energy and other resources, such as water and food production.', 'Increasingly, building management models focus not only on the building itself, but on the local system in which it is situated, with a positive impact, whether through the possibility of own production, or shared consumption and locally based business models, integrating energy and other resources, such as water and food production. These aspects are important for shaping the future of residential and service buildings, especially in cities.', 'These aspects are important for shaping the future of residential and service buildings, especially in cities. FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION Unit: PJ ENERGY INTENSITYLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 Main decarbonisation drivers in the residential and service sectors: • Energy efficiency; • Electrification; • Insulation and rehabilitation; • Solar heating and heat pumps Narrative of carbon neutrality of the residential sector until GPL residual do consumo Biomassa representa cerca de 25% do consumo AC do consumo AC Energy Consumption (PJ) % Redução de GEE (face 2005) % of electrification More than 20% of water heaving nedds are met by solar Insulation measures in existing buildings meet 7% | 13% of heading and cooling needs Isolation measures reduce energy consumption by 26% Insulation measures in existing buildings meet 22% | 32% of heating and cooling needs Over 90% of water heating needs are met with solar Biomass represents less than 5% of total energy consumption All residential lighting met by LED Heat pumps meet more than 55% of heating and cooling needs 3X more thermal comfort in households for heating and 2X for cooling Solar accounts for consumption Petroleum products disappear 21% of heating and cooling needs are met by heat pumps Solar accounts for consumption 97% of residential lighting met by LED NG represents 13% of consumptionLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 Narrative of carbon neutrality of the services sector until Residual LPG AC Heat pumps meet 55% of energy demand for heating/cooling AC Energy Consumption (PJ) 18% of energy consumption for heating water is met by solar Solar accounts for 5% of consumption lighting met by LED Additional insulation measures in existing buildings contribute to meeting 14% | 18% of heating requirements Solar heating represents 11% of total energy consumption lighting met by LED 50% | 66% of energy consumption for heating water is met by solar Petroleum products disappear Heat pumps meet energy demand for heading/cooling energy in 15% | 31% NG represents 16% os consumption % of electrification % CHC reduction (compared to 2005)LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 Since 2005, emissions of fluorinated gases have increased significantly, implying an increase in their importance in the calculation of total GHG emissions in Portugal, from just 1.4% in 2005 to about 4% in 2015.', 'FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION Unit: PJ ENERGY INTENSITYLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 Main decarbonisation drivers in the residential and service sectors: • Energy efficiency; • Electrification; • Insulation and rehabilitation; • Solar heating and heat pumps Narrative of carbon neutrality of the residential sector until GPL residual do consumo Biomassa representa cerca de 25% do consumo AC do consumo AC Energy Consumption (PJ) % Redução de GEE (face 2005) % of electrification More than 20% of water heaving nedds are met by solar Insulation measures in existing buildings meet 7% | 13% of heading and cooling needs Isolation measures reduce energy consumption by 26% Insulation measures in existing buildings meet 22% | 32% of heating and cooling needs Over 90% of water heating needs are met with solar Biomass represents less than 5% of total energy consumption All residential lighting met by LED Heat pumps meet more than 55% of heating and cooling needs 3X more thermal comfort in households for heating and 2X for cooling Solar accounts for consumption Petroleum products disappear 21% of heating and cooling needs are met by heat pumps Solar accounts for consumption 97% of residential lighting met by LED NG represents 13% of consumptionLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 Narrative of carbon neutrality of the services sector until Residual LPG AC Heat pumps meet 55% of energy demand for heating/cooling AC Energy Consumption (PJ) 18% of energy consumption for heating water is met by solar Solar accounts for 5% of consumption lighting met by LED Additional insulation measures in existing buildings contribute to meeting 14% | 18% of heating requirements Solar heating represents 11% of total energy consumption lighting met by LED 50% | 66% of energy consumption for heating water is met by solar Petroleum products disappear Heat pumps meet energy demand for heading/cooling energy in 15% | 31% NG represents 16% os consumption % of electrification % CHC reduction (compared to 2005)LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 Since 2005, emissions of fluorinated gases have increased significantly, implying an increase in their importance in the calculation of total GHG emissions in Portugal, from just 1.4% in 2005 to about 4% in 2015. Emissions of these gases result mainly from their use in refrigeration or air conditioning equipment, fire protection systems, truck and trailer refrigeration units, and electrical change-over switches and are therefore found throughout various sectors of the economy.', 'Emissions of these gases result mainly from their use in refrigeration or air conditioning equipment, fire protection systems, truck and trailer refrigeration units, and electrical change-over switches and are therefore found throughout various sectors of the economy. Demand for these gases will grow, as it is closely linked to the sectors that use them most, residential (e.g. increased heating/air conditioning) and services (e.g. refrigeration equipment in supermarkets), mobility (e.g. air conditioning in vehicles) and industry (e.g. refrigeration equipment), which will grow significantly by 2050.', 'refrigeration equipment), which will grow significantly by 2050. The reduction in emissions of fluorinated gases is marked by the withdrawal of such gases imposed by the reduction targets set at community and international level, through restrictions on the marketing of equipment with fluorinated gases with a high global warming potential, thus making room for use of other refrigerant gases, such as natural refrigerants and hydrofluorolefins. FLUORINATED GASES The Montreal Protocol Amendment, related to Ozone Depleting Substances, known as the Kigali Amendment, introduced a goal of gradually reducing the consumption and production of HFCs, aiming to reduce the contribution of these substances to climate change. The Kigali Amendment stipulates that emissions of fluorinated gases should be reduced over time compared to the 2011-2013 reference period.', 'The Kigali Amendment stipulates that emissions of fluorinated gases should be reduced over time compared to the 2011-2013 reference period. Thus, it sets a 2029; -80% by 2034; and -85% by 2036. With the increasing electrification of various sectors of the economy, sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), with a high heating potential, may become important, as it is currently the most widely used fluorinated gas in the manufacture of electrical equipment essential for the extension of electrical networks. There are currently no alternatives to the use of this gas, but it is nonetheless expected that a viable alternative to SF6 with a lower greenhouse effect will be developed before 2040, so it is essential to invest in the development of new fluids for these applications.', 'There are currently no alternatives to the use of this gas, but it is nonetheless expected that a viable alternative to SF6 with a lower greenhouse effect will be developed before 2040, so it is essential to invest in the development of new fluids for these applications. At a national level, it can be seen that the level of fluorinated gas emissions does not differ much between the scenarios studied, showing a trend of a strong reduction of their emissions by 2040, from which time this reduction may be slower.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 4.2.', 'At a national level, it can be seen that the level of fluorinated gas emissions does not differ much between the scenarios studied, showing a trend of a strong reduction of their emissions by 2040, from which time this reduction may be slower.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 4.2. ROLE OF AGRICULTURE, FORESTS AND OTHER LAND USES IN THE TRANSITION TO CARBON NEUTRALITY In 2015, GHG emissions from agriculture represent about 10% of national emissions, totalling 6.8 Mt CO2, and mainly involve methane (CH4), corresponding to 40% of national emissions of this gas, and nitrous oxide (N2O) which in this case represents 73 % of the total national emissions of this gas.', 'ROLE OF AGRICULTURE, FORESTS AND OTHER LAND USES IN THE TRANSITION TO CARBON NEUTRALITY In 2015, GHG emissions from agriculture represent about 10% of national emissions, totalling 6.8 Mt CO2, and mainly involve methane (CH4), corresponding to 40% of national emissions of this gas, and nitrous oxide (N2O) which in this case represents 73 % of the total national emissions of this gas. The most important emission sources originate from the animal sector, and represent 83% of agricultural emissions (enteric fermentation, livestock effluent management, direct manure spreading on pastures and application of livestock effluents on agricultural lands). The remaining 17% refer to the use of mineral fertilisers, lime correctors and crop residues not removed from agricultural lands.', 'The remaining 17% refer to the use of mineral fertilisers, lime correctors and crop residues not removed from agricultural lands. Emissions from agriculture have been increasing since 2013, mainly as a result of the increase in livestock numbers, particularly non-dairy cattle. The component associated with agricultural and pasture uses in 2015 represented about 0.7 Mt CO2e of emissions, resulting from the kinds of practices used and the conversions between the different use categories to these categories over the last 20 years. Considering this component, thus associating all activities and impacts on the land of this sector, agricultural emissions in 2015 represented 11% of total emissions. The component of land uses associated with forest occupation are normally large carbon sinks.', 'The component of land uses associated with forest occupation are normally large carbon sinks. This is how, in 2015, forest lands obtained a net sequestration of 11 Mt CO2e. However, in the Portuguese case, this carbon sink potential is greatly affected by the impact of rural fires, which reveals itself directly in net GHG emissions when they are large fires, and indirectly in decisions to maintain or change the land use, by the farmers. Other land uses (urban areas, wetlands or swamps) are generally sources of emissions, which results in a positive carbon sequestration balance of around 9 Mt in 2015. The evolution of emissions associated with agriculture and forests is highly dependent on the introduction of structural changes and the types of management used.', 'The evolution of emissions associated with agriculture and forests is highly dependent on the introduction of structural changes and the types of management used. The evolution of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is one of them. The current proposal seeks more effective climate action and better protection of the environment and biodiversity by the agricultural sector. In order to bring about reductions in emissions and increase sequestration, there should be a focus on a green scheme that translates into more equitable payments to farmers, oriented towards the environment, climate change and the country. Also, there is potential for achieving emissions reductions in the livestock sector, through improvements in feed digestibility and the livestock effluent management systems.', 'Also, there is potential for achieving emissions reductions in the livestock sector, through improvements in feed digestibility and the livestock effluent management systems. The contribution of biodiverse pastures is very important for net sequestration associated with agricultural land uses in 2050, and the expansion of biological and conservation farming and precision agriculture will allow a reduction of emissions associated with animal effluents and fertiliser use. In the forests, a reduction in the annual average burned area should be given prominence, through improvements in land management and planning and greater investment in the management of stands, in particular in fire prevention and fighting.', 'In the forests, a reduction in the annual average burned area should be given prominence, through improvements in land management and planning and greater investment in the management of stands, in particular in fire prevention and fighting. New afforestation and reforestation are mostly implemented with production species (cork oak, pine and eucalyptus) or with protection and conservation species (native hardwoods), depending on the scenario considered.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 TABLE 13: Evolution of emissions/sequestrations of the agriculture, forests and other land uses sector. Also, in the context of the definition and implementation of investment support policies, it is recommended to reinforce the distribution of support for ecosystem services and the maintenance of forest biodiversity.', 'Also, in the context of the definition and implementation of investment support policies, it is recommended to reinforce the distribution of support for ecosystem services and the maintenance of forest biodiversity. Evolution of emissions of the agricultural, forests and other land uses sector. Total Agriculture, Forests and Other Land Uses Agriculture, agricultural land and pasture Forests and other land uses Unit: Mt C02eLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 It should be noted that emissions reduction in agriculture is occurring at a slower rate than in other sectors, inherent to the characteristics of the associated biophysical systems, which means that its weight in national emissions will be between 29% and 34% by 2050, depending on whether one considers or not the contribution of land uses.', 'Total Agriculture, Forests and Other Land Uses Agriculture, agricultural land and pasture Forests and other land uses Unit: Mt C02eLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 It should be noted that emissions reduction in agriculture is occurring at a slower rate than in other sectors, inherent to the characteristics of the associated biophysical systems, which means that its weight in national emissions will be between 29% and 34% by 2050, depending on whether one considers or not the contribution of land uses. Below are details of the decarbonisation vectors for agriculture and forests, which will have a net sequestration role in 2050.', 'Below are details of the decarbonisation vectors for agriculture and forests, which will have a net sequestration role in 2050. EMISSION REDUCTION IN LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION AND PASTURES For the reduction of emissions in livestock production and pastures (enteric fermentation, effluent management, spreading manure on pastures, organic matter in pastures), a fundamental contribution will be made by changes in the numbers of the various species, the animal diet and the digestibility of the animal feed, the animal manure and effluent management systems used in intensive livestock and increased organic matter content in the land used for pasture.', 'EMISSION REDUCTION IN LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION AND PASTURES For the reduction of emissions in livestock production and pastures (enteric fermentation, effluent management, spreading manure on pastures, organic matter in pastures), a fundamental contribution will be made by changes in the numbers of the various species, the animal diet and the digestibility of the animal feed, the animal manure and effluent management systems used in intensive livestock and increased organic matter content in the land used for pasture. The changes in the animal diet and feed digestibility will make livestock farming more efficient and reduce the emissions per head, notably by changing the specific composition of the pasture and forage, by increasing the fat content of the feed used and/or the use of food additives, productivity improvements through genetics and the increased use of supplements in the feed.', 'The changes in the animal diet and feed digestibility will make livestock farming more efficient and reduce the emissions per head, notably by changing the specific composition of the pasture and forage, by increasing the fat content of the feed used and/or the use of food additives, productivity improvements through genetics and the increased use of supplements in the feed. The changes in the animal manure and effluent management systems used in intensive livestock will be marked by the progressive shift from systems with more emissions (e.g. anaerobic lagoons) to systems with lower emission factors (e.g. tanks and composting).', 'anaerobic lagoons) to systems with lower emission factors (e.g. tanks and composting). The adoption of these kinds of livestock management practices and changes has the potential to reduce emissions by -177 kt CO2e in 2030, -374 ktCO2e in 2040 and -564 ktCO2e in 2050. Not less important, it will be necessary to ensure an increase in the organic matter content of the land area used for pasture, focusing in particular on areas with sown, improved, permanent and biodiverse pastures in order to increase their sequestration capacity.', 'Not less important, it will be necessary to ensure an increase in the organic matter content of the land area used for pasture, focusing in particular on areas with sown, improved, permanent and biodiverse pastures in order to increase their sequestration capacity. This will require an increase of around 400% in the area of biodiverse pastures compared to 2005 (from 50,000 ha to 250,000 ha) resulting in net sequestration of 0.76 Mt in 2050, and there is potential for this in Portugal.', 'This will require an increase of around 400% in the area of biodiverse pastures compared to 2005 (from 50,000 ha to 250,000 ha) resulting in net sequestration of 0.76 Mt in 2050, and there is potential for this in Portugal. EMISSION REDUCTION IN CROP PRODUCTION AND AGRICULTURAL LAND To reduce emissions in crop production and agricultural land (use of fertilisers, organic materials in agricultural soils) a fundamental contribution will be made by changes in the total agricultural area and the area of different crops, the replacement of mineral fertilisation by organic fertilisation, a reduction of the total amounts of fertiliser used and an increase in the organic material content of agricultural lands.', 'EMISSION REDUCTION IN CROP PRODUCTION AND AGRICULTURAL LAND To reduce emissions in crop production and agricultural land (use of fertilisers, organic materials in agricultural soils) a fundamental contribution will be made by changes in the total agricultural area and the area of different crops, the replacement of mineral fertilisation by organic fertilisation, a reduction of the total amounts of fertiliser used and an increase in the organic material content of agricultural lands. Changes in the total agricultural area and in the area of different crops will mainly be due to the opening of agricultural markets to countries outside the EU, with consequences for the production of the crops for which the country has the most competitive advantages, such as vegetables, dried and fresh fruits and olives.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 Replacing mineral fertilisers with organic fertilisers will increase the use of compost from livestock waste and/or organic waste from other sources (e.g.', 'Changes in the total agricultural area and in the area of different crops will mainly be due to the opening of agricultural markets to countries outside the EU, with consequences for the production of the crops for which the country has the most competitive advantages, such as vegetables, dried and fresh fruits and olives.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 Replacing mineral fertilisers with organic fertilisers will increase the use of compost from livestock waste and/or organic waste from other sources (e.g. agribusiness). Replacement with organic fertilisers, especially composting, is expected to reach 180,000 ha by 2050.', 'Replacement with organic fertilisers, especially composting, is expected to reach 180,000 ha by 2050. On the other hand, it is also estimated that the total amount of fertiliser used per unit area will be reduced through the expansion and development of precision agriculture techniques, totalling 300,000 ha in 2050, which will lead to a 58% reduction in the use of synthetic nitrogen compared to 2005. Finally, it will be necessary to ensure an increase in the organic matter content of agricultural lands and a consequent increase in sequestering capacity, notably by increasing the area under conservation (or regenerative) agriculture, reaching 180,000ha by 2050 and by increasing the area under biological farming and/or replacement of mineral fertilisation with organic fertilisation.', 'Finally, it will be necessary to ensure an increase in the organic matter content of agricultural lands and a consequent increase in sequestering capacity, notably by increasing the area under conservation (or regenerative) agriculture, reaching 180,000ha by 2050 and by increasing the area under biological farming and/or replacement of mineral fertilisation with organic fertilisation. All these measures will lead to total reductions of -177 ktCO2e in 2030, -331 ktCO2e in 2040 and -639 ktCO2e in 2050. REDUCED EMISSIONS AND INCREASED SEQUESTRATION IN FORESTS AND OTHER LAND USES In 2015, forests sequestered 11 Mt CO2e.', 'REDUCED EMISSIONS AND INCREASED SEQUESTRATION IN FORESTS AND OTHER LAND USES In 2015, forests sequestered 11 Mt CO2e. For the reduction of emissions and increase of forest sequestration and other land uses, a fundamentally contribution will be made by a big reduction in burned areas and the use given to these areas after the fire, improvements in forest management and consequent increases in average productivity, the rate of new afforestation (expansion of the forest area from other land uses) and the expansion rate of other land uses. It will therefore be necessary to ensure a large reduction in burned areas, from an average of about 164,000 ha/year between 1998 and 2017 to 70,000 ha/year by 2050 (i.e.', 'It will therefore be necessary to ensure a large reduction in burned areas, from an average of about 164,000 ha/year between 1998 and 2017 to 70,000 ha/year by 2050 (i.e. a 60% reduction), to be careful about the use given to these areas after the fire, ensuring smaller total areas affected by fires, considering the suitability of the species used in reforestation, reducing the deforestation caused by fires (forests converted into scrubland) and making greater use of fire prevention techniques, including increased use of small ruminants to reduce combustible material.', 'a 60% reduction), to be careful about the use given to these areas after the fire, ensuring smaller total areas affected by fires, considering the suitability of the species used in reforestation, reducing the deforestation caused by fires (forests converted into scrubland) and making greater use of fire prevention techniques, including increased use of small ruminants to reduce combustible material. On the other hand, there is a series of actions that will allow improvement of forest management and achieve consequent increases in average productivity, such as improving management and increasing fire prevention, using more productive and better adapted varieties and increasing density, of either production or protection species.', 'On the other hand, there is a series of actions that will allow improvement of forest management and achieve consequent increases in average productivity, such as improving management and increasing fire prevention, using more productive and better adapted varieties and increasing density, of either production or protection species. Finally, it will be necessary to increase the rate of new afforestation to 8,000 ha/year (expansion of the forest area from other land uses) and to reduce the rate of expansion of other land uses, particularly from urbanised areas, flooded areas (including dams) and scrubland.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 TABLE 14: Evolution of the area of different land uses Main decarbonisation drivers in the agriculture, forests and other land uses sector: • biological, conservation and precision farming; • biodiverse pastures; • improved digestibility of animal feed; • improved livestock effluent management; • reduced use of synthetic fertilisers and their replacement with organic compost; • reduction of burned area; • improved forest productivity.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 Narrative of carbon neutrality of the agriculture and agricultural land sector N Increases in animal productivity and feed digestibility ABC ABC Area of Biological and Conservation Farming (ABC) * Area of VRT Level 3 precision agricultures - sensors and weather stations + cartography + management software ABC Precision Agriculture of which 50,000 ha ABC Energy consumption (PJ) % GHG reduction (compared Improved food efficiency and effluent managment Precision Agriculture 300,00 ha of which Precision Agriculture 300,00 ha of which Precision Agriculture 300,00 ha of which Synthetic Nitrogen used | Composting replaces synthetic fertilizers on Biodverse Pastures | Lagoon system is progressively replaced by tank systemLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 Narrative of carbon neutrality of the forests and other land uses sector until 2050 ha Forest ha Forestation ano Cork Oak | 22% of the forest Eucalyptus | 19% of the forest Maritime Pine | 26% of the forest Other species | 33% of the forest Total burned area | Total burned area | Total burned area | Total burned area | Diversity and valorization ecosystem services Cork Oak | 25% of the Forest: (compared to 2015) Eucalyptus | 16% of the Forest: (compared to 2015) Maritime Pine| 22% of the Forest: (compared to 2015) Other species | 37% of the Forest: (compared to 2015) Forest Area Forestry productivity gainsLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 4.3.', 'Finally, it will be necessary to increase the rate of new afforestation to 8,000 ha/year (expansion of the forest area from other land uses) and to reduce the rate of expansion of other land uses, particularly from urbanised areas, flooded areas (including dams) and scrubland.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 TABLE 14: Evolution of the area of different land uses Main decarbonisation drivers in the agriculture, forests and other land uses sector: • biological, conservation and precision farming; • biodiverse pastures; • improved digestibility of animal feed; • improved livestock effluent management; • reduced use of synthetic fertilisers and their replacement with organic compost; • reduction of burned area; • improved forest productivity.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 Narrative of carbon neutrality of the agriculture and agricultural land sector N Increases in animal productivity and feed digestibility ABC ABC Area of Biological and Conservation Farming (ABC) * Area of VRT Level 3 precision agricultures - sensors and weather stations + cartography + management software ABC Precision Agriculture of which 50,000 ha ABC Energy consumption (PJ) % GHG reduction (compared Improved food efficiency and effluent managment Precision Agriculture 300,00 ha of which Precision Agriculture 300,00 ha of which Precision Agriculture 300,00 ha of which Synthetic Nitrogen used | Composting replaces synthetic fertilizers on Biodverse Pastures | Lagoon system is progressively replaced by tank systemLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 Narrative of carbon neutrality of the forests and other land uses sector until 2050 ha Forest ha Forestation ano Cork Oak | 22% of the forest Eucalyptus | 19% of the forest Maritime Pine | 26% of the forest Other species | 33% of the forest Total burned area | Total burned area | Total burned area | Total burned area | Diversity and valorization ecosystem services Cork Oak | 25% of the Forest: (compared to 2015) Eucalyptus | 16% of the Forest: (compared to 2015) Maritime Pine| 22% of the Forest: (compared to 2015) Other species | 37% of the Forest: (compared to 2015) Forest Area Forestry productivity gainsLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 4.3. ROLE OF WASTE AND WASTEWATER IN THE TRANSITION TO CARBON NEUTRALITY GHG emissions from this sector originate from solid waste and wastewater treatment systems (urban and industrial in nature).', 'ROLE OF WASTE AND WASTEWATER IN THE TRANSITION TO CARBON NEUTRALITY GHG emissions from this sector originate from solid waste and wastewater treatment systems (urban and industrial in nature). Energy recovery from waste is considered in the energy sector and only incineration of waste without energy recovery is included in this sector. The waste and wastewater sector accounted for about 9% of total emissions in 2015, with landfill disposal representing the largest share of GHG emissions (76%), followed by wastewater treatment. (23%), with emissions from biological treatment of municipal waste and incineration below 1%. Since 2005 there has been a continuous and consistent reduction in GHG emissions from waste and wastewater.', 'Since 2005 there has been a continuous and consistent reduction in GHG emissions from waste and wastewater. One of the particular characteristics of emissions from the waste and wastewater sector is the dominant importance of methane emissions in total GHGs, accounting for 88% of the sector’s emissions in 2015. The sector’s contribution to national methane emissions is 57%. These methane emissions are linked to the anaerobic decomposition processes of organic matter present in both waste and wastewater, so reducing GHG emissions in this sector will mean reducing the weight of methane emissions related to anaerobic fermentation processes.', 'These methane emissions are linked to the anaerobic decomposition processes of organic matter present in both waste and wastewater, so reducing GHG emissions in this sector will mean reducing the weight of methane emissions related to anaerobic fermentation processes. Emissions from Urban Waste (UW) landfills result from the slow degradation of organic waste present in the UW, which continue to produce GHG, and it is assumed that half of the biogas volume released during this process corresponds to methane, until the amount of fermentable carbon in them is depleted, which occurs over several years. Thus, annual emissions depend not only on the organic waste deposited each year, but on the accumulated waste over several decades.', 'Thus, annual emissions depend not only on the organic waste deposited each year, but on the accumulated waste over several decades. Therefore, to achieve significant reductions by 2050, a rapid reduction of landfilling with new organic waste is essential, especially in the next 5 to 10 years. A reduction of the production of UW per capita and landfilling of only 10% of the UW produced in 2035, as a result of national and Community targets, will lead to a reduction of -82% of UW landfill in that year, compared to current values.', 'A reduction of the production of UW per capita and landfilling of only 10% of the UW produced in 2035, as a result of national and Community targets, will lead to a reduction of -82% of UW landfill in that year, compared to current values. By 2050, the amount of waste generated per capita should be further reduced; gradually increasing separated collection of recyclable waste, reaching 65% in 2035, including bio-waste; and greatly reducing the amount of landfilled waste (-60% and -85% of organic waste compared to 2005), which will lead to a significant reduction in landfill emissions by -79% to -82% by 2050, compared to 2005.', 'By 2050, the amount of waste generated per capita should be further reduced; gradually increasing separated collection of recyclable waste, reaching 65% in 2035, including bio-waste; and greatly reducing the amount of landfilled waste (-60% and -85% of organic waste compared to 2005), which will lead to a significant reduction in landfill emissions by -79% to -82% by 2050, compared to 2005. In 2050 there will also be a significant reduction in GHG emissions from wastewater, from -77% to -78%, compared to 2005.', 'In 2050 there will also be a significant reduction in GHG emissions from wastewater, from -77% to -78%, compared to 2005. As a consequence of these GHG emissions reductions and considering that wastewater and landfills generate most emissions within the waste and wastewater sector, it is concluded that there will be a sharp decrease in GHG emissions in this sector in 2050, between - 77% to - 80% compared to 2005.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 Significant reduction in landfill emissions between -79% to -82% in 2050, compared to 2005. TABLE 15: Evolution of emissions from the waste and wastewater sector Part of the methane produced by landfills can be recovered and burned with energy recovery, which is an emissions reduction measure.', 'TABLE 15: Evolution of emissions from the waste and wastewater sector Part of the methane produced by landfills can be recovered and burned with energy recovery, which is an emissions reduction measure. The methane recovery rate is therefore expected to increase from the current 32% to 44%, allowing a significant reduction in these emissions by 2050. Indeed, if, on the one hand, there will be less methane production, on the other hand the relative percentage of recovery of methane versus the methane generated will be increasing. As a result, efficiency improvements in this area could constitute significant reductions in methane emissions.', 'As a result, efficiency improvements in this area could constitute significant reductions in methane emissions. Evolution of emissions from the waste and wastewater sector Wastewater (Domestic+Industrial) Landfill (Urban+Industrial) Biological (Composting+Anaerobic Digestion) Industrial Waste Incineration TOTAL WASTE AND WASTEWATER Biological Treatment (Composting + Anaerobic Digestion) Unit: Mt C02 eqLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 TABLE 16: Recovered CH versus CH generated in landfills There is also a downward trend in the quantities of UW produced, either by a reduction of the population or by a reduction in production per capita from 8% to 24% by 2050 (compared to 2015) depending on the scenario considered. Separated collection of bio-waste and the consequent increase in biological treatment systems are expected.', 'Separated collection of bio-waste and the consequent increase in biological treatment systems are expected. The reduction in GHG emissions will be greater the greater the reduction in municipal waste production per capita, the greater the reduction in food waste and increase in local composting solutions, resulting from greater assumed circularity. Developments in the wastewater, urban and industrial waste sector are not significant compared to the current value, which is already quite favourable for the population served by drainage systems and secondary treatment systems.', 'Developments in the wastewater, urban and industrial waste sector are not significant compared to the current value, which is already quite favourable for the population served by drainage systems and secondary treatment systems. As already mentioned with regard to biogas recovery in landfills, the production and recovery of biogas generated in anaerobic digestion sludge treatment systems is of significant importance in the context of emissions from the domestic wastewater treatment sector, although in significantly lower quantities, with around 14,000 tonnes of methane produced in both 2015 and 2050. Recovered CH4 versus CH4 generated in landfills CH4 Recovered vs CH4 Generated % TOTAL WASTE AND WASTEWATER CH CH Unit: t C02 eq.', 'Recovered CH4 versus CH4 generated in landfills CH4 Recovered vs CH4 Generated % TOTAL WASTE AND WASTEWATER CH CH Unit: t C02 eq. CH recovered versus CHLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 Main decarbonisation drivers in the waste and wastewater sector: • Reduction of waste production per capita; • Reduction of the organic portion of municipal waste due to improved selective collection and reduced food waste; • Elimination of municipal waste disposal in landfills, through: • Collection of bio-waste and priority of biological treatment, with compost production; • Increased separated multi-material collection and development of recycling activities.', 'CH recovered versus CHLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 Main decarbonisation drivers in the waste and wastewater sector: • Reduction of waste production per capita; • Reduction of the organic portion of municipal waste due to improved selective collection and reduced food waste; • Elimination of municipal waste disposal in landfills, through: • Collection of bio-waste and priority of biological treatment, with compost production; • Increased separated multi-material collection and development of recycling activities. Narrative of carbon neutrality of the waste sector by 2050 N N Waste Wastewater % Emissions reduction Separated collection for recycling | progressive increase up to 2050 84% of population served by drainage systems 30% of the population served by nitrification systems 46% biogas recovery efficiency in anaerobic sludge digestion systems Population served by secondary treatment systems 40% | 44% of the population served by nitrification/ denitrification systems recovery efficiency in anaerobic sludge digestion systems Population served by secondary treatment systems Food waste reduction 10% | 5% disposal in landfills of total minucipal waste generated in 2050 Municipal waste generation per capita | -82% Landfill disposal of municipal waste | 10% of the total produced in 2035 Municipal waste generation per capita | Priority for biological treatment of organic waste | population served by drainage systemsLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 4.4.', 'Narrative of carbon neutrality of the waste sector by 2050 N N Waste Wastewater % Emissions reduction Separated collection for recycling | progressive increase up to 2050 84% of population served by drainage systems 30% of the population served by nitrification systems 46% biogas recovery efficiency in anaerobic sludge digestion systems Population served by secondary treatment systems 40% | 44% of the population served by nitrification/ denitrification systems recovery efficiency in anaerobic sludge digestion systems Population served by secondary treatment systems Food waste reduction 10% | 5% disposal in landfills of total minucipal waste generated in 2050 Municipal waste generation per capita | -82% Landfill disposal of municipal waste | 10% of the total produced in 2035 Municipal waste generation per capita | Priority for biological treatment of organic waste | population served by drainage systemsLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 4.4. ROLE OF THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY IN THE TRANSITION TO CARBON NEUTRALITY The circular economy is a fundamental and structuring element of the transition that underpins the trajectories of carbon neutrality of the Portuguese economy.', 'ROLE OF THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY IN THE TRANSITION TO CARBON NEUTRALITY The circular economy is a fundamental and structuring element of the transition that underpins the trajectories of carbon neutrality of the Portuguese economy. Thus, it was considered an integral part of the narrative of the socioeconomic scenarios developed and was reflected in the sectoral assumptions that support the modelling of GHG emissions. The role of the circular economy has been the subject of greater scrutiny in the context of the value chain of a number of sectors considered to be important for the success of the neutrality objective and for which an important impact of circularity is envisaged - mobility, agri-food, forestry activities, construction and waste.', 'The role of the circular economy has been the subject of greater scrutiny in the context of the value chain of a number of sectors considered to be important for the success of the neutrality objective and for which an important impact of circularity is envisaged - mobility, agri-food, forestry activities, construction and waste. In the Mobility sector, the transitions induced by the circular economy point to lower use of individual transport and growth in multimodal shared integrated mobility services (at both public and private transport levels) and greater fairness in access to mobility services and an increase in the occupancy rate of cars. Thus, new business models emerge that replace the supply of goods (vehicles) with the provision of services and ownership through use.', 'Thus, new business models emerge that replace the supply of goods (vehicles) with the provision of services and ownership through use. On the other hand, increasing supply chain digitisation (more online shopping, more reverse logistics) increases demand for goods mobility, as well as increasing the pressure on this sector and, as a counterbalance, it is necessary to increase the load factor of light and heavy goods vehicles, the fleet’s autonomy and its technological replacement rate, thereby improving the efficiency of the vehicles (for passenger and goods, light and heavy). These concerns allow us to have more competitive business models, with lower operating costs and less impact on GHG emissions.', 'These concerns allow us to have more competitive business models, with lower operating costs and less impact on GHG emissions. Potentially, the circular economy could lead to a reduction of GHG emissions from the transport and mobility sector of -4%|-25% by 2050. In the agri-food sector, the adoption of regenerative and more resource-efficient agricultural practices (water and energy) and new food consumption habits and lifestyles (e.g. greater nutritional suitability of the diet; urban and peri-urban production; and local supply, particularly of vegetables; bulk purchases) promote a reduction of waste production and its organic portion (via reduced food waste), as well as reducing emissions.', 'greater nutritional suitability of the diet; urban and peri-urban production; and local supply, particularly of vegetables; bulk purchases) promote a reduction of waste production and its organic portion (via reduced food waste), as well as reducing emissions. The expansion of biological and conservation farming and precision agriculture, as well as permanent pastures, will reduce emissions associated with fertiliser use and animal effluents, and increase carbon sequestration resulting from increases in organic matter content in the soil. In addition, other environmental benefits are induced, such as the preservation of natural and ecological resources, promotion of biodiversity and/or improvements in animal welfare. The use of compost to replace the use of synthetic nitrogen fertilisers is also a circularity measure to be considered in this sector.', 'The use of compost to replace the use of synthetic nitrogen fertilisers is also a circularity measure to be considered in this sector. These circularity strategies lead to a reduction in GHG emissions from the agricultural sector between -16%|-37% by 2050.', 'These circularity strategies lead to a reduction in GHG emissions from the agricultural sector between -16%|-37% by 2050. In the forest sector, the increase in active afforestation, the promotion of more efficient forestry practices in the use of resources and risk management, and the valorisation of ecosystem services, leverage and sustain a growing role for the bioeconomy, with an impact on carbon retention and on the net balance of emissions.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 Future productivity gains may arise from better forest management practices and less fire losses, as forest area expansion is expected to be limited by 2050 (which means a reduction in forest area relative to 2015).', 'In the forest sector, the increase in active afforestation, the promotion of more efficient forestry practices in the use of resources and risk management, and the valorisation of ecosystem services, leverage and sustain a growing role for the bioeconomy, with an impact on carbon retention and on the net balance of emissions.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 Future productivity gains may arise from better forest management practices and less fire losses, as forest area expansion is expected to be limited by 2050 (which means a reduction in forest area relative to 2015). The forest sector is a value chain that already has a high degree of circularity, and forests play an inevitable role in achieving carbon neutrality.', 'The forest sector is a value chain that already has a high degree of circularity, and forests play an inevitable role in achieving carbon neutrality. Thus, it can be seen that investment in forests to increase biological carbon sequestration could lead to gains of over 40% by 2050 (compared to a non-circular scenario). In construction, increased urban rehabilitation, with the reuse of construction components, reclaimed or recycled materials, and the use of “empty” built public spaces, passive buildings with a zero energy balance (NZB: Net Zero Energy Buildings), multifunctional and shared buildings with reduced built area, as well as the use of new, more sophisticated, more energy efficient and durable materials, and of renewable materials with a smaller carbon footprint (e.g.', 'In construction, increased urban rehabilitation, with the reuse of construction components, reclaimed or recycled materials, and the use of “empty” built public spaces, passive buildings with a zero energy balance (NZB: Net Zero Energy Buildings), multifunctional and shared buildings with reduced built area, as well as the use of new, more sophisticated, more energy efficient and durable materials, and of renewable materials with a smaller carbon footprint (e.g. wood and cork) are circularity strategies to be pursued.', 'wood and cork) are circularity strategies to be pursued. In the waste sector, circularity strategies make it possible to reduce per capita waste production and its organic portion, mainly by reducing food waste and the use of plastics, with the prospect of increasing biomass collection (giving priority to biological treatment with compost production), increased multi-material separated collection and development of recycling chains and the elimination of disposal of municipal waste in landfills.', 'In the waste sector, circularity strategies make it possible to reduce per capita waste production and its organic portion, mainly by reducing food waste and the use of plastics, with the prospect of increasing biomass collection (giving priority to biological treatment with compost production), increased multi-material separated collection and development of recycling chains and the elimination of disposal of municipal waste in landfills. The circular economy can lead to a reduction in GHG emissions from waste management (including energy recovery from municipal waste) of -69% to -72% by 2050.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 Role of the circular economy in modelling Agriculture Florest sector Construction Mobility Waste Bio-economy ABC Symbioses: Composting Digitalisation Symbioses N + use of wood - Built area + Recycling - Individual transport Integrated and shared mobility services Fleet Autonomy Product- Service > Occupanc y rate | load factor > Vehicle efficiency Savings from Sharing Design for circularity + Goods mobility deman (incl.', 'The circular economy can lead to a reduction in GHG emissions from waste management (including energy recovery from municipal waste) of -69% to -72% by 2050.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 Role of the circular economy in modelling Agriculture Florest sector Construction Mobility Waste Bio-economy ABC Symbioses: Composting Digitalisation Symbioses N + use of wood - Built area + Recycling - Individual transport Integrated and shared mobility services Fleet Autonomy Product- Service > Occupanc y rate | load factor > Vehicle efficiency Savings from Sharing Design for circularity + Goods mobility deman (incl. reverse logistics) - Energy consumption - Use of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers + Precision agriculture + Biological and Conservation Agriculture + Biodiverse pastures Active forestation and more efficient practices + Urban rehabilitation Smart buildings and NZB - Food waste - Use of plastics - Waste production per capita - Municipal waste ladfill - Biowaste collection and priority of biological treatment RCD Recovery and Recycling - Energy consumption in buildings - Demand for structural materials (e.g. cement) + Biomass (for./ind. waste) for recovery of energy + VAB wood and cork industries + Production of packaging paper - Production of priting paper - Waste production per capita and its organic fractionLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 4.5.', 'waste) for recovery of energy + VAB wood and cork industries + Production of packaging paper - Production of priting paper - Waste production per capita and its organic fractionLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 4.5. CO-BENEFITS OF CARBON NEUTRALITY FOR AIR QUALITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH GHGs do not have a direct effect on the health of humans or ecosystems. However, many of the processes that emit GHG are also responsible for emissions of other air pollutants that cause other environmental problems, such as degradation of air quality, acidification and eutrophication, causing damage to ecosystems with the consequent loss of biodiversity. and human health problems, particularly respiratory and cardiovascular problems.', 'and human health problems, particularly respiratory and cardiovascular problems. Nowadays air pollution is one of the greatest environmental health risks, and the World Health Organisation identifies particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2 and NO3), sulphur oxides. (SO2 and SO3) and tropospheric ozone (O3) as the most harmful air pollutants. Ozone, unlike other pollutants, is not emitted directly, but is a pollutant that forms in the atmosphere in the presence of other pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides. PM originates from a variety of sources, but mainly from burning fossil fuels, and is the most harmful pollutant. The smaller these particles are, the more likely they are to penetrate deep into the respiratory tract and the greater the risk of inducing negative effects.', 'The smaller these particles are, the more likely they are to penetrate deep into the respiratory tract and the greater the risk of inducing negative effects. Smaller inhalable particles (PM10 and PM2.5) reach the lungs and the finest, PM2.5, can even enter the bloodstream. Nitrogen oxides mainly come from road traffic. In big cities, they are primarily responsible for the poor quality of the air. Sulphur oxides do not presently pose a serious air quality problem, as a result of various measures such as, for example, reducing the sulphur content of fossil fuels.', 'Sulphur oxides do not presently pose a serious air quality problem, as a result of various measures such as, for example, reducing the sulphur content of fossil fuels. In Portugal, notwithstanding the improvement in recent years, air quality problems still persist in some places, notably in densely populated urban areas where concentrations are frequently seen to exceed some human health thresholds for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and PM10. There are also areas where values above the long-term ozone target often occur.', 'There are also areas where values above the long-term ozone target often occur. Climate change, by affecting weather conditions, including the frequency of heatwaves and periods of high atmospheric stability, will tend to prolong periods when ozone levels are high and may lead to increased concentrations of PM, contributing to the degradation of air quality and increasing the risk of diseases associated with air pollution. It is estimated that 6,000 people die prematurely each year in Portugal due to air pollution.', 'It is estimated that 6,000 people die prematurely each year in Portugal due to air pollution. A sound air quality policy is the answer to a legitimate claim of citizens in terms of health and well-being, preventing premature deaths, and bringing economic benefits from improved productivity, reduced external health costs and offers, in a circular economy context, opportunities for technologies and services. The decarbonisation vectors will have an impact on economic activities and consequently on the generation of air pollutant emissions, and it is therefore expected that the goal of carbon neutrality will bring the co-benefit of improved air quality, with positive effects on human health, in particular as regards respiratory diseases.', 'The decarbonisation vectors will have an impact on economic activities and consequently on the generation of air pollutant emissions, and it is therefore expected that the goal of carbon neutrality will bring the co-benefit of improved air quality, with positive effects on human health, in particular as regards respiratory diseases. This effect will be particularly significant in cities due to the transformation that will take place in terms of mobility, with the emphasis on public transport, decarbonisation of the fleets and the increase in active, shared and sustainable multimodal mobility, as well as electric mobility and other zero emission technologies;LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 Positive ecosystem impacts are also expected, where air pollution pressures hinder vegetation growth and cause damage to agriculture and biodiversity.', 'This effect will be particularly significant in cities due to the transformation that will take place in terms of mobility, with the emphasis on public transport, decarbonisation of the fleets and the increase in active, shared and sustainable multimodal mobility, as well as electric mobility and other zero emission technologies;LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 Positive ecosystem impacts are also expected, where air pollution pressures hinder vegetation growth and cause damage to agriculture and biodiversity. On the other hand, the increase in biomass consumption for electricity production and industrial processes is seen as a trade-off for air quality, with a possible impact on the increase of emissions from non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) and fine particles (PM2.5).', 'On the other hand, the increase in biomass consumption for electricity production and industrial processes is seen as a trade-off for air quality, with a possible impact on the increase of emissions from non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) and fine particles (PM2.5). According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change special report on the impacts of 1.5 ºC global warming, ensuring this limit will have the practical consequence of significantly reducing the risks and impacts of climate change.', 'According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change special report on the impacts of 1.5 ºC global warming, ensuring this limit will have the practical consequence of significantly reducing the risks and impacts of climate change. While it is undeniable that climate change impacts are already taking place on a global scale, the only manner to vary the degree to which they will be felt in the future is to achieve significantly reduced emissions globally.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 5.', 'While it is undeniable that climate change impacts are already taking place on a global scale, the only manner to vary the degree to which they will be felt in the future is to achieve significantly reduced emissions globally.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 5. CONTRIBUTING TO NATIONAL RESILIENCE AND CAPACITY TO ADAPT TO CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITIES AND IMPACTS According to the European Commission9 1total economic losses resulting from meteorological and other extreme weather events in Europe between 1980 and 2016 amounted to over EUR 436 billion, and in Portugal this figure was around EUR 7 billion.', 'CONTRIBUTING TO NATIONAL RESILIENCE AND CAPACITY TO ADAPT TO CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITIES AND IMPACTS According to the European Commission9 1total economic losses resulting from meteorological and other extreme weather events in Europe between 1980 and 2016 amounted to over EUR 436 billion, and in Portugal this figure was around EUR 7 billion. Coastal regions could suffer economic losses of about EUR 39 billion a year by 2050 and up to EUR 960 billion a year near the end of the century. In Portugal, damage from extreme weather events has been felt in coastal erosion, storms, rural fires and drought.', 'In Portugal, damage from extreme weather events has been felt in coastal erosion, storms, rural fires and drought. The cost of the severe storms that have been experienced in recent years, such as the Hercules storm that struck the country in 2014, amounted to about 17 million euros and the cost related to the March 2018 storms on the Portuguese coast are estimated at approximately 1.4 million euros. The amounts associated with other weather events were around 60-140 million euros a year, associated with rural fires (not counting the 2017 fires).', 'The amounts associated with other weather events were around 60-140 million euros a year, associated with rural fires (not counting the 2017 fires). The drought in 2005 had an estimated cost of around 290 million euros and the 2012 drought brought losses mainly in terms of agricultural production shortfalls, with estimated costs of over 200 million euros10 fand a figure for the most recent drought (2017-18) still has to be calculated. It is also important to note that climate impacts will be unevenly distributed at a European level.', 'It is also important to note that climate impacts will be unevenly distributed at a European level. Southern European countries have greater vulnerabilities and fewer opportunities with climate change, compared to the other subregions of the European continent, and will suffer more from the effects of heat-related human mortality, water restrictions, loss of habitats, energy requirements for cooling and rural fires. The PESETA II11, project, which aims to increase knowledge about regional and sectoral patterns of climate change in Europe by the end of the century, effectively concludes that economic losses associated with climate change impacts have a very asymmetrical geographical distribution, with a clear bias towards the southern European regions.', 'The PESETA II11, project, which aims to increase knowledge about regional and sectoral patterns of climate change in Europe by the end of the century, effectively concludes that economic losses associated with climate change impacts have a very asymmetrical geographical distribution, with a clear bias towards the southern European regions. For example, in a scenario in which the average temperature rises by 2 °C by the end of the century, the study concludes that welfare losses in terms of GDP range from 0.2% in the Northern European region to 3% for Southern Europe for the last third of this century.', 'For example, in a scenario in which the average temperature rises by 2 °C by the end of the century, the study concludes that welfare losses in terms of GDP range from 0.2% in the Northern European region to 3% for Southern Europe for the last third of this century. The national effort to reduce emissions, as part of a broader global action framework, will help to allow adaptation costs to be reduced significantly, with clear economic savings.', 'The national effort to reduce emissions, as part of a broader global action framework, will help to allow adaptation costs to be reduced significantly, with clear economic savings. With a view precisely to emphasising the implementation of adaptation measures and mobilising the various current financial instruments and shaping the framework for those in the future, the Climate Change Adaptation Action Program (P-3AC) with a 2030 time horizon, has been prepared, defining the priority intervention areas in response to the main vulnerabilities and impacts of the climate changes identified for our country: 9 Report to the European Parliament and the Council on execution of the EU’s strategy for adaptation to climate change (COM(2018) 738 final) 10 Information based on the work of the Commission for the Prevention, Monitoring and Monitoring of the Effects of Drought and Climate Change, created under the Resolution of the Council of Ministers no.', 'With a view precisely to emphasising the implementation of adaptation measures and mobilising the various current financial instruments and shaping the framework for those in the future, the Climate Change Adaptation Action Program (P-3AC) with a 2030 time horizon, has been prepared, defining the priority intervention areas in response to the main vulnerabilities and impacts of the climate changes identified for our country: 9 Report to the European Parliament and the Council on execution of the EU’s strategy for adaptation to climate change (COM(2018) 738 final) 10 Information based on the work of the Commission for the Prevention, Monitoring and Monitoring of the Effects of Drought and Climate Change, created under the Resolution of the Council of Ministers no. 37/2012, of 27 March.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 1.', '37/2012, of 27 March.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 1. Increased frequency and intensity of rural fires 2. Increased frequency and intensity of heatwaves 3. Increased frequency and intensity of periods of drought and water scarcity 4. Increased susceptibility to desertification 5. Increased maximum temperature 6. Increased frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events 7. Higher sea levels 8.', 'Increased frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events 7. Higher sea levels 8. Increased frequency and intensity of extreme phenomena that cause coastal removal and erosion It should be noted that there is a series of decarbonisation measures and options with clear synergies in adapting to the effects of climate change, such as, for example, measures contributing to forest and agricultural sequestration (increasing soil organic matter and its water retention capacity, combating desertification), natural-based solutions (installing roofs and other green infrastructures in urban areas, renaturalisation of impermeable areas, etc.) but also measures in the area of energy efficiency, as they contribute to reducing total energy consumption and thereby reduce the vulnerability of the energy system to pressures arising from extreme events.', 'but also measures in the area of energy efficiency, as they contribute to reducing total energy consumption and thereby reduce the vulnerability of the energy system to pressures arising from extreme events. On the other hand, the impacts of climate change should be taken into account in mitigation options, notably as regards future water availability, heating and cooling needs and the risk of rural fires. For example, the scenarios analysed under RNC2050 accommodate the decreasing availability of water for electricity production expected in the RCP 4.5 climate scenario. In this context, it has been estimated that water production will, on average, decrease by 9% by 2050, compared to 2020, considering, in particular, a hydraulic index of 0.8.', 'In this context, it has been estimated that water production will, on average, decrease by 9% by 2050, compared to 2020, considering, in particular, a hydraulic index of 0.8. In this regard, it is also particularly important to note that the determining factor in forest carbon sink capacity - a decrease in the annual average burned area - will be hampered in a scenario of worsening of the effects of climate change. It is therefore undeniable that the implementation of adaptation measures becomes one of the critical factors for the carbon neutrality targets, as regards both emissions reduction and sequestration capacity.', 'It is therefore undeniable that the implementation of adaptation measures becomes one of the critical factors for the carbon neutrality targets, as regards both emissions reduction and sequestration capacity. Similarly, carbon neutrality is one of the guarantors of adaptability, as it will only be possible if CO2 levels in the atmosphere do not exceed a certain threshold, beyond which adaptation is no longer possible and society as we know it will cease to exist. The synergies for mitigation and adaptation that occur in various measures are another sign that integrated action between the two strands in all components of society is effectively needed.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 6.', 'The synergies for mitigation and adaptation that occur in various measures are another sign that integrated action between the two strands in all components of society is effectively needed.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 6. STIMULATING RESEARCH, INNOVATION AND KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTION Research, innovation and knowledge production are key to the process of defining sound policies and adapting to climate change.', 'STIMULATING RESEARCH, INNOVATION AND KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTION Research, innovation and knowledge production are key to the process of defining sound policies and adapting to climate change. The participation of science takes place at the most diverse levels: • by monitoring and tracking climate change and modelling future climate change and its impacts; • by accurately estimating the emission or sequestration levels that each process or sector produces and the monitoring and follow-up of these emissions over time, while also considering new important sectors or areas, in line with the development of scientific knowledge, according to the IPCC guidelines for developing production processes or new technologies that lead to a strong reduction in emissions or a strong increase in sequestration; • by developing dissemination strategies and/or business models that allow the transfer of the best technologies and their adoption by economic sectors and households; • by ex ante and ex post evaluation of policies and measures and their effectiveness in reducing emissions, and in their environmental dimension, but also by assessing their economic impact on employment and prediction of the sectors or territories affected positively and negatively by these policies; • by designing incentive systems that facilitate the adoption of less emitting practices and technologies or of disincentive policies that deter the continuation or adoption of more emitting practices; • by identifying long-term decarbonisation strategies and vectors for carbon neutrality.', 'The participation of science takes place at the most diverse levels: • by monitoring and tracking climate change and modelling future climate change and its impacts; • by accurately estimating the emission or sequestration levels that each process or sector produces and the monitoring and follow-up of these emissions over time, while also considering new important sectors or areas, in line with the development of scientific knowledge, according to the IPCC guidelines for developing production processes or new technologies that lead to a strong reduction in emissions or a strong increase in sequestration; • by developing dissemination strategies and/or business models that allow the transfer of the best technologies and their adoption by economic sectors and households; • by ex ante and ex post evaluation of policies and measures and their effectiveness in reducing emissions, and in their environmental dimension, but also by assessing their economic impact on employment and prediction of the sectors or territories affected positively and negatively by these policies; • by designing incentive systems that facilitate the adoption of less emitting practices and technologies or of disincentive policies that deter the continuation or adoption of more emitting practices; • by identifying long-term decarbonisation strategies and vectors for carbon neutrality. In turn, the process of defining carbon neutrality trajectories informs the science agenda about the areas, sectors and technologies for which the identification of decarbonisation solutions is most significant, and therefore most effective, and/or that are the areas in which decarbonisation is now more conditioned or less cost-effective and therefore more difficult to achieve.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 It is also important to ensure a connection between research, development and innovation and the production system, enabling the development of real-world prototypes and pilot projects and, in a second phase, accelerating the transfer of this knowledge to the production system and/or the households, to ensure that the decisions taken at any given time are those best suited to the goal of decarbonisation, but also those that lead to the best results in terms of job creation and value for society.', 'In turn, the process of defining carbon neutrality trajectories informs the science agenda about the areas, sectors and technologies for which the identification of decarbonisation solutions is most significant, and therefore most effective, and/or that are the areas in which decarbonisation is now more conditioned or less cost-effective and therefore more difficult to achieve.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 It is also important to ensure a connection between research, development and innovation and the production system, enabling the development of real-world prototypes and pilot projects and, in a second phase, accelerating the transfer of this knowledge to the production system and/or the households, to ensure that the decisions taken at any given time are those best suited to the goal of decarbonisation, but also those that lead to the best results in terms of job creation and value for society. Therefore it is important to promote the science and knowledge of climate change at a national level, to stimulate research and development of low carbon technologies, practices, products and services that contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation, and above all to promote eco-innovation.', 'Therefore it is important to promote the science and knowledge of climate change at a national level, to stimulate research and development of low carbon technologies, practices, products and services that contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation, and above all to promote eco-innovation. It is also crucial to develop a climate change knowledge base that supports public policy decision-making in this area and facilitates public education and knowledge transfer. The Research and Innovation thematic agendas of the Science and Technology Foundation, I.P. for Climate Change, circular economy, sustainable energy systems, urban Science and Industry and cities of the future are precursors of the mobilisation needed to ensure the transition to a carbon neutral society.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 7.', 'for Climate Change, circular economy, sustainable energy systems, urban Science and Industry and cities of the future are precursors of the mobilisation needed to ensure the transition to a carbon neutral society.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 7. GUARANTEE FINANCING CONDITIONS AND INCREASE INVESTMENT LEVELS Maintaining the competitive dynamics of the national economy against a backdrop of major trends such as digitisation, decentralisation and decarbonisation, but where the role of the circular economy and resource use efficiency, as well as demography, are also felt, this will soon lead to a significant volume of investment over a considered timeframe, making it possible to achieve significant emission reductions (around 65% compared to 2005 in 2050), but still far from the objective of carbon neutrality.', 'GUARANTEE FINANCING CONDITIONS AND INCREASE INVESTMENT LEVELS Maintaining the competitive dynamics of the national economy against a backdrop of major trends such as digitisation, decentralisation and decarbonisation, but where the role of the circular economy and resource use efficiency, as well as demography, are also felt, this will soon lead to a significant volume of investment over a considered timeframe, making it possible to achieve significant emission reductions (around 65% compared to 2005 in 2050), but still far from the objective of carbon neutrality. Part of this investment will always occur because it is a result of the normal functioning of the market economy, accompanied by appropriate public policies.', 'Part of this investment will always occur because it is a result of the normal functioning of the market economy, accompanied by appropriate public policies. Given the technological upgrades and the expected evolution of their costs, it can be foreseen that the ‘replacement’ of technologies will be a replacement with different characteristics (e.g. diesel vehicles will not be replaced by other diesel vehicles but by electric vehicles or by new forms of mobility). Carbon neutrality and energy transition will encourage a deeper and faster transformation of society, more focused on less emitting technologies, with consequences for multiple aspects of the economy, the citizens’ daily life and social organisation.', 'Carbon neutrality and energy transition will encourage a deeper and faster transformation of society, more focused on less emitting technologies, with consequences for multiple aspects of the economy, the citizens’ daily life and social organisation. Thus, the investment attributable to the objective of carbon neutrality is only a fraction of the overall investment that the Portuguese economy will have to make over time in order to remain competitive. This transformation will have to be accompanied by a significant investment, which will take place in all sectors of society, and will, according to its type, be shared between investments by households (e.g. efficient household appliances, electric cars, home insulation, etc. ), by companies (e.g. renewable energy sources, hydrogen trucks, electric furnaces and boilers, etc.)', 'renewable energy sources, hydrogen trucks, electric furnaces and boilers, etc.) and by the State (e.g. electric public transport, decarbonisation of public buildings and the fleet, etc.). The private sector and households will be responsible for the vast majority of these investments. The state will always play a key role in shaping and adapting the regulatory, tax and incentive system that will provide clear long- term signals to facilitate the necessary investments and avoid obsolete assets.', 'The state will always play a key role in shaping and adapting the regulatory, tax and incentive system that will provide clear long- term signals to facilitate the necessary investments and avoid obsolete assets. The overall aggregate amount of investment by 2050 will be close to EUR 1 trillion - of which around EUR 930 billion will be realised in any case as a result of the normal dynamics of modernisation of the economy, catalysed by ongoing policies to ensure the functioning of the energy system - which translates into an annualised value of EUR 27 to 29 billion.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 The additional investment needed to achieve carbon neutrality will be around EUR 85 billion for the entire period, i.e.', 'The overall aggregate amount of investment by 2050 will be close to EUR 1 trillion - of which around EUR 930 billion will be realised in any case as a result of the normal dynamics of modernisation of the economy, catalysed by ongoing policies to ensure the functioning of the energy system - which translates into an annualised value of EUR 27 to 29 billion.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 The additional investment needed to achieve carbon neutrality will be around EUR 85 billion for the entire period, i.e. around EUR 2.1 to € 2.5 billion per year (around 1.2% of GDP).', 'around EUR 2.1 to € 2.5 billion per year (around 1.2% of GDP). In addition to the reduction of emissions that, in the energy system, increases from 70% to 90%, this investment will also lead to substantial energy efficiency gains and reduced energy dependence, which will have major (positive) implications for reduction of the energy bill.', 'In addition to the reduction of emissions that, in the energy system, increases from 70% to 90%, this investment will also lead to substantial energy efficiency gains and reduced energy dependence, which will have major (positive) implications for reduction of the energy bill. TABLE 17: Volume of additional investment for neutrality in the energy sector in the period 2016-2050 Volume de investimento adicional para a neutralidade no setor energético no período OVERALL INVESTMENT M€ ADDITIONAL FOR NEUTRALITY M€ Eletricity Gen. Buildings Industry Transport Other energy [1,000 M€ in 2017; amounts take into account discount rates]LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 This additional investment volume for neutrality is in line with the estimated amounts of the European Commission for the EU, in its long-term strategy.', 'TABLE 17: Volume of additional investment for neutrality in the energy sector in the period 2016-2050 Volume de investimento adicional para a neutralidade no setor energético no período OVERALL INVESTMENT M€ ADDITIONAL FOR NEUTRALITY M€ Eletricity Gen. Buildings Industry Transport Other energy [1,000 M€ in 2017; amounts take into account discount rates]LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 This additional investment volume for neutrality is in line with the estimated amounts of the European Commission for the EU, in its long-term strategy. QUADRO 18: Volume of investment in selected technologies and the energy sector in the period 2016-2050 [1,000 M€ in 2017; amounts take into account discount rates]LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 In the power generation sector, the end of fossil fuels and the increase in demand caused by the growing electrification of the economy will dictate the need to make significant investments in increasing renewable capacity and, as existing renewable capacity reaches the end of its useful life, in its replacement (part of the country’s existing wind and solar capacity reaches the end of its useful life before 2050 and will have to be replaced by new capacity).', 'QUADRO 18: Volume of investment in selected technologies and the energy sector in the period 2016-2050 [1,000 M€ in 2017; amounts take into account discount rates]LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 In the power generation sector, the end of fossil fuels and the increase in demand caused by the growing electrification of the economy will dictate the need to make significant investments in increasing renewable capacity and, as existing renewable capacity reaches the end of its useful life, in its replacement (part of the country’s existing wind and solar capacity reaches the end of its useful life before 2050 and will have to be replaced by new capacity). In this sector, it is anticipated that more than half of the required investment will be for the installation of solar capacity, more focused in a first phase on centralised solar plants and in a second phase on decentralised production (e.g.', 'In this sector, it is anticipated that more than half of the required investment will be for the installation of solar capacity, more focused in a first phase on centralised solar plants and in a second phase on decentralised production (e.g. roofs of residential and service buildings) of photovoltaic energy. There will also be significant investments in wind power, very much focused on onshore wind power (wind turbines installed on land) and the introduction, in the second half of this period, of offshore wind power (wind turbines installed on ocean platforms). In the case of industry, investments will be associated with the energy transition, highlighting the focus on energy efficiency and electrification, namely with the adoption of electric furnaces and boilers.', 'In the case of industry, investments will be associated with the energy transition, highlighting the focus on energy efficiency and electrification, namely with the adoption of electric furnaces and boilers. Volume of investment in selected technologies and the energy sector in the period 2016-2050 Electric vehicles (BEV + PHEV) Lorries + Buses Electric lorries Hydroelectric Onshore W ind Power Offshore W ind Power Solar descentralizado Centralised solar Batteries Insulation Heat Pumps buildings Electric furnaces and boilers in industryLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 The mobility and transport sector will be one of those that will have greater technological substitution and will be the sector that concentrates about 40% of the investment. This level of investment is associated with a major transformation of the passenger car fleet and the vehicles used for heavy passenger or freight transport.', 'This level of investment is associated with a major transformation of the passenger car fleet and the vehicles used for heavy passenger or freight transport. This high level of investment is due both to the imperative of reducing emissions and the relatively short useful life of the assets involved. In this context, the purchase of light passenger cars powered by electricity and heavy transport (goods and heavy vehicles) powered by electricity or hydrogen will be important. In the residential and service building sector, most of the investment will be related to the renovation and replacement of electrical equipment with more efficient equipment, being low cost but very important equipment, and therefore requiring significant investment.', 'In the residential and service building sector, most of the investment will be related to the renovation and replacement of electrical equipment with more efficient equipment, being low cost but very important equipment, and therefore requiring significant investment. Also of note is the need for substantial investments in building insulation, which will simultaneously increase thermal comfort and reduce the need for heating in the winter and cooling in summer, and the use of heat pumps, which are the most efficient way to provide this heating/cooling service. It is also noted that, due to climate change itself, these needs are likely to be aggravated by 2050, with predictable increases mainly in summer cooling needs.', 'It is also noted that, due to climate change itself, these needs are likely to be aggravated by 2050, with predictable increases mainly in summer cooling needs. In agriculture and forests, the reduction in emissions and increase in sequestration will be dependent on a significant reduction in burned areas and a range of other measures such as precision agriculture, conservation farming, biological farming and the use of composting, which will allow a reduction in emissions from synthetic fertilisers and their replacement with organic fertilisers, a reduction in emissions from livestock systems by increasing the quality of the diet and installing biodiverse pastures and by increasing sequestration through active afforestation and increases in average forest productivity.', 'In agriculture and forests, the reduction in emissions and increase in sequestration will be dependent on a significant reduction in burned areas and a range of other measures such as precision agriculture, conservation farming, biological farming and the use of composting, which will allow a reduction in emissions from synthetic fertilisers and their replacement with organic fertilisers, a reduction in emissions from livestock systems by increasing the quality of the diet and installing biodiverse pastures and by increasing sequestration through active afforestation and increases in average forest productivity. The overall amount of additional investments in some of the technologies identified, which can lead to reductions in fertiliser emissions and increases in sequestration on agricultural land, pastures and forests, amounts to around EUR 570 million over the period 2021-2050, equivalent to an annual amount of around 19 million euros.', 'The overall amount of additional investments in some of the technologies identified, which can lead to reductions in fertiliser emissions and increases in sequestration on agricultural land, pastures and forests, amounts to around EUR 570 million over the period 2021-2050, equivalent to an annual amount of around 19 million euros. TABLE 19: Volume of investment in technologies in the agriculture and forestry sector in the period 2016-2050 TOTAL AGRICULTURES, FORESTS AND OTHER LAND USES [€ million ]LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 The nature of the waste and wastewater sector, in particular its importance as a public service, and existing and foreseeable environmental constraints on its future operation and performance, establishes an investment effort that has much more to do with regulation of the sector and existing environmental regulations and much less to do with measures to combat climate change.', 'TABLE 19: Volume of investment in technologies in the agriculture and forestry sector in the period 2016-2050 TOTAL AGRICULTURES, FORESTS AND OTHER LAND USES [€ million ]LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 The nature of the waste and wastewater sector, in particular its importance as a public service, and existing and foreseeable environmental constraints on its future operation and performance, establishes an investment effort that has much more to do with regulation of the sector and existing environmental regulations and much less to do with measures to combat climate change. In a very important way, the former compete for the fundamental objectives of the latter.', 'In a very important way, the former compete for the fundamental objectives of the latter. For example, in the case of industrial wastewater, the effort to reduce GHG emissions involves generalising the secondary treatment of organic effluents. This guidance has very positive consequences in terms of GHG emissions, and it seems distorted to refer to this investment effort as being for decarbonisation when it actually follows a trend of the first generation of environmental measures. On the other hand, the continuity of infrastructures, in particular with regard to existing buildings, drainage networks and treatment or final destination infrastructures, leads us to believe more in the maintenance of paradigms and continuous evolution than in disruptive technological changes in the sector.', 'On the other hand, the continuity of infrastructures, in particular with regard to existing buildings, drainage networks and treatment or final destination infrastructures, leads us to believe more in the maintenance of paradigms and continuous evolution than in disruptive technological changes in the sector. Moreover, the circular economy and organic load generation measures (for example, the reduction of unit production of organic waste and food waste) are very difficult to calculate and cannot be attributed, directly and mostly, to the policies and measures to combat climate change. It is in this sense that it was considered that the mention and analysis of costs associated with the waste and wastewater sector is not important in the context of the objectives of RNC2050.', 'It is in this sense that it was considered that the mention and analysis of costs associated with the waste and wastewater sector is not important in the context of the objectives of RNC2050. 7.2 SAVINGS ON FOSSIL FUEL IMPORTS The transition to a carbon neutral economy will be supported by increased use of endogenous renewable energy sources, which will reduce energy dependence from abroad from the current 78% to figures below 20%. In 2015, Portugal consumed about 704 PJ of coal, natural gas and petroleum products. These fuels are either entirely imported (oil, coal and natural gas) or produced from imported raw materials (diesel, petrol, among others).', 'These fuels are either entirely imported (oil, coal and natural gas) or produced from imported raw materials (diesel, petrol, among others). With the achievement of a carbon neutral economy, this energy consumption will be reduced by about 90% by 2050 compared to 2015. Purchasing these fuels is an important cost for the Portuguese economy and one of the factors that most penalises the Portuguese trade balance. In 2015, it represented more than 35% of the import balance of the balance of trade. Carbon neutrality will thus allow substantial savings on the purchase of fossil fuels on international markets, with the estimated savings compared with consumption in 2015 exceeding the costs as of 2035.', 'Carbon neutrality will thus allow substantial savings on the purchase of fossil fuels on international markets, with the estimated savings compared with consumption in 2015 exceeding the costs as of 2035. Cumulative overall savings in the period 2020-2050 amount to around EUR 43 billion, which translates into an annualised amount of EUR 1.2 billion (about 0.6% of GDP).', 'Cumulative overall savings in the period 2020-2050 amount to around EUR 43 billion, which translates into an annualised amount of EUR 1.2 billion (about 0.6% of GDP). The additional savings with carbon neutrality amount to about EUR 10 billion for the whole period, or about EUR 275 million per year (about 0.1% of GDP).LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 The energy transition based on endogenous renewable energy sources represents, in the case of an open economy that is still heavily dependent on fossil fuel imports as the national economy is now, an important opportunity to reduce energy dependency and redirect resources that are currently used to purchase fossil fuels - and thus leave the national economy - for investment in the economy.', 'The additional savings with carbon neutrality amount to about EUR 10 billion for the whole period, or about EUR 275 million per year (about 0.1% of GDP).LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 The energy transition based on endogenous renewable energy sources represents, in the case of an open economy that is still heavily dependent on fossil fuel imports as the national economy is now, an important opportunity to reduce energy dependency and redirect resources that are currently used to purchase fossil fuels - and thus leave the national economy - for investment in the economy. Costs and savings with import of the main fossil fuels Millions of euros Natural Gas Petroleum Prod. - avoided Coal Petroleum Prod.', 'Costs and savings with import of the main fossil fuels Millions of euros Natural Gas Petroleum Prod. - avoided Coal Petroleum Prod. Natural Gas - avoided Coal - avoided Cost of energy consumed Saving compared toa 2015LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 Financing the transition to a circular, carbon neutral society, in its many aspects, is crucial to the success of the national goal of achieving carbon neutrality by 2050. To this end, it is necessary to ensure that climate policy is financed in a sustainable manner and that it is implemented efficiently, equitably and in line with the country’s long-term objectives, avoiding financing investments that are not in line with this objective and enhancing the creation of new clusters in the country.', 'To this end, it is necessary to ensure that climate policy is financed in a sustainable manner and that it is implemented efficiently, equitably and in line with the country’s long-term objectives, avoiding financing investments that are not in line with this objective and enhancing the creation of new clusters in the country. It is therefore important to foster the development of a favourable environment for sustainable financing12 and greater involvement of the financial system. 12 According to the European Commission’s action plan, ‘sustainable financing’ generally means ‘a process by which environmental and social considerations are properly integrated into investment decisions, leading to increased investment in sustainable and long-term activities’.', '12 According to the European Commission’s action plan, ‘sustainable financing’ generally means ‘a process by which environmental and social considerations are properly integrated into investment decisions, leading to increased investment in sustainable and long-term activities’. More specifically, environmental issues are related to climate change mitigation and adaptation, as well as to the wider environment and related risks (e.g. natural disasters). The term ‘social considerations’ covers issues of inequality, inclusiveness, labour relations, investment in human capital and communities. Social and environmental considerations are often intertwined, as climate change in particular can exacerbate existing systems that promote inequality.', 'Social and environmental considerations are often intertwined, as climate change in particular can exacerbate existing systems that promote inequality. The governance of public and private institutions, including issues such as their management structures, labour relations or executive compensation, will have a key role to play in ensuring that social and environmental considerations are included in the decision-making process.” The financing of climate policy in Portugal has the support of several Community funds and should be properly articulated with the available mechanisms, in order to effectively maximise the benefits from them. Many of these funds and financial resources have already been redirected within the 2014-2020 Community framework to focus on projects with positive contributions to climate change mitigation or adaptation.', 'Many of these funds and financial resources have already been redirected within the 2014-2020 Community framework to focus on projects with positive contributions to climate change mitigation or adaptation. The 2021-2027 Multiannual Financial Framework will be one of the main sources of financing for the decarbonisation of the economy in the next decade. As proposed by the European Commission, 25% of the overall expenditure budget should be devoted to climate action, which could mean an allocation to this area of around EUR 320 billion in the period in question. Also noteworthy is the Action Plan for Financing Sustainable Growth, adopted by the European Commission, which aims to reorient capital flows towards sustainable investments, manage the financial risks arising from climate change and promote transparency and a long-term vision in economic and financial activities.', 'Also noteworthy is the Action Plan for Financing Sustainable Growth, adopted by the European Commission, which aims to reorient capital flows towards sustainable investments, manage the financial risks arising from climate change and promote transparency and a long-term vision in economic and financial activities. A number of actions will emerge from this plan, including the creation of a common system for the classification of sustainable activities which will then be used by all Member States. Also on the question of support for research and innovation in the digital industry area and for innovative low carbon technology demonstration projects, there are several programs at a European level for the next decade, such as the Horizon Europe Program, the LIFE Program - Program for the Environment and Climate Action, and the Innovation Fund - NER 450.', 'Also on the question of support for research and innovation in the digital industry area and for innovative low carbon technology demonstration projects, there are several programs at a European level for the next decade, such as the Horizon Europe Program, the LIFE Program - Program for the Environment and Climate Action, and the Innovation Fund - NER 450. InvestEU is a new EU instrument for mobilising public and private financing for strategic investments under European policies and includes meeting investment sustainability requirements, helping to guide capital flows towards sustainable investment. This instrument covers various policy areas, such as sustainable infrastructure, research, innovation and digitisation, small and medium-sized companies and social investment and skills.', 'This instrument covers various policy areas, such as sustainable infrastructure, research, innovation and digitisation, small and medium-sized companies and social investment and skills. The Connecting Europe Facility (CEF) will enable the funding of energy, transport and digital infrastructure projects and the PAC, of which 40% will contribute to climate action, with a view to leading the transition to more sustainable agriculture. With regard to adaptation, the Cohesion Policy which supports sustainable development through investments in adaptation to climate change and risk prevention, as well as environmental protection and infrastructure measures, should be highlighted.', 'With regard to adaptation, the Cohesion Policy which supports sustainable development through investments in adaptation to climate change and risk prevention, as well as environmental protection and infrastructure measures, should be highlighted. In this context, the European Regional Development Fund shall invest between 30% and 50% in innovation-related projects, and at least 30% in projects that combat climate change and contribute to the circular economy, and between 6% and 10% shall be allocated to the area of sustainable urban development.', 'In this context, the European Regional Development Fund shall invest between 30% and 50% in innovation-related projects, and at least 30% in projects that combat climate change and contribute to the circular economy, and between 6% and 10% shall be allocated to the area of sustainable urban development. EUROPEAN FINANCING INSTRUMENTSLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 The national climate policy also benefits from the allocation of an important group of revenues generated by the climate policies themselves, highlighting the revenues from auctions under the CELE regime, allocated to the Environmental Fund, which plays a prominent role as the main national instrument for financing climate action, in its mitigation and adaptation dimensions.', 'EUROPEAN FINANCING INSTRUMENTSLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 The national climate policy also benefits from the allocation of an important group of revenues generated by the climate policies themselves, highlighting the revenues from auctions under the CELE regime, allocated to the Environmental Fund, which plays a prominent role as the main national instrument for financing climate action, in its mitigation and adaptation dimensions. The use of CELE revenues for the purpose of combating climate change is a fundamental principle that has been applied by Portugal since 2012 and should be maintained and reinforced, in particular to support the implementation of sectoral actions, in line with the established policy guidelines in RNC2050, PNEC 2030 and P3AC.', 'The use of CELE revenues for the purpose of combating climate change is a fundamental principle that has been applied by Portugal since 2012 and should be maintained and reinforced, in particular to support the implementation of sectoral actions, in line with the established policy guidelines in RNC2050, PNEC 2030 and P3AC. Also at the national level, the National Investment Plan, which embodies decarbonisation of the economy as one of the structuring areas, should be highlighted for the next decade, with more than 66% of investment in areas contributing to these objectives.', 'Also at the national level, the National Investment Plan, which embodies decarbonisation of the economy as one of the structuring areas, should be highlighted for the next decade, with more than 66% of investment in areas contributing to these objectives. At the level of public funding, there are also other national funds directed to support decarbonisation of the economy and the energy transition, offering financing possibilities that are available to both the public and private sectors, most notably the Innovation, Technology and Circular Economy Fund, the Energy Efficiency Fund, the Energy Sector Systemic Sustainability Fund, the Innovation Support Fund, the Blue Fund and the National Building Rehabilitation Fund.', 'At the level of public funding, there are also other national funds directed to support decarbonisation of the economy and the energy transition, offering financing possibilities that are available to both the public and private sectors, most notably the Innovation, Technology and Circular Economy Fund, the Energy Efficiency Fund, the Energy Sector Systemic Sustainability Fund, the Innovation Support Fund, the Blue Fund and the National Building Rehabilitation Fund. In addition to these, there are a number of other important financing instruments such as the Energy Efficiency Credit Facility, the “Efficient House 2020” Program, the Urban Rehabilitation and Revitalization 2020 Financial Instrument, the Rehabilitate for Lease Program and the Plan for the Promotion of Efficiency in Electricity Consumption, mechanisms that are available for a short-term horizon but which may come to be replicated in the future if they are found to be necessary and cost-effective in promoting decarbonisation of the Portuguese economy.', 'In addition to these, there are a number of other important financing instruments such as the Energy Efficiency Credit Facility, the “Efficient House 2020” Program, the Urban Rehabilitation and Revitalization 2020 Financial Instrument, the Rehabilitate for Lease Program and the Plan for the Promotion of Efficiency in Electricity Consumption, mechanisms that are available for a short-term horizon but which may come to be replicated in the future if they are found to be necessary and cost-effective in promoting decarbonisation of the Portuguese economy. NATIONAL FINANCING INSTRUMENTSLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 Financing for decarbonisation and the circular economy has given rise to the development of financial products by the private financial sector, which thus manage to capture investment to be used in business activities that promote decarbonisation and the more efficient use of resources.', 'NATIONAL FINANCING INSTRUMENTSLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 Financing for decarbonisation and the circular economy has given rise to the development of financial products by the private financial sector, which thus manage to capture investment to be used in business activities that promote decarbonisation and the more efficient use of resources. Some of these products: • Corporate green bonds: these are any type of bond instrument where the amount of the debt contracted will be applied exclusively to finance or refinance, in whole or in part, new projects and/or eligible green projects. The definition of project eligibility is normally given by the International Capital Market Association (ICMA) Green Bond Principles and the European Commission is currently working on the definition of a European Standard for Green Bonds.', 'The definition of project eligibility is normally given by the International Capital Market Association (ICMA) Green Bond Principles and the European Commission is currently working on the definition of a European Standard for Green Bonds. • Sovereign green bonds: these are sovereign bonds very similar to the bonds usually issued, with the important difference that the funds obtained are exclusively dedicated to covering public expenditure on environmental benefits. As such, there is a need for detailed information on the destination of the funding raised, and there is also a need for annual reporting to investors on the use of the capital and the impact of the investments. • Green loans: These are any type of lending instrument made available exclusively to finance or refinance all or part of new projects and/or existing eligible green projects.', '• Green loans: These are any type of lending instrument made available exclusively to finance or refinance all or part of new projects and/or existing eligible green projects. These green loans consist of assigning a loan to an entity, for which the interest rate payable will depend on the company’s ability to meet the environmental objectives set and agreed between the lender and the borrower. For a loan to be considered green, there are several procedures outlined in the Principles for Green Loans produced by the Loan Market Association. • Sustainable investment funds: these are funds that have environmental, social and governance criteria for choosing their assets. That is, they are funds that seek to acquire shares and/or bonds of companies that have demonstrated sustainability practices.', 'That is, they are funds that seek to acquire shares and/or bonds of companies that have demonstrated sustainability practices. These funds are growing fast, and 53% of European funds have some kind of environmental, social and governance criterion in structuring their portfolio. • Blended Finance: this uses a combination of public and private (or philanthropic) financing to finance projects with a high impact on development and to improve the project’s risk-return profile, that is, to improve its commercial viability for the private investor. The existence of blended finance means that it is possible to combine several types of financing for the same project, such as, for example, grants for training and technical assistance, investment in the company’s capital, secured loans, among others.', 'The existence of blended finance means that it is possible to combine several types of financing for the same project, such as, for example, grants for training and technical assistance, investment in the company’s capital, secured loans, among others. PRIVATE SECTOR FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS These financial products are increasingly being used and are essential market tools for promoting effective decarbonisation in the economy.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 Tax policy should also be aligned with the defined neutrality objective, giving the right signals to the economy, internalising externalities, influencing behaviour change and at the same time allowing the generation of public revenues that can be applied in decarbonisation measures and to ensure a fair transition.', 'PRIVATE SECTOR FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS These financial products are increasingly being used and are essential market tools for promoting effective decarbonisation in the economy.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 Tax policy should also be aligned with the defined neutrality objective, giving the right signals to the economy, internalising externalities, influencing behaviour change and at the same time allowing the generation of public revenues that can be applied in decarbonisation measures and to ensure a fair transition. Green taxation should therefore be pursued with the aim of obtaining a triple dividend, economic, social and environmental.', 'Green taxation should therefore be pursued with the aim of obtaining a triple dividend, economic, social and environmental. The investment dynamics associated with decarbonisation of the economy and energy transition also provide an opportunity for innovation in the financial sector with the creation of new products and services linked to this new green economy, especially green bonds, green loans, sustainable investment funds and impact funds. On the other hand, the financial sector should progressively incorporate environmental, social and governance factors into risk analysis, in order to minimise the risks arising from the exposure of its portfolios to projects and assets that, in the transition to neutrality paradigm, may become obsolete.', 'On the other hand, the financial sector should progressively incorporate environmental, social and governance factors into risk analysis, in order to minimise the risks arising from the exposure of its portfolios to projects and assets that, in the transition to neutrality paradigm, may become obsolete. These approaches contribute to reducing the risks associated with an investment and attracting new kinds of clients. It is also important to mention the carbon price instruments that aim to internalise the carbon price in companies’ strategic and operational decisions and promote the adoption by operators of lower cost measures that aim to reduce emissions. Setting a carbon price is one of the most cost-effective measures and a real incentive to reducing GHG emissions.', 'Setting a carbon price is one of the most cost-effective measures and a real incentive to reducing GHG emissions. A carbon price can be applied through a carbon tax or through an emissions trading systems, such as CELE. Portugal has participated in CELE since 2005 and adopted a carbon tax in 2015, in the form of an addition to the Petroleum and Energy Products Tax, subsequent to the ‘Green Tax Law’. Carbon pricing policies should be fostered, particularly through effective implementation of the CELE regime, promoting actions that lead to reinforcement of the carbon price, encouraging widespread application of the carbon tax to sectors not covered by CELE, eliminating existing exemptions.', 'Carbon pricing policies should be fostered, particularly through effective implementation of the CELE regime, promoting actions that lead to reinforcement of the carbon price, encouraging widespread application of the carbon tax to sectors not covered by CELE, eliminating existing exemptions. It is therefore important to ensure that these funds are recycled in the decarbonisation of society, by setting the right signals for economic operators on the one hand and, on the other, channelling the proceeds towards investment in decarbonisation and development of the necessary sustainable infrastructures for the country and so that the private sector can leverage its activity.', 'It is therefore important to ensure that these funds are recycled in the decarbonisation of society, by setting the right signals for economic operators on the one hand and, on the other, channelling the proceeds towards investment in decarbonisation and development of the necessary sustainable infrastructures for the country and so that the private sector can leverage its activity. Achieving the established carbon neutral objective should therefore exploit a variety of financial instruments, and it is necessary to: • Align funding cycles and national public funds with the key decarbonisation drivers and energy transition, and discontinue investments that are not in line with this objective; • Leverage and guide direct investment (national and foreign) for a future economy, aligned with the areas and objectives of decarbonisation and national energy transition, enhancing the creation of new clusters in the country; • Make taxation a key instrument for the transition to a carbon neutral society, by benefiting clean technologies and removing perverse incentives for fossil fuels or investments that increase emissions; • Align the financial system with the decarbonisation objectives.', 'Achieving the established carbon neutral objective should therefore exploit a variety of financial instruments, and it is necessary to: • Align funding cycles and national public funds with the key decarbonisation drivers and energy transition, and discontinue investments that are not in line with this objective; • Leverage and guide direct investment (national and foreign) for a future economy, aligned with the areas and objectives of decarbonisation and national energy transition, enhancing the creation of new clusters in the country; • Make taxation a key instrument for the transition to a carbon neutral society, by benefiting clean technologies and removing perverse incentives for fossil fuels or investments that increase emissions; • Align the financial system with the decarbonisation objectives. In this context, it will be essential to guarantee the existence of a stable and competitive regulatory framework that ensures the mobilisation of public and private financial flows for implementation of the measures necessary to achieve the stated objectives, thereby providing investors with stability in the various sectors.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 In this context, it will still be necessary to establish mechanisms to monitor the mobilisation of financial flows to achieve the objectives of this RNC2050, notably through their integration into existing reporting mechanisms for climate policy monitoring matters.', 'In this context, it will be essential to guarantee the existence of a stable and competitive regulatory framework that ensures the mobilisation of public and private financial flows for implementation of the measures necessary to achieve the stated objectives, thereby providing investors with stability in the various sectors.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 In this context, it will still be necessary to establish mechanisms to monitor the mobilisation of financial flows to achieve the objectives of this RNC2050, notably through their integration into existing reporting mechanisms for climate policy monitoring matters. 7.4. IMPACT ON EMPLOYMENT AND GDP Carbon neutrality, like any other profound transformation of society, presents both opportunities and challenges for the economy and employment.', 'IMPACT ON EMPLOYMENT AND GDP Carbon neutrality, like any other profound transformation of society, presents both opportunities and challenges for the economy and employment. In terms of opportunities, it is undeniable that there will be a positive effect on GDP and employment caused by investments for stimulating new sectors. Examples include investment in industrial modernisation, the circular economy, sustainable mobility and centralised and decentralised photovoltaic energy production. This investment with high potential for creating new business models, products and services, will generate wealth and employment in all the associated value chains - whether related to production, assembly, distribution and sale, financing, insurance, operation and maintenance, decommissioning, recycling.', 'This investment with high potential for creating new business models, products and services, will generate wealth and employment in all the associated value chains - whether related to production, assembly, distribution and sale, financing, insurance, operation and maintenance, decommissioning, recycling. However, the national total of this amount and employment will depend on the country’s ability to attract and generate investment in the production of such equipment and the ability to develop the supply chain of services and related activities.', 'However, the national total of this amount and employment will depend on the country’s ability to attract and generate investment in the production of such equipment and the ability to develop the supply chain of services and related activities. This refers to the early identification of the new activity clusters that will be created by carbon neutrality and the need for the State to create a regulatory, fiscal and incentive framework that fulfils two main functions: eliminate any perverse barriers and subsidies that prevent the new technologies from expanding or that perpetuate technologies that impede decarbonisation; and maximise and promote information and adoption of technologies that foster decarbonisation.', 'This refers to the early identification of the new activity clusters that will be created by carbon neutrality and the need for the State to create a regulatory, fiscal and incentive framework that fulfils two main functions: eliminate any perverse barriers and subsidies that prevent the new technologies from expanding or that perpetuate technologies that impede decarbonisation; and maximise and promote information and adoption of technologies that foster decarbonisation. The role of the State will also be fundamental for the development of the infrastructures that will be necessary for certain technologies to be a reality.', 'The role of the State will also be fundamental for the development of the infrastructures that will be necessary for certain technologies to be a reality. Examples include the challenges posed by a mostly battery-based and/or hydrogen-based mobility, especially the need to greatly expand the battery charging network or to design and implement new networks, such as a network for hydrogen supply or of overhead electric contact lines on the main roads. Another positive aspect of carbon neutrality lies in increased investment and employment in research, innovation and development activities, which should cover the development or refinement of technologies that enable decarbonisation, and also the development of new business models and the mobilisation of families and companies to work towards the decarbonisation objectives.', 'Another positive aspect of carbon neutrality lies in increased investment and employment in research, innovation and development activities, which should cover the development or refinement of technologies that enable decarbonisation, and also the development of new business models and the mobilisation of families and companies to work towards the decarbonisation objectives. In the field of training, it is possible to anticipate new training needs for staff and workers at many levels, that are able to produce, install and operate these technologies. However, and in terms of challenges, there will be sectors that could potentially be affected by the energy transition.', 'However, and in terms of challenges, there will be sectors that could potentially be affected by the energy transition. It is therefore necessary to identify in advance which sectors will be most affected and to start designing policies that create alternative opportunities for the affected workers and/or regions. For example, the changes in the automotive value chain due to the expansion of electric mobility, which must be reconverted in order to take advantage of the opportunities arising from this transition. The economic and employment balance of carbon neutrality will therefore depend on: the wealth and employment generated by the opportunities of carbon neutrality; the wealth and employment that will be affected by this same neutrality; and the ability of Portuguese society to create new clusters.', 'The economic and employment balance of carbon neutrality will therefore depend on: the wealth and employment generated by the opportunities of carbon neutrality; the wealth and employment that will be affected by this same neutrality; and the ability of Portuguese society to create new clusters. The impact on GDP may be around 8%, compared to a scenario of stagnation of the current energy system, and an energy efficiency growth of only 0.1%/year, a very conservative scenario (BAU scenario).LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 Neutrality trajectories induce in the long term an additional positive impact in the economy, estimated at 0,5-0,9%, compared to an energy system that evolves to support a competitive and efficient economy, but which has not achieved neutrality (scenario without neutrality).', 'The impact on GDP may be around 8%, compared to a scenario of stagnation of the current energy system, and an energy efficiency growth of only 0.1%/year, a very conservative scenario (BAU scenario).LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 Neutrality trajectories induce in the long term an additional positive impact in the economy, estimated at 0,5-0,9%, compared to an energy system that evolves to support a competitive and efficient economy, but which has not achieved neutrality (scenario without neutrality). TABLE 20: Macroeconomic impact of decarbonisation and carbon neutrality scenarios in 2050 Evolution of GDP and GHG emissions in the BAU Scenario whithout neutrality Scenario with neutrality GHG Energy Syst.', 'TABLE 20: Macroeconomic impact of decarbonisation and carbon neutrality scenarios in 2050 Evolution of GDP and GHG emissions in the BAU Scenario whithout neutrality Scenario with neutrality GHG Energy Syst. in neutrality IMPACT SCENARIO WTHIOUT NEUTRALITY (2050) PRIVATE CONSUMPTION 21.1% | 29.0% ADDITIONAL IMPACT OF NEUTRALITY (2050) PRIVATE CONSUMPTION 2.0% | 3.4%LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 In summary, the economic modelling of these changes suggests a broadly positive impact on GDP resulting from almost total decarbonisation of the national energy system, leveraged by a significant growth in investment and private consumption and net marginal job creation. That is, carbon neutrality will be positive for Portugal overall.', 'That is, carbon neutrality will be positive for Portugal overall. It should be noted that these estimates do not include the benefits of the climate change damage avoided and the related costs of adaptation. In addition, it should be acknowledged that the macroeconomic modelling is based on a structure of the economy and sectoral relationships maintained in the long term, so using these models over extended time horizons is always a challenge and a very uncertain exercise. In the context of RNC2050, the uncertainty related to the 35 years of modelling is exacerbated by the profound change in society and relations between economic agents that will be dictated by carbon neutrality itself.', 'In the context of RNC2050, the uncertainty related to the 35 years of modelling is exacerbated by the profound change in society and relations between economic agents that will be dictated by carbon neutrality itself. This means that macroeconomic models capture better the losses of the sectors affected by carbon neutrality than the opportunities brought about by new sectors or technologies. In other words, the economic and employment impacts are probably underestimated, and the benefits of carbon neutrality are probably far greater than those reported. The GEM-E3_PT model is the national version of the European GEM-E3 model used several times by the European Commission to assess the macroeconomic impact of various European energy-climate policies.', 'The GEM-E3_PT model is the national version of the European GEM-E3 model used several times by the European Commission to assess the macroeconomic impact of various European energy-climate policies. GEM-E3_PT is a dynamic, general equilibrium recursive model that encompasses all sectors of the national economy aggregated into 18 productive sectors (e.g. agriculture, forestry and fisheries; ferrous and non-ferrous metals; chemicals; other energy-intensive industries; transportation equipment; land transport; credit and insurance services) and 13 household consumer goods (e.g. clothing and footwear; housing; fuels and electricity; heating and kitchen appliances; medical and health care; transport equipment; communications). The main objective of the model is to maximise profit in the productive sectors and the economic well-being of households by calculating the equilibrium between market prices for goods and services, labour and capital.', 'The main objective of the model is to maximise profit in the productive sectors and the economic well-being of households by calculating the equilibrium between market prices for goods and services, labour and capital. In addition, the model also has a technological breakdown of the power generation sector into 13 distinct technologies, which have different production factors, including materials from numerous sectors, as well as a sectoral investment matrix. The GEM-E3_PT model is based on a calibrated social accounting matrix for 2005, which represents the economic transactions of national accounts between the various economic agents, determining the different revenues and expenses of the productive sectors, households, government and the rest of the world, i.e.', 'The GEM-E3_PT model is based on a calibrated social accounting matrix for 2005, which represents the economic transactions of national accounts between the various economic agents, determining the different revenues and expenses of the productive sectors, households, government and the rest of the world, i.e. exports and imports, as well as production, employment, investment and others.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 8. ENSURE A FAIR AND COHESIVE TRANSITION Climate change and the responses to this global challenge have an impact on employment and economic activities, and the Paris Agreement takes into account the need to safeguard a fair transition for the workforce and the creation of decent and quality jobs, according to each country’s development priorities.', 'ENSURE A FAIR AND COHESIVE TRANSITION Climate change and the responses to this global challenge have an impact on employment and economic activities, and the Paris Agreement takes into account the need to safeguard a fair transition for the workforce and the creation of decent and quality jobs, according to each country’s development priorities. The transition to carbon neutrality implies a systemic transformation of the structure and operation of the current economic system which, at a national level, may represent more opportunities than risks. Indeed, this transformation will bring opportunities for new business models and the creation of new clusters with network generation, for example in the sectors related to renewable energy production, automation engineering or services and logistics associated with shared and autonomous mobility.', 'Indeed, this transformation will bring opportunities for new business models and the creation of new clusters with network generation, for example in the sectors related to renewable energy production, automation engineering or services and logistics associated with shared and autonomous mobility. Thus, the macroeconomic analysis developed points to marginal net job creation, in an extremely conservative scenario. However, job losses are also expected to occur in traditional sectors of goods and services, especially those based on energy- intensive production and fossil-based consumption. At a national level, for example, following the commitment to abandon coal-fired power generation by 2030, direct impacts of energy transformation on the two coal-fired power plants can be anticipated.', 'At a national level, for example, following the commitment to abandon coal-fired power generation by 2030, direct impacts of energy transformation on the two coal-fired power plants can be anticipated. Proper management involving all the relevant actors will be critical in planning the transition and identifying specific measures to ensure a fair transition for the workers and communities concerned. If, on the one hand, the large combustion plants will necessarily lose importance, it is now relatively consensual that job creation in renewable energy production can more than compensate for this loss of local employment.', 'If, on the one hand, the large combustion plants will necessarily lose importance, it is now relatively consensual that job creation in renewable energy production can more than compensate for this loss of local employment. Therefore, a series of actions will have to be programmed to anticipate creation of the conditions and skills necessary for a fair transition, focused on professional retraining and requalification that will ensure the income of the populations most directly linked to the sectors in decline. Carbon neutrality will drive the acquisition of new skills, as well as the creation of new business models. Currently in Portugal there are about 10,000 direct jobs linked to the renewable energy cluster, including about 3,000 in the wind cluster.', 'Currently in Portugal there are about 10,000 direct jobs linked to the renewable energy cluster, including about 3,000 in the wind cluster. The nature of the transition to a less concentrated system will mean greater demand for skilled, though necessarily more dispersed, labour.', 'The nature of the transition to a less concentrated system will mean greater demand for skilled, though necessarily more dispersed, labour. It is therefore crucial to ensure that national and European support frameworks are oriented towards research and technological development alongside comprehensive investment in education, professional and vocational training in line with the new paradigms of national business sectors that aim to (re)qualify the workforce to ensure a fair transition.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 In order to ensure monitoring of the transition to carbon neutrality, it will be necessary to adopt a governance model that will guarantee policy articulation, climate policy implementation and the coherence of national sectoral policies and strategies with the aim of achieving carbon neutrality by 2050.', 'It is therefore crucial to ensure that national and European support frameworks are oriented towards research and technological development alongside comprehensive investment in education, professional and vocational training in line with the new paradigms of national business sectors that aim to (re)qualify the workforce to ensure a fair transition.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 In order to ensure monitoring of the transition to carbon neutrality, it will be necessary to adopt a governance model that will guarantee policy articulation, climate policy implementation and the coherence of national sectoral policies and strategies with the aim of achieving carbon neutrality by 2050. To this end, there is already a series of governance structures at a national, either at a political level, such as the Interministerial Commission on Air, Climate Change and the Circular Economy (CA)13 , or at a technical level with sectoral articulation, in which the SPeM14 and the National System of Inventory of Emissions and Removal of Atmospheric Pollutants (SNIERPA) take on particular relevance.', 'To this end, there is already a series of governance structures at a national, either at a political level, such as the Interministerial Commission on Air, Climate Change and the Circular Economy (CA)13 , or at a technical level with sectoral articulation, in which the SPeM14 and the National System of Inventory of Emissions and Removal of Atmospheric Pollutants (SNIERPA) take on particular relevance. CA2 provides guidance of a political nature and promotes the articulation and integration of climate change policies into sectoral policies and monitoring of the implementation of the relevant sectoral measures, programs and actions that are adopted.', 'CA2 provides guidance of a political nature and promotes the articulation and integration of climate change policies into sectoral policies and monitoring of the implementation of the relevant sectoral measures, programs and actions that are adopted. In addition to monitoring compliance with Portugal’s commitments at national, Community and United Nations levels, this Commission should also ensure the promotion, supervision and monitoring of the implementation of policies and measures for effective implementation of the guidelines and compliance with the emission reduction targets established by the Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan (PNEC), and future periodic reviews, pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 of the European Parliament and the Council of 11 December 2018.', 'In addition to monitoring compliance with Portugal’s commitments at national, Community and United Nations levels, this Commission should also ensure the promotion, supervision and monitoring of the implementation of policies and measures for effective implementation of the guidelines and compliance with the emission reduction targets established by the Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan (PNEC), and future periodic reviews, pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 of the European Parliament and the Council of 11 December 2018. In this way, monitoring progress towards the carbon neutral target will also fall to this Commission.', 'In this way, monitoring progress towards the carbon neutral target will also fall to this Commission. The National System of Policies and Measures (SPeM) aims to involve and strengthen sectoral accountability in integrating the climate dimension into sectoral policies; ensure monitoring, follow-up and reporting of implementation of the policies and measures and their effects, and reporting of the projections of greenhouse gas emissions and other air pollutants; assess compliance with national obligations, including sectoral targets, under the EU package of climate and energy and of air policies for the 2020, 2025 and 2030 time horizons, as set out respectively in PNAC 2020 - 2030 and the National Strategy for the Air 2020.', 'The National System of Policies and Measures (SPeM) aims to involve and strengthen sectoral accountability in integrating the climate dimension into sectoral policies; ensure monitoring, follow-up and reporting of implementation of the policies and measures and their effects, and reporting of the projections of greenhouse gas emissions and other air pollutants; assess compliance with national obligations, including sectoral targets, under the EU package of climate and energy and of air policies for the 2020, 2025 and 2030 time horizons, as set out respectively in PNAC 2020 - 2030 and the National Strategy for the Air 2020. Charting a course for carbon neutrality entails aligning sectoral policies with this long-term objective, and therefore the decarbonisation guidelines and vectors will need to be integrated into the various relevant sectoral policy plans and instruments, notably in the areas of energy, transport, trade, services, waste, agriculture and forests.', 'Charting a course for carbon neutrality entails aligning sectoral policies with this long-term objective, and therefore the decarbonisation guidelines and vectors will need to be integrated into the various relevant sectoral policy plans and instruments, notably in the areas of energy, transport, trade, services, waste, agriculture and forests. Sectoral policies should thus focus on solutions that contribute to carbon neutrality and avoid options that limit the achievement of decarbonisation objectives in the future. 13 Created by Council of Ministers Resolution no. 56/2015, of 30 July, and its specific CA2 responsibilities are set out in Order no. 2873/2017, of 6 April 14 Created by Council of Ministers Resolution no. 45/2016, of 26 August 9.', '2873/2017, of 6 April 14 Created by Council of Ministers Resolution no. 45/2016, of 26 August 9. GUARANTEE EFFECTIVE CONDITIONS FOR GOVERNANCE AND ENSURE THE INTEGRATION OF CARBON NEUTRAL OBJECTIVES IN SECTORAL AREASLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 In this context, it will be essential to establish an impact assessment procedure to be incorporated into the legislative process, in order to make it possible to measure the contribution of these sectoral policy instruments and plans to carbon neutrality. Achieving this goal implies changes in our economy, our territorial model and our society, and therefore strengthening territorial cohesion in the transition process is crucial. Thus, this transition must be made in a planned way, involving the different sectors of our society and the different regions.', 'Thus, this transition must be made in a planned way, involving the different sectors of our society and the different regions. Promoting the development of carbon neutrality roadmaps, at a regional and/or inter-municipal level, consistent with and linked to RNC2050, will enable a cohesive transition that is closer to the citizen, involving the active participation of regional actors and entities from different levels of territorial organisation.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 Understanding the problem of climate change and mobilising citizens, economic actors and policy makers to reduce GHG emissions and promoting society’s adaptation to a world with a changing climate are prerequisites for the success of any climate policy.', 'Promoting the development of carbon neutrality roadmaps, at a regional and/or inter-municipal level, consistent with and linked to RNC2050, will enable a cohesive transition that is closer to the citizen, involving the active participation of regional actors and entities from different levels of territorial organisation.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 Understanding the problem of climate change and mobilising citizens, economic actors and policy makers to reduce GHG emissions and promoting society’s adaptation to a world with a changing climate are prerequisites for the success of any climate policy. According to the Special Climate Change Eurobarometer of 2017, the Portuguese expressed the following opinions: • 83% consider climate change a ‘serious or very serious problem’; • they consider that national governments (50%), businesses and industry (48%), the EU (38%), local and regional authorities (36%) should take action to combat climate change; • they believe that the impact on the economy and employment will be positive when combating climate change and promoting energy efficiency (87%) and reducing fossil fuel imports (79%); • they consider it important for the government to set national targets for increasing the use of renewable energy (94%); • they consider that the transition to clean energy should be supported financially and that fossil fuel subsidies should be reduced (82%) and that the government should support energy efficiency, particularly in the residential sector (93%) • 20% consider themselves personally responsible for taking action; • 60% say they have recently taken actions in the sense of combating climate change.', 'According to the Special Climate Change Eurobarometer of 2017, the Portuguese expressed the following opinions: • 83% consider climate change a ‘serious or very serious problem’; • they consider that national governments (50%), businesses and industry (48%), the EU (38%), local and regional authorities (36%) should take action to combat climate change; • they believe that the impact on the economy and employment will be positive when combating climate change and promoting energy efficiency (87%) and reducing fossil fuel imports (79%); • they consider it important for the government to set national targets for increasing the use of renewable energy (94%); • they consider that the transition to clean energy should be supported financially and that fossil fuel subsidies should be reduced (82%) and that the government should support energy efficiency, particularly in the residential sector (93%) • 20% consider themselves personally responsible for taking action; • 60% say they have recently taken actions in the sense of combating climate change. However, when asked about concrete actions (such as adopting energy efficiency measures at home, acquiring efficient household appliances, behavioural change and mobility investments, etc.)', 'However, when asked about concrete actions (such as adopting energy efficiency measures at home, acquiring efficient household appliances, behavioural change and mobility investments, etc.) the positive answers are not very significant. These results suggest that the Portuguese, as consumers and citizens, acknowledge climate change as a problem but expect the government, businesses and local and regional authorities to act. It is therefore necessary to reinforce the notion of the importance of the contribution of individual action, through changes in behaviour and lifestyle.', 'It is therefore necessary to reinforce the notion of the importance of the contribution of individual action, through changes in behaviour and lifestyle. In the business world, there is also a growing number of companies that have been integrating climate change as a critical factor in their business strategies and external communication, thus adopting a series of concrete actions that reduce their GHG emissions and/or call for changes in the behaviour of their consumers. The installations with bigger emissions at a national level have, since 2005, been covered by the CELE regime, whereby they are required to monitor, report and reduce their annual emissions. This coverage has internalised in these companies the environmental cost of greenhouse gas emissions, since such emissions have an associated cost.', 'This coverage has internalised in these companies the environmental cost of greenhouse gas emissions, since such emissions have an associated cost. The existence of a robust carbon price is a key factor in driving investment in energy efficiency and low carbon technologies, resulting in reduced emissions, but also in reduced production costs and increased competitiveness. 10.', 'The existence of a robust carbon price is a key factor in driving investment in energy efficiency and low carbon technologies, resulting in reduced emissions, but also in reduced production costs and increased competitiveness. 10. ENGAGE SOCIETY, FOCUS ON EDUCATION, INFORMATION AND AWARENESS AND CONTRIBUTE TO INCREASING INDIVIDUAL AND COLLECTIVE ACTIONLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 Aware of the paradigm shift, the various industrial sectors have been developing their own low carbon roadmaps, in which they identify the options for adapting their activity to the new reality; by anticipating the risk of disruption of their business model and strategic positioning focused on climate action as a competitive advantage.', 'ENGAGE SOCIETY, FOCUS ON EDUCATION, INFORMATION AND AWARENESS AND CONTRIBUTE TO INCREASING INDIVIDUAL AND COLLECTIVE ACTIONLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 Aware of the paradigm shift, the various industrial sectors have been developing their own low carbon roadmaps, in which they identify the options for adapting their activity to the new reality; by anticipating the risk of disruption of their business model and strategic positioning focused on climate action as a competitive advantage. There is also increasing adherence to systems that calculate their carbon footprint; auditing and reporting systems; eco-labelling systems; or environmental certification systems.', 'There is also increasing adherence to systems that calculate their carbon footprint; auditing and reporting systems; eco-labelling systems; or environmental certification systems. Many companies are already using this information in their communication with consumers, their suppliers and other stakeholders, suggesting that many are aware of and interested in the social transformation associated with decarbonisation.', 'Many companies are already using this information in their communication with consumers, their suppliers and other stakeholders, suggesting that many are aware of and interested in the social transformation associated with decarbonisation. To generalise these trends, it is necessary to focus on raising awareness and training of corporate decision makers and employees to adopt sustainable production and service delivery methods that contribute to the fight against climate change, in particular by exploiting strategic themes such as the potential for GHG emissions reduction that their companies can achieve; the importance of integrating and safeguarding decarbonisation in their supply chains; the dissemination of good practices in terms of communication with consumers and enhancing transparency through tools such as the carbon footprint; the diffusion of new technologies and promotion of an environment for dialogue between research, innovation and development and the business world; the importance of eco-design, of energy efficiency; the circularity of production processes and materials, encouraging the use of by-products from other industries and the reduction or disposal of waste.', 'To generalise these trends, it is necessary to focus on raising awareness and training of corporate decision makers and employees to adopt sustainable production and service delivery methods that contribute to the fight against climate change, in particular by exploiting strategic themes such as the potential for GHG emissions reduction that their companies can achieve; the importance of integrating and safeguarding decarbonisation in their supply chains; the dissemination of good practices in terms of communication with consumers and enhancing transparency through tools such as the carbon footprint; the diffusion of new technologies and promotion of an environment for dialogue between research, innovation and development and the business world; the importance of eco-design, of energy efficiency; the circularity of production processes and materials, encouraging the use of by-products from other industries and the reduction or disposal of waste. The financial system should be encouraged to differentiate positively and redirect investment towards sustainable, resilient and low carbon technologies and projects.', 'The financial system should be encouraged to differentiate positively and redirect investment towards sustainable, resilient and low carbon technologies and projects. Training of the staff of these institutions will be crucial for their decision trees to start to include criteria related to the contribution of proposed investments to decarbonisation and to assess the tolerance and resilience of these investments with regard to the consequences of climate change itself. It is also important to mobilise the demand side to increase its interest in more sustainable financial products and to publicise the importance of decarbonisation issues to businesses and consumers.', 'It is also important to mobilise the demand side to increase its interest in more sustainable financial products and to publicise the importance of decarbonisation issues to businesses and consumers. Portuguese non-governmental organisations active in the most diverse thematic areas, such as the environment, cooperation for development, human rights and local development, have also given increasing importance to the theme of climate change, contributing to citizens’ greater awareness and information and monitoring the actions of businesses, public bodies and policy decisions in this field. Finally, and at the level of public authorities, there has also been significant progress.', 'Finally, and at the level of public authorities, there has also been significant progress. Examples of concrete measures for decarbonisation in the public sector include the Energy Efficiency in Public Administration Program ‘ECO.AP’, which has the aim of enabling the State to reduce energy consumption in services and agencies and to achieve a level of energy efficiency of 30% in Public Administration bodies and services; the Support Program for Electric Mobility in Public Administration, which aims to promote decarbonisation and improve the environmental performance of the State’s vehicle fleet; and the National Strategy for Green Public Procurement 2020 (ENCPE 2020), which aims to stimulate the adoption of a green public procurement policy.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 Employees and decision makers of the State and its central, sectoral, regional and local institutions will also need to be continually trained in order to integrate a climate change dimension into various sectoral policies and local planning.', 'Examples of concrete measures for decarbonisation in the public sector include the Energy Efficiency in Public Administration Program ‘ECO.AP’, which has the aim of enabling the State to reduce energy consumption in services and agencies and to achieve a level of energy efficiency of 30% in Public Administration bodies and services; the Support Program for Electric Mobility in Public Administration, which aims to promote decarbonisation and improve the environmental performance of the State’s vehicle fleet; and the National Strategy for Green Public Procurement 2020 (ENCPE 2020), which aims to stimulate the adoption of a green public procurement policy.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 Employees and decision makers of the State and its central, sectoral, regional and local institutions will also need to be continually trained in order to integrate a climate change dimension into various sectoral policies and local planning. Also at a local level, there is an increasing number of municipalities involved in projects for reducing emissions of greenhouse gases and/or planning adaptation to climate change, which can be seen, for example, in the Adap.PT Program15 and the national participation in the Covenant of Mayors16 .', 'Also at a local level, there is an increasing number of municipalities involved in projects for reducing emissions of greenhouse gases and/or planning adaptation to climate change, which can be seen, for example, in the Adap.PT Program15 and the national participation in the Covenant of Mayors16 . In the context of defining climate change policies, plans and programs, the involvement of the relevant actors and society at large is already an acquired practice that contributes to the adjustment essential to ensure their successful implementation.', 'In the context of defining climate change policies, plans and programs, the involvement of the relevant actors and society at large is already an acquired practice that contributes to the adjustment essential to ensure their successful implementation. The preparation of RNC2050 was a participatory process with different formats and in different phases that allowed, from the beginning, the involvement of different points of view, the sharing of experiences and the co-creation of knowledge, which contributed to the development of a more informed Roadmap. The need for vast climate literacy at all levels of Portuguese society demonstrates the fundamental role of the education system, universities, vocational training and research laboratories.', 'The need for vast climate literacy at all levels of Portuguese society demonstrates the fundamental role of the education system, universities, vocational training and research laboratories. The decision makers in these areas should be mobilised and made aware of the importance of introducing these subjects into the curricula at various education levels, but also of the development of specific programs for training company employees for the new technologies and practices that will help the occupational retraining of workers in the sectors affected by decarbonisation. These subjects should also be included in the National Financial Education Plan.', 'These subjects should also be included in the National Financial Education Plan. It therefore seems reasonable to assume that, as far as Portuguese society in general is concerned, there is a favourable starting point in Portugal for taking ambitious decisions on climate action. However, as RNC2050 shows, climate action will have to be sustained over decades and support for these policies cannot be taken for granted, so it is important that interest in and acceptance of these policies be continually promoted.', 'However, as RNC2050 shows, climate action will have to be sustained over decades and support for these policies cannot be taken for granted, so it is important that interest in and acceptance of these policies be continually promoted. This task will always have a special focus on the citizen and, in this regard, it will be necessary to continue: • Communicating what climate change is, how it manifests itself and how it evolves; • Educating about the climate impact of consumption choices and individual behaviours on emissions and ways to reduce these impacts; • Reinforcing the role of agents of change among the economic actors as consumers of goods and services; • Facilitating access to information on the impact of goods and services consumed; and • Creating a culture that demands that policy makers and economic and financial actors at all levels make decisions that lead to effective climate action.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 The path to carbon neutrality poses a significant series of challenges and opportunities for society.', 'This task will always have a special focus on the citizen and, in this regard, it will be necessary to continue: • Communicating what climate change is, how it manifests itself and how it evolves; • Educating about the climate impact of consumption choices and individual behaviours on emissions and ways to reduce these impacts; • Reinforcing the role of agents of change among the economic actors as consumers of goods and services; • Facilitating access to information on the impact of goods and services consumed; and • Creating a culture that demands that policy makers and economic and financial actors at all levels make decisions that lead to effective climate action.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 The path to carbon neutrality poses a significant series of challenges and opportunities for society. The transition to a carbon neutral economy requires timely long-term planning to take advantage of the opportunities associated with the transformation of the existing economy and to establish the basis of trust with the citizens and economic agents that this change is possible, advantageous and timely.', 'The transition to a carbon neutral economy requires timely long-term planning to take advantage of the opportunities associated with the transformation of the existing economy and to establish the basis of trust with the citizens and economic agents that this change is possible, advantageous and timely. Carbon neutrality by 2050 is economically and technologically feasible and is based on a reduction in emissions of between 85% and 90% by 2050, compared with 2005, and offsetting the remaining emissions through a carbon sink provided by land use and forests. The trajectory to neutrality allows the anticipation of greenhouse gas emission reductions of between -45% and -55% by 2030 and between -65% and -75% by 2040, compared to 2005. Emissions reduction trajectory from 85% compared to 2005 Carbon sink between 11.', 'Emissions reduction trajectory from 85% compared to 2005 Carbon sink between 11. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS TABLE 21: Trajectories for carbon neutrality in 2050 Emissions (Mt CO2 Carbon sequestration (Mt CO2LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 RNC2050 identifies key future trends and the social and economic transformations that will be needed, involving all sectors of the economy and society, and preparing a socially fair and cost-effective transition, enhancing the competitiveness of the national economy, promoting job creation and boosting co-benefits, particularly associated with air quality and human health.', 'FINAL CONSIDERATIONS TABLE 21: Trajectories for carbon neutrality in 2050 Emissions (Mt CO2 Carbon sequestration (Mt CO2LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 RNC2050 identifies key future trends and the social and economic transformations that will be needed, involving all sectors of the economy and society, and preparing a socially fair and cost-effective transition, enhancing the competitiveness of the national economy, promoting job creation and boosting co-benefits, particularly associated with air quality and human health. In this regard, the following decarbonisation vectors and action lines for a carbon neutral society are identified: a) Decarbonising power generation by eliminating coal-based power generation by 2030 and proceeding with full decarbonisation of the power generation system by 2050, counting on renewable endogenous resources; b) Achieving energy transition by significantly increasing energy efficiency in all sectors of the economy, focusing on incorporating endogenous renewable energy sources into final energy consumption, promoting electrification and adjusting the role of natural gas in the national energy system; c) Progressively decentralising and democratising energy production and highlighting the role of the consumer as an active part of the energy system; d) Promoting decarbonisation in the residential sector, favouring urban regeneration and increased energy efficiency in buildings, fostering progressive electrification of the sector and the use of more efficient equipment, and combating energy poverty; e) Decarbonising mobility by favouring a public transport mobility system, by strengthening it and decarbonising fleets, supporting innovative and intelligent solutions for multimodal, active, shared and sustainable mobility, as well as electric mobility and other zero emission technologies, in addition to reducing the carbon intensity of sea and air transport, focusing on innovation, efficiency and cleaner, renewable fuels, as well as, by decarbonisation of short and long distance freight transport, promoting a logistic chain with a modal split that minimises the carbon and energy intensity of the transport system, reaffirming the role of maritime and inland waterway transport combined with rail freight transport.', 'In this regard, the following decarbonisation vectors and action lines for a carbon neutral society are identified: a) Decarbonising power generation by eliminating coal-based power generation by 2030 and proceeding with full decarbonisation of the power generation system by 2050, counting on renewable endogenous resources; b) Achieving energy transition by significantly increasing energy efficiency in all sectors of the economy, focusing on incorporating endogenous renewable energy sources into final energy consumption, promoting electrification and adjusting the role of natural gas in the national energy system; c) Progressively decentralising and democratising energy production and highlighting the role of the consumer as an active part of the energy system; d) Promoting decarbonisation in the residential sector, favouring urban regeneration and increased energy efficiency in buildings, fostering progressive electrification of the sector and the use of more efficient equipment, and combating energy poverty; e) Decarbonising mobility by favouring a public transport mobility system, by strengthening it and decarbonising fleets, supporting innovative and intelligent solutions for multimodal, active, shared and sustainable mobility, as well as electric mobility and other zero emission technologies, in addition to reducing the carbon intensity of sea and air transport, focusing on innovation, efficiency and cleaner, renewable fuels, as well as, by decarbonisation of short and long distance freight transport, promoting a logistic chain with a modal split that minimises the carbon and energy intensity of the transport system, reaffirming the role of maritime and inland waterway transport combined with rail freight transport. f) Promoting energy transition in industry, the incorporation of low carbon production processes and industrial symbioses, promoting innovation and competitiveness; g) Committing to sustainable agriculture, through a significant expansion of conservation agriculture and precision agriculture, substantially reducing emissions associated with livestock and fertiliser use and promoting innovation; h) Encouraging carbon sequestration through active agricultural and forest management, promoting valorisation of the country; i) Changing the paradigm of resource use, moving away from the linear economic model and moving towards a circular and low carbon economic model; j) Preventing waste generation, increasing recycling rates and reducing waste disposal in landfills very significantly; k) Boosting the participation of cities and local governments in decarbonisation by encouraging an integrated approach to its different vectors, in particular mobility, buildings, services and waste management, and enhancing the role they have played in mitigating climate change;LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 l) Encouraging research, innovation and the production of knowledge in favour of neutrality in the various sectors of activity; m) Making taxation an instrument of the transition to neutrality, continuing to eliminate environmentally harmful subsidies, reinforcing application of the carbon tax and promoting greater taxation of resource use, reducing the tax burden on labour, recycling revenues for decarbonisation and a fair transition; n) Aligning financial flows for carbon neutrality, notably by fostering the development of a favourable environment for sustainable financing and greater involvement of the financial system; o) Promoting the involvement of society in the transition, contributing to increase individual and collective action, the adoption of sustainable behaviours and a change in patterns of production and consumption in favour of sustainability, particularly through environmental education and awareness; p) Promoting skills development and (re)qualification directed towards the new opportunities for economic development; q) Encouraging the development of the new economy linked to energy transition and decarbonisation, supporting the development of new industrial clusters and the generation of new business opportunities; r) Promoting a fair and cohesive transition that enhances the country, creates wealth, promotes employment and contributes to raising the standards of quality of life in Portugal.', 'f) Promoting energy transition in industry, the incorporation of low carbon production processes and industrial symbioses, promoting innovation and competitiveness; g) Committing to sustainable agriculture, through a significant expansion of conservation agriculture and precision agriculture, substantially reducing emissions associated with livestock and fertiliser use and promoting innovation; h) Encouraging carbon sequestration through active agricultural and forest management, promoting valorisation of the country; i) Changing the paradigm of resource use, moving away from the linear economic model and moving towards a circular and low carbon economic model; j) Preventing waste generation, increasing recycling rates and reducing waste disposal in landfills very significantly; k) Boosting the participation of cities and local governments in decarbonisation by encouraging an integrated approach to its different vectors, in particular mobility, buildings, services and waste management, and enhancing the role they have played in mitigating climate change;LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 l) Encouraging research, innovation and the production of knowledge in favour of neutrality in the various sectors of activity; m) Making taxation an instrument of the transition to neutrality, continuing to eliminate environmentally harmful subsidies, reinforcing application of the carbon tax and promoting greater taxation of resource use, reducing the tax burden on labour, recycling revenues for decarbonisation and a fair transition; n) Aligning financial flows for carbon neutrality, notably by fostering the development of a favourable environment for sustainable financing and greater involvement of the financial system; o) Promoting the involvement of society in the transition, contributing to increase individual and collective action, the adoption of sustainable behaviours and a change in patterns of production and consumption in favour of sustainability, particularly through environmental education and awareness; p) Promoting skills development and (re)qualification directed towards the new opportunities for economic development; q) Encouraging the development of the new economy linked to energy transition and decarbonisation, supporting the development of new industrial clusters and the generation of new business opportunities; r) Promoting a fair and cohesive transition that enhances the country, creates wealth, promotes employment and contributes to raising the standards of quality of life in Portugal. The practical realisation of the path to carbon neutrality and of these vectors should be initiated now within the PNEC framework, in order to achieve by 2030 the ambitious GHG reductions needed to align the national economy with a carbon neutral trajectory.', 'The practical realisation of the path to carbon neutrality and of these vectors should be initiated now within the PNEC framework, in order to achieve by 2030 the ambitious GHG reductions needed to align the national economy with a carbon neutral trajectory. The decarbonisation vectors should be integrated into the development and review of relevant sectoral policies, in conjunction with existing instruments such as SPeM and SNIERPA, creating a culture of assessing the impact on national emissions of legislative proposals and all relevant sectoral instruments.', 'The decarbonisation vectors should be integrated into the development and review of relevant sectoral policies, in conjunction with existing instruments such as SPeM and SNIERPA, creating a culture of assessing the impact on national emissions of legislative proposals and all relevant sectoral instruments. The achievement of a cohesive transition with the active participation of entities at different levels of territorial organisation, of regional agents and those closest to the citizen can be better ensured by a deeper understanding of RNC2050 at a sectoral, regional and/or inter-municipal level.', 'The achievement of a cohesive transition with the active participation of entities at different levels of territorial organisation, of regional agents and those closest to the citizen can be better ensured by a deeper understanding of RNC2050 at a sectoral, regional and/or inter-municipal level. Given the normal development of society and the evolution of technologies at the disposal of the country over a broad time horizon, it is important to ensure that RNC2050 is periodically updated with a view to incorporating, inter alia, monitoring of the evolution of climate change and the relevant international and European policies.', 'Given the normal development of society and the evolution of technologies at the disposal of the country over a broad time horizon, it is important to ensure that RNC2050 is periodically updated with a view to incorporating, inter alia, monitoring of the evolution of climate change and the relevant international and European policies. Articulation and coordination of the different actors would benefit from a climate change law, which would be a fundamental instrument for combating climate change, in terms of mitigation and adaptation, enshrining their integration across society as a whole and establishing a governance structure for this purpose.', 'Articulation and coordination of the different actors would benefit from a climate change law, which would be a fundamental instrument for combating climate change, in terms of mitigation and adaptation, enshrining their integration across society as a whole and establishing a governance structure for this purpose. Ensuring compliance with the Paris Agreement implies continuing to support the mobilisation of efforts to increase global ambition and climate action, strengthening international cooperation on climate action, in particular with the Portuguese-speaking countries; continuing to defend Europe’s leading position in combating climate change; and continuing to participate in initiatives aimed at promoting and disseminating good climate action practices.Hreenhouse Gas Emissions (Mt CO2e) End of coal-fired power production by End of gas-fired power production from 2040 Light duty vehicles total mobility demand is served by electricity Electric vehicle starts to become mainstream Passenger cars: autonomous and/or shared vehicles serve 1/3 | 1/2 of mobility demand Solar installed capacity equals wind installed capacity 11%|12% of energy consumption in buildings is satisfied by solar Boost in development of recycling lines Heat pumps satisfy 15% of cooling/ heating energy demands in buildings in per capita urban waste generation Solar PV share starts to gain momentum 36% of passenger cars mobility demand is served by electricity Passenger cars: 100% of mobility demand is served by electricity Heavy passenger vehicles: Electricity and hydrogen replace diesel by electricity generation is used in hydrogen production electricity generation is used in hydrogen production Heavy-duty vehicles: Hydrogen and electricity serve mobility demands Diesel is no longer cost- efficient for cars and vans Off-shore wind electricity generation becomes competitive Battery storage amounts to 6% of total installed capacity Battery storage amounts to 3%|4% of total installed capacity Renewable installed capacity doubles Wind-ofshore installed capacity surpasses Solar thermal power for low temperature heat production in industry becomes competitive 11% of industry heat demand is satisfied by solar thermal Precision agriculture Organic and conservation agriculture Total burnt area | Total burnt area ha/year Forest area in per capita urban waste generation reduction in food waste 82% reduction in urban waste landfill deposit Solar installed capacity surpasses wind capacity | Decentralised solar PV starts to gain momentum Forest area % of renewables in electricity production 60% > 80% > 90% 100% Retrofitting measures energy demand reduction for heating in buildings 16% of energy consumption in buildings for water heating is satisfied by solar 15%|13% of industry energy consumption is satisfied by natural gas | Industry natural gas consumption amounts to 90% of total natural gas consumption of the country N Organic fertilisers replace synthetic ones and amount to 48%|66% of nitrogen used in soils Solar installed capacity amounts to 50% of total installed capacity Precision agriculture up to 300 000 ha Organic and conservation agriculture up to Electricity consumption in industry increases by 1,5 X Power generation from hydro without pumping decreases 4% compared to 2020 due to reduced water availability Precision agriculture up to 300 000 ha Organic and conservation agriculture up to +25% of energy consumption in industry is satisfied by natural gas % of electricity in total energy consumption 26% > 30% 50% > 65% 66%|75% of energy consumption in buildings for water heating is satisfied by solar Biodiverse grassland | up to 250 000 ha Precision agriculture up to 300 000 ha Organic and conservation agriculture up to Biodiverse grassland | up to 50 000 ha Improvement in food efficiency and wastewater management PORTUGAL OVERALL NARRATIVE OF CARBON NEUTRALITY BY 2050RESOLUTION OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERSLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 The Paris Agreement reached in 2015 set long-term objectives to contain the increase of the global average temperature to a maximum of 2 °C above pre-industrial levels, with the commitment of the international community to make all possible efforts to ensure that this increase would not exceed 1.5 °C, figures that science defines as maximums to ensure the continuation of life on the planet without overly serious changes.', 'Ensuring compliance with the Paris Agreement implies continuing to support the mobilisation of efforts to increase global ambition and climate action, strengthening international cooperation on climate action, in particular with the Portuguese-speaking countries; continuing to defend Europe’s leading position in combating climate change; and continuing to participate in initiatives aimed at promoting and disseminating good climate action practices.Hreenhouse Gas Emissions (Mt CO2e) End of coal-fired power production by End of gas-fired power production from 2040 Light duty vehicles total mobility demand is served by electricity Electric vehicle starts to become mainstream Passenger cars: autonomous and/or shared vehicles serve 1/3 | 1/2 of mobility demand Solar installed capacity equals wind installed capacity 11%|12% of energy consumption in buildings is satisfied by solar Boost in development of recycling lines Heat pumps satisfy 15% of cooling/ heating energy demands in buildings in per capita urban waste generation Solar PV share starts to gain momentum 36% of passenger cars mobility demand is served by electricity Passenger cars: 100% of mobility demand is served by electricity Heavy passenger vehicles: Electricity and hydrogen replace diesel by electricity generation is used in hydrogen production electricity generation is used in hydrogen production Heavy-duty vehicles: Hydrogen and electricity serve mobility demands Diesel is no longer cost- efficient for cars and vans Off-shore wind electricity generation becomes competitive Battery storage amounts to 6% of total installed capacity Battery storage amounts to 3%|4% of total installed capacity Renewable installed capacity doubles Wind-ofshore installed capacity surpasses Solar thermal power for low temperature heat production in industry becomes competitive 11% of industry heat demand is satisfied by solar thermal Precision agriculture Organic and conservation agriculture Total burnt area | Total burnt area ha/year Forest area in per capita urban waste generation reduction in food waste 82% reduction in urban waste landfill deposit Solar installed capacity surpasses wind capacity | Decentralised solar PV starts to gain momentum Forest area % of renewables in electricity production 60% > 80% > 90% 100% Retrofitting measures energy demand reduction for heating in buildings 16% of energy consumption in buildings for water heating is satisfied by solar 15%|13% of industry energy consumption is satisfied by natural gas | Industry natural gas consumption amounts to 90% of total natural gas consumption of the country N Organic fertilisers replace synthetic ones and amount to 48%|66% of nitrogen used in soils Solar installed capacity amounts to 50% of total installed capacity Precision agriculture up to 300 000 ha Organic and conservation agriculture up to Electricity consumption in industry increases by 1,5 X Power generation from hydro without pumping decreases 4% compared to 2020 due to reduced water availability Precision agriculture up to 300 000 ha Organic and conservation agriculture up to +25% of energy consumption in industry is satisfied by natural gas % of electricity in total energy consumption 26% > 30% 50% > 65% 66%|75% of energy consumption in buildings for water heating is satisfied by solar Biodiverse grassland | up to 250 000 ha Precision agriculture up to 300 000 ha Organic and conservation agriculture up to Biodiverse grassland | up to 50 000 ha Improvement in food efficiency and wastewater management PORTUGAL OVERALL NARRATIVE OF CARBON NEUTRALITY BY 2050RESOLUTION OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERSLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 The Paris Agreement reached in 2015 set long-term objectives to contain the increase of the global average temperature to a maximum of 2 °C above pre-industrial levels, with the commitment of the international community to make all possible efforts to ensure that this increase would not exceed 1.5 °C, figures that science defines as maximums to ensure the continuation of life on the planet without overly serious changes. It also set objectives to increase the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change and for mobilisation of financial flows consistent with low emission paths and resilient development, emphasising the need to strengthen international cooperation among states to achieve these objectives.', 'It also set objectives to increase the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change and for mobilisation of financial flows consistent with low emission paths and resilient development, emphasising the need to strengthen international cooperation among states to achieve these objectives. The Paris Agreement thus represents a paradigm shift in the implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, with the explicit acknowledgement that only with everyone’s contribution can the challenge of climate change be overcome, and its main commitments are to achieve a global balance between anthropogenic emissions and removals - carbon neutrality - in the second half of the century.', 'The Paris Agreement thus represents a paradigm shift in the implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, with the explicit acknowledgement that only with everyone’s contribution can the challenge of climate change be overcome, and its main commitments are to achieve a global balance between anthropogenic emissions and removals - carbon neutrality - in the second half of the century. Limiting global warming to 1.5 °C, in line with the more ambitious objectives of the Paris Agreement and the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on global warming of 1.5 °C, requires the unprecedented transformation of societies and the urgent and profound reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in all sectors of activity, as well as behavioural changes and the involvement of all the actors.', 'Limiting global warming to 1.5 °C, in line with the more ambitious objectives of the Paris Agreement and the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on global warming of 1.5 °C, requires the unprecedented transformation of societies and the urgent and profound reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in all sectors of activity, as well as behavioural changes and the involvement of all the actors. It is also an unprecedented economic opportunity for an open economy that is still heavily dependent on fossil fuel imports like the Portuguese economy.', 'It is also an unprecedented economic opportunity for an open economy that is still heavily dependent on fossil fuel imports like the Portuguese economy. The Paris Agreement acknowledges that achieving carbon neutrality in the second half of this century will require strong leadership from developed countries and urges all Parties to present their long-term low-GHG development strategy by 2020. The European Union (EU) is preparing to adopt its long-term strategy, based on the European Commission Communication “A Clean Planet for All”, presented on 28 November 2018. The Commission’s proposal sets a long-term strategic vision for a prosperous, modern, competitive and climate-neutral economy.', 'The Commission’s proposal sets a long-term strategic vision for a prosperous, modern, competitive and climate-neutral economy. Under this strategy, projections indicate that the policies and objectives already established for the EU as a whole will allow GHG emissions to be reduced by around 45% by 2030 and around 60% by 2050. However, in order to contribute adequately to the Paris Agreement objectives, the EU should achieve carbon neutrality by 2050, corresponding to reductions of 80-95% in GHG emissions. Thus, it is essential to outline the best way to achieve this goal by aligning action in key areas, investing in realistic and cost-effective technological solutions, promoting active citizen participation and ensuring a fair transition.', 'Thus, it is essential to outline the best way to achieve this goal by aligning action in key areas, investing in realistic and cost-effective technological solutions, promoting active citizen participation and ensuring a fair transition. Portugal has shown excellent results in climate policy matters over the past decades, having exceeded the targets set in the Kyoto Protocol and being on course to meet the goals set for 2020 of GHG emission reduction, energy efficiency and promotion of renewable energy sources. Since 2005, the national economy has tended to decouple economic growth from GHG emissions.', 'Since 2005, the national economy has tended to decouple economic growth from GHG emissions. In 2016, the government made a commitment to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050, outlining a clear vision on decarbonisation of the national economy and contributing to the most ambitious objectives under the Paris Agreement.', 'In 2016, the government made a commitment to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050, outlining a clear vision on decarbonisation of the national economy and contributing to the most ambitious objectives under the Paris Agreement. RESOLUTION OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERSLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 To support this commitment, the government decided to draw up a 2050 Carbon Neutrality Roadmap (RNC2050) with the aim of exploring the feasibility of trajectories that lead to carbon neutrality, identifying the main decarbonisation vectors and estimating the carbon reduction potential of various sectors of the national economy, such as energy and industry, mobility and transport, agriculture, forests and other land uses, and waste and wastewater.', 'RESOLUTION OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERSLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 To support this commitment, the government decided to draw up a 2050 Carbon Neutrality Roadmap (RNC2050) with the aim of exploring the feasibility of trajectories that lead to carbon neutrality, identifying the main decarbonisation vectors and estimating the carbon reduction potential of various sectors of the national economy, such as energy and industry, mobility and transport, agriculture, forests and other land uses, and waste and wastewater. Decarbonisation of the economy is an ambitious goal that demands the broad involvement and participation of society as a whole, which is why RNC2050 motivated an unprecedented participatory process of involvement of the main sectors and mobilisation of Portuguese society.', 'Decarbonisation of the economy is an ambitious goal that demands the broad involvement and participation of society as a whole, which is why RNC2050 motivated an unprecedented participatory process of involvement of the main sectors and mobilisation of Portuguese society. RNC2050 shows that there are technologically feasible and economically viable cost-effective means for achieving carbon neutrality. Achieving carbon neutrality will have a positive impact on the economy and job creation, boosts investment and creates greater economic dynamism, while allowing significant savings that lead to equilibrium of the balance of payments. Additionally, it is associated with several positive impacts, such as improved air quality that inevitably translates into health gains.', 'Additionally, it is associated with several positive impacts, such as improved air quality that inevitably translates into health gains. Achieving carbon neutrality by 2050 implies, along with strengthening the carbon sequestration capacity of forests and other land uses, the near-total decarbonisation especially of the power generation system and of urban mobility, as well as profound changes in the way we use energy and resources, focusing on an economy that is based on renewable resources, that uses the resources efficiently and that relies on circular economy models, with special attention to logistic chains, with a modal split that minimises the carbon and energy intensity of short and long-distance freight transport, enhancing the country and promoting national cohesion.', 'Achieving carbon neutrality by 2050 implies, along with strengthening the carbon sequestration capacity of forests and other land uses, the near-total decarbonisation especially of the power generation system and of urban mobility, as well as profound changes in the way we use energy and resources, focusing on an economy that is based on renewable resources, that uses the resources efficiently and that relies on circular economy models, with special attention to logistic chains, with a modal split that minimises the carbon and energy intensity of short and long-distance freight transport, enhancing the country and promoting national cohesion. The proposal is a process that will be truly transformational regarding how one faces some of the most crucial aspects of life in society, in particular as regards production and consumption patterns, the relationship with energy production and use, the way cities and housing, work and leisure spaces are thought of, or the way mobility needs are addressed.', 'The proposal is a process that will be truly transformational regarding how one faces some of the most crucial aspects of life in society, in particular as regards production and consumption patterns, the relationship with energy production and use, the way cities and housing, work and leisure spaces are thought of, or the way mobility needs are addressed. Achieving carbon neutrality by 2050 represents an opportunity for the country to consolidate an inclusive and people-centred model of sustainable development based on innovation, knowledge and competitiveness, while contributing to improving the health and well-being of people and of ecosystems. Achieving carbon neutrality is indeed probably the only way for Portugal to leverage its gains and position itself in a highly competitive international economic environment.', 'Achieving carbon neutrality is indeed probably the only way for Portugal to leverage its gains and position itself in a highly competitive international economic environment. This vision will necessarily have to be translated into various sectoral policy plans and instruments in the areas of energy, transport, industry, trade, services, waste, agriculture and forests. Although greater investment in GHG reduction and energy transition is required over the next decade, this investment will have a high return and the co-benefits will be advantageous to society as a whole. The Portuguese strategy for the transition to a carbon neutral economy is based on a combination of several options of policies and measures, as well as cost-effective technological options, seeking to find synergies between the various options.', 'The Portuguese strategy for the transition to a carbon neutral economy is based on a combination of several options of policies and measures, as well as cost-effective technological options, seeking to find synergies between the various options. Decarbonisation is feasible with current technologies, and the development of new technologies will make it possible to achieve this goal more quickly and effectively than is currently estimated. The development of new technologies and the refinement of existing low carbon technologies requires a significant impetus in innovation and research, which shall be achieved by adopting an ambitious and broad agenda covering all stages of the technology development cycle through to marketing.', 'The development of new technologies and the refinement of existing low carbon technologies requires a significant impetus in innovation and research, which shall be achieved by adopting an ambitious and broad agenda covering all stages of the technology development cycle through to marketing. For this, a large contribution will come from national and European support frameworks for research, innovation and development, which should be geared towards research into new technologies, new business models and the promotion of behavioural changes that will permit further increases in decarbonisation, creating innovative, efficient and “green” solutions with near zero emissions.', 'For this, a large contribution will come from national and European support frameworks for research, innovation and development, which should be geared towards research into new technologies, new business models and the promotion of behavioural changes that will permit further increases in decarbonisation, creating innovative, efficient and “green” solutions with near zero emissions. Achieving the objective of carbon neutrality will entail allocating different financial flows to this objective, notably the next financing cycle under the Multiannual Financial Framework, national funds and directing foreign direct investment towards decarbonisationLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 of the economy and of society and the energy transition, avoiding financing investments that are not in line with this objective and boosting the creation of new clusters in the national territory.', 'Achieving the objective of carbon neutrality will entail allocating different financial flows to this objective, notably the next financing cycle under the Multiannual Financial Framework, national funds and directing foreign direct investment towards decarbonisationLONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 of the economy and of society and the energy transition, avoiding financing investments that are not in line with this objective and boosting the creation of new clusters in the national territory. It is also necessary to examine the economic and social aspects of carbon neutrality, including new clusters and the affected sectors, and to develop policies to, respectively, create conditions for their development and anticipate appropriate territorial or social responses, at the level of education, training and professional retraining, to ensure a fair transition.', 'It is also necessary to examine the economic and social aspects of carbon neutrality, including new clusters and the affected sectors, and to develop policies to, respectively, create conditions for their development and anticipate appropriate territorial or social responses, at the level of education, training and professional retraining, to ensure a fair transition. Therefore: Under the terms of paragraph g) of article 199 of the Constitution, the Council of Ministers resolves: 1. To approve the Roadmap for Carbon Neutrality 2050 (RNC2050), which is in the annex to this resolution and which forms an integral part thereof, adopting the commitment to achieve carbon neutrality in Portugal by 2050, which translates into a neutral balance between greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and carbon sequestration by land use and forests. 2.', 'To approve the Roadmap for Carbon Neutrality 2050 (RNC2050), which is in the annex to this resolution and which forms an integral part thereof, adopting the commitment to achieve carbon neutrality in Portugal by 2050, which translates into a neutral balance between greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and carbon sequestration by land use and forests. 2. To establish the objective, for the purposes of the preceding paragraph, of reducing GHG emissions in Portugal by 85% to 90% by 2050, compared to 2005, and to offset the remaining emissions through land use and forests, to be achieved through a trajectory of emissions reduction between 45% and 55% by 2030, and between 65% and 75% by 2040, compared to 2005. 3.', 'To establish the objective, for the purposes of the preceding paragraph, of reducing GHG emissions in Portugal by 85% to 90% by 2050, compared to 2005, and to offset the remaining emissions through land use and forests, to be achieved through a trajectory of emissions reduction between 45% and 55% by 2030, and between 65% and 75% by 2040, compared to 2005. 3. To establish as the main decarbonisation vectors and lines of action for a carbon neutral society, for the purposes of paragraph 1, the following: a) Decarbonising power generation by eliminating coal-based generation by 2030 and proceeding with full decarbonisation of the power generation system by 2050, counting on renewable endogenous resources; b) Achieving the energy transition by significantly increasing energy efficiency in all sectors of the economy, focusing on incorporating endogenous renewable energy sources into final energy consumption, promoting electrification and adjusting the role of natural gas in the national energy system; c) Progressively decentralising and democratising energy production and highlighting the role of the consumer as an active stakeholder in the energy system; d) Promoting decarbonisation in the residential sector, favouring urban rehabilitation and increased energy efficiency in buildings, fostering progressive electrification of the sector and the use of more efficient equipment, and combating energy poverty; e) Decarbonising mobility, favouring the system of mobility in public transport, through its reinforcement and decarbonisation of fleets, supporting innovative and intelligent solutions for multimodal, active, shared and sustainable mobility, as well as electric mobility and other zero emissions technologies, in addition to reducing the carbon intensity of maritime and air transport, focusing on innovation, efficiency and cleaner and renewable fuels, as well as decarbonisation of short and long-distance freight transport, promoting a logistics chain with a modal split that minimises the carbon and energy intensity of the transport system, reaffirming the role of maritime and inland waterway transport combined with rail freight;LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 f) Promoting the energy transition in industry, the incorporation of low carbon production processes and industrial symbioses, promoting innovation and competitiveness; g) Committing to sustainable agriculture, through a significant expansion of conservation and precision agriculture, substantially reducing emissions associated with livestock and fertiliser use and promoting innovation; h) Encouraging carbon sequestration through active agricultural and forest management, promoting valorisation of the territory; i) Changing the paradigm of resource use in production and consumption, moving away from the linear economic model and moving towards a circular and low carbon economic model; j) Preventing waste generation, increasing recycling rates and reducing waste disposal in landfills very significantly; k) Boosting the participation of cities and local governments in decarbonisation by stimulating an integrated approach to its different vectors, in particular mobility, buildings, services and waste management, and enhancing the role they are beginning to play in mitigating climate change; l) Encouraging research, innovation and the production of knowledge in favour of neutrality in the various sectors of activity; m) Making taxation an instrument of the transition to neutrality by continuing to eliminate environmentally harmful subsidies, reinforcing the application of carbon taxation and promoting higher taxation on resource use, recycling revenues for decarbonisation and fair transition; n) Redirecting financial flows to promote carbon neutrality, in particular by fostering the development of a framework that favours sustainable financing and greater involvement of the financial system, and monitoring it; o) Promoting the involvement of society in the transition, contributing to increased individual and collective action, the adoption of sustainable behaviours and a change in patterns of production and consumption in favour of sustainability, particularly through environmental education and awareness; p) Promoting skills development and (re)qualification directed towards the new opportunities for economic development; q) Encouraging development of the new economy linked to energy transition and decarbonisation, supporting the development of new industrial and service clusters and the generation of new business opportunities; r) Promoting a fair and cohesive transition that valorises the territory, creates wealth, promotes employment and contributes to raising the standards of quality of life in Portugal.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 4.', 'To establish as the main decarbonisation vectors and lines of action for a carbon neutral society, for the purposes of paragraph 1, the following: a) Decarbonising power generation by eliminating coal-based generation by 2030 and proceeding with full decarbonisation of the power generation system by 2050, counting on renewable endogenous resources; b) Achieving the energy transition by significantly increasing energy efficiency in all sectors of the economy, focusing on incorporating endogenous renewable energy sources into final energy consumption, promoting electrification and adjusting the role of natural gas in the national energy system; c) Progressively decentralising and democratising energy production and highlighting the role of the consumer as an active stakeholder in the energy system; d) Promoting decarbonisation in the residential sector, favouring urban rehabilitation and increased energy efficiency in buildings, fostering progressive electrification of the sector and the use of more efficient equipment, and combating energy poverty; e) Decarbonising mobility, favouring the system of mobility in public transport, through its reinforcement and decarbonisation of fleets, supporting innovative and intelligent solutions for multimodal, active, shared and sustainable mobility, as well as electric mobility and other zero emissions technologies, in addition to reducing the carbon intensity of maritime and air transport, focusing on innovation, efficiency and cleaner and renewable fuels, as well as decarbonisation of short and long-distance freight transport, promoting a logistics chain with a modal split that minimises the carbon and energy intensity of the transport system, reaffirming the role of maritime and inland waterway transport combined with rail freight;LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 f) Promoting the energy transition in industry, the incorporation of low carbon production processes and industrial symbioses, promoting innovation and competitiveness; g) Committing to sustainable agriculture, through a significant expansion of conservation and precision agriculture, substantially reducing emissions associated with livestock and fertiliser use and promoting innovation; h) Encouraging carbon sequestration through active agricultural and forest management, promoting valorisation of the territory; i) Changing the paradigm of resource use in production and consumption, moving away from the linear economic model and moving towards a circular and low carbon economic model; j) Preventing waste generation, increasing recycling rates and reducing waste disposal in landfills very significantly; k) Boosting the participation of cities and local governments in decarbonisation by stimulating an integrated approach to its different vectors, in particular mobility, buildings, services and waste management, and enhancing the role they are beginning to play in mitigating climate change; l) Encouraging research, innovation and the production of knowledge in favour of neutrality in the various sectors of activity; m) Making taxation an instrument of the transition to neutrality by continuing to eliminate environmentally harmful subsidies, reinforcing the application of carbon taxation and promoting higher taxation on resource use, recycling revenues for decarbonisation and fair transition; n) Redirecting financial flows to promote carbon neutrality, in particular by fostering the development of a framework that favours sustainable financing and greater involvement of the financial system, and monitoring it; o) Promoting the involvement of society in the transition, contributing to increased individual and collective action, the adoption of sustainable behaviours and a change in patterns of production and consumption in favour of sustainability, particularly through environmental education and awareness; p) Promoting skills development and (re)qualification directed towards the new opportunities for economic development; q) Encouraging development of the new economy linked to energy transition and decarbonisation, supporting the development of new industrial and service clusters and the generation of new business opportunities; r) Promoting a fair and cohesive transition that valorises the territory, creates wealth, promotes employment and contributes to raising the standards of quality of life in Portugal.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 4. To determine that RNC2050 is the long-term low-GHG development strategy to be submitted to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, in accordance with UNFCCC Decision 1/CP.21, and to the European Commission, in accordance with article 15 of Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 of the European Parliament and the Council, dated 11 December 2018.', 'To determine that RNC2050 is the long-term low-GHG development strategy to be submitted to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, in accordance with UNFCCC Decision 1/CP.21, and to the European Commission, in accordance with article 15 of Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 of the European Parliament and the Council, dated 11 December 2018. 5. To establish that the realisation of the policies and measures for effective implementation of the guidelines contained in this resolution and achievement of the emission reduction targets established are carried out within the framework of the Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan, which is reviewed in accordance with Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 of the European Parliament and the Council, dated 11 December 2018. 6.', 'To establish that the realisation of the policies and measures for effective implementation of the guidelines contained in this resolution and achievement of the emission reduction targets established are carried out within the framework of the Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan, which is reviewed in accordance with Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 of the European Parliament and the Council, dated 11 December 2018. 6. To determine that the neutrality objective and decarbonisation vectors identified by RNC2050 shall be included and specified in the development and review of relevant sectoral policies, in liaison with the National System of Policies and Measures, established by Council of Ministers Resolution no.', 'To determine that the neutrality objective and decarbonisation vectors identified by RNC2050 shall be included and specified in the development and review of relevant sectoral policies, in liaison with the National System of Policies and Measures, established by Council of Ministers Resolution no. 56/2015 of 30 July, and the National Inventory System of Emissions and Removal of Air Pollutants, as defined by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers no. 20/2015, of 14 April. 7. To promote the elaboration of regional or inter-municipal carbon neutral roadmaps, consistent with and linked to RNC2050 and also between themselves, that enable a cohesive transition and involve the active participation of entities from different levels of territorial organisation, of regional agents and closer to the citizen. 8.', 'To promote the elaboration of regional or inter-municipal carbon neutral roadmaps, consistent with and linked to RNC2050 and also between themselves, that enable a cohesive transition and involve the active participation of entities from different levels of territorial organisation, of regional agents and closer to the citizen. 8. To establish that monitoring progress towards the goal of carbon neutrality is carried out by the Interministerial Commission for Air, Climate Change and Circular Economy, created by Council of Ministers Resolution no. 56/2015 of 30 July. 9.', 'To establish that monitoring progress towards the goal of carbon neutrality is carried out by the Interministerial Commission for Air, Climate Change and Circular Economy, created by Council of Ministers Resolution no. 56/2015 of 30 July. 9. To determine that RNC2050 is updated every 10 years with a view to incorporate, inter alia, monitoring of the evolution of climate change and important international and European policies, the normal development of society and of the technologies available to the country and the evolution of the cost structure of the technologies considered. 10. To determine that this resolution shall enter into force on the day following its publication.', 'To determine that this resolution shall enter into force on the day following its publication. Presidency of the Council of Ministers, 6 June 2019 The Prime Minister NOTE: The annex referred to is the Roadmap for Carbon Neutrality presented in the first part of this document.Environment Portugal ENGLISH VERSION | 2019']

en-US

QAT

Qatar

1st NDC

2017-06-23 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Qatar%20INDCs%20Report%20-%20Arabic.pdf

Non-Annex I

High-income

Asia

0

MENA

../data/downloaded_documents/62e3312cc227833e926b614c70fd013077ee88e817fa2e079975009bb2866ec6.pdf

['رطق ةلود ةئيبلا ةرازو ريرقت تامهاسملا و ةمزتعملا ينطولا ىوتسملا ىلع ةددحملا ،ربمفون ةيراطإلا ةدحتملا ممألا ةيقافتا ةنامأ ىلإ ينطولا ىوتسملا ىلع ةددحملاو ةمزتعملا ةينطولا تامهاسملا ريرقت ميدقت رطق ةلود رسي نيرارقلا بجومب خانملا ريغت نأشب ( أ م / – ) و ( أ م / – ) رارق عم ىشامتي امبو ( / أ م – ) تاررقمو ئدابمو ل ةيراطإلا ةيقافتالا .يخانملا ريغتل زكترت ةينطولا رطق ةيؤر ةيمنتلاو ةيداصتقالا ةيمنتلا ، ةيعامتجالا ةيمنتلا ، ةيرشبلا ةيمنتلا :يه زئاكر ةعبرأ ىلع ىعستو .ةيئيبلا رطق ةلود نامضل ةيرح طاشنلا يداصتقالا ىلع ساسأ ةلادعلا ةيعامتجالا نواعتلاو نزاوتملا نيب عاطقلا ماعلا ، صاخلا و نم كلذو لجأ قيقحت ةيمنتلا ةيعامتجالا ةيداصتقالاو . نمو لالخ ةزيكرلا ةعبارلا ًاديدحت ، نإف رطق ةلود ىعست ةديرفلا اهتئيب ةيامحو نوصل . ًارظن كلذو ةريبك ةيمهأ ةعبارلا ةزيكرلا هذهلو يف راطإ اهيعس قيقحتل نزاوتلا نيب تاجايتحا ةيمنتلا ةيامحو ، ةئيبلا معدو دوهجلا ةيلودلا فيفختلل نم راثآ ريغت خانملا . ، كلذلو نإف ةلود رطق لماعتت عم راثآلا ةلمتحملا ريغتل خانملا نم لالخ قالطإ ديدعلا نم تامهاسملا ةطشنألاو ةينطولا فورظلا رطق ةلود ةلود ةيمان ( هبش ةريزج ) عقت يف جيلخلا يبرعلا . و عيبط اهت ك هبش ةريزج ةيساق اهنأل ًارظن يناعت نم حش يف هايملا ةحلاصلا برشلل رداصمو اذغلا ء ةيلحملا عم طسوتم ل لوطه راطمألا يونسلا رادقمب ملم طقف . و دمتعت رطق ةلود لكشب يساسأ ىلع ةيلحت هايم رحبلا ةحلاملا صمك رد ل يسيئر هايمل ًةفاضإ ىلإ هايملا ةيفوجلا . نإ ةلود رطق م ةضرع رثأتلل ريبك لكشب عافترال ىوتسم حطس رحبلا و ا تاناضيفل ةيلخادلا ت دق يتلا رمغ ةبسن ٪ نم ةحاسم ،اهيضارأ يف اح نم لقأ رحبلا حطس ىوتسم عافترا ل رتم ، ىلإ ةفاضإ راثآلا ةيبلسلا ىلع ناكسلا نأ ثيح ٪ مهنم نوشيعي يف قطانملا ةيلحاسلا . ةوالعو ىلع ،كلذ نإف ريغت خانملا ي دق ببس ضارقنا ةايحلا تانئاك ضعب ةيرطفلا لثم ناتيحلا نيفالدلاو فحالسلاو ةفاضإلاب ىلإ ببستلا يف ضاضيبا ةيناجرملا بعشلا ديدعلاو نم راثآلا ىرخألا ىلع ةرجه ضعب رويطلاو لئاصفلا ةيرحبلا . ىلع مغرلا نم نأ دراوم يحلا ا ة ةيساسألا ةحيحش ، رطق ةلود نأ الإ معنت دراومب طفنلا زاغلاو و يتلا متي اهمادختسا بلغتلل ىلع ةبوعص شيعلا اهيف . ذنمو كا ت فاش ةينوبركورديهلا دراوملا يف رطق ةلود مهاس طفنلا زاغلاو ةفاضإلاب ىلإ تاعانصلا ةيواميكورتبلا ةطبترملا هب يف ومنلا يداصتقالا يعامتجالاو ةلودلل . ربتعتو ةمظنألا ةيئيبلا ةيرشبلاو ةلودل رطق ةضرع راثآلل ةيبلسلا ريغتل ،خانملا ةفاضإ راثآل ريبادت الا ةباجتس اهفورظل ًارظن ةصاخلا .', 'ذنمو كا ت فاش ةينوبركورديهلا دراوملا يف رطق ةلود مهاس طفنلا زاغلاو ةفاضإلاب ىلإ تاعانصلا ةيواميكورتبلا ةطبترملا هب يف ومنلا يداصتقالا يعامتجالاو ةلودلل . ربتعتو ةمظنألا ةيئيبلا ةيرشبلاو ةلودل رطق ةضرع راثآلل ةيبلسلا ريغتل ،خانملا ةفاضإ راثآل ريبادت الا ةباجتس اهفورظل ًارظن ةصاخلا . نإ ريبادتلا تاسايسلاو ةيلودلا بجي خانملا ريغت نأشب نأ نوكت اقفو خانملا ريغت نأشب ةيراطإلا ةدحتملا ممألا ةيقافتا ماكحأل ا صوصخلا هجو ىلعو ( ةدامل ) ةرقف ( ) ةداملاو ( ) ةرقف ( - )ح و ( ) ليومتلا يف ةيمانلا لودلا ةّيقحأ نمضت نأو .تاردقلا ءانبو ايجولونكتلا لقنو . عم يداصتقالا عيونتلا قيقحت لا عفانم لا ةكرتشم راثآلا فيفخت تاءارجإ يف ةلثمتملا عيونتلا دعي يداصتقالا رطق ةلودل ًامهم ًارمأ نم لجأ ظافحلا ىلع داصتقا خسار يوق و . و ىعست رطق ةلود زيزعتل عيونت اهداصتقا اديعب نع طفنلا زاغلاو و ًاماجسنا عم رارقلا ( / أ م – ) ، ةلود مهاستو رطق لكشب ريغ رشابم يف دوهجلا ةيملاعلا فيفختلل نم ريغت خانملا ربع ريدصت زاغلا يعيبطلا لاسملا ك ةقاط ةفيظن . . ةقاطلا ةءافك اقفو ةيؤرل رطق ةينطولا ، نإف عاطق ةقاطلا ي ذخأ رابتعالاب ةبترتملا راثآلا تايلمع نم ةيمنتلا ريوطتلاو ةئيبلا ىلع . ديدعلا كانهو نم جماربلا عيراشملاو يف ةلودلا ىلإ ىعست يتلا قيقحت ةءافك ةقاطلا و اهتايلمع نيسحت . ىلعو مغرلا نم نأ تاردقلا ايجولونكتلاو ةيلاحلا تسيل ةيفاك معدل روطتلا رطق ةلود نأ الإ يف روط فيظوت دراوملا ةحاتملا قيقحتل ةءافك ةقاطلا . . ةددجتملاو ةفيظنلا ةقاطلا ىلع مغرلا نم ةرفو زاغلا دعي يذلاو ةقاط ةفيظن ، رطق ةلود رمثتست ريبك لكشب يف دراوملا ةيعيبطلا ىرخألا . دقو تلذُب دوهج مادختسال ةقاطلا ةفيظنلا رداصمو ةقاطلا ةددجتملا لثم ةقاطلا ةيسمشلا ةقاطو دوهجلا ىلإ ةفاضإ ،حايرلا يف ديلوت ةقاطلا ةيسمشلا فدهب نأ حبصت دروم ًا يميلقإ ًا ل ةقاطل ةيسمشلا ل ةدلوملا ءابرهكل . عمو ،كلذ ًارظنو ىلإ فورظلا ئيبلا ي ة ةيخانملاو نإف ، ةيساقلا مادختسا ةقاطلا ةددجتملا صمك رد ةقاطلل نكمي دامتعالا هيلع ًايدحت دعُي ًارظن ل ىلع لوصحلا رذعتايجولونكتلا ةمدقتملا ، دعت يتلاو يرورض ة مادختسال هذه رداصملا ةيلاعفب ةءافكو . عمو ،كلذ تأدب ضعب ةينطولا تاهجلا رظنلا يف رداصم ةقاطلا ةيسمشلا ةقاطو حايرلا ديلوتل ءابرهكلا ينابملل لا ةريغص فدهب حتف ديدج قوس ًالمأ يف زيزعت عيونتلا يداصتقالا . نإ مادختسا ةقاطلا ةفيظنلا ةددجتملاو وه ريبادت دحأ فيكتلا عم راثآ ريغت خانملا يذلاو نم هنأش نأ حتفي ةذفان يداصتقالا عونتلل ضيفختو تاثاعبنالا ىلإ فالغلا يوجلا ةمجانلا نع قارتحا دوقولا ، إ ن ضعب رداصم هذه ةقاطلا ةفيظنلا و ةددجتملا ةرفوتم نكلو ال متي نأ نكمي الإ اهلالغتسا ب ريفوت معدلا مزاللا ايجولونكتلا لقن صوصخلا هجو ىلعو . . ريوطتلاو ثحبلا رطق ةلود ةمزتلم ريبك لكشب يف عفد ةلجع ثحبلا ريوطتلاو . دقو ترمثتسا رطق ةلود لكشب ريبك يف ثوحبلا ريوطتلاو اهنم ةديدع تالاجم لوح ةقاطلا ةمادتسملا ، كلذو ًايشامت عم اهتيجيتارتسا ثوحبلل ةينطولا . يرجيو ذيفنت ديدعلا نم ةطشنألا ةيثحبلا يف فلتخم ،تالاجملا نيسحتك فيكت ةئيبلا عم راثآ ريغت ،خانملا لالغتساو ةقاطلا ةفيظنلا ةقاطلاو ،ةددجتملا ليلقتو تاثاعبنالا ىلإ فالغلا يوجلا ريوطتو تاينقتلا وحت يتلا ل تاثاعبنالا ىلإ تاجتنم ةديفم . ذخأتو هذه دوهجلا ةيثحبلا عيونتلاو ، ةيداصتقالا ىودجلا رابتعالا نيعب يداصتقالا ةءافكلاو . . ميلعتلا رطق ةلود رمثتست ريبك لكشب لاجم يف ميلعتلا . دقو تققح تاوطخ ةريبك ليبس يف دادعإ ماظن يميلعت نم زارطلا يملاعلا فدهي ىلإ ءانب عمتجم ًايئيب يعاو .', 'ذخأتو هذه دوهجلا ةيثحبلا عيونتلاو ، ةيداصتقالا ىودجلا رابتعالا نيعب يداصتقالا ةءافكلاو . . ميلعتلا رطق ةلود رمثتست ريبك لكشب لاجم يف ميلعتلا . دقو تققح تاوطخ ةريبك ليبس يف دادعإ ماظن يميلعت نم زارطلا يملاعلا فدهي ىلإ ءانب عمتجم ًايئيب يعاو . ىدل و تاعماجلا قفارملاو ةيثحبلا جمارب روحمتت لوح تاساردلا ةيئيبلا يتلا يطغت ًاضيأ ريغت خانملا ، نم هنإف لامجإلابو لمؤملا ا اذه جتني نأ نيصصختم نيجيرخ ميلعتلا ىلع صرحل يف تامدخلا ةمئاقلا ىلع ةفرعملا ةياعرلاو ةيحصلا تاينقتلاو ءارضخلا . قايسلا تاذ يفو ، ل عيجشت كانه نإف بابشل يرطقلا ةدافتسالل نم صرفلا ةفلتخملا ميلعتلل ام دعب يوناثلا بيردتلاو ، متيو عيجشت هذه لايجألا ةدايزل اهتكراشم يف عاطقلا صاخلا نم لالخ قالطإ لا جمارب بيردت لا ينهم جماربو ءانب تاردقلا امم يدؤيس هرودب ىلإ زيزعت تاردق لا ليج لا ديدج نيسحتو هريكفت ىلع هتردقو ،يليلحتلا راكتبالا ، ةدايرو لامعألا ةمهاسملل يف .ةمادتسملا ةيمنتلاو يخانملا ريغتلا دوهج . ةحايسلا رطق ةلود ىدل ةيجيتارتسا ةليوط دمألا نأشب عفد ةلجع ًامدق ةحايسلا نم لالخ ةلسلس نم ططخلا ةحضاو ملاعملا جماربلاو تاسايسلاو يتلا تعضو اقفو لضفأل تاسرامملا ، ةيلودلا ًاقبطو ينطولا ديعصلا ىلع تارواشملا ةيلمعل . فدهلاو نم هذه ةيجيتارتسالا وه ليلقت دامتعالا ىلع دراوملا ةينوبركورديهلا نم لالخ زيزعت تايجيتارتسا ةحايسلا ،ةمادتسملا كلذكو ةيامحل داصتقا ةلودلا نم تابلقت قوسلا يتلا نكمي نأ رثؤت لكشب ريبك ىلع ومنلا يداصتقالا . . عم فيكتلا تاءارجإ راثآلا فيفخت تاءارجإ يف ةلثمتملا ةكرتشملا عفانملا قيقحت . ةيئاملا دراوملا ةرادإ اقفو ةيؤرل رطق ةينطولا ، لذب مت دقف دوهج عضول ةرادإ رطق ةلود يف دراوملا ىلع راسم مادتسم لايجألل ةمداقلا . ةلود فدهتو رطق زيزعت ىلإ مادختسا تاطحم ةجلاعم هايم فرصلا عفرو اهاوتسم نيسحتل ةيعون هايملا ةجلاعملا و ةدايز معد اهمادختسا ضارغألل ةيعارزلا دحلل نم بلطلا ىلع هايملا ،ةبذعلا يلاتلابو ليلقت كالهتسا دوقولا يف ةيلحت تاطحمهايملا تاثاعبنالاو ةيزاغلا ةطبترملا اهب . ةفاضإلاب ىلإ موقت كلذ رطق ةلود تاردابملاب ةيلاتلا اميف قلعتي ةرادإب دراوملا ةيئاملا : ةظفاحملا ىلع هايملا : نستس ةلود رطق نوناق هايملا ينطولا فدهب لماشلاو ءاشنإ ماظن لماكتم تابلطتمل ،ةدوجلا طباوضو فرصلا غيرفتلاو زفاوحو .ديشرتلل ةيلحت هايم رحبلا : هجتت ةلود رطق وحن لاكشأ رثكأ ةءافك نم ةيلحت هايم ،رحبلا رمثتستو يف ثحبلا ريوطتلاو تاينقتلل ،ةديدجلا امب يف كلذ مادختسا ةقاطلا ةددجتملا دادمإل تاطحم ةيلحتلا ةقاطلاب . هذهو تاينقتلا ةديدجلا ليلقت اهنأش نم راثآلا ةيئيبلا عيراشمل ةيلحت هايم رحبلا . دقو نم ديدعلا تيرجأ ةطشنأ ثحبلا ريوطتلاو لوح ريوطت تاينقت ةيلحت هايملا مادختساو ةقاطلا ةددجتملا ةيلحتل ةجلاعمو هايملا يف رطق . . ةيتحتلا ةينبلا تالصاوملاو ًايلاح يرجي نيسحت ةينبلا ةيتحتلا ةلود يف ،رطق هجوتلاو وحن فيكتلا لاعفلا ريبادتو فيفختلا دحلل نم راثآ ريغت خانملا ةدع كانهو عيراشم مدخت اذه فدهلا . ةلود ترفو دقو رطق لئاسو لقنلا ماعلا دحلل نم بلطلا ىلع تابكرملا ةصاخلا هيجوتو ناكسلا وحن لئاسو مادختسا لقنلا قرطلاو ماعلا ةعيرسلا يتلا نم اهنأش زيزعت قفدت ةكرح رورملا جراخ اهليوحتو ندملا . قرطلا نإف يلاتلابو ةيلحملا فرصلا جمانربو يحصلا نم عقوتملا ززعي نأ ةكبش هايم برشلا فرصلاو يحصلا تافلخمو يراجملا ةجلاعملا . ةلود ىدلو ًاضيأ رطق تامدخ صحف ميظنت اهنأش نم يتلاو تارايسلا تاثاعبنالا نم تابكرملا . لصاوتو نيسحت رطق ةلود ريياعم تاثاعبنالا تارايسلل ،ةديدجلا اقفو ريياعمل تاثاعبنالا ةيميلقإلا ةيملاعلاو . . تايافنلا ةرادإ ةلود مدختست رطق لضفأ لا تاينقت ةرفوتملا ةجلاعم يف تايافنلا يتلاو جلاعت مظعم تايافنلا يتلا متي اهعمج ديلوتل ةيمك ةريبك نم ةقاطلا ةفيظنلا . زكرتتو دوهجلا ىلع دامتعا ةيجيتارتسا ءاوتحال تايوتسم تايافنلا ةجتانلا نع ،لزانملا عقاوملاو ةيراجتلا تاعانصلاو . نيسحتلو ةرادإ ،تايافنلا تأشنأ ةموكحلا ًالسلست ًايمره نم تاءارجإلا فيفختلل نم طغضلا ىلع ةئيبلا ليلقتلاو ةداعإو مادختسالا وأ ةداعإ ريودت تايافنلا ةدلوتملا ةفاضإلاب ىلإ دحلا نم تاثاعبنا زاغ ناثيملا . ىدلو قفارم ةرادإ تايافنلا ةردقلا ىلع ليوحت تايافنلا ىلإ ةقاط . نمو ت ررقملا ميظن جمارب ةيوعوت ةدايزل يعولا ةيلوؤسملاب ةكرتشملا هاجت ةئيبلا . . لا ت يعو ة نكمي قيقحت ةئيب ةمادتسم نم لالخ كارشإ عمتجملا . ،كلذلو يراج ذيفنت جمارب ةيوعوت لجأل رشن ةركف مادختسا ةزهجألا لقألا كالهتسالا تاذ ةقاطلل تآشنملاو ةءافك نامضل ةممصملا ةقاطلا نم لالخ ةمظنأ لزعلا يرارحلا . فدهتو هذه جماربلا ىلإ فيكتلا عم راثآ ريغت خانملا فيفختو تاثاعبنالا اهرابتعاب ةعفنم ،ةكرتشم نم لالخ ةدايز يعولا ةيلوؤسملاب ةكرتشملا هاجت ،ةئيبلا ابنج ىلإ بنج عم ريوطت فقاوملا ميقلاو ةيئيبلا ةيباجيإلا ةباجتسالا ريبادت ًارظن ةلود دامتعال رطق ىلع تارداص طفنلا ،زاغلاو كانه ةلاح نم مدع نيقيلا نم ريثأتلا لمتحملا نم ذيفنت ريبادت ةباجتسالا ريغتل خانملا يتلا دق رثؤت ًابلس ىلع ةناتم داصتقالا يرطقلا ةدوج و ةايح ناكسلا .', '،كلذلو يراج ذيفنت جمارب ةيوعوت لجأل رشن ةركف مادختسا ةزهجألا لقألا كالهتسالا تاذ ةقاطلل تآشنملاو ةءافك نامضل ةممصملا ةقاطلا نم لالخ ةمظنأ لزعلا يرارحلا . فدهتو هذه جماربلا ىلإ فيكتلا عم راثآ ريغت خانملا فيفختو تاثاعبنالا اهرابتعاب ةعفنم ،ةكرتشم نم لالخ ةدايز يعولا ةيلوؤسملاب ةكرتشملا هاجت ،ةئيبلا ابنج ىلإ بنج عم ريوطت فقاوملا ميقلاو ةيئيبلا ةيباجيإلا ةباجتسالا ريبادت ًارظن ةلود دامتعال رطق ىلع تارداص طفنلا ،زاغلاو كانه ةلاح نم مدع نيقيلا نم ريثأتلا لمتحملا نم ذيفنت ريبادت ةباجتسالا ريغتل خانملا يتلا دق رثؤت ًابلس ىلع ةناتم داصتقالا يرطقلا ةدوج و ةايح ناكسلا . ،يلاتلابو يرورضلا نم هنإف مييقت رطق ةلود ىلع ةلمتحم راثآ يأ يدافتل ريبادتلا هذه ةيمهأ عم نواعتلا يلودلا لاجملا اذه يف ل قيقحت فادهأ ةيمنتلا ةمادتسملا امب ىشامتي عم ئدابم ماكحأو ةيقافتالا صخألابو ةداملا ( ) . . ينمزلا راطإلا تامهاسملا يطغت و ةمزتعملا ةرتفلا ريرقتلا اذه يف ةيعوطلا ةددحملا ىلإ ، .ةينطولا ةيؤرلا عم ىشامتي امب . زرحملا مدقتلا نع غالبإلاو دصرلا مت ءاشنإ ةرادا ةصصخم ريغتل خانملا يف ةرازو ةئيبلا زيزعتل ةرادإ عوضوم ريغت خانملا ىلع ىوتسملا ينطولا و عضو عمجل ةيلآ تانايبلا دادعإو يف زرحملا مدقتلا عبتتل ققحتلاو غالبإلاو دصرلل ينطولا ماظنلا اذه مادختسا نكميو .ريراقتلا تامهاسملا ريرقت نم فدهلا قيقحت وحن ًامدق عفدلا اهنأش نم يتلا عيراشملاو لامعألا و ةمزتعملا ىوتسملا ىلع ةددحملا .ينطولا . حومطلاو ةلادعلا تامهاسملا ريرقت دنتسي ا ةمزتعمل ينطولا ىوتسملا ىلع ةددحملاو ( ةرقفلا صخألابو ةيقافتالا ئدابمو ماكحأ ىلع نم ) ( ةداملا ) ، ةداملاو ( ) ( ةرقف ) و ( - )ح و ( .) تلا ةينطولا ططخلاو تاءارجالا عيمج ةيعوط ريرقتلا اذه يف اهركذ مت ي ، معدلاو ذيفنتلا لئاسو و ئدابمل ًاقفو نوكتس ماكحأو ةيقافتا ممألا ةدحتملا ةيراطإلا نأشب ريغت خانملا صوصخلا هجو ىلعو ةداملا ( ( ةرقف ) ) ، ( ةداملاو ةرقف ) ( .) ظفتحت رطق ةلود قحلاب يف ثيدحتلاو ليصفتلا نم ديزم ل اسملا ريرقت تامه ةمزتعملا ينطولا ىوتسملا ىلع ةددحملاو امب ىشامتي عم اهفورظ ةينطولا ةصاخلا ، تابلطتمو ةيمنتلا ةمادتسملا ةيغب بنجت ةيداصتقالا راثآلا ةيعامتجالاو ريبادتل ةباجتسالا .']

ar-SA

QAT

Qatar

Updated NDC

2021-08-24 00:00:00

x

NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Qatar%20NDC.pdf

Non-Annex I

High-income

Asia

0

MENA

../data/downloaded_documents/75a3efe11325e910eb090af953c53cb8e44bec98ac4b0101ce4ab88f742c022a.pdf

['State of Qatar Ministry of Municipality and Environment Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC)Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 1. Executive summary: The State of Qatar is pleased to communicate its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in accordance with decisions 1/CP.19, 1/CP.20 & in line with decision 24/CP.18 and the provisions and principles of UNFCCC. The Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC), communicated in 2015, was designed to reflect a balanced approach where adaptation, economic diversification, and mitigations were given equal treatment as suggested by Article 4.7 and Article 7 of the Paris Agreement (PA). This current communication reflects an enhanced ambition by the State of Qatar towards reducing its overall emissions in response to the guidance set forth in Article 4.4 of the Paris Agreement.', 'This current communication reflects an enhanced ambition by the State of Qatar towards reducing its overall emissions in response to the guidance set forth in Article 4.4 of the Paris Agreement. Qatar intends to reduce 25% of its GHG emissions by the year 2030, relative to baseline scenario {Business- As-Usual (BAU)}. For the past several decades, Qatar has maintained a pioneering role in the international efforts to tackle climate change & promote sustainable development through the export of natural gas and its derivatives to the world’s energy market. These fuels are cleaner & efficient energy sources compared to conventional fuels. They contribute to both, CO2 emission reduction & improvement of air quality conditions.', 'They contribute to both, CO2 emission reduction & improvement of air quality conditions. In accordance with PA Article 4.8 and Decisions 1/CP.21, 4/CMA.1, Qatar stands firm in its commitment to the Paris Agreement and is determined to pursue its ambition and actions for climate adaptation and mitigation as per its national circumstances and capability. The pertinent information to that effect are listed as follows: 1 Reference base year 2019 3 Sector coverage: Economic diversification & Adaptation Measures with Mitigation Co- Benefits. Energy including transport & downstream industries; building & construction industry, water management, waste, and infrastructure. 4 Emission reduction ambition.', 'Energy including transport & downstream industries; building & construction industry, water management, waste, and infrastructure. 4 Emission reduction ambition. The reduction of 25% in GHG emissions for the year 2030, relative to BAU scenario is consistent with provisions stipulated in Articles 4.3, 4.4 and 4.7 of PA. Also, Article 6 is considered in the implementation. 5 BAU and NDC target scenarios The BAU scenario starts in the year 2019 and considers mitigation measures implemented by the State of Qatar until the end of 2019. The NDC target scenario represents a deviation from the BAU, accounting for implemented and planned measures for the period 2020- 2030.', 'The NDC target scenario represents a deviation from the BAU, accounting for implemented and planned measures for the period 2020- 2030. 6 Consistency with IPCC guidelines and methodologies Greenhouse gases covered: Carbon dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), Nitrous Oxide (N2O).Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Methodologies to be followed are based on the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. 7 Fairness and ambition of NDC based on national circumstances Qatar is a low GHG emitting country. Historically it has been actively participating in the global efforts to address climate change through provision of cleaner natural gas fuels to the global energy market, thereby reducing the international consumption of carbon intensive alternatives. The Qatari economy is highly dependent on natural gas export revenues.', 'The Qatari economy is highly dependent on natural gas export revenues. This makes Qatar vulnerable to the negative impacts of response measures as well as the impact of climate change and its adverse effects (Art. 4.8 of the Convention). 8 Contribution to the accomplishment of the objective of Article 2 of the convention. Through the mitigation measures by 2030 and considering the socio-economic development objectives, Qatar will contribute on an equitable basis to the achievement of the objective of Article 2 of the convention. 2. National Circumstances Qatar is a developing country, a small peninsula in the Western part of the Arabian Gulf. Climatic conditions are extreme due to the prevailing desert environment with an average annual rainfall of less than 80 mm, with significant inter-annual variations.', 'Climatic conditions are extreme due to the prevailing desert environment with an average annual rainfall of less than 80 mm, with significant inter-annual variations. This results in a scarcity of drinkable water and local food supply. The state depends highly on the desalination of seawater as the main water source for urban needs in addition to a limited reserve of ground water that’s used for irrigation purposes. Although the essential living resources are rare, Qatar is blessed with vast natural gas resources that are being used to overcome the living difficulty on this land.', 'Although the essential living resources are rare, Qatar is blessed with vast natural gas resources that are being used to overcome the living difficulty on this land. Since the exploration of hydrocarbons in Qatar, the oil & natural gas sector, together with the petrochemical sector have been the key contributors to the economic and social growth of the state and welfare of the population. Qatar’s economic prosperity depends on the oil & gas sector since it contributes a large portion of the GDP. At the same time, the oil & gas sector is also the leading contributor to domestic GHG emissions. Consequently, balancing economic stability and environmental sustainability will be essential for long-term success in the mitigation of climate change.', 'Consequently, balancing economic stability and environmental sustainability will be essential for long-term success in the mitigation of climate change. Transition to a more sustainable economy is essential without jeopardizing the economic prosperity of the nation. Given its geographic location, Qatar is likely to suffer from severe consequences of global warming. Under the major impact of climate change, Qatar is extremely vulnerable to rising sea level and air temperature increase, leading to inland flooding and heat exhaustion of its population, in addition to the potential risks to the marine biodiversity, food security, loss and damage due to climate change. Sea level rise receives most of the government attention because of the large coastal population at risk of inundation (particularly during extreme sea level events).', 'Sea level rise receives most of the government attention because of the large coastal population at risk of inundation (particularly during extreme sea level events). Subsequently, climate change alsoNationally Determined Contribution (NDC) poses a threat to the tourism industry of Qatar, largely due to the increase in temperature and frequency of dust storms. Qatar’s ecology, environmental resources, infrastructure and human systems are vulnerable to the adverse impact of climate change, the latter includes coastal and offshore installations such as power and water cogeneration facilities, and the oil & gas infrastructure. Moreover, the State’s economy is also impacted by the response measures.', 'Moreover, the State’s economy is also impacted by the response measures. In view of this, the international climate change measures and policies are guided by the provisions of the UNFCCC, particularly Article 3 paragraph 2 and Article 4 paragraph 8 (e & h) and Article 4 paragraph 10.3. 3. Economic Diversification with Mitigation Co-benefits Historically, Qatar’s economy has been driven by the availability of hydrocarbon resources. However, to maintain development and sustainable growth, a national vision was adopted to diversify the economy and build a skilled society capable of sustaining its own development and ensuring a high living standard. Qatar’s National Vision 2030 (QNV 2030) and Qatar’s National Development Strategy (NDS-1 & NDS-2) lay a strong emphasis on economic diversification and sustainable development.', 'Qatar’s National Vision 2030 (QNV 2030) and Qatar’s National Development Strategy (NDS-1 & NDS-2) lay a strong emphasis on economic diversification and sustainable development. Some of the key areas for diversification with mitigation co-benefits are stated below: a) Oil & Gas The oil & gas sector constitutes the backbone of Qatar’s economy. It encompasses the entire spectrum of the oil & gas value chain. This includes the exploration, production, processing, marketing and sales of oil & gas, liquefied natural gas (LNG), natural gas liquids (NGL), gas to liquids (GTL) products, refined products, petrochemicals, and fertilizers, steel and aluminum. The State has already initiated several measures to make its oil & gas sector more sustainable.', 'The State has already initiated several measures to make its oil & gas sector more sustainable. The Al Shaheen flare reduction project (one of the world’s largest) and the Jetty boil-off gas recovery project have laid solid foundations towards emission reduction. The Al-Shaheen Oil Field Gas Recovery and Utilization Project has been registered as a Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) project since 2007 for 21 years within the framework of the Kyoto Protocol. The project received approval from the UNFCCC for the seven-year crediting period from 2014 to 2021, and it is expected to abate approximately 1.2 million tons of CO2 each year during this period.', 'The project received approval from the UNFCCC for the seven-year crediting period from 2014 to 2021, and it is expected to abate approximately 1.2 million tons of CO2 each year during this period. The national oil company, Qatar Petroleum (QP), is committed to zero routine flaring by 2030, with a long-term goal to reduce flaring in onshore facilities to the absolute minimum. Technically feasible non-routine flaring is also covered. Carbon capture storage (CCS) will be another pivotal measure for reducing the GHG emissions from the sector. Qatar commissioned the largest CO2 recovery and sequestration facility in the MENA region at Ras Laffan in 2019 with a design capacity of 2.2 MTPA of CO2 capture and storage.', 'Qatar commissioned the largest CO2 recovery and sequestration facility in the MENA region at Ras Laffan in 2019 with a design capacity of 2.2 MTPA of CO2 capture and storage. CCS is included for new LNG facilities and concepts, for remaining LNG facilities will be developed and implemented considering the economic, safety and environmental concerns. QP signed a set of Guiding Principles on 22 March 2018 that aim to reduce methane emissions across the natural gas value chain stretching from production to the final consumer. The principles aim to continuously curb methane emissions, stimulate strong performance across gas value chains, enhanceNationally Determined Contribution (NDC) the accuracy of methane emissions data, advance sound policies and regulations on methane emissions, and to increase transparency.', 'The principles aim to continuously curb methane emissions, stimulate strong performance across gas value chains, enhanceNationally Determined Contribution (NDC) the accuracy of methane emissions data, advance sound policies and regulations on methane emissions, and to increase transparency. In 2019, Qatar Petroleum introduced the smart leak detection and repair program (LDAR) in all upstream and downstream facilities of the oil & gas industry. Qatar further plans to move towards a fully integrated fugitive methane monitoring and repair program across all assets. Qatar is enhancing energy efficiency in the oil & gas sector as a key measure to reduce GHG emissions. The energy efficiency program includes several projects that are allocated in upstream facilities as well as gas-to-liquid and downstream facilities.', 'The energy efficiency program includes several projects that are allocated in upstream facilities as well as gas-to-liquid and downstream facilities. Amongst the variety of measures in energy efficiency, certain initiatives are aimed to be implemented by 2025, e.g., seasonal optimization of gas turbine generators and boilers, improved measurement / balancing for fuel gas / steam, and improved reliability of heat recovery steam generator (HRSGs). Furthermore, through innovative technologies and processes such as energy efficiency performance monitoring, improved reliability of waste heat recovery systems and recycling of excess fuel gas/off gas are also addressed. Qatar also plans to efficiently utilize its power plant capacities by usage in other upstream facilities or feed-in from GTL (gas-to-liquid) facilities to its utility distribution / transmission grid.', 'Qatar also plans to efficiently utilize its power plant capacities by usage in other upstream facilities or feed-in from GTL (gas-to-liquid) facilities to its utility distribution / transmission grid. Electrical generation capacity shall be shared and optimized across all upstream facilities. This would allow more efficient dispatch of generating capacity and keep the units closer to their most efficient operating levels, thereby reducing gas consumption and GHG emissions. b) Power & Water Most of Qatar’s power production comes from natural gas resources. Urban water supply is mostly drawn from sea water desalination facilities, often using energy-intensive technologies i.e. Multi- Stage Flash (MSF) & Reverse Osmosis (R/O) methods.', 'Multi- Stage Flash (MSF) & Reverse Osmosis (R/O) methods. Nevertheless, recently Qatar has made significant progress in reducing the emissions from the power & water sector, by introducing its first 800 MW solar power plant, which shall be operational soon. It is the goal of the State of Qatar to expand these efforts and transform renewable energy into a key driver for ecological and commercial benefits. However, renewable energy solar power projects are facing considerable technical challenges related to the arid and dusty climatic conditions, grid stability issues in the integration with the existing system, reliability, power quality & control issues, etc.', 'However, renewable energy solar power projects are facing considerable technical challenges related to the arid and dusty climatic conditions, grid stability issues in the integration with the existing system, reliability, power quality & control issues, etc. The National Program for Conservative & Efficient use of Water & Electricity (Tarsheed) has been successful in generating a lasting awareness over the issue of water and energy wastage, especially among the youth, and in reducing consumption of electricity & water per capita. It has ambitious aims for further reductions. Led by Qatar Foundation, Education City and the Qatar Green Building Council, efforts are being made to enhance the demand-side energy efficiency, energy savings, and local energy generation through rooftops solar panels.', 'Led by Qatar Foundation, Education City and the Qatar Green Building Council, efforts are being made to enhance the demand-side energy efficiency, energy savings, and local energy generation through rooftops solar panels. So far, the Tarsheed program has been successful in optimizing consumption of electricity & water and has ambitious aims for further reductions. Energy efficiency measures such as district cooling and energy labeling for all electronic devices are systematically being deployed and play a growing role in the national economic diversification strategy by reducing energy intensity and the need for energy subsidies, while also mitigating the overall GHG emissions of households and small & medium enterprises.', 'Energy efficiency measures such as district cooling and energy labeling for all electronic devices are systematically being deployed and play a growing role in the national economic diversification strategy by reducing energy intensity and the need for energy subsidies, while also mitigating the overall GHG emissions of households and small & medium enterprises. Qatar has implemented several specification improvement standards for electrical and electronic equipment such as air conditioners resulting in significant savings in electricity consumption. Parallel to the multitude ofNationally Determined Contribution (NDC) energy conservation measures, Qatar has also introduced several water-conservation measures which will significantly improve the ecological footprint of the sector.', 'Parallel to the multitude ofNationally Determined Contribution (NDC) energy conservation measures, Qatar has also introduced several water-conservation measures which will significantly improve the ecological footprint of the sector. The initiative to phase out incandescent lamps and adoption of Energy Efficient lighting has contributed in a major way for conservation of Energy and thereby GHG emissions reduction in the State of Qatar. Qatar is considered a pioneer in the field of district cooling (DC). District cooling relies on large- scale centralized cooling that provides a wide spectrum of savings in energy consumption and infrastructure. It consequently reduces impact on the environment. The DC system operations are essentially linked to the electricity and water consumption.', 'The DC system operations are essentially linked to the electricity and water consumption. The continuous improvements in both electricity and water management practices substantially contribute to the environmental sustainability of the receiving housing and public buildings. Lastly, Qatar has continuously strived to upgrade its sewage treatment plants to produce treated effluents suitable for purposes such as landscaping, fodder crops irrigation, district cooling, construction industry use, etc. c) Transportation The transportation sector in Qatar has been earmarked for rapid modernization. The Doha Metro and Lusail Tram are major milestones in the development of public transportation and subsequent reduction of emissions from this sector. The level 3 accreditation status for Hamad International Airport is another major initiative towards sustainability.', 'The level 3 accreditation status for Hamad International Airport is another major initiative towards sustainability. The country has also taken significant strides to adopt electrification of on-road vehicles by committing to electrify its public transport system and investing in installation of charging infrastructure across the country. Transition from ICE vehicles to EV and providing necessary infrastructure for EV chargers will contribute in a major way for GHG reduction and thereby NDC goals. Electrification has also been adopted in port operations e.g. reducing emissions at Hamad port using electric tractors. Going forward, gradual adoption of Euro 6 emission standards for vehicles and promoting a shift towards electric vehicles for private use shall constitute key initiatives to reduce emissions from the transportation sector.', 'Going forward, gradual adoption of Euro 6 emission standards for vehicles and promoting a shift towards electric vehicles for private use shall constitute key initiatives to reduce emissions from the transportation sector. d) Building, Construction & Industry Qatar has been transforming its building standards towards higher sustainability levels through the adoption of the Global Sustainability Assessment System (GSAS) standards. The number of projects registered for GSAS certifications has been rapidly increasing thereby facilitating the transition towards green buildings. The Qatar Green Building Council has been advising hotels on higher environmental standards for energy and water savings, and has certified an increasing number of hotels, in line with the new hotel classification system implemented by the Qatar Tourism Authority (QTA) which has set new and higher sustainability standard.', 'The Qatar Green Building Council has been advising hotels on higher environmental standards for energy and water savings, and has certified an increasing number of hotels, in line with the new hotel classification system implemented by the Qatar Tourism Authority (QTA) which has set new and higher sustainability standard. Hamad International airport is another success example of the recent GSAS implementation initiative. In its plans for the second expansion phase, the terminal building will be the first airport in the MENA region to achieve a 4-star Global Sustainability Assessment System (GSAS) rating, which is the first performance-based system in the MENA region, developed for rating the green buildings andNationally Determined Contribution (NDC) infrastructures.', 'In its plans for the second expansion phase, the terminal building will be the first airport in the MENA region to achieve a 4-star Global Sustainability Assessment System (GSAS) rating, which is the first performance-based system in the MENA region, developed for rating the green buildings andNationally Determined Contribution (NDC) infrastructures. The terminal will also be a LEED Silver certified building with innovative measures of energy efficiency across the entire building. A steadily growing number of projects to install solar panels on residential buildings are being undertaken by the private sector. Qatar plans to promote decentralized renewable energy production and use in buildings while also making more efficient their energy consumption.', 'Qatar plans to promote decentralized renewable energy production and use in buildings while also making more efficient their energy consumption. The ongoing development of Lusail city is Qatar’s main initiative concerning smart and sustainable cities with centralized water, cooling, waste, and transport systems as well as solar energy production. Qatar has been making a steady progress towards attaining circular economy in the construction sector by implementing recycling and re-using construction waste and the government further plans to explore the use of environment friendly battery-powered generators for construction activities. e) Research and Development Research and development initiatives in climate change in Qatar are conducted by a number of universities and institutions.', 'e) Research and Development Research and development initiatives in climate change in Qatar are conducted by a number of universities and institutions. Qatar University (QU), the nation’s first university, has been doing its fair share in the field of environmental science & sustainable development. QU established the Environmental Science Center (ESC) in 1980 for preserving its rich marine and terrestrial biodiversity & cultural heritage. QU also has the Center for Sustainable Development (CSD) which focuses on research related to Food and Water Security, Renewable Energy, Natural Resource Governance, Algal Technologies, and Waste Management. Equally, QU has a rich undergraduate and graduate program covering environmental science and engineering in addition to sustainable development.', 'Equally, QU has a rich undergraduate and graduate program covering environmental science and engineering in addition to sustainable development. Most recently, the University established its academic publishing house, namely the QU Press, which also signed the UN’s SDG Publishers Compact. QU Press puts the subject of environment among its priority publishing programs. Similar research activities are also conducted at Hamad Bin Khalifa University & its affiliated research institute, Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), has released the first Qatar Solar Atlas, a tool that quantifies the country’s solar resource and geographical distribution as a first step towards accelerating the use of more solar energy across the country.', 'Similar research activities are also conducted at Hamad Bin Khalifa University & its affiliated research institute, Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), has released the first Qatar Solar Atlas, a tool that quantifies the country’s solar resource and geographical distribution as a first step towards accelerating the use of more solar energy across the country. In addition, the recent Air Quality Index and Inhalable Particulates Index to provide the local population with information on gas and particulate emissions in Qatar. Partnered efforts, with international research centers, are being made to develop economic ways of harnessing solar energy through both fundamental and applied research on materials.', 'Partnered efforts, with international research centers, are being made to develop economic ways of harnessing solar energy through both fundamental and applied research on materials. The Qatar Research, Development and Innovation Council (QRDI) focuses on key topics of sustainability in Qatar’s energy sector and in management of environmental, food and water resources. Meanwhile, the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF) is funding research for an efficient carbon management system at the national scale.', 'Meanwhile, the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF) is funding research for an efficient carbon management system at the national scale. The R&D stakeholders (universities, research institutes and private labs) are equally playing a vital role in spreading awareness on the topic of economic diversification by dedicating efforts to relevant research projects and prioritizing research topics, such as the development of the energy, water and food nexus economy.Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) f) Education Educational institutions are a key player in the steering and implementation of the national long-term climate change strategies via research, technology development, policies and regulatory frameworks, monitoring, measurements, evaluation, and incentive schemes. Education and awareness are key to changing the ongoing practices, fight climate change, adapt to it, and attract new talents.', 'Education and awareness are key to changing the ongoing practices, fight climate change, adapt to it, and attract new talents. Since 1994, the Ministry of Education and Higher Education has introduced the “Eco School programs” initiative which promotes environmental education and awareness in primary and secondary levels. This is realized through parts of the curriculum covering climate change in combination with extracurricular activities. Building upon this legacy, the Ministry has also established a committee for sustainable development to enhance all activities in this sphere and address climate change through education. On a more applied level, the state of Qatar is eager to foster climate change education throughout the daily routines of educational institutions.', 'On a more applied level, the state of Qatar is eager to foster climate change education throughout the daily routines of educational institutions. This is illustrated by the plan for enhancing teachers’ training on climate change topics in order to enable educators to present the topics of sustainability and environmental development in an appealing manner to students, and to foster behavioral changes in the long-term. Also, all major university campuses in Qatar feature solar panels on building rooftops and policies to reduce energy consumption. Qatar Foundation (QF) is developing green campus and housing facilities which have a direct impact on the ecological footprint of facilities and additionally increases awareness and consciousness of students.', 'Qatar Foundation (QF) is developing green campus and housing facilities which have a direct impact on the ecological footprint of facilities and additionally increases awareness and consciousness of students. Further projects include initiatives such as awareness campaigns advocating for banning single-use plastics in society and annual collection campaigns. By means of initiatives like these, the State of Qatar is developing a generation that is aware of climate change and capable of limiting its own carbon footprint and to develop sustainable countermeasures. Also, the Education City in QF, which is an extensive campus with a world class national library, several branches of leading international universities, schools and research centers, has been developing a strategy to implement solutions for a more sustainable educational complex.', 'Also, the Education City in QF, which is an extensive campus with a world class national library, several branches of leading international universities, schools and research centers, has been developing a strategy to implement solutions for a more sustainable educational complex. The Education City tram, for instance, now connects 24 designated tram stations across 11.5 km and runs on hybrid energy storage (HES). Moreover, non-educational institutions, such as the Supreme Committee for Delivery and Legacy (SC) and Kahramaa, play an active role in spreading awareness and raising the level of responsibility about climate change and matters related to it within the community, with a strong focus on youth.', 'Moreover, non-educational institutions, such as the Supreme Committee for Delivery and Legacy (SC) and Kahramaa, play an active role in spreading awareness and raising the level of responsibility about climate change and matters related to it within the community, with a strong focus on youth. g) Tourism Tourism is another key sector identified by Qatar to diversify its economy beyond the oil & gas sector and increase private sector participation in the national economy. Qatar’s long-term strategy to develop tourism in the country has already yielded dividends with increases in the number of tourists in the country from all over the world.', 'Qatar’s long-term strategy to develop tourism in the country has already yielded dividends with increases in the number of tourists in the country from all over the world. The development of the country’s first eco-resorts and major events like the FIFA World Cup 2022 and the Asian Games 2030 are set to further enhance the touristic appeal of the country while driving its socio-economic growth in a sustainable manner. Qatar’s tourism strategy promotes sustainable tourism and aims to reduce dependence on hydrocarbon resources for economic growth.Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 4. Adaptation actions with Mitigation Co-benefits a) Water Management Qatar depends mostly on seawater desalination for urban water supply, often using energy-intensive technologies.', 'Adaptation actions with Mitigation Co-benefits a) Water Management Qatar depends mostly on seawater desalination for urban water supply, often using energy-intensive technologies. In the future, it is essential to reduce the consumption of both power and water per capita and use less energy-intensive technologies throughout the entire value stream. Qatar has also introduced several water-conservation measures which will significantly improve the ecological footprint of the sector. Most initiatives were started in 2015 and are ongoing, therefore considerable savings have been achieved, which will continue to improve the ecological footprint of the country.', 'Most initiatives were started in 2015 and are ongoing, therefore considerable savings have been achieved, which will continue to improve the ecological footprint of the country. Besides the implementation of a new and ambitious water conservation regulation, several other measures have been started, e.g., increasing awareness via messages to residential customers with high consumption, retrofitting and replacing aerators in governmental facilities and switching to treated sewage effluent (TSE) for irrigation in parks. Additionally, savings are increasingly made by using recycled water in district cooling, the construction industry, and for a growing number of other usages. Efficient water management is a key adaptation measure. Therefore, Qatar has also invested significantly in this field.', 'Therefore, Qatar has also invested significantly in this field. As a result, treated sewage effluent (TSE) volume in 2015 amounted to 194 million cubic meters or around 98.2% of total wastewater. Nearly 66 million m3 were used in agriculture, around 31 million m3 in the irrigation of green landscapes and public parks, and about 57 million m3 in deep injection into the non-freshwater aquifer. Moreover, as part of the development of Qatar’s Water Plan and Strategy, the National Water Policy was developed as the draft of the National Water Law and its executive by-law have been finalized. Furthermore, a draft law to regulate groundwater wells drilling has been completed.', 'Furthermore, a draft law to regulate groundwater wells drilling has been completed. On biodiversity, Qatar is restoring marine habitats, particularly growing mangrove trees, and planting indigenous trees in urban areas and hence increasing the potential for carbon sequestration. b) Infrastructure Qatar has committed itself to formulating a comprehensive urban development plan and a sustainable urbanization and population distribution policy. The plan, which comprises detailed strategies and operational aspects, is guided by the National Vision 2030 as a general framework. The potential impacts of climate change on the Qatari coastal zone areas is currently being studied.', 'The potential impacts of climate change on the Qatari coastal zone areas is currently being studied. A detailed analysis is carried out combining climate information based on historical trends for short- term time horizons and projections of mean sea level rise by the end of the century. Sea level rise is considered the main driver of change but not the only one in the analysis. The results of the impacts of climate change along the Qatari coast for the horizon years 2040 and 2100 is based on the analysis of the future changes of several coastal impact indicators. The adaptation studies focused on identifying the most relevant socio-economic systems, natural ecosystems, and the most pertinent coastal impacts affecting the identified systems.', 'The adaptation studies focused on identifying the most relevant socio-economic systems, natural ecosystems, and the most pertinent coastal impacts affecting the identified systems. Also, the evaluation of the coastal impact indicators, and ranking of the values in four levels (negligible, low,Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) medium and high), based on a threshold of future changes previously defined are conducted. The principal impacts considered to affect the systems above are flooding, erosion, port operations, structural reliability, and coral bleaching. The drivers responsible for these impacts are changes in waves, storm surge, mean sea level, wind intensity, and sea surface temperatures.', 'The drivers responsible for these impacts are changes in waves, storm surge, mean sea level, wind intensity, and sea surface temperatures. In addition, the National Development Strategy-1 (NDS-1) (2011-2016) provided a more detailed perspective and promoted an efficient economic and technical use of natural resources, provision of infrastructure services, and enhancement of market efficiency. The NDS-2 (2018-2022) was created to build upon the achievements of NDS-1, particularly with regards to the infrastructure development sector, storage, sanitation and treated wastewater networks, information and communication technology (ICT), construction materials, logistics, and construction. The State of Qatar has undertaken/planned several projects to enhance the overall infrastructure in the country with a strong focus on sustainability.', 'The State of Qatar has undertaken/planned several projects to enhance the overall infrastructure in the country with a strong focus on sustainability. Besides the sustainable stadiums being developed for the FIFA World Cup 2022, several other projects such as the Qatar integrated rail project, expressway program, roads and drainage program, development of sustainable residential complexes (Lusail city, Msheireb downtown), development of parking bays, inter alia hold key to Qatar’s plans of sustainable infrastructure development. c) Awareness Raising awareness is important for the creation of a shared understanding which is required to effectively rally resources and stakeholders for joint problem-solving. Traditional methods such as media campaigns will be used to spark attention and broad engagement initiatives will be applied to anchor the topic of climate change deeper in society.', 'Traditional methods such as media campaigns will be used to spark attention and broad engagement initiatives will be applied to anchor the topic of climate change deeper in society. Many institutions in the community have been advocating for the topic of climate change by organizing and contributing to the establishment of periodic events. The biannual WISH conference, organized by Qatar Foundation, for example, fosters educated dialogue about health-related topics, where climate change effects are a central focus.', 'The biannual WISH conference, organized by Qatar Foundation, for example, fosters educated dialogue about health-related topics, where climate change effects are a central focus. Other institutions like Hamad Bin Khalifa University and Texas A&M University have also organized events including “12th International Exergy, Energy and Environment Symposium (IEEES-12)” and “Energy Education of the Future Forum” where multidisciplinary discussions are encouraged to put in play perspectives related to sustainability focused topics: Oil & gas Technologies, Smart Grids, Green and Electrified Transportation, Alternative and Clean Fuels, Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies, Desalination Technologies, Sustainable Agriculture, Waste Water Treatment and Environmental Technologies, etc.', 'Other institutions like Hamad Bin Khalifa University and Texas A&M University have also organized events including “12th International Exergy, Energy and Environment Symposium (IEEES-12)” and “Energy Education of the Future Forum” where multidisciplinary discussions are encouraged to put in play perspectives related to sustainability focused topics: Oil & gas Technologies, Smart Grids, Green and Electrified Transportation, Alternative and Clean Fuels, Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies, Desalination Technologies, Sustainable Agriculture, Waste Water Treatment and Environmental Technologies, etc. To target behavioral changes in the community by raising awareness about climate change, institutions like Qatar Foundation, for example, are initiating regular practices that encourage the adoption of more sustainable habits.', 'To target behavioral changes in the community by raising awareness about climate change, institutions like Qatar Foundation, for example, are initiating regular practices that encourage the adoption of more sustainable habits. The Foundation has established campaigns like, the “think before you print,” “save at your desk,” and “Paperless office,” that encourage employees on changing printers’ settings to minimize waste and incentivize users to further reduce the energy consumption.', 'The Foundation has established campaigns like, the “think before you print,” “save at your desk,” and “Paperless office,” that encourage employees on changing printers’ settings to minimize waste and incentivize users to further reduce the energy consumption. The TARSHEED Community awareness activities focuses on various conservation campaigns and basic training at school level, along with the KAHRAMAA awareness park for general public, is aimed to illustrate to the community the importance of sustainable development, and for inception of ideas for younger generation for behavioral changesNationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Other organizations like the Qatar Green Building Council (QGBC) has established a project under the name of “no paper day” in 2013, that aims to encourage the local community to adopt eco-friendly initiatives geared at reducing waste nationwide and to remind the public that reducing the use of Qatar’s resources not only can improve business efficiency, but also help to preserve the environment’s long-term health.', 'The TARSHEED Community awareness activities focuses on various conservation campaigns and basic training at school level, along with the KAHRAMAA awareness park for general public, is aimed to illustrate to the community the importance of sustainable development, and for inception of ideas for younger generation for behavioral changesNationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Other organizations like the Qatar Green Building Council (QGBC) has established a project under the name of “no paper day” in 2013, that aims to encourage the local community to adopt eco-friendly initiatives geared at reducing waste nationwide and to remind the public that reducing the use of Qatar’s resources not only can improve business efficiency, but also help to preserve the environment’s long-term health. The initiative is part of QGBC’s efforts to help schools, companies, and institutions, find ways to reduce paper, plastic and metal consumption, engage the wider community in environmentally friendly practices, and raise sustainability awareness.', 'The initiative is part of QGBC’s efforts to help schools, companies, and institutions, find ways to reduce paper, plastic and metal consumption, engage the wider community in environmentally friendly practices, and raise sustainability awareness. d) Food Security Qatar has launched a robust national food security strategy to optimize the use of the country’s agricultural land and water resources and insulate domestic food needs from external shocks. This is increasingly important especially as rising weather-related disasters could disrupt the yields and provision of major crops, impacting Qatar’s already challenging agriculture landscape. The strategy focuses on four pillars of enhancing international trade and logistics, increasing domestic self- sufficiency in some niches, building strategic reserves and enhancing domestic markets.', 'The strategy focuses on four pillars of enhancing international trade and logistics, increasing domestic self- sufficiency in some niches, building strategic reserves and enhancing domestic markets. Under the first pillar of international trade and logistics, Qatar is geographically diversifying trade partners for critical commodities to reduce exposure to external shocks. In addition, Qatar has also proactively put in place contingency plans to limit impacts of trade shocks or other exogenous disruptions. Qatar has also made huge strides to increase the domestic self-sufficiency of its vegetables, red meat and fisheries production, as well as reducing groundwater-based fodder production. For vegetables production, it has plans to develop its hydroponics greenhouse cluster to reach 70% self-sufficiency on greenhouse vegetables and has launched multiple programs and subsidies towards greenhouse production.', 'For vegetables production, it has plans to develop its hydroponics greenhouse cluster to reach 70% self-sufficiency on greenhouse vegetables and has launched multiple programs and subsidies towards greenhouse production. Such initiatives will not only ensure that the country is well adapted to potential shocks, but also contribute towards more sustainable agriculture practices including better optimization of agrochemicals usage and water efficiency. This should also help decrease the transportation CO2 footprint of the food offered in the country. Qatar also plans to put in place adequate reserves, including perishables, selected non-perishables, potable water and groundwater reserves to buffer against potential production disruptions. Lastly, it is also building transparency and efficiency in its domestic market through farmer support programs, food waste programs and food standards governance initiatives. 5.', 'Lastly, it is also building transparency and efficiency in its domestic market through farmer support programs, food waste programs and food standards governance initiatives. 5. Response Measures Due to its dependence on oil & gas export revenue, there is a potential adverse impact to Qatar’s economy, population welfare & the quality of life, resulting from implementation of response measures to climate change by developed countries. This is particularly true if such measures & policies affect international trade. In view of this, Article 4.10 of the Convention stipulates that due care must be taken by developed countries in the implementation of the commitments, particularly for those developing country Parties, with vulnerable economies that are prone to the adverse effects of the implementation measures.', 'In view of this, Article 4.10 of the Convention stipulates that due care must be taken by developed countries in the implementation of the commitments, particularly for those developing country Parties, with vulnerable economies that are prone to the adverse effects of the implementation measures. This applies notably to developing Parties like Qatar with economies that are highly dependent on income generated from the production, processing and export, and/or consumption of fossil fuels and associated energy-intensive products. Qatar’s developing economy requires variousNationally Determined Contribution (NDC) forms of international cooperation in this regard to achieve the goals and objectives of sustainable development in line with the principles and provisions of the Convention, particularly, Article 4.8 (e & h) & Article 4.10.', 'Qatar’s developing economy requires variousNationally Determined Contribution (NDC) forms of international cooperation in this regard to achieve the goals and objectives of sustainable development in line with the principles and provisions of the Convention, particularly, Article 4.8 (e & h) & Article 4.10. The intended voluntary contributions in this report tend to cover the period 2021 to 2030 in line with Qatar’s National Vision (QNV 2030). The target is defined as a single year target for 2030. 7. Monitoring and Reporting Progress Governed by the MME Climate Change Department, the National Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) System will be designed to measure and validate progress towards the commitments made in this NDC, using verified sector specific MRV communications prepared by the national stakeholders.', 'Monitoring and Reporting Progress Governed by the MME Climate Change Department, the National Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) System will be designed to measure and validate progress towards the commitments made in this NDC, using verified sector specific MRV communications prepared by the national stakeholders. Effective MRV processes are key to guarantee best practice accounting, transparency, precision and comparability on climate change information. The three pillars of Qatar’s MRV process are as follows: Measurement requires the derivation of data for a national GHG inventory and estimation of national GHG emissions through both direct measurement using devices, complemented by calculations and estimates. In order to ensure high quality of the data, all calculations will follow strict guidance using IPCC guidelines for National GHG inventories.', 'In order to ensure high quality of the data, all calculations will follow strict guidance using IPCC guidelines for National GHG inventories. Reporting refers to compilation of required reports, submission to respective stakeholders (i.e. UNFCCC) and preparation of the necessary documentation of measurement results to inform all interested parties. In order to achieve a high level of transparency, the reporting does not only include results but also methodologies, assumptions and data. Verification is essential for a thorough MRV process and incorporates review and validation of the generated data and reports by third party accredited entities to ensure the quality of measurement and reporting. Review will be conducted, and findings will be incorporated into the MRV process to ensure continuous improvement. 8.', 'Review will be conducted, and findings will be incorporated into the MRV process to ensure continuous improvement. 8. Means of Implementation Qatar is already facing challenges of climate change, experiencing extreme climate conditions and events. The country welcomes technical assistance and capacity building designed for developing country Parties under the Convention. The international community’s efforts to transfer and deploy advanced sustainable development technologies are crucial to mitigate GHG emissions and enhance adaptive capacities. Qatar supports the development and operationalization of Article 6 of the Paris Agreement to serve as a driver for sustainable development.', 'Qatar supports the development and operationalization of Article 6 of the Paris Agreement to serve as a driver for sustainable development. International cooperation in renewable energy systems, downstream specialty-chemicals, hydrogen fuels and technologies, energy efficiency technologies, waste management, sustainable agricultureNationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and national policies and measures are vital for the implementation of the Paris Agreement. 9. Fairness and Ambition This NDC is based on the provisions and principles of the Convention in particular Article 3 paragraph 2, Article 4 paragraph 1, paragraph 8 (e & h), and paragraph 10.', 'Fairness and Ambition This NDC is based on the provisions and principles of the Convention in particular Article 3 paragraph 2, Article 4 paragraph 1, paragraph 8 (e & h), and paragraph 10. All national actions and plans described in this NDC are voluntary and the means of implementation and support will be in accordance with the principles and provisions of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Articles 4.7, 12.4. Qatar’s commitments are in line with the requirements set forth in Articles 4.3 and 4.4 of the Paris Agreement and Decision 1/CP.21. To the relevant extent, this submission considers guidance set forth in Decision 4/CMA.1.', 'To the relevant extent, this submission considers guidance set forth in Decision 4/CMA.1. In keeping with Article 2 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and Article 4.1 of the Paris Agreement, Qatar will continue to explore pathways to further enhance its emission reduction objectives in line with climate science and global ambition. Qatar reserves the right to further elaborate and update this NDC in line with its special national circumstances and sustainable development imperatives with a view to avoid the adverse effects of economic and social consequences of response measures.']

en-US

KOR

Republic of Korea

1st NDC

2016-11-03 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/INDC%20Submission%20by%20the%20Republic%20of%20Korea%20on%20June%2030.pdf

Non-Annex I

High-income

Asia

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/cb7a7d91ba02b36b63b54c1e3d7035c640aaa4cc19bbce9cacc1ae5c1fed1280.pdf

['Submission by the Republic of Korea Intended Nationally Determined Contribution In accordance with decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20, the Republic of Korea hereby communicates its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) towards achieving the objective of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change as set out in its Article 2, as well as accompanying information to facilitate clarity, transparency, and understanding of its INDC. 1. Korea’s Mitigation Target Korea plans to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 37% from the business-as-usual (BAU, 850.6 eq) level by 2030 across all economic sectors. In accordance with the Framework Act on Low Carbon, Green Growth, Korea has made continued efforts to address climate change across all economic sectors and will strengthen its efforts to achieve the 2030 mitigation target.', 'In accordance with the Framework Act on Low Carbon, Green Growth, Korea has made continued efforts to address climate change across all economic sectors and will strengthen its efforts to achieve the 2030 mitigation target. eq) The scenario is based on the BAU projection of KEEI-EGMS (the Korea Energy Economics Institute Energy and GHG Modeling System), taking into account projections for key economic variables, including population, GDP, industrial structure and oil price. Reduction Level Emission reduction by 37% from the BAU level by 2030 Coverage Economy-wide Sectors Energy, industrial processes and product use, agriculture and waste (A decision on whether to include land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) will be made at a later stage.', 'Reduction Level Emission reduction by 37% from the BAU level by 2030 Coverage Economy-wide Sectors Energy, industrial processes and product use, agriculture and waste (A decision on whether to include land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) will be made at a later stage. )Gases \uf09f Carbon Dioxide (CO2 ) \uf09f Methane (CH4 ) \uf09f Nitrous Oxide (N2 O) \uf09f Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) \uf09f Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) \uf09f Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6 ) Metric Global Warming Potential (GWP) values from the IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995) used to calculate CO2 equivalents Inventory Methodology \uf09f Consistent with methodologies used in Korea’s Biennial Update Report (BUR) submitted in December 2014 \uf09f 1996 IPCC Guidelines used in general to calculate greenhouse gas emissions and sinks \uf09f 2006 IPCC Guidelines used to calculate greenhouse gas emissions from rice cultivation in agriculture (4C) and other waste International Market Mechanism Korea will partly use carbon credits from international market mechanisms to achieve its 2030 mitigation target, in accordance with relevant rules and standards.', ')Gases \uf09f Carbon Dioxide (CO2 ) \uf09f Methane (CH4 ) \uf09f Nitrous Oxide (N2 O) \uf09f Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) \uf09f Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) \uf09f Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6 ) Metric Global Warming Potential (GWP) values from the IPCC Second Assessment Report (1995) used to calculate CO2 equivalents Inventory Methodology \uf09f Consistent with methodologies used in Korea’s Biennial Update Report (BUR) submitted in December 2014 \uf09f 1996 IPCC Guidelines used in general to calculate greenhouse gas emissions and sinks \uf09f 2006 IPCC Guidelines used to calculate greenhouse gas emissions from rice cultivation in agriculture (4C) and other waste International Market Mechanism Korea will partly use carbon credits from international market mechanisms to achieve its 2030 mitigation target, in accordance with relevant rules and standards. Land Sector In assessment of mitigation performance, a decision will be made at a later stage on whether to include greenhouse gas emissions and sinks of the land sector as well as the method for doing so.', 'Land Sector In assessment of mitigation performance, a decision will be made at a later stage on whether to include greenhouse gas emissions and sinks of the land sector as well as the method for doing so. 2. Planning Process 2.1 Planning Process for the 2030 mitigation target In preparation of its INDC, Korea established a dedicated task force comprising relevant ministries, including the Ministry of Environment (MOE) and the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE), chaired by the Prime Minister’s Office. A technical analysis for setting the 2030 mitigation target was conducted by a Joint Working Group of national research institutions, including the Greenhouse Gas Inventory & Research Center of Korea (GIR) and the Korea Energy Economics Institute (KEEI).', 'A technical analysis for setting the 2030 mitigation target was conducted by a Joint Working Group of national research institutions, including the Greenhouse Gas Inventory & Research Center of Korea (GIR) and the Korea Energy Economics Institute (KEEI). The results of the technical analysis of the Joint Working Group were reviewed by a group of experts put forward by different stakeholder groups such as business and civil society. The Korean government also collected feedback from various stakeholders through public hearings and a forum hosted by the National Assembly.', 'The Korean government also collected feedback from various stakeholders through public hearings and a forum hosted by the National Assembly. On that basis, the 2030 mitigation target was reviewed by the Committee on Green Growth, and finalized in accordance with national authorization procedures.2.2 Sectoral measures for mitigation Korea announced its voluntary mitigation target in 2009 to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 30% from the business-as-usual (BAU) level by 2020. The target was stipulated in the Framework Act on Low Carbon, Green Growth which came into effect in April 2010. Furthermore, Korea has continued its efforts to provide a legislative framework and national plans for addressing climate change.', 'Furthermore, Korea has continued its efforts to provide a legislative framework and national plans for addressing climate change. The Korean government finalized sectoral and annual targets in July 2011, and announced the National Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Roadmap in January 2014 for sectoral action plans and their implementation. In 2012, Korea launched the GHG and Energy Target Management System (TMS) for the industrial sector. The reduction through the TMS exceeded its industrial sectoral target for mitigation. In promoting cost-effective measures for mitigation, Korea adopted the Act on the Allocation and Trading of Greenhouse Gas Emission Permits in 2012, and launched a nation-wide Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) in 2015. The ETS covers 525 business entities which account for 67.7% of national greenhouse gas emissions.', 'The ETS covers 525 business entities which account for 67.7% of national greenhouse gas emissions. Korea obligated the power generators to supply a portion of electricity from renewable sources and is increasing the production of renewable energy in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel. The Korean government also supports the installation of facilities for the generation of renewable energy. In the building sector, the Korean government is seeking to manage energy efficiency from the design stage to the operation stage by means such as establishing the Green Building Standards Code and a system for the Performance Evaluation of Eco-friendly Homes.', 'In the building sector, the Korean government is seeking to manage energy efficiency from the design stage to the operation stage by means such as establishing the Green Building Standards Code and a system for the Performance Evaluation of Eco-friendly Homes. In the transport sector, the Korean government is continuing to expand infrastructure for environment- friendly public transportation, while introducing low-carbon standards for fuel efficiency and emissions produced from automobiles. The Korean government has decided to strengthen the average emission standard from 140g/km in 2015 to 97g/km in 2020. The Korean government provides various incentives, including tax reductions for electric and hybrid vehicles in order to promote low-carbon vehicles.', 'The Korean government provides various incentives, including tax reductions for electric and hybrid vehicles in order to promote low-carbon vehicles. While implementing sectoral measures for mitigation, Korea established a domestic measurement, reporting, and verification (MRV) system to monitor businesses with large amounts of greenhouse gas emissions in the industry, power generation, building and transport sectors. 2.3 Follow-up for the implementation of the 2030 mitigation target The Korean government will develop a detailed plan to implement the mitigation target in consultation with relevant stakeholders, once the mitigation target is finalized at the international level.Recognizing the urgent need to address climate change and reduce its adverse effects, Korea developed the National Climate Change Adaptation Plan in 2010, which is currently being implemented.', '2.3 Follow-up for the implementation of the 2030 mitigation target The Korean government will develop a detailed plan to implement the mitigation target in consultation with relevant stakeholders, once the mitigation target is finalized at the international level.Recognizing the urgent need to address climate change and reduce its adverse effects, Korea developed the National Climate Change Adaptation Plan in 2010, which is currently being implemented. In acknowledgement of their significant roles in adaptation, subnational and local governments are mandated to develop their own action plans for climate change adaptation by 2015 tailored to the local context.', 'In acknowledgement of their significant roles in adaptation, subnational and local governments are mandated to develop their own action plans for climate change adaptation by 2015 tailored to the local context. At the national level, Korea is developing guidance and tools to support the assessment of vulnerability and risks, and is implementing projects on research and development for comprehensive and quantitative analysis of climate change impacts.', 'At the national level, Korea is developing guidance and tools to support the assessment of vulnerability and risks, and is implementing projects on research and development for comprehensive and quantitative analysis of climate change impacts. In order to promote a Climate Friendly and Safe Society, Korea aims to strengthen its capacity for climate change adaptation by implementing the following strategic actions: \uf09f Strengthening infrastructure for climate change monitoring, forecasting and analysis; \uf09f Developing a management system for disaster prevention and stable water supply; \uf09f Developing a climate-resilient ecosystem; \uf09f Making a systemic transition to a climate-resilient social and economic structure; and \uf09f Enhancing the system for the management of negative impacts of climate change on health 4.', 'In order to promote a Climate Friendly and Safe Society, Korea aims to strengthen its capacity for climate change adaptation by implementing the following strategic actions: \uf09f Strengthening infrastructure for climate change monitoring, forecasting and analysis; \uf09f Developing a management system for disaster prevention and stable water supply; \uf09f Developing a climate-resilient ecosystem; \uf09f Making a systemic transition to a climate-resilient social and economic structure; and \uf09f Enhancing the system for the management of negative impacts of climate change on health 4. Fairness and Ambition Korea accounts for approximately 1.4% of global greenhouse gas emissions (including LULUCF, according to the WRI CAIT 3.0), but has set a fair and ambitious target to the extent possible. Korea will make continued efforts to implement the mitigation target.', 'Korea will make continued efforts to implement the mitigation target. Korea’s mitigation potential is limited due to its industrial structure with a large share of manufacturing (32% as of 2012) and the high energy efficiency of major industries. Given the decreased level of public acceptance following the Fukushima accident, there are now limits to the extent that Korea can make use of nuclear energy, one of the major mitigation measures available to it. Despite the challenges, Korea has set a target for 2030, which is expected to be in line with the recommendations of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions by 40-70% from 2010 levels by 2050.', 'Despite the challenges, Korea has set a target for 2030, which is expected to be in line with the recommendations of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions by 40-70% from 2010 levels by 2050. In order to achieve the objective of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change of holding the increase in the global average temperature below 2°C above pre-industrial levels, Korea also aims to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions in a manner consistent with the recommendations of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report.']

en-US

KOR

Republic of Korea

Updated NDC

2020-12-30 00:00:00

NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/201230_ROK's%20Update%20of%20its%20First%20NDC_editorial%20change.pdf

Non-Annex I

High-income

Asia

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/a0184aa0e902478d045def0d263672da7584bb4f42b4a79c6ef845e24f4e055b.pdf

['Submission under the Paris Agreement The Republic of Korea’s Update of its First Nationally Determined Contribution In accordance with paragraph 2(b) of decision 1/CP.19, the Republic of Korea submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Secretariat in June 2015. In the following year, the Republic of Korea introduced the sectoral implementation plan by establishing the 2030 Basic Roadmap for Achieving the National Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Reduction Target (2030 Roadmap). The submitted INDC was registered as the Republic of Korea’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), following its ratification of the Paris Agreement on November 3, 2016. And the Republic of Korea had domestically formulated and improved specific policies and measures for implementation of the NDC, including the revision of the 2030 Roadmap in 2018.', 'And the Republic of Korea had domestically formulated and improved specific policies and measures for implementation of the NDC, including the revision of the 2030 Roadmap in 2018. The Republic of Korea also actively engaged in the facilitative dialogue held during the COP24 in 2018 in Katowice, Poland and has sought to consider and duly reflect various views of the Parties and stakeholders collected from the facilitative dialogue in the process of updating its NDC. The Republic of Korea hereby communicates its updated NDC that incorporates progress and improvements in its national climate policies in accordance with paragraph 24 of decision 1/CP.21 so as to contribute to the faithful implementation and achievement of the goals of the Paris Agreement.', 'The Republic of Korea hereby communicates its updated NDC that incorporates progress and improvements in its national climate policies in accordance with paragraph 24 of decision 1/CP.21 so as to contribute to the faithful implementation and achievement of the goals of the Paris Agreement. The updated NDC is set at the most ambitious level possible, considering the long-term temperature goal set out in Article 2 of the Paris Agreement. The updated target is to reduce 24.4% from the total national GHG emissions in 2017, which is 709.1 MtCO2eq, by 2030. This is an absolute emissions reduction target that is more predictable and transparent than the target relative to Business-As-Usual (BAU) emissions projection in the previous first NDC.', 'This is an absolute emissions reduction target that is more predictable and transparent than the target relative to Business-As-Usual (BAU) emissions projection in the previous first NDC. The updated target also includes an increased share of domestic reduction, which is facilitated through the Republic of Korea’s continued mitigation efforts such as the nationwide ban on construction of new coal-fired power plants. In December 2019, the Enforcement Decree of the Framework Act on Low Carbon, Green Growth was amended to include the updated target, ensuring the legal basis for mitigation efforts. To lay a more solid foundation for carbon neutrality by 2050, the Korean government will further raise its ambition level for its 2030 national GHG reduction target and communicate further updated NDC at the earliest possible time before 2025.3.', 'To lay a more solid foundation for carbon neutrality by 2050, the Korean government will further raise its ambition level for its 2030 national GHG reduction target and communicate further updated NDC at the earliest possible time before 2025.3. Key updates The following are the key updates of the Republic of Korea’s NDC. First, despite its energy- intensive industry structure and export-driven economy, the Republic of Korea has set the ambitious target of reducing one-fourth of the total national GHG emissions within approximately 10 years from the base year 2017 in order to contribute to the global efforts to achieve the long-term temperature goal of the Paris Agreement.', 'First, despite its energy- intensive industry structure and export-driven economy, the Republic of Korea has set the ambitious target of reducing one-fourth of the total national GHG emissions within approximately 10 years from the base year 2017 in order to contribute to the global efforts to achieve the long-term temperature goal of the Paris Agreement. Second, pursuant to paragraph 4 of Article 4 of the Paris Agreement, the Republic of Korea has replaced its BAU- based reduction target with an economy-wide absolute emissions reduction target. Third, the Republic of Korea has increased its share of domestic reduction through its continued mitigation efforts such as the ban on construction of new coal-fired power plants.', 'Third, the Republic of Korea has increased its share of domestic reduction through its continued mitigation efforts such as the ban on construction of new coal-fired power plants. Fourth, the Republic of Korea has provided the information to facilitate clarity, transparency, and understanding of the NDCs, as indicated in Annex I of decision 4/CMA.1, earlier than required. Last but not least, the Republic of Korea plans to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement as a complementary measure to its domestic mitigation efforts including LULUCF to achieve its target. Along with the mitigation efforts mentioned above, the Republic of Korea has been making various efforts to adapt to the changing climate.', 'Along with the mitigation efforts mentioned above, the Republic of Korea has been making various efforts to adapt to the changing climate. In view of the gravity of the impact of climate change, the Korean government established the 1st National Climate Change Adaptation Plan for 2011–2015 in 2010 to reduce potential damage of climate change and the implementation of this 5-year rolling plan has been continuously monitored and evaluated. Also, the 3rd National Climate Change Adaptation Plan for 2021-2025 was laid out in 2020. During the course of the policy design, a national climate change risk assessment was conducted in 2019.', 'During the course of the policy design, a national climate change risk assessment was conducted in 2019. In July 2020, the 2020 Korea’s Climate Change Assessment Report, a comprehensive survey on the impact of climate change and vulnerabilities in such sectors as water management, ecosystem, health, and agriculture and fishery, was published. The assessment and research results served as valuable inputs to mapping out detailed implementation measures to enhance climate resilience across all sectors. In 2009, the Republic of Korea launched the Korea Adaptation Center for Climate Change, a think tank that provides systematic support for the country’s adaptation policy and conducts comprehensive research activities on adaptation.', 'In 2009, the Republic of Korea launched the Korea Adaptation Center for Climate Change, a think tank that provides systematic support for the country’s adaptation policy and conducts comprehensive research activities on adaptation. The Center has been working to draw up science-based adaptation measures by developing vulnerability assessment tools and conducting R&D for an extensive analysis of the impact of climate change. In recognition of the importance of local governments’ role in adaptation efforts, the Korean government made adaptation planning a legal obligation of municipal and local governments in 2012 and 2015, respectively. Accordingly, 17 municipal governments and 226 local governments have established and implemented their own adaptation measures.', 'Accordingly, 17 municipal governments and 226 local governments have established and implemented their own adaptation measures. Tomainstream adaptation efforts, the Korean government has been providing support for public institutions that own social infrastructure and for climate-vulnerable businesses in their adaptation planning and implementation efforts since 2016. In April 2019, the Republic of Korea and the UNFCCC secretariat jointly hosted the 1st Global Adaptation Week, the largest event in the world for the discussion on adaptation. The 2nd Global Adaptation Week will be held in the Republic of Korea in 2021.', 'The 2nd Global Adaptation Week will be held in the Republic of Korea in 2021. The Republic of Korea has been operating a series of international programs to support developing countries’ capacity- building for adaptation and is set to work more closely with the international community to further contribute to an enhanced global adaptation effort. 5. Implementation of the NDC The Republic of Korea has been implementing the updated NDC in the following institutional arrangements and mechanisms. First, the Republic of Korea legislated on the updated 2030 national GHG reduction target in Article 25 of the amended Enforcement Decree of the Framework Act on Low Carbon, Green Growth in December 2019.', 'First, the Republic of Korea legislated on the updated 2030 national GHG reduction target in Article 25 of the amended Enforcement Decree of the Framework Act on Low Carbon, Green Growth in December 2019. Second, prior to the legislation, the Republic of Korea incorporated the updated target into the 2nd Basic Plan for Climate Change Response, the overarching national plan for climate actions established in October 2019. The 2nd Basic Plan for Climate Change Response envisions a sustainable and low-carbon green society. Under this vision, the Republic of Korea aims to limit the national GHG emissions to 536 MtCO2eq by 2030 and enhance capacity of all sectors to implement the Paris Agreement.', 'Under this vision, the Republic of Korea aims to limit the national GHG emissions to 536 MtCO2eq by 2030 and enhance capacity of all sectors to implement the Paris Agreement. To achieve these objectives, the Republic of Korea set out climate mitigation and adaptation measures by sector under its core strategies; transition to a low-carbon society, establishment of a robust adaptation system, and enhancement of a climate change response framework. Third, the Republic of Korea plans to reduce GHG emissions efficiently based on the market mechanism by utilizing Korea’s Emissions Trading Scheme (K-ETS), which covers 73.5% of the national GHG emissions. In December 2019, the 3rd Basic Plan for the K-ETS for 2021– 2030 was introduced.', 'In December 2019, the 3rd Basic Plan for the K-ETS for 2021– 2030 was introduced. It set out ways of operations for the next decade including effective reduction measures, improved allocation methods, enhanced market functions, and linkage and collaboration with international carbon markets for contributing to achieving the 2030 national GHG reduction target.', 'It set out ways of operations for the next decade including effective reduction measures, improved allocation methods, enhanced market functions, and linkage and collaboration with international carbon markets for contributing to achieving the 2030 national GHG reduction target. The 3rd Basic Plan for the K-ETS specifies that the updated 2030 target should be considered when setting the emissions cap and allocating tradable permits on a 5-year basis, underlining the role of the ETS for the achievement of the NDC.The Phase 3 Allocation Plan for 2021-2025, introduced in September 2020, specifies the emissions cap as well as allocation standards and methods by sector and sub-sector, based on the principle of contributing to achieving the NDC.', 'The 3rd Basic Plan for the K-ETS specifies that the updated 2030 target should be considered when setting the emissions cap and allocating tradable permits on a 5-year basis, underlining the role of the ETS for the achievement of the NDC.The Phase 3 Allocation Plan for 2021-2025, introduced in September 2020, specifies the emissions cap as well as allocation standards and methods by sector and sub-sector, based on the principle of contributing to achieving the NDC. The scope of allocation has been expanded by including the transportation and construction sectors and the coverage rate of the ETS in the national GHG emissions was increased from 70.2% in Phase 2 to 73.5% in Phase 3.', 'The scope of allocation has been expanded by including the transportation and construction sectors and the coverage rate of the ETS in the national GHG emissions was increased from 70.2% in Phase 2 to 73.5% in Phase 3. Fourth, from 2020, the Republic of Korea starts operating a government-wide scientific and quantitative system for implementation, which was established in 2019. To ensure transparent implementation of the NDC, the government will analyze and assess the mitigation performance of each ministry every year and release the assessment results to the public. As an additional countermeasure to accelerate actions for the implementation of the updated NDC, the Republic of Korea has been promoting the Korean Green New Deal since July 2020.', 'As an additional countermeasure to accelerate actions for the implementation of the updated NDC, the Republic of Korea has been promoting the Korean Green New Deal since July 2020. The Green New Deal is underpinned by 3 key pillars; green transition in cities/spatial planning/living infrastructure, diffusion of low-carbon and distributed energy, and establishment of innovative green industry ecosystems. A total of KRW 73.4 trillion will be invested by 2025 and the Green New Deal will facilitate GHG emissions reduction and help sustaining climate-resilient recovery. The next 5 years of implementing the Green New Deal will serve as a lever for achieving the updated NDC including the 2030 national GHG reduction target and green transition toward carbon neutrality.', 'The next 5 years of implementing the Green New Deal will serve as a lever for achieving the updated NDC including the 2030 national GHG reduction target and green transition toward carbon neutrality. (Annex) Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of the Republic of Korea’s nationally determined contribution 1.', '(Annex) Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of the Republic of Korea’s nationally determined contribution 1. Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year) Information Information submitted by the Republic of Korea (a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s) (b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year (c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information N/A (d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction 24.4% reduction from the total national GHG emissions in 2017 (e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s) 2019 National GHG Inventory Report of the Republic of Korea (in Korean)(f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators If emissions calculation method, activity data, and emissions factor are improved, the values of the reference indicators may be updated.', 'Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year) Information Information submitted by the Republic of Korea (a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s) (b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year (c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information N/A (d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction 24.4% reduction from the total national GHG emissions in 2017 (e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s) 2019 National GHG Inventory Report of the Republic of Korea (in Korean)(f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators If emissions calculation method, activity data, and emissions factor are improved, the values of the reference indicators may be updated. 2.', 'Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year) Information Information submitted by the Republic of Korea (a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s) (b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year (c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information N/A (d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction 24.4% reduction from the total national GHG emissions in 2017 (e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s) 2019 National GHG Inventory Report of the Republic of Korea (in Korean)(f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators If emissions calculation method, activity data, and emissions factor are improved, the values of the reference indicators may be updated. 2. Time frames and/or periods for implementation Information Information submitted by the Republic of Korea (a) Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA) (b) Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable Single-year target The Republic of Korea allocates tradable permits and reduces GHG emissions on a 5-year basis for the 73.5% of its total national GHG emissions by establishing the 3rd Basic Plan for K-ETS for 2021-2030, considering the 2030 national GHG reduction target.3.', 'Time frames and/or periods for implementation Information Information submitted by the Republic of Korea (a) Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA) (b) Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable Single-year target The Republic of Korea allocates tradable permits and reduces GHG emissions on a 5-year basis for the 73.5% of its total national GHG emissions by establishing the 3rd Basic Plan for K-ETS for 2021-2030, considering the 2030 national GHG reduction target.3. Scope and coverage Information Information submitted by the Republic of Korea (a) General description of the target The Republic of Korea’s updated NDC target is to reduce 24.4% from the total national GHG emissions in 2017, which is 709.1 MtCO2eq, by 2030.', 'Scope and coverage Information Information submitted by the Republic of Korea (a) General description of the target The Republic of Korea’s updated NDC target is to reduce 24.4% from the total national GHG emissions in 2017, which is 709.1 MtCO2eq, by 2030. The Republic of Korea plans to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement as a complementary measure to its domestic mitigation efforts including LULUCF to achieve its target.', 'The Republic of Korea plans to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement as a complementary measure to its domestic mitigation efforts including LULUCF to achieve its target. (b) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines Sectors: energy, industrial processes, agriculture, LULUCF, and waste GHGs: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbon (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) (c) How the Party has taken into consideration paragraph 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21 GHGs from all sectors are included except NF3. The NF3 is not included because of the absence of its activity data. However, once the activity data is collected, it will be compiled in the National GHG Inventory Report.', 'However, once the activity data is collected, it will be compiled in the National GHG Inventory Report. (d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans. N/A4.', '(d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans. N/A4. Planning processes Information Information submitted by the Republic of Korea (a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate (i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner < NDC planning > The Prime Minister’s Secretariat and the Office for Government Policy Coordination led the government-wide initiative for the launch of the Climate Change Task Force in 2015 and had led inter-ministerial coordination for setting a 2030 national GHG reduction target with the Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Research Center of Korea (GIR) which operated a joint working group comprising expert agencies from each sector to conduct technical analysis for setting the target.', 'Planning processes Information Information submitted by the Republic of Korea (a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate (i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner < NDC planning > The Prime Minister’s Secretariat and the Office for Government Policy Coordination led the government-wide initiative for the launch of the Climate Change Task Force in 2015 and had led inter-ministerial coordination for setting a 2030 national GHG reduction target with the Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Research Center of Korea (GIR) which operated a joint working group comprising expert agencies from each sector to conduct technical analysis for setting the target. To collect broader inputs from the private sector in drawing up the target, the Post-2020 Public-Private Joint Commission was formed.', 'To collect broader inputs from the private sector in drawing up the target, the Post-2020 Public-Private Joint Commission was formed. The commission consists of representatives from civil society and industries, and it was tasked with reviewing the result of the technical analysis delivered by the joint working group and collecting public opinions through public hearings and parliamentary discussions.Through this process, the 2030 national GHG reduction target was set to reduce 37% from the 2030 BAU emissions projection level, and the target was communicated as the Republic of Korea’s INDC in June 2015. In 2016, the Republic of Korea introduced the 2030 Basic Roadmap for Achieving the National Greenhouse Gases Reduction Target (2030 Roadmap), presenting specific reduction plans for 8 sectors and 30 sub- sectors.', 'In 2016, the Republic of Korea introduced the 2030 Basic Roadmap for Achieving the National Greenhouse Gases Reduction Target (2030 Roadmap), presenting specific reduction plans for 8 sectors and 30 sub- sectors. The submitted INDC was registered as the Republic of Korea’s first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC). Later on, civil society pointed out that the 2030 Roadmap should serve to incentivize companies sufficiently to develop their investment plans for emissions reduction. Also, some argued to increase the role of domestic reduction rather than relying on mitigation efforts in overseas countries as suggested in the 2030 Roadmap. Based on such inputs, the Korean government revised the 2030 Roadmap and added GHG reduction pathways on a 3- year basis to provide a clearer signal of its mitigation policies.', 'Based on such inputs, the Korean government revised the 2030 Roadmap and added GHG reduction pathways on a 3- year basis to provide a clearer signal of its mitigation policies. Also, the share of the overseas reduction was reduced by increased domestic mitigation efforts. Ahead of communicating an updated NDC in 2020, preparatory consultations commenced in 2019 among relevant ministries including the Ministry of Environment, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to determine the country’s updated GHG reduction target. Toensure the clarity and transparency of the target, the government replaced the previous target with an absolute target which is to reduce 24.4% from 2017 emissions level by 2030.', 'Toensure the clarity and transparency of the target, the government replaced the previous target with an absolute target which is to reduce 24.4% from 2017 emissions level by 2030. In December 2019, the updated target was legislated through the amendment to the Enforcement Decree of the Framework Act on Low Carbon, Green Growth. Following the ensuing review by the Committee on Green Growth and the government, the Republic of Korea finalized the update of its NDC that includes the 2030 national GHG reduction target. < NDC implementation plan > The Republic of Korea has been implementing the updated NDC in the following manner. First, for the implementation of the updated target, the government introduced the 2nd Basic Plan for Climate Change Response in October 2019.', 'First, for the implementation of the updated target, the government introduced the 2nd Basic Plan for Climate Change Response in October 2019. The 2nd Basic Plan for Climate Change Response includes key strategies; transition to a low-carbon society, establishment of a robust adaptation system, and enhancement of a climate action framework as well as mitigation measures by sector including transformation, industry, building, transportation, etc. The mitigation measures in the transformation sector (electricity and heating) include a significant reduction of coal power generation (e.g. ban on constructing new coal-fired power plants, additional reduction of existing coal power plants, conversion to eco-friendly fuels suchas LNG) as well as the scale-up of renewable energy (to increase the share of renewable energy up to 20% by 2030 and 30-35% by 2040).', 'ban on constructing new coal-fired power plants, additional reduction of existing coal power plants, conversion to eco-friendly fuels suchas LNG) as well as the scale-up of renewable energy (to increase the share of renewable energy up to 20% by 2030 and 30-35% by 2040). To improve the energy-intensity, Industry 4.0 technologies such as AI and IoT will be widely used for the sectoral demand side management. The Republic of Korea will further introduce the concept of environment dispatch and rationalize energy price by considering supply costs and also the social costs including external costs. In the industry sector, highly-efficient equipment and factory energy management systems will be diffused at a greater scale. The government will reduce the use of fossil fuels by technology innovation and deployment of new technologies, such as hydrogen reduction steelmaking.', 'The government will reduce the use of fossil fuels by technology innovation and deployment of new technologies, such as hydrogen reduction steelmaking. In the building sector, existing public buildings will be pursued to be converted into green buildings that are required to meet higher standards in terms of energy performances. With regard to new buildings, including privately-owned buildings, more buildings will be required to be certified as zero-energy buildings that minimize energy consumption, and energy efficiency standard will be strengthened for home appliances and office equipment. In the transportation sector, the Republic of Korea has set the target of deploying 3 million units of electric vehicles and 850,000 hydrogen vehicles by 2030 with a view to scaling up the deployment of zero-emission vehicles.', 'In the transportation sector, the Republic of Korea has set the target of deploying 3 million units of electric vehicles and 850,000 hydrogen vehicles by 2030 with a view to scaling up the deployment of zero-emission vehicles. The government is also pursuing a modal shift in freight transport from road to rail andshipping, and expanding eco-friendly ships fueled by LNG. Measures to minimize wastes, such as single-use items in particular, will be implemented. Also, forestation projects will be carried out to increase capacity of carbon sinks in the forest sector. Second, the Korea’s Emissions Trading Scheme (K-ETS), which covers 73.5% of the total national GHG emissions, will be more widely promoted to reduce GHG emissions efficiently based on the market-based mitigation mechanism.', 'Second, the Korea’s Emissions Trading Scheme (K-ETS), which covers 73.5% of the total national GHG emissions, will be more widely promoted to reduce GHG emissions efficiently based on the market-based mitigation mechanism. The 3rd Basic Plan for the K-ETS for 2021–2030 presents effective reduction measures, improved allocation methods, enhanced market functions, and linkage and collaboration with international carbon markets as core strategies of the next decade for the achievement of the 2030 target. According to the 3rd Basic Plan for the K-ETS for 2021–2030, the annual emissions target of the revised 2030 Roadmap will be considered when setting the emissions cap for each phase in order to improve coherence between the ETS and the NDC.', 'According to the 3rd Basic Plan for the K-ETS for 2021–2030, the annual emissions target of the revised 2030 Roadmap will be considered when setting the emissions cap for each phase in order to improve coherence between the ETS and the NDC. The auction volume in the K-ETS has been raised from 3% to 10% to enhance the polluter pays principle. To support the industry sector which will bear more burden for GHG reduction, the government will support energy efficiency projects and new mitigation technology development projects. The Phase 3 Allocation Plan for 2021-2025, which was established based on the principles of the 3rd Basic Plan for the K-ETS for 2021-2030, specifies the emissions cap as well asallocation standards and methods by sector and sub-sector.', 'The Phase 3 Allocation Plan for 2021-2025, which was established based on the principles of the 3rd Basic Plan for the K-ETS for 2021-2030, specifies the emissions cap as well asallocation standards and methods by sector and sub-sector. And the emissions cap of the Phase 3 has been determined in consideration of the annual emissions pathways in the 2030 Roadmap. The scope of allocation has been expanded by including the transportation and construction sectors and the coverage rate of the ETS in the national GHG emissions was increased from 70.2% in Phase 2 (2018-2020) to 73.5% in Phase 3 (2021-2025). The number of sub-sectors and companies that are covered by the K-ETS has increased from 62 and 589 to 69 and 685, respectively.', 'The number of sub-sectors and companies that are covered by the K-ETS has increased from 62 and 589 to 69 and 685, respectively. From 2020, the Republic of Korea starts operating a government-wide scientific and quantitative system for implementation, which was established in 2019, and implementing the reduction target in a transparent manner. The Office for Government Policy Coordination and the Ministry of Environment will analyze and assess the mitigation performance of each ministry every year under the principle of transparency, timeliness, responsibility, and open communication and release the assessment results to the public. Objective and quantitative implementation indicators will be developed for all 8 sectors. The government will assess implementation performance with each indicator and compare the performance with the sectoral emissions targets set out in the revised 2030 Roadmap comprehensively.', 'The government will assess implementation performance with each indicator and compare the performance with the sectoral emissions targets set out in the revised 2030 Roadmap comprehensively. For effective monitoring and assessment, the government plans to estimate provisional GHG emissions andrelease such information on an annual basis. To add more certainty to the implementation of the updated NDC and to further accelerate mitigation actions and climate- resilient recovery, the Republic of Korea introduced the Green New Deal in July 2020. The Green New Deal is underpinned by 3 key pillars; green transition in cities/spatial planning/living infrastructure, diffusion of low-carbon and distributed energy, and establishment of innovative green industry ecosystems. A total of KRW 73.4 trillion will be invested by 2025.', 'A total of KRW 73.4 trillion will be invested by 2025. Under the Green New Deal, the solar and wind power capacity is expected to increase three-fold from the 2019 level by 2025 (from 12.7GW to 42.7GW) and smart meters will be provided for 5 million household units of apartment. For future mobility, the government plans to deploy 1.13 million electric vehicles and 200,000 hydrogen vehicles, and their charging infrastructures (45,000 charging equipment, 450 hydrogen fueling stations, hydrogen production bases, etc.). For the building sector, a total of KRW 20 trillion will be invested in green remodeling of 225,000 public rental homes and 2,000 public buildings (daycare centers, healthcare centers, etc.) used by vulnerable populations, and transformation of 2,890 units of school into green smart school.', 'used by vulnerable populations, and transformation of 2,890 units of school into green smart school. Also, the government will foster hydrogen-related businesses for the growth of the hydrogen industry. To this end, it will focus on the development of original technologies for hydrogen production, storage, and utilization and create 6 pilothydrogen-based cities. The next 5 years of implementing the Green New Deal will serve as a lever for achieving the updated NDC including the 2030 national GHG reduction target and green transition toward carbon neutrality. (ii) Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate a. National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication In 2019, a total of 63% of the Republic of Korea’s territory was estimated to be mountainous areas.', 'National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication In 2019, a total of 63% of the Republic of Korea’s territory was estimated to be mountainous areas. And its seasonal characteristics show clear distinctions between four seasons. The population was estimated 51,607,000 in 2018, and its export dependency reached 37.5% in 2017. The percentage of manufacturing to the nominal GDP was 30.4% in 2017. Despite continued population growth and high manufacturing and export dependency, the Republic of Korea ratified the Paris Agreement in November 2016 to cooperate with the international community for climate change response and has put its efforts to make a transition to a low-carbon society (For more details, please refer to the 4th National Communication of Korea). b.', 'Despite continued population growth and high manufacturing and export dependency, the Republic of Korea ratified the Paris Agreement in November 2016 to cooperate with the international community for climate change response and has put its efforts to make a transition to a low-carbon society (For more details, please refer to the 4th National Communication of Korea). b. Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution The Republic of Korea established a government-wide scientific and quantitative system for implementation to achieve the national GHG reduction target. The Office for Government Policy Coordination and the Ministry of Environment willanalyze and assess the mitigation performance of each ministry every year under the principle of transparency, timeliness, responsibility, and open communication and release the assessment results to the public.', 'The Office for Government Policy Coordination and the Ministry of Environment willanalyze and assess the mitigation performance of each ministry every year under the principle of transparency, timeliness, responsibility, and open communication and release the assessment results to the public. In this process, relevant ministries designated to reduce GHG emissions collect and submit their reduction data to the Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Research Center of Korea (GIR) which then prepares an assessment report. This assessment process will be initiated from 2020 and is expected to add more certainty in implementing and achieving the national GHG reduction target.', 'This assessment process will be initiated from 2020 and is expected to add more certainty in implementing and achieving the national GHG reduction target. c. Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement N/A (b) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement N/A(c) How the Party’s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement As the Republic of Korea recognizes the importance of global stocktake as set out in Article 14 of the Paris Agreement, it will fully engage in the 1st GST in 2023 and consider and duly reflect the results from the 1st GST in the preparations of the subsequent NDC.', 'c. Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement N/A (b) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement N/A(c) How the Party’s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement As the Republic of Korea recognizes the importance of global stocktake as set out in Article 14 of the Paris Agreement, it will fully engage in the 1st GST in 2023 and consider and duly reflect the results from the 1st GST in the preparations of the subsequent NDC. The Republic of Korea participated in the Talanoa Dialogue in 2018 and hosted a domestic Talanoa Dialogue in September of the same year.', 'The Republic of Korea participated in the Talanoa Dialogue in 2018 and hosted a domestic Talanoa Dialogue in September of the same year. This domestic event provided an opportunity to collect opinions from governments, private sector, academia, civil society, and the youth. The collected various views have served as a reference to this updated NDC.', 'The collected various views have served as a reference to this updated NDC. (d) Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on (i) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution N/A (ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and N/Aeconomic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries 5.', '(d) Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on (i) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution N/A (ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and N/Aeconomic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries 5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals Information Information submitted by the Republic of Korea (a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA Currently, the Republic of Korea compiles the national GHG inventory mainly in accordance with decision 24/CP.19 and 1996 IPCC Guidelines.', 'Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals Information Information submitted by the Republic of Korea (a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA Currently, the Republic of Korea compiles the national GHG inventory mainly in accordance with decision 24/CP.19 and 1996 IPCC Guidelines. For a few categories, 2000 IPCC Good Practice Guidance (GPG 2000), 2003 IPCC Good Practice Guidance for LULUCF (GPG LULUCF), 2006 IPCC Guidelines are applied.', 'For a few categories, 2000 IPCC Good Practice Guidance (GPG 2000), 2003 IPCC Good Practice Guidance for LULUCF (GPG LULUCF), 2006 IPCC Guidelines are applied. (b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution N/A (c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate Under the relevant guidelines of the Paris Agreement (decision 4/CMA.1, decision 18/CMA.1), the Republic of Korea prepares to apply 2006 IPCC Guidelines, 2013 KP supplementary document and 2013 Wetland supplementary document.', '(b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution N/A (c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate Under the relevant guidelines of the Paris Agreement (decision 4/CMA.1, decision 18/CMA.1), the Republic of Korea prepares to apply 2006 IPCC Guidelines, 2013 KP supplementary document and 2013 Wetland supplementary document. (d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals The Republic of Korea uses the 1996 IPCC Guidelines to estimate anthropogenic GHG emissions and removals. For a few categories, GPG 2000, GPG LULUCF, 2006 IPCC Guidelines are applied.', 'For a few categories, GPG 2000, GPG LULUCF, 2006 IPCC Guidelines are applied. Categories applied by GPG 2000 are i) civil aviation in the energy sector, ii) solid waste disposal on land, and iii) wastewater treatment and waste incineration in waste sector. Categories applied by GPG LULUCF are cropland and grassland in LULUCF sector. The 2006 IPCC Guidelines are applied for i) F-gas emissions from semiconductor manufacturing and electric equipment and fugitive emissions from natural gas, ii) rice cultivation and agricultural soils in agriculture sector, iii) forest land and wetlands in LULUCF sector, and iv) others in the waste sector. The energy sector uses sectoral approach to estimate emissions.', 'The energy sector uses sectoral approach to estimate emissions. For GHG emissions inventory methodologies, Tier 1 is mainly used while Tier 2 is also used for some sub-sectors, such as i) fuel combustion (CO2), ii) cement production (CO2) and semiconductor manufacturing (PFCs, HFCs, SF6), iii) rice cultivation (CH4) and agricultural soil (N2O), iv) forest land (CO2), v) waste incineration (N2O) and solid waste disposal on land (CH4), and vi) wastewater treatment (CH4). The CO2 equivalent emissions are estimated by using the 100- year time horizon GWP values in the IPCC’s Second Assessment Report. The government is preparing to apply 2006 IPCC Guidelines and the GWP values in the Fifth Assessment Report by 2024.', 'The government is preparing to apply 2006 IPCC Guidelines and the GWP values in the Fifth Assessment Report by 2024. (e) Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable (i) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; The Republic of Korea will estimate and report the emissions and removals from natural disturbances on managed lands in accordance with IPCC 2013 KP supplement. (ii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products The Republic of Korea will estimate and report the emissions and removals from harvested wood products using the production approach in accordance with 2006 IPCC Guidelines and IPCC 2013 KP Supplement.', '(ii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products The Republic of Korea will estimate and report the emissions and removals from harvested wood products using the production approach in accordance with 2006 IPCC Guidelines and IPCC 2013 KP Supplement. (iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests The Republic of Korea continues to practice sustainable forest management, not confined to a specific age-class, to ensure its forests serve as reliable carbon sinks.', '(iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests The Republic of Korea continues to practice sustainable forest management, not confined to a specific age-class, to ensure its forests serve as reliable carbon sinks. (f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including (i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used The reference indicator of the updated NDC is the total national GHG emissions (excluding LULUCF) in 2017 in 2019 National GHG Inventory Report, which was prepared according to the IPCC Guidelines.', '(f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including (i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used The reference indicator of the updated NDC is the total national GHG emissions (excluding LULUCF) in 2017 in 2019 National GHG Inventory Report, which was prepared according to the IPCC Guidelines. (ii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non-greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable N/A (iii) For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated N/A (iv) Further technical information, as necessary N/A (g) The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable The Republic of Korea plans to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement as a supplementary measure to achieve its NDC.', '(ii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non-greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable N/A (iii) For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated N/A (iv) Further technical information, as necessary N/A (g) The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable The Republic of Korea plans to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement as a supplementary measure to achieve its NDC. 6.', '(ii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non-greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable N/A (iii) For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated N/A (iv) Further technical information, as necessary N/A (g) The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable The Republic of Korea plans to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement as a supplementary measure to achieve its NDC. 6. How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances Information Information submitted by the Republic of Korea (a) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances The Republic of Korea has energy-intensive industry structure.', 'How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances Information Information submitted by the Republic of Korea (a) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances The Republic of Korea has energy-intensive industry structure. Its manufacturing sector takes up 28.4% of the GDP and its core industries, such as steelmaking, petrochemicals, oil refinery, etc., are carbon-intensive industries. The GHG emissions from top 4 energy-intensive industries accounted for 74.8% of the industry sector’s total GHG emissions in 2019. Those top 4energy-intensive industries are also the Republic of Korea’s major export industries, which took up 21.2% of the total export amount in 2019.', 'Those top 4energy-intensive industries are also the Republic of Korea’s major export industries, which took up 21.2% of the total export amount in 2019. Under such circumstances, significant reduction of GHG emissions without undermining national economic growth is a challenging task. However, the GHG emissions level that had been on the continuous rise since the1990s started decreasing from 2018, the year the level is to expected to peak. This is mainly because the Republic of Korea’s active mitigation measures aiming at decoupling economic growth from GHG emissions have begun to take effect. The measures include the ban on construction of new coal-fired power plants and the launch of the K-ETS, the world’s largest carbon trading system operated at national level. The K-ETS has started its operation since 2015.', 'The K-ETS has started its operation since 2015. From 2021 to 2030, the scheme aims to achieve the updated NDC in accordance with the 3rd Basic Plan for the K-ETS. The emissions cap in the Phase 3 Allocation Plan was also recently set in accordance with the updated NDC. To accelerate the momentum gathered so far, the Republic of Korea has set the ambitious level of reduction target, which is to cut the total national GHG emissions by one-fourth within approximately 10 years from the base year, 2017.', 'To accelerate the momentum gathered so far, the Republic of Korea has set the ambitious level of reduction target, which is to cut the total national GHG emissions by one-fourth within approximately 10 years from the base year, 2017. The Republic of Korea plans to significantly scale up R&D investments for core emissions reduction technologies, e.g.,renewable energy, zero emission vehicles and hydrogen technologies, under the recognition that climate change is caused by man-made GHG emissions and therefore, it could be dealt with by human endeavor as well, i.e., the technological development. The government is also pushing ahead with the Korean Green New Deal from 2020 with the planned investment of KRW 73.4 trillion to overcome the climate crisis and economic recession.', 'The government is also pushing ahead with the Korean Green New Deal from 2020 with the planned investment of KRW 73.4 trillion to overcome the climate crisis and economic recession. (b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity The Republic of Korea began its industrialization in the 1970s. Under its drive for economic growth, the Republic of Korea has experienced continued GHG emissions growth since the 1990s. However, with its Energy & GHG Target Management System, K-ETS, and other active mitigation policies starting to take effect, the emissions level is expected to start decreasing from 2019 after 2018, the year the level is expected to peak.', 'However, with its Energy & GHG Target Management System, K-ETS, and other active mitigation policies starting to take effect, the emissions level is expected to start decreasing from 2019 after 2018, the year the level is expected to peak. Under such circumstances, the Republic of Korea, expecting its emissions level in 2018 to be its peak, has set the ambitious target, which is to cut the total national GHG emissions by one- fourth within approximately 10 years from 2018.', 'Under such circumstances, the Republic of Korea, expecting its emissions level in 2018 to be its peak, has set the ambitious target, which is to cut the total national GHG emissions by one- fourth within approximately 10 years from 2018. This duration of nearly 10 years is much shorter time span than most developed countries have taken to reduce their emissions by one-fourth and therefore, it is our understanding that the Republic of Korea is making a fair contribution to achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement.President Moon Jae-in declared in his speech on annual budget at the National Assembly in October 2020 that the Republic of Korea will strive to become carbon-neutral by 2050.', 'This duration of nearly 10 years is much shorter time span than most developed countries have taken to reduce their emissions by one-fourth and therefore, it is our understanding that the Republic of Korea is making a fair contribution to achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement.President Moon Jae-in declared in his speech on annual budget at the National Assembly in October 2020 that the Republic of Korea will strive to become carbon-neutral by 2050. Although the Republic of Korea experienced industrialization at a later stage, his speech reaffirmed the Republic of Korea’s commitment to striving to achieve the same 2050 goal indicated in the IPCC Special Report on the Global Warming of 1.5℃.', 'Although the Republic of Korea experienced industrialization at a later stage, his speech reaffirmed the Republic of Korea’s commitment to striving to achieve the same 2050 goal indicated in the IPCC Special Report on the Global Warming of 1.5℃. With such long- term goal in mind, the Korean government will seriously consider raising ambition level in its NDC before 2025. (c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement The Republic of Korea added GHG reduction pathways on a 3- year basis to the 2030 Roadmap, except 2030, the target year. This is to provide clear policy signals so that the indicated pathways could be used as a guidance for setting the emissions caps for the K-ETS.', 'This is to provide clear policy signals so that the indicated pathways could be used as a guidance for setting the emissions caps for the K-ETS. Also, the share of overseas reduction in the 2030 Roadmap has been reduced to strengthen domestic mitigation efforts. Building upon such progress, the government updated the existing target to the absolute target, which is to reduce 24.4% from the total national GHG emissions in 2017 by 2030, to increase clarity and transparency of the target. The Enforcement Decree of the Framework Act on Low Carbon, Green Growth was amended to include the updated target, ensuring the legal basis for mitigation efforts.', 'The Enforcement Decree of the Framework Act on Low Carbon, Green Growth was amended to include the updated target, ensuring the legal basis for mitigation efforts. (d) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement The Republic of Korea has set the economy-wide absolute emissions reduction target in its updated NDC. The absolute target provides an enhanced clarity and transparency in terms of target emissions and emissions reduction rates compared to the other target-setting methods, i.e., emissions intensity target or BAU-based reduction target. The update of NDC into the economy-wide absolute emissions reduction target indicates the Republic of Korea’s strong commitment to reducing further GHG emissions, especially considering evolving circumstances that can be triggered by changing economic growth rate and industrial structure.', 'The update of NDC into the economy-wide absolute emissions reduction target indicates the Republic of Korea’s strong commitment to reducing further GHG emissions, especially considering evolving circumstances that can be triggered by changing economic growth rate and industrial structure. Article 4, paragraph 4 of the Paris Agreement encourages developing countries to move over time towards economy-wide emissions reduction or limitation targets. With this in mind, the Republic of Korea converted the existing BAU-based reduction target, previously communicated in its INDC, into the absolute target, which indicates a meaningful progress. (e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement. N/A7.', '(e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement. N/A7. How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 Information Information submitted by the Republic of Korea (a) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article Article 2 of the UNFCCC sets forth its ultimate objective to achieve stabilization of GHG concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.', 'How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 Information Information submitted by the Republic of Korea (a) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article Article 2 of the UNFCCC sets forth its ultimate objective to achieve stabilization of GHG concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. This objective was later stated more specifically in the Paris Agreement as its goal to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels.', 'This objective was later stated more specifically in the Paris Agreement as its goal to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels. To achieve this goal, Article 4, paragraph 1 of the Paris Agreement further states that a balance between anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of GHGs should be achieved in the second half of this century. The Republic of Korea updated the NDC in consideration of this long-term global goal of the Paris Agreement, and therefore, the Republic of Korea’s updated NDC contributes to achieving the ultimate goal of the UNFCCC.', 'The Republic of Korea updated the NDC in consideration of this long-term global goal of the Paris Agreement, and therefore, the Republic of Korea’s updated NDC contributes to achieving the ultimate goal of the UNFCCC. (b) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement The Republic of Korea strives to become carbon neutral by 2050, which is aligned with the international community’s shared goals indicated in Article 2, paragraph 1, and Article 4, paragraph 1 of the Paris Agreement including the target of achieving carbon neutrality in the second half of this century.In addition, the Republic of Korea has been pushing forward with its Green New Deal since July 2020, ensuring that it serves as a lever for the transition toward a carbon-neutral society.', '(b) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement The Republic of Korea strives to become carbon neutral by 2050, which is aligned with the international community’s shared goals indicated in Article 2, paragraph 1, and Article 4, paragraph 1 of the Paris Agreement including the target of achieving carbon neutrality in the second half of this century.In addition, the Republic of Korea has been pushing forward with its Green New Deal since July 2020, ensuring that it serves as a lever for the transition toward a carbon-neutral society. The Green New Deal is underpinned by 3 key pillars; green transition in cities/spatial planning/living infrastructure, diffusion of low-carbon and distributed energy, and establishment of innovative green industry ecosystems.', 'The Green New Deal is underpinned by 3 key pillars; green transition in cities/spatial planning/living infrastructure, diffusion of low-carbon and distributed energy, and establishment of innovative green industry ecosystems. Its total planned investment is estimated to be KRW 73.4 trillion by 2025. From 2021, the Republic of Korea plans to analyze 2050 carbon neutrality scenarios as well as 2030 emissions reduction potentials for the consideration of raising its ambition level in further updating its 2030 target.']

en-US

KOR

Republic of Korea

Updated NDC

2021-12-23 00:00:00

x

NDC 1.2

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/211223_The%20Republic%20of%20Korea's%20Enhanced%20Update%20of%20its%20First%20Nationally%20Determined%20Contribution_211227_editorial%20change.pdf

Non-Annex I

High-income

Asia

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/fd474bef77fa0ad309c1410add74756b9a8fd6e0bea55f5e42977d1988aafa35.pdf

['Submission under the Paris Agreement The Republic of Korea’s Enhanced Update of its First Nationally Determined Contribution In accordance with paragraph 2(b) of decision 1/CP.19, the Republic of Korea submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Secretariat in June 2015. In the following year, the Republic of Korea introduced the sectoral implementation plan by establishing the 2030 Basic Roadmap for Achieving the National Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Reduction Target (2030 Roadmap). The submitted INDC was registered as the Republic of Korea’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), following its ratification of the Paris Agreement on November 3, 2016.', 'The submitted INDC was registered as the Republic of Korea’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), following its ratification of the Paris Agreement on November 3, 2016. And the Republic of Korea has formulated and improved domestic policies and measures specifically for the implementation of the NDC, including the revision of the 2030 Roadmap in 2018. The Republic of Korea also actively engaged in the facilitative dialogue held during COP24 in Katowice, Poland in 2018 and has sought to consider and duly reflected various views of the Parties and stakeholders collected from the facilitative dialogue in the process of updating its NDC.', 'The Republic of Korea also actively engaged in the facilitative dialogue held during COP24 in Katowice, Poland in 2018 and has sought to consider and duly reflected various views of the Parties and stakeholders collected from the facilitative dialogue in the process of updating its NDC. In accordance with paragraph 24 of decision 1/CP.21, on December 30, 2020, the Republic of Korea communicated its updated NDC that had replaced its BAU-based reduction target with an economy-wide absolute emissions reduction target so as to contribute to the faithful implementation and achievement of the goals of the Paris Agreement.', 'In accordance with paragraph 24 of decision 1/CP.21, on December 30, 2020, the Republic of Korea communicated its updated NDC that had replaced its BAU-based reduction target with an economy-wide absolute emissions reduction target so as to contribute to the faithful implementation and achievement of the goals of the Paris Agreement. To fulfill the long-term temperature goal set in Article 2, paragraph 1 of the Paris Agreement, which is to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre- industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre- industrial levels, the Republic of Korea declared to move towards the goal of carbon neutrality by 2050 in December 2020 and has finalized its 2050 carbon-neutrality scenarios as a follow-up measure.', 'To fulfill the long-term temperature goal set in Article 2, paragraph 1 of the Paris Agreement, which is to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre- industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre- industrial levels, the Republic of Korea declared to move towards the goal of carbon neutrality by 2050 in December 2020 and has finalized its 2050 carbon-neutrality scenarios as a follow-up measure. In line with the declaration, the Republic of Korea once again communicates the enhanced update of its first NDC.', 'In line with the declaration, the Republic of Korea once again communicates the enhanced update of its first NDC. The enhanced update of the first NDC of the Republic of Korea is set at the most ambitious level possible to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality by 2050 despite the country’s manufacturing-oriented industry structure.The updated and enhanced target is to reduce total national GHG emissions by 40% from the 2018 level, which is 727.6 MtCO2eq, by 2030. 40% reduction target is more enhanced because it is below its linear reduction pathways from 2018 to 2050. This indicates the Republic of Korea’s enhanced ambition towards the goal of carbon neutrality by 2050.', 'This indicates the Republic of Korea’s enhanced ambition towards the goal of carbon neutrality by 2050. In September 2021, the Republic of Korea enacted the Framework Act on Carbon Neutrality and Green Growth for Climate Crisis Response (or “the Carbon Neutrality Act”), enshrining the minimum level of a mid-term national GHG emission reduction target as well as a robust implementation mechanism in law to ensure a faithful implementation of its NDC. 3. Key updates Below are the key updates of the Republic of Korea’s NDC. The Republic of Korea is significantly enhancing its 2030 target from the previous 24.4% reduction compared to the 2017 level (26.3% reduction from the 2018 level) up to 40% reduction from the 2018 level.', 'The Republic of Korea is significantly enhancing its 2030 target from the previous 24.4% reduction compared to the 2017 level (26.3% reduction from the 2018 level) up to 40% reduction from the 2018 level. In setting the new 2030 target, the entire sectors’ mitigation potentials have been analyzed and reflected to the fullest extent possible. The following are key mitigation strategies for achieving the new 2030 target by sector. · Power generation: The Republic Korea is seeking to dramatically phase down coal-fired power generation while ramping up renewable power. Aged coal power plants will be shut down or shift their fuels from coal to Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG). The uptake of solar and wind power will be scaled up as well.', 'The uptake of solar and wind power will be scaled up as well. The Korean government will also support research and development of improving the efficiency of major renewable energy facilities and make preemptive investment in improving power grids. · Industry: The Republic of Korea is focusing on driving a low-carbon transition in emission-intensive sectors, i.e., steelmaking, petrochemicals, and cement industries. In industrial production processes, electric furnaces are expected to be used to reduce emissions, and bionaphtha will be increasingly used as a feedstock for petrochemical crackers instead of naphtha. In the cement industry, the energy saving rate is set to be improved, and waste synthetic resin will be used for reduced consumption of fossil fuels.', 'In the cement industry, the energy saving rate is set to be improved, and waste synthetic resin will be used for reduced consumption of fossil fuels. Facilities to reduce fluorinated GHG emissions from the semiconductor and display industries will be expanded. · Building: The Republic of Korea is stepping up efforts to promote zero-energy building solutions for newly constructed buildings and encourage the widespread implementation of green remodeling projects on existing buildings. In line with these efforts, the Korean government will strive to improve energy efficiency, including through the distribution of energy-efficient lighting systems and appliances, and actively introduce new andrenewable energy sources, including solar photovoltaic, geothermal and hydrothermal energy.', 'In line with these efforts, the Korean government will strive to improve energy efficiency, including through the distribution of energy-efficient lighting systems and appliances, and actively introduce new andrenewable energy sources, including solar photovoltaic, geothermal and hydrothermal energy. · Transportation: The Republic of Korea has markedly raised its 2030 target on the deployment of zero-emission vehicles such as the ones powered by electricity and hydrogen. In tandem with this, the Korean government is seeking to reduce trips by car, including through the improvement of public transportation services. In the shipping and aviation sectors, emission reduction efforts will be focused on distributing eco-friendly ships and enhancing the operational efficiency of aircraft.', 'In the shipping and aviation sectors, emission reduction efforts will be focused on distributing eco-friendly ships and enhancing the operational efficiency of aircraft. · Agriculture, livestock farming and fisheries: The Republic Korea is introducing various options to accelerate low-carbon farming, for instance, improving irrigation techniques in rice paddies and adopting low-input systems for nitrogen fertilizers. As viable mitigation options, enhancing treatment methods for livestock excreta or turning them into energy sources as well as introducing forage that contributes to lower methane emissions are being explored in livestock farming. The Korean government is aiming to adopt highly-efficient facilities to consume less energy in this sector. · Waste: The Republic of Korea’s waste management policy focuses on reducing waste generation while increasing recycling.', '· Waste: The Republic of Korea’s waste management policy focuses on reducing waste generation while increasing recycling. The existing petroleum-based plastics will be replaced by bioplastics, and methane gases emitted from landfills will be recovered for use as an energy source. · Carbon sinks (LULUCF): The Republic of Korea will maintain and improve its carbon sinks with sustainable forest management, conservation and restoration and increase forestlands by greening urban spaces. Other options include creating new coastal and inland wetlands as well as vegetation in waterfront areas. The Republic of Korea plans to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement as a complementary measure to its domestic mitigation efforts including LULUCF to achieve its target.', 'The Republic of Korea plans to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement as a complementary measure to its domestic mitigation efforts including LULUCF to achieve its target. Along with the mitigation efforts mentioned above, the Republic of Korea has been making various efforts to adapt to climate change. In view of the gravity of the impact of climate change, the Korean government established the 1st National Climate Change Adaptation Plan (NAP) for 2011–2015 in 2010 to reduce potential damage of climate change and the implementation of this 5-year plan has been continuously monitored and evaluated. Also, the 3rd NAP for 2021-2025 was published in 2020. For the 3rd NAP, national climate change risks by sector based on scientific evidence were studied in 2019.', 'For the 3rd NAP, national climate change risks by sector based on scientific evidence were studied in 2019. In July 2020, theRepublic of Korea published the Climate Change Assessment Report, a comprehensive review of the impact of climate change and vulnerabilities in such sectors as water management, ecosystem, health, and agriculture and fisheries. As a result, the 3rd NAP was drawn up to include three key policy pillars: i) improving climate resilience, ii) strengthening monitoring, forecasting and assessment and iii) mainstreaming adaptation in all corners of society. First, to improve climate resilience, the Korean government will establish and implement measures to manage 84 climate risks in 6 sectors including water management, ecosystems, national land and coastal areas, agriculture and fisheries, health and industry and energy.', 'First, to improve climate resilience, the Korean government will establish and implement measures to manage 84 climate risks in 6 sectors including water management, ecosystems, national land and coastal areas, agriculture and fisheries, health and industry and energy. The measures will be focused on water management that considers future climate risks such as floods and droughts, maintaining the health of ecosystems through ecosystem conservation and recovery, ensuring climate resilience of national land, coastal and social infrastructure, creating an environment that enables sustainable agriculture and fisheries, developing a prevention system against health damages associated with climate change, and improving the adaptive capacity of the industry and energy sector.', 'The measures will be focused on water management that considers future climate risks such as floods and droughts, maintaining the health of ecosystems through ecosystem conservation and recovery, ensuring climate resilience of national land, coastal and social infrastructure, creating an environment that enables sustainable agriculture and fisheries, developing a prevention system against health damages associated with climate change, and improving the adaptive capacity of the industry and energy sector. Second, to strengthen monitoring, forecasting and assessment, the Korean government will build infrastructure for science-based forecasting and assessment, and improve climate vulnerability and risk assessment tools. The GEO-KOMPSAT-2 (Geostationary - Korea Multi-purpose Satellite-2, or Cheollian-2) will be utilized for the collection of diverse information from meteorological, ocean and environmental monitoring.', 'The GEO-KOMPSAT-2 (Geostationary - Korea Multi-purpose Satellite-2, or Cheollian-2) will be utilized for the collection of diverse information from meteorological, ocean and environmental monitoring. Climate forecast models will be developed to produce the country’s detailed climate change scenarios and climate forcings in consideration of the IPCC 6th Assessment Report to be published in 2022. The Republic of Korea will seek ways to connect, advance and utilize these climate impact and vulnerability assessment tools, and build an integrated climate resilience platform for better information sharing with the public. Third, to mainstream adaptation in policymaking, the Korean government will put in place a right governance, cooperation mechanism and foundation for awareness-raising.', 'Third, to mainstream adaptation in policymaking, the Korean government will put in place a right governance, cooperation mechanism and foundation for awareness-raising. Citizens Evaluation Group comprised of actors at all levels – experts, localities, industry, civil society and the youth – is already set up to engage in all processes of establishing, implementing and evaluating adaptation plans. Targeted assistance will be provided for vulnerable groups sensitive to climate impacts and adaptation-related industries will be fostered to ultimately improve climate resilience of society as a whole. The Republic of Korea will submit an adaptation communication and strengthen international cooperation on enhancing action on adaptation and provide capacity-building support for developing countries.', 'The Republic of Korea will submit an adaptation communication and strengthen international cooperation on enhancing action on adaptation and provide capacity-building support for developing countries. Since 2009, the National Climate Change Adaptation Center has been in operation, a think-tank organized for a systematic support for national adaptation policy and comprehensive adaptation research. The Korean government has been focusing on developing science-based adaptation policies including through the development and advancement of the Vulnerability assESsment Tool tobuild climate change Adaptation Plan (VESTAP) and the Model of inTegrated Impact and Vulnerability Evaluation of climate change (MOTIVE). In recognition of the importance of local governments’ role in adaptation efforts, the Korean government made adaptation planning a legal obligation of municipal and local governments in 2012 and 2015, respectively.', 'In recognition of the importance of local governments’ role in adaptation efforts, the Korean government made adaptation planning a legal obligation of municipal and local governments in 2012 and 2015, respectively. Accordingly, 17 municipal governments and 226 local governments have established and implemented their own adaptation measures every five years. Pursuant to the Carbon Neutrality Act enacted in September 2021, public entities in possession and management of climate-vulnerable facilities are required to establish and implement their own adaptation plans. Efforts to develop and distribute climate change adaptation manuals are also underway to ensure businesses are better informed in adapting to climate change. The Republic of Korea has been operating an international adaptation training program annually since 2010 to support developing countries’ effort to build their adaptive capacity.', 'The Republic of Korea has been operating an international adaptation training program annually since 2010 to support developing countries’ effort to build their adaptive capacity. From 2021, the Republic of Korea is working with the UNFCCC Secretariat to jointly operate the Adaptation Academy under the umbrella of the established UNFCCC Climate Action and Support Transparency Training programme until 2025 in an effort to support developing countries’ implementation of the Paris Agreement. The Republic of Korea is set to work more closely with the international community to further contribute to an enhanced global adaptation effort. 5. Implementation of the NDC The Republic of Korea is building up the following institutional arrangements and mechanisms to implement its updated NDC.', 'Implementation of the NDC The Republic of Korea is building up the following institutional arrangements and mechanisms to implement its updated NDC. First, the Republic of Korea is pushing forward policies that accelerate the achievement of its updated 2030 target and 2050 goal in accordance with the Carbon Neutrality Act. The Act was enacted in September 2021 with the aim of strengthening both mitigation and adaptation measures and addressing inequality that could arise in the societal transition to carbon neutrality. The Act clearly defines 2050 carbon neutrality as the Republic of Korea’s national vision and stipulates the minimum level of its NDC target for 2030.', 'The Act clearly defines 2050 carbon neutrality as the Republic of Korea’s national vision and stipulates the minimum level of its NDC target for 2030. Other key pillars of the Act include: climate impact assessment, climate-responsive budgeting, Emissions Trading Scheme (K-ETS), adaptation measures for the climate crisis, and designation of special areas and establishment of support centers for the just transition. The Act serves as a legislative basis for the economic and social transition that will ultimately enable the Republic of Korea to achieve its NDC. Second, the public and private sectors have joined forces to implement the NDC with the 2050 Carbon Neutrality Commission at the center.', 'Second, the public and private sectors have joined forces to implement the NDC with the 2050 Carbon Neutrality Commission at the center. In May 2021, the Republic of Korea has launched the 2050 Carbon Neutrality Commission, the key governance to support its carbon-neutrality transition. The Commission is co-chaired by the Prime Minister and a representative from the private sector, and its membership is broad from cabinet members to businesses, experts, the youth and civil society from the private sector. The Commission reviews the fundamental direction of carbon-neutrality policies and the framework of national plans and takes stock of the NDC implementation. The Commission also collects opinions of various stakeholders in the society and feeds the collected opinions back into the NDC implementation process.', 'The Commission also collects opinions of various stakeholders in the society and feeds the collected opinions back into the NDC implementation process. Third, the Republic of Korea has been developing sectoral strategies to achieve its NDC and the 2050 goal. Policy directions of each sector – energy, industry, transportation, buildings, circular economy, and agriculture, forestry, livestock farming and fisheries – will be coordinated consistently with such sectoral strategies. National plans under the law that include sectoral mitigation and adaptation measures such as the Basic Plan for Carbon Neutrality and Green Growth will be either established or revised in line with the NDC and the 2050 goal.', 'National plans under the law that include sectoral mitigation and adaptation measures such as the Basic Plan for Carbon Neutrality and Green Growth will be either established or revised in line with the NDC and the 2050 goal. Fourth, the Republic of Korea plans to reduce GHG emissions efficiently based on the market mechanism by utilizing K-ETS, which covers 73.5% of the national GHG emissions. In 2019, the 3rd Basic Plan for the K-ETS for 2021–2030 was established, setting out ways of ETS operation for the next decade including effective reduction measures, improved allocation methods, enhanced market functions, and linkage and collaboration with international carbon markets for contributing to achieving the 2030 target.', 'In 2019, the 3rd Basic Plan for the K-ETS for 2021–2030 was established, setting out ways of ETS operation for the next decade including effective reduction measures, improved allocation methods, enhanced market functions, and linkage and collaboration with international carbon markets for contributing to achieving the 2030 target. The 3rd Basic Plan for the K-ETS specifies that the updated 2030 target should be considered when setting the emissions cap and allocating tradable permits on a 5-year basis, underlining the role of the ETS for the achievement of the NDC. The Phase 3 Allocation Plan for 2021-2025, introduced in September 2020, specifies the emissions cap as well as allocation standards and methods by sector and sub-sector, based on the principle of contributing to achieving the NDC.', 'The Phase 3 Allocation Plan for 2021-2025, introduced in September 2020, specifies the emissions cap as well as allocation standards and methods by sector and sub-sector, based on the principle of contributing to achieving the NDC. The scope of allocation has been expanded by including the transportation and construction sectors and the coverage rate of the ETS in the national GHG emissions was increased from 70.2% in Phase 2 (2018-2020) to 73.5% in Phase 3. Fifth, the Korean government will establish annual plans to achieve the NDC by sector and the 2050 Carbon Neutrality Commission will review them and prepare an outcome report for public release.', 'Fifth, the Korean government will establish annual plans to achieve the NDC by sector and the 2050 Carbon Neutrality Commission will review them and prepare an outcome report for public release. In this review process, targets are tracked closely and additional actions needed to improve performance are identified, which provides valuable inputs to the government’s policymaking. Sixth, the Republic of Korea will continue to be financially supporting carbon-neutrality transition. The Korean government will newly set up the Korea Climate Action Fund in 2022 to effectively tackle the climate crisis and provide funding needed for the shift towards a carbon-neutral society. To accelerate action for this transition, the Republic of Korea has been promoting the Korean Green New Deal since July 2020.', 'To accelerate action for this transition, the Republic of Korea has been promoting the Korean Green New Deal since July 2020. In July 2021, the Green New Dealwas realigned to add a new pillar of “laying a foundation for carbon neutrality” to the existing 3 pillars: green transition in cities/spatial planning/living infrastructure, diffusion of low- carbon and distributed energy, and establishment of innovative green industry ecosystems. A total of KRW 61 trillion (approximately USD 51.7 billion) is planned to be invested in the 4 key pillars underpinning this New Deal 2.0. The New Deal 2.0 aims to contribute to the achievement of the NDC and improve sustainability of society.', 'The New Deal 2.0 aims to contribute to the achievement of the NDC and improve sustainability of society. The Republic of Korea has joined the Global Methane Pledge to become a part of the global efforts to tackle the climate crisis. By joining the Pledge, the Republic of Korea aims to reduce its domestic methane emissions, in order to contribute to the achievement of the goal of the Pledge, which is to reduce global methane emissions by at least 30% from 2020 level by 2030. (Annex) Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of the Republic of Korea’s nationally determined contribution 1.', '(Annex) Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of the Republic of Korea’s nationally determined contribution 1. Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year) Information Information submitted by the Republic of Korea (a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s) (b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year (c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information N/A (d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction 40% reduction from total national GHG emissions in 2018 (e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s) 2020 National GHG Inventory Report of the Republic of Korea (in Korean) (f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators If emissions calculation method, activity data, and emissions factor are improved, the values of the reference indicators may be updated.2.', 'Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year) Information Information submitted by the Republic of Korea (a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s) (b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year (c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information N/A (d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction 40% reduction from total national GHG emissions in 2018 (e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s) 2020 National GHG Inventory Report of the Republic of Korea (in Korean) (f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators If emissions calculation method, activity data, and emissions factor are improved, the values of the reference indicators may be updated.2. Time frames and/or periods for implementation Information Information submitted by the Republic of Korea (a) Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA) (b) Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable Single-year target The Republic of Korea allocates tradable permits and reduces GHG emissions on a 5-year basis for the 73.5% of its total national GHG emissions by establishing the 3rd Basic Plan for K-ETS for 2021-2030, considering the 2030 national GHG reduction target.', 'Time frames and/or periods for implementation Information Information submitted by the Republic of Korea (a) Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA) (b) Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable Single-year target The Republic of Korea allocates tradable permits and reduces GHG emissions on a 5-year basis for the 73.5% of its total national GHG emissions by establishing the 3rd Basic Plan for K-ETS for 2021-2030, considering the 2030 national GHG reduction target. 3.', 'Time frames and/or periods for implementation Information Information submitted by the Republic of Korea (a) Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA) (b) Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable Single-year target The Republic of Korea allocates tradable permits and reduces GHG emissions on a 5-year basis for the 73.5% of its total national GHG emissions by establishing the 3rd Basic Plan for K-ETS for 2021-2030, considering the 2030 national GHG reduction target. 3. Scope and coverage Information Information submitted by the Republic of Korea (a) General description of the target The Republic of Korea’s updated NDC target is to reduce 40% from the total national GHG emissions in 2018, which is 727.6 MtCO2eq, by 2030.', 'Scope and coverage Information Information submitted by the Republic of Korea (a) General description of the target The Republic of Korea’s updated NDC target is to reduce 40% from the total national GHG emissions in 2018, which is 727.6 MtCO2eq, by 2030. The Republic of Korea plans to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement as a complementary measure to its domestic mitigation efforts including LULUCF to achieve its target.', 'The Republic of Korea plans to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement as a complementary measure to its domestic mitigation efforts including LULUCF to achieve its target. (b) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines Sectors: energy, industrial process, agriculture, LULUCF, and waste GHGs: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbon (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) (c) How the Party has taken into consideration paragraph 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21 GHGs from all sectors are included except NF3. The NF3 is not included because of the absence of its activity data. However, once the activity data is collected, it will be compiled in the National GHG Inventory Report.', 'However, once the activity data is collected, it will be compiled in the National GHG Inventory Report. (d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans. N/A 4.', '(d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans. N/A 4. Planning processes Information Information submitted by the Republic of Korea (a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate(i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner < NDC planning process > In 2015, the 2030 national GHG reduction target was set to reduce 37% from the 2030 BAU emissions projection level, and the target was communicated as the Republic of Korea’s INDC in June 2015.', 'Planning processes Information Information submitted by the Republic of Korea (a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate(i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner < NDC planning process > In 2015, the 2030 national GHG reduction target was set to reduce 37% from the 2030 BAU emissions projection level, and the target was communicated as the Republic of Korea’s INDC in June 2015. In 2016, the Republic of Korea introduced the 2030 Basic Roadmap for Achieving the National Greenhouse Gases Reduction Target (2030 Roadmap), presenting specific reduction plans for 8 sectors and 30 sub-sectors.', 'In 2016, the Republic of Korea introduced the 2030 Basic Roadmap for Achieving the National Greenhouse Gases Reduction Target (2030 Roadmap), presenting specific reduction plans for 8 sectors and 30 sub-sectors. The submitted INDC was registered as the Republic of Korea’s first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), following its ratification of the Paris Agreement on November 3, 2016. Later on, civil society pointed out that the 2030 Roadmap should serve to incentivize companies sufficiently to develop their investment plans for emissions reduction. Also, some argued to increase the role of domestic reduction rather than relying on mitigation efforts in overseas countries as suggested in the 2030 Roadmap.', 'Also, some argued to increase the role of domestic reduction rather than relying on mitigation efforts in overseas countries as suggested in the 2030 Roadmap. Based on such inputs, the Korean government revised the 2030 Roadmap and added GHG reduction pathways on a 3- year basis to provide a clearer signal of its mitigation policies. Also, the share of the overseas reduction was reduced by increased domestic mitigation efforts. Ahead of communicating an updated NDC in 2020, preparatory consultations commenced in 2019 among relevant ministries including the Ministry of Environment, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs todetermine the country’s updated GHG reduction target.', 'Ahead of communicating an updated NDC in 2020, preparatory consultations commenced in 2019 among relevant ministries including the Ministry of Environment, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs todetermine the country’s updated GHG reduction target. To ensure the clarity and transparency of the target, the government replaced the previous target with an absolute target which is to reduce 24.4% from 2017 emissions level by 2030. In December 2019, the updated target was legislated through the amendment to the Enforcement Decree of the Framework Act on Low Carbon, Green Growth. Following the ensuing review by the Committee on Green Growth and the government, the Republic of Korea finalized and communicated the update of its NDC that includes the 2030 national GHG reduction target.', 'Following the ensuing review by the Committee on Green Growth and the government, the Republic of Korea finalized and communicated the update of its NDC that includes the 2030 national GHG reduction target. In December 2020, the Republic of Korea declared to move towards the goal of carbon neutrality by 2050. Following this declaration, in April 2021, the government announced its plan to enhance the NDC target once again. A technical working group comprised of experts from national research agencies was set up to review the 2050 carbon-neutrality scenarios and develop ways to better connect the updated NDC with the 2050 scenarios. The Carbon Neutrality Act, enacted in September 2021, stipulates the minimum level of the 2030 target should be 35% reduction from 2018 level.', 'The Carbon Neutrality Act, enacted in September 2021, stipulates the minimum level of the 2030 target should be 35% reduction from 2018 level. Relevant ministries including the Ministry of Environment, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, the Ministry of Economy and Finance, and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs submitted a draft proposal for 40% reduction from 2018 level by 2030 to the 2050 Carbon Neutrality Commission, in consideration of the provisions and purpose ofthe Carbon Neutrality Act and the need to establish the NDC target consistent with the 2050 goal. Upon receiving the proposal, the 2050 Carbon Neutrality Commission held public hearing sessions with industry, civil society, workers and the youth as well as public online debates and considered and determined the enhanced update of the first NDC in October 2021.', 'Upon receiving the proposal, the 2050 Carbon Neutrality Commission held public hearing sessions with industry, civil society, workers and the youth as well as public online debates and considered and determined the enhanced update of the first NDC in October 2021. On October 27, 2021, the cabinet meeting officially considered and determined the enhanced update of first NDC of the Republic of Korea. < NDC implementation plan > The Republic of Korea is building up the following institutional arrangements and mechanisms to implement its updated NDC. First, the Republic of Korea is pushing forward policies that accelerate the achievement of its updated 2030 target and 2050 goal in accordance with the Carbon Neutrality Act.', 'First, the Republic of Korea is pushing forward policies that accelerate the achievement of its updated 2030 target and 2050 goal in accordance with the Carbon Neutrality Act. The Act was enacted in September 2021 with the aim of strengthening both mitigation and adaptation measures and addressing inequality that could arise in the societal transition to carbon neutrality. The Act clearly defines 2050 carbon neutrality as the Republic of Korea’s national vision and stipulates the minimum level of its NDC target for 2030. Other key pillars of the Act include: climate impact assessment, climate-responsive budgeting,Emissions Trading Scheme (K-ETS), adaptation measures for the climate crisis, and designation of special areas and establishment of support centers for the just transition.', 'Other key pillars of the Act include: climate impact assessment, climate-responsive budgeting,Emissions Trading Scheme (K-ETS), adaptation measures for the climate crisis, and designation of special areas and establishment of support centers for the just transition. The Act serves as a legislative basis for the economic and social transition that will ultimately enable the Republic of Korea to achieve its NDC. Second, the public and private sectors have joined forces to implement the NDC with the 2050 Carbon Neutrality Commission at the center. In May 2021, the Republic of Korea has launched the 2050 Carbon Neutrality Commission, the key governance to support its carbon-neutrality transition.', 'In May 2021, the Republic of Korea has launched the 2050 Carbon Neutrality Commission, the key governance to support its carbon-neutrality transition. The Commission is co-chaired by the Prime Minister and a representative from the private sector, and its membership is broad from cabinet members to businesses, experts, the youth and civil society from the private sector. The Commission reviews the fundamental direction of carbon-neutrality policies and the framework of national plans and takes stock of the NDC implementation. The Commission also collects opinions of various stakeholders in the society and feeds the collected opinions back into the NDC implementation process. Third, the Republic of Korea has been developing sectoral strategies to achieve its NDC and the 2050 goal.', 'Third, the Republic of Korea has been developing sectoral strategies to achieve its NDC and the 2050 goal. Policy directions of each sector – energy, industry, transportation, buildings, circular economy, and agriculture, forestry, livestock farming and fisheries – will be coordinated consistently with such sectoral strategies. National plans under the law thatinclude sectoral mitigation and adaptation measures such as the Basic Plan for Carbon Neutrality and Green Growth will be either established or revised in line with the NDC and the 2050 goal. Fourth, the Republic of Korea plans to reduce GHG emissions efficiently based on the market mechanism by utilizing K-ETS, which covers 73.5% of the national GHG emissions.', 'Fourth, the Republic of Korea plans to reduce GHG emissions efficiently based on the market mechanism by utilizing K-ETS, which covers 73.5% of the national GHG emissions. In 2019, the 3rd Basic Plan for the K-ETS for 2021–2030 was established, setting out ways of ETS operation for the next decade including effective reduction measures, improved allocation methods, enhanced market functions, and linkage and collaboration with international carbon markets for contributing to achieving the 2030 target. The 3rd Basic Plan for the K-ETS specifies that the updated 2030 target should be considered when setting the emissions cap and allocating tradable permits on a 5-year basis, underlining the role of the ETS for the achievement of the NDC.', 'The 3rd Basic Plan for the K-ETS specifies that the updated 2030 target should be considered when setting the emissions cap and allocating tradable permits on a 5-year basis, underlining the role of the ETS for the achievement of the NDC. The Phase 3 Allocation Plan for 2021-2025, introduced in September 2020, specifies the emissions cap as well as allocation standards and methods by sector and sub-sector, based on the principle of contributing to achieving the NDC. The scope of allocation has been expanded by including the transportation and construction sectors and the coverage rate of the ETS in the national GHG emissions was increased from 70.2% in Phase 2 (2018-2020) to 73.5% in Phase 3.', 'The scope of allocation has been expanded by including the transportation and construction sectors and the coverage rate of the ETS in the national GHG emissions was increased from 70.2% in Phase 2 (2018-2020) to 73.5% in Phase 3. Fifth, the Korean government will establish annual plans to achieve the NDC by sector and the 2050 Carbon NeutralityCommission will review them and prepare an outcome report for public release. In this review process, targets are tracked closely and additional actions needed to improve performance are identified, which provides valuable inputs to the government’s policymaking. Sixth, the Republic of Korea will continue to be financially supporting carbon-neutrality transition.', 'Sixth, the Republic of Korea will continue to be financially supporting carbon-neutrality transition. The Korean government will newly set up the Korea Climate Action Fund in 2022 to effectively tackle the climate crisis and provide funding needed for the shift towards a carbon-neutral society. To accelerate action for this transition, the Republic of Korea has been promoting the Korean Green New Deal since July 2020. In July 2021, the Green New Deal was realigned to add a new pillar of “laying a foundation for carbon neutrality” to the existing 3 pillars: green transition in cities/spatial planning/living infrastructure, diffusion of low-carbon and distributed energy, and establishment of innovative green industry ecosystems.', 'In July 2021, the Green New Deal was realigned to add a new pillar of “laying a foundation for carbon neutrality” to the existing 3 pillars: green transition in cities/spatial planning/living infrastructure, diffusion of low-carbon and distributed energy, and establishment of innovative green industry ecosystems. A total of KRW 61 trillion (approximately USD 51.7 billion) is planned to be invested in the 4 key pillars underpinning this New Deal 2.0. The New Deal 2.0 aims to contribute to the achievement of the NDC and improve sustainability of society. The Republic of Korea has joined the Global Methane Pledge to become a part of the global efforts to tackle the climate crisis.', 'The Republic of Korea has joined the Global Methane Pledge to become a part of the global efforts to tackle the climate crisis. By joining the Pledge, the Republic of Korea aims to reduce its domestic methane emissions, in order to contribute to the achievement of the goal of the Pledge, which is to reduce global methane emissions by at least 30% from 2020 level by 2030. (ii) Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate a. National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication In 2019, a total of 63% of the Republic of Korea’s territory was estimated to be mountainous areas. And its seasonal characteristics show clear distinctions between four seasons. The population was estimated 51,780,000 in 2020, and its export dependency reached 31.3% in 2020.', 'The population was estimated 51,780,000 in 2020, and its export dependency reached 31.3% in 2020. The percentage of manufacturing to the GDP was 26.1% in 2020. Despite continued population growth and high manufacturing and export dependency, the Republic of Korea ratified the Paris Agreement in November 2016 to cooperate with the international community for climate change response, and declared to move towards the goal of carbon neutrality by 2050 to join global action to tackle climate crisis. b. Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution Upon its declaration of carbon neutrality in October 2020, the Republic of Korea launched the 2050 Carbon Neutrality Commission, the key public-private governance for its carbon neutrality transition.', 'Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution Upon its declaration of carbon neutrality in October 2020, the Republic of Korea launched the 2050 Carbon Neutrality Commission, the key public-private governance for its carbon neutrality transition. The Commission collected views of various stakeholders, which were considered in the process of determining the 2050 carbon-neutrality scenarios and updating the NDC. The enactment of the Carbon Neutrality Act in September 2021 added more clarity to NDC target-setting and implementationprocess as the Act includes provisions on the minimum level of 2030 target and its implementation mechanism. In 2020, the Republic of Korea launched a government-wide assessment process to track the implementation of national GHG reduction target.', 'In 2020, the Republic of Korea launched a government-wide assessment process to track the implementation of national GHG reduction target. The Office for Government Policy Coordination / Prime Minister’s Secretariat and the Ministry of Environment analyze and assess the mitigation performance of each ministry every year under the principle of transparency, timeliness, responsibility, and open communication and release the assessment results to the public. In this process, relevant ministries implementing GHG polices and collect and submit their GHG reduction data to the Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Research Center of Korea (GIR) which then prepares an assessment report. This assessment process has been functioning well, contributing to the achievement of the updated NDC.', 'This assessment process has been functioning well, contributing to the achievement of the updated NDC. c. Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement N/A (b) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement N/A(c) How the Party’s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement As the Republic of Korea recognizes the importance of global stocktake as set out in Article 14 of the Paris Agreement, it will fully engage in the 1st GST in 2023 and consider and duly reflect the results from the 1st GST in the preparations of the subsequent NDC.', 'c. Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement N/A (b) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement N/A(c) How the Party’s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement As the Republic of Korea recognizes the importance of global stocktake as set out in Article 14 of the Paris Agreement, it will fully engage in the 1st GST in 2023 and consider and duly reflect the results from the 1st GST in the preparations of the subsequent NDC. The Republic of Korea participated in the Talanoa Dialogue in 2018 and hosted a domestic Talanoa Dialogue in September of the same year.', 'The Republic of Korea participated in the Talanoa Dialogue in 2018 and hosted a domestic Talanoa Dialogue in September of the same year. This domestic event provided an opportunity to collect opinions from governments, private sector, academia, civil society, and the youth. The collected various views have served as a reference to this updated NDC.', 'The collected various views have served as a reference to this updated NDC. (d) Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on (i) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution N/A (ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy N/Aand mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries 5.', '(d) Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on (i) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution N/A (ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy N/Aand mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries 5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals Information Information submitted by the Republic of Korea (a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA Currently, the Republic of Korea compiles the national GHG inventory mainly in accordance with decision 24/CP.19 and 1996 IPCC Guidelines.', 'Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals Information Information submitted by the Republic of Korea (a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA Currently, the Republic of Korea compiles the national GHG inventory mainly in accordance with decision 24/CP.19 and 1996 IPCC Guidelines. For a few categories, 2000 IPCC Good Practice Guidance (GPG 2000), 2003 IPCC Good Practice Guidance for LULUCF (GPG LULUCF), 2006 IPCC Guidelines are applied.', 'For a few categories, 2000 IPCC Good Practice Guidance (GPG 2000), 2003 IPCC Good Practice Guidance for LULUCF (GPG LULUCF), 2006 IPCC Guidelines are applied. (b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution N/A (c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate Under the relevant guidelines of the Paris Agreement (decision KP supplementary document and 2013 Wetland supplementary document are being prepared to be applied.', '(b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution N/A (c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate Under the relevant guidelines of the Paris Agreement (decision KP supplementary document and 2013 Wetland supplementary document are being prepared to be applied. (d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals The Republic of Korea uses the 1996 IPCC Guidelines to estimate anthropogenic GHG emissions and removals. For somesectors, GPG 2000, GPG LULUCF, 2006 IPCC Guidelines are used.', 'For somesectors, GPG 2000, GPG LULUCF, 2006 IPCC Guidelines are used. Sectors that use GPG 2000 are; i) civil aviation in the energy sector; and ii) landfills, wastewater treatment and waste incineration in waste sector. Sector that used GPG LULUCF is cropland and grassland in LULUCF sector. The 2006 IPCC Guidelines are used for: i) fugitive emissions from natural gas in energy sector; ii) semiconductor manufacture and iii) electrical equipment in industrial process sector; iv) rice cultivation and v) agriculture soils in agricultural sector; vi) forestland and wetland in LULUCF sector; and vii) others in waste sector. The energy sector uses sectoral approach to estimate emissions. For GHG emissions inventory methodologies, Tier 1 is mainly used, while Tier 2 is also used for some areas.', 'For GHG emissions inventory methodologies, Tier 1 is mainly used, while Tier 2 is also used for some areas. Tier 2 is applied to: i) fuel combustion_CO2 and ii) public electricity and heat generation_CH4, N2O in energy sector; iii) semiconductor manufacture in industrial process sector; iv) rice cultivation_CH4 and v) agricultural soils_ N2O in agricultural sector; vi) forestland_CO2 in LULUCF sector; vii) landfill_ CH4, viii) wastewater treatment_CH4 and ix) waste incineration_N2O in waste sector. The CO2 equivalent emissions are estimated by using the 100- year time horizon GWP values in the IPCC’s Second Assessment Report. The government is preparing to apply 2006 IPCC Guidelines and the GWP values in the Fifth Assessment Report by 2024.', 'The government is preparing to apply 2006 IPCC Guidelines and the GWP values in the Fifth Assessment Report by 2024. (e) Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable (i) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; The Republic of Korea will estimate and report the emissions and removals from natural disturbances on managed lands in accordance with IPCC 2013 KP supplement. (ii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products The Republic of Korea will estimate and report the emissions and removals from harvested wood products using the production approach in accordance with 2006 IPCC Guidelines and IPCC 2013 KP Supplement.', '(ii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products The Republic of Korea will estimate and report the emissions and removals from harvested wood products using the production approach in accordance with 2006 IPCC Guidelines and IPCC 2013 KP Supplement. (iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests The Republic of Korea continues to practice sustainable forest management, improving forest age structure concentrated on specific age classes, to ensure its forests serve as reliable carbon sinks.', '(iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests The Republic of Korea continues to practice sustainable forest management, improving forest age structure concentrated on specific age classes, to ensure its forests serve as reliable carbon sinks. (f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including (i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for The reference indicator of the updated NDC is the total national GHG emissions (excluding LULUCF) in 2018 in 2020 National GHG Inventory Report, which was prepared according to the IPCC Guidelines.example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used (ii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non-greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable N/A (iii) For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated N/A (iv) Further technical information, as necessary N/A (g) The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable The Republic of Korea plans to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement as a supplementary measure to achieve its NDC.', '(f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including (i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for The reference indicator of the updated NDC is the total national GHG emissions (excluding LULUCF) in 2018 in 2020 National GHG Inventory Report, which was prepared according to the IPCC Guidelines.example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used (ii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non-greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable N/A (iii) For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated N/A (iv) Further technical information, as necessary N/A (g) The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable The Republic of Korea plans to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement as a supplementary measure to achieve its NDC. 6.', '(f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including (i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for The reference indicator of the updated NDC is the total national GHG emissions (excluding LULUCF) in 2018 in 2020 National GHG Inventory Report, which was prepared according to the IPCC Guidelines.example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used (ii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non-greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable N/A (iii) For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated N/A (iv) Further technical information, as necessary N/A (g) The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable The Republic of Korea plans to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement as a supplementary measure to achieve its NDC. 6. How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances Information Information submitted by the Republic of Korea (a) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances The Republic of Korea’s manufacturing sector takes up 26.1% of its GDP as of 2020 and its core industries, such as steelmaking, petrochemicals, oil refinery, and cement manufacturing are carbon-intensive industries.', 'How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances Information Information submitted by the Republic of Korea (a) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances The Republic of Korea’s manufacturing sector takes up 26.1% of its GDP as of 2020 and its core industries, such as steelmaking, petrochemicals, oil refinery, and cement manufacturing are carbon-intensive industries. The GHG emissions from the top 4 energy-intensive industries accountedfor 74.8% of the industry sector’s total GHG emissions in 2019. Those top 4 energy-intensive industries are also the Republic of Korea’s major export industries, which took up 21.2% of the total export amount in 2019.', 'Those top 4 energy-intensive industries are also the Republic of Korea’s major export industries, which took up 21.2% of the total export amount in 2019. Of the total power mix, coal accounted for approximately 40% as of 2018 and under such circumstances, significant reduction of GHG emissions is a challenging task. The Republic of Korea’s GHG emissions level that had been on the continuous rise since the1990s started decreasing after peaking in 2018. The peak has come late when compared to other major economies. The emissions have been declining mainly because the Republic of Korea’s active mitigation measures aiming at decoupling economic growth from GHG emissions have begun to take effect.', 'The emissions have been declining mainly because the Republic of Korea’s active mitigation measures aiming at decoupling economic growth from GHG emissions have begun to take effect. The measures include the ban on construction of new coal-fired power plants and the launch of the K-ETS, the world’s largest carbon trading system operated at national level. The K-ETS has been operated since 2015. From 2021 to 2030, the scheme aims to achieve the updated NDC in accordance with the 3rd Basic Plan for the K- ETS. To accelerate the momentum gathered so far and contribute to global efforts to tackle climate crisis, the Republic of Korea declared to move towards the goal of carbon neutrality by 2050.', 'To accelerate the momentum gathered so far and contribute to global efforts to tackle climate crisis, the Republic of Korea declared to move towards the goal of carbon neutrality by 2050. To turn what has been declared into reality, the Republic of Korea has set the ambitious level of reduction target, which is tocut the total national GHG emissions by 40% from 2018 level by 2030 as a mid-term target. Provided that linear emission reductions are to be made from 2018 to 2050, the emission reduction target for 2030 is calculated to be 37.5%. Therefore, the 40% target is higher than the linear target, which indicates the Republic of Korea’s enhanced ambition towards carbon neutrality.', 'Therefore, the 40% target is higher than the linear target, which indicates the Republic of Korea’s enhanced ambition towards carbon neutrality. To achieve this updated NDC target, the Republic of Korea is seeking to bring about transitions in its economy and society. In line with the 2030 target and the 2050 goal, sectoral strategies will be developed and policy directions of each sector – energy, industry, transportation, buildings, circular economy, and agriculture, forestry, livestock farming and fisheries – will be coordinated accordingly. National plans under the law that include sectoral mitigation and adaptation measures such as the Basic Plan for Carbon Neutrality and Green Growth, will be either established or revised in line with the updated NDC and the 2050 goal.', 'National plans under the law that include sectoral mitigation and adaptation measures such as the Basic Plan for Carbon Neutrality and Green Growth, will be either established or revised in line with the updated NDC and the 2050 goal. The Republic of Korea will scale up dramatic financial investment in achieving the enhanced update of its first NDC. The government will establish the Korea Climate Action Fund for developing carbon-neutrality technologies, foster low- carbon industries, promote circular economy and protect the vulnerable groups, and plans to scale up fiscal investment as well.In addition, the Republic of Korea has been pushing forward with its Green New Deal since July 2020, ensuring that it serves as a lever for the societal transition toward carbon neutrality.', 'The government will establish the Korea Climate Action Fund for developing carbon-neutrality technologies, foster low- carbon industries, promote circular economy and protect the vulnerable groups, and plans to scale up fiscal investment as well.In addition, the Republic of Korea has been pushing forward with its Green New Deal since July 2020, ensuring that it serves as a lever for the societal transition toward carbon neutrality. The Green New Deal is underpinned by 4 key pillars: laying foundation for carbon neutrality, green transition in cities/spatial planning/living infrastructure, diffusion of low-carbon and distributed energy, and establishment of innovative green industry ecosystems. Its total planned investment is estimated to be KRW 61 trillion (approximately USD 51.7 billion) by 2025.', 'Its total planned investment is estimated to be KRW 61 trillion (approximately USD 51.7 billion) by 2025. The Green New Deal aims to contribute to the achievement of the updated NDC and improve sustainability of the society. (b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity The Republic of Korea declared to move towards the goal of carbon neutrality, and accordingly, enhanced the previous update of its first NDC in an effort to keep the 1.5°C within reach, indicated by the IPCC Special Report on the Global Warming of 1.5℃. 40% reduction target is more enhanced because it is below its linear reduction pathways from 2018 to 2050. This indicates the Republic of Korea’s enhanced ambition towards the goal of carbon neutrality by 2050.', 'This indicates the Republic of Korea’s enhanced ambition towards the goal of carbon neutrality by 2050. With this enhanced target, the Republic of Korea expects to contribute to limiting the global average temperature increase as set out by the Paris Agreement. The government will take measures to support specific industries, workers and regions potentially at risk of being affected by sudden economic and social structural changes thatcould take place while implementing and achieving the NDC. The Carbon Neutrality Act enacted in 2021 requires the government to take support measures for the populations vulnerable to climate change as well as the areas where the number of jobs decreases and economic inequality widens.', 'The Carbon Neutrality Act enacted in 2021 requires the government to take support measures for the populations vulnerable to climate change as well as the areas where the number of jobs decreases and economic inequality widens. Also, it stipulates supports for micro-enterprises, unemployment prevention, reemployment support, and opportunities for new industries in the areas at high risk of negative impacts in the process of the transition by designating special areas for the just transition. These institutional arrangements and funding such as the Korea Climate Action Fund will prevent the vulnerable populations from being disproportionately affected in the process of the transition. The government will take various adaptation measures, targeted to the needs of vulnerable populations to climate change, especially the elderly and low-income groups.', 'The government will take various adaptation measures, targeted to the needs of vulnerable populations to climate change, especially the elderly and low-income groups. Insulation programs for residential buildings will be operated for the vulnerable groups: the beneficiaries of basic livelihood subsidies, the elderly living alone, children, and the residents of rooftop houses and basement apartments affected by heat and cold waves. For those densely populated areas with such vulnerable groups, cooling shelters for heatwaves will be installed and green spaces will be created at a smaller scale. A project is also underway to build climate shelter playgrounds for children.7.', 'A project is also underway to build climate shelter playgrounds for children.7. How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 Information Information submitted by the Republic of Korea (c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement The Republic of Korea has significantly enhanced the previous update of its first NDC by 2030 from the 24.4% reduction compared to 2017 level to 40% reduction from 2018 level. Accordingly, the GHG emissions level targeted in 2030 is approximately 100 MtCO2eq reduction. (d) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement The Republic of Korea has set the economy-wide absolute emissions reduction target in its updated NDC.', '(d) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement The Republic of Korea has set the economy-wide absolute emissions reduction target in its updated NDC. The absolute target provides an enhanced clarity and transparency in terms of target emissions and emissions reduction rates compared to the other target-setting methods, i.e., emissions intensity target or BAU-based reduction target. The update of NDC into the economy-wide absolute emissions reduction target indicates the Republic of Korea’s strong commitment to reducing further GHG emissions, especially considering evolving circumstances that can be triggered by changing economic growth rate and industrial structure. (e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement.', '(e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement. N/A(a) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article Article 2 of the UNFCCC sets forth its ultimate objective to achieve stabilization of GHG concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. This objective was later stated more specifically in the Paris Agreement as its goal to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre- industrial levels.', 'This objective was later stated more specifically in the Paris Agreement as its goal to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre- industrial levels. To achieve this goal, Article 4, paragraph 1 of the Paris Agreement further states that a balance between anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of GHGs should be achieved in the second half of this century. The Republic of Korea updated the NDC in consideration of this long-term global goal of the Paris Agreement, and therefore, the Republic of Korea’s updated NDC contributes to achieving the ultimate goal of the UNFCCC.', 'The Republic of Korea updated the NDC in consideration of this long-term global goal of the Paris Agreement, and therefore, the Republic of Korea’s updated NDC contributes to achieving the ultimate goal of the UNFCCC. (b) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement The Republic of Korea strives to become carbon-neutral by 2050, which is aligned with the international community’s shared goals indicated in Article 2, paragraph 1, and Article 4, paragraph 1 of the Paris Agreement including the target of achieving carbon neutrality in the second half of this century.', '(b) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement The Republic of Korea strives to become carbon-neutral by 2050, which is aligned with the international community’s shared goals indicated in Article 2, paragraph 1, and Article 4, paragraph 1 of the Paris Agreement including the target of achieving carbon neutrality in the second half of this century. The Republic of Korea will faithfully carry out the tasks that need to be undertaken to accelerate societal transition to carbon neutrality as suggested by the 2050 carbon-neutrality scenarios finalized in October 2021.In this process, the Republic of Korea will make the best use of the Green New Deal launched in July 2020 to ensure that it serves as a lever for energy transition as well as the shift for a greener economy.']

en-US

KOR

Republic of Korea

LTS

2020-12-30 00:00:00

x

LTS 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/LTS1_RKorea.pdf

Non-Annex I

High-income

Asia

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/41122341a08d2c1c13b93ecfe5f7adfb3e8c5dec4291780819aa115d0989ed9c.pdf

['The Government of the Republic of Korea CARBON NEUTRAL STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE AND GREEN SOCIETY2050 CARBON NEUTRAL STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE AND GREEN SOCIETY This Strategy has been originally prepared in Korean language and this document is the English translation of the original Korean document.2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society Executive Summary ····························································· 5 Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction & & & & & & & & & & & & Background Background Background Background Background Background Background Background Background Background Background Background Introduction & Background ········································· ········································· ········································· ········································· ········································· ········································· ········································· ········································· ········································· ········································· ········································· ········································· 1. Why we should act now ······························································· 16 2. Background of establishing Korea’s long-term strategy ········ 23 3. How Korea’s long-term strategy was developed ····················· 25 Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Korea’s Korea’s Korea’s Korea’s Korea’s Korea’s Korea’s Korea’s Korea’s Korea’s Korea’s Climate Climate Climate Climate Climate Climate Climate Climate Climate Climate Climate Climate Policies Policies Policies Policies Policies Policies Policies Policies Policies Policies Policies Policies Korea’s Climate Policies ··············································· ··············································· ··············································· ··············································· ··············································· ··············································· ··············································· ··············································· ··············································· ··············································· ··············································· ··············································· 1. Greenhouse gas emissions ·························································· 30 2. 2030 GHG emissions reduction target ······································· 33 3. Mitigation policies ·········································································· 36 Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Korea’s Korea’s Korea’s Korea’s Korea’s Korea’s Korea’s Korea’s Korea’s Korea’s Vision Vision Vision Vision Vision Vision Vision Vision Vision Vision Vision Korea’s 2050 Vision ····················································· ····················································· ····················································· ····················································· ····················································· ····················································· ····················································· ····················································· ····················································· ····················································· ····················································· ····················································· 3.', 'Mitigation policies ·········································································· 36 Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Korea’s Korea’s Korea’s Korea’s Korea’s Korea’s Korea’s Korea’s Korea’s Korea’s Vision Vision Vision Vision Vision Vision Vision Vision Vision Vision Vision Korea’s 2050 Vision ····················································· ····················································· ····················································· ····················································· ····················································· ····················································· ····················································· ····················································· ····················································· ····················································· ····················································· ····················································· 3. Key elements of the 2050 Vision ··············································· 48Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Visions Visions Visions Visions Visions Visions Visions Visions Visions Visions Visions and and and and and and and and and and and and Strategies Strategies Strategies Strategies Strategies Strategies Strategies Strategies Strategies Strategies Strategies Strategies by by by by by by by by by by by by Sector Sector Sector Sector Sector Sector Sector Sector Sector Sector Sector Sector Visions and Strategies by Sector ······························· ······························· ······························· ······························· ······························· ······························· ······························· ······························· ······························· ······························· ······························· ······························· 1. Energy supply ················································································· 54 6. Agriculture, livestock farming and fisheries ····························· 93 7. Carbon sinks(LULUCF sector) ······················································ 98 Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Innovating Innovating Innovating Innovating Innovating Innovating Innovating Innovating Innovating Innovating Innovating Implementation Implementation Implementation Implementation Implementation Implementation Implementation Implementation Implementation Implementation Implementation Implementation Base Base Base Base Base Base Base Base Base Base Base Base Innovating Implementation Base ······························ ······························ ······························ ······························ ······························ ······························ ······························ ······························ ······························ ······························ ······························ ······························ 1. Policy innovation ·········································································· 106 2. Social innovation ·········································································· 113 3. Technological innovation ····························································· 122 Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Way Way Way Way Way Way Way Way Way Way Way Forward Forward Forward Forward Forward Forward Forward Forward Forward Forward Forward Forward Way Forward ······························································ ······························································ ······························································ ······························································ ······························································ ······························································ ······························································ ······························································ ······························································ ······························································ ······························································ ······························································2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green societyExecutive Summary Executive Summary2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society ▍Why we should act now Massive wildfires, typhoons, heatwaves, and snowstorms caused by global warming have become almost a part of daily life and can be seen easily around the globe.', 'Technological innovation ····························································· 122 Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Way Way Way Way Way Way Way Way Way Way Way Forward Forward Forward Forward Forward Forward Forward Forward Forward Forward Forward Forward Way Forward ······························································ ······························································ ······························································ ······························································ ······························································ ······························································ ······························································ ······························································ ······························································ ······························································ ······························································ ······························································2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green societyExecutive Summary Executive Summary2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society ▍Why we should act now Massive wildfires, typhoons, heatwaves, and snowstorms caused by global warming have become almost a part of daily life and can be seen easily around the globe. Korea is not immune to such effects of global warming. In Korea, the rate of warming accelerated in recent years, with the average temperature rise for the past 30 years reaching 1.4°C, and the warming is expected to pick up more speed in the coming years.', 'In Korea, the rate of warming accelerated in recent years, with the average temperature rise for the past 30 years reaching 1.4°C, and the warming is expected to pick up more speed in the coming years. Recognizing the urgency of the climate change issue, the international community adopted the Kyoto Protocol in 1997 mandating developed countries to cut their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The Paris Agreement joined by developing and developed countries was adopted in 2015 and entered into force on 4 November 2016 thanks to the active and coordinated efforts of the international community. Korea ratified the Agreement on 3 November 2016.', 'Korea ratified the Agreement on 3 November 2016. The goal of the Paris Agreement is to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) adopted the Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C after intense discussions at its 48th session held in Incheon, Korea in October 2018. The Special Report provides solid scientific evidence for the 1.5°C target agreed by the international community when adopting the Paris Agreement. The Special Report suggests pathways that global net anthropogenic CO2 emissions decline by about 45% from 2010 levels by 2030, and reach net zero around 2050, for limiting global warming to 1.5°C by 2100.', 'The Special Report suggests pathways that global net anthropogenic CO2 emissions decline by about 45% from 2010 levels by 2030, and reach net zero around 2050, for limiting global warming to 1.5°C by 2100. ▍How the long-term strategy was developed The Paris Agreement recommends that all Parties strive to formulate and communicate Long-term low greenhouse gas Emission Development Strategies (LEDS) by 2020 as long-term vision for responding to climate change. To participate in the efforts of the international community to address climate change, the Government of the Republic of Korea decided to develop its LEDS. The 2050 Low-carbon Vision Forum was established to listen to various opinions of experts from private sector in the preparatory stage of its LEDS.', 'The 2050 Low-carbon Vision Forum was established to listen to various opinions of experts from private sector in the preparatory stage of its LEDS. The Forum consisted of experts from academia,Executive Summary The Government of the Republic of Korea | 7 industry, and civil society, who closely examined and reviewed a broad spectrum of options for Korea’s vision and targets in reducing 2050 GHG emissions by 2050. The Forum drafted a proposal, which later was utilized for the Government’s inter-ministerial discussions as well as for national consultations to collect opinions from diverse stakeholders in order to establish this Strategy.', 'The Forum drafted a proposal, which later was utilized for the Government’s inter-ministerial discussions as well as for national consultations to collect opinions from diverse stakeholders in order to establish this Strategy. Afterwards, a government-wide consultative body comprised of representatives from 15 ministries1) conducted online surveys, expert consultations, and public discussions and hearings, and diverse opinions from industry, civil society, and the youth were incorporated in this Strategy. ▍Our 2050 Vision Under the principle of contributing to global climate action, laying foundation for sustainable and carbon-neutral society, and encouraging actions at all levels of stakeholders, Korea’s 2050 Vision is established as follows: The Republic of Korea moves towards the goal of carbon neutrality by 2050. The Korean New Deal will serve as a stepping stone to reach carbon neutrality by 2050.', 'The Korean New Deal will serve as a stepping stone to reach carbon neutrality by 2050. Korea will harness green innovations and advanced digital technologies to create synergies between the Green New Deal and the Digital New Deal, the two pillars of the Korean New Deal. Korea will also take decisive action especially in supporting and investing in the development of innovative climate technologies to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. Tackling climate change requires global efforts and collective engagement. Korea will lead by example to help the international community jointly make efforts to reach carbon neutrality by 2050.', 'Korea will lead by example to help the international community jointly make efforts to reach carbon neutrality by 2050. 1) Office for Government Policy Coordination; Ministry of Environment; Ministry of Economy and Finance; Ministry of Science and ICT; Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy; Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Ministry of the Interior and Safety; Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs; Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport; Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries; Ministry of Employment and Labor; Financial Services Commission; Korea Meteorological Administration; Korea Forest Service; and Rural Development Administration2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society ▍Key elements of the 2050 Vision The Strategy outlines the following five key elements that will guide Korea’s policymaking, social transformation and technological innovations for its green transition.', '1) Office for Government Policy Coordination; Ministry of Environment; Ministry of Economy and Finance; Ministry of Science and ICT; Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy; Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Ministry of the Interior and Safety; Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs; Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport; Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries; Ministry of Employment and Labor; Financial Services Commission; Korea Meteorological Administration; Korea Forest Service; and Rural Development Administration2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society ▍Key elements of the 2050 Vision The Strategy outlines the following five key elements that will guide Korea’s policymaking, social transformation and technological innovations for its green transition. ➊ Expanding the use of clean power and hydrogen across all sectors ➋ Improving energy efficiency to a significant level ➌ Commercial deployment of carbon removal and other future technologies ➍ Scaling up the circular economy to improve industrial sustainability ➎ Enhancing carbon sinks 3.', '➊ Expanding the use of clean power and hydrogen across all sectors ➋ Improving energy efficiency to a significant level ➌ Commercial deployment of carbon removal and other future technologies ➍ Scaling up the circular economy to improve industrial sustainability ➎ Enhancing carbon sinks 3. Visions and strategies by sector ▍Energy sector In 2017, emissions from the energy sector accounted for 36% of the total emissions. Therefore, producing electricity in an eco-friendly manner without GHG emissions and using such green power in greater scope is the most essential mitigation strategy to achieve Korea’s 2050 Vision. To achieve carbon neutrality in the energy sector by 2050, clean and renewable energy, i.e., solar and wind, should become central power sources.', 'To achieve carbon neutrality in the energy sector by 2050, clean and renewable energy, i.e., solar and wind, should become central power sources. However, renewable energy has volatility and intermittency issues, as it is sourced from the nature, and these issues need to be addressed for its wider deployment. To this end, the Government will develop an accurate power demand and supply forecasting system and provide enhanced support for future innovative technologies, e.g., Energy Storage System (ESS) for reliable power supply, and hydrogen fuel cells for auxiliary power sources. Korea plans to phase out coal power plants or convert them into LNG power plants.', 'Korea plans to phase out coal power plants or convert them into LNG power plants. In addition, Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS) technology will be applied to coal-fired power plants to minimize GHG emissions.Executive Summary The Government of the Republic of Korea | 9 ▍Industry sector The industry sector was estimated to be responsible for 37% of Korea’s total GHG emissions in 2017. In the industry sector, we will continue to identify and foster future industries for growth while drawing up plans to strengthen industry competitiveness taking into account the global mitigation trends as well as the characteristics of each industry. First and foremost, we need to achieve low-carbon transition in energy-intensive industries, i.e., steel, cement and petrochemicals production.', 'First and foremost, we need to achieve low-carbon transition in energy-intensive industries, i.e., steel, cement and petrochemicals production. Improving energy efficiency, transition towards circular economy, using low-carbon fuels and materials are possible strategies the industry sector can adopt. Measures to reduce F-gas emissions should be taken as well. The Government and the industry sector will work together to scale up investment in applying new future technologies and developing technological innovations for the low-carbon transition of existing industrial processes. The prime example could be hydrogen reduction steelmaking, and Carbon Capture and Utilization for petrochemicals production. The Government will also work on building a robust institutional framework and infrastructure necessary for such technologies’ deployment to industrial sites.', 'The Government will also work on building a robust institutional framework and infrastructure necessary for such technologies’ deployment to industrial sites. The Government plans to: i) facilitate the industry sector’s transition to a high-value-added structure by combining ICT to the existing industries; ii) use regulatory measures in combination with incentives to improve energy efficiency; and iii) strengthen policies and technology developments for reusing wastes as resources that could dramatically reduce the use of raw materials and fuels for the purpose of efficient use of resources. ▍Transportation sector Emissions from the transportation sector accounted for 14% of Korea’s total emissions in 2017. The transportation sector’s growth is largely being driven by the development of Industry 4.0 technologies with two dominating keywords: green and intelligence.', 'The transportation sector’s growth is largely being driven by the development of Industry 4.0 technologies with two dominating keywords: green and intelligence. A modal shift is expected to take place from existing petroleum-based transportation system into future mobility featuring eco-friendly and autonomous vehicles. The Government will scale up its support for future mobility for its enhanced competitiveness and take policies in conjunction with fuel efficiency regulations to promote the use of low-carbon fuels.', 'The Government will scale up its support for future mobility for its enhanced competitiveness and take policies in conjunction with fuel efficiency regulations to promote the use of low-carbon fuels. The Government plans to: i) promote the use of public transportation; ii) expand shared mobility; iii) build systems for traffic demand management and intelligent transportation; iv) reduce energy consumption by promoting commercial use of autonomous vehicles; and v) promote the modal shift from road to rail or shipping, the low-carbon modes of transportation.2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society ▍Building sector The building sector was estimated to emit 7% of the total national emissions in 2017.', 'The Government plans to: i) promote the use of public transportation; ii) expand shared mobility; iii) build systems for traffic demand management and intelligent transportation; iv) reduce energy consumption by promoting commercial use of autonomous vehicles; and v) promote the modal shift from road to rail or shipping, the low-carbon modes of transportation.2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society ▍Building sector The building sector was estimated to emit 7% of the total national emissions in 2017. Minimizing the energy use in the building sector, while maximizing the energy efficiency and supplying low-carbon energy, is the most cost-effective mitigation option that can reduce the energy cost and GHG emissions at the same time.', 'Minimizing the energy use in the building sector, while maximizing the energy efficiency and supplying low-carbon energy, is the most cost-effective mitigation option that can reduce the energy cost and GHG emissions at the same time. The Government plans to use a combination of regulatory measures and incentives in two-track approaches for: i) newly-built buildings and ii) old buildings. Starting from 2020, all new public buildings to be built will be subject to the zero-energy building standards, and from 2030, all new public and private buildings (with gross floor area of 5 million ㎡ or larger) will be subject to the standards. Old buildings, if they adopt green remodeling solutions, will be eligible for government incentives such as tax cuts and grants for interest expenses.', 'Old buildings, if they adopt green remodeling solutions, will be eligible for government incentives such as tax cuts and grants for interest expenses. Along with improving energy efficiency, using low-carbon energy sources is another important mitigation strategy. Wall-mounted solar panels could contribute to decarbonizing power generation within buildings. Geothermal energy, hydro power and waste heat from power generation and incineration could replace fossil fuels used for heating/cooling of buildings. Improving energy efficiency and enabling passive and active houses is the core strategy to achieve the building sector’s 2050 vision. ▍Waste sector Emissions from the waste sector in 2017 took up 2.4% of Korea’s total GHG emissions.', '▍Waste sector Emissions from the waste sector in 2017 took up 2.4% of Korea’s total GHG emissions. It is important to maximize resource efficiency while minimizing resource inputs throughout the entire product lifecycle – from the extraction of natural resources, to production, distribution and consumption of products, to recycling and disposal of their waste – and creating a virtuous cycle where resources are reused and recycled repeatedly. This circular system will fundamentally reduce the amount of wastes generated at source. The waste sector’s strategy seeks to identify ways to convert wastes into useful materials and reuse them as energy sources. Any unrecycled wastes left should be disposed of in an eco-friendly manner.', 'Any unrecycled wastes left should be disposed of in an eco-friendly manner. Plastics are one of the most serious problems in this sector that should be dealt with urgently, and measures to phase out plastics need to be established for a plastic-free society. ▍Farming sector The agriculture, livestock farming and fisheries sector (collectively referred to as “farming sector”) contributed 3.4% (including emissions from using energy) to the total GHGExecutive Summary The Government of the Republic of Korea | 11 emissions in Korea in 2017. GHG emissions from the farming sector mostly come from the biological reactions taking place from food production processes. Therefore, it is impossible to remove the sector’s entire GHG emissions, but still there are many mitigation technologies available for use.', 'Therefore, it is impossible to remove the sector’s entire GHG emissions, but still there are many mitigation technologies available for use. ICT-enabled smart farming could minimize inputs (i.e., energy sources, fertilizers, water, etc. ), and farm automation could further improve productivity. Therefore, the Government plans to scale up the deployment of smart technologies on farms. To reduce GHG emissions originating from crop cultivation and livestock farming, it is essential to develop and deploy low-carbon farming practices and replace fossil fuels used on farms with clean energy sources. ▍Carbon sinks removals by forests and other carbon sinks recorded 45.7 million ton CO2 eq, offsetting 7.4% of the energy sector’s CO2 emissions. However, when forests age, their net growth volume declines rapidly, driving down carbon removals as well.', 'However, when forests age, their net growth volume declines rapidly, driving down carbon removals as well. Considering the current state of forests and timber production plans, carbon removal is estimated to decrease by 30% from the current level by 2050. Innovative forest management, therefore, is a key to improving the aging forest structure, promoting the use of wood products/timber and increasing carbon stocks. The Government plans to increase carbon sinks by creating urban green spaces for recreational use, restoring degraded forestlands and tree-planting in underutilized lands. The Government will continue its forest management to maintain the forest carbon removals at the highest level possible by changing tree species and implementing programs to keep the forests healthy. 4.', 'The Government will continue its forest management to maintain the forest carbon removals at the highest level possible by changing tree species and implementing programs to keep the forests healthy. 4. Innovating implementation base To achieve carbon neutrality by 2050, we need a nationwide transformation that is supported by robust and sustainable institutional framework. The Government will align its climate and energy policies to create synergies between them and consider climate change impacts when establishing fiscal policy directions and values.', 'The Government will align its climate and energy policies to create synergies between them and consider climate change impacts when establishing fiscal policy directions and values. The Government will also aim to build a carbon pricing mechanism that could internalize climate and environmental externalities and encourage economic actors to reduce emissions, with public sector taking leadership towards carbon-neutrality transition.2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society To translate the awareness on climate change into people’s concrete action, we will enhance our public outreach and education functions in collaboration with local communities. For our journey towards the 2050 carbon neutrality, a social conflict management system will be built to ensure a just transition for all.', 'For our journey towards the 2050 carbon neutrality, a social conflict management system will be built to ensure a just transition for all. In addition, green finance strategies will be laid out to change the course of our economy into a greener direction. A proactive approach will be key to ensure that policies are closely integrated to promote technological convergence and scale up R&D for innovations in order to move towards a carbon-neutral society by 2050. 5. Way forward The 2050 carbon neutrality is a mission that should be pursued in a robust and consistent manner for the next 30 years.', 'Way forward The 2050 carbon neutrality is a mission that should be pursued in a robust and consistent manner for the next 30 years. After presenting this Strategy, the Government will build a stronger governance structure, including by establishing the Presidential 2050 Carbon Neutrality Committee for systematic implementation of the Strategy and take necessary next steps to achieve the 2050 carbon neutrality.Executive Summary The Government of the Republic of Korea | 13 2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green societyIntroduction & Background 1. Why we should act now ····························································· 16 2. Background of establishing Korea’s long-term strategy ········ 23 3. How Korea’s long-term strategy was developed ····················· 252050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society 1.', 'How Korea’s long-term strategy was developed ····················· 252050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society 1. Why we should act now 1.1 Signs of climate change ▍Extreme weather events In October 2018, the IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C released its finding that human activities are estimated to have caused approximately 1.0°C of global warming above the 1850-1900 period, with a likely range of 0.8-1.2°C as of 2017. The report has also found that estimated anthropogenic global warming is currently increasing at 0.2°C per decade and global warming is likely to reach 1.5°C between 2030 and 2052 if it continues to increase at the current rate. Extreme weather events are not unusual anymore.', 'Extreme weather events are not unusual anymore. They can be experienced in many parts of the world. In June 2019, Europe saw its average temperature climb up to 25-29°C, 7-9°C up from the average year. Other regions also reported record-high summer temperatures in recent years. In 2018, the U.S. and Canada experienced the most severe cold waves and snowstorms in 100 years while massive wildfires on an unprecedented scale hit Australia and the Amazon rainforest. ▍Climate change impacts in Korea Korea is no exception in this trend. For the past century, the average temperature in Korea has risen 1.8°C, which is higher than the global average (0.8-1.2°C). Annual rainfall has also increased by nearly 160 mm.', 'Annual rainfall has also increased by nearly 160 mm. The average temperature for the past 30 years in Korea has soared 1.4°C, indicating climate change has been exacerbated. Rainfall intensity is also showing a polarizing trend of more heavy rain events and less moderate-intensity rain.', 'Rainfall intensity is also showing a polarizing trend of more heavy rain events and less moderate-intensity rain. A comparison between 30-year blocks, 1912-1941 and 1988-2017, demonstrates a growing trend of longer summers and shorter winters.Introduction & Background Chapter 1 Introduction & Background The Government of the Republic of Korea | 17 [Figure 1-1] Signs of climate change in Korea Changing temperatures in Korea (1912~2017) Changing lengths of seasons in Korea Source Climate Change on the Korean Peninsula for the past 100 years(National Institute of Meteorological Sciences, 2018) ▍Projecting future climate in Korea The recent reports by the IPCC2) projected that the increase of global mean surface temperature by the end of the 21st century (2081-2100) is likely to be in the range of 0.3-4.8°C under its RCPs3).', 'A comparison between 30-year blocks, 1912-1941 and 1988-2017, demonstrates a growing trend of longer summers and shorter winters.Introduction & Background Chapter 1 Introduction & Background The Government of the Republic of Korea | 17 [Figure 1-1] Signs of climate change in Korea Changing temperatures in Korea (1912~2017) Changing lengths of seasons in Korea Source Climate Change on the Korean Peninsula for the past 100 years(National Institute of Meteorological Sciences, 2018) ▍Projecting future climate in Korea The recent reports by the IPCC2) projected that the increase of global mean surface temperature by the end of the 21st century (2081-2100) is likely to be in the range of 0.3-4.8°C under its RCPs3). For the same period, the sea level rise is predicted to be in the range of 0.26-0.92 m. Based on the IPCC report and its scenarios, the Korea Meteorological Administration has projected the future climate of the Korean Peninsula in the second half of the 21st century.', 'For the same period, the sea level rise is predicted to be in the range of 0.26-0.92 m. Based on the IPCC report and its scenarios, the Korea Meteorological Administration has projected the future climate of the Korean Peninsula in the second half of the 21st century. The projection indicates the pace of warming on the peninsula is expected to be faster than the global projection suggested in the IPCC report. When RCP2.6 is applied to the Korean Peninsula, the temperature and precipitation increases are likely to be 1.8°C and 5.5%, respectively. RCP8.5 suggests that the temperature and precipitation on the Korean Peninsula will rise by 4.7°C and 13.1%, respectively.', 'RCP8.5 suggests that the temperature and precipitation on the Korean Peninsula will rise by 4.7°C and 13.1%, respectively. The subtropical climate zone, previously located only on the South Sea shore, is expected to expand and move northward. Extreme heat indicators, such as days of heatwaves and tropical nights, are predicted to rise while indicators for cold weather, such as days of cold waves, freezes, and frosts, are projected to decline.', 'Extreme heat indicators, such as days of heatwaves and tropical nights, are predicted to rise while indicators for cold weather, such as days of cold waves, freezes, and frosts, are projected to decline. 2) IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (2014), Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (2019) 3) Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) are scenarios that include time series of emissions and concentrations of the full suite of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and aerosols and chemically active gases, as well as land use/land cover.2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society [Figure 1-2] Future climate projection on the Korean Peninsula in comparison with average values Early 21st century Mid 21st century Late 21st century Annual mean temperature deviation (°C) Annual mean precipitation deviation rate (%) Source Korea Climate Change Report (Korea Meteorological Administration, 2018) 1.2 How the Paris Agreement was conceived ▍Limitations of the Kyoto Protocol Recognizing the urgency of the climate change issue, the international community came together and adopted the Kyoto Protocol in December 1997, which later came into effect in February 2005.', '2) IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (2014), Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (2019) 3) Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) are scenarios that include time series of emissions and concentrations of the full suite of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and aerosols and chemically active gases, as well as land use/land cover.2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society [Figure 1-2] Future climate projection on the Korean Peninsula in comparison with average values Early 21st century Mid 21st century Late 21st century Annual mean temperature deviation (°C) Annual mean precipitation deviation rate (%) Source Korea Climate Change Report (Korea Meteorological Administration, 2018) 1.2 How the Paris Agreement was conceived ▍Limitations of the Kyoto Protocol Recognizing the urgency of the climate change issue, the international community came together and adopted the Kyoto Protocol in December 1997, which later came into effect in February 2005. The Protocol, an implementing arm of the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, has put the obligations to reduce GHG emissions on developed countries.', 'The Protocol, an implementing arm of the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, has put the obligations to reduce GHG emissions on developed countries. Currently, there are 192 Parties to the Protocol, and Korea has become a Party as of 25 September 1998. Despite such achievements, the Protocol had clear limitations: i) some developed countries refused to ratify the Protocol or withdrew from it; ii) developing countries were not obligated to reduce emissions at all; and iii) the Protocol had limited commitment periods, and itsIntroduction & Background Chapter 1 Introduction & Background The Government of the Republic of Korea | 19 consistency after that periods was uncertain. Due to these limitations, the countries decided to establish a new climate regime.', 'Due to these limitations, the countries decided to establish a new climate regime. ▍Adoption of the Paris Agreement After 15 rounds of long-term negotiations since 2012, the Paris Agreement, joined by developing and developed countries, was adopted in 2015. After the adoption, the international community swiftly acted together, and the Agreement came into force as of 4 November 2016. Korea ratified the agreement on 3 November 2016. ▍Features of the Paris Agreement The goal of the Paris Agreement is to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C and pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.', '▍Features of the Paris Agreement The goal of the Paris Agreement is to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C and pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. The Paris Agreement includes adaptation as an important element and lays out the essential means of implementations such as finance, technology and capacity building, to help developing countries achieve mitigation and adaptation targets. The Paris Agreement requires all Parties to determine their own Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), including GHG emissions reduction targets and implement them ensuring transparency. Each Party shall communicate an NDC every five years in consideration of the goals of the Agreement. Each Party’s successive NDC will represent a progression beyond the Party’s then current NDC.', 'Each Party’s successive NDC will represent a progression beyond the Party’s then current NDC. Parties shall report the national greenhouse gas inventory and information on mitigation policies and support through the transparency framework to the United Nations. The global stocktake continuously reviews global emissions levels, adaptation efforts, implementation, financial support, and the adequacy of the Parties’ NDCs for achieving the goals of the Agreement. 1.3 Adoption of the IPCC Special Report on 1.5°C In October 2018, Korea hosted the 48th session of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in Songdo, Incheon, where the IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C was approved after intense discussion.', '1.3 Adoption of the IPCC Special Report on 1.5°C In October 2018, Korea hosted the 48th session of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in Songdo, Incheon, where the IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C was approved after intense discussion. The IPCC report was prepared from the request of the UNFCCC to provide solid scientific evidence for the 1.5°C goal, the target agreed upon at the time of adopting the Paris Agreement.2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society ▍Conditions to meet the 1.5°C target The IPCC wrote in the special report that limiting global warming to 1.5°C by 2100 would require rapid, far-reaching, and unprecedented transitions in all sectors of society.', 'The IPCC report was prepared from the request of the UNFCCC to provide solid scientific evidence for the 1.5°C goal, the target agreed upon at the time of adopting the Paris Agreement.2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society ▍Conditions to meet the 1.5°C target The IPCC wrote in the special report that limiting global warming to 1.5°C by 2100 would require rapid, far-reaching, and unprecedented transitions in all sectors of society. According to the report, utilizing global mean surface air temperature provides an estimate of the remaining carbon budget of 580 GtCO2 for a 50% probability of limiting warming to 1.5°C, for a 66% probability. Alternatively, using global mean surface temperature , for probabilities of 50% and 66%, respectively.', 'Alternatively, using global mean surface temperature , for probabilities of 50% and 66%, respectively. In model pathways indicated in the report, global net anthropogenic CO2 emissions decline by about 45% from 2010 levels by 2030, reaching net zero around 2050. For limiting global warming to below 2°C, the report suggests that CO2 emissions are projected to decline by about 25% by 2030 from the 2010 level and reach net zero around 2070. The report specifies that the pathways that overshoot 1.5°C of global warming rely on CO2 removal measures to return to below 1.5°C by 2100. However, the report also warns that the impacts of CO2 removal measures, if deployed on a large scale, are still unproven and could have potential trade-offs with sustainable development.', 'However, the report also warns that the impacts of CO2 removal measures, if deployed on a large scale, are still unproven and could have potential trade-offs with sustainable development. <Table 1-1> Impacts at global warming of 1.5℃ vs. 2℃ increase Types of impact 1.5℃ 2℃ Natural and Human systems High risk Extremely high risk Mid-latitude, Extreme hot days High-latitude, Extreme cold nights Coral reef loss 70-90% 99% or more Climate/poverty- vulnerable populations If 2℃ rises, the vulnerable populations could increase by up to hundreds of millions by 2050 Populations under water stress If 2℃ rises, the populations under water stress could increase by up to 50%.', '<Table 1-1> Impacts at global warming of 1.5℃ vs. 2℃ increase Types of impact 1.5℃ 2℃ Natural and Human systems High risk Extremely high risk Mid-latitude, Extreme hot days High-latitude, Extreme cold nights Coral reef loss 70-90% 99% or more Climate/poverty- vulnerable populations If 2℃ rises, the vulnerable populations could increase by up to hundreds of millions by 2050 Populations under water stress If 2℃ rises, the populations under water stress could increase by up to 50%. Risks of large scale singular events Moderate Moderate - High Sea level rise 0.26-0.77m 0.3-0.93m Frequency of sea ice-free Arctic Ocean during summer Once every 100 years Once every 10 yearsIntroduction & Background Chapter 1 Introduction & Background The Government of the Republic of Korea | 21 1.4 Global response ▍Time for Action “Action” was the key word for global climate response throughout the year of 2019.', 'Risks of large scale singular events Moderate Moderate - High Sea level rise 0.26-0.77m 0.3-0.93m Frequency of sea ice-free Arctic Ocean during summer Once every 100 years Once every 10 yearsIntroduction & Background Chapter 1 Introduction & Background The Government of the Republic of Korea | 21 1.4 Global response ▍Time for Action “Action” was the key word for global climate response throughout the year of 2019. The United Nations held the Climate Action Summit in New York in September 2019, and the main theme of COP25 in the same year was “Time for Action.” Globally, there was widespread recognition that now is the time that countries should come together to take climate action. The youth, those who will be one of the most affected by climate change, have already started their action.', 'The youth, those who will be one of the most affected by climate change, have already started their action. Over 1 million young people from nearly 100 countries participated in “school strikes for climate” to demand action from political leaders. In Korea, prior to the Climate Action Summit, youths and the activists from civil society, academia, religious groups came together to call for urgent action. ▍International community’s movement The international community is answering the call from the youth. The UN Secretary-General also stressed that at the 11th Petersburg Climate Dialogue held in April 2020, all countries should commit to carbon neutrality by 2050 to limit the global temperature rise to 1.5°C. Fossil fuel is rapidly giving way to renewable energy while coal power is being phased out.', 'Fossil fuel is rapidly giving way to renewable energy while coal power is being phased out. Green cars powered by alternative fuels are widely deployed across markets, and green investments are scaling up. Since the Paris Agreement was adopted in 2015, 65.7% (178GW) of the global investment in energy facilities has been focused on renewables, most notably photovoltaics and wind power. Coal power is increasingly recognized as a stranded asset worldwide. Global demand for new coal-fired power plants has been in steep decline since its peak in 20154). The EU, Canada and many other countries are declaring that they are moving away from coal power generation. Financial investments are becoming greener as well.', 'Financial investments are becoming greener as well. Along with the OECD guideline5) on export credits relating to coal-fired power generation projects, the Financial Stability Board6), upon the G20’s request, launched a Taskforce on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD) that recommends all companies including financial firms disclose information on climate change-related financial risks in a transparent manner. The recommendation is based on the scenario of achieving the Paris Agreement’s 2°C target. The Ministry of Environment of Korea has declared its support for the TCFD in May 2020. 5) The Coal-fired Electricity Generation Sector Understanding of the Arrangement on Officially Supported Export Credits 6) The Financial Stability Board is an international body that oversees the monitoring of financial reform implementation to achieve stability in the global financial system.', '5) The Coal-fired Electricity Generation Sector Understanding of the Arrangement on Officially Supported Export Credits 6) The Financial Stability Board is an international body that oversees the monitoring of financial reform implementation to achieve stability in the global financial system. The board is joined by G20 economies.2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society 1.5 Why we should take climate action ▍From climate change to climate emergency Climate change-induced natural disasters in all forms – heatwaves, snowstorms, typhoons, wildfires, for example – are taking place globally. The catastrophic disasters are wreaking havoc on human life in various forms: food scarcity, floods and diseases.', 'The catastrophic disasters are wreaking havoc on human life in various forms: food scarcity, floods and diseases. The impacts of climate change are palpable now, which means it is as damaging for us as it will be for our children, and therefore, immediate action needs to be taken. Unfortunately, however, our time is limited. We will have only 10 years left to achieve the 1.5°C target given the remaining carbon budget indicated in the IPCC Special Report. ▍Cost and benefit of climate action The key to reducing GHG emissions and responding to climate change is to use less fossil fuel. Inevitably, the economy and industry will suffer a short-term impact from it.', 'Inevitably, the economy and industry will suffer a short-term impact from it. However, the losses and damages from inaction could be far greater than the short-term economic and industrial impact. In its working paper, the IMF warned7) that a persistent increase in average global temperature by 0.04°C, in the absence of mitigation policies, reduces world real GDP per capita by more than 7% by 2100. On the other hand, abiding by the Paris Agreement, thereby limiting the temperature increase to 0.01°C per annum reduces the loss substantially to 1.07%. According to the Financial Stability Board, the value at risk to manageable assets from climate change is estimated at about USD 4 trillion8).', 'According to the Financial Stability Board, the value at risk to manageable assets from climate change is estimated at about USD 4 trillion8). The International Renewable Energy Agency also warns that slow progress of emissions mitigation will result in stranded assets worth nearly USD 12 trillion9). For Korea, implementing mitigation policies has a clear co-benefit, which is improved air quality. GHG emissions and air pollutants originate from the same source – burning fossil fuels– therefore, mitigation policies to reduce GHG emissions, when implemented, have a huge co-benefit of reducing airborne particulate matters.', 'GHG emissions and air pollutants originate from the same source – burning fossil fuels– therefore, mitigation policies to reduce GHG emissions, when implemented, have a huge co-benefit of reducing airborne particulate matters. 7) Matthew K. Kahn, et al., IMF Working Paper, ‘Long-Term Macroeconomic Effects of Climate Change: A Cross-Country Analysis’, International Monetary Fund, October 2019 8) Economist Intelligence Unit, The Cost of Inaction: Recognizing the Value at Risk from Climate Change, 2015 9) International Renewable Energy Agency, Global Energy Transformation: A Roadmap to 2050, 2019Introduction & Background Chapter 1 Introduction & Background The Government of the Republic of Korea | 23 2.', '7) Matthew K. Kahn, et al., IMF Working Paper, ‘Long-Term Macroeconomic Effects of Climate Change: A Cross-Country Analysis’, International Monetary Fund, October 2019 8) Economist Intelligence Unit, The Cost of Inaction: Recognizing the Value at Risk from Climate Change, 2015 9) International Renewable Energy Agency, Global Energy Transformation: A Roadmap to 2050, 2019Introduction & Background Chapter 1 Introduction & Background The Government of the Republic of Korea | 23 2. Background of establishing Korea’s long-term strategy 2.1 Objectives of the Paris Agreement The Paris Agreement calls for all Parties to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C and pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.', 'Background of establishing Korea’s long-term strategy 2.1 Objectives of the Paris Agreement The Paris Agreement calls for all Parties to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C and pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. The Agreement further recommends that all Parties strive to formulate and communicate Long-term low greenhouse gas Emission Development Strategies (LEDS) by 2020 as long-term vision for responding to climate change. As a Party to the Paris Agreement, Korea decided to answer this global call for climate action by developing its LEDS. In September 2019, President Moon Jae-in attended the UN Climate Action Summit in New York to indicate Korea’s commitment to presenting the Strategy to the international community by the end of 2020.', 'In September 2019, President Moon Jae-in attended the UN Climate Action Summit in New York to indicate Korea’s commitment to presenting the Strategy to the international community by the end of 2020. 2.2 Why Korea needs its long-term strategy ▍Recalibrating national climate policy As a Party to the Paris Agreement, Korea will update and communicate its NDC that includes its updated 2030 GHG emissions reduction target to the UNFCCC Secretariat by the end of 2020. Korea’s LEDS is based on this updated NDC. The Strategy includes our 2050 Vision that will determine the general directions to which our climate policy should be headed by 2050. Establishing the Strategy demanded extensive analyses on the entire range of our current mitigation policies.', 'Establishing the Strategy demanded extensive analyses on the entire range of our current mitigation policies. It required a closer look at where emissions come from, how energy is supplied, and what mitigation technologies are available. The works of preparing the Strategy also provided a valuable opportunity, most importantly, to lay out our 2050 Vision and sectoral strategies after reaching public consensus on them. ▍Establishing a national vision for a carbon-neutral society Realizing a carbon-neutral society is a vision that can be achieved only when shared with and understood by all members of society.', '▍Establishing a national vision for a carbon-neutral society Realizing a carbon-neutral society is a vision that can be achieved only when shared with and understood by all members of society. The Strategy outlines the 2050 Vision that harmonizes Korea’s economic, social, environmental and energy policies and sets out a2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society common direction into which we all should be headed to achieve the Vision. The Strategy also proposes solutions to address potential challenges that could pose obstacles in that path towards a carbon-neutral future.', 'The Strategy also proposes solutions to address potential challenges that could pose obstacles in that path towards a carbon-neutral future. We understand that now we need a long-term vision at the national level and consistent policies to achieve that vision to turn the carbon neutrality expectations shared across government, industry, and people into concrete action. A clear national vision will serve as a beacon for people to act and for businesses and other stakeholders to make sensible investment decisions for the future. The Strategy will send a strong signal for Korea’s climate policies. The 2050 Vision in the Strategy will help develop a shared understanding that a fossil fuel-dependent economy and society will no longer be sustainable in the future.', 'The 2050 Vision in the Strategy will help develop a shared understanding that a fossil fuel-dependent economy and society will no longer be sustainable in the future. The Vision will open up broader discussions around fair burden-sharing necessary to achieve the ultimate goal of sustainable economic and social prosperity where economic and environmental benefits go hand in hand. ▍Using the Carbon Neutral Strategy as a driver for future growth Korea’s industries import most of their energy sources from overseas. Most prominent energy-intensive industries – steelmaking, petrochemicals and semiconductors production – are the backbones of Korea’s industrial growth. Cutting down fossil fuel use, under such circumstances, clearly poses a huge challenge for Korea.', 'Cutting down fossil fuel use, under such circumstances, clearly poses a huge challenge for Korea. However, for the future generations’ survival and their sustainable future, the task of reducing GHG emissions is a global challenge that must be met, and this challenge should be considered as an opportunity for future growth. Korea’s highly developed ICT and leading technologies of electric vehicles (EVs) and Energy Storage System (ESS) provide an enabling environment for a convergence between green innovations and Industry 4.0 technologies. Such convergence is expected to give rise to a new wave of the low-carbon industry that will replace conventional energy-intensive industry.', 'Such convergence is expected to give rise to a new wave of the low-carbon industry that will replace conventional energy-intensive industry. The Strategy will present meaningful opportunities for us to start recognizing that moving towards carbon neutrality is a formula for future growth.Introduction & Background Chapter 1 Introduction & Background The Government of the Republic of Korea | 25 3. How Korea’s long-term strategy was developed 3.1 The 2050 Low-carbon Vision Forum ▍Operating the 2050 Low-carbon Vision Forum Implementing the Strategy requires a comprehensive level of transformation across the economy, industry, energy, environment, technology and people’s daily lives. Considering the far-reaching scope of the transformation, we have established the 2050 Low-carbon Vision Forum participated by academia, industry, and civil society from the initial stage of developing the Strategy.', 'Considering the far-reaching scope of the transformation, we have established the 2050 Low-carbon Vision Forum participated by academia, industry, and civil society from the initial stage of developing the Strategy. What was discussed at the Forum by experts from various fields has provided significant inputs for the preparation of the Strategy. The Forum was attended by 69 experts from seven sub-committees, each recommended by their respective professional fields. The Forum’s technical working group comprised of experts from national research institutes and thinktanks10) supported the Forum’s decision-making process by offering assessments and analytics of different emissions reduction scenarios.', 'The Forum’s technical working group comprised of experts from national research institutes and thinktanks10) supported the Forum’s decision-making process by offering assessments and analytics of different emissions reduction scenarios. [Figure 1-3] Governance of the forum Steering Committee (13 experts) Power Industry Transport Building Non-energy 10) A total of 34 representatives from 22 institutes including the Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Research Center, Korea Energy Economics Institute, Korea Institute for Industrial Economics and Trade, and Korea Transport Institute, participated. 11) The sub-committee on youths was included considering the future orientation of the Strategy.', '11) The sub-committee on youths was included considering the future orientation of the Strategy. A total of five young representatives in the sub-committee presented their vision for 2050, which was incorporated into the Strategy.2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society Projections for population growth, GDP increase and industrial structure by 2050 were used to estimate the Business-As-Usual (BAU) level in 2050. Against this BAU scenario, a multiple number of scenarios suggesting a different level of targets and visions were produced and reviewed by the Forum. In the process, all circumstances affecting Korea’ mitigation efforts – policies, institutional frameworks and government budgets – were considered in conjunction with the feasibilities of available mitigation technologies and international trends.', 'In the process, all circumstances affecting Korea’ mitigation efforts – policies, institutional frameworks and government budgets – were considered in conjunction with the feasibilities of available mitigation technologies and international trends. ▍Implications of the Forum’s proposal The Forum drafted a proposal that contained the result of intensive analyses and discussions by its members, who are the leading climate and energy experts in Korea. The Forum’s proposal become a basis for the Government’s followed work of collecting wider social opinions and establishing the Strategy. 3.2 Social dialogue ▍Online survey An open public online survey was conducted for the period of two months (June-July 2020) to promote the LEDS.', '3.2 Social dialogue ▍Online survey An open public online survey was conducted for the period of two months (June-July 2020) to promote the LEDS. The survey responses were supplemented with a field research conducted by a professional polling agency to understand what the general public and business sector expect for the LEDS. Nearly 3,000 people answered the online questionnaires, which comprised 58 questions on the recognition of climate change, intention to take part in climate action, and priority of climate policies. The results show that the majority of respondents were recognizing the climate crisis and agreed on the need to consider 2050 carbon neutrality. Most respondents believed that carbon neutrality by 2050 requires consideration of its economic and social impacts12).', 'Most respondents believed that carbon neutrality by 2050 requires consideration of its economic and social impacts12). 12) On climate risk, 91.5% responded that climate change is serious and 96.8% thought climate change is affecting their daily life to a significant extent. On 2050 climate neutrality, 92.5% answered that Korea needs to consider 2050 carbon neutrality.', 'On 2050 climate neutrality, 92.5% answered that Korea needs to consider 2050 carbon neutrality. The respondents chose economic and social impacts (58.9%), the goals of the Paris Agreement (42.2%), and LEDS targets of other countries (33.9%) as major concerns that need to be considered in considering carbon neutrality.Introduction & Background Chapter 1 Introduction & Background The Government of the Republic of Korea | 27 ▍Expert consultation Expert advice was collected to set up visions and key tasks for a low-carbon transition through a series of debate sessions participated by professionals from the industry sector, civil society, and academia. Each of the five debate sessions held in July 2020 was respectively themed with green mobility, low-carbon future technologies, industrial innovation, renewable energy, and innovative national approaches for climate actions.', 'Each of the five debate sessions held in July 2020 was respectively themed with green mobility, low-carbon future technologies, industrial innovation, renewable energy, and innovative national approaches for climate actions. The experts shared different perspectives and ideas on policy obstacles and technical barriers of the transition to a low carbon society and offered possible solutions, which were incorporated in drafting this Strategy. ▍Public Discussion An open public forum was held on 17 October 2020 to listen to people’s views and ideas and encourage them to play as the main actor in climate change response. Under the theme of “Challenges and Tasks of Establishing 2050 LEDS for the Transition towards Carbon Neutrality,” the forum addressed five key areas of energy, industry, building, transport, and social transition.', 'Under the theme of “Challenges and Tasks of Establishing 2050 LEDS for the Transition towards Carbon Neutrality,” the forum addressed five key areas of energy, industry, building, transport, and social transition. The keynote presentations were delivered under the titles of “IPCC Assessment of Climate Change,” and “Features of 2050 LEDS and Global Trends.” Expert presentations were delivered, followed by Q&A sessions. The forum’s participants who had been invited based on the consideration of regional, gender, and age mix were asked to answer a questionnaire on the vision of Korea’s LEDS. The results showed that 91% of the participants agreed on the pursuit of carbon neutrality by 2050, and 81% were willing to bear their share of the cost for decarbonization.', 'The results showed that 91% of the participants agreed on the pursuit of carbon neutrality by 2050, and 81% were willing to bear their share of the cost for decarbonization. The result of the forum and the survey were incorporated in drafting Korea’s 2050 Vision and this Strategy.Korea’s Climate Policies 1. Greenhouse gas emissions ························································· 30 2. 2030 GHG emissions reduction target ······································ 33 3. Mitigation policies ········································································ 362050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society 1. Greenhouse gas emissions 1.1 Current Status ▍Total emissions In 2017, the total GHG emissions in Korea were 709.1 million tCO2 eq of GHGs13), which is 2.4% up from the previous year (692.6 million tCO2 eq) and 142.7% up from 1990 level eq).', 'Greenhouse gas emissions 1.1 Current Status ▍Total emissions In 2017, the total GHG emissions in Korea were 709.1 million tCO2 eq of GHGs13), which is 2.4% up from the previous year (692.6 million tCO2 eq) and 142.7% up from 1990 level eq). The year-on-year emissions trend from 1990 to 1997 presented a sharp growth with average annual increase at 8.1%, having an exception in 1998 when the GHG emissions decreased by 14.1% year-on-year as the national economy was in the aftermath of the 1997 Asian financial crisis. From the 2000s as the economy started rebounding, both the emissions level and GDP began to rise. In the 2000s, the emissions growth has slowed down significantly, and since 201314), has maintained a stable level without much fluctuation.', 'In the 2000s, the emissions growth has slowed down significantly, and since 201314), has maintained a stable level without much fluctuation. <Table 2-1> Korea’s GHG emissions trend (Unit: million ton CO2 eq) 13) The total emissions are the sum of the emissions from energy, industrial process, agriculture, and waste sectors except the emissions and removals from LULUCF. 14) A series of policy measures to cut emissions came into effect with the enforcement of the Framework Act on Low Carbon Green Growth (enacted on 13 Jan 2010) and contributed to slowing Korea’s emissions growth. Promoting clean energy sources and adopting demand side approaches to the energy sector were among the measures taken. Gross emissions (excl. LULUCF) Net emissions (incl.', 'Promoting clean energy sources and adopting demand side approaches to the energy sector were among the measures taken. Gross emissions (excl. LULUCF) Net emissions (incl. LULUCF) Energy Industrial processKorea s Climate Policies Chapter 2 Korea’s Climate Policies The Government of the Republic of Korea | 31 ※ YOY change: increase/decrease rate compared to the previous year (%) Percentage of LULUCF: percentage of total net emissions in LULUCF sector to national total emissions in absolute value (%) Source 2019 National GHG Emissions Inventory Report [Figure 2-1] National GHG emissions and removals trend (1990-2017) ▍GHG emissions per GDP Korea’s GHG emissions per GDP has declined in general since the 1990s. Until 1997, GHG emissions grew at a pace comparable to the economic growth causing little change in the level of emissions per GDP.', 'Until 1997, GHG emissions grew at a pace comparable to the economic growth causing little change in the level of emissions per GDP. However, the emissions growth has been outpaced by the economic growth from 1998, which led to a continuous decline in emissions per GDP to date. Although this could represent a relative decoupling of emissions from economic growth15), an absolute decoupling16) has not been realized given that the emissions growth itself has not reversed into a decline. 15) In this Strategy, when GDP growth rate is higher than GHG emissions growth rate, we assume relative decoupling has been achieved. 16) In this Strategy, when GHG emissions decrease while GDP increases, we assume absolute decoupling has been achieved.', '16) In this Strategy, when GHG emissions decrease while GDP increases, we assume absolute decoupling has been achieved. Agriculture LULUCF Waste2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society <Table 2-2> Trend of GHG emissions per GDP GHG emissions/GDP GHG emissions GDP (trillion KRW) Source 2nd Basic Plan for Climate Change Response(Oct. 2019) [Figure 2-2] GHG emissions per GDP (1990-2017) 1.2 Korea’s emissions level in comparison In 2016, Korea was estimated to be the 11th largest GHG emitter in the world17). The total emissions amounted to 5.7% of the emissions of China and 10.7% of the U.S., which are respectively world’s first and second largest emitters.', 'The total emissions amounted to 5.7% of the emissions of China and 10.7% of the U.S., which are respectively world’s first and second largest emitters. However, having a high CO2 emissions ratio from fuel combustion at 87% of the total GHG emissions, Korea’s CO2 emissions ranks 7th in the world and 4th among the OECD members following the U.S., Japan, and Germany. 17) The estimation was made based on the analysis of statistical data by UNFCCC. The data includes emissions from top 15 emitting countries as of 2016.', 'The data includes emissions from top 15 emitting countries as of 2016. For the Non-annex I states whose recent emissions data is not available, the CO2 emissions percentage estimated by the World Resources Institute and International Energy Agency was used.Korea s Climate Policies Chapter 2 Korea’s Climate Policies The Government of the Republic of Korea | 33 2. 2030 GHG emissions reduction target 2.1 Korea’s NDC ▍Background The Paris Agreement requires all Parties to prepare NDCs periodically. Following the decision of COP 19 held in Lima (1/CP.19), majority of the Parties submitted their INDCs in 2015, and as they ratified the Paris Agreement in 2016, their INDCs have been registered as NDCs. The decision of COP 21 held in Paris (1/CP.21) requests Parties to update or communicate their NDCs by 2020.', 'The decision of COP 21 held in Paris (1/CP.21) requests Parties to update or communicate their NDCs by 2020. To implement its NDC that includes 2030 GHG emissions reduction target, Korea conducted analyses of reduction potentials in eight key sectors: power (electricity and heating), industry, transport, building, agriculture and livestock farming, wastes, public, and forestry. Based on the analyses, sectoral reduction targets were set, which were included in the 2030 Roadmap to Achieve National GHG Reduction Target (2030 Roadmap) formulated in 2016. After President Moon Jae-in took office, Korea updated the 2030 Roadmap and released the revision in 2018. The revision minimized the portion of the overseas reduction due to the uncertainty in its implementation.', 'The revision minimized the portion of the overseas reduction due to the uncertainty in its implementation. The Administration’s energy transition plan including shutting down old coal power plants and increasing renewable energy target was also incorporated in the revision. ▍Conditions for mitigation Since the beginning of the industrialization, Korea has maintained its export-led industry structure with manufacturing at the center. Manufacturing sector accounted for 32.1% of the GDP in 2017, and export dependency (export to GDP ratio) also remained high at 35.3%. Meanwhile, Korea is the world’s 8th largest energy consumer, with its GDP ranking 12th in the world, and the amount of energy use is constantly growing.', 'Meanwhile, Korea is the world’s 8th largest energy consumer, with its GDP ranking 12th in the world, and the amount of energy use is constantly growing. For the period from 2000 to 2017, Korea’s final energy consumption increased by 53%; especially the industry sector which consumed 60% of the total energy use presented a 68% increase for the same period.2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society Energy intensive industries such as steel, petrochemical, automobile, and semiconductor are taking up the majority of the manufacturing sector. For this reason, despite achieving the world’s highest-level energy efficiency in manufacturing18), Korea’s energy intensity index (primary energy consumption to GPD) has stagnated for years ranking 33rd19) among OECD members in 2017.', 'For this reason, despite achieving the world’s highest-level energy efficiency in manufacturing18), Korea’s energy intensity index (primary energy consumption to GPD) has stagnated for years ranking 33rd19) among OECD members in 2017. <Table 2-3> Dependency on export and manufacturing sector Export Manufacturing Source 1) Statistics Korea (Korea Customs Service), 2) Korea Institute for Industrial Economics and Trade Climate condition is an important factor for renewable energy production. Located in the mid-latitude temperate climate zone, Korea has distinct four seasons with large seasonal differences in the amount of solar radiation20), which complicates stable solar power supply all year round. In terms of wind power, it has been found that only 25% of onshore and 40% of offshore winds are usable for power generation21).', 'In terms of wind power, it has been found that only 25% of onshore and 40% of offshore winds are usable for power generation21). ▍2030 GHG reduction target Korea’s NDC target is to cut GHG emissions by 24.4% below 2017 level by 2030 (GHG emissions target by 2030 is set at 536 million tCO2 eq). To achieve this target, we will implement a set of reduction strategies for the sectors including power, industry, building and transportation and take additional measures including carbon sinks by forests and reduction from overseas projects.', 'To achieve this target, we will implement a set of reduction strategies for the sectors including power, industry, building and transportation and take additional measures including carbon sinks by forests and reduction from overseas projects. 18) Manufacturing sector’s energy efficiency data from major global agencies such as World Steel Association was used 19) Korea’s energy consumption to GPD is 0.159 (TOE/1,000 USD), US at 0.123, Japan at 0.089, and the average of OECD member states at 0.105. (IEA, 2017) 20) Korea’s solar radiation in each season compared to the annual average radiation: 20% higher in spring, 25% higher in summer, 12% lower in fall, and 33% lower in winter.', '(IEA, 2017) 20) Korea’s solar radiation in each season compared to the annual average radiation: 20% higher in spring, 25% higher in summer, 12% lower in fall, and 33% lower in winter. 21) 3rd Biennial Update Report of the Republic of Korea (2019)Korea s Climate Policies Chapter 2 Korea’s Climate Policies The Government of the Republic of Korea | 35 22) Emissions from power sector were divided based on each sector’s electricity consumption and then distributed to each sector as indirect emissions.2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society 3.', '21) 3rd Biennial Update Report of the Republic of Korea (2019)Korea s Climate Policies Chapter 2 Korea’s Climate Policies The Government of the Republic of Korea | 35 22) Emissions from power sector were divided based on each sector’s electricity consumption and then distributed to each sector as indirect emissions.2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society 3. Mitigation policies 3.1 Laws and institutions ▍Framework Act on Low Carbon Green Growth Korea has enacted the Framework Act on Low Carbon Green Growth in 2010 with the objective of building the foundation for a low-carbon society and harnessing environmental technologies and green industry as a new growth engine for the national economy.', 'Mitigation policies 3.1 Laws and institutions ▍Framework Act on Low Carbon Green Growth Korea has enacted the Framework Act on Low Carbon Green Growth in 2010 with the objective of building the foundation for a low-carbon society and harnessing environmental technologies and green industry as a new growth engine for the national economy. The Act prescribes the establishment and implementation of basic plans on green growth (National Green Growth Strategy), climate change (Basic Plan on Climate Change Response), and energy policies (Basic Energy Plan) on a five-year basis. These plans are required to be developed to meet the national GHG reduction target defined in the Enforcement Decree of the Act23).', 'These plans are required to be developed to meet the national GHG reduction target defined in the Enforcement Decree of the Act23). The Presidential Committee on Green Growth24) composed of government officials and private experts deliberates and decides the polices to cope with climate change and energy transition. <Table 2-4> Basic principles on climate and energy policies 23) Cutting GHG emissions 24.4% below 2017 levels (enforced in 31 Dec 2019) 24) The Presidential Committee on Green Growth is chaired by Prime Minister and composed of 43 committee members including 18 Minister-level government officials and 25 experts from private sector.', '<Table 2-4> Basic principles on climate and energy policies 23) Cutting GHG emissions 24.4% below 2017 levels (enforced in 31 Dec 2019) 24) The Presidential Committee on Green Growth is chaired by Prime Minister and composed of 43 committee members including 18 Minister-level government officials and 25 experts from private sector. Basic Principles for Coping with Climate Change Basic Principles of Policies on Energy ① It shall recognize the seriousness of problems of climate change ensuing from global warming, cope with such problems comprehensively by putting together capacities of the State and citizens, and participate in global efforts actively.', 'Basic Principles for Coping with Climate Change Basic Principles of Policies on Energy ① It shall recognize the seriousness of problems of climate change ensuing from global warming, cope with such problems comprehensively by putting together capacities of the State and citizens, and participate in global efforts actively. ② It shall establish the State s medium and long-term target for greenhouse gas emission reduction by analyzing costs of and benefits from the reduction of greenhouse gases in the economic aspect and taking domestic and overseas conditions into consideration and promote the reduction of greenhouse gases efficiently and systematically by introducing a cost-effective, reasonable regulation system based on pricing functions and market system.', '② It shall establish the State s medium and long-term target for greenhouse gas emission reduction by analyzing costs of and benefits from the reduction of greenhouse gases in the economic aspect and taking domestic and overseas conditions into consideration and promote the reduction of greenhouse gases efficiently and systematically by introducing a cost-effective, reasonable regulation system based on pricing functions and market system. ① It shall recognize the seriousness of problems of climate change ensuing from global warming, cope with such problems comprehensively by putting together capacities of the State and citizens, and participate in global efforts actively.', '① It shall recognize the seriousness of problems of climate change ensuing from global warming, cope with such problems comprehensively by putting together capacities of the State and citizens, and participate in global efforts actively. ② It shall establish the State s medium and long-term target for greenhouse gas emission reduction by analyzing costs of and benefits from the reduction of greenhouse gases in the economic aspect and taking domestic and overseas conditions into consideration and promote the reduction of greenhouse gases efficiently and systematically by introducing a cost-effective, reasonable regulation system based on pricing functions and market system.Korea s Climate Policies Chapter 2 Korea’s Climate Policies The Government of the Republic of Korea | 37 ▍Emissions Trading Scheme The emissions trading scheme (ETS) is a market-based mitigation tool in which the government allocates GHG emissions allowances (emissions cap) to businesses and have them trade the allowances freely in the market to dispose of the surplus or make up the deficit in their allocated allowances.', '② It shall establish the State s medium and long-term target for greenhouse gas emission reduction by analyzing costs of and benefits from the reduction of greenhouse gases in the economic aspect and taking domestic and overseas conditions into consideration and promote the reduction of greenhouse gases efficiently and systematically by introducing a cost-effective, reasonable regulation system based on pricing functions and market system.Korea s Climate Policies Chapter 2 Korea’s Climate Policies The Government of the Republic of Korea | 37 ▍Emissions Trading Scheme The emissions trading scheme (ETS) is a market-based mitigation tool in which the government allocates GHG emissions allowances (emissions cap) to businesses and have them trade the allowances freely in the market to dispose of the surplus or make up the deficit in their allocated allowances. An increasing number of economies are opting for this cost-effective25) GHG reduction scheme using the market mechanism including the EU, Switzerland, and New Zealand.', 'An increasing number of economies are opting for this cost-effective25) GHG reduction scheme using the market mechanism including the EU, Switzerland, and New Zealand. In 2012, Korea enacted the Act on the Allocation and Trading of Greenhouse Gas Emission Permits which made the legal basis for the Korean ETS (K-ETS). Following a pilot stage, the Phase 1 of the K-ETS (2015-2017) was carried out having 252 enterprises26) subject to the scheme. After setting up the emissions cap in line with the national GHG reduction targets, the ratio of free allocation and auctioning is determined in consideration of characteristics of each business type. The allocation takes either grandfathering (GF)27) or benchmarking (BM)28) method.', 'The allocation takes either grandfathering (GF)27) or benchmarking (BM)28) method. 25) The ETS incurs 44-68% lower cost than non-market based approaches, i.e., direct regulations on emissions (Samsung Economic Research Institute, 2009) 26) Enterprises emitting over 125,000 tCO2eq/year or owning a plant that emits over 25,000 tCO2eq/year. 27) Grandfathering method allocates allowances based on individual installations’ historical emissions levels, making simple allocation possible. However, the method has been criticized for not being able to take into account emissions reduction efficiencies and resulting in more allowances allocated to large-emitters. 28) Benchmarking method allocates allowances based on emissions intensity of individual installations of the same business type. With this method, more allowances are allocated to installations with lower emissions as long as the installations’ production outputs are the same.', 'With this method, more allowances are allocated to installations with lower emissions as long as the installations’ production outputs are the same. Basic Principles for Coping with Climate Change Basic Principles of Policies on Energy ③ It shall develop and utilize high technology and convergence technology, such as technology for information and communications, nanotechno- logy, biotechnology, to reduce greenhouse gases drastically. ④ It shall enable to adopt various means for reduction autonomously by clarifying rights and obligations in connection with the greenhouse gas emission and allowing transactions of such rights and obligations in the market and shall be prepared for the international carbon market by boosting the domestic carbon market. ③ It shall develop and utilize high technology and convergence technology, such as technology for information and communications, nanotechno- logy, biotechnology, to reduce greenhouse gases drastically.', '③ It shall develop and utilize high technology and convergence technology, such as technology for information and communications, nanotechno- logy, biotechnology, to reduce greenhouse gases drastically. ④ It shall enable to adopt various means for reduction autonomously by clarifying rights and obligations in connection with the greenhouse gas emission and allowing transactions of such rights and obligations in the market and shall be prepared for the international carbon market by boosting the domestic carbon market.2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society During the Phase 1, all companies under the scheme were given allowances free of charge, and only three types of business were subject to BM-based allocation.', '④ It shall enable to adopt various means for reduction autonomously by clarifying rights and obligations in connection with the greenhouse gas emission and allowing transactions of such rights and obligations in the market and shall be prepared for the international carbon market by boosting the domestic carbon market.2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society During the Phase 1, all companies under the scheme were given allowances free of charge, and only three types of business were subject to BM-based allocation. Auctioning has come into play from the Phase 2 (2018-2020) targeting selected business categories, and BM application has also been extended to seven business types.', 'Auctioning has come into play from the Phase 2 (2018-2020) targeting selected business categories, and BM application has also been extended to seven business types. To ensure a high-level of flexibility in the carbon market, external credits are recognized and auctioning is operated on a regular basis. The allowances were traded at around KRW 8,000 during the early stage of the K-ETS, but the price has gradually increased up to KRW 20,000 as of October 2020. [Figure 2-4] Carbon price trend In preparation for the beginning of NDC implementation under the Paris Agreement from 2021, the Phase 3 Allocation Plan (2021–2025) was prepared in December 2019 with the aim of contributing to the achievement of the 2030 national GHG reduction target.', '[Figure 2-4] Carbon price trend In preparation for the beginning of NDC implementation under the Paris Agreement from 2021, the Phase 3 Allocation Plan (2021–2025) was prepared in December 2019 with the aim of contributing to the achievement of the 2030 national GHG reduction target. The key elements of the Basic Plan are as in the Table 2-5.', 'The key elements of the Basic Plan are as in the Table 2-5. <Table 2-5> Work plan of Phase 3 K-ETS Allocation ∙ Set the total emissions target in accordance with the 2030 national GHG emissions target in the NDC ∙ Increase the share of auctioning to 10% and raise the number of business types subject to BM method from 7 to 12 ∙ Change the unit of allowance calculation from “installations” to “business sites”Korea s Climate Policies Chapter 2 Korea’s Climate Policies The Government of the Republic of Korea | 39 ▍GHG target management system The Target Management System (TMS) is a direct regulation program managing the emissions from the small- and medium-sized enterprises whose emissions are relatively lower and not covered by the K-ETS.', '<Table 2-5> Work plan of Phase 3 K-ETS Allocation ∙ Set the total emissions target in accordance with the 2030 national GHG emissions target in the NDC ∙ Increase the share of auctioning to 10% and raise the number of business types subject to BM method from 7 to 12 ∙ Change the unit of allowance calculation from “installations” to “business sites”Korea s Climate Policies Chapter 2 Korea’s Climate Policies The Government of the Republic of Korea | 39 ▍GHG target management system The Target Management System (TMS) is a direct regulation program managing the emissions from the small- and medium-sized enterprises whose emissions are relatively lower and not covered by the K-ETS. A company subject to the TMS are required to make voluntary efforts not to exceed a cap of GHG emissions or energy consumption which has been set by the Government in consultation with the company.', 'A company subject to the TMS are required to make voluntary efforts not to exceed a cap of GHG emissions or energy consumption which has been set by the Government in consultation with the company. If a company fails to achieve the target, it will be given an improvement order or subject to penalty. Since first introduced in 2010, the emissions and energy consumption levels above which businesses are subject to the TMS have been lowered three times. The current thresholds for an entity and a business site are, based on latest three-year average GHG emissions, eq(energy consumption of 200TJ) and 15,000 tons CO2 eq (energy consumption of 80TJ) respectively29).', 'The current thresholds for an entity and a business site are, based on latest three-year average GHG emissions, eq(energy consumption of 200TJ) and 15,000 tons CO2 eq (energy consumption of 80TJ) respectively29). <Table 2-6> Changes in threshold of TMS Index Entity Business site Entity Business site Entity Business site GHG emissions Energy consumption (TJ) Source Guideline for the operation of GHG/energy TMS 29) Any enterprise that has enrolled in the ETS is excluded from the TMS.', '<Table 2-6> Changes in threshold of TMS Index Entity Business site Entity Business site Entity Business site GHG emissions Energy consumption (TJ) Source Guideline for the operation of GHG/energy TMS 29) Any enterprise that has enrolled in the ETS is excluded from the TMS. Market ∙ Allow other participants - financial institutions - to trade on the market ∙ Maintain market liquidity by supplying or retrieving liquidity reserve ∙ Introduce derivatives and allow futures trading on the Exchange Support for Industry ∙ Use revenues from auctioning of allowances to invest in companies’ eco-friendly practices ∙ Survey mitigation technologies from major businesses and share the ones with proven mitigation effects International Market Mechanism ∙ Use overseas carbon offsets to earn carbon credits in compliance with the Paris Agreement2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society 3.2 Mitigation policy measures ▍Transition to green energy Since the launch of the Moon Jae-in administration, Korea has been spurring the energy transition by reducing coal and increasing renewables in its energy portfolio.', 'Market ∙ Allow other participants - financial institutions - to trade on the market ∙ Maintain market liquidity by supplying or retrieving liquidity reserve ∙ Introduce derivatives and allow futures trading on the Exchange Support for Industry ∙ Use revenues from auctioning of allowances to invest in companies’ eco-friendly practices ∙ Survey mitigation technologies from major businesses and share the ones with proven mitigation effects International Market Mechanism ∙ Use overseas carbon offsets to earn carbon credits in compliance with the Paris Agreement2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society 3.2 Mitigation policy measures ▍Transition to green energy Since the launch of the Moon Jae-in administration, Korea has been spurring the energy transition by reducing coal and increasing renewables in its energy portfolio. The Government decided to suspend the construction of new coal-fired power stations and shut down 14 coal power plants which are 30-year old or older.', 'The Government decided to suspend the construction of new coal-fired power stations and shut down 14 coal power plants which are 30-year old or older. (Four plants have permanently ceased operation to date.) The 9th Basic Plan for Power Supply and Demand that contains further actions to shut down additional coal-fired power plants has been established to achieve the NDC. We have also made considerable progress in switching to renewable energy sources. The Renewable Energy 3020 Plan (RE 3020) envisions producing 20% of electricity from renewables by 2030 while the 3rd Basic Energy Plan aims at a 30-35% by 2040. Policy approaches to stimulate the energy transition have been diversified as well.', 'Policy approaches to stimulate the energy transition have been diversified as well. Korea introduced the Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) scheme in 2012 and has kept raising the mandatory renewable share in an incremental manner (from 5% in 2018 to 10% in 2022). A Feed-in-Tariff (FIT)-based subsidy program is also in operation on a temporary basis to ensure a stable level of profits for small-scale power producers. Taking such policy actions have contributed to raising renewable capacity 1.6-fold and the share of renewables in the energy mix from 4.7% to 8.3% (including waste-to-energy) for the recent five years (2014-2018).', 'Taking such policy actions have contributed to raising renewable capacity 1.6-fold and the share of renewables in the energy mix from 4.7% to 8.3% (including waste-to-energy) for the recent five years (2014-2018). [Figure 2-5] Renewable energy in Korea Installed capacity of renewables (MW) 2030 Renewable energy target ▍Industry sector Since 1990, the Korean economy has quadrupled in scale due mainly to the growth in manufacturing sector which is also responsible for a significant portion of total GHGKorea s Climate Policies Chapter 2 Korea’s Climate Policies The Government of the Republic of Korea | 41 emissions. In fact, the growth in manufacturing sector has been contributing to the constant increase in GHG emissions.', 'In fact, the growth in manufacturing sector has been contributing to the constant increase in GHG emissions. The two key policy tools for keeping the emissions from industry sector under control and helping to achieve its 2030 sectoral target are ETS and TMS. The ETS, in particular, helps businesses reduce GHG emissions in a cost-effective way by motivating them in the economic sense. Enhancing energy efficiency is another strategic focus in cutting GHG emissions from the industry sector. The Energy Saving Company (ESCO) program launched in 1993 has supported total 4,358 cases of energy saving installations or upgrade worth 2.9 trillion won until 2017.', 'The Energy Saving Company (ESCO) program launched in 1993 has supported total 4,358 cases of energy saving installations or upgrade worth 2.9 trillion won until 2017. The Government is also offering technical assistants to enterprises to adopt the Energy Management System (EnMS) which helps systematic management of corporate energy performances in terms of both demand and efficiency. <Table 2-7> Government investment in ESCOs Financial support GHG reduction effect (thousand TOE) Source 2019 Energy Report, Korea Energy Agency Enterprises that consume large amount of energy (over 2,000 TOE per year) are required to undergo regular energy performance assessments to improve energy efficiency in their business operation by avoiding preventable energy loss.', '<Table 2-7> Government investment in ESCOs Financial support GHG reduction effect (thousand TOE) Source 2019 Energy Report, Korea Energy Agency Enterprises that consume large amount of energy (over 2,000 TOE per year) are required to undergo regular energy performance assessments to improve energy efficiency in their business operation by avoiding preventable energy loss. Since introduced in 2007, 6,406 business sites have gone through the energy assessments by which they could save 5,675 thousand TOE/year of energy and reduce 13,737,000 tCO2 eq of GHG emissions to date. The Energy Efficiency Resource Standard (EERS) program requires energy producers to meet an energy saving target set up based on the volume of their energy sales. Pilot projects of EERS have been conducted in Korea since 2018.', 'Pilot projects of EERS have been conducted in Korea since 2018. New projects are also under development to encourage end-use energy consumers to improve their energy efficiency. ▍Transportation sector Forced by increasingly stringent regulatory standards to control vehicle emissions and accelerated by technology innovations from the Fourth Industrial Revolution (also known as Industry 4.0), the global automotive industry in the 21st century is rapidly becoming2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society green, smart, and service-oriented. As one of the world’s major car manufacturing countries, Korea is striving to be agile in responding to future demand and cutting GHG emissions from the transportation sector.', 'As one of the world’s major car manufacturing countries, Korea is striving to be agile in responding to future demand and cutting GHG emissions from the transportation sector. Aiming at the world’s most competitive future mobility industry by 2030, we are intensively investing in technology innovations in green vehicle production while coming up with various incentive programs to boost domestic demands for eco-friendly vehicles. The environment-friendly vehicle deployment target scheme requires automakers to produce and sell a certain percentage (15% in 2020) of eco-friendly vehicles of their new car sales. From 2020, the public sector can purchase eco-friendly vehicles only. We are providing eco-friendly vehicle subsidies for different type of vehicles ranging from passenger cars, to buses, trucks, and two-wheelers.', 'We are providing eco-friendly vehicle subsidies for different type of vehicles ranging from passenger cars, to buses, trucks, and two-wheelers. The Government is focusing on building necessary infrastructure to ensure EV drivers could easily find charging stations available nationwide. Implementing such programs has contributed to a surge in accumulated number of eco-friendly vehicles which has quadrupled for the latest 3 years. We deployed the largest fleet of hydrogen vehicles in 2019 and was ranked 8th in the world in terms of the number of registered EVs (cumulative). <Table 2-8> Electric and hydrogen vehicle deployment and their subsidies Eco-friendly vehicle registration (cumulative) Subsidies (KRW 100 mn) In 2007, Korea introduced a requirement of renewable fuel (biodiesel) content in transportation fuel (diesel) at a certain rate.', '<Table 2-8> Electric and hydrogen vehicle deployment and their subsidies Eco-friendly vehicle registration (cumulative) Subsidies (KRW 100 mn) In 2007, Korea introduced a requirement of renewable fuel (biodiesel) content in transportation fuel (diesel) at a certain rate. Produced mainly from waste cooking oil, biodiesel is a green alternative fuel that contributes to preventing environmental pollution as well as reducing GHG emissions. The mandatory biodiesel content has been raised from 0.5% in 2007 to current 3%. On the freight system, we are promoting a modal shift from road to lower emissions alternatives such as railway and marine transport.', 'On the freight system, we are promoting a modal shift from road to lower emissions alternatives such as railway and marine transport. Various measures to cut emissions from freight transportation are in place targeting rail, shipping, and aviation industry, for example, by introducing LNG-fueled ships and expanding shore-side electricity in the marine transport.Korea s Climate Policies Chapter 2 Korea’s Climate Policies The Government of the Republic of Korea | 43 ▍Building sector The amount and patterns of GHG emissions from the building sector are largely affected by countries’ residential conditions and people’s lifestyle. Current mitigation polices in the building sector in Korea focus on saving energy consumption in apartment buildings, the most common housing type in Korea, and enhancing energy efficiency in lighting and home appliances.', 'Current mitigation polices in the building sector in Korea focus on saving energy consumption in apartment buildings, the most common housing type in Korea, and enhancing energy efficiency in lighting and home appliances. The zero-energy building project is currently underway to promote the construction of green buildings that are powered and heated by renewable energy sources and have the maximum insulation performance that lowers the energy demand. Any public buildings newly constructed with the gross floor area (GFA) at 1,000㎡ or larger should be designed as a zero-energy building from 2020, and all public and private buildings with their GFA larger than 500㎡ will be required to be zero energy by 2030.', 'Any public buildings newly constructed with the gross floor area (GFA) at 1,000㎡ or larger should be designed as a zero-energy building from 2020, and all public and private buildings with their GFA larger than 500㎡ will be required to be zero energy by 2030. [Figure 2-6] Zero energy building ∙ Powered and heated by renewable energy sources and have the maximum insulation performance that lowers the energy demand Passive + Active ⇨ Zero Energy Building Minimize energy use for heating/cooling (High insulation performance) Generate energy from renewables (Solar power, geothermal heat) ∙ Energy efficiency grade 1++ or higher and equipped with a Building Energy Management System (BEMS). Classified into five grades based on energy independency.', 'Classified into five grades based on energy independency. Energy efficiency grade Energy Independency * Zero Energy Grade Grade 1++* or higher (* Saving 80% of energy compared to ※ Korea’s energy efficiency grade: Highest: Grade 1+++ - Lowest Grade 7 Besides, the green remodeling program offers financial supports for building renovation projects to improve energy efficiency. Energy efficiency standards for consumer products and home appliances will also be strengthened progressively, for example, a phase-out of fluorescent lights by 2027.Korea’s 2050 Vision 3. Key elements of the 2050 Vision ·············································· 482050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society The Republic of Korea moves towards the goal of carbon neutrality by 2050.', 'Key elements of the 2050 Vision ·············································· 482050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society The Republic of Korea moves towards the goal of carbon neutrality by 2050. The Korean New Deal will serve as a stepping stone to reach carbon neutrality by 2050. Korea will harness green innovations and advanced digital technologies to create synergies between the Green New Deal and the Digital New Deal, the two pillars of the Korean New Deal. Korea will also take decisive action especially in supporting and investing in the development of innovative climate technologies to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. Tackling climate change requires global efforts and collective engagement.', 'Tackling climate change requires global efforts and collective engagement. Korea will lead by example to help the international community jointly make efforts to reach carbon neutrality by 2050. ▍Contributing to global climate action As a party to the Paris Agreement and a responsible member of the international community, Korea will faithfully join and contribute to the global efforts to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. Efforts to reduce GHG emissions will provide an opportunity for sustainable development. We are keen to pursue joint efforts with other countries in taking robust climate action and supporting developing countries by sharing our innovative technologies and know-hows.', 'We are keen to pursue joint efforts with other countries in taking robust climate action and supporting developing countries by sharing our innovative technologies and know-hows. ▍Laying the foundation for sustainable and carbon-neutral society Korea will strive to build capacity to lead the ongoing paradigm shift in the global energy system. Our ultimate goal is to overcome resource scarcity and energy dependence and build a sustainable and carbon-neutral economy.Korea s 2050 Vision Chapter 3 Korea’s 2050 Vision The Government of the Republic of Korea | 47 The first step towards the goal is to phase out the use of fossil fuel, which requires a major overhaul of the current power mix.', 'Our ultimate goal is to overcome resource scarcity and energy dependence and build a sustainable and carbon-neutral economy.Korea s 2050 Vision Chapter 3 Korea’s 2050 Vision The Government of the Republic of Korea | 47 The first step towards the goal is to phase out the use of fossil fuel, which requires a major overhaul of the current power mix. To put in place a green, zero-emissions power supply system, we will significantly reduce coal power generation while increasing energy efficiency in industry, buildings and transportation sector up to the level of the world’s leading countries. To create a sustainable environment for industrial development, we will foster future growth engines by harnessing technological innovations and decarbonizing our industry structure.', 'To create a sustainable environment for industrial development, we will foster future growth engines by harnessing technological innovations and decarbonizing our industry structure. The Government is closely collaborating with businesses and industries to promote digital transformation in all sectors, which will lay the groundwork for optimal use of energy and application of future technologies including hydrogen production/supply/use and Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS). To ensure a just transition towards carbon-neutral society, especially for those working in industries depending on fossil fuels, the Government will create new job opportunities in new, alternative industries and provide re-training support for them. The Government will also provide support to build low-carbon infrastructure in fossil fuel-dependent communities that are likely to face job losses in the process of energy transition.', 'The Government will also provide support to build low-carbon infrastructure in fossil fuel-dependent communities that are likely to face job losses in the process of energy transition. Moving away from the fossil-fuel based production, distribution and consumption patterns, we will create a circular cycle of resources that will ultimately enable people to achieve universal goals for environment and health. Meanwhile, nature-based carbon sinks, i.e. forests, wetlands and marine ecosystems, are to be continuously expanded to accelerate the transition to a carbon-neutral society. ▍Action at all levels Given Korea’s current economic structure and industrial portfolio, moving away from the fossil fuel-based economy requires a sweeping change in its entire system.', '▍Action at all levels Given Korea’s current economic structure and industrial portfolio, moving away from the fossil fuel-based economy requires a sweeping change in its entire system. Balancing between emissions reduction and industrial growth means that all sectors including the basic patterns of people’s daily lives should be reshaped. This transformative change could take place only when a broad consensus is reached among various stakeholders of our society from industry, civil society and academia. In particular, public support and engagement are essential. It is absolutely imperative that the public recognizes decarbonization as the only way forward. Greater public recognition will build up a momentum for accelerating the action for carbon-neutral transition.', 'Greater public recognition will build up a momentum for accelerating the action for carbon-neutral transition. The Government will inform the people of the detailed costs to be incurred from this transition as well as the benefits of climate action in an open, transparent manner. Parting2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society from the fossil fuel economy, which has been the basis of Korea’s growth for the past decades, is certainly a challenging and arduous process. The Government is ready to lead this process by sharing information with the people on gains and losses of this transition and seek their consent.', 'The Government is ready to lead this process by sharing information with the people on gains and losses of this transition and seek their consent. The costs should be borne in a fair and equitable manner by all members of society depending on their roles and responsibilities. Policymaking for climate change response should be a participatory, democratic and inclusive decision-making process that engages all and leaves no one behind. 3. Key elements of the 2050 Vision ▍Key element 1: Expanding the use of clean power and hydrogen across all sectors In achieving the 2050 Vision, the most important key element is accelerated energy transition towards carbon neutrality. Solar, wind, hydro, and other types of renewable energy should be the central sources of energy supply.', 'Solar, wind, hydro, and other types of renewable energy should be the central sources of energy supply. CCUS technologies should be employed in the use of coal and other fossil fuel-powered energy and LNG power generation to significantly cut down on GHG emissions in the long-term. Evidently, it is important to reorient the existing energy supply system. Technological innovation could help bring about this fundamental change by making renewable energy more affordable. Continued efforts are needed to bolster market-based policies such as carbon pricing and to advance the power system at the national level. The intermittency issue remains a challenge for some renewable energy sources, which should be addressed considering Korea’s geographical difficulty of supplying electricity from overseas.', 'The intermittency issue remains a challenge for some renewable energy sources, which should be addressed considering Korea’s geographical difficulty of supplying electricity from overseas. As the percentage of renewable energy in the power mix gradually increases, it is essential to keep the electricity output predictable and reliable throughout the entire power grid. A system-wide integration of EVs, ESS and hydrogen technologies is another viable option, which could be achieved by utilizing advanced ICT and Industry 4.0 technologies. With this, consumers will be able to communicate with each other and trade the electricity they produced from distributed power sources on a smart grid. This will change the traditional concept of consumers into “prosumers,” who both produce and consume energy.', 'This will change the traditional concept of consumers into “prosumers,” who both produce and consume energy. Most sectors of our society – transportations, cooling and heating systems and industrial processes – that are using fossil fuels need to use clean electricity in the future.Korea s 2050 Vision Chapter 3 Korea’s 2050 Vision The Government of the Republic of Korea | 49 To achieve Korea’s 2050 Vision, most of the current means of transportation running on fossil fuels should be replaced with alternative modes of transport powered by electricity, hydrogen and other clean energy sources. These gradual changes will form a dominant trend by 2050 especially in road transportation.', 'These gradual changes will form a dominant trend by 2050 especially in road transportation. By 2050, electric and hydrogen-powered vehicles are expected to become widely popular, and other modes of transportation including air, sea and rail could also experience a similar transition. ▍Key element 2: Improving energy efficiency to a significant level “Energy efficiency” is by far the most eco-friendly and economical energy resource30). Improving energy efficiency saves costs for businesses, making them more competitive in the market. With this enhanced competitiveness, companies could produce highly-efficient products, which ultimately contributes to the overall industrial growth. It is a highly economical strategy that could also help reduce energy consumption.', 'It is a highly economical strategy that could also help reduce energy consumption. In the absence of natural resources31), improving energy efficiency is one of the most essential strategies for Korea, especially in relation to its energy security. Once energy efficiency is improved, it will ultimately lead to a decreased energy supply. Compared with the huge upfront cost of developing ESS and hydrogen technologies, improving energy efficiency is the most cost-effective option that should be considered as a policy instrument. There are a number of time-tested solutions that are effective in improving energy efficiency: enhancing vehicle fuel efficiency, strengthening building insulation, using highly-efficient appliances and deploying a smart energy management system.', 'There are a number of time-tested solutions that are effective in improving energy efficiency: enhancing vehicle fuel efficiency, strengthening building insulation, using highly-efficient appliances and deploying a smart energy management system. These solutions are already in use or readily available for all sectors from the government to industry to the public. The Government’s clear policy vision for improved energy efficiency along with balanced regulations and incentives will encourage active engagement and efforts from all sectors and ultimately help achieve a significantly improved energy efficiency. 30) The International Energy Agency estimated that improvements in energy efficiency to be the most effective policy tool for mitigation in 2017.', '30) The International Energy Agency estimated that improvements in energy efficiency to be the most effective policy tool for mitigation in 2017. 31) As of 2017 the amount of imported energy was USD 109.5 billion, accounting for 22.9% of Korea’s total import amount.2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society ▍Key element 3: Commercial deployment of carbon removal and other future technologies Korea’s manufacturing sector is largely dominated by energy-intensive industries such as steelmaking, cement and petrochemical production. Such an industrial structure makes it all the more urgent for Korea to further develop and commercially deploy future technologies, i.e., hydrogen technologies, CCUS, etc., to trigger the transition from low-carbon society into a carbon-neutral one.', 'Such an industrial structure makes it all the more urgent for Korea to further develop and commercially deploy future technologies, i.e., hydrogen technologies, CCUS, etc., to trigger the transition from low-carbon society into a carbon-neutral one. The application of such technologies is especially important because Korea’s major industries produce a high level of CO2 emissions during their manufacturing process: manufacturing of cokes (reducing agent for steelmaking); calcination of limestone (major feedstock of cement production); and thermal cracking of naphtha (used in petrochemicals production). ▍Key element 4: Scaling up the circular economy to improve industrial sustainability In a linear economy, raw materials are extracted to make products and after consuming the products, they are thrown away.', '▍Key element 4: Scaling up the circular economy to improve industrial sustainability In a linear economy, raw materials are extracted to make products and after consuming the products, they are thrown away. In a circular economy, however, materials are reused and products are recycled over and over in a circular cycle that promotes sustainability. Transition to a circular economy is a strategy that will help us reduce GHG emissions while conserving our ecosystems. Lifecyle approach is the key to ensuring product recyclability throughout production, consumption, recycling, and disposal, which minimizes the resource and energy inputs. Reliance on new future technologies could increase uncertainties in achieving emissions reduction targets, but a stronger circular economy could reduce such reliance, having an effect of lowering the uncertainties.', 'Reliance on new future technologies could increase uncertainties in achieving emissions reduction targets, but a stronger circular economy could reduce such reliance, having an effect of lowering the uncertainties. ▍Key element 5: Enhancing carbon sinks Land, forests, and marine ecosystems are the fundamental elements of the environment and they provide a variety of goods, foods and ecosystem services essential for human survival. They also function as strong carbon sinks that absorb and store CO2 , playing an important role in the transition towards a carbon-neutral society.', 'They also function as strong carbon sinks that absorb and store CO2 , playing an important role in the transition towards a carbon-neutral society. Expanding and managing the forests with high carbon storage capacity, practicing sustainable forest management and promoting the use of wood products greatly contribute to reducing GHG emissions.Korea s 2050 Vision Chapter 3 Korea’s 2050 Vision The Government of the Republic of Korea | 51 <Table 3-1> Mitigation options and outlook by sector(non-exhaustive) Mitigation options Outlook Mitigation effect Technological maturity Cost Energy Supply (Electricity & Heat) 1. Use CCUS ● ◐ ○ 2. Improve energy mix ● ● ● 3. Promote hydrogen-based economy Introduce fuel cell ● ◐ ◐ Supply hydrogen ● ◐ ○ Industry 1. Use hydrogen technology and recycle and reuse materials ● ◐ ○ 2. Convert into new materials and promote products with high added values ● ○ ○ 3.', 'Convert into new materials and promote products with high added values ● ○ ○ 3. Improve equipment efficiency ● ● ● 4. Promote smart factory and smart industrial complex ◐ ● ◐ 5. Use CCUS ● ◐ ○ 6. Use low-carbon fuels and materials ○ ● ● 7. Reduce emissions from industrial process ● ● ● Buildings 1. Improve building energy efficiency ● ● ○ 2. Supply highly efficient equipment ◐ ● ◐ 3. Promote smart energy management ○ ◐ ◐ 4. Promote renewables and use waste heat ● ◐ ○ Transportation 1. Mix biofuels for road transportation ◐ ● ◐ 2. Promote eco-friendly vehicles and improve average fuel efficiency ● ● ◐ 3. Advance railway system ○ ◐ ○ 4. Advance aviation system ○ ◐ ○ 5. Advance shipping system ○ ◐ ○ 6. Promote traffic demand management ◐ - - Waste 1.', 'Promote traffic demand management ◐ - - Waste 1. Recycle and reduce at source ● ● ○ 2. Methane gas recovery Hygienic landfills ◐ ● ◐ Biological treatment facility ● ● ◐ 3. Increase aerobic operation of landfills ● ○ ◐ 4. Replace with bioplastics ● ○ ● Farming 1. Transition to smart farming ◐ ● ◐ 2. Develop and deploy low-carbon agricultural practices ● ◐ ◐ 3. Promote participatory policies for farmers and consumers ◐ ◐ ◐ 4. Scale up deployment of eco-friendly energy ● ● ◐ Carbon sinks (forest) 1. Expand forests(afforestation, reforestation) ◐ ◐ ◐ 2. Maintain carbon sinks (forest management) ● ◐ ● 3. Expand timber supply ◐ ◐ ◐ * Outlook indictor ●: high, ◐: medium, ○: low Source 2050 Low-carbon Vision Forum s proposal (February, 2020)Visions and Strategies by Sector 1. Energy supply ·············································································· 54 6.', 'Expand timber supply ◐ ◐ ◐ * Outlook indictor ●: high, ◐: medium, ○: low Source 2050 Low-carbon Vision Forum s proposal (February, 2020)Visions and Strategies by Sector 1. Energy supply ·············································································· 54 6. Agriculture, livestock farming and fisheries ···························· 93 7. Carbon sinks(LULUCF sector) ···················································· 982050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society 1. Energy supply ▍Power mix As of 2017, Korea imported 94% of its energy supply from overseas and was ranked as 9th largest energy consumer in the world. Our rapid economic growth in the past half a century was possible thanks to the Government’s policy drive to foster the manufacturing sector. Reliable power supply was essential as our focus was on investing in manufacturing and increasing export.', 'Reliable power supply was essential as our focus was on investing in manufacturing and increasing export. Korea’s electricity policy has been largely focused on increasing the supply volume by using coal and nuclear power as two main sources of baseload power due to their relative reliability and affordability. Of the total generated electricity in 2017, 43.1% was from coal while 26.8% was produced by nuclear power. When combined, the two power sources produced 70% of the total power supply. In the early 2000s, nuclear power took up 40% of the total power mix, but the percentage has been in decline since then, as coal and LNG have been continuously taking up an increasing share. The share of electricity in end-use energy is also increasing sharply.', 'The share of electricity in end-use energy is also increasing sharply. In 1990, the percentage of electricity was only 10.9% of the total end-use energy, but climbed up to 19.2% in 2010. As more sectors and energy uses are experiencing electrification, this upward trend is likely to continue. [Figure 4-1] Power mix trend Source Korea Electric Power Corporation statistics (2019)Visions and Strategies by Sector Chapter 4 Visions and Strategies by Sector The Government of the Republic of Korea | 55 ▍Power demand by purpose of use Power consumption had been on the steady rise until its peak at 526 TWh in 2018.', '[Figure 4-1] Power mix trend Source Korea Electric Power Corporation statistics (2019)Visions and Strategies by Sector Chapter 4 Visions and Strategies by Sector The Government of the Republic of Korea | 55 ▍Power demand by purpose of use Power consumption had been on the steady rise until its peak at 526 TWh in 2018. However, considering that the annual average growth rate of power consumption for the recent five years (2014-2018) has been halved from that of the previous five years (2009-2013), the power consumption growth is on a slowing trend. Power demand by sector in figure 4-2 shows that industrial use accounts for more than 50%, but the percentage has been declining after reaching its peak of 55.4% in 2014.', 'Power demand by sector in figure 4-2 shows that industrial use accounts for more than 50%, but the percentage has been declining after reaching its peak of 55.4% in 2014. On the contrast, electricity consumed by both commercial buildings and homes is on the rise and the power demand in the transportation sector is also expected to grow as an increasing number of EVs will be deployed. [Figure 4-2] Power demand by sector Source Korean Statistical Information Service (2019) ▍Power sector emissions Emissions from the power sector are steadily increasing due to rising power demand and deteriorating sectoral emissions intensity, but since 2010, the emissions growth in the sector has been slowing down.', '[Figure 4-2] Power demand by sector Source Korean Statistical Information Service (2019) ▍Power sector emissions Emissions from the power sector are steadily increasing due to rising power demand and deteriorating sectoral emissions intensity, but since 2010, the emissions growth in the sector has been slowing down. In 2017, the emissions from the power sector increased by 6-fold from 1990 level, accounting for 36% of Korea’s total emissions. [Figure 4-3] Trend of emissions by power source2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society 1.2 Energy sector’s vision Producing zero-emissions electricity in an eco-friendly way and using clean power in greater scope are the keys to achieving the Korea’s 2050 Vision.', '[Figure 4-3] Trend of emissions by power source2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society 1.2 Energy sector’s vision Producing zero-emissions electricity in an eco-friendly way and using clean power in greater scope are the keys to achieving the Korea’s 2050 Vision. To this end, low-carbon energy should serve as the primary power source in energy portfolio and advanced technologies such as CCUS should be fully harnessed to ultimately achieve carbon neutrality of the power sector. Reducing GHG emissions in the power sector can be achieved by two different approaches: i) by improving emissions intensity in power production; ii) by managing power demand.', 'Reducing GHG emissions in the power sector can be achieved by two different approaches: i) by improving emissions intensity in power production; ii) by managing power demand. This section mainly focuses on the power sector’s strategies to improve emissions intensity while strategies and tasks of managing power demand will be detailed in later sections of this chapter. The power sector plays a key role in achieving Korea’s NDC and its 2030 emissions reduction target as well as the 2050 carbon neutrality. To this end, deployment of innovative renewable energy and fossil fuels with CCUS are the two essential elements that should be secured. The existing power system should be changed into a renewable-based system, i.e. wind and solar.', 'The existing power system should be changed into a renewable-based system, i.e. wind and solar. Fossil fuel-based power generation will no longer be a main contributor to baseload power, but remain as a supplementing power source for intermittent renewable energy. Applying CCUS to fossil fuel-based power plants must be considered to this end. For carbon neutrality in non-power sector, the production of clean electricity and hydrogen should be increased, and accordingly, power demand is expected to rise as well. Considering this rising power demand, a more reliable power supply system needs to be developed in conjunction with effective demand management.', 'Considering this rising power demand, a more reliable power supply system needs to be developed in conjunction with effective demand management. ▍Renewable energy-oriented power supply For the 2050 carbon neutrality in the power sector, renewables, i.e., wind and solar and other clean renewable energy sources should become dominating power sources by 2050. In 2010, renewable energy accounted for only 1.2% of the annual power output, but it has soared up by 3.5-fold to 4.2% in 2018 (not including waste-to-energy).', 'In 2010, renewable energy accounted for only 1.2% of the annual power output, but it has soared up by 3.5-fold to 4.2% in 2018 (not including waste-to-energy). This rapid growth was possible due to the Government’s variety of policy supports including setting renewable energy production target at 20% by 2030, introduction of the Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) and Korean-type Feed-in Tariffs (FIT) systems.Visions and Strategies by Sector Chapter 4 Visions and Strategies by Sector The Government of the Republic of Korea | 57 In the 3rd Basic Energy Plan formulated in May 2019, the Moon Jae-in administration has announced an ambitious goal of producing 35% of electricity from renewable energy sources by 2040.', 'This rapid growth was possible due to the Government’s variety of policy supports including setting renewable energy production target at 20% by 2030, introduction of the Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) and Korean-type Feed-in Tariffs (FIT) systems.Visions and Strategies by Sector Chapter 4 Visions and Strategies by Sector The Government of the Republic of Korea | 57 In the 3rd Basic Energy Plan formulated in May 2019, the Moon Jae-in administration has announced an ambitious goal of producing 35% of electricity from renewable energy sources by 2040. By 2050, this trend of energy transition is expected to accelerate, making renewables the most critical power source in Korea. Continued technology development will lower the production cost of renewable energy.', 'Continued technology development will lower the production cost of renewable energy. This, along with enhanced power system flexibility, will help build up momentum for the energy transition. In fact, investment cost for solar power dropped from KRW 3,745,000/kW in 2011 to KRW 1,648,000/kW in 2017. For wind power, the investment cost decreased from KRW 2,576,000/kW in 2012 to KRW 2,102,000/kW in 2017. This trend of decreasing investment costs for renewable energy is likely to continue in the years to come. A study by the Korea Energy Economics Institute suggests that the production costs of solar and wind power, currently higher than those of fossil fuel power, will become comparable to those of coal, LNG and other fossil fuels by 203032).', 'A study by the Korea Energy Economics Institute suggests that the production costs of solar and wind power, currently higher than those of fossil fuel power, will become comparable to those of coal, LNG and other fossil fuels by 203032). After 2030, renewable energy will become an economically viable option due to its cost-competitiveness with its increased deployment. [Figure 4-4] Projected investment cost for renewables Solar PV(utility) Onshore wind Source IRENA, Future of Solar Photovoltaic (Nov. 2019) Source IRENA, Future of Wind (Oct. 2019) ▍Fuel cell and green hydrogen Korea considers hydrogen as an important future power source in accelerating industrial innovation and reducing GHG emissions.', '[Figure 4-4] Projected investment cost for renewables Solar PV(utility) Onshore wind Source IRENA, Future of Solar Photovoltaic (Nov. 2019) Source IRENA, Future of Wind (Oct. 2019) ▍Fuel cell and green hydrogen Korea considers hydrogen as an important future power source in accelerating industrial innovation and reducing GHG emissions. To fully harness this critical power source, we have announced in 2019 the Roadmap to Promote Hydrogen-based Economy, setting a path to move forward as a leader in this area. The purpose of the roadmap is to build a foundation for producing green hydrogen by utilizing renewable energy sources, and using the produced hydrogen in fuel cells as well as in mobility of various forms.', 'The purpose of the roadmap is to build a foundation for producing green hydrogen by utilizing renewable energy sources, and using the produced hydrogen in fuel cells as well as in mobility of various forms. The roadmap aims to drive a paradigm shift from the existing 32) Korea Energy Economics Institute, Study on the estimation of levelized cost of energy by source, Feb. 20182050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society carbon-based system into a hydrogen-oriented, eco-friendly energy system. The Government has developed a plan to build up a fuel cell facility to generate 8GW of electricity by 2040 and will continue to scale up the production of fuel cells.', 'The Government has developed a plan to build up a fuel cell facility to generate 8GW of electricity by 2040 and will continue to scale up the production of fuel cells. A variety of policies are to be put in place to expand the supply of green hydrogen as well. [Figure 4-5] Deployment plan for fuel cells using hydrogen Fuel cells for power generation (GW) Fuel cells for homes and buildings (GW) Source Roadmap to promote hydrogen-based economy (2019) ▍Fossil fuels with CCUS To continue to use fossil fuel as a power source, the use of CCUS technology is critical.', '[Figure 4-5] Deployment plan for fuel cells using hydrogen Fuel cells for power generation (GW) Fuel cells for homes and buildings (GW) Source Roadmap to promote hydrogen-based economy (2019) ▍Fossil fuels with CCUS To continue to use fossil fuel as a power source, the use of CCUS technology is critical. Coal and LNG power plants could continue to play an important role in solving renewable energy’s volatility issue and enhancing energy security if their CO2 emissions are captured before they are released into the air. We will continue to move ahead with strong policies to phase out coal power generation, which is one of the Moon Jae-in administration’s national priorities, and as a result, a significant reduction of GHG emissions from coal-fired power plants is expected by 2050.', 'We will continue to move ahead with strong policies to phase out coal power generation, which is one of the Moon Jae-in administration’s national priorities, and as a result, a significant reduction of GHG emissions from coal-fired power plants is expected by 2050. Natural gas power generation will continue to play a bridging role while the current energy system re-aligns around renewable energy. LNG will remain as an important power source in Korea’s effort to enhance its readiness for unusually high peak demands and diversify power sources to strengthen its national energy security. CCUS is an essential option to reduce CO2 emissions and achieve our NDC and 2030 emissions reduction target.', 'CCUS is an essential option to reduce CO2 emissions and achieve our NDC and 2030 emissions reduction target. Government-funded R&Ds are underway to build an infrastructure for developing and demonstrating technologies that can reduce nearly 10 eq by 2030. For a wider use of CCUS technology, further technology development is needed to achieve carbon neutrality of the power sector.', 'For a wider use of CCUS technology, further technology development is needed to achieve carbon neutrality of the power sector. However, expansion of CCUS technology requires: i) technological advancement and subsequent cost reduction; ii) large-capacity storage facilities and their social acceptance; and iii) market-based incentives balanced with regulatory approaches.Visions and Strategies by Sector Chapter 4 Visions and Strategies by Sector The Government of the Republic of Korea | 59 Assuming the level of CCUS technology is fully matured to an advanced level and its wider application is realized, the technology is expected to be applied to CO2 emissions from coal as well as natural gas power generation. 1.3 Energy supply sector strategies ▍Addressing technological limits in renewables Solar and wind energy is supplied from natural energy sources that are endlessly available.', '1.3 Energy supply sector strategies ▍Addressing technological limits in renewables Solar and wind energy is supplied from natural energy sources that are endlessly available. Once a renewable energy facility is constructed, in addition to the benefit of zero-emissions, almost no marginal cost is incurred. In other words, renewables are eco-friendly solutions that provide humans with clean and endless energy source. However, for renewables to completely replace conventional power sources – coal, nuclear and natural gas – that have been proved to be reliable, and to become a main power source, two limitations of volatility and intermittency should be addressed in advance. Advanced ICT networks, Industry 4.0, innovative ESS, and hydrogen as a fuel will significantly contribute to addressing such limitations and making energy transition possible.', 'Advanced ICT networks, Industry 4.0, innovative ESS, and hydrogen as a fuel will significantly contribute to addressing such limitations and making energy transition possible. To solve the volatility and intermittency problems, it is critical to: i) enhance predictability of the power output; and ii) build up a reliable and flexible power backup system. First, to enhance predictability of the power output from renewables, an accurate prediction should be made possible with comprehensive assessment of various factors – Korea’ climate conditions, types of renewable energy, and facility locations and scales. Second, a flexible real-time operation system should be introduced in the power market. Current power market system in Korea determines daily power output a day before the power is produced, and does not allow for a flexible operation.', 'Current power market system in Korea determines daily power output a day before the power is produced, and does not allow for a flexible operation. To ensure a flexible and reliable power grid operation, advanced control technologies and ESS should be adopted. In Korea, a series of effective solutions including integrated control system and real-time power market system are currently being developed33) to address the volatility issue of renewable energy. It is also important to diversify energy sources and utilize ESS for stable management of intermittency and peak demand issues of renewables. Fuel cells using green hydrogen, ESS and pumped-storage hydropower will provide optimal technological and environmental solutions to store the surplus power generated from renewables while addressing intermittency issue.', 'Fuel cells using green hydrogen, ESS and pumped-storage hydropower will provide optimal technological and environmental solutions to store the surplus power generated from renewables while addressing intermittency issue. Fossil fuel-based power plants with CCUS could also serve as a crucial power backup facility for intermittent renewable energy sources. 33) The 8th Basic Plan for Power Supply and Demand (Dec. 2017), the 3rd Basic Energy Plan (May 2019)2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society ▍Building enabling environment for renewables Conventional fossil fuel-based power grid was operated in a centralized, one-way energy supply system.', '33) The 8th Basic Plan for Power Supply and Demand (Dec. 2017), the 3rd Basic Energy Plan (May 2019)2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society ▍Building enabling environment for renewables Conventional fossil fuel-based power grid was operated in a centralized, one-way energy supply system. This system was focused on facilitating the operations of large-scale power generation using coal and nuclear, which in the end resulted in many large power plants densely located in specific areas. This has caused a geographical mismatch between power supply and demand and subsequently, long-distance transmission grids have caused various social conflicts. Renewable energy-oriented power system will allow for an opportunity to solve such problems of the existing centralized power system.', 'Renewable energy-oriented power system will allow for an opportunity to solve such problems of the existing centralized power system. There is no limited scope in generating power from renewable energy because anyone can participate in production at any scale. Our strategy is to move away from centralized, one-way system, and change into a decentralized, participatory and multi-way grid system. For instance, anyone could install solar panels on top of buildings, lands, and transportations. Wind power already has various business models where local towns, cooperatives and residents could participate in power production and share profits. New business models using Distributed Energy Resources (DER) are expected to contribute to the proliferation of renewable energy as well.', 'New business models using Distributed Energy Resources (DER) are expected to contribute to the proliferation of renewable energy as well. Volt-to-grid system using EV batteries, peer-to-peer trading of excess renewable energy, and ESS could all be connected to a virtual power plant, which acts as an intermediary between these small-scale DER and electricity markets. This transformation indicates energy consumers and producers are not separate concepts anymore. Prosumers who not only consume but also produce energy will soon become a universal concept. The Government will move in step with this trend and focus on developing the systems for various DER.', 'The Government will move in step with this trend and focus on developing the systems for various DER. [Figure 4-6] Vision for new energy supply systemVisions and Strategies by Sector Chapter 4 Visions and Strategies by Sector The Government of the Republic of Korea | 61 The Government is well-positioned to lead such transformation in time in the era of energy transition and create an enabling environment for renewable energy. Already, proliferation of distributed, participatory power sources is one of the Korea’s top policy visions. The Government has set the goal of increasing the power generated from DER up to 30% by 2040. Policies to improve existing electricity markets and grid systems are now in development to facilitate market trading of various DER and their connections to grids.', 'Policies to improve existing electricity markets and grid systems are now in development to facilitate market trading of various DER and their connections to grids. Deployment of smart grids is also another important task to be undertaken in order to secure demand flexibility. Power supply efficiency can be maximized if supply is matched with demand. Smart metering that implements time-of-use or season-of-use pricing, or Demand Response (DR) are the prime examples of mechanisms designed to match demand with supply. These policies seek to adjust power demand by providing consumers with economic incentives to control their consumption. This not only reduces peak loads but also allows power producers to secure reliability and affordability in supplying power.', 'This not only reduces peak loads but also allows power producers to secure reliability and affordability in supplying power. This win-win policy models ultimately aim to build up a smart grid system which is under development as part of demonstration projects in many cities of Korea including Jeju Island, followed by Seoul and Gwangju. [Figure 4-7] Smart grid2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society ▍Korean’s economic structure In 2017 Korea’s GDP recorded a high annual average growth rate of 5% compared to 1990 level (OECD annual average growth rate was 4.4%). This high growth rate is attributable to the growth in industry sector, which accounts for 90% of the total GDP.', 'This high growth rate is attributable to the growth in industry sector, which accounts for 90% of the total GDP. Manufacturing sector34) accounted for 39% of Korea’s GDP as of 2017, representing a smaller share than the service sector which took up 60%. However, industry sector’s growth rate of added value35) was estimated to be higher than that of the service sector. This is due to Korea’s focus on manufacturing – steelmaking, shipbuilding, automotive, petrochemicals and semiconductors production – as the national industrial base with its export-oriented growth strategy. [Figure 4-8] Change in Korea’s economic structure Manufacturing creates 80% of the total added values from the industry sector.', '[Figure 4-8] Change in Korea’s economic structure Manufacturing creates 80% of the total added values from the industry sector. Of the manufacturing sector, the percentage of added values created by metal fabrication36) 34) Industry sector is comprised of sub-sectors of mining, manufacturing, construction and Social Overhead Capital. 35) Growth rate of added value (annual growth rate between 1990 and 2017): industry sector 5.4% / service sub-sector 4.9% 36) Semiconductor, display, electrics, electronics, machinery, automobiles and shipbuildingVisions and Strategies by Sector Chapter 4 Visions and Strategies by Sector The Government of the Republic of Korea | 63 increased from 32% in 1990 to 62% in 2017 while steelmaking, petrochemicals production and other energy-intensive sub-sectors saw their rates decrease from 68% to 38% during the same period.', '35) Growth rate of added value (annual growth rate between 1990 and 2017): industry sector 5.4% / service sub-sector 4.9% 36) Semiconductor, display, electrics, electronics, machinery, automobiles and shipbuildingVisions and Strategies by Sector Chapter 4 Visions and Strategies by Sector The Government of the Republic of Korea | 63 increased from 32% in 1990 to 62% in 2017 while steelmaking, petrochemicals production and other energy-intensive sub-sectors saw their rates decrease from 68% to 38% during the same period. This was due to the restructuring in the manufacturing sector that has taken place during this period. The Government policy from the 1960s to the 1980s focused mainly on input-driven growth strategy and large-scale process industry, i.e. steelmaking, petrochemical and cement manufacturing.', 'The Government policy from the 1960s to the 1980s focused mainly on input-driven growth strategy and large-scale process industry, i.e. steelmaking, petrochemical and cement manufacturing. However, with technological advancement and growth of machinery industry in the 1990s, semiconductors, electronics, automotive, shipbuilding and other technology-intensive sub-sectors started to emerge as flagship industries. Since the 2000s, knowledge-based economy and ICT have become main drivers for growth and as a result, semiconductors, display panels and IT industries are playing a key role for Korea’s economic growth.', 'Since the 2000s, knowledge-based economy and ICT have become main drivers for growth and as a result, semiconductors, display panels and IT industries are playing a key role for Korea’s economic growth. [Figure 4-9] Change in added values in manufacturing sub-sectors ▍Industry sector emissions As of 2017, industry sector contributed 37% of Korea’s total GHG emissions (54% if indirect emissions were included), the rate on a par with the power sector’s emissions, both of which are the highest rates of all the sectors listed under this chapter. There are two main sources of emissions from industry sector: i) emissions from fuel combustion, i.e. coal, petroleum, and gas, and ii) emissions from industrial processes. The emissions from fuel combustion take up a majority share of the total emissions.', 'The emissions from fuel combustion take up a majority share of the total emissions. As of 2017, emissions from energy use accounted for 86% while emissions from industrial processes recorded 14%. The trend for the past decade indicates that average annual direct emissions from energy use (not including indirect emissions from electricity use) have increased by 2.0% while average annual emissions from industrial processes have risen only 0.5%.2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society [Figure 4-10] Industry sector emissions The figure 4-11 shows us the energy consumption by source in the industry sector.', 'The trend for the past decade indicates that average annual direct emissions from energy use (not including indirect emissions from electricity use) have increased by 2.0% while average annual emissions from industrial processes have risen only 0.5%.2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society [Figure 4-10] Industry sector emissions The figure 4-11 shows us the energy consumption by source in the industry sector. It indicates that 70% of energy use in industry sector consists of petroleum and coal, which suggests naphtha and cokes used in energy-intensive sub-sectors such as petrochemicals production and steelmaking have caused high emissions. Therefore, low-carbon transition in such energy-intensive sub-sectors is most urgently needed.', 'Therefore, low-carbon transition in such energy-intensive sub-sectors is most urgently needed. [Figure 4-11] Industry energy consumption by source The figure 4-12 displays how much energy has been consumed by different types of industry facilities37). The estimates suggest energy consumed by boilers has increased from 22% in 2010 to 29% in 2017 while energy consumption from furnaces has declined from 20% to 37) The value does not include the amount of naphtha and cokes used in industrial processes.Visions and Strategies by Sector Chapter 4 Visions and Strategies by Sector The Government of the Republic of Korea | 65 27% during the same period. This is mainly due to the increase in the number of facilities that needed direct heating.', 'This is mainly due to the increase in the number of facilities that needed direct heating. [Figure 4-12] Industry energy consumption by facility types38) 2.2 Industry sector’s 2050 vision Considering ever-growing public demand for a cleaner environment and tightening international control over GHG emissions, a low-carbon transition is essential in energy-intensive industries using conventional fuels. GHG emissions reduction will provide more opportunities for growth for the industry sector and enhance the sector’s sustainability. Those opportunities will include improved energy efficiency and enhanced international competitiveness. Industry sector has many options to reduce its GHG emissions: improving energy efficiency, conversion into low-carbon fuels, applying CCUS technology and introducing innovative industrial processes. However, there is no silver bullet in dramatically reducing emissions across industries.', 'However, there is no silver bullet in dramatically reducing emissions across industries. Each industry has its own way of using energy and its emissions types and technology levels vary. One-size-fits-all option could create gaps across different industries and thus, a variety of mitigation options should be considered in achieving the industry sector’s 2050 vision. 38) The value does not include the amount of cokes used in steelmaking and the amount of naphtha used in oil refinery and petrochemical industry.', '38) The value does not include the amount of cokes used in steelmaking and the amount of naphtha used in oil refinery and petrochemical industry. (Energy consumption survey, Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy)2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society The industry sector’s 2050 vision presented in this section takes into account characteristics of industry sub-sectors, and factors in various mitigation options in consideration of their applicability. Of all technology options, the ones that are already in industrial use are included as the industry sector’s mitigation options. Other technologies that have not been developed for commercial use yet, but has high potential for application in the near future, are also included as mitigation options.', 'Other technologies that have not been developed for commercial use yet, but has high potential for application in the near future, are also included as mitigation options. ▍Applying new, future technologies Steelmaking, cement and petrochemical manufacturing are the fundamental industry sub-sectors that have strong forward and backward linkages with Korea’s key industries for economic growth – automotive, shipbuilding, construction and semiconductors. They are also energy-intensive sub-sectors that are responsible for a majority share of the industry sector’s total GHG emissions. In these sub-sectors, GHG emissions are inevitable because they are created from chemical reactions in burning coal, limestone and naphtha in major industrial processes. To reduce emissions from these processes, reducing the amount of fuel inputs has been previously suggested, but reducing fuel consumption alone only provides a limited solution.', 'To reduce emissions from these processes, reducing the amount of fuel inputs has been previously suggested, but reducing fuel consumption alone only provides a limited solution. Without a fundamental change in current industrial processes, it is challenging to reduce more emissions. A new solution that introduces new systems utilizing a completely different set of chemical reactions using hydrogen-based technologies, biomass and Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU) could be a valid option. In steelmaking, if hydrogen could be used to reduce iron instead of cokes that inevitably in its blast furnace process, it could dramatically reduce GHG emissions.', 'In steelmaking, if hydrogen could be used to reduce iron instead of cokes that inevitably in its blast furnace process, it could dramatically reduce GHG emissions. In fact, the Government and private sector are collaborating to develop basic technologies for reduction steelmaking (i.e., hydrogen direct reduction steelmaking39) using carbon as fuel and ingredient) with an aim of demonstrating and developing the technologies from 2025. For a successful application of the technologies, their R&D as well as clean and reliable infrastructural base for a large-volume of hydrogen and energy production is critical.', 'For a successful application of the technologies, their R&D as well as clean and reliable infrastructural base for a large-volume of hydrogen and energy production is critical. 39) The 2nd energy technology development project is underway from 2017 to 2024 (Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, 2017)Visions and Strategies by Sector Chapter 4 Visions and Strategies by Sector The Government of the Republic of Korea | 67 [Figure 4-13] Hydrogen reduction steelmaking Source 2018 Steel Korea (Korea Iron & Steel Association, 2018) and Strategies to Enhance Competitiveness of Steelmaking Industry (Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, 2016) Cement manufacturing process also needs to consider the scope and effect of applying a series of mitigation technologies.', '39) The 2nd energy technology development project is underway from 2017 to 2024 (Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, 2017)Visions and Strategies by Sector Chapter 4 Visions and Strategies by Sector The Government of the Republic of Korea | 67 [Figure 4-13] Hydrogen reduction steelmaking Source 2018 Steel Korea (Korea Iron & Steel Association, 2018) and Strategies to Enhance Competitiveness of Steelmaking Industry (Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, 2016) Cement manufacturing process also needs to consider the scope and effect of applying a series of mitigation technologies. Increasing the use of fly ash, slag or pozzolan-blended cement is one option because it could reduce the use of limestone, the main ingredient of clinker in calcination process, which emits high level of GHGs.', 'Increasing the use of fly ash, slag or pozzolan-blended cement is one option because it could reduce the use of limestone, the main ingredient of clinker in calcination process, which emits high level of GHGs. Alternatively, reducing the production volume of cement itself and instead, increasing the use of recycled aggregate concretes could be considered. CCUS technology could play a critical role in reducing GHG emissions from high-carbon industries. Steelmaking, cement and petrochemical manufacturing processes are large CO2 emitting sub-sectors40), and therefore, if CCUS technology is applied to these sub-sectors, they could prove to be more cost-effective than in other industries. If petrochemical sector could adopt CCU (Carbon-to-x)41) technology, it could become a leading technology option for the industrial transition that will lead us towards carbon neutrality.', 'If petrochemical sector could adopt CCU (Carbon-to-x)41) technology, it could become a leading technology option for the industrial transition that will lead us towards carbon neutrality. However, CCU technology development is still in initial stage and has low economic feasibility due its high cost. Uncertainty around its commercial deployment is another factor that should be overcome. 40) Steelmaking, petrochemicals and cement production sub-sectors emit 70% of the total emissions from industry sector.', '40) Steelmaking, petrochemicals and cement production sub-sectors emit 70% of the total emissions from industry sector. 41) Petrochemical processes could use captured CO2 and hydrogen as a reacting material for methanol synthesis instead of thermal cracking of naphtha, to produce olefin products.2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society [Figure 4-14] CCU technology for future Source 「Status and Future of CCUS Technology」(Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology) ▍Improving energy efficiency Improving energy efficiency is another important mitigation option in the industry sector. Korea has been making various policy efforts to enhance energy efficiency and has achieved overall progresses.', 'Korea has been making various policy efforts to enhance energy efficiency and has achieved overall progresses. However, recently energy efficiency has reached a high level, leaving little margin for further improvement and therefore, alternative measures to additionally enhance energy efficiency are needed. In Korea, most energy-intensive facilities in production processes are: boiler, furnace, dryer and motor in that order. More than 90% of total energy consumed by the entire industry sector is used in the above facilities. Mitigation technologies currently available for these facilities are already at mature level and internationally universal options, which therefore, should be considered as a priority in reducing emissions of the industry sector. Smart factories using Industry 4.0 technologies, i.e.', 'Smart factories using Industry 4.0 technologies, i.e. advanced information technologies such as AI and IoT, are vital mitigation options for the future as well. Smart industry refers to the system-wide integration of planning, producing and selling processes of goods using advanced ICTs to ensure efficient distribution of resources and maximization of productivity and energy efficiency. It will not only reduce the use of energy and resources but also cut down on GHG emissions. Once applied, a smart factory system is estimated to reduce 7-10% energy use on average42). Therefore, the application of smart factory solutions needs to be completed in most factories and industrial complexes by 2050.', 'Therefore, the application of smart factory solutions needs to be completed in most factories and industrial complexes by 2050. 42) Energy Management Working Group, Energy Performance Database 2019.Visions and Strategies by Sector Chapter 4 Visions and Strategies by Sector The Government of the Republic of Korea | 69 [Figure 4-15] Smart factory and industrial complex Conceptual Map of Smart factory Illustrative Map of Smart Industrial Complex Source Smart factory conceptual map (Siemens Korea) & Smart industrial complex illustrative map (Korea Industrial Complex Corporation, 2019) ▍Brining forward circular economy The amount of material and fuel inputs for producing goods could be dramatically reduced if more wastes are reused and more products are produced sustainably.', '42) Energy Management Working Group, Energy Performance Database 2019.Visions and Strategies by Sector Chapter 4 Visions and Strategies by Sector The Government of the Republic of Korea | 69 [Figure 4-15] Smart factory and industrial complex Conceptual Map of Smart factory Illustrative Map of Smart Industrial Complex Source Smart factory conceptual map (Siemens Korea) & Smart industrial complex illustrative map (Korea Industrial Complex Corporation, 2019) ▍Brining forward circular economy The amount of material and fuel inputs for producing goods could be dramatically reduced if more wastes are reused and more products are produced sustainably. Much of the wastes that can be reused as input materials are thrown away and if such wastes are reused, it will prove to be cost-effective especially for energy-intensive industries.', 'Much of the wastes that can be reused as input materials are thrown away and if such wastes are reused, it will prove to be cost-effective especially for energy-intensive industries. Already, scrap metals, plastic wastes and used concretes are re-processed and reused as input materials. The policy for reusing wastes as resources is a highly economical mitigation option that minimizes resource and fuel inputs, which also has an effect of reducing our reliance on future technologies. The Government will improve the infrastructure for waste collection and separation, and establish and tighten industry standards and targets for using recycled materials to encourage the reuse and recycling among businesses.', 'The Government will improve the infrastructure for waste collection and separation, and establish and tighten industry standards and targets for using recycled materials to encourage the reuse and recycling among businesses. ▍Increasing use of low-carbon fuels Replacing fossil fuels (bituminous coal, heavy oil and diesel) used in industrial processes with renewables (waste synthetic resin and biomass) is an option that proves to be effective in reducing emissions and technologically viable.', '▍Increasing use of low-carbon fuels Replacing fossil fuels (bituminous coal, heavy oil and diesel) used in industrial processes with renewables (waste synthetic resin and biomass) is an option that proves to be effective in reducing emissions and technologically viable. Expanding electrification across the industry sector, based on a carbon neutrality of the power sector, is another major option to be considered in achieving the industry sector’s 2050 vision.2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society However, electrification may not act as a mitigation option due to the GHG emissions generated from producing electricity and the energy loss from electrification itself, and there are numerous industrial processes where electrification is physically impossible.', 'Expanding electrification across the industry sector, based on a carbon neutrality of the power sector, is another major option to be considered in achieving the industry sector’s 2050 vision.2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society However, electrification may not act as a mitigation option due to the GHG emissions generated from producing electricity and the energy loss from electrification itself, and there are numerous industrial processes where electrification is physically impossible. Sectoral characteristics and varying power supply conditions must be fully considered when promoting electrification of the industry sector to achieve further GHG emissions reduction.', 'Sectoral characteristics and varying power supply conditions must be fully considered when promoting electrification of the industry sector to achieve further GHG emissions reduction. ▍Reducing F-gas from industrial processes Fluorinated gases, or F-gases refer to HFCs, PFCs and SF6 , which are widely used in refrigeration, air-conditioning, and manufacturing processes of heavy electric machines, semiconductors and display devices. The industry sector is the only source of F-gas emissions. Since 2000, the F-gas emission has increased by 32% because the use of HFCs has risen due to the Government restrictions on HCFCs and the rapid development of IT industry, especially in display panels and other electronic devices. To phase down both production and consumption of HFCs, international community has come together to adopt the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol.', 'To phase down both production and consumption of HFCs, international community has come together to adopt the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol. When the Amendment is ratified and comes into force in Korea, 80% reduction in HFCs will be required by 2045. F-gases could be either replaced with materials of lower Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) or destroyed in a high-temperature incinerator. In fact, these options are already in use to reduce refrigerants used in cooling and heating equipment of homes and refrigeration of vehicles. A replacement of SF6 , used for insulation of heavy electronic machines, is under development as well. Policy efforts are underway at government level to increase the recycling rate of refrigerants and promote their eco-friendly disposal.', 'Policy efforts are underway at government level to increase the recycling rate of refrigerants and promote their eco-friendly disposal. The Government has put in place a registration system for refrigerant collecting businesses. The Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) system also requires producers to properly dispose of used refrigerants in their electronic appliances and vehicles when these products are discarded. The Government plans to significantly reduce F-gases emitted from electronic industry processes by expanding the use of heat, catalyst and plasma technologies. The Government will continue to offer policy support to develop highly-efficient mitigation technologies for industrial processes as well as alternative materials to F-gases.', 'The Government will continue to offer policy support to develop highly-efficient mitigation technologies for industrial processes as well as alternative materials to F-gases. The Government will also put in place institutional frameworks and incentives to encourage businesses to establish and implement their voluntary mitigation targets for F-gases.Visions and Strategies by Sector Chapter 4 Visions and Strategies by Sector The Government of the Republic of Korea | 71 2.3 Industry sector strategies ▍Creating a sustainable industry environment Low-carbon transition and industry streamlining combined with advanced ICTs are the two main elements for innovation in future manufacturing sector. The two elements will fundamentally change the definition and scope of conventional manufacturing which was based on producing goods using fossil fuels.', 'The two elements will fundamentally change the definition and scope of conventional manufacturing which was based on producing goods using fossil fuels. The changed definition and scope of manufacturing and evolving product value chain will emphasize the importance of interlinkage and collaboration among industry sub-sectors. One-off options will no longer be valid, instead, sustainability will become the top priority in all sectors of our society. To keep up with this changing trend, low-carbon transition and digital transformation should be at the center of industry sector transformation and to this end, decisive actions are needed to promote smart and inclusive innovation in manufacturing sector. ▍Boosting investment in technology innovation Commercial deployment of advanced future technologies is the key strategy to achieve the industry sector’s 2050 vision.', '▍Boosting investment in technology innovation Commercial deployment of advanced future technologies is the key strategy to achieve the industry sector’s 2050 vision. Joint action by the Government and businesses is needed to boost investment in future technologies mentioned in previous sections – i.e., hydrogen direct reduction in steelmaking, CCUS and low-carbon fuels. It is also critical to build up an institutional framework and infrastructure in advance to ensure timely application of developed technologies to industrial processes and sites. For instance, there are several pre-conditions to be met for a successful operation of CCUS technology: safe storage facilities for captured CO2 emissions; closely linked carbon market system; and a robust framework for the verification of emissions reductions.', 'For instance, there are several pre-conditions to be met for a successful operation of CCUS technology: safe storage facilities for captured CO2 emissions; closely linked carbon market system; and a robust framework for the verification of emissions reductions. Hydrogen direct reduction and low-carbon fuel technologies also require an energy supply system that has ample capacity to provide sufficient amount of hydrogen and renewable energy. Especially, hydrogen reduction steelmaking technology, under development in Korea reduction technology using carbon as fuel and ingredient.', 'Especially, hydrogen reduction steelmaking technology, under development in Korea reduction technology using carbon as fuel and ingredient. Significant investments should be made in developing such innovative technologies with the aim of decarbonizing the entire industry.2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society ▍Increasing support for energy efficiency improvement In taking regulatory measures, a balanced approach is a key strategy to create an enabling environment where businesses are encouraged to improve their energy efficiency and motivated to reduce their emissions. One of the most effective mitigation options currently in use is the Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS).', 'One of the most effective mitigation options currently in use is the Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS). ETS should be used as a tool to incentivize corporate low-carbon activities such as making more investment in improving energy efficiency and reducing more GHG emissions, rather than as a prescriptive regulatory measure that simply controls businesses to purchase permits or adjust production volume. In parallel with the ETS, setting voluntary reduction targets for large-emitters could be another option. If their targets are met, the Government could give them incentives and motivate them to reduce more emissions. The Government will continuously take measure to tighten energy efficiency standards for boilers, motors, pumps and other major equipment while expanding incentives for retrofitting existing facilities.', 'The Government will continuously take measure to tighten energy efficiency standards for boilers, motors, pumps and other major equipment while expanding incentives for retrofitting existing facilities. Factory Energy Management System (FEMS) or the Energy Service Companies (ESCOs) are currently in place but needs to further expand their scopes and targets. Energy Efficiency Resource Standards (EERS) is to be introduced and needs continuous implementation.Visions and Strategies by Sector Chapter 4 Visions and Strategies by Sector The Government of the Republic of Korea | 73 ▍Modes of transportation The transportation sector offers mobility to people and goods largely in four different modes: on-road vehicles, trains, ships and planes. All these modes of transportation mostly run on fossil fuels, especially on petroleum. 32% of the oil used domestically is consumed by the transportation sector.', '32% of the oil used domestically is consumed by the transportation sector. <Table 4-1> Fuel use by mode of transportation (as of 2017) Item Road Train Ship Plane Passenger vehicle Truck Bus Fuel Heavy oil (51%) Jet fuel Energy use (Unit: Thousand TOE) [Figure 4-16] Fuel consumption trend by transportation sector2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society The petroleum-based transportation system is certainly responsible for a large portion of GHG emissions, but its impact on air pollution is far more serious. In fact, as of 2016, NOx and SOx emitted from the transportation sector accounted for 13% of the total Particulate Matter (PM) emissions in Korea, which has emerged as one of the most pressing social issues in recent years.', 'In fact, as of 2016, NOx and SOx emitted from the transportation sector accounted for 13% of the total Particulate Matter (PM) emissions in Korea, which has emerged as one of the most pressing social issues in recent years. ▍Emissions by mode of transportation The transportation sector was responsible for 14% of the total GHG emissions in Korea in 2017. GHG emissions from the transportation sector have increased significantly by 2.8-fold in 2017 from 1990 level due to increased number of vehicles43), expansion of road networks and expanded freight logistics.', 'GHG emissions from the transportation sector have increased significantly by 2.8-fold in 2017 from 1990 level due to increased number of vehicles43), expansion of road networks and expanded freight logistics. [Figure 4-17] Emissions trend by transportation sector (as of 2017) The figure 4-17 indicates that the transportation sector’s emissions increase rate has been maintained at 4.5% on average per year until 2010, which then, has slowed down to 2.5% from 2012 to 2017. The increate rate has slowed down because overall fuel efficiency has had continuous improvement due to the introduction of GHG emissions and fuel efficiency standards44) in 2010. Volatility in oil prices has restricted the fuel use, which also has contributed to the slowdown.', 'Volatility in oil prices has restricted the fuel use, which also has contributed to the slowdown. 43) The number of registered vehicles has increased by 6.6 times from 3.39 million units in 1990 to 22.53 million units in 2017 and the cargo volume has also increased by 6 times from 336 million tons in 1990 to 2,029 million tons in 2017. 44) GHG emissions standards for vehicles: 140 CO2 g/km in 2020Visions and Strategies by Sector Chapter 4 Visions and Strategies by Sector The Government of the Republic of Korea | 75 Since 1990, emissions from on-road vehicles, i.e. passenger cars, trucks and buses, have accounted for more than 87% of total emissions from the transportation sector, and the percentage has increased up to 96% in 2017.', 'passenger cars, trucks and buses, have accounted for more than 87% of total emissions from the transportation sector, and the percentage has increased up to 96% in 2017. Aviation and shipping are only responsible for a small portion of the sectoral emissions, but the aviation industry has recorded a steady average increase rate of 5.5% per year since 2010 while the shipping industry has seen annual average decrease rate of 7.3%. 3.2 Transportation sector’s 2050 vision Introduction of internal combustion engine and electricity system has opened up the era of mass production, symbolized by the 2nd Industrial Revolution. Advancement of internal combustion engine has made a remarkable progress in achieving convenience and mobility for people and goods and shortening travel time.', 'Advancement of internal combustion engine has made a remarkable progress in achieving convenience and mobility for people and goods and shortening travel time. The progress has removed all distance-related obstacles in human history. Another paradigm shift in the transportation sector, that could be on a par with the 2nd Industrial Revolution, is now underway. This paradigm shift is led by growing demand for carbon neutrality as well as advancement of Industry 4.0 technologies. Unlike the previous modal transformation that has focused on increasing convenience and shortening travel time, eco-friendliness and smart intelligence are the two keys to the ongoing paradigm shift. This modal transformation seeks to move away from the existing petroleum-based mobility and progress towards future mobility characterized by eco-friendly and autonomous vehicles.', 'This modal transformation seeks to move away from the existing petroleum-based mobility and progress towards future mobility characterized by eco-friendly and autonomous vehicles. At the core of paradigm shift is the transformation into clean energy sources with zero-emissions – electricity, hydrogen and biofuels – and into green mobility using such zero-emissions energy sources. Deploying EVs and hydrogen vehicles operating on a clean energy supply system is the key mitigation option in the transportation sector. Low-carbon transition in the transportation sector will fundamentally change the entire energy demand and supply system in Korea, which highly depends on imported oil. The transition will significantly reduce air pollutants as well, improving people’s quality of life and health.', 'The transition will significantly reduce air pollutants as well, improving people’s quality of life and health. Korea will significantly reduce GHG emissions in the transportation sector from the current level with the main sectoral strategies of increasing deployment of eco-friendly vehicles such as EVs and hydrogen cars, and improving vehicle fuel efficiency. The transportation sector’s 2050 vision presented in this section also aims to further accelerate this with four key2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society strategies: scaling up deployment of eco-friendly vehicles, increasing low-carbon fuel use, promoting green logistics and managing transportation demand.', 'The transportation sector’s 2050 vision presented in this section also aims to further accelerate this with four key2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society strategies: scaling up deployment of eco-friendly vehicles, increasing low-carbon fuel use, promoting green logistics and managing transportation demand. ▍Scaling up deployment of eco-friendly vehicles Electric and hydrogen vehicles are eco-friendly modes of transportation as they are powered by clean energy sources and release zero emissions during operation. Scaling up the deployment of electric- and hydrogen-powered vehicles is expected to be one of the core strategies for the transportation sector, with its high level of contribution to GHG emissions reduction. Korea has already set an ambitious target of deploying such clean vehicles.', 'Korea has already set an ambitious target of deploying such clean vehicles. According to the target, EVs and hydrogen vehicles will account for 1/3 of new vehicle sales in 2030. The target aims to deploy 3 million units of EV and 0.85 million units of hydrogen vehicle by 2030 and when other types of hybrid vehicles are counted, the number of clean vehicles is likely to increase.', 'The target aims to deploy 3 million units of EV and 0.85 million units of hydrogen vehicle by 2030 and when other types of hybrid vehicles are counted, the number of clean vehicles is likely to increase. [Figure 4-18] 2030 target for clean vehicle deployment <Annual sales target for electric- & hydrogen- powered vehicles> (Unit: thousand) (Cumulative)Visions and Strategies by Sector Chapter 4 Visions and Strategies by Sector The Government of the Republic of Korea | 77 ▍Increasing low-carbon fuel use Biofuels refer to the fuels produced by the mixture of petroleum (fossil fuel) and biomass (biological raw materials) such as bioethanol and biodiesel. These biofuels have a clear mitigation advantage because they could be readily used in existing internal combustion engines.', 'These biofuels have a clear mitigation advantage because they could be readily used in existing internal combustion engines. Some modes of transportation are likely to experience difficulty in using electricity or hydrogen as fuels even in 2050, and in such cases, biofuels could serve as an effective mitigation option due to their low-carbon advantage. Korea adopted the Renewable Fuel Standards (RFS) for transportation fuels in 2015. The standards require a certain level of renewable energy sources to be mixed in transportation fuels, e.g. using 3% or more biodiesels for passenger vehicle diesels. The scope of RFS is planned to be expanded to cover gasoline, ship/jet fuel, and the minimum percentage of renewables is to be increased as well. However, some undermining factors with biofuels still remain.', 'However, some undermining factors with biofuels still remain. Production of biofuels is known to cause environmental degradation globally and its supply in Korea is still heavily dependent on imported biofuels. The success of scaling up the use of biofuels depends on addressing these factors. ▍Advancing maritime, aviation and railroad transportation In Korea, trains are one of the most critical modes of transportation that provide mobility for people and goods with low GHG emissions. Korean railroad infrastructure is already equipped with electricity-powered system, best shown in its city subways and inter-city express railways. As a result, the increase rate of GHG emissions from railroad transportation has been lower than that of passenger numbers carried by rail since the 1990s.', 'As a result, the increase rate of GHG emissions from railroad transportation has been lower than that of passenger numbers carried by rail since the 1990s. As in other sectors, advancing the transport system based on clean energy sources (i.e., electricity, hydrogen, and biofuel) is a core mitigation strategy in aviation and shipping. Short-term mitigation strategies include expanding Alternative Maritime Power (AMP), increasing the use of biofuel- and LNG-powered ships and improving efficiency through economic operation. Deployment of electricity- and hydrogen-powered aircrafts and ships will serve as a core mitigation strategy in the longer-term. Hydrogen-powered transportation is one of the key pillars of Korea’s future mobility. National-level R&D is underway for the commercial deployment of hydrogen-powered trains, ships and drones in Korea by 2030.', 'National-level R&D is underway for the commercial deployment of hydrogen-powered trains, ships and drones in Korea by 2030. Such advanced future technologies will help achieve carbon neutrality in the transportation sector.2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society ▍Managing transportation demand and optimizing vehicle operation Changing people’s behavioral patterns and improving social infrastructure could be an important mitigation strategy as well. The prime example is measures to limit people’s driving to reduce energy consumption, and to optimize traffic operation to make energy consumption more efficient. Strategies to make people drive less include improving the existing mass transit infrastructure, creating a walking and rideable living environment, and expanding shared mobility.', 'Strategies to make people drive less include improving the existing mass transit infrastructure, creating a walking and rideable living environment, and expanding shared mobility. Given that half of the entire population in Korea is living in Seoul capital area, policies to promote the use of public transportation in/out of the metropolitan area will solve the problem of traffic congestion during rush hours. Expanding car sharing service in remote areas without access to public transportation is likely to have a positive effect of controlling demand as the service is expected to reduce the number of cars owned and restrain driving.', 'Expanding car sharing service in remote areas without access to public transportation is likely to have a positive effect of controlling demand as the service is expected to reduce the number of cars owned and restrain driving. Meanwhile, optimization of car operation and reduced energy consumption within existing road system could be achieved with the development of a Cooperative Intelligent Transport System45) and commercial deployment of autonomous vehicles (AVs). Korea has already put in place the advanced intelligent transport system that offers users real-time information on road traffic demands and accidents. The system is closely connected to individual car navigation systems, which help drivers find optimal routes to maximize vehicle operational efficiency. AVs are another valid opportunity for reducing GHG emissions.', 'AVs are another valid opportunity for reducing GHG emissions. The AV technology also aims to maximize car operational efficiency and improve energy efficiency as well. Policies for traffic demand management and optimized car operation are expected to improve energy efficiency, which will contribute to achieving the transportation sector’s vision by 2050. ▍Modal shift Korea has the world’s leading logistics system that enables same-day deliveries of goods nationwide. Evolving logistics system is dynamically changing people’s consumption pattern from offline purchases to online shopping, and this trend will accelerate in the years to come.', 'Evolving logistics system is dynamically changing people’s consumption pattern from offline purchases to online shopping, and this trend will accelerate in the years to come. The logistics system in Korea has developed around the road transportation mainly using freight trucks46), which have consumed a high level of energy resulting in increased 45) C-ITS: Cooperative Intelligent Transport SystemVisions and Strategies by Sector Chapter 4 Visions and Strategies by Sector The Government of the Republic of Korea | 79 GHG emissions and air pollution. Therefore, modal shift of freight from road to low-carbon alternatives such as rail and shipping is necessary to solve this problem.', 'Therefore, modal shift of freight from road to low-carbon alternatives such as rail and shipping is necessary to solve this problem. 3.3 Transportation sector strategies ▍Building up infrastructure for clean vehicles The price competitiveness of eco-friendly vehicles is currently lower than that of internal combustion vehicles in the market, which means eco-friendly mobility is still in its early development stage and needs policy support to be able to compete with conventional types of vehicle. Various types of policy incentives and regulations are already available in Korea designed to increase the market penetration of clean vehicles: subsidies for eco-friendly vehicle purchases; minimum purchase requirements for the public sector; and minimum sales requirements for carmakers.', 'Various types of policy incentives and regulations are already available in Korea designed to increase the market penetration of clean vehicles: subsidies for eco-friendly vehicle purchases; minimum purchase requirements for the public sector; and minimum sales requirements for carmakers. The Government will continue to maintain these policy options to provide necessary support for the eco-friendly vehicle market to ensure the market achieves an economy of scale, to make the market self-sustaining and grow further. Emissions regulation is also an essential strategy to make carmakers increase their fuel efficiency of internal combustion vehicles while selling more eco-friendly cars. Currently emissions regulation is only applied to passenger cars, vans and trucks, but medium- and heavy-duty vehicles will also be subject to emissions regulation in the coming years.', 'Currently emissions regulation is only applied to passenger cars, vans and trucks, but medium- and heavy-duty vehicles will also be subject to emissions regulation in the coming years. Construction of electric- and hydrogen-fueling infrastructure is another key strategy. If users of eco-friendly vehicles could have an easy and convenient access to EV and hydrogen-charging stations nationwide, it will greatly contribute to their increased market penetration. The Government will continue to scale up its effort to construct the charging station infrastructure. In fact, a significant amount of government funding has been already spent on building the infrastructure: 5,936 EV fast charging stations and 34 hydrogen-charging stations have been already built as of 2019.', 'In fact, a significant amount of government funding has been already spent on building the infrastructure: 5,936 EV fast charging stations and 34 hydrogen-charging stations have been already built as of 2019. The Government will also continue to scale up its investment in these infrastructures to achieve the targets of building 10,000 EV charging stations and 310 hydrogen-fueling stations by 2022.', 'The Government will also continue to scale up its investment in these infrastructures to achieve the targets of building 10,000 EV charging stations and 310 hydrogen-fueling stations by 2022. 46) Freight transport percentage by transportation mode: Road (91.4%), Railway (1.6%), Aviation (0.01%), Shipping (7.0%) (Statistics by Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, 2017)2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society ▍Mobility technology innovation Even with decisive actions to deploy eco-friendly vehicles and improve social infrastructure to achieve the transportation sector’s 2050 vision, there is still a long way to go to achieve the sector’s full decarbonization. This means continuous efforts are needed to drive down GHG emissions further, especially by advancing future mobility technologies.', 'This means continuous efforts are needed to drive down GHG emissions further, especially by advancing future mobility technologies. For instance, improved drone capabilities could reduce the demand for deliveries by freight trucks. Electric personal mobility vehicles such as e-scooters or e-mopeds could also play a significant role. Some of the future mobilities such as Urban Air Mobility47), subsonic capsule trains48) and hydrails are still in their infancy and therefore it is too early to predict their mitigation effects and technological feasibility. The Government will continue to provide investments in these technologies in the long-term as part of its effort to identify optimal solutions to reduce GHG emissions.', 'The Government will continue to provide investments in these technologies in the long-term as part of its effort to identify optimal solutions to reduce GHG emissions. 47) The Urban Air Mobility refers to the eco-friendly air mobility services available in urban areas with the function called eVTOL, electric vertical takeoff and landing. 48) High-speed express train driving faster than 1,000km/hour in a subsonic capsuleVisions and Strategies by Sector Chapter 4 Visions and Strategies by Sector The Government of the Republic of Korea | 81 ▍Status of buildings The total number of buildings in Korea recorded approximately 7 million units as of 2018 with Gross Floor Area (GFA) of 3,754,130,000㎡. The number of units and GFA are on the steady rise annually.', 'The number of units and GFA are on the steady rise annually. The figure 4-19 shows GFA percentages of different building types by their purpose of use. Of the total, residential buildings account for the largest share (47.2%), followed by commercial buildings (21.7%) and industrial buildings (10.7%). For residential buildings, apartments take up 61%, indicating apartments are the most common type of housing in Korea. [Figure 4-19] Status of buildings in Korea Source Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport ▍Building sector’s energy consumption The total energy consumption from the building sector continues to increase due to rising GFA and intensifying extreme weather events, i.e. heat/cold waves.', '[Figure 4-19] Status of buildings in Korea Source Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport ▍Building sector’s energy consumption The total energy consumption from the building sector continues to increase due to rising GFA and intensifying extreme weather events, i.e. heat/cold waves. However, building sector’s energy intensity (Energy consumption/GFA) has improved steadily49) due to the effects of the energy saving programs, mitigation policies and improved construction technologies and materials.', 'However, building sector’s energy intensity (Energy consumption/GFA) has improved steadily49) due to the effects of the energy saving programs, mitigation policies and improved construction technologies and materials. 49) Energy intensity changes: households 0.014 toe/㎡ in 2012→ 0.013 toe/㎡ in 2018, commercial and public sector 0.022 toe/㎡2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society Energy use patterns by building types shown in the figure 4-20 indicate that the energy use by commercial and public buildings has been rising while energy use by households has been falling gradually. This is attributable to the industry restructuring that has taken place during the period and subsequent expansion of service industries. Residential and commercial buildings have different patterns of using energy sources as well50).', 'Residential and commercial buildings have different patterns of using energy sources as well50). Residential buildings mainly use a combination of city gas (46.5%) and electricity (25.9%) whereas commercial and public buildings use electricity (61.9%) as their primary energy source. [Figure 4-20] Energy use patterns in building sector ▍Building sector emissions Building sector was responsible for 7% (24% if indirect emissions were included) of Korea’s GHG emissions as of 2017. The figure 4-21 displays the rising percentage of commercial/ public building emissions. In contrast, the percentage of residential building emissions has been declining.', 'In contrast, the percentage of residential building emissions has been declining. In 2017, emissions intensity of commercial and public buildings (including indirect emissions) was estimated to be 0.088 tCO2 eq/㎡, nearly 2.1-fold higher than that of residential buildings (0.041 tCO2 eq/㎡), which indicated that a greater amount of energy was used in commercial and public buildings. Meanwhile, there has been a surge in direct emissions from the building sector due to its electricity and heat use. Indirect emissions from the sector have increased by 8.8-fold from 1990 level, while direct emissions have decreased by 25%.', 'Indirect emissions from the sector have increased by 8.8-fold from 1990 level, while direct emissions have decreased by 25%. The sector’s indirect emissions 50) Energy use by residential building (as of 2018): power (25.9%), city gas (46.5%), petroleum (14.3%), coal (1.8%), heat (9.8%), Energy use by commercial and public buildings (as of 2018): power (61.9%), city gas (16.3%), petroleum (14.4%), heat (1.7%),Visions and Strategies by Sector Chapter 4 Visions and Strategies by Sector The Government of the Republic of Korea | 83 have risen due to the combination of several factors: increased use of electric home/office appliances, electrification of cooking equipment, and fuel transition for heating from oil/coal to electricity.', 'The sector’s indirect emissions 50) Energy use by residential building (as of 2018): power (25.9%), city gas (46.5%), petroleum (14.3%), coal (1.8%), heat (9.8%), Energy use by commercial and public buildings (as of 2018): power (61.9%), city gas (16.3%), petroleum (14.4%), heat (1.7%),Visions and Strategies by Sector Chapter 4 Visions and Strategies by Sector The Government of the Republic of Korea | 83 have risen due to the combination of several factors: increased use of electric home/office appliances, electrification of cooking equipment, and fuel transition for heating from oil/coal to electricity. [Figure 4-21] Building sector emissions 4.2 Building sector’s 2050 vision Buildings are key elements for creating a living environment, the most fundamental condition of human life.', '[Figure 4-21] Building sector emissions 4.2 Building sector’s 2050 vision Buildings are key elements for creating a living environment, the most fundamental condition of human life. From the perspective of climate change response, buildings consume energy and cause GHG emissions, but they also improve human well-being by protecting people’s basic rights to live in properly heated and cooled living environments. The building sector’s 2050 vision aims to lay the foundation for creating an environment where all people could enjoy safe and convenient living and working space and significantly reduce GHG emissions by rationalizing energy use in a cost-effective manner. This vision could be achieved by improving building insulation and air-tightness, minimizing energy use, promoting renewable energy production – solar, geothermal and hydro – and reducing fossil fuel use.', 'This vision could be achieved by improving building insulation and air-tightness, minimizing energy use, promoting renewable energy production – solar, geothermal and hydro – and reducing fossil fuel use. Such efforts could make people’s living environments cleaner and better. The Government will seek to harness Industry 4.0 technologies to further improve building energy efficiency and increase deployment of renewables. Different energy use patterns by building types will also be considered to reduce significant amount of GHG emissions. However, city gas51) used by the building sector for heating and cooking has a nationwide distribution network of pipelines already in place, which makes it difficult to fully2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society decarbonize.', 'However, city gas51) used by the building sector for heating and cooking has a nationwide distribution network of pipelines already in place, which makes it difficult to fully2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society decarbonize. Therefore, emissions reduction level from city gas will be determined when we have a visibility of: the level of technical development and economic feasibility of alternative low-carbon energy sources (i.e., hydrogen); the possibility of deployment of such energy sources; and the level of electrification of equipment used in buildings. ▍Improving building energy efficiency Minimizing energy use in buildings, i.e. maximizing building energy efficiency, and supplying low-carbon energy sources for buildings are the most cost-effective mitigation options.', 'maximizing building energy efficiency, and supplying low-carbon energy sources for buildings are the most cost-effective mitigation options. Strategies for improving building energy efficiency have already been implemented and seen remarkable progresses. The comparison between old buildings (built 30 years ago) and newly-built ones shows a stark contrast in the amount of heating energy used per square meter. The figure 4-22 shows that the apartment buildings and detached houses built recently use nearly 43% and 31% less energy compared with old ones, respectively.', 'The figure 4-22 shows that the apartment buildings and detached houses built recently use nearly 43% and 31% less energy compared with old ones, respectively. [Figure 4-22] Heating energy use by residential buildings per ㎡ Apartment buildings Detached houses Source 2nd Basic Plan for Green Buildings (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, Dec. 2019) The Government has been taking different policy measures for new and old buildings: regulatory measures for new buildings and incentives for old buildings. Newly-constructed buildings are subject to the standards and regulations designed to ultimately phase in zero-energy buildings.', 'Newly-constructed buildings are subject to the standards and regulations designed to ultimately phase in zero-energy buildings. All public buildings (GFA of 1,000㎡ or larger) to be built from 2020 will be required to meet the zero-energy building standards and from 2030, the standards will be applied to all public and private buildings (GFA of 500㎡ or larger). Old buildings are eligible for the government incentives if they adopt green remodeling solutions. Public sector is taking the lead in promoting green retrofitting and remodeling by conducting energy performance assessment on a regular basis.', 'Public sector is taking the lead in promoting green retrofitting and remodeling by conducting energy performance assessment on a regular basis. Private sector is also benefited with various incentives such as tax cuts and grants for interest expenses when adopting green remodeling solutions.Visions and Strategies by Sector Chapter 4 Visions and Strategies by Sector The Government of the Republic of Korea | 85 Along with the improvement of energy efficiency, using low-carbon energy sources is also critical. Wall-mounted solar panels could contribute to decarbonizing power generation within buildings. Geothermal energy, hydro power and waste heat from power generation and incineration could replace fossil fuels used for heating and cooling of buildings.', 'Geothermal energy, hydro power and waste heat from power generation and incineration could replace fossil fuels used for heating and cooling of buildings. Improving energy efficiency and enabling passive and active houses is the core strategy to achieve the building sector’s 2050 vision. [Figure 4-23] Buildings using renewables Solar (Incheon International Airport) Geothermal (Lotte World Tower) Fuel cell (Eulji Twin Tower) Heat recovery from treated wastewater (Seonam Water Recycling Center) ▍Deploying highly efficient equipment Scaling up the deployment of highly efficient home/office appliances and lighting equipment is a major mitigation strategy that can reduce energy consumption while cutting down on GHG emissions. Once built, buildings and houses are difficult to modify or restructure for a long period of time.', 'Once built, buildings and houses are difficult to modify or restructure for a long period of time. Considering this nature of building sector, retrofitting old buildings and improving energy efficiency of appliances and equipment used in buildings are highly effective mitigation options. In Korea, primary home appliances are subject to the energy efficiency standards and labeling scheme52), which are being tightened gradually by the Government to improve their 52) A total of 33 items (refrigerator, air-conditioner, washing machine, hot & cold water dispenser, rice cooker, LED lamp) are subject to the standards and scheme.2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society overall energy efficiency. Consumers are also benefited with various government incentives.', 'Consumers are also benefited with various government incentives. When consumers purchase home appliances certified to be highly efficient, they are offered a cash rebate, amounting to a certain percentage of a product price. Lighting standards will be also tightened step-by-step to phase out fluorescent lamps53) by 2027. The Government also plans to increase the market penetration of smart LED lamps to more than 60% by 2040. Smart LED lamps are equipped with sensors and smart controls providing optimal ambient lighting. With the deployment of such highly efficient appliances and equipment, GHG emissions from buildings could be effectively reduced.', 'With the deployment of such highly efficient appliances and equipment, GHG emissions from buildings could be effectively reduced. ▍Scaling up deployment of smart energy management system Building Energy Management System (BEMS) mobilizes Internet of Things (IoT), big data analytics and Industry 4.0 technologies in collecting real-time information on energy use within buildings. The BEMS enables automatic control and optimal energy operation, leading to the most efficient energy use. The BEMS deployment is being scaled up in relation to the zero- energy building standards while deployment of the Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) is being promoted at the government level.', 'The BEMS deployment is being scaled up in relation to the zero- energy building standards while deployment of the Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) is being promoted at the government level. 4.3 Building sector strategies ▍Funding support for green buildings The measures and systems mentioned in the above could have immediate effects in reducing GHG emissions from buildings, and in the long-term, prove to be economical and cost-effective as they cut down energy costs for building users. However, as retrofitting old buildings and putting in place energy management systems could incur high investment costs in the short-term, the Government’s policy support is needed in providing investment incentives for building owners.', 'However, as retrofitting old buildings and putting in place energy management systems could incur high investment costs in the short-term, the Government’s policy support is needed in providing investment incentives for building owners. The Government is considering various policy options such as providing grants for interest expenses for the investments made to retrofit buildings and expanding tax cuts. The Government also plans to provide funding support for vulnerable populations to promote their welfare in relation to energy supply.', 'The Government also plans to provide funding support for vulnerable populations to promote their welfare in relation to energy supply. 53) Maximum luminous efficacy (lm/W): LED lamps 255 vs. Fluorescent lamp 110Visions and Strategies by Sector Chapter 4 Visions and Strategies by Sector The Government of the Republic of Korea | 87 ▍Building up energy big data and promoting their use In many cases building owners are not necessarily building users, who usually pay for the energy they consume within buildings. Building owners, therefore, lack economic motivation to invest more in improving building energy efficiency. However, a transparent system that offers accurate information on the building energy efficiency and consumption provides opportunities to make an informed decision for those who are willing to purchase or lease the building.', 'However, a transparent system that offers accurate information on the building energy efficiency and consumption provides opportunities to make an informed decision for those who are willing to purchase or lease the building. In turn, the system will ultimately motivate the building owners to invest more in improving their building energy efficiency. Furthermore, information gap between building owners and users can be addressed by making more energy performance information accessible when leasing buildings, and providing a greater access to building energy big data for the private sector. To this end, the Government will continue to provide necessary policy supports.', 'To this end, the Government will continue to provide necessary policy supports. ▍Creating future smart city Cities with closely connected networks of big data and advanced hydrogen technologies, ICT and transportation system could provide numerous opportunities in achieving carbon neutrality of the building sector. Future smart cities tightly linked to advanced ICT are expected to offer real-time information of where surplus energy is being produced so that the extra energy could be used where it is most needed. Hydrogen technology is also an option to be considered when we seek to achieve carbon-neutral heat energy of buildings. Smart city technologies clearly provide opportunities for emissions reduction at city-wide level beyond the level of individual buildings.', 'Smart city technologies clearly provide opportunities for emissions reduction at city-wide level beyond the level of individual buildings. [Figure 4-24] Future smart city Source Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, 20182050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society ▍Waste generated The waste generated in Korea in 2017 weighed 157.8 million ton, approximately 0.43 million ton/day, indicating 7.5% increase from 0.4 million ton/day in 2012. The increase was mainly due to the changed consumption patterns dominated by online shopping and delivery services. The most notable increase during the same period was shown in plastic wastes from households. Of the generated waste, 85.4% was recycled, 8.3% was landfilled and 6.1% was incinerated.', 'Of the generated waste, 85.4% was recycled, 8.3% was landfilled and 6.1% was incinerated. Recycling rate for construction waste was 98.1% while 80.6% of business waste and 61.6% of household waste were recycled. [Figure 4-25] Waste generation and disposal (as of 2017) Waste generated Disposal ▍Waste policy Korea has been continuously developing its waste policy frameworks to facilitate both waste reduction at source and recycling.', '[Figure 4-25] Waste generation and disposal (as of 2017) Waste generated Disposal ▍Waste policy Korea has been continuously developing its waste policy frameworks to facilitate both waste reduction at source and recycling. Previously our waste management policy mainly focused on safe disposal of wastes, but with the introduction of the volume-based waste fee system in 1995, followed by the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) system in 2003, our policy focus has been shifted into waste reduction at source and recycling.Visions and Strategies by Sector Chapter 4 Visions and Strategies by Sector The Government of the Republic of Korea | 89 The shifted focus led to the enactment of the Framework Act on Resource Circulation in 2018.', 'Previously our waste management policy mainly focused on safe disposal of wastes, but with the introduction of the volume-based waste fee system in 1995, followed by the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) system in 2003, our policy focus has been shifted into waste reduction at source and recycling.Visions and Strategies by Sector Chapter 4 Visions and Strategies by Sector The Government of the Republic of Korea | 89 The shifted focus led to the enactment of the Framework Act on Resource Circulation in 2018. The Act aims to improve recyclability of products by taking into account their entire life cycle – from production to disposal – and achieve the transition to a circular economy.', 'The Act aims to improve recyclability of products by taking into account their entire life cycle – from production to disposal – and achieve the transition to a circular economy. In 2018, the 1st Basic Plan for Resource Circulation for 2018-2027 was established and since then, we have been implementing relevant policy measures. ▍Waste sector emissions GHG emissions from the waste sector in 2017 recorded 16.8 million tCO2 eq, representing 2.4% of Korea’s total GHG emissions. A significant portion of the sectoral emissions (89.9%, equivalent to 15.1 million tCO2 eq) originates from landfilling and incineration. The total GHG emissions from the sector have increased by 69.7% from 1990 level.', 'The total GHG emissions from the sector have increased by 69.7% from 1990 level. Methane is primarily emitted from the decomposition of organic materials in landfills and wastewater/sewage treatment facilities while CO2 is mainly released from incineration facilities. Unlike other sectors, methane takes up 49.4%, the highest percentage of total emissions of the waste sector. [Figure 4-26] GHG emissions trend by waste disposal sectors2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society 1.2 Waste sector’s 2050 vision and strategies Over-production and reckless consumption are the cause of waste problems, but they are also the cause of global resource deletion and environmental degradation that are no less serious than climate change.', '[Figure 4-26] GHG emissions trend by waste disposal sectors2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society 1.2 Waste sector’s 2050 vision and strategies Over-production and reckless consumption are the cause of waste problems, but they are also the cause of global resource deletion and environmental degradation that are no less serious than climate change. Therefore, it is critical to fundamentally reduce the amount of waste generated at source and create a virtuous cycle where resources are reused and recycled repeatedly. This could be achieved by maximizing resource efficiency and minimizing resource inputs throughout the entire product life cycle – from extraction of natural resources, to production, distribution and consumption of products, to recycling and disposal of waste.', 'This could be achieved by maximizing resource efficiency and minimizing resource inputs throughout the entire product life cycle – from extraction of natural resources, to production, distribution and consumption of products, to recycling and disposal of waste. The waste sector’s strategy seeks to identify ways to convert generated wastes into useful materials and reuse them as energy sources to the extent possible. If there are any unrecycled wastes left, they should be disposed of in an eco-friendly manner. The Government is also pushing for the phase-out of plastics, which is one of the core strategies to achieve carbon neutrality. This is our 2050 vision for the waste sector that could serve as the most eco-friendly and cost-effective mitigation option for our transition towards a circular economy.', 'This is our 2050 vision for the waste sector that could serve as the most eco-friendly and cost-effective mitigation option for our transition towards a circular economy. ▍Waste reduction at source The top priority to achieve this vision is to reduce resource inputs and waste generation throughout the entire life cycle of products. By doing so, we aim to achieve the decoupling of waste generation from economic growth. To this end, production flows need to be optimized by each production process to minimize resource inputs and energy losses. All production processes must be streamlined in an eco-friendly way to ensure all generated by-products are reused on the site to the full extent possible.', 'All production processes must be streamlined in an eco-friendly way to ensure all generated by-products are reused on the site to the full extent possible. The business entities that consume large quantity of resources and generate large amount of wastes will be subject to the target management system. The system will apply tightened targets for reducing waste at source, increasing resource productivity and using recycled material inputs. A new type of supply chain will be created with its focus on reusable packaging. The new supply chain aims to dramatically cut down on disposable packaging materials and promote the use of reusable packaging in B2B and B2C transactions.', 'The new supply chain aims to dramatically cut down on disposable packaging materials and promote the use of reusable packaging in B2B and B2C transactions. Once used, the reusable packaging materials will be collected for reuse.Visions and Strategies by Sector Chapter 4 Visions and Strategies by Sector The Government of the Republic of Korea | 91 To reduce waste generated from the consumption stage, products should be designed easy to repair and durable. Repair instructions should also be provided for users in more detail. Single-use plastics will be phased down from the stage of production to consumption. The Government is planning to provide local instruction services for repair, reuse and upcycling to minimize the amount of waste thrown away after a single use.', 'The Government is planning to provide local instruction services for repair, reuse and upcycling to minimize the amount of waste thrown away after a single use. ▍Promoting recycling: creating added values from wastes Our vision for the waste sector is that once generated, wastes should be kept in a circular cycle where they will be repeatedly reused and recycled to the full extent possible. This will allow us to reduce extraction, production and use of natural resource and energy and cut down on incineration and landfilling of wastes. To achieve the vision, product recyclability should be considered first and foremost from production stage, e.g., designing colorless PET bottles that are easy to recycle.', 'To achieve the vision, product recyclability should be considered first and foremost from production stage, e.g., designing colorless PET bottles that are easy to recycle. The Government plans to establish design standards targeted for each product’s purpose of use and for each product item to enhance resource recyclability. It is also imperative to make waste separation, collection and sorting more efficient to ensure that materials to be recycled maintain proper quality. Waste separation standards should continue to be tightened, taking into account changing physical properties of wastes generated, driven by evolving socio-economic structure. The Government plans to scale up investments in developing sorting technologies and expanding related infrastructure.', 'The Government plans to scale up investments in developing sorting technologies and expanding related infrastructure. The Government will also set up an incentive-based system that offers different level of policy supports depending on the quality of sorted materials. It is also important to build up a circular system that mandates producers to use a certain percentage of recycled content as input materials when manufacturing new products. To this end, first and foremost, the Government will work on improving the EPR system, and in the mid-to long-term, set mandatory percentages of recycled materials in consideration of characteristics of different manufacturing types. Public sector will be encouraged to purchase recycled products and consumers will have more choices to choose from as more recycled products will be released on the market.', 'Public sector will be encouraged to purchase recycled products and consumers will have more choices to choose from as more recycled products will be released on the market. A recycling cluster dedicated to large-scale R&D, demonstration and prototype production should also be created to foster recycling industries and technologies. Moreover, new types of wastes are to be generated with the rapid advancement of Industry 4.0 technologies and renewable energy. They should be managed by the public sector within a safe and reliable disposal system.', 'They should be managed by the public sector within a safe and reliable disposal system. The public-private partnerships will also be followed to build a recycling system that creates high added values from these new types of wastes.2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society ▍Eco-friendly disposal of waste Wastes that are unrecyclable should be disposed of in the eco-friendliest manner possible so as to reduce GHG emissions. Currently direct landfilling is banned for food waste only, but combustible waste will also be banned from direct landfill disposal. Only the residues left from sorting and incineration will be allowed for direct landfilling. We will also set up eco-friendly landfill standards to enable low-carbon landfill management.', 'We will also set up eco-friendly landfill standards to enable low-carbon landfill management. Landfill facilities of a certain size will be required to install methane recovery facilities to increase on-site energy production. Waste incineration will not simply be a waste-burning process, but instead act as an energy production base. The energy generated from incineration process will be connected to district heating system and hydrogen production/using sites for its full use. The Government will continue to support the development of carbon capture or sequestration technologies applicable to incineration process, and update the incineration facility standards to mandate on-site application of these carbon reduction technologies. One of the core materials anticipated to be used in the future is bioplastics.', 'One of the core materials anticipated to be used in the future is bioplastics. Although the base for their production and use is not in place yet, bioplastics are expected to reduce the demand for synthetic plastics and cut down on waste generation at source. For the ultimate replacement of synthetic plastics with bioplastics, R&D on bioplastic technologies should be continuously conducted while marketing efforts to diversify their lines of products should be made.Visions and Strategies by Sector Chapter 4 Visions and Strategies by Sector The Government of the Republic of Korea | 93 6.', 'For the ultimate replacement of synthetic plastics with bioplastics, R&D on bioplastic technologies should be continuously conducted while marketing efforts to diversify their lines of products should be made.Visions and Strategies by Sector Chapter 4 Visions and Strategies by Sector The Government of the Republic of Korea | 93 6. Agriculture, livestock farming and fisheries ▍Farming sector emissions Agriculture, livestock farming and fisheries sector (collectively referred to as “farming sector” in this section) contribute 3.4% (including emissions from using energy) to the total GHG emissions in Korea, which is 24.1 million ton of CO2 eq. Of the total emissions from the farming sector, agriculture and livestock farming sectors are responsible for 88.6%, which mainly comes from non-energy processes such as crop cultivation and livestock farming with main emissions being CH4 O.', 'Of the total emissions from the farming sector, agriculture and livestock farming sectors are responsible for 88.6%, which mainly comes from non-energy processes such as crop cultivation and livestock farming with main emissions being CH4 O. Fisheries sector emissions, accounting for 11.6% of total farming sector emissions, are mainly from energy process which involves consumption of energy by fishing boats and farms. The total emissions from the farming sector were down by 7% in 2017 compared to 1990 level. During the same period, non-energy processes saw 3% decrease in emissions while energy processes experienced 23% decline. Especially for non-energy processes, the share of emissions from crop cultivation decreased from 73% to 58% while that of livestock farming increased from 27% to 42%.', 'Especially for non-energy processes, the share of emissions from crop cultivation decreased from 73% to 58% while that of livestock farming increased from 27% to 42%. This trend is mainly due to the continuous decrease in rice cultivation area54) in contrast to the increasing number of cattle and swine55)56). [Figure 4-27] GHG emissions from the farming sector (by sub-sector) 54) Change in rice cultivation area (ha): 1,251,000 in 1990 → 777,000 in 2017 (National GHG Emissions Inventory Report, 2019) 55) Change in number of cattle: 1,579,000 in 1990 → 3,015,000 in 2017, Changes in number of swine: 4,412 in 1990 → 10,514 in 2017 (National GHG Emissions Inventory Report, 2019) 56) Crop cultivation involves anaerobic decomposition of organic materials that emits CH4 .', '[Figure 4-27] GHG emissions from the farming sector (by sub-sector) 54) Change in rice cultivation area (ha): 1,251,000 in 1990 → 777,000 in 2017 (National GHG Emissions Inventory Report, 2019) 55) Change in number of cattle: 1,579,000 in 1990 → 3,015,000 in 2017, Changes in number of swine: 4,412 in 1990 → 10,514 in 2017 (National GHG Emissions Inventory Report, 2019) 56) Crop cultivation involves anaerobic decomposition of organic materials that emits CH4 . Usage of fertilizer/manure and crop residues O. Livestock farming involves enteric fermentation releasing high level of CH4 .', 'Usage of fertilizer/manure and crop residues O. Livestock farming involves enteric fermentation releasing high level of CH4 . Manure processing also emits CH4 O.2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society 6.2 Farming sector’s 2050 vision and strategies Looking ahead, changing lifestyle and dietary patterns are expected to have impact on the food demand. Meat consumption, in particular, is expected to grow continuously for a considerable period. Most of the GHG emissions from the farming sector is attributable to the biological reactions taking place from food production processes. Therefore, it is impossible to remove the sector’s entire GHG emissions. Still there are many mitigation options available for use.', 'Still there are many mitigation options available for use. Some of the options include: irrigation of rice paddy fields; low-input farming; coarse fodders and forage mixtures that emit low methane; and the use of manure as resources. All of these options are expected to reduce GHG emissions. We also expect to reduce CO2 emissions from energy processes of the farming sector with greater use of clean energy sources and energy saving facilities. ▍Transition to smart farming Industry 4.0 technologies including advanced ICT, big data and IoT provide the farming sector with opportunities to reduce further GHG emissions as well. Smart farms and smart fish farm clusters are the prime examples.', 'Smart farms and smart fish farm clusters are the prime examples. ICT connected to existing farmlands and facilities such as greenhouses, livestock shelters and fish farms could help minimize inputs (i.e., energy sources, fertilizers, water, etc.). Moreover, ICT-enabled automation on smart farms could improve farming productivity. Korea is employing a growing number of such smart technologies in the farming sector. The Government plans to deploy 7,000 ha of smart farms and 5,000 units of smart livestock shelters by 2022, along with three smart fish farm clusters on the coastal major hubs of our surrounding seas by 2023.', 'The Government plans to deploy 7,000 ha of smart farms and 5,000 units of smart livestock shelters by 2022, along with three smart fish farm clusters on the coastal major hubs of our surrounding seas by 2023. [Figure 4-28] Smart technologies in farming sector Smart farm Smart livestock shelter Source Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural AffairsVisions and Strategies by Sector Chapter 4 Visions and Strategies by Sector The Government of the Republic of Korea | 95 [Figure 4-29] Smart fish farming technology Smart fish farming Source National Institute of Fisheries Science ▍Scaling up development & deployment of low-carbon farming practices To reduce GHG emissions originating from crop cultivation and livestock farming, it is essentially important to develop and deploy low-carbon agricultural technologies and practices.', '[Figure 4-28] Smart technologies in farming sector Smart farm Smart livestock shelter Source Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural AffairsVisions and Strategies by Sector Chapter 4 Visions and Strategies by Sector The Government of the Republic of Korea | 95 [Figure 4-29] Smart fish farming technology Smart fish farming Source National Institute of Fisheries Science ▍Scaling up development & deployment of low-carbon farming practices To reduce GHG emissions originating from crop cultivation and livestock farming, it is essentially important to develop and deploy low-carbon agricultural technologies and practices. The prime examples of such farming practices are water management in irrigated rice paddies and low-methane fodders that improve livestock enteric fermentation, both of which reduce methane emissions.', 'The prime examples of such farming practices are water management in irrigated rice paddies and low-methane fodders that improve livestock enteric fermentation, both of which reduce methane emissions. For farmers to adopt such practices in farming, related education programs and technological supports should be continuously provided for them. There are other options worth considering: low-input farming; development of soil carbon storage methodologies and management; and replacement of fossil fuel with clean energy sources. The Government plans to pursue R&D on these low-carbon farming practices and also expand education and support for them for wider application. ▍Participatory policies for farmers and consumers To accelerate the low-carbon transition in agriculture and rural areas, enhanced mitigation efforts in farming sites is essential.', '▍Participatory policies for farmers and consumers To accelerate the low-carbon transition in agriculture and rural areas, enhanced mitigation efforts in farming sites is essential. To encourage such efforts, Korea has operated an incentive-based emissions reduction program for farmers since 2012. The number of participating farms is gradually increasing.2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society Agricultural produce, meats or dairy products produced using the farming practices that minimize inputs, i.e., fertilizers, pesticides and farming supplies, are certified as low-carbon products and the Government is stepping up its effort to scale up this type of certification program. Consumers should also do their part by generating less food waste and changing their dietary habits to reduce their carbon footprints in their daily life.', 'Consumers should also do their part by generating less food waste and changing their dietary habits to reduce their carbon footprints in their daily life. Public awareness-raising programs are needed to change their consumption patterns and lead them towards a low-carbon lifestyle. ▍Scaling up deployment of eco-friendly energy Replacing fossil fuels with low-carbon energy sources in the farming sector is the most feasible mitigation option with largest emissions reduction potential. Turning manure to energy, deployment of solar energy, and using geothermal heat pumps are available options that can reduce the use of fossil fuels. Using LED lamps and thermal curtains are also useful as they increase energy efficiency. Environment-friendly fishing vessels powered by electricity and hydrogen saves energy use and reduces GHG emissions from fishery production.', 'Environment-friendly fishing vessels powered by electricity and hydrogen saves energy use and reduces GHG emissions from fishery production. Developing these vessels is an important option to put in place a low-carbon production structure that will help us achieve a sustainable fishing and build climate resilience. The Government will continue to encourage the deployment of such fishing vessels going forward. [Figure 4-30] Energy saving eco-friendly fishing vessels How to develop eco-friendly vessel engineVisions and Strategies by Sector Chapter 4 Visions and Strategies by Sector The Government of the Republic of Korea | 97 How to operate eco-friendly fishing vessels Source Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries Processing fishery products requires a large amount of energy as it involves refrigeration/ freezing and high-temperature heating.', '[Figure 4-30] Energy saving eco-friendly fishing vessels How to develop eco-friendly vessel engineVisions and Strategies by Sector Chapter 4 Visions and Strategies by Sector The Government of the Republic of Korea | 97 How to operate eco-friendly fishing vessels Source Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries Processing fishery products requires a large amount of energy as it involves refrigeration/ freezing and high-temperature heating. The fishing industry will be encouraged to adopt energy saving options such as reusing air-source heat from seaweed processing plants. Moreover, the Government plans to bring in digitized automation system based on smart technologies to fishery processing factories. The system will make factory automation possible and help those factories maintain the best temperature and humidity for processing and storing optimal quantities of foods.', 'The system will make factory automation possible and help those factories maintain the best temperature and humidity for processing and storing optimal quantities of foods. Fishery processing factories with such technologies, or smart factories, will achieve optimal production and most efficient energy use. We need more of the success stories of farming and fishing communities using solar, wind and other eco-friendly energy sources. The stories will serve as a model for future lifestyle, balanced regional development and eco-friendly energy transition. They will be exhibited as best practices of combining energy transition with local development. They will also help us be prepared for potential social changes, e.g., changing industrial site locations and population migration.', 'They will also help us be prepared for potential social changes, e.g., changing industrial site locations and population migration. ▍Using by-products as resources for bio-industry Oyster shells are highly valued recyclable by-product, produced in the process of producing, consuming and distributing fishery products. If they are used as a replacing material for limestones, GHG emissions could be reduced. When the shells are used as input materials for bio-industry (i.e., foods, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics), it could also reduce the quantity of fishery by-products. Efforts to foster new industries using such by-product need to be made.2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society 7.', 'Efforts to foster new industries using such by-product need to be made.2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society 7. Carbon sinks(LULUCF sector) 7.1 Status and outlook ▍Status of carbon sinks Lands in Korea are divided into different categories by their purpose of use: urban areas, croplands and forestlands. These land types have different locations, histories and surrounding circumstances. Depending on how they are used, some types of lands emit GHGs, but most lands with any type of vegetation covers absorb CO2 through photosynthesis. Photosynthesis by plants is by far the most environmental way of removing CO2 compared to any man-made CO2 removal technologies. Its cost-effectiveness is also high. Forests make up 63% of the total land mass in Korea.', 'Forests make up 63% of the total land mass in Korea. Our forests had been seriously damaged during the Japanese colonial rule and the forestation rate declined down to 35% in the mid-1950s. But we have successfully restored our deforested lands with large-scale national reforestation program in the 1970s and 1980s. Success from the reforestation program has led to today’s high percentage of forestlands, which have made it possible for our land to become a net carbon sink, absorbing more carbon than it emits despite urbanization and large-scale land development in its modernization process. Since the national reforestation program in the 1970s, CO2 removal by forests has been on the steady rise until its peak in 2000.', 'Since the national reforestation program in the 1970s, CO2 removal by forests has been on the steady rise until its peak in 2000. Since then, CO2 removal has been gradually decreasing due to aging forests and changing forestland use that have followed. In 2017, removal by forest recorded 45.7 million ton CO2 eq, offsetting 7.4% of energy sector emissions. [Figure 4-31] Carbon removal by forestVisions and Strategies by Sector Chapter 4 Visions and Strategies by Sector The Government of the Republic of Korea | 99 ▍Outlook for carbon sinks Most forests of today in Korea are the result of massive tree-planting national program in the 1970s and 1980s. Therefore, most of the trees are currently in 3-4 age-class57), whose net growth volumes are the highest in their lifespan.', 'Therefore, most of the trees are currently in 3-4 age-class57), whose net growth volumes are the highest in their lifespan. Looking ahead, as trees and forests will age, the percentage of forestlands at age-class 6 or older, whose net growth volume declines rapidly, will increase. The National Institute of Forest Science estimates that the percentage of forestlands at age-class 6 or older will increase from 10.2% in 2020 to 32.9% in 2030 and accordingly, the annual average net growth volume per hectare will decrease from 4.3㎥ in 2020 to 2.6㎥ in 2030 and further down to 1.9㎥ in 2050. To reverse this decreasing trend of net growth volume, more timber should be produced from older trees so that older forestlands can be replaced with younger forestlands.', 'To reverse this decreasing trend of net growth volume, more timber should be produced from older trees so that older forestlands can be replaced with younger forestlands. Unless the demand for domestic timber increases dramatically, however, the forest age-class disparity and annual growth volume are unlikely to improve. Considering the current state of forests and timber production plans, the carbon removal is estimated to decrease by 30% from the current level by 2050. Potential decrease in forestlands driven by growing urbanization is also expected to have adverse impacts on carbon sinks.', 'Potential decrease in forestlands driven by growing urbanization is also expected to have adverse impacts on carbon sinks. [Figure 4-30] Percentage of forestland by age-class & carbon sinks forecast Percentage of forestlands by age-class Estimated CO2 removal by forest 7.2 LULUCF sector’s 2050 vision and strategies Forest sector takes up a majority share of the total carbon removal in Korea. Innovative forest management, therefore, is a key to improving aging forests, promoting the use of wood products/timber and increasing carbon stocks. 57) 10-year basis age structure of a forest.', '57) 10-year basis age structure of a forest. Age-class 1 includes 1-year to 10-year old trees and age-class 2 includes 11-year to 20-year old trees.2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society On the production side, the priority focus should be on forestation and forest management to gradually increase their carbon absorption capacity. On the consumption side, the use of domestic timber should be increased to create a virtuous cycle of using forest resources. ▍Expansion of forests Expansion of forests is the most important strategy for increasing carbon sinks. Afforestation is a process of planting trees in an area where there was no tree before whereas reforestation is to re-create forests in an area where its land use was converted.', 'Afforestation is a process of planting trees in an area where there was no tree before whereas reforestation is to re-create forests in an area where its land use was converted. Korea has already succeeded in expanding forestlands and there is nearly no land left available for either afforestation or reforestation. However, the Government plans to increase carbon sinks including through creating urban green spaces for recreational use, restoring degraded forestlands and tree-planting in underutilized lands (i.e., marginal farms58) and settlements59)). ▍Maintaining carbon sinks Forest management refers to the practices seeking to maintain the carbon removal to the highest level possible for continuous and sustainable maintenance of forestlands.', '▍Maintaining carbon sinks Forest management refers to the practices seeking to maintain the carbon removal to the highest level possible for continuous and sustainable maintenance of forestlands. In Korea we have two options for forest management: changing tree species, and the so-called “healthy forest program.” Korea has the issues of forest age-class disparity and high percentage of privately-owned forestlands. Under such circumstances the practices mentioned in the above has a significant role to play. As a result of implementing the two options in Korea, nearly 170,000 ha of trees were harvested annually between 2015 and 2019. The Government plans to further increase the areas for tree species change and encourage forest owners to take part in their forest management.', 'The Government plans to further increase the areas for tree species change and encourage forest owners to take part in their forest management. Changing tree species refers to the harvesting of forests damaged by pests, aging trees, or poorly stocked stands and replacing them with tree species absorbing a high level of carbon. After changing tree species, carbon removal level generally decreases in the short-term, but in the end, replaced tree species contributes to the increase in carbon sinks. Healthy forest program involves practices such as pruning, ivy removal, and harvest by thinning, all of which aim to keep forests healthy by taking into account their age and current status. In 58) Marginal farms are lands with little agricultural value and low productivity.', 'In 58) Marginal farms are lands with little agricultural value and low productivity. 59) Settlements are urban lands where forests can be created. Green spaces, stream-sides, and roadsides are the examples.Visions and Strategies by Sector Chapter 4 Visions and Strategies by Sector The Government of the Republic of Korea | 101 the short term, the program has positive impact on the growth of forests while in the long term, produces quality timber and contributes to increased carbon sinks. Currently the forestlands managed by this 5-year program (currently in phase 4 of 2019-2023) is estimated to be 1.1 million ha. ▍Expanding timber supply With aging forests, Korea sees its annual forest growth volume dwindling and the forest age disparity greatly limits sustainable management of forest resources.', '▍Expanding timber supply With aging forests, Korea sees its annual forest growth volume dwindling and the forest age disparity greatly limits sustainable management of forest resources. Increasing tree-harvesting volume for greater timber supply could press down carbon sink level in the short-term, but could address the forest age disparity, foster tree growth and help achieve sustainable forestry in the long-term. As timber is a carbon-neutral resource, the more we use wood products, the greater GHG emissions are reduced. Use of forest biomass produced from sustainable forest management also contributes to reducing GHG emissions as well as addressing renewable energy intermittency. Some of the most durable wood products last for 100-200 years and carbon storage function is another feature of wood products as they lock in CO2 .', 'Some of the most durable wood products last for 100-200 years and carbon storage function is another feature of wood products as they lock in CO2 . Timber products could also have a carbon reducing effect as they could replace carbon-intensive materials such as steel and concrete60). 7.3 Other carbon sinks There are other types of carbon sinks such as coastal wetlands. Blue carbon is a newly emerging carbon sink option. Blue carbon refers to the carbon absorbed by seagrasses in coastal ecosystems through photosynthesis, as well as the carbon captured in sediments in terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Marine ecosystem absorbs carbon 50 times faster than terrestrial ecosystem does. In water, decomposition of organic materials is slow due to its anaerobic conditions.', 'In water, decomposition of organic materials is slow due to its anaerobic conditions. Therefore, carbon deposited in plants is not degraded and remains intact for a long time. 60) Timber processing emits 1/350 of GHGs emitted from steelmaking, and 1/1,500 of aluminum production. The GHG emissions from building a wooden house are 1/4 of those from building a reinforced concrete house.2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society Korea has the world’s 5th largest mud flat areas (2,482㎢) and has a great potential in blue carbon. Recent coastal development and environmental degradation, however, are posing threats to coastal environment and marine habitats, which require an urgent measure to restore them.', 'Recent coastal development and environmental degradation, however, are posing threats to coastal environment and marine habitats, which require an urgent measure to restore them. The Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries has a plan to restore 20 mud flats with the total length of 4.5 kilometers by 202561). The restoration project will be further scaled up going forward. A total of KRW 10 billion has been invested in the 5-year R&D project from 2017, which will deliver statistics on the current status of domestic blue carbon and develop technologies to measure and verify the amount of blue carbon. Looking ahead, we expect blue carbon from coastal wetlands to be included in the national GHG inventory to help achieve Korea’s NDC.', 'Looking ahead, we expect blue carbon from coastal wetlands to be included in the national GHG inventory to help achieve Korea’s NDC. 61) The 2021-2025 basic plan for mud flat management and restoration (Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries)The Government of the Republic of Korea | 103 2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green societyInnovating Implementation Base 1. Policy innovation ········································································ 106 2. Social innovation ········································································ 113 3. Technological innovation ··························································· 1222050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society 1. Policy innovation 1.1 Assessing NDC implementation ▍Importance of implementation assessment The Paris Agreement provides flexibility for all Parties to set their voluntary NDCs in the light of their different national circumstances.', 'Policy innovation 1.1 Assessing NDC implementation ▍Importance of implementation assessment The Paris Agreement provides flexibility for all Parties to set their voluntary NDCs in the light of their different national circumstances. The Agreement also highlights transparency in all its procedures, especially in measuring, communicating and verifying GHG emissions and progresses in implementing NDCs. For the achievement of the NDC pledged to the international community, we have built a mechanism to assess our implementation of NDC in the 2nd Basic Plan on Climate Change Response which took effect in 2020. <Table 5-1> Government-wide implementation assessment mechanism62) Central Gov.', '<Table 5-1> Government-wide implementation assessment mechanism62) Central Gov. ▪ Set indicators and targets by sector & task ▪ Collect & submit annual assessment data Steering Committee Power Industry Building Transpo rtation Waste Public sector Farming Forest Led by ME OPC MOTIE MOTIE MOLIT MOTIE MOLIT MOTIE ME ME MAFRA KFS Collabora ted w/ Related ministries - MAFRA, MOLIT, MOF - ME, MOF - MOLIT MOTIE RDA KFS - \U000f003b GIR ▪ Prepare the synthesis report for implementation assessment ∙ Establish and operate an expert working group for the synthesis report ∙ Support the work of preparing the synthesis report done by national research institutes(KEEI, KICT, KOTI, etc.)', '▪ Set indicators and targets by sector & task ▪ Collect & submit annual assessment data Steering Committee Power Industry Building Transpo rtation Waste Public sector Farming Forest Led by ME OPC MOTIE MOTIE MOLIT MOTIE MOLIT MOTIE ME ME MAFRA KFS Collabora ted w/ Related ministries - MAFRA, MOLIT, MOF - ME, MOF - MOLIT MOTIE RDA KFS - \U000f003b GIR ▪ Prepare the synthesis report for implementation assessment ∙ Establish and operate an expert working group for the synthesis report ∙ Support the work of preparing the synthesis report done by national research institutes(KEEI, KICT, KOTI, etc.) \U000f003b Committee on Green Growth ▪ Manage and oversee the entire mechanism ▪ Monitor and review assessment data and offer policy advice Source 2nd Basic Plan for Climate Change Response (October 2019) 62) The acronyms in this table stand for the following government ministries and agencies: ME: Ministry of Environment OPC: Office for Government Policy Coordination MOTIE: Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy MAFRA: Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs MOLIT: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport MOF: Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries RDA: Rural Development Administration KFS: Korea Forest Service GIR: Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Research Center KEEI: Korea Energy Economics Institute KICT: Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology KOTI: Korea Transport InstituteInnovating Implementation Base Chapter 5 Innovating Implementation Base The Government of the Republic of Korea | 107 ▍Synthesis report for implementation assessment A series of assessments are conducted on how mitigation policies in Korea have been implemented in nine sectors: energy supply (electricity & heat), industry, transportation, building, waste, public sector, farming, forest and CCUS.', '\U000f003b Committee on Green Growth ▪ Manage and oversee the entire mechanism ▪ Monitor and review assessment data and offer policy advice Source 2nd Basic Plan for Climate Change Response (October 2019) 62) The acronyms in this table stand for the following government ministries and agencies: ME: Ministry of Environment OPC: Office for Government Policy Coordination MOTIE: Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy MAFRA: Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs MOLIT: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport MOF: Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries RDA: Rural Development Administration KFS: Korea Forest Service GIR: Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Research Center KEEI: Korea Energy Economics Institute KICT: Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology KOTI: Korea Transport InstituteInnovating Implementation Base Chapter 5 Innovating Implementation Base The Government of the Republic of Korea | 107 ▍Synthesis report for implementation assessment A series of assessments are conducted on how mitigation policies in Korea have been implemented in nine sectors: energy supply (electricity & heat), industry, transportation, building, waste, public sector, farming, forest and CCUS. A total of 81 indicators have been developed to measure implementation progress in each sector.', 'A total of 81 indicators have been developed to measure implementation progress in each sector. Besides the national GHG inventory data, the report includes estimated potential emissions to ensure higher objectivity. For the preparation of the synthesis report, each ministry collects information on their respective targets, budgets and policies corresponding to the 81 indicators. With this collected information, the GIR prepares a synthesis report in combination with the estimates of potential emissions. In case the implementation assessment indicates that the actual emissions surpass the targeted pathway or the progress is inadequate, the Government will identify such sector and provide policy feedback. The implementation assessment is conducted in compliance with the transparency framework of the Paris Agreement, which we expect will contribute significantly to Korea’s achievement of the NDC.', 'The implementation assessment is conducted in compliance with the transparency framework of the Paris Agreement, which we expect will contribute significantly to Korea’s achievement of the NDC. <Table 5-2> Indicators for implementation assessment (non-exhaustive) ▪ Target indicator: emissions by sector (potential), emissions per unit ∙ GHG emissions: total emissions, sectoral emissions ∙ Emissions per unit: per-capita emissions (tCO2 eq/person), emissions to GDP (tCO2 eq/KRW mn) ▪ Implementation indicator: qualitative indicator and policy indicator (81 indicators for 9 sectors) ∙ Qualitative indicator: power generation percentage by energy source, ETS allowances, LED lamp penetration rate, deployed units of EVs ∙ Policy indicator: shut-down of old coal-fired power plants, introduction of environmental electricity dispatch, cap on coal power generation capacity 1.2 Institutional framework ▍Laying institutional framework for climate change response Achieving 2050 carbon neutrality requires a nationwide and cross-sectoral transformation as well as a robust institutional framework that could continuously support such transformation.', '<Table 5-2> Indicators for implementation assessment (non-exhaustive) ▪ Target indicator: emissions by sector (potential), emissions per unit ∙ GHG emissions: total emissions, sectoral emissions ∙ Emissions per unit: per-capita emissions (tCO2 eq/person), emissions to GDP (tCO2 eq/KRW mn) ▪ Implementation indicator: qualitative indicator and policy indicator (81 indicators for 9 sectors) ∙ Qualitative indicator: power generation percentage by energy source, ETS allowances, LED lamp penetration rate, deployed units of EVs ∙ Policy indicator: shut-down of old coal-fired power plants, introduction of environmental electricity dispatch, cap on coal power generation capacity 1.2 Institutional framework ▍Laying institutional framework for climate change response Achieving 2050 carbon neutrality requires a nationwide and cross-sectoral transformation as well as a robust institutional framework that could continuously support such transformation. The basic principles and directions of Korea’s climate and energy policy are indicated in the Framework Act on Low Carbon Green Growth, but circumstances have2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society changed from home and abroad since the enactment of the Act in 2010.', 'The basic principles and directions of Korea’s climate and energy policy are indicated in the Framework Act on Low Carbon Green Growth, but circumstances have2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society changed from home and abroad since the enactment of the Act in 2010. Most notably, the Paris Agreement was adopted, and since then global climate action has strengthened. Institutional frameworks should be rearranged and adapted to incorporate such changes accordingly. Looking ahead, the Government policy should be closely aligned with the efforts for the 2050 carbon neutrality.', 'Looking ahead, the Government policy should be closely aligned with the efforts for the 2050 carbon neutrality. To this end, the rearrangement of the institutional frameworks will be centered around mobilizing financial resources, i.e., climate change response fund, achieving a just transition for climate-vulnerable populations and communities, and promoting green finance. ▍Linking mitigation policies with energy polices Considering that energy combustion process is the largest source of GHG emissions, mitigation and energy policies are closely connected. Korea’s Framework Act on Low-carbon Green Growth sets forth basic provisions on its climate change response and energy policies, and the importance of interlinking the two policy streams.', 'Korea’s Framework Act on Low-carbon Green Growth sets forth basic provisions on its climate change response and energy policies, and the importance of interlinking the two policy streams. The Act states that the Basic Plan on Climate Change Response and the Basic Energy Plan, both of which are overarching plans encompassing Korea’s climate and energy policies, should be established every five years for a planned period of 20 years. The Government will focus on securing high level of coherence between the two plans to ensure climate and energy policies are aligned to create synergies. ▍Considering climate change impact in policymaking A government’s way and purpose of disbursing its budget shows the values and policies it is most committed to.', '▍Considering climate change impact in policymaking A government’s way and purpose of disbursing its budget shows the values and policies it is most committed to. Government budget primarily works to provide direct/indirect support for its people and industry, and additionally helps to build social infrastructure. Therefore, considering climate change impact in establishing the Government’s fiscal policy and setting national priorities is the first task that should be undertaken for the transition towards a carbon-neutral society.', 'Therefore, considering climate change impact in establishing the Government’s fiscal policy and setting national priorities is the first task that should be undertaken for the transition towards a carbon-neutral society. High-carbon projects should be restrained from the stage of designing and disbursing government budget while low-carbon projects with environmental benefits should be encouraged even if they involve higher costs.Innovating Implementation Base Chapter 5 Innovating Implementation Base The Government of the Republic of Korea | 109 ▍Building foundation for energy transition To lay the foundation for the clean energy transition, it is essential to take measures to change the current fossil fuel-oriented energy market system.', 'High-carbon projects should be restrained from the stage of designing and disbursing government budget while low-carbon projects with environmental benefits should be encouraged even if they involve higher costs.Innovating Implementation Base Chapter 5 Innovating Implementation Base The Government of the Republic of Korea | 109 ▍Building foundation for energy transition To lay the foundation for the clean energy transition, it is essential to take measures to change the current fossil fuel-oriented energy market system. The power supply system needs to transform in the way that it takes into account the costs of environmental pollution as well as the transaction costs for emissions trading so as to ensure a clean and safe energy distribution. Power pricing scheme also needs to incorporate social values of adopting decentralized and eco-friendly power sources.', 'Power pricing scheme also needs to incorporate social values of adopting decentralized and eco-friendly power sources. Furthermore, a flexible and rationalized electricity rate system that takes into account cost-changing factors, i.e., production costs, should be established to send a clear price signal to the market for better management of energy demand and enhancement of energy efficiency. With growing use of renewables, it will be crucial to solve the problem of volatile and intermittent power supply issue. We will need a real-time operation system of the power market that meets consumers’ needs and a reliable institutional framework to shift into a smart grid system, backed by robust financial supports.', 'We will need a real-time operation system of the power market that meets consumers’ needs and a reliable institutional framework to shift into a smart grid system, backed by robust financial supports. 1.3 Carbon pricing ▍Role of Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) Carbon pricing is the most cost-effective market mechanism that incentivizes economic actors to reduce GHG emissions. The economic signal is given by a carbon price and businesses decide for themselves which low-carbon technologies they should adopt, and they usually start by investing in technologies that are easy to apply and have the largest mitigation effect. The benchmarking-based allocation of allowances also contributes to the fair distribution of mitigation benefits across industries and to the proliferation of efficient mitigation technologies.', 'The benchmarking-based allocation of allowances also contributes to the fair distribution of mitigation benefits across industries and to the proliferation of efficient mitigation technologies. As the first country in Asia that adopted a nation-wide ETS, Korea has set itself as a leading nation in implementing carbon pricing policies. The Korean ETS, or K-ETS sets emissions caps in consideration of its reduction target and allows companies to freely trade their surplus allowances. The scheme has an effect of incentivizing corporate investments in low-carbon technologies. The Government will gradually scale up the auction volume in the K-ETS while increasing the share of benchmark-based allocation, both of which are essential policy instruments to achieve the Korea’s 2050 carbon neutrality.', 'The Government will gradually scale up the auction volume in the K-ETS while increasing the share of benchmark-based allocation, both of which are essential policy instruments to achieve the Korea’s 2050 carbon neutrality. The Government will also continue to enhance support for low-carbon technologies.2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society ▍Taxation and charges Carbon price literally refers to the price of carbon traded in the market, but it also includes carbon tax and subsidies for fossil fuels. The taxation on the use of fossil fuels works as a positive tool to accelerate the low-carbon fuel transition while fossil fuel subsidies have negative impacts.', 'The taxation on the use of fossil fuels works as a positive tool to accelerate the low-carbon fuel transition while fossil fuel subsidies have negative impacts. Effects of taxation, charges and other pricing tools should be comprehensively assessed in relation to the K-ETS to build an effective carbon pricing system. To prevent such carbon pricing scheme from harming domestic industries’ competitiveness in the international market, a strong international partnership and collaboration will be required in achieving carbon neutrality. 1.4 Leadership by public sector ▍Public sector’s leading role The public sector is in the best position to show its commitment to and progress in GHG emissions reduction. A government’s leadership in pursuing mitigation efforts could set an exemplary model and serve as a demonstration for the private sector.', 'A government’s leadership in pursuing mitigation efforts could set an exemplary model and serve as a demonstration for the private sector. Korea has operated the GHG emissions Target Management System (TMS) for the public sector since 2011. A total of 800 government entities, comprised of central and local governments and public agencies are subject to the TMS. Approximately 11% of GHG emissions has been reduced since its introduction. The Government will continue to identify and introduce various policy options to encourage the public sector to take the lead in mitigation efforts. Improving building energy efficiency, scaling up deployment of renewables and mandating the use of eco-friendly vehicles are some examples of those policy options to ultimately achieve public sector’s carbon neutrality by 2050.', 'Improving building energy efficiency, scaling up deployment of renewables and mandating the use of eco-friendly vehicles are some examples of those policy options to ultimately achieve public sector’s carbon neutrality by 2050. 1.5 Korean Green New Deal ▍Pushing for Green New Deal as catalyst for carbon neutrality In achieving 2050 carbon neutrality, public investments play a catalyzing role. Last July, Korea announced its plan for the Korean New Deal as a strategy to overcome the Covid-19 pandemic as well as to address climate and ecological crises. With the aimInnovating Implementation Base Chapter 5 Innovating Implementation Base The Government of the Republic of Korea | 111 of investing KRW 160 trillion by 2025, the Korean New Deal includes the Green New Deal as one of its pillars.', 'With the aimInnovating Implementation Base Chapter 5 Innovating Implementation Base The Government of the Republic of Korea | 111 of investing KRW 160 trillion by 2025, the Korean New Deal includes the Green New Deal as one of its pillars. The Green New Deal also aims to mobilize KRW 73.4 trillion by 2025. ▍Key areas of Green New Deal The Green New Deal is underpinned by the following three key areas. First area is green transition in cities, spatial planning and living infrastructure. Green remodeling will be carried out in public facilities as they are closely related to the people’s daily life. The public facilities will include 225,000 household units of public rental housing, 2,890 units of school building, 2,000 healthcare and medical centers and 1,000 cultural facilities.', 'The public facilities will include 225,000 household units of public rental housing, 2,890 units of school building, 2,000 healthcare and medical centers and 1,000 cultural facilities. The remodeling will involve: installing renewable energy facilities; improving building insulations; and using eco-friendly construction materials. This retrofitting aims to reduce building energy consumption while increasing building energy production to turn the facilities into zero-energy buildings. Furthermore, the Government plans to create a total of 25 smart green cities that are more climate-resilient and conduct urban ecosystem restoration projects. Second area is the proliferation of low-carbon and decentralized energy. The Government plans to increase solar and wind energy facilities by 3-fold by 2025 through green energy projects.', 'The Government plans to increase solar and wind energy facilities by 3-fold by 2025 through green energy projects. A profit-sharing model will be further developed to ensure that the profits from the green energy projects are shared with local communities. Support for eco-friendly vehicles will reach not only passenger vehicles but also for freight trucks, construction machinery and other vehicle types. The Government also plans to make R&D investments in future mobility to be the world leader in this area. In line with this effort, the Government will contribute to the transition to green shipping through expansion of eco-friendly vessels, including replacement of public vessels with eco-friendly vessels. Third area is building innovative green industry ecosystems.', 'Third area is building innovative green industry ecosystems. By 2025, the Government will carry out Smart Green Industrial Complex project at 10 industrial complexes for their energy independence and create Green Start-up Towns to foster the growth of small- and medium-sized enterprises specialized in green businesses. The Government also plans to mobilize KRW 1.9 trillion of green finance to support business investments in green transition. ▍Next steps The first step of Korea’s carbon neutrality has been already taken with the Green New Deal. However, for the Green New Deal to ultimately lead to carbon neutrality, the role of public2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society investment as a pump-primer is critical.', 'However, for the Green New Deal to ultimately lead to carbon neutrality, the role of public2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society investment as a pump-primer is critical. In other words, the public investment should play the role of further scaling up private efforts for carbon neutrality. After its announcement of the Korean New Deal, the Government has released strategies to promote New Deal Fund and regionally balanced New Deal in an effort to promote private sector growth and regional development at the business and local levels. The Government will lead the changes from private sector by mobilizing the participatory New Deal Fund. Through the Fund, we will encourage businesses and people’s participation.', 'Through the Fund, we will encourage businesses and people’s participation. With regionally balanced New Deal, the role of local governments, who are the main actors of the Green New Deal, will be further expanded.Innovating Implementation Base Chapter 5 Innovating Implementation Base The Government of the Republic of Korea | 113 2. Social innovation 2.1 Raising public awareness ▍Raising people’s awareness of climate crisis To make people take climate action in reality, there must be a wide public recognition and broad consensus on the severity of climate crisis. The society as a whole should have a clear and deep understanding of how serious climate change is and be willing to engage in collective efforts to respond to it.', 'The society as a whole should have a clear and deep understanding of how serious climate change is and be willing to engage in collective efforts to respond to it. However, setting a common goal and sharing identical values with members of the society of various backgrounds and perspectives is not an easy task. To make this possible, we need a participatory process of engaging all stakeholders including the Government to discuss a set of common values and perspectives that all of us could share. The Government will play a central role in this process to help its people understand the current state of climate crisis and coordinate their different interests.', 'The Government will play a central role in this process to help its people understand the current state of climate crisis and coordinate their different interests. People should have an access to necessary information to freely exchange their opinions and take part in the Government’s policymaking. We need to build a climate information platform to provide such access for the general public. ▍Public outreach campaign for climate action Public campaign is a powerful tool to raise people’s awareness of the climate situation and mobilize people’s climate action in reality. Traditional public outreach methods include employing celebrities as climate ambassadors and using cultural contents (i.e., e-comics, animation movies, documentary films, etc.).', 'Traditional public outreach methods include employing celebrities as climate ambassadors and using cultural contents (i.e., e-comics, animation movies, documentary films, etc.). Web-based talks, social networking services and other newly emerging channels should be also considered as options especially for the youth, because they are the next generations who will change the course of climate action in the future. As part of its public outreach, the Government has been working on public campaigns on paperless mobile receipts, single-use items, and public transportations.', 'As part of its public outreach, the Government has been working on public campaigns on paperless mobile receipts, single-use items, and public transportations. The Government also designated a week around 22 April as “climate change week” to raise people’s attention to the climate change issue.2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society [Figure 5-1] Public outreach campaigns on climate change Poster for climate change week Cool biz casual work attire campaign during summer Warm biz campaign during winter There are other incentive-based programs to encourage people to reduce their carbon footprints: Carbon Point Program and Green Card. The Carbon Point Program offers households monetary rewards in proportion to the amount of saved resources (i.e., electricity, water and gas).', 'The Carbon Point Program offers households monetary rewards in proportion to the amount of saved resources (i.e., electricity, water and gas). Currently 2.8 million households are participating in this program. The Green Card gives cardholders discounts for using public transportation and buying eco-friendly products. A total of 20 million Green Cards has been issued so far, encouraging people’s eco-friendly purchases. ▍Environmental education The role of government and industry is critical in tackling climate change, fine dust and water pollution, but the general public is also closely related to these environmental issues. For climate change, we are polluters and victims at the same time. All of us are responsible for GHG emissions, but affected by climate change impacts as well.', 'All of us are responsible for GHG emissions, but affected by climate change impacts as well. Therefore, a fundamental solution to overcome environmental and climate crises facing us is to help citizens understand what causes climate change and what should be done to tackle it and make them stand at the forefront of our environmental issues. The solution is delivered by the environmental education. The Government will offer various education opportunities for people’s knowledge and capacity-building on climate change response.', 'The Government will offer various education opportunities for people’s knowledge and capacity-building on climate change response. Previously economic perspectives and short-term approaches were adopted in climate change education programs, but going forward, long-term values and sustainability should be introduced more to the curriculum.Innovating Implementation Base Chapter 5 Innovating Implementation Base The Government of the Republic of Korea | 115 Current national-level education programs need to be diversified at local-level and expanded into school education programs to provide lifelong learning opportunities for people at all ages. ▍Higher education and research Higher education at universities and colleges has a significant role to play in environmental education as primary and secondary education does.', '▍Higher education and research Higher education at universities and colleges has a significant role to play in environmental education as primary and secondary education does. For the social and cultural paradigm shift we aspire to, R&D projects with long-term perspectives should be continuously carried out by universities, the place for cultivating talents and intellectuals. We need more graduate schools dedicated to fostering professionals with high level of expertise in climate change, offering a multidisciplinary curriculum considering the complexity of climate change issue. This will contribute to fostering more climate specialists who will meet the future needs of businesses in their climate risk management, thus creating more jobs.', 'This will contribute to fostering more climate specialists who will meet the future needs of businesses in their climate risk management, thus creating more jobs. The Government will expand the scope of the Green Campus project, currently undertaken at university level, to open up a participatory process for education, research and local cooperation for all stakeholders. This Whole Institution Approach will provide educational institutions with new opportunities to innovate themselves and set an exemplary model of sustainable development for local communities. 2.2 Governance and decision-making ▍Broader public engagement in policymaking In the past, the whole process of designing and making policies was undertaken by governments alone, and the public opinions were sought only after the policies were implemented.', '2.2 Governance and decision-making ▍Broader public engagement in policymaking In the past, the whole process of designing and making policies was undertaken by governments alone, and the public opinions were sought only after the policies were implemented. Recently, however, as people’s right to know gains importance and diverse web-based communications channels become available, there has been a growing public demand for the engagement in policymaking process. In fact, the 2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy is the prime example of such public engagement in policymaking. In establishing the Strategy, public opinions were taken into consideration to the maximum extent possible. The 2050 Low-carbon Vision Forum described in Chapter I has been operated for nine months from the stage of outlining the Strategy.', 'The 2050 Low-carbon Vision Forum described in Chapter I has been operated for nine months from the stage of outlining the Strategy. Then the Government built on what was discussed and produced from the Forum and incorporated the results of extensive public discussions in establishing the Strategy.2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society The largest group of stakeholders of the Government’s climate change policy is its people. People should be fully informed and have a greater access in their engagement in policymaking. They have the right to be heard as they are the main stakeholders of national policies. Previously policymaking process was participated by specific sectors and groups of people – experts, businesses and civil society.', 'Previously policymaking process was participated by specific sectors and groups of people – experts, businesses and civil society. The new policymaking process, therefore, should include the youth and elderly, who had been left unheard in the past. The youth, in particular, should be given opportunities to participate in climate policymaking because they will be the generation who will be most affected by climate change. ▍Enhancing conflict management mechanism A departure from universal values shared among members of the society over a given period of time inevitably causes conflicts. An aspiration towards carbon-neutral society means a departure from fossil fuel-oriented growth, which could threaten livelihood of fossil fuel workers. In setting up the policies from which sharp conflicts of interests are anticipated, we cannot rely on conventional conflict management.', 'In setting up the policies from which sharp conflicts of interests are anticipated, we cannot rely on conventional conflict management. To resolve such conflicts, we should first build a broad public consensus around the issue at stake. A public deliberation process, used in Korea to resolve the fine dust issue, could be another effective solution. Building a mechanism dedicated to conflict resolution is also important. Instead of taking one-off responses whenever conflict arises, we should set up a specialized organization with the system that predicts and prevents potential conflicts in order to minimize unnecessary disputes. While people seek to become the center of action in bringing a carbon-neutral future, they should also benefit from such action.', 'While people seek to become the center of action in bringing a carbon-neutral future, they should also benefit from such action. Benefits and progresses from carbon-neutral transition should be distributed in an equal and fair manner. Especially for renewable energy projects carried out at local level, a clear profit-sharing mechanism should be established to motivate participation by local communities and minimize potential conflicts among residents. ▍Laying groundwork for just transition A carbon-neutral transition will improve sustainability in industry sector in the long-term, but in the short-term it could downsize fossil fuel-based businesses and put existing jobs and livelihoods in jeopardy.', '▍Laying groundwork for just transition A carbon-neutral transition will improve sustainability in industry sector in the long-term, but in the short-term it could downsize fossil fuel-based businesses and put existing jobs and livelihoods in jeopardy. In preparation for such transition and subsequent industrial restructuring, we should ensure that the workers from conventional industries are provided with retraining opportunitiesInnovating Implementation Base Chapter 5 Innovating Implementation Base The Government of the Republic of Korea | 117 to build capacity and move to new industries. Those who will have lost jobs in the transition should be provided with support for living and job opportunities in other businesses. The Government is fostering human resources for carbon-neutral transition by developing a national standard for vocational skills and expanding job training programs for low-carbon new industry.', 'The Government is fostering human resources for carbon-neutral transition by developing a national standard for vocational skills and expanding job training programs for low-carbon new industry. From January 2021, the Government plans to scale up programs to match up people with job opportunities and provide the unemployed people with unemployment insurance. Unemployment benefits, job training opportunities and job counselling will also be provided to strengthen the social safety net. Through such support, vulnerable populations to be affected by the transition will receive support for their livelihood and retraining opportunities. 2.3 Role of local governments ▍Greater role of local governments It is clear that the central government alone cannot lead the entire population towards a national vision.', '2.3 Role of local governments ▍Greater role of local governments It is clear that the central government alone cannot lead the entire population towards a national vision. Local governments’ role is vital in broadening people’s understanding of low-carbon transition and keeping momentum for it. Especially for emissions reduction in the transportation and building sector, we need strategies and implementation at local level as the tasks, such as building infrastructure for eco-friendly vehicles and improving energy efficiency in old buildings, require local actions. Central and local governments should jointly establish a cooperative model for just transition in consideration of their respective roles and find a way forward to operate it efficiently. Local governments’ action to establish their own visions could inspire the central government to bolster its climate action.', 'Local governments’ action to establish their own visions could inspire the central government to bolster its climate action. In Korea, 17 metropolitan cities and 63 municipalities declared their aspiration for 2050 carbon neutrality and launched the Carbon-neutral Cities Coalition in July 2020. Such local action will prosper going forward, catalyzing carbon-neutrality transition at national level. ▍Emissions reduction projects at local level In GHG emissions reduction projects, local governments are increasingly taking on a growing role as project developers. The city of Seoul has been working on “One Less Nuclear Power Plant” policy and providing financial support for small-scale solar power generation.', 'The city of Seoul has been working on “One Less Nuclear Power Plant” policy and providing financial support for small-scale solar power generation. Jeju2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society Island is focusing its investment in increasing energy independence under the target of becoming a Carbon-free Island in 2030. Similar community-level actions are also found. The village of Seongdaegol’s “Living Lab Project” is the prime example. The Living Lab is a community-based program run by local residents’ voluntary participation with the aim of addressing social issues. The program has shown the possibility of community-level low-carbon transition.', 'The program has shown the possibility of community-level low-carbon transition. [Figure 5-2] Seongdaegol Village Living Lab Program 2.4 Green finance strategy ▍Green finance and climate change Green finance is part of the sustainable finance that takes into account environmental, social and governance (ESG) considerations, focusing especially on climate change and environmental elements. Unlike traditional finance mainly focusing on profitability by striking a balance between financial return and risk in managing assets, the green finance aims to increase resilience to external shocks such as climate change and other environmental risks in forecasting financial return and risk. The impacts of climate change will grow further, having serious repercussions on real economy and financial system.', 'The impacts of climate change will grow further, having serious repercussions on real economy and financial system. Climate risks include not only physical damages from natural disasters or air pollution, but also investment losses to be incurred by stranded assets particularly in fossil fuel industry. Climate risks could also cause financial losses for businesses and have adverse impacts on their lenders, i.e., banks and financial institutions, which could grow into system-wide risks. Managing climate risks, therefore, is gaining importance in the aspect of securing financial stability of the market.', 'Managing climate risks, therefore, is gaining importance in the aspect of securing financial stability of the market. The Government plans to take a series of policy measures to promote green finance.Innovating Implementation Base Chapter 5 Innovating Implementation Base The Government of the Republic of Korea | 119 ▍Mobilizing green finance Fostering green industry is a key to the success in green transition. For the continued growth of green industry, securing reliable funding sources is essential, and there are several means of mobilizing funding sources that can be arranged by the Government. For instance, providing loan interest deduction for solar energy businesses, LED lamp projects and other green projects could be one option while selling investment funds for green industry growth could also be effective.', 'For instance, providing loan interest deduction for solar energy businesses, LED lamp projects and other green projects could be one option while selling investment funds for green industry growth could also be effective. The scale and types of such green investment funds should be expanded and diversified. Korea will continue to expand its investment in certified green technologies and facilities for air pollution prevention and GHG emissions reduction. Continuous efforts are needed to create policy funds investing in environmental businesses and overseas environmental projects. Such policy funds could be mobilized through the combination of government funding and private investments raised for the purpose of fostering green industry growth.', 'Such policy funds could be mobilized through the combination of government funding and private investments raised for the purpose of fostering green industry growth. The investments made from such policy funds could play a role as pump-primer and contribute to further growth of environmental businesses, especially the ones that are small but has strong potential. It is also important to support those businesses to ensure they will grow into flagship companies and expand their entry into the overseas market. The Government will communicate more closely with the private sector to unlock private finance for environment sector. Having Investor Relations events for environmental industry and regular meetings with asset management companies are part of such communication efforts.', 'Having Investor Relations events for environmental industry and regular meetings with asset management companies are part of such communication efforts. As such, the public sector will take the lead in accelerating the green transition across our society. ▍Establishing taxonomy for green finance For green investments to produce real environmental benefits, the so-called “green- washing” must be prevented. Greenwashing is a process of providing investors with misleading information that a particular investment is environmentally sound. We need a taxonomy that could inform investors of whether an investment is truly environmentally- friendly to weed out greenwashing. The EU is in the process of developing a taxonomy for sustainable finance to scale up financial flows into sustainable investments and wipe out greenwashing.', 'The EU is in the process of developing a taxonomy for sustainable finance to scale up financial flows into sustainable investments and wipe out greenwashing. Its Green Bond Standard is planned to be aligned with the taxonomy. Korea also plans to build up a taxonomy for green finance to channel financial flows into the businesses with real environmental benefits.2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society ▍Better access to ESG information through TCFD ESG stands for Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance which refers to the non-financial factors in measuring sustainability and social impact of an investment in a company. Internationally a greater scope of ESG disclosure is being encouraged to promote socially responsible investments and sustainability at corporate level.', 'Internationally a greater scope of ESG disclosure is being encouraged to promote socially responsible investments and sustainability at corporate level. Upon G20’s request, the Financial Stability Board launched a Taskforce on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD) that recommends all companies including financial firms disclose information on climate change-related financial risks in a transparent manner. The Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Korea has declared its support for the TCFD in May 2020. The Government is pursuing to realign the environmental information disclosure system and encouraging businesses, especially listed ones to disclose their environmental information. The Government further plans to encourage other businesses including financial institutions to disclose their financial information in accordance with the TCFD recommendations.', 'The Government further plans to encourage other businesses including financial institutions to disclose their financial information in accordance with the TCFD recommendations. For individual companies to disclose such information as recommended by the TCFD, the assessment of climate- and environment-related risks to the entire industry should be conducted, but the industry currently has only limited information on such risks. The Government will build an institutional framework for climate- and environment-related risk assessment so that each industry sector and individual companies could assess their own risks and have an access to the risk information. [Figure 5-3] TCFD recommendations Governance Strategy Risk Management Metrics and Targets Disclose the organization’s governance around climate-related risks and opportunities. Disclose the actual and potential impacts of climate-related risks and opportunities on the organization’s businesses, strategy, and financial planning where such information is material.', 'Disclose the actual and potential impacts of climate-related risks and opportunities on the organization’s businesses, strategy, and financial planning where such information is material. Disclose how the organization identifies, assesses, and manages climate- related risks. Disclose the metrics and targets used to assess and manage relevant climate- related risks and opportunities where such informations is material. The Government also plans to establish a guideline for environmentally responsible investments for private sector investors. The investors could use this guideline in accessing the disclosed information on corporate environmental risks and opportunities. The guidelineInnovating Implementation Base Chapter 5 Innovating Implementation Base The Government of the Republic of Korea | 121 is expected to help investors make informed decisions and promote environmentally sound investments. ▍Scaling up green finance infrastructure Setting up dedicated organizations and capacity-building facilities is critical for policies and institutional frameworks to take hold.', '▍Scaling up green finance infrastructure Setting up dedicated organizations and capacity-building facilities is critical for policies and institutional frameworks to take hold. To further promote ESG and mobilize green finance, we need a specialized agency that provides environmental information management and disclosure services and targeted education for businesses. Fora, seminars and conferences to share knowledge on green finance are becoming increasingly important as well. A vibrant exchange of opinion should take place through discussions among various stakeholders from governments and businesses. Such extensive discussions will be the basis of paving a way forward for green finance of our society. Korea will fully engage in international discussions on climate change-related risks and green finance and use the lessons learned to improve our policies.', 'Korea will fully engage in international discussions on climate change-related risks and green finance and use the lessons learned to improve our policies. We will continue to closely work with the TCFD and UNEP Finance Initiative as well.2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society 3. Technological innovation 3.1 Establishing policies for technological convergence ▍Driving R&D for technological integration and convergence GHG emissions reduction requires a system-wide approach across the national climate and energy policies, and a stand-alone technology will never be sufficient undertake the task. This is the reason why we need a significant level of R&D effort for mitigation technology convergence. The prime example is Power-to-Gas (P2G) and Power-to-Liquid (P2L)63) technologies.', 'The prime example is Power-to-Gas (P2G) and Power-to-Liquid (P2L)63) technologies. The P2G and P2L are core technologies to store extra power from renewables and convert it into other forms of energy. These innovative technologies could be developed through the combination of renewable energy-based power generation and chemical conversion technologies. Large-scale hydrogen production is a prerequisite for our vision of hydrogen-based economy. Europe and Japan already have a hydrogen production technology using natural gas reforming, available for commercial use. This technology has advantages of reliable hydrogen supply and cost competitiveness, but also has a limitation of generating . To overcome this limitation, R&D efforts need to be pursued to integrate the current technology with CCUS for a CO2 -free, eco-friendly hydrogen production technology.', 'To overcome this limitation, R&D efforts need to be pursued to integrate the current technology with CCUS for a CO2 -free, eco-friendly hydrogen production technology. To create maximized synergies, the Life Cycle Assessment approach should be adopted in developing core mitigation technologies and a government-wide collaboration among different ministries and agencies is critical. The prime example is the ongoing CCUS technology development project led by the Government64). We will continue to work together at government level to make progress in such R&D projects. To expand commercial development of basic and original technologies, it is also important to take into account users’ opinions from the initiation stage of technology development.', 'To expand commercial development of basic and original technologies, it is also important to take into account users’ opinions from the initiation stage of technology development. In demonstration stage, an open environment should be created to invite more companies that will actually use those technologies to engage in the R&D process. 63) The P2L technology converts renewable energy into chemical energy (i.e., hydrogen, natural gas and liquid fuel), not into electricity.', '63) The P2L technology converts renewable energy into chemical energy (i.e., hydrogen, natural gas and liquid fuel), not into electricity. 64) The project is participated by Ministry of Science and ICT, Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries and Ministry of Environment.Innovating Implementation Base Chapter 5 Innovating Implementation Base The Government of the Republic of Korea | 123 ▍Establishing R&D foundation for mitigation technologies We need a clear set of national strategies for climate technology R&D in consideration of technological developments from home and abroad under the new climate regime. The Government will closely examine domestic and oversea R&D trends and lay the legislative framework for setting national strategies.', 'The Government will closely examine domestic and oversea R&D trends and lay the legislative framework for setting national strategies. Looking ahead, with growing technology convergence, new climate-related business models will emerge and accordingly, the demand for international standardization will increase. Preemptive measures should be taken to be ready for such surge in standardization demand. 3.2 Evaluating mitigation potentials ▍Evaluating mitigation potentials from technology development stage To secure effective mitigation tools, each mitigation technology needs to be assessed for their potentials in reducing emissions. The assessment will be conducted after comprehensively considering Korea’s mitigation circumstances. The Government will find and determine where and how the data from the assessment could be used.', 'The Government will find and determine where and how the data from the assessment could be used. Before starting R&D process of all mitigation technologies, their mitigation potentials should be estimated in advance and considered from the design stage. Once those technologies are developed as part of an emissions reduction project, more accurate and systematic assessment should be conducted for their mitigation potentials. At this stage, the technology development should be aligned with the general project purpose and the assessment data should be used as the basis for policymaking. We also need consistent methodologies and standards for measuring mitigation potentials.', 'We also need consistent methodologies and standards for measuring mitigation potentials. The measured data will be also used as the basis in deciding which technologies are eligible for government R&D funding as well as new project planning and evaluation. An observation-based GHG emissions verification system should be established, using artificial satellites. The emissions reductions made by mitigation technologies should be verified through this system to objectively assess their technological effects.', 'The emissions reductions made by mitigation technologies should be verified through this system to objectively assess their technological effects. ▍Assessing co-benefits of adaptation for carbon-neutral society Adaptation techniques, i.e., building green infrastructure and urban ecosystems are critical as they create carbon sinks which produce co-benefits of reducing further GHG emissions.2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society A system of assessing the effects of adaptation techniques will help lay out an optimal trajectory towards a carbon-neutral society creating synergies with mitigation technologies. ▍Adopting Life Cycle Assessment approach in technology assessment Besides mitigation potentials, there are other environmental impacts that need to be assessed in developing sustainable, low-carbon green technologies.', '▍Adopting Life Cycle Assessment approach in technology assessment Besides mitigation potentials, there are other environmental impacts that need to be assessed in developing sustainable, low-carbon green technologies. Certain technologies could contribute to GHG emissions reduction, but at the same time they could have adverse environmental impacts such as resource depletion, acidification and chemical poisoning. Due to the possibility of such trade-offs, a comprehensive assessment of overall environmental impacts needs to be conducted in developing low-carbon technologies. As technologies are increasingly combined and integrated, synergies from technological convergence should be examined as well. Environmental impact assessments of applying a specific line of technologies should be conducted both at national and global level.', 'Environmental impact assessments of applying a specific line of technologies should be conducted both at national and global level. For instance, the EV deployment in automotive industry could have a significant environmental impact not only in transportation but also in power generation sector. As environmental impacts could vary widely between sectors, a comprehensive assessment is needed to precisely understand how the applied technology affects each industry. For the environmental impact assessment of the technologies applied in various sectors, we could adopt the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach for quantitative evaluation. We also need a common LCA model to assess overall environmental impacts of the technologies at R&D stage so that it could be used in developing R&D strategies as well as in policymaking for promoting technologies.', 'We also need a common LCA model to assess overall environmental impacts of the technologies at R&D stage so that it could be used in developing R&D strategies as well as in policymaking for promoting technologies. 3.3 Scaling up investment in technological breakthroughs Transitioning to a carbon-neutral society would be impossible if we depend on existing mitigation technologies that are commercially available. Current R&D is mainly focused on developing technologies for commercial use and deploying them on the market. To lead the future market with our technological competence, however, we need greater efforts to keep pushing the boundaries and trying out new technological breakthroughs.', 'To lead the future market with our technological competence, however, we need greater efforts to keep pushing the boundaries and trying out new technological breakthroughs. R&D for basic and original technologies should continue to evolve to create such technological innovations.Innovating Implementation Base Chapter 5 Innovating Implementation Base The Government of the Republic of Korea | 125 In the present R&D circumstances in Korea, compared to the investment in technologies readily available for commercial use, much lower investment is being made in creative basic and original technologies. To achieve carbon neutrality, our society needs to improve readiness for the future energy mix and develop original technologies that will enable us to dramatically reduce GHG emissions.', 'To achieve carbon neutrality, our society needs to improve readiness for the future energy mix and develop original technologies that will enable us to dramatically reduce GHG emissions. Further actions are needed to accelerate technological innovations and breakthroughs that will allow us to fully harness their potential in the future65). Mitigation technologies currently available for commercial use are reaching their limits in terms of energy efficiency and capacity, raising pressing needs for new innovative technologies66). R&D for key innovative technologies – smart grid, ESS, smart heating, ventilation and air-conditioning, and prognostics and health management – should be continuously pursued to improve overall energy efficiency and convert into low-carbon industrial processes that will enable us to cut more GHG emissions from the energy sector.', 'R&D for key innovative technologies – smart grid, ESS, smart heating, ventilation and air-conditioning, and prognostics and health management – should be continuously pursued to improve overall energy efficiency and convert into low-carbon industrial processes that will enable us to cut more GHG emissions from the energy sector. A hydrogen-based economy could be achieved by adopting highly efficient, reliable, affordable and innovative technologies in all processes of producing, storing, distributing and using hydrogen. Latest technological breakthroughs, such as artificial photosynthesis and petrovskite solar cells, are expected to create a high value-added technological leap-forward and should be developed further as well. The Government will establish a roadmap that lays out various R&D strategies and plans for such technological breakthroughs and pursue efforts to scale up investment in them.', 'The Government will establish a roadmap that lays out various R&D strategies and plans for such technological breakthroughs and pursue efforts to scale up investment in them. 65) In the past lead acid batteries were most widely used type of battery, but lithium-ion batteries started to dominate the market in 1991 with its development by Sony. Recently as safety concerns arise in relation to battery explosion risks, R&D is expanding on solid-state batteries.', 'Recently as safety concerns arise in relation to battery explosion risks, R&D is expanding on solid-state batteries. 66) For instance, maximum efficiency of amorphous solar cells is approximately 30%, so new type of solar cells using advanced device or new materials (i.e., petrovskite or tandem solar cells) need to be developed to overcome this limitation.Way Forward2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society ▍Establishing the implementation framework for the Strategy The 2050 carbon neutrality has become a global common goal to address climate change and a new international economic order.', '66) For instance, maximum efficiency of amorphous solar cells is approximately 30%, so new type of solar cells using advanced device or new materials (i.e., petrovskite or tandem solar cells) need to be developed to overcome this limitation.Way Forward2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green society ▍Establishing the implementation framework for the Strategy The 2050 carbon neutrality has become a global common goal to address climate change and a new international economic order. Korea should also join this paradigm shift and move from “adaptive GHG emissions reduction” towards “proactive climate response” in building a new economic and social structure fit for a carbon-neutral society in 2050.', 'Korea should also join this paradigm shift and move from “adaptive GHG emissions reduction” towards “proactive climate response” in building a new economic and social structure fit for a carbon-neutral society in 2050. For the robust implementation of the Strategy, the Government announced the “2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy Action Plan” on 7 December 2020. At this critical juncture of great economic and social transformation, the Plan outlines the essential elements for achieving carbon neutrality, economic prosperity, and a better quality of life, all at the same time. The Plan lays out three important policy directions: low-carbon economic structure, low-carbon industrial ecosystem, and just transition towards carbon-neutral society, along with 10 key tasks such as energy carbon neutrality, industry transformation and circular economy roadmap.', 'The Plan lays out three important policy directions: low-carbon economic structure, low-carbon industrial ecosystem, and just transition towards carbon-neutral society, along with 10 key tasks such as energy carbon neutrality, industry transformation and circular economy roadmap. ▍Implementation of 2050 carbon neutrality The 2050 carbon neutrality is a long-term mission that spans around 30 years, hence it must be backed up by a robust implementation mechanism and clear strategies for consistent implementation. The Government will build a strong governance structure, including by establishing the Presidential Committee on 2050 Carbon Neutrality for the systematic implementation of carbon neutrality by 2050. All relevant policies will be presented to the Committee for further consideration. We will develop scenarios for the 2050 carbon neutrality, taking into account Korea’s mitigation potential, and level of technological advancements.', 'We will develop scenarios for the 2050 carbon neutrality, taking into account Korea’s mitigation potential, and level of technological advancements. Based on such scenarios, we will also establish implementation strategies and specific plans by sector. Along the process, we will take a closer look into the way forward towards the 2050 carbon neutrality and reach social consensus on the path we should tread upon. We will do our utmost to further raise our ambition level of the 2030 emissions reduction target in our NDC before 2025. Looking ahead, technologies to tackle climate change will evolve with continued advances in innovation and technological breakthroughs, and the pace of such advances will accelerate.', 'Looking ahead, technologies to tackle climate change will evolve with continued advances in innovation and technological breakthroughs, and the pace of such advances will accelerate. Global climate action for carbon neutrality will also gain traction going forward and the action will become even stronger and more concrete. In line with such global progress, this stake in Strategy will be reviewed and updated on a regular basis so that we may take a step closer towards better, carbon-neutral future.2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea towards a sustainable and green societyThe Government of the Republic of Korea CARBON NEUTRAL STRATEGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE AND GREEN SOCIETY']

en-US

MDA

Republic of Moldova

1st NDC

2017-06-20 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/INDC_Republic_of_Moldova_25.09.2015.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Europe

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/e954ed85efb1e148b5aee477129e20df516050d5764ea14e9591aed3fee0ce14.pdf

['1 | P a g e Government of the Republic of Moldova Republic of Moldova’s Intended National Determined Contribution The Republic of Moldova is fully committed to the UNFCCC negotiation process towards adopting at COP21 a protocol, another legal instrument or an agreed outcome with legal force under the Convention, applicable to all Parties, in line with keeping global warming below 2oC. The Republic of Moldova hereby communicates its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) and the accompanying information to facilitate clarity, transparency, and understanding, with reference to decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20.', 'The Republic of Moldova hereby communicates its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) and the accompanying information to facilitate clarity, transparency, and understanding, with reference to decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20. Regarding the invitation to consider undertakings in adaptation planning, the Republic of Moldova has included in Annex 1 to INDC the information on adaptation contained in its draft Fourth National Communication currently under preparation, as well as in the Republic of Moldova‘s Climate Change Adaptation Strategy covering the period up to 2020 and the Action Plan on its implementation, approved recently by Governmental Decision No. 1009 as of 10.12.2014. 2.', '1009 as of 10.12.2014. 2. Republic of Moldova’s Intended National Determined Contribution The Republic of Moldova intends to achieve an economy-wide unconditional target of reducing its greenhouse gas emissions by 64-67 per cent below its 1990 level in 2030 and to make best efforts to reduce its emissions by 67 per cent. The reduction commitment expressed above could be increased up to 78 per cent below 1990 level conditional to, a global agreement addressing important topics including low-cost financial resources, technology transfer, and technical cooperation, accessible to all at a scale commensurate to the challenge of global climate change.', 'The reduction commitment expressed above could be increased up to 78 per cent below 1990 level conditional to, a global agreement addressing important topics including low-cost financial resources, technology transfer, and technical cooperation, accessible to all at a scale commensurate to the challenge of global climate change. In line with Lima Call for Climate Action, in particular its paragraph 14, the following quantifiable information is hereby submitted:2 | P a g e A) UP-FRONT INFORMATION ON MITIGATION Intended National Determined Contribution Quantifiable information on the reference period Base Year: 1990. Total Emissions in Base Year: 43.4 Mt CO2 eq (without LULUCF) and 37.5 Mt eq (with LULUCF). These data are provisional and will be defined on biennial basis through inventory submissions.', 'These data are provisional and will be defined on biennial basis through inventory submissions. Timeframes and periods of implementation Time frame of the commitment is from 1st January 2021 to 31st December 2030. Its achievement will be tracked periodically through the Republic of Moldova’s Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks. Type of contribution Absolute reduction from base year emissions. Coverage of contribution Economy-wide absolute reduction from the base year emissions. The geographic coverage is the same as the country’s geopolitical boundary (including the administrative territorial units on the left bank of Dniester river). Republic of Moldova intends to account for 100 percent of national greenhouse gas emissions and removals for the base year as published in the Republic of Moldova’s Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks, on a net-net basis.', 'Republic of Moldova intends to account for 100 percent of national greenhouse gas emissions and removals for the base year as published in the Republic of Moldova’s Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks, on a net-net basis. Scope: inclusion of gases and sectors Gases Covered: all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol – Carbone Dioxide (CO2 ), Methane (CH4 ), Nitrous oxide (N2 O), Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), Perfluorocarbons (PFCs), Sulphur hexafluoride ), Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3 ). Sectors covered: energy; industrial processes and product use; agriculture; land use, land-use change and forestry; and waste. Reduction level The Republic of Moldova is committed to an unconditional target of a 64-67 per cent reduction of its greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 compared to 1990 levels.', 'Reduction level The Republic of Moldova is committed to an unconditional target of a 64-67 per cent reduction of its greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 compared to 1990 levels. The 64 per cent reduction corresponds to a self-sufficiency power system development scenario, while the 67 per cent reduction allows for a 30 per cent import of electricity. The reduction commitment could increase up to 78 per cent reduction below 1990 level conditional to a global agreement addressing important topics, including access to low-cost financial resources, technology transfer and technical cooperation commensurate to the challenge of global climate change. Planning processes Relevant legislative acts for the INDC implementation are required and will be considered being approved on Parliamentary level.', 'Planning processes Relevant legislative acts for the INDC implementation are required and will be considered being approved on Parliamentary level. By mid-2016, a draft Low Emission Development Strategy (LEDS) of the Republic of Moldova for the period up to 2030 will be developed. After consultations at the national level, the Low Emission Development Strategy of the Republic of Moldova until 2030 will be subject to approval by the Government by end of 2016.', 'After consultations at the national level, the Low Emission Development Strategy of the Republic of Moldova until 2030 will be subject to approval by the Government by end of 2016. The LEDS is expected to be fully in line with the provisions of the European Union and the Republic of Moldova Association Agreement signed on 27th of June 2014 and any other relevant national legislation.3 | P a g e Intended National Determined Contribution Fair and ambitious The Republic of Moldova’s approach to considering fairness and ambition is to assess how its INDC contributes to meeting the ultimate objective of the Convention, of achieving stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.', 'The LEDS is expected to be fully in line with the provisions of the European Union and the Republic of Moldova Association Agreement signed on 27th of June 2014 and any other relevant national legislation.3 | P a g e Intended National Determined Contribution Fair and ambitious The Republic of Moldova’s approach to considering fairness and ambition is to assess how its INDC contributes to meeting the ultimate objective of the Convention, of achieving stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. National commitments are well in line with the emissions pathways towards 2050 that correspond to keeping global warming below 2oC compared to pre- industrial levels.', 'National commitments are well in line with the emissions pathways towards 2050 that correspond to keeping global warming below 2oC compared to pre- industrial levels. It is worthwhile to note that fairness considerations in the national perspectives include various aspects and no single indicator on its own can accurately reflect fairness or a globally equitable distribution of countries’ efforts. It is further important to note that the evolving nature of a country’s circumstances is to be reflected in the fairness consideration: Responsibility is reflected in a country’s past, current and future greenhouse gas emissions. Total emissions, as well as per capita emissions, are to be considered. The Republic of Moldova’s responsibility in terms of greenhouse gas emissions is low.', 'The Republic of Moldova’s responsibility in terms of greenhouse gas emissions is low. In 2013, the Republic of Moldova emitted 12.8 Mt CO2 eq (without LULUCF) and 12.7 Mt CO2 eq (with LULUCF), which is less than 0.03 per cent of current world’s emissions. Total and net per capita emissions were less than half of the world’s eq/capita (reference), respectively eq/capita respectively)1. Also, the Republic of Moldova has a low level of historic emissions, of about 0.05 per cent (without LULUCF) and/or of about 0.04 per cent (with LULUCF), since 1990. The capacity to contribute to solving the climate change problem is closely related to the ability to invest in appropriate mitigation measures.', 'The capacity to contribute to solving the climate change problem is closely related to the ability to invest in appropriate mitigation measures. Hence, one aspect of capacity is to take into account the GDP growth level and GDP per capita in fairness considerations. In this context, it is worth mentioning that within 1990-2014 period, the Real GDP decreased in the Republic of Moldova by 29 per cent, from 9.8935 to 6.9881 billion 2010 US$, while the real GDP per capita decreased by 14 per cent, from 2,261.9 to 1,950.2 2010 US$2. The mitigation potential and abatement costs are other core aspects in considering a fair contribution of a country.', 'The mitigation potential and abatement costs are other core aspects in considering a fair contribution of a country. The greenhouse gas intensity (“CO2 emissions per GDP”) indices decreased considerably within 1990-2013 period in the Republic of Moldova, from 4.4 per real GDP 2010 US$ (without LULUCF), or by 56.4 per cent; per real GDP 2010 US$ (with LULUCF), or by 56.8 per cent respectively. These values are still among the highest within the transition economies 1 CAIT 2.0 WIR’s Climate Data Explorer: < 2 United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Center International Macroeconomic Data Set: < macroeconomic-data-set.aspx>.4 | P a g e Intended National Determined Contribution from the Central and Eastern Europe and reveal a high mitigation potential to achieve the Republic of Moldova s reduction targets.', 'These values are still among the highest within the transition economies 1 CAIT 2.0 WIR’s Climate Data Explorer: < 2 United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Center International Macroeconomic Data Set: < macroeconomic-data-set.aspx>.4 | P a g e Intended National Determined Contribution from the Central and Eastern Europe and reveal a high mitigation potential to achieve the Republic of Moldova s reduction targets. But, in order to reach the conditional target of up to 78 per cent reduction of its greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 compared to 1990 levels, appropriate international financial support approximately equal to US$ 4.9-5.1 billion, i.e. about US$ 327-340 million per year until 2030, is needed; the support needed will be in addition to the domestic allocations to cover the required abatement costs.', 'about US$ 327-340 million per year until 2030, is needed; the support needed will be in addition to the domestic allocations to cover the required abatement costs. This support will allow adjusting the development pathway of the Republic of Moldova towards a low-carbon economy, thus moving towards progressive decoupling of carbon emissions from economic growth and ensuring a decent level of Real GDP per capita, equal to 4,483 US$/capita in 2030, which will still be approximately one-tenth of EU 28 average, forecasted to be US$ 43,516/capita3 in 2030. As stated above, along with the international financial support for covering the abatement costs, the country will also need assistance in form of technology transfer and capacity building.', 'As stated above, along with the international financial support for covering the abatement costs, the country will also need assistance in form of technology transfer and capacity building. Key assumptions and methodological approaches Metrics applied: The Republic of Moldova intends to use 100-year Global Warming Potential (GWP) values to calculate CO2 equivalent totals. The Republic of Moldova intends to report emission totals using the Fourth Assessment Report values, and will consider future updates to GWP values from IPCC. Methodologies for estimating emissions: IPCC Guidelines 2006.', 'Methodologies for estimating emissions: IPCC Guidelines 2006. Approach to accounting for agriculture, forestry and other land use: the Republic of Moldova intends to include all categories of emissions by sources and removals by sinks, and all pools and gases, as reported in the National Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks; to account for the land sector using a net-net approach; and to use a “production approach” to account for harvested wood products which is consistent with IPCC guidance. The Republic of Moldova may also exclude emissions from natural disturbances, as consistent with available IPCC guidance. There are material data collection and methodological challenges to estimate emissions and removals in the land sector.', 'There are material data collection and methodological challenges to estimate emissions and removals in the land sector. In compliance with IPCC Good Practice, the Republic of Moldova will continue to improve its land sector greenhouse gas reporting, which will involve the update of its methodologies. Contribution of international mechanisms: The Republic of Moldova may use bilateral, regional and international market mechanisms to achieve its conditional 2030 target, subject to robust systems that deliver real and verified emissions reductions. The unconditional INDC commitment will be met through domestic actions, although these would assist cost-effective implementation. In order to avoid GHG emissions’ double counting, an appropriate robust national MRV system will be put in place in the period of 2016-2017.', 'In order to avoid GHG emissions’ double counting, an appropriate robust national MRV system will be put in place in the period of 2016-2017. It will cover the GHG emissions accounting from international bunkers and CDM projects as well, delivering real and verified emission reductions. 3 United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Center International Macroeconomic Data Set: < macroeconomic-data-set.aspx>.5 | P a g e B) CLARIFYING INFORMATION ON MITIGATION ASPECTS IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA The Republic of Moldova’s share in global greenhouse gas emissions is less than 0.03 per cent.', '3 United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Center International Macroeconomic Data Set: < macroeconomic-data-set.aspx>.5 | P a g e B) CLARIFYING INFORMATION ON MITIGATION ASPECTS IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA The Republic of Moldova’s share in global greenhouse gas emissions is less than 0.03 per cent. In 2013, total and net greenhouse gas emissions of the Republic of Moldova equalled 12.8 Mt CO2 eq (with LULUCF) and 12.7 Mt CO2 eq (without LULUCF) (see table 1) and total and net per capita emissions were less than half of the world average (3.2 tCO2 eq/capita, and eq/capita respectively). Table 1: Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks Trends in the Republic of Moldova within 1990-2013 period, Mt CO2 equivalent In 2013, about 65.5 per cent of the total national direct GHG emissions originated from Energy Sector.', 'Table 1: Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks Trends in the Republic of Moldova within 1990-2013 period, Mt CO2 equivalent In 2013, about 65.5 per cent of the total national direct GHG emissions originated from Energy Sector. Other relevant direct GHG sources were represented by Agriculture Sector (16.6 per cent of the total), Waste Sector (12.2 per cent of the total) and Industrial Processes Sector (5.2 per cent of the total). The share of two other sectors (Solvents and Other Product Use and Land Use, Land- Use Change and Forestry Sector) was insignificant, less than 1.0 per cent (see figure 1).', 'The share of two other sectors (Solvents and Other Product Use and Land Use, Land- Use Change and Forestry Sector) was insignificant, less than 1.0 per cent (see figure 1). Figure 1: Breakdown of the Republic of Moldova’s Total GHG Emissions by Sectors in 2013 In comparison with the 1990 year level, by 2013 the Republic of Moldova s GHG emissions were 70.4 per cent below 1990 levels (see figure 2).', 'Figure 1: Breakdown of the Republic of Moldova’s Total GHG Emissions by Sectors in 2013 In comparison with the 1990 year level, by 2013 the Republic of Moldova s GHG emissions were 70.4 per cent below 1990 levels (see figure 2). From table 2, it is obvious that this reduction in GHG emissions over the last 24 years is in full consistency with a decrease in some important socio-economic indicators: population number decreased by 6.8 per cent, the GDP – by 32.2 per cent, the GHG intensity (CO2 eq/GDP) – by 56.4 per cent, the electricity consumption – by 52.3 per cent, the heat consumption – by 82.4 per cent, while the consumption of primary energy resources decreased by 78.3 per cent.', 'From table 2, it is obvious that this reduction in GHG emissions over the last 24 years is in full consistency with a decrease in some important socio-economic indicators: population number decreased by 6.8 per cent, the GDP – by 32.2 per cent, the GHG intensity (CO2 eq/GDP) – by 56.4 per cent, the electricity consumption – by 52.3 per cent, the heat consumption – by 82.4 per cent, while the consumption of primary energy resources decreased by 78.3 per cent. Energy Industrial processes Solvents Agriculture LULUCF Waste6 | P a g e Figure 2: Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks Trends in the Republic of Moldova within 1990- equivalent Table 2: Republic of Moldova’s total GHG Emissions and Associated Variables, 1990-2013 Total emissions, Mt CO2 GHG intensity, kg CO2 The significant reduction in the level of socio-economic indicators over the 1990-2013 periods is a consequence of the deep transformation processes common during transition from a centralized economy to a market economy, specifically after the breakup of the Soviet Union and the declaration of the Republic of Moldova’s independence on 27th of August 1991. equivalent Total (without LULUCF) LULUCF Total (with LULUCF)7 | P a g e The country rated among the low-medium income countries in 1990, and it is at present one of the lowest income nations in Europe.', 'Energy Industrial processes Solvents Agriculture LULUCF Waste6 | P a g e Figure 2: Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks Trends in the Republic of Moldova within 1990- equivalent Table 2: Republic of Moldova’s total GHG Emissions and Associated Variables, 1990-2013 Total emissions, Mt CO2 GHG intensity, kg CO2 The significant reduction in the level of socio-economic indicators over the 1990-2013 periods is a consequence of the deep transformation processes common during transition from a centralized economy to a market economy, specifically after the breakup of the Soviet Union and the declaration of the Republic of Moldova’s independence on 27th of August 1991. equivalent Total (without LULUCF) LULUCF Total (with LULUCF)7 | P a g e The country rated among the low-medium income countries in 1990, and it is at present one of the lowest income nations in Europe. Certain economic decline patterns had been registered prior to 1991, but the separation from the USSR has considerably accelerated the process.', 'Certain economic decline patterns had been registered prior to 1991, but the separation from the USSR has considerably accelerated the process. The GDP level was decreasing continuously during the period from 1990 to 1999 inclusively, when it fell down to as little as 34 per cent of the 1990 level. The reasons for the economic collapse were numerous. First, the country had been fully integrated in the USSR economic system, and the independence resulted, among other things, in the cessation of any subsidies or cash transfers from the centralized government. Second, the end of the Soviet Era with its well established commercial links has resulted in the emergence of numerous obstacles for free movement of goods, and in access restrictions introduced by the emerging markets.', 'Second, the end of the Soviet Era with its well established commercial links has resulted in the emergence of numerous obstacles for free movement of goods, and in access restrictions introduced by the emerging markets. Third, the lack of domestic energy resources and raw materials in the country has contributed considerably to the nation’s strong dependence on other former Soviet Republics. This dependence has affected consumers’ capacity to pay for the energy used due to the increased prices of energy resources (ex., from 1997 to 2014 the natural gas tariff increased 13.0 times; electricity tariff increased 6.6 times; gasoline, diesel and liquefied gases prices increased 1.9 times), in the condition when about 95% of energy resources were imported.', 'This dependence has affected consumers’ capacity to pay for the energy used due to the increased prices of energy resources (ex., from 1997 to 2014 the natural gas tariff increased 13.0 times; electricity tariff increased 6.6 times; gasoline, diesel and liquefied gases prices increased 1.9 times), in the condition when about 95% of energy resources were imported. On the other hand, without applying cross subsidizations policies, the current energy prices have incentivized the population to take strong energy efficiency measures in the Republic of Moldova, which led to a significant decrease of the energy intensity, declining since 2006 with an average annual negative growth of 11.3 per cent.', 'On the other hand, without applying cross subsidizations policies, the current energy prices have incentivized the population to take strong energy efficiency measures in the Republic of Moldova, which led to a significant decrease of the energy intensity, declining since 2006 with an average annual negative growth of 11.3 per cent. At the same time, within 2000-2013 period, the real GDP increased by 90.5 per cent, from 3.5229 to 6.7119 billion 2010 US$, while the real GDP per capita increased by 120.0 per cent, from 842.8 to 1,854.1 2010 US$.', 'At the same time, within 2000-2013 period, the real GDP increased by 90.5 per cent, from 3.5229 to 6.7119 billion 2010 US$, while the real GDP per capita increased by 120.0 per cent, from 842.8 to 1,854.1 2010 US$. The considerable real GDP growth achieved since 2000 seems to indicate that the economy is finally developing in the correct direction, although it should be remembered that in 2013 the real GDP reached only 68 per cent of the 1990 year level.', 'The considerable real GDP growth achieved since 2000 seems to indicate that the economy is finally developing in the correct direction, although it should be remembered that in 2013 the real GDP reached only 68 per cent of the 1990 year level. It is worth mentioning that from 2000 to 2013, the electricity consumption increased in the Republic of Moldova by 20.8 per cent; the heat consumption – by 10.0 per cent, the consumption of primary energy resources – by 16.8 per cent; while the GHG intensity (CO2 eq/GDP) decreased during the same period by 37.2 per cent, showing the first signs of the decoupling of economic growth from the growth in greenhouse gas emissions, by 19.6 per cent within 2000-2013 periods (see figure 3).', 'It is worth mentioning that from 2000 to 2013, the electricity consumption increased in the Republic of Moldova by 20.8 per cent; the heat consumption – by 10.0 per cent, the consumption of primary energy resources – by 16.8 per cent; while the GHG intensity (CO2 eq/GDP) decreased during the same period by 37.2 per cent, showing the first signs of the decoupling of economic growth from the growth in greenhouse gas emissions, by 19.6 per cent within 2000-2013 periods (see figure 3). Figure 3: Trends in total GHG emissions and associated variables in the Republic of Moldova within Indexated indications (year 2000=100%) Real GDP Total GHG emissions Population GHG intensity (CO2/GDP) Electricity consumption Heat consumption Primary energy resources consumption8 | P a g e Pre-2020 Mitigation Policy Framework In 2010, the Republic of Moldova joined the Copenhagen Accord and submitted an emission reduction target to the UNFCCC Secretariat, which is specified in Annex II to this Agreement “Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions of the Developing Countries”.', 'Figure 3: Trends in total GHG emissions and associated variables in the Republic of Moldova within Indexated indications (year 2000=100%) Real GDP Total GHG emissions Population GHG intensity (CO2/GDP) Electricity consumption Heat consumption Primary energy resources consumption8 | P a g e Pre-2020 Mitigation Policy Framework In 2010, the Republic of Moldova joined the Copenhagen Accord and submitted an emission reduction target to the UNFCCC Secretariat, which is specified in Annex II to this Agreement “Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions of the Developing Countries”. The target of the appropriate mitigation actions of the Republic of Moldova envisaged in this Agreement represents: “A reduction of no less than 25% of the 1990 level total national GHG emissions has to be achieved by 2020 through implementation of global economic mechanisms focused on the climate change mitigation, in accordance with the Convention’s principles and provisions.” This target was provided without specific nationally appropriate mitigation actions, identified and quantified, or further clarification on the support needed.', 'The target of the appropriate mitigation actions of the Republic of Moldova envisaged in this Agreement represents: “A reduction of no less than 25% of the 1990 level total national GHG emissions has to be achieved by 2020 through implementation of global economic mechanisms focused on the climate change mitigation, in accordance with the Convention’s principles and provisions.” This target was provided without specific nationally appropriate mitigation actions, identified and quantified, or further clarification on the support needed. However, it was recognized that, to achieve this target, significant financial, technological and capacity building support will be needed, which can be provided by UNFCCC mechanisms. The Environmental Protection Strategy for the years 2014-2023 and the Action Plan for its implementation was recently approved through the Governmental Decision No. 301 as of 24.04.20144.', 'The Environmental Protection Strategy for the years 2014-2023 and the Action Plan for its implementation was recently approved through the Governmental Decision No. 301 as of 24.04.20144. According to this policy document, a 20 per cent GHG emissions reduction compared to the BAU scenario has to be reached in the Republic of Moldova by 2020.', 'According to this policy document, a 20 per cent GHG emissions reduction compared to the BAU scenario has to be reached in the Republic of Moldova by 2020. Along with the overall national target, the policy document sets up GHG emissions reduction targets for seven economic sectors: power production sector – 25 per cent GHG emissions reduction compared to BAU scenario has to be achieved by 2020; buildings, industry and agriculture sectors – 20 per cent GHG emissions reduction compared to BAU scenario has to be reached by 2020; transport and waste sectors – 15 per cent GHG emissions reduction compared to BAU scenario has to be achieved by 2020; and LULUCF sector – an increase by 25 per cent of the net removals has to be reached by 2020.', 'Along with the overall national target, the policy document sets up GHG emissions reduction targets for seven economic sectors: power production sector – 25 per cent GHG emissions reduction compared to BAU scenario has to be achieved by 2020; buildings, industry and agriculture sectors – 20 per cent GHG emissions reduction compared to BAU scenario has to be reached by 2020; transport and waste sectors – 15 per cent GHG emissions reduction compared to BAU scenario has to be achieved by 2020; and LULUCF sector – an increase by 25 per cent of the net removals has to be reached by 2020. The desired reduction of GHG emissions by 2020 of 20 per cent below the BAU scenario level requires decisive actions at the national and sector levels.', 'The desired reduction of GHG emissions by 2020 of 20 per cent below the BAU scenario level requires decisive actions at the national and sector levels. For instance, considerable abatement contributions are expected to be achieved within the energy sector (533 ktep savings are envisaged from energy efficiency measures and 430 ktep savings from RES implementation covering the energy demand – the policy instruments in place envisage increasing the share of RES in the country’s energy balance up to 20 percent by 2020, and covering up to 10 percent of the electricity demand with locally produced renewable energy by 2020). Post-2020 Mitigation Policies Framework Relevant legislative acts for the INDC’s commitments implementation within 2021-2030 periods are required and will be considered being approved on Parliamentary level.', 'Post-2020 Mitigation Policies Framework Relevant legislative acts for the INDC’s commitments implementation within 2021-2030 periods are required and will be considered being approved on Parliamentary level. By mid-2016, a draft Low Emission Development Strategy (LEDS) of the Republic of Moldova for the period up to 2030 will be developed. After consultations at the national level, the Low Emission Development Strategy of the Republic of Moldova until 2030 will be subject to approval by the Government by end of 2016. Thus, the Republic of Moldova stays committed to and striving for an ambitious international agreement on climate change in line with recommendations by science to maintain average global temperature increase below two degrees Celsius. 4 < | P a g e 3.', '4 < | P a g e 3. FOLLOW UP The Republic of Moldova urges all other Parties, in particular major economies, to communicate their INDCs in a manner that facilitates their clarity, transparency and understanding. The Republic of Moldova requests the UNFCCC Secretariat to publish its INDC on its website and to take it into account when preparing the synthesis report on the aggregate effect of the INDCs communicated by Parties. The Republic of Moldova looks forward to discussing with other Parties the fairness and ambition of the INDCs in the context of the below 2oC objective, their aggregate contribution to that objective and ways to collectively further increase this ambition.10 | P a g e A) UP-FRONT INFORMATION ON ADAPTATION PLANNING A.I.', 'The Republic of Moldova looks forward to discussing with other Parties the fairness and ambition of the INDCs in the context of the below 2oC objective, their aggregate contribution to that objective and ways to collectively further increase this ambition.10 | P a g e A) UP-FRONT INFORMATION ON ADAPTATION PLANNING A.I. Climate change trends, impacts and vulnerabilities The Republic of Moldova is a highly vulnerable country to the adverse impacts of climate change. Over the last 127 years, the Republic of Moldova has experienced changes in temperature and mean precipitation. The country has become warmer, with the average temperature increase greater than 1.0°C.', 'The country has become warmer, with the average temperature increase greater than 1.0°C. Figure 4: Trends of annual average air temperature change (°C) for 1887-2014: blue (actual course trend), black solid line (linear trend secular course) and red line (10 year moving average trend) at the meteorological station Chisinau, central part of the country At the same time, the Republic of Moldova has experienced an increased number of extreme weather events, such as droughts and floods. An analysis of national climate data revealed that the frequency of droughts in the Republic of Moldova in a 10-year time span is 1-2 droughts in the Northern part of the country; 2-3 droughts in the Central part and 5-6 droughts in the South.', 'An analysis of national climate data revealed that the frequency of droughts in the Republic of Moldova in a 10-year time span is 1-2 droughts in the Northern part of the country; 2-3 droughts in the Central part and 5-6 droughts in the South. Their frequency is increasing, especially over the last decades. During the 1990-2014 timespan, 10 years were marked by droughts, which reduced significantly the crop yields. In 1990, 1992 and 2003, droughts continued during the entire vegetation period (April-September). The disastrous droughts of 2007 and 2012 affected over 70 per cent of the territory of the country, being the most severe droughts in the entire instrumental record period.', 'The disastrous droughts of 2007 and 2012 affected over 70 per cent of the territory of the country, being the most severe droughts in the entire instrumental record period. Figure 5: Trends of annual average precipitation (mm) for 1891-2014: blue (actual course trend), black solid line (linear trend secular course) and red line (10 year moving average trend) at the meteorological station Chisinau, central part of the country. y = 0.0101x - 9.9612 y = 0.5474x - 540.511 | P a g e Floods also affect the Republic of Moldova on a recurring basis.', 'y = 0.0101x - 9.9612 y = 0.5474x - 540.511 | P a g e Floods also affect the Republic of Moldova on a recurring basis. In the past 70 years, 10 major floods on the great rivers of the Republic of Moldova (Dniester and Prut) were reported, and three of those occurred already in XXI century (2006, 2008 and 2010). Large floods on the smaller rivers of the country are also quite common. The socio-economic costs of climate change related to natural disasters such as droughts and floods are significant. Both their intensity and frequency are expected to further increase as a result of climate change. During 1984-2006, the Republic of Moldova’s average annual economic losses due to natural disasters were about US$61 million.', 'During 1984-2006, the Republic of Moldova’s average annual economic losses due to natural disasters were about US$61 million. The 2007 and 2012 droughts alone caused losses estimated at about US$ 1.0 and 0.4 billion, respectively. The 2008 floods cost the country about US$120 million, and the total damage and losses produced by 2010 floods were estimated at approximately US$42 million. The patterns of future temperature and precipitation conditions were computed for the Republic of Moldova from the global climate model output gathered as part of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5).', 'The patterns of future temperature and precipitation conditions were computed for the Republic of Moldova from the global climate model output gathered as part of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). Twenty one global coupled atmosphere ocean general circulation models (GCMs) were implied in this exercise under the Forth National Communication Project, the projections being made under the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, and RCP 8.5 available in the IPCC AR5. The future climatic changes were assessed over the three Agro-Ecological Zones (AEZs) (North, Centre and South) of the Republic of Moldova for the near term (2016–2035), midterm (2046– 2065) and long term (2081–2100) given relative to the reference period (1986–2005).', 'The future climatic changes were assessed over the three Agro-Ecological Zones (AEZs) (North, Centre and South) of the Republic of Moldova for the near term (2016–2035), midterm (2046– 2065) and long term (2081–2100) given relative to the reference period (1986–2005). It was revealed that for temperature, the ensemble average changes consistently have the same sign across scenarios and their magnitude increase from the low RCP 2.6 radiative forcing pathway to the high RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5, as moving into the later decades of the 21st century. The CMIP5 projections reveal warming in all seasons for the three AEZs, while precipitation projections are more variable across scenarios, sub-regions and seasons. Annual changes for temperatures are very homogeneous over the three AEZs.', 'Annual changes for temperatures are very homogeneous over the three AEZs. The rate of warming is higher under RCP 8.5 scenario +4.6°C; medium +2.4°C under RCP 4.5; and smaller +1.3°C under the RCP 2.6 scenario by 2100. The ensemble, driven by RCP 8.5 emission scenario, estimates that the three AEZs will experience the most significant warming during summer from +5.9°C in North up to +6.1°C in South by 2100. The pattern of change derived from the ensemble RCP 2.6 models is quite similar, but the magnitude of change is lower from +1.3 to +1.5°C. The warming would be higher during winter up to +4.6°C in North, in the Centre and South temperature rise will be lower up to +4.2oC according to the RCP 8.5 scenario.', 'The warming would be higher during winter up to +4.6°C in North, in the Centre and South temperature rise will be lower up to +4.2oC according to the RCP 8.5 scenario. The RCP 2.6 scenario reveals less intense warming over the three AEZs, from +1.2 to +1.4°C. The ensemble projections from the RCP 8.5 forcing scenario show that the three AEZs would exhibit a general annual decrease in precipitation varying from 9.9% in North to 13.4% in South. Controversially, according to RCP 2.6 scenario moderate increase in precipitation from 3.1% in North to 5.1% in South by 2100 is projected. Winters were been estimated to be wetter in the Republic of Moldova by the end of the 21st century.', 'Winters were been estimated to be wetter in the Republic of Moldova by the end of the 21st century. The ensemble projections show the largest increase in precipitation from 4.0% (RCP 2.6) to 11.8% (RCP 8.5) in winter over Northern and the lowest one from 3.0% (RCP 2.6) to 7.4% (RCP 8.5) in Central parts of the country by 2100. The precipitation decrease will be more extended in the three AEZs during summer; the greatest rainfall reduction from 13.2% (RCP 4.5) to 25.1% (RCP 8.5) is projected in Centre and the lowest one from 7.4% (RCP 4.5) to 18.1% (RCP 8.5) in the North of the Republic of Moldova.12 | P a g e A.II.', 'The precipitation decrease will be more extended in the three AEZs during summer; the greatest rainfall reduction from 13.2% (RCP 4.5) to 25.1% (RCP 8.5) is projected in Centre and the lowest one from 7.4% (RCP 4.5) to 18.1% (RCP 8.5) in the North of the Republic of Moldova.12 | P a g e A.II. Mid-term adaptation vision, goal and targets The Republic of Moldova’s Climate Change Adaptation Strategy until 2020 and the Action Plan on its implementation have been recently approved through the Governmental Decision No. 1009 as of 10.12.20145.', 'Mid-term adaptation vision, goal and targets The Republic of Moldova’s Climate Change Adaptation Strategy until 2020 and the Action Plan on its implementation have been recently approved through the Governmental Decision No. 1009 as of 10.12.20145. The vision of the Strategy is to develop and apply “a mechanism for adaptation to actual and potential climate change impacts, integrated and implemented across all sectors of the national economy so as to reduce vulnerability and increase resilience to the effects of these changes”. The goal of the Strategy is ‘to assure that the Republic of Moldova’s social and economic development is less vulnerable to climate change impacts by becoming more resilient’.', 'The goal of the Strategy is ‘to assure that the Republic of Moldova’s social and economic development is less vulnerable to climate change impacts by becoming more resilient’. The general objective of the Strategy is oriented towards ‘increasing the capacity of the Republic of Moldova to adapt and respond to actual or potential climate change effects’. The three specific objectives of the Strategy are to: 1) Create by 2018 the institutional framework in the field of climate change that would assure the efficient implementation of adaptation measures at the national, sector and local levels. 2) Create by 2020 a mechanism to monitor the climate change impacts, the related social and economic vulnerability and for the management/dissemination of the information on risks and climate disasters.', '2) Create by 2020 a mechanism to monitor the climate change impacts, the related social and economic vulnerability and for the management/dissemination of the information on risks and climate disasters. 3) Assure the development of climate resilience by reducing at least by 50% the climate change vulnerability and facilitate climate change adaptation in six priority sectors (agriculture, water resources, forestry, human health, energy and transport) by 2020. The Action Plan on implementation of the Republic of Moldova’s Climate Change Adaptation Strategy until 2020 is treated as 1st National Adaptation Plan (NAP).', 'The Action Plan on implementation of the Republic of Moldova’s Climate Change Adaptation Strategy until 2020 is treated as 1st National Adaptation Plan (NAP). It is envisaged that the progress made in the area of adaptation to climate change will be determined on a periodic basis and in post-2020 period 4-year based NAPs and Sector Adaptation Plans (SAPs) will be developed and implemented. More detailed information on this issue is provided in section ‘A.VI. Monitoring and reporting progress’. A.III.', 'More detailed information on this issue is provided in section ‘A.VI. Monitoring and reporting progress’. A.III. Current and planned adaptation undertakings The Republic of Moldova’s Climate Change Adaptation Strategy until 2020 and the Action Plan on its implementation is intended to serve as an umbrella strategy that creates the enabling environment for specific sectors and ministries to “mainstream” climate change adaptation and risk management in their existing and future strategies through a series of NAPs and SAPs, supported by a long-term financial strategy that includes national resources and international support to prevent the adverse effects of climate change and maximize the opportunities provided by them.', 'Current and planned adaptation undertakings The Republic of Moldova’s Climate Change Adaptation Strategy until 2020 and the Action Plan on its implementation is intended to serve as an umbrella strategy that creates the enabling environment for specific sectors and ministries to “mainstream” climate change adaptation and risk management in their existing and future strategies through a series of NAPs and SAPs, supported by a long-term financial strategy that includes national resources and international support to prevent the adverse effects of climate change and maximize the opportunities provided by them. Specific Objective 1: Create by 2018 the institutional framework in the field of climate change that would assure the efficient implementation of adaptation measures at the national, sector and local levels The specific objective 1 is envisaged be achieved through the following courses of action: Action 1.1: Develop the institutional framework in the field of climate change adaptation The Government has to create a strong institutional structure and the environment that would enable advocating for climate change adaptation across all sectors and at all levels of implementation with strengthening technical capacities and leadership for implementation of climate change adaptation measures.', 'Specific Objective 1: Create by 2018 the institutional framework in the field of climate change that would assure the efficient implementation of adaptation measures at the national, sector and local levels The specific objective 1 is envisaged be achieved through the following courses of action: Action 1.1: Develop the institutional framework in the field of climate change adaptation The Government has to create a strong institutional structure and the environment that would enable advocating for climate change adaptation across all sectors and at all levels of implementation with strengthening technical capacities and leadership for implementation of climate change adaptation measures. Institutional framework for climate risk management is 5 < | P a g e needed to sustain the capacity to implement specific measures at sector level, based on a reasonable understanding of the risks.', 'Institutional framework for climate risk management is 5 < | P a g e needed to sustain the capacity to implement specific measures at sector level, based on a reasonable understanding of the risks. In the initial capacity development stage this is reflected in training and awareness rising among decision-makers and technical staff to develop foundational capacity. Given the fact that the Ministry of Environment does not have a special structure that would develop and promote an effective climate change policy, the capacity building becomes indispensable to this ministry by creating a division specialized in climate policies.', 'Given the fact that the Ministry of Environment does not have a special structure that would develop and promote an effective climate change policy, the capacity building becomes indispensable to this ministry by creating a division specialized in climate policies. Considering the need to integrate climate change aspects in sectorial development policies, climate change units will also have to be created in the line ministries and these institutions shall be provided adequate financial resources. Building the capacities of governmental institutions to manage and integrate climate change adaptation in sectoral development policies and sustainable practices to be implemented at national and local levels will be initiated at the beginning of the implementation of the Strategy.', 'Building the capacities of governmental institutions to manage and integrate climate change adaptation in sectoral development policies and sustainable practices to be implemented at national and local levels will be initiated at the beginning of the implementation of the Strategy. A training program will be developed and implemented on building the capacity to integrate climate risks and disasters in sectoral policies and sustainable practices related to climate change adaptation methods, adapted to the needs of local and national levels, and sector-specific issues, accordingly.', 'A training program will be developed and implemented on building the capacity to integrate climate risks and disasters in sectoral policies and sustainable practices related to climate change adaptation methods, adapted to the needs of local and national levels, and sector-specific issues, accordingly. Action 1.2: Mainstream climate change adaptation in the sectoral policies of national economy Responding to the risk posed by climate change will require coordinated and focused efforts of the Government in view of promoting policies and measures at national and sector levels to prevent adverse climate change effects. Central Public Authorities will need to amend the existing and/or develop new sectoral strategies and action plans on climate change adaptation to address climate risks as part of the policies and activities planned at sector level.', 'Central Public Authorities will need to amend the existing and/or develop new sectoral strategies and action plans on climate change adaptation to address climate risks as part of the policies and activities planned at sector level. Mainstreaming climate change risks and adaptation into the national framework requires several steps to assure that information about climate-related risks, vulnerability, and options for adaptation is incorporated into planning and decision-making in key sectors as well as into existing national assessments and action plans. Broadly speaking, these steps include: understand climate risks and existing knowledge on climate change adaptation; assess institutional and policy implications of key threats posed by climate change; amend the existing and/or develop new sectoral strategies and action plans that are climate-resilient.', 'Broadly speaking, these steps include: understand climate risks and existing knowledge on climate change adaptation; assess institutional and policy implications of key threats posed by climate change; amend the existing and/or develop new sectoral strategies and action plans that are climate-resilient. To assure the implementation of these policies, actions on identifying funds for adaptation, creating mechanisms for performance coordination and monitoring will be needed. As this process is not linear, it requires that new information on climate risks and adaptation approaches be continuously integration to minimize the impacts.', 'As this process is not linear, it requires that new information on climate risks and adaptation approaches be continuously integration to minimize the impacts. The implementation of climate change adaptation measures while assuring the sustainable development and economic growth also requires the improvement of the existing legal framework, the development of efficient financial instruments to implement these measures and a change in the behaviour and attitude to consumption mode and generation method.', 'The implementation of climate change adaptation measures while assuring the sustainable development and economic growth also requires the improvement of the existing legal framework, the development of efficient financial instruments to implement these measures and a change in the behaviour and attitude to consumption mode and generation method. Thus, the relevant legislative acts will be reviewed to identify fields that do not enable the existing or potential adaptation activities, the legislation will be amended or new legislative and regulatory acts will be developed to assure that legislative and regulatory frameworks facilitate climate change adaptation at all levels, including autonomous adaptation of individuals, communities and private sector.', 'Thus, the relevant legislative acts will be reviewed to identify fields that do not enable the existing or potential adaptation activities, the legislation will be amended or new legislative and regulatory acts will be developed to assure that legislative and regulatory frameworks facilitate climate change adaptation at all levels, including autonomous adaptation of individuals, communities and private sector. Action 1.3: Develop the communication and the institutional cooperation in view of implementing adaptation policies14 | P a g e In the spirit of joint action stemming from the general objective, public authorities will establish clear objectives and jointly achieve them, to protect the Republic of Moldova against the negative effects of climate change.', 'Action 1.3: Develop the communication and the institutional cooperation in view of implementing adaptation policies14 | P a g e In the spirit of joint action stemming from the general objective, public authorities will establish clear objectives and jointly achieve them, to protect the Republic of Moldova against the negative effects of climate change. They will propose measures and solutions and will implement actions under the leadership, guidance and coordination of the Ministry of Environment, in accordance with the national priorities and the European Climate Change Adaptation Policy and the obligations of the country under the Republic of Moldova-EU Association Agreement (AA) to implement these policies.', 'They will propose measures and solutions and will implement actions under the leadership, guidance and coordination of the Ministry of Environment, in accordance with the national priorities and the European Climate Change Adaptation Policy and the obligations of the country under the Republic of Moldova-EU Association Agreement (AA) to implement these policies. Following the courses of action set out, decision makers and those who assure its implementation in all priority sectors should cooperate effectively to assure a secure future.', 'Following the courses of action set out, decision makers and those who assure its implementation in all priority sectors should cooperate effectively to assure a secure future. Since governmental institutions cannot assume themselves the responsibility to implement of climate change adaptation measures, the whole society should be ready to respond to requests by going through a transition process of changing attitudes and actions, from a reactive to a proactive approach to a climate change mitigation policy, fully accepted, adopted, implemented, and continuously updated by the Government. Public authorities need to focus on the cooperation with the business community, NGOs and academic/scientific community and combine the expertise and resources to raise the willingness to act.', 'Public authorities need to focus on the cooperation with the business community, NGOs and academic/scientific community and combine the expertise and resources to raise the willingness to act. Public authorities need to assure the creation, sharing and dissemination of knowledge, as well as the exchange of best practices in all priority sectors. The development of public-private partnership will encourage for increasing the effectiveness of the approach specific to a field. Regional and international cooperation will be also developed, and as long as the provision of financial resources is limited, collaborative relationships with donor financial institutions will be developed.', 'Regional and international cooperation will be also developed, and as long as the provision of financial resources is limited, collaborative relationships with donor financial institutions will be developed. The main instrument for strengthening the cross-sector coordination will be Communication Strategy on Climate Change Adaptation, which will establish an effective mechanism to disseminate, among relevant ministries, the information on implementation of climate change adaptation strategies, and as a feedback link inclusive, to have a two-way information flow.', 'The main instrument for strengthening the cross-sector coordination will be Communication Strategy on Climate Change Adaptation, which will establish an effective mechanism to disseminate, among relevant ministries, the information on implementation of climate change adaptation strategies, and as a feedback link inclusive, to have a two-way information flow. Specific Objective 2: Create by 2020 a mechanism for monitoring the climate change impact, related social and economic vulnerability, and managing/disseminating the information on climate risks and disasters The specific objective 2 will be implemented in three courses of action: Action 2.1: Continuous monitoring and research of climate change impacts, related social and economic vulnerability, and periodic updating of climate scenarios Continuous monitoring of climate change impacts at the national level allows for identifying the most likely evolution in this field, and providing opportunities for immediate action and decisions at the administrative level.', 'Specific Objective 2: Create by 2020 a mechanism for monitoring the climate change impact, related social and economic vulnerability, and managing/disseminating the information on climate risks and disasters The specific objective 2 will be implemented in three courses of action: Action 2.1: Continuous monitoring and research of climate change impacts, related social and economic vulnerability, and periodic updating of climate scenarios Continuous monitoring of climate change impacts at the national level allows for identifying the most likely evolution in this field, and providing opportunities for immediate action and decisions at the administrative level. As accurate as possible knowledge on potential climate change effects on economic and social sectors is needed to adopt effective climate change adaptation measures.', 'As accurate as possible knowledge on potential climate change effects on economic and social sectors is needed to adopt effective climate change adaptation measures. Research activities need to be implemented on the following priorities: a) determine the vulnerability of sectors, regions and natural/anthropogenic systems when extreme weather events take place; b) identify the climate change evolution, as close as possible to the regional and local levels, and develop climate maps to identify at-risk areas in the country to undertake priority actions. c) develop climate scenarios (average conditions and various extreme weather events) that are based on regional climate models, and assess the uncertainties related to such scenarios; d) carry out research on climate change impact on sectors, regions and natural/anthropogenic systems.', 'c) develop climate scenarios (average conditions and various extreme weather events) that are based on regional climate models, and assess the uncertainties related to such scenarios; d) carry out research on climate change impact on sectors, regions and natural/anthropogenic systems. Action 2.2: Create a climate change database15 | P a g e The Ministry of Environment will coordinate the creation of a national climate change database, acting in this regard jointly with the research institutions, academia, universities and NGOs. This database will contain full information on the evolution of climatic factors such as temperature, rainfall regimen, etc., including their variability, and the occurrence of extreme hydro- meteorological events.', 'This database will contain full information on the evolution of climatic factors such as temperature, rainfall regimen, etc., including their variability, and the occurrence of extreme hydro- meteorological events. To create such a database, all available information will be collected and areas where knowledge and data are missing will be identified. The database will be completed and organized in a systematic manner so as to be easily accessible to stakeholders. The database will be expanded at the local level, as authorities at this level are the ones who often implement measures, which are not part of the central governmental structures’ duties.', 'The database will be expanded at the local level, as authorities at this level are the ones who often implement measures, which are not part of the central governmental structures’ duties. A model of creating this database is the Clearinghouse Mechanism, developed at European level, which will be a tool for collecting and disseminating climate change information, data and case studies, and will also help to increase the coordination between the relevant sectoral policies. Capacity building and strengthening of the national system of statistics collection/monitoring, reporting, to assure adequate management of electronic databases for periodic hydro- meteorological and climate information and other data needed to assess climate risks and impacts, will be considered some of the important elements for assuring the implementation of the national climate change adaptation policy.', 'Capacity building and strengthening of the national system of statistics collection/monitoring, reporting, to assure adequate management of electronic databases for periodic hydro- meteorological and climate information and other data needed to assess climate risks and impacts, will be considered some of the important elements for assuring the implementation of the national climate change adaptation policy. Action 2.3: Raise the awareness of all stakeholders on climate change risks and adaptation measures To implement climate change adaptation policies, the whole society together with public authorities, companies and NGOs, will assure an appropriate level of knowledge about climate change and its expected effects.', 'Action 2.3: Raise the awareness of all stakeholders on climate change risks and adaptation measures To implement climate change adaptation policies, the whole society together with public authorities, companies and NGOs, will assure an appropriate level of knowledge about climate change and its expected effects. The awareness on the need to promote climate change adaptation measures will facilitate the needed shift in attitudes and behaviour, and will improve the overall capacity to mitigate climate change effects. Awareness raising actions will be developed based on the need to change the attitudes and behaviour towards the use of natural resources, environmental protection and especially to climate change and the urgency of climate change adaptation actions.', 'Awareness raising actions will be developed based on the need to change the attitudes and behaviour towards the use of natural resources, environmental protection and especially to climate change and the urgency of climate change adaptation actions. At the same time, inclusion of climate change adaptation issues in the curricula at all levels and in the professional training process plays a very important role in the development of appropriate attitudes, so that young people and children have access to information on disaster and climate risk, appropriate emergency response and long-term adaptation options. To achieve this goal, an effective awareness campaign will be conducted on climate change adaptation issue, on the potential and the current risks and threats associated with climate change and on the needed preventive actions.', 'To achieve this goal, an effective awareness campaign will be conducted on climate change adaptation issue, on the potential and the current risks and threats associated with climate change and on the needed preventive actions. Raising the awareness level, disseminating information and proper training are essential elements in the decentralization of the efforts of identifying and implementing specific adaptation measures. The promotion and implementation of the Strategy on communicating climate change impacts and possible responses to them will be of particular importance in this regard, including a public information and awareness campaign through appropriate mass-media.', 'The promotion and implementation of the Strategy on communicating climate change impacts and possible responses to them will be of particular importance in this regard, including a public information and awareness campaign through appropriate mass-media. An early warning system on natural disasters of climatic origin will be created, by providing access for public to data and information needed to assess the climate risks and impacts, as well as the publication of regular monitoring reports as part of the strategy for communication of climate change impacts. By assuring the appropriate level of awareness and sensitivity, obvious behavioural changes are expected in society and at the community level.', 'By assuring the appropriate level of awareness and sensitivity, obvious behavioural changes are expected in society and at the community level. Specific Objective 3: Assure the development of climate resilience by reducing at least by 50% the climate change vulnerability and facilitate climate change adaptation in six priority sectors (agriculture, water resources, forestry, human health, energy and transport) by 2020.16 | P a g e Climate change adaptation process will take place in different sectors and at different levels (national, regional, local) with a customized approach for each sector/location. As climate change has a different impact across the sectors and at different levels, measures on adaptation to climate change effects will also be different but will respect the same parameters.', 'As climate change has a different impact across the sectors and at different levels, measures on adaptation to climate change effects will also be different but will respect the same parameters. To provide viable sectoral solutions, adaptation will be mainstreamed in planning the development of the given sector and will be achieved by close cooperation between stakeholders. In this regard, adaptation measures will be mainstreamed in the current sectoral policies, or new Strategies and/or Action Plans for risk mitigation and climate change adaptation will be developed. Thus, for each relevant sector specific measures will be identified and implemented taking into account: a) assessment of the current stage (actions undertaken, their results, etc.)', 'Thus, for each relevant sector specific measures will be identified and implemented taking into account: a) assessment of the current stage (actions undertaken, their results, etc.) and experience gained; b) general objectives, intermediate objectives and measures to be taken to achieve them; c) indicators to monitor the progress of their implementation; d) present and future research needs; e) available and needed resources; f) the institutional framework for implementation, and allocation of responsibilities; g) risk management tools; h) best practices for the integration of climate change adaptation measures in the development of national policies. If necessary, the legal framework, regulations and financial instruments will be amended to implement climate change adaptation. Development and implementation of all climate change adaptation measures will be coordinated by the Ministry of Environment and achieved by line ministries.', 'Development and implementation of all climate change adaptation measures will be coordinated by the Ministry of Environment and achieved by line ministries. Action 3.1: Risk Management and Climate Change Adaptation in the Agriculture Sector 1) At the national level it will be necessary to: a) identify vulnerable areas and subsectors, assess the needs and opportunities of alternative crops, and change varieties as a response to climate change; b) support agricultural research and experimental production for the selection of crops and development of the best varieties that are better suited to the new climate conditions; c) improve the capacities for the adaptation to climate change effects through raising the awareness of stakeholders with agricultural advice and essential information on farm management; d) assure increased investments in efficiency of irrigation infrastructure, aqua-technologies and improvement of water resources management; e) develop irrigation plans based on a careful assessment of their impact, future water availability and water needs, taking into account the supply-demand balance; f) create tools for risk and crisis management to cope with the economic consequences of climate related events.', 'Action 3.1: Risk Management and Climate Change Adaptation in the Agriculture Sector 1) At the national level it will be necessary to: a) identify vulnerable areas and subsectors, assess the needs and opportunities of alternative crops, and change varieties as a response to climate change; b) support agricultural research and experimental production for the selection of crops and development of the best varieties that are better suited to the new climate conditions; c) improve the capacities for the adaptation to climate change effects through raising the awareness of stakeholders with agricultural advice and essential information on farm management; d) assure increased investments in efficiency of irrigation infrastructure, aqua-technologies and improvement of water resources management; e) develop irrigation plans based on a careful assessment of their impact, future water availability and water needs, taking into account the supply-demand balance; f) create tools for risk and crisis management to cope with the economic consequences of climate related events. 2) At the local/farm level, the following measures are important: a) adapting of periods during which agricultural activities are carried out; b) develop technical solutions to cope with extreme weather events, to protect the crops and livestock; c) improve ventilation and air conditioning systems of livestock farms; d) choose crops and varieties better adapted to changes in the growing season and to water availability, as well as greater resilience to new climate conditions;17 | P a g e e) crops adaptation by using the existing genetic diversity and new opportunities provided by biotechnology; f) increase the efficiency of pest and disease control; g) efficient use of water by reducing water losses, improving irrigation techniques, water recycling and storage; h) improved soil management by increasing water retention to maintain the soil moisture; i) landscape management by maintaining landscape elements that provide shelter to livestock; j) introduce livestock species resilient to extreme temperatures and adapt the nutritional regime of livestock to demands caused by climate change; k) popularization of new technologies addressing soil structure stability and soil treatment for enlarging the active layer of the root zone for enlarging water uptake; l) runoff reduction by agronomic practices (no‐tillage can reduce water runoff); m) develop new complex agricultural water management programmes (combining irrigation, fishery and excess inland water management); 3) Other relevant measures will consist in: a) developing good practice guides for agriculture sector, especially for non-irrigated agriculture; b) developing and implementing local adaptation action plans (at community level); c) developing and implementing plans for land improvement that would increase the precipitation likelihood (including afforestation, water surfaces, etc.', '2) At the local/farm level, the following measures are important: a) adapting of periods during which agricultural activities are carried out; b) develop technical solutions to cope with extreme weather events, to protect the crops and livestock; c) improve ventilation and air conditioning systems of livestock farms; d) choose crops and varieties better adapted to changes in the growing season and to water availability, as well as greater resilience to new climate conditions;17 | P a g e e) crops adaptation by using the existing genetic diversity and new opportunities provided by biotechnology; f) increase the efficiency of pest and disease control; g) efficient use of water by reducing water losses, improving irrigation techniques, water recycling and storage; h) improved soil management by increasing water retention to maintain the soil moisture; i) landscape management by maintaining landscape elements that provide shelter to livestock; j) introduce livestock species resilient to extreme temperatures and adapt the nutritional regime of livestock to demands caused by climate change; k) popularization of new technologies addressing soil structure stability and soil treatment for enlarging the active layer of the root zone for enlarging water uptake; l) runoff reduction by agronomic practices (no‐tillage can reduce water runoff); m) develop new complex agricultural water management programmes (combining irrigation, fishery and excess inland water management); 3) Other relevant measures will consist in: a) developing good practice guides for agriculture sector, especially for non-irrigated agriculture; b) developing and implementing local adaptation action plans (at community level); c) developing and implementing plans for land improvement that would increase the precipitation likelihood (including afforestation, water surfaces, etc. ); d) use research to combat current vulnerabilities and change crops structure promoting an agriculture less exposed to climate change; e) encourage crop/farm insurance; f) improve the availability and applicability of modelling and adaptation options to be used by farmers (provide data and results on the reaction of water resource to possible climate change scenarios, promote the use of GIS technology, etc.', '); d) use research to combat current vulnerabilities and change crops structure promoting an agriculture less exposed to climate change; e) encourage crop/farm insurance; f) improve the availability and applicability of modelling and adaptation options to be used by farmers (provide data and results on the reaction of water resource to possible climate change scenarios, promote the use of GIS technology, etc. ); g) develop infrastructure and technologies needed for local interventions to combat extreme weather events to protect crops and local communities.', '); g) develop infrastructure and technologies needed for local interventions to combat extreme weather events to protect crops and local communities. Action 3.2: Risk Management and Climate Change Adaptation in the Water Resources Sector 1) To protect water resources of the country against climate change, there is a need to conduct studies that will serve as a basis for climate change adaptation: a) re-evaluate available water resources for each river basin; b) determine the projected climate change influence on the maximum, medium and minimum flow of water courses; c) determine the vulnerability of water resources to climate change; d) assess water requirements of the major crops in the context of climate change (cross- sectoral studies with agriculture); e) assess water needs for the main categories of consumption (drinking water, industrial water, domestic water, etc.)', 'Action 3.2: Risk Management and Climate Change Adaptation in the Water Resources Sector 1) To protect water resources of the country against climate change, there is a need to conduct studies that will serve as a basis for climate change adaptation: a) re-evaluate available water resources for each river basin; b) determine the projected climate change influence on the maximum, medium and minimum flow of water courses; c) determine the vulnerability of water resources to climate change; d) assess water requirements of the major crops in the context of climate change (cross- sectoral studies with agriculture); e) assess water needs for the main categories of consumption (drinking water, industrial water, domestic water, etc.) in the context of climate change; f) assess the danger of floods, droughts and water scarcity in the river basins under different climate scenarios; g) assess potential climate-change-related damages in case of flooding/drought.', 'in the context of climate change; f) assess the danger of floods, droughts and water scarcity in the river basins under different climate scenarios; g) assess potential climate-change-related damages in case of flooding/drought. 2) To assure the availability of water at source in the country taking into account the current and future climate change, the following measures need to be undertaken: a) build new infrastructure for transforming water resources into socio-economic ones (new accumulation lakes, new inter-basin derivatives, etc.', '2) To assure the availability of water at source in the country taking into account the current and future climate change, the following measures need to be undertaken: a) build new infrastructure for transforming water resources into socio-economic ones (new accumulation lakes, new inter-basin derivatives, etc. ); b) modify the existing infrastructure to regulate the water flows whose distribution changes over time as a result of climate change (over-increased dam height);18 | P a g e c) design and implement solutions for rain water collection and usage; d) extend solutions for recharging the ground layers with water; e) build reservoirs without dams (with water level below the ground level); f) protect wetlands, allowing thus groundwater recharge and reduce peak discharges downstream; 3) Other potential adaptation actions in water use will be directed to: a) more efficient water use and conservation through the rehabilitation of water transport and supply/distribution facilities and through technological changes (promote technologies with reduced water consumption); b) changes in the people’s lifestyle (reduce water demand, use recycled water etc.', '); b) modify the existing infrastructure to regulate the water flows whose distribution changes over time as a result of climate change (over-increased dam height);18 | P a g e c) design and implement solutions for rain water collection and usage; d) extend solutions for recharging the ground layers with water; e) build reservoirs without dams (with water level below the ground level); f) protect wetlands, allowing thus groundwater recharge and reduce peak discharges downstream; 3) Other potential adaptation actions in water use will be directed to: a) more efficient water use and conservation through the rehabilitation of water transport and supply/distribution facilities and through technological changes (promote technologies with reduced water consumption); b) changes in the people’s lifestyle (reduce water demand, use recycled water etc. ); c) increase the level of water recycling for industrial needs; d) change the types of agricultural crops using those adapted to low water demand; e) develop and implement a system of water prices and tariffs based on the season and available resource; f) use lower quality water for certain purposes/uses.', '); c) increase the level of water recycling for industrial needs; d) change the types of agricultural crops using those adapted to low water demand; e) develop and implement a system of water prices and tariffs based on the season and available resource; f) use lower quality water for certain purposes/uses. 4) Measures to be taken at river basin level to assure climate change adaptation: a) update the directory landscaping and management schemes, so as to take into account climate change effects (decrease in the available water at the source, increase in water demand); b) apply integrated water management principles for water quantity and quality; c) introduce, at the stage of designing the accumulation lakes to be built, backup volumes to be used only in exceptional circumstances or creation of accumulation lakes with special operation regimen to supplement the available water resources in critical situations; d) inter-basin transfers of water to compensate for water shortages in certain reservoirs; e) set water quality targets and apply water quality criteria to prevent, control and reduce the transboundary impact, coordinate the regulations and issue clearances; f) improve treatment of wastewater and domestic water; g) harmonize the regulations on limiting the emissions of hazardous substances in water; h) identify potentially risky areas.', '4) Measures to be taken at river basin level to assure climate change adaptation: a) update the directory landscaping and management schemes, so as to take into account climate change effects (decrease in the available water at the source, increase in water demand); b) apply integrated water management principles for water quantity and quality; c) introduce, at the stage of designing the accumulation lakes to be built, backup volumes to be used only in exceptional circumstances or creation of accumulation lakes with special operation regimen to supplement the available water resources in critical situations; d) inter-basin transfers of water to compensate for water shortages in certain reservoirs; e) set water quality targets and apply water quality criteria to prevent, control and reduce the transboundary impact, coordinate the regulations and issue clearances; f) improve treatment of wastewater and domestic water; g) harmonize the regulations on limiting the emissions of hazardous substances in water; h) identify potentially risky areas. 5) Measures to be taken for flood risk management: a) select certain local protection works (for some communities and socio-economic structures) instead of large-size protection works; b) choose regularization of flood path (slowing and reducing floods as they occur) instead of increasing the height of existing dams or building new dams; c) use the latest methods and technologies for the rehabilitation/construction of dams and carry out protective works in line with local spatial plans; d) increase the awareness on flood risk among the exposed population (the appropriate response before and after the event, insurance contracts, etc.', '5) Measures to be taken for flood risk management: a) select certain local protection works (for some communities and socio-economic structures) instead of large-size protection works; b) choose regularization of flood path (slowing and reducing floods as they occur) instead of increasing the height of existing dams or building new dams; c) use the latest methods and technologies for the rehabilitation/construction of dams and carry out protective works in line with local spatial plans; d) increase the awareness on flood risk among the exposed population (the appropriate response before and after the event, insurance contracts, etc. ); e) measures to protect irrigation infrastructure against flooding; f) improved flood forecasting and installation of systems to provide dam break alerts; g) effective collaboration between the Republic of Moldova, Ukraine, and Romania to monitor water discharges, improve weather/flood forecasting and early warning for all downstream countries.', '); e) measures to protect irrigation infrastructure against flooding; f) improved flood forecasting and installation of systems to provide dam break alerts; g) effective collaboration between the Republic of Moldova, Ukraine, and Romania to monitor water discharges, improve weather/flood forecasting and early warning for all downstream countries. 6) Measures to be taken to combat drought/water scarcity: a) services on monitoring and warning on the decreasing flow/drought at the national level; b) reduce leakage in water distribution networks;19 | P a g e c) conservation measures and efficient water use (for irrigation, in industry); d) cooperation with other countries aimed at sharing experiences in combating droughts; e) plans for priority water supply/setting the hierarchy of water supply restrictions; f) establish methodologies for drought thresholds and drought mapping; g) increase water storage capacity; h) re-assure water quality during drought.', '6) Measures to be taken to combat drought/water scarcity: a) services on monitoring and warning on the decreasing flow/drought at the national level; b) reduce leakage in water distribution networks;19 | P a g e c) conservation measures and efficient water use (for irrigation, in industry); d) cooperation with other countries aimed at sharing experiences in combating droughts; e) plans for priority water supply/setting the hierarchy of water supply restrictions; f) establish methodologies for drought thresholds and drought mapping; g) increase water storage capacity; h) re-assure water quality during drought. Action 3.3: Risk Management and Climate Change Adaptation in the Health Sector Actions for improving climate change adaptation in the Health Sector could include: a) develop integrated assessments of environmental, economic and health impacts of climate change; b) discuss and design adaptation strategies to be used by the Health Sector; c) appoint a lead body to coordinate the public health preparedness for and response to climate change; define roles and responsibilities; d) review and strengthen the existing disease surveillance systems with a view of including further climate-related health outcomes, such as heat-related morbidity and mortality; e) increase awareness of medical professionals, public and the most vulnerable groups; f) improved medical access for remote communities and vulnerable groups (e.g., elderly, obese, and disabled); g) identify, monitor and target risk groups and vulnerable populations; h) develop treatment protocols for climate-related health problems; i) provide training and guidance for medical professionals and advice for the public on measures to be taken during extreme weather events, such as heat-waves, flooding and drought; j) upgrade current education and communication programmes for medical professionals with relevant information on climate change adaptation in health sector; k) a monitoring system and evaluation mechanism to assess the effectiveness of preparedness and response measures; l) apply new technology for scientific measurement (e.g.', 'Action 3.3: Risk Management and Climate Change Adaptation in the Health Sector Actions for improving climate change adaptation in the Health Sector could include: a) develop integrated assessments of environmental, economic and health impacts of climate change; b) discuss and design adaptation strategies to be used by the Health Sector; c) appoint a lead body to coordinate the public health preparedness for and response to climate change; define roles and responsibilities; d) review and strengthen the existing disease surveillance systems with a view of including further climate-related health outcomes, such as heat-related morbidity and mortality; e) increase awareness of medical professionals, public and the most vulnerable groups; f) improved medical access for remote communities and vulnerable groups (e.g., elderly, obese, and disabled); g) identify, monitor and target risk groups and vulnerable populations; h) develop treatment protocols for climate-related health problems; i) provide training and guidance for medical professionals and advice for the public on measures to be taken during extreme weather events, such as heat-waves, flooding and drought; j) upgrade current education and communication programmes for medical professionals with relevant information on climate change adaptation in health sector; k) a monitoring system and evaluation mechanism to assess the effectiveness of preparedness and response measures; l) apply new technology for scientific measurement (e.g. vector borne disease, water quality, climate change, etc.', 'vector borne disease, water quality, climate change, etc. ); m) assessing the risk for the emergence of new, unfamiliar diseases and health impacts; n) consider the cost and amount of energy and CO2 emissions used by air-conditioning and advocate alternative cooling methods to the public; o) increase the international and regional cooperation.', '); m) assessing the risk for the emergence of new, unfamiliar diseases and health impacts; n) consider the cost and amount of energy and CO2 emissions used by air-conditioning and advocate alternative cooling methods to the public; o) increase the international and regional cooperation. Action 3.4: Risk Management and Climate Change Adaptation in the Forestry Sector The following climate change adaptation measures could be implemented in the Forestry Sector: a) revision and development of new important components of the forestry regulatory basis, as integral parts of the forestry regime, focusing on: maintenance and conservation of forestry stations; conservation of forestry genetic resources; ecological reconstruction of forests; certification of forests, forest products and forest management systems; b) revision of the regulatory framework pertaining to development of an appropriate financial mechanism in conservation and development of forestry resources, needed for expansion of lands covered with forestry vegetation etc.', 'Action 3.4: Risk Management and Climate Change Adaptation in the Forestry Sector The following climate change adaptation measures could be implemented in the Forestry Sector: a) revision and development of new important components of the forestry regulatory basis, as integral parts of the forestry regime, focusing on: maintenance and conservation of forestry stations; conservation of forestry genetic resources; ecological reconstruction of forests; certification of forests, forest products and forest management systems; b) revision of the regulatory framework pertaining to development of an appropriate financial mechanism in conservation and development of forestry resources, needed for expansion of lands covered with forestry vegetation etc. ; c) development and approval of the regulation on implementation and assuring functionality of the principles of participatory management of public forest resources; d) increasing the forest cover, including in the climate change context mitigation and biodiversity conservation;20 | P a g e e) development and implementation of projects aimed at planting protection forestry strips (buffer zones) for agricultural lands protection, anti-erosional purpose, and for waters protection; f) establishment of plantation forests to meet the needs of population in fuel wood for heating, cooking etc.', '; c) development and approval of the regulation on implementation and assuring functionality of the principles of participatory management of public forest resources; d) increasing the forest cover, including in the climate change context mitigation and biodiversity conservation;20 | P a g e e) development and implementation of projects aimed at planting protection forestry strips (buffer zones) for agricultural lands protection, anti-erosional purpose, and for waters protection; f) establishment of plantation forests to meet the needs of population in fuel wood for heating, cooking etc. ; g) develop methodologies/technologies to assure forest ecosystems adaptability to climate change.', '; g) develop methodologies/technologies to assure forest ecosystems adaptability to climate change. Action 3.5: Risk Management and Climate Change Adaptation in the Energy Sector Climate change adaptation measures to reduce losses/risks in the Energy Sector are as follows: 1) Energy supply: a) Mined resources (oil and natural gas): replace water cooling systems with air cooling, dry cooling, or recirculating systems; improve design of gas turbines (inlet guide vanes, inlet air fogging, inlet air filters, compressor blade washing techniques, etc. ); (re)locate in areas with lower risk of flooding/drought; build dikes to contain flooding, reinforce walls and roofs; adapt regulations so that a higher discharge temperature is allowed; consider water re‐use and integration technologies at refineries.', '); (re)locate in areas with lower risk of flooding/drought; build dikes to contain flooding, reinforce walls and roofs; adapt regulations so that a higher discharge temperature is allowed; consider water re‐use and integration technologies at refineries. b) Hydropower: build de‐silting gates; increase dam height; construct small dams in the upper basins; adapt capacity to flow regime (if increased); adapt plant operations to changes in river flow patterns; operational complementarities with other sources; c) Wind: (re)locate based on expected changes in wind‐speeds.', 'b) Hydropower: build de‐silting gates; increase dam height; construct small dams in the upper basins; adapt capacity to flow regime (if increased); adapt plant operations to changes in river flow patterns; operational complementarities with other sources; c) Wind: (re)locate based on expected changes in wind‐speeds. d) Solar: (re)locate based on expected changes in cloud cover; and e) Biomass: introduce new crops with higher heat and water stress tolerance; substitute fuel sources; early warning systems (temperature and rainfall); support for emergency harvesting of biomass; adjust crop management and rotation schemes; adjust planting and harvesting dates; introduce soil moisture conservation practices. 2) Energy demand: invest in high‐efficiency infrastructure and equipment; invest in decentralized power generation such as rooftop photovoltaic generators; efficient use of energy through good operating practices.', '2) Energy demand: invest in high‐efficiency infrastructure and equipment; invest in decentralized power generation such as rooftop photovoltaic generators; efficient use of energy through good operating practices. 3) Energy transmission and distribution: improve robustness of pipelines and other transmission and distribution infrastructure; burying or cable re‐rating of the power grid; emergency planning; and regular inspection of vulnerable infrastructure such as wooden utility poles.', '3) Energy transmission and distribution: improve robustness of pipelines and other transmission and distribution infrastructure; burying or cable re‐rating of the power grid; emergency planning; and regular inspection of vulnerable infrastructure such as wooden utility poles. Action 3.6: Risk Management and Climate Change Adaptation in the Transport Sector The adaptation measures to reduce losses/risks in Transport Sector are outlined as following: 1) In case of significant variations of temperatures, including heat waves: a) develop new, heat-resilient paving materials; b) greater use of heat-tolerant streets and highways landscape protection; c) proper design/construction, milling out ruts; d) shifting construction schedules to cooler parts of day; e) designing for higher maximum temperatures in replacement or new construction; f) adaptation of cooling systems.', 'Action 3.6: Risk Management and Climate Change Adaptation in the Transport Sector The adaptation measures to reduce losses/risks in Transport Sector are outlined as following: 1) In case of significant variations of temperatures, including heat waves: a) develop new, heat-resilient paving materials; b) greater use of heat-tolerant streets and highways landscape protection; c) proper design/construction, milling out ruts; d) shifting construction schedules to cooler parts of day; e) designing for higher maximum temperatures in replacement or new construction; f) adaptation of cooling systems. 2) In case of increases in extreme precipitation events: a) develop new, adverse climate conditions-resilient paving materials; b) overlay with more rut-resilient asphalt; c) using the most efficient technologies to assure sealing and renewal of asphalt concrete (for example, those that combine impregnation and surface treatment of asphalt concrete and21 | P a g e which, respectively, assures the revitalisation and renewal of bituminous binder quality, reducing the fragility of the upper asphalt layer, increasing its elasticity and flexibility, and its resilience to water and chemicals); d) wider use of efficient road maintenance methods (preventive maintenance: include coatings, repairs, sealing by spraying cationic emulsions, crushed stone seals, sealing cracks with suspensions, etc.', '2) In case of increases in extreme precipitation events: a) develop new, adverse climate conditions-resilient paving materials; b) overlay with more rut-resilient asphalt; c) using the most efficient technologies to assure sealing and renewal of asphalt concrete (for example, those that combine impregnation and surface treatment of asphalt concrete and21 | P a g e which, respectively, assures the revitalisation and renewal of bituminous binder quality, reducing the fragility of the upper asphalt layer, increasing its elasticity and flexibility, and its resilience to water and chemicals); d) wider use of efficient road maintenance methods (preventive maintenance: include coatings, repairs, sealing by spraying cationic emulsions, crushed stone seals, sealing cracks with suspensions, etc. ; corrective maintenance: include patching, repair of surface and surface treatments with sealants); e) conduct risk assessments for all new roads; f) improve flood protection; g) greater use of sensors for monitoring water flows; h) upgrading of road drainage systems; i) pavement grooving and sloping; j) increases in the standard for drainage capacity for new transportation infrastructure and major rehabilitation projects; and k) engineering solutions, increase warnings and updates to dispatch centres, crews and stations.', '; corrective maintenance: include patching, repair of surface and surface treatments with sealants); e) conduct risk assessments for all new roads; f) improve flood protection; g) greater use of sensors for monitoring water flows; h) upgrading of road drainage systems; i) pavement grooving and sloping; j) increases in the standard for drainage capacity for new transportation infrastructure and major rehabilitation projects; and k) engineering solutions, increase warnings and updates to dispatch centres, crews and stations. A.IV.', '; corrective maintenance: include patching, repair of surface and surface treatments with sealants); e) conduct risk assessments for all new roads; f) improve flood protection; g) greater use of sensors for monitoring water flows; h) upgrading of road drainage systems; i) pavement grooving and sloping; j) increases in the standard for drainage capacity for new transportation infrastructure and major rehabilitation projects; and k) engineering solutions, increase warnings and updates to dispatch centres, crews and stations. A.IV. Gaps and barriers a) Policy framework Lack of effective enforcement presents the key challenge facing implementation of the adaptation action plans; enforcement is specifically critical at the local level; Insufficient inter-institutional coordination of the implementation of national policies and strategies; Limited awareness on cross-sector-based policies and strategies; Systemic level impediments on enhancing the political commitment to address climate adaptation; Limited capacities (time, personnel and funding resources) to review and amend and/or develop new national policies and strategies focused on integrating climate change and disaster risk reduction considerations.', 'Gaps and barriers a) Policy framework Lack of effective enforcement presents the key challenge facing implementation of the adaptation action plans; enforcement is specifically critical at the local level; Insufficient inter-institutional coordination of the implementation of national policies and strategies; Limited awareness on cross-sector-based policies and strategies; Systemic level impediments on enhancing the political commitment to address climate adaptation; Limited capacities (time, personnel and funding resources) to review and amend and/or develop new national policies and strategies focused on integrating climate change and disaster risk reduction considerations. b) Coordination mechanisms Systemic level impediments to effective use of multi-level and multi-sector climate change coordination mechanisms to address climate change impacts and strengthen adaptive responses; Lack of an integrated, comprehensive and efficient monitoring of climate change adaptation implementation; Limited number of climate change policies and limited references to them make coordination mechanisms difficult, mainly ad-hoc and project driven; Limited use of criteria and indicators to guide and monitor the coordination work; Limited capacity of lead agencies to coordinate and promote a higher degree of local level involvement combined with a limited understanding and awareness by local authorities on climate change impacts and adaptation approaches to climate change; A link between climate change coordinating mechanisms and other relevant national coordinating mechanisms has yet to be established.', 'b) Coordination mechanisms Systemic level impediments to effective use of multi-level and multi-sector climate change coordination mechanisms to address climate change impacts and strengthen adaptive responses; Lack of an integrated, comprehensive and efficient monitoring of climate change adaptation implementation; Limited number of climate change policies and limited references to them make coordination mechanisms difficult, mainly ad-hoc and project driven; Limited use of criteria and indicators to guide and monitor the coordination work; Limited capacity of lead agencies to coordinate and promote a higher degree of local level involvement combined with a limited understanding and awareness by local authorities on climate change impacts and adaptation approaches to climate change; A link between climate change coordinating mechanisms and other relevant national coordinating mechanisms has yet to be established. c) Institutional capacities and planning process The country still lacks a programmatic approach to addresses multiple sectors and levels of governance; it is envisaged that the next (4 year based) NAP, will address this aspect; The lack of an integrated planning process between the central public authority institutions and uncoordinated allocation of financial resources through various national funds;22 | P a g e Concerns from high-level officials on the implications of following a programmatic approach; Limited institutional capacities to design, develop, implement and coordinate a programmatic approach; Lack of national policies and strategies that can guide a programmatic approach; Lack of a coherent presentation of statistical data between central public authorities; Limited technical and staffing capacity in addressing climate change issues; Non-coherent system of access to information for central and local public authorities.', 'c) Institutional capacities and planning process The country still lacks a programmatic approach to addresses multiple sectors and levels of governance; it is envisaged that the next (4 year based) NAP, will address this aspect; The lack of an integrated planning process between the central public authority institutions and uncoordinated allocation of financial resources through various national funds;22 | P a g e Concerns from high-level officials on the implications of following a programmatic approach; Limited institutional capacities to design, develop, implement and coordinate a programmatic approach; Lack of national policies and strategies that can guide a programmatic approach; Lack of a coherent presentation of statistical data between central public authorities; Limited technical and staffing capacity in addressing climate change issues; Non-coherent system of access to information for central and local public authorities. d) Mainstreaming climate change adaptation into policies, plans and budgetary processes Limited understanding at national and sectoral levels of the concept of mainstreaming and how it can be undertaken; Climate change and climate change adaptation are not mainstreamed into national legislation on human health and related social services; Limited understanding by policymakers of the looming threat of climate change as a development issue and its links with, and implications for, resource allocation, economic growth and ecosystem services.', 'd) Mainstreaming climate change adaptation into policies, plans and budgetary processes Limited understanding at national and sectoral levels of the concept of mainstreaming and how it can be undertaken; Climate change and climate change adaptation are not mainstreamed into national legislation on human health and related social services; Limited understanding by policymakers of the looming threat of climate change as a development issue and its links with, and implications for, resource allocation, economic growth and ecosystem services. e) Technology transfer Low skills and knowledge on climate adaptive solutions; lack of advisory services in the context of identifying adaptation measures for different sectors; Low level of public-private partnerships in implementing climate change adaption measures; Undeveloped market and mechanism to promote technology innovations and adaptive technology transfer; Lack of comprehensive climate change and disaster management risks databases; Lack of documents of major importance for the territorial planning, such as the National and Regional Spatial Plans, General Urban Plans of the cities; these documents would contribute to the identification of adaptation actions at the local and regional level, and to improving the situation in the context of urban planning; Slow reforms and adoption of new technical and normative standards in transport and building sectors (adoption of Eurocodes); and reduced financial allocations for this task; Lack of medium to long-term investment planning, with little efforts on prevention adverse impacts of climate change, relying more on post factum removing of adverse effects; Inappropriate financial incentives and disincentives for adaptive technology transfer; Inadequate rural infrastructure and tenurial arrangements for climate change adaptation.', 'e) Technology transfer Low skills and knowledge on climate adaptive solutions; lack of advisory services in the context of identifying adaptation measures for different sectors; Low level of public-private partnerships in implementing climate change adaption measures; Undeveloped market and mechanism to promote technology innovations and adaptive technology transfer; Lack of comprehensive climate change and disaster management risks databases; Lack of documents of major importance for the territorial planning, such as the National and Regional Spatial Plans, General Urban Plans of the cities; these documents would contribute to the identification of adaptation actions at the local and regional level, and to improving the situation in the context of urban planning; Slow reforms and adoption of new technical and normative standards in transport and building sectors (adoption of Eurocodes); and reduced financial allocations for this task; Lack of medium to long-term investment planning, with little efforts on prevention adverse impacts of climate change, relying more on post factum removing of adverse effects; Inappropriate financial incentives and disincentives for adaptive technology transfer; Inadequate rural infrastructure and tenurial arrangements for climate change adaptation. f) Financing climate change adaptation interventions There is no integration of climate change adaptation measures into the national budget; No dedicated budget to specific climate change adaptation activities; No financial strategy developed for adaptation to climate change; No climate indicators incorporated into planning and budgeting framework; No contingency budget in specific sectors for adaptation interventions.', 'f) Financing climate change adaptation interventions There is no integration of climate change adaptation measures into the national budget; No dedicated budget to specific climate change adaptation activities; No financial strategy developed for adaptation to climate change; No climate indicators incorporated into planning and budgeting framework; No contingency budget in specific sectors for adaptation interventions. A.V. Summary of needs a) Research and development needs to meet adaptation targets National research on climate change has to be linked to international research efforts and has to apply the knowledge gained at this level. Experienced research institutes will be encouraged to participate in supporting the development of the national climate change policy.', 'Experienced research institutes will be encouraged to participate in supporting the development of the national climate change policy. Since most23 | P a g e research institutes conduct studies only on a contractual basis, adequate financial resources are crucial for conducting climate change research, and collaborative relationships will be developed with international financial institutions as long as financial resources remain limited for a long time. A major emphasis will be placed on building the capacities of Working Group members for climate modelling to develop climate models and perform impact assessment studies, for example, by facilitating the exchange of experience and research visits to international climate modelling centres.', 'A major emphasis will be placed on building the capacities of Working Group members for climate modelling to develop climate models and perform impact assessment studies, for example, by facilitating the exchange of experience and research visits to international climate modelling centres. It is equally important to monitor the climate change impact and conduct research in priority sectors such as: Agriculture, Health, Forestry, Energy, Transport, Water Resources etc. Agriculture Sector Research needs to address not only change in temperature and precipitation and its impacts on agriculture, but also the interaction with hazards, directly or indirectly arising from atmospheric conditions, such as rainfall, flood, frost, drought, hail, heat waves, seasonal shifts (length of growing season, bud break, quality aspects), and changes in pest and disease patterns.', 'Agriculture Sector Research needs to address not only change in temperature and precipitation and its impacts on agriculture, but also the interaction with hazards, directly or indirectly arising from atmospheric conditions, such as rainfall, flood, frost, drought, hail, heat waves, seasonal shifts (length of growing season, bud break, quality aspects), and changes in pest and disease patterns. Crop specific evaluations should be conducted to determine changes in seasonal development, characteristics of production, cultivation methods, etc., under climate change. Crop models are required to assess the impacts of climate change and increased atmospheric concentration of CO2 on various crops, pastureland and livestock.', 'Crop models are required to assess the impacts of climate change and increased atmospheric concentration of CO2 on various crops, pastureland and livestock. Further, crop simulation models need to be interfaced with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in order that these models can be applied for regional planning and policy analysis. In addition, a variety of approaches, such as economic regression models, microeconomic and macroeconomic models, and farm models should be used. Health Sector Quantitative research is required to identify the regions of the Republic of Moldova most vulnerable to the adverse health effects of climate change.', 'Health Sector Quantitative research is required to identify the regions of the Republic of Moldova most vulnerable to the adverse health effects of climate change. These areas will require focused adaptation measures, including better health clinics and tools, education of the public in these areas about how they can cope with new health concerns.', 'These areas will require focused adaptation measures, including better health clinics and tools, education of the public in these areas about how they can cope with new health concerns. Improved disease burden estimates need to be established, based on latest climate models to estimate: o heat-related mortality statistics based on existing mortality and population data at the national level and in key cities of the Republic of Moldova; o the impacts of projected changes in climate, taking into account various forms of acclimatization/adaptation; and o climate-water and foodborne diseases relationships using panel data on income and health to project cause-specific deaths and disability-adjusted life year (DALY) rates by demographic group.', 'Improved disease burden estimates need to be established, based on latest climate models to estimate: o heat-related mortality statistics based on existing mortality and population data at the national level and in key cities of the Republic of Moldova; o the impacts of projected changes in climate, taking into account various forms of acclimatization/adaptation; and o climate-water and foodborne diseases relationships using panel data on income and health to project cause-specific deaths and disability-adjusted life year (DALY) rates by demographic group. Further in depth studies on the socio-economic assessment of climate change in the health sector would be beneficial, including: o the health damage costs of climate change under different mitigation scenarios; o the costs of preventing death, illness and injury under different mitigation scenarios (i.e.', 'Further in depth studies on the socio-economic assessment of climate change in the health sector would be beneficial, including: o the health damage costs of climate change under different mitigation scenarios; o the costs of preventing death, illness and injury under different mitigation scenarios (i.e. adaptation measures).24 | P a g e Water Resources Sector Defining critical thresholds in water resource; Improving the capacity to calibrate state-of-the art rainfall runoff models; Understanding of the economic and social impacts of climate change on water quantity, supply, and demand including irrigation, drinking-water supplies, recreation/tourism, hydropower and industry, and system losses; The capacities of developing and implementing systems of hydro-economic assessment of river basin will be enhanced to assess the further development of water resources and the related sustainable development, such as hydro-electric development, waste treatment and irrigated agriculture; Pre-feasibility or feasibility studies for irrigation and land use projects are needed (including from groundwater sources), and should be required to include an assessment of the physical and economic impacts of climate change; Assessments and analyses on social, economic and environmental costs and benefits of future adaptations will be performed.', 'adaptation measures).24 | P a g e Water Resources Sector Defining critical thresholds in water resource; Improving the capacity to calibrate state-of-the art rainfall runoff models; Understanding of the economic and social impacts of climate change on water quantity, supply, and demand including irrigation, drinking-water supplies, recreation/tourism, hydropower and industry, and system losses; The capacities of developing and implementing systems of hydro-economic assessment of river basin will be enhanced to assess the further development of water resources and the related sustainable development, such as hydro-electric development, waste treatment and irrigated agriculture; Pre-feasibility or feasibility studies for irrigation and land use projects are needed (including from groundwater sources), and should be required to include an assessment of the physical and economic impacts of climate change; Assessments and analyses on social, economic and environmental costs and benefits of future adaptations will be performed. Forestry Sector Establishing the climatic thresholds that correspond to the distribution limits of a forest type or species and develop a bioclimatic model to predict future steady-state forest distributions under a range of plausible climate change scenarios; Collecting historical analogues and life-history information to estimate how long it might take for the forest boundary to migrate a given distance; Calibrating a biogeochemistry model to predict changes in productivity and carbon stocks in each forest type, with and without the effects of elevated CO2 concentrations; Evaluation of adaptive capacity including the inherent adaptive capacity of trees and forest ecosystems and the socioeconomic factors determining the ability to implement planned adaptation measures.', 'Forestry Sector Establishing the climatic thresholds that correspond to the distribution limits of a forest type or species and develop a bioclimatic model to predict future steady-state forest distributions under a range of plausible climate change scenarios; Collecting historical analogues and life-history information to estimate how long it might take for the forest boundary to migrate a given distance; Calibrating a biogeochemistry model to predict changes in productivity and carbon stocks in each forest type, with and without the effects of elevated CO2 concentrations; Evaluation of adaptive capacity including the inherent adaptive capacity of trees and forest ecosystems and the socioeconomic factors determining the ability to implement planned adaptation measures. Energy Sector Assessing the possible effects (both positive and negative) of climate change on energy consumption: o effects of climate warming on energy use for space heating; o effects of climate warming on energy use for space cooling; o market penetration of air conditioning and heat pumps (all-electric heating and cooling), and changes in humidity; Conducting studies possible effects on energy generation and supply: o assessment of impact of increase temperatures and droughts on hydro energy potential; o impacts of climate change on energy generation from biomass; o wind resources changes (intensity and duration); and o electricity transmission and distribution; Research on efficiency of energy use in the context of global warming, with an emphasis on technologies and practices that save cooling energy and reduce electrical peak load.', 'Energy Sector Assessing the possible effects (both positive and negative) of climate change on energy consumption: o effects of climate warming on energy use for space heating; o effects of climate warming on energy use for space cooling; o market penetration of air conditioning and heat pumps (all-electric heating and cooling), and changes in humidity; Conducting studies possible effects on energy generation and supply: o assessment of impact of increase temperatures and droughts on hydro energy potential; o impacts of climate change on energy generation from biomass; o wind resources changes (intensity and duration); and o electricity transmission and distribution; Research on efficiency of energy use in the context of global warming, with an emphasis on technologies and practices that save cooling energy and reduce electrical peak load. Transport Sector Examining the long-term impacts of climate change on the Transport Sector in light of climate change projections to determine whether, when, and where the impacts could be consequential, particularly in light of the long planning horizons for transport infrastructure;25 | P a g e Analysing options for adapting to these impacts, including the possible need to alter assumptions about infrastructure design and operations, the ability to incorporate uncertainty into long-range decision making, and the capability of institutions to plan and act on mitigation and adaptation strategies at the state and regional levels.', 'Transport Sector Examining the long-term impacts of climate change on the Transport Sector in light of climate change projections to determine whether, when, and where the impacts could be consequential, particularly in light of the long planning horizons for transport infrastructure;25 | P a g e Analysing options for adapting to these impacts, including the possible need to alter assumptions about infrastructure design and operations, the ability to incorporate uncertainty into long-range decision making, and the capability of institutions to plan and act on mitigation and adaptation strategies at the state and regional levels. The promoted studies on climate change and on the vulnerability to its effects enable better knowledge about sectors, ecosystems and regions that are particularly exposed to climate change, facilitating the identification and promotion of vigorous and effective actions for mitigating the adverse effects of climate change in the country.', 'The promoted studies on climate change and on the vulnerability to its effects enable better knowledge about sectors, ecosystems and regions that are particularly exposed to climate change, facilitating the identification and promotion of vigorous and effective actions for mitigating the adverse effects of climate change in the country. The findings of these studies will substantiate the adoption of planned adaptation measures and will help to increase the domestic adaptation capacity in line with the achievement of objectives and national sustainable development and environmental protection priorities. b) Needs for support required to execute current and mid-term adaptation undertakings The implementation of climate change adaptation objectives needs to be supported by appropriate financial mechanisms.', 'b) Needs for support required to execute current and mid-term adaptation undertakings The implementation of climate change adaptation objectives needs to be supported by appropriate financial mechanisms. The implementation cost of the Republic of Moldova’s Climate Change Adaptation Strategy until 2020 and the Action Plan on its implementation is estimated at about US$ 200 million. The cost of inaction could be devastating, given the fact that natural disasters alone cause the country an average loss of about US$ 61 million each year. The estimates of future costs and benefits suggest that every euro spent on flood protection would avoid six euros of cost generated by damage. The provision and allocation of adequate financial resources are prerequisites for achieving a successful outcome of the climate change adaptation process.', 'The provision and allocation of adequate financial resources are prerequisites for achieving a successful outcome of the climate change adaptation process. To support climate change adaptation initiatives, both domestic financial resources as well as international ones are required. Domestic financing can be secured both from the state budget and from other financial mechanisms (special funds: National Ecological Fund, National Fund for Regional Development, etc.). They will be important tools for directing the domestic monetary flows in environmental investments, and a means of strengthening the external and domestic financing).', 'They will be important tools for directing the domestic monetary flows in environmental investments, and a means of strengthening the external and domestic financing). Foreign assistance and investments is envisaged to play the most important role in promoting climate change actions in all economic sectors and in catalysing the specific investments that will be needed to assure climate change adaptation in the Republic of Moldova. These investments are linked to a wide range of technologies intended to improve the energy efficiency, use of renewable energy, develop the related road and building infrastructure, and finally adapt to climate change.', 'These investments are linked to a wide range of technologies intended to improve the energy efficiency, use of renewable energy, develop the related road and building infrastructure, and finally adapt to climate change. In this context, the international financial support is needed to implement in full extent the appropriate national and sectorial policies and strategies, or to resolve specific issues in the fields where the climate change impact is significant. Implementation of small and medium- scale pilot and demonstration projects will involve sustainability of external assistance to be received, including through financial mechanisms available under the UNFCCC.', 'Implementation of small and medium- scale pilot and demonstration projects will involve sustainability of external assistance to be received, including through financial mechanisms available under the UNFCCC. It is anticipated, that the Strategy’s objectives will be achieved to a greater extent under the conditions in which the Republic of Moldova gains access to the financial mechanisms of the UNFCCC, specifically to the Green Climate Fund, Special Climate Change Fund, Adaptation Fund and others, in view of implementing adaptation projects in the most vulnerable sectors of the national economy. c) Summary of recent external support According to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) on-line database (see figure 6), Moldova ranks among the top ten countries of Europe that benefit from26 | P a g e external assistance.', 'c) Summary of recent external support According to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) on-line database (see figure 6), Moldova ranks among the top ten countries of Europe that benefit from26 | P a g e external assistance. Also, it was the sixth country in Europe by development cooperation received, with a 5 per cent average of all the assistance provided to the region for 2011-2013.6 Source: < Abbreviation used: DAC countries – OECD Development Assistance Committee countries (29 in total).', 'Abbreviation used: DAC countries – OECD Development Assistance Committee countries (29 in total). Figure 6: Bilateral, Multilateral and Private Donors’ aid and other resource flows to the Republic of Moldova according to the International Development Statistics (IDS) online databases Republic of Moldova’s biggest donor since 2007 is the European Union, which started to provide aid to the Republic of Moldova through the European Neighborhood and Partnership Instrument (ENPI), created especially for the countries covered by the European Neighborhood Policies (ENP).', 'Figure 6: Bilateral, Multilateral and Private Donors’ aid and other resource flows to the Republic of Moldova according to the International Development Statistics (IDS) online databases Republic of Moldova’s biggest donor since 2007 is the European Union, which started to provide aid to the Republic of Moldova through the European Neighborhood and Partnership Instrument (ENPI), created especially for the countries covered by the European Neighborhood Policies (ENP). In terms of bilateral aid, the Republic of Moldova’s “big league” partners are: USA, Sweden, Austria, Switzerland and Germany, which add to the plethora of smaller (in terms of granted ODA – Official Development Assistance) Eastern European donors – Romania, Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovenia, and Turkey.', 'In terms of bilateral aid, the Republic of Moldova’s “big league” partners are: USA, Sweden, Austria, Switzerland and Germany, which add to the plethora of smaller (in terms of granted ODA – Official Development Assistance) Eastern European donors – Romania, Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovenia, and Turkey. Top Ten Donors of Gross ODA for the Republic of Moldova is presented in figure 7. Source: < Figure 7: Top Ten Donors of Gross ODA for Moldova, 2012-2013 average, USD million 6 <', 'Figure 7: Top Ten Donors of Gross ODA for Moldova, 2012-2013 average, USD million 6 < USD millions All Donors Total DAC Countries Total Non-DAC Countries, Total Multilateral, Total Switzeland Global Fund Romania Sweden Germany IMF (Concessional Trust Fund) France IDA United Stated EU Institutions USD million27 | P a g e In September 2009, the Government of the Republic of Moldova addressed to the donor community with the request for support in implementing the priority reforms for the country’s economic growth, specified in the “We are relaunching Moldova” paper.', 'USD millions All Donors Total DAC Countries Total Non-DAC Countries, Total Multilateral, Total Switzeland Global Fund Romania Sweden Germany IMF (Concessional Trust Fund) France IDA United Stated EU Institutions USD million27 | P a g e In September 2009, the Government of the Republic of Moldova addressed to the donor community with the request for support in implementing the priority reforms for the country’s economic growth, specified in the “We are relaunching Moldova” paper. As a result, during the reunion of the Advisory Group “Partnership for Moldova Forum,” held in Brussels on 24 March 2010, the donors community committed to allocate to Moldova 1.84 billion euros (0.96 billion in the form of grant, 52% of the total; respectively, 0.88 billion in the form of credits, 48% of the total) for the 2011-2013 period.', 'As a result, during the reunion of the Advisory Group “Partnership for Moldova Forum,” held in Brussels on 24 March 2010, the donors community committed to allocate to Moldova 1.84 billion euros (0.96 billion in the form of grant, 52% of the total; respectively, 0.88 billion in the form of credits, 48% of the total) for the 2011-2013 period. As a whole, the USA (through the Compact Program of the Millennium Challenge Corporation of the USAID, signed in 2010 in the amount of USD 262 million) has become one of Moldova’s main bilateral development partners. The EU commitment and of the EU member states on future allocations have accounted for 40% of the resources promised during the reunion.', 'The EU commitment and of the EU member states on future allocations have accounted for 40% of the resources promised during the reunion. Towards the end of 2012, over 70% of the resources provided in the 2010 Brussels reunion had been contracted, through specific projects started in various national economy sectors. In addition, external funds of about 800 million euros have been attracted. Thus, a total amount of 2.6 billion euros were provided to the Republic of Moldova by the donor community in the 2010- 2012 periods (by 40% more as compared to the financial commitments made during the Brussels reunion). In 2012 the donor funds were estimated at about 474 million euros.', 'In 2012 the donor funds were estimated at about 474 million euros. According to the data of the State Chancery of the Republic of Moldova, the budget of the projects contracted in the reporting period account for about 206 million euros and the disbursements reported by the donors – about 465 million euros (about 98% of the estimated amount). For comparison, in 2007 the disbursements amounted to 266 million euros; in 2008 – 298 million euros; in 2009 – 244 million euros; in 2010 – 470 million euros; in 2011 – 451 million euros. For 2013 and 2014 there are provided 322 million and 213 million euros, respectively.', 'For 2013 and 2014 there are provided 322 million and 213 million euros, respectively. The manner of cooperation between the Republic of Moldova and the development partners has taken various forms: technical assistance, support for implementing various investment or social projects, the support provided to the budget for implementing sector policies or the support provided for supporting the state’s payment balance. The objectives of the cooperation between the Government and its partners are agreed upon and stipulated in the medium-term framework cooperation agreements. According to the data available for external development assistance, the highest share is held by the assistance with project implementation (75%), followed by sector budget assistance (about 17%), technical assistance, and assistance with maintaining the state payment balance.', 'According to the data available for external development assistance, the highest share is held by the assistance with project implementation (75%), followed by sector budget assistance (about 17%), technical assistance, and assistance with maintaining the state payment balance. Given the budgetary constraints and of state debt servicing, the manner of attraction of external resources that is preferred by the Government are grants and/or concessional credits. The amount of on-going external assistance in 2012, according to the information from the database of the State Chancery, the Republic of Moldova accounted for about 1.1 billion euros in the form of grants and 682.8 million euros in the form of loans.', 'The amount of on-going external assistance in 2012, according to the information from the database of the State Chancery, the Republic of Moldova accounted for about 1.1 billion euros in the form of grants and 682.8 million euros in the form of loans. Accordingly, in 2012, the contracted resources were distributed as follows: about 109.4 million euros in the form of grants and 97.1 million euros in loans (EBRD, EIB, WB). The share of active grants in the total amount of external assistance has represented about 62%. For 2012, the grant-credit parity represented 53%, accordingly, 47% of the total amount of external assistance contracted during the year.', 'For 2012, the grant-credit parity represented 53%, accordingly, 47% of the total amount of external assistance contracted during the year. By the end of 2012, the Republic of Moldova was implementing 384 projects in various sectors, including 116 projects in governance and civil society, 58 projects in infrastructure and social services, 49 projects in education, 31 projects in agriculture, 29 multi-sectorial projects, 24 projects for private sector development, 19 projects in the environment and 16 projects related to energy generation and supply.28 | P a g e As a total, in 2012, there were launched 98 new projects, with new commitments in the amount of 206.6 million euros in various sectors. For 2013, the estimated amount of external assistance was 314 million euros.', 'For 2013, the estimated amount of external assistance was 314 million euros. It was quite difficult to estimate the external support allocated to date, specifically for adaptation- related work, as part of these projects and support received is cross-cutting and/or inter-sectorial, covering both mitigation and adaptation aspects. On November 6, 2014 EU Commissioner for European Neighborhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations and Prime-minister of the Republic of Moldova signed the Memorandum of Understanding on the Single Support Framework for EU support to the Republic of Moldova for the period of 2014-2017 together with a financing agreement to support the implementation of the Association Agreement (AA) and the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA) – which the Republic of Moldova signed with the EU on 27 June 2014.', 'On November 6, 2014 EU Commissioner for European Neighborhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations and Prime-minister of the Republic of Moldova signed the Memorandum of Understanding on the Single Support Framework for EU support to the Republic of Moldova for the period of 2014-2017 together with a financing agreement to support the implementation of the Association Agreement (AA) and the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA) – which the Republic of Moldova signed with the EU on 27 June 2014. The three priority sectors are: public administration reform; agriculture and rural development; policy reform and border management. The financial assistance for the period 2014-2017 amounts to EUR 410 million and EUR 30 million for DCFTA. A.VI.', 'The financial assistance for the period 2014-2017 amounts to EUR 410 million and EUR 30 million for DCFTA. A.VI. Monitoring and reporting progress The Republic of Moldova’s Climate Change Adaptation Strategy until 2020 will be implemented through an Action Plan. To assure the financial support for the activities planned in the Action Plan, such activities will be included in the sectoral strategies for mid-term expenditures and in the annual work plans of institutions involved in this Strategy implementation. The responsibility for implementing the Strategy rests with all competent institutions identified in the Action Plan. The National Commission for implementation of mechanisms and provisions of the UNFCCC and of the Kyoto Protocol will coordinate the implementation and will conduct regular assessment of the level of indicators and progress achievement.', 'The National Commission for implementation of mechanisms and provisions of the UNFCCC and of the Kyoto Protocol will coordinate the implementation and will conduct regular assessment of the level of indicators and progress achievement. The monitoring of the Strategy implementation will be carried out by the Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Moldova, where a subdivision will be designated for that purpose. Based on the collected and systematized information, it will prepare annual monitoring reports on implementation of the Strategy and will submit them for consideration and approval to the Government.', 'Based on the collected and systematized information, it will prepare annual monitoring reports on implementation of the Strategy and will submit them for consideration and approval to the Government. The monitoring reports to be developed will include information on the implementation of the indicators set in the Action Plan for each action, and every 3 years or as needed progress evaluation reports will be developed as well to assess the impact of activities carried out during the given time and the level of objectives implementation.', 'The monitoring reports to be developed will include information on the implementation of the indicators set in the Action Plan for each action, and every 3 years or as needed progress evaluation reports will be developed as well to assess the impact of activities carried out during the given time and the level of objectives implementation. As the Strategy was not designed as a linear, but as an iterative process, therefore it will be updated and reviewed periodically, based on the monitoring and evaluation findings, as well as on the updated climate models, and in accordance with the most recent scientific researches.', 'As the Strategy was not designed as a linear, but as an iterative process, therefore it will be updated and reviewed periodically, based on the monitoring and evaluation findings, as well as on the updated climate models, and in accordance with the most recent scientific researches. Towards the end of the Strategy implementation, a final assessment report, containing information on the level of achievement of objectives and of the expected impact, will be prepared. Based on this report, the next stage of strategic planning of climate change adaptation has to be decided.29 | P a g e Further, the Republic of Moldova will put in place a four year based NAPs and SAPs.', 'Based on this report, the next stage of strategic planning of climate change adaptation has to be decided.29 | P a g e Further, the Republic of Moldova will put in place a four year based NAPs and SAPs. The proposed framework for NAPs and SAPs will allow for monitoring and planning along a 3-tier M&E approach. First tier, macro-level monitoring would allow for tracking the evolution of the national adaptation planning process as a whole. This would entail the development of a number of process-oriented indicators that would be followed across sectors. Examples of such indicators could include: number of SAPs; overall level of Government funding channelled towards adaptation needs; index of resilience/vulnerability of the Moldovan economy, etc.', 'Examples of such indicators could include: number of SAPs; overall level of Government funding channelled towards adaptation needs; index of resilience/vulnerability of the Moldovan economy, etc. These indicators would provide an image of the overall dynamism of the adaptation planning process as a whole. As such, they may depend on the aggregation of data from lower-level indicators (e.g., data on adaptation funding by sector). The final indicator on level of resilience would allow for tracking of the impact of the adaptation process as a whole. It would have to be computed from recognized vulnerability indices and legitimate sources of data. The next NAP will be used to develop the ‘Index’, ‘Methodology’ and to gather ‘Baseline Data’.', 'The next NAP will be used to develop the ‘Index’, ‘Methodology’ and to gather ‘Baseline Data’. Second tier, meso-level monitoring would allow for tracking of progress and results at a disaggregated level, either sectoral or geographic (e.g., regional), depending on the choices made during planning phases. These indicators would depend on the provision of data from regional or sectoral authorities. Such indicators would be the following: the number and type of adaptation measures included in sectoral/regional plans, proportion of sectoral budget dedicated to adaptation measures, number/type of sectoral stakeholders implementing adaptation or resilient measures, degree to which the sector/region’s vulnerability has been reduced.', 'Such indicators would be the following: the number and type of adaptation measures included in sectoral/regional plans, proportion of sectoral budget dedicated to adaptation measures, number/type of sectoral stakeholders implementing adaptation or resilient measures, degree to which the sector/region’s vulnerability has been reduced. Similarly to the first tier, the final indicator would be an ‘Index’ for which the ‘Methodology’ would be determined in the early phases of NAP planning. Also, while these indicators remain somewhat process-oriented, it could be possible to adopt more concrete indicators within each sector (e.g., if water availability was a constraint to resilience, the water sector M&E framework could adopt an indicator on “overall water availability”).', 'Also, while these indicators remain somewhat process-oriented, it could be possible to adopt more concrete indicators within each sector (e.g., if water availability was a constraint to resilience, the water sector M&E framework could adopt an indicator on “overall water availability”). Sector-specific indicators would have to be agreed upon during the early phases of NAPs or SAPs planning, and could be renewed, depending on their relevance, at the end of each planning period. However, it would be important to keep a number of indicators similar from one sector to the next, to enable comparisons. The prioritization of adaptation measures will be done by the sectors or stakeholders participating in the development and implementation of NAPs and SAPs.', 'The prioritization of adaptation measures will be done by the sectors or stakeholders participating in the development and implementation of NAPs and SAPs. Each time a SAP or a NAP is proposed, it should contain prioritized measures for that planning period. The process of determining the prioritization and selection of certain adaptation options over others should be transparent, and based on rationalized criteria. Ideally, it would be carried out by a stakeholder group, which can consider different economic, environmental, social, cultural or political spheres and concerns. The M&E system will verify if the planned measures have been implemented accordingly. The Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA), Cost Effectiveness Analysis (CEA), Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) and other relevant to case econometric assessment methods and tools will be used.', 'The Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA), Cost Effectiveness Analysis (CEA), Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) and other relevant to case econometric assessment methods and tools will be used. Third tier, a micro-level structure of reporting would also be defined. This would concern indicators related to specific adaptation actions that are adopted within individual sectoral or national plan. For each action or group of actions, a target and an indicator have to be developed (e.g., number of people trained; hectares of forest protected; kilometres of road upgraded; degree of water use (drop-per-crop) efficiency in the wine sector, etc.). Each of these indicators should be attached to the actions contained in the specific sectoral or regional action plan.', 'Each of these indicators should be attached to the actions contained in the specific sectoral or regional action plan. As such, they would serve as the basis level of results tracking by stakeholders, and would be reported upon annually at least. They could be modified at each round of successive planning, and be aggregated to feed into the30 | P a g e meso- and macro-level reporting frameworks. Responsibility for providing information on these indicators would rest upon those who will also be tasked with the implementation of the adaptation actions. The milestones for reporting under the national adaptation planning process would be as follows: micro-level indicators: annually; meso- and macro-level indicators: every two year.', 'The milestones for reporting under the national adaptation planning process would be as follows: micro-level indicators: annually; meso- and macro-level indicators: every two year. As each NAP will be set for four years, this would mean that results could be tracked and aggregated twice per period, allowing for an informed planning process for the next phases. Naturally, the first planning period would also entail a baseline assessment of key indicators, and some time to develop the methodologies and indices. At the end of a planning cycle, the data would be aggregated into a “NAP Impact Study”, which would synthesize all results achieved during the period and make recommendations for the next period. This study will be submitted for consideration to the Government.', 'This study will be submitted for consideration to the Government. The main responsibility for reporting will be of the sectoral administrations, which would need to undertake annual and biennial reporting for micro- and meso-level indicators. All data would be provided to the coordination mechanism, whose secretariat could synthesize information to develop reports. The Secretariat would also provide sectoral administrations with templates and formats in order to allow for standardized tracking. Also, a database would be created to be administered by the coordination mechanism, being accessible however to all participating administrations, in order to facilitate the flow of information. In addition, micro-level reporting could be undertaken with the participation of local NGOs and associations which would participate in the implementation of targeted adaptation measures.', 'In addition, micro-level reporting could be undertaken with the participation of local NGOs and associations which would participate in the implementation of targeted adaptation measures. Participation of NGOs at all levels of the M&E framework would allow for increased transparency and for broader ownership and dissemination of results. As adaptation planning is an iterative process, gradually growing in scope and learning from the monitoring and review of on-going adaptation actions, a description of how adaptation progress will be nationally monitored, reviewed, updated, and reported can be an important element.']

en-US

MDA

Republic of Moldova

Updated NDC

2020-03-04 00:00:00

x

NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/MD_Updated_NDC_final_version_EN.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Europe

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/03654a4172cdd1f4652895ea7006268c140c708232d3b4dd2253fbe8398e3b2d.pdf

['Government of the Republic of Moldova Updated Nationally Determined Contribution of the Republic of Moldova The Republic of Moldova is fully committed to the Paris Agreement’s objectives on: a) holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the increase to 1.5 °C; and b) increasing the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change. In this respect, the country has undertaken the appropriate measures. The cores to these are nationally determined contributions (NDCs). The Republic of Moldova’s INDC (NDC1) was submitted on 25 September 2015.', 'The Republic of Moldova’s INDC (NDC1) was submitted on 25 September 2015. The decision 1/CP.21 requests those Parties whose intended nationally determined contribution pursuant to decision 1/CP.20 contains a time frame up to 2030 to communicate or update by 2020 these contributions and to do so every five years thereafter pursuant to Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement. The Republic of Moldova hereby communicates its updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC2) and the accompanying information to facilitate clarity, transparency, and understanding, with reference to Decision 4/CMA.1. The Republic of Moldova has included in its updated NDC the adaptation component in line with Articles 2.1 and 7.1 of the Paris Agreement and Katowice Rulebook (COP 24), as an opportunity to communicate country’s strategic vision on climate change adaptation.', 'The Republic of Moldova has included in its updated NDC the adaptation component in line with Articles 2.1 and 7.1 of the Paris Agreement and Katowice Rulebook (COP 24), as an opportunity to communicate country’s strategic vision on climate change adaptation. The adaptation component, as a forward-looking document, incorporates country’s adaptation priorities that derive from the in-force policy documents, such as the Climate Change Adaptation Strategy and the Action Plan for its implementation (2014), as well as from the Fourth National Communication to the UNFCCC (2018), and from a number of national level policy documents covering cross-sectoral socioeconomic areas and sector-specific development documents of the national priority sectors: agriculture, water resources , human health, forestry, energy and transport.', 'The adaptation component, as a forward-looking document, incorporates country’s adaptation priorities that derive from the in-force policy documents, such as the Climate Change Adaptation Strategy and the Action Plan for its implementation (2014), as well as from the Fourth National Communication to the UNFCCC (2018), and from a number of national level policy documents covering cross-sectoral socioeconomic areas and sector-specific development documents of the national priority sectors: agriculture, water resources , human health, forestry, energy and transport. The component is built upon the experience gained from the implementation of the first cycle of the National Adaptation Plan (NAP-1) (2014-2017) that is presented in the document, and from the planning perspectives of the NAP-2 that is to be implemented in two tracks: a) National Adaption Plan, covering Water Resources, Human Health, Forestry, Energy and Transport; b) Agriculture Sectoral Adaptation Plan (Ag.SAP).', 'The component is built upon the experience gained from the implementation of the first cycle of the National Adaptation Plan (NAP-1) (2014-2017) that is presented in the document, and from the planning perspectives of the NAP-2 that is to be implemented in two tracks: a) National Adaption Plan, covering Water Resources, Human Health, Forestry, Energy and Transport; b) Agriculture Sectoral Adaptation Plan (Ag.SAP). In support to climate action, the adaptation component incorporates cross-sectorial and sector-specific adaptation actions and measures to be implemented, along with identified adaptation investment priorities based on the review of national and sectorial development policies and plans, and the outcomes of an extensive consultation process, including stakeholders from all sectors and levels of governance, in particular, Central Public Authorities and Local Public Authorities, climate-related institutions and agencies, along with private sector, civil society, academia and women associations and youth NGOs representatives.The Republic of Moldova’s medium- and long-term adaptation goal is to reach a sustainable social and economic development resilient to the impact of climate change by establishing a strong enabling environment for a coherent and effective adaptive action with mitigation benefits, integrating climate risk into investment decision- making and business planning, while remaining socially inclusive and sensitive to gender impacts of climate change.', 'In support to climate action, the adaptation component incorporates cross-sectorial and sector-specific adaptation actions and measures to be implemented, along with identified adaptation investment priorities based on the review of national and sectorial development policies and plans, and the outcomes of an extensive consultation process, including stakeholders from all sectors and levels of governance, in particular, Central Public Authorities and Local Public Authorities, climate-related institutions and agencies, along with private sector, civil society, academia and women associations and youth NGOs representatives.The Republic of Moldova’s medium- and long-term adaptation goal is to reach a sustainable social and economic development resilient to the impact of climate change by establishing a strong enabling environment for a coherent and effective adaptive action with mitigation benefits, integrating climate risk into investment decision- making and business planning, while remaining socially inclusive and sensitive to gender impacts of climate change. As such, the whole of the Republic of Moldova’s adaptation framework makes a contribution to the country’s sustainable development priorities embodied in the “National Development Strategy: Moldova 2030” (2019) and to the overarching adaptation goal of the Paris Agreement to enhance adaptive capacity and resilience, to reduce vulnerability, with a view to contributing to sustainable development, and ensuring an adequate adaptation response in the context of the goal of holding average global warming well below 2 degrees C and pursuing efforts to keep it below 1.5 degrees C.In its updated NDC (NDC2), the Republic of Moldova intends to achieve more ambitious targets than in its NDC1.', 'As such, the whole of the Republic of Moldova’s adaptation framework makes a contribution to the country’s sustainable development priorities embodied in the “National Development Strategy: Moldova 2030” (2019) and to the overarching adaptation goal of the Paris Agreement to enhance adaptive capacity and resilience, to reduce vulnerability, with a view to contributing to sustainable development, and ensuring an adequate adaptation response in the context of the goal of holding average global warming well below 2 degrees C and pursuing efforts to keep it below 1.5 degrees C.In its updated NDC (NDC2), the Republic of Moldova intends to achieve more ambitious targets than in its NDC1. The country’s new economy-wide unconditional target is to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 70 per cent below its 1990 level in 2030, instead of 64-67 per cent as committed in NDC1.', 'The country’s new economy-wide unconditional target is to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 70 per cent below its 1990 level in 2030, instead of 64-67 per cent as committed in NDC1. As to the new economy-wide conditional target, instead of 78 per cent as committed in NDC1, the reduction commitment expressed above could be increased in NDC2 up to 88 per cent below 1990 level, provided a global agreement addressing important topics including low-cost financial resources, technology transfer, and technical cooperation, accessible to all at a scale commensurate to the challenge of global climate change, is insured. Following the decisions 1/CP.21, 4/CMA.1, 9/CMA.1, 18/CMA.1, the following quantifiable information is hereby submitted: 2.1.', 'Following the decisions 1/CP.21, 4/CMA.1, 9/CMA.1, 18/CMA.1, the following quantifiable information is hereby submitted: 2.1. UP-FRONT INFORMATION ON MITIGATION Updated Nationally Determined Contribution of the Republic of Moldova Quantifiable information on the reference point Reference indicator Base Year: 1990. Type of contribution Absolute reduction as compared to base year emissions. Quantifiable information on the reference indicators Total Emissions in the Base Year (NDC2): 44.9 Mt (without LULUCF) and 43.4 Mt (with LULUCF). These data will be updated on biennial basis through inventory submissions. Total Emissions in the Base Year (NDC1): 43.4 Mt (without LULUCF) and 37.5 Mt (with LULUCF).', 'Total Emissions in the Base Year (NDC1): 43.4 Mt (without LULUCF) and 37.5 Mt (with LULUCF). The noted difference between NDC1 and NDC2, in the latest, is due to the full transition from Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines to 2006 IPCC Guidelines, also due to switch from IPCC AR2’s GWP values to the use of GWP values provided in IPCC AR4, based on the effects over a 100-year time-horizon of GHGs, as well as due to undertaken recalculations as result of using higher tier methodologies, revised values of country-specific and default emission factors, actualized time-series of activity data and due to considering into the national GHG inventory new emissions and sinks categories, etc.', 'The noted difference between NDC1 and NDC2, in the latest, is due to the full transition from Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines to 2006 IPCC Guidelines, also due to switch from IPCC AR2’s GWP values to the use of GWP values provided in IPCC AR4, based on the effects over a 100-year time-horizon of GHGs, as well as due to undertaken recalculations as result of using higher tier methodologies, revised values of country-specific and default emission factors, actualized time-series of activity data and due to considering into the national GHG inventory new emissions and sinks categories, etc. Target relative to the reference indicator Republic of Moldova is committed to an unconditional target of 70 per cent reduction of its net greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 as compared to 1990 levels, instead of 64-67 per cent committed in NDC1.', 'Target relative to the reference indicator Republic of Moldova is committed to an unconditional target of 70 per cent reduction of its net greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 as compared to 1990 levels, instead of 64-67 per cent committed in NDC1. The GHG reduction commitment could be increased up to 88 per cent reduction as compared to 1990 level conditional to the global agreement addressing important issues, including access to low-cost financial resources, technology transfer and technical cooperation commensurate to the challenge of global climate change. In NDC1 this commitment was established at the level of 78 per cent GHG emission reduction. Thus, following the Art. 4.3 of the Paris Agreement, the Republic of Moldova’s NDC2 reflects its highest possible ambition and represents progress beyond commitments made in NDC1.', '4.3 of the Paris Agreement, the Republic of Moldova’s NDC2 reflects its highest possible ambition and represents progress beyond commitments made in NDC1. Sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s) National Inventory Report 1990-2016. Chisinau, 20181.Updated Nationally Determined Contribution of the Republic of Moldova The circumstances under which the Republic of Moldova may update the values of the reference indicators Entailing the need of improving the quality of the National GHG Inventory, including by considering the updated activity data, higher tier methodological approaches available in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, updating country-specific emission factors used, and corrective actions following the implementation of the QA/QC Plan. Time frames and/or periods for implementation Timeframes The time frame of the commitment is from 1st January 2021 to 31st December 2030.', 'Time frames and/or periods for implementation Timeframes The time frame of the commitment is from 1st January 2021 to 31st December 2030. Its achievement will be tracked on biennial basis through the Republic of Moldova’s Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks, reported as part of BURs (while since 2024 – TBRs) submissions to the Convention. Number of targets Single year target established for 2030 Scope and coverage General description of the target The target corresponds to economy-wide absolute reduction as compared to base year emissions. The geographic coverage is the same as shown by the country’s geopolitical boundaries (including ATULBD – the administrative territorial units on the left bank of Dniester river).', 'The geographic coverage is the same as shown by the country’s geopolitical boundaries (including ATULBD – the administrative territorial units on the left bank of Dniester river). Republic of Moldova intends to account for 100 per cent of its national GHG emissions and removals for the base year as published in the Republic of Moldova’s Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks, on a net-net basis. Sectors, gases, categories and pools Gases Covered: all GHGs not controlled by the Montreal Protocol – Carbon Dioxide ), Methane (CH4 ), Nitrous Oxide (N2 O), Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), Perfluorocarbons (PFCs), Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6 ), Nitrogen Trifluoride (NF3 ). Sectors Covered: energy; industrial processes and product use (IPPU); agriculture; land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) and waste.', 'Sectors Covered: energy; industrial processes and product use (IPPU); agriculture; land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) and waste. Both the categories of anthropogenic emissions and removals, and the sectors considered reflect the coverage of categories and sectors consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Inventory Guidelines. The Republic of Moldova has taken into consideration paragraph 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21. Carbon Pools: n/a. Mitigation co-benefits from adaptation actions The adaptation priorities by sectors and measures were defined as follows: Agriculture: sustainable soil management (conservation, precision, organic agriculture, etc. ); promoting efficient irrigation systems; promoting diversity and resilience of agricultural crops; increased food security; promoting integrated food, water, and energy systems in a smart and climate change resilient agriculture.', '); promoting efficient irrigation systems; promoting diversity and resilience of agricultural crops; increased food security; promoting integrated food, water, and energy systems in a smart and climate change resilient agriculture. Water Resources: assessment of resources evaluation, increasing supply and efficient management of water demand, taking into account social and gender issues; management of extreme events (floods, droughts); effective water treatment and reuse. Forestry: afforestation/reforestation, promoting the ecosystem approach in adaptation of forests to climate change; promoting agroforestry and silvo-pastoral practices; sustainable management of forests and ecosystem services; organic matter restoration in degraded pastures.', 'Forestry: afforestation/reforestation, promoting the ecosystem approach in adaptation of forests to climate change; promoting agroforestry and silvo-pastoral practices; sustainable management of forests and ecosystem services; organic matter restoration in degraded pastures. Human Health: Improving health services for vulnerable groups of the population; Improving the infrastructure of hospitals for operationalization to “green”Updated Nationally Determined Contribution of the Republic of Moldova standards; Prevention, early warning, management and overcoming the impact of extreme weather events (heat and cold waves, floods). Transport: resilient urban infrastructure to reduce exposure to climate risks; increasing climate resilience of transport infrastructure (roads, bridges, viaducts, railways, tracks); adoption of climate resilience codes and standards; access of the rural population to a climate-resilient road system that takes into account social, age and gender issues.', 'Transport: resilient urban infrastructure to reduce exposure to climate risks; increasing climate resilience of transport infrastructure (roads, bridges, viaducts, railways, tracks); adoption of climate resilience codes and standards; access of the rural population to a climate-resilient road system that takes into account social, age and gender issues. Energy: promoting water-energy-land interaction with renewable energy sources; climate protection of the energy system infrastructure; ensure operation of energy infrastructure in any climatic conditions. Inter-Sectorial Priorities: Improving resilience of the Republic Moldova’s communities to adverse climate change effects, taking into account social and gender issues. Most of the adaptation actions specified under agriculture, forestry, transport and energy sectors have a clear impact on mitigation. However, the evaluation of such positive and negative co-benefits is not done because currently the appropriate methodologies are not available.', 'However, the evaluation of such positive and negative co-benefits is not done because currently the appropriate methodologies are not available. CDM methodologies could be applied, but they are too time consuming and require increased human resources which are scarce in current conditions of the country, while own national methodologies have not been developed yet. However, while it is premature to determine mitigation co-benefits from adaptation actions for projection purposes, the country is reporting and will continue to report data and information on quantified co-benefits of adaptation actions in its NCs and BURs, in compliance with Government Decision (GD) No.', 'However, while it is premature to determine mitigation co-benefits from adaptation actions for projection purposes, the country is reporting and will continue to report data and information on quantified co-benefits of adaptation actions in its NCs and BURs, in compliance with Government Decision (GD) No. 1277 as of 26.12.2018 on setting-up and functioning of the National System for Monitoring and Reporting (NSMR) GHG Emissions and Other Information Relevant to Climate Change, thus respecting transparency requirements and the requirement on preventing double counting of GHG emissions.', '1277 as of 26.12.2018 on setting-up and functioning of the National System for Monitoring and Reporting (NSMR) GHG Emissions and Other Information Relevant to Climate Change, thus respecting transparency requirements and the requirement on preventing double counting of GHG emissions. Planning processes General information on the planning processes NDC2 was developed based on the analytical basis used for developing the BUR2 of the Republic of Moldova to the UNFCCC (2019) and it reflects the outcomes of mitigation measures of respective report, which were widely discussed with all national stakeholders (central and local authorities, academic institutions, NGOs, private sector, etc.) during the 2017-2018 period.', 'Planning processes General information on the planning processes NDC2 was developed based on the analytical basis used for developing the BUR2 of the Republic of Moldova to the UNFCCC (2019) and it reflects the outcomes of mitigation measures of respective report, which were widely discussed with all national stakeholders (central and local authorities, academic institutions, NGOs, private sector, etc.) during the 2017-2018 period. In January 2020, the draft NDC2 was subjected to additional consultations and it was accepted in the version which incorporated suggestions received from the central and local governmental authorities and the civil society in a gender-responsive manner.', 'In January 2020, the draft NDC2 was subjected to additional consultations and it was accepted in the version which incorporated suggestions received from the central and local governmental authorities and the civil society in a gender-responsive manner. National Circumstances: Land Area – 33,846 km2; Population (with ATULBD) - 3.146 million (2019), of them rural residents represents 55 per cent and urban residents 45 per cent; women represent 52.7 and men 47.3 per cent; Geography – the country is located in central part of Europe in the northeastern Balkans, between Romania and Ukraine; Climate - temperate continental, characterized by relatively mild winters and little snow, with long, warm summers and low humidity; the average annual air temperature varies within 8 to 10°C across the country; the maximum temperature is 42°C and the minimum temperature reaches -35°C; the probability of winds with speeds above 10 m/s is 6-10 per cent; the warm period comprises about 190 days; Key Climate Risks - droughts and floods, increasing annual average temperature, uneven rainfall distribution; Vulnerable Sectors - agriculture, human health, water resources, forestry, transport and energy; GHG Emissions Profile - 3.8 t CO2 equivalent / capita (2016); the share of the Republic of Moldova’s GHG emissions in total global emissions is 0.026 per cent; Key EmitterUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution of the Republic of Moldova Sectors - energy – 68.1 per cent of the total national GHG emissions, including 31.0 per cent – energy industries and 16.3 per cent - transport; agriculture – 16.7 per cent; waste – 10.0 per cent; Economy – GDP per capita: US$ 7,703 (PPP, 2019) and US$ 3,300 (nominal, 2019); the average annual economic growth in the most recent years was 4.5 per cent; within global competitiveness ranking, the Republic of Moldova ranked 89 out of 137 countries in 2017-2018, lower than most countries in the region and CIS countries; Poverty Headcount Ratio at National Poverty Lines (% of population) – 9.6 per cent (2015); Gender – on the average women are still earning 12 per cent less than men; the largest gender pay gap was recorded in the following sectors: information & communication (-23 per cent), industry (-18.3 per cent), art, recreation & leisure (-15.1 per cent); the national legal framework on equality between women and men is in line with international gender standards; National Designated Authority – Ministry of Agriculture, Regional Development and Environment.', 'National Circumstances: Land Area – 33,846 km2; Population (with ATULBD) - 3.146 million (2019), of them rural residents represents 55 per cent and urban residents 45 per cent; women represent 52.7 and men 47.3 per cent; Geography – the country is located in central part of Europe in the northeastern Balkans, between Romania and Ukraine; Climate - temperate continental, characterized by relatively mild winters and little snow, with long, warm summers and low humidity; the average annual air temperature varies within 8 to 10°C across the country; the maximum temperature is 42°C and the minimum temperature reaches -35°C; the probability of winds with speeds above 10 m/s is 6-10 per cent; the warm period comprises about 190 days; Key Climate Risks - droughts and floods, increasing annual average temperature, uneven rainfall distribution; Vulnerable Sectors - agriculture, human health, water resources, forestry, transport and energy; GHG Emissions Profile - 3.8 t CO2 equivalent / capita (2016); the share of the Republic of Moldova’s GHG emissions in total global emissions is 0.026 per cent; Key EmitterUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution of the Republic of Moldova Sectors - energy – 68.1 per cent of the total national GHG emissions, including 31.0 per cent – energy industries and 16.3 per cent - transport; agriculture – 16.7 per cent; waste – 10.0 per cent; Economy – GDP per capita: US$ 7,703 (PPP, 2019) and US$ 3,300 (nominal, 2019); the average annual economic growth in the most recent years was 4.5 per cent; within global competitiveness ranking, the Republic of Moldova ranked 89 out of 137 countries in 2017-2018, lower than most countries in the region and CIS countries; Poverty Headcount Ratio at National Poverty Lines (% of population) – 9.6 per cent (2015); Gender – on the average women are still earning 12 per cent less than men; the largest gender pay gap was recorded in the following sectors: information & communication (-23 per cent), industry (-18.3 per cent), art, recreation & leisure (-15.1 per cent); the national legal framework on equality between women and men is in line with international gender standards; National Designated Authority – Ministry of Agriculture, Regional Development and Environment. Best practices and experience in NDC development: - The experience gained during the elaboration and approval of NDC1 served as a main support in the development and promotion of NDC2; - NDC2 formulation was done under the leadership of the Ministry of Agriculture, Regional Development and Environment, with the financial support of the European Union (EU) in the frame of the Regional Project EU4Climate, implemented by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP); - The draft NDC2 was posted for comments on <www.clima.md> and it was discussed and validated during the national consultation workshop organized on 28 January 2020, with the participation of all relevant stakeholders, including representatives of the central and local public authorities, academia, civil society organizations, private entities, business associations; - The NDC2 targets are planned to be achieved through the Low Emission Development Strategy of the Republic of Moldova until 2030 and the Action Plan for its implementation, approved through the GD No.', 'Best practices and experience in NDC development: - The experience gained during the elaboration and approval of NDC1 served as a main support in the development and promotion of NDC2; - NDC2 formulation was done under the leadership of the Ministry of Agriculture, Regional Development and Environment, with the financial support of the European Union (EU) in the frame of the Regional Project EU4Climate, implemented by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP); - The draft NDC2 was posted for comments on <www.clima.md> and it was discussed and validated during the national consultation workshop organized on 28 January 2020, with the participation of all relevant stakeholders, including representatives of the central and local public authorities, academia, civil society organizations, private entities, business associations; - The NDC2 targets are planned to be achieved through the Low Emission Development Strategy of the Republic of Moldova until 2030 and the Action Plan for its implementation, approved through the GD No. 1470 as of 30.12.2016 (it will be updated by the end of 2020 to incorporate more ambitious reduction commitments from NDC2); - The NDC2 unconditional target is foreseen to be reached by implementing the efficient incentives, redirecting public investments to less emission intensive activities; - In respect to NDC2 conditional target, financial support is envisaged from relevant donors, mostly from Green Climate Fund (GCF); currently, the Country Programme of the Republic of Moldova for engagement with GCF for the 2020-2024 years is under consideration for approval; a comprehensive assessment of country’s capacity, financial and technology needs is conducted to implement a pipeline of measures to mitigate and adapt to climate change; - Taking into account existing gaps and barriers in engaging the private sector in climate investment, a set of measures are to be developed to provide capacity building and technical assistance to the private sector of Moldova.', '1470 as of 30.12.2016 (it will be updated by the end of 2020 to incorporate more ambitious reduction commitments from NDC2); - The NDC2 unconditional target is foreseen to be reached by implementing the efficient incentives, redirecting public investments to less emission intensive activities; - In respect to NDC2 conditional target, financial support is envisaged from relevant donors, mostly from Green Climate Fund (GCF); currently, the Country Programme of the Republic of Moldova for engagement with GCF for the 2020-2024 years is under consideration for approval; a comprehensive assessment of country’s capacity, financial and technology needs is conducted to implement a pipeline of measures to mitigate and adapt to climate change; - Taking into account existing gaps and barriers in engaging the private sector in climate investment, a set of measures are to be developed to provide capacity building and technical assistance to the private sector of Moldova. Regional economic integration The Republic of Moldova has signed the Association Agreement with the European Union in 2014, whereby the country has also committed to aligning its climate change policies to the EU ones.', 'Regional economic integration The Republic of Moldova has signed the Association Agreement with the European Union in 2014, whereby the country has also committed to aligning its climate change policies to the EU ones. The agreement comprises binding provisions, regulatory documents and wider cooperation arrangements in all sectors of concern, including those related to GHG emissions reduction and adaptation to climate change.', 'The agreement comprises binding provisions, regulatory documents and wider cooperation arrangements in all sectors of concern, including those related to GHG emissions reduction and adaptation to climate change. The cooperation is governed by the Action Plans, the last approved Action Plan being for 2016-2019 years.Updated Nationally Determined Contribution of the Republic of Moldova In 2010, a Protocol was signed regarding the accession by the Republic of Moldova to the Energy Community Treaty (ECT), which allows the country to be an active member of the Regional and European Energy Market, obliging the state to align its national energy related legislation with the community acquis.', 'The cooperation is governed by the Action Plans, the last approved Action Plan being for 2016-2019 years.Updated Nationally Determined Contribution of the Republic of Moldova In 2010, a Protocol was signed regarding the accession by the Republic of Moldova to the Energy Community Treaty (ECT), which allows the country to be an active member of the Regional and European Energy Market, obliging the state to align its national energy related legislation with the community acquis. The key priority for 2019 was the adoption of 2030 goals in the area of renewable energy, energy efficiency and reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the ECT by transposing the recent EU clean energy package for its members.', 'The key priority for 2019 was the adoption of 2030 goals in the area of renewable energy, energy efficiency and reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the ECT by transposing the recent EU clean energy package for its members. The Republic of Moldova participates in the Danube Transnational Program, the Program having as main objective to promote innovation and entrepreneurship, to preserve the natural and cultural heritage of the Danube region, to improve connectivity and to support the transition to a low-carbon economy. The outcomes of the global stocktake According to Article 14.2 of the Paris Agreement, the Conference serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Agreement (CMA) shall undertake its first global stocktake in 2023 and every 5 years thereafter unless otherwise decided by the CMA.', 'The outcomes of the global stocktake According to Article 14.2 of the Paris Agreement, the Conference serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Agreement (CMA) shall undertake its first global stocktake in 2023 and every 5 years thereafter unless otherwise decided by the CMA. It is expected, the reduction commitments of the updated NDC of the Republic of Moldova will be considered in the Global Stocktake Report to be published in 2023. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals Key assumptions and methodological approaches Metrics applied: Republic of Moldova intends to use the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) Global Warming Potential (GWP) 100-year values to calculate and report its CO2 equivalent totals.', 'Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals Key assumptions and methodological approaches Metrics applied: Republic of Moldova intends to use the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) Global Warming Potential (GWP) 100-year values to calculate and report its CO2 equivalent totals. The Republic of Moldova will take into account future updates to GWP values by IPCC. Methodologies for estimating emissions: 2006 IPCC Guidelines.', 'Methodologies for estimating emissions: 2006 IPCC Guidelines. Approach to accounting for agriculture, forestry and other land use: Republic of Moldova intends to include all categories of GHG emissions by sources and removals by sinks, and all pools and gases, as reported in the National Inventory of GHG Emissions and Sinks; to account for the land sector using a net-net approach; and to use a “production approach” to account for harvested wood products, which is consistent with IPCC guidelines. Republic of Moldova may also exclude emissions from natural disturbances, as consistent with available IPCC guidance. There are material data collection and methodological challenges in estimating emissions and removals in the land sector.', 'There are material data collection and methodological challenges in estimating emissions and removals in the land sector. In compliance with 2006 IPCC Guidelines, Republic of Moldova will continue to improve its LULUCF sector GHG reporting, which will involve an update of its methodologies. Contribution of international mechanisms: Republic of Moldova may use bilateral, regional and international market mechanisms to achieve its conditional 2030 target, subject to employing robust systems that deliver real and verified emissions reductions. However, according to EU 2016 evaluation report on the implementation of the EU-RM Association Agreement the implementation of the EU emissions trading scheme in RM will only be possible when the date of RM s accession to the EU is determined.', 'However, according to EU 2016 evaluation report on the implementation of the EU-RM Association Agreement the implementation of the EU emissions trading scheme in RM will only be possible when the date of RM s accession to the EU is determined. The unconditional NDC2 commitment will be met through domestic actions, although they would need assistance in cost- effective implementation. In order to prevent double counting of GHG emissions, an appropriate robust national MRV system was put in place in 2019 through the GD No. 1277 as of 26.12.2018. It covers GHG emissions counting from international bunkers and CDM projects as well, while delivering real and verified emission reduction.', 'It covers GHG emissions counting from international bunkers and CDM projects as well, while delivering real and verified emission reduction. Accounting for anthropogenic In accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals considered in NDC2, the recommendations of the Ad Hoc Working Group pursuantUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution of the Republic of Moldova greenhouse gas emissions and removals to decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, will be used as soon as they are officially published. However, if such recommendations will be considered ex-post the year of NDC target and, taking into consideration that RM’s NDC2 targets relate to 2030, while in five years an updated NDC should be considered, the specified recommendations may not be applicable to RM’s NDC2. Until then, 2006 IPCC Guidelines will be applied for accounting anthropogenic GHG emissions and removals.', 'Until then, 2006 IPCC Guidelines will be applied for accounting anthropogenic GHG emissions and removals. Accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies The NDC2 sets economy-wide absolute emission reduction targets by year 2030 as compared to 1990, but not objectives per specific policies, measures or strategies. However, the Republic of Moldova is reporting in its NCs and BURs the measures included in the appropriate pipeline to reach country’s NDCs. The description of measures comprises the status of their implementation as well. Thus, this information may serve as a source for tracking implementation of the measures.', 'Thus, this information may serve as a source for tracking implementation of the measures. How Republic of Moldova believes that its updated Nationally Determined Contribution is fair and ambitious in view of its national circumstances Fair and ambitious Following the Talanoa Call for Action2, launched by the Presidents of COP 23 and COP 24, the Republic of Moldova made its NDC2 more ambitious than NDC1, and stated the target to reduce its GHG emissions by 70 per cent below its 1990 level by 2030 under the unconditional scenario, instead of 64-67 per cent, thus showing its alignment to the “ratchet up mechanism” of the Paris Agreement.', 'How Republic of Moldova believes that its updated Nationally Determined Contribution is fair and ambitious in view of its national circumstances Fair and ambitious Following the Talanoa Call for Action2, launched by the Presidents of COP 23 and COP 24, the Republic of Moldova made its NDC2 more ambitious than NDC1, and stated the target to reduce its GHG emissions by 70 per cent below its 1990 level by 2030 under the unconditional scenario, instead of 64-67 per cent, thus showing its alignment to the “ratchet up mechanism” of the Paris Agreement. Another issue that proves country’s NDC2 ambitions refers to the application of an economy-wide absolute emission reduction target (in compliance with Article 4.4 of Paris Agreement), which ensures reaching the objectives in a relevant, complete, consistent, transparent, and accurate manner.', 'Another issue that proves country’s NDC2 ambitions refers to the application of an economy-wide absolute emission reduction target (in compliance with Article 4.4 of Paris Agreement), which ensures reaching the objectives in a relevant, complete, consistent, transparent, and accurate manner. National commitments are well in line with the emissions pathways towards 2050 that correspond to keeping global warming below 2oC as compared to pre-industrial levels. It is worthwhile to note that considerations of fairness in the national perspective include a variety of issues and no separate indicator on its own can accurately reflect fairness or a globally equitable distribution of countries’ efforts.', 'It is worthwhile to note that considerations of fairness in the national perspective include a variety of issues and no separate indicator on its own can accurately reflect fairness or a globally equitable distribution of countries’ efforts. It is further important to note that the evolving nature of a country’s circumstances is to be reflected in the consideration of fairness: Responsibility is reflected in a country’s past, current and future greenhouse gas emissions. Total emissions, as well as per capita emissions, are to be considered. Republic of Moldova’s responsibility in terms of GHG emissions is low. In 2016, Republic of Moldova emitted 14.6 Mt (without LULUCF) and 13.7 Mt (with LULUCF), which is less than 0.026 per cent of current world’s emissions.', 'In 2016, Republic of Moldova emitted 14.6 Mt (without LULUCF) and 13.7 Mt (with LULUCF), which is less than 0.026 per cent of current world’s emissions. In 2016, the total and net per capita emissions were almost 50 per cent lower than the world’s average (3.8 t CO2 equivalent per capita to be compared to equivalent per capita, respectively 3.6 t CO2 equivalent per capita to be compared to 7.4 t CO2 equivalent per capita). Also, the Republic of Moldova has a low level of historic emissions, of about 0.05 per cent (without LULUCF) and/or of about 0.04 per cent (with LULUCF) of the worlds’ emissions, since 1990. The capacity to contribute to solving the climate change problem is closely related to the ability to invest in appropriate mitigation measures.', 'The capacity to contribute to solving the climate change problem is closely related to the ability to invest in appropriate mitigation measures. Hence, one 2 Talanoa Call for Action (By the Presidents of COP 23 and COP 24).Updated Nationally Determined Contribution of the Republic of Moldova aspect of capacity is to take into account the GDP growth level and GDP per capita in fairness considerations. In this context, it is worth mentioning that over the 1990-2016 period, the Real GDP decreased in the Republic of Moldova by 27.7 per cent, from 10.133 to 7.327 billion 2010 US$, while the real GDP per capita decreased by 17.9 per cent, from 2,323 to 1,906 2010 US$3.', 'In this context, it is worth mentioning that over the 1990-2016 period, the Real GDP decreased in the Republic of Moldova by 27.7 per cent, from 10.133 to 7.327 billion 2010 US$, while the real GDP per capita decreased by 17.9 per cent, from 2,323 to 1,906 2010 US$3. The mitigation potential and abatement costs are other core issues in considering a fair contribution of a country. The GHG intensity (“CO2 emissions per GDP”) indices have considerably decreased over the 1990-2016 period in the Republic of Moldova, from 4.43 to per real GDP 2010 US$ (without LULUCF), or by 55.1 per cent; and, per real GDP 2010 US$ (with LULUCF), or by 56.5 per cent, respectively.', 'The GHG intensity (“CO2 emissions per GDP”) indices have considerably decreased over the 1990-2016 period in the Republic of Moldova, from 4.43 to per real GDP 2010 US$ (without LULUCF), or by 55.1 per cent; and, per real GDP 2010 US$ (with LULUCF), or by 56.5 per cent, respectively. These values are still among the highest among transition economies from the Central and Eastern Europe and reveal a high mitigation potential of the Republic of Moldova to reach its GHG emission reduction targets. But, in order to reach the conditional target of up to 88 per cent reduction of its GHG emissions by 2030 as compared to 1990 levels, appropriate international financial support equal to about US$ 5 billion, i.e.', 'But, in order to reach the conditional target of up to 88 per cent reduction of its GHG emissions by 2030 as compared to 1990 levels, appropriate international financial support equal to about US$ 5 billion, i.e. about US$ 500 million per year until 2030, is needed; the support needed will be in addition to the domestic allocations to cover the required abatement costs. This support will allow adjusting the development pathway of the Republic of Moldova towards a low-carbon economy, thus moving towards progressive decoupling of carbon emissions from economic growth and ensuring a decent level of real GDP per capita, equaling 4,072 US$/capita in 2030, which will still be approximately one-tenth of EU 28 average, projected to be US$ 43,244/capita4 in 2030.', 'This support will allow adjusting the development pathway of the Republic of Moldova towards a low-carbon economy, thus moving towards progressive decoupling of carbon emissions from economic growth and ensuring a decent level of real GDP per capita, equaling 4,072 US$/capita in 2030, which will still be approximately one-tenth of EU 28 average, projected to be US$ 43,244/capita4 in 2030. As stated above, along with the international financial support for covering abatement costs, the country will also need assistance in the form of technology transfer and capacity building.', 'As stated above, along with the international financial support for covering abatement costs, the country will also need assistance in the form of technology transfer and capacity building. How the Nationally Determined Contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 Contribution towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 Republic of Moldova commits to reduce its net GHG emissions under the unconditional scenario, from 43.4 Mt in 1990 to 12.8 Mt in 2030, i.e.', 'How the Nationally Determined Contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 Contribution towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 Republic of Moldova commits to reduce its net GHG emissions under the unconditional scenario, from 43.4 Mt in 1990 to 12.8 Mt in 2030, i.e. 3.4 times less during a 40 year timespan, thus contributing to stabilization of GHG concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system, and ensuring that country’s food production is not threatened and enabling economic development in a sustainable manner. Contribution towards of the Paris Agreement.', '3.4 times less during a 40 year timespan, thus contributing to stabilization of GHG concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system, and ensuring that country’s food production is not threatened and enabling economic development in a sustainable manner. Contribution towards of the Paris Agreement. Over the period 2000-2010, the Republic of Moldova recorded on the average an increase in GHG emissions of about 3.4 per cent/year, while during the 2010-2016 period – only 0.12 per cent/year, to account for GDP per capita growth of 6.1 per cent/year over the same period, which clear proves moving trend towards progressive decoupling of carbon emissions from economic growth and the country’s intention to reach the decarburization of its economy as soon as possible and in a sustainable development manner, in accordance with the best available science, so as to achieve at the global level a balance between anthropogenic GHG 3 United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Center International Macroeconomic Data Set: < products/international-macroeconomic-data-set.aspx>.', 'Over the period 2000-2010, the Republic of Moldova recorded on the average an increase in GHG emissions of about 3.4 per cent/year, while during the 2010-2016 period – only 0.12 per cent/year, to account for GDP per capita growth of 6.1 per cent/year over the same period, which clear proves moving trend towards progressive decoupling of carbon emissions from economic growth and the country’s intention to reach the decarburization of its economy as soon as possible and in a sustainable development manner, in accordance with the best available science, so as to achieve at the global level a balance between anthropogenic GHG 3 United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Center International Macroeconomic Data Set: < products/international-macroeconomic-data-set.aspx>. 4 United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Center International Macroeconomic Data Set: < products/international-macroeconomic-data-set.aspx>.Updated Nationally Determined Contribution of the Republic of Moldova emissions by sources and removals by sinks in the second half of this century, on the basis of equity, and in the context of sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty, which was calculated to be 9 per cent in 2015, while the subjective perception of this indicator by the population was 37 per cent5.', '4 United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Center International Macroeconomic Data Set: < products/international-macroeconomic-data-set.aspx>.Updated Nationally Determined Contribution of the Republic of Moldova emissions by sources and removals by sinks in the second half of this century, on the basis of equity, and in the context of sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty, which was calculated to be 9 per cent in 2015, while the subjective perception of this indicator by the population was 37 per cent5. The country’s emissions reduction targets by mid-century will be established in the 2050 Low Emission Development Strategy, which is to be developed by November 2022, according to the Governmental Action Plan for 2020-2023 periods, approved through the GD No. 636 as of 11.12.2019. 2.2.', '636 as of 11.12.2019. 2.2. CLARIFYING INFORMATION ON MITIGATION ASPECTS IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA The Republic of Moldova’s share in global GHG emissions is less than 0.026 per cent. In 2016, total and net GHG emissions of the Republic of Moldova equaled 13.7 Mt (with LULUCF) and 14.6 Mt CO2 eq. (without LULUCF) (see Table 2.2-1) and total and net per capita emissions were almost half of the world’s average (3.6 eq. /capita vs 7.4 t CO2 eq. /capita, and 3.8 t CO2 eq. /capita vs 6.8 t CO2 eq. /capita, respectively). Table 2.2-1: Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks Trends within 1990-2016 period, Mt CO2 equivalent In 2016, about 72.7 per cent of the national net direct GHG emissions originated from the Energy Sector.', 'Table 2.2-1: Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks Trends within 1990-2016 period, Mt CO2 equivalent In 2016, about 72.7 per cent of the national net direct GHG emissions originated from the Energy Sector. Other relevant direct GHG sources were represented by Agriculture Sector (17.8 per cent of the total), Waste Sector (10.7 per cent of the total) and IPPU Sector (5.6 per cent of the total). The share of Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry Sector was -6.7 per cent (see Figure 2.2-1). Figure 2.2-1: Breakdown of the Republic of Moldova’s Net GHG Emissions by Sectors in 2016. In comparison with the 1990-year levels, by 2016 the Republic of Moldova s GHG total and net emissions were 67.5 per cent, respectively 68.5 per cent below (see Figure 2.2-2).', 'In comparison with the 1990-year levels, by 2016 the Republic of Moldova s GHG total and net emissions were 67.5 per cent, respectively 68.5 per cent below (see Figure 2.2-2). 5 Concept Note on the National Development Strategy "Moldova 2030". < Energy IPPU Agriculture LULUCF WasteFigure 2.2-2: Trends of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks within 1990-2016 period, Mt CO2 equivalent.', '< Energy IPPU Agriculture LULUCF WasteFigure 2.2-2: Trends of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks within 1990-2016 period, Mt CO2 equivalent. From Table 2.2-2, it is obvious that this reduction in GHG emissions over the last 27 years is in full consistency with a decrease in some important socio-economic indicators: population number decreased by 11.9 per cent, the GDP – by 27.7 per cent, the GHG intensity (CO2 eq/GDP) – by 55.1 per cent, the electricity consumption – by 54.3 per cent, the heat consumption – by 82.7 per cent, while the consumption of primary energy resources decreased by 73.5 per cent.', 'From Table 2.2-2, it is obvious that this reduction in GHG emissions over the last 27 years is in full consistency with a decrease in some important socio-economic indicators: population number decreased by 11.9 per cent, the GDP – by 27.7 per cent, the GHG intensity (CO2 eq/GDP) – by 55.1 per cent, the electricity consumption – by 54.3 per cent, the heat consumption – by 82.7 per cent, while the consumption of primary energy resources decreased by 73.5 per cent. Table 2.2-2: Republic of Moldova’s Total GHG Emissions and Associated Variables, 1990-2016 Total GHG emissions, Mt CO2 GHG intensity, kg CO2 equivalent Total (without LULUCF) LULUCF Total (with LULUCF)The significant reduction in the level of socio-economic indicators over the 1990-2016 period is a consequence of the deep transformation processes common during the transition from a centralized economy to a market economy, specifically after the breakup of the Soviet Union and the declaration of the Republic of Moldova’s independence on 27th of August 1991.', 'Table 2.2-2: Republic of Moldova’s Total GHG Emissions and Associated Variables, 1990-2016 Total GHG emissions, Mt CO2 GHG intensity, kg CO2 equivalent Total (without LULUCF) LULUCF Total (with LULUCF)The significant reduction in the level of socio-economic indicators over the 1990-2016 period is a consequence of the deep transformation processes common during the transition from a centralized economy to a market economy, specifically after the breakup of the Soviet Union and the declaration of the Republic of Moldova’s independence on 27th of August 1991. The country rated among the low-medium income countries in 1990, and currently it is one of the lowest income nations in Europe. Certain economic decline patterns had been registered prior to 1991, but the separation from the USSR has considerably accelerated the process.', 'Certain economic decline patterns had been registered prior to 1991, but the separation from the USSR has considerably accelerated the process. The GDP level was decreasing continuously over the period 1990 to 2000 inclusively, when it fell down to as low as 65 per cent of the 1990 level. The reasons for the economic collapse were numerous. First, the country had been fully integrated in the USSR economic system, and the independence resulted, among other things, in the cessation of any subsidies or cash transfers from the centralized government. Second, the end of the Soviet Era with its well established commercial links has resulted in the emergence of numerous obstacles for free movement of goods, and in access restrictions introduced by the emerging markets.', 'Second, the end of the Soviet Era with its well established commercial links has resulted in the emergence of numerous obstacles for free movement of goods, and in access restrictions introduced by the emerging markets. Third, the lack of domestic energy resources and raw materials in the country has contributed considerably to the nation’s strong dependence on other former Soviet Republics. This dependence has affected consumers’ capacity to pay for the energy used due to the increased prices of energy resources (ex., from 1997 to 2014 the natural gas tariff increased 13.0 times; electricity tariff increased 6.6 times; gasoline, diesel and liquefied gases prices increased 1.9 times), in the condition when about 95% of energy resources were imported.', 'This dependence has affected consumers’ capacity to pay for the energy used due to the increased prices of energy resources (ex., from 1997 to 2014 the natural gas tariff increased 13.0 times; electricity tariff increased 6.6 times; gasoline, diesel and liquefied gases prices increased 1.9 times), in the condition when about 95% of energy resources were imported. On the other hand, without applying cross subsidizations policies, the current energy prices have incentivized the population to take strong energy efficiency measures in the Republic of Moldova, which led to a significant decrease of the energy intensity, declining since 2000 with an average annual negative growth of 4.5 per cent.', 'On the other hand, without applying cross subsidizations policies, the current energy prices have incentivized the population to take strong energy efficiency measures in the Republic of Moldova, which led to a significant decrease of the energy intensity, declining since 2000 with an average annual negative growth of 4.5 per cent. In addition, over the 2000-2016 period, the real GDP increased by 107.9 per cent, from 3.524 to 7.327 billion 2010 US$, while the real GDP per capita increased by 132.8 per cent, from 818.8 to 1,906.1 2010 US$.', 'In addition, over the 2000-2016 period, the real GDP increased by 107.9 per cent, from 3.524 to 7.327 billion 2010 US$, while the real GDP per capita increased by 132.8 per cent, from 818.8 to 1,906.1 2010 US$. The considerable real GDP growth achieved since 2000 seems to indicate that the economy is finally developing in the right direction, although it should be noted that in 2016 the real GDP reached only 72.3 per cent of the 1990-year level.', 'The considerable real GDP growth achieved since 2000 seems to indicate that the economy is finally developing in the right direction, although it should be noted that in 2016 the real GDP reached only 72.3 per cent of the 1990-year level. It is worth mentioning that from 2000 to 2016, the electricity consumption increased in the Republic of Moldova by 15.9 per cent; the heat consumption decreased by 19.4 per cent, the consumption of primary energy resources increased by 50.7 per cent; while the GHG intensity (CO2 eq/GDP) decreased during the same period by 39.7 per cent, showing the first signs of decoupling of economic growth from the growth in greenhouse gas emissions, by 25.4 per cent over the 2000-2016 period (see Figure 2.2-3).', 'It is worth mentioning that from 2000 to 2016, the electricity consumption increased in the Republic of Moldova by 15.9 per cent; the heat consumption decreased by 19.4 per cent, the consumption of primary energy resources increased by 50.7 per cent; while the GHG intensity (CO2 eq/GDP) decreased during the same period by 39.7 per cent, showing the first signs of decoupling of economic growth from the growth in greenhouse gas emissions, by 25.4 per cent over the 2000-2016 period (see Figure 2.2-3). Figure 2.2-3: Trends in total GHG emissions and associated variables in the Republic of Moldova over the 2000- 2016 period.', 'Figure 2.2-3: Trends in total GHG emissions and associated variables in the Republic of Moldova over the 2000- 2016 period. Indexed indications (year 2000=100%) Real GDP Total GHG emissions Population GHG intensity (CO2/GDP) Electricity consumption Heat consumption Primary energy resources consumptionMitigation Policy Framework In 2015, the Republic of Moldova submitted its INDC (NDC1). On 24 March 2017 the country’s Low Emission Development Strategy until 2030 and the Action Plan for its implementation, approved through the GD No. 1470 as of 30.12.2016, entered into force, aiming to reach the NDC1 targets. The Paris Agreement was ratified by the Law No. 78 as of 04.05.2017. In order to implement NDC2, it is necessary to update the LEDS by the end of the 2020 year.', 'In order to implement NDC2, it is necessary to update the LEDS by the end of the 2020 year. Concomitantly, the 2050 Low Emission Development Strategy will be developed by November 2022 according to the Governmental Action Plan for 2020-2023 years, approved through the GD No. 636 as of 11.12.2019. It will be focused specifically on outlining the policies for accelerating reducing GHG emissions by mid-century, as stipulated by Article 4.1 of the Paris Agreement. NDC2 is based on national development priorities oriented towards reaching Sustainable Development Goals expressed in the draft National Development Strategy “Moldova 2030” planned to be approved during 2020.', 'NDC2 is based on national development priorities oriented towards reaching Sustainable Development Goals expressed in the draft National Development Strategy “Moldova 2030” planned to be approved during 2020. In September 2015, the Republic of Moldova, together with another 192 UN member states, pledged to implement the Sustainable Development Agenda 2030 by adopting the Statement on Sustainable Development at the Summit held in New York. Thus, the Republic of Moldova stays committed to and striving for an ambitious international agreement on climate change in line with recommendations by science to maintain the average global temperature increase below two degrees Celsius.3.1. CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION STRATEGIC VISION AND GOAL, SUPPORTING INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS AND POLICY FRAMEWORK 3.1.1.', 'CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION STRATEGIC VISION AND GOAL, SUPPORTING INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS AND POLICY FRAMEWORK 3.1.1. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS, GOVERNANCE AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK In the Republic of Moldova, climate change adaptation (CCA) planning and implementation is a shared responsibility and requires involvement by line Ministries of the Government, their subordinated agencies, Local Public Authorities, private sector, civil society. However, the nature of involvement varies across these stakeholders.', 'However, the nature of involvement varies across these stakeholders. The Ministry of Agriculture, Regional Development and Environment (MARDE) of the Republic of Moldova is the state authority vested with the power to develop and promote policies and strategies addressing climate change, environmental protection, rational use of natural resources and biodiversity conservation; to identify priorities; to develop and promote national programs and action plans which address such priorities; coordinate relevant actions and monitor their implementation in the best way; to promote the state policy and determine the priority directions of climate change and environmental research and development; to ensure international collaboration in climate change and environmental protection; to collect, systematize and manage own information database in support to own activities; to ensure maintenance and optimization of the sector information system, other environment and climate-related responsibilities.', 'The Ministry of Agriculture, Regional Development and Environment (MARDE) of the Republic of Moldova is the state authority vested with the power to develop and promote policies and strategies addressing climate change, environmental protection, rational use of natural resources and biodiversity conservation; to identify priorities; to develop and promote national programs and action plans which address such priorities; coordinate relevant actions and monitor their implementation in the best way; to promote the state policy and determine the priority directions of climate change and environmental research and development; to ensure international collaboration in climate change and environmental protection; to collect, systematize and manage own information database in support to own activities; to ensure maintenance and optimization of the sector information system, other environment and climate-related responsibilities. On behalf of the Government of the Republic of Moldova, the MARDE is responsible for implementation of international climate change and environment related treaties to which the Republic of Moldova is a Party (including the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, signed by the Republic of Moldova on June 12, 1992, ratified by the Parliament on March 16, 1995, as well as the Kyoto Protocol, ratified by the Republic of Moldova on February 13, 2003, the official date of accession being April 22, 2003).', 'On behalf of the Government of the Republic of Moldova, the MARDE is responsible for implementation of international climate change and environment related treaties to which the Republic of Moldova is a Party (including the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, signed by the Republic of Moldova on June 12, 1992, ratified by the Parliament on March 16, 1995, as well as the Kyoto Protocol, ratified by the Republic of Moldova on February 13, 2003, the official date of accession being April 22, 2003). The National Climate Change Commission (NCCC) will chair the Climate Change Coordination Mechanism (CCCM) in cross-sectorial coordination of all climate-related components: adaptation, GHG emissions and mitigation and is to be operationalized through a dedicated Government Decision.', 'The National Climate Change Commission (NCCC) will chair the Climate Change Coordination Mechanism (CCCM) in cross-sectorial coordination of all climate-related components: adaptation, GHG emissions and mitigation and is to be operationalized through a dedicated Government Decision. The purpose of the multi- stakeholder CCCM is to foster the dialogue, coordination, collaboration and coherence among sectors, leverage and oversight the reporting on climate change planning and actions by all stakeholders. The established multi-stakeholder partnership is foreseen to contribute to a common understanding in climate planning, improved rationality and effectiveness of policymaking, to facilitate the implementation of climate action, to have contribution to the sustainability of climate governance. Cross-sectorial coordination will enhance also the transparency in the implementation of prioritized adaptation measures.', 'Cross-sectorial coordination will enhance also the transparency in the implementation of prioritized adaptation measures. The NCCC is seen as a permanent formalized body with the highest representation of key stakeholders: sectorial ministries, NGOs, academia, research, private sector, taking into consideration gender dimension through including representatives of women’s associations and considering gender equality and social inclusion in all supervising activities of NCCC. Such organizational structure of NCCC comprises actors of horizontal, inter-sectorial planning and of vertical integration, with the representation of bellow sectorial/ national level, thus ensuring a multi-level framework with interactions between government and civil society representatives. The NCCC will have a Secretariat as a technical executive body.', 'The NCCC will have a Secretariat as a technical executive body. At the sector level, the NCCC is supported by the sectorial administration in charge of the development of sector-specific climate change enabling environment and reporting on climate action, establishing working groups or nominate focal points. Technical Committees on specific thematic areas will be established ad-hoc when the need in advanced thematic expertise will be required, in particular during the consideration of donor project proposals. Such need will be met by the recruitment of mitigation or adaptation experts. The Commission will coordinate also previously initiated actions, which have not been completed under the Kyoto Protocol.', 'The Commission will coordinate also previously initiated actions, which have not been completed under the Kyoto Protocol. Through the proposed structure of the CCCM, the Republic of Moldova overcomes the issue of limited integration and connectivity between levels, which is an impediment to the effective decision-making process in adaptation and mitigation. A dedicated Government Decision (under approval) will enact the Climate Change Coordination Mechanism.The Climate Change Adaptation Strategy of the Republic of Moldova and its implementation Action Plan (CCAS, 2014)6, provides for an integrated vision of the Republic of Moldova s development opportunities and the ability to respond in a resilient way to the impact of climate change.', 'A dedicated Government Decision (under approval) will enact the Climate Change Coordination Mechanism.The Climate Change Adaptation Strategy of the Republic of Moldova and its implementation Action Plan (CCAS, 2014)6, provides for an integrated vision of the Republic of Moldova s development opportunities and the ability to respond in a resilient way to the impact of climate change. The objectives of the CCAS are oriented towards increasing the country’s capacity to adapt and respond to actual or potential climate change effects and it is underpinned by an in-depth study of future climate risks and their impacts on vulnerable sectors.', 'The objectives of the CCAS are oriented towards increasing the country’s capacity to adapt and respond to actual or potential climate change effects and it is underpinned by an in-depth study of future climate risks and their impacts on vulnerable sectors. The CCAS and its implementation Action Plan7 serve as an umbrella strategy that creates an enabling environment for Central and Local Public Authorities to integrate CCA and risk management into existing and future strategies through a range of sectorial and local actions. The sectorial approach in climate change adaptation in the Republic of Moldova is prevailing at the current stage of the country s development, while cross-sectorial and sub-national approaches are becoming increasingly important.', 'The sectorial approach in climate change adaptation in the Republic of Moldova is prevailing at the current stage of the country s development, while cross-sectorial and sub-national approaches are becoming increasingly important. Some sectors are already implementing adaptation actions, while others need more support in adaptation planning and implementation. While the objectives stated in the CCAS are still valid, the associated Action Plan covers the timeframe 2014- 2020. For this reason, new adaptation planning, implementation and investment priorities identified through a wide stakeholder consultation process associated within a number of recent events (development of Fourth National Communication to UNFCCC, second cycle of NAP, Country Programme for the engagement with GCF) are incorporated into the current, updated vision on climate change adaptation, validated during a participatory process entailing climate-relevant stakeholders.', 'For this reason, new adaptation planning, implementation and investment priorities identified through a wide stakeholder consultation process associated within a number of recent events (development of Fourth National Communication to UNFCCC, second cycle of NAP, Country Programme for the engagement with GCF) are incorporated into the current, updated vision on climate change adaptation, validated during a participatory process entailing climate-relevant stakeholders. 3.1.2. CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION VISION AND GOAL The Republic of Moldova’s climate change adaptation vision incorporates the concept of integrating climate adaptation into medium- and long-term development planning to foster adaptation action, enhancing climate risks into investment decision- making and business planning with the aim of increasing the resilience of economic sectors, land use and ecosystems and accelerating country’s transition towards low carbon and resilient development.', 'CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION VISION AND GOAL The Republic of Moldova’s climate change adaptation vision incorporates the concept of integrating climate adaptation into medium- and long-term development planning to foster adaptation action, enhancing climate risks into investment decision- making and business planning with the aim of increasing the resilience of economic sectors, land use and ecosystems and accelerating country’s transition towards low carbon and resilient development. A further advance in medium- and long-term adaptation planning in a coherent and strategic manner is seen through an iterative socially inclusive and gender-sensitive National Adaptation Planning (NAP) process.', 'A further advance in medium- and long-term adaptation planning in a coherent and strategic manner is seen through an iterative socially inclusive and gender-sensitive National Adaptation Planning (NAP) process. This commitment is to be reinforced via the approval of the above-mentioned dedicated Government Decision (2020), which will also institutionalize the coordination and oversight of both adaptation planning and implementation through the cross-sectorial multi-stakeholder Climate Change Coordination Mechanism chaired by the NCCC. As such, the NAP process is seen as a practical approach to vertical and horizontal decision-making, which also facilitates the integration of top-down assessments of climatic risks with bottom- up planning of adaptation needs, options and priorities.', 'As such, the NAP process is seen as a practical approach to vertical and horizontal decision-making, which also facilitates the integration of top-down assessments of climatic risks with bottom- up planning of adaptation needs, options and priorities. Through the NAP process components, the Republic of Moldova establishes an evidence-based framework that makes adaptation planning socially inclusive, gender-responsive and flexible process, while also supporting priority adaptation actions in the most climate-vulnerable sectors and areas.', 'Through the NAP process components, the Republic of Moldova establishes an evidence-based framework that makes adaptation planning socially inclusive, gender-responsive and flexible process, while also supporting priority adaptation actions in the most climate-vulnerable sectors and areas. The sectorial approach in climate change adaptation planning of the Republic of Moldova derives from the CCAS that sets out the priority sectors of adaptation and promotes actions to reduce climate impact through strengthened institutional capacities at national, sectorial and local levels, improved knowledge management, convergent approach in climate change adaptation and disaster risks reduction. Therefore, the NAP process promotes gradual mainstreaming of adaptation into planning, budgeting and decision-making of Agriculture, Human Health, Water Resources, Forestry, Energy and Transport sectors.', 'Therefore, the NAP process promotes gradual mainstreaming of adaptation into planning, budgeting and decision-making of Agriculture, Human Health, Water Resources, Forestry, Energy and Transport sectors. Although the technical and financial requirements to build climate change resilience across economic sectors are still being assessed, it is already clear, that it will require significant effort and mobilization of innovative solutions, financial resources, institutional capacity and political will for effective adaptation action. The Republic of Moldova’s climate change adaptation approach incorporates also the aspects of most vulnerable socio-economic and natural systems, population groups, urban and rural communities, in which critical issues are found and which require a coherent and wide response to climate risks and vulnerabilities through transformative adaptation interventions. The NCCC is to provide effective leadership needed for 6 GD No.', 'The NCCC is to provide effective leadership needed for 6 GD No. 1009 of 10.12.2014 regarding the Moldova’s 2020 Climate Change Adaptation Strategy and its implementation Action Plan, Official Gazette No. 372-384 of 19.12.2014. 7 The implementation Action Plan for Moldova’s 2020 Climate Change Adaptation Strategy is considered as the 1st National Action Plan (NAP-1).transformative changes with consideration of the critical role of sub-national authorities and local organizations in these changes. In support of climate action, the Government of the Republic of Moldova strives to create an effective enabling environment for attracting climate investments in adaptation priority areas. Technologically innovative solutions, new business models are expected to be deployed by international donors, investors and the country’s private sector in resilient infrastructure and nature-based solutions.', 'Technologically innovative solutions, new business models are expected to be deployed by international donors, investors and the country’s private sector in resilient infrastructure and nature-based solutions. To facilitate this process, adaptation investment priorities were identified based on the review of national and sectorial development policies and plans, along with the results of an extensive consultation process ensured by a wide representation of stakeholders across sectors and levels of governance, in particular, CPAs, LPAs, private sector, civil society, academia and women associations representatives that accounted for different types of knowledge in the area of climate change adaptation.', 'To facilitate this process, adaptation investment priorities were identified based on the review of national and sectorial development policies and plans, along with the results of an extensive consultation process ensured by a wide representation of stakeholders across sectors and levels of governance, in particular, CPAs, LPAs, private sector, civil society, academia and women associations representatives that accounted for different types of knowledge in the area of climate change adaptation. The current list of adaptation investment areas is the outcome of Republic of Moldova Country Programme for the engagement with GCF carried out in a country-driven participative modality, ensuring transparency of each step of the appraisal process.', 'The current list of adaptation investment areas is the outcome of Republic of Moldova Country Programme for the engagement with GCF carried out in a country-driven participative modality, ensuring transparency of each step of the appraisal process. The list of adaptation investment priorities will be updated as needed, but not less than once per year, within a stakeholder participatory process, using relevant prioritization approaches.', 'The list of adaptation investment priorities will be updated as needed, but not less than once per year, within a stakeholder participatory process, using relevant prioritization approaches. Based on the above-stated vision, the Republic of Moldova’s medium- and long-term adaptation goal is to reach a sustainable social and economic development resilient to the impact of climate change by establishing a strong enabling environment for a coherent and effective adaptive action with mitigation benefits, integrating climate risk into investment decision- making and business planning, while remaining socially inclusive and sensitive to gender impacts of climate change.', 'Based on the above-stated vision, the Republic of Moldova’s medium- and long-term adaptation goal is to reach a sustainable social and economic development resilient to the impact of climate change by establishing a strong enabling environment for a coherent and effective adaptive action with mitigation benefits, integrating climate risk into investment decision- making and business planning, while remaining socially inclusive and sensitive to gender impacts of climate change. As such, the whole of the Republic of Moldova’s adaptation framework makes a contribution to the country’s sustainable development priorities embodied in the “National Development Strategy: Moldova 2030” and to the overarching adaptation goal of the Paris Agreement to enhance adaptive capacity and resilience, to reduce vulnerability, with a view to contributing to sustainable development, and ensuring an adequate adaptation response in the context of the goal of holding average global warming well below 2 degrees C and pursuing efforts to keep it below 1.5 degrees C. 3.2.', 'As such, the whole of the Republic of Moldova’s adaptation framework makes a contribution to the country’s sustainable development priorities embodied in the “National Development Strategy: Moldova 2030” and to the overarching adaptation goal of the Paris Agreement to enhance adaptive capacity and resilience, to reduce vulnerability, with a view to contributing to sustainable development, and ensuring an adequate adaptation response in the context of the goal of holding average global warming well below 2 degrees C and pursuing efforts to keep it below 1.5 degrees C. 3.2. CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOS, IMPACTS, RISKS AND VULNERABILITIES 3.2.1.', 'CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOS, IMPACTS, RISKS AND VULNERABILITIES 3.2.1. PROJECTIONS OF FUTURE CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE, PRECIPITATION AND EXTREME INDICES The model simulations for precipitation and temperature used in developing climate scenarios stem from 21 of the global coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) made available by the WCRP Coupled Model Intercomparison Project – Phase 5 (CMIP5) [the CMIP5 multi-model ensemble [archive/output/results/of simulations/dataset/]8 (Table 3.2-1).', 'PROJECTIONS OF FUTURE CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE, PRECIPITATION AND EXTREME INDICES The model simulations for precipitation and temperature used in developing climate scenarios stem from 21 of the global coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) made available by the WCRP Coupled Model Intercomparison Project – Phase 5 (CMIP5) [the CMIP5 multi-model ensemble [archive/output/results/of simulations/dataset/]8 (Table 3.2-1). Table 3.2-1: The CMIP5 GCMs used for each of the historical and RCP scenario experiments Modelling Centre (or Group) Institute ID Model Name Beijing Climate Centre, China Meteorological Administration BCC College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University GCESS BNU-ESM Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis CCCMA CanESM2 National Centre for Atmospheric Research NCAR CCSM4 Community Earth System Model Contributors NSF-DOENCAR CESM1(CAM5) Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques / Centre Européen de Recherche et Formation Avancée en Calcul Scientifique Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization in collaboration with Queensland Climate Change Centre of Excellence EC-EARTH consortium EC-EARTH EC-EARTH NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory GFDL-ESM2G NOAA GFDL-CM2G NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies NASA National Institute of Meteorological Research/Korea Meteorological Administration NIMR/KMA HadGEM2-AO Met Office Hadley Centre (additional HadGEM2-ES realizations contributed by Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais) MOHC (additional realizations by INPE) Institute Pierre-Simon Laplace IPSL 8 Taylor, K. E., Stouffer, R. J.', 'Table 3.2-1: The CMIP5 GCMs used for each of the historical and RCP scenario experiments Modelling Centre (or Group) Institute ID Model Name Beijing Climate Centre, China Meteorological Administration BCC College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University GCESS BNU-ESM Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis CCCMA CanESM2 National Centre for Atmospheric Research NCAR CCSM4 Community Earth System Model Contributors NSF-DOENCAR CESM1(CAM5) Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques / Centre Européen de Recherche et Formation Avancée en Calcul Scientifique Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization in collaboration with Queensland Climate Change Centre of Excellence EC-EARTH consortium EC-EARTH EC-EARTH NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory GFDL-ESM2G NOAA GFDL-CM2G NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies NASA National Institute of Meteorological Research/Korea Meteorological Administration NIMR/KMA HadGEM2-AO Met Office Hadley Centre (additional HadGEM2-ES realizations contributed by Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais) MOHC (additional realizations by INPE) Institute Pierre-Simon Laplace IPSL 8 Taylor, K. E., Stouffer, R. J. & Meehl, G. A.', 'Table 3.2-1: The CMIP5 GCMs used for each of the historical and RCP scenario experiments Modelling Centre (or Group) Institute ID Model Name Beijing Climate Centre, China Meteorological Administration BCC College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University GCESS BNU-ESM Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis CCCMA CanESM2 National Centre for Atmospheric Research NCAR CCSM4 Community Earth System Model Contributors NSF-DOENCAR CESM1(CAM5) Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques / Centre Européen de Recherche et Formation Avancée en Calcul Scientifique Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization in collaboration with Queensland Climate Change Centre of Excellence EC-EARTH consortium EC-EARTH EC-EARTH NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory GFDL-ESM2G NOAA GFDL-CM2G NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies NASA National Institute of Meteorological Research/Korea Meteorological Administration NIMR/KMA HadGEM2-AO Met Office Hadley Centre (additional HadGEM2-ES realizations contributed by Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais) MOHC (additional realizations by INPE) Institute Pierre-Simon Laplace IPSL 8 Taylor, K. E., Stouffer, R. J. & Meehl, G. A. (2012) An overview of CMIP5 and the experimet design.', '(2012) An overview of CMIP5 and the experimet design. Bull.Amer. Meteor.Soc., 93, 485-498:Modelling Centre (or Group) Institute ID Model Name Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute (The University of Tokyo), National Institute for Environmental Studies, and Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology Max Planck Institute for Meteorology MPI-M MPI-ESM-LR MPI-ESM-MR Meteorological Research Institute MRI MRI-CGCM3 Norwegian Climate Centre NCC NorESM1-M Note: We acknowledge the World Climate Research Programme s Working Group on Coupled Modelling, which is responsible for CMIP, and we thank the climate modelling groups for producing and making available their model output. For CMIP the U.S. Department of Energy s Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison provides coordination support and led the development of software infrastructure in partnership with the Global Organization for Earth System Science Portals.', 'For CMIP the U.S. Department of Energy s Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison provides coordination support and led the development of software infrastructure in partnership with the Global Organization for Earth System Science Portals. The three Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) project similar temperature in the near-term decades +0.9 - 1.1°C over the Republic of Moldova (RM) geographical territory. Only starting around 2050s the three emissions scenarios produce temperature patterns distinguishable from each other. This is due to both the big inertia of the climate system, and also due to the time taken for the full climate effects of greenhouse gas emissions to be observed, along with the different emission scenarios to produce large differences in greenhouse gas concentrations.', 'This is due to both the big inertia of the climate system, and also due to the time taken for the full climate effects of greenhouse gas emissions to be observed, along with the different emission scenarios to produce large differences in greenhouse gas concentrations. Annual changes for temperatures are very homogeneous over the RM’s Agro-Ecologic Zones (AEZs). By the 2080s, the rate of warming is higher under the RCP8.5, on the average it reaches +4.6°C; medium under the RCP4.5, +2.4°C, and smaller under the RCP2.6 scenarios, ensembles average would be +1.3°C (Figure 3.2-1). All used GCM models agree that for the three future periods (2016–2035, 2046–2065 and 2081–2100) an increase of the winter temperature is expected, as compared to the 1986–2005 baseline period.', 'All used GCM models agree that for the three future periods (2016–2035, 2046–2065 and 2081–2100) an increase of the winter temperature is expected, as compared to the 1986–2005 baseline period. The warming would be higher during winter up to +4.6°C over Northern AEZ, but in Central and Southern AEZ s temperature rise will be lower up to +4.2°C according to the RCP8.5. The RCP2.6 reveals less intense warming over the RM’s AEZs from +1.2 to +1.4°C. The corresponding results from the RCP4.5 scenario show medium intense differences in temperature increase.', 'The corresponding results from the RCP4.5 scenario show medium intense differences in temperature increase. Estimates of simulations from the RCP4.5 scenario show that the warming will be quite uniform +2.5-2.6°C by the 2081-2100 throughout all AEZs.Figure 3.2-1: Projected CMIP5 21 GCMs ensemble annual mean air temperature, °C development throughout the Republic of Moldova. The summer warming is found to be even higher than the winter one, however, the spatial distribution of the changes is quite different. The strongest temperature rise occurs over Southern and Central AEZs. The ensemble, driven by RCP8.5, estimates that the RM AEZs will experience the most significant warming during summer, from +5.9 in Northern AEZ up to +6.1°C over Southern AEZ by 2100.', 'The ensemble, driven by RCP8.5, estimates that the RM AEZs will experience the most significant warming during summer, from +5.9 in Northern AEZ up to +6.1°C over Southern AEZ by 2100. The pattern of change derived from the RCP2.6 scenario is quite similar, but the magnitude of change is lower, from +1.3 to +1.5°C. The corresponding results from the RCP4.5 show medium intensity differences in temperature increase. Estimates of simulations from the RCP4.5 ensembles show that the warming will be quite uniform, +2.9°C, by the 2081- 2100 over the all RM’s AEZs. Projections of Future Changes in Annual and Seasonal Precipitation: The RCP8.5 and RCP2.6 project a slight precipitation increase of about 0.6-2% over all of the RM’s AEZs by 2016-2035 time period.', 'Projections of Future Changes in Annual and Seasonal Precipitation: The RCP8.5 and RCP2.6 project a slight precipitation increase of about 0.6-2% over all of the RM’s AEZs by 2016-2035 time period. Conversely, according to RCP4.5 a slight decrease in precipitation from 1.5% to 2% is projected for Northern and Central AEZs in comparison to the reference period (1986-2005). Annual changes in precipitation became much more differentiated over the RM’s AEZs by 2100. The multi-model projections from the RCP8.5 show that the RM’s AEZs would show a general annual decrease in precipitation varying from 9.9% in Northern AEZ to 13.4% to Southern AEZ (Figure 3.2-2). Conversely, according to RCP2.6, a moderate increase in precipitation from 3.1% in Northern AEZ to 5.1% to Southern AEZ by 2100 is projected.', 'Conversely, according to RCP2.6, a moderate increase in precipitation from 3.1% in Northern AEZ to 5.1% to Southern AEZ by 2100 is projected. The corresponding results from the RCP4.5 show a moderate increase in precipitation from 1.6% to 3.6% only in Central and Northern AEZs by 2100 relative to the reference time period 1986-2005. The ensemble averages for the three RCP scenarios show that the precipitation reduction will be much more extended in the Republic of Moldova during summer and autumn. The drying conditions are expected to characterize all the country’s regions.Figure 3.2-2: Projected CMIP5 21 GCMs Ensemble Annual Precipitation, (mm), change throughout the Republic of Moldova.', 'The drying conditions are expected to characterize all the country’s regions.Figure 3.2-2: Projected CMIP5 21 GCMs Ensemble Annual Precipitation, (mm), change throughout the Republic of Moldova. The ensemble projections forced by RCP8.5 project the greatest summer rainfall reduction, by 25.1% in Central AEZ and the lowest one, by 18.1%, in Northern AEZ. For the 2081-2100 timespan, the pattern for ensemble projection forced by RCP4.5 is quite similar but the magnitude of changes is lower, decreasing from 13.2% to 7.4% with a maximum seen again over Central AEZ and the minimum - over Northern AEZ, relative to the 1986- 2005 reference time period.', 'For the 2081-2100 timespan, the pattern for ensemble projection forced by RCP4.5 is quite similar but the magnitude of changes is lower, decreasing from 13.2% to 7.4% with a maximum seen again over Central AEZ and the minimum - over Northern AEZ, relative to the 1986- 2005 reference time period. Projections of Future Changes in Temperature Extremes Indices: Table 3.2-2 displays the distribution of projected CMIP5 14 GCMs ensemble changes in temperature extreme indices covering 2081–2100 period, relative to the 1986–2005 climatological baseline period. The annual minimum daily minimum temperature (TNn), maximum daily maximum temperature (TXx), warm nights (TN90p), warm days TX90p, Tropical nights (TR), and summer days (SU) indices are projected to increase according to all three RCPs, with stronger warming under RCP8.5 in the RM AEZs.', 'The annual minimum daily minimum temperature (TNn), maximum daily maximum temperature (TXx), warm nights (TN90p), warm days TX90p, Tropical nights (TR), and summer days (SU) indices are projected to increase according to all three RCPs, with stronger warming under RCP8.5 in the RM AEZs. However, a decrease in the annual cold nights (TN10p), cold days (TX10p), Frost days (FD), and Ice days (ID) indices is excepted by the end of the twenty-first century under all three scenarios, with strong agreement among models. The projected changes in temperature duration indices are consistent with what would be expected from warming and changes in absolute and threshold indices. That is, the Cold Spell Duration Index (CSDI) is projected to decrease and the Warm Spell Duration Index (WSDI) - to increase.', 'That is, the Cold Spell Duration Index (CSDI) is projected to decrease and the Warm Spell Duration Index (WSDI) - to increase. The projected trend of increase in WSDI is much larger under RCP8.5, by 1.5 days/year (129 days) than under RCP2.6, by 0.15 days/year (27 days). The projected trend of decrease in CSDI is more comparable under RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 with the median projected decrease of about 3 days (Southern AEZ) and 5 days (Northern AEZ). Changes in nighttime temperature indices, TN10p and TN90p, are projected to be stronger than those in daytime temperature indices, TX10p and TX90p. A TN10p and TX10p decrease is expected of about 4% (RCP2.6) and/or 7% (RCP8.5) by the end of this century.', 'A TN10p and TX10p decrease is expected of about 4% (RCP2.6) and/or 7% (RCP8.5) by the end of this century. Projections from different models converge as theprojection approaches the zero-exceedance rate (all models project fewer and fewer cold nights and days toward the end of the century). For the TN90p and TX90p, the median projected increase is expected, from 9-12% (RCP2.6) to 35-40% (RCP8.5) by the end of the 21-st century. Hot (very high) temperatures, which were rarely observed at the end of the twentieth century, will become the daily weather by the end of the twenty-first century under the RCP8.5 scenario (Table 3.2-2).', 'Hot (very high) temperatures, which were rarely observed at the end of the twentieth century, will become the daily weather by the end of the twenty-first century under the RCP8.5 scenario (Table 3.2-2). Table 3.2-2: Projected CMIP5 14 GCMs Ensemble Changes in Temperature Extreme Indices Presented for 2081–2100 years, Relative to the 1986–2005 Climatological Baseline Period Scenario Ensemble DTR CSDI FD ID SU TNn TNx TR TXn TXx Northern AEZ Central AEZ Southern AEZ Projections of Future Changes in Precipitation Extreme Indices: Table 3.2-3 displays distribution of projected CMIP5 14 GCMs ensemble changes in precipitation extreme indices presented for 2081–2100 years, relative to the 1986–2005 climatological baseline period. The Simple Daily Intensity Index (SDII) is projected to increase everywhere by the end of the twenty-first century under all three RCPs, with strong agreement among models.', 'The Simple Daily Intensity Index (SDII) is projected to increase everywhere by the end of the twenty-first century under all three RCPs, with strong agreement among models. The projections show that Central AEZ will experience the greatest increase of the maximum 1-day precipitation (RX1) from 4 (RCP2.6) to 8.5% (RCP8.5) relative to the reference period 1986-2005. By the end of the twenty-first century under RCP2.6, the projected RX1day increase will be from 2.3% in Northern to 4.8% in Southern AEZs and/or from 6.7% to 8.0%, respectively, under RCP8.5. The Central AEZ will experience the greatest increase of the number of heavy precipitation days (R10mm), with R10mm increasing from 3 (RCP2.6) to 10.9% (RCP4.5) relative to the reference period 1986-2005.', 'The Central AEZ will experience the greatest increase of the number of heavy precipitation days (R10mm), with R10mm increasing from 3 (RCP2.6) to 10.9% (RCP4.5) relative to the reference period 1986-2005. By the end of the twenty-first century under RCP2.6, the projected R10mm increase will be from 4.1% in Northern to 9.6% in Southern AEZs and/or by 9-10%, respectively under RCP4.5. By the end of the twenty-first century under RCP2.6, the projected number of very heavy precipitation days (R20mm) increase will be from 3% in Northern to 6% in Southern AEZs and/or by 11-12.5%, respectively under RCP8.5, and the medium increase - by 8-9 % according to RCP4.5 scenarios.', 'By the end of the twenty-first century under RCP2.6, the projected number of very heavy precipitation days (R20mm) increase will be from 3% in Northern to 6% in Southern AEZs and/or by 11-12.5%, respectively under RCP8.5, and the medium increase - by 8-9 % according to RCP4.5 scenarios. The total wet-day precipitation index (PRCPTOT) is projected to decrease everywhere by the end of the twenty- first century under RCP8.5 and to increase according to RCP4.5 and RCP2.6 scenarios. The largest decrease in PRCPTOT is projected in Southern AEZ, with the decrease of PRCPTOT by 9.6%, relative to the reference period 1986-2005.', 'The largest decrease in PRCPTOT is projected in Southern AEZ, with the decrease of PRCPTOT by 9.6%, relative to the reference period 1986-2005. By the end of the twenty-first century, the projected PRCPTOT increase under RCP2.6 will be from 2.6% in Northern to 6.6% in Southern AEZs and/or from 3.6% to 5.2%, respectively under RCP4.5. The projections show that Northern AEZ will experience the greatest increase of very wet days (95pTOT), with 95pTOT, by 20%, under the RCP8.5 scenario, whereas Southern AEZ will experience the greatest increase of 95pTOT, by 19%, under RCP2.6, relative to the reference period 1986-2005.', 'The projections show that Northern AEZ will experience the greatest increase of very wet days (95pTOT), with 95pTOT, by 20%, under the RCP8.5 scenario, whereas Southern AEZ will experience the greatest increase of 95pTOT, by 19%, under RCP2.6, relative to the reference period 1986-2005. By the end of the twenty-first century under RCP2.6, the projected ensemble median increase of extremely wet days (99pTOT) will be from 8% in Northern to 19% in Southern AEZs and/or from 14% in Southern to 20% in Northern AEZs, under RCP8.5 9, with the medium increase by 17-18% according to RCP4.5.The Consecutive Dry Days index (CDD) is projected to increase everywhere by the end of the twenty-first century under all three RCP scenarios, except Southern AEZ, where a slight decrease in consecutive dry days is possible under RCP2.6.', 'By the end of the twenty-first century under RCP2.6, the projected ensemble median increase of extremely wet days (99pTOT) will be from 8% in Northern to 19% in Southern AEZs and/or from 14% in Southern to 20% in Northern AEZs, under RCP8.5 9, with the medium increase by 17-18% according to RCP4.5.The Consecutive Dry Days index (CDD) is projected to increase everywhere by the end of the twenty-first century under all three RCP scenarios, except Southern AEZ, where a slight decrease in consecutive dry days is possible under RCP2.6. The projections indicate that Northern AEZ will experience the greatest increase of CDD, with a CDD increase by 17% (RCP8.5), whereas Southern AEZ will experience the decrease of CDD by - 1.6% (RCP2.6), relative to the reference period 1986-2005.', 'The projections indicate that Northern AEZ will experience the greatest increase of CDD, with a CDD increase by 17% (RCP8.5), whereas Southern AEZ will experience the decrease of CDD by - 1.6% (RCP2.6), relative to the reference period 1986-2005. By the end of the twenty-first century, the projected CDD increase will be from 3.1% in Northern to 7.8% (RCP4.5) in Southern AEZs and/or from 12.5% in Southern to 17% (RCP8.5) in Northern AEZs. The Consecutive Wet Days index (CWD) is projected to decrease everywhere by the end of the twenty-first century under all three RCPs, except Southern AEZ where a slight increase in consecutive wet days is possible under RCP4.5 and RCP2.6.', 'The Consecutive Wet Days index (CWD) is projected to decrease everywhere by the end of the twenty-first century under all three RCPs, except Southern AEZ where a slight increase in consecutive wet days is possible under RCP4.5 and RCP2.6. The projections indicate that Northern AEZ will experience the greatest decrease in CWD, by 21% (RCP8.5), whereas Southern AEZ will experience a slight increase of CWD, by +2.1% (RCP4.5) and/or +3.7% (RCP2.6), relative to the reference period 1986-2005. By the end of the twenty-first century, the projected CWD decrease will be from 3.5% in Central to 12.5% (RCP4.5) in Northern AEZs and/or from 10.6% in Southern to 21% (RCP8.5) in Northern AEZs (Table 3.2-3).', 'By the end of the twenty-first century, the projected CWD decrease will be from 3.5% in Central to 12.5% (RCP4.5) in Northern AEZs and/or from 10.6% in Southern to 21% (RCP8.5) in Northern AEZs (Table 3.2-3). Table 3.2-3: Projected CMIP5 14 GCMs Ensemble Changes in Precipitation Extreme Indices Presented for 2081–2100 years, Relative to the 1986–2005 Climatological Baseline Period Scenario Ensemble SDII PRCPTOT CDD CWD Northern AEZ Central AEZ Southern AEZ Projections of Future Changes in Humidity and Drought Conditions by Selianinov Hydro-Thermal Coefficient (HTC): An assessment of the hydrothermal coefficient (HTC) was performed to identify the humidity climate change patterns during the vegetation period. When the value of HTC is 1.0, it means that the amount of precipitations is equal to the amount of the evaporated moisture.', 'When the value of HTC is 1.0, it means that the amount of precipitations is equal to the amount of the evaporated moisture. HTC is frequently also used for monitoring drought conditions during the growing period. In the RM, the baseline 1986-2005 climatic conditions HTC have ranged from 1.4 in the North to 0.8-0.9 in the South-East of the country, i.e. it registers values characteristic of the moderately dry climate in the former case and of the dry climate in the latter case.', 'it registers values characteristic of the moderately dry climate in the former case and of the dry climate in the latter case. The assessment of HTC has shown that the insufficiency of moisture would become more pronounced in the future as compared to the climate of the reference period, and it clearly demonstrates the gradual aridization in the future of the RM territory, including the Northern AEZ, which currently is still sufficiently wet, Figure 3.2-3. Analysis of data shows that by the 2081-2100 timespan, the drought conditions of HTC ≤ 0.7 will be observed on the whole territory of the Republic of Moldova, including the Northern AEZ (in August).', 'Analysis of data shows that by the 2081-2100 timespan, the drought conditions of HTC ≤ 0.7 will be observed on the whole territory of the Republic of Moldova, including the Northern AEZ (in August). Furthermore, under RCP8.5 in the Central (July, August) and Southern AEZs in July, August, and September drought conditions can even reach values characteristic of the medium drought (HTC = 0.6) and strong drought (HTC ≤ 0.5).Figure 3.2-3: Changes in HTC indices as projected by CMIP5 21 Multi - Model Ensemble for the Vegetation Period throughout the Republic of Moldova. 3.2.2.', 'Furthermore, under RCP8.5 in the Central (July, August) and Southern AEZs in July, August, and September drought conditions can even reach values characteristic of the medium drought (HTC = 0.6) and strong drought (HTC ≤ 0.5).Figure 3.2-3: Changes in HTC indices as projected by CMIP5 21 Multi - Model Ensemble for the Vegetation Period throughout the Republic of Moldova. 3.2.2. CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS, RISKS AND VULNERABILITIES According to the National Communications9,10,11 the Republic of Moldova is more likely to be affected by three types of climate impacts: temperature increases; changes in precipitation regimes and increased climate aridity, which are associated with the frequency and intensity amplification of extreme weather events, such as heatwaves and frost, floods, storms with heavy rains and hail, severe droughts.', 'CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS, RISKS AND VULNERABILITIES According to the National Communications9,10,11 the Republic of Moldova is more likely to be affected by three types of climate impacts: temperature increases; changes in precipitation regimes and increased climate aridity, which are associated with the frequency and intensity amplification of extreme weather events, such as heatwaves and frost, floods, storms with heavy rains and hail, severe droughts. These conclusions are drawn based on the projected climate change scenarios, accompanied by a number of impact, risk and vulnerability assessments undertaken within the National Communications, along with other various assessments carried out at project level, covering national, sub-national and geographic magnitude .', 'These conclusions are drawn based on the projected climate change scenarios, accompanied by a number of impact, risk and vulnerability assessments undertaken within the National Communications, along with other various assessments carried out at project level, covering national, sub-national and geographic magnitude . This work defines the basis for establishing mid- and long-term priorities of adaptation planning, action and investments, along with the monitoring of the effectiveness of planned and implemented adaptation. Table 3.2-4 refers to the undertaken assessments’ methods, approaches and outputs that revealed national and sub-national level climate risks and vulnerabilities.', 'Table 3.2-4 refers to the undertaken assessments’ methods, approaches and outputs that revealed national and sub-national level climate risks and vulnerabilities. 9 Second National Communication of the RM, Chișinău, 2010, < 10 Third National Communication of the RM, Chișinău, 2014, < 11 Fourth National Communication of the RM, Chișinău, 2018, < analysis of the national climatic data disclose that the drought frequency in the Republic of Moldova over a period of 10 years is about 1-2 droughts in the northern part of the country; 2-3 droughts in the central part 2003, 2007, 2011, 2012, 2015) with droughts of varying intensity were recorded on the territory of the RM12. In 1990, 1992 and 2003, droughts continued throughout the growing season (April to September).', 'In 1990, 1992 and 2003, droughts continued throughout the growing season (April to September). The most severe and disastrous droughts during the recorded period were in 2007 and 2012, affecting more than 70% of the country s territory. Table 3.2-4: Undertaken national and subnational level V&A assessments during 2012-2019 Methods used in the V&A assessments Components, description Main findings of the assessments Team-based (experts + sectorial planners) sectorial assessment of vulnerabilities in support of CCA incorporation into sectorial development planning. Sectorial vulnerability assessments. The sector-specific methodology applied in the assessments of crop and livestock production; health conditions (Bodman severity index for winter conditions, Effective Temperature Index, Equivalent -Effective Temperature Index, disease-specific indicators); forest indicators (Forest Fire Risk by Angstrom Index), other.', 'The sector-specific methodology applied in the assessments of crop and livestock production; health conditions (Bodman severity index for winter conditions, Effective Temperature Index, Equivalent -Effective Temperature Index, disease-specific indicators); forest indicators (Forest Fire Risk by Angstrom Index), other. Guides produced and applied in screening sectorial policies against climate risks, mainstreaming CCA into existing policies, economic analysis of adaptation options, gender mainstreaming into national/ sectorial policies, other. Climatic, economic, environmental, and social vulnerabilities identified for agriculture, forestry, health, transport and energy sectors. Findings used as a baseline scenario for adaptation planning and implementation. Sectorial and institutional capacity assessments (ICA) ICA at: a) individual, b) organizational level, c) enabling environment undertaken in 7 key sectors: agriculture, water, regional development, health, energy, transport, forestry. Self-assessment process with regard to CCA planning undertaken in 38 institutions. System gaps, constraints, barriers and sectorial vulnerabilities identified in 7 key sectors.', 'System gaps, constraints, barriers and sectorial vulnerabilities identified in 7 key sectors. Findings used for the development of the Capacity Development Plan. Vulnerability and Resilience Indicators Model (VRIM) 26 indicators grouped into 8 categories: human settlements and infrastructure, food security, ecosystems, water security, human health, economic capacity, human capital, environmental capacity. Sectorial main vulnerabilities and comparative analysis of sectors. Integration of indicators in a vulnerability index. Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) A set of 19 indicators characterize exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity at district level. It incorporates major components: socio-demographic, climatic, agriculture and occupational ones. Vulnerabilities at administrative- territorial units of 32 districts for 2006-2011. Mapping of distribution of vulnerability at district level. Technology Needs Assessment TNA with regard to adaptation carried out for water, health and agriculture sectors. Technology Action Plans for agriculture and health sectors.', 'Technology Action Plans for agriculture and health sectors. Indicator-based reporting at sector level 90 core indicators used in evaluating the reduction in vulnerability and progress in adaptation at sector level. Data on sector level vulnerabilities and resilience. Geographic level V&A assessments at district level Agriculture, health and forestry indicators applied identifying key economic, social and/or environmental vulnerabilities, impacts and risks. The most/least vulnerable geographic areas, peoples, and ecosystems identified at the district level. Floods also affect the Republic of Moldova repeatedly. Over the past 70 years, 10 major floods of the Dniester River and the Prut River have been reported, three of which occurred in the 21st century (in 2006, 2008 and 2010). The floods caused by smaller rivers in the country are quite common as well.', 'The floods caused by smaller rivers in the country are quite common as well. The socio-economic costs of climate change associated with natural disasters such as droughts and floods are significant. During the period 1984-2006, they amounted to about 61 million US dollars. The 2007 and 2012 droughts caused an estimated economic loss of about US$1.0 billion and US$0.4 billion, respectively. The climate change negative impacts present challenges for country’s economic growth, directly and indirectly affecting the sectors which are based on natural resources (agriculture, water and forestry) but also industrial sectors, such as energy, transport, along with the impact on population’s health. The exacerbating impacts of 12 Hydrometeorological State Service, < change may have repercussions on social and gender equalities.', 'The exacerbating impacts of 12 Hydrometeorological State Service, < change may have repercussions on social and gender equalities. A summary of climate impacts and vulnerabilities of the key sectors of Moldova is presented in Table 3.2-5.', 'A summary of climate impacts and vulnerabilities of the key sectors of Moldova is presented in Table 3.2-5. Table 3.2-5: Identified Climate Change Impacts and Main Vulnerabilities of the Priority Sectors of the Country Climate hazards Climate impact on sectors, population and ecosystems and their vulnerabilities Agriculture Sector Increasing temperatures - Increase in the water shortage (availability and demand) for agriculture production, particularly for irrigation purposes; - Decrease in the agricultural crop production areas caused by the degradation of the optimal agricultural conditions; Changes in the water regime - Increase in the water shortage (availability and demand) for agriculture production, particularly for irrigation purposes; - Decrease in the agricultural crop production areas caused by the degradation of the optimal agricultural conditions; - Compromised livestock production, in particular, beef, pork, poultry, mutton, milk, egg production.', 'Table 3.2-5: Identified Climate Change Impacts and Main Vulnerabilities of the Priority Sectors of the Country Climate hazards Climate impact on sectors, population and ecosystems and their vulnerabilities Agriculture Sector Increasing temperatures - Increase in the water shortage (availability and demand) for agriculture production, particularly for irrigation purposes; - Decrease in the agricultural crop production areas caused by the degradation of the optimal agricultural conditions; Changes in the water regime - Increase in the water shortage (availability and demand) for agriculture production, particularly for irrigation purposes; - Decrease in the agricultural crop production areas caused by the degradation of the optimal agricultural conditions; - Compromised livestock production, in particular, beef, pork, poultry, mutton, milk, egg production. - Changes in the biological cycle and/or the pest spreading area, the appearance of new / emerging crop pests and diseases.', '- Changes in the biological cycle and/or the pest spreading area, the appearance of new / emerging crop pests and diseases. - Increased extraction of underground water for irrigation with effect on depletion of water reserves; - Loss in the agricultural biodiversity and crop production pattern; - Reduction of crop productivity and harvest quality, in particular, for wheat, maize, vine and fruit crops Extreme weather events: - heatwaves; - frost; - droughts; - floods; - winds, hailstorms, more frequent and intense strong rains - Degradation of agriculture infrastructure; - Reduced water quality due to its pollution with chemicals with an impact on agricultural production; - Increasing risk of soil salinization; - Reduction of soil fertility as a result of increased erosion process, with Increased trend of desertification; - Increased costs of emergency actions and soil remediation; - Decreased food security in areas with poor economic development; - Reduction of rural population income with rising poverty as a result of food prices increase, with exacerbation in social and gender inequalities; - Increased risks of social conflicts, accentuating gender and other social inequalities.', '- Increased extraction of underground water for irrigation with effect on depletion of water reserves; - Loss in the agricultural biodiversity and crop production pattern; - Reduction of crop productivity and harvest quality, in particular, for wheat, maize, vine and fruit crops Extreme weather events: - heatwaves; - frost; - droughts; - floods; - winds, hailstorms, more frequent and intense strong rains - Degradation of agriculture infrastructure; - Reduced water quality due to its pollution with chemicals with an impact on agricultural production; - Increasing risk of soil salinization; - Reduction of soil fertility as a result of increased erosion process, with Increased trend of desertification; - Increased costs of emergency actions and soil remediation; - Decreased food security in areas with poor economic development; - Reduction of rural population income with rising poverty as a result of food prices increase, with exacerbation in social and gender inequalities; - Increased risks of social conflicts, accentuating gender and other social inequalities. Water Resource Sector Increasing temperatures Changes in the water regime - Increased water deficit and its high demand due to limited availability in surface and underground water sources; - Deepening of groundwater; - Impact of water quality indices (e.g.', 'Water Resource Sector Increasing temperatures Changes in the water regime - Increased water deficit and its high demand due to limited availability in surface and underground water sources; - Deepening of groundwater; - Impact of water quality indices (e.g. mineralization, hardness, dissolved oxygen due to higher water temperatures and flow variations); - Increased requirements of additional drinking water treatment.', 'mineralization, hardness, dissolved oxygen due to higher water temperatures and flow variations); - Increased requirements of additional drinking water treatment. - Annual changes in rivers water flow; - Limited availability of water for the population; Extreme weather events: - heatwaves; - frost; - droughts; - floods; - winds, hailstorms, more frequent and intense strong rains - Increased water shortage resulting from severe droughts; - Conflicts between water users; - Adverse health effects in low-income areas; - Increased pollution with pesticides and fertilizers due to higher surface runoffs; - Increased occurrence of floods due to torrential rains; - Increased volume of sediment and its dilution due to heavy rains, floods; - Increased algal invasion, along with that of bacteria and fungi affecting human health, agriculture, ecosystems and water supply; - Increased costs of emergency situations and remedial actions.', '- Annual changes in rivers water flow; - Limited availability of water for the population; Extreme weather events: - heatwaves; - frost; - droughts; - floods; - winds, hailstorms, more frequent and intense strong rains - Increased water shortage resulting from severe droughts; - Conflicts between water users; - Adverse health effects in low-income areas; - Increased pollution with pesticides and fertilizers due to higher surface runoffs; - Increased occurrence of floods due to torrential rains; - Increased volume of sediment and its dilution due to heavy rains, floods; - Increased algal invasion, along with that of bacteria and fungi affecting human health, agriculture, ecosystems and water supply; - Increased costs of emergency situations and remedial actions. Health Sector Increasing temperatures Increasing incidence of heatwaves Long-term droughts - Increased disease incidence and death rate due to frequent occurrence of heatwaves; - Aggravation of the circulatory, cardiovascular, respiratory and kidney systems diseases; - Increased frequency of hyperthermia and sunstroke, especially among sun-exposed people; - Loss of labor capacity and productivity among the vulnerable population; - Changes in phenological phases and high risk of allergic diseases; - Negative impact on human health due to increased survival, persistence, virulence and transmission of pathogens; - Changes in spreading of diseases such as cholera, harmful algae, abundance of pathological vector, accelerated proliferation of parasites and increased number of bite cases; - Increased incidence of food- and waterborne diseases; - Increased incidence of diarrhea among children;Climate hazards Climate impact on sectors, population and ecosystems and their vulnerabilities - Decrease in the effectiveness of vector- control interventions; - Reduced food security and increased occurrence of malnutrition and undernourishment due to decreased food production, lower access to food and rising prices; - Chronic effects among children, such as stunted development and weight loss; - Increased risks of injuries and premature death rate due to air pollution and fires; - Aggravated exposure to air pollutants in urban areas; - Increased number of depression cases, other mental illness and behavior cases due to stress; - Increased costs in people’s assistance, especially vulnerable groups (children, pregnant women, older women and men, etc.)', 'Health Sector Increasing temperatures Increasing incidence of heatwaves Long-term droughts - Increased disease incidence and death rate due to frequent occurrence of heatwaves; - Aggravation of the circulatory, cardiovascular, respiratory and kidney systems diseases; - Increased frequency of hyperthermia and sunstroke, especially among sun-exposed people; - Loss of labor capacity and productivity among the vulnerable population; - Changes in phenological phases and high risk of allergic diseases; - Negative impact on human health due to increased survival, persistence, virulence and transmission of pathogens; - Changes in spreading of diseases such as cholera, harmful algae, abundance of pathological vector, accelerated proliferation of parasites and increased number of bite cases; - Increased incidence of food- and waterborne diseases; - Increased incidence of diarrhea among children;Climate hazards Climate impact on sectors, population and ecosystems and their vulnerabilities - Decrease in the effectiveness of vector- control interventions; - Reduced food security and increased occurrence of malnutrition and undernourishment due to decreased food production, lower access to food and rising prices; - Chronic effects among children, such as stunted development and weight loss; - Increased risks of injuries and premature death rate due to air pollution and fires; - Aggravated exposure to air pollutants in urban areas; - Increased number of depression cases, other mental illness and behavior cases due to stress; - Increased costs in people’s assistance, especially vulnerable groups (children, pregnant women, older women and men, etc.) Frost Floods; Heavy rain and hail storms - Increasing number of deaths caused by extreme low temperatures; - Increased frequency risk of tuberculosis and respiratory disease, in particular among vulnerable and disadvantaged groups.', 'Frost Floods; Heavy rain and hail storms - Increasing number of deaths caused by extreme low temperatures; - Increased frequency risk of tuberculosis and respiratory disease, in particular among vulnerable and disadvantaged groups. - Increased number of deaths and trauma caused by floods; - Increased frequency of waterborne diseases and accelerated development of microbial agents; - Endangered quality and availability of drinking water as a result of floods; - Increasing spreading of infectious diseases; - Combined effect of malnutrition and infectious diseases.', '- Increased number of deaths and trauma caused by floods; - Increased frequency of waterborne diseases and accelerated development of microbial agents; - Endangered quality and availability of drinking water as a result of floods; - Increasing spreading of infectious diseases; - Combined effect of malnutrition and infectious diseases. Forestry Sector Increasing temperatures Changes in the water regime - Changes in the forest composition due to different spp sensitivity and tolerance to changing temperatures; - Changes in species competitiveness (including increased individual and spp competition with increased occurrence of spp extinction); - Changes in spp regeneration rate; - Increased frequency of Limantria and Tortrix viridana attacks on oaks and other tree spp, influencing forest ecosystem stability; - Pathogen and exotic spp invasion from other geographic regions with increased adaptability to changing climate; - Changes in the structure of forest stand, including stand density; - Changes in biomass production.', 'Forestry Sector Increasing temperatures Changes in the water regime - Changes in the forest composition due to different spp sensitivity and tolerance to changing temperatures; - Changes in species competitiveness (including increased individual and spp competition with increased occurrence of spp extinction); - Changes in spp regeneration rate; - Increased frequency of Limantria and Tortrix viridana attacks on oaks and other tree spp, influencing forest ecosystem stability; - Pathogen and exotic spp invasion from other geographic regions with increased adaptability to changing climate; - Changes in the structure of forest stand, including stand density; - Changes in biomass production. Extreme weather events: - heatwaves; - frost; - droughts; - floods; - winds, hailstorms - Increased fall of trees caused by strong winds; - Increased occurrence of massive drying of vegetation; - Increased frequency of forest fires; - Increasing survival and reproduction capacity of gaming species that may affect ecosystem balance; - Increased damage caused by fires, windstorms, floods and drought; - Decreased availability of forest ecosystem services: food, water, wood; distorted regulation of local climate formation, reduced contribution in soil formation, pollination and nutrient cycling.', 'Extreme weather events: - heatwaves; - frost; - droughts; - floods; - winds, hailstorms - Increased fall of trees caused by strong winds; - Increased occurrence of massive drying of vegetation; - Increased frequency of forest fires; - Increasing survival and reproduction capacity of gaming species that may affect ecosystem balance; - Increased damage caused by fires, windstorms, floods and drought; - Decreased availability of forest ecosystem services: food, water, wood; distorted regulation of local climate formation, reduced contribution in soil formation, pollination and nutrient cycling. Energy Sector Increasing temperatures - Increased demand for electricity due to higher summer temperatures and the need for indoor air conditioning and industrial processes cooling; - Increased natural gas consumption due to increased electricity demand; - High loss in electricity because of intensive use of electrical cooling equipment due to increased air temperature; - Reduced electricity and heat generation capacities of power plants (CHPs) caused by insufficient heat loading; Water regime changes - Increased electricity demand for irrigation caused by lower soil moisture; - Reduced electricity generation capacity of CHPs caused by the decrease of water flow in Prut and Dniester Rivers as a result of reduced precipitation volume.', 'Energy Sector Increasing temperatures - Increased demand for electricity due to higher summer temperatures and the need for indoor air conditioning and industrial processes cooling; - Increased natural gas consumption due to increased electricity demand; - High loss in electricity because of intensive use of electrical cooling equipment due to increased air temperature; - Reduced electricity and heat generation capacities of power plants (CHPs) caused by insufficient heat loading; Water regime changes - Increased electricity demand for irrigation caused by lower soil moisture; - Reduced electricity generation capacity of CHPs caused by the decrease of water flow in Prut and Dniester Rivers as a result of reduced precipitation volume. Extreme weather events: - heatwaves; - frost; - droughts; - floods; - winds, hailstorms, more frequent and intense strong rains - Decreased resilience of energy sector infrastructure, including assets useful lifespan, higher capital expenditure and running costs; - Increased intensity of energy caused by higher electricity consumption for air conditioning and irrigation.', 'Extreme weather events: - heatwaves; - frost; - droughts; - floods; - winds, hailstorms, more frequent and intense strong rains - Decreased resilience of energy sector infrastructure, including assets useful lifespan, higher capital expenditure and running costs; - Increased intensity of energy caused by higher electricity consumption for air conditioning and irrigation. Increased intermittency in electricity supply; - Climate change (drought) compromised wood production, including biomass production for energy generation and production of liquid biofuels. - Longer duration of unplanned power supply distortions due to the increase in the frequency of spontaneous fires and the need to protect airlines; - Decrease in the share of electricity production from renewable energy due to reduced back up of balancing energy.', '- Longer duration of unplanned power supply distortions due to the increase in the frequency of spontaneous fires and the need to protect airlines; - Decrease in the share of electricity production from renewable energy due to reduced back up of balancing energy. Transport Sector Increasing temperatures - Decreased resilience of transport sector infrastructure, including assets lifespan, higher capital expenditure and running costs;Climate hazards Climate impact on sectors, population and ecosystems and their vulnerabilities Water regime changes - Increased damage of road cover; - Impact on technical staff’s health (men and women) involved in road maintenance and repair; - Larger length of the airport runway and more fuel required due to less dense air; - Railway lines bending due to breakdowns and malfunctioning of railway and signal detectors; - Longer travel time due to speed restrictions; - Deterioration of the concrete structure of bridges and viaducts and accelerated rusting of metal reinforcements; thermal expansion of bridges causing traffic interruptions and insecurity; - Impassable navigation routes due to low water level.', 'Transport Sector Increasing temperatures - Decreased resilience of transport sector infrastructure, including assets lifespan, higher capital expenditure and running costs;Climate hazards Climate impact on sectors, population and ecosystems and their vulnerabilities Water regime changes - Increased damage of road cover; - Impact on technical staff’s health (men and women) involved in road maintenance and repair; - Larger length of the airport runway and more fuel required due to less dense air; - Railway lines bending due to breakdowns and malfunctioning of railway and signal detectors; - Longer travel time due to speed restrictions; - Deterioration of the concrete structure of bridges and viaducts and accelerated rusting of metal reinforcements; thermal expansion of bridges causing traffic interruptions and insecurity; - Impassable navigation routes due to low water level. Extreme weather events: - heatwaves; - frost; - droughts; - floods; - winds, hailstorms, more frequent and intense strong rains - Infrastructure deformations caused by heat waves, rain storms, floods and snow variations: damage to roads, railways, airport runways, piping systems, bicycle paths and sidewalks, bridges and viaducts; - Reduced circulation of public transport and / or increasing costs that will primarily affect vulnerable groups (including older, women, children, etc.', 'Extreme weather events: - heatwaves; - frost; - droughts; - floods; - winds, hailstorms, more frequent and intense strong rains - Infrastructure deformations caused by heat waves, rain storms, floods and snow variations: damage to roads, railways, airport runways, piping systems, bicycle paths and sidewalks, bridges and viaducts; - Reduced circulation of public transport and / or increasing costs that will primarily affect vulnerable groups (including older, women, children, etc. ); - Travel and timetable delays; - Loss of visibility due to fog, snow, loss of maneuverability, obstruction of pathways, use of chemical treatment for dispersion; - Population migration from adjacent communities to aquatic basins may hinder the further development of shipping (passenger and freight). 3.3.', '); - Travel and timetable delays; - Loss of visibility due to fog, snow, loss of maneuverability, obstruction of pathways, use of chemical treatment for dispersion; - Population migration from adjacent communities to aquatic basins may hinder the further development of shipping (passenger and freight). 3.3. NATIONAL AND SECTORIAL CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PRIORITIES The Republic of Moldova has an evolving climate change adaptation policy framework, with many complementarities and links to the cross-cutting sustainable development policy framework. Therefore, the adaptation priorities stated in the current NDC derive from both the national climate change policies and related development national and sub-national policies and plans.', 'Therefore, the adaptation priorities stated in the current NDC derive from both the national climate change policies and related development national and sub-national policies and plans. Some policies of the Republic of Moldova have their official validation until 2020, while a few policies cover the timespan until 2030, therefore, the draft policy documents, laws and regulations that passed various stages of public consultation and Government approval have been taken into account when identifying cross-sectorial and sectorial adaptation priorities.', 'Some policies of the Republic of Moldova have their official validation until 2020, while a few policies cover the timespan until 2030, therefore, the draft policy documents, laws and regulations that passed various stages of public consultation and Government approval have been taken into account when identifying cross-sectorial and sectorial adaptation priorities. The National Development Strategy "Moldova 2030" (2018), being the main reference document for the sectoral strategies and the subsequent policy interventions, aims to assume a greater responsibility to stop the degradation of the environment and the uncontrolled consumption of natural resources, taking into account the needs of future generations, as well as commitments undertaken under 2030 Agenda.', 'The National Development Strategy "Moldova 2030" (2018), being the main reference document for the sectoral strategies and the subsequent policy interventions, aims to assume a greater responsibility to stop the degradation of the environment and the uncontrolled consumption of natural resources, taking into account the needs of future generations, as well as commitments undertaken under 2030 Agenda. The policy document "Moldova 2030" declares the principles of the green economy, which will ensure economic resilience and adaptation to the impact of global climate change and will contribute to enhancing its competitiveness at the regional and international levels, and, in the long term, will avoid the huge economic costs due to environmental degradation and climate impact.', 'The policy document "Moldova 2030" declares the principles of the green economy, which will ensure economic resilience and adaptation to the impact of global climate change and will contribute to enhancing its competitiveness at the regional and international levels, and, in the long term, will avoid the huge economic costs due to environmental degradation and climate impact. In the Strategy, people s interests are placed at the center of the development process, which could be accounted for in a sustainable way only by empowering people to participate, to contribute and to benefit from economic, cultural, social and political development based on a common attitude in which all human rights and freedoms are observed. Climate actions are fundamental to the achievement of all 17 Sustainable Development Goals.', 'Climate actions are fundamental to the achievement of all 17 Sustainable Development Goals. The draft Strategy “Moldova 2030” sets out clear priorities for combating climate change by creating an efficient energy policy, along with a forward-looking climate change policy leading to a fair transition to a climate-neutral and competitive economy that will create opportunities for new jobs and sustainable growth at the same time. The National Coordination Council for Sustainable Development was created to set up a participatory and transparent process in the adoption and implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals.', 'The National Coordination Council for Sustainable Development was created to set up a participatory and transparent process in the adoption and implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals. The Association Agreement between the European Union and the Republic of Moldova13 is an important treaty that commits Moldova to economic, judicial and financial reforms to converge its policies and legislation to those of the European Union. The chapter on climate change focuses on actions in six areas: (i) mitigation; (ii) adaptation; (iii) carbon emission trading; (iv) research, development, implementation and other related issues; (v) integrating climate aspects into sectorial policies and (vi) awareness-raising, education and training.', 'The chapter on climate change focuses on actions in six areas: (i) mitigation; (ii) adaptation; (iii) carbon emission trading; (iv) research, development, implementation and other related issues; (v) integrating climate aspects into sectorial policies and (vi) awareness-raising, education and training. The Association Agreement is accompanied by an implementation Program of Action for European Integration: 13 Association Agreement between the Republic of Moldova and the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their MemberFreedom, Democracy, Welfare14, which addresses adaptation to climate change and sets the framework for the congruence of Moldovan policies with European ones.', 'The Association Agreement is accompanied by an implementation Program of Action for European Integration: 13 Association Agreement between the Republic of Moldova and the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their MemberFreedom, Democracy, Welfare14, which addresses adaptation to climate change and sets the framework for the congruence of Moldovan policies with European ones. Promoting the “green’’ economy program in the Republic of Moldova for the years 2018-2020 and the Action Plan15 for its implementation ensures the development of the necessary capacities of all those involved in the planned activities in order to achieve the following specific targets by 2020: 17% of gross final energy consumption from renewable sources and improvement of energy efficiency by 8.2%; promoting organic farming by implementing green economy principles and expanding the area of agricultural land used for organic farming by about 20%; reducing air pollution by 30% by developing sustainable transport, etc.', 'Promoting the “green’’ economy program in the Republic of Moldova for the years 2018-2020 and the Action Plan15 for its implementation ensures the development of the necessary capacities of all those involved in the planned activities in order to achieve the following specific targets by 2020: 17% of gross final energy consumption from renewable sources and improvement of energy efficiency by 8.2%; promoting organic farming by implementing green economy principles and expanding the area of agricultural land used for organic farming by about 20%; reducing air pollution by 30% by developing sustainable transport, etc. The Biological Diversity Strategy for the years 2015-202016 addresses the causes of biodiversity loss through the incorporation of requirements such as halting the biodiversity loss process starting with the government and ending with the entire society.', 'The Biological Diversity Strategy for the years 2015-202016 addresses the causes of biodiversity loss through the incorporation of requirements such as halting the biodiversity loss process starting with the government and ending with the entire society. The Environmental Strategy for 2014-2023 and the Action Plan for its implementation17 ensures the consistency of the long-term strategic planning with the EU rules and has a context for the development and approval of climate change adaptation strategies. Building up of an efficient system of environmental management contributing to increased quality of environmental factors and to observing the right of the population to a clean, healthy and sustainable natural environment is the main objective of the Strategy.', 'Building up of an efficient system of environmental management contributing to increased quality of environmental factors and to observing the right of the population to a clean, healthy and sustainable natural environment is the main objective of the Strategy. The National Strategy on Ensuring Equality between women and men (2017-2021) in the Republic of Moldova and the Action Plan for its implementation 18 aims at greater reduction of gender gaps due to the social, economic and environmental vulnerabilities exacerbated by climate change. The strategy includes the area of intervention 2.6. “Climate change”, stating as Specific Objective 1.10: Adjustment of sectorial adaptation strategies to climate change by including gender equality19. The gender policy is supported by the Law No.', 'The gender policy is supported by the Law No. 5- XVI of 09.02.2006 on ensuring equal opportunities between women and men, which stipulates that in the Republic of Moldova, women and men enjoy equal rights and freedoms and are guaranteed equal opportunities for their exercise. The draft Government Decision on approval of the National Program for the Greening of SMEs has been developed to support the SMEs in overcoming the needs and problems faced by SMEs in their path towards greening. The document sets out governmental priority support to SMEs for adopting green and ecological operational standards. The Government Decision No.', 'The document sets out governmental priority support to SMEs for adopting green and ecological operational standards. The Government Decision No. 590 of 21.06.2018 on approval of the Concept of the reform of the national system of management, prevention and reduction of the consequences of floods addresses the problem of flood prevention, transition from the defensive forms of action to those of risk management. The. Concept promotes a flood risk management system by establishing components for the management, prevention and reduction of the consequences of the flood risks.', 'Concept promotes a flood risk management system by establishing components for the management, prevention and reduction of the consequences of the flood risks. Government Decision No.779 of 04.10.201320 on approval of the Regulation on drought management planning has the objectives: a) elaboration of individual drought management plans for each district of the river basin or sub-basin; b) specify the indicators that allow to identify the circumstances of drought; c) establish specific monitoring systems to identify drought circumstances; d) identify management objectives and measures to mitigate the effects of drought, including measures to rationalize water demand, to prioritize water use, to support basic human needs, including in food, to protect ecosystems water. 14 Program of Action for European Integration: Freedom, Democracy, Welfare 2011-2014, GD no.', '14 Program of Action for European Integration: Freedom, Democracy, Welfare 2011-2014, GD no. 289 of 07.05.2012, < 15 Government Decision No. 160 of 21.02.2018 on Approval of Program for Promoting Green Economy in the Republic of Moldova for 2018-2020: pub: 02.03.2018 in Monitorul Oficial Nr.68-76. Art No: 208. < 16 The Biological Diversity Strategy for the years 2015-2020 of the Republic of Moldova and the Action Plan for its implementation GD No.274 of 17 Government Decision No. 301 of 24.04.2014 on Approval of the Environmental Strategy for the years 2014-2023 and the Action Plan for its implementation. The Official Gazette No. 104-109.', 'The Official Gazette No. 104-109. < 18 The National Strategy on Ensuring Equality between women and men (2017-2021) in the Republic of Moldova and the Action Plan for its 20 Government Decision No.779 of 04.10.2013 on approval the Regulation on drought management3.3.1. CROSS-SECTORIAL CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PRIORITIES Being a complex process, adaptation to climate change requires cross-sectorial perspectives coming from the involvement of a multi-level governance system with strong capacities for both planning and implementing adaptation. In the undertaken sectorial and institutional level capacity assessments of Moldova, it was concluded on several occasions that the need exists to strengthen the country’s capacities to plan and implement cross-sectorial adaptation.', 'In the undertaken sectorial and institutional level capacity assessments of Moldova, it was concluded on several occasions that the need exists to strengthen the country’s capacities to plan and implement cross-sectorial adaptation. Along with the above-described considerations of the national policy framework in identifying adaptation priorities, the outcomes of other country-driven prioritization activities at sectorial and cross-sectorial levels have been incorporated into the current Republic of Moldova’s NDC. Attention was paid to the outcomes of the activities financially supported by the leading climate donors with aid provided to national stakeholders for identifying adaptation capacity building or investment priorities under the selected and validated criteria and according to the specific timespans.', 'Attention was paid to the outcomes of the activities financially supported by the leading climate donors with aid provided to national stakeholders for identifying adaptation capacity building or investment priorities under the selected and validated criteria and according to the specific timespans. The prioritization of adaptation options has been carried out for various purposes: identification of key sectors for climate change adaptation considerations under the Climate Change Adaptation Strategy of the Republic of Moldova; identification of sector-specific adaptation measures during the development of sectorial strategic documents or their mainstreaming into development policies; identification of adaptation technologies during the development of technology action plans (TNA); prioritization of adaptation measures to be incorporated into socio-economic development strategies at the district level, identification of climate investment priorities, etc.', 'The prioritization of adaptation options has been carried out for various purposes: identification of key sectors for climate change adaptation considerations under the Climate Change Adaptation Strategy of the Republic of Moldova; identification of sector-specific adaptation measures during the development of sectorial strategic documents or their mainstreaming into development policies; identification of adaptation technologies during the development of technology action plans (TNA); prioritization of adaptation measures to be incorporated into socio-economic development strategies at the district level, identification of climate investment priorities, etc. A number of climate-related assessments have been undertaken prior to the prioritization process: vulnerability and risks assessments; development of vulnerability indexes; sector and institution capacity assessments; gender assessments in relation to climate change; institutional capacity surveys, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Cost-Effectiveness Analysis, feasibility studies, and other types of assessments and evaluation work that contributed to an informed decision during the prioritization process.', 'A number of climate-related assessments have been undertaken prior to the prioritization process: vulnerability and risks assessments; development of vulnerability indexes; sector and institution capacity assessments; gender assessments in relation to climate change; institutional capacity surveys, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Cost-Effectiveness Analysis, feasibility studies, and other types of assessments and evaluation work that contributed to an informed decision during the prioritization process. Substantive knowledge on impacts, risks and vulnerabilities and initial assessments of adaptation priorities in Moldova results from the work conducted as part of the First (2000), Second (2010), Third (2014) and Fourth (2018) National Communications to the UNFCCC.', 'Substantive knowledge on impacts, risks and vulnerabilities and initial assessments of adaptation priorities in Moldova results from the work conducted as part of the First (2000), Second (2010), Third (2014) and Fourth (2018) National Communications to the UNFCCC. In most of the cases, the prioritization process was carried out using the MCA (multi-criteria analysis) methodology21, based on climate, monetary, social and environmental criteria, with alternative options examined and sensitivity analysis applied.', 'In most of the cases, the prioritization process was carried out using the MCA (multi-criteria analysis) methodology21, based on climate, monetary, social and environmental criteria, with alternative options examined and sensitivity analysis applied. Cross-sectorial and sectorial adaptation priorities have been validated by stakeholders within an adaptation consultation process, involving climate and sector experts, line ministry planners, researchers, the private sector, LPAs, NGOs, other relevant stakeholders with knowledge and experience in various areas, also considering lessons learned from previous planning processes, that allows for identification of feasible and efficient adaptation measures in Moldova’s specific context.', 'Cross-sectorial and sectorial adaptation priorities have been validated by stakeholders within an adaptation consultation process, involving climate and sector experts, line ministry planners, researchers, the private sector, LPAs, NGOs, other relevant stakeholders with knowledge and experience in various areas, also considering lessons learned from previous planning processes, that allows for identification of feasible and efficient adaptation measures in Moldova’s specific context. The Table 3.3-1 provides information on the categories of cross-sectoral adaptation priorities, along with the main actions and activities to be implemented in support to prioritized options that aim at country’s preparedness for and the absorption of climate impacts, building resilience at national and sub-national levels.', 'The Table 3.3-1 provides information on the categories of cross-sectoral adaptation priorities, along with the main actions and activities to be implemented in support to prioritized options that aim at country’s preparedness for and the absorption of climate impacts, building resilience at national and sub-national levels. Table 3.3-1: Cross-Sectorial Climate Change Adaptation Priorities Category of adaptation priorities Adaptation priorities Main activities and actions in support of adaptation priorities Policy enforcement, knowledge and capacity building Strengthen climate change adaptation legal and policy framework at different levels of governance - Undertake policy and policy practices analysis in relation to climate change adaptation with the aim to identify the level of consideration to address climate-related issues and provide recommendations for further mainstreaming of CCA into the national and sub-national policy framework.', 'Table 3.3-1: Cross-Sectorial Climate Change Adaptation Priorities Category of adaptation priorities Adaptation priorities Main activities and actions in support of adaptation priorities Policy enforcement, knowledge and capacity building Strengthen climate change adaptation legal and policy framework at different levels of governance - Undertake policy and policy practices analysis in relation to climate change adaptation with the aim to identify the level of consideration to address climate-related issues and provide recommendations for further mainstreaming of CCA into the national and sub-national policy framework. - Incorporate CCA into broader development context and provide a comprehensive, integrated climate policy approach toward a resilient sustainable development. - Develop a strong alignment of CCA and national development goals and objectives, particularly in the priority sectors: agriculture, forestry, health, water, energy and transportation, taking into consideration social and gender aspects.', '- Develop a strong alignment of CCA and national development goals and objectives, particularly in the priority sectors: agriculture, forestry, health, water, energy and transportation, taking into consideration social and gender aspects. - Incorporate nature-based solutions into adaptation planning and policy development, with a focus on biodiversity conservation, ecosystem services management, and disaster risk reduction. 21 Dodgson, JS, Spackman, M, Pearman, A and Phillips, LD (2009). Multi-criteria analysis: A Manual. Department for Communities and Local Government: London.Category of adaptation priorities Adaptation priorities Main activities and actions in support of adaptation priorities - Increase the enforcement of policies requiring considerations of the climate-resilient engineering solutions, construction codes, technical protocols and standards in developing new infrastructure.', 'Department for Communities and Local Government: London.Category of adaptation priorities Adaptation priorities Main activities and actions in support of adaptation priorities - Increase the enforcement of policies requiring considerations of the climate-resilient engineering solutions, construction codes, technical protocols and standards in developing new infrastructure. Enhance institutional capacities to effectively plan and implement CCA - Address system-level gaps and impediments to effectively plan for and implement CCA through a participatory capacity assessment at the individual, institutional and enabling environment levels in all priority sectors to identify newly exposed weaknesses at the ministerial and sector levels. - Ensure sustained availability of capacity and technical skills to address the challenge of climate-related analysis and interventions as a key aspect of ensuring that the NAP becomes a successful iterative process and enable the continued and progressive long-term adaptation planning.', '- Ensure sustained availability of capacity and technical skills to address the challenge of climate-related analysis and interventions as a key aspect of ensuring that the NAP becomes a successful iterative process and enable the continued and progressive long-term adaptation planning. - Adopt internal, institutional level performance and incentive systems that encourage staff to promote ambitions, transformative climate actions and provide tools to enable staff to contribute to climate-resilient and adaptation action. Strengthen institutions to provide effective leadership and coordination of adaptation planning and action at the national and sub- national level - Enhance political commitment and leadership at the highest level in promoting CCA planning and action in Moldova. - Promote active involvement of high-level political leaders in outreach activities to increase the ability to gather multiple stakeholders and ensure broad public involvement.', '- Promote active involvement of high-level political leaders in outreach activities to increase the ability to gather multiple stakeholders and ensure broad public involvement. In advocating the CCA high-level leaders are to be supported by skilled and dedicated experts from the area. - Promote effective leadership for transformational change, be it through strong centralized decision-making or through the distribution of power to make more localized decisions. - Reinforce the long-term, coordinated approach to capacity development that addresses both institutional capacity needs and individual skills development. - Operationalize an effective CCA cross-sectorial Coordination Mechanism with coherent approaches in planning energy, forestry, human health, water, food security and gender equality and with the contribution to improved long-term, sustained adaptation action.', '- Operationalize an effective CCA cross-sectorial Coordination Mechanism with coherent approaches in planning energy, forestry, human health, water, food security and gender equality and with the contribution to improved long-term, sustained adaptation action. Ensure inclusive, gender-sensitive and effective stakeholder engagement and participation in the adaptation planning and implementation - Facilitate dialogue among stakeholders at different levels to ensure that adaptation planning processes at national and sub-national levels are informed and mutually supportive. - Develop and implement a comprehensive, gender-sensitive and inclusive communication and outreach strategy to sensitize policy makers and all stakeholders, including the general public and the private sector, on the importance of CCA, and to ensure that advocacy of climate adaptation becomes a national priority.', '- Develop and implement a comprehensive, gender-sensitive and inclusive communication and outreach strategy to sensitize policy makers and all stakeholders, including the general public and the private sector, on the importance of CCA, and to ensure that advocacy of climate adaptation becomes a national priority. - Ensure the full and inclusive participation in adaptation policy development, planning and action of all climate-relevant actors, such as national, sectorial, sub-national levels stakeholders, private sector, smallholders, women, vulnerable groups and local communities, whose involvement is key to achieving national resilience and adaptation objectives. - Ensure coordination and collaboration among national and sub-national actors in their adaptation priorities and actions, in particular, to enable sub-national authorities and local organizations to access the information, resources (including finance) and capacity they need to implement adaptation.', '- Ensure coordination and collaboration among national and sub-national actors in their adaptation priorities and actions, in particular, to enable sub-national authorities and local organizations to access the information, resources (including finance) and capacity they need to implement adaptation. - Engage government stakeholders in generating solutions and accelerating action to address systemic gaps in the implementation of climate adaptation action. - Engage private sector in climate change resilience building in all sectors of Moldova and in urban and rural communities. Close prioritized knowledge gaps in CCA at national and subnational levels based on a consistent and updated knowledge foundation - Close identified CCA priority knowledge gaps at individual and institutional levels during the undertaken assessments through the involvement of adaptation experts and knowledge-providing institutions.', 'Close prioritized knowledge gaps in CCA at national and subnational levels based on a consistent and updated knowledge foundation - Close identified CCA priority knowledge gaps at individual and institutional levels during the undertaken assessments through the involvement of adaptation experts and knowledge-providing institutions. - Promote climate-related knowledge management within government and climate lead agencies, along with the need to strengthen information management to enable continuous learning and improvement and to ensure leverage of existing knowledge into CCA action. - Implementation of required capacity-building activities for specific institutions of governance systems at the state (national), regional (sub-national) and local levels to apply adaptation planning to enhance in-house knowledge.', '- Implementation of required capacity-building activities for specific institutions of governance systems at the state (national), regional (sub-national) and local levels to apply adaptation planning to enhance in-house knowledge. - Development and implementation of a comprehensive Knowledge Management Strategy (KMSy) that expands the climate communication and knowledge management in support of the NAP process.Category of adaptation priorities Adaptation priorities Main activities and actions in support of adaptation priorities - Establish and operationalize an adaptation knowledge platform/portal as a gateway for sharing, exchanging and acquiring knowledge about various adaptation areas, including the impacts, risks, vulnerabilities and adaptation actions needed to build resilience across the country. The platform is to be operationalized in a user-friendly manner, incorporating relevant knowledge, facilitating stakeholder engagement, providing needed information and support for general and targeted users.', 'The platform is to be operationalized in a user-friendly manner, incorporating relevant knowledge, facilitating stakeholder engagement, providing needed information and support for general and targeted users. - Establish the Community of practice for the agriculture sector accompanied by an effective program to build the capacities of its constituencies at different levels. CCA data gathering and analysis processes in place, access to climate information improved through the development and application of analytical tools - Ensure a good understanding of impacts from climate-related hazards at sector level, with efforts to be focused on translating the results of the assessments into actionable information for the decision-makers of national and sub-national level, businesses, and communities which have the responsibility to respond to shifting probabilities and impacts of climate-related hazards.', 'CCA data gathering and analysis processes in place, access to climate information improved through the development and application of analytical tools - Ensure a good understanding of impacts from climate-related hazards at sector level, with efforts to be focused on translating the results of the assessments into actionable information for the decision-makers of national and sub-national level, businesses, and communities which have the responsibility to respond to shifting probabilities and impacts of climate-related hazards. - Technical planners of line Ministries, local level consultants, policy analysts, researchers to handle principal approaches and methods, evaluation tools that identify observed and potential impacts of climate change, climate risks and vulnerabilities at national and sub-national levels, identify the adaptive capacities of socio-economic and natural systems in order to evaluate and rank vulnerabilities to hazards, evaluate diverse assets, other type of evaluations.', '- Technical planners of line Ministries, local level consultants, policy analysts, researchers to handle principal approaches and methods, evaluation tools that identify observed and potential impacts of climate change, climate risks and vulnerabilities at national and sub-national levels, identify the adaptive capacities of socio-economic and natural systems in order to evaluate and rank vulnerabilities to hazards, evaluate diverse assets, other type of evaluations. - Produce gender-responsive, sector- and sub-sector level guidelines or manuals for standardized data collection, and implement technical standards for climate risks and vulnerabilities assessments and their interpretation to help integrate CCA considerations into development planning processes at the sectorial level. - Provide on-site training programs focused on climate impacts and vulnerability assessment methodologies and approaches, as well as socio-economic assessment and valuation methodologies.', '- Provide on-site training programs focused on climate impacts and vulnerability assessment methodologies and approaches, as well as socio-economic assessment and valuation methodologies. - Apply high-quality analytical tools for forecasting/modelling future climate impacts and response in key priority areas. Extend CCA integration into sub-national development - Identify and implement opportunities to mainstream CCA measures into relevant local policies; identify and prioritize medium and long-term adaptation options to be incorporated into local level development planning. - Reduce climate risks in Moldova’s priority sectors (agriculture, water, forestry, health, energy, transport) through local capacity strengthening, improved knowledge management, convergent policy on climate change adaptation and disaster risks reduction. - Periodically update district level vulnerability index and its mapping based on relevant climate, economic, social, environment, occupational indicators, other proxies.', '- Periodically update district level vulnerability index and its mapping based on relevant climate, economic, social, environment, occupational indicators, other proxies. Improved climate information Timely delivered and widely accessible high- quality climate risk information - Carrying out the monitoring of the hydrometeorological conditions and of the quality of the environment for information and protection of population and economy sectors against dangerous hydrometeorological phenomena. - Produce regular meteorological, agrometeorological, hydrological forecasts. - Produce warnings on hydrometeorological hazards and environmental pollution. - Implement modernized climate information and Early Warning Systems (EWS). Systematically include vulnerability, accommodate multiple timescales and account for evolving risk and rising uncertainty in the warnings. - Promote investments in climate information and EWSs. Apply warning criteria and thresholds, linked to potential impact and damage by severe weather.', 'Apply warning criteria and thresholds, linked to potential impact and damage by severe weather. - Assess the quality of service delivery, especially for EWS at the SHSM, based on the WMO Strategy for Service Delivery and address gaps. - Expand use of Climate Information Services in five targeted sectors of the economy: agriculture, water, health, forest, transport and energy. - Intensify efforts to increase food and water security, particularly for smallholder farmers. - Provide to hydrometeorological information on the quality of environmental factors to population, central and local public administration, economic agents, and national defense authorities. - Maintain the participation of SHSM in the EUMETNET programmes. - Continuous operation of severe weather warning platform www.meteoalarm.eu by the SHSM for the Republic of Moldova.', '- Continuous operation of severe weather warning platform www.meteoalarm.eu by the SHSM for the Republic of Moldova. - Provision of quality-controlled data sets according to the WMO standards. - Operationalization of a real-time data quality control system.Category of adaptation priorities Adaptation priorities Main activities and actions in support of adaptation priorities - Enhancement of the SHSM nowcasting and forecasting capacities. Strengthen ability to forecast intensities, geographical spacing and timing for critical meteorological parameters. Integrated disaster risk management Improve the decision-making in the face of uncertainty - Specialized institutions and agencies with national level status to deliver adaptation prerequisites, such as fundamental climatic and other data, analysis and assessments on climate change impacts, vulnerability and early warning systems for informed decision making.', 'Integrated disaster risk management Improve the decision-making in the face of uncertainty - Specialized institutions and agencies with national level status to deliver adaptation prerequisites, such as fundamental climatic and other data, analysis and assessments on climate change impacts, vulnerability and early warning systems for informed decision making. - Identify adaptation choices that are robust across a range of future outcomes based on the country‘s climate change scenario and identify the transformational actions in the areas/sectors needed. - Put in place regulations to address the potential danger of waste treatment facilities from burning during the droughts with high temperatures, as well as from floods, and the need for water supply for their operation in the case of occurrence of climate risks.', '- Put in place regulations to address the potential danger of waste treatment facilities from burning during the droughts with high temperatures, as well as from floods, and the need for water supply for their operation in the case of occurrence of climate risks. Improve Disaster Risk Reduction management - Establish a legal and institutional framework for managing weather disasters in risk situations, with a focus on the emergency response. - Apply the methodology of weather disasters impact assessment on the lives of Moldovan citizens and the economic sectors. - Apply the methodology and standards on loss and damage assessment in all affected by climate disasters sectors, population, and geographic areas. - Adopt the integrated disaster risk management at the country level.', '- Adopt the integrated disaster risk management at the country level. - Promote the development of high-quality hazard maps. - Scale up the capacity to prepare and respond to disaster through increased access to mechanisms that enable early action, alongside climate risk insurance and other social safety nets. - Promote insurance coverage against damaging events to agricultural producers. Community- level climate change adaptation Promote resilient development of urban communities - Address the capacity gaps and weaknesses in coverage of urban issues within the NAP process. Communicate urban adaptation component as part of the NAP. - Comprehensively assess city/town development needs and climate vulnerabilities through climate lens involving climate specialists and local level decision and policymakers. Where possible, apply an integrated climate vulnerability and gender assessment approach to identify community-level vulnerabilities.', 'Where possible, apply an integrated climate vulnerability and gender assessment approach to identify community-level vulnerabilities. - Identify city/town level adaptation options and appraise them using relevant criteria. - Municipalities to integrate climate risk data and adaptation strategies into development plans. Chisinau and Balti municipalities to develop, approve and implement integrated urban planning, apply investment and operation to reduce climate risks. - Cities and towns to update topographic maps, along with weather and climate information, satellite, and remote sensing data; models that reveal risks of climate impacts to local areas, and assessments of the vulnerabilities and gender-specific needs for different population groups, such as elderly population living in poverty.', '- Cities and towns to update topographic maps, along with weather and climate information, satellite, and remote sensing data; models that reveal risks of climate impacts to local areas, and assessments of the vulnerabilities and gender-specific needs for different population groups, such as elderly population living in poverty. - Put efforts to providing weather, climate, hydrological, and related environmental services and information in an integrated way for disaster risk reduction in urban areas, tailored to each city, municipality. - Strengthen city level disaster preparedness and response system to be part of designs and operations. - Promote climate-friendly solutions at municipality level and infrastructure resilience projects through innovative technologies that will contribute to reducing vulnerability to climate change and improving the quality of life.', '- Promote climate-friendly solutions at municipality level and infrastructure resilience projects through innovative technologies that will contribute to reducing vulnerability to climate change and improving the quality of life. - Promote urban projects/actions with international donors and identify synergies with international agreements. - Strengthen municipality land management systems and invest strategically in resilient infrastructure for greater returns. - Identify monitoring indicators, including gender-disaggregated ones, to monitor the implementation of adaptation actions at the community/city level. Promote community-based adaptation action in rural areas - Promote awareness-raising, capacity building and support to development and implementation of climate investment plans at the local level. - Conduct an in-depth gender-disaggregated cross-sectorial analysis of the impact of climate change on vulnerable groups, with a specific focus on rural women.', '- Conduct an in-depth gender-disaggregated cross-sectorial analysis of the impact of climate change on vulnerable groups, with a specific focus on rural women. The results to be widely disseminated to stakeholders, and made available on the communication platform and media channels.Category of adaptation priorities Adaptation priorities Main activities and actions in support of adaptation priorities - Improve direct access of rural communities of the Republic of Moldova to climate finance to strengthen their resilience and improve livelihood through grant-oriented projects. - Promote climate investments in rural villages that will improve their resilience and ensure sustainable livelihoods. - Promote climate-resilient livelihood through community-based natural resources management. - Identify best practices and technologies of local communities and apply them at the community level.', '- Identify best practices and technologies of local communities and apply them at the community level. Strengthen the role of vulnerable groups and local actors in planning processes that affect their own lives - Promote participatory planning with local populations/communities through the involvement of LPAs, local NGOs, vulnerable groups, developing shared goals, coordinated action, and build on local knowledge. - Increase community level adequate capacity and improve the accessibility to the resources to help make and implement decisions that affect them. - Promote community-driven gender-responsive adaptation action. Technology transfer and uptake Strengthen regulatory frameworks and policies to drive investment in climate-resilient technologies and activities - Adjust country regulatory framework to create stronger incentives for private investment in technologies that will increase climate resilience.', 'Technology transfer and uptake Strengthen regulatory frameworks and policies to drive investment in climate-resilient technologies and activities - Adjust country regulatory framework to create stronger incentives for private investment in technologies that will increase climate resilience. - Climate leading agencies shall provide the private sector with information and tools they need to integrate climate investment into the decision-making process through business-friendly impact assessment tools to identify viable investment opportunities. - Promote collaboration between the financial system and actors of the supply chain as a mean to foster private investors engagement in climate resilience. Commercial banks, insurance companies and agricultural sector supply chain actors shall play a role to engage business to scale-up investments.', 'Commercial banks, insurance companies and agricultural sector supply chain actors shall play a role to engage business to scale-up investments. Improve capacity building for technology development and transfer - Build institutional capacities to support the transfer of climate and environmentally sound technologies (CESTs), further encouragement of the innovation process and building targeted technical and scientific skills to utilize the technical-scientific potential for the development of context-specific, climate-resilient technologies. - Capacity building needs for technology transfer shall be identified for each stage of the Technology Need Assessment process to ensure a smooth and successful assessment. Relevant stakeholders shall be involved in a consultation process to consider adaptation priority sectors and technologies, identify barriers to technology transfer, measures to address these barriers and explore other needs.', 'Relevant stakeholders shall be involved in a consultation process to consider adaptation priority sectors and technologies, identify barriers to technology transfer, measures to address these barriers and explore other needs. - Strengthen knowledge of national stakeholders on various aspects and benefits of adaptation technologies and foster knowledge-sharing and collaboration of stakeholders in technology transfer. - Strengthen technology network, centers of excellence, organizations promoting technology transfer. Harness science, technology, and innovation with a focus on resilient transformation for sustainable development - Promote climate technology innovation system, targeted climate technology research, development and demonstration support for prioritized adaptation technology measures. - Identify and promote opportunities for targeting innovative solutions, new market segments, developing or adopting new business models, model shifts and/or processes. Support social innovation and entrepreneurs who seek to create climate- resilient social value.', 'Support social innovation and entrepreneurs who seek to create climate- resilient social value. - Promote adaptation-related innovative solutions with mitigation benefits, in particular, those applying circular economic business models. - Based on the results of TNA develop a portfolio of projects and programmes which can facilitate access to and the transfer of, climate and environmentally sound technologies (CESTs) and know-how in key sectors of the economy. Identified project ideas should include comprehensive information on location, financial data, risk analyses, financiers involved, and on implementation plans, other relevant data. - Consider the experience of other countries in implementing CESTs and discuss them during the consultation with stakeholders.', '- Consider the experience of other countries in implementing CESTs and discuss them during the consultation with stakeholders. Taking into account lessons learned from the TNA process and produced portfolio of CESTs, develop a technology roadmap with clear targets, milestones and implementation timeframe. CCA technology needs identified in all key sectors - Carry out a Technology Need Assessment in adaptation in six key sectors (agriculture, transport, energy, water, forestry and health) to identify the evolving needs for new equipment, techniques, practical knowledge and skills necessary to reduce country’s vulnerability to the adverse impacts of climate change, while taking into account theCategory of adaptation priorities Adaptation priorities Main activities and actions in support of adaptation priorities Republic of Moldova’s SDGs and development priorities stated in “Moldova 2030” National Development Strategy.', 'CCA technology needs identified in all key sectors - Carry out a Technology Need Assessment in adaptation in six key sectors (agriculture, transport, energy, water, forestry and health) to identify the evolving needs for new equipment, techniques, practical knowledge and skills necessary to reduce country’s vulnerability to the adverse impacts of climate change, while taking into account theCategory of adaptation priorities Adaptation priorities Main activities and actions in support of adaptation priorities Republic of Moldova’s SDGs and development priorities stated in “Moldova 2030” National Development Strategy. - Undertake barrier analysis for technology transfer in the main sectors of the economy, referring to economic and market barriers, along with human capacity, information and awareness, institutional, policy-related and regulatory barriers. Provide solutions and de-risking measures for market barriers to climate resilience technology deployment.', 'Provide solutions and de-risking measures for market barriers to climate resilience technology deployment. - Based on identified technological needs, develop a prioritized Technology Roadmap for each sector. - Develop a Technology Action Plan (TAP) for each of the top three prioritized technologies in each of the six sectors of the economy. - Integrate the sectorial Technology Roadmaps into a cohesive CCA Technology Framework with clear medium and long-term objectives and targets to support sector level transformational change. - Develop TAPs into project ideas of AF, GCF, GEF (other relevant donors) Concept Notes to support the development of transformative project proposals. Uptake of adaptation technologies improved - Support enhanced technology development and transfer, facilitating the access to and scaling up of environmentally sound and climate-resilient technologies.', 'Uptake of adaptation technologies improved - Support enhanced technology development and transfer, facilitating the access to and scaling up of environmentally sound and climate-resilient technologies. - Identify means of implementing the TNA results through both domestic budget and external funding. - Promote the deployment of advanced technologies through the identification and prioritization of climate investments and projects. Conducting feasibility assessments of prioritized climate technologies for adaptation with mitigation co-benefits and incorporate them into national processes of climate action. - Strengthen market preparation and business planning for the deployment and scaleup of climate technology solutions prioritized during the TNA. - Engage the private sector to actively contribute to the implementation of CESTs of the country’s project portfolio.', '- Engage the private sector to actively contribute to the implementation of CESTs of the country’s project portfolio. - Develop CCA project pipelines and its updating in a programmatic manner for promoting both public and private investment in climate resilience. - Improve social acceptance of new adaptation measures and actions, in particular, new technologies and production methods. - Develop technology-related indicators, including transformation indicators, as part of the M&E system to assess specific technology contribution toward reducing the vulnerability and achieving national/sub-national resilience to climate change. Support climate technology financing - Promote access to funding that will facilitate and realize the actual transfer of technology according to the priority needs through integration of climate technology financing needs into national and sectoral development strategies, plans and investment priorities.', 'Support climate technology financing - Promote access to funding that will facilitate and realize the actual transfer of technology according to the priority needs through integration of climate technology financing needs into national and sectoral development strategies, plans and investment priorities. - Promote investments in supply chains and local manufacturing to ensure the availability of locally needed technologies. - Encourage development partners, bilateral and multilateral donors to invest in technology-oriented climate projects and programmes. Financing climate change adaptation Promote capacity building for improved integration of CCA into national and sub-national planning - Implement capacity-building activities and awareness for budget planning specialists and programme managers (other financial planners) on national climate priorities and the contribution of national, sectoral policies and projects to these.', 'Financing climate change adaptation Promote capacity building for improved integration of CCA into national and sub-national planning - Implement capacity-building activities and awareness for budget planning specialists and programme managers (other financial planners) on national climate priorities and the contribution of national, sectoral policies and projects to these. - Promote the integration of climate considerations into project designs from early stages through the use of the screening methods and climate budget tagging (CBT) guidelines. - Provide decision-makers with relevant methodology and instruments for measuring non-action costs in CCA, including the financial, economic, and human costs of not managing the risks. Applying non-action cost methodology to promoting investments in climate action.', 'Applying non-action cost methodology to promoting investments in climate action. Mainstream climate change adaptation in the financial sector of Moldova - Strengthening the functioning of the financial sector to better disclose climate risks, manage risks and expand into a new risk-pooling market in the country. - Using the information on climate hazards, exposure and vulnerability ensure that investment decisions are climate-resilient. Promote investments appraisal standards against climate risks.', 'Promote investments appraisal standards against climate risks. - Consider climate risks to improve their pricing to help both the public and private sectors acquire a better technical and financial understanding of risks, establish priorities, shape climate-informed investments, and develop instruments to improve risk-pooling and contingency finance.Category of adaptation priorities Adaptation priorities Main activities and actions in support of adaptation priorities - Allocate public resources to increase the economic resilience of key sectors of Moldova: agriculture, transport, energy, health, water, forestry and related infrastructure. Ensure overall coordination of financial resources for adaptation investments that come both from domestic budget and external sources - CPAs, in particular, Ministry of Finance, with responsibilities of financial decision- making and oversight of the financial system to provide leadership in tracking climate revenues and expenditures.', 'Ensure overall coordination of financial resources for adaptation investments that come both from domestic budget and external sources - CPAs, in particular, Ministry of Finance, with responsibilities of financial decision- making and oversight of the financial system to provide leadership in tracking climate revenues and expenditures. - Generate robust data and the evidence upon which policy recommendations and future spending decisions will be made. - Understand the resource levels required for CCA, as well as the gaps, to finance the (national and sub-national) response to climate change. - Monitor and track climate finance flows using the CBT procedures and applying climate change indicators to annual budget proposal and executed budget. - Ensure the quality of the climate change expenditure data as a key part of the budget review process.', '- Ensure the quality of the climate change expenditure data as a key part of the budget review process. - Assess the cost-effectiveness and impact of existing and potential climate-related expenditures. - Reallocate, as necessary, existing resources to achieve climate-compatible national development. - Increase transparency over resource allocation and management. Enable access to finance action on identified adaptation priorities - Promote country-wide dissemination of information on available funding opportunities at the national and international levels on climate resilience and adaptation in various climate-related areas. - CPAs, international donors to direct the financial flows for their availability to local level actors (LPAs, NGOs, SMEs, women associations) to identify, prioritize, implement, and monitor climate adaptation measures.', '- CPAs, international donors to direct the financial flows for their availability to local level actors (LPAs, NGOs, SMEs, women associations) to identify, prioritize, implement, and monitor climate adaptation measures. - Incorporate CCA priorities into funding schemes provided by the National Ecological Fund, the National Fund for Regional Development, the Energy Efficiency Fund, the National Fund for the Development of Agriculture and Rural Environment. Promote sustainable and effective scale-up and deployment of CCA finance. - Create incentives to scale up private sector engagement in adaptation investments. - Engage the banking sector in scaling up private sector climate finance through in- country financial institutions. - Promote innovative structured financing solutions for CCA, including insurance-based financing products, scale-up the use of insurance as a tool for risk-sharing.', '- Promote innovative structured financing solutions for CCA, including insurance-based financing products, scale-up the use of insurance as a tool for risk-sharing. - Support transformative and replicable investments at scale, in particular through donor funding (GCF, GEF, AF, other). Private sector engagement in building climate change resilience Support and promote private sector capacity building for climate action - Leading agencies in climate change to support climate-related information sharing, research and development, and skill-building through demonstrations and training about adaptation options for the private sector, in particular, SMEs. Capacity building on the use of climate-related information and tools to incorporate risks in planning, budgeting, and implementation of measures to be delivered for engaging SMEs in adaptation. - Support the development and delivery of business-relevant climate information and risk analysis.', '- Support the development and delivery of business-relevant climate information and risk analysis. Improve the delivery of information about the risks and uncertainties that are relevant (by geography and sector) to the planning and decision-making processes of SMEs, taking gender into consideration. - Promote regulatory and fiscal incentives that can stimulate risk reduction among private sector actors. Government to consider incentives and compliance measures to motivate SMEs to undertake investment in climate resilience and business development. - Increase availability and knowledge of cost-effective adaptation options. Communicate this information and knowledge to local businesses. - Provide support to the private sector to develop technical skills and expertise for adopting new business processes, developing new products and services, implementing new technologies for increased climate resilience.', '- Provide support to the private sector to develop technical skills and expertise for adopting new business processes, developing new products and services, implementing new technologies for increased climate resilience. - Support the private sector to be more active in safeguarding agriculture supply chain against climate impacts, transport, energy and city infrastructure, rural communities. - Implement pilot and demo projects that demonstrate business value and stimulate market demand, development of market linkages across the value chain, and scale- up through larger investments.', '- Implement pilot and demo projects that demonstrate business value and stimulate market demand, development of market linkages across the value chain, and scale- up through larger investments. Ensure mainstreaming of climate adaptation and - State/public sector with the assistance of international donors to initiate and put in place policies that provide insurance products that transfer risk to another entity and make private financial interventions possible.Category of adaptation priorities Adaptation priorities Main activities and actions in support of adaptation priorities resilience into investment decision making and business planning and operation - De-risk investments in climate resilience and adaptation through diversification of financial instruments, including public loans, grants, seed capital, investments, other. Identify the best financial instruments that suit the Republic of Moldova’s market and can stimulate the risk-reward profile for local enterprises.', 'Identify the best financial instruments that suit the Republic of Moldova’s market and can stimulate the risk-reward profile for local enterprises. - Promote SMEs collaboration with other businesses or public entities to form partnerships and cooperatives at sector or region levels, pool resources and funding to self-insure against economic and weather-related shocks. - Promote climate investment into resilient infrastructure that will lead to systematically resilient development and growth. - Promote new business models that respond to resilience needs and incorporate nature-based solutions. - Develop and promote support schemes to stimulate investment in energy efficiency technologies and promote the increased use of renewable energy. Gender Capacity building, knowledge sharing and communication - Mainstream gender considerations into national and sub-national climate change policy framework (policies, regulations, plans and programs).', 'Gender Capacity building, knowledge sharing and communication - Mainstream gender considerations into national and sub-national climate change policy framework (policies, regulations, plans and programs). - Enhance the expertise of relevant stakeholders, in particular, technical team and state institutions on systematic integration of gender considerations in all climate-relevant areas. - Promote gender-balanced participation and leadership of CCA coordination and oversight bodies. - Promote gender-responsive implementation of climate action. - Develop and implement focused trainings, other types of education on CCA targeting women, youth, other vulnerable groups. - Promote gender-related knowledge sharing activities among stakeholders. Gender- responsive climate action and access to finance - Undertake gender analysis with regard to technology-related interventions. - Integrate gender-responsive budgeting into national and sub-national climate financing. - Promote the development and transfer of technology taking into account gender considerations.', '- Promote the development and transfer of technology taking into account gender considerations. Gender- responsive CCA M&E - Incorporate gender considerations into CCA M&E system of the Republic of Moldova. - Apply the tracking and reporting on gender-related mandates referring to CCA. - Submission of gender-disaggregated data referring to adaptation-related reporting. - Provide information on the differentiated impact of implemented adaptation action on women and men, in particular at the community level. 3.3.2. MID-TERM ADAPTATION PRIORITIES OF THE SECOND CYCLE OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA’S NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLANNING PROCESS The above-mentioned CCA priorities tend to be flexible and anticipatory actions to absorb climate impacts or enable quick recovery.', 'MID-TERM ADAPTATION PRIORITIES OF THE SECOND CYCLE OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA’S NATIONAL ADAPTATION PLANNING PROCESS The above-mentioned CCA priorities tend to be flexible and anticipatory actions to absorb climate impacts or enable quick recovery. From the implementation viewpoint, some actions respond to the immediate and near- term country adaptation needs, therefore, they are formulated as the next iteration of the National Adaptation Planning process of Moldova (2020-2024). The second iteration of the NAP cycle in the Republic of Moldova will be implemented within two parallel implementation tracks: NAP-2 and Ag. SAP, and their outcomes and sub-outcomes will also contribute to further advance in adaptation planning through addressing mid- and long-term inter-sectorial and sector-specific adaptation issues.', 'SAP, and their outcomes and sub-outcomes will also contribute to further advance in adaptation planning through addressing mid- and long-term inter-sectorial and sector-specific adaptation issues. Other cross-cutting and sector-specific priorities mentioned in Table 3.3-1, addressing long-term decisions (not part of the NAP2) will have the implementation time horizon aligned to that of the mitigation component. As mentioned above, the second iteration of the NAP cycle will be implemented within two parallel implementation tracks: 1) The first track - National Adaptation Plan (NAP-2) with the objective to reduce climate change-related risks throughout the country by strengthening institutional and technical capacities that support integrated CCA planning and programming of forestry, health, water, energy, and transport sectors.', 'As mentioned above, the second iteration of the NAP cycle will be implemented within two parallel implementation tracks: 1) The first track - National Adaptation Plan (NAP-2) with the objective to reduce climate change-related risks throughout the country by strengthening institutional and technical capacities that support integrated CCA planning and programming of forestry, health, water, energy, and transport sectors. It expands and deepens the national approach developed under the first cycle of NAP and strengthens synergies both vertically, at different levels of the governance, and horizontally, between the sectors affected by climate change to reduce duplication of efforts, pool resources for their effective use, and ensure a coherent and comprehensive approach to the integration of CCA responses into the development planning at national and sub-national levels.2) The second track - Agriculture Sectorial Adaptation Plan (Ag.SAP) with the objective to mainstream climate change adaptation into planning processes of the agriculture sector, while improving food security for Moldova’s population and ensuring a gender-sensitive approach and the participation of all vulnerable groups.', 'It expands and deepens the national approach developed under the first cycle of NAP and strengthens synergies both vertically, at different levels of the governance, and horizontally, between the sectors affected by climate change to reduce duplication of efforts, pool resources for their effective use, and ensure a coherent and comprehensive approach to the integration of CCA responses into the development planning at national and sub-national levels.2) The second track - Agriculture Sectorial Adaptation Plan (Ag.SAP) with the objective to mainstream climate change adaptation into planning processes of the agriculture sector, while improving food security for Moldova’s population and ensuring a gender-sensitive approach and the participation of all vulnerable groups. The second cycle of National Adaptation Planning process is conceptualized as GCF Readiness Project and builds on the Republic of Moldova’s NDC1 commitments and on the outcomes on the first cycle of National Adaptation Planning process (2013-2017).', 'The second cycle of National Adaptation Planning process is conceptualized as GCF Readiness Project and builds on the Republic of Moldova’s NDC1 commitments and on the outcomes on the first cycle of National Adaptation Planning process (2013-2017). The activities will address the main barriers to the integration of CCA considerations into national, sectorial and local government planning and budgeting processes, as identified during stakeholders’ consultations within the NAP-1 and preparation of the NAP-2.', 'The activities will address the main barriers to the integration of CCA considerations into national, sectorial and local government planning and budgeting processes, as identified during stakeholders’ consultations within the NAP-1 and preparation of the NAP-2. The anticipated key benefits from the implementation of the second iteration of NAP include the articulation of a coherent approach to comprehensive risk management and adaptation planning; improved integration between planned and autonomous adaptation; targeted orientation of technical and financial resources to the most vulnerable areas and communities; bridging the gaps between vulnerability and risk assessments, planning and implementation; and concurrence for internal and donor-supported development resourcing, monitoring and assistance.', 'The anticipated key benefits from the implementation of the second iteration of NAP include the articulation of a coherent approach to comprehensive risk management and adaptation planning; improved integration between planned and autonomous adaptation; targeted orientation of technical and financial resources to the most vulnerable areas and communities; bridging the gaps between vulnerability and risk assessments, planning and implementation; and concurrence for internal and donor-supported development resourcing, monitoring and assistance. The first track of NAP-2 consists of 31 activities grouped under sub-outcomes and three outcomes as follows: Outcome 1: National steering mechanism for long-term CCA planning strengthened - Legal and institutional framework and mandate for the CCACM strengthened sub-outcome will support the strengthening of the cross-sectorial coordinated approach in line with the institutional and technical capacity needs development for an iterative adaptation planning process.', 'The first track of NAP-2 consists of 31 activities grouped under sub-outcomes and three outcomes as follows: Outcome 1: National steering mechanism for long-term CCA planning strengthened - Legal and institutional framework and mandate for the CCACM strengthened sub-outcome will support the strengthening of the cross-sectorial coordinated approach in line with the institutional and technical capacity needs development for an iterative adaptation planning process. - Key gaps in CCA capacities identified and addressed sub-outcome will support a participatory capacity assessment at the individual, institutional and enabling environment levels with regard to CCA planning and implementation to be undertaken in all participating sectors, including—for consistency—agriculture, along with the self-assessment survey on current and needed capacities to support medium and long-term adaptation planning to create an enabling environment for adaptation actions.', '- Key gaps in CCA capacities identified and addressed sub-outcome will support a participatory capacity assessment at the individual, institutional and enabling environment levels with regard to CCA planning and implementation to be undertaken in all participating sectors, including—for consistency—agriculture, along with the self-assessment survey on current and needed capacities to support medium and long-term adaptation planning to create an enabling environment for adaptation actions. - Climate change information and knowledge base expanded sub-outcome will strengthen the knowledge base for CCA and will focus on improving the accessibility and availability of climate-related information through a climate change information and knowledge management portal.', '- Climate change information and knowledge base expanded sub-outcome will strengthen the knowledge base for CCA and will focus on improving the accessibility and availability of climate-related information through a climate change information and knowledge management portal. Outcome 2: Long-term CCA capacity to plan and implement adaptation actions supported - CCA capacity development supported to ensure sustainability and local ownership of CCA competencies sub-outcome will focus on the implementation of trainings on climate vulnerability assessment methodologies and socio-economic valuation tools. It will also focus on identifying and implementing opportunities to mainstream gender-sensitive CCA tools, methodologies, and training into relevant ministerial and local policies and practices continuing the capacity building efforts to ensure continuous improvement in national CCA activities.', 'It will also focus on identifying and implementing opportunities to mainstream gender-sensitive CCA tools, methodologies, and training into relevant ministerial and local policies and practices continuing the capacity building efforts to ensure continuous improvement in national CCA activities. - Uptake of adaptation technologies improved expands the capacity building activities with the development of a CCA Technology Framework that articulates the medium- and long-term objectives needed to acquire technological know-how to address CCA needs, and achieve transformational technology transfer at sub-national and sector levels.', '- Uptake of adaptation technologies improved expands the capacity building activities with the development of a CCA Technology Framework that articulates the medium- and long-term objectives needed to acquire technological know-how to address CCA needs, and achieve transformational technology transfer at sub-national and sector levels. Outcome 3: NAP implementation strategy developed - CCA integration into sub-national development expanded sub-outcome has the emphasis on the development of a strong link between CCA and national development goals, particularly in the priority sectors of agriculture, forestry, health, energy and transportation, and on developing CCA capacity in LPAs.', 'Outcome 3: NAP implementation strategy developed - CCA integration into sub-national development expanded sub-outcome has the emphasis on the development of a strong link between CCA and national development goals, particularly in the priority sectors of agriculture, forestry, health, energy and transportation, and on developing CCA capacity in LPAs. - Systems and capacity to monitor adaptation progress through the SAPs and the NAP process improved sub-outcome will expand the ongoing capacity building and M&E activities developed under the NAP- 1 and improve the M&E related data collection and distribution to ensure the achievement of a gender-sensitive CCA M&E system.- Climate budget tagging applied to improve the accuracy of M&E and budget systems sub-outcome concentrates on the improved integration of climate risks into the budget planning process will ensure that the financial needs for CCA are more accurately assessed.', '- Systems and capacity to monitor adaptation progress through the SAPs and the NAP process improved sub-outcome will expand the ongoing capacity building and M&E activities developed under the NAP- 1 and improve the M&E related data collection and distribution to ensure the achievement of a gender-sensitive CCA M&E system.- Climate budget tagging applied to improve the accuracy of M&E and budget systems sub-outcome concentrates on the improved integration of climate risks into the budget planning process will ensure that the financial needs for CCA are more accurately assessed. In the medium and long-term, improved methodological rigor in sectorial and local plans will support an improved evidence-base for climate- sensitive budgeting, creating synergies for future NAP cycles and national development plans through sector-specific Adaptation Investment Plan/s.', 'In the medium and long-term, improved methodological rigor in sectorial and local plans will support an improved evidence-base for climate- sensitive budgeting, creating synergies for future NAP cycles and national development plans through sector-specific Adaptation Investment Plan/s. - Financing strategy for NAP developed sub-outcome will focus on the identification of the investment needs and the improvement of financing options available to support the implementation of short-, medium-and long-term priority CCA measures, and on the promotion of sustainable adaptation outcomes. The second track referring to Agriculture Sectoral Adaption Plan (Ag.', 'The second track referring to Agriculture Sectoral Adaption Plan (Ag. SAP) comprises 17 activities grouped under the outcomes and sub-outcomes: Outcome 1: Agriculture sector gender-responsive adaptation planning, governance and coordination established will set the basis for stronger governance to provide strategic guidance and increase the adaptive capacities in the Agriculture Sector in Moldova through: - Institutional arrangements for the Ag. SAP in place sub-outcome will be addressed through a gender- sensitive agriculture-specific impact analysis of interactions between changes in temperature and precipitation averages with hazards such as rainfall, flood, frost, drought, hail, heatwaves, seasonal shifts, and changes in pest and disease patterns, analyzing also current and future scenarios of the Republic of Moldova’s agriculture production.', 'SAP in place sub-outcome will be addressed through a gender- sensitive agriculture-specific impact analysis of interactions between changes in temperature and precipitation averages with hazards such as rainfall, flood, frost, drought, hail, heatwaves, seasonal shifts, and changes in pest and disease patterns, analyzing also current and future scenarios of the Republic of Moldova’s agriculture production. - Key capacity gaps and vulnerabilities related to CCA in the agriculture sector identified and addressed through conducting a gap assessment with regards to the capacities across the sector (at different levels) to tackle climate change impacts in Moldova’s agriculture.', '- Key capacity gaps and vulnerabilities related to CCA in the agriculture sector identified and addressed through conducting a gap assessment with regards to the capacities across the sector (at different levels) to tackle climate change impacts in Moldova’s agriculture. Outcome 2: Climate vulnerability and adaptation investment rationale strengthened in the agriculture sector will provide updated information and data on vulnerabilities and climate impacts that will be then managed systematically through: - Information on climate change impacts and associated vulnerabilities analyzed, strengthened and shared at sub-national and/ or sector levels sub-outcome will focus on establishing a gender-balanced and participatory Ag. SAP core working group, including private sector representatives, which will allow better coordination and alignment of actions with the NAP-2 and other CCA initiatives in Moldova.', 'SAP core working group, including private sector representatives, which will allow better coordination and alignment of actions with the NAP-2 and other CCA initiatives in Moldova. - Adaptation solutions for addressing barriers to climate adaptation technology transfer identified and actions prioritized at national and/or sectoral levels sub-outcome will develop a training programme targeting both local and central level institutions and non-government partners to help them understand the impacts of climate change as well as vulnerability methodologies and socioeconomic assessment and valuation methodologies.', '- Adaptation solutions for addressing barriers to climate adaptation technology transfer identified and actions prioritized at national and/or sectoral levels sub-outcome will develop a training programme targeting both local and central level institutions and non-government partners to help them understand the impacts of climate change as well as vulnerability methodologies and socioeconomic assessment and valuation methodologies. - Methods and frameworks refined for the national context for analyzing impacts and vulnerabilities, and prioritizing adaptation solutions at sub-national, national and/or sectoral levels sub-outcome will develop a CCA Technology Framework, including identification of sector-specific needs, a prioritization of technologies for the Moldovan agriculture sector and the respective Action Plan for the three top prioritized technologies.', '- Methods and frameworks refined for the national context for analyzing impacts and vulnerabilities, and prioritizing adaptation solutions at sub-national, national and/or sectoral levels sub-outcome will develop a CCA Technology Framework, including identification of sector-specific needs, a prioritization of technologies for the Moldovan agriculture sector and the respective Action Plan for the three top prioritized technologies. Finally, this activity will aim at delivering one Concept Note for an investment to be submitted for consideration by the GCF, in accordance with Republic of Moldova’s Country Programme for the engagement with GCF.', 'Finally, this activity will aim at delivering one Concept Note for an investment to be submitted for consideration by the GCF, in accordance with Republic of Moldova’s Country Programme for the engagement with GCF. Outcome 3: Climate Change Adaptation knowledge management, information sharing and gender-sensitive communication established for the agriculture sector: - Systems developed for gathering, organizing and updating relevant data and information on adaptation sub-outcome will focus on development and facilitation of a Community of Practices, where the MARDE will, on one hand, share relevant information and will, on the other hand, facilitate exchanges between different stakeholders in different regions and institutions at national and sub- national levels.- Relevance, progress and outputs of adaptation planning communicated to stakeholders based on a developed adaptation strategy sub-outcome will focus on the development and implementation of a gender-sensitive communication and outreach strategy for CCA planning in the Agriculture Sector, which will include several outreach and awareness-raising events, which will secure for the MARDE increased capacities to communicate in a more systematic way the relevant information on CCA to the public.', 'Outcome 3: Climate Change Adaptation knowledge management, information sharing and gender-sensitive communication established for the agriculture sector: - Systems developed for gathering, organizing and updating relevant data and information on adaptation sub-outcome will focus on development and facilitation of a Community of Practices, where the MARDE will, on one hand, share relevant information and will, on the other hand, facilitate exchanges between different stakeholders in different regions and institutions at national and sub- national levels.- Relevance, progress and outputs of adaptation planning communicated to stakeholders based on a developed adaptation strategy sub-outcome will focus on the development and implementation of a gender-sensitive communication and outreach strategy for CCA planning in the Agriculture Sector, which will include several outreach and awareness-raising events, which will secure for the MARDE increased capacities to communicate in a more systematic way the relevant information on CCA to the public. Outcome 4: Aligning and mainstreaming adaptation into agriculture sectoral planning will aim to integrate CCA measures and best practices at different levels (central, municipal and community level), using the information and data and the institutional arrangements in place.', 'Outcome 4: Aligning and mainstreaming adaptation into agriculture sectoral planning will aim to integrate CCA measures and best practices at different levels (central, municipal and community level), using the information and data and the institutional arrangements in place. - Gender-responsive CCA is better integrated into sub-national development plans for the agriculture sector will support the development and implementation of a gender-sensitive communication and outreach strategy for CCA planning in the Agriculture Sector., - The outcome will also include work at the local level, supporting priority districts and rural communities to (a) apply Climate Budget Tagging procedure (CBT) at sector and sub-sector level; allowing to (b) develop a Community-based adaptation Action Plan in Agriculture, providing local stakeholders with relevant planning tools to increase resilience.', '- Gender-responsive CCA is better integrated into sub-national development plans for the agriculture sector will support the development and implementation of a gender-sensitive communication and outreach strategy for CCA planning in the Agriculture Sector., - The outcome will also include work at the local level, supporting priority districts and rural communities to (a) apply Climate Budget Tagging procedure (CBT) at sector and sub-sector level; allowing to (b) develop a Community-based adaptation Action Plan in Agriculture, providing local stakeholders with relevant planning tools to increase resilience. Outcome 5: Adaptation finance strategy developed will capitalize on the work conducted to develop a CCA Strategy and Action Plan and the work at the sub-national level (Outcome 4) to update the CCA investment plan for the sector with concrete indications of the financial needs and potential sources, including the private sector.', 'Outcome 5: Adaptation finance strategy developed will capitalize on the work conducted to develop a CCA Strategy and Action Plan and the work at the sub-national level (Outcome 4) to update the CCA investment plan for the sector with concrete indications of the financial needs and potential sources, including the private sector. - Gender-sensitive financing plan for prioritized adaptation actions (including blending and timing of different sources of public, private, domestic and international finance) sub-outcome will also explore the required enabling environment for private sector participation in CCA in agriculture, as an element of importance to facilitate the achievement of ambitious adaptation commitments included in the Republic of Moldova’s NDCs.', '- Gender-sensitive financing plan for prioritized adaptation actions (including blending and timing of different sources of public, private, domestic and international finance) sub-outcome will also explore the required enabling environment for private sector participation in CCA in agriculture, as an element of importance to facilitate the achievement of ambitious adaptation commitments included in the Republic of Moldova’s NDCs. This component will also identify concrete opportunities for private sector participation, specifically exploring options for the development of a Public-Private Partnership supporting adaptation measures in the agriculture sector. 3.3.3. SECTOR-SPECIFIC CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PRIORITIES To address serious economic and social impacts of current and future climate change, Moldova has to promote efficient adaptation measures at sector level in climate priority economy sectors: Agriculture, Forestry, Water, Health, Energy, and Transport.', 'SECTOR-SPECIFIC CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PRIORITIES To address serious economic and social impacts of current and future climate change, Moldova has to promote efficient adaptation measures at sector level in climate priority economy sectors: Agriculture, Forestry, Water, Health, Energy, and Transport. While the needs for addressing climate change are still assessed within various activities, it is obvious that implementation efforts will certainly be of significant proportions and will require the mobilization of innovative solutions, financial resources, institutional capacity and political will for effective action. In identifying adaptation priorities at national and sector levels, relevant sectoral climate change and development policies have been considered, as adaptation is closely interlinked with the country’s development policy and regulatory framework.', 'In identifying adaptation priorities at national and sector levels, relevant sectoral climate change and development policies have been considered, as adaptation is closely interlinked with the country’s development policy and regulatory framework. One of the strategic goals pursued by the National Development Strategy “Moldova 2030" 22 that directly influences the quality of life of Moldova’s people is to increase people s access to safe sources of water, energy, sewage systems, road infrastructure and information technology infrastructure. The achievement of this overarching goal is dependent, to a great extent, on the measures to be implemented in key sectors of Moldova’s economy that have to contribute to sectoral and overall country climate resilience and adaptation to climate change.', 'The achievement of this overarching goal is dependent, to a great extent, on the measures to be implemented in key sectors of Moldova’s economy that have to contribute to sectoral and overall country climate resilience and adaptation to climate change. These activities will contribute to achieving the following Sustainable Development Goals (SDG): 1.5, 9.1, 9.4, 11.2, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 15.2, 15.3, 15.5 and 15.9). Energy Sector. Improving energy efficiency, increasing the use of renewable energy sources and promoting sustainable development of the energy areas are among the priority objectives of the Energy Strategy of the 22 Draft Decision of the Government „On approval of law draft for Approval of the National Development Strategy ”Moldova 2030”Republic of Moldova until 2030, (approved by GD no.', 'Improving energy efficiency, increasing the use of renewable energy sources and promoting sustainable development of the energy areas are among the priority objectives of the Energy Strategy of the 22 Draft Decision of the Government „On approval of law draft for Approval of the National Development Strategy ”Moldova 2030”Republic of Moldova until 2030, (approved by GD no. 102 of 05.02.2013)23 with two chronological stages of implementation: 2013-2020 and 2021-2030. A significant impact on the modernization and promotion of the national economy’s sustainable development will have the priority measures provided by the Law on Energy Efficiency No. 139/2018, which encourages the exploitation of the energy efficiency potential in the industrial sector at the national level The Law on Promoting the Use of Energy from Renewable Sources (No.', '139/2018, which encourages the exploitation of the energy efficiency potential in the industrial sector at the national level The Law on Promoting the Use of Energy from Renewable Sources (No. 10 of 26.02.2016) and the draft National Action Plan in the field of Energy Efficiency for the years 2019-202124 (2019), is the legal base for promoting the use of energy from renewable sources, diversification of primary energy resources, and ensuring the safety, occupational safety and health in the process of producing energy from renewable sources. Improving the energy performance of buildings is a priority of public policies in the Republic of Moldova, and the draft Government Decision (No.', 'Improving the energy performance of buildings is a priority of public policies in the Republic of Moldova, and the draft Government Decision (No. 1103 of 14.11.2018) for the approval of the Regulation regarding the periodic inspection of the air conditioning systems in buildings25 This government decision was developed in support to the implemented Law no. 128 of July 11, 2014, on the energy performance of buildings. Transport Sector. The new (2019) Railway Transport Code 26 sets out concrete rules regarding the state s contribution for the development of the railway infrastructure that will allow the creation of an investment climate in the branch and the development of competitiveness on the international market for freight services. Agriculture Sector.', 'The new (2019) Railway Transport Code 26 sets out concrete rules regarding the state s contribution for the development of the railway infrastructure that will allow the creation of an investment climate in the branch and the development of competitiveness on the international market for freight services. Agriculture Sector. The Land Code 27 (draft) focuses on the principles of soil fertility conservation and enhancement, carried out through works to prevent and combat soil degradation and pollution processes, caused by natural phenomena or by economic and social activities. The draft Land Code comprises a chapter dedicated to soil protection and land management, which regulates obligatory soil protection and improvement measures, land planning measures, agro-ameliorative measures, hydro-ameliorative measures, soil conservation, soil quality monitoring and others.', 'The draft Land Code comprises a chapter dedicated to soil protection and land management, which regulates obligatory soil protection and improvement measures, land planning measures, agro-ameliorative measures, hydro-ameliorative measures, soil conservation, soil quality monitoring and others. The development priority of the agricultural sector for reducing soil degradation and increasing its fertility, using environmentally friendly agricultural practices and modern agricultural technologies, is stipulated in the National Strategy for Agricultural and Rural Development for the years 2014-2020 (GD No. 409 of 4 June 2014)28. The Law on subsidized insurance in agriculture (draft)29 proposes a new subsidy concept adapted to the realities and requirements of the current market, to be compared to the mechanism established by Law No. 243/2004 regarding the subsidized insurance of production risks in agriculture.', '243/2004 regarding the subsidized insurance of production risks in agriculture. The new law proposes to increase the state s share in insurance, as well as to expand the list of objects and risks subject to subsidized insurance, thus preventing significant economic loss caused by the negative impact of climate change. Government Decision no. 691 of 11.07.2018 on approval of the Regulation on the conditions and procedures for organizing and carrying out the activities for land improvements, protection, conservation and increase of soil fertility, was produced to support the implementation of the Program for conservation and enhancing soil fertility for the years 2017-2020 (GD No.554 / 2017)30. 23 Decision of the Government No.', '23 Decision of the Government No. 102 of 05.02.2013 on Energy Strategy of the Republic of Moldova until 2030 published on 08.02.2013 in the Official Gazette l No. 27-30. Art No: 146. < 24 National Action Plan in Energy Efficiency for 2019-2021. The draft document was approved at the session of State Secretaries of September 26, 25 DG RM No. 1103 of 14.11.2018 on approval of regulation on periodic inspection of air conditioning systems in buildings. Published: 21.12.2018 in Monitorul Oficial No. 499-503. Art No: 1312. It was enacted on: 21.12.2018. 26 Draft Railway Code. The draft document was approved at the session of State Secretaries of October 31, 2019. 27 Land Code.', 'The draft document was approved at the session of State Secretaries of October 31, 2019. 27 Land Code. The draft document was approved at the session of State Secretaries of September 26, 2019. 28 GD No. 409 of 04.06.2014 on approval of the National Strategy for development of agriculture and rural areas for 2014-2020. Published: 10.06.2014 in Monitorul Oficial No. 152. art No: 451 < 29 Draft law on subsidy insurance in agriculture. The draft document was approved at the session of State Secretaries of October 03, 2019. 30 Decision of the Government No. 691 of 11.07.2018 on approval of the Regulation on conditions and procedure for organizing and implementing soil improvement actions, soil protection, conservation and fertility improvement.', '691 of 11.07.2018 on approval of the Regulation on conditions and procedure for organizing and implementing soil improvement actions, soil protection, conservation and fertility improvement. Published: 10.08.2018 in Official Gazette No. 295-308. Art No: 833.The National Integrated Plant Protection Program for the years 2018-2027 and the Action Plan for its implementation (GD No. 123 of 02.02.2018)31 provides for actions for the development of sustainable agriculture and thus, to provide consumers with quality and safe vegetable products, as well as to ensure a healthy living environment. The National Strategy for Agricultural and Rural Development 2014-2020 (GD No.', 'The National Strategy for Agricultural and Rural Development 2014-2020 (GD No. 409/2014) states the priorities for agriculture and rural development: increasing the competitiveness of the agri-food sector by modernizing and integrating it into the market, ensuring the sustainable management of natural resources and improving livelihoods in rural areas. The Strategy is complemented by the Government Decision (of 9 June 2019) on the approval of the Regulation on the granting of subsidies for improving livelihoods and work conditions in rural area32 and provides for the improvement and development of rural public economic infrastructure, renovation and development of rural communities, diversification of rural economy through non-agricultural activities. Forestry Sector.', 'The Strategy is complemented by the Government Decision (of 9 June 2019) on the approval of the Regulation on the granting of subsidies for improving livelihoods and work conditions in rural area32 and provides for the improvement and development of rural public economic infrastructure, renovation and development of rural communities, diversification of rural economy through non-agricultural activities. Forestry Sector. The Action Plan for the years 2018-2023 on the implementation of the Sustainable Development Strategy of the Forestry Sector33 in the Republic of Moldova refers to the specific objectives and actions addressing the adaptation of the forestry sector to climate change, which includes scientifically justified adaptation measures with clear mitigation co-benefits and sustainable development approaches, adequate maintenance and monitoring of forest condition, with intensification of afforestation/reforestation process through climate-resistant spp.', 'The Action Plan for the years 2018-2023 on the implementation of the Sustainable Development Strategy of the Forestry Sector33 in the Republic of Moldova refers to the specific objectives and actions addressing the adaptation of the forestry sector to climate change, which includes scientifically justified adaptation measures with clear mitigation co-benefits and sustainable development approaches, adequate maintenance and monitoring of forest condition, with intensification of afforestation/reforestation process through climate-resistant spp. The new version of the Forest Code aligned with European and international standards addresses the urgent problems of forestry sector of Moldova: promoting new practices for sustainable forest management to stop the reduction of woodland, stopping degradation of forest biodiversity by promoting nature-based types of forest with suitable biological diversity; decreasing fragmentation of land, stopping the unauthorized constructions and lease of woodland by ensuring the integrity of the forest fund; combating the illegal exploitation of forests and related trade by implementing the methods of monitoring of timber use and forest certification.', 'The new version of the Forest Code aligned with European and international standards addresses the urgent problems of forestry sector of Moldova: promoting new practices for sustainable forest management to stop the reduction of woodland, stopping degradation of forest biodiversity by promoting nature-based types of forest with suitable biological diversity; decreasing fragmentation of land, stopping the unauthorized constructions and lease of woodland by ensuring the integrity of the forest fund; combating the illegal exploitation of forests and related trade by implementing the methods of monitoring of timber use and forest certification. Water Resources Sector.', 'The new version of the Forest Code aligned with European and international standards addresses the urgent problems of forestry sector of Moldova: promoting new practices for sustainable forest management to stop the reduction of woodland, stopping degradation of forest biodiversity by promoting nature-based types of forest with suitable biological diversity; decreasing fragmentation of land, stopping the unauthorized constructions and lease of woodland by ensuring the integrity of the forest fund; combating the illegal exploitation of forests and related trade by implementing the methods of monitoring of timber use and forest certification. Water Resources Sector. The state s policy in the field of water resources is incorporated in the Environmental Strategy for 2014-2023 (GD 301/2014)34 which is mainly aimed at preventing the degradation of the quality of water resources in the context of the climate change, the protection and restoration of the wetland environment, providing to the population a sufficient supply of good quality water-based on a sustainable, balanced and equitable use of water.', 'The state s policy in the field of water resources is incorporated in the Environmental Strategy for 2014-2023 (GD 301/2014)34 which is mainly aimed at preventing the degradation of the quality of water resources in the context of the climate change, the protection and restoration of the wetland environment, providing to the population a sufficient supply of good quality water-based on a sustainable, balanced and equitable use of water. The provisions of the Strategy for water supply and sanitation for 2014- 2028 (GD No. 199/2014) and the National Program for the implementation of the Protocol on Water and Health in the Republic of Moldova for 2016–2025 (GD No. 1063 / 2016)35 aims at improving livelihoods of the population and the access to safe drinking water and improved sanitation.', '1063 / 2016)35 aims at improving livelihoods of the population and the access to safe drinking water and improved sanitation. The proposed plan will ensure the development of water and wastewater systems and will play an important role in achieving the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals. The draft Law on the quality of drinking water was adopted by the Parliament in the second reading (Law no. 323/2018): it complements the actions of National Plan on Water and Health and transposes EU Council Directive 98/83 of 3 November 1998 on the quality of water intended for human consumption. The concept of the automated information system "State Cadaster of Waters" developed in accordance with the provisions of the Water Law No.', 'The concept of the automated information system "State Cadaster of Waters" developed in accordance with the provisions of the Water Law No. 272/2011 36 represents the vision on the creation and functioning of the information space of the areas related to the protection, management and records of surface and underground water resources, hydrotechnical constructions and protected areas. The concept incorporates the main principles of data collection and monitoring, their reporting, the basic requirements regarding the 31 Decision of the Government No. 123 of 02.02.2018 National Programme for integrated plan protection for 2018-2027 and the Action Plan for its implementation. Published: 09.02.2018 in the Official Gazette No. 40-47. Art No: 142.', 'Published: 09.02.2018 in the Official Gazette No. 40-47. Art No: 142. 32 Decision of the Government on approval of Regulation on provision of subsidies for improving livelihoods and work conditions in rural areas. The draft regulation was approved at the session of the State Secretaries of July 04, 2019. < 33 Draft Decision of the Government on approval of the Action Plan for 2018-2023 on implementing the Sustainable Development Strategy for the Forestry Sector of the Republic of Moldova. < 34 Decision of the Government No. 301 of 24.04.2014 on approving Environmental Strategy for 2014-2023 and Action Plan for its implementation Published : 06.05.2014 in Monitorul Oficial No. 104-109, Art No: 328. 35 Action Plan for 2018-2025 on regionalization of water supply and sewage system.', '35 Action Plan for 2018-2025 on regionalization of water supply and sewage system. < 36 Decision of the Government on approval of the Concept of the automated Information System „State Cadaster of Water”. The draft document was approved by the Cabinet during session of October 23, 2019. < informational-automatizat-cadastrul-de-stat>functional content of the information. This document is to be adopted in order to operationalize its components. Measures aimed at achieving climate and environmental objectives set for all water bodies and ecosystems are provided in the Management Plan for the Dniester River Basin Area (GD No. 814/2017) and for the Danube- Prut and the Black Sea watershed (GD No. 955/2018)37 regarding the approval of the Danube-Prut Rivers and Black Sea basin management plan. Law No.', '955/2018)37 regarding the approval of the Danube-Prut Rivers and Black Sea basin management plan. Law No. 249 of November 15, 2018, aims at protecting surface and groundwater and conservation of habitats and species that are directly dependent on water and it provides for the creation of the Register of protected areas at the level of the river basin areas. Human Health Sector.', '249 of November 15, 2018, aims at protecting surface and groundwater and conservation of habitats and species that are directly dependent on water and it provides for the creation of the Register of protected areas at the level of the river basin areas. Human Health Sector. The issue of adapting the health sector and population to climate change is addressed in the National Public Health Strategy for2014-2020, (GD No 1032/2013)38, which provides for the need for adopting a sectoral plan for adaptation and increased resilience including that of medical institutions, the need for providing guidance and training to healthcare staff in issues of climate change impacts on population, The draft Government Decision on the approval of the Sectoral Strategy for Adapting the Health System to Climate Change for 2018-202239 states sectoral priorities for the reducing the vulnerability and risks to health by implementing measures to adapt the healthcare sector to climate change.', 'The issue of adapting the health sector and population to climate change is addressed in the National Public Health Strategy for2014-2020, (GD No 1032/2013)38, which provides for the need for adopting a sectoral plan for adaptation and increased resilience including that of medical institutions, the need for providing guidance and training to healthcare staff in issues of climate change impacts on population, The draft Government Decision on the approval of the Sectoral Strategy for Adapting the Health System to Climate Change for 2018-202239 states sectoral priorities for the reducing the vulnerability and risks to health by implementing measures to adapt the healthcare sector to climate change. Spatial Planning.', 'The issue of adapting the health sector and population to climate change is addressed in the National Public Health Strategy for2014-2020, (GD No 1032/2013)38, which provides for the need for adopting a sectoral plan for adaptation and increased resilience including that of medical institutions, the need for providing guidance and training to healthcare staff in issues of climate change impacts on population, The draft Government Decision on the approval of the Sectoral Strategy for Adapting the Health System to Climate Change for 2018-202239 states sectoral priorities for the reducing the vulnerability and risks to health by implementing measures to adapt the healthcare sector to climate change. Spatial Planning. Through the draft Government Decision on approving the Regulation on the framework content, the methodological principles for developing and updating, and approving the National Territory Planning Plan (NTPP) the development of the basic set of documents on balanced and sustainable strategic planning of the territory at the country level and on spatial planning will be ensured, in accordance with the objectives of social, economic, cultural and ecological priorities of the country40.', 'Through the draft Government Decision on approving the Regulation on the framework content, the methodological principles for developing and updating, and approving the National Territory Planning Plan (NTPP) the development of the basic set of documents on balanced and sustainable strategic planning of the territory at the country level and on spatial planning will be ensured, in accordance with the objectives of social, economic, cultural and ecological priorities of the country40. Along with the analysis of policy and regulatory documents, the current NDC incorporates sectorial adaptation priorities identified and discussed during the development of sector-specific adaptation planning documents of NAP-1, specifically, Sectorial Adaptation Plans (SAPs) for health and forestry sectors and other two partial SAPs for the transport and energy sectors.', 'Along with the analysis of policy and regulatory documents, the current NDC incorporates sectorial adaptation priorities identified and discussed during the development of sector-specific adaptation planning documents of NAP-1, specifically, Sectorial Adaptation Plans (SAPs) for health and forestry sectors and other two partial SAPs for the transport and energy sectors. The SAPs were developed with the aim to facilitate the integration of CCA into relevant new and existing policies, strategies, programmes and activities through sectorial development planning processes. In the prioritization process, consideration was given to the current and future impacts of the climate change at sector and sub-sector levels, to the vulnerabilities of social groups, women, children, and the elderly people.', 'In the prioritization process, consideration was given to the current and future impacts of the climate change at sector and sub-sector levels, to the vulnerabilities of social groups, women, children, and the elderly people. Mainstreaming CCA into sectorial planning for key climate adaptation sectors by adopting a SAP approach is a mid-term priority and it is to come into full operation within the second cycle of NAP. The above-mentioned dedicated GD on Climate Change Coordination Mechanism, NAPs and SAPs will mandate the formalization and operationalization of NAPs and SAPs.', 'The above-mentioned dedicated GD on Climate Change Coordination Mechanism, NAPs and SAPs will mandate the formalization and operationalization of NAPs and SAPs. Based on the priorities identified under the SAPs, along with the outcomes of other implemented activities revealing sectoral needs, like those of the Fourth National Communication of the Republic of Moldova to UNFCCC (2018), consultation process of NAP-2, a set of mid- and long-term adaptation priorities have been identified to be implemented on a sector basis and summarized in the Table 3.3-2.', 'Based on the priorities identified under the SAPs, along with the outcomes of other implemented activities revealing sectoral needs, like those of the Fourth National Communication of the Republic of Moldova to UNFCCC (2018), consultation process of NAP-2, a set of mid- and long-term adaptation priorities have been identified to be implemented on a sector basis and summarized in the Table 3.3-2. Table 3.3-2: Sector-Specific Climate Change Adaptation Priorities Sectors Sectorial adaptation priorities Main activities and actions in support of adaptation priorities Agriculture and food security Promote systemic efficiency and resilience of the agriculture sector - Undertake agriculture-specific impact assessment, considering stress combinations under the climate change to improve the understanding of agri-systems vulnerability and further measures for its reduction, including the gender perspective; 37 Decision of the Government No.', 'Table 3.3-2: Sector-Specific Climate Change Adaptation Priorities Sectors Sectorial adaptation priorities Main activities and actions in support of adaptation priorities Agriculture and food security Promote systemic efficiency and resilience of the agriculture sector - Undertake agriculture-specific impact assessment, considering stress combinations under the climate change to improve the understanding of agri-systems vulnerability and further measures for its reduction, including the gender perspective; 37 Decision of the Government No. 955 of 03.10.2018on approval of the Plan for managing the Watershed area Danube - Prut Rivers and the Black Sea Published: 07.12.2018 in Monitorul Oficial No. 448-460. Art No: 1259, it was enacted: 07.12.2018. 38 Decision of the Government No. 1032 of 20.12.2013 on approval of the National Public Health Strategy for 2014-2020. Published: 27.12.2013 in Monitorul Oficial No. 304-310. Art No: 1139.', 'Published: 27.12.2013 in Monitorul Oficial No. 304-310. Art No: 1139. 39 Draft Decision of the Government on approval of the Sectorial Strategy for Adapting the Healthcare Sector to climate change for 2018-2022. 40 Draft Decision of the Government on approval of Regulation on Framework Content, Methodology Principles for development, update, comments and approval of the National Plan for Territory Development (PATN).', '40 Draft Decision of the Government on approval of Regulation on Framework Content, Methodology Principles for development, update, comments and approval of the National Plan for Territory Development (PATN). < Sectorial adaptation priorities Main activities and actions in support of adaptation priorities - Establish an agriculture sector regulatory framework and identify market structure needs to ensure that the implementation of new climate-resilient technologies is aligned with the aims of public policy in the agriculture sector; - Integrate the information on climate impacts and changing ecosystems into resource use planning of agriculture sector; - Promote adaptive, sector-level management to address climate change impacts on agriculture; - Increase the capacity-building potential for agro-climatic risk management throughout the sector; - Promote the integration of land use planning, sustainable landscapes, agriculture activities, rural communities, and food security safeguards into a resilient food system; - Improve the availability and applicability of modelling and adaptation options to be used by farmers (provide data and results on the reaction of water resources to possible climate change scenarios, promote the use of GIS technology, etc.', '< Sectorial adaptation priorities Main activities and actions in support of adaptation priorities - Establish an agriculture sector regulatory framework and identify market structure needs to ensure that the implementation of new climate-resilient technologies is aligned with the aims of public policy in the agriculture sector; - Integrate the information on climate impacts and changing ecosystems into resource use planning of agriculture sector; - Promote adaptive, sector-level management to address climate change impacts on agriculture; - Increase the capacity-building potential for agro-climatic risk management throughout the sector; - Promote the integration of land use planning, sustainable landscapes, agriculture activities, rural communities, and food security safeguards into a resilient food system; - Improve the availability and applicability of modelling and adaptation options to be used by farmers (provide data and results on the reaction of water resources to possible climate change scenarios, promote the use of GIS technology, etc. ); - Promote the accessibility of small farmers to efficient EWS and seasonal weather information; - Promote preventive approaches and integration of the environmental effects of changing climate into land-use planning; - Promote crop/farm insurance; - Support agricultural research and experimental production for the selection of crops and development of the best varieties that are better suited to the new climate conditions; - Increase climate resilience of rural livelihoods through social protection programmes, addressing the needs of vulnerable groups; - Address gender-related vulnerabilities in the agriculture sector and rural livelihoods.', '); - Promote the accessibility of small farmers to efficient EWS and seasonal weather information; - Promote preventive approaches and integration of the environmental effects of changing climate into land-use planning; - Promote crop/farm insurance; - Support agricultural research and experimental production for the selection of crops and development of the best varieties that are better suited to the new climate conditions; - Increase climate resilience of rural livelihoods through social protection programmes, addressing the needs of vulnerable groups; - Address gender-related vulnerabilities in the agriculture sector and rural livelihoods. Actively promote the implementation of climate-resilient agricultural practice - Promote optimization of fertilizer application; - Promote the provision of improved extension services tor farmers; - Increase the efficiency of pest and disease control; - Promote crops diversification, along with improvement in variety breeding.', 'Actively promote the implementation of climate-resilient agricultural practice - Promote optimization of fertilizer application; - Promote the provision of improved extension services tor farmers; - Increase the efficiency of pest and disease control; - Promote crops diversification, along with improvement in variety breeding. Introduce alternative crops and change the pattern of crops distribution toward varieties with low water demand; - Improve the access to irrigation and efficient use of irrigation water, along with improved drainage infrastructure in irrigation areas; - Assess the water requirements of the major crops in the context of climate change and promote the optimal use of local water sources for agricultural practices. - Promote sustainable soil management through the implementation of modern agronomic technologies and practices (conservation agriculture, changes in crop planting: crop rotation, interrow crops, etc.', '- Promote sustainable soil management through the implementation of modern agronomic technologies and practices (conservation agriculture, changes in crop planting: crop rotation, interrow crops, etc. ); - Create the mechanism of recording and monitoring of soil quality, preventing the degradation and destruction of the soil cover, other negative consequences caused by the natural, as well as the anthropic factors; - Improve or restore the quality of the degraded or damaged soil, combating soil erosion and stabilizing landslides, along with preventing soil pollution with chemicals, biological, radioactive, petroleum products, etc. - Introduce livestock species resilient to extreme temperatures and adapt the nutritional regime of livestock to demands imposed by climate change; - Promote landscape management by maintaining landscape elements that provide shelter to livestock.', '- Introduce livestock species resilient to extreme temperatures and adapt the nutritional regime of livestock to demands imposed by climate change; - Promote landscape management by maintaining landscape elements that provide shelter to livestock. Incentivize investments in the climate-resilient agricultural value chain through innovative technologies - Develop infrastructure and technologies needed for local interventions to combat extreme weather events to protect crops and local communities; - Promote circular economy approaches for reutilizing, recycling and repurposing the resources which can lead to the improvements in food production; - Increase the uptake and adoption of climate-resilient technologies that will lead to job creation for both women and men, rural youth. Provide incentives to the private sector, in particular to farmers, to lead the uptake of these technologies.', 'Provide incentives to the private sector, in particular to farmers, to lead the uptake of these technologies. Forestry Promote forest resilience and adaptability to climate change - Promote awareness and a good understanding of climate change and how the forestry sector can make a positive contribution; - Implement planting of new forest areas adapted to the impacts of climate change and capable of effective carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation; - Implement planting of protection forest belts (buffer zones) for agricultural land and water protection, along with those for the anti-erosion purposes; - Promote the protection and conservation of existing woodland; - Apply the monitoring of invasive species and phytosanitary regulations on imports or domestic products;Sectors Sectorial adaptation priorities Main activities and actions in support of adaptation priorities - Facilitate ecological adaptation of forests through the ecosystem-based approach; Develop methodologies/technologies to assure forest ecosystems adaptability to climate change; - Modify forest regeneration practices to the needs of adapting to climate change; - Promote incentives to foster private sector involvement in forest-based adaptation practices; - Adapt wood use to the impact of climate change; - Promote cross-sectoral collaboration of forestry sector with regulatory authorities in agriculture, water, local authorities, etc.', 'Forestry Promote forest resilience and adaptability to climate change - Promote awareness and a good understanding of climate change and how the forestry sector can make a positive contribution; - Implement planting of new forest areas adapted to the impacts of climate change and capable of effective carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation; - Implement planting of protection forest belts (buffer zones) for agricultural land and water protection, along with those for the anti-erosion purposes; - Promote the protection and conservation of existing woodland; - Apply the monitoring of invasive species and phytosanitary regulations on imports or domestic products;Sectors Sectorial adaptation priorities Main activities and actions in support of adaptation priorities - Facilitate ecological adaptation of forests through the ecosystem-based approach; Develop methodologies/technologies to assure forest ecosystems adaptability to climate change; - Modify forest regeneration practices to the needs of adapting to climate change; - Promote incentives to foster private sector involvement in forest-based adaptation practices; - Adapt wood use to the impact of climate change; - Promote cross-sectoral collaboration of forestry sector with regulatory authorities in agriculture, water, local authorities, etc. - Promote restoration of degraded pastures.', '- Promote restoration of degraded pastures. Water Promote IWRM, ensuring the cross- sectorial synergetic approach - Apply Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) principles for water quantity and quality based on a water monitoring and maintenance system. - Increase advocacy of IWRM by strengthening engagement with international water sector donors; - Ensure the functional cooperation between relevant sectors and institutions for a coordinated approach and efficient use of available resources; - Promote awareness and water conservation ; - Protect the wetlands areas, allowing restoration of underground water and reducing peak discharges downstream; - Ensure flood risk management through the implementation of adequate measures.', '- Increase advocacy of IWRM by strengthening engagement with international water sector donors; - Ensure the functional cooperation between relevant sectors and institutions for a coordinated approach and efficient use of available resources; - Promote awareness and water conservation ; - Protect the wetlands areas, allowing restoration of underground water and reducing peak discharges downstream; - Ensure flood risk management through the implementation of adequate measures. Develop an integrated action plan to prevent and reduce the consequences of floods; - Assess the danger of floods, droughts and water scarcity in the river basins under different climate scenarios; - Implement flood risk management plans for river basin districts (Dniester / Danube- Prut Rivers and the Black Sea); - Implement drought management plans for river basins (Dniester, Danube-Prut Rivers and the Black Sea); - Undertake measures to combat drought/water scarcity: implement services for monitoring and warning on the decreasing flow/drought at the national level; establish methodologies for drought thresholds and drought mapping; increase water storage capacity, other measures; - Promote efficient water and land use, protection and improvement of aquatic and forest ecosystems at the level of river watersheds; - Mange water demand via cost-reflective pricing, regulation and consumer awareness.', 'Develop an integrated action plan to prevent and reduce the consequences of floods; - Assess the danger of floods, droughts and water scarcity in the river basins under different climate scenarios; - Implement flood risk management plans for river basin districts (Dniester / Danube- Prut Rivers and the Black Sea); - Implement drought management plans for river basins (Dniester, Danube-Prut Rivers and the Black Sea); - Undertake measures to combat drought/water scarcity: implement services for monitoring and warning on the decreasing flow/drought at the national level; establish methodologies for drought thresholds and drought mapping; increase water storage capacity, other measures; - Promote efficient water and land use, protection and improvement of aquatic and forest ecosystems at the level of river watersheds; - Mange water demand via cost-reflective pricing, regulation and consumer awareness. Ensure water use efficiency and demand management - Implement inter-basin transfers of water to compensate for water shortages in certain reservoirs; - Promote accumulation lakes with backup volumes to be used in exceptional circumstances or creation of accumulation lakes with special operation regime to supplement the available water resources in critical situations; - Operationalize an efficient water traffic control system.', 'Ensure water use efficiency and demand management - Implement inter-basin transfers of water to compensate for water shortages in certain reservoirs; - Promote accumulation lakes with backup volumes to be used in exceptional circumstances or creation of accumulation lakes with special operation regime to supplement the available water resources in critical situations; - Operationalize an efficient water traffic control system. Apply methods to analyze and track correlations between previous water situations and the climate change data; - Extend solutions for recharging the ground layers of water; - Design and implement solutions for rainwater collection and usage; - Increase the level of water recycling for industrial and domestic needs.', 'Apply methods to analyze and track correlations between previous water situations and the climate change data; - Extend solutions for recharging the ground layers of water; - Design and implement solutions for rainwater collection and usage; - Increase the level of water recycling for industrial and domestic needs. Promote sustainable and resilient access of the population to adequate quantities of acceptable quality water - Undertake studies to assess available water resources, determine their vulnerability to climate change, water requirements and needs of the main categories of consumption, including from the gender equality and social inclusiveness perspectives; - Increase the efficiency of municipal and industrial water supply systems; - Develop water supply infrastructure in rural areas to improve water supply for the agriculture sector and rural population; - Set water quality targets and apply water quality criteria to prevent, control and reduce the transboundary impact, coordinate the regulations and issue clearances; - Improve treatment of wastewater and domestic water.', 'Promote sustainable and resilient access of the population to adequate quantities of acceptable quality water - Undertake studies to assess available water resources, determine their vulnerability to climate change, water requirements and needs of the main categories of consumption, including from the gender equality and social inclusiveness perspectives; - Increase the efficiency of municipal and industrial water supply systems; - Develop water supply infrastructure in rural areas to improve water supply for the agriculture sector and rural population; - Set water quality targets and apply water quality criteria to prevent, control and reduce the transboundary impact, coordinate the regulations and issue clearances; - Improve treatment of wastewater and domestic water. Encourage investment in water security - Build new infrastructure for transforming water resources into socio-economic areas (new accumulation lakes, new inter-basin derivatives, etc.', 'Encourage investment in water security - Build new infrastructure for transforming water resources into socio-economic areas (new accumulation lakes, new inter-basin derivatives, etc. ); - Stimulate private sector investments in water resources development, water supply and sanitation; - Finance water sector infrastructure that is climate resilient; - Promote investment projects to ensure water-energy-food security.', '); - Stimulate private sector investments in water resources development, water supply and sanitation; - Finance water sector infrastructure that is climate resilient; - Promote investment projects to ensure water-energy-food security. Health Prevent and reduce climate-related risks - Promote information campaigns and raise public awareness of impacts of climate change and extreme weather events on human health, taking into account social, gender and age perspectives;Sectors Sectorial adaptation priorities Main activities and actions in support of adaptation priorities - Develop integrated assessments of environmental, economic and health impacts of climate change; - Develop effective prevention, early warning management and control mechanisms of heatwaves impacts; - Mainstream health considerations with regard to climate change across national and sectoral regulatory framework with a focus on equity and inclusiveness; - Reduce the effects of air pollution and cold periods on population health; - Improve the prevention and control of climate change-related infectious diseases from social, gender and age perspectives; - Review and strengthen the existing disease surveillance systems with a view of including further climate-related health outcomes, such as heat-related morbidity and mortality.', 'Health Prevent and reduce climate-related risks - Promote information campaigns and raise public awareness of impacts of climate change and extreme weather events on human health, taking into account social, gender and age perspectives;Sectors Sectorial adaptation priorities Main activities and actions in support of adaptation priorities - Develop integrated assessments of environmental, economic and health impacts of climate change; - Develop effective prevention, early warning management and control mechanisms of heatwaves impacts; - Mainstream health considerations with regard to climate change across national and sectoral regulatory framework with a focus on equity and inclusiveness; - Reduce the effects of air pollution and cold periods on population health; - Improve the prevention and control of climate change-related infectious diseases from social, gender and age perspectives; - Review and strengthen the existing disease surveillance systems with a view of including further climate-related health outcomes, such as heat-related morbidity and mortality. Establish climate- proofing of the health system - Increasing the resilience of health institutions infrastructure as related to the impact of climate change and promote “green” health services; - Promote climate investment portfolios in the health sector, along with those sectors that contribute to indirect health benefits: water supply, sanitation and hygiene projects which can reduce vector-borne diseases; climate-resilient agriculture projects improving population nutrition; projects promoting well-being and safety of the urban population, other; - Increase access to health care in isolated communities of populations particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change.', 'Establish climate- proofing of the health system - Increasing the resilience of health institutions infrastructure as related to the impact of climate change and promote “green” health services; - Promote climate investment portfolios in the health sector, along with those sectors that contribute to indirect health benefits: water supply, sanitation and hygiene projects which can reduce vector-borne diseases; climate-resilient agriculture projects improving population nutrition; projects promoting well-being and safety of the urban population, other; - Increase access to health care in isolated communities of populations particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change. Energy Ensure reliable, clean and affordable energy - Reduce the incidence of energy poverty, mainly through the implementation of measures that contribute to reducing energy costs and making energy consumption more efficient; - Promote the development of "green" energy.', 'Energy Ensure reliable, clean and affordable energy - Reduce the incidence of energy poverty, mainly through the implementation of measures that contribute to reducing energy costs and making energy consumption more efficient; - Promote the development of "green" energy. Stimulate the interest for "green" energy production and consumption by capitalizing on renewable energy sources (wind turbines and hydraulic installations, photovoltaic solar systems, solar panels for heating and hot water production), including the use of efficient and clean biomass production technologies, as well as facilitating the connection of production facilities to existing distribution capacities; - Promote public street lighting projects; - Promote climate technologies that create jobs in the energy sector for both women and men, youth people.', 'Stimulate the interest for "green" energy production and consumption by capitalizing on renewable energy sources (wind turbines and hydraulic installations, photovoltaic solar systems, solar panels for heating and hot water production), including the use of efficient and clean biomass production technologies, as well as facilitating the connection of production facilities to existing distribution capacities; - Promote public street lighting projects; - Promote climate technologies that create jobs in the energy sector for both women and men, youth people. Promote increased resilience of climate- smart infrastructure in the energy sector - Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure throughout the country to support economic development and population well-being, with an emphasis on broad and equitable access for all; - Build storage facilities for the energy produced by wind and photovoltaic power units; - Promote decentralized generation of electricity (solar photovoltaic systems, hydraulic installations, micro-hydroelectric stations, etc.', 'Promote increased resilience of climate- smart infrastructure in the energy sector - Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure throughout the country to support economic development and population well-being, with an emphasis on broad and equitable access for all; - Build storage facilities for the energy produced by wind and photovoltaic power units; - Promote decentralized generation of electricity (solar photovoltaic systems, hydraulic installations, micro-hydroelectric stations, etc. ); - Promote energy efficiency (e.g. : use of modern energy generation and transport technologies, thermal insulation of buildings, construction of refrigerators near CHPs and producing steam cold for the preservation of fruits and vegetables, etc.', ': use of modern energy generation and transport technologies, thermal insulation of buildings, construction of refrigerators near CHPs and producing steam cold for the preservation of fruits and vegetables, etc. ); - Restore electrical stations equipment of energy distribution networks designed for defrosting/de-icing or introduce new defrosting technologies; - Improve the robustness of electricity transmission and distribution infrastructure; - Establish free economic zones (FEZs) close to CHPs for economic production of the sectors that use steam or hot water in technological processes (greenhouses, absorption refrigeration systems, processing of agricultural raw materials, etc.', '); - Restore electrical stations equipment of energy distribution networks designed for defrosting/de-icing or introduce new defrosting technologies; - Improve the robustness of electricity transmission and distribution infrastructure; - Establish free economic zones (FEZs) close to CHPs for economic production of the sectors that use steam or hot water in technological processes (greenhouses, absorption refrigeration systems, processing of agricultural raw materials, etc. ); - Promote climate-proofing buildings and infrastructure and increase their energy efficiency performance; - Revise existing building standards to ensure that new buildings are resilient, energy- efficient, have additional mitigation effects; - Contribute to the development of a robust project pipeline for climate-smart infrastructure.', '); - Promote climate-proofing buildings and infrastructure and increase their energy efficiency performance; - Revise existing building standards to ensure that new buildings are resilient, energy- efficient, have additional mitigation effects; - Contribute to the development of a robust project pipeline for climate-smart infrastructure. Transport Improve understanding of climate change- related risks and support planning capacities for climate-resilient infrastructure in the transport sector - Provide training to decision-makers managing the construction of transport infrastructure on climate risk impacts; - Undertake periodic assessments of the level of resilience to climate change impact of the transport infrastructure; - Produce a research-analysis-assessment platform on climate change risks with impact on transport infrastructure, involving insurance companies; - Communicate transport sector climate risks to the targeted audience and general pubic using georeferenced data on climate hazards, social and gender vulnerabilities, risk mapping covering different scenarios of threats, other tools.Sectors Sectorial adaptation priorities Main activities and actions in support of adaptation priorities - Carry out research on the design and development of advanced materials and technologies aimed at increasing the resistance of roads, railways, aerodromes, ports to climate hazards; - Adjust urban and land-use planning to future climate change-related risks for transport infrastructure (roads, bridges, railways, waterways, aerodromes); - Promote funding schemes to support climate action that fit specific transport sector related needs, geographic area, other specifics.', 'Transport Improve understanding of climate change- related risks and support planning capacities for climate-resilient infrastructure in the transport sector - Provide training to decision-makers managing the construction of transport infrastructure on climate risk impacts; - Undertake periodic assessments of the level of resilience to climate change impact of the transport infrastructure; - Produce a research-analysis-assessment platform on climate change risks with impact on transport infrastructure, involving insurance companies; - Communicate transport sector climate risks to the targeted audience and general pubic using georeferenced data on climate hazards, social and gender vulnerabilities, risk mapping covering different scenarios of threats, other tools.Sectors Sectorial adaptation priorities Main activities and actions in support of adaptation priorities - Carry out research on the design and development of advanced materials and technologies aimed at increasing the resistance of roads, railways, aerodromes, ports to climate hazards; - Adjust urban and land-use planning to future climate change-related risks for transport infrastructure (roads, bridges, railways, waterways, aerodromes); - Promote funding schemes to support climate action that fit specific transport sector related needs, geographic area, other specifics. Improve access to climate-resilient and safe public transport - Ensure the access of citizens to safe transport systems with fair, accessible and sustainable prices for all, as well as improving road safety, in particular by expanding the public transport system; - Promote a well-developed cycling path network, accessible pedestrian routes; - Promote more sustainable consumer behavior in using transport.', 'Improve access to climate-resilient and safe public transport - Ensure the access of citizens to safe transport systems with fair, accessible and sustainable prices for all, as well as improving road safety, in particular by expanding the public transport system; - Promote a well-developed cycling path network, accessible pedestrian routes; - Promote more sustainable consumer behavior in using transport. Create sustainable transport infrastructure - Implement adaptation measures to combat the effect of temperature variation: heat- tolerant streets and highways, landscape protection, heat-resilient paving materials; milling out ruts; shifting construction schedules to cooler parts of the day; design for higher maximum temperatures in replacement or new construction; adaptation of cooling systems; - Promote and implement adaptation solutions for extreme precipitations such as climate-resilient paving materials and overlay with more rut-resilient asphalt; use of the most efficient technologies to assure sealing and renewal of asphalt concrete; wider use of efficient road maintenance methods, including preventive and corrective maintenance; improve flood protection; greater use of sensors for monitoring water flows; upgrading of road drainage systems and improved collection and disposal of rainwater from the roads; pavement grooving and sloping; implement increased standards for drainage capacity for new transportation infrastructure and major rehabilitation projects; - Identification and implementation of corporate management and advanced technological models for the management of transport infrastructure in response to the impact of climate change; - Purchase the necessary equipment for cleaning and widening riverbeds, and the development of a system for navigation monitoring, etc.', 'Create sustainable transport infrastructure - Implement adaptation measures to combat the effect of temperature variation: heat- tolerant streets and highways, landscape protection, heat-resilient paving materials; milling out ruts; shifting construction schedules to cooler parts of the day; design for higher maximum temperatures in replacement or new construction; adaptation of cooling systems; - Promote and implement adaptation solutions for extreme precipitations such as climate-resilient paving materials and overlay with more rut-resilient asphalt; use of the most efficient technologies to assure sealing and renewal of asphalt concrete; wider use of efficient road maintenance methods, including preventive and corrective maintenance; improve flood protection; greater use of sensors for monitoring water flows; upgrading of road drainage systems and improved collection and disposal of rainwater from the roads; pavement grooving and sloping; implement increased standards for drainage capacity for new transportation infrastructure and major rehabilitation projects; - Identification and implementation of corporate management and advanced technological models for the management of transport infrastructure in response to the impact of climate change; - Purchase the necessary equipment for cleaning and widening riverbeds, and the development of a system for navigation monitoring, etc. - Contribute to the development of a robust project pipeline for climate-smart infrastructure.', '- Contribute to the development of a robust project pipeline for climate-smart infrastructure. 3.3.4. CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION INVESTMENT PRIORITIES The prioritization of adaptation investment areas was carried out as part of the development of Republic of Moldova Country Programme for the engagement with GCF using Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) methodology. The list of adaptation options for each of the key sectors: agriculture, water resources, human health, forestry, energy, and transport was produced based on the review of national and sectorial development planning documents, policies and documents related to climate adaptation and sustainable development, studies on climate impacts, risks and vulnerabilities, needs and opportunities for sector adaptation, and development partners reports.', 'The list of adaptation options for each of the key sectors: agriculture, water resources, human health, forestry, energy, and transport was produced based on the review of national and sectorial development planning documents, policies and documents related to climate adaptation and sustainable development, studies on climate impacts, risks and vulnerabilities, needs and opportunities for sector adaptation, and development partners reports. The consultation process on investment priorities was an extensive one, through the use of multiple stakeholders’ approach, employing national experts experience and perspectives, generating a shared understanding of investment priorities. The consultation allowed the negotiation within groups of participants, supporting a participatory decision-making process, and ensuring transparency of each step of the appraisal process.', 'The consultation allowed the negotiation within groups of participants, supporting a participatory decision-making process, and ensuring transparency of each step of the appraisal process. As in the other prioritization cases, the stakeholders involved in the process have different types of knowledge. The consultation events were used also as an occasion for stakeholders to share their experience, exchange knowledge in climate change planning and implementation and provide useful insights on how to improve country’s capacities to attract foreign investments and access donor funds.', 'The consultation events were used also as an occasion for stakeholders to share their experience, exchange knowledge in climate change planning and implementation and provide useful insights on how to improve country’s capacities to attract foreign investments and access donor funds. The prioritization criteria for adaptation investment include the national interests and priorities and have been defined as: (i) alignment with the country s climate change adaptation strategies and plans as well as with the country s legislation; (ii) contribution to vulnerability reduction at the national level and increase in climate- resilient sustainable development; (iii) total number of direct and indirect beneficiaries (women and men); (iv) contribution to transformational adaptation; (v) contribution to improved economic performance with high level of environmental, social, and gender co-benefits; (vi) financing needs of vulnerable groups, target population, sectors, development regions, country; (vii) financial and economic feasibility based on which sectorial investment options have been prioritized.', 'The prioritization criteria for adaptation investment include the national interests and priorities and have been defined as: (i) alignment with the country s climate change adaptation strategies and plans as well as with the country s legislation; (ii) contribution to vulnerability reduction at the national level and increase in climate- resilient sustainable development; (iii) total number of direct and indirect beneficiaries (women and men); (iv) contribution to transformational adaptation; (v) contribution to improved economic performance with high level of environmental, social, and gender co-benefits; (vi) financing needs of vulnerable groups, target population, sectors, development regions, country; (vii) financial and economic feasibility based on which sectorial investment options have been prioritized. Table 3.3-3 provides information on climate change adaptation priority investment areas.Table 3.3-3: Climate Change Adaptation Priority Investment Areas of the Republic of Moldova Priority Sectors Climate change adaptation investment priorities of the Republic of Moldova Agriculture Strengthen the climate resilience of the agricultural sector by: - Sustainable soil management (conservation, precision, organic agriculture, etc.)', 'Table 3.3-3 provides information on climate change adaptation priority investment areas.Table 3.3-3: Climate Change Adaptation Priority Investment Areas of the Republic of Moldova Priority Sectors Climate change adaptation investment priorities of the Republic of Moldova Agriculture Strengthen the climate resilience of the agricultural sector by: - Sustainable soil management (conservation, precision, organic agriculture, etc.) - Promoting efficient irrigation systems - Promoting the diversity and resilience of agricultural crops - Increased food security Promoting integrated food, water, and energy systems in a smart and climate change resilient agriculture Water resources Promote sustainable water management through: - Increased supply and efficient management of water demand, taking into account social and gender issues - Improved management of extreme events (floods, droughts) - Effective water treatment and reuse Forestry Promote sustainable management of natural resources by: - Afforestation/reforestation practices, applying the ecosystem approach - Sustainable management of forests and ecosystem services - Organic restoration of degraded pastures Health Increase health system climate resilience to identify, monitor, prepare and respond in a resilient manner to climate-induced health changes and diseases for both men and women (of different ages, abilities, social status, place of residence) through: - Improved health services for all citizens, with special focus on vulnerable groups - Promotion of “green” standards in hospital operationalization - Prevention, early warning, management and overcoming the impact of extreme weather events (heat and cold waves, floods) Transport Promote environmentally friendly and efficient transport in the country through: - Resilient urban infrastructure with reduced exposure to climate risks - Increased climate resilience of transport infrastructure (roads, bridges, viaducts, railways, tracks) - Adoption of climate resilience codes, protocols and standards - Improved access of the rural population to a climate-resilient road system and public transport that takes into account social, age and gender aspects Energy Ensure the country s energy security through: - Promotion of water-energy-land nexus with focus on renewable energy sources - Increased resilience of energy system infrastructure - Secure operation of energy infrastructure in any climatic conditions Cross-sectorial priorities Improving the resilience of rural and urban communities to the adverse effects of climate change, taking into account social and gender issues.', '- Promoting efficient irrigation systems - Promoting the diversity and resilience of agricultural crops - Increased food security Promoting integrated food, water, and energy systems in a smart and climate change resilient agriculture Water resources Promote sustainable water management through: - Increased supply and efficient management of water demand, taking into account social and gender issues - Improved management of extreme events (floods, droughts) - Effective water treatment and reuse Forestry Promote sustainable management of natural resources by: - Afforestation/reforestation practices, applying the ecosystem approach - Sustainable management of forests and ecosystem services - Organic restoration of degraded pastures Health Increase health system climate resilience to identify, monitor, prepare and respond in a resilient manner to climate-induced health changes and diseases for both men and women (of different ages, abilities, social status, place of residence) through: - Improved health services for all citizens, with special focus on vulnerable groups - Promotion of “green” standards in hospital operationalization - Prevention, early warning, management and overcoming the impact of extreme weather events (heat and cold waves, floods) Transport Promote environmentally friendly and efficient transport in the country through: - Resilient urban infrastructure with reduced exposure to climate risks - Increased climate resilience of transport infrastructure (roads, bridges, viaducts, railways, tracks) - Adoption of climate resilience codes, protocols and standards - Improved access of the rural population to a climate-resilient road system and public transport that takes into account social, age and gender aspects Energy Ensure the country s energy security through: - Promotion of water-energy-land nexus with focus on renewable energy sources - Increased resilience of energy system infrastructure - Secure operation of energy infrastructure in any climatic conditions Cross-sectorial priorities Improving the resilience of rural and urban communities to the adverse effects of climate change, taking into account social and gender issues. Note: * - based on Republic of Moldova’s Country Programme for the engagement with GCF (2019).', 'Note: * - based on Republic of Moldova’s Country Programme for the engagement with GCF (2019). The list of investment priorities will be updated as necessary, within a stakeholder participation process, using relevant prioritization approaches. The above -mentioned in Tables 3.3-1 and 3.3-2 cross-sectoral and sectorial priorities are not the exhaustive list of adaptation priorities, as during the implementation of the second cycle of NAP, including SAPs, additional priorities will be identified and complement current cross-sectoral and sector-specific adaptation priorities. These priorities will be included in the next iteration of the country’s NDC. 3.4. CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION IMPLEMENTATION AND SUPPORT NEEDS AND PROVISION OF SUPPORT 3.4.1. CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PROVISION OF SUPPORT In tackling climate change, Moldova has used its domestic resources together with international co-financing.', 'CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PROVISION OF SUPPORT In tackling climate change, Moldova has used its domestic resources together with international co-financing. While domestic sources supporting climate action come mostly from the public sector, the country faces a growing challenge in committing to large scale transformational adaptation action perceived as an additional element to sustainable development. Due to domestic budget constraints, the external support received by the Republic of Moldova to address climate change plays an important role in planning and implementing climate adaptation at the national and sub-national levels. Over the past few years, efforts have been made by the country to strengthen its capacity to implement large projects and to absorb external resources in accelerating the low carbon emission and climate-resilient course of development.', 'Over the past few years, efforts have been made by the country to strengthen its capacity to implement large projects and to absorb external resources in accelerating the low carbon emission and climate-resilient course of development. The overall Official Development Assistance (ODA) project portfolio addresses general climate change concerns, with some dedicated interventions to mitigation, while adaptation is mainstreamed within ongoing development co-operation activities that are at risk because of climate change, with several projects targeting dedicated adaptation planning and implementation.', 'The overall Official Development Assistance (ODA) project portfolio addresses general climate change concerns, with some dedicated interventions to mitigation, while adaptation is mainstreamed within ongoing development co-operation activities that are at risk because of climate change, with several projects targeting dedicated adaptation planning and implementation. At the current stage of adaptation implementation in the country, both adaptation-dedicated and adaptation-relevant financing directions are important.According to OECD statistics41, gross Official Development Assistance (ODA) for the Republic of Moldova has reached $370.7 million in 2015, with the two largest donors being institutions of the European Union at $134.8 million, and the United States at $108.6 million.', 'At the current stage of adaptation implementation in the country, both adaptation-dedicated and adaptation-relevant financing directions are important.According to OECD statistics41, gross Official Development Assistance (ODA) for the Republic of Moldova has reached $370.7 million in 2015, with the two largest donors being institutions of the European Union at $134.8 million, and the United States at $108.6 million. About 80% of climate-related development finance flow was committed through multilateral channels: European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), the European Investment Bank, and the World Bank Group using mainly loans, while the remainder was committed by bilateral sources (e.g. the European Union, Germany and Japan), mainly in the form of grants.', 'the European Union, Germany and Japan), mainly in the form of grants. The Government of the Republic of Moldova has developed the policy that ensure better coordination and synergy in the process of programming, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of external assistance, by establishing a broad consultation process and dialogue between the Government, private sector and civil society. External support is monitored through the External Assistance Management Platform (AMP)42 with the aim of increasing transparency in the use of external assistance, accountability in management and capitalization of financial resources that the Republic of Moldova benefits from, as well as to provide good information to society on how the resources are spent.', 'External support is monitored through the External Assistance Management Platform (AMP)42 with the aim of increasing transparency in the use of external assistance, accountability in management and capitalization of financial resources that the Republic of Moldova benefits from, as well as to provide good information to society on how the resources are spent. Moldova uses also thematic Donor Coordinating Councils to harness mitigation and adaptation support and align it with NDCs priorities.', 'Moldova uses also thematic Donor Coordinating Councils to harness mitigation and adaptation support and align it with NDCs priorities. According to the data and reports presented on the public portal amp.gov.md, during 2014-2019, the development partners commitments to support the implementation of adaptation in the Republic of Moldova amounted to about EUR 1,117.3 million; however, only EUR 356.5 million (32%) were disbursed as of 2019- year end, of which 10% was allocated to the projects targeting adaptation, while 90% of the projects had adaptation co- benefits (Figure 2.4-1).', 'According to the data and reports presented on the public portal amp.gov.md, during 2014-2019, the development partners commitments to support the implementation of adaptation in the Republic of Moldova amounted to about EUR 1,117.3 million; however, only EUR 356.5 million (32%) were disbursed as of 2019- year end, of which 10% was allocated to the projects targeting adaptation, while 90% of the projects had adaptation co- benefits (Figure 2.4-1). A B Figure 3.4-1: Actual disbursements rate for adaptation targeted projects and projects with adaptation co- benefits from total commitments (A) and disbursements rate for adaptation targeted projects and projects with adaptation co-benefits from total actual disbursements (B) (Source: based on input data of AMP).', 'A B Figure 3.4-1: Actual disbursements rate for adaptation targeted projects and projects with adaptation co- benefits from total commitments (A) and disbursements rate for adaptation targeted projects and projects with adaptation co-benefits from total actual disbursements (B) (Source: based on input data of AMP). On the whole, during 2013-2018, the dynamic of disbursements from the development partners indicates a decrease from about EUR 139.8 million to about EUR 20.5 million, with some observed increase in 2019, including projects with targeted adaptation (Figure 3.4-2). Figure 3.4-2: The evolution of disbursements for targeted adaptation projects and projects with adaptation co- benefits (M EUR).', 'Figure 3.4-2: The evolution of disbursements for targeted adaptation projects and projects with adaptation co- benefits (M EUR). (Source: based on input data of AMP) Actual disbursements Non- disbursements Targeted adaptation Adaptation co- benefits Adaptation co-benefits Targeted adaptationThe Government of the Republic of Moldova accesses money from the international funds on preferential terms through various financial instruments: credit schemes, grants or subsidies. Interest rates on these preferential funding are low or not applied under the grants and subsidy conditions. The repayment period of loans is several times longer than the one applied to commercial loans, many of the loans also having grace periods. Thus, from the total received funds, 68% were disbursed as grants, 33% as preferential loans, and about 3% in the form of credits (Figure 3.4-3 A).', 'Thus, from the total received funds, 68% were disbursed as grants, 33% as preferential loans, and about 3% in the form of credits (Figure 3.4-3 A). Regarding the type of assistance, the data show an almost equal share between technical assistance and project support with a low percentage allocated to budget support (Figure 3.4-3 B). In 2014-2019, the largest disbursements through the projects with adaptation co-benefits were made by the European Union, Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, World Bank, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD); Germany; Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD); European Investment Bank (EIB), EBRD (European Bank for Reconstruction and Development) other, totaling about 320.5 million euros.', 'In 2014-2019, the largest disbursements through the projects with adaptation co-benefits were made by the European Union, Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, World Bank, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD); Germany; Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD); European Investment Bank (EIB), EBRD (European Bank for Reconstruction and Development) other, totaling about 320.5 million euros. A B Figure 3.4-3: Rate of financing tools applied to targeted adaptation projects and projects with adaptation co- benefits (A) and types of assistance for targeted adaptation projects and projects with adaptation co-benefits (B). Donors that had significant contribution to adaptation implementation include IFAD, Denmark and GEF through projects, such as "Inclusive Rural Economic and Climate Resilience Programs (IRECR)" funded by IFAD (approx.', 'Donors that had significant contribution to adaptation implementation include IFAD, Denmark and GEF through projects, such as "Inclusive Rural Economic and Climate Resilience Programs (IRECR)" funded by IFAD (approx. EUR 19.5 million grants and concessional loans); "Disaster and Climate Risk Management in Moldova Project" funded by the World Bank (concessional loan of US$10 million); EU-funding with several projects on disaster risk reduction, flood protection, forest fire clearance, sustainable management of pastures and forests, integrated water and land use management, protection of natural areas and biodiversity, and others. Adaptation cross-cutting areas referring to planning, coordination, mainstreaming, gender equality, monitoring and evaluation, EWS, communication, other areas have been extensively addressed through ADA/UNDP Project “Supporting Moldova’s National Climate Change Adaptation Planning Process” totaling 940,000 EUR.', 'Adaptation cross-cutting areas referring to planning, coordination, mainstreaming, gender equality, monitoring and evaluation, EWS, communication, other areas have been extensively addressed through ADA/UNDP Project “Supporting Moldova’s National Climate Change Adaptation Planning Process” totaling 940,000 EUR. The European Investment Bank (EIB) disbursed about EUR 1.5 million in the framework of "Management and Technical Assistance Support to Moldova Flood Protection Project" in the framework of European Neighborhood Policy (ENP) (Figure 3.4-4).', 'The European Investment Bank (EIB) disbursed about EUR 1.5 million in the framework of "Management and Technical Assistance Support to Moldova Flood Protection Project" in the framework of European Neighborhood Policy (ENP) (Figure 3.4-4). In 2017 the Republic of Moldova signed a financing agreement with the Green Climate Fund on the implementation of the "Readiness and Preparatory Program for the engagement with GCF", under which the GCF offered US$ 300 thousand support to the Designated National Authority (DNA), the Ministry of Agriculture, Regional Development and the Environment for the implementation of activities within the project "Support to Republic of Moldova in establishing and strengthening the DNA, development of strategic framework, and preparation of country program".', 'In 2017 the Republic of Moldova signed a financing agreement with the Green Climate Fund on the implementation of the "Readiness and Preparatory Program for the engagement with GCF", under which the GCF offered US$ 300 thousand support to the Designated National Authority (DNA), the Ministry of Agriculture, Regional Development and the Environment for the implementation of activities within the project "Support to Republic of Moldova in establishing and strengthening the DNA, development of strategic framework, and preparation of country program". The Readiness and preparatory support helps to establish and mandate the (DNA) to engage with GCF, build the knowledge and capacities of the MARDE team to efficiently manage operational processes, communicate with GCF board and secretariat, and access GCF resources under the investment projects.', 'The Readiness and preparatory support helps to establish and mandate the (DNA) to engage with GCF, build the knowledge and capacities of the MARDE team to efficiently manage operational processes, communicate with GCF board and secretariat, and access GCF resources under the investment projects. Grants Preferential loans Credits 26% Technical Assistance Project Support Budget SupportFigure 3.4-4: Actual disbursements of donor countries and agencies for targeted adaptation projects and projects with adaptation co-benefits (M EUR). Other: Slovakia, GCF, Czech Republic, Poland. (Source: based on input data of AMP). The number and size of programs/projects targeting adaptation and those with adaptation co-benefits implemented in the key sectors of the Republic of Moldova during 2014-2019 were uneven, respectively, the volume of disbursements varied from one sector to another.', 'The number and size of programs/projects targeting adaptation and those with adaptation co-benefits implemented in the key sectors of the Republic of Moldova during 2014-2019 were uneven, respectively, the volume of disbursements varied from one sector to another. The highest values of current disbursements came to the cross-sectoral action (31%), followed by the agricultural sector receiving 28% and water resources with 20% (Figure 3.4-5). Figure 3.4-5: Actual disbursements rate for targeted adaptation projects and projects with adaptation co- benefits in key sectors of the Republic of Moldova from total disbursements during 2014-2019. (Source: based on input data of AMP). The received support helped the Republic of Moldova to engage in a number of sector-specific adaptation activities, spanning from planning to on-ground implementation of adaptation measures.', 'The received support helped the Republic of Moldova to engage in a number of sector-specific adaptation activities, spanning from planning to on-ground implementation of adaptation measures. Agriculture sector received the largest share of adaptation-related aid and this is where adaptation is mostly implemented at the action level and this reflects the importance of this sector in the country’s economy. At the same time, it confirms the agriculture sector’s high exposure to climate change, including climate risks. During 2014-2019, the total value of the development partners commitments to finance adaptation projects and those with benefits for adaptation in the agriculture sector amounted to about 360.9 million EUR.', 'During 2014-2019, the total value of the development partners commitments to finance adaptation projects and those with benefits for adaptation in the agriculture sector amounted to about 360.9 million EUR. Of this amount, only 99.4 million EUR have been disbursed, with 52.6% being disbursed in 2019 (Figure 3.4-6 A, B). OTHER UN ROMANIA EBRD AUSTRIA GEF NIF SWEDEN USA DENMARK EIB IFAD GERMANY IBRD WB SWITZERLAND EU Adaptation co-benefits Targeted adaptation Itersectorial Agriculture Water Energy Health Transports ForestryA B Figure 3.4-6: The evolution of disbursements for Agriculture sector (the summary values of targeted adaptation projects and projects with adaptation co-benefits, (M EUR) (A) and the disbursements of donor countries and agencies for targeted adaptation projects and projects with adaptation co-benefits for Agriculture sector (M. EUR). Other: UN, FAO, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Poland (B).', 'Other: UN, FAO, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Poland (B). It should be mentioned, that 49% (about EUR 25.7 million) of the disbursements during 2019 were made by the International Development Agency (IDA) as a concessional loan, within the multilateral project "Agriculture Competitiveness" (the total budget of the project being 36,257,764.15 euros). The objectives of the project are to increase the competitiveness of the agri-food sector by supporting the modernization of the food safety management system, facilitating farmers access to the market and integrating agro-ecological and sustainable land management practices. The co-financers of the project are the Global Environment Fund (GEF) and the Kingdom of Sweden, which granted EUR 4 and 2 million, respectively.', 'The co-financers of the project are the Global Environment Fund (GEF) and the Kingdom of Sweden, which granted EUR 4 and 2 million, respectively. A number of other development partners have provided targeted adaptation support or development support with adaptation co-benefits.', 'A number of other development partners have provided targeted adaptation support or development support with adaptation co-benefits. Among other, during 2013-2019, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) supported the agricultural sector through a series of projects, such as “Review and preparation of a draft Land Code for the Republic of Moldova”; "Strengthening of the Food Safety System of the Republic of Moldova"; "Increasing small scale farmers resilience to drought by adopting best irrigation practices and modern irrigation technologies"; "Support for adaptation and implementation of Integrated Pest Management in Moldova"; "Development of the National Strategy and Action Plan for animal genetic resources and dairy cattle genetic improvement program", and others.', 'Among other, during 2013-2019, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) supported the agricultural sector through a series of projects, such as “Review and preparation of a draft Land Code for the Republic of Moldova”; "Strengthening of the Food Safety System of the Republic of Moldova"; "Increasing small scale farmers resilience to drought by adopting best irrigation practices and modern irrigation technologies"; "Support for adaptation and implementation of Integrated Pest Management in Moldova"; "Development of the National Strategy and Action Plan for animal genetic resources and dairy cattle genetic improvement program", and others. During 2014-2019, the commitments for the implementation of the cross-sectoral adaptation projects and those with benefits for adaptation totaled about EUR 190.4 million, out of which only EUR 63.3 million were disbursed.', 'During 2014-2019, the commitments for the implementation of the cross-sectoral adaptation projects and those with benefits for adaptation totaled about EUR 190.4 million, out of which only EUR 63.3 million were disbursed. The largest contribution of this period was made by the European Union, totaling EUR 61.85 million, of which, 48.96 million were disbursed as grants under the program "ENPARD Moldova Program - Support to Agriculture and Rural Development” which aims to provide budgetary support to the Government of the Republic of Moldova in the process of poverty eradication, promoting sustainable and inclusive growth and strengthening economic and democratic governance through policies and reforms in the field of agriculture and rural development; improving the delivery of services in the agricultural and rural sectors; sustainable management of natural resources, including water and biodiversity, etc.', 'The largest contribution of this period was made by the European Union, totaling EUR 61.85 million, of which, 48.96 million were disbursed as grants under the program "ENPARD Moldova Program - Support to Agriculture and Rural Development” which aims to provide budgetary support to the Government of the Republic of Moldova in the process of poverty eradication, promoting sustainable and inclusive growth and strengthening economic and democratic governance through policies and reforms in the field of agriculture and rural development; improving the delivery of services in the agricultural and rural sectors; sustainable management of natural resources, including water and biodiversity, etc. (Figure 3.4-7).', 'The largest contribution of this period was made by the European Union, totaling EUR 61.85 million, of which, 48.96 million were disbursed as grants under the program "ENPARD Moldova Program - Support to Agriculture and Rural Development” which aims to provide budgetary support to the Government of the Republic of Moldova in the process of poverty eradication, promoting sustainable and inclusive growth and strengthening economic and democratic governance through policies and reforms in the field of agriculture and rural development; improving the delivery of services in the agricultural and rural sectors; sustainable management of natural resources, including water and biodiversity, etc. (Figure 3.4-7). Other disbursements were made through the projects with adaptation co-benefits: "Modernization of Local Public Services in the Republic of Moldova" and "Modernization of Local Public Services in the Republic of Moldova" (Phase II), supported by the European Commission (EC); German Development Cooperation (GIZ) and German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ); Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC); Swedish International Development Authority (AIDS) and the Government of Romania.', 'Other disbursements were made through the projects with adaptation co-benefits: "Modernization of Local Public Services in the Republic of Moldova" and "Modernization of Local Public Services in the Republic of Moldova" (Phase II), supported by the European Commission (EC); German Development Cooperation (GIZ) and German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ); Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC); Swedish International Development Authority (AIDS) and the Government of Romania. The total amount of the commitments under these multilateral projects amounted to approximately EUR 87.1 million, of which about 38.9 million have been disbursed so far. It should be mentioned that the main donors were GIZ and BMZ with current disbursements of EUR 17.9 and 5.4 million for the first and second projects, respectively.', 'It should be mentioned that the main donors were GIZ and BMZ with current disbursements of EUR 17.9 and 5.4 million for the first and second projects, respectively. OTHER SWEDEN EU GEF DENMARK USA EIB IFAD WB/IDA Adaptation co-benefits Targeted adaptationA B Figure 3.4-7: The evolution of disbursements for Intersectoral adaptation targeted projects and projects with adaptation co-benefits. (M EUR) (A) and the actual disbursements of donor countries and agencies for Intersectoral targeted adaptation projects and projects with adaptation co-benefits (M EUR) (B). Other: Denmark, Austria, EIB, UN, Romania, USA, Switzerland, GCF (B). (Source: based on input data of AMP). 3.4.2.', '(Source: based on input data of AMP). 3.4.2. CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION IMPLEMENTATION AND SUPPORT NEEDS Meeting Moldova’s NDC adaptation goal requires successful and timely implementation of many adaptation projects, interventions, programs, with the involvement of strong institutions able to develop and implement effective adaptation policies and other components of the enabling environment. This includes the provision of leadership and coordination of adaptation action, monitor the progress of adaptation implementation and many other capacity-related activities. Table 3.4-1 provides information on the most pressing capacity needs until 2025, associated interventions, indicators to measure the success of the intervention, responsible agencies and estimated financial resources. This framework is responsive to the identified sectorial, institutional and individual capacity gaps mentioned in the sub-chapter 3.6.', 'This framework is responsive to the identified sectorial, institutional and individual capacity gaps mentioned in the sub-chapter 3.6. Table 3.4-1: Identified cross-cutting capacity development sectoral needs till 2025 Capacity category Identified need Intervention needed Indicators Responsible Lead Agency Estimated financial resources required (in US $) Leadership and coordination mechanism Establish and operationalize an effective coordination mechanism (CM) for climate adaptation Effective coordination mechanism, with regularly convened progress review meetings Operational CM with clear roles and responsibilities established as part of NAP process Operationalize a coordinated M&E system Operational authority with responsibilities for climate change coordination as well as monitoring, evaluating and reporting tasks on the climate change adaptation measures Publication and sharing of annual progress report(s) on climate resilience and adaptation activities, Improved cross sectoral coordination MARDE, NCCC Institutional and legal framework Review and strengthen legislation, policies, action plans and development plans to improve the integration of climate adaptation in national Incorporate climate adaptation into relevant sectoral policies Relevant national and sectoral documents completed or updated All ministries and sectors To be identified depending on the number of reviewed policies, development plans Adaptation co-benefits Targeted adaptation OTHER SWEDEN WB/ IDA GERMANY EU Adaptation co-benefits Targeted adaptationdevelopment strategies, plans and programs Review and strengthen MARDE climate-related capacities, including CCO mandate and capacities Improved and expanded MARDE climate-related capacities, including in inclusiveness and gender equality approach MARDE need and capacity assessment completed and operational requirements determined MARDE To be determined by MARDE following evaluation of needs and requirements Budget mainstreaming Develop options for climate resilience and how to best formulate budget lines for climate resilience in the national plans and annual Ministerial Strategies Climate considerations integrated in sectorial budgets Climate considerations integrated in sectorial and national budgets MoF with support from MARDE Climate change indicators incorporated into planning and budgeting frameworks to ensure accountability Climate change indicators incorporated into policy and budget reviews MoF and MARDE Incorporate contingency budgets in each sector for specific CCA interventions as the need arises Contingency budget in each sector for specific adaptation interventions Risk management information and technologies Develop a climate related knowledge management strategy Knowledge management strategy in place Relevant document completed MARDE with support from technology offices Systemic inventory of existing and ad hoc DRR and climate information, tools and technologies, as well as agency functions and responsibilities Transposition of Disaster Risk Assessment EU Guidelines into the legislative framework: HIGH Mapping and systemic inventory of existing and ad hoc DRR and climate information, tools and technologies, as well as agency functions and responsibilities Modification of the current legal framework Low-cost, user- driven ICT systems in place.', 'Table 3.4-1: Identified cross-cutting capacity development sectoral needs till 2025 Capacity category Identified need Intervention needed Indicators Responsible Lead Agency Estimated financial resources required (in US $) Leadership and coordination mechanism Establish and operationalize an effective coordination mechanism (CM) for climate adaptation Effective coordination mechanism, with regularly convened progress review meetings Operational CM with clear roles and responsibilities established as part of NAP process Operationalize a coordinated M&E system Operational authority with responsibilities for climate change coordination as well as monitoring, evaluating and reporting tasks on the climate change adaptation measures Publication and sharing of annual progress report(s) on climate resilience and adaptation activities, Improved cross sectoral coordination MARDE, NCCC Institutional and legal framework Review and strengthen legislation, policies, action plans and development plans to improve the integration of climate adaptation in national Incorporate climate adaptation into relevant sectoral policies Relevant national and sectoral documents completed or updated All ministries and sectors To be identified depending on the number of reviewed policies, development plans Adaptation co-benefits Targeted adaptation OTHER SWEDEN WB/ IDA GERMANY EU Adaptation co-benefits Targeted adaptationdevelopment strategies, plans and programs Review and strengthen MARDE climate-related capacities, including CCO mandate and capacities Improved and expanded MARDE climate-related capacities, including in inclusiveness and gender equality approach MARDE need and capacity assessment completed and operational requirements determined MARDE To be determined by MARDE following evaluation of needs and requirements Budget mainstreaming Develop options for climate resilience and how to best formulate budget lines for climate resilience in the national plans and annual Ministerial Strategies Climate considerations integrated in sectorial budgets Climate considerations integrated in sectorial and national budgets MoF with support from MARDE Climate change indicators incorporated into planning and budgeting frameworks to ensure accountability Climate change indicators incorporated into policy and budget reviews MoF and MARDE Incorporate contingency budgets in each sector for specific CCA interventions as the need arises Contingency budget in each sector for specific adaptation interventions Risk management information and technologies Develop a climate related knowledge management strategy Knowledge management strategy in place Relevant document completed MARDE with support from technology offices Systemic inventory of existing and ad hoc DRR and climate information, tools and technologies, as well as agency functions and responsibilities Transposition of Disaster Risk Assessment EU Guidelines into the legislative framework: HIGH Mapping and systemic inventory of existing and ad hoc DRR and climate information, tools and technologies, as well as agency functions and responsibilities Modification of the current legal framework Low-cost, user- driven ICT systems in place. Climate data widely available and updated regularly by responsible institutions Establish a multi- stakeholder WG on DRA.', 'Climate data widely available and updated regularly by responsible institutions Establish a multi- stakeholder WG on DRA. Development of the methodology for hazard assessment in line with DRA EU Guidelines and MSs good practices. MARDE with support from technology office CPESS (Civil Protection and Emergency Situations) (coordinator working group) Working Group on Disaster Hazard and Risk Mapping Hazard and risk mapping Mapping of hazards Climate hazards maps WG on Disaster Hazard and Risk Mapping Evaluation of current data collection and dissemination practices and experiences Evaluation and documentation of lessons and best practices related to current practices and experiences Lessons learnt document that collates and disseminates CCA related information requirements MARDE with support from technology office A demand-based climate and disaster technology and tool Establishment of low-cost, user-driven ICT systems in place.', 'MARDE with support from technology office CPESS (Civil Protection and Emergency Situations) (coordinator working group) Working Group on Disaster Hazard and Risk Mapping Hazard and risk mapping Mapping of hazards Climate hazards maps WG on Disaster Hazard and Risk Mapping Evaluation of current data collection and dissemination practices and experiences Evaluation and documentation of lessons and best practices related to current practices and experiences Lessons learnt document that collates and disseminates CCA related information requirements MARDE with support from technology office A demand-based climate and disaster technology and tool Establishment of low-cost, user-driven ICT systems in place. Operational ICT system use To be determined by thein place to guide investment in and use of new tools and technologies integrated into all sectors climate related knowledge management strategy Climate awareness Develop a five-year gender-sensitive communication strategy to generate and increase awareness Communication package on national policies for use during community consultations and awareness-raising programs Increased climate awareness measured against baseline survey Adaptation mainstreaming Incorporate climate adaptation into environmental impact assessments guidelines EIA process guidelines Completed integration of climate considerations into EIA process guidelines Analytical process to examine policies, plans or program from a climate perspective for each sector Sector-specific climate screening tools to identify projects at risk criteria for selecting projects for implementation and financing Climate screening tools to identify projects at risk.', 'Operational ICT system use To be determined by thein place to guide investment in and use of new tools and technologies integrated into all sectors climate related knowledge management strategy Climate awareness Develop a five-year gender-sensitive communication strategy to generate and increase awareness Communication package on national policies for use during community consultations and awareness-raising programs Increased climate awareness measured against baseline survey Adaptation mainstreaming Incorporate climate adaptation into environmental impact assessments guidelines EIA process guidelines Completed integration of climate considerations into EIA process guidelines Analytical process to examine policies, plans or program from a climate perspective for each sector Sector-specific climate screening tools to identify projects at risk criteria for selecting projects for implementation and financing Climate screening tools to identify projects at risk. Prioritized (annual) list of climate related resource requirements MARDE MoF Line Ministries Priorities and approaches for climate -related sectoral development planning Sector- based approaches for integration of climate issues into sectoral development plans Sectoral climate priorities established Relevant documents completed MARDE with relevant line ministries 30,000 per sector Climate awareness and mainstreaming Key messages for the different groups/sectors about climate resilience Formulate a set of key messages for the different groups/sectors about climate resilience and the specific actions that can be taken immediately Relevant documents completed and programs initialized MARDE with relevant line ministries 15,000 per sector Climate- related sectoral risk profiles Climate- related sectoral risk profiles completed and programs initialized MARDE with relevant line ministries 20,000 per sector Climate knowledge and training Sectoral training institutions mapped and climate- related training programs developed Map and identify sectoral training institutions and develop climate- related training programs Number of sectoral education programs that can incorporate climate change MARDE in conjunction of Ministry of Education Climate considerations integrated in sectoral education curricula, taking into consideration gender aspects Number of sectoral education programs that integrate climate into curricula MARDE in conjunction of MECR Training for staff on leadership, coordination, mainstreaming, communication and project management Identify/designate mentors and coaches among officials/staff Established roster of trained climate mentors and coaches for each sector (women and men) MARDE based on discussions with relevant ministries and sectors Train identified mentors and coaches on climate issues Number of participants in mentors and coaches’ trainings (women and men) Initially to be conducted by MARDE 60,000 per training session Training on climate change, risks and vulnerability with Training for civil servants on climate policy and climate considerations Number of civil servants participating inthe Academy of Public Administration trainings (women and men) Training for local governments on opportunities for making use of climate policies and conducting vulnerability assessment activities Number of local governments that participated in training events (women and men) MARDE 50,000 per class/session series Spatial (urban, rural, land) planning Mapping settlements vulnerable to flooding, landslides and other hazards Mapping of vulnerable settlements Settlement vulnerability maps available to all sectors for incorporation into sectoral action plans Map of vulnerable settlements MARDE in conjunction with MEI MARDE initiates integrated planning around geographically vulnerable areas to produce high- quality development plans for disaster-prone areas Review, update and develop urban and spatial plans of localities Updated urban and spatial plans of localities Updated urban and spatial plans of localities MARDE in conjunction with MEI 40,000 per locality Develop codes and regulations for limiting of residential and commercial facilities and homes in areas vulnerable to hazards Codes and regulations for residential and commercial facilities and homes in areas vulnerable to hazards Codes and regulations for residential and commercial facilities and homes in vulnerable areas MARDE in conjunction with MEI 40,000 per locality Develop urban and rural post-disaster redevelopment plans Post-disaster redevelopment plans Post-disaster redevelopment plans prepared MARDE with support from relevant line ministries 40,000 per locality Despite the difficulties to define concrete characteristics of future climate risks the country has to cope with, based on the already existing knowledge about them at national and sectorial levels, along with by now visible impacts of climate change on Moldova’s population, economy sectors, ecosystems (mentioned in the chapters above), it is obvious that a rapid economic, social and technological transformation is needed to pursue the sustainable path declared in the National Development Strategy Moldova 2030.', 'Prioritized (annual) list of climate related resource requirements MARDE MoF Line Ministries Priorities and approaches for climate -related sectoral development planning Sector- based approaches for integration of climate issues into sectoral development plans Sectoral climate priorities established Relevant documents completed MARDE with relevant line ministries 30,000 per sector Climate awareness and mainstreaming Key messages for the different groups/sectors about climate resilience Formulate a set of key messages for the different groups/sectors about climate resilience and the specific actions that can be taken immediately Relevant documents completed and programs initialized MARDE with relevant line ministries 15,000 per sector Climate- related sectoral risk profiles Climate- related sectoral risk profiles completed and programs initialized MARDE with relevant line ministries 20,000 per sector Climate knowledge and training Sectoral training institutions mapped and climate- related training programs developed Map and identify sectoral training institutions and develop climate- related training programs Number of sectoral education programs that can incorporate climate change MARDE in conjunction of Ministry of Education Climate considerations integrated in sectoral education curricula, taking into consideration gender aspects Number of sectoral education programs that integrate climate into curricula MARDE in conjunction of MECR Training for staff on leadership, coordination, mainstreaming, communication and project management Identify/designate mentors and coaches among officials/staff Established roster of trained climate mentors and coaches for each sector (women and men) MARDE based on discussions with relevant ministries and sectors Train identified mentors and coaches on climate issues Number of participants in mentors and coaches’ trainings (women and men) Initially to be conducted by MARDE 60,000 per training session Training on climate change, risks and vulnerability with Training for civil servants on climate policy and climate considerations Number of civil servants participating inthe Academy of Public Administration trainings (women and men) Training for local governments on opportunities for making use of climate policies and conducting vulnerability assessment activities Number of local governments that participated in training events (women and men) MARDE 50,000 per class/session series Spatial (urban, rural, land) planning Mapping settlements vulnerable to flooding, landslides and other hazards Mapping of vulnerable settlements Settlement vulnerability maps available to all sectors for incorporation into sectoral action plans Map of vulnerable settlements MARDE in conjunction with MEI MARDE initiates integrated planning around geographically vulnerable areas to produce high- quality development plans for disaster-prone areas Review, update and develop urban and spatial plans of localities Updated urban and spatial plans of localities Updated urban and spatial plans of localities MARDE in conjunction with MEI 40,000 per locality Develop codes and regulations for limiting of residential and commercial facilities and homes in areas vulnerable to hazards Codes and regulations for residential and commercial facilities and homes in areas vulnerable to hazards Codes and regulations for residential and commercial facilities and homes in vulnerable areas MARDE in conjunction with MEI 40,000 per locality Develop urban and rural post-disaster redevelopment plans Post-disaster redevelopment plans Post-disaster redevelopment plans prepared MARDE with support from relevant line ministries 40,000 per locality Despite the difficulties to define concrete characteristics of future climate risks the country has to cope with, based on the already existing knowledge about them at national and sectorial levels, along with by now visible impacts of climate change on Moldova’s population, economy sectors, ecosystems (mentioned in the chapters above), it is obvious that a rapid economic, social and technological transformation is needed to pursue the sustainable path declared in the National Development Strategy Moldova 2030. While the magnitude of the climate action needed to build resilience at national and sectorial levels is under the constant consideration and estimation, it is clear, that the Republic of Moldova will need considerable international support to cope with devastating effects of climate change and extreme weather events.', 'While the magnitude of the climate action needed to build resilience at national and sectorial levels is under the constant consideration and estimation, it is clear, that the Republic of Moldova will need considerable international support to cope with devastating effects of climate change and extreme weather events. In 2016, in the Republic of Moldova, with the help provided by the World Bank, an economic analysis was carried out aimed at identifying medium- and long-term investment needs of key sectors of the country’s economy. The study applied a quantitative assessment of adaptation investment opportunities and returns across the target sectors, evaluating the cost of inaction in each sector, i.e., the expected annual opportunity cost of not being better adapted to prevailing climate conditions.', 'The study applied a quantitative assessment of adaptation investment opportunities and returns across the target sectors, evaluating the cost of inaction in each sector, i.e., the expected annual opportunity cost of not being better adapted to prevailing climate conditions. According to these estimates43, there must be a total adaptation investment of US$ 4.22 billion to mitigate the impact of climate change, with about US$ 1.85 billion being considered as a relatively high priority for the near future (Table 3.4-2). The priorities were identified based on estimated economic returns, the size of potential investments, and qualitative assessments of the impact on gender and poverty.', 'The priorities were identified based on estimated economic returns, the size of potential investments, and qualitative assessments of the impact on gender and poverty. The total cost of climate change adaptation inaction is estimated at about US$ 600 million, equivalent to 6.5 percent of the GDP, and it is expected that this value will exceed its double in real terms by 2050 and will amount to about US$ 1.3 billion, emphasizing the additional cost associated with delaying action to efficiently adapt to changes in the climate. 43 World Bank. 2016. Moldova - Climate adaptation investment planning technical assistance (English).', 'Moldova - Climate adaptation investment planning technical assistance (English). Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group.Table 3.4-2: High Priority Investments in Moldova’s Economy’s Sectors through 2040 (million US$) Sector Investment Investment period Cost Indicated Rate of Return Uncertainty Poverty impact Gender impact Agriculture Water Management Rehabilitate/modernize centralized irrigation systems Medium Medium Medium Rehabilitation/modernization of drainage infrastructure in irrigated areas Medium Medium Medium Institutional reforms/capacity building 2017 to 140 n/a Medium High High Forestry Ecological reconstruction of forests 2020 to Medium High High Ecological reconstruction of forest belts 2020 to Medium High High Health Heat health warning system 2017+ 0.445 BCR: 3.1- High Medium Medium Water Supply Improving municipal & industrial water system efficiency by 10% reduction in loss BCR: 61-70 Low Medium Medium Water storage in Lower Dniester (100 MCM) 2030+?', 'Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group.Table 3.4-2: High Priority Investments in Moldova’s Economy’s Sectors through 2040 (million US$) Sector Investment Investment period Cost Indicated Rate of Return Uncertainty Poverty impact Gender impact Agriculture Water Management Rehabilitate/modernize centralized irrigation systems Medium Medium Medium Rehabilitation/modernization of drainage infrastructure in irrigated areas Medium Medium Medium Institutional reforms/capacity building 2017 to 140 n/a Medium High High Forestry Ecological reconstruction of forests 2020 to Medium High High Ecological reconstruction of forest belts 2020 to Medium High High Health Heat health warning system 2017+ 0.445 BCR: 3.1- High Medium Medium Water Supply Improving municipal & industrial water system efficiency by 10% reduction in loss BCR: 61-70 Low Medium Medium Water storage in Lower Dniester (100 MCM) 2030+? 18.4 BCR: 2.6- Low Medium Medium Water storage in Reut (1 MCM) 2020 0.3 BCR: 20-59 Low Low Medium Flood Prevention Structural measures 2020-2040 360.8 BCR: 2,1 Medium Unknown Unknown Non-Structural measures 2020-2040 13.6 BCR: 5.6 Medium Unknown Unknown WSS Rehabilitation of existing and construction of new WSS infrastructure Medium High Medium Disaster Response Management Improved training facilities; Create N&S Emergency Command Centers; Improved emergency response capabilities Medium Medium Medium Note: * - assessed by the World Bank (million US $).', '18.4 BCR: 2.6- Low Medium Medium Water storage in Reut (1 MCM) 2020 0.3 BCR: 20-59 Low Low Medium Flood Prevention Structural measures 2020-2040 360.8 BCR: 2,1 Medium Unknown Unknown Non-Structural measures 2020-2040 13.6 BCR: 5.6 Medium Unknown Unknown WSS Rehabilitation of existing and construction of new WSS infrastructure Medium High Medium Disaster Response Management Improved training facilities; Create N&S Emergency Command Centers; Improved emergency response capabilities Medium Medium Medium Note: * - assessed by the World Bank (million US $). Agriculture Sector: The biggest challenges and investment opportunities are in the agriculture sector. Rehabilitation/modernization of centralized irrigation systems and drainage infrastructure will make a major contribution to increasing current productivity and mitigating future climate impacts.', 'Rehabilitation/modernization of centralized irrigation systems and drainage infrastructure will make a major contribution to increasing current productivity and mitigating future climate impacts. These are expected to have good rates of return as long as they can be combined with successful institutional capacity-building for management of irrigation systems. Other options include small-scale on-farm irrigation systems, soil management and climate risk management technologies, in particular, conservation agriculture, and the potential for changes in crop mix towards perennial crops (i.e., grapes and fruit trees), which will be more resilient to climate change. The WB estimated the preliminary value of the average annual loss caused by extreme meteorological phenomena (drought, flood, hail, heavy rainfall, wind, frost, landslide) to US$ 34 million per year.', 'The WB estimated the preliminary value of the average annual loss caused by extreme meteorological phenomena (drought, flood, hail, heavy rainfall, wind, frost, landslide) to US$ 34 million per year. The 2050 estimate of expected annual damage and loss is around US$ 335 million. The medium-term investment amount (by 2040) needed to address the current productivity gap in Moldovan agriculture and, at the same time, to increase the climate change resilience is US$ 2.409 billion. Forest Sector: Ecological rehabilitation and expansion of forests and forest belts are expected to have high returns on suitable land, with high poverty and gender impact. Restoration of degraded forests and pasturelands also promote agricultural productivity through improved watershed function and protection from harsh weather.', 'Restoration of degraded forests and pasturelands also promote agricultural productivity through improved watershed function and protection from harsh weather. Future climate change will affect both the tree growth, causing changes in species distribution and ecosystems structure, and the frequency and magnitude of damage caused by diseases, droughts, and fires. The current annual climate-related damage is estimated at US$ 414 thousand (of which: US$ 18,000 due to fires, US$ 177,000 due to pests and US$ 219,000 due to droughts). In addition, about US$ 300,000 are spent annually for pest treatment remedies. By 2050, it is expected that these costs related to afforestation works and forestry maintenance will increase to about US$ 120 million.', 'By 2050, it is expected that these costs related to afforestation works and forestry maintenance will increase to about US$ 120 million. Human Health Sector: Although there is an uncertainty around the scale of climate-related health impacts, it is anticipated that the effects of several diseases could be exacerbated by climate change (e.g. physiological stress caused by low or extremely high temperatures, prevalence of disease-causing vectors influenced by climate conditions, the range of acute health risks and physical and mental well-being influenced by extreme 44 Ratings are given here for the significance of uncertainty of benefits for each investment, Red = high uncertainty, amber = medium uncertainty, and green= low uncertainty. 45 Costs incurred in years with a heatwave.weather phenomena, in particular heat waves etc.', '45 Costs incurred in years with a heatwave.weather phenomena, in particular heat waves etc. According to WB estimates (2016), the current cost of climate-dependent health risks (namely, heat-related mortality and food poisoning) is about US$ 20 million.', 'According to WB estimates (2016), the current cost of climate-dependent health risks (namely, heat-related mortality and food poisoning) is about US$ 20 million. According to the Climate Change Adaptation Strategy (2014)46 and studies undertaken during the NAP-1, considerable investments are needed to provide healthcare in isolated communities to populations particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change (the elderly and disabled people); equipping emergency departments for cardiovascular diseases according to WHO requirements; modifying hospital infrastructure for operationalization to “green” standards, developing the national information system for collection and processing of data, including gender-disaggregated data on the effects of climate risks on public health, emergence and incidence of new diseases related to climate change; prevention, early warning, management and overcoming the impact of extreme weather events due to climate change (heat, cold, flood); eradicating malnutrition and ensuring access to safe, nutritious and sufficient food for particularly vulnerable population groups; protection of human health and consumers’ interests with regard to food safety; development of continuous air quality monitoring stations, etc.', 'According to the Climate Change Adaptation Strategy (2014)46 and studies undertaken during the NAP-1, considerable investments are needed to provide healthcare in isolated communities to populations particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change (the elderly and disabled people); equipping emergency departments for cardiovascular diseases according to WHO requirements; modifying hospital infrastructure for operationalization to “green” standards, developing the national information system for collection and processing of data, including gender-disaggregated data on the effects of climate risks on public health, emergence and incidence of new diseases related to climate change; prevention, early warning, management and overcoming the impact of extreme weather events due to climate change (heat, cold, flood); eradicating malnutrition and ensuring access to safe, nutritious and sufficient food for particularly vulnerable population groups; protection of human health and consumers’ interests with regard to food safety; development of continuous air quality monitoring stations, etc. Water Resources Sector: According to undertaken assessments, improvement in municipal supply systems to reduce loss, and building a storage reservoir on the lower Dniester River, present immediate, modest investment opportunities with high returns.', 'Water Resources Sector: According to undertaken assessments, improvement in municipal supply systems to reduce loss, and building a storage reservoir on the lower Dniester River, present immediate, modest investment opportunities with high returns. In the coming decades, larger-scale storage infrastructure will be needed. The ideal size and timing of these require more analysis and the institutional capacity to effectively manage a variety of water investments would also need to be strengthened. According to undertaken assessment, the provisions for water demand will increase considerably by 2040, which will be amplified by climate change impact.', 'According to undertaken assessment, the provisions for water demand will increase considerably by 2040, which will be amplified by climate change impact. The unsatisfied demand, dominated by municipal and industrial consumption, is estimated at about US$ 95 million, and the total cost of climate change inaction in the water sector is estimated at about US$ 205 million per year. Investments in water supply infrastructure in rural areas could be an adaptation option for improving water supply in the agriculture sector and for the rural population as well. The cost-benefit analysis of small-scale water supply shows a benefit-cost ratio of 2.5 to 21.3 in the pan-European region, which includes Moldova (UNECE and WHO, 2011).', 'The cost-benefit analysis of small-scale water supply shows a benefit-cost ratio of 2.5 to 21.3 in the pan-European region, which includes Moldova (UNECE and WHO, 2011). The EIB’s (2016) Preliminary Flood Risk Assessment (PFRA) identified 84 structural and 30 non-structural flood management measures. For these, a detailed investment plan has been prepared with a total investment of €325 million for structural measures and €120 million for non-structural measures, including maintenance. Substantial economic benefits to reducing damage and loss will be provided through investments for structural and for non-structural flood prevention measures, worth € 325 million and € 120 million, respectively47.', 'Substantial economic benefits to reducing damage and loss will be provided through investments for structural and for non-structural flood prevention measures, worth € 325 million and € 120 million, respectively47. These measures include: rehabilitation/construction of dams, dykes, small scale storage tanks, bank consolidation, wetlands, warning systems and their maintenance, informing/educating the population on flood risk and how to act in emergency situations. Other important investment opportunities for the water resources sector are: improving the quality of drinking water; improving sewage and domestic water treatment; increasing water recycling for industrial needs; protection of wastewater infrastructure against floods; water management by capturing surface water; land improvements to increase the probability of precipitation; technology implementation of groundwater layers recharge, etc. Energy Sector.', 'Other important investment opportunities for the water resources sector are: improving the quality of drinking water; improving sewage and domestic water treatment; increasing water recycling for industrial needs; protection of wastewater infrastructure against floods; water management by capturing surface water; land improvements to increase the probability of precipitation; technology implementation of groundwater layers recharge, etc. Energy Sector. The Moldovan energy sector faces several challenges, the main one being the dependence on imports (especially natural gas). The investments needed to implement the scenario recommended by the ESMAP48 study (connection to the Romanian transmission network for the diversification of the country’s external energy sources) are estimated in the range of US$ 421-441 million. Renewable energy sources are most sensitive to extreme weather phenomena.', 'Renewable energy sources are most sensitive to extreme weather phenomena. The value of the current production of renewable energy related to the climate is estimated at only US$ 286 thousand annually (in the form of hydroelectric power), while the lost energy production is estimated to about US$ 150 million annually. The cost of wind technology may decrease over time, but now, wind power generation may be economically viable. The total investment potential is estimated at about US$ 235 million. 46 GD no. 1009 of 10.12.2014 regarding the Republic of Moldova’s 2020 Climate Change Adaptation Strategy and Action Plan for its implementation, Official Gazette No. 372-384 as of 19.12.2014.', '1009 of 10.12.2014 regarding the Republic of Moldova’s 2020 Climate Change Adaptation Strategy and Action Plan for its implementation, Official Gazette No. 372-384 as of 19.12.2014. 47 EIB “Support for technical assistance and management to protect the territory of the Republic of Moldova from floods”, 2016. 48 Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP), 2016.Lost heat production due to the current water supply deficit on Dniester River is estimated at US$ 4.6 million per year, based on the current import price and the assumption that energy production is affected proportionally by the water supply shortage.', '48 Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP), 2016.Lost heat production due to the current water supply deficit on Dniester River is estimated at US$ 4.6 million per year, based on the current import price and the assumption that energy production is affected proportionally by the water supply shortage. The investments proposed in the measures of the Energy Strategy of the Republic of Moldova until 2030, Article 104, to promote energy efficiency related to the education and training of staff in the efficient use of energy, and the development of a series of educational programs to raise public awareness, organizing competitions and demonstrations of the achievements in this area will contribute to the viability of the entire energy sector against the risks of climate change.', 'The investments proposed in the measures of the Energy Strategy of the Republic of Moldova until 2030, Article 104, to promote energy efficiency related to the education and training of staff in the efficient use of energy, and the development of a series of educational programs to raise public awareness, organizing competitions and demonstrations of the achievements in this area will contribute to the viability of the entire energy sector against the risks of climate change. Studies show that the total cost of renovating the private and public buildings in Moldova for heating and cooling efficiency could be hundreds of millions of US dollars per year over two decades49.', 'Studies show that the total cost of renovating the private and public buildings in Moldova for heating and cooling efficiency could be hundreds of millions of US dollars per year over two decades49. Transport Sector: According to the WB Report (2016), the expected annual cost of climate change for infrastructure in Moldova by 2050 is around US$ 9-22 million, depending on climate scenario. It is expected that the investments in transport infrastructure will increase the resilience of the sector, provide essential gains for public security, as well as substantial economic revenues.', 'It is expected that the investments in transport infrastructure will increase the resilience of the sector, provide essential gains for public security, as well as substantial economic revenues. The assessment undertaken in transport sector points to the need for enormous investments in the physical infrastructure, but also for associated measures, such as institution and policy change, capacity building and development of strategic documents for the Republic of Moldova to adapt and build resilience to climate change. Taking into account the analysis carried out by the development partners, along with those based on national expertise, it may be concluded that the current opportunities for supporting low-carbon development and climate resilience measures in Moldova are visible, but the needs largely exceed the in-country availability of resources.', 'Taking into account the analysis carried out by the development partners, along with those based on national expertise, it may be concluded that the current opportunities for supporting low-carbon development and climate resilience measures in Moldova are visible, but the needs largely exceed the in-country availability of resources. The Table 3.4-3 presents the aggregated summary of the imperative financing needs for 2020-2025 in the key sectors of Moldova’s economy based on the analysis of needs to implement actions and activities mentioned in the Republic of Moldova Strategy for climate change adaptation; Fourth National Communication of the Republic of Moldova; empirical estimates of the WB assessment, as well as cost-benefit analysis (CBA) carried out for prioritization of adaptation measures during the NAP1.', 'The Table 3.4-3 presents the aggregated summary of the imperative financing needs for 2020-2025 in the key sectors of Moldova’s economy based on the analysis of needs to implement actions and activities mentioned in the Republic of Moldova Strategy for climate change adaptation; Fourth National Communication of the Republic of Moldova; empirical estimates of the WB assessment, as well as cost-benefit analysis (CBA) carried out for prioritization of adaptation measures during the NAP1. The table incorporates also the outputs of adaptation investments’ prioritization based on CBA, CEA, other relevant criteria, carried out during the development of Republic of Moldova Country Program for the engagement with GCF, currently part of country’s project pipe-line to be submitted to GCF.', 'The table incorporates also the outputs of adaptation investments’ prioritization based on CBA, CEA, other relevant criteria, carried out during the development of Republic of Moldova Country Program for the engagement with GCF, currently part of country’s project pipe-line to be submitted to GCF. Table 3.4-3: Summary of sector-specific needs for climate change adaptation in the Republic of Moldova for Identified need Indicators Responsible Lead Agency Estimated Resources Required (mil. US $) Agriculture Sector Implement sustainable agricultural systems, less dependent on industrial inputs (mineral fertilizers, pesticides, fuel for mechanical soil tillage, irrigation, etc.) and climate-resilient by sustainable soil management (including management of Chernozems) and holistic approach to farm organization and management at the landscape level. Sustainable and climate-resilient soil management and model farms implemented in different areas of the Republic of Moldova (north, center, south).', 'Sustainable and climate-resilient soil management and model farms implemented in different areas of the Republic of Moldova (north, center, south). Economic, ecological and social agro-environmental criteria for assessing sustainable and smart soil management in agricultural enterprises established. Develop program of measures to conserve water in the soil and provide adjustment periods for conducting agricultural activities on climate change. Programme of measures to be developed, activities performed. Identify vulnerable areas and sectors and assess needs and opportunities related to alternative crops and varieties more resistant to climate change. Study developed, vulnerable areas, needs and opportunities identified. MARDE, ASRM Implement changes in crop mix towards perennial crops (i.e., grapes and fruit trees), which will be more resilient to the new climate conditions. Thousands ha planted with orchards and vineyards.', 'Thousands ha planted with orchards and vineyards. MARDE 1.50 49 Cohen, F., Glachant, M and Söderberg, M. (2016), “Adapting the US Residential Sector to Global Warming”. Working paper presented in 7th Atlantic Workshop on Energy and Environmental Economics, A Toxa (Spain), 27-28 June 2016.Identified need Indicators Responsible Lead Agency Estimated Resources Required (mil. US $) Strengthen scientific studies and research in the field of irrigation of agricultural land using modern innovative irrigation technics. Scientific studied in the field of irrigation carried out. Develop irrigation plans based on an assessment of their impact, future water availability and water needs, taking into account supply-demand balance. Plans developed and approved. MARDE 0.10 Extend rehabilitation of centralized irrigation systems and drainage infrastructure. Irrigation and drainage systems rehabilitated.', 'Irrigation and drainage systems rehabilitated. MARDE 100.00 Promote efficient irrigation in the Republic of Moldova through low-flow, low- pressure and water serving drip Irrigation technologies. Modern drip irrigation systems installed on an area of 133.5 thousand ha planted with orchards and 135.3 thousand ha of vineyards. Increased efficiency of irrigation, reduced costs for fertilizers. MARDE, Private sector Creating tools for risk and crisis management to cope with the economic consequences of events due to climate change. Risk management tool (including agricultural insurance) created and supported in order to mitigate the negative consequences of climate risks and the negative effects of natural disasters on agricultural production and competitiveness of farming. Develop an agricultural subsidy system based on farm compliance with integrated environmental management. Subsidy system operational.', 'Develop an agricultural subsidy system based on farm compliance with integrated environmental management. Subsidy system operational. MARDE 5.00 Capacity building for adaptation to climate change through awareness of stakeholders using the FAS and supply essential information on farm management. Information campaigns organized, advice, information published. Water Resources Sector Review and update regulations, codes and technical standards of design, construction, modernization and rehabilitation of hydro facilities to address and include climate considerations. Updated regulations and technical standards. MARDE, MEI Conduct studies to assess the available water resources, determine their vulnerability to climate change, water requirements and needs for the main categories of consumers. Support foundational capacity building and targeted research needs for joint, ecosystem-based management of trans-boundary water systems. Studies and research conducted. MARDE, ASM Adopt ecosystem-based approach to manage water resources. Ecosystem- based approach incorporated into sectoral planning process.', 'Ecosystem- based approach incorporated into sectoral planning process. MARDE Apele Moldovei Agency Ensure the integrated water management based on river basin principle. Water quality criteria established, wastewater treatment process improved, regulations on the limitation of discharge of hazardous substances into water established. MARDE, Moldsilva Agency Update the water sector National Development Plan to include risk reduction (floods, droughts, landslides, etc. ), and include: risk assessment; definition and risk management; investment planning and water recovery. National Development Plan updated based on the assessments undertaken. Insure availability of water at source through the development of resilient infrastructure for transforming water resources into socio-economic ones. New accumulation lakes created, infrastructure for collecting rain water created, technology of groundwater layers recharge implemented, wetlands developed. Effective water treatment and reuse. Innovative technologies for treating wastewater implemented. Implement innovative solutions to improve the efficiency of the water use.', 'Implement innovative solutions to improve the efficiency of the water use. Improve prioritization of issues (and policy-based budgeting) and program oversight. Water management innovative solutions implemented. Undertake measures to combat drought/water scarcity. Monitoring and warning services provided, leakages in water networks reduced, mapping and drought thresholds established, water storage capacity created.Identified need Indicators Responsible Lead Agency Estimated Resources Required (mil. US $) Ensure proper management of flood risks. km of protective dams and small-scale storage reservoirs re-constructed/ constructed, flood forecasting, information and alert systems created. Ensure implementation of adaptation measures of Programme of measure regarding the implementation of the Danube-Prut and Black Sea river basin management plan for the years 2018-2023. Adaptation measures of Programme implemented. MARDE 6.00 Human Health Sector Implement an efficient Health Information System (HIS) for decision making and public access to environmental health data. Working group established, approved procedures.', 'Working group established, approved procedures. MHLSP 0.20 Create the national database for collecting and processing data and information on effects of climate change risks onto public health, the emergence and incidence of new diseases related to climate change, including through gender perspectives. Database established and accessible for use. MHLSP 0.20 Prevention, early warning, management and overcoming the impact of extreme weather events (heat and cold waves, floods). Mechanism for early warning, management and control of extreme weather events effects established. Reduce the effects of air pollution and cold waves on population health. Measures to reduce impact of air pollution and cold waves on population health applied; air quality monitoring stations developed. MHLSP, MARDE Establish an integrated and efficient system for prevention, early warning, management and protection against ultraviolet radiation increased levels. Early warning system operational.', 'MHLSP, MARDE Establish an integrated and efficient system for prevention, early warning, management and protection against ultraviolet radiation increased levels. Early warning system operational. MHLSP, SHS Increase access to health care in isolated communities to populations particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change, taking into consideration gender and age aspects. Mechanisms to provide access to vulnerable populations created, established. Evaluate existing disease monitoring systems and strengthen them by including certain consequences of climate change. Disease monitoring systems improved and strengthened. Evaluate the existing disease surveillance systems and strengthen them by including certain climate-caused consequences. Disease surveillance systems improved and consolidated. Increase public information and raising awareness about effects of climate change and extreme weather on health. Constantly operational information system in place.', 'Constantly operational information system in place. MHLSP 0.10 Develop a plan to address care for vulnerable population groups (elderly people, women and men with children, isolated people, people without a place to live, etc.) in case of health and climate emergencies. Plan developed. MHLSP 0.05 Strengthen primary health care (including primary prevention) services to support capacity of local communities to become resilient to climate-related health risks. Primary health care service support resilient to climate changes Equip emergency departments for cardiovascular diseases. Emergency departments equipped. MHLSP 2.00 Promote modification of hospital infrastructure for operationalization to "green" standards. Hospital infrastructure in Green Hospital principles implemented. Forestry Sector Enhance the process of scaling-up territories covered with forest vegetation, forest belts. Promoting the ecosystem approach. ha of woodland, forest belt, green islands created. MADRM, Moldsilva Agency Establish the national forestry monitoring system.', 'MADRM, Moldsilva Agency Establish the national forestry monitoring system. Monitoring system developed and in place. MADRM, Moldsilva Agency Create new forests adapted to the consequences of climate change and able to effectively capture carbon and produce wood biomass. New forests planted and level of adaptation measured based on specific indicators. Moldsilva Agency Develop the assessment process for monitoring forest plantations along water courses. Assessment methodology developed and applied in practice. Moldsilva AgencyIdentified need Indicators Responsible Lead Agency Estimated Resources Required (mil. US $) Develop and implement river basin level management plans for water resources that include climate considerations. River basin management plan developed and implemented. MADRM, Apele Moldovei, SHS Adapt forest regeneration practices to the needs brought about by climate change. Regeneration practices in place. Moldsilva Agency Ensure the protection and conservation of biological diversity. Protection and conservation measures implemented.', 'Moldsilva Agency Ensure the protection and conservation of biological diversity. Protection and conservation measures implemented. Promote awareness and good understanding on climate change and on how the forestry sector can make a positive contribution Awareness raising campaign and training provided Moldsilva Agency Sustainable management of forests and ecosystem services Decrease of illicit deforestation achieved; effective control by local authorities implemented; knowledge and ecological culture promoted. Organic restoration of degraded pastures. ha of pastures restored. Moldsilva 27.00 Energy Sector Promote renewable energy sources that operated based on environment-friendly technologies. Photovoltaic generators, wind facilities; biomass heated facilities used. MEI, MARDE, EEA Promote the gradual transition from the use of traditional fuel sources to biofuel use. 15% of the used fuel will be biofuel; Standards and technical regulations implemented. MEI, MARDE, EEA Promote efficient energy use and promote high energy efficient products.', 'MEI, MARDE, EEA Promote efficient energy use and promote high energy efficient products. Energy intensity reduced by 10%; 2% of energy efficiency assured every year. MEI, EEA Improve sustainability and climate protection of energy transmission and distribution infrastructure. Inspection and rehabilitation of the existing network; Operation of energy infrastructure in any climatic conditions ensured. Increase training of additional reserve maintenance teams and ensure viability of their full repair kits and other equipment. Training provided to maintenance teams. MEI 0.035 Promote water-energy-land interaction with renewable energy sources. Interaction water-energy-land interaction with renewable energy sources implemented. Transport Sector Review and amend sectoral policy documents (strategies, plans, programs) to address climate change risks and identify highly vulnerable assets. Policy reviewed; vulnerable assets identified. MEI 0.035 Ensure the design of road infrastructure taking into account the need to adapt to climate change.', 'MEI 0.035 Ensure the design of road infrastructure taking into account the need to adapt to climate change. Regulations, standards approved. MEI 0.105 Ensure the sustainability of transport infrastructure through the use of materials resistant to temperature fluctuations, floods. Regulations, standards approved. MEI 0.35 Develop process and mandate for channeling funds from the Road Fund towards sector-based climate change risk research, impact assessment, capacity building, planning. Process and mandate developed. MEI 0.04 Increase climate resistance of the transport infrastructure (roads, bridges, viaducts, railways, tracks). Climate resilient transport infrastructure re- constructed/ constructed. Access of rural population to a climate-resilient road system that takes into account social, age and gender aspects. km of climate-resilient road in rural area developed.', 'km of climate-resilient road in rural area developed. MEI 70.00 Ensure planning of urban transportation system in view of creating the needed infrastructure to promote alternative transportation such as cycling. Infrastructure created for cyclists in urban area. MEI 14.00 Cross-cutting Improve resilience of Moldovan communities to the adverse effects of climate change through improved surface water management. Small-scale water storage constructed; irrigation options improved; water efficiency and agricultural productivity increased; energy costs reduced; awareness of climate resilience issues among users of water services; water security increased; high value agricultural developed. MARDE, Private sectorIdentified need Indicators Responsible Lead Agency Estimated Resources Required (mil. US $) Ecosystem Approaches in Disaster Risk Management (EA DRR). Disaster risk assessment for three zones: Dniester National Park, Lapusna river basin and Biosphere Reserve "Prutul de Jos" effectuated; Measures/options to mitigate and reduce these risks identified and integrated in the local development documents.', 'Disaster risk assessment for three zones: Dniester National Park, Lapusna river basin and Biosphere Reserve "Prutul de Jos" effectuated; Measures/options to mitigate and reduce these risks identified and integrated in the local development documents. Regional Development Sector * Sources: CCAS, 2014; CN4; MARDE and WB Report) Given the scale of adaptation challenge, to put in place an effective response and recovery system at the national level in the Republic of Moldova, aggregated effort of both domestic budget and international support is needed. It is expected that in addition to the domestic investments, the leading international finance and investment actors, through financial instruments tailored to the Republic of Moldova’s circumstances, will contribute to building climate-resilient sustainable and inclusive economic growth of the country and Eastern European region as well. 3.5.', 'It is expected that in addition to the domestic investments, the leading international finance and investment actors, through financial instruments tailored to the Republic of Moldova’s circumstances, will contribute to building climate-resilient sustainable and inclusive economic growth of the country and Eastern European region as well. 3.5. IMPLEMENTATION OF ADAPTATION PLANS AND ACTIONS 3.5.1.', 'IMPLEMENTATION OF ADAPTATION PLANS AND ACTIONS 3.5.1. PROGRESS AND RESULTS ACHIEVED IN THE FIRST CYCLE OF NAP The first cycle of Moldova’s National Adaptation Plan (NAP-1) was established through a four-year (2013-2017) project “Supporting Moldova’s National Climate Change Adaptation Planning Process” supported by the Austrian Development Agency (ADA) with funding from the Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management of the Republic of Austria and implemented by the Climate Change Office, Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Moldova, in partnership with UNDP Moldova.', 'PROGRESS AND RESULTS ACHIEVED IN THE FIRST CYCLE OF NAP The first cycle of Moldova’s National Adaptation Plan (NAP-1) was established through a four-year (2013-2017) project “Supporting Moldova’s National Climate Change Adaptation Planning Process” supported by the Austrian Development Agency (ADA) with funding from the Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management of the Republic of Austria and implemented by the Climate Change Office, Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Moldova, in partnership with UNDP Moldova. The overall goal of the project was to ensure that the Republic of Moldova has a system and capacities in place for medium to long-term adaptation planning and budgeting with the overall aim to reduce the vulnerability of the population and key sectors to the impacts of climate change.', 'The overall goal of the project was to ensure that the Republic of Moldova has a system and capacities in place for medium to long-term adaptation planning and budgeting with the overall aim to reduce the vulnerability of the population and key sectors to the impacts of climate change. Through the implemented activities and produced outputs and outcomes in line with UNFCCC Guide (National Adaptation Plans. Technical guidelines for the national adaptation plan process50) the Moldova’s National Adaptation Plan was produced as a process that is dynamic, modifiable, and responsive to changing conditions of the country (political, economic, social) and latest information and knowledge on climate change impacts.', 'Technical guidelines for the national adaptation plan process50) the Moldova’s National Adaptation Plan was produced as a process that is dynamic, modifiable, and responsive to changing conditions of the country (political, economic, social) and latest information and knowledge on climate change impacts. Incorporation of adaptation into the Republic of Moldova’s planning required a number of important decisions, taking into account future risks and prioritizing early options. The NAP process in the Republic of Moldova was established as a modality to assemble various adaptation efforts into coherent and sustainable national process.', 'The NAP process in the Republic of Moldova was established as a modality to assemble various adaptation efforts into coherent and sustainable national process. In its turn, the NAP was envisaged to assist the Government of Moldova to maximize synergies of existing or under development processes of NDCs, SDGs, Paris Agreement, CCAS and, to the extent possible, integrate and add value to a more sustainable and resilient development of the country. Participation of stakeholders able to support adaptation in the political context, with a special focus on sector level was, therefore, critical.', 'Participation of stakeholders able to support adaptation in the political context, with a special focus on sector level was, therefore, critical. In line with CCAS, the priority sectors of the first NAP were water resources, agriculture, forestry, health, energy, and transport –In addition, the regional development sector was considered as a priority because of its responsibility for local level authorities and planning. Collaboration with Ministries and their subordinated institutions has brought a broad range of useful sector expertise, improving the understating of the sectoral context in relation to CCA and ensuring country ownership.', 'Collaboration with Ministries and their subordinated institutions has brought a broad range of useful sector expertise, improving the understating of the sectoral context in relation to CCA and ensuring country ownership. Implementation of NAP1 was challenging due to lack of well-developed methodologies (nationally and internationally), constraints in resources, the volatile political context of the country affecting the progress and weakening the national ownership of the intended results. Despite these challenges, the project team was able to position the project as a catalyst for government planning on adaptation to climate change and has generated momentum to move up the issue of adaptation to climate change on the political priority agenda, 50 National Adaptation Plans. Technical guidelines for the national adaptation plan process.', 'Technical guidelines for the national adaptation plan process. LDC expert group, 2012 unfccc.int/files/adaptation/cancun_adaptation_framework/application/pdf/naptechguidelines_eng_high__res.pdfas a distinct policy focus. Table 3.5-1 summarizes the main achievements under the NAP-1 in the Republic of Moldova. Table 3.5-1: The main climate change adaptation activities implemented and achievements under the first National Adaptation Planning cycle Activity Main tasks Results achieved Development of the concept of coordination mechanism and supporting elements for adaptation processes - Develop the concept of Climate Change Coordination Mechanism - Develop the concept of M&E system and sectorial/agency reporting format - Develop the concept on CCA Information System in support to M&E system. - Government Decision on cross-sectorial multi- stakeholder mechanism written - Inter-sectorial and sector specific indicator fiches developed - Web-based portal for Climate Change Adaptation Information System and monitoring, reporting and evaluation of CCA action built and launched.', '- Government Decision on cross-sectorial multi- stakeholder mechanism written - Inter-sectorial and sector specific indicator fiches developed - Web-based portal for Climate Change Adaptation Information System and monitoring, reporting and evaluation of CCA action built and launched. Adaptation mainstreamed in priority sectorial development plans - Develop sectorial CCA strategies and measures for transport and energy sectors - Mainstream CCA measures into socio-economic development strategies of 6 districts - Produce sector specific CCA Strategy and its associated Action Plan for Health and Forestry sectors. - Prioritized adaptation measures disaggregated into actions represent a focused and applicable response of sectors to climate risks - Adaptation measures identified and widely discussed at Ministry level and comments from subordinated institutions and agencies incorporated - Sector specific policy documents of health and forestry sectors respond to climate threats in a holistic and applicable manner.', '- Prioritized adaptation measures disaggregated into actions represent a focused and applicable response of sectors to climate risks - Adaptation measures identified and widely discussed at Ministry level and comments from subordinated institutions and agencies incorporated - Sector specific policy documents of health and forestry sectors respond to climate threats in a holistic and applicable manner. Mainstreaming climate into national budget through climate budget tagging approach - Develop the concept of mainstreaming climate into Moldova’s Budget Development Process. - The concept of climate tagging was developed. The approach is in line with MoF reform initiatives and brings benefits for improved CCA - User‘s guide and methodological guidelines on climate tagging of the national public budget produced to support technical planners at the sector level monitoring.', 'The approach is in line with MoF reform initiatives and brings benefits for improved CCA - User‘s guide and methodological guidelines on climate tagging of the national public budget produced to support technical planners at the sector level monitoring. Communication and outreach strategy developed and implemented - Develop NAP1 Communication Strategy and Action Plan for its implementation - Organize awareness raising, communication, outreach and knowledge sharing events across the country - Develop knowledge management Strategy and climate change knowledge management plan with leverage of existing knowledge resources on climate change adaptation, enhance project’s visibility for both domestic and international audience.', 'Communication and outreach strategy developed and implemented - Develop NAP1 Communication Strategy and Action Plan for its implementation - Organize awareness raising, communication, outreach and knowledge sharing events across the country - Develop knowledge management Strategy and climate change knowledge management plan with leverage of existing knowledge resources on climate change adaptation, enhance project’s visibility for both domestic and international audience. - Communication component brought about wide- spread visibility to adaptation planning activities, and helped build support for adaptation action - A visible campaign that showcased the results of implemented adaptation pilot projects, along with the achievements of State Hydrometeorological Service of Moldova (SHSM) - Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik (ZAMG) partnership have been promoted through a portfolio of success stories complemented by the photo essays posted on the national and global UNDP platforms - Dedicated adaptation websites developed (www.adapt.clima.md;www.portal.clima.md) - Increased use of online tools for awareness-raising activities.', '- Communication component brought about wide- spread visibility to adaptation planning activities, and helped build support for adaptation action - A visible campaign that showcased the results of implemented adaptation pilot projects, along with the achievements of State Hydrometeorological Service of Moldova (SHSM) - Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik (ZAMG) partnership have been promoted through a portfolio of success stories complemented by the photo essays posted on the national and global UNDP platforms - Dedicated adaptation websites developed (www.adapt.clima.md;www.portal.clima.md) - Increased use of online tools for awareness-raising activities. Sectorial planners are trained in the use of CCA tools and approaches - Develop a combination of participatory approaches, tools and methods to increase stakeholders’ CCA related knowledge.', 'Sectorial planners are trained in the use of CCA tools and approaches - Develop a combination of participatory approaches, tools and methods to increase stakeholders’ CCA related knowledge. - Information and training activities carried out during the NAP1 strengthened institutions at national, sector and district levels and improved understanding of CCA - The development of guidance materials was crucial for understating on CCA planning and implementation at different levels of governance, thematic areas and implementation scales - Training provided to: (a) sectorial planners in the use of the tools and approaches;(b) chiefs of policy monitoring and development departments of key Ministries on the screening of policy documents against climate risks the mainstreaming of CCA into sectorial planning; (c) district level decision-makers trained on the need and modalities to incorporate CCA into local development policies; (d) chief engineers and technical staff from the State forest enterprises; (e) health professionals, heads of district level public health units on thematic areas of climate impact on human health and sector level responseActivity Main tasks Results achieved - Guidance materials developed on: (a) Mainstreaming CCA into sectorial development planning; (b) Mainstreaming gender into sectorial policy documents; (c) CCA measures for energy and transport sectors; (d) Glossary of CCA terminology; (e) Cost-benefit analysis in evaluation of CCA for sector measures; (f) Applying conservation agriculture.', '- Information and training activities carried out during the NAP1 strengthened institutions at national, sector and district levels and improved understanding of CCA - The development of guidance materials was crucial for understating on CCA planning and implementation at different levels of governance, thematic areas and implementation scales - Training provided to: (a) sectorial planners in the use of the tools and approaches;(b) chiefs of policy monitoring and development departments of key Ministries on the screening of policy documents against climate risks the mainstreaming of CCA into sectorial planning; (c) district level decision-makers trained on the need and modalities to incorporate CCA into local development policies; (d) chief engineers and technical staff from the State forest enterprises; (e) health professionals, heads of district level public health units on thematic areas of climate impact on human health and sector level responseActivity Main tasks Results achieved - Guidance materials developed on: (a) Mainstreaming CCA into sectorial development planning; (b) Mainstreaming gender into sectorial policy documents; (c) CCA measures for energy and transport sectors; (d) Glossary of CCA terminology; (e) Cost-benefit analysis in evaluation of CCA for sector measures; (f) Applying conservation agriculture. Data availability, management, dissemination and capacity to support adaptation planning - Provide to SHSM staff advanced training for now-casting, forecasting and hydrology - Reconstruction and modernization of the SHSM website - SHSM to operate EWS of Meteoalarm platform.', 'Data availability, management, dissemination and capacity to support adaptation planning - Provide to SHSM staff advanced training for now-casting, forecasting and hydrology - Reconstruction and modernization of the SHSM website - SHSM to operate EWS of Meteoalarm platform. - SHSM became member of EU Metnet and operates EWS following high quality capacity development - SHSM independently operates EU EWS platform www.meteoalarm.eu - SHSM site modernized and revamped www.meteo.md Priority and innovative on-the-ground CCA measures implemented in the most vulnerable areas/sectors in each of the three Development Regions - Develop Small Grant Scheme according to validated sectors of each Development Region - Establish post-project monitoring of implemented projects. - Well-developed Grant Scheme - Seven pilot projects in the area of agriculture, water, and energy completed in each of the three Development Regions - Good tutorials for implementation of CCA technologies.', '- Well-developed Grant Scheme - Seven pilot projects in the area of agriculture, water, and energy completed in each of the three Development Regions - Good tutorials for implementation of CCA technologies. - Good response at the community level - Pilot projects served as demo projects of CCA at household and community levels. Development of CCA project feasibility study - Develop a feasibility study on water management as a climate change adaptation intervention. - The study is supporting the up-scaling of a piloted adaptation intervention in water resource management of rural area. Promotion of gender equality in CCA - Incorporate gender issues in all CCA activities and products.', 'Promotion of gender equality in CCA - Incorporate gender issues in all CCA activities and products. - Gender component was mainstreamed into all activities related to adaptation planning and implementation - Climate chapter mainstreamed into Moldova Gender Equality Strategy for 2017-2021 - Awareness raising and information events on various thematic areas regarding gender and climate organized - Tools and methodologies for assessing gender responsiveness and sensitivity of programs and policies developed. - Guidance materials on gender incorporation from climate change perspective into development planning produced - Training of sectorial planners on gender mainstreaming in sectorial planning and of sectorial communicators on communication of CCA from gender perspective implemented. Along with framing and implementing the first cycle of the National Adaptation Plan, the actions implemented at sector level presented a significant contribution to reducing the country’s vulnerability to climate change impacts.', 'Along with framing and implementing the first cycle of the National Adaptation Plan, the actions implemented at sector level presented a significant contribution to reducing the country’s vulnerability to climate change impacts. Recently implemented adaptation practices and actions at sector level are described bellow, with some emerging conclusions The Agriculture Sector of the Republic of Moldova is working toward achieving sustainable agricultural development for food security under the climate change. In this regard, efforts have been geared towards sustainable land use and management practices, as changing climate adds to already existing resource problems of water scarcity, soil degradation, and pollution.', 'In this regard, efforts have been geared towards sustainable land use and management practices, as changing climate adds to already existing resource problems of water scarcity, soil degradation, and pollution. Within the Rural Program for Inclusive Economic- Climatic Resilience, along with delivered dedicated training on techniques and practices of conservation agriculture, grants were offered to purchase agricultural equipment for no-till, mini-till technologies, in some cases combined with precision agriculture. Through the Fund for subsidizing agricultural producers, the Government annually allocates financial resources to motivate investments in both the consolidation of agricultural land plots and for the acquisition of agricultural equipment. Implementation of these technologies aims at continued vitality of Moldova’s agricultural economy while enhancing environmental benefits and building climate resilience.', 'Implementation of these technologies aims at continued vitality of Moldova’s agricultural economy while enhancing environmental benefits and building climate resilience. It seeks to promote the profitability of agricultural producers throughout the country while restoring or enhancing natural resources, with a special focus on soil conservation.The International Fund for Agriculture Development (IFAD), through Rural Resilience Project (2017-2023) contributes to the improvement of smallholders and agribusiness adaptive capacity providing support to enhance climate-resilient irrigation and rainwater harvesting infrastructures; promoting investments for the application of conservation agriculture, irrigation technologies, integrated pest management, crops diversification and investments in post-harvesting and processing technologies.', 'It seeks to promote the profitability of agricultural producers throughout the country while restoring or enhancing natural resources, with a special focus on soil conservation.The International Fund for Agriculture Development (IFAD), through Rural Resilience Project (2017-2023) contributes to the improvement of smallholders and agribusiness adaptive capacity providing support to enhance climate-resilient irrigation and rainwater harvesting infrastructures; promoting investments for the application of conservation agriculture, irrigation technologies, integrated pest management, crops diversification and investments in post-harvesting and processing technologies. Despite the progress made in the sector, a number of serious gaps still persist, in particular, related to methodological aspects of applying conservation agriculture technologies and practices, which are of particular importance for the success of this type of agriculture.', 'Despite the progress made in the sector, a number of serious gaps still persist, in particular, related to methodological aspects of applying conservation agriculture technologies and practices, which are of particular importance for the success of this type of agriculture. Promoting tolerant seed varieties with increased resistance to drought is a measure that complements conservation agriculture. The Catalogue of Plant Varieties registers new varieties of plants with higher resistance to drought conditions. Through the FAO support, the State Commission for variety testing benefited from advanced laboratory equipment to identify the best seeds in the process of varieties testing, that helps in approval of early varieties resistant to adverse climatic conditions.', 'Through the FAO support, the State Commission for variety testing benefited from advanced laboratory equipment to identify the best seeds in the process of varieties testing, that helps in approval of early varieties resistant to adverse climatic conditions. The introduction of new policies, based on an integrated approach within the different climate change scenarios, as well as the adoption of action plans for managing river basins with sustainable water use, are some of the most important current and long-term adaptation priorities of the Water Resources sector to achieve the goal of country’s water security in support to sustainable development.', 'The introduction of new policies, based on an integrated approach within the different climate change scenarios, as well as the adoption of action plans for managing river basins with sustainable water use, are some of the most important current and long-term adaptation priorities of the Water Resources sector to achieve the goal of country’s water security in support to sustainable development. The sector promoted the efficiency in the management of water resources through active involvement of created river basin committees and sub-committees, covering 80% of the country s territory, with the main objective to implement the two Water Management Plans for the Dniester River Basin and the Danube – Prut – Black Sea area.', 'The sector promoted the efficiency in the management of water resources through active involvement of created river basin committees and sub-committees, covering 80% of the country s territory, with the main objective to implement the two Water Management Plans for the Dniester River Basin and the Danube – Prut – Black Sea area. District-level committees provided guidance and supervision in implemented adaptation measures oriented toward consolidation of river banks within the river districts, clearing the rivers, arranging and rehabilitating springs and streams, removing waste and garbage. The project "Strengthening the institutional framework in the water supply and sanitation sector in the Republic of Moldova" implemented a Small Grants Program for Environmental NGOs, addressing local, sub-basin level issues.', 'The project "Strengthening the institutional framework in the water supply and sanitation sector in the Republic of Moldova" implemented a Small Grants Program for Environmental NGOs, addressing local, sub-basin level issues. Flood risk and drought risk management plans are being developed based on the hydrographic districts, that will include priority actions related to the rehabilitation and development of the flood protection infrastructure, as well as adequate water resource management measures in the case of drought. Being one of the main priorities of the sector, water security involves maintaining and capitalizing on water resources, providing water services and mitigating water risks to optimize the benefits for the economy, people and the environment.', 'Being one of the main priorities of the sector, water security involves maintaining and capitalizing on water resources, providing water services and mitigating water risks to optimize the benefits for the economy, people and the environment. As part of the World Bank Project “Diagnosis and prospects for water security in the Republic of Moldova” the risks of water shortage were evaluated. In addition to the activities oriented toward the development of sector-specific adaptation enabling environment during the NAP-1, the Human Health Sector implemented actions to strengthen the epidemiological surveillance of vector-borne diseases and health system capabilities to ensure the provision of medical assistance to the population during the heat waves. The data on air quality, surface water, ground- water and soil quality have been monitored and evaluated.', 'The data on air quality, surface water, ground- water and soil quality have been monitored and evaluated. In order to improve the capacity of the health sector to adapt to the climate change, a "Guide for investigation and response to outbreaks caused by consumption of unsafe food and water" was developed and widely distributed among health sector practitioners, along with guidance on the implementation of good practices for managing medical waste. A number of awareness, education and prevention measures have been implemented to inform the general public about the danger of air pollution, the impact of increased air temperature in the context of global warming, in particular during heat waves, correct behavior of the population during the high heat.', 'A number of awareness, education and prevention measures have been implemented to inform the general public about the danger of air pollution, the impact of increased air temperature in the context of global warming, in particular during heat waves, correct behavior of the population during the high heat. In this context, the Ethics Committee has undertaken an examination on the efficiency and correctitude of information disseminated to the general public on the impact of and behavior during the heat waves and other extreme weather events through media channels.', 'In this context, the Ethics Committee has undertaken an examination on the efficiency and correctitude of information disseminated to the general public on the impact of and behavior during the heat waves and other extreme weather events through media channels. Although there are well-established public policies in the Republic of Moldova to promote human health, the country is not yet sufficiently prepared to deal with the range of problems associated with the consequences of climate change and more proactive action of health agencies, in particular of primary health care facilities, is to be adopted.Similar to the health sector, the Forestry Sector of the Republic of Moldova strengthened its sector-specific adaptation enabling framework within the NAP-1.', 'Although there are well-established public policies in the Republic of Moldova to promote human health, the country is not yet sufficiently prepared to deal with the range of problems associated with the consequences of climate change and more proactive action of health agencies, in particular of primary health care facilities, is to be adopted.Similar to the health sector, the Forestry Sector of the Republic of Moldova strengthened its sector-specific adaptation enabling framework within the NAP-1. At the action level, afforestation measures were implemented with benefits for both adaptation and mitigation of climate change, and contributed to increasing the biological diversity. Special attention was paid to the planting of forest belts for the purpose of agricultural land and water protection.', 'Special attention was paid to the planting of forest belts for the purpose of agricultural land and water protection. Measures were taken to create forest plantations for industrial and energy needs, as well as planting energy crops to meet population needs for heating and food preparation. Extensive ecological reconstruction works were carried out in forestry areas, along with identification of the degraded land for further afforestation, along with the growth of forest reproductive material.', 'Extensive ecological reconstruction works were carried out in forestry areas, along with identification of the degraded land for further afforestation, along with the growth of forest reproductive material. During the National Day for Greening of local communities, implemented with the aim to encourage the local population to take part in green activities, the Local Public Authorities have been provided with tree reproductive material in the amount of 1.0 million MDL, to be used for the creation of urban and rural green spaces.', 'During the National Day for Greening of local communities, implemented with the aim to encourage the local population to take part in green activities, the Local Public Authorities have been provided with tree reproductive material in the amount of 1.0 million MDL, to be used for the creation of urban and rural green spaces. Managing the interactions between climate change, land use, and terrestrial ecosystems is still a challenge at sector and national levels, and it requires efficient policy instruments that can help in ensuring conservation and sustainable use of forests, implementation of ecosystem-based adaptation strategies and ecosystem services programme. For the Energy Sector of the country, promoting the use of energy from renewable sources operating on environmentally friendly technologies is a major priority of the sector.', 'For the Energy Sector of the country, promoting the use of energy from renewable sources operating on environmentally friendly technologies is a major priority of the sector. In this regard, the existing regulatory framework provides for the support of investors in electricity generation installations from wind, photovoltaic, biogas and solid biomass cogeneration plants by granting fixed tariffs and a fixed price. Currently, wind power plants with a cumulative power of over 27 MW are installed, complemented by the photovoltaic power plants with a cumulative power of 3.9 MW and biogas cogeneration power plants with a capacity of 5.7 MW.', 'Currently, wind power plants with a cumulative power of over 27 MW are installed, complemented by the photovoltaic power plants with a cumulative power of 3.9 MW and biogas cogeneration power plants with a capacity of 5.7 MW. The promotion of gradual transition from the use of traditional fuel sources to the use of biofuel evolves actively in the country, according to the statistical data (Energy Balance Edition 2018) in 2017, with over 26% of the total energy used in the Republic of Moldova -originating from biomass or, over 47% of the total energy used for heating and cooling is biomass.', 'The promotion of gradual transition from the use of traditional fuel sources to the use of biofuel evolves actively in the country, according to the statistical data (Energy Balance Edition 2018) in 2017, with over 26% of the total energy used in the Republic of Moldova -originating from biomass or, over 47% of the total energy used for heating and cooling is biomass. According to the Report of the National Agency for Regulation in Energy for 2018, the loss of thermal energy in the networks decreased from 21.1% in 2017 to 19.5%. The main national producers of electric and thermal energy (Termoelectrica S.A. and CET – Nord S.A.) implemented projects to streamline the process of energy production and supply.', 'The main national producers of electric and thermal energy (Termoelectrica S.A. and CET – Nord S.A.) implemented projects to streamline the process of energy production and supply. Regarding the power sector, it is worth mentioning that, during the last years (2015-2018) there is a positive evolution of reducing the electricity loss in the grid, thus, for 2018 it represents on average 8.12-8.87% of the total volume of electricity; at the same time, the National Agency for Energy Regulation approved for 2018 investments of over 870 million MDL for the improvement of the electricity sector. Promotion of energy efficiency and renewable sources is seen as an urgent priority of energy sector, therefore, the annual Moldova Eco Energetica event is organized as an umbrella concept.', 'Promotion of energy efficiency and renewable sources is seen as an urgent priority of energy sector, therefore, the annual Moldova Eco Energetica event is organized as an umbrella concept. The campaign finalizes with an award event of the best implemented projects, technologies and ideas in the area of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Sources. In the Transport Sector, the technical projects for repair, reconstruction and construction of the national roads are designed according to the Practical Codes developed to meet the needs of the roads adapting to climate change. At the same time, the sustainability of the transport infrastructure is ensured by the use of materials resistant to temperature fluctuations and floods.', 'At the same time, the sustainability of the transport infrastructure is ensured by the use of materials resistant to temperature fluctuations and floods. Recently, a number of regulatory acts were approved for classification and periodicity of the execution of the works of maintenance and repair of public roads, prevention and combating snow on public roads, limitation of the movement of the high tonnage vehicles on some roads. The construction of better quality roads, resistant to climatic effects, would help to increase the competitiveness of the sector and the security on the roads. For this to be achieved, the transport sector of Moldova needs to catalyze public and private sector investments and enhance climate action for building a reliable transport infrastructure network.3.6.', 'For this to be achieved, the transport sector of Moldova needs to catalyze public and private sector investments and enhance climate action for building a reliable transport infrastructure network.3.6. BARRIERS, CHALLENGES AND GAPS RELATED TO THE PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ADAPTATION 3.6.1. CROSS-CUTTING AND SECTOR-SPECIFIC BARRIERS, CHALLENGES AND GAPS A number of capacity-related assessments undertaken at the national and sub-national levels, in particular at sector level, have identified gaps and constraints that cumulatively act as barriers that impede progress in adaptation planning and its implementation in the key sectors of the Republic of Moldova.', 'CROSS-CUTTING AND SECTOR-SPECIFIC BARRIERS, CHALLENGES AND GAPS A number of capacity-related assessments undertaken at the national and sub-national levels, in particular at sector level, have identified gaps and constraints that cumulatively act as barriers that impede progress in adaptation planning and its implementation in the key sectors of the Republic of Moldova. More concretely, Institutional Capacity Assessment (ICA) carried out during NAP-1, application of Vulnerability and Resilience Indicators Model and Livelihood Vulnerability Index within NC3 (2010) to UNFCCC51 and climate change impact sectorial assessments within the NC4 to UNFCCC52, the Climate Change Adaptation Strategy and its implementation Action Plan until 202053, the Technology Needs Assessment54, the National Human Development Report in Moldova (2009-2010)55, World Bank Technical Assistance Document56, the FAO comprehensive assessment of the impact of 2012 drought impact in the Republic of Moldova57; development of the Republic of Moldova’s Country Programme for the engagement with GCF, stocktaking exercise for the preparation of NAP, other project-based assessments undertaken by the national and external stakeholders have revealed the barriers to effective sectorial adaptation arising from political instability, socioeconomic conditions, uncertainties of future climate as well as financial, technologic, institutional, and individual knowledge limitations.', 'More concretely, Institutional Capacity Assessment (ICA) carried out during NAP-1, application of Vulnerability and Resilience Indicators Model and Livelihood Vulnerability Index within NC3 (2010) to UNFCCC51 and climate change impact sectorial assessments within the NC4 to UNFCCC52, the Climate Change Adaptation Strategy and its implementation Action Plan until 202053, the Technology Needs Assessment54, the National Human Development Report in Moldova (2009-2010)55, World Bank Technical Assistance Document56, the FAO comprehensive assessment of the impact of 2012 drought impact in the Republic of Moldova57; development of the Republic of Moldova’s Country Programme for the engagement with GCF, stocktaking exercise for the preparation of NAP, other project-based assessments undertaken by the national and external stakeholders have revealed the barriers to effective sectorial adaptation arising from political instability, socioeconomic conditions, uncertainties of future climate as well as financial, technologic, institutional, and individual knowledge limitations. The main systemic impediments for an increased political commitment in addressing climate change adaptation include: (i) insufficient prioritization of climate change adaptation in national political agenda, with the focus of politicians on the immediate needs for economic growth; (ii) insufficient knowledge of high-level decision makers on the magnitude of the climate change impacts and the threat to economic growth and ecosystem services; (iii) insufficient statistical data and climate impact studies on health and wellbeing through a gender perspective.', 'The main systemic impediments for an increased political commitment in addressing climate change adaptation include: (i) insufficient prioritization of climate change adaptation in national political agenda, with the focus of politicians on the immediate needs for economic growth; (ii) insufficient knowledge of high-level decision makers on the magnitude of the climate change impacts and the threat to economic growth and ecosystem services; (iii) insufficient statistical data and climate impact studies on health and wellbeing through a gender perspective. The national actors, benefiting from the engagement and the participation in the climate change global agenda, have limited awareness and knowledge of trends and opportunities presented by the climate change global agenda, particularly regarding the opportunities for a range of information, tools, technical assistance, and project funding.', 'The national actors, benefiting from the engagement and the participation in the climate change global agenda, have limited awareness and knowledge of trends and opportunities presented by the climate change global agenda, particularly regarding the opportunities for a range of information, tools, technical assistance, and project funding. Legislation and policy papers have the following weaknesses: (i) climate impacts are addressed insufficiently in sectorial legislation and policies, even in highly climate-sensitive sectors such as agriculture, forestry and health; (ii) the lack of a specific reference to climate change in many laws hinders the development of sectorial adaptation programs, because ministries and agencies cannot request funding for adaptation-related activities without explicit powers in the area of adaptation to climate change; (iii) strategies do not take into account or do not include climate change adaptation considerations in proposed sectorial measures and objectives, even when these objectives are directly affected by climate variability and climate change.', 'Legislation and policy papers have the following weaknesses: (i) climate impacts are addressed insufficiently in sectorial legislation and policies, even in highly climate-sensitive sectors such as agriculture, forestry and health; (ii) the lack of a specific reference to climate change in many laws hinders the development of sectorial adaptation programs, because ministries and agencies cannot request funding for adaptation-related activities without explicit powers in the area of adaptation to climate change; (iii) strategies do not take into account or do not include climate change adaptation considerations in proposed sectorial measures and objectives, even when these objectives are directly affected by climate variability and climate change. The government has clear lines of communication and skills within individual institutions and agencies, while cross-sectorial coordination of information and strategies needs improvement.', 'The government has clear lines of communication and skills within individual institutions and agencies, while cross-sectorial coordination of information and strategies needs improvement. These impediments are a major constraint on the national government’s ability to link environmental and development strategies to the impact of climate change. Efforts are being made to move towards a more coordinated and integrated approach to climate change adaptation. The inter-sectorial Climate Change Coordination Mechanism led by the National Commission on Climate Change, including the M&E component (under approval), combined with the National Adaptation Planning process, is expected to be a high-impact national strategic initiative specifically addressing climate change.', 'The inter-sectorial Climate Change Coordination Mechanism led by the National Commission on Climate Change, including the M&E component (under approval), combined with the National Adaptation Planning process, is expected to be a high-impact national strategic initiative specifically addressing climate change. 51 Third National Communication of the Republic of Moldova, developed within the framework of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Ministry of Environment, Chișinău, 2014, < 52 Fourth National Communication of the Republic of Moldova, developed within the framework of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Chișinău, 2018, < 53 GD no. 1009 of 10.12.2014 regarding the Republic of Moldova’s 2020 Climate Change Adaptation Strategy and its implementation Action Plan, Official Gazette no. 372-384 of 19.12.2014.', '1009 of 10.12.2014 regarding the Republic of Moldova’s 2020 Climate Change Adaptation Strategy and its implementation Action Plan, Official Gazette no. 372-384 of 19.12.2014. 55 UNDP: The National Human Development Report in Moldova (2009-2010). 56 World Bank. 2016. Moldova - Climate adaptation investment planning technical assistance (English). Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group, 57 FAO, 2012: Comprehensive assessment of the 2012 drought impact in Moldova,The number of climate-induced disasters in the Republic of Moldova is increasing58; for this reason, additional efforts are required, first of all, to: (i) strengthen the forecasting capacities of severe weather conditions; (ii) increase disaster preparedness and emergency response; (iii) implement adaptation measures in agriculture and other highly-exposed sectors59.', 'Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group, 57 FAO, 2012: Comprehensive assessment of the 2012 drought impact in Moldova,The number of climate-induced disasters in the Republic of Moldova is increasing58; for this reason, additional efforts are required, first of all, to: (i) strengthen the forecasting capacities of severe weather conditions; (ii) increase disaster preparedness and emergency response; (iii) implement adaptation measures in agriculture and other highly-exposed sectors59. This situation needs to be addressed in order to allow adequate response to dangers and other challenges of the evolving climate.', 'This situation needs to be addressed in order to allow adequate response to dangers and other challenges of the evolving climate. The constraints and impediments on institutional capacities faced by the Republic of Moldova presented in Tables 3.6-1 and 3.6-2 do not allow to respond effectively to the impacts of climate change; therefore, the Capacity Development Program (CDP) up to 2025 was developed based on institutional capacity assessment of seven key sectors (water, agriculture, energy, health, transport, forestry and regional development) of the Republic of Moldova undertaken during the NAP-1. It reflects the sectorial and cross-sectorial needs of the country and the priority capacity building actions to be pursued.', 'It reflects the sectorial and cross-sectorial needs of the country and the priority capacity building actions to be pursued. When the Government’s decision on the Climate Change Coordination Mechanism and the M&E framework is enacted, the National Commission for Climate Change will take over the surveillance of adaption activities. Table 3.6-1: Summary of Cross-sectorial Climate Change Adaptation Barriers and Gaps Policy framework and institutional capacities Climate change adaptation capacity level barriers and gaps Systemic Organizational Individual National Development Policies Climate change and adaptation are not sufficiently mainstreamed into national development strategies. Insufficient political will to prioritize climate change at national level. Reporting on climate-related issues is not consolidated. The adaptation-related “portfolio” is not seen from a holistic and programmatic approach perspective. Decision-makers do not perceive adaptation as a development issue.', 'Decision-makers do not perceive adaptation as a development issue. Economic and Sectorial Development Policies Laws in climate-sensitive sectors do not sufficiently address climate change and adaptation as an integral aspect of the sector. Ministries and other agencies in climate-sensitive sectors do not have a clear legal mandate to conduct work on adaptation. Environment Policies Climate related strategies are in their early stages and are not yet reflected in sectorial policies. Restructuring and shifts in program mandates often lead to low availability of program- related information. There is need to prepare compelling budget requests that explain the development linkages of environmental programs. Decision-makers and staff lack specialized knowledge to design and implement climate change adaptation programs. Public Admin/Public Management Frequent institutional reorganizations lead to lack of continuity; loss of data and institutional memory. Climate change adaptation portfolio is not sufficiently evaluated or monitored. Lack of ongoing support for adaptation initiatives leads to continuity gaps.', 'Lack of ongoing support for adaptation initiatives leads to continuity gaps. Government agencies may report on program implementation but they do not necessarily incorporate lessons learn into program design. Unclear alignment between agency budgeting and policy priorities. Sectorial agencies may lack the skills to analyze the data they collect and utilize the findings from adaptation-related projects. Staff often lacks specialized training or mentoring. Gender and Vulnerable Groups Climate change adaptation is not sufficiently mainstreamed into legislation on human health and related social services. Limited understanding of methodological approach to mainstream adaptation at organizational level. Limited gender disaggregated data on climate change impact. Low level of awareness about climate adaptation and related practices hinder development of community resilience. Disaster Risk Reduction Climate change and climate change adaptation are not sufficiently mainstreamed Lack of a comprehensive strategy.', 'Disaster Risk Reduction Climate change and climate change adaptation are not sufficiently mainstreamed Lack of a comprehensive strategy. Low level of awareness about disaster risk reductionPolicy framework and institutional capacities Climate change adaptation capacity level barriers and gaps Systemic Organizational Individual into legislation on disaster preparedness. practices that may improve adaptive capacity. Communication and Public Awareness Insufficient guiding policies and/or strategies on communication and awareness raising with regard to climate risks. Limited understanding within government and lead agencies on the need for communication and awareness raising. Low level of awareness about communication practices that may improve community resilience. Knowledge Management Lack of guiding policies and/or strategies on knowledge management. Limited understanding within government and lead agencies on knowledge management. Climate change, its impacts are not prioritized or used in daily agenda of civil servants.', 'Climate change, its impacts are not prioritized or used in daily agenda of civil servants. Table 3.6-2: Summary of Sector-level Climate Change Adaptation Barriers and Gaps Sector Sectorial climate change barriers and gaps Enabling environment Organizational Agriculture - Limited link between policy, functional programming and budgeting; - Lack of access to financial resources and distortions caused by underdeveloped capital markets that also inhibits private investments; - Insufficient incentives to develop and use climate resilient and sustainable technologies for soil conservation combined with neglected agricultural externalities (pollution, degradation, etc.', 'Table 3.6-2: Summary of Sector-level Climate Change Adaptation Barriers and Gaps Sector Sectorial climate change barriers and gaps Enabling environment Organizational Agriculture - Limited link between policy, functional programming and budgeting; - Lack of access to financial resources and distortions caused by underdeveloped capital markets that also inhibits private investments; - Insufficient incentives to develop and use climate resilient and sustainable technologies for soil conservation combined with neglected agricultural externalities (pollution, degradation, etc. ); - Lack of professional institutions to promote sustainable markets and lack of research in development and adoption of technology systems adapted to climate change; - Macro-economic conditions that affect subsidies, import duties and creates market distortions; - Poorly developed logistics and supply system; - Limited methodologies for climate impact measurement of related policies, plans and available financial resources.', '); - Lack of professional institutions to promote sustainable markets and lack of research in development and adoption of technology systems adapted to climate change; - Macro-economic conditions that affect subsidies, import duties and creates market distortions; - Poorly developed logistics and supply system; - Limited methodologies for climate impact measurement of related policies, plans and available financial resources. - Limited technical and financial ability to update and upgrade old and degraded infrastructure; - Poor prioritization of climate-related issues at sector and organizational level; - Limited technical knowledge and lack of a program to train officials on climate change and climate change adaptation issues; - Adaptation to climate change is not an opportunity for employment.', '- Limited technical and financial ability to update and upgrade old and degraded infrastructure; - Poor prioritization of climate-related issues at sector and organizational level; - Limited technical knowledge and lack of a program to train officials on climate change and climate change adaptation issues; - Adaptation to climate change is not an opportunity for employment. Water - Lack of appropriate sectorial legislation linking CCA to IWRM; - Lack of a clearly defined inter-agency coordination mechanism with regard to integrated water management; - Lack of a coordinated system for monitoring the sector and for assessing/responding to climate risks; - Limited link between policy, functional programming and budgeting; - Limited methodologies for climate impact measurement of related policies, plans and available financial resources.', 'Water - Lack of appropriate sectorial legislation linking CCA to IWRM; - Lack of a clearly defined inter-agency coordination mechanism with regard to integrated water management; - Lack of a coordinated system for monitoring the sector and for assessing/responding to climate risks; - Limited link between policy, functional programming and budgeting; - Limited methodologies for climate impact measurement of related policies, plans and available financial resources. - Lack of prioritization of climate related issues (and policy-based budgeting); - Limited oversight of programs; - Limited technical knowledge and lack of a program to train officials on climate change and CCA issues; - Limited financial capacity to update and upgrade old and degraded infrastructure; - Insufficient capacity to provide access to clean drinking water supply to the rural population; - Adaptation to climate change is not a focus for employment.', '- Lack of prioritization of climate related issues (and policy-based budgeting); - Limited oversight of programs; - Limited technical knowledge and lack of a program to train officials on climate change and CCA issues; - Limited financial capacity to update and upgrade old and degraded infrastructure; - Insufficient capacity to provide access to clean drinking water supply to the rural population; - Adaptation to climate change is not a focus for employment. Forestry - Limited integration of adaptation measures in the development plans of enterprises, national and sectorial plans due to lack of a regulatory framework that addresses climate change; - Lack of climate adaptation target requirements in the legal documents; - Limited financial and institutional capacity to improve governance and implementation capacity; - Limited ability to conduct economic analysis of costs and benefits of climate adaptation interventions to support increased adoption of new approaches; - Inadequate methodologies for climate impact measurement of related policies, plans and available financial resources.', 'Forestry - Limited integration of adaptation measures in the development plans of enterprises, national and sectorial plans due to lack of a regulatory framework that addresses climate change; - Lack of climate adaptation target requirements in the legal documents; - Limited financial and institutional capacity to improve governance and implementation capacity; - Limited ability to conduct economic analysis of costs and benefits of climate adaptation interventions to support increased adoption of new approaches; - Inadequate methodologies for climate impact measurement of related policies, plans and available financial resources. - Shortage of highly qualified scientists specializing in forestry; - Insufficient administrative capacity.Sector Sectorial climate change barriers and gaps Enabling environment Organizational Health - Enacted strategy to address climate related health impacts; - Limited ability to expand service networks in the rural areas; - Limited staffing, equipment, and financing of the public health system; - Insufficient capacity to assess and monitor vulnerability to climate change-related health risks, including gender assessment; - Need to strengthen primary health care (including primary prevention) services to support capacity of local communities to become resilient to climate- related health risks; - Development (and ongoing assessment) of health and emergency management measures for reducing the impact of extreme events on health; - Need for improved integration of health considerations into other critical national polices and strategies.', '- Shortage of highly qualified scientists specializing in forestry; - Insufficient administrative capacity.Sector Sectorial climate change barriers and gaps Enabling environment Organizational Health - Enacted strategy to address climate related health impacts; - Limited ability to expand service networks in the rural areas; - Limited staffing, equipment, and financing of the public health system; - Insufficient capacity to assess and monitor vulnerability to climate change-related health risks, including gender assessment; - Need to strengthen primary health care (including primary prevention) services to support capacity of local communities to become resilient to climate- related health risks; - Development (and ongoing assessment) of health and emergency management measures for reducing the impact of extreme events on health; - Need for improved integration of health considerations into other critical national polices and strategies. - Limited implementation mechanisms, monitoring, and inter-sectorial coordination; - Limited staffing, equipment, and financing; - Limited support for adaptive approaches and technologies; - Limited climate related awareness, technical skills and knowledge; - Limited methodologies for climate impact measurement of related policies, plans and available financial resources; - Limited support for adaptive approaches and technologies; - Adaptation to climate change is not a focus for employment.', '- Limited implementation mechanisms, monitoring, and inter-sectorial coordination; - Limited staffing, equipment, and financing; - Limited support for adaptive approaches and technologies; - Limited climate related awareness, technical skills and knowledge; - Limited methodologies for climate impact measurement of related policies, plans and available financial resources; - Limited support for adaptive approaches and technologies; - Adaptation to climate change is not a focus for employment. Energy - Limited integration of adaptation measures in the development plans of enterprises, national and sectorial plans; - Lack of climate adaptation target requirements in the legal documents; - Limited financial and institutional capacity to improve governance and implementation capacity; - Limited capacity development and training for workers and service providers.', 'Energy - Limited integration of adaptation measures in the development plans of enterprises, national and sectorial plans; - Lack of climate adaptation target requirements in the legal documents; - Limited financial and institutional capacity to improve governance and implementation capacity; - Limited capacity development and training for workers and service providers. - Limited ability to provide training and exchange of experiences with other energy organizations on best practices and techniques to reduce facility vulnerabilities; - Need to improve hydro-meteorological warning systems and develop a coordination mechanism with service providers to ensure information flow in support of operational activities; - Limited ability to conduct economic analysis of costs and benefits of climate adaptation interventions to support increased adoption of new technologies and approaches; - Adaptation to climate change is not an opportunity for employment.', '- Limited ability to provide training and exchange of experiences with other energy organizations on best practices and techniques to reduce facility vulnerabilities; - Need to improve hydro-meteorological warning systems and develop a coordination mechanism with service providers to ensure information flow in support of operational activities; - Limited ability to conduct economic analysis of costs and benefits of climate adaptation interventions to support increased adoption of new technologies and approaches; - Adaptation to climate change is not an opportunity for employment. Transport - The financial resources of the Road Fund are not channeled into research of climate related risks and/or impact assessment, capacity or planning for the transport sector and a change in its governing laws is needed; - The technical standards for the design, construction and operation of networks, especially the road network, are to be adjusted to the potential impacts of climate change; - Inadequate methodologies for climate impact measurement of related policies, plans and available financial resources; - Insufficient management capabilities (financial, technical and commercial) in the road maintenance system.', 'Transport - The financial resources of the Road Fund are not channeled into research of climate related risks and/or impact assessment, capacity or planning for the transport sector and a change in its governing laws is needed; - The technical standards for the design, construction and operation of networks, especially the road network, are to be adjusted to the potential impacts of climate change; - Inadequate methodologies for climate impact measurement of related policies, plans and available financial resources; - Insufficient management capabilities (financial, technical and commercial) in the road maintenance system. - Limited technical ability to organize and create the necessary technical adaptation options to climatic events; - Lack of floating units, new machinery and hydraulic structures that would allow entities to repair and rehabilitate infrastructure; - Lack of an efficient policy document (plan or program) to address the removal of obsolete and non-complying vehicles from the State Register and the monitoring of scrapping operations; - Limited integration of adaptation measures in the development plans of enterprises, national and sectorial plans; - Adaptation to climate change is not an opportunity for employment.', '- Limited technical ability to organize and create the necessary technical adaptation options to climatic events; - Lack of floating units, new machinery and hydraulic structures that would allow entities to repair and rehabilitate infrastructure; - Lack of an efficient policy document (plan or program) to address the removal of obsolete and non-complying vehicles from the State Register and the monitoring of scrapping operations; - Limited integration of adaptation measures in the development plans of enterprises, national and sectorial plans; - Adaptation to climate change is not an opportunity for employment. 3.7.', '- Limited technical ability to organize and create the necessary technical adaptation options to climatic events; - Lack of floating units, new machinery and hydraulic structures that would allow entities to repair and rehabilitate infrastructure; - Lack of an efficient policy document (plan or program) to address the removal of obsolete and non-complying vehicles from the State Register and the monitoring of scrapping operations; - Limited integration of adaptation measures in the development plans of enterprises, national and sectorial plans; - Adaptation to climate change is not an opportunity for employment. 3.7. CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION MONITORING AND EVALUATION SYSTEM (M&E) The Republic of Moldova, in its efforts to establish an integrated National Adaptation Planning (NAP) process at the national level and Sectoral Adaptation Planning process (SAP) at sector level, has aligned the functionality of Climate Change Adaptation Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) System to the planning cycle of NAPs and SAPs.', 'CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION MONITORING AND EVALUATION SYSTEM (M&E) The Republic of Moldova, in its efforts to establish an integrated National Adaptation Planning (NAP) process at the national level and Sectoral Adaptation Planning process (SAP) at sector level, has aligned the functionality of Climate Change Adaptation Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) System to the planning cycle of NAPs and SAPs. The proposed Monitoring & Evaluation framework is based on the need to monitor progress towards achieving the country’s climate-resilient economic growth. Using a sectoral planning approach aligned to NAP approach requires monitoring of sector-based activity as well as their aggregate impact on the overall country’s economy and further communication of adaptation efforts at sector and national levels.', 'Using a sectoral planning approach aligned to NAP approach requires monitoring of sector-based activity as well as their aggregate impact on the overall country’s economy and further communication of adaptation efforts at sector and national levels. The M&E system for the Republic of Moldova’s adaptation component was designed to serve the following purposes: - create a set of overarching adaptation goals to which each sector will contribute,- track and monitor individual sectoral objectives and indicators, - allow for iterative planning and continuous, evidence-based adaptation planning, - enforce the gradual integration of adaptation priorities in regular development planning, - ensure transparency of the adaptation process and data collection, - measure and monitor the outcomes and impacts of adaptation activities, investments, programmes on women and men’s resilience to climate change from a gender-responsive perspective.', 'The M&E system for the Republic of Moldova’s adaptation component was designed to serve the following purposes: - create a set of overarching adaptation goals to which each sector will contribute,- track and monitor individual sectoral objectives and indicators, - allow for iterative planning and continuous, evidence-based adaptation planning, - enforce the gradual integration of adaptation priorities in regular development planning, - ensure transparency of the adaptation process and data collection, - measure and monitor the outcomes and impacts of adaptation activities, investments, programmes on women and men’s resilience to climate change from a gender-responsive perspective. Ultimately, the goal of the M&E system is to ensure the measurability of progress across geographic scales, time and sectors, and to be able to determine whether, as a result of its successive plans, the Republic of Moldova is less vulnerable to the impacts of climate change.', 'Ultimately, the goal of the M&E system is to ensure the measurability of progress across geographic scales, time and sectors, and to be able to determine whether, as a result of its successive plans, the Republic of Moldova is less vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Through the M&E system, the National Commission on Climate Change will monitor: - progress and evaluate impacts of implemented policies, - implementation of adaptation related planning, - development and dissemination of adaptation related knowledge and research, including guidance materials, methodology, tools and instruments, - implementation of adaptation technologies and practices, - adaptation related financing and investments, including the external support received, - adaptation related quality assurance process.', 'Through the M&E system, the National Commission on Climate Change will monitor: - progress and evaluate impacts of implemented policies, - implementation of adaptation related planning, - development and dissemination of adaptation related knowledge and research, including guidance materials, methodology, tools and instruments, - implementation of adaptation technologies and practices, - adaptation related financing and investments, including the external support received, - adaptation related quality assurance process. The proposed M&E framework would allow for monitoring and planning along a 3-tier approach: (1) micro-level monitoring is targeted at assessing the adaptation result of individual actions (i.e. at the output level); (2) meso-level monitoring allows for tracking of adaptation achievements at the outcome level; (3) macro-level monitoring is conceived to evaluate or periodically assess the global, cumulative impact of all sectoral adaptation actions.', 'at the output level); (2) meso-level monitoring allows for tracking of adaptation achievements at the outcome level; (3) macro-level monitoring is conceived to evaluate or periodically assess the global, cumulative impact of all sectoral adaptation actions. The reporting system adopts an indicator-based reporting format at different levels, consisting of indicators for tracking and evaluating the success of adaptation support and adaptation interventions.', 'The reporting system adopts an indicator-based reporting format at different levels, consisting of indicators for tracking and evaluating the success of adaptation support and adaptation interventions. The M&E system, therefore, includes several types of system – based indicators: a) driver indicators: Indicators designed to measure the result of actions targeting the drivers of change; b) output indicators: Indicators designed to measure the result of adaptation actions included in SAPs; c) outcome indicators: Indicators designed to measure the result of SAPs in terms of reduced sectoral vulnerability and advance in adaptation/resilience; d) objective indicators: Indicators designed to measure the aggregate result of a NAP cycle, in terms of impacts on the vulnerability of the Republic of Moldova’s economy and progress in adaptation.', 'The M&E system, therefore, includes several types of system – based indicators: a) driver indicators: Indicators designed to measure the result of actions targeting the drivers of change; b) output indicators: Indicators designed to measure the result of adaptation actions included in SAPs; c) outcome indicators: Indicators designed to measure the result of SAPs in terms of reduced sectoral vulnerability and advance in adaptation/resilience; d) objective indicators: Indicators designed to measure the aggregate result of a NAP cycle, in terms of impacts on the vulnerability of the Republic of Moldova’s economy and progress in adaptation. The developed indicator-based monitoring system is to be operated through the Climate Change Adaptation Information System consisting of: - a portal intended for presenting the public information related to the sectors of the national economy: policy documents stipulating adaptation targets, reports on vulnerability & adaptation assessments, publications, reports on evaluations, other materials.', 'The developed indicator-based monitoring system is to be operated through the Climate Change Adaptation Information System consisting of: - a portal intended for presenting the public information related to the sectors of the national economy: policy documents stipulating adaptation targets, reports on vulnerability & adaptation assessments, publications, reports on evaluations, other materials. - a monitoring platform designed to create, monitor and evaluate indicators by domain, focus area, level of development, data provider, calculation methodologies/ formulas, spatial level, reference period, frequency of data collection, expected adaptation trend and other monitoring and evaluation options based on templates. Given its crosscutting nature, the adaptation action requires mobilization of internal and external financial resources, as well as scaling up national investments in climate finance, from both public and private sources.', 'Given its crosscutting nature, the adaptation action requires mobilization of internal and external financial resources, as well as scaling up national investments in climate finance, from both public and private sources. Therefore, as part of the M&E system, in the Republic of Moldova, a Climate Budget Tagging (CBT) process is under implementation, that aims at improving the understanding of how and how much is being spent on national climate change responses, through which programs funds are being spent, and which programs include climate change objectives (or co-benefits).', 'Therefore, as part of the M&E system, in the Republic of Moldova, a Climate Budget Tagging (CBT) process is under implementation, that aims at improving the understanding of how and how much is being spent on national climate change responses, through which programs funds are being spent, and which programs include climate change objectives (or co-benefits). This process supports the ability of the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Agriculture, Regional Development and Environment to track climate expenditures and improves their ability to ensure progress on climate change as related to the Republic of Moldova’s national development goals and international commitments.', 'This process supports the ability of the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Agriculture, Regional Development and Environment to track climate expenditures and improves their ability to ensure progress on climate change as related to the Republic of Moldova’s national development goals and international commitments. Under the CBT tracking system, it is proposed that the monitoring of sectoral work plans is based on output indicators at the activity level and outcome indicators at the programme level.Four Climate Change Budget the following indicators (CCBIs)/climate markers have been established: (1) Policy development and governance; (2) Research and development; (3) Knowledge sharing and capacity building; (4) Climate response and service delivery.', 'Under the CBT tracking system, it is proposed that the monitoring of sectoral work plans is based on output indicators at the activity level and outcome indicators at the programme level.Four Climate Change Budget the following indicators (CCBIs)/climate markers have been established: (1) Policy development and governance; (2) Research and development; (3) Knowledge sharing and capacity building; (4) Climate response and service delivery. Table 3.7-1: Climate Change Adaptation Monitoring and Evaluation Priorities of Republic of Moldova Climate change adaptation monitoring, reporting and evaluation priorities Actions in support to activity implementation Increase the efficiency for delivering climate goals and finances at the national level through operationalization of the M&E system in support to the Coordination Mechanism.', 'Table 3.7-1: Climate Change Adaptation Monitoring and Evaluation Priorities of Republic of Moldova Climate change adaptation monitoring, reporting and evaluation priorities Actions in support to activity implementation Increase the efficiency for delivering climate goals and finances at the national level through operationalization of the M&E system in support to the Coordination Mechanism. - Enforcement of Government Decision on CCCM, including M&E system Use existing or develop new methods and tools to measure, monitor and report on the country’s adaptation commitment made under the current NDC. - Apply the M&E system to measure the progress of implementation of adaptation component of NDC. Develop an evaluation framework to capture how well climate risk management is integrated into national and sub-national development. - Evaluate the extent of climate risk management integration into development policy and planning.', '- Evaluate the extent of climate risk management integration into development policy and planning. Evaluate country’s institutional level capacities to address mid- and long-term adaptation issues. - Assess institutional flexibility and resilience to respond to climate change and related risks uncertainty. - Undertake qualitative assessments of the management competency and performance of state institutions, climate-related agencies in addressing climate risks and related issues. - Climate risk management by key national and local authorities. Operate the indicator-based system through the Climate Change Adaptation Information System components: - Full operation of the portal presenting public information related to the sectors of the national economy. - Full operation of the monitoring platform to create, monitor and evaluate indicators.', '- Full operation of the monitoring platform to create, monitor and evaluate indicators. Apply the indicator-based reporting and monitoring system to evaluate: - the extent to which the adaptation intervention has reduced the vulnerability of individuals and households to hazards associated with climate variability and change; - the extent to which the adaptation intervention has increased the resilience of key sectors and natural/managed systems on which population depends; - the extent to which the adaptation intervention has helped the country to maintain the development performance and to reach SDGs.', 'Apply the indicator-based reporting and monitoring system to evaluate: - the extent to which the adaptation intervention has reduced the vulnerability of individuals and households to hazards associated with climate variability and change; - the extent to which the adaptation intervention has increased the resilience of key sectors and natural/managed systems on which population depends; - the extent to which the adaptation intervention has helped the country to maintain the development performance and to reach SDGs. Assess and track progress under the successive NAPs, SAPs through monitoring and measuring: - the attainment of the overarching adaptation goals and individual sectoral objectives; - the enforcement of the gradual integration of adaptation priorities in regular development of planning, the implementation of adaptation related planning and the impacts of implemented policies, including guidance materials, methodology, tools and instruments; - the development and dissemination of adaptation related knowledge and research; - the transparency of the adaptation process and data collection; - the outcomes and impacts of NAP/SAP adaptation activities; investments, and programmes on resilience to climate change, including from a gender-responsive perspective.', 'Assess and track progress under the successive NAPs, SAPs through monitoring and measuring: - the attainment of the overarching adaptation goals and individual sectoral objectives; - the enforcement of the gradual integration of adaptation priorities in regular development of planning, the implementation of adaptation related planning and the impacts of implemented policies, including guidance materials, methodology, tools and instruments; - the development and dissemination of adaptation related knowledge and research; - the transparency of the adaptation process and data collection; - the outcomes and impacts of NAP/SAP adaptation activities; investments, and programmes on resilience to climate change, including from a gender-responsive perspective. Monitor the implementation of adaptation technologies and practices. - Monitor and assess the contribution of the programme or project to country’s priorities for climate-resilient development and demonstration of low-emission development co-benefits.', '- Monitor and assess the contribution of the programme or project to country’s priorities for climate-resilient development and demonstration of low-emission development co-benefits. Monitor adaptation related financing and investments, including adaptation-related external support received. - Use the climate tagging of the national public budget for public scrutiny of government and donor spending on tackling climate change issues and generating data on climate investments. All the above-mentioned components: CCCM, M&E system including IS and climate budget tagging (CBT) will be operationalized through a dedicated Government Decision that has been developed and is under approval.4.', 'All the above-mentioned components: CCCM, M&E system including IS and climate budget tagging (CBT) will be operationalized through a dedicated Government Decision that has been developed and is under approval.4. List of acronyms, abbreviations and measurement units % Per cent 0C Celsius degrees ADA Austrian Development Agency AEZ Agro-ecological Zone AF Adaptation Fund Ag.SAP Agriculture Sectorial Adaptation Plan AIPA Agency of Interventions and Payments for Agriculture AMP Aid Management Platform AOGCM Atmosphere-ocean coupled general circulation model AOGCMs Coupled Atmosphere–Ocean General Circulation Models ASM, ASRM Academy of Science of the Republic of Moldova BCC-CSM1.1 Global circulation model developed by the Beijing Climate Centre, China Meteorological Administration BCC-CSM1.1(m) Global circulation model developed by the Beijing Climate Centre, China Meteorological Administration BNU-ESM Global circulation model developed by the College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University BUR Biennial Updates Report BUR1 First Biennial Updates Report BUR2 Second Biennial Updated Report CanESM2 Global circulation model developed by the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis CBA Cost-benefit Analysis CBT Climate Budget Tagging CCA Climate Change Adaptation CCAS Climate Change Adaptation Strategy CCCM Climate Change Coordination Mechanism CCO Climate Change Office CCSM4 Global circulation model developed by the National Centre for Atmospheric Research CDD Consecutive Dry Days Index CDD Consecutive dry days CDM Clean Development Mechanism CEA Cost-Effectiveness Analysis CESM1(CAM5) Global circulation model developed by the Community Earth System Model Contributors Methane CHP Combined Heat and Power Plant CM Coordination Mechanism CMIP5 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project – Phase 5 CMIP5 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project – Phase 5 Global circulation model developed by the Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques / Centre Européen de Recherche et Formation Avancée en Calcul Scientifique Carbon dioxide COP Conference of the Parties CPAs Central Public Authorities CPESS Civil Protection and Emergency Situations Service CSDI Cold Spell Duration Index CSDI Cold spell duration Global circulation model developed by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization in collaboration with Queensland Climate Change Centre of Excellence CV Coefficient of variation CWD Consecutive Wet Days index CWD Consecutive wet days DNA Designated National Authority DRA Disaster Risk Assessment DRR Disaster Risk Reduction EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development EC-EARTH Global circulation model developed by the EC-EARTH consortium EEA Energy Efficiency Agency EIB European Investment Bank ESTs Environmentally Sound Technologies ETCCDI Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices EU European Union EWS Early Warning Systems FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FD Frost days FEZs Free Economic Zones FP Frost PeriodGcal Gigacalorie GCF Green Climate Fund GCM General Circulation Model GCM Global Climate Model GD Government Decision GDP Gross Domestic Product GEF Global Environmental Facilities GFDL-CM2G Global circulation model developed by the NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory GFDL-ESM2G GHG Greenhouse Gases GISS-E2-H Global circulation model developed by the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH GRM, GoM Government of the Republic of Moldova GWP 100-year Global Warming Potential Global circulation model developed by the Met Office Hadley Centre (additional HadGEM2-ES realizations contributed by Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais) HFCs Hydrofluorocarbons HTC Hydrothermal Coefficient HTC Selianinov Hydrothermal Coefficient IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ICT+ Information and Communications Technology ID Ice days IDA International Development Association IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development INDC Intended National Determined Contribution IPCC Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPPU Industrial processes and product use IPSL-CM5A-LR Global circulation model developed by the Institute Pierre-Simon Laplace IPSL-CM5A-MR Global circulation model developed by the Institute Pierre-Simon Laplace IRECR Inclusive Rural Economic and Climate Resilience Programs kWt Kilowatts LEDS Low Emission Development Strategy LPAs Local Public Authorities LULUCF Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forest LVI Livelihood Vulnerability Index M Millions M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MAM Spring season: March, April and May MARDE Ministry of Agriculture, Regional Development and Environment MCA Multi-criteria analysis MDL Moldovan Lei MECR Ministry of Education, Culture and Research MEI Ministry of Economy and Infrastructure MHLSP Ministry of Health, Labor and Social Protection Global circulation model developed by the Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute (University of Tokyo), National Institute for Environmental Studies, and Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology mm Millimeter MoF Ministry of Finance MPI-ESM-LR Global circulation model developed by the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology MPI-ESM-MR Global circulation model developed by the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology MRI-CGCM3 Global circulation model developed by the Meteorological Research Institute MRV Monitoring, Reporting and Verification N2O Nitrous Oxide NAP National Adaptation Plan NC National Communication NC1 First National Communication NC2 Second National Communication NC3 Third National Communication NC4 Fourth National Communication NCCC National Commission on Climate Change NDA National Designated Authority NDC National Determined Contribution NDC1 1st National Determined Contribution NDC2 2nd National Determined Contribution NDS National Development Strategy Nitrogen TrifluorideNGOs Non-Governmental Organizations NorESM1-M Global circulation model developed by the Norwegian Climate Centre NOx Nitrogen oxides ODA Official Development Assistance OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development PFCs Perfluorocarbons PFRA Preliminary Flood Risk Assessment PPP Purchasing Power Parity PRCPTOT Total wet-day precipitation index PRCPTOT Annual total wet day precipitation QA Quality Assurance QC Quality Control R10mm Number of heavy precipitation days - number of days where daily precipitation amount ≥ 10 mm R20mm Number of very heavy precipitation days, where daily precipitation amount ≥ 20 mm R95pTOT Very wet days R99pTOT Extremely wet days RCP Representative Concentration Pathway RCPs Representative Concentration Pathways RES Renewable Energy Source RM The Republic of Moldova RX1day Maximum one-day precipitation SAP Sectoral Adaptation Plan SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SDII Simple daily intensity index Sulphur hexafluoride SHS, SHSM State Hydrometeorological Service of Moldova SMEs Small and Medium Enterprises SON Autumn season: September, October, November SU Summer days tce Tonnes coal equivalent eq.', 'List of acronyms, abbreviations and measurement units % Per cent 0C Celsius degrees ADA Austrian Development Agency AEZ Agro-ecological Zone AF Adaptation Fund Ag.SAP Agriculture Sectorial Adaptation Plan AIPA Agency of Interventions and Payments for Agriculture AMP Aid Management Platform AOGCM Atmosphere-ocean coupled general circulation model AOGCMs Coupled Atmosphere–Ocean General Circulation Models ASM, ASRM Academy of Science of the Republic of Moldova BCC-CSM1.1 Global circulation model developed by the Beijing Climate Centre, China Meteorological Administration BCC-CSM1.1(m) Global circulation model developed by the Beijing Climate Centre, China Meteorological Administration BNU-ESM Global circulation model developed by the College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University BUR Biennial Updates Report BUR1 First Biennial Updates Report BUR2 Second Biennial Updated Report CanESM2 Global circulation model developed by the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis CBA Cost-benefit Analysis CBT Climate Budget Tagging CCA Climate Change Adaptation CCAS Climate Change Adaptation Strategy CCCM Climate Change Coordination Mechanism CCO Climate Change Office CCSM4 Global circulation model developed by the National Centre for Atmospheric Research CDD Consecutive Dry Days Index CDD Consecutive dry days CDM Clean Development Mechanism CEA Cost-Effectiveness Analysis CESM1(CAM5) Global circulation model developed by the Community Earth System Model Contributors Methane CHP Combined Heat and Power Plant CM Coordination Mechanism CMIP5 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project – Phase 5 CMIP5 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project – Phase 5 Global circulation model developed by the Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques / Centre Européen de Recherche et Formation Avancée en Calcul Scientifique Carbon dioxide COP Conference of the Parties CPAs Central Public Authorities CPESS Civil Protection and Emergency Situations Service CSDI Cold Spell Duration Index CSDI Cold spell duration Global circulation model developed by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization in collaboration with Queensland Climate Change Centre of Excellence CV Coefficient of variation CWD Consecutive Wet Days index CWD Consecutive wet days DNA Designated National Authority DRA Disaster Risk Assessment DRR Disaster Risk Reduction EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development EC-EARTH Global circulation model developed by the EC-EARTH consortium EEA Energy Efficiency Agency EIB European Investment Bank ESTs Environmentally Sound Technologies ETCCDI Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices EU European Union EWS Early Warning Systems FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FD Frost days FEZs Free Economic Zones FP Frost PeriodGcal Gigacalorie GCF Green Climate Fund GCM General Circulation Model GCM Global Climate Model GD Government Decision GDP Gross Domestic Product GEF Global Environmental Facilities GFDL-CM2G Global circulation model developed by the NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory GFDL-ESM2G GHG Greenhouse Gases GISS-E2-H Global circulation model developed by the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH GRM, GoM Government of the Republic of Moldova GWP 100-year Global Warming Potential Global circulation model developed by the Met Office Hadley Centre (additional HadGEM2-ES realizations contributed by Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais) HFCs Hydrofluorocarbons HTC Hydrothermal Coefficient HTC Selianinov Hydrothermal Coefficient IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ICT+ Information and Communications Technology ID Ice days IDA International Development Association IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development INDC Intended National Determined Contribution IPCC Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPPU Industrial processes and product use IPSL-CM5A-LR Global circulation model developed by the Institute Pierre-Simon Laplace IPSL-CM5A-MR Global circulation model developed by the Institute Pierre-Simon Laplace IRECR Inclusive Rural Economic and Climate Resilience Programs kWt Kilowatts LEDS Low Emission Development Strategy LPAs Local Public Authorities LULUCF Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forest LVI Livelihood Vulnerability Index M Millions M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MAM Spring season: March, April and May MARDE Ministry of Agriculture, Regional Development and Environment MCA Multi-criteria analysis MDL Moldovan Lei MECR Ministry of Education, Culture and Research MEI Ministry of Economy and Infrastructure MHLSP Ministry of Health, Labor and Social Protection Global circulation model developed by the Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute (University of Tokyo), National Institute for Environmental Studies, and Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology mm Millimeter MoF Ministry of Finance MPI-ESM-LR Global circulation model developed by the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology MPI-ESM-MR Global circulation model developed by the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology MRI-CGCM3 Global circulation model developed by the Meteorological Research Institute MRV Monitoring, Reporting and Verification N2O Nitrous Oxide NAP National Adaptation Plan NC National Communication NC1 First National Communication NC2 Second National Communication NC3 Third National Communication NC4 Fourth National Communication NCCC National Commission on Climate Change NDA National Designated Authority NDC National Determined Contribution NDC1 1st National Determined Contribution NDC2 2nd National Determined Contribution NDS National Development Strategy Nitrogen TrifluorideNGOs Non-Governmental Organizations NorESM1-M Global circulation model developed by the Norwegian Climate Centre NOx Nitrogen oxides ODA Official Development Assistance OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development PFCs Perfluorocarbons PFRA Preliminary Flood Risk Assessment PPP Purchasing Power Parity PRCPTOT Total wet-day precipitation index PRCPTOT Annual total wet day precipitation QA Quality Assurance QC Quality Control R10mm Number of heavy precipitation days - number of days where daily precipitation amount ≥ 10 mm R20mm Number of very heavy precipitation days, where daily precipitation amount ≥ 20 mm R95pTOT Very wet days R99pTOT Extremely wet days RCP Representative Concentration Pathway RCPs Representative Concentration Pathways RES Renewable Energy Source RM The Republic of Moldova RX1day Maximum one-day precipitation SAP Sectoral Adaptation Plan SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SDII Simple daily intensity index Sulphur hexafluoride SHS, SHSM State Hydrometeorological Service of Moldova SMEs Small and Medium Enterprises SON Autumn season: September, October, November SU Summer days tce Tonnes coal equivalent eq. Tonnes CO2 equivalent TN10p Cold nights TN90p Warm nights TNA Technology Needs Assessment TNn Minimum daily minimum temperature TNx Maximum daily minimum temperature TR Tropical nights TX10p Cold days TX90p Warm days TXn Minimum daily maximum temperature TXx Maximum daily maximum temperature UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change URSS Union of Soviet Socialist Republics US AID United States Agency for International Development USD, US$ US Dollars WAM With Additional Measures Scenario WB World Bank WG Working Group WHO World Health Organization WMO World Meteorological Organization WSDI Warm Spell Duration Index']

en-US

MKD

Republic of North Macedonia

LTS

2021-11-04 00:00:00

uploaded

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LTS 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/MKD_LTS_Nov2021.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Europe

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../data/downloaded_documents/7915b032d890d123b1ee85888b9190b555dd67534b502252db862c9d65761568.pdf

['LONG-TERM STRATEGY ON CLIMATE ACTION AND ACTION PLANLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action PlanLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . 6 2. LEGAL AND POLICY CONTEXT . 12 2.1 Climate change mitigation policy framework 12 2.1.1 International policy framework 12 2.1.2 National policy framework for climate mitigation 13 2.2 Climate change adaptation 15 2.3 COVID-19 recovery and climate action 18 3. OVERALL VISION AND CLIMATE OBJECTIVES OF THE COUNTRY . 20 3.2 General and specific objectives . 20 4.', 'OVERALL VISION AND CLIMATE OBJECTIVES OF THE COUNTRY . 20 3.2 General and specific objectives . 20 4. GHG EMISSION PROJECTIONS AND MITIGATION POLICIES AND MEASURES . 23 4.1 Key drivers 25 4.2 Energy system in transition . 26 4.2.1 Key assumptions . 26 4.2.2 Power generation . 29 4.2.5 Households, commercial and services 35 4.2.6 Total energy results 37 4.3.1 Key assumptions . 40 4.3.2 Total IPPU results 41 4.4 AFOLU in transition . 41 4.4.1 Key assumptions . 41 4.4.2 Total AFOLU results 42 4.5 Waste in transition 42 4.5.1 Key assumptions . 42 4.5.2 Total waste results 44 4.6 Total results 46Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan 5. ADAPTATION MEASURES . 49 6.', 'GHG EMISSION PROJECTIONS AND MITIGATION POLICIES AND MEASURES . 23 4.1 Key drivers 25 4.2 Energy system in transition . 26 4.2.1 Key assumptions . 26 4.2.2 Power generation . 29 4.2.5 Households, commercial and services 35 4.2.6 Total energy results 37 4.3.1 Key assumptions . 40 4.3.2 Total IPPU results 41 4.4 AFOLU in transition . 41 4.4.1 Key assumptions . 41 4.4.2 Total AFOLU results 42 4.5 Waste in transition 42 4.5.1 Key assumptions . 42 4.5.2 Total waste results 44 4.6 Total results 46Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan 5. ADAPTATION MEASURES . 49 6. EDUCATION, AWARENESS RAISING, RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATION . 56 6.1 Legal and policy framework . 56 6.2 Overview of the state of climate mainstreaming in the educational system, R&D, and innovation . 56 6.3 Climate awareness in the country . 57 6.4 Measures for enhanced climate mainstreaming in the education, R&D, innovation, and awareness raising . 58 7.', 'EDUCATION, AWARENESS RAISING, RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATION . 56 6.1 Legal and policy framework . 56 6.2 Overview of the state of climate mainstreaming in the educational system, R&D, and innovation . 56 6.3 Climate awareness in the country . 57 6.4 Measures for enhanced climate mainstreaming in the education, R&D, innovation, and awareness raising . 58 7. KEY INDICATORS . 60 8. COSTS OF THE TRANSITION AND EXPECTED SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF MITIGATION MEASURES . 64 8.1 Detailed analysis of the costs of implementation of the WEM and WAM scenarios 64 8.2 Assessment of social aspect 66 8.3 Recommendations on provision of enabling environment and investments in climate action 67 9.', 'COSTS OF THE TRANSITION AND EXPECTED SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF MITIGATION MEASURES . 64 8.1 Detailed analysis of the costs of implementation of the WEM and WAM scenarios 64 8.2 Assessment of social aspect 66 8.3 Recommendations on provision of enabling environment and investments in climate action 67 9. CROSS CUTTING ASPECTS 71 9.1 Climate mainstreaming in Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) 71 9.2 Climate considerations in the SEA (Strategic Environmental Assessments) . 72 9.3 Climate finance . 73 9.4 Just transition and socio-economic context . 74 9.5 Youth and gender aspects . 75 9.6 Inclusion of the general public in the implementation of the Strategy 77 10.', 'CROSS CUTTING ASPECTS 71 9.1 Climate mainstreaming in Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) 71 9.2 Climate considerations in the SEA (Strategic Environmental Assessments) . 72 9.3 Climate finance . 73 9.4 Just transition and socio-economic context . 74 9.5 Youth and gender aspects . 75 9.6 Inclusion of the general public in the implementation of the Strategy 77 10. INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK AND MODALITIES FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STRATEGY 78 10.1 Institutional framework for coordinating climate action and monitoring its implementation . 78 10.2 Links to other documents for planning climate action . 79 APPENDIX A: SECTORAL BREAKDOWN OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND EMISSIONS BY 2050 APPENDIX B: INDICATORS OF THE PROGRESS ON TRANSITION TO LOW GHG EMISSION ECONOMY . 82Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan APPENDIX C: MEASURES FOR CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION. 83 1.', 'INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK AND MODALITIES FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STRATEGY 78 10.1 Institutional framework for coordinating climate action and monitoring its implementation . 78 10.2 Links to other documents for planning climate action . 79 APPENDIX A: SECTORAL BREAKDOWN OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND EMISSIONS BY 2050 APPENDIX B: INDICATORS OF THE PROGRESS ON TRANSITION TO LOW GHG EMISSION ECONOMY . 82Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan APPENDIX C: MEASURES FOR CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION. 83 1. ACTION PLAN 96 1.1 Scope, Objective, and Structure of the Action Plan . 96 1.2 Vision and climate objectives of the country . 96 1.3 Role of the Law on Climate Action and secondary legislation developed by the Project 99 2.', 'ACTION PLAN 96 1.1 Scope, Objective, and Structure of the Action Plan . 96 1.2 Vision and climate objectives of the country . 96 1.3 Role of the Law on Climate Action and secondary legislation developed by the Project 99 2. ACTIONS TO BE CARRIED IN A FIRST PHASE OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STRATEGY AND THE LAW (2021-2030) . 101 2.1 Actions that support the implementation of the mitigation objectives of the Strategy . 101 2.2 Actions that support the implementation of the adaptation objectives of the Strategy 162 2.2.1 Measures aimed at addressing specific objective 6: To build solid systems for the regular and periodic collection data for the production and dissemination of scientific and technical knowledge . 162 2.2.2 Measure aimed at addressing specific objective 7: To increase the resilience of climate change impacts of key socio-economic sectors and ecosystems . 168 2.3 Actions that support the cross-sectoral coordination objectives of the Strategy . 169 2.4 Actions that support the implementation of the legal framework for climate action and the strengthening of institutional capacity . 177 2.4.1 Actions to implement the Law on Climate Action – immediate actions after adoption of the Law 177 2.4.2 Actions for further development of the legal framework for climate action . 186 2.4.3 Actions for the strengthening of the institutional capacity 194 3.', 'ACTIONS TO BE CARRIED IN A FIRST PHASE OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STRATEGY AND THE LAW (2021-2030) . 101 2.1 Actions that support the implementation of the mitigation objectives of the Strategy . 101 2.2 Actions that support the implementation of the adaptation objectives of the Strategy 162 2.2.1 Measures aimed at addressing specific objective 6: To build solid systems for the regular and periodic collection data for the production and dissemination of scientific and technical knowledge . 162 2.2.2 Measure aimed at addressing specific objective 7: To increase the resilience of climate change impacts of key socio-economic sectors and ecosystems . 168 2.3 Actions that support the cross-sectoral coordination objectives of the Strategy . 169 2.4 Actions that support the implementation of the legal framework for climate action and the strengthening of institutional capacity . 177 2.4.1 Actions to implement the Law on Climate Action – immediate actions after adoption of the Law 177 2.4.2 Actions for further development of the legal framework for climate action . 186 2.4.3 Actions for the strengthening of the institutional capacity 194 3. IMPACT ASSESSMENT . 199 3.1 For the Implementation of the Strategy 199 3.1.1 Environmental impact assessment . 199 3.1.2 Socio-economic impact . 200 3.2 For the Implementation of the Law . 202 4.', 'IMPACT ASSESSMENT . 199 3.1 For the Implementation of the Strategy 199 3.1.1 Environmental impact assessment . 199 3.1.2 Socio-economic impact . 200 3.2 For the Implementation of the Law . 202 4. MONITORING AND EVALUATION FRAMEWORK 205Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y The Paris Agreement requires all countries to be part of the global effort to achieve the goal of limiting global temperature increase by 1.5-2ºC. This requires global net zero emissions to be reached by the middle of the 21st century.', 'This requires global net zero emissions to be reached by the middle of the 21st century. As a candidate for European Union (EU) membership, the Republic of North Macedonia is obliged to transpose the EU legal framework into its national legal system, namely the 2030 Climate and Energy Framework and the 2050 Long-term Strategy / European Green Deal. This Strategy defines contribution of the country to the global effort, through a pathway towards green, low carbon and climate resilient development, based on the best available information and in the context of the country’s accession to the EU.', 'This Strategy defines contribution of the country to the global effort, through a pathway towards green, low carbon and climate resilient development, based on the best available information and in the context of the country’s accession to the EU. Addressing climate change requires a set of policies and measures across a wide spectrum of policy sectors, each with a precise contribution to the overall achievement of the national climate commitments. It is therefore fundamental that the vision and objectives of this strategy are mainstreamed in the agendas of line ministries and that they permeate to the relevant sectoral policies, through enhanced horizontal policy coordination.', 'It is therefore fundamental that the vision and objectives of this strategy are mainstreamed in the agendas of line ministries and that they permeate to the relevant sectoral policies, through enhanced horizontal policy coordination. This coordination imperative is valid to both emissions reduction (mitigation) and to reduced vulnerability to impacts of climate change (adaptation) and is required at national level, but also at different levels of administration, namely at local self-government level.', 'This coordination imperative is valid to both emissions reduction (mitigation) and to reduced vulnerability to impacts of climate change (adaptation) and is required at national level, but also at different levels of administration, namely at local self-government level. * MEMO items include emissions from aviation and electricity import Specific objectives Based on current sectoral greenhouse gas emissions and available measures and technologies, the contribution of each sector to the achievement of the overall national target, is defined through the adoption of the following sectoral GHG emissions reductions or limitations objectives to be achieved by 2050 compared to 1990: • Energy sector: -64% (excluding MEMO items) A Long-term Vision The Republic of North Macedonia is, by 2050, a prosperous, low carbon economy, following sustainable and climate resilient development pathways, enhancing competitiveness and promoting social cohesion through action to combat climate change and its impacts.', '* MEMO items include emissions from aviation and electricity import Specific objectives Based on current sectoral greenhouse gas emissions and available measures and technologies, the contribution of each sector to the achievement of the overall national target, is defined through the adoption of the following sectoral GHG emissions reductions or limitations objectives to be achieved by 2050 compared to 1990: • Energy sector: -64% (excluding MEMO items) A Long-term Vision The Republic of North Macedonia is, by 2050, a prosperous, low carbon economy, following sustainable and climate resilient development pathways, enhancing competitiveness and promoting social cohesion through action to combat climate change and its impacts. A long-term objective quantifying North Macedonia’s contribution to the global effort Reduction of national net GHG emissions (including Forestry and Other Land Use and excluding MEMO items*) of 72% by 2050 compared to 1990 levels (or GHG emission reduction of 42% by 2050 compared to 1990, excluding FOLU and MEMO items) and increased resilience of North Macedonia’s society, economy and ecosystems to the impacts of climate change.Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan • Industrial Process and Product Use sector: • Agriculture sector: -34% • Carbon sink in forests and other land uses: • Waste sector: -2% Reducing Republic of North Macedonia’s vulnerability to climate change impacts will require the definition and implementation of measures related to nearly every aspect of policy, including sectors as diverse as human health, cultural heritage and biodiversity.', 'A long-term objective quantifying North Macedonia’s contribution to the global effort Reduction of national net GHG emissions (including Forestry and Other Land Use and excluding MEMO items*) of 72% by 2050 compared to 1990 levels (or GHG emission reduction of 42% by 2050 compared to 1990, excluding FOLU and MEMO items) and increased resilience of North Macedonia’s society, economy and ecosystems to the impacts of climate change.Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan • Industrial Process and Product Use sector: • Agriculture sector: -34% • Carbon sink in forests and other land uses: • Waste sector: -2% Reducing Republic of North Macedonia’s vulnerability to climate change impacts will require the definition and implementation of measures related to nearly every aspect of policy, including sectors as diverse as human health, cultural heritage and biodiversity. This strategy lays the ground for the immediate and urgent work required to address key technical barriers previously identified and to prepare a detailed cross-sectoral National Adaptation Plan (NAP), which will lay the grounds for international cooperation on the matter and set the country on course to a climate resilient sustainable development.', 'This strategy lays the ground for the immediate and urgent work required to address key technical barriers previously identified and to prepare a detailed cross-sectoral National Adaptation Plan (NAP), which will lay the grounds for international cooperation on the matter and set the country on course to a climate resilient sustainable development. The following objectives related to adaptation to climate change impacts are defined: • Build solid systems for the regular and periodic collection data for the production and dissemination of scientific and technical knowledge • Increase the resilience of climate change impacts of key socio-economic sectors and ecosystems An additional cross-cutting objective to promote the green transition through capacity building, education, training for new skills and awareness rising is also defined.', 'The following objectives related to adaptation to climate change impacts are defined: • Build solid systems for the regular and periodic collection data for the production and dissemination of scientific and technical knowledge • Increase the resilience of climate change impacts of key socio-economic sectors and ecosystems An additional cross-cutting objective to promote the green transition through capacity building, education, training for new skills and awareness rising is also defined. Costs and Impacts The implementation of the measures needed to meet the emissions reduction objectives will require cumulative capital investments of €35 billion in the period 2020-2050 (compared to €19 billion in the With Existing Measures (Reference) – WEM Scenario).', 'Costs and Impacts The implementation of the measures needed to meet the emissions reduction objectives will require cumulative capital investments of €35 billion in the period 2020-2050 (compared to €19 billion in the With Existing Measures (Reference) – WEM Scenario). The total energy system costs are €121billion for the same period, which represent an * The dramatic increase of the carbon sinks is owned to the extremely low level of carbon sinks in the reference year 1990. The reason behind the low level of carbon sinks in 1990 is statistical inconsistency in the reporting of the forest area for the year 1990 and the lack of other official national data regarding forests land for that specific year.', 'The reason behind the low level of carbon sinks in 1990 is statistical inconsistency in the reporting of the forest area for the year 1990 and the lack of other official national data regarding forests land for that specific year. The estimated carbon sinks for 2050 are on level very close to the reported sinks of the FOLU sector in the year 2016.', 'The estimated carbon sinks for 2050 are on level very close to the reported sinks of the FOLU sector in the year 2016. Introduction of CO2 tax Reduction of network losses Large hydropower plants Incentives feed-in tariff Incentives feed-in premium Biomass power plants (CHP optional) Solar rooftop power plants RES without incentives Energy efficiency obligation schemes Solar thermal collectors Labelling of electric appliances and equipment Increased use of heat pumps Public awareness campaigns and network of EE info centres (Including Cost of investment in advanced technologies) Retrofitting of existing residential, commercial, central government, and local self-government buildings Construction of new buildings (at least class C) Construction of passive buildings Phasing out of incandescent lights Improvement of the street lighting in the municipalities Green procurements Increased use of central heating systems Energy management in manufacturing industries Introduction of efficient electric motors Introduction of more advanced technologies Increased use of the railway Renewing of the national car fleet Renewing of other national road fleet Advanced mobility (walking, cycling and electric scooters) Construction of the railway to the Republic of Bulgaria Electrification of the transport Reduction of CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation in dairy cows by 3% Reduction of N2O emissions from manure management in dairy cows by 20% Reduction of NO2 emissions from manure management in swine farms by 13% Reduction of N2O emissions from manure in dairy cows by 20% for farms below 50 Livestock Units Establishing integrated management of forest fires Afforestation Conversion of land use of field crops above 15% inclination Contour cultivation on areas under field crops on inclined Perennial grass in orchard and vineyards on inclined Use of biochar for carbon sink on agricultural land Photovoltaic irrigation Landfill gas flaring Mechanical and biological treatment (MBT) in new landfills with composting Selection of waste - paper Improved waste and materials management at industrial facilities Measures to achieve emissions reductionsLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan economy wide cost reduction of €16 billion compared to the WEM Scenario.', 'Introduction of CO2 tax Reduction of network losses Large hydropower plants Incentives feed-in tariff Incentives feed-in premium Biomass power plants (CHP optional) Solar rooftop power plants RES without incentives Energy efficiency obligation schemes Solar thermal collectors Labelling of electric appliances and equipment Increased use of heat pumps Public awareness campaigns and network of EE info centres (Including Cost of investment in advanced technologies) Retrofitting of existing residential, commercial, central government, and local self-government buildings Construction of new buildings (at least class C) Construction of passive buildings Phasing out of incandescent lights Improvement of the street lighting in the municipalities Green procurements Increased use of central heating systems Energy management in manufacturing industries Introduction of efficient electric motors Introduction of more advanced technologies Increased use of the railway Renewing of the national car fleet Renewing of other national road fleet Advanced mobility (walking, cycling and electric scooters) Construction of the railway to the Republic of Bulgaria Electrification of the transport Reduction of CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation in dairy cows by 3% Reduction of N2O emissions from manure management in dairy cows by 20% Reduction of NO2 emissions from manure management in swine farms by 13% Reduction of N2O emissions from manure in dairy cows by 20% for farms below 50 Livestock Units Establishing integrated management of forest fires Afforestation Conversion of land use of field crops above 15% inclination Contour cultivation on areas under field crops on inclined Perennial grass in orchard and vineyards on inclined Use of biochar for carbon sink on agricultural land Photovoltaic irrigation Landfill gas flaring Mechanical and biological treatment (MBT) in new landfills with composting Selection of waste - paper Improved waste and materials management at industrial facilities Measures to achieve emissions reductionsLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan economy wide cost reduction of €16 billion compared to the WEM Scenario. Investments (Bill.', 'Introduction of CO2 tax Reduction of network losses Large hydropower plants Incentives feed-in tariff Incentives feed-in premium Biomass power plants (CHP optional) Solar rooftop power plants RES without incentives Energy efficiency obligation schemes Solar thermal collectors Labelling of electric appliances and equipment Increased use of heat pumps Public awareness campaigns and network of EE info centres (Including Cost of investment in advanced technologies) Retrofitting of existing residential, commercial, central government, and local self-government buildings Construction of new buildings (at least class C) Construction of passive buildings Phasing out of incandescent lights Improvement of the street lighting in the municipalities Green procurements Increased use of central heating systems Energy management in manufacturing industries Introduction of efficient electric motors Introduction of more advanced technologies Increased use of the railway Renewing of the national car fleet Renewing of other national road fleet Advanced mobility (walking, cycling and electric scooters) Construction of the railway to the Republic of Bulgaria Electrification of the transport Reduction of CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation in dairy cows by 3% Reduction of N2O emissions from manure management in dairy cows by 20% Reduction of NO2 emissions from manure management in swine farms by 13% Reduction of N2O emissions from manure in dairy cows by 20% for farms below 50 Livestock Units Establishing integrated management of forest fires Afforestation Conversion of land use of field crops above 15% inclination Contour cultivation on areas under field crops on inclined Perennial grass in orchard and vineyards on inclined Use of biochar for carbon sink on agricultural land Photovoltaic irrigation Landfill gas flaring Mechanical and biological treatment (MBT) in new landfills with composting Selection of waste - paper Improved waste and materials management at industrial facilities Measures to achieve emissions reductionsLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan economy wide cost reduction of €16 billion compared to the WEM Scenario. Investments (Bill. EUR) – Total system costs – Energy (Bill.', 'EUR) – Total system costs – Energy (Bill. EUR) – 2020-2050 Investment and Energy System Costs in the WAM Scenario These investments create the highest number of green jobs in 2035: 10,000 green jobs, which represents 2.7 times more jobs than the current number of employees in the coal power plants in Republic of North MAcedonia. Enabling environment for climate investments The transition to a low carbon development will require a significant convergence of financial flows to green technologies and an immediate moratorium on brown technologies that may lock the country in a carbon intensive pathway for decades. There’s an established consensus that the later the enabling environment for climate investments is set, the more expensive the transition will become.', 'There’s an established consensus that the later the enabling environment for climate investments is set, the more expensive the transition will become. Most of the measures are planned to be implemented by consumers, which makes them the largest investors, as such, these investments should be largely supported and encouraged by the central and local government. Private investors (private and state-owned companies) also play an important role in this process of transition (mainly for construction of RES capacities), for which it is necessary to create sustainable policies and a stable investment climate. Contribution to key Sustainable Development Goals The implementation of this strategy will align Republic of North Macedonia with the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 13 – Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts.', 'Contribution to key Sustainable Development Goals The implementation of this strategy will align Republic of North Macedonia with the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 13 – Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts. The implementation of the measures included in the WAM scenario for mitigation, will align key indicators for Republic of North Macedonia (such as emissions per capita and per unit of GDP), with those of neighbouring EU Member States. Additionally, this strategy is also directly contributing to SGD 7 – Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all, which is supported by the indicator Share of renewable energy sources in gross final consumption, which shows an increase from 23% in 2020 to 49% in 2050 in the WAM scenario.', 'Additionally, this strategy is also directly contributing to SGD 7 – Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all, which is supported by the indicator Share of renewable energy sources in gross final consumption, which shows an increase from 23% in 2020 to 49% in 2050 in the WAM scenario. Horizontal coordination for a successful implementation of the Strategy The implementation of the policies and measures foreseen under this Strategy require comprehensive policy planning, coordination and implementation processes. This must be enabled by a comprehensive legal basis and legally established coordination instruments to facilitate cross-sectoral policy design and implementation, as well as mechanisms to monitor the implementation of the foreseen policies and measures.', 'This must be enabled by a comprehensive legal basis and legally established coordination instruments to facilitate cross-sectoral policy design and implementation, as well as mechanisms to monitor the implementation of the foreseen policies and measures. The draft Law on Climate Action provides an enabling environment for overarching policy coordination processes, and defines the legal mechanism for monitoring progress towards the achievement of the national sustainable development pathway.', 'The draft Law on Climate Action provides an enabling environment for overarching policy coordination processes, and defines the legal mechanism for monitoring progress towards the achievement of the national sustainable development pathway. Pilot project for the collection of data on water use in rural context for the purpose of ensuring effective adaptation to climate change Promote Cooperation Among Scientific Institutions and Enhance the Science-Policy-Implementers Link Define and develop an indicator system to monitor the impacts of climate change on biodiversity Define a national research plan for biodiversity (including agrobiodiversity) and climate change Restore and improve the system for the collection of air-climate-health data, including the platform for sharing it with the public (integrated system for weather extremes, air quality and human morbidity and mortality) Define and develop a system to monitor socio- economic vulnerability to climate change Prepare the National Adaptation Plan Measures to achieve adaptation objectiveLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan The capacity need assessment* has also demonstrated that all line ministries need capacities and knowledge to be fully capable to integrate climate change aspects into their sectoral plans and programs.', 'Pilot project for the collection of data on water use in rural context for the purpose of ensuring effective adaptation to climate change Promote Cooperation Among Scientific Institutions and Enhance the Science-Policy-Implementers Link Define and develop an indicator system to monitor the impacts of climate change on biodiversity Define a national research plan for biodiversity (including agrobiodiversity) and climate change Restore and improve the system for the collection of air-climate-health data, including the platform for sharing it with the public (integrated system for weather extremes, air quality and human morbidity and mortality) Define and develop a system to monitor socio- economic vulnerability to climate change Prepare the National Adaptation Plan Measures to achieve adaptation objectiveLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan The capacity need assessment* has also demonstrated that all line ministries need capacities and knowledge to be fully capable to integrate climate change aspects into their sectoral plans and programs. This means that climate consideration should be brought higher on the political agenda of the Government in order for the country to allocate resources to engage additional human capacities at all levels.', 'This means that climate consideration should be brought higher on the political agenda of the Government in order for the country to allocate resources to engage additional human capacities at all levels. In addition, it is fundamental to mainstream climate change related aspects into future national strategic planning documents related to education, R&D, and innovation. The most important national strategic documents that should integrate climate related aspects are the future National Strategy for Education and the National Innovation Strategy. This will assure the systematic and harmonised integration of climate related aspects into the national educational, R&D, and innovation ecosystem, as well as increase educational and research capacities, and climate awareness among the general public.', 'This will assure the systematic and harmonised integration of climate related aspects into the national educational, R&D, and innovation ecosystem, as well as increase educational and research capacities, and climate awareness among the general public. Way forward The adoption of this Strategy should mark a turning point for Republic of North Macedonia, with the country embarking on its pathway towards a low carbon, climate resilient sustainable development. This Strategy provides for a set of concrete measures aimed at achieving such results, but in particular, provides for a vision of the country’s future, which should inspire and shape policy development across the many different relevant key sectors.', 'This Strategy provides for a set of concrete measures aimed at achieving such results, but in particular, provides for a vision of the country’s future, which should inspire and shape policy development across the many different relevant key sectors. In addition, policy makers need to recognize that despite the recent economic recession caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, investing in climate action is rather a need than a luxury. Several other countries have already prepared their economic recovery plans and the international community advocates these plans should consider climate action as a building block for sustainable economic development.', 'Several other countries have already prepared their economic recovery plans and the international community advocates these plans should consider climate action as a building block for sustainable economic development. Considering national circumstances, it can be concluded that the implementation of the Long-term Strategy on Climate Action would facilitate the recovery of some of the main economic sectors including services, tourism, construction and energy, and, at the same time, create new job opportunities. In addition, investing in resilience and building adaptation capacities is crucial for dealing with the adverse effects of climate change and developing an enabling and sustainable environment for investments and economic development.', 'In addition, investing in resilience and building adaptation capacities is crucial for dealing with the adverse effects of climate change and developing an enabling and sustainable environment for investments and economic development. The Long-term Strategy on Climate Action supports the sustainable economic recovery of the country and the policies and measures foreseen under the Strategy can be used as a steering wheel for investments and financial injections for the private and public sectors, which would ultimately bring economic, environmental and social benefits, and enable sustainable development in the country. Taking this development pathway grants the people of the Republic of North Macedonia with cleaner air and a healthier environment, as well as greater reliance on climate as we now know it.', 'Taking this development pathway grants the people of the Republic of North Macedonia with cleaner air and a healthier environment, as well as greater reliance on climate as we now know it. This national effort, taken in tandem and in cooperation with our closest allies in the region, in the European Union and at the United Nations, should collectively lead us to a limitation of global temperature as established in the Paris Agreement. * Report on institutional analysis and assessment of administrative capacity needs for climate action.Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan 1.', '* Report on institutional analysis and assessment of administrative capacity needs for climate action.Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan 1. I N T R O D U C T I O N According to the World Meteorological Organisation, the global average temperature in 2019 was 1.1 degrees Celsius above the pre-industrial period, while the average temperatures for the five-year (2015- 2019) and ten-year (2010-2019) periods are the highest on record. The current international commitments are insufficient to reduce the climate polluting emissions and address the temperature increase, so the projected global GHG emissions in 2030 are estimated to be twice what they should be to reach the global goal.', 'The current international commitments are insufficient to reduce the climate polluting emissions and address the temperature increase, so the projected global GHG emissions in 2030 are estimated to be twice what they should be to reach the global goal. The EU has recognised that the current global efforts are insufficient to meet the GHG reduction targets and in November 2019 the Parliament declared a climate emergency asking the Commission to adapt all its proposals in line with a 1.5 °C target for limiting global warming and ensure that greenhouse gases emissions are significantly reduced. As a response, the European Commission has presented the Green Deal which is a roadmap for climate-neutrality of Europe by 2050.', 'As a response, the European Commission has presented the Green Deal which is a roadmap for climate-neutrality of Europe by 2050. The European Green Deal has gained huge global attention as a ground-breaking initiative which should demonstrate that climate neutrality and the sustainable economic development can go hand by hand and can bring significant progress and benefits to the society and to the economy. The 2020 global COVID-19 pandemic has brought additional challenges to Europe and to the rest of the world.', 'The 2020 global COVID-19 pandemic has brought additional challenges to Europe and to the rest of the world. Faced with the reduction of the economic activities and disturbed financial markets, the EU leaders are standing in front of another challenge, to set up a Green Deal which will respond to the social and economic crisis while transforming Europe into a sustainable and climate neutral economy. For that purpose, in April 2020, the European Parliament called to include the European Green Deal in the recovery program from the pandemic. Currently, the EU Member States are developing recovery plans as part of their existing strategies to address the COVID-19 pandemic, where the transition to a digital and carbon neutral economy are at the core.', 'Currently, the EU Member States are developing recovery plans as part of their existing strategies to address the COVID-19 pandemic, where the transition to a digital and carbon neutral economy are at the core. As a candidate for European Union (EU) membership, the Republic of North Macedonia is obliged to transpose the EU legal framework into its national legal system. Although the country is small in terms of population and has a low impact on the global GHG emissions, the Government has recognized the importance of climate action and the need for the establishment of comprehensive climate policy aligned with the EU acquis to enable future sustainable development in the country.', 'Although the country is small in terms of population and has a low impact on the global GHG emissions, the Government has recognized the importance of climate action and the need for the establishment of comprehensive climate policy aligned with the EU acquis to enable future sustainable development in the country. In line with the main drivers of national GDP, the national Energy sector is by far the largest contributor to national greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This is owed to the fact that the national Energy sector is based on fossil fuels, primarily domestic coal – lignite is the main national resource for the production of electricity.', 'This is owed to the fact that the national Energy sector is based on fossil fuels, primarily domestic coal – lignite is the main national resource for the production of electricity. The electric power generation capacity in Republic of North Macedonia in 2018 mainly consisted of two thermal power plants with a total of 824 megawatts (MW) installed capacity; eight large hydropower plants with 556.8 MW installed capacity; 96 small hydropower plants with 106.32 MW installed capacity; one wind power plant with installed capacity of 36.8 MW; and three Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plants with 287 MW installed capacity.', 'The electric power generation capacity in Republic of North Macedonia in 2018 mainly consisted of two thermal power plants with a total of 824 megawatts (MW) installed capacity; eight large hydropower plants with 556.8 MW installed capacity; 96 small hydropower plants with 106.32 MW installed capacity; one wind power plant with installed capacity of 36.8 MW; and three Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plants with 287 MW installed capacity. According to the latest national GHG inventory developed in the framework of the Third Biennial Update Report, the GHG emissions of 2016 are reduced by 34.6% compared to the emissions of 1990.', 'According to the latest national GHG inventory developed in the framework of the Third Biennial Update Report, the GHG emissions of 2016 are reduced by 34.6% compared to the emissions of 1990. The decrease was induced by the reduced electricity production from domestic lignite, the fuel switch (increased used of the natural gas), decreased industrial production, as well as the difference between the carbon sinks from the forestry sector due to the inconsistency in the statistical representation of the forest land and forest disturbances for the year 1990.', 'The decrease was induced by the reduced electricity production from domestic lignite, the fuel switch (increased used of the natural gas), decreased industrial production, as well as the difference between the carbon sinks from the forestry sector due to the inconsistency in the statistical representation of the forest land and forest disturbances for the year 1990. Republic of North Macedonia is a party of the United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or Convention) (Official Gazette – 61/97), ratified the Kyoto Protocol (Official Gazette – 49/04) and its Doha Amendment (2019) and has associated itself with the Copenhagen Accord (2009). Republic of North Macedonia has signed (2015) and ratified (2017) the Paris Agreement.', 'Republic of North Macedonia has signed (2015) and ratified (2017) the Paris Agreement. Under the Paris Agreement, the country became the twenty-third in the world to submit its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution for Climate Change (INDC) as per the Decision of the Government No. 42-17/91 of 28 July 2015. The country has developed three national communications and three biennial update reports, and it counts with extensive national expertise for reporting towards the UNFCCC. Furthermore, the country has adopted an enhanced Nationally Determined Contribution (eNDC) in April 2021.Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan The country is also a contracting Party of the Energy Community, which is rapidly advancing the implementation of EU regulations for energy governance and integrated climate and energy planning.', 'Furthermore, the country has adopted an enhanced Nationally Determined Contribution (eNDC) in April 2021.Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan The country is also a contracting Party of the Energy Community, which is rapidly advancing the implementation of EU regulations for energy governance and integrated climate and energy planning. In July 2020, the Republic of North Macedonia has finalised its National Energy and Climate Plan. The Agenda 2030, the Paris Agreement and the forthcoming EU Green Deal on climate change require a transformational shift of the economy and society towards climate resilient and sustainable development. The current institutional capacities for climate mainstreaming in the country are low, and significant effort is required to establish the national system for climate action in the country.', 'The current institutional capacities for climate mainstreaming in the country are low, and significant effort is required to establish the national system for climate action in the country. This refers not only to the national legal framework and institutional capacities, but also to a comprehensive enabling environment for climate action, to the allocation of public and private funding, and to public participation and education. The Law on Climate Action (Law or LCA) is expected to set a profound change in the climate capacities of the country, as well as to enhance cross-sectoral policy coordination and climate mainstreaming in the country.', 'The Law on Climate Action (Law or LCA) is expected to set a profound change in the climate capacities of the country, as well as to enhance cross-sectoral policy coordination and climate mainstreaming in the country. However, the draft Law itself is not designed to be a tool for climate action, and additional planning documents are needed for cross sectoral and economy wide climate related actions. The Project has also prepared an Action Plan for the 1st Stage of Implementation of the Strategy and Law (Action Plan). The Action Plan covers the period 2021-2030, contains all the measures envisaged in this Long-term Strategy on Climate Action (Strategy), plus measures for administrative and legal strengthening.', 'The Action Plan covers the period 2021-2030, contains all the measures envisaged in this Long-term Strategy on Climate Action (Strategy), plus measures for administrative and legal strengthening. Each measure envisages a period of implementation, indicators, budget, implementation powers and stakeholders. This Strategy and its Action Plan will support the on-going process to climate action and climate resilience of the country. Moreover, the aim of the Strategy is to support the sustainable development of the country, to define the benefits and the co—benefits of the climate action, as well as to define the cost of transition and the necessary steps to meet the sustainable development pathway of the EU.', 'Moreover, the aim of the Strategy is to support the sustainable development of the country, to define the benefits and the co—benefits of the climate action, as well as to define the cost of transition and the necessary steps to meet the sustainable development pathway of the EU. The long-term objective of the Strategy is to serve as a basis for cross sectoral policy planning in the country, as well as to raise the climate awareness of all relevant stakeholders, starting from the national and the local authorities, the business sector, the academia, as well as the general public. However, this Strategy is only the first milestone towards the transitional change required in every home, community, workplace, business and farm in the country.', 'However, this Strategy is only the first milestone towards the transitional change required in every home, community, workplace, business and farm in the country. Moreover, the whole system for the provision of goods and services to the citizens – energy, transport, telecommunication, public service, and waste management will have to react quickly and adapt accordingly. It is worth to be mentioned that the Strategy follows the requirements for minimum content of the Long term strategic planning for climate action as determined in the EU Energy Governance Regulation, contained in Annex 4 of the Energy Governance Regulation with enhanced chapters on Cross-sectoral aspects, Education, awareness raising, R&D and innovation, Key indicators and Institutional framework and modalities for implementation of the Strategy.', 'It is worth to be mentioned that the Strategy follows the requirements for minimum content of the Long term strategic planning for climate action as determined in the EU Energy Governance Regulation, contained in Annex 4 of the Energy Governance Regulation with enhanced chapters on Cross-sectoral aspects, Education, awareness raising, R&D and innovation, Key indicators and Institutional framework and modalities for implementation of the Strategy. The adaptation measures contained in this Strategy are limited and mainly aimed at addressing the key barriers and gaps identified in the Third National Communication.', 'The adaptation measures contained in this Strategy are limited and mainly aimed at addressing the key barriers and gaps identified in the Third National Communication. The reason for this is the fact that the Strategy and its Action Plan would focus on climate change mitigation measures and policies, while the National Adaptation Plan (NAP), which is currently in final phase of application for funding by the Green Climate Fund, will focus on comprehensive adaptation policies and measures. In addition to this, sectoral adopted strategies in the fields of biodiversity and nature protection address climate adaptation measures, while the vulnerability assessments are already addressed in the national communications developed so far (water resources, agriculture, forestry, biodiversity, nature protection, tourism, cultural heritage).', 'In addition to this, sectoral adopted strategies in the fields of biodiversity and nature protection address climate adaptation measures, while the vulnerability assessments are already addressed in the national communications developed so far (water resources, agriculture, forestry, biodiversity, nature protection, tourism, cultural heritage). The preparation of River Basin Management Plans is already an established legal obligation, and in accordance with the latest decisions at EU level to incorporate climate aspects into such plans, they will be implemented in the development of new or updated river basin management plans.', 'The preparation of River Basin Management Plans is already an established legal obligation, and in accordance with the latest decisions at EU level to incorporate climate aspects into such plans, they will be implemented in the development of new or updated river basin management plans. Taking all of this into account, the scope of the Adaptation chapter within the long term strategy, as decided by the PSC, is focused on addressing of key barriers and gaps and providing an enabling environment for further climate adaptation.2. LEGAL AND POLICY CONTEXTLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan 2. L E G A L A N D P O L I C Y C O N T E X T * 2 .', 'L E G A L A N D P O L I C Y C O N T E X T * 2 . 1 C l i m a t e c h a n g e m i t i g a t i o n p o l i c y f r a m e w o r k 2 . 1 . 1 I n t e r n a t i o n a l p o l i c y f r a m e w o r k Republic of North Macedonia ratified the UNFCCC on the 28th of January 1998, and the Paris Agreement on the 9th of January 2018.', '1 I n t e r n a t i o n a l p o l i c y f r a m e w o r k Republic of North Macedonia ratified the UNFCCC on the 28th of January 1998, and the Paris Agreement on the 9th of January 2018. Republic of North Macedonia has committed, under the Paris Agreement, throughout its first NDC submitted on 4th August 2015, to ‘reduce the CO2 emissions from fossil fuels combustion for 30%, that is, for 36% at a higher level of ambition, by 2030 compared to the business as usual (BAU) scenario.’ Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) emissions from fossil fuels combustion cover almost 80% of the total GHG emissions in the country with a dominant share of the following sectors: energy supply, buildings and transport.', 'Republic of North Macedonia has committed, under the Paris Agreement, throughout its first NDC submitted on 4th August 2015, to ‘reduce the CO2 emissions from fossil fuels combustion for 30%, that is, for 36% at a higher level of ambition, by 2030 compared to the business as usual (BAU) scenario.’ Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) emissions from fossil fuels combustion cover almost 80% of the total GHG emissions in the country with a dominant share of the following sectors: energy supply, buildings and transport. In the enhanced NDC submitted in 2021, the government has increased its ambition to ‘reduce greenhouse gas emissions in 2030 by 51% compared to 1990 levels, resulting in an 82% reduction of net emissions in 2030 compared to 1990 levels’.', 'In the enhanced NDC submitted in 2021, the government has increased its ambition to ‘reduce greenhouse gas emissions in 2030 by 51% compared to 1990 levels, resulting in an 82% reduction of net emissions in 2030 compared to 1990 levels’. Up to now, climate change related activities in the country were mostly analysed and described under the national communications and Biennial Update Reports (BUR), as the reporting obligations of Republic of North Macedonia to the UNFCCC. However, the Paris Agreement establishes a new Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF) providing for the reporting and review of information on GHG emissions; on progress made to implement and achieve the NDC (mitigation); on impacts and adaptation; and technology, capacity and financial support needed and received (or, were applicable provided and mobilized).', 'However, the Paris Agreement establishes a new Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF) providing for the reporting and review of information on GHG emissions; on progress made to implement and achieve the NDC (mitigation); on impacts and adaptation; and technology, capacity and financial support needed and received (or, were applicable provided and mobilized). Parties are now actively engaged in establishing the necessary arrangements to implement the ETF which will enhance the current measurement, reporting and verification system under the Convention and the Kyoto Protocol. With implementation of the Paris Agreement, Parties will be required to submit a Biennial Transparency Report (BTR) that contains a national GHG inventory and the information necessary to track progress made in implementing and achieving their NDCs.', 'With implementation of the Paris Agreement, Parties will be required to submit a Biennial Transparency Report (BTR) that contains a national GHG inventory and the information necessary to track progress made in implementing and achieving their NDCs. Each Party will also have to identify the relevant indicator(s) it will use to track progress made in implementing and achieving its NDC. All these new monitoring and reporting requirements, the 1st Global Stocktake in 2023, and the requirement for Parties to produce successive NDCs every five years (with each one being a ‘progression’ on the previous one), stipulates the need for the preparation of a national long-term strategic framework with a relevant climate change legal package to meet the long-term objective of the Paris Agreement.', 'All these new monitoring and reporting requirements, the 1st Global Stocktake in 2023, and the requirement for Parties to produce successive NDCs every five years (with each one being a ‘progression’ on the previous one), stipulates the need for the preparation of a national long-term strategic framework with a relevant climate change legal package to meet the long-term objective of the Paris Agreement. Furthermore, the process of EU integration and approximation of national legislation with the EU climate acquis speeded up the development of the relevant climate legal framework which is to some extent transposing the EU climate legislation† providing, among else, a legal basis for development and updates of low-carbon development strategies that includes adaptation to climate change, monitoring, reporting of the GHG emissions and implementation of climate policies and measures.', 'Furthermore, the process of EU integration and approximation of national legislation with the EU climate acquis speeded up the development of the relevant climate legal framework which is to some extent transposing the EU climate legislation† providing, among else, a legal basis for development and updates of low-carbon development strategies that includes adaptation to climate change, monitoring, reporting of the GHG emissions and implementation of climate policies and measures. However, as identified in the process of development of the third Biennial Update Report, there is still a lack of adequate mechanisms and instruments in place, especially financial ones (such as carbon taxation), as well as capacity constraints for fostering low carbon and climate resilient development.', 'However, as identified in the process of development of the third Biennial Update Report, there is still a lack of adequate mechanisms and instruments in place, especially financial ones (such as carbon taxation), as well as capacity constraints for fostering low carbon and climate resilient development. * Additional chapter on current situation regarding the GHG emission trends could be added, if needed, as a sub-chapter or self-standing chapter addressing historical trends of the GHG emissions in North Macedonia.', '* Additional chapter on current situation regarding the GHG emission trends could be added, if needed, as a sub-chapter or self-standing chapter addressing historical trends of the GHG emissions in North Macedonia. † Directive 2003/87/EC establishing a system for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading (EU-ETS); Decision 406/2009/EC-Effort of Member States to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to meet the Community’s greenhouse gas emission reduction commitments; Regulation 525/2013/EC on a mechanism for monitoring and reporting greenhouse gas emissions and for reporting other information at national and Union level relevant to climate change.Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan 2 . 1 .', '† Directive 2003/87/EC establishing a system for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading (EU-ETS); Decision 406/2009/EC-Effort of Member States to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to meet the Community’s greenhouse gas emission reduction commitments; Regulation 525/2013/EC on a mechanism for monitoring and reporting greenhouse gas emissions and for reporting other information at national and Union level relevant to climate change.Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan 2 . 1 . 2 N a t i o n a l p o l i c y f r a m e w o r k f o r c l i m a t e m i t i g a t i o n The MoEPP is the body of the state administration responsible for climate change policymaking, a focal point for the UNFCCC and a nationally designated entity for the Kyoto Protocol.', '2 N a t i o n a l p o l i c y f r a m e w o r k f o r c l i m a t e m i t i g a t i o n The MoEPP is the body of the state administration responsible for climate change policymaking, a focal point for the UNFCCC and a nationally designated entity for the Kyoto Protocol. The Office of the Deputy Prime Minister for Economic Affairs is responsible for the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals, and a National Designated Entity for the Green Climate Fund (GCF).', 'The Office of the Deputy Prime Minister for Economic Affairs is responsible for the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals, and a National Designated Entity for the Green Climate Fund (GCF). Other ministries responsible for climate related issues are: - Ministry of Economy, which is the body of the state administration responsible for the following climate related policies: o energy policy including the investments in the energy sector, fossil fuels, energy efficiency and renewable energy sources; o internal market policies under which the standards and policies for road transport vehicles and the technical conformity are regulated; o mining policies and geological aspects; and o industrial and investments policies.', 'Other ministries responsible for climate related issues are: - Ministry of Economy, which is the body of the state administration responsible for the following climate related policies: o energy policy including the investments in the energy sector, fossil fuels, energy efficiency and renewable energy sources; o internal market policies under which the standards and policies for road transport vehicles and the technical conformity are regulated; o mining policies and geological aspects; and o industrial and investments policies. - Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Economy, responsible for the design and implementation of agricultural and forestry related policies, as well as for economic use of the water resources. - Ministry of Transport and Communications, responsible for transportation licences for freight and passenger transport, aviation activities and railways.', '- Ministry of Transport and Communications, responsible for transportation licences for freight and passenger transport, aviation activities and railways. In addition, this Ministry is responsible for physical planning and the management of construction land. - Ministry of Health, responsible for public health policy. Its relevant areas of responsibility include the quality of water used for drinking, chemicals management and medical waste management. Its Institute of Public Health has a Department of Environmental Health, which gathers data from the 10 regional centres of public health, monitors and evaluates the environmental and climate health risks, identifies the priority issues and potential risk to health conditions at the national level and informs the Ministry of Health.', 'Its Institute of Public Health has a Department of Environmental Health, which gathers data from the 10 regional centres of public health, monitors and evaluates the environmental and climate health risks, identifies the priority issues and potential risk to health conditions at the national level and informs the Ministry of Health. - Ministry of Finance, which manages the Treasury Single Account, receives all revenues and from which all payments are made on behalf of budget users at the central and local government levels. - Energy and Water Services Regulatory Commission, which sets energy and water supply tariffs and tariffs for sewerage and wastewater treatment services. - Local Self Governmental Units that organise the municipal utility services (such as waste collection and disposal, water supply and sewerage).', '- Local Self Governmental Units that organise the municipal utility services (such as waste collection and disposal, water supply and sewerage). These Units also determine the charges for waste services. The National Climate Change Committee (NCCC) was established as an intergovernmental body to provide support and guidance for the overall climate change policies in the country. It was comprised of key stakeholder representatives from national institutions, academic institutions, the private sector and civil society, and of climate change coordinators appointed by ministries.', 'It was comprised of key stakeholder representatives from national institutions, academic institutions, the private sector and civil society, and of climate change coordinators appointed by ministries. The draft Law on Climate Change envisages the establishment of a National Climate Change Committee as a technical support body, or a National Climate Change Council as a political body as a second option, thus providing a legal basis for the work of the National Climate Committee or National Climate Council and enhanced climate coordination in the country.', 'The draft Law on Climate Change envisages the establishment of a National Climate Change Committee as a technical support body, or a National Climate Change Council as a political body as a second option, thus providing a legal basis for the work of the National Climate Committee or National Climate Council and enhanced climate coordination in the country. The National Council for Sustainable Development (NSSD) was established in 2010 as an advisory body to the Government with a mission to create and maintain conditions for the implementation of the ‘National Strategy for Sustainable Development’ which provides guidance and roadmap for balanced economic, social and environmental development of the country in order to integrate into the EU.', 'The National Council for Sustainable Development (NSSD) was established in 2010 as an advisory body to the Government with a mission to create and maintain conditions for the implementation of the ‘National Strategy for Sustainable Development’ which provides guidance and roadmap for balanced economic, social and environmental development of the country in order to integrate into the EU. The NCSD is chaired by the Deputy Prime Minister of Republic of North Macedonia in charge of economic affairs and coordination of economic sectors and includes representatives from all relevant ministries,Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan municipal executives, as well as representatives from academia and the private sector.', 'The NCSD is chaired by the Deputy Prime Minister of Republic of North Macedonia in charge of economic affairs and coordination of economic sectors and includes representatives from all relevant ministries,Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan municipal executives, as well as representatives from academia and the private sector. The main task of the NSSD is to ensure compliance in the implementation and monitoring of the national Strategy for Sustainable Development, as well as the implementation of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals in the country, through programs for sustainable development of individual Ministries.', 'The main task of the NSSD is to ensure compliance in the implementation and monitoring of the national Strategy for Sustainable Development, as well as the implementation of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals in the country, through programs for sustainable development of individual Ministries. The implementation of the SDGs in the Republic of Republic of North Macedonia is coordinated and monitored through the mechanism with the Technical Working Groups (TWGs) established in the National Council for Sustainable Development. The main legal basis for climate change policymaking in Republic of North Macedonia currently is the Law on Environment (2005), where Article 187 refers to the National Plan for Climate Change Mitigation, and Article 188 refers to the National Inventory of GHG Emissions.', 'The main legal basis for climate change policymaking in Republic of North Macedonia currently is the Law on Environment (2005), where Article 187 refers to the National Plan for Climate Change Mitigation, and Article 188 refers to the National Inventory of GHG Emissions. The draft LCA has been finalised and submitted to the Project Beneficiary in September 2020.', 'The draft LCA has been finalised and submitted to the Project Beneficiary in September 2020. Other policy documents that consider climate change mitigation aspects: - National Energy and Climate Plan (drafted in July 2020 and expected to be adopted by the end of - The Strategy for Energy Development of the Republic of Republic of North Macedonia until 2040 (adopted in December 2019); - Law on Energy; - Energy Efficiency Law compliant with Directive EU/2012/27 on energy efficiency and Energy Performance of Buildings Directive 2010/31/EU, Regulation on Labelling of energy-related products 2010/30/EU and Directive on Eco-design of energy related products 2009/125/EC; - Bylaws for renewable energy; - National strategy for sustainable development 2009-2030; - Draft National transport strategy 2018-2030; - National strategy for agriculture and rural development for the period 2014-2020; - National strategy on water resource management; - Law on water resource management; - Waste management strategy 2008-2012; - Law on waste management; - Skopje Sustainable Energy Action Plan; and - Resilient Skopje – Climate Change Strategy.', 'Other policy documents that consider climate change mitigation aspects: - National Energy and Climate Plan (drafted in July 2020 and expected to be adopted by the end of - The Strategy for Energy Development of the Republic of Republic of North Macedonia until 2040 (adopted in December 2019); - Law on Energy; - Energy Efficiency Law compliant with Directive EU/2012/27 on energy efficiency and Energy Performance of Buildings Directive 2010/31/EU, Regulation on Labelling of energy-related products 2010/30/EU and Directive on Eco-design of energy related products 2009/125/EC; - Bylaws for renewable energy; - National strategy for sustainable development 2009-2030; - Draft National transport strategy 2018-2030; - National strategy for agriculture and rural development for the period 2014-2020; - National strategy on water resource management; - Law on water resource management; - Waste management strategy 2008-2012; - Law on waste management; - Skopje Sustainable Energy Action Plan; and - Resilient Skopje – Climate Change Strategy. The country does not have a National adaptation strategy.', 'The country does not have a National adaptation strategy. The development of a National adaptation strategy will be initiated next year in the framework of a project implemented by UNDP. The most relevant Strategic documents for the Long-term Strategy on Climate Action are the Strategy for Energy Development of the Republic of Republic of North Macedonia until 2040 and the Draft National Energy and Climate Plan. The Energy Development Strategy elaborates three different scenarios: reference (business as usual), moderate transition, and green (strong decarbonisation) scenario. The moderate transition and green scenario both foresee coal phase-out in 2025 which makes it the first country in the Western Balkans to layout concrete options for a pre-2030 coal phase-out.', 'The moderate transition and green scenario both foresee coal phase-out in 2025 which makes it the first country in the Western Balkans to layout concrete options for a pre-2030 coal phase-out. The Energy Strategy sees the green scenario as the ‘least cost option’ and this scenario was taken into consideration in the draft NECP, which should be considered as an instrument for implementation of the energy and the climate related policies in the country.Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan 2 .', 'The Energy Strategy sees the green scenario as the ‘least cost option’ and this scenario was taken into consideration in the draft NECP, which should be considered as an instrument for implementation of the energy and the climate related policies in the country.Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan 2 . 2 C l i m a t e c h a n g e a d a p t a t i o n Republic of North Macedonia is characterized by a variable climate, which combined with higher temperatures and extreme weather events (such as droughts, floods, heat waves and storms); fuelled by climate change, make it one of the most vulnerable countries in the world.', '2 C l i m a t e c h a n g e a d a p t a t i o n Republic of North Macedonia is characterized by a variable climate, which combined with higher temperatures and extreme weather events (such as droughts, floods, heat waves and storms); fuelled by climate change, make it one of the most vulnerable countries in the world. Such vulnerability to climate change is exacerbated by the country’s specificities, namely being landlocked; the diversity of the biomes (eight distinct ones), the geography including tall mountains and deep valleys; four main river basins and three large natural lakes.', 'Such vulnerability to climate change is exacerbated by the country’s specificities, namely being landlocked; the diversity of the biomes (eight distinct ones), the geography including tall mountains and deep valleys; four main river basins and three large natural lakes. From a socio-economic perspective, the country also shows high vulnerability, due to the relatively high, although decreasing, unemployment rates, in particular among the women and youngest, and a still relatively high share of population employed in the agriculture sector, itself extremely vulnerable to climate variability and climate change.', 'From a socio-economic perspective, the country also shows high vulnerability, due to the relatively high, although decreasing, unemployment rates, in particular among the women and youngest, and a still relatively high share of population employed in the agriculture sector, itself extremely vulnerable to climate variability and climate change. Nonetheless, despite relatively low compared to neighbouring countries, including EU Member States, Republic of North Macedonia’s GDP has been showing an increasing trend in the most recent decades, thus contributing to an increase in the capacity to adapt to the impacts of climate change. Cognisant of such vulnerability, Republic of North Macedonia has been making significant efforts in ensuring that the best scientific and technical knowledge is available for an adequate and science-based policy decision making.', 'Cognisant of such vulnerability, Republic of North Macedonia has been making significant efforts in ensuring that the best scientific and technical knowledge is available for an adequate and science-based policy decision making. In fact, Republic of North Macedonia has a wealth of information on climate impacts, vulnerabilities, and adaptation options, which is, to a great extent, reflected in the country’s official national communications to the UNFCCC. Very importantly, this scientific knowledge includes detailed analysis of current climate and of climate change scenarios. The climate scenario analysis performed in the scope of the preparation of the Fourth National Communication to the UNFCCC shows that ‘Macedonia will face a hotter and drier climate in the future.', 'The climate scenario analysis performed in the scope of the preparation of the Fourth National Communication to the UNFCCC shows that ‘Macedonia will face a hotter and drier climate in the future. The amplitude of this change will primarily be related to the future concentration of GHG. Associated with hotter climate in future, increase in hot extremes and decrease in cold extremes is expected. Despite drier condition being expected on average on annual level, analysis reveals potential increase in daily extreme precipitation that will introduce higher risk of flash floods. On the other hand, expected decrease in summer precipitation and extension in duration of consecutive dry days will increase the risk of drought.', 'On the other hand, expected decrease in summer precipitation and extension in duration of consecutive dry days will increase the risk of drought. Finally, due to warmer climate, in general, the (agriculture) growing season length is expected to increase. Predicted droughts and higher average temperatures pose risks that could lead to a reduction of the national water resources, and these should be taken into account when projecting the national hydropower potential. The climate scenarios analysis covers the period from 2006 to 2100 and all changes are presented with respect to the reference period 1986-2005. According to the results, it is expected that temperature increase will continue in the future.', 'According to the results, it is expected that temperature increase will continue in the future. The expected temperature increases for the middle of the century are 1ºC, 2ºC and 2.5ºC for low, mid and high scenario respectively. For the near future (period 2016- 2035), for all three scenarios, the, expected increase of temperature is about 1ºC, compared to temperature in the reference period. The temperature increases are expected to be more significant in the summer months than in the winter months, and in some regions of the country more than in others. The analysis of precipitation shows more complex patterns of change in comparison to temperature.', 'The analysis of precipitation shows more complex patterns of change in comparison to temperature. In the case of the low scenario, there is no clear signal of precipitation change in the future, except precipitation increase during the September-October-November season. For the other two scenarios, annual precipitation decrease is expected, mainly driven by significant decrease in summer precipitation.Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Figure 1 – Future daily mean temperature change, for three future periods, 2016-2035, 2046-2065 and 2081- 2100 with respect to the period 1986-2005 for the low, mid and high scenarios (top, middle and bottom respectively).', 'For the other two scenarios, annual precipitation decrease is expected, mainly driven by significant decrease in summer precipitation.Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Figure 1 – Future daily mean temperature change, for three future periods, 2016-2035, 2046-2065 and 2081- 2100 with respect to the period 1986-2005 for the low, mid and high scenarios (top, middle and bottom respectively). Source: Adapted from the Report on climate change projections and changes in climate extremes for the Republic of Republic of North Macedonia (Project Fourth National Communication and Third Biennial Update Report on Climate Change under the UNFCCC)Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Figure 2 Future precipitation change, for three future periods, 2016-2035, 2046-2065 and 2081-2100 with respect to the period 1986-2005 for the low, mid and high scenarios (top, middle and bottom respectively).', 'Source: Adapted from the Report on climate change projections and changes in climate extremes for the Republic of Republic of North Macedonia (Project Fourth National Communication and Third Biennial Update Report on Climate Change under the UNFCCC)Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Figure 2 Future precipitation change, for three future periods, 2016-2035, 2046-2065 and 2081-2100 with respect to the period 1986-2005 for the low, mid and high scenarios (top, middle and bottom respectively). * Given the climate variability and the information related to future climate change scenarios, Republic of North Macedonia has enacted specific sectoral policies which address some of the most important impacts of climate change in the country.', '* Given the climate variability and the information related to future climate change scenarios, Republic of North Macedonia has enacted specific sectoral policies which address some of the most important impacts of climate change in the country. For the biodiversity sector, the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan for the period 2018-2023, the National Strategy for Nature Protection (2017-2027) and the Nature Conservation Strategy have been adopted. These documents include measures to specifically promote adaptation to climate change.', 'These documents include measures to specifically promote adaptation to climate change. In the human health sector, Republic of North Macedonia leads in terms of preparedness to address extreme heat and cold, through the implementation of the National Climate Change Health Adaptation Strategy and the respective Heat Wave and Cold Weather action plans For the remaining relevant sectors, namely water resources; agriculture; forestry, tourism and cultural heritage, the country’s adaptive capacity is still low as the policy framework is still incipient. Republic of North Macedonia has no binding international commitment to prepare a national strategy and action plan for adaptation to the impacts of climate change.', 'Republic of North Macedonia has no binding international commitment to prepare a national strategy and action plan for adaptation to the impacts of climate change. However, given the future climate scenarios and the country’s assessed vulnerability to climate change, it is in the best national interest to act urgently. While there are no such commitments, the UNFCCC has a broad programme designed to support countries in the area of adaptation. This programme is composed of seven work streams: Adaptation Communication; Adaptation Registry; Loss and Damage; Nairobi Work Programme; National Adaptation Plans; National Adaptation Programmes of Action and Technical Examination Process on Adaptation.', 'This programme is composed of seven work streams: Adaptation Communication; Adaptation Registry; Loss and Damage; Nairobi Work Programme; National Adaptation Plans; National Adaptation Programmes of Action and Technical Examination Process on Adaptation. * Source: Adapted from the Report on climate change projections and changes in climate extremes for the Republic of North MACEDONIA (Project Fourth National Communication and Third Biennial Update Report on Climate Change under the UNFCCC).Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Of greater relevance to the scope of this Strategy and Action Plan are the adaptation communication and the national adaptation plans.', '* Source: Adapted from the Report on climate change projections and changes in climate extremes for the Republic of North MACEDONIA (Project Fourth National Communication and Third Biennial Update Report on Climate Change under the UNFCCC).Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Of greater relevance to the scope of this Strategy and Action Plan are the adaptation communication and the national adaptation plans. In addition, it must also be considered the adaptation component of the NDC and the reporting on adaptation action in the National Communication to the UNFCCC, for which this Strategy must make a substantial contribution. The adaptation communication and the adaptation component of the NDC are requirements under the Paris Agreement.', 'The adaptation communication and the adaptation component of the NDC are requirements under the Paris Agreement. As with other adaptation requirements, the communication and the adaptation component of the NDC are mostly of a voluntary nature. The process for the adaptation component of the NDC should be linked with the process for the National Adaptation Plan to be prepared under umbrella of the UNFCCC and with the support of the international financing mechanism, in particular the GCF. In this context, Republic of North Macedonia is in an advanced stage of harnessing the support from the GCF to prepare the National Adaptation Plan, which is to be mandated by this Strategy.', 'In this context, Republic of North Macedonia is in an advanced stage of harnessing the support from the GCF to prepare the National Adaptation Plan, which is to be mandated by this Strategy. This National Adaptation Plan is to identify medium- and long-term adaptation needs and develop and implement programmes to address those needs. It is a continuous, progressive and iterative process which follows a country-driven, gender-sensitive, participatory and fully transparent approach. Despite the wealth of information and of the good practices in adaptation policy planning and implementation described above, Republic of North Macedonia still faces a set of important gaps and barriers which limit the country’s capacity to effectively adapt to climate change.', 'Despite the wealth of information and of the good practices in adaptation policy planning and implementation described above, Republic of North Macedonia still faces a set of important gaps and barriers which limit the country’s capacity to effectively adapt to climate change. Such gaps and barriers have been studied in detail and are to be addressed by this Strategy. Two such major gaps and barriers can be identified: the institutional framework, including inter-sectorial coordination mechanism, which require strengthening; and the lack of solid systems for the regular and periodic collection data required for solid science-based decision making on adaptation.', 'Two such major gaps and barriers can be identified: the institutional framework, including inter-sectorial coordination mechanism, which require strengthening; and the lack of solid systems for the regular and periodic collection data required for solid science-based decision making on adaptation. In this context, the measures included in this Strategy and Action Plan will focus on addressing the gaps and barriers identified in the area of data availability, consistency and transparency, as well as in the areas of institutional capacity and climate scenario development and analysis. The sectoral measures for adaptation to climate change will be developed in the scope of the National Adaptation Plan. 2 .', 'The sectoral measures for adaptation to climate change will be developed in the scope of the National Adaptation Plan. 2 . 3 C O V I D - 1 9 r e c o v e r y a n d c l i m a t e a c t i o n The COVID-19 pandemic induced vast and global economic and social problems. It is estimated that the economic impact of the pandemic will be more significant than that of the financial crisis of 2007-2008. Economic activity has been shut down in support of social distancing, leading to job losses at a pace that greatly exceeds the worst months of the Great Recession, reducing demand in the world economy, and disrupting supply chains.', 'Economic activity has been shut down in support of social distancing, leading to job losses at a pace that greatly exceeds the worst months of the Great Recession, reducing demand in the world economy, and disrupting supply chains. According to the World Bank’s latest Regular Economic Report (RER), the pandemic caused a huge hit to the Macedonian economy and the country is coping with its deepest recession in two decades. Despite the measures that the Government has introduced to reduce the economic impact of the pandemic, the unemployment rate increased to 16.7 per cent, 17,690 people lost their jobs in the second quarter of the year, while the national economic activity is forecast to decline by 4.1 per cent in 2020.', 'Despite the measures that the Government has introduced to reduce the economic impact of the pandemic, the unemployment rate increased to 16.7 per cent, 17,690 people lost their jobs in the second quarter of the year, while the national economic activity is forecast to decline by 4.1 per cent in 2020. According to the predictions of national financial institutions, a stronger recovery and growth of economic activity in Republic of North Macedonia is expected in the mid-term, as life and economic activity return to normal, although the speed of economic recovery depends on the duration and intensity of the pandemic. Restoration of confidence of both consumers and investors is expected, as well as growth of private consumption and investment.', 'Restoration of confidence of both consumers and investors is expected, as well as growth of private consumption and investment. The implementation of policies and measures related to climate action will speed up the recovery of investments and activities in main economic sectors such as services, tourism, construction, and energy, and, at the same time, create new and green job opportunities. The COVID-19 recovery and the Strategy can play complementary roles in building a green, resilient, and inclusive future. Policymakers need toLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan recognize that climate action can drive the sustainable economic recovery of the country, by means of the implementation of policies and measures foreseen under the Strategy and other climate action mechanisms.', 'Policymakers need toLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan recognize that climate action can drive the sustainable economic recovery of the country, by means of the implementation of policies and measures foreseen under the Strategy and other climate action mechanisms. The implementation of the above-mentioned measures would also generate green jobs* and create training opportunities in fields including renewable energy, energy efficiency, energy access, improving household resilience, provision of infrastructure needed to support active transport and infrastructure for EVs, sustainable and resilient forestry and agriculture, etc. In addition, it is essential to take proactive steps to build climate resilience and invest in adaptation measures, especially for society’s poorest or most marginalized, as well as for the sectors most affected by the pandemic.', 'In addition, it is essential to take proactive steps to build climate resilience and invest in adaptation measures, especially for society’s poorest or most marginalized, as well as for the sectors most affected by the pandemic. Finally, investing in resilience and building adaptation capacities is crucial to deal with the adverse effects of climate change and to provide an enabling and sustainable environment for economic investments and development. * According to the International Energy Agency (IEA) and other sources, investing $1 million in renewable energy or building efficiency creates more than twice as many jobs as investing $1 million in fossil fuels.3. OVERALL VISION AND CLIMATE OBJECTIVES OF THE COUNTRYLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan 3.', 'OVERALL VISION AND CLIMATE OBJECTIVES OF THE COUNTRYLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan 3. O V E R A L L V I S I O N A N D C L I M A T E O B J E C T I V E S O F T H E C O U N T R Y 3 .', 'O V E R A L L V I S I O N A N D C L I M A T E O B J E C T I V E S O F T H E C O U N T R Y 3 . 1 O v e r a l l v i s i o n Considering the current situation regarding climate change in Republic of North Macedonia, the results of the modelling of the GHG emissions, including the respective social, economic and environmental impacts as described in the following chapters, and taking into consideration the Paris Agreement, and the European Union’s 2030 Climate and Energy Framework, the European strategic long-term vision for a prosperous, modern, competitive and climate neutral economy, the vision of this Strategy is as follows: Republic of North Macedonia is, by 2050, a prosperous, low carbon economy, following sustainable and climate resilient development pathways, enhancing competitiveness and promoting social cohesion through action to combat climate change and its impacts.', '1 O v e r a l l v i s i o n Considering the current situation regarding climate change in Republic of North Macedonia, the results of the modelling of the GHG emissions, including the respective social, economic and environmental impacts as described in the following chapters, and taking into consideration the Paris Agreement, and the European Union’s 2030 Climate and Energy Framework, the European strategic long-term vision for a prosperous, modern, competitive and climate neutral economy, the vision of this Strategy is as follows: Republic of North Macedonia is, by 2050, a prosperous, low carbon economy, following sustainable and climate resilient development pathways, enhancing competitiveness and promoting social cohesion through action to combat climate change and its impacts. This vision of the Strategy is based on the recognition that, in the framework of the Paris Agreement, all countries will deliver their fair and ambitious contribution towards the global temperature goals inscribed in that agreement, which requires peaking of the global greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible and achieving a balance between global emissions and global sinks in the second half of the century.', 'This vision of the Strategy is based on the recognition that, in the framework of the Paris Agreement, all countries will deliver their fair and ambitious contribution towards the global temperature goals inscribed in that agreement, which requires peaking of the global greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible and achieving a balance between global emissions and global sinks in the second half of the century. The vision enshrines Republic of North Macedonia’s sustainable development approach to fighting the causes and the impacts of climate change, in which a fairer and more equal society will be built , considering gender equality and female empowerment*; the economy will successfully compete with other economies under the same conditions; and the environment will be protected for the benefit of future, but also of the current generations.', 'The vision enshrines Republic of North Macedonia’s sustainable development approach to fighting the causes and the impacts of climate change, in which a fairer and more equal society will be built , considering gender equality and female empowerment*; the economy will successfully compete with other economies under the same conditions; and the environment will be protected for the benefit of future, but also of the current generations. 3 .', 'The vision enshrines Republic of North Macedonia’s sustainable development approach to fighting the causes and the impacts of climate change, in which a fairer and more equal society will be built , considering gender equality and female empowerment*; the economy will successfully compete with other economies under the same conditions; and the environment will be protected for the benefit of future, but also of the current generations. 3 . 2 G e n e r a l a n d s p e c i f i c o b j e c t i v e s On the basis of modelling results, the results of the Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment, the foreseen socio-economic benefits and the need to adapt to changed climatic conditions, the general objective is: Reduction of national net GHG emissions (including Forestry and Other Land Use and excluding MEMO items) of 72% by 2050 compared to 1990 levels (or GHG emission reduction of 42% by 2050 compared to 1990, excluding FOLU and MEMO items) and increased resilience of Republic of North Macedonia’s society, economy and ecosystems to the impacts of climate change It should be noted that MEMO items include emissions from aviation and electricity import.', '2 G e n e r a l a n d s p e c i f i c o b j e c t i v e s On the basis of modelling results, the results of the Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment, the foreseen socio-economic benefits and the need to adapt to changed climatic conditions, the general objective is: Reduction of national net GHG emissions (including Forestry and Other Land Use and excluding MEMO items) of 72% by 2050 compared to 1990 levels (or GHG emission reduction of 42% by 2050 compared to 1990, excluding FOLU and MEMO items) and increased resilience of Republic of North Macedonia’s society, economy and ecosystems to the impacts of climate change It should be noted that MEMO items include emissions from aviation and electricity import. In order to support compliance with the general objective and with the implementation of sectoral measures, the general objective is disaggregated into specific mitigation, adaptation and crosscutting objectives, where specific mitigation objectives reflect the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) sectoral aggregation of GHG emissions and, therefore, to the extent possible, also correspond to the division of responsibilities for the achievement of specific objectives.', 'In order to support compliance with the general objective and with the implementation of sectoral measures, the general objective is disaggregated into specific mitigation, adaptation and crosscutting objectives, where specific mitigation objectives reflect the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) sectoral aggregation of GHG emissions and, therefore, to the extent possible, also correspond to the division of responsibilities for the achievement of specific objectives. Specific mitigation objectives: • Specific objective 1: To reduce GHG emissions by 64% in the Energy sector (excluding MEMO items) by 2050 compared to 1990.', 'Specific mitigation objectives: • Specific objective 1: To reduce GHG emissions by 64% in the Energy sector (excluding MEMO items) by 2050 compared to 1990. * Preamble, Paris AgreementLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan The energy industries sector will deliver the greatest emissions reductions, namely through the implementation of the polluter pays principle (carbon taxation) and through the increased penetration of renewable energy sources (RES) in the energy mix. This will require an important transformation of the sector, given the current important reliance on the carbon intensive national lignite as a source of energy.', 'This will require an important transformation of the sector, given the current important reliance on the carbon intensive national lignite as a source of energy. The internalization of the cost of CO2 in the price paid by the final consumer will provide an incentive for market participants to move to zero or lower emitting fuels (RES, natural gas); to adopting processes (in the industrial sector) which are less energy intensive and producing higher added value products; and/or promoting energy efficiency in order to reduce demand for electricity. The technological advancement of the RES technologies, especially the ones related to wind and solar generation, has substantially reduced the relevant installation and operation costs, making wind and solar capacity able to offer very competitive prices in the wholesale electricity markets.', 'The technological advancement of the RES technologies, especially the ones related to wind and solar generation, has substantially reduced the relevant installation and operation costs, making wind and solar capacity able to offer very competitive prices in the wholesale electricity markets. Market prices, nevertheless, assuming the internalization of the carbon prices in the bids of thermal power plants, are at adequate level and allow the cost recovery for wind and solar investments, reducing the need for subsidies and financial support. Furthermore, on the side of consumption of energy, energy efficiency is at the core of the climate and energy policies and is fundamental to a competitive economy and a secure and resilient energy system.', 'Furthermore, on the side of consumption of energy, energy efficiency is at the core of the climate and energy policies and is fundamental to a competitive economy and a secure and resilient energy system. Attributing priority to energy efficiency is the only way to avoid wasting the costly energy produced and delivered to the final consumer. Investments in energy efficiency provide important cost-savings to businesses and households (in addition to enhanced thermal comfort, in particular in the residential sector), thus constituting an important incentive to participate in the efforts towards a carbon constrained economy.', 'Investments in energy efficiency provide important cost-savings to businesses and households (in addition to enhanced thermal comfort, in particular in the residential sector), thus constituting an important incentive to participate in the efforts towards a carbon constrained economy. In addition to reductions achieved in households and tertiary sector, reduction of GHG emissions in the transport sector is to be achieved mostly through an increase of energy efficiency and through the renewal of the fleet. In this context, the introduction of hybrid and electric vehicles will play an important role, but, in the short term, not as important as the reduction of fuel consumption in traditional combustion vehicles, which will, by 2030, remain as the typical vehicle in Republic of North Macedonia.', 'In this context, the introduction of hybrid and electric vehicles will play an important role, but, in the short term, not as important as the reduction of fuel consumption in traditional combustion vehicles, which will, by 2030, remain as the typical vehicle in Republic of North Macedonia. • Specific objective 2: To reduce GHG emissions by 34% in the Agriculture sector by 2050 compared to 1990. Agriculture will contribute to GHG emissions reductions through the adoption of measures that contribute to sustainable agriculture, through increased carbon sequestration in the soil (as a result of increased organic matter in the soil), and increased efficiency in milk production and reduced fertilizer input through enhanced agriculture practices and implementation of new technologies.', 'Agriculture will contribute to GHG emissions reductions through the adoption of measures that contribute to sustainable agriculture, through increased carbon sequestration in the soil (as a result of increased organic matter in the soil), and increased efficiency in milk production and reduced fertilizer input through enhanced agriculture practices and implementation of new technologies. • Specific objective 3: To increase carbon sinks by 1733% in the Forest and Other Land Use sector by 2050 compared to 1990. The Republic of North Macedonian forest has as important role to play in the transition to a low carbon economy, as it can provide a carbon neutral energy source and a great potential to increase the net carbon sink of the country.', 'The Republic of North Macedonian forest has as important role to play in the transition to a low carbon economy, as it can provide a carbon neutral energy source and a great potential to increase the net carbon sink of the country. Afforestation and sustainable forest management will transform the forest sector in the country, providing great opportunities for job creation and to enhance resilience to climate change impacts. It should be noted that the afforestation and reforestation activities should be done in a professional manner, carefully selecting the tree species and diversity, taking into consideration preservation of old trees and grasslands, which are important for the ecosystems and the biodiversity.', 'It should be noted that the afforestation and reforestation activities should be done in a professional manner, carefully selecting the tree species and diversity, taking into consideration preservation of old trees and grasslands, which are important for the ecosystems and the biodiversity. • Specific objective 4: To reduce GHG emissions by 2% in the Waste sector by 2050 compared to 1990. Reduction of GHG emissions in the waste sector will take place through the implementation of the measures contained in the current waste policy framework which is already to some extend aligned with the EU acquis.', 'Reduction of GHG emissions in the waste sector will take place through the implementation of the measures contained in the current waste policy framework which is already to some extend aligned with the EU acquis. Nonetheless, based on the assessment of the current situation*, the * North Macedonia 2019 Report, European Commission staff working document, Brussels, 29.5.2019 SWD(2019) 218 final.Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan implementation of the current existing measures is lagging behind and requires an important effort up to 2030 and beyond. Specific adaptation objectives • Specific objective 5: To build solid systems for the regular and periodic collection data for the production and dissemination of scientific and technical knowledge.', 'Specific adaptation objectives • Specific objective 5: To build solid systems for the regular and periodic collection data for the production and dissemination of scientific and technical knowledge. Data collection system proves to be crucial for the appropriate and timely response to the effects of climate change. This is in particularly important in the field of water resource and the use of water for irrigation. Furthermore, adapting to climate change in agriculture requires the vertical integration of scientific knowledge creation and dissemination. In addition, climate change may have significant impacts on biodiversity which requires development of a national research plan for biodiversity and an indicator system to monitor the impacts of climate change on biodiversity.', 'In addition, climate change may have significant impacts on biodiversity which requires development of a national research plan for biodiversity and an indicator system to monitor the impacts of climate change on biodiversity. Above all, accurate real-time air-climate-health data is important for the whole society and significant improvement of the processes for collection and dissemination of such data is crucial for the adaptive capacity of the sector human health. • Specific objective 6: To increase the resilience of climate change impacts of key socio-economic sectors and ecosystems.', '• Specific objective 6: To increase the resilience of climate change impacts of key socio-economic sectors and ecosystems. The preparation and adoption of the National Adaptation Plan is an important step for Republic of North Macedonia to identify adaptation needs and to develop and implement policies and measures and actions to address those needs; and enable actions to protect vulnerable communities. Specific horizontal/crosscutting objective • Specific objective 7: To establish comprehensive policy planning, coordination and policy implementation instruments for climate action. This has to be enabled by a comprehensive legal basis and legally established coordination instruments for facilitation of the cross sectoral policy design and implementation, as well as mechanisms for monitoring of the implementation of the foreseen policies and measures.', 'This has to be enabled by a comprehensive legal basis and legally established coordination instruments for facilitation of the cross sectoral policy design and implementation, as well as mechanisms for monitoring of the implementation of the foreseen policies and measures. • Specific objective 8: Mainstream climate change related aspects into the future national strategic planning documents related to education, research, and development, innovation, social inclusion and equal opportunities on women and men, The most important national strategic documents that should integrate climate related aspects are the future National Strategy for Education and the National Innovation Strategy.', '• Specific objective 8: Mainstream climate change related aspects into the future national strategic planning documents related to education, research, and development, innovation, social inclusion and equal opportunities on women and men, The most important national strategic documents that should integrate climate related aspects are the future National Strategy for Education and the National Innovation Strategy. This will assure systematic and harmonised integration of the climate related aspects in the national educational, R&D and innovation ecosystem, as well as will increase the educational and the research capacities and the climate awareness of the general public. At the same time, intersecting climate change and gender will ensure effectiveness of the climate resilience policies and measures.', 'At the same time, intersecting climate change and gender will ensure effectiveness of the climate resilience policies and measures. • Specific objective 9: To promote the green transition through capacity building, training for new skills and awareness rising. The transition to a low carbon economy is based on technological innovation, on large scale investment and policy decisions, but is also based on decision and behaviours of the individual citizen. Well informed and aware citizens, of all ages, are more likely to actively engage in the effort to reduce GHG emissions.', 'Well informed and aware citizens, of all ages, are more likely to actively engage in the effort to reduce GHG emissions. Additionally, reducing GHG emissions require new technical skills which can be acquired via education via the school system, but also, via adult training, thus facilitating the transfer of workers from sectors with job losses to sectors with job gains. Overall climate change framework needs to be managed and supervised by competent authorities where significantly enhanced capacity is needed as a pre-condition for sustainable implementation, monitoring and reporting of mitigation policies and measures.4. GHG EMISSION PROJECTIONS AND MITIGATION POLICIES AND MEASURESLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan 4.', 'GHG EMISSION PROJECTIONS AND MITIGATION POLICIES AND MEASURESLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan 4. G H G E M I S S I O N P R O J E C T I O N S A N D M I T I G A T I O N P O L I C I E S A N D M E A S U R E S In this Strategy, two scenarios for climate change mitigation were developed. One is a scenario that assumes transition using existing policies and measures (WEM), and the other considers a more radical transition using additional policies and measures (WAM).', 'One is a scenario that assumes transition using existing policies and measures (WEM), and the other considers a more radical transition using additional policies and measures (WAM). Having in mind that in 2019-2020 few documents in the field of Energy and Climate Change were prepared and adopted, these two scenarios are in accordance with the scenarios developed as part of the Strategy for Energy Development up to 2040 (adopted by the Government in 2019), 3rd Biennial Update Report on Climate Change (TBUR) - Mitigation report - 2020 and the final draft version of the National Energy and Climate Plan – 2020 (Table 1). In addition, the measures proposed in these documents are also applied in this Long-term Strategy on Climate Action (Strategy).', 'In addition, the measures proposed in these documents are also applied in this Long-term Strategy on Climate Action (Strategy). The scenarios developed in this Strategy, unlike the scenarios in all the previously mentioned documents, additionally consider the period 2040-2050. The main objective, key assumptions and a brief description of the mitigation policies and measures considered in each of the scenarios is presented in Table 2. It should be underlined that in the IPPU sector there are no measures considered, while in the AFOLU and Waste sectors the same measures apply for both WEM and WAM scenarios. Detailed description of the policies and measures is given in Appendix C. Table 1.', 'Detailed description of the policies and measures is given in Appendix C. Table 1. Correlation of scenarios in this Strategy with scenarios in other documents WEM WAM Strategy for Energy Development (only Energy sector) Reference Green 3rd Biennial Update Report on Climate Change WEM e-WAM National Energy and Climate Plan WEM WAMLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Table 2.', 'Correlation of scenarios in this Strategy with scenarios in other documents WEM WAM Strategy for Energy Development (only Energy sector) Reference Green 3rd Biennial Update Report on Climate Change WEM e-WAM National Energy and Climate Plan WEM WAMLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Table 2. General objective, assumptions and mitigation policies and measures assumed in WEM and WAM scenarios WEM WAM Assumptions General vision Transition based on current policies Transition based on enhanced policies Main demand drivers GDP Average annual growth rate of 3.3% Population Decline by 0.3% in 2050 compared to 2017 Prices Fuel prices Based on ‘Current Policy’ scenario of WEO Based on ‘Sustainable development’ scenario of WEO 2017 tax introduced in (average up to -eq) -eq) Mitigation measures Energy Power generation Modernization of lignite TPP, intensified RES generation Further intensified RES generation Industry Energy management, introduction of efficient motors (IE3, IE4), introduction of more advanced technologies Energy management, introduction of more efficient motors (IE4, IE5), higher rate of introduction of more advanced technologies (electrification of the industry, replacement of coal with natural gas and biomass) Transport Electrification of the transport sector, higher penetration of biodiesel and CNG, advanced mobility Further electrification of the transport, deployment of hydrogen for HDV, higher penetration of biodiesel and CNG, advanced mobility Households Penetration of EE and RES (solar thermal collectors, heat pumps, modern biomass stoves) technologies, improvement of building performance, more CFL and LED lighting Higher penetration of EE and RES (solar thermal collectors, heat pumps, modern biomass stoves) technologies, higher rate of building performance improvement, construction of passive houses, LED lighting Commercial and services Similar as for households (WEM) + 70% of street lighting LED, green procurement Similar as for households (WAM) + 100% of street lighting LED, enhanced green procurement IPPU No existing or additional measures assumed (simple regression model applied) AFOLU Agriculture (Livestock) Enteric fermentation in dairy cows, manure management in dairy cows, swine farms Same as WEM Forestry Integrated management of forest fires, afforestation Same as WEM Other land use Conversion of land use of field crops above 15% inclination, contour cultivation, Perennial grass on inclined terrains (5%- 15%), use of biochar Same as WEM Waste Opening of regional landfills (mechanical and biological treatment, flaring), selection of paper, improved waste and materials management at industrial facilities Same as WEM Note: Detailed description of the measures is given in appendix The summary of the obtained results for 2050 shows that the total net GHG emissions are projected to be reduced by 23% in the WEM scenario and 72% in the WAM scenario, compared to the 1990 level (Table 3).', 'General objective, assumptions and mitigation policies and measures assumed in WEM and WAM scenarios WEM WAM Assumptions General vision Transition based on current policies Transition based on enhanced policies Main demand drivers GDP Average annual growth rate of 3.3% Population Decline by 0.3% in 2050 compared to 2017 Prices Fuel prices Based on ‘Current Policy’ scenario of WEO Based on ‘Sustainable development’ scenario of WEO 2017 tax introduced in (average up to -eq) -eq) Mitigation measures Energy Power generation Modernization of lignite TPP, intensified RES generation Further intensified RES generation Industry Energy management, introduction of efficient motors (IE3, IE4), introduction of more advanced technologies Energy management, introduction of more efficient motors (IE4, IE5), higher rate of introduction of more advanced technologies (electrification of the industry, replacement of coal with natural gas and biomass) Transport Electrification of the transport sector, higher penetration of biodiesel and CNG, advanced mobility Further electrification of the transport, deployment of hydrogen for HDV, higher penetration of biodiesel and CNG, advanced mobility Households Penetration of EE and RES (solar thermal collectors, heat pumps, modern biomass stoves) technologies, improvement of building performance, more CFL and LED lighting Higher penetration of EE and RES (solar thermal collectors, heat pumps, modern biomass stoves) technologies, higher rate of building performance improvement, construction of passive houses, LED lighting Commercial and services Similar as for households (WEM) + 70% of street lighting LED, green procurement Similar as for households (WAM) + 100% of street lighting LED, enhanced green procurement IPPU No existing or additional measures assumed (simple regression model applied) AFOLU Agriculture (Livestock) Enteric fermentation in dairy cows, manure management in dairy cows, swine farms Same as WEM Forestry Integrated management of forest fires, afforestation Same as WEM Other land use Conversion of land use of field crops above 15% inclination, contour cultivation, Perennial grass on inclined terrains (5%- 15%), use of biochar Same as WEM Waste Opening of regional landfills (mechanical and biological treatment, flaring), selection of paper, improved waste and materials management at industrial facilities Same as WEM Note: Detailed description of the measures is given in appendix The summary of the obtained results for 2050 shows that the total net GHG emissions are projected to be reduced by 23% in the WEM scenario and 72% in the WAM scenario, compared to the 1990 level (Table 3). Having in mind that most of the emissions are coming from the Energy sector, the reduction of 72% in the total net GHG emissions can be achieved if the emissions in the Energy sector are reduced by 64% in 2050, compared to 1990 level.', 'Having in mind that most of the emissions are coming from the Energy sector, the reduction of 72% in the total net GHG emissions can be achieved if the emissions in the Energy sector are reduced by 64% in 2050, compared to 1990 level. At the same time, GHG removals play an important role, especially towards the EU vision of carbon neutrality, and in Republic of North Macedonia it is projected that the removals will increase 18 times compared to the 1990 level.', 'At the same time, GHG removals play an important role, especially towards the EU vision of carbon neutrality, and in Republic of North Macedonia it is projected that the removals will increase 18 times compared to the 1990 level. Although this increase looks drastic, it should be noted that according to the Greenhouse Gas Inventory (TBUR) compared to 2016, these removals represent an increase of only 17% in 2050.Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan As previously explained, in the IPPU sector, no measures are proposed, and only simple regression model is used, which leads to an increase of the GHG emissions by 153% in 2050 compared to 1990.', 'Although this increase looks drastic, it should be noted that according to the Greenhouse Gas Inventory (TBUR) compared to 2016, these removals represent an increase of only 17% in 2050.Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan As previously explained, in the IPPU sector, no measures are proposed, and only simple regression model is used, which leads to an increase of the GHG emissions by 153% in 2050 compared to 1990. Therefore, if this sector is excluded from the total net GHG emissions, the total reductions reach 90% in 2050 compared to the 1990 level in the WAM scenario. For the realization of the WEM scenario 19 Bill. EUR are needed, while for the WAM scenario additional 16 Bill. EUR are needed, as investments.', 'EUR are needed, as investments. However, the total system costs in the WAM scenario are lower compared to the WEM scenario; for example, in the Energy sector the total system costs are lower for 16 Bill. EUR in the period 2020-2050. Table 3. Summary of the results of the scenarios in the Strategy (2050) WEM WAM Total GHG net emissions (compared to 1990) -23% -72% Total GHG net emissions (compared to 1990) excluding IPPU sector Total system costs – Energy (Bill. EUR) – 2020- The rest of this chapter explains in detail the key assumptions and the results by sectors, which lead to these total GHG emission reduction results. 4 .', 'EUR) – 2020- The rest of this chapter explains in detail the key assumptions and the results by sectors, which lead to these total GHG emission reduction results. 4 . 1 K e y d r i v e r s Given that there are certain input parameters used in most of the sectors (Energy, IPPU and Waste), and have a significant impact on the projections, especially for energy needs (useful energy), these parameters are referred to as key drivers. One of the key drivers for projections of the GHG emissions is the GDP growth.', 'One of the key drivers for projections of the GHG emissions is the GDP growth. Using the same drivers as in the National Energy Development Strategy, the projection over the period 2018 - 2050 is that the real GDP will grow with an average rate of 3.3% (Figure 3). Such a GDP growth rate could position a developing country as Republic of North Macedonia in 2050 closer to the levels of GDP per capita that are common for developed Central and Eastern European countries today.Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Source: SSO for historic values until 2017; for projections – IMF + Ministry of Finance + Project team estimations after 2024 Figure 3.', 'Such a GDP growth rate could position a developing country as Republic of North Macedonia in 2050 closer to the levels of GDP per capita that are common for developed Central and Eastern European countries today.Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Source: SSO for historic values until 2017; for projections – IMF + Ministry of Finance + Project team estimations after 2024 Figure 3. GDP historical values and projections Population growth is the other key driver, which is the same as in the National Energy Development Strategy, i.e. it is based on the UN population estimates and projections. The population is expected to decline by 0.3% in 2050 compared to 2017 (Figure 4). Source: State Statistical Office, UN Figure 4. Population historical values and projections 4 .', 'Population historical values and projections 4 . 2 E n e r g y s y s t e m i n t r a n s i t i o n 4 . 2 . 1 K e y a s s u m p t i o n s In addition to key drivers, the Energy sector uses a number of other inputs, on which energy demand projections depend. The main input data and assumptions for the Households, Commercial and Services, Industry and Transport sector are given below in this section. Households, Commercial and Services sector For calculating the useful energy demand projections in the households, besides the key drivers, a number of other parameters are used.', 'Households, Commercial and Services sector For calculating the useful energy demand projections in the households, besides the key drivers, a number of other parameters are used. Number of persons in a household is one of them, which is projected to decline from 3.7 in 2017 to around 3 in 2050 (Figure 5). This decreasing of the number of persons per households is based on the average number at EU level (which is 2.4 in 2019), and the fact that none of the Member State has more than three persons per households in 2019. According to this number and the projected population, the number of households is estimated to around 635,000 in 2050.', 'According to this number and the projected population, the number of households is estimated to around 635,000 in 2050. Based on the Household Survey conducted by the State Statistical Office in 2014, the distribution per type of households Bn. EUR % GDP (in bn. EUR) GDP growth (%) Mil.Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan is 42% apartments, 31% urban single houses and 27% rural single houses. In order to reduce the number of assumptions and uncertainties the same distribution is applied during the whole period. Figure 5.', 'In order to reduce the number of assumptions and uncertainties the same distribution is applied during the whole period. Figure 5. Number of persons per household, number of households, distribution of household types For projecting the useful demand for heating and cooling, the size of the households is important which is projected to reach 100 m2 for single houses and 80 m2 for apartments in 2050 (Figure 5). The assumption for household size growth follows S curve, which has growth until 2035 when it reaches the average level of EU countries (in 2012). The size of the urban single houses is growing the most, because at the moment it stands out the most from the EU average.', 'The size of the urban single houses is growing the most, because at the moment it stands out the most from the EU average. This assumption is additionally supported by the State Statistical Office data (Construction sector), where it is shown that in the period 2012-2018 the area of constructed dwellings has increased by 22%. Additionally, the share of heated area is also projected to increase to around 90% for apartments, 53% for urban houses and 45% for rural houses in 2050. Based on the Survey conducted by the State Statistical Office on energy consumption in Households, it is obtained that the average specific consumption is around 160 kWh/m2 in 2014 in the Households. Figure 6.', 'Based on the Survey conducted by the State Statistical Office on energy consumption in Households, it is obtained that the average specific consumption is around 160 kWh/m2 in 2014 in the Households. Figure 6. Size of households and share of heated area For the commercial building stock, data according to third National Energy Efficiency Action Plan are used where the commercial building area is estimated to nearly 8 million m2. For the public building stock, heated area of the building block from the National Program for EE in public buildings (Draft version) is considered (where the average specific consumption is 214 kWh/m2).', 'For the public building stock, heated area of the building block from the National Program for EE in public buildings (Draft version) is considered (where the average specific consumption is 214 kWh/m2). Furthermore, for both the households and the commercial sector, the average heating and cooling degree days are calculated for the period 2000-2017, and this average is used for the period 2018 - 2050 (2005 heating and 1053 cooling degree days).', 'Furthermore, for both the households and the commercial sector, the average heating and cooling degree days are calculated for the period 2000-2017, and this average is used for the period 2018 - 2050 (2005 heating and 1053 cooling degree days). Industry sector Persons per household Persons per household Number of households Apartments - Urban Single House - Urban Single House - Rural Household size (m2) Apartments - Urban Single House - Rural Single House - Urban Average Heated % of total spaceLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan For the industry sector, based on the historical data, correlation between the GDP and the total industry growth rate is made, and these correlations together with the projections for GDP are used for projecting the value added of the Industry up to 2050.', 'Industry sector Persons per household Persons per household Number of households Apartments - Urban Single House - Urban Single House - Rural Household size (m2) Apartments - Urban Single House - Rural Single House - Urban Average Heated % of total spaceLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan For the industry sector, based on the historical data, correlation between the GDP and the total industry growth rate is made, and these correlations together with the projections for GDP are used for projecting the value added of the Industry up to 2050. The projections of the energy demand in the Industry sector are based on the added value per industry type (Figure 7).', 'The projections of the energy demand in the Industry sector are based on the added value per industry type (Figure 7). It is assumed that the overall Industry is correlated with the GDP growth and the share of each Industry in the total value added is similar as in 2018 (since there are no major differences in the shares in the historical data for the period 2011-2017, according to the State Statistical Office data). Figure 7. Value added by industry type Transport sector For the transport sector, the main drivers according to which the energy demand is projected are the passenger and freight kilometres.', 'Value added by industry type Transport sector For the transport sector, the main drivers according to which the energy demand is projected are the passenger and freight kilometres. These parameters are calculated according to the GDP growth, number of vehicles, number of km per vehicle and number of passengers per vehicle (Figure 8). Additionally, the projections for the number of light duty vehicles are calculated using the relation between number of cars/capita and GDP/capita (i.e. ownership growth elasticity relative to income growth is calculated). It is projected that up to 2050 the freight kilometres will be almost tripled, and the passenger kilometres will be almost doubled, following an S curve. Most of the passenger kilometres (around 79% in 2050) are from the light duty vehicles.', 'Most of the passenger kilometres (around 79% in 2050) are from the light duty vehicles. It should be noted that the number of passenger kilometres presented on Figure 8. assumes no measures, so the number and distribution of the passenger kilometres in the WEM and WAM scenarios (after the measures are applied) is different. Figure 8. Passenger and freight kilometres projections Fuel prices Value added by industry (mill. EUR) Non-ferrous Other Paper Food Chemical Iron Steel Non-metallic Freight (mil. tonnes-kilometers) Passenger (mil. passenger-kilometers) Mil.', 'EUR) Non-ferrous Other Paper Food Chemical Iron Steel Non-metallic Freight (mil. tonnes-kilometers) Passenger (mil. passenger-kilometers) Mil. passenger-kilometres Light duty vehicles (short distance) Buses (intercity) Light duty vehicles (long distance) Buses (urban) Buses (other) Two wheelers Rail passengerLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan The global trends of the fossil fuels prices are also very important for planning the energy system, and they show that the natural gas price will almost double in 2050 compared to 2018 in the WEM scenario, while in the WAM scenario it will be increased for around 40% in the same period (Figure 9). Additionally, the price of oil in the WEM scenario will be drastically increased by about 3.5 times, and in the WAM scenario it is increased for 30% in 2050 compared to 2018.', 'Additionally, the price of oil in the WEM scenario will be drastically increased by about 3.5 times, and in the WAM scenario it is increased for 30% in 2050 compared to 2018. The price of the imported coal is also increasing in the WEM scenario for 58%, and in the WAM scenario it remains at almost the same level as the price in 2017 for the whole planning period. On the other hand, the CO2 tax is projected to be introduced in 2027 in the WEM scenario with a moderate increase of 2.3 times in 2050 compared to 2027.', 'On the other hand, the CO2 tax is projected to be introduced in 2027 in the WEM scenario with a moderate increase of 2.3 times in 2050 compared to 2027. In the WAM scenario the CO2 tax is projected to be introduced much earlier (in 2023), with a higher increase rate of almost 6 times in 2050 compared to 2023. The import price of electricity is based on HUDEX and in deep modelling on electricity price in Europe made as part of the Energy Strategy. In the first five years 2020-2025 the import price is around 45 EUR/MWh, after which it starts to increase, achieving maximum of 90 EUR/MWh. Source: based on WEO 2017 data, EIB Energy Leading Policy (2019), ENTSO-E TYNDP 2020 – Scenario report.', 'Source: based on WEO 2017 data, EIB Energy Leading Policy (2019), ENTSO-E TYNDP 2020 – Scenario report. Figure 9. Projected import fuel prices and price of CO2 4 . 2 . 2 P o w e r g e n e r a t i o n In the case of the WEM scenario, the analysis shows that the electricity generation will increase by 76% in 2050 (Figure 10). Regarding the electricity generation, the key findings for this scenario are: • The coal power plants will continue to operate over the period of analysis, with a slight reduction in their production from 2.8 TWh in 2017 to 2.5 TWh in 2050.', 'Regarding the electricity generation, the key findings for this scenario are: • The coal power plants will continue to operate over the period of analysis, with a slight reduction in their production from 2.8 TWh in 2017 to 2.5 TWh in 2050. This is mainly a result of the decommissioning of TPP Oslomej as well as lower production of TPP Bitola. In terms of total electricity generation, the share of coal power plants will drop from 39% in 2017 to 20% in 2050. • The reduced production of coal power plants will be replaced with the electricity generation from power plants using natural gas, as well as RES.', '• The reduced production of coal power plants will be replaced with the electricity generation from power plants using natural gas, as well as RES. The production of the natural gas power plants will increase from 0.8 TWh in 2017 to 1.8 TWh in 2050, due to the increase in the generation capacity as a more cost-effective long-term option compared to new lignite power plants on imported coal, €/ton €/MWh €/MWh €/MWh WEM WAM Natural gas Oil Import of coal CO2Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan considering the CO2 tax as well. However, their share in the total electricity generation will slightly increase from 11% in 2017 to 14% in 2050.', 'However, their share in the total electricity generation will slightly increase from 11% in 2017 to 14% in 2050. • The RES utilization will be intensified, mainly by increasing the production of the hydropower plant from 1.1 TWh in 2017 to 4.2 TWh in 2050 (normalized). A noticeable increase is also evident in the electricity generation from PV power plants (from 0.03 TWh in 2017 to 1.7 TWh in 2050) and wind power plants (from 0.12 TWh in 2017 to 1.2 TWh in 2050). Their share in the total electricity PV, and wind power plants, respectively.', 'Their share in the total electricity PV, and wind power plants, respectively. • The intensified production from domestic resources will reduce the net import of electricity for 1.2 TWh in 2050 compared to 2017 (from 2.2 TWh in 2017 to 1 TWh in 2050). The electricity production will be mainly based on RES. In the WAM scenario, the electricity generation will increase by 48% in 2050, or compared to the WEM scenario the 16% less electricity will be produced in 2050 (Figure 10). The key findings from the WAM scenario in terms of the electricity generation are: • The coal power plants will stop their production after 2025. Their decommissioning is driven by the higher carbon tax introduced in the WAM scenario.', 'Their decommissioning is driven by the higher carbon tax introduced in the WAM scenario. • By 2025, the electricity generation from power plants on natural gas will be more than doubled, compared to 2017. After 2030, with the increase of CO2 price and the introduction of more RES the production of the gas power plants will not be cost-effective, thus reducing the level of production for 50% compared to 2017. This will also decrease their share in the total electricity generation from 11% in 2017 to 4% in 2050. • Regarding the RES utilization, the production of the hydropower plant will increase at the same level as in the WEM scenario, and the introduction of the PV and wind power plants in the system will be more intensified.', '• Regarding the RES utilization, the production of the hydropower plant will increase at the same level as in the WEM scenario, and the introduction of the PV and wind power plants in the system will be more intensified. Their share in the total electricity generation will increase from 15%, 0.4%, and 2% in 2017 to 40%, 28%, and 18% in 2050 for hydro, PV, and wind power plants, respectively. The system flexibility in this case has to be ensured in order to balance the electricity produced by PV and wind power plants, mainly by the construction of (pump storage) hydro-power plants, biomass and biogas power plants, and implementation of demand response and electrification of the transport sector.', 'The system flexibility in this case has to be ensured in order to balance the electricity produced by PV and wind power plants, mainly by the construction of (pump storage) hydro-power plants, biomass and biogas power plants, and implementation of demand response and electrification of the transport sector. • In general, a decreasing trend of net import can be observed, i.e. from 2.2 TWh in 2017 to 0.8 TWh in 2050. After 2030, the net import of electricity is slightly higher compared to the WEM scenario, to satisfy the remaining part of the electricity consumption that could not be covered by the installed power generation capacities in the WAM scenario.', 'After 2030, the net import of electricity is slightly higher compared to the WEM scenario, to satisfy the remaining part of the electricity consumption that could not be covered by the installed power generation capacities in the WAM scenario. Mainly as a result of the intensified introduction of renewable energy sources and the decommission of the coal power plants in the WAM, compared to the WEM scenario, the GHG emissions are drastically reduced by almost 93% in 2050 compared to 2017 in the WAM scenario, while this reduction in the WEM scenario is only around 10%. Based on the electricity generation from different energy sources and the final electricity consumption, the electricity grid factor is calculated up to 2050 and presented on Figure 10.', 'Based on the electricity generation from different energy sources and the final electricity consumption, the electricity grid factor is calculated up to 2050 and presented on Figure 10. It can be noticed that the electricity grid factor reduces to zero after 2025 in the WAM scenario. Additionally, in the mitigation analysis very often the CO2 production factor of electricity generated from lignite and natural gas is needed, so these values are also calculated and presented for the period up to 2050 (Figure 10).Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Note: the production from the Hydro Power Plants is normalized starting from 2018 (according to the RES Directive).', 'Additionally, in the mitigation analysis very often the CO2 production factor of electricity generated from lignite and natural gas is needed, so these values are also calculated and presented for the period up to 2050 (Figure 10).Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Note: the production from the Hydro Power Plants is normalized starting from 2018 (according to the RES Directive). It should be mentioned that 2017 is a hydrologically unfavorable year, with electricity production from hydropower plants much lower than average. For comparison, according to the SSO Energy Balance, in 2015, the production from hydropower plants is 1.9 TWh; in 2016, 1.9 TWh; and in 2018, 1.8 TWh. Figure 10.', 'For comparison, according to the SSO Energy Balance, in 2015, the production from hydropower plants is 1.9 TWh; in 2016, 1.9 TWh; and in 2018, 1.8 TWh. Figure 10. Electricity generation by type of technology Currently, the installed capacity of power plants in the country is 1.8 GW, out of which around 42% takes the lignite power plants, 38% hydropower plants, 16% are natural gas power plants, around 3% wind power plant, 1% is for PV, and biogas power plants have less than 1%. The growing electricity demand requires additional generating capacities.', 'The growing electricity demand requires additional generating capacities. Therefore, in the WEM scenario, an additional capacity of 2.6 GW will be installed in the power system by 2050, while in the WAM scenario additional 3.2 GW is needed or 15% more compared to the WEM scenario in 2050 (Figure 10). In the WEM scenario, lignite power plant Oslomej will be shut down by 2025, but TPP Bitola will remain in the system during the planning period. By 2050, an additional capacity of 0.2 GW of power plants on natural gas will be added to the system (conversion of HFO TPP Negotino to natural gas).', 'By 2050, an additional capacity of 0.2 GW of power plants on natural gas will be added to the system (conversion of HFO TPP Negotino to natural gas). Regarding the RES potential, the installed capacity of hydropower plants will increase for around 1 GW in 2050, which is more than double compared to 2017. Construction of new hydro power plants is not foreseen in the period 2040 – 2050. The installed capacity of large hydropower plants in the analyzed 2017 is estimated at 556.8 MW, while the WAM scenario envisages the installed capacity of the large hydropower plants to increase by an additional 808 MW by 2040/2050.', 'The installed capacity of large hydropower plants in the analyzed 2017 is estimated at 556.8 MW, while the WAM scenario envisages the installed capacity of the large hydropower plants to increase by an additional 808 MW by 2040/2050. It is important to note that construction of new hydro power plants is not foreseen in the period 2040 – 2050. By 2040, it is planned to have a total of 160 MW small hydropower plants with feed-in tariff (same as planned in the adopted Energy Strategy of 2019).', 'By 2040, it is planned to have a total of 160 MW small hydropower plants with feed-in tariff (same as planned in the adopted Energy Strategy of 2019). According to the data from the Energy Regulatory Commission, as of December 2020, of these 160 MW, a total of 115 MW have already been built (have the status of preferential producer) or are under construction (have the temporary status of preferential producer). This means that in the period until 2040/2050 additional 35 MW should be built, plus approximately 10 MW on the already existing Zletovica hydro system. The construction of new hydropower plants should avoid the disproportionate environmental impact compared to electricity generated.', 'The construction of new hydropower plants should avoid the disproportionate environmental impact compared to electricity generated. The selection of locations for construction of hydropower plants should be carefully assessed to avoid adverse environmental impacts and should take into considerations the legal framework for environmental protection, biodiversity protection, nature conservation, as well as TWh WAM WEM -eq Natural gas PP Lignite PP GHG emissions Biomass Hydro PP Biogas PV Wind Net import factor of electricity produced from lignite and natural gas [tCO2 /MWh] # Electricity grid factor [tCO2 /MWh]Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Governmental decisions. In addition, it is recommended the capacity of the water supply systems to be used for small hydropower plants if justified according to economic and technical assessments.', 'In addition, it is recommended the capacity of the water supply systems to be used for small hydropower plants if justified according to economic and technical assessments. The highest increase is estimated for the installed capacity of the PV power plants, or around 1.2 GW of additional capacity will be included in the power system by 2050. A significant increase of 0.5 GW by 2050 is also noticeable for wind power plants. Hence, in 2050 the share of the RES in the total installed capacity will be 81%, or 40% for hydropower plants, 27% for PV, 13% for wind, and almost 1% for biogas power plants.', 'Hence, in 2050 the share of the RES in the total installed capacity will be 81%, or 40% for hydropower plants, 27% for PV, 13% for wind, and almost 1% for biogas power plants. In the case of the WAM scenario, the operation of lignite power plants will no longer be a cost-effective option after 2025. The main reason is the higher carbon price in the WAM scenario which makes TPP Bitola and TPP Oslomej an economically not viable option. Because of the decommissioning of the coal power plants, around 0.14 GW additional capacity of power plants on natural gas is estimated to enter the power system by 2030 (conversion of HFO TPP to natural gas), besides the RES capacity.', 'Because of the decommissioning of the coal power plants, around 0.14 GW additional capacity of power plants on natural gas is estimated to enter the power system by 2030 (conversion of HFO TPP to natural gas), besides the RES capacity. The analysis shows that the natural gas units will be used mainly for balancing of the grid having in mind the RES installed capacity (especially after 2030). Same as in the WEM scenario, the highest increase is estimated for the installed capacity of RES. By 2050 the installed capacity of hydropower will increase for around 1 GW, the capacity of PV power plants for 2.1 GW, and the capacity of wind power plants for 0.9 GW.', 'By 2050 the installed capacity of hydropower will increase for around 1 GW, the capacity of PV power plants for 2.1 GW, and the capacity of wind power plants for 0.9 GW. In terms of their share in the total installed capacity, hydropower plants will participate with 35%, PV power plants with 41% and the wind power plants with 19%. Figure 11. Installed capacity by type of technology The price of electricity in both WEM and WAM scenarios increases as a result of the increase of the CO2 tax and investments in new capacities, primarily on renewable energy sources (Figure 12).', 'Installed capacity by type of technology The price of electricity in both WEM and WAM scenarios increases as a result of the increase of the CO2 tax and investments in new capacities, primarily on renewable energy sources (Figure 12). While the price for each type of consumers is almost doubled in this period, it should be noted that at the same time the GDP/capita is increased for almost three times. Additionally, the realization of the WAM scenario, where there is a drastically greater penetration of renewable energy sources, does not lead to a significant increase in the price for consumers.', 'Additionally, the realization of the WAM scenario, where there is a drastically greater penetration of renewable energy sources, does not lead to a significant increase in the price for consumers. The biggest difference appears in the period 2025-2030 when the decommission of TPP Bitola in the WAM scenario is foreseen, and to ensure the security of the system there is construction of a new gas power plant that operates at a higher price compared to the price in the WEM scenario. GW WAM WEM Lignite PP Natural gas PP Hydro PP HFO Biomass Biogas PV WindLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Figure 12. Price of electricity by type of consumer (EUR/MWh) 4 . 2 .', 'Price of electricity by type of consumer (EUR/MWh) 4 . 2 . 3 I n d u s t r y The total final energy consumption in the Industry in the WEM scenario increases by 0.8 Mtoe in 2050 compared to 2017 (Figure 13). Although this increase appears to be drastic, it should be noted that due to the World Crisis, European Crises and introduction of environmental standards in the Industry sector, there was closing and reopening of some of the major industry capacities in Republic of North Macedonia in the recent period (2012-2017). However, it is assumed that all these capacities will restart and in 2025 the final energy consumption will be at the 2012 level, and in 2030 it will be at 2007 level.', 'However, it is assumed that all these capacities will restart and in 2025 the final energy consumption will be at the 2012 level, and in 2030 it will be at 2007 level. Because the mix of fuels used in Industry in the WEM scenario is similar throughout the planning period, emissions increase accordingly at a similar rate, reaching 2.8 Tg CO2-eq in 2050.', 'Because the mix of fuels used in Industry in the WEM scenario is similar throughout the planning period, emissions increase accordingly at a similar rate, reaching 2.8 Tg CO2-eq in 2050. On the other hand, the higher price of the CO2 tax in the WAM scenario contributes to the change of the fuel mix, primarily for the decommissioning of coal, which at the same time contributes to the introduction of more advanced technologies (using mainly natural gas, biomass and electricity) which together with the industrial energy management measures and the introduction of more efficient electric motors contribute to a 25% reduction in energy consumption in the WAM scenario compared to the WEM scenario in 2050.', 'On the other hand, the higher price of the CO2 tax in the WAM scenario contributes to the change of the fuel mix, primarily for the decommissioning of coal, which at the same time contributes to the introduction of more advanced technologies (using mainly natural gas, biomass and electricity) which together with the industrial energy management measures and the introduction of more efficient electric motors contribute to a 25% reduction in energy consumption in the WAM scenario compared to the WEM scenario in 2050. At the same time, the change in the fuel mix leads to a drastic reduction in GHG emissions of about 60% in the WAM scenario compared to the WEM scenario in 2050.', 'At the same time, the change in the fuel mix leads to a drastic reduction in GHG emissions of about 60% in the WAM scenario compared to the WEM scenario in 2050. However, despite the introduction of these measures in the WAM scenario, it is obvious that after 2030 GHG emissions start to increase slightly, mainly due to the Industrial growth on the one hand and on the other hand because the proposed improved technologies reach their maximum technical efficiency. To prevent the growth of emissions after 2030 or 2040, it is necessary to introduce new technologies that will use low-carbon fuels, such as hydrogen, or electricity (which in that period will be primarily produced from renewable energy sources).', 'To prevent the growth of emissions after 2030 or 2040, it is necessary to introduce new technologies that will use low-carbon fuels, such as hydrogen, or electricity (which in that period will be primarily produced from renewable energy sources). WEM WAM Households Industry connected to transmission network Other industry CommercialLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Figure 13. Final energy consumption by fuels in the industry sector 4 . 2 . 4 T r a n s p o r t After industry, transport is projected to be the second fastest growing sector in terms of final energy consumption. In the WEM scenario, the consumption increases by about 60% in 2050 compared to 2017.', 'In the WEM scenario, the consumption increases by about 60% in 2050 compared to 2017. The gradual introduction of biofuels in the period from 2020 to 2030 (when they reach a maximum of 10%) is the main reason for reducing GHG emissions in this period, although there is an increase in energy consumption. In the period after 2030, GHG emissions increase, but at a slower rate than the increase in final energy consumption, as a result of: biofuels and the introduction of vehicles that use fuels with lower emission factors, such as CNG and electricity. In the WAM scenario, the growth of final energy consumption is almost twice lower compared to the WEM scenario.', 'In the WAM scenario, the growth of final energy consumption is almost twice lower compared to the WEM scenario. Unlike the WEM scenario, WAM in the period until 2030 has a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption primarily due to the penetration of hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles. In the period from 2030-2040, the trend of vehicle electrification continues, but as a result of freight transport there is a slight increase in emissions. Additionally, at the beginning of this period, another minor trend of import of used diesel and gasoline vehicles is expected to occur, having in mind that the efficiency of the imported used vehicles is close to the efficiency of the new vehicle sold on the market in that specific period.', 'Additionally, at the beginning of this period, another minor trend of import of used diesel and gasoline vehicles is expected to occur, having in mind that the efficiency of the imported used vehicles is close to the efficiency of the new vehicle sold on the market in that specific period. This growth of emissions will stop after 2040, primarily due to the introduction of hydrogen, greater penetration of CNG, as well as greater penetration of hybrid vehicles in light and heavy freight transport. At the same time, the trend of electrification and purchase of hybrid vehicles continues with light duty vehicles. All this leads to a gradual reduction of the share of diesel fuel in transport, which allows a downward trend in emissions.', 'All this leads to a gradual reduction of the share of diesel fuel in transport, which allows a downward trend in emissions. WAM WEM Mtoe Liquid Petroleum Gas Coal GHG emsisions Biomass Electricity Low-temperature Heat Natural Gas OilLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Figure 14. Final energy consumption by fuels in the transport sector 4 . 2 .', 'Final energy consumption by fuels in the transport sector 4 . 2 . 5 H o u s e h o l d s , c o m m e r c i a l a n d s e r v i c e s In the WEM scenario, household energy consumption is projected to increase by 13% in 2050 compared to 2017, but emissions are reduced by about 21%, primarily due to reduced use of oil and LPG, improved energy efficiency and higher share of natural gas and renewables in the household (Figure 15).', '5 H o u s e h o l d s , c o m m e r c i a l a n d s e r v i c e s In the WEM scenario, household energy consumption is projected to increase by 13% in 2050 compared to 2017, but emissions are reduced by about 21%, primarily due to reduced use of oil and LPG, improved energy efficiency and higher share of natural gas and renewables in the household (Figure 15). On the other hand, in the WAM scenario the introduction of more efficient technologies, class A, A+, A++ and A+++ (primarily for heating and hot water, but also other devices), more efficient lighting, the improvement of building performance (through their insulation and windows replacement) leads to a reduction in the consumption of final energy of 8% in 2050 compared to 2017.', 'On the other hand, in the WAM scenario the introduction of more efficient technologies, class A, A+, A++ and A+++ (primarily for heating and hot water, but also other devices), more efficient lighting, the improvement of building performance (through their insulation and windows replacement) leads to a reduction in the consumption of final energy of 8% in 2050 compared to 2017. Correspondingly, there is a reduction of GHG emissions by about 52% in the same period. However, direct GHG emissions from the household sector are very small considering that biomass and electricity have the largest share in the final energy consumption.', 'However, direct GHG emissions from the household sector are very small considering that biomass and electricity have the largest share in the final energy consumption. Compared to the, for example, Industrial sector where there is high impact from the international prices (oil, gas, coal), in the households sector the biomass and electricity which are mainly domestic are expected to remain the main energy sources during the whole planning period in both scenarios. Therefore, the share of fuels in households generally remains similar in both scenarios, so that in 2050 compared to 2017 there is an increase in the share of electricity, a decrease in the share of biomass, and in the WAM scenario there is a larger share of renewables compared to WEM scenario.', 'Therefore, the share of fuels in households generally remains similar in both scenarios, so that in 2050 compared to 2017 there is an increase in the share of electricity, a decrease in the share of biomass, and in the WAM scenario there is a larger share of renewables compared to WEM scenario. The decrease of the biomass consumption is driven by the replacement of inefficient biomass stoves with high efficient biomass stoves (for example, pellet stoves), as well as their replacement with heat pumps, due to the air pollution problem in the cities and the current strong policy of the Government for subsidizing heat pumps and more efficient biomass stoves.', 'The decrease of the biomass consumption is driven by the replacement of inefficient biomass stoves with high efficient biomass stoves (for example, pellet stoves), as well as their replacement with heat pumps, due to the air pollution problem in the cities and the current strong policy of the Government for subsidizing heat pumps and more efficient biomass stoves. At the same time, there is also increase of the heat (district heating) as a result of the Government policy for decreasing the value added tax from 18% to 5%. The introduction of heat pumps with higher COP in the WAM scenario, the increased solar thermal collectors for hot water, as well as increased District heating will reduce the gas consumption compared to WEM scenario.', 'The introduction of heat pumps with higher COP in the WAM scenario, the increased solar thermal collectors for hot water, as well as increased District heating will reduce the gas consumption compared to WEM scenario. WAM WEM Mtoe Aviation Fuel - Bunker GHG emissions CNG Biodiesel Ethanol Diesel Oil Electricity Gasoline Hydrogen LPGLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Figure 15. Final energy consumption by fuels in the household sector As a result of the macroeconomic drivers, in the commercial and services sector in the WEM scenario there is an increase in final energy consumption by 38% in 2050 compared to 2017 (Figure 15).', 'Final energy consumption by fuels in the household sector As a result of the macroeconomic drivers, in the commercial and services sector in the WEM scenario there is an increase in final energy consumption by 38% in 2050 compared to 2017 (Figure 15). Nevertheless, greenhouse gas emissions in the same period decreased by about 20% due to greater penetration of natural gas technologies, renewable sources, greater use of district heating, but also the electrification of this sector, which is accompanied by an increase of RES for the production of that electricity.', 'Nevertheless, greenhouse gas emissions in the same period decreased by about 20% due to greater penetration of natural gas technologies, renewable sources, greater use of district heating, but also the electrification of this sector, which is accompanied by an increase of RES for the production of that electricity. On the other hand, the improvement of the energy efficiency through the implementation of measures in this sector in the WAM scenario contributes to a final energy consumption of 27% lower in 2050 compared to the WEM scenario, so the final energy consumption remains at the same level during the planning period.', 'On the other hand, the improvement of the energy efficiency through the implementation of measures in this sector in the WAM scenario contributes to a final energy consumption of 27% lower in 2050 compared to the WEM scenario, so the final energy consumption remains at the same level during the planning period. The emissions in the WAM scenario have a drastic reduction of about 46% in 2050 compared to 2017 which is also a result of more intensive penetration of fuels with lower emission factors (electricity, natural gas and RES) and reduced use of oil in this sector. As is the case for the household sector, the direct emissions from the commercial and services sector are very small considering that electricity is the main energy source.', 'As is the case for the household sector, the direct emissions from the commercial and services sector are very small considering that electricity is the main energy source. WAM WEM Mtoe GHG emissions Biomass LPG Electricity Coal Heat Natural Gas Oil Renewables (SOL,GEO)Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Figure 16. Final energy consumption by fuels in the commercial and services sector 4 . 2 . 6 T o t a l e n e r g y r e s u l t s The analysis shows that the final energy consumption in the WEM scenario will grow for 1.3 Mtoe by 2050 or by 73% compared to 2017 (Figure 17).', '6 T o t a l e n e r g y r e s u l t s The analysis shows that the final energy consumption in the WEM scenario will grow for 1.3 Mtoe by 2050 or by 73% compared to 2017 (Figure 17). Currently, 1/3 of the final energy is consumed by the transport sector, another third by the residential sector, 21% by the industry, 12% by the commercial sector, and around 1% in agriculture. By 2050, the highest increase is estimated for consumption in the industry sector (from 0.4 Mtoe to 1.2 Mtoe), which is related to the GDP growth projections.', 'By 2050, the highest increase is estimated for consumption in the industry sector (from 0.4 Mtoe to 1.2 Mtoe), which is related to the GDP growth projections. Over the analysed period, a significant increase of 55% (around 0.3 Mtoe) is also estimated for the consumption in the transport sector. The consumption in the commercial sector will grow for 0.08 Mtoe and in the residential sector for 0.07 Mtoe, which represents an increase of 38% and 13%, respectively, over the period 2017 - 2050.', 'The consumption in the commercial sector will grow for 0.08 Mtoe and in the residential sector for 0.07 Mtoe, which represents an increase of 38% and 13%, respectively, over the period 2017 - 2050. In terms of the share in the final energy consumption in 2050, the highest share will have the industry sector – 38%, followed by the transport sector – 30%, then the residential sector with 21% and commercial sector with 10%, while the remaining 1% will be for the agriculture sector. In the case of the WAM scenario, the total final energy demand will rise by 38% (or 0.7 Mtoe) over the analysed period, but it will be 20% lower compared to the WEM scenario in 2050.', 'In the case of the WAM scenario, the total final energy demand will rise by 38% (or 0.7 Mtoe) over the analysed period, but it will be 20% lower compared to the WEM scenario in 2050. This is mainly a result of the introduction of more advanced and highly efficient technologies at the demand side. The consumption in the industry will again have the highest increase, from 0.4 Mtoe in 2017 to 0.9 Mtoe in 2050, while the consumption in the transport will grow for almost 0.2 Mtoe (or 33% increase relative to 2017). The consumption in the commercial sector will remain almost at the same level, while in the residential sector it is estimated that will drop for 0.04 Mtoe (or 8% compared to 2017).', 'The consumption in the commercial sector will remain almost at the same level, while in the residential sector it is estimated that will drop for 0.04 Mtoe (or 8% compared to 2017). Regarding their share in the final energy demand in 2050, the industry sector will participate with 36%, the transport sector will account for 32%, the residential sector will represent 21%, and the commercial sector 9%, while the remaining 2% will be for the agriculture sector. WAM WEM Mtoe GHG emissions Biomass Coal Electricity LPG Heat Natural Gas Oil Renewables (SOL,GEO)Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Figure 17. Final energy consumption per sector Considering the final energy demand by fuel, in the WEM scenario, the electricity and diesel will predominate, and after 2030, the utilization of natural gas and coal will gradually increase.', 'Final energy consumption per sector Considering the final energy demand by fuel, in the WEM scenario, the electricity and diesel will predominate, and after 2030, the utilization of natural gas and coal will gradually increase. The biomass consumption will slightly increase. The share of electricity in the total final energy consumption is around 30% over the entire period, while the share of the diesel will drop from 32% in 2017 to 23% in 2050. On the other hand, the shares of natural gas and coal will increase from 1% and 8% in 2017 to 7% and 16% in 2050, respectively. The share of the biomass will decrease from 13% in 2015 to 9% in 2050. The other fuels, mainly oil products (like gasoline, LPG, HFO, etc.', 'The other fuels, mainly oil products (like gasoline, LPG, HFO, etc. ), will account for remaining less than 20% (Figure 17). The electricity and diesel will also dominate the final energy consumption in the WAM scenario, and the natural gas will be used instead of coal. In absolute values, the demand for all fuels will be at a lower level compared to the WEM scenario. Regarding their share in the total final demand, in 2050 the electricity will account for 33%, the diesel 20%, natural gas 17%, biomass 11%, and the remaining less than 20% will comprise the other fuels. Figure 18.', 'Regarding their share in the total final demand, in 2050 the electricity will account for 33%, the diesel 20%, natural gas 17%, biomass 11%, and the remaining less than 20% will comprise the other fuels. Figure 18. Final energy consumption per fuel WAM WEM Mtoe Agriculture Commercial Transport Industrial Residential WAM WEM Mtoe Diesel Natural gas Bunker Fuel Biofuels Coal Gasoline Electricity Biomass (including pellets) Heat Hydrogen LPG Oil (HFO, KER, AVF) Renewables (SOL, GEO)Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan GHG emissions by sectors are presented in two ways. One is in terms of IPCC methodology. The disadvantage of this methodology is that emissions from electricity imports are not taken into account, which is of great importance for an import-dependent country like Republic of North Macedonia.', 'The disadvantage of this methodology is that emissions from electricity imports are not taken into account, which is of great importance for an import-dependent country like Republic of North Macedonia. According to this methodology, with the introduction of the measures, it can happen that there is no reduction of emissions in Republic of North Macedonia because the import of electricity would be reduced (which is not considered in the total emissions anyway). To overcome this shortcoming, the results are presented in a way that includes emissions from both aviation and electricity import (considered as Memo items).', 'To overcome this shortcoming, the results are presented in a way that includes emissions from both aviation and electricity import (considered as Memo items). Analysing the GHG emissions by sector, including the emissions for the international aviation and the electricity import , in the WEM scenario, the total emissions are rising from 9 Mt in 2017 to 10.6 Mt in 2050 (or 18%), mainly as a result of the increase in the emissions from the industry and transport (Figure 18). In 2017, almost half of the total GHG emissions (46%) originated from electricity and heat production, 20% came from the transport sector, 10% from the industry and around 16% are related to the electricity import.', 'In 2017, almost half of the total GHG emissions (46%) originated from electricity and heat production, 20% came from the transport sector, 10% from the industry and around 16% are related to the electricity import. The emission level estimated for the electricity import is also relevant, albeit it reduces over the period due to the increased domestic electricity production. Regarding the sectoral contribution to the total GHG emissions in 2050, electricity and heat production account for 35%, followed by industry with 27%, transport with 22%, electricity import with 9%, and the other sectors contribute the remaining 7%. In the WAM scenario, the total emissions are estimated to drop by 46% in 2050 compared to 2017, or by 54% compared to the WEM scenario.', 'In the WAM scenario, the total emissions are estimated to drop by 46% in 2050 compared to 2017, or by 54% compared to the WEM scenario. The decommissioning of the lignite power plants due to the high carbon price and their replacement with RES will result in a 93% reduction of emissions from the electricity and heat production sector. Although the emissions from the industry sector are estimated to rise over the analysed period (for 26%), their level is lower compared to the WEM scenario. On the other hand, the emissions from the transport sector are estimated to slightly reduce as a result of the introduction of more advanced technologies using less carbon-intensive fuels. Figure 19.', 'On the other hand, the emissions from the transport sector are estimated to slightly reduce as a result of the introduction of more advanced technologies using less carbon-intensive fuels. Figure 19. GHG emissions development by sector including MEMO items (import + aviation) If the Memo items are not included in the total GHG emissions, the emissions in the WEM scenario are estimated to increase by 26%, while in the WAM scenario to decrease by 53% (Figure 20). Therefore, in 2050 the emissions in the WAM scenario are estimated to be 3.5 Mt, which is 63% lower compared to the WEM scenario (9.5 Mt). WAM WEM Mt Agriculture Electricity and Heat Production Fugitive emissions Industry Memo item - electricity import Memo item - international aviation Commercial Residential TransportLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Figure 20.', 'WAM WEM Mt Agriculture Electricity and Heat Production Fugitive emissions Industry Memo item - electricity import Memo item - international aviation Commercial Residential TransportLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Figure 20. GHG emissions development by sector without MEMO items (import and aviation) Considering the GHG emissions by gas, in both cases, the CO2 emissions dominate with around 95% of the total emissions (Figure 21). When compared to the level of emissions in 1990, the emissions (including Memo items) in 2050 are estimated to increase by 10% in the case of the WEM scenario and to decrease by 50% in the WAM scenario. Figure 21. GHG emissions reduction by gas (including MEMO items) 4 . 3 I P P U 4 . 3 .', '3 I P P U 4 . 3 . 1 K e y a s s u m p t i o n s For projection of the emissions of the Industrial Processes, the main assumption is that they depend on the added value of the corresponding industry type. Therefore, a correlation between the historical data WAM WEM Mt Agriculture Fugitive emissions Industry Commercial Electricity and Heat Production Residential Transport WAM WEM -eqLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan for the added value and the GHG emissions from each industry type is made. As the emissions from the Product Use as substitutes for ODS mainly depend on imported appliances (such as refrigerators and air- conditioners) it is assumed that these emissions depend on the GDP.', 'As the emissions from the Product Use as substitutes for ODS mainly depend on imported appliances (such as refrigerators and air- conditioners) it is assumed that these emissions depend on the GDP. Again, a correlation of the historical values for the GHG emissions from the Product Use and the GDP in the same period is made. Using the obtained equations for the correlation and the projections for the added values in each industry and the GDP (the macroeconomic drivers), projections for the GHG emissions from this sector are made for the period up to 2050. No mitigation measures are proposed for this sector due to the time constrains and the absence of previous work on mitigation aspects in the sector IPPU.', 'No mitigation measures are proposed for this sector due to the time constrains and the absence of previous work on mitigation aspects in the sector IPPU. The definition of policies and measures in the IPPU sector requires detailed assessments on technological production processes which will be gradually gathered by the introduction of the EU ETS scheme which is foreseen under the Draft Law on Climate Action. 4 . 3 . 2 T o t a l I P P U r e s u l t s The results for the total GHG emissions for the IPPU sector show that there will be an increase for 143% in 2050 compared to 2017 in this sector, which is expected as there are no measures assumed for their mitigation.', '2 T o t a l I P P U r e s u l t s The results for the total GHG emissions for the IPPU sector show that there will be an increase for 143% in 2050 compared to 2017 in this sector, which is expected as there are no measures assumed for their mitigation. The highest increase is in the emissions from Product Use as Substitutes for ODS, which increase for almost four times. Figure 22. Total GHG emissions in Industrial Processes and Product Use sector by categories (in Gg CO2 - eq) 4 . 4 A F O L U i n t r a n s i t i o n 4 . 4 .', '4 A F O L U i n t r a n s i t i o n 4 . 4 . 1 K e y a s s u m p t i o n s For livestock, the main assumption is that the number of livestock will keep the same trend as in the period until 2040, except for goats which have a sharp downward trend until 2040 and whose number is projected to remain at the same level as in 2040. As noted in the TBUR, it is difficult to make long-term forecasts for land change from one type to another. Therefore, in the TBUR it is assumed that the trend from 2000-2016 will continue in the period until 2040.', 'Therefore, in the TBUR it is assumed that the trend from 2000-2016 will continue in the period until 2040. In this Strategy the same trend is assumed until 2050. Mineral industry Product Use as Substitutes for ODS Metal industryLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan 4 . 4 . 2 T o t a l A F O L U r e s u l t s The AFOLU sector is of great importance because it is the only sector in which there are GHG removals and it includes a natural carbon-caption reservoir mainly from the Forestry.', '2 T o t a l A F O L U r e s u l t s The AFOLU sector is of great importance because it is the only sector in which there are GHG removals and it includes a natural carbon-caption reservoir mainly from the Forestry. Projections until 2050 show that in the AFOLU sector the GHG removal will be increased for about 35% in 2050 compared to 2016 and this removal is mainly originating from Forestland (Figure 23). The use of biomass for Energy purposes is within the principles of sustainable use of biomass, i.e. there is less consumption of biomass than is the annual growth rate of the biomass in the forests.', 'there is less consumption of biomass than is the annual growth rate of the biomass in the forests. This is one of the reasons for the increase in sinks in this sector. The greatest problems in this sector are the forest fires that in certain years in the past caused the sector FOLU to become significant source of GHG emissions. The proposed measures for afforestation and integrated management of forest fires will contribute the GHG removals in 2050 to remain at similar level as in 2020. Furthermore, in the WAM scenario the emissions from the livestock will decrease by about 23% in 2050 compared to 2016.', 'Furthermore, in the WAM scenario the emissions from the livestock will decrease by about 23% in 2050 compared to 2016. The reduction is a result of implementation of measures for improved manure and nutrition management, as well as from the downward trend in the livestock population (especially the number of dairy cows that have the most significant role in the emissions). In addition, the measures proposed in the category Land use contribute to reduction of the emissions from this sector by about 28% in 2050 compared to 2016. Figure 23. Total GHG emissions in AFOLU sector by subcategories (in Gg CO2-eq) 4 . 5 W a s t e i n t r a n s i t i o n 4 . 5 .', '5 W a s t e i n t r a n s i t i o n 4 . 5 . 1 K e y a s s u m p t i o n s The major assumptions according to which the projections in this sector are made are based on the key drivers GDP and the population. Besides the population, another very important assumption for projecting the Municipal Solid Waste Disposal is the waste per capita (Figure 24). The projections for this variable are based on the data for the countries in the region, as well as the EU28 data.', 'The projections for this variable are based on the data for the countries in the region, as well as the EU28 data. The major assumption is that the waste per capita in Republic of North Macedonia will increase linearly until it reaches the same amount of waste per capita as the linear projections of EU28 in 2035. Afterwards, in the next few years the increasing rate will slow down, and after 2038 it will start decreasing. Livestock Cropland Forestland Settlements Grassland Other Land Urea application Direct N2O emissions from managed soils Indirect N2O emissions from managed soils Indirect N2O emissions from manure management Rice cultivations Harvested Wood ProductsLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Figure 24.', 'Livestock Cropland Forestland Settlements Grassland Other Land Urea application Direct N2O emissions from managed soils Indirect N2O emissions from managed soils Indirect N2O emissions from manure management Rice cultivations Harvested Wood ProductsLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Figure 24. Waste per capita projections The composition of Municipal solid waste is assumed to remain the same during the whole period as it is for 2016, i.e. food – 36.7%, garden – 10.7%, paper – 10.8%, wood – 0.4%, textile – 3.7%, nappies – 5.0% and plastic, other inert – 32.6%. It is also assumed that the distribution of waste by waste management treatment will be equal to the distribution in 2016, for the whole period.', 'It is also assumed that the distribution of waste by waste management treatment will be equal to the distribution in 2016, for the whole period. For calculating the waste from the Industry, besides the GDP, for the Industrial wastewater, the data for the value added for the industry from the MARKAL model are used. For that purpose first the correlation between the Total organic degradable material in the wastewater from the Industry with the Industry value added is calculated (Figure 25) and using the obtained equation and the projection for the Industry value added, the projections for the Total organic degradable material in the wastewater from the Industry up to 2050 are calculated (Figure 26). Figure 25.', 'For that purpose first the correlation between the Total organic degradable material in the wastewater from the Industry with the Industry value added is calculated (Figure 25) and using the obtained equation and the projection for the Industry value added, the projections for the Total organic degradable material in the wastewater from the Industry up to 2050 are calculated (Figure 26). Figure 25. Correlation between Total organic degradable material in wastewater from Industry and the Industry value added Figure 26.', 'Correlation between Total organic degradable material in wastewater from Industry and the Industry value added Figure 26. Projections for the Total organic degradable material in wastewater from Industry and the Industry value added In the WEM and WAM scenarios four measures are proposed for the Waste sector, and the following assumptions were made for their modelling: • The existing illegal (‘wild’) dumpsites with very high, high and medium risk will be rehabilitated (covering and gas extraction and flaring) and new landfills will be opened by waste management regions in the following order: y = -3.7636x + 513 EU28 Bulgaria Greece Croatia Austria Slovenia North Macedonia Serbia Bosnia and Herzegovina Realized Projected y = 46283x + 5E+07 GgCOD/year Value add - Industry (Mill.', 'Projections for the Total organic degradable material in wastewater from Industry and the Industry value added In the WEM and WAM scenarios four measures are proposed for the Waste sector, and the following assumptions were made for their modelling: • The existing illegal (‘wild’) dumpsites with very high, high and medium risk will be rehabilitated (covering and gas extraction and flaring) and new landfills will be opened by waste management regions in the following order: y = -3.7636x + 513 EU28 Bulgaria Greece Croatia Austria Slovenia North Macedonia Serbia Bosnia and Herzegovina Realized Projected y = 46283x + 5E+07 GgCOD/year Value add - Industry (Mill. EUR) Mill.EUR GgCOD Total organic degradable material in waste water Value addedLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan o Skopje – 2023 o East and Northeast – 2025 o Polog – 2026 o Southeast – 2029 o Pelagonija and Southwest – 2029 o Vardar - 2029 • Mechanical and biological treatment will be made in the new regional landfills with composting (from the Garden solid waste); • Paper selection will gradually increase from 2% in 2021 up to 60% in 2050 of the total paper waste (this will change the Municipal Solid Waste composition, by reducing the share of paper); • By including circular economy in the Industry, the waste treatment in this sector will increase from 0.1% in 4 .', 'EUR) Mill.EUR GgCOD Total organic degradable material in waste water Value addedLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan o Skopje – 2023 o East and Northeast – 2025 o Polog – 2026 o Southeast – 2029 o Pelagonija and Southwest – 2029 o Vardar - 2029 • Mechanical and biological treatment will be made in the new regional landfills with composting (from the Garden solid waste); • Paper selection will gradually increase from 2% in 2021 up to 60% in 2050 of the total paper waste (this will change the Municipal Solid Waste composition, by reducing the share of paper); • By including circular economy in the Industry, the waste treatment in this sector will increase from 0.1% in 4 . 5 .', 'EUR) Mill.EUR GgCOD Total organic degradable material in waste water Value addedLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan o Skopje – 2023 o East and Northeast – 2025 o Polog – 2026 o Southeast – 2029 o Pelagonija and Southwest – 2029 o Vardar - 2029 • Mechanical and biological treatment will be made in the new regional landfills with composting (from the Garden solid waste); • Paper selection will gradually increase from 2% in 2021 up to 60% in 2050 of the total paper waste (this will change the Municipal Solid Waste composition, by reducing the share of paper); • By including circular economy in the Industry, the waste treatment in this sector will increase from 0.1% in 4 . 5 . 2 T o t a l w a s t e r e s u l t s The results show that the highest GHG emission reduction will be achieved by covering the existing wild dumpsites and the opening of the regional landfills in the period 2023- 2029 (Figure 27).', '2 T o t a l w a s t e r e s u l t s The results show that the highest GHG emission reduction will be achieved by covering the existing wild dumpsites and the opening of the regional landfills in the period 2023- 2029 (Figure 27). By gas extraction and flaring in the existing dumpsites the CO2 emissions will increase in the following period , but the total GHG emissions will be drastically reduced. By Mechanical and biological treatment of the Garden waste, the emissions for Biological treatment will be increased, but at the same time the solid Waste Disposal emissions will be reduced compared to a situation without this measure.', 'By Mechanical and biological treatment of the Garden waste, the emissions for Biological treatment will be increased, but at the same time the solid Waste Disposal emissions will be reduced compared to a situation without this measure. Although the measures Selection of waste - paper and the Improved waste and materials management at industrial facilities reduce the emissions in the period from 2020-2050 compared to a scenario with no measures, the total emissions after 2030 start to increase. This is mainly due to the waste from the Industry. On one hand, as the GDP grows, the emissions from the Industrial Wastewater increase as there is no measure proposed for this sector.', 'On one hand, as the GDP grows, the emissions from the Industrial Wastewater increase as there is no measure proposed for this sector. Although there is a measure in the solid waste from the Industry, the emissions from this sector also increase, because the emissions in a certain year are based on the accumulated waste from the previous years. Thus, the effect of the reduction of solid waste from the Industry is even more visible in the period after 2050. However, the increase in the period 2020-2050 is with a much slower rate compared to a scenario with no measure. The emissions from the Domestic Wastewater and from Open burning will decrease mainly as a result of the decrease of the population and the waste per capita.', 'The emissions from the Domestic Wastewater and from Open burning will decrease mainly as a result of the decrease of the population and the waste per capita. Most of the GHG emissions from the Waste sector are emissions of CH4, but after 2025 the CO2 emissions start to increase due to introduction of the process of flaring (Figure 28). Solid Waste Disposal Biological Treatment Open Burning Incineration Domestic Wastewater Industrial WastewaterLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Figure 27. Total GHG emissions in the Waste sector by subcategories (in Gg CO2 -eq) Figure 28. Total GHG emissions in the Waste sector by gases (in Gg CO2 -eq)Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan 4 .', 'Total GHG emissions in the Waste sector by gases (in Gg CO2 -eq)Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan 4 . 6 T o t a l r e s u l t s The total emissions in the WEM scenario are reduced by about 14% in 2050 compared to 1990 (Figure 29). Even though the emissions from the Energy and IPPU sectors increase, the emissions reduction is a result of GHG removals by the FOLU sector. The total emissions in the WAM scenario are reduced by 61% in 2050 relative to 1990. This is primarily a result of the decommissioning of TPP Oslomej and TPP Bitola.', 'This is primarily a result of the decommissioning of TPP Oslomej and TPP Bitola. If emissions from electricity imports are excluded (Figure 30), and given that there was no electricity imports in 1990, the reduction in total emissions is even greater (around 23% in WEM and 72% in WAM in 2050 compared to 1990). Despite all the measures proposed in the WAM scenario, still, after 2030, an upward trend of emissions is maintained, which is primarily due to the IPPU sector in which, as previously emphasized, no mitigation measures are proposed. Therefore, if this sector is excluded from the total net GHG emissions, the total reductions reach 90% in 2050 compared to the 1990 level in the WAM scenario. Figure 29.', 'Therefore, if this sector is excluded from the total net GHG emissions, the total reductions reach 90% in 2050 compared to the 1990 level in the WAM scenario. Figure 29. Total net emissions by sectors with MEMO items – WEM and WAM scenario (Gg CO2-eq) History WAM WEM Energy IPPU FOLU Agriculture WasteLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Figure 30.', 'Total net emissions by sectors with MEMO items – WEM and WAM scenario (Gg CO2-eq) History WAM WEM Energy IPPU FOLU Agriculture WasteLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Figure 30. Total emissions by sectors without MEMO items – WEM and WAM scenario (Gg CO2-eq) A reduction of net emissions by at least 82% in 2030 compared to 1990 in the WAM scenario requires: • Reduction of emissions from the Energy sector by 66% • Increase of emissions from the IPPU by no more than 45% • Reduction of emissions from the Agriculture by 29% • Increase of the removals from the FOLU sector by about 18 times (which although appears to be drastic, should be noted that it is an increase of only around 17% in 2030 compared to 2016 (reported in the Inventory- TBUR)) and • Reduction of the emissions from the Waste sector by 21% A reduction of net emissions by at least 72% in 2050 compared to 1990 in the WAM scenario requires • Reduction of emissions from the Energy sector by 64% • Increase of emissions from the IPPU by no more than 153% • Reduction of emissions from the Agriculture by 34% • Increase of the removals from the FOLU sector by about 18 times (which although appears to be drastic, should be noted that it is an increase of only around 17% in 2050 compared to 2016 (reported in the Inventory- TBUR)) and • Reduction of the emissions from the Waste sector by 2% (which in turn represents a reduction of emissions by 36% compared to 2017).', 'Total emissions by sectors without MEMO items – WEM and WAM scenario (Gg CO2-eq) A reduction of net emissions by at least 82% in 2030 compared to 1990 in the WAM scenario requires: • Reduction of emissions from the Energy sector by 66% • Increase of emissions from the IPPU by no more than 45% • Reduction of emissions from the Agriculture by 29% • Increase of the removals from the FOLU sector by about 18 times (which although appears to be drastic, should be noted that it is an increase of only around 17% in 2030 compared to 2016 (reported in the Inventory- TBUR)) and • Reduction of the emissions from the Waste sector by 21% A reduction of net emissions by at least 72% in 2050 compared to 1990 in the WAM scenario requires • Reduction of emissions from the Energy sector by 64% • Increase of emissions from the IPPU by no more than 153% • Reduction of emissions from the Agriculture by 34% • Increase of the removals from the FOLU sector by about 18 times (which although appears to be drastic, should be noted that it is an increase of only around 17% in 2050 compared to 2016 (reported in the Inventory- TBUR)) and • Reduction of the emissions from the Waste sector by 2% (which in turn represents a reduction of emissions by 36% compared to 2017). History WAM WEM Energy Agriculture Waste IPPU FOLULong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Figure 31.', 'History WAM WEM Energy Agriculture Waste IPPU FOLULong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Figure 31. Emission reduction in 2030 and 2050 by sectors compared to 1990 and INDC -eq Industrial Processes and Product Use Forest and Other Land Use Energy INDC (WAM) Agriculture Waste5. ADAPTATION MEASURESLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan 5. A D A P T A T I O N M E A S U R E S A wealth of information on climate change impacts as well as on measures to adapt and reduce vulnerability to such impacts is available in the country. However, the line between adaptation and maladaptation* may be fine when the subject matter in on the intersection of ecosystems and human activity.', 'However, the line between adaptation and maladaptation* may be fine when the subject matter in on the intersection of ecosystems and human activity. For most situations, specific adaptation interventions need to be defined at the lowest level possible, so as to ensure the full integration of all relevant aspects (such as exposure and vulnerability to the climate impact of a given system, taking into consideration physical aspects, including geography and location; socio-economic parameters such as demography, health and cultural dimensions; as well as economic aspects). Up to date, solid and regularly collected data (before, during and after implementation) is in most such cases crucial for successful adaptation action.', 'Up to date, solid and regularly collected data (before, during and after implementation) is in most such cases crucial for successful adaptation action. The adaptation measures contained in this Strategy are limited and mainly aimed at addressing the key barriers and gaps identified in the Third National Communication. The reason for this is the fact that the PSC decided the Strategy and its Action Plan to focus on climate change mitigation measures and policies, while the NAP, which is currently in final phase of application for funding by the Green Climate Fund, will focus on comprehensive adaptation policies and measures.', 'The reason for this is the fact that the PSC decided the Strategy and its Action Plan to focus on climate change mitigation measures and policies, while the NAP, which is currently in final phase of application for funding by the Green Climate Fund, will focus on comprehensive adaptation policies and measures. In addition to this, sectoral adopted strategies in the fields of biodiversity and nature protection address climate adaptation measures, while the vulnerability assessments are already addressed in the national communications developed so far. In addition, link between water and climate sector is already addressed in the Law on waters, as well as in the proposals for development of new or updated river basis management plans.', 'In addition, link between water and climate sector is already addressed in the Law on waters, as well as in the proposals for development of new or updated river basis management plans. Taking all of this into account, the scope of this chapter within the long term strategy is focus on addressing of key barriers and gaps and providing an enabling environment for climate adaptation. Despite the fact that Republic of North Macedonia has put a lot of effort on scientifically sound information, there are still gaps that constitute barriers to the full understanding required for adaptation planning and action in key sectors such as water resources, agriculture, biodiversity, human health and socio-economic development.', 'Despite the fact that Republic of North Macedonia has put a lot of effort on scientifically sound information, there are still gaps that constitute barriers to the full understanding required for adaptation planning and action in key sectors such as water resources, agriculture, biodiversity, human health and socio-economic development. For these sectors, specific data and information gaps, including fragile cooperative mechanism for sharing and dissemination, have been identified, mostly related to the granularity and detail of the data, which allows for the definition measures at a lower level and that will allow for a regular monitoring and impact of the measures, once implemented.', 'For these sectors, specific data and information gaps, including fragile cooperative mechanism for sharing and dissemination, have been identified, mostly related to the granularity and detail of the data, which allows for the definition measures at a lower level and that will allow for a regular monitoring and impact of the measures, once implemented. The objective of this strategy is to address and close such data gaps, to contribute to the country’s readiness to define, implement and monitor measures to adapt to climate change impacts through the National Adaptation Plan.', 'The objective of this strategy is to address and close such data gaps, to contribute to the country’s readiness to define, implement and monitor measures to adapt to climate change impacts through the National Adaptation Plan. In order to achieve the specific objective 5 of this strategy: To build solid systems for the regular and periodic collection data for the production and dissemination of scientific and technical knowledge, the following measures are defined: • Water resources: Pilot project for the collection of data on water use in rural context for the purpose of ensuring effective adaptation to climate change • Agriculture: Cooperation Among Scientific Institutions and Enhance the Science-Policy- Implementers Link • Biodiversity: Define and develop an indicator system to monitor the impacts of climate change on biodiversity and to define a national research plan for biodiversity and climate change • Human Health: Restore and improve the system for the collection of air-climate-health data, including the platform for sharing it with the public * Maladaptation: when the implementation of an adaptation measures results in the increase rather than on the decrease of vulnerability to a certain climate change impact.Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan • Socio-economic Development: Define and develop a system to monitor socio-economic vulnerability to climate change Water resources Pilot project for the collection of data on water use in rural context for the purpose of ensuring effective adaptation to climate change This measure specifically aims at addressing the following needs and gaps identified in the Third National Communication: • Lack of knowledge about the extent of groundwater irrigation, and there is an urgent need for mapping/inventory of existing irrigation wells • There are no reliable data on water consumed for irrigation.', 'In order to achieve the specific objective 5 of this strategy: To build solid systems for the regular and periodic collection data for the production and dissemination of scientific and technical knowledge, the following measures are defined: • Water resources: Pilot project for the collection of data on water use in rural context for the purpose of ensuring effective adaptation to climate change • Agriculture: Cooperation Among Scientific Institutions and Enhance the Science-Policy- Implementers Link • Biodiversity: Define and develop an indicator system to monitor the impacts of climate change on biodiversity and to define a national research plan for biodiversity and climate change • Human Health: Restore and improve the system for the collection of air-climate-health data, including the platform for sharing it with the public * Maladaptation: when the implementation of an adaptation measures results in the increase rather than on the decrease of vulnerability to a certain climate change impact.Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan • Socio-economic Development: Define and develop a system to monitor socio-economic vulnerability to climate change Water resources Pilot project for the collection of data on water use in rural context for the purpose of ensuring effective adaptation to climate change This measure specifically aims at addressing the following needs and gaps identified in the Third National Communication: • Lack of knowledge about the extent of groundwater irrigation, and there is an urgent need for mapping/inventory of existing irrigation wells • There are no reliable data on water consumed for irrigation. Most irrigation schemes do not have measuring devices at the level of intakes, river diversions or canal outlets Taking into consideration the Water Strategy for the Republic of Republic of North Macedonia – Final Draft Version (2010) and the Law on Waters, in particular its section VI – Water Monitoring, a pilot project for the collection of data on water use in rural context, for the purposes of ensuring effective adaptation to climate change is to be implemented.', 'Most irrigation schemes do not have measuring devices at the level of intakes, river diversions or canal outlets Taking into consideration the Water Strategy for the Republic of Republic of North Macedonia – Final Draft Version (2010) and the Law on Waters, in particular its section VI – Water Monitoring, a pilot project for the collection of data on water use in rural context, for the purposes of ensuring effective adaptation to climate change is to be implemented. The information available on ground water aquifers; the number of wells and of its use (it is not sufficient to know the number of wells, but whether or not water is actually extracted from them); the areas of irrigation using surface and underground water; and on the amount of irrigation water lost through evaporation and leakages is insufficient for a rigorous assessment of vulnerability and to the definition of sound policies for the management of water resources in the context of climate change.', 'The information available on ground water aquifers; the number of wells and of its use (it is not sufficient to know the number of wells, but whether or not water is actually extracted from them); the areas of irrigation using surface and underground water; and on the amount of irrigation water lost through evaporation and leakages is insufficient for a rigorous assessment of vulnerability and to the definition of sound policies for the management of water resources in the context of climate change. The lack of this information makes it impossible to actually determine the vulnerability of specific geographic locations to the impacts of climate change, taking into account the climate scenarios downscaled to the level of the country.', 'The lack of this information makes it impossible to actually determine the vulnerability of specific geographic locations to the impacts of climate change, taking into account the climate scenarios downscaled to the level of the country. While there is sufficient information on the exposition to the climate change impact (mostly provided through historical and projected precipitation patterns), the actual vulnerability can only be assessed with site specific data on water needs, water use and water availability to meet the needs. In the scope of this measure, the following activities are to be implemented: 1. Define the boundaries of the pilot, in particular in terms of geographic coverage 2. Inventory and map wells, including the identification of its main use (irrigation or other).', 'Inventory and map wells, including the identification of its main use (irrigation or other). For this, good practices shall be considered, such as a) digital field mapping, where the relevant features are observed, analysed, and recorded in the field, producing spatially referenced maps b) field work aided by and to complement / validate the results of the digital field mapping, with a view to collecting/validating, for example, data on: well location, status (operational / non-operational), depth to groundwater, groundwater quality. 3.', 'For this, good practices shall be considered, such as a) digital field mapping, where the relevant features are observed, analysed, and recorded in the field, producing spatially referenced maps b) field work aided by and to complement / validate the results of the digital field mapping, with a view to collecting/validating, for example, data on: well location, status (operational / non-operational), depth to groundwater, groundwater quality. 3. Identify needs and determine measures for the improvement of the monitoring of irrigation water use in order to a) Determine the area under irrigation with surface and groundwater b) Enhance the coverage of measuring devices at the level of intakes, river diversions or canal outlets c) Set up a system / methodological approach to estimate irrigation water losses through leakage and evaporation 4.', 'Identify needs and determine measures for the improvement of the monitoring of irrigation water use in order to a) Determine the area under irrigation with surface and groundwater b) Enhance the coverage of measuring devices at the level of intakes, river diversions or canal outlets c) Set up a system / methodological approach to estimate irrigation water losses through leakage and evaporation 4. Define and implement a methodological approach for the monitoring of groundwater aquifers within the boundaries of the pilot project.', 'Define and implement a methodological approach for the monitoring of groundwater aquifers within the boundaries of the pilot project. AgricultureLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Promote Cooperation among Scientific Institutions and Enhance the Science-Policy-Implementers Link This measure specifically aims at addressing the following needs and gaps identified in the Third National Communication: • Weak networking and an insufficient level of cooperation between scientific institutions Adapting to climate change in agriculture requires the vertical integration of scientific knowledge creation and dissemination. It is of the utmost importance that the research community answers the policy making needs for scientific knowledge and that the results of this policy-driven research reach the most important agents in this sector: the farmers.', 'It is of the utmost importance that the research community answers the policy making needs for scientific knowledge and that the results of this policy-driven research reach the most important agents in this sector: the farmers. The work undertaken under this measure should be mindful of the work being done under measure Define a national research plan for biodiversity (including agrobiodiversity) and climate change, namely on what agrobiodiversity is concerned. In the scope of this measure, the following activities are to be implemented: 1. Identify the institutions performing research on agriculture and climate change 2.', 'Identify the institutions performing research on agriculture and climate change 2. Define and establish a coordination, communication and knowledge management mechanism, including web-based, that promotes synergies among research institutions and enhances the link and communication among research institutions, policy makers, extension services and farmers, including civil society organizations This coordination and communication mechanism shall, to the extent the availability of the technology and expertise in Republic of North Macedonia, rely on artificial intelligence technologies, which facilitate the collection and dissemination of relevant information, including matching information demand with supply.', 'Define and establish a coordination, communication and knowledge management mechanism, including web-based, that promotes synergies among research institutions and enhances the link and communication among research institutions, policy makers, extension services and farmers, including civil society organizations This coordination and communication mechanism shall, to the extent the availability of the technology and expertise in Republic of North Macedonia, rely on artificial intelligence technologies, which facilitate the collection and dissemination of relevant information, including matching information demand with supply. The core of this mechanism is to be a database aimed at managing knowledge, and a communication / interaction mechanism that, using artificial intelligence technologies, may be based on a ChatBot (a software programmed to typically perform repetitive tasks, such as answering frequently asked questions) or SocialBot (running over social media platforms).', 'The core of this mechanism is to be a database aimed at managing knowledge, and a communication / interaction mechanism that, using artificial intelligence technologies, may be based on a ChatBot (a software programmed to typically perform repetitive tasks, such as answering frequently asked questions) or SocialBot (running over social media platforms). These artificial intelligence BOTs are able to deliver results in a more integrated manner by using algorithms, then by simply searching for key words.', 'These artificial intelligence BOTs are able to deliver results in a more integrated manner by using algorithms, then by simply searching for key words. Biodiversity Define and develop an indicator system to monitor the impacts of climate change on biodiversity This measure specifically aims at addressing the following needs and gaps identified in the Third National Communication: • Lack of data for precise distribution of different species, population density and abundance; Vegetation map - communities and habitats; Insufficient definition of biogeographical characteristics of Macedonian territory; • Lack of data on vulnerable biodiversity components to climate change; • A monitoring system of climate change impacts on biodiversity does not exist; • Lack of good intersectoral cooperation (partially) • Insufficient capacities (human and knowledge); (partially) Climate change may have significant impacts on biodiversity.', 'Biodiversity Define and develop an indicator system to monitor the impacts of climate change on biodiversity This measure specifically aims at addressing the following needs and gaps identified in the Third National Communication: • Lack of data for precise distribution of different species, population density and abundance; Vegetation map - communities and habitats; Insufficient definition of biogeographical characteristics of Macedonian territory; • Lack of data on vulnerable biodiversity components to climate change; • A monitoring system of climate change impacts on biodiversity does not exist; • Lack of good intersectoral cooperation (partially) • Insufficient capacities (human and knowledge); (partially) Climate change may have significant impacts on biodiversity. Indicators can help illustrate this impact and make it more easily understandable for policy makers and the general public.', 'Indicators can help illustrate this impact and make it more easily understandable for policy makers and the general public. Data availability for indicator development is insufficient, not only in Republic of North Macedonia, but in most countries. Therefore, the indicator system under this measure needs to be mindful of such constraints. With that in mind, the following aspects shall be determinant in the choice of indicators to monitor the impacts of climate change on biodiversity: • Purpose: what aspect of vulnerability / adaptation is the indicator to monitor?Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan • Relevance: the indicator is to provide relevant information for the decision-making process and / or for the monitoring of a specific adaptation action.', 'With that in mind, the following aspects shall be determinant in the choice of indicators to monitor the impacts of climate change on biodiversity: • Purpose: what aspect of vulnerability / adaptation is the indicator to monitor?Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan • Relevance: the indicator is to provide relevant information for the decision-making process and / or for the monitoring of a specific adaptation action. • Resources and capacities are to be available for the regular and accurate collection, management, and analysis of the data for the indicator. This includes choosing indicators for which data is more readily available over indicators for which greater data collection efforts will be required. • Alignment and synergies with data collected for any other relevant purposes.', '• Alignment and synergies with data collected for any other relevant purposes. In the scope of this measure, the following activities are to be implemented: 1) Define policy relevant key indicators for evaluation of impacts of climate change on biodiversity a) Assess data needs and data availability and gaps, including resources needed to address needs and gaps 2) Design and establish monitoring system for the impacts of climate change on biodiversity, including institutional responsibilities Define a national research plan for biodiversity and climate change This measure specifically aims at addressing the following needs and gaps identified in the Third National Communication*: • Lack of data for precise distribution of different species, population density and abundance; Vegetation map - communities and habitats; Insufficient definition of biogeographical characteristics of Macedonian territory; • Lack of good intersectoral cooperation (partially) • Insufficient capacities (human and knowledge); (partially) Biodiversity’s vulnerability to climate change is well established globally and in Republic of North Macedonia.', 'In the scope of this measure, the following activities are to be implemented: 1) Define policy relevant key indicators for evaluation of impacts of climate change on biodiversity a) Assess data needs and data availability and gaps, including resources needed to address needs and gaps 2) Design and establish monitoring system for the impacts of climate change on biodiversity, including institutional responsibilities Define a national research plan for biodiversity and climate change This measure specifically aims at addressing the following needs and gaps identified in the Third National Communication*: • Lack of data for precise distribution of different species, population density and abundance; Vegetation map - communities and habitats; Insufficient definition of biogeographical characteristics of Macedonian territory; • Lack of good intersectoral cooperation (partially) • Insufficient capacities (human and knowledge); (partially) Biodiversity’s vulnerability to climate change is well established globally and in Republic of North Macedonia. More so than for other sectors, the vulnerability assessment and definition of adaptation measures is greatly dependant on scientific knowledge.', 'More so than for other sectors, the vulnerability assessment and definition of adaptation measures is greatly dependant on scientific knowledge. Ensuring that the research community answers the policy making needs for scientific knowledge is of the utmost importance. In order to promote such science-policy link, a research plan for biodiversity, including agrobiodiversity, and climate change is to be elaborated.', 'In order to promote such science-policy link, a research plan for biodiversity, including agrobiodiversity, and climate change is to be elaborated. The goals of the research plan for biodiversity, including agrobiodiversity, and climate change are to include: • Identification of important gaps in the information needed by sectoral decision-makers to respond to climate change in ways that reduce the vulnerability of biodiversity to the impacts of climate change; • Set adaptation research priorities based on these gaps; • Identify capacity that can be harnessed or that needs development in order to perform priority adaptation research.', 'The goals of the research plan for biodiversity, including agrobiodiversity, and climate change are to include: • Identification of important gaps in the information needed by sectoral decision-makers to respond to climate change in ways that reduce the vulnerability of biodiversity to the impacts of climate change; • Set adaptation research priorities based on these gaps; • Identify capacity that can be harnessed or that needs development in order to perform priority adaptation research. In defining research priorities, the following criteria shall be taken into consideration: • Severity of potential impact or degree of potential benefit • Immediacy of required intervention or response • Need to change intervention or practicality of intervention • Potential for co-benefit * The needs and gaps addressed by these measures are partially the same as those addressed by the previous measure.Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan • Potential to address multiple, including cross-sectoral, issues In addition, the engagement of all relevant stakeholders in the definition of the research priorities shall be assured, following a collaborative research approach, in which the priority research topics will help meet key stakeholder information needs.', 'In defining research priorities, the following criteria shall be taken into consideration: • Severity of potential impact or degree of potential benefit • Immediacy of required intervention or response • Need to change intervention or practicality of intervention • Potential for co-benefit * The needs and gaps addressed by these measures are partially the same as those addressed by the previous measure.Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan • Potential to address multiple, including cross-sectoral, issues In addition, the engagement of all relevant stakeholders in the definition of the research priorities shall be assured, following a collaborative research approach, in which the priority research topics will help meet key stakeholder information needs. In this context, as for the definition of indicators in the previous measure, the policy relevance and the materiality of the purpose of the research shall be crucial in the definition of priorities.', 'In this context, as for the definition of indicators in the previous measure, the policy relevance and the materiality of the purpose of the research shall be crucial in the definition of priorities. The work undertaken under this measure should be mindful of the work being done under the Measure Promote Cooperation among Scientific Institutions and Enhance the Science-Policy-Implementers Link In the scope of this measure, the following activity is to be implemented: 1.', 'The work undertaken under this measure should be mindful of the work being done under the Measure Promote Cooperation among Scientific Institutions and Enhance the Science-Policy-Implementers Link In the scope of this measure, the following activity is to be implemented: 1. Elaborate a research plan for biodiversity, including agrobiodiversity, and climate change Human Health Restore and improve the system for the collection of air-climate-health data, including the platform for sharing it with the public This measure specifically aims at addressing a need identified during the elaboration of this strategy, related to the unsustainability of the solution previously implemented for assuring a real time communication among the key health-meteorology organizations.', 'Elaborate a research plan for biodiversity, including agrobiodiversity, and climate change Human Health Restore and improve the system for the collection of air-climate-health data, including the platform for sharing it with the public This measure specifically aims at addressing a need identified during the elaboration of this strategy, related to the unsustainability of the solution previously implemented for assuring a real time communication among the key health-meteorology organizations. Accurate real-time or close to real-time data and the capacity to make information (such as alerts for events such as heat or cold waves or exceeding of air quality thresholds) available to the wider public is key for the adaptive capacity in the human health sector.', 'Accurate real-time or close to real-time data and the capacity to make information (such as alerts for events such as heat or cold waves or exceeding of air quality thresholds) available to the wider public is key for the adaptive capacity in the human health sector. Republic of North Macedonia’s capacity in the area of interaction between climate change and human health is high, nonetheless efforts are required to restore it to previous levels, namely through bringing back online the communication platform among the Hydrometeorological Service, the Public Health Institute and the general public.', 'Republic of North Macedonia’s capacity in the area of interaction between climate change and human health is high, nonetheless efforts are required to restore it to previous levels, namely through bringing back online the communication platform among the Hydrometeorological Service, the Public Health Institute and the general public. Furthermore, the integration of relevant meteorological/climatological, air quality and health data (including morbidity and mortality) is fundamental to allow for an adequate response to the public health emergencies accruing from climate change in the present and in the future. In the scope of this measure, the following activities are to be implemented: 1. Define technical specifications for the server required to restore the existing automated platform 2. Define the technical specifications for improving the platform, including: a.', 'Define the technical specifications for improving the platform, including: a. Selection of meteorological, air quality and public health parameters b. Identify data needs and gaps c. Identify needs to strengthen the system for data collection, analysis and dissemination (including weather and air quality stations and procedures for the reporting and morbidity and mortality associated with weather events) 3. Prepare a roll out plan, including, if relevant, the definition of a phased approach for implementation 4.', 'Prepare a roll out plan, including, if relevant, the definition of a phased approach for implementation 4. Prepare the Terms of Reference for the acquisition of hardware and software Socio-economic vulnerability Define and develop a system to monitor socio-economic vulnerability to climate change This measure specifically aims at addressing the following needs and gaps identified in the Third National Communication: • Inaccurate statistical data for some statistical units, particularly at the settlement level, because the Census of Population, Households and Dwellings was not conducted in 2011.Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan • Certain data in the field of health, social care, employment, etc., are not available at the municipal level due to the method of processing and disclosure of relevant institutions.', 'Prepare the Terms of Reference for the acquisition of hardware and software Socio-economic vulnerability Define and develop a system to monitor socio-economic vulnerability to climate change This measure specifically aims at addressing the following needs and gaps identified in the Third National Communication: • Inaccurate statistical data for some statistical units, particularly at the settlement level, because the Census of Population, Households and Dwellings was not conducted in 2011.Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan • Certain data in the field of health, social care, employment, etc., are not available at the municipal level due to the method of processing and disclosure of relevant institutions. The above information is processed and disseminated at the level of 30 centres.', 'The above information is processed and disseminated at the level of 30 centres. The official statistical data on incomes and expenditures of households, poverty, socially excluded groups and related indicators are available only as totals for the Republic of Republic of North Macedonia as a whole and are not disaggregated. • Comparability of data over time is not possible due to changes in applied methodology and changes in the administrative divisions in which the census data are published. • Limiting factors meant that the composite socio-economic index could not include indicators on the economic situation of the population, such as the unemployment rate and the level of household income.', '• Limiting factors meant that the composite socio-economic index could not include indicators on the economic situation of the population, such as the unemployment rate and the level of household income. The assessment of socio-economic vulnerability to climate change involves assessing the vulnerability of a region to a hazard based only on its social and economic status. It is the probable vulnerability of a place and its people to a hazard. It is assumed that better the socio-economic status of a place (meaning, of a people, of a community), lesser will be its vulnerability towards disasters, and better and faster will be its coping mechanisms.', 'It is assumed that better the socio-economic status of a place (meaning, of a people, of a community), lesser will be its vulnerability towards disasters, and better and faster will be its coping mechanisms. An index-based vulnerability assessment is a comprehensive tool that helps in comparing and ranking areas, cities, regions or communities in terms of vulnerability, thus facilitating priority setting and the definition of adaptation measures targeted at the specific vulnerabilities of each community. These rankings are to be developed by combining indicators, to which different weights may be attributed depending on its contribution to the community’s vulnerability. These composite indices reduce complex information from multiple variables to a single variable, thus facilitating the policy and decision-making process.', 'These composite indices reduce complex information from multiple variables to a single variable, thus facilitating the policy and decision-making process. Indicators of social and economic status can include the region’s per capita income; demographic structure (e.g. percentage of less privileged or dependent population like women, children, elderly and disabled); availability and extent of access to public amenities (e.g. institutional stability and strength of public infrastructure). The collection of the required data needs to be done in a systematic way, ensuring that priority is given to key indicators to be identified in the scope of the activities to be performed under this measure.', 'The collection of the required data needs to be done in a systematic way, ensuring that priority is given to key indicators to be identified in the scope of the activities to be performed under this measure. Activities 1) Define policy relevant key indicators for evaluation of the socio-economic vulnerability to the impacts of climate change 2) Define parameters and rules for the establishment of community-specific indexes 3) Determine data needs and gaps for the accurate socio-economic characterization of the impacts of climate change 4) Identify data providers 5) Establish a system for the periodic, systematic and consistent collection of data In order to achieve Specific objective 6: To increase the resilience of climate change impacts of key socio-economic sectors and ecosystems, the following measure is defined.', 'Activities 1) Define policy relevant key indicators for evaluation of the socio-economic vulnerability to the impacts of climate change 2) Define parameters and rules for the establishment of community-specific indexes 3) Determine data needs and gaps for the accurate socio-economic characterization of the impacts of climate change 4) Identify data providers 5) Establish a system for the periodic, systematic and consistent collection of data In order to achieve Specific objective 6: To increase the resilience of climate change impacts of key socio-economic sectors and ecosystems, the following measure is defined. Prepare the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) The preparation and adoption of the National Adaptation Plan, in accordance with the technical guidelines for the national adaptation plan process prepared under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), will endow Republic of North Macedonia with the required tools to implement key adaptation measures to reduce vulnerability and increase resilience to climate change.Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan The NAP should take into consideration the climate scenarios, vulnerability and impact assessment and the adaptation measures contained in the most recent national communication to the UNFCCC.', 'Prepare the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) The preparation and adoption of the National Adaptation Plan, in accordance with the technical guidelines for the national adaptation plan process prepared under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), will endow Republic of North Macedonia with the required tools to implement key adaptation measures to reduce vulnerability and increase resilience to climate change.Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan The NAP should take into consideration the climate scenarios, vulnerability and impact assessment and the adaptation measures contained in the most recent national communication to the UNFCCC. The activities for the preparation of the NAP are to be planned and implemented in accordance with the international requirements under the UNFCCC and in accordance with the project submitted to the Green Climate Fund.6.', 'The activities for the preparation of the NAP are to be planned and implemented in accordance with the international requirements under the UNFCCC and in accordance with the project submitted to the Green Climate Fund.6. EDUCATION, AWARENESS RAISING, RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATIONLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan 6. E D U C A T I O N , A W A R E N E S S R A I S I N G , R E S E A R C H , D E V E L O P M E N T A N D I N N O V A T I O N 6 .', 'E D U C A T I O N , A W A R E N E S S R A I S I N G , R E S E A R C H , D E V E L O P M E N T A N D I N N O V A T I O N 6 . 1 L e g a l a n d p o l i c y f r a m e w o r k The national educational, research and development (R&D), and innovation aspects are defined in the following legal acts: • Law on the Scientific and Research Activities (2016) with National Programme for Scientific, R&D Activities, • Law on Encouragement and Support of Technological Development with National Programme, for Encouragement and Support of Technological Development (2012-2015), repealed wit Law of Innovation Activity (2015), • Law on Higher Education (2018), with National Strategy for Education (2018-2025).', '1 L e g a l a n d p o l i c y f r a m e w o r k The national educational, research and development (R&D), and innovation aspects are defined in the following legal acts: • Law on the Scientific and Research Activities (2016) with National Programme for Scientific, R&D Activities, • Law on Encouragement and Support of Technological Development with National Programme, for Encouragement and Support of Technological Development (2012-2015), repealed wit Law of Innovation Activity (2015), • Law on Higher Education (2018), with National Strategy for Education (2018-2025). Issues related to innovation and technology transfer (TT) policy goals are regulated by the following legal acts: • Law of Innovation Activity of the Republic of Republic of North Macedonia (2015), • Innovation Strategy of the Republic of Republic of North Macedonia (2012-2020), • Industrial Policy of the Republic of Republic of North Macedonia (2009-2020), • Strategy of competitiveness (2016-2020), • Policy of Small and Medium Enterprises of the Republic of Republic of North Macedonia (2018- • Industrial Strategy of the Republic of North Macedonia (2018-2027), • Regional Strategy for Innovation R&D of Western Balkans (2014).', 'Issues related to innovation and technology transfer (TT) policy goals are regulated by the following legal acts: • Law of Innovation Activity of the Republic of Republic of North Macedonia (2015), • Innovation Strategy of the Republic of Republic of North Macedonia (2012-2020), • Industrial Policy of the Republic of Republic of North Macedonia (2009-2020), • Strategy of competitiveness (2016-2020), • Policy of Small and Medium Enterprises of the Republic of Republic of North Macedonia (2018- • Industrial Strategy of the Republic of North Macedonia (2018-2027), • Regional Strategy for Innovation R&D of Western Balkans (2014). The Ministry of Education and Science is the nationally designated entity for R&D policy, as well as responsible national entity for financing, development and promotion of science, R&D, technological development and informatics. 6 .', 'The Ministry of Education and Science is the nationally designated entity for R&D policy, as well as responsible national entity for financing, development and promotion of science, R&D, technological development and informatics. 6 . 2 O v e r v i e w o f t h e s t a t e o f c l i m a t e m a i n s t r e a m i n g i n t h e e d u c a t i o n a l s y s t e m , R & D , a n d i n n o v a t i o n Climate change and some aspects of sustainable development are, to a certain extent, incorporated in the educational curriculum of some national academic institutions.', '2 O v e r v i e w o f t h e s t a t e o f c l i m a t e m a i n s t r e a m i n g i n t h e e d u c a t i o n a l s y s t e m , R & D , a n d i n n o v a t i o n Climate change and some aspects of sustainable development are, to a certain extent, incorporated in the educational curriculum of some national academic institutions. However, climate is still not adequately incorporated in the overall national educational system.', 'However, climate is still not adequately incorporated in the overall national educational system. Four public universities and their faculties, as well as some private universities, have undergraduate and postgraduate programmes related to climate change and sustainable development. The interest for these studies is continuously growing. National authorities should aim at continuously improve the educational curriculum and to establish links with foreign educational institutions working on climate and sustainable development issues. This would enable the exchange of good practices, improve the national educational curriculum, as well as create opportunities for Macedonian faculty and students to spent time working or studying in internationally recognised academic centres. Education, R&D and innovation are very important national drivers to mainstream climate action.', 'Education, R&D and innovation are very important national drivers to mainstream climate action. Currently, there is no systematic approach to foster climate aspects on all levels of the educational system. However, the country has made significant investments to support national academic institutions and the scientific community dealing with climate research.Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan It is fundamental to mainstream climate change related aspects into future national strategic planning documents related to education, R&D and innovation. This would assure the systematic and harmonised integration of climate related aspects into the national educational, R&D and innovation ecosystem, as well as increase educational and research capacities and climate awareness.', 'This would assure the systematic and harmonised integration of climate related aspects into the national educational, R&D and innovation ecosystem, as well as increase educational and research capacities and climate awareness. The most important national strategic documents that should integrate climate related aspects are the future National Strategy for Education and the National Innovation Strategy. The strategic integration of climate change at all levels of the educational system should include the provision of additional funding for climate related research activities, to raise public awareness, and to establish centres of excellence and research institutes. The country is considered the most prominent and experienced in the region when it comes to national capacities for reporting towards the UNFCCC.', 'The country is considered the most prominent and experienced in the region when it comes to national capacities for reporting towards the UNFCCC. Besides, Republic of North Macedonia was the first country of the Energy Community Contracting Parties to submit its National Energy and Climate Plan. The MoEPP and the UNDP, as a supporting partner of the Ministry when it comes to reporting towards the UNFCCC, made efforts to institutionalize cooperation with certain research and educational institutions in order to assure a long-term partnership and continuous support to the government regarding climate change issues. However, a lot more has to be done to assure that the R&D community will be well positioned to support national authorities in the processes of informed decision making and evidence-based policy creation.', 'However, a lot more has to be done to assure that the R&D community will be well positioned to support national authorities in the processes of informed decision making and evidence-based policy creation. Climate mainstreaming in the country may be significantly improved by enhanced institutional capacities and the establishment of sound mechanisms for inter-sectoral cooperation. Currently, the climate capacities of the MoEPP are limited, especially in terms of technical expertise for reporting towards international organisations, as well as for monitoring and reporting of policies, measures and projections. When it comes to innovation in the field of climate change, many things have been initiated and implemented in the last few years.', 'When it comes to innovation in the field of climate change, many things have been initiated and implemented in the last few years. The Fund for Innovation and Technology Development was established in 2017 and a Support Instrument of the Fund was launched in order to support innovative and improved technologies, know-how and technology processes, and to encourage different forms of collaboration among small and medium enterprises (SMEs), business associations, clusters and/or chambers of commerce. However, the capacity need assessment* done in the framework of the Project has also demonstrated that all line ministries need capacities and knowledge to be fully capable to integrate climate change aspects into their sectoral plans and programs.', 'However, the capacity need assessment* done in the framework of the Project has also demonstrated that all line ministries need capacities and knowledge to be fully capable to integrate climate change aspects into their sectoral plans and programs. This means that climate consideration should be brought higher on the political agenda of the Government in order for the country to allocate the necessary funds to engage additional human capacities at all levels. 6 .', 'This means that climate consideration should be brought higher on the political agenda of the Government in order for the country to allocate the necessary funds to engage additional human capacities at all levels. 6 . 3 C l i m a t e a w a r e n e s s i n t h e c o u n t r y According to the Third Environmental Progress Review of Republic of North Macedonia, and in line with the observations of the Project team, overall climate awareness in the country remains limited. The lack of financial and human capacities for the systematic support of climate awareness raising in the country limit the outreach of the MoEPP.', 'The lack of financial and human capacities for the systematic support of climate awareness raising in the country limit the outreach of the MoEPP. Currently, most climate related awareness raising activities are supported by donor funded initiatives. Awareness-raising should be a horizontal priority in all policies and measures used to promote climate action in Republic of North Macedonia. Growing societal awareness and appreciation can drive enhancement of socio-cultural and/or environmental values in the context of climate change and build up momentum for overarching climate mitigation and adaptation action. The Project team considers that climate awareness is exceptionally low among the general public, but sufficient at institutional level.', 'The Project team considers that climate awareness is exceptionally low among the general public, but sufficient at institutional level. The comparatively higher degree of awareness among institutions might be * Report on institutional analysis and assessment of administrative capacity needs for climate action.Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan explained by the extensive efforts of national authorities, the donor community and NGOs, which have worked on issues related to climate in the country for more than 10 years. Climate action is necessary to promote nature conservation, innovation, and sustainable development. The awareness-raising process should be systematic and build society and policy-makers’ knowledgebase, contributing to mainstreaming climate action and ensuring that policy options are optimised. Climate action’s success ultimately depends on the engagement of all stakeholders.', 'Climate action’s success ultimately depends on the engagement of all stakeholders. Intensive science- policy dialogues and new approaches and tools to involve the public and business sector are essential to raise climate awareness and successfully implement climate action in the country. The Strategy defines measures for climate mitigation and adaptation directed to the public. These measures aim to make climate change education a central and visible element of the international response to climate change. Climate change education would increase climate literacy, raise awareness, and strengthen relevant national capacities. 6 .', 'Climate change education would increase climate literacy, raise awareness, and strengthen relevant national capacities. 6 . 4 M e a s u r e s f o r e n h a n c e d c l i m a t e m a i n s t r e a m i n g i n t h e e d u c a t i o n , R & D , i n n o v a t i o n , a n d a w a r e n e s s r a i s i n g The Third Environmental Performance Review of Republic of North Macedonia was published in 2019.', '4 M e a s u r e s f o r e n h a n c e d c l i m a t e m a i n s t r e a m i n g i n t h e e d u c a t i o n , R & D , i n n o v a t i o n , a n d a w a r e n e s s r a i s i n g The Third Environmental Performance Review of Republic of North Macedonia was published in 2019. This review report made a comprehensive evaluation of the state of climate mainstreaming and climate awareness of the country, as well as the state of the education sector regarding the integration of sustainable development aspects.', 'This review report made a comprehensive evaluation of the state of climate mainstreaming and climate awareness of the country, as well as the state of the education sector regarding the integration of sustainable development aspects. This Strategy reiterates the Recommendation 7.7 of the Third Environmental Performance Review of Republic of North Macedonia, as it follows: The Government should: (a) Regularly and systematically implement measures aimed at raising awareness on climate-change- related issues; (b) Ensure that climate-change-related issues are integrated into primary, secondary and tertiary curricula. In addition, this Strategy recommends the implementation of an expanded list of measures for enhanced climate mainstreaming in the sector Education, R&D, innovation and awareness rising.', 'In addition, this Strategy recommends the implementation of an expanded list of measures for enhanced climate mainstreaming in the sector Education, R&D, innovation and awareness rising. The additional measures are divided among the following two categories: a) Primary set of measures to be implemented by the Government and relevant Ministries ¾ Mainstream climate change related aspects into the forthcoming National Strategy for Education. ¾ Mainstream climate change related aspects into the forthcoming National Innovation Strategy. ¾ Mainstream climate change related aspects into the forthcoming National Strategy for Gender Equality. ¾ Implement the capacity building activities foreseen under the draft Action Plan for Administrative Capacity Strengthening for Climate Action.', '¾ Implement the capacity building activities foreseen under the draft Action Plan for Administrative Capacity Strengthening for Climate Action. ¾ Develop an action plan for the introduction of climate related education into the curricula of all education levels and in lifelong learning, teacher education and in-service training. ¾ Develop a national programme for climate awareness raising. ¾ Establish a coordination mechanism on climate change education among all relevant stakeholders.', '¾ Establish a coordination mechanism on climate change education among all relevant stakeholders. ¾ Allocate resources for the implementation of climate change education activities on all educational levels.Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan ¾ Allocate resources for the implementation of climate change awareness raising activities in which a number of behavioural measures will be promoted, such as sustainable food production, vegan diet and lifestyle, environment and climate friendly consumer practices, primary waste selection, local waste composting, promotion of local and low carbon products, etc. ¾ Assure regular financial allocations for climate change projects through the Fund for Innovations and Technology Development.', '¾ Assure regular financial allocations for climate change projects through the Fund for Innovations and Technology Development. b) Secondary set of measures to be implemented by the Government, relevant Ministries, Academia and NGOs ¾ Provision of strategic guidance to the donor community to support projects related to climate action and climate awareness rising in the country. ¾ Promote the Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and facilitate the participation of the general public and the NGO sector in its implementation. ¾ Develop a programme for strengthening climate action capacity of national and local institutions. ¾ Implement campaigns to raise climate awareness. ¾ Support the development of a legal framework and funding mechanism to protect climate vulnerable groups, including women, children, eldery and people with disablilities.', '¾ Support the development of a legal framework and funding mechanism to protect climate vulnerable groups, including women, children, eldery and people with disablilities. ¾ Facilitate active participation of affected communities in climate change decision-making and equal participation of women and men. ¾ Provide training on climate relates aspects for journalists and media representatives. ¾ Produce promotional materials such as publications, atlases, audio-visuals and graphics that might be widely disseminated among the general public and civil society. ¾ Involve the private sector and the economic chambers in the elaboration and implementation of programmes for climate awareness raising (e.g., electricity distribution companies, waste collection utilities, etc.).', '¾ Involve the private sector and the economic chambers in the elaboration and implementation of programmes for climate awareness raising (e.g., electricity distribution companies, waste collection utilities, etc.). ¾ Provide guidance and support for the development and implementation of skill building programmes related to sustainable technologies (professional upgrading, vocational training, lifelong learning) in order to unlock potential for the creation of green jobs and a low-carbon economy. ¾ Support the development of an enabling legal framework and incentive mechanisms for domestic producers of sustainable technological solutions and climate friendly technologies, which will support the implementation of the Strategy (as solar panels, solar boilers, EE appliances and construction items, batteries, etc.).', '¾ Support the development of an enabling legal framework and incentive mechanisms for domestic producers of sustainable technological solutions and climate friendly technologies, which will support the implementation of the Strategy (as solar panels, solar boilers, EE appliances and construction items, batteries, etc.). ¾ Provide coaching and capacity building on Industrial Energy Management aspects and on the introduction of climate friendly technologies in the Industry sector. ¾ Support the development of an enabling legal framework and incentive mechanisms for business dealing with sustainable waste management and climate friendly agricultural practices. ¾ Provide guidance to banks and other financial institutions to offer financial products for enhanced investments in climate friendly technologies. ¾ Establish research exchange programmes and networks between national and international academic institutions dealing with climate related issues.', '¾ Establish research exchange programmes and networks between national and international academic institutions dealing with climate related issues. ¾ Provide support to national experts to be involved in global climate related reviews and relevant scientific activities, for example the IPCC Assessment Reports.7. KEY INDICATORSLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan 7. K E Y I N D I C A T O R S The Strategy, with its policies and measures, supports the implementation of the UN 2030 Agenda of Sustainable development and its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). SDG13 is devoted to Climate Action and has an impact in the achievement of all other SDGs goals.', 'SDG13 is devoted to Climate Action and has an impact in the achievement of all other SDGs goals. Despite the challenges, climate action presents a huge economic opportunity, having in mind that that green economic policies have to ensure a ‘Just Transition’* for workers coming from less environmentally friendly industries so no one is left behind. Since electricity generation and the use of primary energy are the biggest contributors to GHG emissions in Republic of North Macedonia, the transformation of the Energy sector is on a critical pathway on the transition towards carbon neutrality enshrined in the Strategy’s vision.', 'Since electricity generation and the use of primary energy are the biggest contributors to GHG emissions in Republic of North Macedonia, the transformation of the Energy sector is on a critical pathway on the transition towards carbon neutrality enshrined in the Strategy’s vision. It is very notable that the country is making significant progress towards the achievement of the national energy efficiency and renewable energy targets, which at the same time brings a number of co-benefits including improved economic indicators, improved air quality and reduced health impact caused the local pollution. In order to present the combined effects of the policies and measures included in the Strategy’s WAM scenario on SDGs, specific indicators addressing SDGs 7 (Affordable and clean Energy) and 13 (Climate action) have been developed.', 'In order to present the combined effects of the policies and measures included in the Strategy’s WAM scenario on SDGs, specific indicators addressing SDGs 7 (Affordable and clean Energy) and 13 (Climate action) have been developed. Besides, an additional set of indicators that evaluate the low carbon development and carbon transition of Republic of North Macedonia (NM-WAM) in the context of and in comparison with the EU 2016 Reference scenario† are presented.', 'Besides, an additional set of indicators that evaluate the low carbon development and carbon transition of Republic of North Macedonia (NM-WAM) in the context of and in comparison with the EU 2016 Reference scenario† are presented. The key indicators for comparison are as follows: a) GHG emissions per capita (t of CO2 -eq./capita) b) GHG emissions to GDP (t of CO2 /Mil.Euro) c) Energy CO2 Emissions/Capita (t of CO2 /capita) d) Energy CO2 Emissions to GDP (t of CO2 /Mil.Euro) e) Carbon intensity (t of CO2 /toe of Gross Inland Consumption) f) Gross Inland Consumption to GDP (toe/Mil.Euro) g) Renevable energy sources in gross final energy demand (%) h) Renevable energy sorurces in transport (%) i) Import Dependency (%) j) Final energy consumption in households per capita (toe/capita) Macro indicators Figure 32.', 'The key indicators for comparison are as follows: a) GHG emissions per capita (t of CO2 -eq./capita) b) GHG emissions to GDP (t of CO2 /Mil.Euro) c) Energy CO2 Emissions/Capita (t of CO2 /capita) d) Energy CO2 Emissions to GDP (t of CO2 /Mil.Euro) e) Carbon intensity (t of CO2 /toe of Gross Inland Consumption) f) Gross Inland Consumption to GDP (toe/Mil.Euro) g) Renevable energy sources in gross final energy demand (%) h) Renevable energy sorurces in transport (%) i) Import Dependency (%) j) Final energy consumption in households per capita (toe/capita) Macro indicators Figure 32. GHG emissions per capita for 2020, 2030 and 2050 – WAM scenario Figure 33.', 'GHG emissions per capita for 2020, 2030 and 2050 – WAM scenario Figure 33. GHG emissions per unit of GDP for * Just Transition is a framework developed by the trade union movement to encompass a range of social interventions needed to secure workers rights and livelihoods when economies are shifting to sustainable production, primarily combating climate change and protecting biodiversity. † The EU Reference Scenario is a projection of where EU’s current set of policies (EU Climate/Environmental/Energy Acquis) coupled with market trends are likely to lead. EU Member States for comparison were selected according to geographical relevance (EU Member States in the Balkan: BG-Bulgaria, RO-Romania, HL-Greece and HR-Croatia), size of population (SI- Slovenia), and ability to invest (AT-Austria).', 'EU Member States for comparison were selected according to geographical relevance (EU Member States in the Balkan: BG-Bulgaria, RO-Romania, HL-Greece and HR-Croatia), size of population (SI- Slovenia), and ability to invest (AT-Austria). GHG Emissions per GDP /Mio€) GHG Emissions per capita /capita)Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan The GHG emissions per capita indicator of Republic of North Macedonia is 4,9 t CO2 eq./capita, well below the EU28 average, which is 8 t CO2- eq./capita. With the implementation of the measures included in the WAM scenario, the indicator is projected to further decrease to 3,0 t CO2- eq./capita by 2030, and to increase to 3,9 t CO2- eq./capita by 2050.', 'With the implementation of the measures included in the WAM scenario, the indicator is projected to further decrease to 3,0 t CO2- eq./capita by 2030, and to increase to 3,9 t CO2- eq./capita by 2050. While GHG emissions per capita are well below the EU28 average, the GHG emissions pre unit of GDP is almost 4 times higher than the EU28 average and is comparable with the GHG emissions per unit of GDP of Bulgaria. With the implementation of the measures included in the WAM scenario, this indicator is projected to significantly decrease and reach the levels of EU Member States from the region by 2030 and 2050.', 'With the implementation of the measures included in the WAM scenario, this indicator is projected to significantly decrease and reach the levels of EU Member States from the region by 2030 and 2050. The most significant contributions to the reduction of emissions considered by this indicator are related to the foreseen mitigation measures and structural changes related to the Energy sector. Figure 34. Energy sector CO2 emissions per unit of GDP for 2020, 2030 and 2050 – WAM scenario Figure 35.', 'Energy sector CO2 emissions per unit of GDP for 2020, 2030 and 2050 – WAM scenario Figure 35. Energy sector CO2 emissions per unit of GDP for 2020, 2030 and 2050 – WAM scenario As highlighted before, projected structural changes in the Energy sector in the WAM scenario (closing down the Bitola TPP by 2027) will, by 2050, bring the energy CO2 emissions per unit of GDP to the comparable EU levels, while energy related CO2 per capita is projected to remain below the EU28 average and comparable with the neighbouring EU countries such as Greece and Bulgaria. Figure 36. Carbon intensity of energy consumption for 2020, 2030 and 2050 – WAM scenario Figure 37.', 'Carbon intensity of energy consumption for 2020, 2030 and 2050 – WAM scenario Figure 37. Energy intensity of GDP for 2020, 2030 and 2050 – WAM scenario Emissions to GDP (t of CO2 /MEuro) Emissions/Capita (t of CO2 /inhabitant) Gross Inland Consumption/GDP (toe/MEuro) Carbon intensity (t of CO2 /toe of Gross Inland Consumption)Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan The phasing out of the coal power plants, stronger penetration of renewables and, to some extent, natural gas, as well as increased energy efficiency by 2030 is well reflected in the carbon intensity of the gross inland energy consumption. This indicator is projected to decline below the EU28 levels and to be in the same range as comparable EU Member States from the region.', 'This indicator is projected to decline below the EU28 levels and to be in the same range as comparable EU Member States from the region. In parallel to this indicator, the Gross inland consumption per GDP is also projected to decrease and be in the same range as comparable EU Member States from the region. The increase in the use of renewable energy sources is also one of the indicators showing the transition to low carbon society and contributing to the achievement of the SDG – Affordable and clean energy. Figure 38. Share of renewable energy sources in gross final consumption for 2020, 2030 and 2050 – WAM scenario Figure 39.', 'Share of renewable energy sources in gross final consumption for 2020, 2030 and 2050 – WAM scenario Figure 39. Share of Renewable energy sources in Transport sector for 2020, 2030 and 2050 – WAM scenario In the WAM scenario, the RES share in gross final energy consumption is estimated to reach 23% by 2020, 43% by 2030, and 49% by 2050. The projected RE share is much higher than any of the comparable countries and well above the EU28 Reference scenario target value set under the 2030 Climate and Energy Framework (32%). Regarding the penetration of RES in the Transport sector, the country is currently well behind the EU28 average of 11%, which is projected to increase to 14%. by 2030.', 'Regarding the penetration of RES in the Transport sector, the country is currently well behind the EU28 average of 11%, which is projected to increase to 14%. by 2030. The RES share of the Transport sector of Republic of North Macedonia is projected to sharply increase from 2% in 2020 to 17% by 2030, and 20% by 2050. Taking into account that the projected RES share above 10% is predominately driven by the penetration of electric and hydrogen powered vehicles, and considering the fact that the penetration of these technologies is driven by consumer purchase power, it can be concluded that the achievement of the RES goal for the Transport sector will be challenging.', 'Taking into account that the projected RES share above 10% is predominately driven by the penetration of electric and hydrogen powered vehicles, and considering the fact that the penetration of these technologies is driven by consumer purchase power, it can be concluded that the achievement of the RES goal for the Transport sector will be challenging. Energy security and households’ consumption indicators Taking into account the carbon transition and the decarbonisation of electricity production, import dependency is an important indicator to measure the exposure of the country to the price of external energy commodities such as oil & petroleum products, natural gas and electricity.', 'Energy security and households’ consumption indicators Taking into account the carbon transition and the decarbonisation of electricity production, import dependency is an important indicator to measure the exposure of the country to the price of external energy commodities such as oil & petroleum products, natural gas and electricity. The current import dependency of Republic of North Macedonia is slightly below the EU28 and above the import dependency of Bulgaria and Romania, which is an important consideration from the regional market perspective. RES in gross final energy demand (%) RES in Transport (%)Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Figure 40. Energy import dependency for 2020, 2030 and 2050 – WAM scenario Figure 41.', 'Energy import dependency for 2020, 2030 and 2050 – WAM scenario Figure 41. Final energy consumption in households per capita for 2020, 2030 and 2050 – WAM scenario It is projected that the import dependency will slightly increase to 53,5% by 2030 and to 52,6% by 2050. The domestic phasing out of lignite, which is extensively replaced with RES, is also reflected in the projected reduction of electricity imports by 63%, by 2050, compared to 2017 levels. On the other hand, the final consumption of imported energy commodities such as oil and natural gas are projected to increase by 2030 tenfold and by 2050 more than seventeen-fold compared to 2017 levels, while total final consumption is to increase by 38,3% by 2050 compared to 2017 levels.', 'On the other hand, the final consumption of imported energy commodities such as oil and natural gas are projected to increase by 2030 tenfold and by 2050 more than seventeen-fold compared to 2017 levels, while total final consumption is to increase by 38,3% by 2050 compared to 2017 levels. In households, final energy consumption is projected to decrease by 5,7% by 2030 and by 7,7% by 2050 compared to 2017 levels. Since the demographic projection by 2050 also have a declining trend, the final energy consumption in households per capita will be maintained at about 270-280 toe per capita, which is among the lowest consumption among the EU Member States* with the exception of Malta.', 'Since the demographic projection by 2050 also have a declining trend, the final energy consumption in households per capita will be maintained at about 270-280 toe per capita, which is among the lowest consumption among the EU Member States* with the exception of Malta. * For this purpose, Member States for comparison have been amended to account, to the extent possible, for specific climatic conditions reflected in heating and cooling degree days. The countries for comparison are BG-Bulgaria, HL-Greece, ES- Spain, P-Portugal, CY-Cyprus, and MT-Malta. Import Dependency (%) Final energy consumption in households per capita (toe/capita)8. COSTS OF THE TRANSITION AND EXPECTED SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF MITIGATION MEASURESLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan 8.', 'COSTS OF THE TRANSITION AND EXPECTED SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF MITIGATION MEASURESLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan 8. C O S T S O F T H E T R A N S I T I O N A N D E X P E C T E D S O C I O - E C O N O M I C E F F E C T S O F M I T I G A T I O N M E A S U R E S 8 .', 'C O S T S O F T H E T R A N S I T I O N A N D E X P E C T E D S O C I O - E C O N O M I C E F F E C T S O F M I T I G A T I O N M E A S U R E S 8 . 1 D e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s o f t h e c o s t s o f i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e W E M a n d W A M s c e n a r i o s For realization of a transition towards low-carbon society in Republic of North Macedonia around 19 Bill.', '1 D e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s o f t h e c o s t s o f i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e W E M a n d W A M s c e n a r i o s For realization of a transition towards low-carbon society in Republic of North Macedonia around 19 Bill. EUR of cumulative capital investments are needed in the period 2020-2050 (WEM scenario), while for an enhanced transition (WAM scenario) around 35 Bill. EUR are needed (Figure 42).', 'EUR are needed (Figure 42). The Energy sector (supply and demand side + infrastructure) accounts for about 99% of the total investments in both WEM and WAM scenarios. The total cumulative investments in the AFOLU sector are about 115 mil. EUR, while the total investments in the Waste sector are about 67 mil. EUR in both scenarios. As stated in Chapter 4, no measures are proposed in the IPPU sector, so no capital investments are assumed in this sector. It can be noted that the total investments in the WAM scenario are almost doubled compared to the WEM scenario. Figure 42. Total investment costs in WEM and WAM scenario – 2020-2050 (mil.', 'Total investment costs in WEM and WAM scenario – 2020-2050 (mil. EUR) As the Energy sector has the highest share in the investments needed for realization of the both scenarios, more detailed data on investments in this sector by category is provided in Figure 43 and Figure 44. For implementation of the WEM scenario, the Energy system would need a cumulative capital investment of 18.5 bil. EUR until 2050, while the WAM scenario can be implemented with cumulative capital investment of 34.1 bill. EUR. . The focus in both scenarios is on the capital investments in energy efficiency, followed by investments in RES generation. To accept the increased use of RES in the WAM scenario capital investments would be also needed in the energy system infrastructure.', 'To accept the increased use of RES in the WAM scenario capital investments would be also needed in the energy system infrastructure. Detailed investments per measure in the WAM scenario are given in Table 4. WAM WEM Energy AFOLU Waste IPPULong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan *Note: Additional 720 Mil. EUR are planned for the railway to Republic of Bulgaria (in the period 2020-2030) Figure 43. Aggregated capital investments per category on 5 years period in Energy sector – WEM scenario Figure 44.', 'Aggregated capital investments per category on 5 years period in Energy sector – WEM scenario Figure 44. Aggregated capital investments per category on 5 years period in Energy sector – WAM scenario However, in order to calculate the cost of transition, the total Energy system costs are very important, which besides the investments, also include the operation and maintenance costs (at both supply and demand side), fuel supply + carbon costs and delivery costs (Figure 45). In the Energy sector, it is estimated that in the WEM scenario the annual system costs would increase from 2.6 bil. EUR in 2018 to 6.2 bil. EUR in 2050.', 'EUR in 2018 to 6.2 bil. EUR in 2050. The majority of the expenditures are fuel supply costs and investments in technologies on the demand side, both comprising 67% of the total annual costs in 2020 and increasing their share to 69% in 2050. The most important results for the transition of the Macedonian Energy system is that in the case of WAM scenario, the cumulative system costs are for 12% lower compared to the WEM scenario. Although the investment costs in the WAM scenario are higher, the significantly lower cost of fuel supply makes this scenario more cost-effective than the WEM scenario.', 'Although the investment costs in the WAM scenario are higher, the significantly lower cost of fuel supply makes this scenario more cost-effective than the WEM scenario. Additionally, in the WAM scenario, the higher utilization of RES potential (especially on the supply side) and more efficient fuel consumption would only slightly change the annual fuel supply costs over the period, while the annualized investments on the demand side are estimated to grow significantly due to the introduction of advanced (more energy efficient) technologies. The operation and maintenance costs in the Power sector in the WAM scenario are reduced (cumulative for around 11%) compared to WEM as a result of the decommissioning of the TPP Bitola.', 'The operation and maintenance costs in the Power sector in the WAM scenario are reduced (cumulative for around 11%) compared to WEM as a result of the decommissioning of the TPP Bitola. At the same time, the annualized investments in the Power sector in WAM scenario are increased for around 20% compared to WEM, as a result of the increased investments in RES capacities. Mil. EUR EE RES generation Infrastructure Conventional generation Cumulative capital investments (bn. EUR) Mil. EUR Cumulative capital investments (bn. EUR) Ø average in 5 yearsLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Figure 45. Evolution of annual system costs (aggregated on 5 years period) – Energy sector 8 .', 'Evolution of annual system costs (aggregated on 5 years period) – Energy sector 8 . 2 A s s e s s m e n t o f s o c i a l a s p e c t For a sustainable transition, besides the economic and environmental, the social aspect is also very important. According to the years in which the proposed measures and policies are implemented, for some of them, the number of domestic green jobs is calculated at yearly level for the WAM scenario.', 'According to the years in which the proposed measures and policies are implemented, for some of them, the number of domestic green jobs is calculated at yearly level for the WAM scenario. The highest number of around 10,000 green jobs is achieved in 2035 (Figure 46), which represents 2.7 times more jobs than the current number of employees in the coal power plants in Republic of North Macedonia (TPP Bitola around 2700 and TPP Oslomej around 1000). Retrofitting contributes to the most for the opening of new jobs (around 58%), followed by construction of new houses, including passive houses (with around 19% share).', 'Retrofitting contributes to the most for the opening of new jobs (around 58%), followed by construction of new houses, including passive houses (with around 19% share). Because of the gradual increase of the standard for renovation and construction of new buildings up to 2035, the number of the new green jobs from these measures is increasing in that period. Additionally, the measures with the highest share is Retrofitting of existing residential buildings (50% in 2035), Construction of passive buildings (18% in 2035), RES without incentives, Solar thermal collectors, Retrofitting of existing commercial buildings and Solar rooftop (Figure 47). Furthermore, it is shown that more than 27% of the new domestic green jobs in 2050 can be assigned to women. WAM WEM Bn.', 'Furthermore, it is shown that more than 27% of the new domestic green jobs in 2050 can be assigned to women. WAM WEM Bn. EUR Fuel Supply Costs + CO2 tax O&M Costs (Demand) Delivery Costs (All Sectors) Annualized Investment (Demand) O&M Costs (Power) Annualized Investment (Power) # Cumulative total system costsLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Figure 46. Number of domestic green jobs by technology in WAM scenario Figure 47. Number of domestic green jobs by measure in WAM scenario 8 .', 'Number of domestic green jobs by measure in WAM scenario 8 . 3 R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s o n p r o v i s i o n o f e n a b l i n g e n v i r o n m e n t a n d i n v e s t m e n t s i n c l i m a t e a c t i o n The implementation of the transition measures requires involvement of all stakeholders (Table 4). Most of the measures are planned to be implemented by consumers, which makes them the largest investors.', 'Most of the measures are planned to be implemented by consumers, which makes them the largest investors. This primarily refers to households and transport, but also consumers from the commercial, industry and agriculture sectors. However, these investments should be largely supported and encouraged by the central and local government, which through the implementation of measures intended for them should set an example in the implementation of energy efficiency and RES measures. In this regard, funding should be provided by an EE fund, donor funding or the funding should be supported by ESCO companies. This is especially relevant for the vulnerable consumers which will depend on provision of financial support.', 'This is especially relevant for the vulnerable consumers which will depend on provision of financial support. Private investors (private and state-owned companies) also play an important role in this process of transition (mainly for construction of RES capacities), for which it is necessary to create sustainable policies and a stable investment climate. Table 4. Investment costs per measure in WAM scenario, including source of finance Sector/Category Policy/ measure Investment cost (Mil.', 'Investment costs per measure in WAM scenario, including source of finance Sector/Category Policy/ measure Investment cost (Mil. EUR) Source of finance PV Biogas Wind Small hydro Biomass Lighting Retrofit New houses Increased use of heat pumps Solar thermal collectors Solar thermal collectors Construction of passive buildings Incentives Feed-in premium Retrofitting of existing residential buildings Increased use of heat pumps Incentives Feed-in tariff Improvement of the street lighting Retrofitting of existing commercial buildings Construction of new buildings Retrofitting of existing local self-government buildings Retrofitting of existing central government buildings Phasing out of incandescent lights Biomass power plants RES without incentives Solar rooftopLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Energy Introduction of CO2 tax n/a n/a Energy/Infrastructure Reduction of network losses 232.0 Distribution and transmission companies Energy/RES generation Large hydropower plants 1627.3 Public private partnership, ESM, Independent power producers Incentives feed-in tariff 373.3 Independent power producers, incentives through consumer bills Incentives feed-in premium 399.2 Independent power producers, incentives from the central government budget Biomass power plants (CHP optional) 32.3 Independent power producers, incentives through consumer bills Solar rooftop power plants 627.6 Independent power producers, donors, subsidies from central government and local budget, EE fund RES without incentives 1726.0 Public private partnership, Independent power producers, ESM Energy/Energy Efficiency Energy efficiency obligation schemes 145.7 Consumers through their bills Solar thermal collectors 200.7 Private, EE fund, incentives from the central government budget, donors Labelling of electric appliances and equipment 70.2 Private, EE fund Increased use of heat pumps 330.1 Private, EE fund, incentives from the central and local government budget, donors Public awareness campaigns and network of EE info centres (Including Cost of investment in advanced technologies) Private, donors, central and local self- governments Retrofitting of existing residential buildings 2606.6 Private, donors through commercial EE loans, EE fund Retrofitting of existing central government buildings 261.3 Central government budget, donors Retrofitting of existing local self-government buildings 218.2 Local self-government budget, donors Retrofitting of existing commercial buildings 979.0 Private, donors through commercial EE loans, EE fund Construction of new buildings (at least class C) Private, donors through commercial EE loans, EE fund Construction of passive buildings 1196.6 Private, donors through commercial EE loans, EE fund, financial support for construction of new buildings at municipality level Phasing out of incandescent lights 889.9 Private, central government budget Improvement of the street lighting in the municipalities Central and local government budget, ESCO Green procurements 11.3 Central and local self-government budget Increased use of central heating systems 47.8 Private, EE fund, incentives from the central and local government budget Energy management in manufacturing industries n/a Private, donors through commercial EE loans Introduction of efficient electric motors 180.6 Private, donors through commercial EE loans Introduction of more advanced technologies 1040.7 Private, donors through commercial EE loans, EE fund Increased use of the railway 329.0 Central government budget Renewing of the national car fleet 4924.0 Private, EE fund, incentives from the central government budget Renewing of other national road fleet 6437.0 Private, Public enterprises Advanced mobility (walking, cycling and electric scooters) n/a Private, EE fund, incentives from the central and local government budget, donors Construction of the railway to the Republic of Bulgaria 720.0 Central government budgetLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Electrification of the transport 8440.0 Private, EE fund, incentives from the central government budget AFOLU/Livestock Reduction of CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation in dairy cows by 3% 0.3 Private sector, IPARD programme Reduction of N2O emissions from manure management in dairy cows by 20% 1.5 Private sector, IPARD programme Reduction of NO2 emissions from manure management in swine farms by 13% 1.5 Private sector, IPARD programme Reduction of N2O emissions from manure in dairy cows by 20% for farms below 50 Livestock Units 1.5 Private sector, IPARD programme AFOLU/Forestry Establishing integrated management of forest fires PE ‘National forests’, other forest enterprises PE ‘National forests’, other forest enterprises AFOLU/Other Land Use Conversion of land use of field crops above 2.3 Private sector, IPARD programme Contour cultivation on areas under field crops on inclined terrains (5-15%) 1.5 Private sector, IPARD programme Perennial grass in orchard and vineyards on inclined terrains (>5%) 1.5 Private sector, IPARD programme Use of biochar for carbon sink on agricultural land 45.0 Private sector, IPARD programme Photovoltaic irrigation 47.0 Private sector, IPARD programme Waste Landfill gas flaring 24.6 Local self-government through Public Utilities, Public Private Partnership, EU funds Mechanical and biological treatment (MBT) in new landfills with composting Local self-government through Public Utilities, Public Private Partnership, EU funds Selection of waste - paper 3.0 Local self-government through Public Utilities, Public Private Partnership, EU funds Improved waste and materials management at industrial facilities n/a Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning, Municipalities and city of Skopje, Industrial facilities, EU funds Note: This table does not include the investments in conventional generation (190 Mil.', 'EUR) Source of finance PV Biogas Wind Small hydro Biomass Lighting Retrofit New houses Increased use of heat pumps Solar thermal collectors Solar thermal collectors Construction of passive buildings Incentives Feed-in premium Retrofitting of existing residential buildings Increased use of heat pumps Incentives Feed-in tariff Improvement of the street lighting Retrofitting of existing commercial buildings Construction of new buildings Retrofitting of existing local self-government buildings Retrofitting of existing central government buildings Phasing out of incandescent lights Biomass power plants RES without incentives Solar rooftopLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Energy Introduction of CO2 tax n/a n/a Energy/Infrastructure Reduction of network losses 232.0 Distribution and transmission companies Energy/RES generation Large hydropower plants 1627.3 Public private partnership, ESM, Independent power producers Incentives feed-in tariff 373.3 Independent power producers, incentives through consumer bills Incentives feed-in premium 399.2 Independent power producers, incentives from the central government budget Biomass power plants (CHP optional) 32.3 Independent power producers, incentives through consumer bills Solar rooftop power plants 627.6 Independent power producers, donors, subsidies from central government and local budget, EE fund RES without incentives 1726.0 Public private partnership, Independent power producers, ESM Energy/Energy Efficiency Energy efficiency obligation schemes 145.7 Consumers through their bills Solar thermal collectors 200.7 Private, EE fund, incentives from the central government budget, donors Labelling of electric appliances and equipment 70.2 Private, EE fund Increased use of heat pumps 330.1 Private, EE fund, incentives from the central and local government budget, donors Public awareness campaigns and network of EE info centres (Including Cost of investment in advanced technologies) Private, donors, central and local self- governments Retrofitting of existing residential buildings 2606.6 Private, donors through commercial EE loans, EE fund Retrofitting of existing central government buildings 261.3 Central government budget, donors Retrofitting of existing local self-government buildings 218.2 Local self-government budget, donors Retrofitting of existing commercial buildings 979.0 Private, donors through commercial EE loans, EE fund Construction of new buildings (at least class C) Private, donors through commercial EE loans, EE fund Construction of passive buildings 1196.6 Private, donors through commercial EE loans, EE fund, financial support for construction of new buildings at municipality level Phasing out of incandescent lights 889.9 Private, central government budget Improvement of the street lighting in the municipalities Central and local government budget, ESCO Green procurements 11.3 Central and local self-government budget Increased use of central heating systems 47.8 Private, EE fund, incentives from the central and local government budget Energy management in manufacturing industries n/a Private, donors through commercial EE loans Introduction of efficient electric motors 180.6 Private, donors through commercial EE loans Introduction of more advanced technologies 1040.7 Private, donors through commercial EE loans, EE fund Increased use of the railway 329.0 Central government budget Renewing of the national car fleet 4924.0 Private, EE fund, incentives from the central government budget Renewing of other national road fleet 6437.0 Private, Public enterprises Advanced mobility (walking, cycling and electric scooters) n/a Private, EE fund, incentives from the central and local government budget, donors Construction of the railway to the Republic of Bulgaria 720.0 Central government budgetLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Electrification of the transport 8440.0 Private, EE fund, incentives from the central government budget AFOLU/Livestock Reduction of CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation in dairy cows by 3% 0.3 Private sector, IPARD programme Reduction of N2O emissions from manure management in dairy cows by 20% 1.5 Private sector, IPARD programme Reduction of NO2 emissions from manure management in swine farms by 13% 1.5 Private sector, IPARD programme Reduction of N2O emissions from manure in dairy cows by 20% for farms below 50 Livestock Units 1.5 Private sector, IPARD programme AFOLU/Forestry Establishing integrated management of forest fires PE ‘National forests’, other forest enterprises PE ‘National forests’, other forest enterprises AFOLU/Other Land Use Conversion of land use of field crops above 2.3 Private sector, IPARD programme Contour cultivation on areas under field crops on inclined terrains (5-15%) 1.5 Private sector, IPARD programme Perennial grass in orchard and vineyards on inclined terrains (>5%) 1.5 Private sector, IPARD programme Use of biochar for carbon sink on agricultural land 45.0 Private sector, IPARD programme Photovoltaic irrigation 47.0 Private sector, IPARD programme Waste Landfill gas flaring 24.6 Local self-government through Public Utilities, Public Private Partnership, EU funds Mechanical and biological treatment (MBT) in new landfills with composting Local self-government through Public Utilities, Public Private Partnership, EU funds Selection of waste - paper 3.0 Local self-government through Public Utilities, Public Private Partnership, EU funds Improved waste and materials management at industrial facilities n/a Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning, Municipalities and city of Skopje, Industrial facilities, EU funds Note: This table does not include the investments in conventional generation (190 Mil. EUR) Regarding the individual measures, it can be noticed that the largest investments are in the transport measures, i.e.', 'EUR) Regarding the individual measures, it can be noticed that the largest investments are in the transport measures, i.e. the measure for electrification of the transport, followed by the measures for renewing of national car fleet and other national road fleet (Figure 48). Significant investments are also needed in the measures for renovation and construction of new buildings in the households and the commercial sector. Large hydropower plants and the RES without incentives are the measures with the highest investment costs from the electricity generation measures.Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Figure 48. Investment costs per measure for the period 2020-2050 in WAM scenario (Mil.', 'Investment costs per measure for the period 2020-2050 in WAM scenario (Mil. EUR) Reduction of network losses Incentives feed-in tariff Reduction of CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation in dairy cows by 3% Electrification of the transport Biomass power plants (CHP optional) Increased use of central heating systems Incentives feed-in premium Renewing of other national road fleet Green procurements Energy efficiency obligation schemes Solar rooftop power plants RES without incentives Labelling of electric appliances and equipment Introduction of CO2 tax Solar thermal collectors Increased use of heat pumps Introduction of more advanced technologies Public awareness campaigns and network of EE info centres Retrofitting of existing residential buildings Phasing out of incandescent lights Advanced mobility Construction of new buildings Photovoltaic irrigation Construction of passive buildings Retrofitting of existing local self-government buildings Reduction of N2O emissions from manure management in dairy cows by 20% Establishing integrated management of forest fires Reduction of NO2 emissions from manure management in swine farms by 13% Improvement of the street lighting in the municipalities Reduction of N2O emissions from manure in dairy cows by 20% for farms below 50 Livestock Units Energy management in manufacturing industries Introduction of efficient electric motors Afforestation Retrofitting of existing central government buildings Conversion of land use of field crops above 15% inclination Large hydropower plants Construction of the railway to the Republic of Bulgaria Perennial grass in orchard and vineyards on inclined terrains (>5%) Use of biochar for carbon sink on agricultural land Increased use of the railway Landfill gas flaring Retrofitting of existing commercial buildings Mechanical and biological treatment (MBT) in new landfills with composting Selection of waste - paper Renewing of the national car fleet Improved waste and materials management at industrial facilities Contour cultivation on areas under field crops on inclined terrains (5-15%)9.', 'EUR) Reduction of network losses Incentives feed-in tariff Reduction of CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation in dairy cows by 3% Electrification of the transport Biomass power plants (CHP optional) Increased use of central heating systems Incentives feed-in premium Renewing of other national road fleet Green procurements Energy efficiency obligation schemes Solar rooftop power plants RES without incentives Labelling of electric appliances and equipment Introduction of CO2 tax Solar thermal collectors Increased use of heat pumps Introduction of more advanced technologies Public awareness campaigns and network of EE info centres Retrofitting of existing residential buildings Phasing out of incandescent lights Advanced mobility Construction of new buildings Photovoltaic irrigation Construction of passive buildings Retrofitting of existing local self-government buildings Reduction of N2O emissions from manure management in dairy cows by 20% Establishing integrated management of forest fires Reduction of NO2 emissions from manure management in swine farms by 13% Improvement of the street lighting in the municipalities Reduction of N2O emissions from manure in dairy cows by 20% for farms below 50 Livestock Units Energy management in manufacturing industries Introduction of efficient electric motors Afforestation Retrofitting of existing central government buildings Conversion of land use of field crops above 15% inclination Large hydropower plants Construction of the railway to the Republic of Bulgaria Perennial grass in orchard and vineyards on inclined terrains (>5%) Use of biochar for carbon sink on agricultural land Increased use of the railway Landfill gas flaring Retrofitting of existing commercial buildings Mechanical and biological treatment (MBT) in new landfills with composting Selection of waste - paper Renewing of the national car fleet Improved waste and materials management at industrial facilities Contour cultivation on areas under field crops on inclined terrains (5-15%)9. CROSS CUTTING ASPECTSLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan 9.', 'CROSS CUTTING ASPECTSLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan 9. C R O S S C U T T I N G A S P E C T S 9 . 1 C l i m a t e m a i n s t r e a m i n g i n E n v i r o n m e n t a l I m p a c t A s s e s s m e n t s ( E I A ) The EIA Directive requires Member States to ensure that projects likely to have significant effects on the environment because of their nature, size or location are subject to an assessment of their environmental effects.', '1 C l i m a t e m a i n s t r e a m i n g i n E n v i r o n m e n t a l I m p a c t A s s e s s m e n t s ( E I A ) The EIA Directive requires Member States to ensure that projects likely to have significant effects on the environment because of their nature, size or location are subject to an assessment of their environmental effects. This assessment should take place before development consent is given, i.e. before the authority/ies decide(s) that the developer can go ahead with the project.', 'before the authority/ies decide(s) that the developer can go ahead with the project. The Directive harmonises EIA principles by introducing minimum requirements, in particular for the types of projects that should be assessed, the main obligations of developers, the assessment’s content and provisions on the participation of competent authorities and the public. The Rulebook on the form and the content and the procedure and the manner for elaboration of the Environmental Impact assessment (Official Gazette of RNM 33/2006 from 20.03.2006) defines the minimum content of the EIA in the national context. The national legal provisions for the elaboration of EIAs do not foresee the assessment of the short and long-term climate impact specific projects might have.', 'The national legal provisions for the elaboration of EIAs do not foresee the assessment of the short and long-term climate impact specific projects might have. The latest Guidance materials published by the European Commission recommend implementation of the climate consideration in the ЕIA procedures and using EIAs as tools to ensure that future plans and projects doesn’t significantly increase greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and support better adaption to climate change.', 'The latest Guidance materials published by the European Commission recommend implementation of the climate consideration in the ЕIA procedures and using EIAs as tools to ensure that future plans and projects doesn’t significantly increase greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and support better adaption to climate change. The bullet points below summarise the EC recommendations on how to incorporate climate change into EIA: • Consider climate change impacts into the assessment process at an early stage (screening and scoping); • Tailor how you incorporate biodiversity and climate change to the specific context of the project: • Bring together all the relevant stakeholders who need to be part of climate change-related decision- making; • Understand how both climate change interacts with other issues to be assessed in the EIA, as well as with each other; • Consider the impact that predicted changes in climate will have on the proposed project, potentially over a long timescale, and the project’s resilience and capacity to cope.', 'The bullet points below summarise the EC recommendations on how to incorporate climate change into EIA: • Consider climate change impacts into the assessment process at an early stage (screening and scoping); • Tailor how you incorporate biodiversity and climate change to the specific context of the project: • Bring together all the relevant stakeholders who need to be part of climate change-related decision- making; • Understand how both climate change interacts with other issues to be assessed in the EIA, as well as with each other; • Consider the impact that predicted changes in climate will have on the proposed project, potentially over a long timescale, and the project’s resilience and capacity to cope. • Consider long-term trends, with and without the proposed project, and avoid ‘snapshot’ analyses.', '• Consider long-term trends, with and without the proposed project, and avoid ‘snapshot’ analyses. • Manage complexity. • Consider the complex nature of climate change and the potential of projects to cause cumulative effects. • Be comfortable with uncertainty, because you can never be sure of the future. • Base your recommendations on the precautionary principle and acknowledge assumptions and the limitations of current knowledge. • Be practical and use your common sense. When consulting stakeholders, avoid drawing out the EIA procedure and leave enough time to properly assess complex information.', 'When consulting stakeholders, avoid drawing out the EIA procedure and leave enough time to properly assess complex information. • Consider climate change scenarios at the outset; • Analyse the evolving environmental baseline trends;Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan • Take an integrated approach to planning and assessment, investigating relevant thresholds and limits. • Seek to avoid climate change effects from the start, before considering mitigation or compensation. • Assess alternatives that make a difference in terms of climate change. • Use ecosystem-based approaches and green infrastructure as part of project design and/or mitigation measures. • Assess climate change and biodiversity synergies and cumulative effects, which can be significant.', '• Assess climate change and biodiversity synergies and cumulative effects, which can be significant. The integration of the climate consideration in the EIA procedures should be also supported by amendment of the EIA legislation, more specifically amendment of the Rulebook defining the form and the content and the procedure and the manner for elaboration of the Environmental Impact assessment. In addition, specific training for the staff of the MoEPP is essential to support and evaluate the process of the integration of the climate considerations in the EIA. 9 .', 'In addition, specific training for the staff of the MoEPP is essential to support and evaluate the process of the integration of the climate considerations in the EIA. 9 . 2 C l i m a t e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s i n t h e S E A ( S t r a t e g i c E n v i r o n m e n t a l A s s e s s m e n t s ) Directive 2001/42/EC on the assessment of the effects of certain plans and programmes on the environment (‘Strategic Environmental Assessment’ — ‘SEA Directive’) requires certain public plans and programmes (PPs) to undergo an environmental assessment before they are adopted.', '2 C l i m a t e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s i n t h e S E A ( S t r a t e g i c E n v i r o n m e n t a l A s s e s s m e n t s ) Directive 2001/42/EC on the assessment of the effects of certain plans and programmes on the environment (‘Strategic Environmental Assessment’ — ‘SEA Directive’) requires certain public plans and programmes (PPs) to undergo an environmental assessment before they are adopted. The Law on Environment regulates the requirements and the details for elaboration of SEA (Official 129/15; 192/15; 39/16 и 99/18), and the national legal provisions for elaboration of EIAs don’t foresee extensive assessment of the short and the long term climate impact that the specific strategic planning document might have.', 'The Law on Environment regulates the requirements and the details for elaboration of SEA (Official 129/15; 192/15; 39/16 и 99/18), and the national legal provisions for elaboration of EIAs don’t foresee extensive assessment of the short and the long term climate impact that the specific strategic planning document might have. To address the above mentioned, the EC has prepared a Guidance on Integrating Climate Change into Strategic Environmental Assessment with aim to improve the consideration of these issues in strategic environmental assessments (SEAs) carried out across the EU Member States.', 'To address the above mentioned, the EC has prepared a Guidance on Integrating Climate Change into Strategic Environmental Assessment with aim to improve the consideration of these issues in strategic environmental assessments (SEAs) carried out across the EU Member States. The bullet points below summarise the EC recommendations on how to address climate change into SEA: • Build them into the assessment and PP from the earliest stage and follow them throughout — start at the screening and scoping stages to build these issues into the mindset of all the key parties: competent authorities and policymakers, planners, SEA practitioners and other stakeholders. The SEA can be used as a creative process to support learning amongst all these parties.', 'The SEA can be used as a creative process to support learning amongst all these parties. • The consideration of climate change issues must be tailored to the specific context of the PP. It is not simply a checklist of issues to tick off. Each SEA can potentially be different. • Be practical and use your common sense. When consulting stakeholders, avoid drawing out the SEA procedure and leave enough time to properly assess complex information. • Use the SEA as an opportunity to address key issues regarding different types of projects or specific infrastructure projects. At this time, many options are still open (e.g. the location of motorways versus Natura 2000 network sites) and you can avoid problematic situations at the EIA/project level.', 'the location of motorways versus Natura 2000 network sites) and you can avoid problematic situations at the EIA/project level. • Consider long-term trends both with and without the proposed PP and avoid ‘snapshot’ analyses. • Assess the PP against the future baseline and key trends and their drivers taking into account other PPs. • Consider the impact that predicted changes in the climate and biodiversity will have on the proposed PP, potentially over a long timescale, and its resilience and capacity to cope.Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan • Manage complexity; consider whether implementation of part of a PP e.g. climate change mitigation, that might otherwise be positive in its impact, could have a negative impact on climate change adaptation.', 'climate change mitigation, that might otherwise be positive in its impact, could have a negative impact on climate change adaptation. • Consider what existing climate change and biodiversity objectives and targets need to be integrated into the PP. • Consider the long-term and cumulative effects on climate change and biodiversity of PP as these will be potentially significant given the complex nature of these topics. • Be comfortable with uncertainty. Use tools such as scenarios to help deal with the uncertainty inherent within complex systems and imperfect data. Think about risks when impacts are too uncertain and factor this into monitoring to manage adverse effects.', 'Think about risks when impacts are too uncertain and factor this into monitoring to manage adverse effects. • Develop more resilient alternatives and solutions based on ‘win-win’ or ‘no regret’/‘low regret’ approaches to PP development, given the uncertainty inherent in climate change • Prepare for adaptive management and monitor to improve adaptive capacity. • Base your recommendations on the precautionary principle and acknowledge assumption and limitations of current knowledge.', '• Base your recommendations on the precautionary principle and acknowledge assumption and limitations of current knowledge. As in the case with EIA, the extensive assessment of the climate considerations in the SEA procedures should be also legally supported by amendment of the SEA legislation, as well as enabled by specific training activities for the staff of the MoEPP that should mainstream and evaluate the process of enhanced assessment of the climate aspects in the SEA processes. 9 . 3 C l i m a t e f i n a n c e According to UNFCCC, climate finance refers to local, national or transnational financing—drawn from public, private and alternative sources of financing—that seeks to support mitigation and adaptation actions that will address climate change.', '3 C l i m a t e f i n a n c e According to UNFCCC, climate finance refers to local, national or transnational financing—drawn from public, private and alternative sources of financing—that seeks to support mitigation and adaptation actions that will address climate change. As a non-Annex I country to the Convention, Republic of North Macedonia is a recipient of international support and is therefore required to report the amount of support received in the subsequent two-year period (in the Biennial Update Report to UNFCCC). According to the TBUR, the bilateral support from the European Union has the highest contribution to financing climate activities in the last two year period.', 'According to the TBUR, the bilateral support from the European Union has the highest contribution to financing climate activities in the last two year period. In particular, the Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance has development of number of technical assessments, legal and policy instruments, as well enabled many municipalities, NGOs and ministries to implement projects, predominantly on climate change mitigation, and thus contribute to the global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate the adverse effects of climate change. However, the TBUR emphasizes that the amount of support received is far from sufficient to meet the needs of undertaking other significant mitigation and adaptation activities.', 'However, the TBUR emphasizes that the amount of support received is far from sufficient to meet the needs of undertaking other significant mitigation and adaptation activities. In the framework of the CBIT Project implemented by UNDP, the country has initiated the process of preparation of a MRV tool that will keep track of the progress regarding the national climate targets and the implementation of the mitigation and the adaptation policies and measures, and will also record and present the climate investments in the country. This tool will significantly improve the transparency of the allocation of resources for climate action, and will act as a tool for coordination and prioritisation of climate finance.', 'This tool will significantly improve the transparency of the allocation of resources for climate action, and will act as a tool for coordination and prioritisation of climate finance. It is also important for the government to realize that climate change has already impacted various aspects of the economy, and some of them are already being addressed by allocating resources in relevant sectors as part of regular annual development plans. Likewise, promoting climate-resilient development and reducing Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions are national commitments made in the Paris Agreement and expressed through the NDCs. The Enhanced NDC of Republic of North Macedonia contains the same set of mitigation policies and measures as the Strategy.', 'The Enhanced NDC of Republic of North Macedonia contains the same set of mitigation policies and measures as the Strategy. Since its adoption in April 2021, the country has anLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan obligation to implement the policies and measures foreseen under the enhanced NDC, as well as to continuously report the progress towards the implementation of the policies and measures, as well as the climate finance as the main marker for climate action. In the same time, the Draft Law on Climate Action foresees the country to start implementation of the reporting requirements foreseen under the MMR in 2025, which again underlines the need of establishment of an integrated system for transparent and overarching MRV of the national climate action.', 'In the same time, the Draft Law on Climate Action foresees the country to start implementation of the reporting requirements foreseen under the MMR in 2025, which again underlines the need of establishment of an integrated system for transparent and overarching MRV of the national climate action. However, climate change is a cross-cutting issue and public and private sector activities relevant to climate change adaptation and mitigation are often scattered across a number of ministries and governmental entities (MoE, MAFAWE, MoF, MTC, LSGUs, etc.).', 'However, climate change is a cross-cutting issue and public and private sector activities relevant to climate change adaptation and mitigation are often scattered across a number of ministries and governmental entities (MoE, MAFAWE, MoF, MTC, LSGUs, etc.). This dispersion makes the process of tracking the climate finance difficult, as well the process of tracking the progress towards the national climate targets, In addition, the scattered competences and investments makes difficulties to the Public Financial Management (PFM) system to facilitate planning, identifying, and reporting on climate change expenditure. These challenges can be overcome by introducing Climate Budget Tagging (CBT), which will enable mainstreaming climate change in PFM system by identifying, classifying, weighting, and marking climate- relevant expenditure in the budget system.', 'These challenges can be overcome by introducing Climate Budget Tagging (CBT), which will enable mainstreaming climate change in PFM system by identifying, classifying, weighting, and marking climate- relevant expenditure in the budget system. By marking budget lines, the CBT will enable systematic monitoring and tracking climate-related proportion of government expenditures and investments. 9 .', 'By marking budget lines, the CBT will enable systematic monitoring and tracking climate-related proportion of government expenditures and investments. 9 . 4 J u s t t r a n s i t i o n a n d s o c i o - e c o n o m i c c o n t e x t The energy sector of Republic of North Macedonia is based on coal run power plants and carbon intensive fossil fuels, while in the same time the country is unable to meet their own electricity needs and is strongly depended on the imported electricity.', '4 J u s t t r a n s i t i o n a n d s o c i o - e c o n o m i c c o n t e x t The energy sector of Republic of North Macedonia is based on coal run power plants and carbon intensive fossil fuels, while in the same time the country is unable to meet their own electricity needs and is strongly depended on the imported electricity. The Government is fully aware of the need to boost the quantity and quality of its infrastructure and services, in order to improve its ability to compete in the process of joining the EU and later on as a member state.', 'The Government is fully aware of the need to boost the quantity and quality of its infrastructure and services, in order to improve its ability to compete in the process of joining the EU and later on as a member state. A less carbon intensive energy sector will allow for greater competitiveness, economic growth and security of supply, and is, at the same time, an important prerequisite for economic integration within the Western Balkans. The energy sector in the country and the economy more broadly, has to deliver on the Green Deal, supporting EU initiative in making Europe a climate neutral continent. The European Green Deal (EGD) focuses on boosting efficient use of resources and restored biodiversity, i.e.', 'The European Green Deal (EGD) focuses on boosting efficient use of resources and restored biodiversity, i.e. : clean sources of energy, circular economy and cut of pollution. The EGD underlines that: “A power sector must be developed that is based largely on renewable sources, complemented by the rapid phasing out of coal and decarbonising gas. At the same time, the EU s energy supply needs to be secure and affordable for consumers and businesses. For this to happen, it is essential to ensure that the European energy market is fully integrated, interconnected and digitalised, while respecting technological neutrality.” The Western Balkan Green Deal paper underlines the needs of all WB6 countries to follow the rest of the countries on the European continent and apply these policies by 2050.', 'For this to happen, it is essential to ensure that the European energy market is fully integrated, interconnected and digitalised, while respecting technological neutrality.” The Western Balkan Green Deal paper underlines the needs of all WB6 countries to follow the rest of the countries on the European continent and apply these policies by 2050. As the EU 26, the WB6 countries will be part of the Just Transition Mechanism that will provide financial support and technical assistance to help those most affected by the move towards a green economy – while also ensuring that the entire society will be in a position to access the substantial benefits.', 'As the EU 26, the WB6 countries will be part of the Just Transition Mechanism that will provide financial support and technical assistance to help those most affected by the move towards a green economy – while also ensuring that the entire society will be in a position to access the substantial benefits. In the national context, this means closing or modernising the coal fired thermo power plans, investing in renewables and environmentally friendly technologies, energy efficiency, reduction of the network losses and provision of enabling environment and affordable prices of renewable energy. This is also foreseen under the WAM scenario of the Strategy, as well as in the Enhanced NDC and the NECP of RNM.', 'This is also foreseen under the WAM scenario of the Strategy, as well as in the Enhanced NDC and the NECP of RNM. The two existing coal-fired power plants in Republic of North Macedonia are both owned and operated by JSC “Power Plants of Republic of North Macedonia” (ESM), the national energy utility. The 125MW thermal power plant in Oslomej now operates primarily as reserve capacity due to the near total depletion of the nearby lignite mine. The 675MW thermal power plant at Bitola provides around 50% of the country’s electricity with lignite from two mines – Suvudol and Brod-Gneotino. According to the 2019 Annual Report of JSC ESM, the TPP Oslomej and TPP Bitola with their mines employ 3588 employees.', 'According to the 2019 Annual Report of JSC ESM, the TPP Oslomej and TPP Bitola with their mines employ 3588 employees. A key questionLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan is what will be the impact of any coal closure in these regions – where they will have large impacts on local employment and significant socioeconomic impact. Some workers will be able to transfer to new activities in ESM linked to new energy sources – be it renewables or linked to gas. According to the Just transition mechanism, any transition from coal and the broader opportunities that will come should be seen in the context of economies of the geographic regions they are located.', 'According to the Just transition mechanism, any transition from coal and the broader opportunities that will come should be seen in the context of economies of the geographic regions they are located. The Government of RNM has already identified the challenges of the green transition of the energy sector and has initiated the process of detailed assessment of the socio-economic implications of the closure of the TPPs in the regional and local context, as well as development of a Just transition action plan for the Southwest and Pelagonija region. This activity will be funded by EU and is expected to be implemented in the period April 2021 – January 2022. 9 .', 'This activity will be funded by EU and is expected to be implemented in the period April 2021 – January 2022. 9 . 5 Y o u t h a n d g e n d e r a s p e c t s The potential accumulated in the climate action generated and supported by young people in the Republic of Republic of North Macedonia is unprecedented. The challenge of building trust and long lasting cooperation between young people and the public administration is a strategic one. A very good demonstration case for youth engagement in climate related decision making processes was the process of revising Macedonia’s Nationally Determined Contributions.', 'A very good demonstration case for youth engagement in climate related decision making processes was the process of revising Macedonia’s Nationally Determined Contributions. The input received and the interaction with the youth was of essential importance and has provided a fresh and open-minded view of the policy design processes. Youth and their engagement in climate action have been fully considered in the design of the policies and measures related to education and awareness rising, as well in the foreseen mitigation and adaptation policies and measures considered in this Strategy. Neither the impacts of climate change on people nor the ways in which people respond to climate change are gender-neutral.', 'Neither the impacts of climate change on people nor the ways in which people respond to climate change are gender-neutral. Gender inequalities and different gender roles, needs and preferences which vary over space and over time influence the different ways in which young, adult and elderly males and females experience the impacts of climate change and develop strategies to adapt to or mitigate them. On the other hand, climate change negative impacts are increasing the already existing gender inequality. As a mater of fact, gender inequality increases the vulnerability.', 'As a mater of fact, gender inequality increases the vulnerability. In this context, gender inequality should be emphasized in social, cultural, social, economic, but also in terms of practicing the services and services provided by the state in the area of mitigation and adaptation to climate change. Following the Paris Agreement (preamble), as well as the Enhanced Lima Work Programme on Gender (LWPG), this Strategy considers the gender perspective as a cross-cutting issue of a crucial importance for achieving transparency and effectiveness as well as a sustainability of climate policy and action.', 'Following the Paris Agreement (preamble), as well as the Enhanced Lima Work Programme on Gender (LWPG), this Strategy considers the gender perspective as a cross-cutting issue of a crucial importance for achieving transparency and effectiveness as well as a sustainability of climate policy and action. At national context, under the support and guidance of the Global Support Programme (GSP) as part of climate change projects implemented by the Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning and UNDP, the Republic of Republic of North Macedonia has taken serious steps towards intersecting gender and climate change at policy and administrative level and has been recognized as a positive example and a good practice in the region.', 'At national context, under the support and guidance of the Global Support Programme (GSP) as part of climate change projects implemented by the Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning and UNDP, the Republic of Republic of North Macedonia has taken serious steps towards intersecting gender and climate change at policy and administrative level and has been recognized as a positive example and a good practice in the region. On the other hand, the already highlighted gender inequality in context of climate change sectors is confirmed by the gender indicators, with lower (or very low) female participation in decision making processes in the climate change related sectors and low employment rate of women in the high GHG emitting sectors.', 'On the other hand, the already highlighted gender inequality in context of climate change sectors is confirmed by the gender indicators, with lower (or very low) female participation in decision making processes in the climate change related sectors and low employment rate of women in the high GHG emitting sectors. Women are also less represented as employees at individual agricultural holdings and business entities which reflects their economic dependence and lower capacity to decide on the usage of measures related to mitigation/adaptation. In addition, the access to resources is more limited since women are dominating the category of unpaid family workers in the agricultural holdings and therefore they are not provided approach to the financial instruments in terms of developing “climate resilient” practices.', 'In addition, the access to resources is more limited since women are dominating the category of unpaid family workers in the agricultural holdings and therefore they are not provided approach to the financial instruments in terms of developing “climate resilient” practices. At the same time, female usage of the governmental subsidies for mitigation practices (purchasing pellet stoves 2018 - 2020, installed PVC or energy efficient windows in households, solar panels etc.) is significantly lower than male`s.Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan An Action Plan on Gender and Climate Change has been prepared under the support and guidance of the Global Support Programme (GSP) as part of climate change projects implemented by the Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning and UNDP.', 'is significantly lower than male`s.Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan An Action Plan on Gender and Climate Change has been prepared under the support and guidance of the Global Support Programme (GSP) as part of climate change projects implemented by the Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning and UNDP. In that direction, for the first time the topic of gender and its intersection with climate change was introduced in the region, by the GSP efforts and its comprehensive approach by sharing knowledge, best practices and most effective models of plans development and finding best solutions for their effective implementation in the Western Balkan countries.', 'In that direction, for the first time the topic of gender and its intersection with climate change was introduced in the region, by the GSP efforts and its comprehensive approach by sharing knowledge, best practices and most effective models of plans development and finding best solutions for their effective implementation in the Western Balkan countries. In the period from June 2019 to February 2020, within the project "Macedonian Fourth National Communication and Third Biennial Update Climate Change Report" the country developed measures and models for systematic implementation of a Draft Action Plan on Gender and Climate Change.', 'In the period from June 2019 to February 2020, within the project "Macedonian Fourth National Communication and Third Biennial Update Climate Change Report" the country developed measures and models for systematic implementation of a Draft Action Plan on Gender and Climate Change. The Action Plan foresees systematic approach and measures and models for increasing the knowledge and awareness of all relevant gender and climate change stakeholders will build institutional capacity for specific actions in this area, both at policy and implementation level. These efforts were translated into separate strategic aspects on gender and Climate Change within the new Strategy on gender Equality which is currently in process of development.', 'These efforts were translated into separate strategic aspects on gender and Climate Change within the new Strategy on gender Equality which is currently in process of development. The Action Plan on Gender and Climate Change recommends implementation of the following actions that will increase the knowledge, awareness and climate mainstreaming in the country: • take a stronger lead on gender equality in the climate change arena by promoting gender-inclusive policy dialogue and accountability, as well as Platform for Action in national climate change planning processes, international climate change negotiations and the emerging climate finance architecture; • create enabling organisational environments for effective gender mainstreaming by addressing ‘mainstreaming fatigue’, institutionalising the application of existing gender commitments to climate change portfolios, providing gender and climate change tools covering the entire project or programme cycle, and addressing institutional disconnects between gender and climate change responsibilities; • fill knowledge and best practice gaps in participatory ways that capture men’s, women’s and young people’s ideas and knowledge, particularly in areas where the gender dimensions of climate change impacts and responses are not immediately obvious, such as transport and infrastructure, energy access, housing, and formal or informal employment; • improve the understanding of gendered impacts of climate change and of climate change policy and programme impacts by establishing monitoring and evaluation frameworks that disaggregate participation in policy and programme design and implementation by gender and age, and measure the impacts of climatic variations as well as adaptation and low-carbon development strategies on gender relations and inequalities – particularly for strategies at the national and regional levels – and for low-carbon development; • promote gender-responsive international climate negotiations by facilitating multistakeholder processes that are inclusive in a horizontal and vertical sense, promoting the inclusion of marginalised voices and making gender a core issue as opposed to a ‘side event’; • address the gender disconnect in project and programme cycles by ensuring that thorough gender analyses of the gender inequalities and women and men’s, girls’ and boys’ different roles, preferences, needs and capacities underlying each context are better entrenched in implementation, monitoring and evaluation; • promote equal access to decision-making processes and new opportunities created by responses to climate change by promoting the reduction of legal, infrastructural and other barriers to women’s participation in decision-making, markets and particularly processes related to new technologies, by making climate change decisions and funding processes transparent and accessible, and by training women’s organisations to take part in and lead such processes; • promote gender-responsiveness in emerging funds and policies for adaptation and low-carbon development by integrating gender into results frameworks and xii disbursement processes,Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan supporting the development of best practice for gender responsiveness in clean technology and transport choices and processes, and by bundling and thereby reducing the transaction costs of small-scale initiatives that tend to have more gender co-benefits 9 .', 'The Action Plan on Gender and Climate Change recommends implementation of the following actions that will increase the knowledge, awareness and climate mainstreaming in the country: • take a stronger lead on gender equality in the climate change arena by promoting gender-inclusive policy dialogue and accountability, as well as Platform for Action in national climate change planning processes, international climate change negotiations and the emerging climate finance architecture; • create enabling organisational environments for effective gender mainstreaming by addressing ‘mainstreaming fatigue’, institutionalising the application of existing gender commitments to climate change portfolios, providing gender and climate change tools covering the entire project or programme cycle, and addressing institutional disconnects between gender and climate change responsibilities; • fill knowledge and best practice gaps in participatory ways that capture men’s, women’s and young people’s ideas and knowledge, particularly in areas where the gender dimensions of climate change impacts and responses are not immediately obvious, such as transport and infrastructure, energy access, housing, and formal or informal employment; • improve the understanding of gendered impacts of climate change and of climate change policy and programme impacts by establishing monitoring and evaluation frameworks that disaggregate participation in policy and programme design and implementation by gender and age, and measure the impacts of climatic variations as well as adaptation and low-carbon development strategies on gender relations and inequalities – particularly for strategies at the national and regional levels – and for low-carbon development; • promote gender-responsive international climate negotiations by facilitating multistakeholder processes that are inclusive in a horizontal and vertical sense, promoting the inclusion of marginalised voices and making gender a core issue as opposed to a ‘side event’; • address the gender disconnect in project and programme cycles by ensuring that thorough gender analyses of the gender inequalities and women and men’s, girls’ and boys’ different roles, preferences, needs and capacities underlying each context are better entrenched in implementation, monitoring and evaluation; • promote equal access to decision-making processes and new opportunities created by responses to climate change by promoting the reduction of legal, infrastructural and other barriers to women’s participation in decision-making, markets and particularly processes related to new technologies, by making climate change decisions and funding processes transparent and accessible, and by training women’s organisations to take part in and lead such processes; • promote gender-responsiveness in emerging funds and policies for adaptation and low-carbon development by integrating gender into results frameworks and xii disbursement processes,Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan supporting the development of best practice for gender responsiveness in clean technology and transport choices and processes, and by bundling and thereby reducing the transaction costs of small-scale initiatives that tend to have more gender co-benefits 9 . 6 I n c l u s i o n o f t h e g e n e r a l p u b l i c i n t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e S t r a t e g y The majority of the policies and measures foreseen under this Strategy are foreseen to be implemented by the general public and the private sector, so it will be essential to ensure a stable and competitive regulatory framework, that guarantees the involvement and commitment of the main actors, public and private, with implementation of the measures necessary to achieve the defined objectives, thus providing stability for investors in the most diverse sectors.', '6 I n c l u s i o n o f t h e g e n e r a l p u b l i c i n t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e S t r a t e g y The majority of the policies and measures foreseen under this Strategy are foreseen to be implemented by the general public and the private sector, so it will be essential to ensure a stable and competitive regulatory framework, that guarantees the involvement and commitment of the main actors, public and private, with implementation of the measures necessary to achieve the defined objectives, thus providing stability for investors in the most diverse sectors. In addition, the Government should encourage the grater citizen involvement in the climate change decision making processes though awareness raising campaigns, dialogue platforms and debates, as well as provision of funding for citizen engagement in the climate action.', 'In addition, the Government should encourage the grater citizen involvement in the climate change decision making processes though awareness raising campaigns, dialogue platforms and debates, as well as provision of funding for citizen engagement in the climate action. The civil society organisations should facilitate this process and act as a mediator between the government and the public sector. The inclusive approach to climate action seeks to overcome the lack of community engagement, while simultaneously changing the mind-set of the general public and raising the awareness about the importance of the climate action. Engaging a variety of stakeholders within the country provides an accurate representation of existing vulnerabilities that future policies should address.', 'Engaging a variety of stakeholders within the country provides an accurate representation of existing vulnerabilities that future policies should address. By involving groups that have been previously inactive and not introduced with the national climate policies, the climate authorities will find out more about the needs on the ground and the needs for adjustment of specific policies or measures, or the needs for creation of additional policy packages that should support specific needs and problems of the population. The same can be said for development planning and its impact on disaster risk reduction.', 'The same can be said for development planning and its impact on disaster risk reduction. Communities vulnerable to disasters often suffer from both poor planning and limited response, therefore it is important that these communities are involved in policymaking so that they can address long-term risks in a proactive way rather than address short-term risks in a reactive way.10. INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK AND MODALITIES FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STRATEGYLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan 10.', 'INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK AND MODALITIES FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STRATEGYLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan 10. I N S T I T U T I O N A L F R A M E W O R K A N D M O D A L I T I E S F O R I M P L E M E N T A T I O N O F T H E S T R A T E G Y 1 0 .', 'I N S T I T U T I O N A L F R A M E W O R K A N D M O D A L I T I E S F O R I M P L E M E N T A T I O N O F T H E S T R A T E G Y 1 0 . 1 I n s t i t u t i o n a l f r a m e w o r k f o r c o o r d i n a t i n g c l i m a t e a c t i o n a n d m o n i t o r i n g i t s i m p l e m e n t a t i o n The implementation of the policies and measures foreseen under this Strategy require comprehensive policy planning, coordination and implementation processes.', '1 I n s t i t u t i o n a l f r a m e w o r k f o r c o o r d i n a t i n g c l i m a t e a c t i o n a n d m o n i t o r i n g i t s i m p l e m e n t a t i o n The implementation of the policies and measures foreseen under this Strategy require comprehensive policy planning, coordination and implementation processes. This must be enabled by a comprehensive legal basis and legally established coordination instruments to facilitate cross-sectoral policy design and implementation, as well as mechanisms for monitoring the implementation of the foreseen policies and measures.', 'This must be enabled by a comprehensive legal basis and legally established coordination instruments to facilitate cross-sectoral policy design and implementation, as well as mechanisms for monitoring the implementation of the foreseen policies and measures. The draft Law on Climate action provides an enabling environment for overarching policy coordination processes, and defines the legal mechanism for monitoring progress towards the achievement of the national sustainable development pathway. The draft Law on Climate Action, its supporting secondary legislation, and the Strategy should be perceived as a package of enabling instruments for climate action in Republic of North Macedonia.', 'The draft Law on Climate Action, its supporting secondary legislation, and the Strategy should be perceived as a package of enabling instruments for climate action in Republic of North Macedonia. The draft Law on Climate Action, which was developed by the Project, defines the MoEPP as the leading institution to coordinate climate related activities as well as to establish the National inventory system and the System for reporting on policies, measures and projections of Republic of North Macedonia. Besides, the Law outlines the institutions in Republic of North Macedonia, which must submit activity and other data to the MoEPP. These institutions collect and hold relevant activity and other data, which is necessary for the determination of inventories and for the preparation of reports.', 'These institutions collect and hold relevant activity and other data, which is necessary for the determination of inventories and for the preparation of reports. A coherent monitoring and evaluating system, as defined in the draft Law, should be established in order to ensure an efficient and effective achievement of the Strategy goals. The overall coordination of activities in relation to the Strategy is under the responsibility of the MoEPP. The draft Law foresees the establishment of an intergovernmental body – National Climate Change Council, which will assess the progress in the implementation of national strategies and plans related to climate change. Monitoring climate action is closely related to the implementation of the MMR Directive.', 'Monitoring climate action is closely related to the implementation of the MMR Directive. The draft Decree on National Inventory System developed by the Project contains an EU guided template for monitoring and reporting the implementation of the policies and measures. The template can be further upgraded in a digital solution for user friendly monitoring and reporting of national progress towards the implementation of the Strategy. Finally, an ex-post evaluation should focus on the overall assessment of the relevance, efficiency, effectiveness, impact and sustainability of inter-sectoral Strategy interventions, on the analysis of factors influencing the effectiveness and impact of the Strategy, and on lessons learned.', 'Finally, an ex-post evaluation should focus on the overall assessment of the relevance, efficiency, effectiveness, impact and sustainability of inter-sectoral Strategy interventions, on the analysis of factors influencing the effectiveness and impact of the Strategy, and on lessons learned. The results of the ex- post evaluation will be used for planning and reviewing of future climate strategies and other climate policy documents.Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan 1 0 .', 'The results of the ex- post evaluation will be used for planning and reviewing of future climate strategies and other climate policy documents.Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan 1 0 . 2 L i n k s t o o t h e r d o c u m e n t s f o r p l a n n i n g c l i m a t e a c t i o n In the last few years, climate aspects have gained attention among national policy makers and a number of policy documents have been streamlined, developed and adopted.', '2 L i n k s t o o t h e r d o c u m e n t s f o r p l a n n i n g c l i m a t e a c t i o n In the last few years, climate aspects have gained attention among national policy makers and a number of policy documents have been streamlined, developed and adopted. The most updated and relevant climate action documents are as follows: - The Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessments developed in the framework of the Third National Communication (2013).', 'The most updated and relevant climate action documents are as follows: - The Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessments developed in the framework of the Third National Communication (2013). The Vulnerability Assessment which was done in the framework of the TNC has identified the following sectors as extremely vulnerable to the climate change: Cultural Heritage, Health, Biodiversity, Tourism, Water Resources, Agriculture, Forestry and DRR; - The Strategy for Energy Development of the Republic of Republic of North Macedonia until 2040 (adopted in December 2019); - The Climate Change Mitigation Assessment prepared in the framework of the TBUR (2020); - The National Energy and Climate Plan (finalised in July 2020); - The Forth National Energy Efficiency Plan (under preparation).', 'The Vulnerability Assessment which was done in the framework of the TNC has identified the following sectors as extremely vulnerable to the climate change: Cultural Heritage, Health, Biodiversity, Tourism, Water Resources, Agriculture, Forestry and DRR; - The Strategy for Energy Development of the Republic of Republic of North Macedonia until 2040 (adopted in December 2019); - The Climate Change Mitigation Assessment prepared in the framework of the TBUR (2020); - The National Energy and Climate Plan (finalised in July 2020); - The Forth National Energy Efficiency Plan (under preparation). The Long-term Strategy on Climate Action is fully coherent and aligned with all national planning documents related to climate action.', 'The Long-term Strategy on Climate Action is fully coherent and aligned with all national planning documents related to climate action. Furthermore, the modelling work done in the framework of the development of the scenarios for the Strategy has been based and has extended the WEM and the eWAM scenarios which have been used for the development of the Energy Strategy up to 2040, the National Energy and Climate Plan and the Climate Change Mitigation Assessment under the TBUR.APPENDIX A: SECTORAL BREAKDOWN OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND EMISSIONS BY 2050Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan A P P E N D I X A : S E C T O R A L B R E A K D O W N O F E N E R G Y C O N S U M P T I O N A N D E M I S S I O N S B Y 2 0 5 0 The following tables present disaggregated data on GHG emissions and removals per sector for both scenarios (WEM and WAM) up to 2050, as well as projections for 2030 and 2050 relative to 1990, 2000 and 2016.', 'Furthermore, the modelling work done in the framework of the development of the scenarios for the Strategy has been based and has extended the WEM and the eWAM scenarios which have been used for the development of the Energy Strategy up to 2040, the National Energy and Climate Plan and the Climate Change Mitigation Assessment under the TBUR.APPENDIX A: SECTORAL BREAKDOWN OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND EMISSIONS BY 2050Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan A P P E N D I X A : S E C T O R A L B R E A K D O W N O F E N E R G Y C O N S U M P T I O N A N D E M I S S I O N S B Y 2 0 5 0 The following tables present disaggregated data on GHG emissions and removals per sector for both scenarios (WEM and WAM) up to 2050, as well as projections for 2030 and 2050 relative to 1990, 2000 and 2016. Energy Fugitive emissions Electricity and Heat Production Energy Fugitive emissions Electricity and Heat ProductionLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action PlanAPPENDIX B: INDICATORS OF THE PROGRESS ON TRANSITION TO LOW GHG EMISSION ECONOMYAPPENDIX C: MEASURES FOR CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATIONLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan A P P E N D I X B : I N D I C A T O R S O F T H E P R O G R E S S O N T R A N S I T I O N T O L O W G H G E M I S S I O N E C O N O M Y The following table presents the expected effect of the policies and measures proposed under the WAM scenario on relevant indicators of the progress on transition to low GHG emission economy.', 'Energy Fugitive emissions Electricity and Heat Production Energy Fugitive emissions Electricity and Heat ProductionLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action PlanAPPENDIX B: INDICATORS OF THE PROGRESS ON TRANSITION TO LOW GHG EMISSION ECONOMYAPPENDIX C: MEASURES FOR CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATIONLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan A P P E N D I X B : I N D I C A T O R S O F T H E P R O G R E S S O N T R A N S I T I O N T O L O W G H G E M I S S I O N E C O N O M Y The following table presents the expected effect of the policies and measures proposed under the WAM scenario on relevant indicators of the progress on transition to low GHG emission economy. RES share in gross final energy consumption without heat pumps RES share in gross final energy consumption with heat pumpsLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Sector Water Resources Measure Pilot project for the collection of data on water use in rural context for the purpose of ensuring effective adaptation to climate change Impact addressed Water stress / drought Activities • Define the boundaries of the pilot, in particular in terms of geographic coverage • Inventory and map wells, including the identification of its main use (irrigation or other).', 'RES share in gross final energy consumption without heat pumps RES share in gross final energy consumption with heat pumpsLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Sector Water Resources Measure Pilot project for the collection of data on water use in rural context for the purpose of ensuring effective adaptation to climate change Impact addressed Water stress / drought Activities • Define the boundaries of the pilot, in particular in terms of geographic coverage • Inventory and map wells, including the identification of its main use (irrigation or other). For this, good practices shall be considered, such as o digital field mapping, where the relevant features are observed, analysed, and recorded in the field, producing spatially referenced maps o field work aided by and to complement / validate the results of the digital field mapping, with a view to collecting/validating, for example, data on: well location, status (operational / non- operational), depth to groundwater, groundwater quality.', 'For this, good practices shall be considered, such as o digital field mapping, where the relevant features are observed, analysed, and recorded in the field, producing spatially referenced maps o field work aided by and to complement / validate the results of the digital field mapping, with a view to collecting/validating, for example, data on: well location, status (operational / non- operational), depth to groundwater, groundwater quality. • Identify needs and determine measures for the improvement of the monitoring of irrigation water use in order to o Determine the area under irrigation with surface and groundwater o Enhance the coverage of measuring devices at the level of intakes, river diversions or canal outlets o Set up a system / methodological approach to estimate irrigation water losses through leakage and evaporation • Define and implement a methodological approach for the monitoring of groundwater aquifers within the boundaries of the pilot project.', '• Identify needs and determine measures for the improvement of the monitoring of irrigation water use in order to o Determine the area under irrigation with surface and groundwater o Enhance the coverage of measuring devices at the level of intakes, river diversions or canal outlets o Set up a system / methodological approach to estimate irrigation water losses through leakage and evaporation • Define and implement a methodological approach for the monitoring of groundwater aquifers within the boundaries of the pilot project. Responsible Entity Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning; Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Economy Other Stakeholders Water Utilities, Farmers Associations Timeframe 3 years Estimated costs (Million Euro) N.d.', 'Responsible Entity Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning; Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Economy Other Stakeholders Water Utilities, Farmers Associations Timeframe 3 years Estimated costs (Million Euro) N.d. Source of Financing State budget Constraints Institutional arrangements for water resources management, with competences shared between MoEPP and MAFWE 15 Regulatory; Financial; Technological/Technical; Infrastructural; Informational/Educational; Organizational/Managerial/InstitutionalLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan International cooperation needed Financial support for the acquisition and maintenance of the monitoring devices Potential cooperation partner IPA, IPARD Monitoring Inventory of wells within project boundaries conducted: YES/NO Measures for the improvement of the monitoring of irrigation water use determined: YES/NO Methodological approach for the monitoring of groundwater aquifers defined: YES/NOLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Sector Agriculture Measure Promote Cooperation Among Scientific Institutions and Enhance the Science-Policy-Implementers Link Type Informational/Educational; Organizational/Managerial/Institutional Impact addressed Extreme weather events, including droughts, floods, heat waves, storms (including wind and hail) Activities 1. Identify the institutions performing research on agriculture and climate change 2.', 'Identify the institutions performing research on agriculture and climate change 2. Define and establish a coordination, communication and knowledge management mechanism, including web-based, that promotes synergies among research institutions and enhances the link and communication among research institutions, policy makers, extension services and farmers, including civil society organizations Responsible Entity Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Economy Other Stakeholders Universities and research institutions, farmers association Timeframe 2 years Estimated costs (Million Euro) 1 million euro (for set up) Source of Financing State Budget, International cooperation Constraints Lack of financial resources, with greater risk associated with post-set up financing (sustainability) International cooperation needed The mechanism foreseen in this measure could be set up as a regional mechanism, as the research it is to perform can be of interest to the different countries in South East Europe Potential cooperation partner IPA; USAID and other bilateral and multilateral cooperation Monitoring Coordination and communication mechanism defined: YES/NO Sector Biodiversity Measure Define and develop an indicator system to monitor the impacts of climate change on biodiversity Type Technological/TechnicalLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Impact addressed Temperature increase, changes in precipitation patterns, extreme events Activities • Define policy relevant key indicators for evaluation of impacts of climate change on biodiversity o Assess data needs and data availability and gaps, including accessibility to climate data by relevant stakeholders including research institutions • Design and establish monitoring system for the impacts of climate change on biodiversity, including institutional responsibilities (for example, through signing of memorandum of understanding among the relevant entities) Responsible Entity MOEPP – Department of Nature Protection Other Stakeholders Hydrometeorological Service; Protected areas; Universities and Research Institutes; NGOs; Timeframe 1 year Estimated costs (Million Euro) The costs associated with designing and establishing are close to zero.', 'Define and establish a coordination, communication and knowledge management mechanism, including web-based, that promotes synergies among research institutions and enhances the link and communication among research institutions, policy makers, extension services and farmers, including civil society organizations Responsible Entity Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Economy Other Stakeholders Universities and research institutions, farmers association Timeframe 2 years Estimated costs (Million Euro) 1 million euro (for set up) Source of Financing State Budget, International cooperation Constraints Lack of financial resources, with greater risk associated with post-set up financing (sustainability) International cooperation needed The mechanism foreseen in this measure could be set up as a regional mechanism, as the research it is to perform can be of interest to the different countries in South East Europe Potential cooperation partner IPA; USAID and other bilateral and multilateral cooperation Monitoring Coordination and communication mechanism defined: YES/NO Sector Biodiversity Measure Define and develop an indicator system to monitor the impacts of climate change on biodiversity Type Technological/TechnicalLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Impact addressed Temperature increase, changes in precipitation patterns, extreme events Activities • Define policy relevant key indicators for evaluation of impacts of climate change on biodiversity o Assess data needs and data availability and gaps, including accessibility to climate data by relevant stakeholders including research institutions • Design and establish monitoring system for the impacts of climate change on biodiversity, including institutional responsibilities (for example, through signing of memorandum of understanding among the relevant entities) Responsible Entity MOEPP – Department of Nature Protection Other Stakeholders Hydrometeorological Service; Protected areas; Universities and Research Institutes; NGOs; Timeframe 1 year Estimated costs (Million Euro) The costs associated with designing and establishing are close to zero. In addition, this biodiversity/climate change indicator system is to build upon the monitoring that should already be done by the protected areas.', 'In addition, this biodiversity/climate change indicator system is to build upon the monitoring that should already be done by the protected areas. As such, the additional costs should be minimized. (Approximate cost for monitoring of 1 area/3 species/1year is estimated at 3000 euros.) Source of Financing State budget GCF IPA GEF Constraints Resources (financial and human) International cooperation needed For some taxonomic groups there are no national experts.', 'Source of Financing State budget GCF IPA GEF Constraints Resources (financial and human) International cooperation needed For some taxonomic groups there are no national experts. Some training and technical assistance is required in addition to financial support Potential cooperation partner Swedish, Austrian and Swiss cooperation Monitoring Indicator System Established: YES/NOLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Sector Biodiversity Measure Define a national research plan for biodiversity (including agrobiodiversity) and climate change Type Informational/Educational; Organizational/Managerial/Institutional Impact addressed Temperature increase, changes in precipitation patterns, extreme weather events Activities • Elaborate a research plan for biodiversity, including agrobiodiversity, and climate change Responsible Entity MOEPP (Institute for Nature Conservation, if established in the meantime) Other Stakeholders Hydrobiology Institute; Universities and Research Centres Timeframe 1 year Estimated costs (Million Euro) Near to zero (costs associated with implementation of the plan cannot be pre-determined) Source of Financing N.a. Constraints N.a. International cooperation needed N.a. Potential cooperation partner N.a.', 'Some training and technical assistance is required in addition to financial support Potential cooperation partner Swedish, Austrian and Swiss cooperation Monitoring Indicator System Established: YES/NOLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Sector Biodiversity Measure Define a national research plan for biodiversity (including agrobiodiversity) and climate change Type Informational/Educational; Organizational/Managerial/Institutional Impact addressed Temperature increase, changes in precipitation patterns, extreme weather events Activities • Elaborate a research plan for biodiversity, including agrobiodiversity, and climate change Responsible Entity MOEPP (Institute for Nature Conservation, if established in the meantime) Other Stakeholders Hydrobiology Institute; Universities and Research Centres Timeframe 1 year Estimated costs (Million Euro) Near to zero (costs associated with implementation of the plan cannot be pre-determined) Source of Financing N.a. Constraints N.a. International cooperation needed N.a. Potential cooperation partner N.a. Monitoring Plan prepared: YES/NOLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Sector Human Health Measure Restore and improve the system for the collection of air-climate-health data, including the platform for sharing it with the public (integrated system for weather extremes, air quality and human morbidity and mortality) Type Technological/Technical; Informational/Educational Impact adressed Extreme weather events: heat and cold waves Activities • Define technical specifications for the server required to restore the existing automated platform • Define the technical specifications for improving the platform, including: o Selection of meteorological, air quality and public health parameters o Identify data needs and gaps o Identify needs to strengthen the system for data collection, analysis and dissemination (including weather and air quality stations and procedures for the reporting and morbidity and mortality associated with weather events) • Prepare a roll out plan, including, if relevant, the definition of a phased approach for implementation • Prepare the Terms of Reference for the acquisition of hardware and software Responsible Entity Institute of Public Health Other Stakeholders Hydrometeorological Service and the Medical Emergency Service Timeframe Restoration of current system: urgent Improvement: within two years (roll out in accordance with plan foreseen in activities) Estimated costs (Million Euro) Source of Financing State Budget International Cooperation Constraints Capacity to maintain system International cooperation needed Financial supportLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Potential cooperation partner WHO / European Centre for Environment and Health GCF Monitoring Terms of Reference prepared: YES/NOLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Sector Socio Economic Vulnerability Measure Define and develop a system to monitor socio-economic vulnerability to climate change Type Technological/Technical Impacts addressed All impacts Activities • Define policy relevant key indicators for evaluation of the socio- economic vulnerability to the impacts of climate change • Define parameters and rules for the establishment of community- specific indexes • Determine data needs and gaps for the accurate socio-economic characterization of the impacts of climate change • Identify data providers • Establish a system for the periodic, systematic and consistent collection of data (for example, through signing of memorandum of understanding among the relevant entities) Responsible Entity MoEPP; Office of the Vice-Prime Minister for Economic Affairs Other Stakeholders Statistical office; Ministry of Local Self-government; Local Self- governments; Ministry of Information Society and Administration; Universities; NGOs; Ministry of Finance; Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Economy; Ministry of Health; Ministry of Labour and Social Policy Timeframe 1 year Estimated costs (Million Euro) N.d.', 'Monitoring Plan prepared: YES/NOLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Sector Human Health Measure Restore and improve the system for the collection of air-climate-health data, including the platform for sharing it with the public (integrated system for weather extremes, air quality and human morbidity and mortality) Type Technological/Technical; Informational/Educational Impact adressed Extreme weather events: heat and cold waves Activities • Define technical specifications for the server required to restore the existing automated platform • Define the technical specifications for improving the platform, including: o Selection of meteorological, air quality and public health parameters o Identify data needs and gaps o Identify needs to strengthen the system for data collection, analysis and dissemination (including weather and air quality stations and procedures for the reporting and morbidity and mortality associated with weather events) • Prepare a roll out plan, including, if relevant, the definition of a phased approach for implementation • Prepare the Terms of Reference for the acquisition of hardware and software Responsible Entity Institute of Public Health Other Stakeholders Hydrometeorological Service and the Medical Emergency Service Timeframe Restoration of current system: urgent Improvement: within two years (roll out in accordance with plan foreseen in activities) Estimated costs (Million Euro) Source of Financing State Budget International Cooperation Constraints Capacity to maintain system International cooperation needed Financial supportLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Potential cooperation partner WHO / European Centre for Environment and Health GCF Monitoring Terms of Reference prepared: YES/NOLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Sector Socio Economic Vulnerability Measure Define and develop a system to monitor socio-economic vulnerability to climate change Type Technological/Technical Impacts addressed All impacts Activities • Define policy relevant key indicators for evaluation of the socio- economic vulnerability to the impacts of climate change • Define parameters and rules for the establishment of community- specific indexes • Determine data needs and gaps for the accurate socio-economic characterization of the impacts of climate change • Identify data providers • Establish a system for the periodic, systematic and consistent collection of data (for example, through signing of memorandum of understanding among the relevant entities) Responsible Entity MoEPP; Office of the Vice-Prime Minister for Economic Affairs Other Stakeholders Statistical office; Ministry of Local Self-government; Local Self- governments; Ministry of Information Society and Administration; Universities; NGOs; Ministry of Finance; Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Economy; Ministry of Health; Ministry of Labour and Social Policy Timeframe 1 year Estimated costs (Million Euro) N.d. Source of Financing State budget Constraints Human, financial and institutional constraints are present and cannot be expected to be fully removed in the near future.', 'Source of Financing State budget Constraints Human, financial and institutional constraints are present and cannot be expected to be fully removed in the near future. As such, the system needs to be built taking such constraints into consideration. A careful selection of key indicators and the definition of priorities should contribute to overcoming these constraints. In addition, the system should be built in such a way that its benefits are clear to all involved. This system should be set up in a way to build upon and reinforce existing systems. International cooperation needed Financial and capacity building (training and technical assistance)Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Potential cooperation partner N.a.', 'International cooperation needed Financial and capacity building (training and technical assistance)Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Potential cooperation partner N.a. Monitoring System established: YES/NO Sector Cross-cutting Measure Prepare the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) Type Organizational/Managerial/Institutional Impacts addressed All impacts Activities Responsible Entity Office of the Vice-Prime Minister for Economic Affairs Other Stakeholders Ministry for Environment and Physical Planning; Ministry of Economy; Ministry of Finance; Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Economy; Ministry of Health; Ministry of Labour and Social Policy; Ministry of Local Self-government; Ministry of Culture; Ministry of Education and Science; Ministry of Information Society and Administration; Local Self-governments; Universities; Crisis Management Centre, NGOs; Timeframe 4 years Estimated costs (Million Euro) N.d.', 'Monitoring System established: YES/NO Sector Cross-cutting Measure Prepare the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) Type Organizational/Managerial/Institutional Impacts addressed All impacts Activities Responsible Entity Office of the Vice-Prime Minister for Economic Affairs Other Stakeholders Ministry for Environment and Physical Planning; Ministry of Economy; Ministry of Finance; Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Economy; Ministry of Health; Ministry of Labour and Social Policy; Ministry of Local Self-government; Ministry of Culture; Ministry of Education and Science; Ministry of Information Society and Administration; Local Self-governments; Universities; Crisis Management Centre, NGOs; Timeframe 4 years Estimated costs (Million Euro) N.d. Source of Financing International cooperation Constraints Financial resources International cooperation needed Financial support Potential cooperation partner Green Climate Fund Monitoring Approval of the financing by the Green Climate Fund: YES/NOLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action PlanACTION PLAN FOR THE FIRST PHASE OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STRATEGY AND THE LAWLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action PlanLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan 1.', 'Source of Financing International cooperation Constraints Financial resources International cooperation needed Financial support Potential cooperation partner Green Climate Fund Monitoring Approval of the financing by the Green Climate Fund: YES/NOLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action PlanACTION PLAN FOR THE FIRST PHASE OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STRATEGY AND THE LAWLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action PlanLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan 1. A C T I O N P L A N 1 .', 'A C T I O N P L A N 1 . 1 S c o p e , O b j e c t i v e , a n d S t r u c t u r e o f t h e A c t i o n P l a n Activity 6 “Development of the draft Action Plan on Climate Change” focuses on (1) the identification of actions to be carried in a first phase of implementation of the Long-term Strategy on Climate Action (Strategy), which was developed under Activity 3; (2) drafting the Action Plan for the 1st Stage of Implementation of the Strategy and Law on Climate Action (Action Plan); and (3) the elaboration of concept notes for proposals to attract international climate finance for the implementation of specific actions identified in the Action Plan.', '1 S c o p e , O b j e c t i v e , a n d S t r u c t u r e o f t h e A c t i o n P l a n Activity 6 “Development of the draft Action Plan on Climate Change” focuses on (1) the identification of actions to be carried in a first phase of implementation of the Long-term Strategy on Climate Action (Strategy), which was developed under Activity 3; (2) drafting the Action Plan for the 1st Stage of Implementation of the Strategy and Law on Climate Action (Action Plan); and (3) the elaboration of concept notes for proposals to attract international climate finance for the implementation of specific actions identified in the Action Plan. Following the Terms of Reference of the Project, this Action Plan contains specific climate actions identified in the Strategy and Law on Climate Action (Law or LCA), and prescribes responsible institutions, time frames, and an estimation of the resources necessary for their implementation.', 'Following the Terms of Reference of the Project, this Action Plan contains specific climate actions identified in the Strategy and Law on Climate Action (Law or LCA), and prescribes responsible institutions, time frames, and an estimation of the resources necessary for their implementation. The Action Plan does so in a step-by-step approach, dividing each action in sub-activities that contribute to the achievement of the main action. The Action Plan also provides a framework to monitor and evaluate its implementation. While there are similarities between this Action Plan and the action plan to implement the Strategy described in the Law, it is important to differentiate the two instruments.', 'While there are similarities between this Action Plan and the action plan to implement the Strategy described in the Law, it is important to differentiate the two instruments. This Action Plan is broader in scope than that regulated in the Law, as it contains actions to implement the Law itself. The action plan regulated in the Law finds its legal basis in Article 16 of the Law and should not contain actions necessary to implement the Law. In fact, the adoption of the Law is a prerequisite for its development.', 'In fact, the adoption of the Law is a prerequisite for its development. The actions contained in this Action Plan are segregated as follows: • Actions that support the implementation of the mitigation objectives of the Strategy (A- M); • Actions that support the implementation of the adaptation objectives of the Strategy (A-A); • Actions that support the cross-sectoral coordination objectives of the Strategy (A-C); and • Actions that support the implementation of the legal framework for climate action and the strengthening of institutional capacity (A-L). In consultation with the main Beneficiary of the Project, the “first stage” or phase of implementation of the Strategy and Law have been defined as the period 2021-2030. 1 .', 'In consultation with the main Beneficiary of the Project, the “first stage” or phase of implementation of the Strategy and Law have been defined as the period 2021-2030. 1 . 2 V i s i o n a n d c l i m a t e o b j e c t i v e s o f t h e c o u n t r y Considering the current situation regarding climate change in the Republic of Republic of North Macedonia (Republic of North Macedonia), the results of the modelling of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, including the respective social, economic and environmental impacts as described in the following chapters, and taking into consideration the Paris Agreement, the European Union’s 2030 Climate and Energy Framework, the European strategic long-term vision for a prosperous, modern, competitive and climate neutral economy, the vision of the Strategy is as follows: Republic of North Macedonia is, by 2050, a prosperous, low carbon economy, following sustainable and climate resilient developmentLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan pathways, enhancing competitiveness and promoting social cohesion through action to combat climate change and its impacts.', '2 V i s i o n a n d c l i m a t e o b j e c t i v e s o f t h e c o u n t r y Considering the current situation regarding climate change in the Republic of Republic of North Macedonia (Republic of North Macedonia), the results of the modelling of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, including the respective social, economic and environmental impacts as described in the following chapters, and taking into consideration the Paris Agreement, the European Union’s 2030 Climate and Energy Framework, the European strategic long-term vision for a prosperous, modern, competitive and climate neutral economy, the vision of the Strategy is as follows: Republic of North Macedonia is, by 2050, a prosperous, low carbon economy, following sustainable and climate resilient developmentLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan pathways, enhancing competitiveness and promoting social cohesion through action to combat climate change and its impacts. This vision of the Strategy is based on the recognition that, in the framework of the Paris Agreement, all countries will deliver their fair and ambitious contribution towards the global temperature goals inscribed in that agreement, which requires peaking of the global GHG emissions as soon as possible, and achieving a balance between global emissions and global sinks in the second half of the century.', 'This vision of the Strategy is based on the recognition that, in the framework of the Paris Agreement, all countries will deliver their fair and ambitious contribution towards the global temperature goals inscribed in that agreement, which requires peaking of the global GHG emissions as soon as possible, and achieving a balance between global emissions and global sinks in the second half of the century. The vision enshrines Republic of North Macedonia’s sustainable development approach to fighting the causes and the impacts of climate change, in which a fairer and more equal society will be built, considering gender equality and female empowerment; the economy will successfully compete with other economies under the same conditions; and the environment will be protected for the benefit of future generations.', 'The vision enshrines Republic of North Macedonia’s sustainable development approach to fighting the causes and the impacts of climate change, in which a fairer and more equal society will be built, considering gender equality and female empowerment; the economy will successfully compete with other economies under the same conditions; and the environment will be protected for the benefit of future generations. Based on modelling results, the results of the Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment, the foreseen socio-economic benefits and the need to adapt to changed climatic conditions, the general objective of the Strategy is: Reduction of national net GHG emissions (including Forestry and Other Land Use and excluding MEMO items) of 72% by 2050 compared to 1990 levels (or GHG emission reduction of 42% by 2050 compared to 1990, excluding FOLU and MEMO items) and increased resilience of Republic of North Macedonia’s society, economy and ecosystems to the impacts of climate change.', 'Based on modelling results, the results of the Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment, the foreseen socio-economic benefits and the need to adapt to changed climatic conditions, the general objective of the Strategy is: Reduction of national net GHG emissions (including Forestry and Other Land Use and excluding MEMO items) of 72% by 2050 compared to 1990 levels (or GHG emission reduction of 42% by 2050 compared to 1990, excluding FOLU and MEMO items) and increased resilience of Republic of North Macedonia’s society, economy and ecosystems to the impacts of climate change. MEMO items include emissions from aviation and electricity import.', 'MEMO items include emissions from aviation and electricity import. To support compliance with the general objective and with the implementation of sectoral measures, the general objective of the Strategy is disaggregated into specific mitigation, adaptation, and crosscutting objectives, where specific mitigation objectives reflect the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) sectoral aggregation of GHG emissions and, therefore, to the extent possible, also correspond to the division of responsibilities for the achievement of specific objectives. Specific objective 1: To reduce GHG emissions by 64% in the Energy sector (excluding MEMO items) by 2050 compared to 1990.', 'Specific objective 1: To reduce GHG emissions by 64% in the Energy sector (excluding MEMO items) by 2050 compared to 1990. The energy industries sector will deliver the greatest emissions reductions, namely through the implementation of the polluter pays principle (carbon taxation) and through the increased penetration of renewable energy sources (RES) in the energy mix. This will require an important transformation of the sector, given the current important reliance on the carbon intensive national lignite as a source of energy.', 'This will require an important transformation of the sector, given the current important reliance on the carbon intensive national lignite as a source of energy. The internalization of the cost of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the price paid by the final consumer will provide an incentive for market participants to move to zero or lower emitting fuels (RES, natural gas); to adopting processes (in the industrial sector) which are less energy intensive and producing higher added value products; and/or promoting energy efficiency to reduce demand for electricity. The technological advancement of the RES technologies, especially the ones related to wind and solar generation, has substantially reduced the relevant installation and operation costs, making wind and solar capacity able to offer competitive prices in the wholesale electricity markets.', 'The technological advancement of the RES technologies, especially the ones related to wind and solar generation, has substantially reduced the relevant installation and operation costs, making wind and solar capacity able to offer competitive prices in the wholesale electricity markets. Market prices, nevertheless, assuming the internalization of the carbon prices in the bids of thermal power plants, are at adequate level and allow the cost recovery for wind and solar investments, reducing the need for subsidies and financial support. Furthermore, on the side of consumption of energy, energy efficiency is at the core of the climate and energy policies and is fundamental to a competitive economy and a secure and resilient energy system.', 'Furthermore, on the side of consumption of energy, energy efficiency is at the core of the climate and energy policies and is fundamental to a competitive economy and a secure and resilient energy system. Attributing priority to energy efficiency is the only way to avoid wasting the costly energy produced and delivered to the final consumer. Investments in energy efficiency provide important cost-savings to businesses and households (in addition to enhanced thermal comfort, particularly in the residential sector), thus constituting an important incentive to participate in the efforts towards a carbon constrained economy.', 'Investments in energy efficiency provide important cost-savings to businesses and households (in addition to enhanced thermal comfort, particularly in the residential sector), thus constituting an important incentive to participate in the efforts towards a carbon constrained economy. In addition toLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan reductions achieved in households and tertiary sector, reduction of GHG emissions in the transport sector is to be achieved mostly through an increase of energy efficiency and through the renewal of the fleet. In this context, the introduction of hybrid and electric vehicles will play an important role, but, in the short term, not as important as the reduction of fuel consumption in traditional combustion vehicles, which will, by 2030, remain as the typical vehicle in Republic of North Macedonia.', 'In this context, the introduction of hybrid and electric vehicles will play an important role, but, in the short term, not as important as the reduction of fuel consumption in traditional combustion vehicles, which will, by 2030, remain as the typical vehicle in Republic of North Macedonia. Specific objective 2: To increase GHG emissions by not more than 153% in the IPPU sector by 2050 compared to 1990.', 'Specific objective 2: To increase GHG emissions by not more than 153% in the IPPU sector by 2050 compared to 1990. Specific objective 3: To reduce GHG emissions by 34% in the Agriculture sector by 2050 compared to 1990 Agriculture will contribute to GHG emissions reductions through the adoption of measures that contribute to sustainable agriculture, through increased carbon sequestration in the soil (because of increased organic matter in the soil), and increased efficiency in milk production and reduced fertilizer input through enhanced agriculture practices and implementation of new technologies. Specific objective 4: To increase carbon sinks by 1733% in the Forest and Other Land Use sector by 2050 compared to 1990.', 'Specific objective 4: To increase carbon sinks by 1733% in the Forest and Other Land Use sector by 2050 compared to 1990. The Republic of North Macedonian forest has an important role to play in the transition to a low carbon economy, as it can provide a carbon neutral energy source and a great potential to increase the net carbon sink of the country. Afforestation and sustainable forest management will transform the forest sector in the country, providing great opportunities for job creation and to enhance resilience to climate change impacts. Specific objective 5: To reduce GHG emissions by 2% in the Waste sector by 2050 compared to 1990.', 'Specific objective 5: To reduce GHG emissions by 2% in the Waste sector by 2050 compared to 1990. Reduction of GHG emissions in the waste sector will take place through the implementation of the measures contained in the current waste policy framework which is already to some extend aligned with the EU acquis. Nonetheless, based on the assessment of the current situation, the implementation of the current existing measures is lagging behind and requires an important effort up to 2030 and beyond. Specific objective 6: To build solid systems for the regular and periodic collection data for the production and dissemination of scientific and technical knowledge. Data collection system proves to be crucial for the appropriate and timely response to the effects of climate change.', 'Data collection system proves to be crucial for the appropriate and timely response to the effects of climate change. This is in particularly important in the field of water resource and the use of water for irrigation. Furthermore, adapting to climate change in agriculture requires the vertical integration of scientific knowledge creation and dissemination. In addition, climate change may have significant impacts on biodiversity which requires development of a national research plan for biodiversity and an indicator system to monitor the impacts of climate change on biodiversity. Above all, accurate real-time air-climate-health data is important for the whole society and significant improvement of the processes for collection and dissemination of such data is crucial for the adaptive capacity of the sector human health.', 'Above all, accurate real-time air-climate-health data is important for the whole society and significant improvement of the processes for collection and dissemination of such data is crucial for the adaptive capacity of the sector human health. Specific objective 7: To increase the resilience of climate change impacts of key socio- economic sectors and ecosystems. The preparation and adoption of the National Adaptation Plan is an important step for Republic of North Macedonia to identify adaptation needs and to develop and implement policies and measures and actions to address those needs; and enable actions to protect vulnerable communities.', 'The preparation and adoption of the National Adaptation Plan is an important step for Republic of North Macedonia to identify adaptation needs and to develop and implement policies and measures and actions to address those needs; and enable actions to protect vulnerable communities. Specific objective 8: To establish comprehensive policy planning, coordination and policy implementation instruments for climate action.Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan This must be enabled by a comprehensive legal basis and legally established coordination instruments for the facilitation of cross sectoral policy design and implementation, as well as mechanisms for monitoring the implementation of the foreseen policies and measures.', 'Specific objective 8: To establish comprehensive policy planning, coordination and policy implementation instruments for climate action.Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan This must be enabled by a comprehensive legal basis and legally established coordination instruments for the facilitation of cross sectoral policy design and implementation, as well as mechanisms for monitoring the implementation of the foreseen policies and measures. Specific objective 9: Mainstream climate change related aspects into the future national strategic planning documents related to education, research, and development, innovation, social inclusion and equal opportunities on women and men. The most important national strategic documents that should integrate climate related aspects are the future National Strategy for Education and the National Innovation Strategy.', 'The most important national strategic documents that should integrate climate related aspects are the future National Strategy for Education and the National Innovation Strategy. This will assure the systematic and harmonised integration of the climate related aspects in the national educational, research and development, innovation ecosystem, as well as increase the educational and research capacities and the climate awareness of the public. At the same time, intersecting climate change and gender will ensure effectiveness of the climate resilience policies and measures. Specific objective 10: To promote the green transition through capacity building, training for new skills and awareness rising.', 'Specific objective 10: To promote the green transition through capacity building, training for new skills and awareness rising. The transition to a low carbon economy is based on technological innovation, on large scale investment and policy decisions, but is also based on decision and behaviours of the individual citizen. Well informed and aware citizens, of all ages, are more likely to actively engage in the effort to reduce GHG emissions. Additionally, reducing GHG emissions require new technical skills which can be acquired via education via the school system, but also, via adult training, thus facilitating the transfer of workers from sectors with job losses to sectors with job gains.', 'Additionally, reducing GHG emissions require new technical skills which can be acquired via education via the school system, but also, via adult training, thus facilitating the transfer of workers from sectors with job losses to sectors with job gains. Overall climate change framework needs to be managed and supervised by competent authorities where significantly enhanced capacity is needed as a pre-condition for sustainable implementation, monitoring and reporting of mitigation policies and measures. 1 .', 'Overall climate change framework needs to be managed and supervised by competent authorities where significantly enhanced capacity is needed as a pre-condition for sustainable implementation, monitoring and reporting of mitigation policies and measures. 1 . 3 R o l e o f t h e L a w o n C l i m a t e A c t i o n a n d s e c o n d a r y l e g i s l a t i o n d e v e l o p e d b y t h e P r o j e c t The LCA provides the legal basis for the development and implementation of actions needed to achieve the climate long-term vision and objectives of Republic of North Macedonia.', '3 R o l e o f t h e L a w o n C l i m a t e A c t i o n a n d s e c o n d a r y l e g i s l a t i o n d e v e l o p e d b y t h e P r o j e c t The LCA provides the legal basis for the development and implementation of actions needed to achieve the climate long-term vision and objectives of Republic of North Macedonia. The Strategy, one of the basic planning documents for climate action in the country, reflects these vision and objectives.', 'The Strategy, one of the basic planning documents for climate action in the country, reflects these vision and objectives. The implementation of the Law and Strategy is central to achieving the climate goals of Republic of North Macedonia. The LCA is conceived as a general law establishing the legal framework for climate action without regulating all details of climate action in all climate-relevant sectors. The LCA will need implementation through secondary legislation and through sectoral legislation and related by- laws. Climate action is cross-sectoral and, thus, builds upon climate-specific and sectoral legislation at the same time. Sectoral legislation is not replaced but rather contributes for its respective area to climate action.', 'Sectoral legislation is not replaced but rather contributes for its respective area to climate action. The LCA reflect this concept in its objectives which are (according to Article 4 of the current draft): 1) To contribute to the mitigation of climate change and to the adaptation to its adverse effects; 2) To establish the policy, planning and administrative framework necessary to mitigate and adapt to climate change in a cost-effective manner; 3) To provide for the rules to ensure that mitigation of climate change and adaptation to its adverse effects are taken into account and are complied with in sectoral policies, plans and administrative practices;Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan 4) To reduce greenhouse gas emissions in order to contribute to the achievement of reductions that are considered scientifically necessary to avoid the adverse effects of climate change; 5) To establish the framework for policies, planning and administrative measures necessary to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from sources to the level considered scientifically necessary and maintain and enhance removals by sinks, taking into account the commitments and obligations under the international agreements in the field of climate change, ratified by the Republic of Republic of North Macedonia; and 6) To establish the monitoring and reporting mechanisms necessary for timely, transparent, accurate, consistent, comparable, and complete reporting and verification of information on specified anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks, and on climate change adaptation actions.', 'The LCA reflect this concept in its objectives which are (according to Article 4 of the current draft): 1) To contribute to the mitigation of climate change and to the adaptation to its adverse effects; 2) To establish the policy, planning and administrative framework necessary to mitigate and adapt to climate change in a cost-effective manner; 3) To provide for the rules to ensure that mitigation of climate change and adaptation to its adverse effects are taken into account and are complied with in sectoral policies, plans and administrative practices;Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan 4) To reduce greenhouse gas emissions in order to contribute to the achievement of reductions that are considered scientifically necessary to avoid the adverse effects of climate change; 5) To establish the framework for policies, planning and administrative measures necessary to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from sources to the level considered scientifically necessary and maintain and enhance removals by sinks, taking into account the commitments and obligations under the international agreements in the field of climate change, ratified by the Republic of Republic of North Macedonia; and 6) To establish the monitoring and reporting mechanisms necessary for timely, transparent, accurate, consistent, comparable, and complete reporting and verification of information on specified anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks, and on climate change adaptation actions. As can be seen from the objectives of the LCA, the core of the framework legislation are the rules on the nature of climate action as a state obligation, the definitions that govern the understanding of the complex task of climate action, institutional arrangements to coordinate and mainstream climate action, the rules on the basic planning instruments, which must direct and provide an orientation for climate action long-term, mechanisms to regulate GHG emissions from industry and aviation, and—of central importance—the rules on the establishment of a monitoring and reporting system for GHG.Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan 2.', 'As can be seen from the objectives of the LCA, the core of the framework legislation are the rules on the nature of climate action as a state obligation, the definitions that govern the understanding of the complex task of climate action, institutional arrangements to coordinate and mainstream climate action, the rules on the basic planning instruments, which must direct and provide an orientation for climate action long-term, mechanisms to regulate GHG emissions from industry and aviation, and—of central importance—the rules on the establishment of a monitoring and reporting system for GHG.Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan 2. A C T I O N S T O B E C A R R I E D I N A F I R S T P H A S E O F I M P L E M E N T A T I O N O F T H E S T R A T E G Y A N D T H E L A W ( 2 0 2 1 - 2 0 3 0 ) 2 .', 'A C T I O N S T O B E C A R R I E D I N A F I R S T P H A S E O F I M P L E M E N T A T I O N O F T H E S T R A T E G Y A N D T H E L A W ( 2 0 2 1 - 2 0 3 0 ) 2 . 1 A c t i o n s t h a t s u p p o r t t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e m i t i g a t i o n o b j e c t i v e s o f t h e S t r a t e g y A-M-1: Reduction of network losses Main objective: Reduction of network losses Description: Technical interventions will reduce the electricity transmission and distribution losses from 12% to 8%, while the district heating system losses will be reduced from 12% to at least 7%.', '1 A c t i o n s t h a t s u p p o r t t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e m i t i g a t i o n o b j e c t i v e s o f t h e S t r a t e g y A-M-1: Reduction of network losses Main objective: Reduction of network losses Description: Technical interventions will reduce the electricity transmission and distribution losses from 12% to 8%, while the district heating system losses will be reduced from 12% to at least 7%. Technical measures for reducing distribution electricity losses comprise of overhead lines replacement with underground (where possible), transition to 20 kV voltage level, installation of new transformation stations to shorten the low voltage lines, as well as automation and remote network management.', 'Technical measures for reducing distribution electricity losses comprise of overhead lines replacement with underground (where possible), transition to 20 kV voltage level, installation of new transformation stations to shorten the low voltage lines, as well as automation and remote network management. All these improvements will contribute to better SAIDI and SAIFI indicators.', 'All these improvements will contribute to better SAIDI and SAIFI indicators. For the heating sector, technical measures include continuous replacement of existing heat pipelines with pre-insulated ones and optimization of the substation operations through automatic control Type of policy instrument: Economic Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Energy efficiency directive 2010/31/EC, Regulation 714/2009 Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Strategy for Energy Development up to 2040 • Development plan of EVN Macedonia, AD • Development plan of Balkan Energy Group (BEG) Implementing entity: • Electricity distribution companies • Heat distribution companies Monitoring entity: Energy Agency, Ministry of Economy GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: Percentage of network losses (%) Values in 2030: 10.5% for electricity and 10% for heat Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Allocation of financial resources for implementation of investments in the electricity distribution network • Development of a General investment plan in heat distribution network for the next 20 years • Development of a Short-term investment plan for the heat distribution network for the next 5 years • Allocation of financial resources for implementation of investments in the heat distribution network • Provision of governmental support/mechanisms for enhanced utilisation and territorial expansion of the heat distribution network, with aim of improved efficiency of the system and reduction of the losses from the central heat distribution systems • Provision of favourable financial instruments for funding of the investments in the electricity and the heat distribution network • Replacement old electric transformer with new transformers at 20 kV voltage level • Reduction of the reactive power in the power networkLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan • Rehabilitation of the hot water distribution network, replacement of the existing pumps in the heating substations with new energy efficient pumps and other measures for energy efficiency improvement (modernization of the SCADA system, integration of the distribution networks) • Installation of modern equipment for regulation and monitoring in the heating substations for control and reduction of the consumed heat Finance: Budget: 170 M€ Source of finance: Electricity and heat distribution companies Progress monitoring: Activities implemented: Objective achieved: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy Strategy up to 2040, NECP, 3rd BUR, NDC Assumptions/ General comments: Technical interventions will reduce the electricity transmission and distribution losses from 12% to 8%, while the district heating system losses will be reduced from 12% to at least 7% A-M-2: Large hydro power plants Main objective: Increase of the domestic generation capacity from renewable energy sources Description: Construction of new large hydro power plants taking into account environmental and social impacts Implementation period: 2025 - 2035 Type of policy instrument: Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): • RES Directive 2009/28/EC • Energy Law and RES By-laws Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Strategy for Energy Development of the Macedonia up to 2040 • Strategy for utilization of renewable energy sources in the Republic of North Macedonia • Development plan of ESM AD (JSC Macedonian Power Plants) Implementing entity: • ESM AD (JSC Macedonian Power Plants) • Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning • Energy Agency, Ministry of Economy Monitoring entity: Energy Agency, Ministry of Economy GHG(s) affected (if applicable): CO2, CH4, N2O 740.7 kt CO2-eq.', 'For the heating sector, technical measures include continuous replacement of existing heat pipelines with pre-insulated ones and optimization of the substation operations through automatic control Type of policy instrument: Economic Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Energy efficiency directive 2010/31/EC, Regulation 714/2009 Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Strategy for Energy Development up to 2040 • Development plan of EVN Macedonia, AD • Development plan of Balkan Energy Group (BEG) Implementing entity: • Electricity distribution companies • Heat distribution companies Monitoring entity: Energy Agency, Ministry of Economy GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: Percentage of network losses (%) Values in 2030: 10.5% for electricity and 10% for heat Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Allocation of financial resources for implementation of investments in the electricity distribution network • Development of a General investment plan in heat distribution network for the next 20 years • Development of a Short-term investment plan for the heat distribution network for the next 5 years • Allocation of financial resources for implementation of investments in the heat distribution network • Provision of governmental support/mechanisms for enhanced utilisation and territorial expansion of the heat distribution network, with aim of improved efficiency of the system and reduction of the losses from the central heat distribution systems • Provision of favourable financial instruments for funding of the investments in the electricity and the heat distribution network • Replacement old electric transformer with new transformers at 20 kV voltage level • Reduction of the reactive power in the power networkLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan • Rehabilitation of the hot water distribution network, replacement of the existing pumps in the heating substations with new energy efficient pumps and other measures for energy efficiency improvement (modernization of the SCADA system, integration of the distribution networks) • Installation of modern equipment for regulation and monitoring in the heating substations for control and reduction of the consumed heat Finance: Budget: 170 M€ Source of finance: Electricity and heat distribution companies Progress monitoring: Activities implemented: Objective achieved: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy Strategy up to 2040, NECP, 3rd BUR, NDC Assumptions/ General comments: Technical interventions will reduce the electricity transmission and distribution losses from 12% to 8%, while the district heating system losses will be reduced from 12% to at least 7% A-M-2: Large hydro power plants Main objective: Increase of the domestic generation capacity from renewable energy sources Description: Construction of new large hydro power plants taking into account environmental and social impacts Implementation period: 2025 - 2035 Type of policy instrument: Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): • RES Directive 2009/28/EC • Energy Law and RES By-laws Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Strategy for Energy Development of the Macedonia up to 2040 • Strategy for utilization of renewable energy sources in the Republic of North Macedonia • Development plan of ESM AD (JSC Macedonian Power Plants) Implementing entity: • ESM AD (JSC Macedonian Power Plants) • Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning • Energy Agency, Ministry of Economy Monitoring entity: Energy Agency, Ministry of Economy GHG(s) affected (if applicable): CO2, CH4, N2O 740.7 kt CO2-eq. Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: Additional installed capacity (MW) Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Feasibility/pre-feasibility studies developed for HPP Chebren (already implemented) • Prequalification tender for Chebren published (already implemented) • Feasibility/pre-feasibility studies developed for HPP Vardar Valley • Prequalification tender for Vardar valley published • Invitation for tenders for the construction of the new hydropower plants, selection of the best bidder and commencement of the construction • Construction of large hydro power plant Vardar valley – 2025-2030Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan • Construction of large hydro power plant Chebren – 2029 • Construction of the tunnel Vardar – Kozjak, Veles and Gradec Finance: Budget: 1716.2 M€ Source of finance: Public private partnership, ESM Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Actions implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy Strategy up to 2040, NECP, 3rd BUR, NDC Assumptions/ General comments: The construction of new hydropower plants should avoid the disproportionate environmental impact compared to electricity generated.', 'Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: Additional installed capacity (MW) Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Feasibility/pre-feasibility studies developed for HPP Chebren (already implemented) • Prequalification tender for Chebren published (already implemented) • Feasibility/pre-feasibility studies developed for HPP Vardar Valley • Prequalification tender for Vardar valley published • Invitation for tenders for the construction of the new hydropower plants, selection of the best bidder and commencement of the construction • Construction of large hydro power plant Vardar valley – 2025-2030Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan • Construction of large hydro power plant Chebren – 2029 • Construction of the tunnel Vardar – Kozjak, Veles and Gradec Finance: Budget: 1716.2 M€ Source of finance: Public private partnership, ESM Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Actions implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy Strategy up to 2040, NECP, 3rd BUR, NDC Assumptions/ General comments: The construction of new hydropower plants should avoid the disproportionate environmental impact compared to electricity generated. The selection of locations for construction of small HPPs should be carefully assessed to avoid adverse environmental impacts and should take into considerations the legal framework for environmental protection, biodiversity protection, nature conservation as well as Governmental decisions.', 'The selection of locations for construction of small HPPs should be carefully assessed to avoid adverse environmental impacts and should take into considerations the legal framework for environmental protection, biodiversity protection, nature conservation as well as Governmental decisions. A-M-3: Incentives, feed-in tariff Main objective: Incentives, feed-in tariff Description: Construction of new small hydro power plants, wind and biogas with feed-in tariffs that will stimulate the construction.', 'A-M-3: Incentives, feed-in tariff Main objective: Incentives, feed-in tariff Description: Construction of new small hydro power plants, wind and biogas with feed-in tariffs that will stimulate the construction. Implementation period: 2020 - 2030 Type of policy instrument: Economic, Fiscal Link to the EU policies (where applicable): RES Directive 2009/28/EC Energy Law and RES By-laws Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Strategy for Energy Development of the Republic of North Macedonia • Strategy for Utilization of Renewable Energy Sources in the Republic of North Macedonia • Renewable Energy Action Plan • Law on Energy • By-laws for renewable energy Implementing entity: • Government of the Republic of Republic of North Macedonia • Energy Regulatory Commission • Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency • Private investors Monitoring entity: Energy Regulatory Commission GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: Additional installed capacity (MW) Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Regulation on feed-in tariffs (adopted 17.04.2013) • Decree on the measures for support of electricity generation from renewable energy sources (adopted 05.04.2019).Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan • Decision on the total installed capacity for preferential producers of electricity • Provision of favourable financial mechanisms for investments in renewable energy • Organisation of awareness raising campaigns and events that will promote the enabling environment and options for investments in renewable energy • Construction of power plants Finance: Budget: 356.9 M€ Source of finance: Private, incentives through consumer bills Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Actions implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy Strategy up to 2040, NECP, 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: The construction of new small hydropower plants should avoid the disproportionate environmental impact compared to electricity generated.', 'Implementation period: 2020 - 2030 Type of policy instrument: Economic, Fiscal Link to the EU policies (where applicable): RES Directive 2009/28/EC Energy Law and RES By-laws Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Strategy for Energy Development of the Republic of North Macedonia • Strategy for Utilization of Renewable Energy Sources in the Republic of North Macedonia • Renewable Energy Action Plan • Law on Energy • By-laws for renewable energy Implementing entity: • Government of the Republic of Republic of North Macedonia • Energy Regulatory Commission • Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency • Private investors Monitoring entity: Energy Regulatory Commission GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: Additional installed capacity (MW) Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Regulation on feed-in tariffs (adopted 17.04.2013) • Decree on the measures for support of electricity generation from renewable energy sources (adopted 05.04.2019).Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan • Decision on the total installed capacity for preferential producers of electricity • Provision of favourable financial mechanisms for investments in renewable energy • Organisation of awareness raising campaigns and events that will promote the enabling environment and options for investments in renewable energy • Construction of power plants Finance: Budget: 356.9 M€ Source of finance: Private, incentives through consumer bills Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Actions implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy Strategy up to 2040, NECP, 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: The construction of new small hydropower plants should avoid the disproportionate environmental impact compared to electricity generated. The selection of locations for construction of small HPPs should be carefully assessed to avoid adverse environmental impacts and should take into considerations the legal framework for environmental protection, biodiversity protection, nature conservation, as well as Governmental decisions.', 'The selection of locations for construction of small HPPs should be carefully assessed to avoid adverse environmental impacts and should take into considerations the legal framework for environmental protection, biodiversity protection, nature conservation, as well as Governmental decisions. In addition, it is recommended the capacity of the water supply systems to be used for small hydropower plants if justified according to economic and technical assessments.', 'In addition, it is recommended the capacity of the water supply systems to be used for small hydropower plants if justified according to economic and technical assessments. Through stimulation with feed-in tariffs, it is envisaged that by 2040 additional capacity will be constructed: • 86 MW wind power plants • 13 MW biogas power plants • 92.5 MW small hydro power plants A-M-4: Incentives, feed-in premium Main objective: Increase of the domestic generation capacity from renewable energy sources Description: Construction of solar and wind power plants with feed-in premium tariffs to stimulate the construction Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Technical, regulatory Link to the EU policies (where applicable): RES Directive 2009/28/EC Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: Energy Strategy up to 2040, NECP, 3rd BUR, Energy Law and RES By-laws Implementing entity: • Government of the Republic of North Macedonia • Energy Regulatory Commission • Ministry of Economy • Private investors Monitoring entity: Energy Regulatory Commission GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: Installed capacity (MW) Values in 2030: 264 MW (additional installed capacity)Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Decree on the measures for support of electricity generation from renewable energy sources as well as decision on the total installed capacity for preferential producers of electricity adopted (05.04.2019) • Public call on awarding an agreement for right to use premium for electric power produced from photovoltaic power plant constructed on land owned by the Republic of North Macedonia (21.07.2019) • Public call on awarding the right to use a premium for electricity generated and sold from photovoltaic power plants built on land not owned by the Republic of North Macedonia or on land owned by the Republic of North Macedonia on which right to use has been established (02.10.2019) • Electronic auction for both tenders (already implemented) • Public call on awarding an agreement for right to use premium for electric power produced from photovoltaic power plant constructed on land owned by the Republic of RN Macedonia (already implemented) • Public call on awarding the right to use a premium for electricity generated and sold from photovoltaic power plants built on land not owned by the Republic of North Macedonia or on land owned by the Republic of North Macedonia on which right to use has been established • Provision of favourable financial mechanisms for investments in renewable energy • Organisation of awareness raising campaigns and events that will promote the enabling environment and options for investments in renewable energy • Construction of solar power plants • New public call on awarding an agreement for right to use premium for electric power produced from photovoltaic power plant constructed on land owned by the Republic of North Macedonia • New public call on awarding the right to use a premium for electricity generated and sold from photovoltaic power plants built on land not owned by the Republic of North Macedonia or on land owned by the Republic of North Macedonia on which right to use Finance: Budget: 240.6 M€ Source of finance: Private, incentives from the central government budget Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Actions implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy Strategy up to 2040, NECP, 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: Through stimulation with feed-in premium, it is envisaged that by 2040 additional capacity will be constructed: • 200 MW solar power plants • 64 MW wind power plants A-M 5 Biomass power plants (CHP optional) Main objective: Increase of the domestic generation capacity from renewable energy sources Description: This measure considers construction of distributed small sized biomass power plants (CHP optional) with stimulation through feed-in tariffs.', 'Through stimulation with feed-in tariffs, it is envisaged that by 2040 additional capacity will be constructed: • 86 MW wind power plants • 13 MW biogas power plants • 92.5 MW small hydro power plants A-M-4: Incentives, feed-in premium Main objective: Increase of the domestic generation capacity from renewable energy sources Description: Construction of solar and wind power plants with feed-in premium tariffs to stimulate the construction Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Technical, regulatory Link to the EU policies (where applicable): RES Directive 2009/28/EC Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: Energy Strategy up to 2040, NECP, 3rd BUR, Energy Law and RES By-laws Implementing entity: • Government of the Republic of North Macedonia • Energy Regulatory Commission • Ministry of Economy • Private investors Monitoring entity: Energy Regulatory Commission GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: Installed capacity (MW) Values in 2030: 264 MW (additional installed capacity)Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Decree on the measures for support of electricity generation from renewable energy sources as well as decision on the total installed capacity for preferential producers of electricity adopted (05.04.2019) • Public call on awarding an agreement for right to use premium for electric power produced from photovoltaic power plant constructed on land owned by the Republic of North Macedonia (21.07.2019) • Public call on awarding the right to use a premium for electricity generated and sold from photovoltaic power plants built on land not owned by the Republic of North Macedonia or on land owned by the Republic of North Macedonia on which right to use has been established (02.10.2019) • Electronic auction for both tenders (already implemented) • Public call on awarding an agreement for right to use premium for electric power produced from photovoltaic power plant constructed on land owned by the Republic of RN Macedonia (already implemented) • Public call on awarding the right to use a premium for electricity generated and sold from photovoltaic power plants built on land not owned by the Republic of North Macedonia or on land owned by the Republic of North Macedonia on which right to use has been established • Provision of favourable financial mechanisms for investments in renewable energy • Organisation of awareness raising campaigns and events that will promote the enabling environment and options for investments in renewable energy • Construction of solar power plants • New public call on awarding an agreement for right to use premium for electric power produced from photovoltaic power plant constructed on land owned by the Republic of North Macedonia • New public call on awarding the right to use a premium for electricity generated and sold from photovoltaic power plants built on land not owned by the Republic of North Macedonia or on land owned by the Republic of North Macedonia on which right to use Finance: Budget: 240.6 M€ Source of finance: Private, incentives from the central government budget Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Actions implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy Strategy up to 2040, NECP, 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: Through stimulation with feed-in premium, it is envisaged that by 2040 additional capacity will be constructed: • 200 MW solar power plants • 64 MW wind power plants A-M 5 Biomass power plants (CHP optional) Main objective: Increase of the domestic generation capacity from renewable energy sources Description: This measure considers construction of distributed small sized biomass power plants (CHP optional) with stimulation through feed-in tariffs. Beside increasing the RES share with this CHPs, they should also contribute in increasing the flexibility of the electricity system and ensuring the security of supply.', 'Beside increasing the RES share with this CHPs, they should also contribute in increasing the flexibility of the electricity system and ensuring the security of supply. It is envisioned that waste biomass will be used, taking into account the sustainability of the biomass at national level Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Technical, regulatoryLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Link to the EU policies (where applicable): RES Directive 2009/28/EC, Energy efficiency directive 2010/31/EC Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: Energy Law and RES By-laws and Energy Efficiency Law Implementing entity: • Government of the Republic of North Macedonia • Energy Regulatory Commission • Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency • Private investors Monitoring entity: Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: Installed capacity (MW) Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Decree on the measures for support of electricity generation from renewable energy sources adopted (05.04.2019) • Decision on the total installed capacity for preferential producers of electricity • Provision of favourable financial mechanisms for investments in renewable energy • Organisation of awareness raising campaigns and events that will promote the enabling environment and options for investments in renewable energy Finance: Budget: 24.3 M€ Source of finance: Private, incentives from the central government budget Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy Strategy up to 2040, NECP, 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: Through stimulation with feed-in tariffs, it is envisaged that by 2040 biomass power plants with capacity of 15 MW will be constructed A-M-6: Solar rooftop power plants Main objective: Increase of the domestic generation capacity from renewable energy sources Description: Construction of solar rooftop power plants, on private as well as public buildings, either prosumers or systems from which the overall produced electricity will be used for own purposes or will be stored.', 'It is envisioned that waste biomass will be used, taking into account the sustainability of the biomass at national level Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Technical, regulatoryLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Link to the EU policies (where applicable): RES Directive 2009/28/EC, Energy efficiency directive 2010/31/EC Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: Energy Law and RES By-laws and Energy Efficiency Law Implementing entity: • Government of the Republic of North Macedonia • Energy Regulatory Commission • Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency • Private investors Monitoring entity: Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: Installed capacity (MW) Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Decree on the measures for support of electricity generation from renewable energy sources adopted (05.04.2019) • Decision on the total installed capacity for preferential producers of electricity • Provision of favourable financial mechanisms for investments in renewable energy • Organisation of awareness raising campaigns and events that will promote the enabling environment and options for investments in renewable energy Finance: Budget: 24.3 M€ Source of finance: Private, incentives from the central government budget Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy Strategy up to 2040, NECP, 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: Through stimulation with feed-in tariffs, it is envisaged that by 2040 biomass power plants with capacity of 15 MW will be constructed A-M-6: Solar rooftop power plants Main objective: Increase of the domestic generation capacity from renewable energy sources Description: Construction of solar rooftop power plants, on private as well as public buildings, either prosumers or systems from which the overall produced electricity will be used for own purposes or will be stored. One of the possibilities for increasing the installed capacity of solar roof-top systems is through renewable energy communities Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Technical, regulatory Link to the EU policies (where applicable): RES Directive 2009/28/EC, Energy efficiency directive 2010/31/EC Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: Energy Law and RES By-laws and Energy Efficiency LawLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Implementing entity: • Government of the Republic of North Macedonia • Energy Regulatory Commission • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency • Elektrodustribucija Skopje • Suppliers of electricity • End-users of electricity Monitoring entity: Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: Installed capacity (MW) Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Rulebook on renewable energy sources (adopted) • Distribution grid code (implemented) • Provision of favourable financial mechanisms for investments in renewable energy • Provision of financial subsidies for households that will invest in solar PVs • Organisation of awareness raising campaigns and events that will promote the enabling environment and options for investments in renewable energy Finance: Budget: 263.4 M€ Source of finance: Private, donors, subsidies from national and local budget, EE fund Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy Strategy up to 2040, NECP, 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: 400 MW solar capacities are envisioned to be constructed by 2040 A-M-7: RES without incentives Main objective: Increase of the domestic generation capacity from renewable energy sources Description: Construction of wind, solar and biogas power plants on different location in RN Macedonia carefully selected in order to avoid the impact on environment compared to benefits of generated electricity Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Technical, regulatory Link to the EU policies (where applicable): RES Directive 2009/28/EC, Energy efficiency directive 2010/31/EC Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Strategy for Energy Development of the RN Macedonia up to 2040 • Law on Energy • By-laws for renewable energy Implementing entity: • Government of the Republic of North Macedonia • Energy Regulatory Commission • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency • JSC Macedonian Power Plants (ESM AD) • Private investorsLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Monitoring entity: Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: Installed capacity (MW) Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Decree on the measures for support of electricity generation from renewable energy sources adopted (5.04.2019) • Decision on the total installed capacity for preferential producers of electricity • Electricity grid code adopted • Construction of 10MW Oslomej PV started • Tender for Public Private Partnership for PV Oslomej of at least 80 MW • Development of methodology for selection of best for location construction of solar and wind PP Finance: Budget: 1325.4 M€ Source of finance: Private, ESM Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy Strategy up to 2040, NECP, 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: The following capacities by scenario without incentives are envisioned to be constructed by 2040: • Wind – 600 MW • Solar – 750 MW • Biogas – 10 MW A-M-8: Development of the biofuels market Main objective: the RES share in the transport sector is almost zero and it is the main reason for not achieving the country 2020 target.', 'One of the possibilities for increasing the installed capacity of solar roof-top systems is through renewable energy communities Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Technical, regulatory Link to the EU policies (where applicable): RES Directive 2009/28/EC, Energy efficiency directive 2010/31/EC Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: Energy Law and RES By-laws and Energy Efficiency LawLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Implementing entity: • Government of the Republic of North Macedonia • Energy Regulatory Commission • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency • Elektrodustribucija Skopje • Suppliers of electricity • End-users of electricity Monitoring entity: Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: Installed capacity (MW) Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Rulebook on renewable energy sources (adopted) • Distribution grid code (implemented) • Provision of favourable financial mechanisms for investments in renewable energy • Provision of financial subsidies for households that will invest in solar PVs • Organisation of awareness raising campaigns and events that will promote the enabling environment and options for investments in renewable energy Finance: Budget: 263.4 M€ Source of finance: Private, donors, subsidies from national and local budget, EE fund Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy Strategy up to 2040, NECP, 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: 400 MW solar capacities are envisioned to be constructed by 2040 A-M-7: RES without incentives Main objective: Increase of the domestic generation capacity from renewable energy sources Description: Construction of wind, solar and biogas power plants on different location in RN Macedonia carefully selected in order to avoid the impact on environment compared to benefits of generated electricity Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Technical, regulatory Link to the EU policies (where applicable): RES Directive 2009/28/EC, Energy efficiency directive 2010/31/EC Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Strategy for Energy Development of the RN Macedonia up to 2040 • Law on Energy • By-laws for renewable energy Implementing entity: • Government of the Republic of North Macedonia • Energy Regulatory Commission • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency • JSC Macedonian Power Plants (ESM AD) • Private investorsLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Monitoring entity: Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: Installed capacity (MW) Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Decree on the measures for support of electricity generation from renewable energy sources adopted (5.04.2019) • Decision on the total installed capacity for preferential producers of electricity • Electricity grid code adopted • Construction of 10MW Oslomej PV started • Tender for Public Private Partnership for PV Oslomej of at least 80 MW • Development of methodology for selection of best for location construction of solar and wind PP Finance: Budget: 1325.4 M€ Source of finance: Private, ESM Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy Strategy up to 2040, NECP, 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: The following capacities by scenario without incentives are envisioned to be constructed by 2040: • Wind – 600 MW • Solar – 750 MW • Biogas – 10 MW A-M-8: Development of the biofuels market Main objective: the RES share in the transport sector is almost zero and it is the main reason for not achieving the country 2020 target. In order to fulfil the 2030 RES target in the transport sector, but also the overall RES target it is necessary to have a functional biofuels market Description: Increase the share of biofuels in line with the requirement of the recast on the RES Directive (2018/2001) Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Regulatory, policy Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Strategy for Energy Development of the RN Macedonia up to 2040 • Biennial report on the progress of increased utilization of renewable energy sources Implementing entity: • Government of the Republic of North Macedonia • Ministry of economy • Companies that sell oil products Monitoring entity: Ministry of economy GHG(s) affected (if applicable):Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: % of biofuels Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Draft version of the Action Plan for Biofuels developed • Draft version of the Law on Biofuels developed • Development of study on RES target in transport in 2030 in EnC countries • Development of study on biofuels in RN Macedonia • The previous draft is from 2015, Development of law on biofuels started • Adoption of the Law on biofuels • Development of new draft action plan for biofuels Finance: Budget: Source of finance: Central government budget, consumers Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy Strategy up to 2040, NECP, 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: • Law on biofuels as well as action plan will be adopted in line with the requirements of the RES Directive (2018/2001) • The share of biofuels in 2030 will be 10% A-M-9: Energy efficiency obligation schemes Main objective: Fulfilment of the obligation under Article 7 of the EE Directive Description: To set up the scheme the average annual final consumption for the period 2014 – 2016 is used.', 'In order to fulfil the 2030 RES target in the transport sector, but also the overall RES target it is necessary to have a functional biofuels market Description: Increase the share of biofuels in line with the requirement of the recast on the RES Directive (2018/2001) Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Regulatory, policy Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Strategy for Energy Development of the RN Macedonia up to 2040 • Biennial report on the progress of increased utilization of renewable energy sources Implementing entity: • Government of the Republic of North Macedonia • Ministry of economy • Companies that sell oil products Monitoring entity: Ministry of economy GHG(s) affected (if applicable):Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: % of biofuels Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Draft version of the Action Plan for Biofuels developed • Draft version of the Law on Biofuels developed • Development of study on RES target in transport in 2030 in EnC countries • Development of study on biofuels in RN Macedonia • The previous draft is from 2015, Development of law on biofuels started • Adoption of the Law on biofuels • Development of new draft action plan for biofuels Finance: Budget: Source of finance: Central government budget, consumers Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy Strategy up to 2040, NECP, 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: • Law on biofuels as well as action plan will be adopted in line with the requirements of the RES Directive (2018/2001) • The share of biofuels in 2030 will be 10% A-M-9: Energy efficiency obligation schemes Main objective: Fulfilment of the obligation under Article 7 of the EE Directive Description: To set up the scheme the average annual final consumption for the period 2014 – 2016 is used. The measure implements the possibilities from the Article 7 of the EE Directive to exclude the transport sector consumption (paragraph 1) from the sum of the average annual consumption and reduce the consumption in the industry sector Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Technical, regulatory Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Energy efficiency directive 2010/31/EC Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Law on energy efficiency • Directive for EE Implementing entity: • Ministry of economy • Distribution system operators • Suppliers and traders of electricity and gas Monitoring entity: Ministry of Economy GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: Final energy savings (ktoe) Primary energy savings (ktoe)Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Law on Energy Efficiency (adopted) • Development of a Decree for obligation scheme • Adoption and implementation of a Decree for obligation scheme Finance: Budget: 182 M€ Source of finance: Consumers through their bills Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy strategy up to 2040, NECP; 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: 1.', 'The measure implements the possibilities from the Article 7 of the EE Directive to exclude the transport sector consumption (paragraph 1) from the sum of the average annual consumption and reduce the consumption in the industry sector Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Technical, regulatory Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Energy efficiency directive 2010/31/EC Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Law on energy efficiency • Directive for EE Implementing entity: • Ministry of economy • Distribution system operators • Suppliers and traders of electricity and gas Monitoring entity: Ministry of Economy GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: Final energy savings (ktoe) Primary energy savings (ktoe)Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Law on Energy Efficiency (adopted) • Development of a Decree for obligation scheme • Adoption and implementation of a Decree for obligation scheme Finance: Budget: 182 M€ Source of finance: Consumers through their bills Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy strategy up to 2040, NECP; 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: 1. Final energy savings targets of: of the average annual energy sales to final customers in the period 2014 – 2016 excluding the customers in the transport sector as well as industries of Annex I of the 2.', 'Final energy savings targets of: of the average annual energy sales to final customers in the period 2014 – 2016 excluding the customers in the transport sector as well as industries of Annex I of the 2. Up to 30% of the costs will be covered through subsidies by the distribution companies or suppliers A-M-10: Solar thermal collectors Main objective: Reduction of the energy costs and improvement of the efficiency Description: Hot water electric heaters are one of the biggest energy consumers with a major impact on bills. On the other hand, the reduced investment cost for purchasing and installation of solar thermal collectors is of great importance because it can drop consumer bills for hot water.', 'On the other hand, the reduced investment cost for purchasing and installation of solar thermal collectors is of great importance because it can drop consumer bills for hot water. Also, these systems serve for energy savings and can satisfy at least 50% at annual level, depending on the hot water needs.', 'Also, these systems serve for energy savings and can satisfy at least 50% at annual level, depending on the hot water needs. Furthermore, solar thermal collectors can be used in combination with electricity and district heating systems Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Energy efficiency directive 2010/31/EC Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Strategy for Energy Development of RN Macedonia up to 2040 • Law on Energy • Law on Energy Efficiency • By-laws for renewable energy • Program for the promotion of renewable energy Implementing entity: • Ministry of economy, Energy Agency • End-users Monitoring entity: Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Number of new installed solar collectors Final energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 7.5 Primary energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 10.7Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Program for promotion of RES for 2020 adopted • Continuation of the incentive measures for solar thermal collectors installation Finance: Budget: 70 M€ Source of finance: Private, EE fund, incentives from the central government budget, donors Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy strategy up to 2040, NECP; 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: Share of solar thermal collectors in hot water useful demand by 2040 to be 45% in household sector and 30% in commercial sector A-M-11: Labelling of electric appliances and equipment Main objective: Penetration of appliances with higher efficiency (class A++, A+, A, B) Description: Labelling of electric appliances and equipment to provide relevant information on the energy consumption of the products.', 'Furthermore, solar thermal collectors can be used in combination with electricity and district heating systems Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Energy efficiency directive 2010/31/EC Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Strategy for Energy Development of RN Macedonia up to 2040 • Law on Energy • Law on Energy Efficiency • By-laws for renewable energy • Program for the promotion of renewable energy Implementing entity: • Ministry of economy, Energy Agency • End-users Monitoring entity: Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Number of new installed solar collectors Final energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 7.5 Primary energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 10.7Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Program for promotion of RES for 2020 adopted • Continuation of the incentive measures for solar thermal collectors installation Finance: Budget: 70 M€ Source of finance: Private, EE fund, incentives from the central government budget, donors Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy strategy up to 2040, NECP; 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: Share of solar thermal collectors in hot water useful demand by 2040 to be 45% in household sector and 30% in commercial sector A-M-11: Labelling of electric appliances and equipment Main objective: Penetration of appliances with higher efficiency (class A++, A+, A, B) Description: Labelling of electric appliances and equipment to provide relevant information on the energy consumption of the products. The application of the labelling and eco-design of the products is necessary to ensure that the products sold in RN Macedonia comply with the EU regulations Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Regulatory Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Energy efficiency directive 2010/31/EC Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Strategy for Energy Development of RN Macedonia up to 2040 • Law on energy efficiency • Third Energy Efficiency Action Plan • Rulebook on labelling consumption of energy and other resources on devices using energy • Regulation on eco-design of products Implementing entity: • Ministry of economy, Energy Agency • Producers and suppliers of electrical equipment and household appliances • End-users Monitoring entity: Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Number of devices sold (A+++, A++, A+, A) Final energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 19.0 Primary energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 28.1 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Rulebook on labelling consumption of energy and other resources on devices using energy adopted in September 2016 by the Ministry of Economy • Draft version of the new Regulation on eco-design of products developed • Adoption of the new Regulation on eco-design of products developed Finance: Budget: 71 M€ Source of finance: Private, EE fundLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy strategy up to 2040, NECP; 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: As a result of this measure, it is expected that by 2040 the share of energy efficient technologies will be 6% in the overall stock A-M-12: Increased use of heat pumps Main objective: More efficient use of electricity Description: Phasing out heating devices with resistive heaters, as well as inefficient biomass stoves and their replacement with heat pumps in compliance with EU Climate and Energy Policy Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Regulatory Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Energy efficiency directive 2010/31/EC Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Strategy for Energy Development of RN Macedonia up to 2040 • Law on energy efficiency • Third Energy Efficiency Action Plan • EU Climate and Energy Policy Implementing entity: • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency • End-users Monitoring entity: Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Number of heat pump sold Final energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 139.3 Primary energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 186.1 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: Adopting a Decision to ban the sale of heating devices with resistive heaters Finance: Budget: 474.4 M€ Source of finance: Private, EE fund, incentives from the central and local government budget, donors Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy strategy up to 2040, NECP; 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: It is assumed that heating devices with resistive heaters will be gradually replaced with heat pumps.', 'The application of the labelling and eco-design of the products is necessary to ensure that the products sold in RN Macedonia comply with the EU regulations Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Regulatory Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Energy efficiency directive 2010/31/EC Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Strategy for Energy Development of RN Macedonia up to 2040 • Law on energy efficiency • Third Energy Efficiency Action Plan • Rulebook on labelling consumption of energy and other resources on devices using energy • Regulation on eco-design of products Implementing entity: • Ministry of economy, Energy Agency • Producers and suppliers of electrical equipment and household appliances • End-users Monitoring entity: Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Number of devices sold (A+++, A++, A+, A) Final energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 19.0 Primary energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 28.1 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Rulebook on labelling consumption of energy and other resources on devices using energy adopted in September 2016 by the Ministry of Economy • Draft version of the new Regulation on eco-design of products developed • Adoption of the new Regulation on eco-design of products developed Finance: Budget: 71 M€ Source of finance: Private, EE fundLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy strategy up to 2040, NECP; 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: As a result of this measure, it is expected that by 2040 the share of energy efficient technologies will be 6% in the overall stock A-M-12: Increased use of heat pumps Main objective: More efficient use of electricity Description: Phasing out heating devices with resistive heaters, as well as inefficient biomass stoves and their replacement with heat pumps in compliance with EU Climate and Energy Policy Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Regulatory Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Energy efficiency directive 2010/31/EC Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Strategy for Energy Development of RN Macedonia up to 2040 • Law on energy efficiency • Third Energy Efficiency Action Plan • EU Climate and Energy Policy Implementing entity: • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency • End-users Monitoring entity: Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Number of heat pump sold Final energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 139.3 Primary energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 186.1 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: Adopting a Decision to ban the sale of heating devices with resistive heaters Finance: Budget: 474.4 M€ Source of finance: Private, EE fund, incentives from the central and local government budget, donors Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy strategy up to 2040, NECP; 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: It is assumed that heating devices with resistive heaters will be gradually replaced with heat pumps. The share of heat pumps in useful heat demand in 2040 is 55% A-M-13: Public awareness campaigns and network of energy efficiency (EE) info centresLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Main objective: Implement information campaigns that will raise public awareness about the importance, effects and benefits energy efficiency Description: Although a large number of campaigns for the promotion of energy efficiency by different stakeholders are provided, still there is a lack of knowledge about the benefits of the EE.', 'The share of heat pumps in useful heat demand in 2040 is 55% A-M-13: Public awareness campaigns and network of energy efficiency (EE) info centresLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Main objective: Implement information campaigns that will raise public awareness about the importance, effects and benefits energy efficiency Description: Although a large number of campaigns for the promotion of energy efficiency by different stakeholders are provided, still there is a lack of knowledge about the benefits of the EE. Article 12 of the EE Directive stipulates that the country should takes appropriate measures to promote and facilitate an efficient use of energy by small energy customers, including domestic customer. This can be done using different mechanisms.', 'This can be done using different mechanisms. One of them is the establishment of EE info centres in the local self-governments.', 'One of them is the establishment of EE info centres in the local self-governments. Following the examples from the EU, besides this measure, several others should be implemented such as: • Education, starting from the kindergarten • Training of the employees in the public institutions at the central and local level • Creation of calculation tool that will show the financial and environmental effects from the implementation of a certain measure Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Information Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Energy efficiency directive 2010/31/EC Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Strategy for Energy Development of RN Macedonia up to 2040 • Law on energy efficiency Implementing entity: • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency • Energy suppliers • End-users Monitoring entity: Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Number of devices sold (A+++, A++, A+, A) Final energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 67.8 Primary energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 99.7 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Platform for energy efficiency, for education of the population and journalists and experience sharing of the private sector for successfully implemented EE measures implemented • Info Centre for Energy of the City of Skopje opened • Free advices to the customers for reasonable consumption of electricity enabled by EVN’s Customer Service Centre • Broadcasting of TV spots, announcements, campaigns and documentary films • Extension of the Platform for energy efficiency • Continuous work of the existing and opening new information centres Finance: Budget: 8 M€ + 704 M€ (investment in advanced technologies) Source of finance: Private sector, donors, central and local governments Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy strategy up to 2040, NECP; 3rd BURLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Assumptions/ General comments: Investment in public awareness rising campaigns that will increase the share of more efficient appliances (with higher class of efficiency), in the overall stock, by 2040 to A-M-14: Retrofitting of existing residential buildings Main objective: To meet the requirements under the Energy Efficiency Law Description: The measure considers reconstructions of residential buildings including windows replacement, initiated by the owners and/or supported by commercial banks and funds.', 'Following the examples from the EU, besides this measure, several others should be implemented such as: • Education, starting from the kindergarten • Training of the employees in the public institutions at the central and local level • Creation of calculation tool that will show the financial and environmental effects from the implementation of a certain measure Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Information Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Energy efficiency directive 2010/31/EC Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Strategy for Energy Development of RN Macedonia up to 2040 • Law on energy efficiency Implementing entity: • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency • Energy suppliers • End-users Monitoring entity: Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Number of devices sold (A+++, A++, A+, A) Final energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 67.8 Primary energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 99.7 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Platform for energy efficiency, for education of the population and journalists and experience sharing of the private sector for successfully implemented EE measures implemented • Info Centre for Energy of the City of Skopje opened • Free advices to the customers for reasonable consumption of electricity enabled by EVN’s Customer Service Centre • Broadcasting of TV spots, announcements, campaigns and documentary films • Extension of the Platform for energy efficiency • Continuous work of the existing and opening new information centres Finance: Budget: 8 M€ + 704 M€ (investment in advanced technologies) Source of finance: Private sector, donors, central and local governments Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy strategy up to 2040, NECP; 3rd BURLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Assumptions/ General comments: Investment in public awareness rising campaigns that will increase the share of more efficient appliances (with higher class of efficiency), in the overall stock, by 2040 to A-M-14: Retrofitting of existing residential buildings Main objective: To meet the requirements under the Energy Efficiency Law Description: The measure considers reconstructions of residential buildings including windows replacement, initiated by the owners and/or supported by commercial banks and funds. This measure will provide issuing of certificates for energy performance of buildings, as a prerequisite for putting the reconstructions into operation Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Technical, regulatory Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Energy efficiency directive 2010/31/EC, Directive of energy performance of buildings Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Strategy for Energy Development of RN Macedonia up to 2040 • Law on energy efficiency Implementing entity: • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency • Donors and financial institutions • Households Monitoring entity: Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Final energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 42.0 Primary energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 50.4 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • 31 buildings for collective housing were renovated (EE measures implemented) under the USAID/Habitat Project for residential energy efficiency • Financial support for rehabilitation of buildings for collective housing with implementation of EE measures provided by some municipalities • Call for applications for reimbursement of 50% of the costs for windows replacement and installation of PVC and aluminium windows, but not more than 500 €, provided by the Ministry of Economy • Law on Energy Efficiency adopted • National Building Renovation Strategy to be developed and adopted • Establishment of an Energy Efficiency Fund Finance: Budget: 1708.2 M€ Source of finance: Private, donors through commercial EE loans, EE fund Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy strategy up to 2040, NECP; 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: The existing residential buildings, while meet the standard for at least C class (90 kWh/m2).', 'This measure will provide issuing of certificates for energy performance of buildings, as a prerequisite for putting the reconstructions into operation Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Technical, regulatory Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Energy efficiency directive 2010/31/EC, Directive of energy performance of buildings Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Strategy for Energy Development of RN Macedonia up to 2040 • Law on energy efficiency Implementing entity: • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency • Donors and financial institutions • Households Monitoring entity: Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Final energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 42.0 Primary energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 50.4 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • 31 buildings for collective housing were renovated (EE measures implemented) under the USAID/Habitat Project for residential energy efficiency • Financial support for rehabilitation of buildings for collective housing with implementation of EE measures provided by some municipalities • Call for applications for reimbursement of 50% of the costs for windows replacement and installation of PVC and aluminium windows, but not more than 500 €, provided by the Ministry of Economy • Law on Energy Efficiency adopted • National Building Renovation Strategy to be developed and adopted • Establishment of an Energy Efficiency Fund Finance: Budget: 1708.2 M€ Source of finance: Private, donors through commercial EE loans, EE fund Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy strategy up to 2040, NECP; 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: The existing residential buildings, while meet the standard for at least C class (90 kWh/m2). The annual renovation rate considered is 2%Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan A-M-15: Retrofitting of existing central government buildings Main objective: Retrofitting of existing public buildings with aim to meet the objectives of the EE Directive and the Energy Efficiency Law Description: Having in mind the situation with the energy performance of the public buildings at central level and the role that they should play, it is essential to boost their renovation.', 'The annual renovation rate considered is 2%Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan A-M-15: Retrofitting of existing central government buildings Main objective: Retrofitting of existing public buildings with aim to meet the objectives of the EE Directive and the Energy Efficiency Law Description: Having in mind the situation with the energy performance of the public buildings at central level and the role that they should play, it is essential to boost their renovation. Article 5 of the EE Directive is of great importance because it can be a starting point for the retrofit expansion.', 'Article 5 of the EE Directive is of great importance because it can be a starting point for the retrofit expansion. In absence of recent information about the public building stock, in the calculations the heated area of building stock from the National Program for EE in public buildings (Draft version) is considered (including health care sector, universities, student dormitories, science institutions, social care institutions, centres for social affairs, as well as state administrative sector – Ministry of Economy, Ministry of Education and Science, Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning and Ministry of Transport and Communications). In addition, the specific consumption given in the same document is used (average 214 kWh/m2).', 'In addition, the specific consumption given in the same document is used (average 214 kWh/m2). This measure considers reconstruction including windows replacement of existing public buildings under jurisdiction of the central government. The measure will provide issuing of certificates for energy performance of buildings, as a prerequisite for putting the reconstructions into operation.', 'The measure will provide issuing of certificates for energy performance of buildings, as a prerequisite for putting the reconstructions into operation. Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Technical, regulatory Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Energy efficiency directive 2010/31/EC, Directive of energy performance of buildings Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Strategy for Energy Development of RN Macedonia up to 2040 • Law on energy efficiency Implementing entity: • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency • Ministry of Finance • Local self-government • Municipal public enterprises • Donors and financial institutions Monitoring entity: Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Final energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 4.8 Primary energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 6.6 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Draft National Program for energy efficiency in public buildings in the RN Macedonia (Phase I) was developed under the GEF Sustainable Energy Project • “Resilient Skopje” – Climate Change Strategy for the City of Skopje developed • National Building Renovation Strategy to be developed and adopted • Establishment of an Energy Efficiency Fund Finance: Budget: 170 M€ Source of finance: Central government budget, donors Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy strategy up to 2040, NECP; 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: Annual renovation rate of 3% of the existing central government buildingsLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan A-M-16: Retrofitting of existing local self-government buildings Main objective: Retrofitting of existing public buildings with aim to meet the objectives of the EE Directive and the Energy Efficiency Law Description: Local self-government should be encouraged by the central government renovation strategy, so they can put special attention on buildings under their competence.', 'Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Technical, regulatory Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Energy efficiency directive 2010/31/EC, Directive of energy performance of buildings Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Strategy for Energy Development of RN Macedonia up to 2040 • Law on energy efficiency Implementing entity: • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency • Ministry of Finance • Local self-government • Municipal public enterprises • Donors and financial institutions Monitoring entity: Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Final energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 4.8 Primary energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 6.6 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Draft National Program for energy efficiency in public buildings in the RN Macedonia (Phase I) was developed under the GEF Sustainable Energy Project • “Resilient Skopje” – Climate Change Strategy for the City of Skopje developed • National Building Renovation Strategy to be developed and adopted • Establishment of an Energy Efficiency Fund Finance: Budget: 170 M€ Source of finance: Central government budget, donors Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy strategy up to 2040, NECP; 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: Annual renovation rate of 3% of the existing central government buildingsLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan A-M-16: Retrofitting of existing local self-government buildings Main objective: Retrofitting of existing public buildings with aim to meet the objectives of the EE Directive and the Energy Efficiency Law Description: Local self-government should be encouraged by the central government renovation strategy, so they can put special attention on buildings under their competence. For the calculations, the heated area of building stock from the National Program for EE in public buildings (Draft version) is considered (including primary and secondary schools, kindergartens, pupils’ dormitories, municipalities and the City of Skopje buildings).', 'For the calculations, the heated area of building stock from the National Program for EE in public buildings (Draft version) is considered (including primary and secondary schools, kindergartens, pupils’ dormitories, municipalities and the City of Skopje buildings). In addition, the specific consumption given in the same document is used (average 214 kWh/m2). This measure considers reconstruction including windows replacement of existing public buildings under jurisdiction of the local self-government. The measure will provide issuing of certificates for energy performance of buildings, as a prerequisite for putting the reconstructions into operation.', 'The measure will provide issuing of certificates for energy performance of buildings, as a prerequisite for putting the reconstructions into operation. Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Technical, regulatory Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Energy efficiency directive 2010/31/EC, Directive of energy performance of buildings Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Strategy for Energy Development of RN Macedonia up to 2040 • Law on energy efficiency Implementing entity: • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency • Ministry of Finance • Local self-government • Municipal public enterprises • Donors and financial institutions Monitoring entity: Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Final energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 4.7 Primary energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 6.7 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Draft National Program for energy efficiency in public buildings in the RN Macedonia (Phase I) was developed under the GEF Sustainable Energy Project • “Resilient Skopje” – Climate Change Strategy for the City of Skopje developed • Law on Energy Efficiency adopted • National Building Renovation Strategy to be developed and adopted • Establishment of an Energy Efficiency Fund Finance: Budget: 150 M€ Source of finance: Local self-government budget, donors Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy strategy up to 2040, NECP; 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: Annual renovation rate of 1.5% of the existing local self-government buildingsLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan A-M-17: Retrofitting of existing commercial buildings Main objective: Retrofitting of existing commercial buildings with aim to meet the objectives of the EE Directive and the Energy Efficiency Law Description: There is lack of data for the commercial building stock, but according to third NEEAP the commercial building area is estimated to nearly 8 million m2.', 'Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Technical, regulatory Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Energy efficiency directive 2010/31/EC, Directive of energy performance of buildings Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Strategy for Energy Development of RN Macedonia up to 2040 • Law on energy efficiency Implementing entity: • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency • Ministry of Finance • Local self-government • Municipal public enterprises • Donors and financial institutions Monitoring entity: Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Final energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 4.7 Primary energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 6.7 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Draft National Program for energy efficiency in public buildings in the RN Macedonia (Phase I) was developed under the GEF Sustainable Energy Project • “Resilient Skopje” – Climate Change Strategy for the City of Skopje developed • Law on Energy Efficiency adopted • National Building Renovation Strategy to be developed and adopted • Establishment of an Energy Efficiency Fund Finance: Budget: 150 M€ Source of finance: Local self-government budget, donors Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy strategy up to 2040, NECP; 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: Annual renovation rate of 1.5% of the existing local self-government buildingsLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan A-M-17: Retrofitting of existing commercial buildings Main objective: Retrofitting of existing commercial buildings with aim to meet the objectives of the EE Directive and the Energy Efficiency Law Description: There is lack of data for the commercial building stock, but according to third NEEAP the commercial building area is estimated to nearly 8 million m2. This measure considers reconstructions of existing commercial buildings including windows replacement initiated by the owners and/or supported by commercial banks and funds.', 'This measure considers reconstructions of existing commercial buildings including windows replacement initiated by the owners and/or supported by commercial banks and funds. The measure will provide issuing of certificates for energy performance of buildings, as a prerequisite for putting the reconstructions into operation Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Technical, regulatory Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Energy efficiency directive 2010/31/EC, Directive of energy performance of buildings Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Strategy for Energy Development of RN Macedonia up to 2040 • Law on energy efficiency Implementing entity: • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency • Ministry of Finance • Commercial building owners Monitoring entity: Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Final energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 26.5 Primary energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 35.7 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Law on Energy Efficiency adopted • Annual renovation rate of 1% for the existing commercial buildings Finance: Budget: 530 M€ Source of finance: Private, donors through commercial EE loans, EE fund Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy strategy up to 2040, NECP; 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: Annual renovation rate of 1.5% of the existing commercial buildings A-M-18: Construction of new buildings Main objective: Construction of new buildings that will meet the minimum criteria set in the Rulebook of energy performance in buildings Description: An energy efficient building reduces maintenance and utility costs, but, in many cases, improves durability, lessens noise, increases comfort and creates a healthy and safe indoor environment.', 'The measure will provide issuing of certificates for energy performance of buildings, as a prerequisite for putting the reconstructions into operation Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Technical, regulatory Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Energy efficiency directive 2010/31/EC, Directive of energy performance of buildings Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Strategy for Energy Development of RN Macedonia up to 2040 • Law on energy efficiency Implementing entity: • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency • Ministry of Finance • Commercial building owners Monitoring entity: Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Final energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 26.5 Primary energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 35.7 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Law on Energy Efficiency adopted • Annual renovation rate of 1% for the existing commercial buildings Finance: Budget: 530 M€ Source of finance: Private, donors through commercial EE loans, EE fund Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy strategy up to 2040, NECP; 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: Annual renovation rate of 1.5% of the existing commercial buildings A-M-18: Construction of new buildings Main objective: Construction of new buildings that will meet the minimum criteria set in the Rulebook of energy performance in buildings Description: An energy efficient building reduces maintenance and utility costs, but, in many cases, improves durability, lessens noise, increases comfort and creates a healthy and safe indoor environment. A further goal of energy efficient construction is to limit damage to the ecosystem and reduce the use of natural resources like energy, land, water, and raw materials.', 'A further goal of energy efficient construction is to limit damage to the ecosystem and reduce the use of natural resources like energy, land, water, and raw materials. This measure will provide issuing of certificates for energy performance of buildings, as a prerequisite for putting the building into operationLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Technical, regulatory Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Energy efficiency directive 2010/31/EC, Directive of energy performance of buildings Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Strategy for Energy Development of RN Macedonia up to 2040 • Law on energy efficiency Implementing entity: • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency • Donors and financial institutions • Investors (households) Monitoring entity: Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Final energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 12.0 Primary energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 14.3 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Financial support for construction of new buildings at municipality level • Law on Energy Efficiency adopted • National Building Renovation Strategy to be developed and adopted • Establishment of an Energy Efficiency Fund Finance: Budget: 282.7 M€ Source of finance: Private, donors through commercial EE loans, EE fund Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy strategy up to 2040, NECP; 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: Construction of new residential buildings, while meeting the standard for at least C A-M-19: Construction of passive buildings Main objective: After 31.12.2020 all new building should be nearly zero-energy buildings Description: The measure considers construction of new passive residential buildings in compliance with the EU Directive 2010/31/EU.', 'This measure will provide issuing of certificates for energy performance of buildings, as a prerequisite for putting the building into operationLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Technical, regulatory Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Energy efficiency directive 2010/31/EC, Directive of energy performance of buildings Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Strategy for Energy Development of RN Macedonia up to 2040 • Law on energy efficiency Implementing entity: • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency • Donors and financial institutions • Investors (households) Monitoring entity: Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Final energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 12.0 Primary energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 14.3 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Financial support for construction of new buildings at municipality level • Law on Energy Efficiency adopted • National Building Renovation Strategy to be developed and adopted • Establishment of an Energy Efficiency Fund Finance: Budget: 282.7 M€ Source of finance: Private, donors through commercial EE loans, EE fund Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy strategy up to 2040, NECP; 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: Construction of new residential buildings, while meeting the standard for at least C A-M-19: Construction of passive buildings Main objective: After 31.12.2020 all new building should be nearly zero-energy buildings Description: The measure considers construction of new passive residential buildings in compliance with the EU Directive 2010/31/EU. This measure will provide issuing of certificates for energy performance of buildings, as a prerequisite for putting the building into operation Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Technical, regulatory Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Energy efficiency directive 2010/31/EC, Directive of energy performance of buildings Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Strategy for Energy Development of RN Macedonia up to 2040 • Law on energy efficiency Implementing entity: • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency • Donors and financial institutionsLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan • Investors (households) Monitoring entity: Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Final energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 8.5 Primary energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 10.5 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Law on Energy Efficiency adopted • National Building Renovation Strategy to be developed and adopted • Establishment of an Energy Efficiency Fund Finance: Budget: 1068 M€ Source of finance: Private, donors through commercial EE loans, EE fund, financial support at municipality level Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy strategy up to 2040, NECP; 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: Construction of new passive buildings, while meeting the standard for at least A+ class (15 kWh/m2) starting from 2020 and continuously increasing their number so that in 2040, 85% of new buildings are assumed to be passive A-M-20: Phasing out of incandescent lights Main objective: Improve the efficiency of lighting following the EU policies Description: Governments around the world have passed measures to phase out incandescent light bulbs for general lighting in favour of more energy-efficient lighting alternatives.', 'This measure will provide issuing of certificates for energy performance of buildings, as a prerequisite for putting the building into operation Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Technical, regulatory Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Energy efficiency directive 2010/31/EC, Directive of energy performance of buildings Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Strategy for Energy Development of RN Macedonia up to 2040 • Law on energy efficiency Implementing entity: • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency • Donors and financial institutionsLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan • Investors (households) Monitoring entity: Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Final energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 8.5 Primary energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 10.5 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Law on Energy Efficiency adopted • National Building Renovation Strategy to be developed and adopted • Establishment of an Energy Efficiency Fund Finance: Budget: 1068 M€ Source of finance: Private, donors through commercial EE loans, EE fund, financial support at municipality level Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy strategy up to 2040, NECP; 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: Construction of new passive buildings, while meeting the standard for at least A+ class (15 kWh/m2) starting from 2020 and continuously increasing their number so that in 2040, 85% of new buildings are assumed to be passive A-M-20: Phasing out of incandescent lights Main objective: Improve the efficiency of lighting following the EU policies Description: Governments around the world have passed measures to phase out incandescent light bulbs for general lighting in favour of more energy-efficient lighting alternatives. The goal is to improve energy efficiency, rather than forbid the use of incandescent technology.', 'The goal is to improve energy efficiency, rather than forbid the use of incandescent technology. This measure includes replacing conventional incandescent light bulbs with halogen ones (at the beginning) and later with compact fluorescent (CFL) and LED Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Regulatory, policy Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Commission Regulation(EC) No 244/2009 implementing Directive 2005/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to eco-design requirements for non-directional household lamps Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Strategy for Energy Development of RN Macedonia up to 2040 • Law on Energy Efficiency • Commission Regulation(EC) No 244/2009 implementing Directive 2005/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to eco-design requirements for non-directional household lamps Implementing entity: • Government of the Republic of North Macedonia • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency • End-users Monitoring entity: Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Final energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 66.0Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Primary energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 118.4 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: Adoption of a Regulation that will prohibit sales of incandescent light bulbs Finance: Budget: 558.0 M€ Source of finance: Central government budget, private Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy strategy up to 2040, NECP; 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: It is assumed that a Regulation will be adopted on prohibiting sales of incandescent light bulbs, its implementation will start in 2020, and it is assumed that there will be 2-3 years of transition period A-M-21: Improvement of the street lighting in the municipalities Main objective: Reduce the costs and increase the quality of street lighting Description: The cost of street lighting, including electricity and maintenance, can have a huge impact on the budget of the municipalities.', 'This measure includes replacing conventional incandescent light bulbs with halogen ones (at the beginning) and later with compact fluorescent (CFL) and LED Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Regulatory, policy Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Commission Regulation(EC) No 244/2009 implementing Directive 2005/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to eco-design requirements for non-directional household lamps Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Strategy for Energy Development of RN Macedonia up to 2040 • Law on Energy Efficiency • Commission Regulation(EC) No 244/2009 implementing Directive 2005/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to eco-design requirements for non-directional household lamps Implementing entity: • Government of the Republic of North Macedonia • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency • End-users Monitoring entity: Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Final energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 66.0Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Primary energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 118.4 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: Adoption of a Regulation that will prohibit sales of incandescent light bulbs Finance: Budget: 558.0 M€ Source of finance: Central government budget, private Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy strategy up to 2040, NECP; 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: It is assumed that a Regulation will be adopted on prohibiting sales of incandescent light bulbs, its implementation will start in 2020, and it is assumed that there will be 2-3 years of transition period A-M-21: Improvement of the street lighting in the municipalities Main objective: Reduce the costs and increase the quality of street lighting Description: The cost of street lighting, including electricity and maintenance, can have a huge impact on the budget of the municipalities. In addition, having in mind that a lot of manufactories work on daily bases on the improvement of the light bulbs, new opportunities are being opened for the municipalities.', 'In addition, having in mind that a lot of manufactories work on daily bases on the improvement of the light bulbs, new opportunities are being opened for the municipalities. The inefficient light bulbs should be replaced, purchasing new ones that comply with the criteria of belonging to the highest EE class possible (CFL and LED lamps) Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Energy efficiency directive 2010/31/EC Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Strategy for Energy Development of RN Macedonia up to 2040 • Law on Energy Efficiency Implementing entity: • Government of the Republic of North Macedonia • Energy Regulatory Commission • Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency • Local self-government Monitoring entity: Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Final energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 7.8 Primary energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 14.2 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Street lighting at some location replaced • Promotional activities for the implementation of public-private partnership (PPP) taken • Continuing the promotional activities for the implementation of public-private partnershipLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Finance: Budget: 25.3 M€ Source of finance: Central and local government budget, ESCO Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy strategy up to 2040, NECP; 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: Improvement rate of 100% of street lighting by 2040 A-M-22: Green procurements Main objective: Application of energy efficiency criteria (“greening”) in public procurement procedures Description: According to Article 6 from the EE Directive, central governments can purchase only products, services and buildings with high energy-efficiency performance.', 'The inefficient light bulbs should be replaced, purchasing new ones that comply with the criteria of belonging to the highest EE class possible (CFL and LED lamps) Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Energy efficiency directive 2010/31/EC Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Strategy for Energy Development of RN Macedonia up to 2040 • Law on Energy Efficiency Implementing entity: • Government of the Republic of North Macedonia • Energy Regulatory Commission • Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency • Local self-government Monitoring entity: Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Final energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 7.8 Primary energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 14.2 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Street lighting at some location replaced • Promotional activities for the implementation of public-private partnership (PPP) taken • Continuing the promotional activities for the implementation of public-private partnershipLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Finance: Budget: 25.3 M€ Source of finance: Central and local government budget, ESCO Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy strategy up to 2040, NECP; 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: Improvement rate of 100% of street lighting by 2040 A-M-22: Green procurements Main objective: Application of energy efficiency criteria (“greening”) in public procurement procedures Description: According to Article 6 from the EE Directive, central governments can purchase only products, services and buildings with high energy-efficiency performance. Intensified activities should take place to ensure legal and technical knowledge and skills of public sector entities for inclusion and evaluation of requirements for energy efficiency in public procurement procedures by applying the criteria of most economically advantageous tender Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Regulatory Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Energy efficiency directive 2010/31/EC Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Strategy for Energy Development of RN Macedonia up to 2040 • Law on Energy Efficiency Implementing entity: • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency • Public Procurement Bureau • Local self-government Monitoring entity: Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Final energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 2.5 Primary energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 2.4 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Law on Energy Efficiency adopted • Law on Public procurements • By-laws from the Law on Energy efficiency to be developed Finance: Budget: 24 M€ Source of finance: Central and local government budget Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy strategy up to 2040, NECP; 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: Increased rate of advanced energy efficiency technology due to public procurement byLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan A-M-23: Increased use of central heating systems Main objective: Reduction of local air pollution, as household heating is one of the main sources for local pollution Description: Increased use of the existing central heating systems through the implementation of information campaigns for connecting new consumers, including those who have been disconnected from the system in the past Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Technical, information Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Energy efficiency directive 2010/31/EC Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Strategy for Energy Development of RN Macedonia up to 2040 • Law on Energy Efficiency • Study for determining the techno-economic optimal and environmentally sustainable structure of heating and implementation of the central supply of sanitary hot water in the City of Skopje Implementing entity: • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency • Balkan energy Dooel Skopje • JSC Skopje Sever • “Energetika” –Skopje, subsidiary to JSC Macedonian Power Plants (ESM AD) • Private investors Monitoring entity: • Energy Regulatory Commission • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Final energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 1.3 Primary energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 2.1 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Studies for analysis of the central heating system and implementation of central supply of sanitary hot water developed • Information campaigns for re-connection of the previously disconnected consumers and attraction of new consumers implemented • Reduced the VAT from 18% to 5% • Continuing the implementation of the information campaigns Finance: Budget: Source of finance: Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy strategy up to 2040, NECP; 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: Information campaigns will contribute to maximize the utilization of the existing network as well as to enable construction of new network, which will increase the heat consumption for at least 40% A-M-24: Energy management in manufacturing industriesLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Main objective: Efficient management of manufacturing processes in industry aiming to increase production using the same energy consumption Description: This measure considers implementation of obligatory energy audits of large companies and implementation of ISO 50001 standard, as well as advanced measurement and introduction of new IT technologies.', 'Intensified activities should take place to ensure legal and technical knowledge and skills of public sector entities for inclusion and evaluation of requirements for energy efficiency in public procurement procedures by applying the criteria of most economically advantageous tender Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Regulatory Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Energy efficiency directive 2010/31/EC Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Strategy for Energy Development of RN Macedonia up to 2040 • Law on Energy Efficiency Implementing entity: • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency • Public Procurement Bureau • Local self-government Monitoring entity: Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Final energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 2.5 Primary energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 2.4 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Law on Energy Efficiency adopted • Law on Public procurements • By-laws from the Law on Energy efficiency to be developed Finance: Budget: 24 M€ Source of finance: Central and local government budget Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy strategy up to 2040, NECP; 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: Increased rate of advanced energy efficiency technology due to public procurement byLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan A-M-23: Increased use of central heating systems Main objective: Reduction of local air pollution, as household heating is one of the main sources for local pollution Description: Increased use of the existing central heating systems through the implementation of information campaigns for connecting new consumers, including those who have been disconnected from the system in the past Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Technical, information Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Energy efficiency directive 2010/31/EC Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Strategy for Energy Development of RN Macedonia up to 2040 • Law on Energy Efficiency • Study for determining the techno-economic optimal and environmentally sustainable structure of heating and implementation of the central supply of sanitary hot water in the City of Skopje Implementing entity: • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency • Balkan energy Dooel Skopje • JSC Skopje Sever • “Energetika” –Skopje, subsidiary to JSC Macedonian Power Plants (ESM AD) • Private investors Monitoring entity: • Energy Regulatory Commission • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Final energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 1.3 Primary energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 2.1 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Studies for analysis of the central heating system and implementation of central supply of sanitary hot water developed • Information campaigns for re-connection of the previously disconnected consumers and attraction of new consumers implemented • Reduced the VAT from 18% to 5% • Continuing the implementation of the information campaigns Finance: Budget: Source of finance: Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy strategy up to 2040, NECP; 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: Information campaigns will contribute to maximize the utilization of the existing network as well as to enable construction of new network, which will increase the heat consumption for at least 40% A-M-24: Energy management in manufacturing industriesLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Main objective: Efficient management of manufacturing processes in industry aiming to increase production using the same energy consumption Description: This measure considers implementation of obligatory energy audits of large companies and implementation of ISO 50001 standard, as well as advanced measurement and introduction of new IT technologies. This will enable prevention of defects, better process control and quicker response times in manufacturing using advanced data analysis and predictive technologies Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Technical, regulatory Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Energy efficiency directive 2010/31/EC Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Strategy for Energy Development of the RN Macedonia up to 2040 • Law on energy efficiency Implementing entity: • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency • Private companies Monitoring entity: • Energy Regulatory Commission • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Final energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 15.7 Primary energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 18.8 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: Finance: Budget: Source of finance: Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: • Promotion of ISO 50001 standards completed • Training on implementation of energy management in industry organized • Certificates for energy auditors issued • USAID project for energy management in industry realized in 17 companies • UNIDO/GEF Project in which one of the activities is Program for energy management in industrial companies according to ISO 50001 standard and the UNIDO Methodology.', 'This will enable prevention of defects, better process control and quicker response times in manufacturing using advanced data analysis and predictive technologies Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Technical, regulatory Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Energy efficiency directive 2010/31/EC Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Strategy for Energy Development of the RN Macedonia up to 2040 • Law on energy efficiency Implementing entity: • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency • Private companies Monitoring entity: • Energy Regulatory Commission • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Final energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 15.7 Primary energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 18.8 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: Finance: Budget: Source of finance: Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: • Promotion of ISO 50001 standards completed • Training on implementation of energy management in industry organized • Certificates for energy auditors issued • USAID project for energy management in industry realized in 17 companies • UNIDO/GEF Project in which one of the activities is Program for energy management in industrial companies according to ISO 50001 standard and the UNIDO Methodology. Initial results achieved in 12 companies and additionally Program for replications of the energy management systems realized in 5 companies • Continuation of the implementation of ISO 50001 standard in more industrial companies (manufacturing industries) • Implementation of obligatory energy audits Assumptions/ General comments: Improvement of the systems efficiency in manufacturing industries at annual rate of A-M-25: Introduction of efficient electric motorsLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Main objective: Increase the competitiveness of the industrial products through improvement of the efficiency in the production process and reducing the resources Description: Electric motors are responsible for a high share of the total electricity consumption in industries.', 'Initial results achieved in 12 companies and additionally Program for replications of the energy management systems realized in 5 companies • Continuation of the implementation of ISO 50001 standard in more industrial companies (manufacturing industries) • Implementation of obligatory energy audits Assumptions/ General comments: Improvement of the systems efficiency in manufacturing industries at annual rate of A-M-25: Introduction of efficient electric motorsLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Main objective: Increase the competitiveness of the industrial products through improvement of the efficiency in the production process and reducing the resources Description: Electric motors are responsible for a high share of the total electricity consumption in industries. This measure considers replacement of the obsolete machines currently in use, with new more efficient motors Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Energy efficiency directive 2010/31/EC Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Strategy for Energy Development of the RN Macedonia up to 2040 • Law on energy efficiency Implementing entity: • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency • Private companies Monitoring entity: • Energy Regulatory Commission • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Final energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 5.0 Primary energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 7.8 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • New efficient electric motors installed in a number of companies • Replacement of the existing electric motors from the production processes in the industry facilities in RN Macedonia with more efficient ones Finance: Budget: 5.0 Source of finance: 7.8 Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy Strategy up to 2040, NECP, 3rd BUR.', 'This measure considers replacement of the obsolete machines currently in use, with new more efficient motors Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Energy efficiency directive 2010/31/EC Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Strategy for Energy Development of the RN Macedonia up to 2040 • Law on energy efficiency Implementing entity: • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency • Private companies Monitoring entity: • Energy Regulatory Commission • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Final energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 5.0 Primary energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 7.8 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • New efficient electric motors installed in a number of companies • Replacement of the existing electric motors from the production processes in the industry facilities in RN Macedonia with more efficient ones Finance: Budget: 5.0 Source of finance: 7.8 Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy Strategy up to 2040, NECP, 3rd BUR. Study of the Industry Sector - Analysis of Mitigation Policies and Measures Assumptions/ General comments: It is envisaged that the share of efficient electric motors by 2040 will be 60% A-M-26: Introduction of more advanced technologies Main objective: Introduction of more advanced technologies in the industrial processes that will also enable use of more environmentally friendly fuels Description: Advanced industrial technologies present major opportunities for further reduction of the energy consumption and potentially lower costs as well as environmental benefits.', 'Study of the Industry Sector - Analysis of Mitigation Policies and Measures Assumptions/ General comments: It is envisaged that the share of efficient electric motors by 2040 will be 60% A-M-26: Introduction of more advanced technologies Main objective: Introduction of more advanced technologies in the industrial processes that will also enable use of more environmentally friendly fuels Description: Advanced industrial technologies present major opportunities for further reduction of the energy consumption and potentially lower costs as well as environmental benefits. In addition, they can help various industries to progress at a much faster rate Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Energy efficiency directive 2010/31/ECLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Strategy for Energy Development of the RN Macedonia up to 2040 • Law on energy efficiency Implementing entity: • Government of the Republic of North Macedonia • Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency • Private investors Monitoring entity: Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Final energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 59.4 Primary energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 62.5 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Construction of gas network in RN Macedonia • Klechovce-Valve station 5 (Stip), finished in 2016 • Valve station 5(Stip)-Negotino, finished in 2019 • Finishing the construction of gas network in RN Macedonia • Negotino (Kavadarci)-Bitola, 76.36% realized November 2019 • Skopje-Tetovo-Gostivar, 53.1% realized November 2019 • Gostivar-Kicevo, in a process of obtaining building permit (by 2022) • Kicevo-Ohrid (to be finished by 2025) • Valve station 5 (Stip)-Radovis-Strumica Finance: Budget: 438.6 M€ Source of finance: Private, donors through commercial EE loans, EE fund Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy Strategy up to 2040, NECP, 3rd BUR.', 'In addition, they can help various industries to progress at a much faster rate Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Energy efficiency directive 2010/31/ECLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Strategy for Energy Development of the RN Macedonia up to 2040 • Law on energy efficiency Implementing entity: • Government of the Republic of North Macedonia • Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency • Private investors Monitoring entity: Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Final energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 59.4 Primary energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 62.5 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Construction of gas network in RN Macedonia • Klechovce-Valve station 5 (Stip), finished in 2016 • Valve station 5(Stip)-Negotino, finished in 2019 • Finishing the construction of gas network in RN Macedonia • Negotino (Kavadarci)-Bitola, 76.36% realized November 2019 • Skopje-Tetovo-Gostivar, 53.1% realized November 2019 • Gostivar-Kicevo, in a process of obtaining building permit (by 2022) • Kicevo-Ohrid (to be finished by 2025) • Valve station 5 (Stip)-Radovis-Strumica Finance: Budget: 438.6 M€ Source of finance: Private, donors through commercial EE loans, EE fund Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy Strategy up to 2040, NECP, 3rd BUR. Study of the Industry Sector - Analysis of Mitigation Policies and Measure Assumptions/ General comments: The share of more advanced technologies by 2040 is 60% from all technologies A-M-27: Increased use of the railway Main objective: Improve the energy efficiency in the transport sector using cheap and efficient railway transport Description: Although the rail transport is cheap, official statistical data show that in the last three years there is a downward trend.', 'Study of the Industry Sector - Analysis of Mitigation Policies and Measure Assumptions/ General comments: The share of more advanced technologies by 2040 is 60% from all technologies A-M-27: Increased use of the railway Main objective: Improve the energy efficiency in the transport sector using cheap and efficient railway transport Description: Although the rail transport is cheap, official statistical data show that in the last three years there is a downward trend. Using this mode of transport as one of the most efficient can also improve the competitiveness of the companies. Therefore, at least several listed measures should be implemented, aiming to return the utilization level of this transport as of three years ago, and further increase it.', 'Therefore, at least several listed measures should be implemented, aiming to return the utilization level of this transport as of three years ago, and further increase it. The measure includes: • implement raising awareness campaigns • invest in stations and improve the “access to the stations” • increase the network security and expand the network coverage Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: TechnicalLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Directive on the Promotion of Clean and Energy Efficient Road Transport Vehicles 2009/33/EC, Regulation on CO2 from cars and vans (2009/443/EC Regulation on CO2 from cars and vans 2009/443/EC Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • National Transport Strategy • Strategy for Energy Development of the RN Macedonia up to 2040 Implementing entity: • Government of the Republic of North Macedonia • Ministry of Transport and Communications • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency • JSC Macedonian Railway Transport • End-users • Private companies Monitoring entity: Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Final energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 14.8 Primary energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 12.3 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • 150 freight cars and six compositions consisting of a locomotive and passenger cars ordered by the Government as part of a project with the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD).', 'The measure includes: • implement raising awareness campaigns • invest in stations and improve the “access to the stations” • increase the network security and expand the network coverage Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: TechnicalLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Directive on the Promotion of Clean and Energy Efficient Road Transport Vehicles 2009/33/EC, Regulation on CO2 from cars and vans (2009/443/EC Regulation on CO2 from cars and vans 2009/443/EC Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • National Transport Strategy • Strategy for Energy Development of the RN Macedonia up to 2040 Implementing entity: • Government of the Republic of North Macedonia • Ministry of Transport and Communications • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency • JSC Macedonian Railway Transport • End-users • Private companies Monitoring entity: Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Final energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 14.8 Primary energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 12.3 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • 150 freight cars and six compositions consisting of a locomotive and passenger cars ordered by the Government as part of a project with the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). Some of these have already been received and put into use • Campaigns for cheaper/free driving of certain categories of passengers (young people, pensioners, etc.)', 'Some of these have already been received and put into use • Campaigns for cheaper/free driving of certain categories of passengers (young people, pensioners, etc.) carried out • Implement promotional campaigns for raising public awareness • Continuing the campaigns for cheaper/free driving • Enabling additional conditions for companies Finance: Budget: 180.6 M€ Source of finance: Central government budget Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy Strategy up to 2040, NECP, 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: By 2040, 3% of the passenger kilometres of cars, 1% of passenger kilometres of busses and 6.6% of tonnes kilometres of heavy-duty vehicles will be realized by railway transport A-M-28: Renewing of the national car fleet Main objective: Use of more advanced technologies in order to slow down the growing energy consumption in the transport sector, which is complex and with limited capabilities of energy use reduction Description: The measures recommended in the Study on the transport sector analysis of policies and measures should be implemented: Reduction of VAT from 18% to 5% for hybrid and electric vehicles; Direct subsidizing of hybrid vehicles, Excise duties of diesel fuel and petrol need to be gradually equalled.', 'carried out • Implement promotional campaigns for raising public awareness • Continuing the campaigns for cheaper/free driving • Enabling additional conditions for companies Finance: Budget: 180.6 M€ Source of finance: Central government budget Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy Strategy up to 2040, NECP, 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: By 2040, 3% of the passenger kilometres of cars, 1% of passenger kilometres of busses and 6.6% of tonnes kilometres of heavy-duty vehicles will be realized by railway transport A-M-28: Renewing of the national car fleet Main objective: Use of more advanced technologies in order to slow down the growing energy consumption in the transport sector, which is complex and with limited capabilities of energy use reduction Description: The measures recommended in the Study on the transport sector analysis of policies and measures should be implemented: Reduction of VAT from 18% to 5% for hybrid and electric vehicles; Direct subsidizing of hybrid vehicles, Excise duties of diesel fuel and petrol need to be gradually equalled. Obligations of public institutions to purchase vehicles with low CO2 emissions (up to 90 gCO2/km by 2020 and 50 gCO2/km by 2025).', 'Obligations of public institutions to purchase vehicles with low CO2 emissions (up to 90 gCO2/km by 2020 and 50 gCO2/km by 2025). Implementation period: 2020 – 2040Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Type of policy instrument: Regulatory, policy, information Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Directive on the Promotion of Clean and Energy Efficient Road Transport Vehicles 2009/33/EC, Regulation on CO2 from cars and vans (2009/443/EC Regulation on CO2 from cars and vans 2009/443/EC Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • National Transport Strategy • Strategy for Energy Development of the RN Macedonia up to 2040 • Law on vehicles • Law on vehicle tax Implementing entity: • Government of the Republic of North Macedonia • Ministry of Transport and Communications • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency • End-users Monitoring entity: • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency • Ministry of interior GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Final energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 13.9 Primary energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 13.9 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Law on vehicles adopted (August 2019) • Law on vehicle tax by-laws to be adopted • Implementation of the program for subsidizing for purchasing vehicles stipulated in the Law on vehicles • Revision of the Law on excise duty to be prepared (excise duties of diesel fuel and petrol need to be gradually equalled) Finance: Budget: 2167.7 M€ Source of finance: Private, EE fund, incentives from the central government budget Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy Strategy up to 2040, NECP, 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: It is assumed that only new vehicles and vehicles not older than eight years will be sold, i.e.', 'Implementation period: 2020 – 2040Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Type of policy instrument: Regulatory, policy, information Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Directive on the Promotion of Clean and Energy Efficient Road Transport Vehicles 2009/33/EC, Regulation on CO2 from cars and vans (2009/443/EC Regulation on CO2 from cars and vans 2009/443/EC Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • National Transport Strategy • Strategy for Energy Development of the RN Macedonia up to 2040 • Law on vehicles • Law on vehicle tax Implementing entity: • Government of the Republic of North Macedonia • Ministry of Transport and Communications • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency • End-users Monitoring entity: • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency • Ministry of interior GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Final energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 13.9 Primary energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 13.9 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Law on vehicles adopted (August 2019) • Law on vehicle tax by-laws to be adopted • Implementation of the program for subsidizing for purchasing vehicles stipulated in the Law on vehicles • Revision of the Law on excise duty to be prepared (excise duties of diesel fuel and petrol need to be gradually equalled) Finance: Budget: 2167.7 M€ Source of finance: Private, EE fund, incentives from the central government budget Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy Strategy up to 2040, NECP, 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: It is assumed that only new vehicles and vehicles not older than eight years will be sold, i.e. vehicles that meet EU standards such as CO2 emissions in 2020 of 95 g CO2/km, and 70 g CO2/km by 2025.', 'vehicles that meet EU standards such as CO2 emissions in 2020 of 95 g CO2/km, and 70 g CO2/km by 2025. In addition, advanced technologies such as diesel and gasoline HEV will be used with a share of 35% in the total passenger km from cars by 2040.', 'In addition, advanced technologies such as diesel and gasoline HEV will be used with a share of 35% in the total passenger km from cars by 2040. A-M-29: Renewing of other national road fleet Main objective: Reduction of the local air pollution Description: This measure anticipates introduction of a regulation that will enable renewal of the vehicle fleet of light duty and heavy goods vehicles and buses Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Technical, regulatoryLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Directive on the Promotion of Clean and Energy Efficient Road Transport Vehicles Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • National Transport Strategy • Strategy for Energy Development of the RN Macedonia up to 2040 • Law on vehicles • Law on vehicle tax Implementing entity: • Government of the Republic of North Macedonia • Ministry of Transport and Communications • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency • Private companies Monitoring entity: • Ministry of Transport and Communications • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Final energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 20.8 Primary energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 20.8 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Law on vehicles adopted (August 2019) • Law on vehicle tax by-laws to be adopted • Successive implementation of EURO standards (EU new standard is a EURO 6, while in RN Macedonia is EURO 4) for import of new EE vehicles Finance: Budget: 2.300 M€ Source of finance: Private Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy Strategy up to 2040, NECP, 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: It is assumed that only new advanced vehicles such as HEVs that meet EU standards for exhaust fumes will be sold A-M-30: Advanced mobility Main objective: Reduction of the local air pollution Description: The measure includes conducting campaigns/providing subsidies and systems for use of new or rented bicycles, electric scooters, promoting walking, and introduction of parking policies that would reduce the use of cars in the city area.', 'A-M-29: Renewing of other national road fleet Main objective: Reduction of the local air pollution Description: This measure anticipates introduction of a regulation that will enable renewal of the vehicle fleet of light duty and heavy goods vehicles and buses Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Technical, regulatoryLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Directive on the Promotion of Clean and Energy Efficient Road Transport Vehicles Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • National Transport Strategy • Strategy for Energy Development of the RN Macedonia up to 2040 • Law on vehicles • Law on vehicle tax Implementing entity: • Government of the Republic of North Macedonia • Ministry of Transport and Communications • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency • Private companies Monitoring entity: • Ministry of Transport and Communications • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Final energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 20.8 Primary energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 20.8 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Law on vehicles adopted (August 2019) • Law on vehicle tax by-laws to be adopted • Successive implementation of EURO standards (EU new standard is a EURO 6, while in RN Macedonia is EURO 4) for import of new EE vehicles Finance: Budget: 2.300 M€ Source of finance: Private Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy Strategy up to 2040, NECP, 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: It is assumed that only new advanced vehicles such as HEVs that meet EU standards for exhaust fumes will be sold A-M-30: Advanced mobility Main objective: Reduction of the local air pollution Description: The measure includes conducting campaigns/providing subsidies and systems for use of new or rented bicycles, electric scooters, promoting walking, and introduction of parking policies that would reduce the use of cars in the city area. People, especially in smaller towns where a lot of them use cars for short distances, would increase the use of bicycles/electric scooters or walking Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Technical, regulatory Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • National Transport Strategy • Strategy for Energy Development of the RN Macedonia up to 2040 • Decisions made by municipalities to subsidize buying of new bicycles Implementing entity: • Ministry of Economy, Energy AgencyLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan • Local self-government • End-users Monitoring entity: • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency • Local self-government GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Final energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 1.2 Primary energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 1.2 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Subsidies and campaigns for buying new bicycles/electric scooters implemented • Systems for bicycles renting implemented • Bicycles tracks constructed • Zonal parking implemented • New multi-level car parks constructed • Continue the implementation of the campaigns and subsidies for buying new bicycles and renting bicycles • Continue the construction of new bicycles tracks Finance: Budget: Source of finance: Private, EE fund, incentives from the central and local government budget, donors Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy Strategy up to 2040, NECP, 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: By 2040, 3% of short distance passenger kilometres will be replaced by walking, using bicycles or electric scooters A-M-31: Construction of the railway to Republic of Bulgaria Main objective: Connecting the RN Macedonia with the Republic of Bulgaria and extending the export to external markets, not just in the neighbouring countries but in the Southeast Europe and Turkey region, using the railway transport Description: Construction of the railway to Republic of Bulgaria Implementation period: 2023 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Technical, policy Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Work Program of the Government of the Republic of North Macedonia • National Transport Strategy Implementing entity: • Government of the Republic of North Macedonia • Ministry of Transport and Communications • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency Monitoring entity: • Ministry of Transport and CommunicationsLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Final energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 10.2 Primary energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 8.2 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • First phase (Kumanovo - Beljakovce) is under construction, 67% constructed at the end of 2019 • Tender for the second phase is announced • First phase (Kumanovo - Beljakovce) to be finished by the end of 2020 • Tender for the third phase to be announced Finance: Budget: 720 M€ (infrastructure + trains) Source of finance: Central government budget Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy strategy up to 2040, NECP; 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: By 2040 up to 5% of the tonne kilometres (to the Republic of Bulgaria) of the heavy goods vehicles will be replaced by the railroad transport A-M-32: Electrification of the transport Main objective: Transition from society based on fossil fuels to low carbon society, where the renewable energy and electrification of the transport will play the most important role Description: At least the following measures recommended in the “Study on the transport sector, analysis of policies and measures” should be implemented: • Direct subsidizing of electric vehicles, 5000 EUR in the period 2020-2023 • Obligation to place fast chargers at all gas stations on motorways (at every 100 km by 2020) Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Regulatory, policy, information Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Directive on the Promotion of Clean and Energy Efficient Road Transport Vehicles Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • National Transport Strategy • Strategy for Energy Development of the RN Macedonia up to 2040 • Law on vehicles • Law on vehicle tax Implementing entity: • Government of the Republic of North Macedonia • Ministry of Transport and Communications • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency Monitoring entity: • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency • Ministry of interior GHG(s) affected (if applicable):Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Final energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 30.5 Primary energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 20.9 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Chargers installed at specific locations in the City of Skopje • Law on vehicles adopted (August 2019) • Law on vehicle tax and by-laws adopted • Exemption from paying excise duty for electric vehicles • Development of studies for determining the best locations for installation of electric vehicles chargers from the aspect of the power grid.', 'People, especially in smaller towns where a lot of them use cars for short distances, would increase the use of bicycles/electric scooters or walking Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Technical, regulatory Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • National Transport Strategy • Strategy for Energy Development of the RN Macedonia up to 2040 • Decisions made by municipalities to subsidize buying of new bicycles Implementing entity: • Ministry of Economy, Energy AgencyLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan • Local self-government • End-users Monitoring entity: • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency • Local self-government GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Final energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 1.2 Primary energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 1.2 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Subsidies and campaigns for buying new bicycles/electric scooters implemented • Systems for bicycles renting implemented • Bicycles tracks constructed • Zonal parking implemented • New multi-level car parks constructed • Continue the implementation of the campaigns and subsidies for buying new bicycles and renting bicycles • Continue the construction of new bicycles tracks Finance: Budget: Source of finance: Private, EE fund, incentives from the central and local government budget, donors Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy Strategy up to 2040, NECP, 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: By 2040, 3% of short distance passenger kilometres will be replaced by walking, using bicycles or electric scooters A-M-31: Construction of the railway to Republic of Bulgaria Main objective: Connecting the RN Macedonia with the Republic of Bulgaria and extending the export to external markets, not just in the neighbouring countries but in the Southeast Europe and Turkey region, using the railway transport Description: Construction of the railway to Republic of Bulgaria Implementation period: 2023 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Technical, policy Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Work Program of the Government of the Republic of North Macedonia • National Transport Strategy Implementing entity: • Government of the Republic of North Macedonia • Ministry of Transport and Communications • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency Monitoring entity: • Ministry of Transport and CommunicationsLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Final energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 10.2 Primary energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 8.2 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • First phase (Kumanovo - Beljakovce) is under construction, 67% constructed at the end of 2019 • Tender for the second phase is announced • First phase (Kumanovo - Beljakovce) to be finished by the end of 2020 • Tender for the third phase to be announced Finance: Budget: 720 M€ (infrastructure + trains) Source of finance: Central government budget Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy strategy up to 2040, NECP; 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: By 2040 up to 5% of the tonne kilometres (to the Republic of Bulgaria) of the heavy goods vehicles will be replaced by the railroad transport A-M-32: Electrification of the transport Main objective: Transition from society based on fossil fuels to low carbon society, where the renewable energy and electrification of the transport will play the most important role Description: At least the following measures recommended in the “Study on the transport sector, analysis of policies and measures” should be implemented: • Direct subsidizing of electric vehicles, 5000 EUR in the period 2020-2023 • Obligation to place fast chargers at all gas stations on motorways (at every 100 km by 2020) Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Regulatory, policy, information Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Directive on the Promotion of Clean and Energy Efficient Road Transport Vehicles Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • National Transport Strategy • Strategy for Energy Development of the RN Macedonia up to 2040 • Law on vehicles • Law on vehicle tax Implementing entity: • Government of the Republic of North Macedonia • Ministry of Transport and Communications • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency Monitoring entity: • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency • Ministry of interior GHG(s) affected (if applicable):Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Final energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 30.5 Primary energy savings (ktoe) in 2030: 20.9 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Chargers installed at specific locations in the City of Skopje • Law on vehicles adopted (August 2019) • Law on vehicle tax and by-laws adopted • Exemption from paying excise duty for electric vehicles • Development of studies for determining the best locations for installation of electric vehicles chargers from the aspect of the power grid. • Money from the budget should be allocated for the realization of the Program for subsidizing new vehicles Finance: Budget: 5058.5 M€ Source of finance: Private, EE fund, incentives from the central government budget Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy strategy up to 2040, NECP; 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: It is envisaged that by 2040 the share of electric vehicles and “plug-in” hybrid electric vehicles in the total passenger km from cars will be 45% A-M-33: Reduction of CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation in dairy cows by 3% Main objective: Decrease level of CH4 emission from enteric fermentation in highly productive dairy cows Description: By modification of the feed composition and nutrition practice in dairy cows, the emission of CH4 due to enteric fermentation can be reduced by 20%.', '• Money from the budget should be allocated for the realization of the Program for subsidizing new vehicles Finance: Budget: 5058.5 M€ Source of finance: Private, EE fund, incentives from the central government budget Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy strategy up to 2040, NECP; 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: It is envisaged that by 2040 the share of electric vehicles and “plug-in” hybrid electric vehicles in the total passenger km from cars will be 45% A-M-33: Reduction of CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation in dairy cows by 3% Main objective: Decrease level of CH4 emission from enteric fermentation in highly productive dairy cows Description: By modification of the feed composition and nutrition practice in dairy cows, the emission of CH4 due to enteric fermentation can be reduced by 20%. It is foreseen that the number of dairy cows under intensive farming system will be increased form present 1% to 30% in 2040.', 'It is foreseen that the number of dairy cows under intensive farming system will be increased form present 1% to 30% in 2040. Because of highly productive cows involved the CH4 emission will also increase. But, with modification of feed content (adding carbohydrates, high quality forages and tannins) into TMR, the CH4 emission will be decreased by 20%. The mitigation measure can be easily applied on dairy farms, by nutrition management. It is also cost effective; do not require additional subsidies or incentives.', 'It is also cost effective; do not require additional subsidies or incentives. Practical training and demonstration for farmers will be sufficient Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Education, Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): CAP Reform 2014-2020: Regulation 1305/2013; Regulation 1306/2013; Regulation Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Strategy for Agriculture Development • IPARD program Implementing entity: • Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Water Economy Monitoring entity: • Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Water Economy GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Number of farms (dairy cows as a percentage of the total population) used TMR modified feed and nutrition management on biannual base in 2030Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • TMR with partly modified feed composition in already used on two intensive farms that account about 1% of the dairy cow population • Development advisory package for TMR modified feed and nutrition management for the intensive dairy farms with more than 50 cows • Incentives for dissemination of the advisory package to target farmers • Monitoring of the effect of TMR modified feed and nutrition management, and further improvements Finance: Budget: 0.2 mil.', 'Practical training and demonstration for farmers will be sufficient Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Education, Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): CAP Reform 2014-2020: Regulation 1305/2013; Regulation 1306/2013; Regulation Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Strategy for Agriculture Development • IPARD program Implementing entity: • Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Water Economy Monitoring entity: • Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Water Economy GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Number of farms (dairy cows as a percentage of the total population) used TMR modified feed and nutrition management on biannual base in 2030Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • TMR with partly modified feed composition in already used on two intensive farms that account about 1% of the dairy cow population • Development advisory package for TMR modified feed and nutrition management for the intensive dairy farms with more than 50 cows • Incentives for dissemination of the advisory package to target farmers • Monitoring of the effect of TMR modified feed and nutrition management, and further improvements Finance: Budget: 0.2 mil. EUR Source of finance: Private sector, IPARD programme Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: NECP; 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: • Increased number of highly productive dairy cows under intensive farming • Introduced modified TMR and nutrition management • Expected to be on organized in farms with more than 50 heads A-M-34: Reduction of N2O emissions from manure management in dairy cows by 20% Main objective: Decrease level of N2O emission from manure management in highly productive dairy cows Description: By modification of the manure management in dairy cows, the emission of N2O can be reduced up to 20%.', 'EUR Source of finance: Private sector, IPARD programme Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: NECP; 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: • Increased number of highly productive dairy cows under intensive farming • Introduced modified TMR and nutrition management • Expected to be on organized in farms with more than 50 heads A-M-34: Reduction of N2O emissions from manure management in dairy cows by 20% Main objective: Decrease level of N2O emission from manure management in highly productive dairy cows Description: By modification of the manure management in dairy cows, the emission of N2O can be reduced up to 20%. It is foreseen that the number of dairy cows under intensive farming system with more than 50 heads will be increased form present 1% to 30% in 2040.', 'It is foreseen that the number of dairy cows under intensive farming system with more than 50 heads will be increased form present 1% to 30% in 2040. All those farms will need to apply improved manure management in order to reduce N loss, and NxO emissions. Therefore, on farm manure management system needs to modify. The mitigation measure considers on farm adaption on existing farms and moderate investments on newly established farms.', 'The mitigation measure considers on farm adaption on existing farms and moderate investments on newly established farms. It will require subsidies for adapting and incentives in farm design and construction Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Education, Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): EU Enlargement (IPA/IPARD) Agro-ecology measures in national program Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Law for Nature Protection • IPARD program • Agro-ecology measures in national program Implementing entity: Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Water Economy Monitoring entity: Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Water Economy GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Number of farms (dairy cows as a percentage of the total population) used modified manure management on 2-5 years base in 2030 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • None • Adaption in manure management on intensive dairy farms with more than 50 cows • Design and construction of intensive dairy farms with more than 50 cowsLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan • Monitoring of the effect modified manure management in the intensive dairy farms with more than 50 cows Finance: Budget: 1 mil.', 'It will require subsidies for adapting and incentives in farm design and construction Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Education, Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): EU Enlargement (IPA/IPARD) Agro-ecology measures in national program Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Law for Nature Protection • IPARD program • Agro-ecology measures in national program Implementing entity: Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Water Economy Monitoring entity: Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Water Economy GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Number of farms (dairy cows as a percentage of the total population) used modified manure management on 2-5 years base in 2030 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • None • Adaption in manure management on intensive dairy farms with more than 50 cows • Design and construction of intensive dairy farms with more than 50 cowsLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan • Monitoring of the effect modified manure management in the intensive dairy farms with more than 50 cows Finance: Budget: 1 mil. EUR Source of finance: Private sector, IPARD programme Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: NECP; 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: • Target group are the farms with more than 50 heads.', 'EUR Source of finance: Private sector, IPARD programme Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: NECP; 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: • Target group are the farms with more than 50 heads. The manure management practice is expected to be change from solid fraction (N loss factor 40), to below animal (N loss factor 28). It can be applied to 10% of the population and shift toward practice is expected to be done in 15% of the farms by 2025. The proportion of the high productive dairy cows is expected to reach 25% in 2040.', 'The proportion of the high productive dairy cows is expected to reach 25% in 2040. In such action the reduction of the N2O emissions in manure management on dairy cows will be up to 25% by 2040 • Increased number of highly productive dairy cows under intensive farming • On farm modified manure management A-M-35: Reduction of N2O emissions from manure management in swine farms by 13% Main objective: Decrease level of NO2 emission from manure management in highly productive swine farms Description: By modification of the manure management in swine farms, the emission of N2O can be reduced up to 50%. It is foreseen that number of fatteners and number of fatteners per sow will increase, while the total number of sows will remain stable over period.', 'It is foreseen that number of fatteners and number of fatteners per sow will increase, while the total number of sows will remain stable over period. Number of swine farms with more than 1000 fatteners and/or 350 sows will also increase, and they need to adapt improved manure management system, in order to reduce N loss. In 2040 is expected that 90% of fatteners will be produced on those farms, accounting for 75% of sow in the country. The mitigation measure consider on farm adaption on existing farms and moderate investments on newly established farms.', 'The mitigation measure consider on farm adaption on existing farms and moderate investments on newly established farms. It will require subsidies for adapting and incentives in farm design and construction Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Education, Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): EU Enlargement (IPA/IPARD) Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Law for Nature Protection • IPARD program • Agro-ecology measures in national program Implementing entity: Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Water Economy Monitoring entity: Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Water Economy GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Number of farms (fatteners and sows as a percentage of the total population) used modified manure management on 2-5 years base in 2030 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Existing swine farms with more than 1000 fatteners and/or 350 sows are working on modification in manure management system • Adaption in manure management on intensive swine farms with more than 1000 fatteners and/or 350 sows • Design and construction of intensive swine farms with more than 1000 fatteners and/or 350 sowsLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan • Monitoring of the effect modified manure management in the intensive swine farms with more than 1000 fatteners and/or 350 sows Finance: Budget: 1 mil.', 'It will require subsidies for adapting and incentives in farm design and construction Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Education, Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): EU Enlargement (IPA/IPARD) Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Law for Nature Protection • IPARD program • Agro-ecology measures in national program Implementing entity: Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Water Economy Monitoring entity: Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Water Economy GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Number of farms (fatteners and sows as a percentage of the total population) used modified manure management on 2-5 years base in 2030 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Existing swine farms with more than 1000 fatteners and/or 350 sows are working on modification in manure management system • Adaption in manure management on intensive swine farms with more than 1000 fatteners and/or 350 sows • Design and construction of intensive swine farms with more than 1000 fatteners and/or 350 sowsLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan • Monitoring of the effect modified manure management in the intensive swine farms with more than 1000 fatteners and/or 350 sows Finance: Budget: 1 mil. EUR Source of finance: Private sector, IPARD programme Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: NECP; 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: • Swine production system is expected to shift towards intensification that will bring modification of the swine farms.', 'EUR Source of finance: Private sector, IPARD programme Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: NECP; 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: • Swine production system is expected to shift towards intensification that will bring modification of the swine farms. The management practice is supposed to shift form solid manure towards below animal (practice that already exists on large swine farms). Then the fraction of N loss will be reduced by 50%. The implementation of shift will be slightly over years in category sows and finishing pigs (e.g.', 'The implementation of shift will be slightly over years in category sows and finishing pigs (e.g. sows from 55% in 2020 to 75% in 2040; finishing pigs from 70% in 2020 • Increased number of highly productive swine farms with more than 1000 fatteners and/or 350 sows • On farm modified manure management A-M-36: Reduction of N2O emissions from manure in dairy cows by 20% for farms below 50 Livestock Units Main objective: Decrease level of N2O emission from manure management in dairy cows on farm farms below 50 Livestock Units Description: By modification of the manure management in dairy cows, the emission of N2O can be reduced up to 30%.', 'sows from 55% in 2020 to 75% in 2040; finishing pigs from 70% in 2020 • Increased number of highly productive swine farms with more than 1000 fatteners and/or 350 sows • On farm modified manure management A-M-36: Reduction of N2O emissions from manure in dairy cows by 20% for farms below 50 Livestock Units Main objective: Decrease level of N2O emission from manure management in dairy cows on farm farms below 50 Livestock Units Description: By modification of the manure management in dairy cows, the emission of N2O can be reduced up to 30%. In discussion with farmers, the most common system is dry manure management, where manure together with bedding (mostly wheat or barley straw) are taken out of the barn daily or within week.', 'In discussion with farmers, the most common system is dry manure management, where manure together with bedding (mostly wheat or barley straw) are taken out of the barn daily or within week. The manure than is composting on pile near the farm. Farmers do not use any cover of manure nor tanks for collecting liquid drainage of the pile. Fermentation is usually mixed where in bottom parts is anaerobic, but on the surface, due to aeration it is aerobic. Manure is used as fertilizer mostly within 2-3 months (depending on storage capacity on the farm and field availability). Depending on manure fermentation the loss of N can be up to 60%.', 'Depending on manure fermentation the loss of N can be up to 60%. The N loss and reduction of the N2O emissions can be reached by prolonging fermentation period up to 6 months and covering the pile.', 'The N loss and reduction of the N2O emissions can be reached by prolonging fermentation period up to 6 months and covering the pile. Hence the measure is to support farmers with less than 50 cows to provide proper manure storage places for longer period Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Education, Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • IPARD program • Agro-ecology measures in national program Implementing entity: Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Water Economy Monitoring entity: Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Water Economy GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Number of farms (dairy cows as a percentage of the total population) used modified manure management in 7 yearsLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Provide incentives to build on farm manure storage place • Train farmers for BAT in manure management • Monitoring of the effect modified manure management Finance: Budget: 1 mil.', 'Hence the measure is to support farmers with less than 50 cows to provide proper manure storage places for longer period Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Education, Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • IPARD program • Agro-ecology measures in national program Implementing entity: Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Water Economy Monitoring entity: Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Water Economy GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Number of farms (dairy cows as a percentage of the total population) used modified manure management in 7 yearsLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Provide incentives to build on farm manure storage place • Train farmers for BAT in manure management • Monitoring of the effect modified manure management Finance: Budget: 1 mil. EUR Source of finance: Private sector, IPARD programme Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: NECP; 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: • Replaced low productive with high productive dairy cows • On farm modified manure management for farms with 10 to 50 cows • Dairy cow produce manure about 7% of the life weight per day.', 'EUR Source of finance: Private sector, IPARD programme Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: NECP; 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: • Replaced low productive with high productive dairy cows • On farm modified manure management for farms with 10 to 50 cows • Dairy cow produce manure about 7% of the life weight per day. Milking cows are weighted between 500 and 650 kg, depending on breed and conditions. Heifers 1- 2 year, calves 3-12 months and young calves 0-3 months are transformed into adult cow by coefficient 2, 4 and 10, respectively. For simplicity, animal units (AU) should be used as a base (1 AU = 500 kg).', 'For simplicity, animal units (AU) should be used as a base (1 AU = 500 kg). Based on usual feed consumption, bedding material (annual average use of 8% wheat/barley straw) it can be expected about 0.04 m3 manure per AU/day • The manure has about 40% moisture and during the storage reduce volume for 40%. For the period of 6 months total volume of 5 m3 per AU should be expected. For pile composting, a trench with clay or concreate floor with inclination of 4% is required. The pile needs to be protected from rainfall (either by roof or covered by plastic foil. Aeration is occurring when fresh manure is adding, taking care that old and already fermented one should be always on top.', 'Aeration is occurring when fresh manure is adding, taking care that old and already fermented one should be always on top. By prolonging manure storage and covering period the reduction of N2O emission will be for 30% is expected A-M-37: Establishing integrated management of forest fires Main objective: Reducing the average annual burned area for 6000 ha Description: Forest fires are already detected as a very significant problem of forest loss and source of GHG emissions. In the period from 1999 to 2019 year the average annual number of forest fires is 229 fires, average annual burned area is 10,985 ha and average annual damage is estimated on 6,9 million Euro.', 'In the period from 1999 to 2019 year the average annual number of forest fires is 229 fires, average annual burned area is 10,985 ha and average annual damage is estimated on 6,9 million Euro. The total burned forest area in the same period is around 219,163 ha with the total damage of around 138 million.', 'The total burned forest area in the same period is around 219,163 ha with the total damage of around 138 million. This measure includes the protection of the forest area by preventing the forest fires and the damages resulting from forest fires Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Law on forest • Special rule book for forest fire protection • Strategy for development of the forest fire protection, diseases and insects with action plan for realization of the projects and procurements for the needs of PE “Makedonski sumi” Implementing entity: Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Water Economy, through PE “National forests” Monitoring entity: Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Water Economy, through PE “National forests” GHG(s) affected (if applicable):Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Forest area (ha) in 2030 n/e Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • The location for building and establishment of a forest fire training centre in the frame of the PE “National forests” is already chosen, the plan prepared and 8 vehicles are purchased • Phase I - Procurement of vehicles for initial attack, had tools and personal protective equipment (PPE) • Duration: one year • Vehicles’ procurement: 25 specialized vehicles for initial attack • 25 vehicles x 40,000 € = 1,000,000 € • 50 sets of hand tools and PPE for 50 crews of five fire fighters (two per vehicle) • 1 set of hand tools and PPE = 4,000 € • 50 sets x 5,000 € = 250,000 € • Phase II - Specialized training for fire fighters (six days) • 50 craws x 5 persons = 250 fire fighters • 250 fire fighters x 800 € = 200,000 € Finance: Budget: 1.45 mil.', 'This measure includes the protection of the forest area by preventing the forest fires and the damages resulting from forest fires Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Law on forest • Special rule book for forest fire protection • Strategy for development of the forest fire protection, diseases and insects with action plan for realization of the projects and procurements for the needs of PE “Makedonski sumi” Implementing entity: Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Water Economy, through PE “National forests” Monitoring entity: Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Water Economy, through PE “National forests” GHG(s) affected (if applicable):Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Forest area (ha) in 2030 n/e Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • The location for building and establishment of a forest fire training centre in the frame of the PE “National forests” is already chosen, the plan prepared and 8 vehicles are purchased • Phase I - Procurement of vehicles for initial attack, had tools and personal protective equipment (PPE) • Duration: one year • Vehicles’ procurement: 25 specialized vehicles for initial attack • 25 vehicles x 40,000 € = 1,000,000 € • 50 sets of hand tools and PPE for 50 crews of five fire fighters (two per vehicle) • 1 set of hand tools and PPE = 4,000 € • 50 sets x 5,000 € = 250,000 € • Phase II - Specialized training for fire fighters (six days) • 50 craws x 5 persons = 250 fire fighters • 250 fire fighters x 800 € = 200,000 € Finance: Budget: 1.45 mil. EUR Source of finance: PE “National forests”, other forest enterprises Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: NECP; 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: Up to 3000 ha will be burned annually on average Main objective: Afforestation of 5000 ha of barren land with Oak (Quercus spp.)', 'EUR Source of finance: PE “National forests”, other forest enterprises Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: NECP; 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: Up to 3000 ha will be burned annually on average Main objective: Afforestation of 5000 ha of barren land with Oak (Quercus spp.) Description: Afforestation and reforestation may change landscapes and may have an impact on the provision of landscape-related goods and services. The supply with goods and services benefiting people and societies and the conservation of traditional cultural landscapes, as well as landscape ecology, need to be taken into account.', 'The supply with goods and services benefiting people and societies and the conservation of traditional cultural landscapes, as well as landscape ecology, need to be taken into account. According to the many strategic documents there are about 1,500,000 ha barren land aimed for afforestation or reforestation Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: Law on forest Implementing entity: Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Water Economy Monitoring entity: Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Water Economy GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Forest area (ha) in 2030Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Forest planted/covered with new seedlings (ha) in 2030 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • There are already existed nurseries for production of more than 8.000.000 seedlings annually • Area for afforestation should be chosen, around 7.5 million Oak seedlings should be produced, afforestation to be done with proper care in the next 5 years • Phase I – seedling production • Duration: 3 years • Number of seedlings: 2,500 seedlings/ha x 5,000 ha = 12,500,000 seedlings • Costs for seedling production: 12,500,000 seedlings x 20 den.', 'According to the many strategic documents there are about 1,500,000 ha barren land aimed for afforestation or reforestation Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: Law on forest Implementing entity: Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Water Economy Monitoring entity: Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Water Economy GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Forest area (ha) in 2030Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Forest planted/covered with new seedlings (ha) in 2030 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • There are already existed nurseries for production of more than 8.000.000 seedlings annually • Area for afforestation should be chosen, around 7.5 million Oak seedlings should be produced, afforestation to be done with proper care in the next 5 years • Phase I – seedling production • Duration: 3 years • Number of seedlings: 2,500 seedlings/ha x 5,000 ha = 12,500,000 seedlings • Costs for seedling production: 12,500,000 seedlings x 20 den. = 250,000,000 = • Phase II – soil preparation and afforestation • Sub phase - soil preparation • Duration: four months • Costs: 5,000 ha x 15,000 den = 75,000,000 den = 1,250.000 € • Sub phase - afforestation • Duration: six months • Costs: 5,000 ha x 20,000 den = 100,000,000 den = 1,650,000 € • Phase III – maintenance and protection • Duration: five years • Costs: 5.000 ha x 10.000 den = 50.000.000 den = 800.000 € Finance: Budget: 7.8 mil.', '= 250,000,000 = • Phase II – soil preparation and afforestation • Sub phase - soil preparation • Duration: four months • Costs: 5,000 ha x 15,000 den = 75,000,000 den = 1,250.000 € • Sub phase - afforestation • Duration: six months • Costs: 5,000 ha x 20,000 den = 100,000,000 den = 1,650,000 € • Phase III – maintenance and protection • Duration: five years • Costs: 5.000 ha x 10.000 den = 50.000.000 den = 800.000 € Finance: Budget: 7.8 mil. EUR Source of finance: PE “National forests”, other forest enterprises Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: NECP, 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: • The oak is species resistant on high air temperature and small amount of precipitations-dry conditions (conditions that are expected in agreement with the official national scenarios on climate change for Macedonia) and lees sensitive to forest fires, as well.', 'EUR Source of finance: PE “National forests”, other forest enterprises Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: NECP, 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: • The oak is species resistant on high air temperature and small amount of precipitations-dry conditions (conditions that are expected in agreement with the official national scenarios on climate change for Macedonia) and lees sensitive to forest fires, as well. Besides, the economic and technical value of the timber mass is high.', 'Besides, the economic and technical value of the timber mass is high. The afforestation could be done on one location (all 5,000 ha) or distributed but not to more than five location • Minimum 80 % of the seedlings have to be alive after third year of the afforestation and with good health and morphological condition should be maintained A-M-39: Conversion of land use of field crops above 15% inclination Main objective: To reduce the intensity of soil erosion and loss of soil organic matter Description: Cultivation of land on inclined terrain causes intensive processes of soil erosion and mineralization of sol organic matter. These processes lead to intensive decomposition of soil organic matter and emission of soil carbon into atmosphere.', 'These processes lead to intensive decomposition of soil organic matter and emission of soil carbon into atmosphere. Conversion of such areas into perennial grassland (pastures, meadows) will significantly decrease intensity of soil organic matter depletion and emission of soil carbon and will lead to carbon sink. Areas above 15% inclination by law should not be cultivated and are not considered as agricultural land. This conversion supposes land use change and change of the production system, which might influence the net annual income of primary producers.', 'This conversion supposes land use change and change of the production system, which might influence the net annual income of primary producers. Due to this, itsLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan implementation should be supported with incentives, especially in the first years of conversion, in order to bridge possible loss of incomes in farm holds Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Education, Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Law on agricultural land • Rulebook on GAP • Rulebook on cross compliance for minimum requirements of GAP and environmental protection Implementing entity: Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Water Economy Monitoring entity: Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Water Economy GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Area converted on yearly base (ha/year) n/e Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • The effects of conversion of crop land to grass land has been monitored on two experimental fields in the past four years • Land Parcel Identification System has been established and will serve as a tool for control of the process of conversion • Establishment of system for systematic control of land use and land use change on national level • Institutional support to primary producers with subsiding the process of conversion of crop fields into grassland Finance: Budget: 1.5 mil.', 'Due to this, itsLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan implementation should be supported with incentives, especially in the first years of conversion, in order to bridge possible loss of incomes in farm holds Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Education, Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Law on agricultural land • Rulebook on GAP • Rulebook on cross compliance for minimum requirements of GAP and environmental protection Implementing entity: Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Water Economy Monitoring entity: Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Water Economy GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Area converted on yearly base (ha/year) n/e Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • The effects of conversion of crop land to grass land has been monitored on two experimental fields in the past four years • Land Parcel Identification System has been established and will serve as a tool for control of the process of conversion • Establishment of system for systematic control of land use and land use change on national level • Institutional support to primary producers with subsiding the process of conversion of crop fields into grassland Finance: Budget: 1.5 mil. EUR Source of finance: Private sector, IPARD programme Progress monitoring: Objective achieved Activities implemented Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: NECP, 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: • The total area of almost 3000ha is intensively cultivated which leads to decreasing of SOM as a result of its intensive decomposition and intensive soil erosion processes.', 'EUR Source of finance: Private sector, IPARD programme Progress monitoring: Objective achieved Activities implemented Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: NECP, 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: • The total area of almost 3000ha is intensively cultivated which leads to decreasing of SOM as a result of its intensive decomposition and intensive soil erosion processes. If conversion to grass land is implemented, the estimated SOM increase is for more than 2% which for the total converted area of 2975 ha. • The conversion of land use, should: o Stop the intensive process of erosion of the top soil layer which leads to loss of soil organic matter and its intensive ex-city mineralization, o Stop on site mineralization of soil organic matter due to intensive processes of cultivation, o Intensify carbon sink through accumulation of soil organic matter.', '• The conversion of land use, should: o Stop the intensive process of erosion of the top soil layer which leads to loss of soil organic matter and its intensive ex-city mineralization, o Stop on site mineralization of soil organic matter due to intensive processes of cultivation, o Intensify carbon sink through accumulation of soil organic matter. A-M-40: Contour cultivation on areas under field crops on inclined terrains (5-15%) Main objective: To reduce erosion of topsoil and conservation of soil organic matter Description: Regular cultivation in crop production means a massive disturbance of topsoil layer, which cause intensive mineralization of soil organic matter (SOM) and CO2 emissions. Downslope cultivation of cropland usually causesLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan intensive processes of soil erosion.', 'Downslope cultivation of cropland usually causesLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan intensive processes of soil erosion. Field experiments showed that the quantity of eroded sediment is multiply higher if compared to contour cultivation. This eroded sediment is reach with SOM which in such circumstances is rapidly mineralized, due to what significant quantity of soil carbon is released into atmosphere. Contour cultivation means that all agro-technical operations should be across the slope. This measure is easy to be implemented, since it does not require a special technical capacities and know-how. In practice, farmers usually are not aware of its importance and influence of the overall soil fertility. With a systematic campaign for increasing the awareness of the farmers this measure can be widely adopted.', 'With a systematic campaign for increasing the awareness of the farmers this measure can be widely adopted. Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Education, Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Common Agricultural Policy, Areas with natural constraints Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Law on agricultural land • Law on water • Rulebook on Good Agricultural Practices • Rulebook on cross compliance for minimum requirements of GAP and environmental protection Implementing entity: Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Water Economy Monitoring entity: Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Water Economy GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Area in ha with contour cultivation in 2030 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Contour cultivation tested in practice of two experimental sites • Contour cultivation promoted among farmers within several national and international Projects • Incorporation of contour cultivation as an agro-ecological measure into strategic documents • Promotion of contour cultivation among farmers • Institutional support to primary producers with subsiding the process of adoption of the system of contour cultivation Finance: Budget: Source of finance: Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: NECP, 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: • 14,000 ha (30%) of the total 47,090 ha of no-irrigated land on inclined terrines (above 5%) are planned for this measure • Decreasing of soil erosion processes of the topsoil layer and SOM loss with contour ploughing of inclined cropland • Increasing of soil carbon with preservation of SOM in the topsoil layer A-M-41: Perennial grass in orchard and vineyards on inclined terrains (>5%) Main objective: Reducing of soil erosion and increasing of SOM in vineyards and orchards on inclined terrains (5-15% slope)Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Description: In vineyards and orchard on locations where rows are oriented downslope, as a result of intensive classical system of cultivation, an intensive processes of soil erosion and depletion of SOM occurs, which lead to intensive emissions of soil carbon.', 'Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Education, Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Common Agricultural Policy, Areas with natural constraints Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Law on agricultural land • Law on water • Rulebook on Good Agricultural Practices • Rulebook on cross compliance for minimum requirements of GAP and environmental protection Implementing entity: Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Water Economy Monitoring entity: Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Water Economy GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Area in ha with contour cultivation in 2030 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Contour cultivation tested in practice of two experimental sites • Contour cultivation promoted among farmers within several national and international Projects • Incorporation of contour cultivation as an agro-ecological measure into strategic documents • Promotion of contour cultivation among farmers • Institutional support to primary producers with subsiding the process of adoption of the system of contour cultivation Finance: Budget: Source of finance: Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: NECP, 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: • 14,000 ha (30%) of the total 47,090 ha of no-irrigated land on inclined terrines (above 5%) are planned for this measure • Decreasing of soil erosion processes of the topsoil layer and SOM loss with contour ploughing of inclined cropland • Increasing of soil carbon with preservation of SOM in the topsoil layer A-M-41: Perennial grass in orchard and vineyards on inclined terrains (>5%) Main objective: Reducing of soil erosion and increasing of SOM in vineyards and orchards on inclined terrains (5-15% slope)Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Description: In vineyards and orchard on locations where rows are oriented downslope, as a result of intensive classical system of cultivation, an intensive processes of soil erosion and depletion of SOM occurs, which lead to intensive emissions of soil carbon. Simple change of cultivation system with establishment of perennial grass can significantly mitigate the process of SOM loss and emissions of soil carbon.', 'Simple change of cultivation system with establishment of perennial grass can significantly mitigate the process of SOM loss and emissions of soil carbon. The measure is easy to be implemented with low initial cost Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Education, Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Law on agricultural land • Law on water • Rulebook on GAP • Rulebook on cross compliance for minimum requirements of GAP and environmental protection Implementing entity: Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Water Economy Monitoring entity: Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Water Economy GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Area of vineyards and orchards under perennial grass (ha) in 2030 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Perennial grass in vineyards and orchards as a cover crop tested in practice in two regions • Perennial grass in vineyards and orchards as an agro-ecological measure promoted among farmers within several national and international Projects • To foresee cover crops in perennial plantations (vineyards and orchards) as an agro-ecological measure into strategic documents • To promote the effects of cover crops among vine and fruit growers • Institutional support to primary producers with subsiding the process of implementing the measure Finance: Budget: 1 mil.', 'The measure is easy to be implemented with low initial cost Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Education, Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Law on agricultural land • Law on water • Rulebook on GAP • Rulebook on cross compliance for minimum requirements of GAP and environmental protection Implementing entity: Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Water Economy Monitoring entity: Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Water Economy GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Area of vineyards and orchards under perennial grass (ha) in 2030 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Perennial grass in vineyards and orchards as a cover crop tested in practice in two regions • Perennial grass in vineyards and orchards as an agro-ecological measure promoted among farmers within several national and international Projects • To foresee cover crops in perennial plantations (vineyards and orchards) as an agro-ecological measure into strategic documents • To promote the effects of cover crops among vine and fruit growers • Institutional support to primary producers with subsiding the process of implementing the measure Finance: Budget: 1 mil. EUR Source of finance: Private sector, IPARD programme Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: NECP, 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: • Decreasing of soil erosion processes of the topsoil layer and SOM loss when classical type of cultivation system with deep ploughing is replaced with perennial grass and no-tillage system • Increasing of soil carbon with accumulation of SOM in the topsoil layer due to mulching of moved biomass and accumulation of biomaterial in the root zone of the perennial grass A-M-42: Use of biochar for carbon sink on agricultural land Main objective: Carbon sink by negative emission technologyLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Description: The agricultural soils in the country are characterized as soils with relatively low carbon content and with average to low fertility.', 'EUR Source of finance: Private sector, IPARD programme Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: NECP, 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: • Decreasing of soil erosion processes of the topsoil layer and SOM loss when classical type of cultivation system with deep ploughing is replaced with perennial grass and no-tillage system • Increasing of soil carbon with accumulation of SOM in the topsoil layer due to mulching of moved biomass and accumulation of biomaterial in the root zone of the perennial grass A-M-42: Use of biochar for carbon sink on agricultural land Main objective: Carbon sink by negative emission technologyLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Description: The agricultural soils in the country are characterized as soils with relatively low carbon content and with average to low fertility. The application of biochar can improve soil water holding capacity, nutrients storage into the soil, and increase yield.', 'The application of biochar can improve soil water holding capacity, nutrients storage into the soil, and increase yield. Biochar can capture even 3 times more CO2 compared to its weight, because of its high carbon concentration. Biochar was included for the first time as a promising negative emission technology in the new IPCC special report “An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty” published in 2018.', 'Biochar was included for the first time as a promising negative emission technology in the new IPCC special report “An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty” published in 2018. The process of application of biochar should go through several steps: i) research, ii) development the suitable technology for various soil/crop combination iii) experimental/demonstrative sites iv) development the measure for support from national programs for support of agriculture v) promotion of measure.', 'The process of application of biochar should go through several steps: i) research, ii) development the suitable technology for various soil/crop combination iii) experimental/demonstrative sites iv) development the measure for support from national programs for support of agriculture v) promotion of measure. This is new measure, need some research, therefore, in period 2017 – 2040 we predict only 15 years of active use of the measure Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Research, Education, Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: Biochar is not present in any strategic document in the country Implementing entity: Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Water Economy Monitoring entity: Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Water Economy GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Area of vineyards and orchards under perennial grass (ha) in 2030 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • To conduct experimental research and to determine optimal biochar application rates for different soil/crop combinations • To foresee application of biochar on arable land as an agro-ecological measure into strategic documents • To promote the effects of biochar on soil health, yield and environment • Institutional support to primary producers with subsiding the process of implementing the measure Finance: Budget: 30 mil.', 'This is new measure, need some research, therefore, in period 2017 – 2040 we predict only 15 years of active use of the measure Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Research, Education, Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: Biochar is not present in any strategic document in the country Implementing entity: Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Water Economy Monitoring entity: Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Water Economy GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Area of vineyards and orchards under perennial grass (ha) in 2030 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • To conduct experimental research and to determine optimal biochar application rates for different soil/crop combinations • To foresee application of biochar on arable land as an agro-ecological measure into strategic documents • To promote the effects of biochar on soil health, yield and environment • Institutional support to primary producers with subsiding the process of implementing the measure Finance: Budget: 30 mil. EUR Source of finance: Private sector, IPARD programme Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: NECP, 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: • Sinking the amount of 330.3 Gg-eq CO2-eq and removing that amount from the atmosphere • Increasing of soil carbon content with adding of biochar as persistent carbon source.', 'EUR Source of finance: Private sector, IPARD programme Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: NECP, 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: • Sinking the amount of 330.3 Gg-eq CO2-eq and removing that amount from the atmosphere • Increasing of soil carbon content with adding of biochar as persistent carbon source. Most of the biochar will remain in the in the topsoil layer due to available application technology incorporation biochar by plough on the ploughing depth • The positive effects on the soil fertility and soil health • Local production of the biochar by using residual biomass that is usually burnt in open firesLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan A-M-43: Photovoltaic Irrigation Main objective: Mitigation by replacing the non-renewable energy sources for water pumping with renewable, thus reducing the CO2 emission Description: Installation of photovoltaic system for irrigation purposes with 2.4 kW installed capacity, capable to run 1.1 kW 3 phase pump.', 'Most of the biochar will remain in the in the topsoil layer due to available application technology incorporation biochar by plough on the ploughing depth • The positive effects on the soil fertility and soil health • Local production of the biochar by using residual biomass that is usually burnt in open firesLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan A-M-43: Photovoltaic Irrigation Main objective: Mitigation by replacing the non-renewable energy sources for water pumping with renewable, thus reducing the CO2 emission Description: Installation of photovoltaic system for irrigation purposes with 2.4 kW installed capacity, capable to run 1.1 kW 3 phase pump. The two cases are considered as mitigation practice, replacing the petrol pump with consumption of 0,3l petrol per hour (one of the most popular pumps in the country) with 3 phase AC pump and adding photovoltaic and replacing 1.1 kW electricity pump with 3 phase AC pump and adding the photovoltaic.', 'The two cases are considered as mitigation practice, replacing the petrol pump with consumption of 0,3l petrol per hour (one of the most popular pumps in the country) with 3 phase AC pump and adding photovoltaic and replacing 1.1 kW electricity pump with 3 phase AC pump and adding the photovoltaic. The measure is suitable for already established on farm irrigation systems, but also for new establishing of the irrigation systems with on-farm water source. The measure is compatible with IPARD 2 measure “Production of energy from renewable resources for self- consumption, through processing of plant and animal products from primary and secondary biomass (except biomass from fishery products) for production of biogas and/or biofuels, use of solar energy, windmills, geo-thermal energy etc.)', 'The measure is compatible with IPARD 2 measure “Production of energy from renewable resources for self- consumption, through processing of plant and animal products from primary and secondary biomass (except biomass from fishery products) for production of biogas and/or biofuels, use of solar energy, windmills, geo-thermal energy etc.) Implementation period: 2021 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Research, Education, Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): NECP, 3rd BUR Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Law on Agriculture and Rural Development • National strategy on Agriculture and Rural Development Implementing entity: Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Water Economy Monitoring entity: Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Increase in installed capacity (MW) in Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • There is possibility for getting support from IPARD2 funds.', 'Implementation period: 2021 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Research, Education, Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): NECP, 3rd BUR Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Law on Agriculture and Rural Development • National strategy on Agriculture and Rural Development Implementing entity: Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Water Economy Monitoring entity: Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Increase in installed capacity (MW) in Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • There is possibility for getting support from IPARD2 funds. The measure provides up to 65% of co-financing and promoting of photovoltaic irrigation if the frame of this measure is feasible • To promote the photovoltaic irrigation as mitigation measure • To include the measure in agri-environmental scheme • To investigate possibilities for diversification of farm incomes trough distributing the excess of electricity produced into the network Finance: Budget: 47 mil.', 'The measure provides up to 65% of co-financing and promoting of photovoltaic irrigation if the frame of this measure is feasible • To promote the photovoltaic irrigation as mitigation measure • To include the measure in agri-environmental scheme • To investigate possibilities for diversification of farm incomes trough distributing the excess of electricity produced into the network Finance: Budget: 47 mil. EUR Source of finance: Private sector, IPARD programme Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: NECP, 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: About 1000 installations annually in the period of 20 years, reaching about than 20 000 hectares irrigated by photovoltaic as energy source A-M-44: Landfill gas flaring Main objective: Environmental protection and meeting the highest European standardsLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Description: Rehabilitation of the existing landfills and illegal (“wild”) dumpsites with very high, high and medium risk in each of the eight waste management regions, as well as opening of regional landfills.', 'EUR Source of finance: Private sector, IPARD programme Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: NECP, 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: About 1000 installations annually in the period of 20 years, reaching about than 20 000 hectares irrigated by photovoltaic as energy source A-M-44: Landfill gas flaring Main objective: Environmental protection and meeting the highest European standardsLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Description: Rehabilitation of the existing landfills and illegal (“wild”) dumpsites with very high, high and medium risk in each of the eight waste management regions, as well as opening of regional landfills. The rehabilitation includes covering on the existing non-compliant landfills, supplemented by gas extraction and flaring Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC, amended by Directive 2018/850; Waste Management Framework Directive 2008/98/EC, amended by Directive 2018/851 Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • National Waste Management Plan 2020-2030 • Strategy for Waste Management in the RN Macedonia • Regional Waste Management Plans (Northeast, East, Southeast, Southwest, Pelagonia, Polog, Vardar and Skopje region) Implementing entity: • Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning • Municipalities (Public municipal enterprises for waste management) • Regional waste management companies / Inter-Municipal Waste Management Board Monitoring entity: • Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning • State Environmental Inspectorate • Authorized Inspectors of Environment (Municipalities) GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Amount of CH4 burned (kt) in 2030 22.0 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Regional waste management plans developed and adopted • EU funds provided for construction of a regional landfill for the East and Northeast planning region provided, construction of six transfer stations and closing of all non-compliant landfills • Discussions started with EBRD for involvement in financing regional waste management projects • Obtaining funds for the other regions • Starting the construction of the new regional landfill for the East and Northeast planning region • Covering on the existing non-compliant landfills and installation of gas flaring systems where it is feasible Finance: Budget: 10.5 mil.', 'The rehabilitation includes covering on the existing non-compliant landfills, supplemented by gas extraction and flaring Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC, amended by Directive 2018/850; Waste Management Framework Directive 2008/98/EC, amended by Directive 2018/851 Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • National Waste Management Plan 2020-2030 • Strategy for Waste Management in the RN Macedonia • Regional Waste Management Plans (Northeast, East, Southeast, Southwest, Pelagonia, Polog, Vardar and Skopje region) Implementing entity: • Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning • Municipalities (Public municipal enterprises for waste management) • Regional waste management companies / Inter-Municipal Waste Management Board Monitoring entity: • Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning • State Environmental Inspectorate • Authorized Inspectors of Environment (Municipalities) GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Amount of CH4 burned (kt) in 2030 22.0 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Regional waste management plans developed and adopted • EU funds provided for construction of a regional landfill for the East and Northeast planning region provided, construction of six transfer stations and closing of all non-compliant landfills • Discussions started with EBRD for involvement in financing regional waste management projects • Obtaining funds for the other regions • Starting the construction of the new regional landfill for the East and Northeast planning region • Covering on the existing non-compliant landfills and installation of gas flaring systems where it is feasible Finance: Budget: 10.5 mil. EUR Source of finance: Local self-government through Public Utilities, Public Private Partnership, EU funds, IFIs Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: NECP, 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: Closing of existing and opening of new landfills by waste management regions in the following order: • Skopje – 2023 • East and Northeast – 2025Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan • Polog – 2026 • Southeast – 2029 • Pelagonia and Southeast – 2029 • Vardar 2029 A-M-45: Mechanical and biological treatment (MBT) in new landfills with composting Main objective: Environmental protection and meeting the highest European standards Description: Opening of new regional landfills in all waste management regions with installed system for mechanical and biological treatment and composting Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC, amended by Directive 2018/850; Waste Directive 2006/12/EC; Waste Management Framework Directive 2008/98/EC, amended by Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • National Waste Management Plan 2020-2030 • Strategy for Waste Management in the RN Macedonia • Regional Waste Management Plans (Northeast, East, Southeast, Southwest, Pelagonia, Polog, Vardar and Skopje region) – final and draft versions Implementing entity: • Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning • Municipalities / Public municipal enterprises for waste management • Regional waste mgmt companies / Inter-Municipal Waste Management Board Monitoring entity: Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning State Environmental Inspectorate Authorized Inspectors of Environment (Municipalities) GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Amount of compost (kt) in 2030 78 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Regional waste management plans developed and developed • EU funds provided for construction of a regional landfill for the East and Northeast planning region provided, construction of six transfer stations and closing of all non-compliant landfills • Obtaining funds for the other regions • Starting the construction of the new regional landfill for the East and Northeast planning region Finance: Budget: 36.1 mil.', 'EUR Source of finance: Local self-government through Public Utilities, Public Private Partnership, EU funds, IFIs Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: NECP, 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: Closing of existing and opening of new landfills by waste management regions in the following order: • Skopje – 2023 • East and Northeast – 2025Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan • Polog – 2026 • Southeast – 2029 • Pelagonia and Southeast – 2029 • Vardar 2029 A-M-45: Mechanical and biological treatment (MBT) in new landfills with composting Main objective: Environmental protection and meeting the highest European standards Description: Opening of new regional landfills in all waste management regions with installed system for mechanical and biological treatment and composting Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC, amended by Directive 2018/850; Waste Directive 2006/12/EC; Waste Management Framework Directive 2008/98/EC, amended by Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • National Waste Management Plan 2020-2030 • Strategy for Waste Management in the RN Macedonia • Regional Waste Management Plans (Northeast, East, Southeast, Southwest, Pelagonia, Polog, Vardar and Skopje region) – final and draft versions Implementing entity: • Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning • Municipalities / Public municipal enterprises for waste management • Regional waste mgmt companies / Inter-Municipal Waste Management Board Monitoring entity: Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning State Environmental Inspectorate Authorized Inspectors of Environment (Municipalities) GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Amount of compost (kt) in 2030 78 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Regional waste management plans developed and developed • EU funds provided for construction of a regional landfill for the East and Northeast planning region provided, construction of six transfer stations and closing of all non-compliant landfills • Obtaining funds for the other regions • Starting the construction of the new regional landfill for the East and Northeast planning region Finance: Budget: 36.1 mil. EUR Source of finance: Local self-government through Public Utilities, Public Private Partnership, EU funds Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: NECP, 3rd BURLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Assumptions/ General comments: Opening of the regional landfills in the following order: • Skopje – 2023 • East and Northeast – 2025 • Polog – 2026 • Southeast – 2029 • Pelagonia and Southeast – 2029 • Vardar 2029 A-M-46: Selection of waste - paper Main objective: Environmental protection and meeting the highest European standards Description: Installation of containers for collection of selected waste, mainly paper Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC, amended by Directive 2018/850; Waste Directive 2006/12/EC; Waste Management Framework Directive 2008/98/EC, amended by Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • National Waste Management Plan 2020-2030 • Strategy for Waste Management in the RN Macedonia • Regional Waste Management Plans (Northeast, East, Southeast, Southwest, Pelagonia, Polog, Vardar and Skopje region) Implementing entity: • Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning • Public municipal enterprises for waste management • State Environmental Inspectorate • Inter-Municipal Waste Management Board • Authorized Inspectors of Environment (Municipalities) Monitoring entity: Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Amount of paper waste (kt) in 2030 2030 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Regional waste management plans developed • Containers for waste selection installed in several cities in RN Macedonia, mostly in Skopje • Private companies – digitalization of information (bills) realized • Installation of containers for waste selection in all cities in RN Macedonia.', 'EUR Source of finance: Local self-government through Public Utilities, Public Private Partnership, EU funds Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: NECP, 3rd BURLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Assumptions/ General comments: Opening of the regional landfills in the following order: • Skopje – 2023 • East and Northeast – 2025 • Polog – 2026 • Southeast – 2029 • Pelagonia and Southeast – 2029 • Vardar 2029 A-M-46: Selection of waste - paper Main objective: Environmental protection and meeting the highest European standards Description: Installation of containers for collection of selected waste, mainly paper Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC, amended by Directive 2018/850; Waste Directive 2006/12/EC; Waste Management Framework Directive 2008/98/EC, amended by Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • National Waste Management Plan 2020-2030 • Strategy for Waste Management in the RN Macedonia • Regional Waste Management Plans (Northeast, East, Southeast, Southwest, Pelagonia, Polog, Vardar and Skopje region) Implementing entity: • Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning • Public municipal enterprises for waste management • State Environmental Inspectorate • Inter-Municipal Waste Management Board • Authorized Inspectors of Environment (Municipalities) Monitoring entity: Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Amount of paper waste (kt) in 2030 2030 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Regional waste management plans developed • Containers for waste selection installed in several cities in RN Macedonia, mostly in Skopje • Private companies – digitalization of information (bills) realized • Installation of containers for waste selection in all cities in RN Macedonia. • Promoting the reduction of paper consumption and dematerialization of the information using ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) Finance: Budget: 2 mil.', '• Promoting the reduction of paper consumption and dematerialization of the information using ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) Finance: Budget: 2 mil. EUR Source of finance: Local self-government through Public Utilities, Public Private Partnership, EU funds Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/NoLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: NECP, 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: Gradual increase of paper selection compared to WOM, starting from 2% up to 50% in A-M-47: Improved waste and materials management at industrial facilities Main objective: Set targets for reduction of generation, selection, reuse, recycling and treatment of waste at industrial installations Description: On an individual assessment, each IPPC installation operator shall submit proposals for 1) waste generation, 2) waste selection, 3) waste reuse, 4) waste recycling, 5) waste treatment. Goals are set in integrated environmental permits.', 'Goals are set in integrated environmental permits. Goals are set for a 5-year framework (progressive goals for each year) that will be updated as appropriate after the deadline. Two levels of goals: mandatory and higher incentives (through tax or financial incentives).', 'Two levels of goals: mandatory and higher incentives (through tax or financial incentives). Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Regulation, Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • National Waste Management Plan 202-2030 • Strategy for Waste Management in the RN Macedonia • Law on Waste Management and by-laws • Law on Finance and by-laws • Regional Waste Management Plans (Northeast, East, Southeast, Southwest, Pelagonia, Polog, Vardar and Skopje region) Implementing entity: • Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning • Public municipal enterprises for waste management • State Environmental Inspectorate • Inter-Municipal Waste Management Board • Authorized Inspectors of Environment (Municipalities) Monitoring entity: Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Industrial waste collected (kt) in 2030 302 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Analysis of possible tax and financial options to encourage the achievement of higher goals • Analysis done; opportunities/mechanisms identified • Modified and issued environmental permits • Regular annual implementation oversight • Regular annual reporting by IPPC operators Finance: Budget: Source of finance: Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning, Municipalities and city of Skopje, Industrial facilities, EU fundsLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: NECP, 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: Conducted substantive analysis, international experiences analysed.', 'Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Regulation, Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • National Waste Management Plan 202-2030 • Strategy for Waste Management in the RN Macedonia • Law on Waste Management and by-laws • Law on Finance and by-laws • Regional Waste Management Plans (Northeast, East, Southeast, Southwest, Pelagonia, Polog, Vardar and Skopje region) Implementing entity: • Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning • Public municipal enterprises for waste management • State Environmental Inspectorate • Inter-Municipal Waste Management Board • Authorized Inspectors of Environment (Municipalities) Monitoring entity: Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Industrial waste collected (kt) in 2030 302 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Analysis of possible tax and financial options to encourage the achievement of higher goals • Analysis done; opportunities/mechanisms identified • Modified and issued environmental permits • Regular annual implementation oversight • Regular annual reporting by IPPC operators Finance: Budget: Source of finance: Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning, Municipalities and city of Skopje, Industrial facilities, EU fundsLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: NECP, 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: Conducted substantive analysis, international experiences analysed. The percentage of industrial waste treatment will increase from 5% in 2024 up to 30% in 2040 A-M-48: Introduction of CO2 tax Main objective: Incentivize lowering CO2 emissions Description: Introduction of CO2 tax in order to stimulate the investments in RES and to increase the penetration of energy efficiency measures Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Regulatory Link to the EU policies (where applicable): EU ETS Directive Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Strategy for Energy Development of the RN Macedonia up to 2040 • Law on Energy • By-laws for renewable energy • Law on Climate Action Implementing entity: • Government of the Republic of North Macedonia • Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency • Ministry of Finance Monitoring entity: Ministry of environment and physical planning GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: kt CO2 emissions paid under carbon tax Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Draft version of the Law on Climate Action • Strategy for Energy Development of the RN Macedonia up to 2040 • Adoption of the Law on Climate Action • Adoption of the Strategy on Climate Action • Adoption of the National Energy and Climate Plan Finance: Budget: Source of finance: Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Assumptions/ General comments: Gradual introduction of CO2 tax (2023 in WAM) based on the projected prices fromLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan A-M-49: Program for just transition Main objective: Developing programs for socially responsible and just transition Description: Depending on selected level of transition from conventional energy, it is important to develop programs for socially responsible and just transition to mitigate negative effects of associated job losses.', 'The percentage of industrial waste treatment will increase from 5% in 2024 up to 30% in 2040 A-M-48: Introduction of CO2 tax Main objective: Incentivize lowering CO2 emissions Description: Introduction of CO2 tax in order to stimulate the investments in RES and to increase the penetration of energy efficiency measures Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Regulatory Link to the EU policies (where applicable): EU ETS Directive Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Strategy for Energy Development of the RN Macedonia up to 2040 • Law on Energy • By-laws for renewable energy • Law on Climate Action Implementing entity: • Government of the Republic of North Macedonia • Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning • Ministry of Economy, Energy Agency • Ministry of Finance Monitoring entity: Ministry of environment and physical planning GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: kt CO2 emissions paid under carbon tax Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Draft version of the Law on Climate Action • Strategy for Energy Development of the RN Macedonia up to 2040 • Adoption of the Law on Climate Action • Adoption of the Strategy on Climate Action • Adoption of the National Energy and Climate Plan Finance: Budget: Source of finance: Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Assumptions/ General comments: Gradual introduction of CO2 tax (2023 in WAM) based on the projected prices fromLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan A-M-49: Program for just transition Main objective: Developing programs for socially responsible and just transition Description: Depending on selected level of transition from conventional energy, it is important to develop programs for socially responsible and just transition to mitigate negative effects of associated job losses. Such programs should provide an answer how to redeploy employees to other jobs and stimulate new job opportunities by investing in low carbon technologies and services Implementation period: 2020 – 2030 Type of policy instrument: Regulatory Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Strategy for Energy Development of the RN Macedonia up to 2040 • Law on Energy • Documents from project which are working in this area Implementing entity: • Government of the Republic of North Macedonia • Ministry of Economy • JSC Macedonian Power Plants (ESM AD) • Ministry of labour and social policy Monitoring entity: Ministry of Economy GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Program adopted in 2030 yes Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • EBRD project of just transition in Oslomej region • NGO project of just transition in Oslomej region • 100 MW PV power plant in Oslomej • 20 MW PV power plant in Oslomej • 20 MW PV power plant in Bitola Finance: Budget: Source of finance: JSC ESM, state budget, donors Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Assumptions/ General comments: • Oslomej is decommissioned in 2021 • Bitola is decommissioned in the period 2025-2027 A-M-50: Identification of the proper location for solar and wind power plants Main objective: Development of methodology for selection of the most appropriate location foe solar and wind power plants Description: Avoid excessive damage to nature, Government, energy companies and NGOs can prioritize land areas that have already been disturbed by industrial activity such as mines or quarries.', 'Such programs should provide an answer how to redeploy employees to other jobs and stimulate new job opportunities by investing in low carbon technologies and services Implementation period: 2020 – 2030 Type of policy instrument: Regulatory Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Strategy for Energy Development of the RN Macedonia up to 2040 • Law on Energy • Documents from project which are working in this area Implementing entity: • Government of the Republic of North Macedonia • Ministry of Economy • JSC Macedonian Power Plants (ESM AD) • Ministry of labour and social policy Monitoring entity: Ministry of Economy GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Program adopted in 2030 yes Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • EBRD project of just transition in Oslomej region • NGO project of just transition in Oslomej region • 100 MW PV power plant in Oslomej • 20 MW PV power plant in Oslomej • 20 MW PV power plant in Bitola Finance: Budget: Source of finance: JSC ESM, state budget, donors Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Assumptions/ General comments: • Oslomej is decommissioned in 2021 • Bitola is decommissioned in the period 2025-2027 A-M-50: Identification of the proper location for solar and wind power plants Main objective: Development of methodology for selection of the most appropriate location foe solar and wind power plants Description: Avoid excessive damage to nature, Government, energy companies and NGOs can prioritize land areas that have already been disturbed by industrial activity such as mines or quarries. In territories that have been historically dependent on coal production, depleted coal and other mines can be used for this purpose.', 'In territories that have been historically dependent on coal production, depleted coal and other mines can be used for this purpose. In addition, for the wind warms it is important to find appropriate locations, not environmentally sensitive (e.g., habitats of birds and bats)Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Implementation period: 2020 – 2023 Type of policy instrument: Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Strategy for Energy Development of the RN Macedonia up to 2040 • Law on Energy • Law on environmental protection • Documents from project which are working in this area Implementing entity: • Government of the Republic of North Macedonia • Ministry of Economy • JSC Macedonian Power Plants (ESM AD) • Ministry of labour and social policy • Donors Monitoring entity: Ministry of Economy GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Methodology developed in 2023 yes Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • 100 MW PV power plant in Oslomej • 20 MW PV power plant in Oslomej • 20 MW PV power plant in Bitola Finance: Budget: Source of finance: State budget, donors Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Assumptions/ General comments: • Oslomej is decommissioned in 2021 • Bitola is decommissioned in the period 2025-2027 A-M-51: Smart communities Main objective: Develop pilots for smart communities Description: Smart academic campuses could have an exemplary role where all advanced concepts and principles from smart energy systems can be tested with the goal for roll-out on larger scale Implementation period: 2020 – 2030 Type of policy instrument: Education, Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: Implementing entity: Universities (or high schools)Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Monitoring entity: • Ministry of Education and Science • Ministry of Economy GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Number of smart communities in 2030 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: PV power plants are installed at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies Finance: Budget: Source of finance: Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Assumptions/ General comments: A-M-52: Construction of 400 kV electricity transmission interconnection Macedonia-Albania (Bitola-Elbasan) Main objective: Improve the interconnectivity level Description: this project is the last segment of the Corridor 8 for transmission of electricity between Bulgaria, Macedonia, Albania and Italy.', 'In addition, for the wind warms it is important to find appropriate locations, not environmentally sensitive (e.g., habitats of birds and bats)Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Implementation period: 2020 – 2023 Type of policy instrument: Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Strategy for Energy Development of the RN Macedonia up to 2040 • Law on Energy • Law on environmental protection • Documents from project which are working in this area Implementing entity: • Government of the Republic of North Macedonia • Ministry of Economy • JSC Macedonian Power Plants (ESM AD) • Ministry of labour and social policy • Donors Monitoring entity: Ministry of Economy GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Methodology developed in 2023 yes Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • 100 MW PV power plant in Oslomej • 20 MW PV power plant in Oslomej • 20 MW PV power plant in Bitola Finance: Budget: Source of finance: State budget, donors Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Assumptions/ General comments: • Oslomej is decommissioned in 2021 • Bitola is decommissioned in the period 2025-2027 A-M-51: Smart communities Main objective: Develop pilots for smart communities Description: Smart academic campuses could have an exemplary role where all advanced concepts and principles from smart energy systems can be tested with the goal for roll-out on larger scale Implementation period: 2020 – 2030 Type of policy instrument: Education, Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: Implementing entity: Universities (or high schools)Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Monitoring entity: • Ministry of Education and Science • Ministry of Economy GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Number of smart communities in 2030 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: PV power plants are installed at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies Finance: Budget: Source of finance: Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Assumptions/ General comments: A-M-52: Construction of 400 kV electricity transmission interconnection Macedonia-Albania (Bitola-Elbasan) Main objective: Improve the interconnectivity level Description: this project is the last segment of the Corridor 8 for transmission of electricity between Bulgaria, Macedonia, Albania and Italy. The project is included in the List of Projects of Energy Community Interest (PECI) Implementation period: 2020 – 2023 Type of policy instrument: Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • PECI list • Plan for development of the transmission system, 2020-2029, MEPSO • Infrastructure Capacity Project, Technical Assistance Window (IPA) Western Balkans Implementing entity: MEPSO Monitoring entity: Ministry of economy GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Interconnectivity level in 2030 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: An agreement for construction signed Finance: Budget: 34 Mil.', 'The project is included in the List of Projects of Energy Community Interest (PECI) Implementation period: 2020 – 2023 Type of policy instrument: Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • PECI list • Plan for development of the transmission system, 2020-2029, MEPSO • Infrastructure Capacity Project, Technical Assistance Window (IPA) Western Balkans Implementing entity: MEPSO Monitoring entity: Ministry of economy GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Interconnectivity level in 2030 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: An agreement for construction signed Finance: Budget: 34 Mil. € Source of finance: EBRD (17.2 Mil. €),Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Grand from Western Balkan Investment Fund (16.9 Mil.', '€),Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Grand from Western Balkan Investment Fund (16.9 Mil. €) Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Assumptions/ General comments: Interconnectivity level will be increased for at least 7% A-M-53: Develop natural gas cross-border infrastructure to diversify supply routes and increase market competitiveness Main objective: Develop natural gas cross-border infrastructure to diversify supply routes and increase market competitiveness Description: On 10 July 2015 the Republic of North Macedonia became a signatory to the Memorandum of understanding on a common approach to address the natural gas diversification and the challenges of security of supply within the Central and Southeastern Europe Gas Connectivity Initiative (CESEC).', '€) Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Assumptions/ General comments: Interconnectivity level will be increased for at least 7% A-M-53: Develop natural gas cross-border infrastructure to diversify supply routes and increase market competitiveness Main objective: Develop natural gas cross-border infrastructure to diversify supply routes and increase market competitiveness Description: On 10 July 2015 the Republic of North Macedonia became a signatory to the Memorandum of understanding on a common approach to address the natural gas diversification and the challenges of security of supply within the Central and Southeastern Europe Gas Connectivity Initiative (CESEC). NER JSC Skopje has started implementing the obligations under this Initiative aimed at promoting the diversification of natural gas supply and ensuring security in the supply of the region, which should take place by improving the regional infrastructure and integration of markets through the joint engagement of all EU Member States and Contracting Parties of the Energy Community.', 'NER JSC Skopje has started implementing the obligations under this Initiative aimed at promoting the diversification of natural gas supply and ensuring security in the supply of the region, which should take place by improving the regional infrastructure and integration of markets through the joint engagement of all EU Member States and Contracting Parties of the Energy Community. This initiative should provide the supply of the necessary quantities of natural gas to all consumers in the region of Central and South-Eastern Europe (CESEC), including the Republic of North Macedonia. In addition, there are two other initiatives - pipelines to Kosovo* and Serbia.', 'In addition, there are two other initiatives - pipelines to Kosovo* and Serbia. The pipeline to Serbia could provide additional alternative source and transit opportunity to the Macedonian system, while the connection with Kosovo* could provide transit opportunity. Both can increase the utilization rate of the system, thus have the potential to decrease tariffs and help the gasification efforts in RN Macedonia. The projects for gas pipelines to Kosovo* and Serbia are on the preliminary PECI 2020 list that should be adopted by the Ministerial council at the end on 2020, while the gas project to Greece is already included on the PMI list, verified on 14 October 2016 by the Ministerial council of the Energy Community.', 'The projects for gas pipelines to Kosovo* and Serbia are on the preliminary PECI 2020 list that should be adopted by the Ministerial council at the end on 2020, while the gas project to Greece is already included on the PMI list, verified on 14 October 2016 by the Ministerial council of the Energy Community. Furthermore, Macedonia and Albania have signed a Memorandum of understanding and a working group is established and it is expected that by the end of 2020 more concrete activities will start.', 'Furthermore, Macedonia and Albania have signed a Memorandum of understanding and a working group is established and it is expected that by the end of 2020 more concrete activities will start. Implementation period: 2020 – 2025 Type of policy instrument: Technical, Regulatory Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • List of Projects of Mutual Interest • List of Project of Energy Community Interest Implementing entity: National Energy Resources of RN Macedonia Monitoring entity: Ministry of Economy GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Natural gas interconnection capacity (Mill.', 'Implementation period: 2020 – 2025 Type of policy instrument: Technical, Regulatory Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • List of Projects of Mutual Interest • List of Project of Energy Community Interest Implementing entity: National Energy Resources of RN Macedonia Monitoring entity: Ministry of Economy GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Natural gas interconnection capacity (Mill. Actions to support the implementation of the objective: Macedonia – Greece pipeline • Project application after the fourth open call for co-financing of infrastructure projects within the IPA instrument Investment Framework of the Western Balkans,Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan November 2018 and update of the same in April 2019.', 'Actions to support the implementation of the objective: Macedonia – Greece pipeline • Project application after the fourth open call for co-financing of infrastructure projects within the IPA instrument Investment Framework of the Western Balkans,Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan November 2018 and update of the same in April 2019. The investment grant application has a positive screening status and the final decision was made in • A letter was submitted with a request for expression of interest for financing the Project submitted to the European Investment Bank (EIB), October 2018. The EIB submitted a positive response to this request in November 2018.', 'The EIB submitted a positive response to this request in November 2018. Intensive negotiations have started for the financing procedure • Mutual Feasibility Study is prepared by DESFA and NER in January 2019 and it is submitted and accepted by EIB • A request for technical assistance (100% grant) has been submitted for the preparation of an Environmental Impact Assessment Study and a general design project to Connect (Technical Assistance for Connectivity in the Western Balkans). The application was approved in January 2019. The study and the general design project are being prepared by Konnekta.', 'The study and the general design project are being prepared by Konnekta. According to the plans, the Study (EIA) has already been prepared and submitted to the EIB for comments, while the project documentation should be completed by the middle of • A request for technical assistance (100% grant) for preparation of tender documentation for construction and construction supervision has been submitted. The same has been approved, but due to the coronavirus situation it is postponed Macedonia – Kosovo* pipeline • Memorandum of Understanding is signed, February 2019 • A letter with a request for expression of interest for financing the Project was submitted to the EBRD.', 'The same has been approved, but due to the coronavirus situation it is postponed Macedonia – Kosovo* pipeline • Memorandum of Understanding is signed, February 2019 • A letter with a request for expression of interest for financing the Project was submitted to the EBRD. At the beginning of 2019, the EBRD submitted a positive response to this request and the bank supported the implementation of this project • A project application was submitted after the 21st open call for technical assistance for preparation of a Feasibility Study and Environmental Impact Assessment Study within the IPA Instrument Investment Framework of the Western Balkans, November 2018 and update of the same in April 2019. The technical assistance application was approved in July 2019; The TOR (Terms of Reference) has been developed.', 'The technical assistance application was approved in July 2019; The TOR (Terms of Reference) has been developed. A Feasibility Study and an Environmental Impact Assessment Study are expected to be completed by the middle of 2020 Macedonia – Serbia pipeline • Activities for signing a Memorandum of Understanding • Start with the construction of RN Macedonia-Greece pipeline Finance: Budget: Source of finance: Grant – 10 Mil. €, Central government budget Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Assumptions/ General comments: A-M-54: Develop gas transmission network Main objective: Increase the access to the transmission network Description: Macedonia has an ambitious gasification plan and a detailed list of planned infrastructure project of the gas network in RN Macedonia with timeline is given in Chapter 4, Energy transmission infrastructure.', '€, Central government budget Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Assumptions/ General comments: A-M-54: Develop gas transmission network Main objective: Increase the access to the transmission network Description: Macedonia has an ambitious gasification plan and a detailed list of planned infrastructure project of the gas network in RN Macedonia with timeline is given in Chapter 4, Energy transmission infrastructure. The increased level of transmission network access is especially aimed at the industrial consumers (which are most affected by the greenLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan scenario), as natural gas is one of the fuels that will significantly contribute to the energy transition in the industry sector.', 'The increased level of transmission network access is especially aimed at the industrial consumers (which are most affected by the greenLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan scenario), as natural gas is one of the fuels that will significantly contribute to the energy transition in the industry sector. In addition, with the implementation of this measure the air quality will be significantly improved Implementation period: 2020 – 2025 Type of policy instrument: Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: Gasification plan of RN Macedonia Implementing entity: National Energy Resources of RN Macedonia Monitoring entity: Ministry of Economy GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Final energy consumption of natural gas in Industry (ktoe) in 2030 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Klechovce-Valve station 5(Stip), with length of 61 km and diameter of 500mm, finished in 2016 • Valve station 5(Stip)-Negotino, with length of 38 km and diameter of 500mm, finished in 2019 • Negotino (Kavadarci)-Bitola, with length of 92 km and diameter of 500mm, 90% realized up to June 2020 • Skopje-Tetovo-Gostivar, with length of 76 km and diameter of 500mm, and additional branch to Tetovo with length of 10 km and diameter of 150 mm, 53.1% realized at the beginning of November 2019 • Gostivar-Kicevo, with length of 34 km, in a process of obtaining building permit (to be finished by 2022) • Sveti Nikole – Veles, with length of 32 km, in a process of preparing project documentation (to be finished by 2023) • Kicevo-Ohrid (to be finished by 2025) • Bitola – Ohrid (to be finished by 2025) • Valve station 5 (Stip)-Radovis-Strumica, with length of 60 km Finance: Budget: ~200 Mil.', 'In addition, with the implementation of this measure the air quality will be significantly improved Implementation period: 2020 – 2025 Type of policy instrument: Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: Gasification plan of RN Macedonia Implementing entity: National Energy Resources of RN Macedonia Monitoring entity: Ministry of Economy GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Final energy consumption of natural gas in Industry (ktoe) in 2030 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Klechovce-Valve station 5(Stip), with length of 61 km and diameter of 500mm, finished in 2016 • Valve station 5(Stip)-Negotino, with length of 38 km and diameter of 500mm, finished in 2019 • Negotino (Kavadarci)-Bitola, with length of 92 km and diameter of 500mm, 90% realized up to June 2020 • Skopje-Tetovo-Gostivar, with length of 76 km and diameter of 500mm, and additional branch to Tetovo with length of 10 km and diameter of 150 mm, 53.1% realized at the beginning of November 2019 • Gostivar-Kicevo, with length of 34 km, in a process of obtaining building permit (to be finished by 2022) • Sveti Nikole – Veles, with length of 32 km, in a process of preparing project documentation (to be finished by 2023) • Kicevo-Ohrid (to be finished by 2025) • Bitola – Ohrid (to be finished by 2025) • Valve station 5 (Stip)-Radovis-Strumica, with length of 60 km Finance: Budget: ~200 Mil. € Source of finance: State budget Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Assumptions/ General comments: A-M-55: Develop a gas distribution network Main objective: Diversification of the energy resources Description: Macedonia has an ambitious gasification plan and natural gas is one of the fuels that will significantly contribute to the energy transition up to 2040.', '€ Source of finance: State budget Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Assumptions/ General comments: A-M-55: Develop a gas distribution network Main objective: Diversification of the energy resources Description: Macedonia has an ambitious gasification plan and natural gas is one of the fuels that will significantly contribute to the energy transition up to 2040. In addition, with the implementation of this measure the air quality will be significantly improvedLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Implementation period: 2020 – 2025 Type of policy instrument: Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Gasification plan of RN Macedonia • Feasibility study about gasification (revised version in 2020) Implementing entity: • Ministry of economy • National Energy Resources of RN Macedonia • Local self-government Monitoring entity: Ministry of Economy GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Final energy consumption of natural gas except Industry (ktoe) in 2030 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Tender announced • EBRD support for procurement and installation of household equipment (50 mill.', 'In addition, with the implementation of this measure the air quality will be significantly improvedLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Implementation period: 2020 – 2025 Type of policy instrument: Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Gasification plan of RN Macedonia • Feasibility study about gasification (revised version in 2020) Implementing entity: • Ministry of economy • National Energy Resources of RN Macedonia • Local self-government Monitoring entity: Ministry of Economy GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Final energy consumption of natural gas except Industry (ktoe) in 2030 Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Tender announced • EBRD support for procurement and installation of household equipment (50 mill. EUR) • Tender for technical and legal support for preparation and implementation of a tender procedure is announced in June 2020 by EBRD Finance: Budget: n/e Source of finance: Grant, Central governmental budget, Local self-government budgets Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Assumptions/ General comments: Development of a cost benefit analyses for each city A-M-56: Pursue regional electricity market integration Main objective: Increase the electricity price competitiveness and affordability Description: It is anticipated that day ahead market coupling, and development of power exchange is playing an important role in the future for RN Macedonia and EnC market integration initiatives (WB6).', 'EUR) • Tender for technical and legal support for preparation and implementation of a tender procedure is announced in June 2020 by EBRD Finance: Budget: n/e Source of finance: Grant, Central governmental budget, Local self-government budgets Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Assumptions/ General comments: Development of a cost benefit analyses for each city A-M-56: Pursue regional electricity market integration Main objective: Increase the electricity price competitiveness and affordability Description: It is anticipated that day ahead market coupling, and development of power exchange is playing an important role in the future for RN Macedonia and EnC market integration initiatives (WB6). Future potential domestic capacities for electricity generation are considered in the context of integrated regional and European market.', 'Future potential domestic capacities for electricity generation are considered in the context of integrated regional and European market. In addition, a well-integrated regional market will serve as a control indicator for price competitiveness and steer future capital investment decisions.', 'In addition, a well-integrated regional market will serve as a control indicator for price competitiveness and steer future capital investment decisions. In order to have competitive natural gas market in RN Macedonia, the interconnection agreement between Macedonian and Bulgarian TSOs is of crucial importance Implementation period: 2020 – 2023 Type of policy instrument: Regulatory Link to the EU policies (where applicable):Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: Energy Law and by-laws Implementing entity: • National electricity market operator (MEMO) • GAMA Monitoring entity: Energy Regulatory Commission GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Coupled with Bulgaria Yes Macedonian and Bulgarian gas TSOs agreement signed Yes Actions to support the implementation of the objective: The decree for the operation of the organized electricity market and the necessary technical, staff and financial conditions that should be fulfilled, is adopted by the Government Finance: Budget: Source of finance: Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Assumptions/ General comments: A-M-57: Develop further distribution system network to integrate more RES, including prosumers and more electric vehicles (EVs), as well as continuously improve network reliability Main objective: Develop further distribution system network to integrate more RES, as well as continuously improve network reliability Description: The RES policies and measures envisage a huge number of solar PVs up to 1,400 MW, out of which 250 – 400 MW being rooftop PVs.', 'In order to have competitive natural gas market in RN Macedonia, the interconnection agreement between Macedonian and Bulgarian TSOs is of crucial importance Implementation period: 2020 – 2023 Type of policy instrument: Regulatory Link to the EU policies (where applicable):Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: Energy Law and by-laws Implementing entity: • National electricity market operator (MEMO) • GAMA Monitoring entity: Energy Regulatory Commission GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Coupled with Bulgaria Yes Macedonian and Bulgarian gas TSOs agreement signed Yes Actions to support the implementation of the objective: The decree for the operation of the organized electricity market and the necessary technical, staff and financial conditions that should be fulfilled, is adopted by the Government Finance: Budget: Source of finance: Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Assumptions/ General comments: A-M-57: Develop further distribution system network to integrate more RES, including prosumers and more electric vehicles (EVs), as well as continuously improve network reliability Main objective: Develop further distribution system network to integrate more RES, as well as continuously improve network reliability Description: The RES policies and measures envisage a huge number of solar PVs up to 1,400 MW, out of which 250 – 400 MW being rooftop PVs. Such trend indicates an important role of the distribution network system to service growing decentralised systems.', 'Such trend indicates an important role of the distribution network system to service growing decentralised systems. In addition, European practice shows that regulators are imposing additional pressure and incentive to improve the operational performance and results of distribution system operators. The key changes that should be considered in the future are related in introducing new quality indicators in the tariff methodology (voltage quality, quality of supply, customer relationship quality etc. ), as well as additional revisions on investment decisions (CAPEX and regulated asset base), operating efficiency and expected returns for distribution system operators.', '), as well as additional revisions on investment decisions (CAPEX and regulated asset base), operating efficiency and expected returns for distribution system operators. These changes in the regulatory framework will indirectly contribute to improvements in asset management, workforce management, automation and roll out of “behind the meter” services in the future Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Regulatory, technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Energy Law and by-laws • Plan for development of the distribution network Implementing entity: • EVN • Energy Regulatory Commission Monitoring entity: Energy Regulatory CommissionLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Number of prosumers Capacity of distributed PV Number of electric vehicles Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Chargers for Electric vehicles are being installed • Old meters are being replaced with smart meters Finance: Budget: Source of finance: EVN, consumers through their electricity bills Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Assumptions/ General comments: The potential for distributed RES, prosumers and electric vehicles will be increased A-M-58: Price signal demand response Main objective: Introduce price signals to consumers in order to implement demand response Description: Demand response is one of the main methods that are used in order to reduce the maximum electricity consumption in the system, and thus reduce its peak load and integrate higher level of RES in the system.', 'These changes in the regulatory framework will indirectly contribute to improvements in asset management, workforce management, automation and roll out of “behind the meter” services in the future Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Regulatory, technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Energy Law and by-laws • Plan for development of the distribution network Implementing entity: • EVN • Energy Regulatory Commission Monitoring entity: Energy Regulatory CommissionLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Number of prosumers Capacity of distributed PV Number of electric vehicles Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Chargers for Electric vehicles are being installed • Old meters are being replaced with smart meters Finance: Budget: Source of finance: EVN, consumers through their electricity bills Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Assumptions/ General comments: The potential for distributed RES, prosumers and electric vehicles will be increased A-M-58: Price signal demand response Main objective: Introduce price signals to consumers in order to implement demand response Description: Demand response is one of the main methods that are used in order to reduce the maximum electricity consumption in the system, and thus reduce its peak load and integrate higher level of RES in the system. Price signalling provided by the electricity suppliers can significantly contribute towards achieving these goals.', 'Price signalling provided by the electricity suppliers can significantly contribute towards achieving these goals. By implementing the new Energy Law, and by the liberalized market it is envisioned that the role of the universal supplier will be reduced, and that the concurrency of the suppliers will be increased.', 'By implementing the new Energy Law, and by the liberalized market it is envisioned that the role of the universal supplier will be reduced, and that the concurrency of the suppliers will be increased. Therefore, each of them may introduce different pricing signals for different type of consumers Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Regulatory Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Energy Law and by-laws • Study on automated demand response, MEPSO Implementing entity: • Electricity suppliers/traders • Consumers Monitoring entity: Energy Regulatory Commission GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Number of suppliers on the market with price signalsLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Actions to support the implementation of the objective: Finance: Budget: Source of finance: Electricity suppliers/traders, Consumers Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Assumptions/ General comments: Price signal demand response will reduce the peak load and enable higher integration of RES A-M-59: Adoption of annual program for vulnerable consumers Main objective: Protect vulnerable customers Description: The Implementation of the GHG and RES targets will increase the price of electricity as it is described in Chapter 4 Internal energy market.', 'Therefore, each of them may introduce different pricing signals for different type of consumers Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Regulatory Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Energy Law and by-laws • Study on automated demand response, MEPSO Implementing entity: • Electricity suppliers/traders • Consumers Monitoring entity: Energy Regulatory Commission GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Number of suppliers on the market with price signalsLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Actions to support the implementation of the objective: Finance: Budget: Source of finance: Electricity suppliers/traders, Consumers Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Assumptions/ General comments: Price signal demand response will reduce the peak load and enable higher integration of RES A-M-59: Adoption of annual program for vulnerable consumers Main objective: Protect vulnerable customers Description: The Implementation of the GHG and RES targets will increase the price of electricity as it is described in Chapter 4 Internal energy market. Having this in mind a program for vulnerable costumers is needed that will protect them from the price shocks Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Regulatory Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Energy law • Separate rules for electricity, gas and heat supply • Program for vulnerable consumers for 2020 Implementing entity: • Ministry of economy • Suppliers of electricity, gas and heat Monitoring entity: Energy Regulatory Commission GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Program adopted: Yes/No Actions to support the implementation of the objective: Finance: Budget: Different for each year Source of finance: Budget and potential donors Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports:Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Assumptions/ General comments: This early program should define the categories of vulnerable costumers and associated measures, including financial supports and responsible institutions for realization of the program A-M-60: Participation in development of energy transition technologies and measures Main objective: Streamline energy transition technologies and measures into national R&I priorities Description: The development of sectoral strategies and plans for science and R&I should be realized in cooperation between Ministry of Education and Science and relevant energy stakeholders, in order to prioritize energy transition technologies and measures.', 'Having this in mind a program for vulnerable costumers is needed that will protect them from the price shocks Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Regulatory Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Energy law • Separate rules for electricity, gas and heat supply • Program for vulnerable consumers for 2020 Implementing entity: • Ministry of economy • Suppliers of electricity, gas and heat Monitoring entity: Energy Regulatory Commission GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Program adopted: Yes/No Actions to support the implementation of the objective: Finance: Budget: Different for each year Source of finance: Budget and potential donors Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports:Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Assumptions/ General comments: This early program should define the categories of vulnerable costumers and associated measures, including financial supports and responsible institutions for realization of the program A-M-60: Participation in development of energy transition technologies and measures Main objective: Streamline energy transition technologies and measures into national R&I priorities Description: The development of sectoral strategies and plans for science and R&I should be realized in cooperation between Ministry of Education and Science and relevant energy stakeholders, in order to prioritize energy transition technologies and measures. Same is needed for the programmes in the Fund for Innovation and Technology Development Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Research Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Innovation Strategy, 2012-2020 • Law on Innovation Activity • Annual programs of the Fund for Innovation and Technology Development Implementing entity: • Ministry of Education and Science • Fund for Innovation and Technology Development • Chamber of Commerce Monitoring entity: Ministry of Education and Science GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Number of research projects development of energy transition technologies and measures Actions to support the implementation of the objective: Finance: Budget: Source of finance: • Fund for Innovation and Technology Development • Horizon 2020 • Donors Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Assumptions/ General comments: A-M-61: Increased level of education of sustainable energy needs Main objective: Adjust energy related curricula at all educational levels to make them responsive to energy transition trendsLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Description: The development of consciousness for sustainable energy needs to be addressed from the earliest education levels and incorporated in the curricula of all primary, secondary and tertiary educational levels.', 'Same is needed for the programmes in the Fund for Innovation and Technology Development Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Research Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Innovation Strategy, 2012-2020 • Law on Innovation Activity • Annual programs of the Fund for Innovation and Technology Development Implementing entity: • Ministry of Education and Science • Fund for Innovation and Technology Development • Chamber of Commerce Monitoring entity: Ministry of Education and Science GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Number of research projects development of energy transition technologies and measures Actions to support the implementation of the objective: Finance: Budget: Source of finance: • Fund for Innovation and Technology Development • Horizon 2020 • Donors Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Assumptions/ General comments: A-M-61: Increased level of education of sustainable energy needs Main objective: Adjust energy related curricula at all educational levels to make them responsive to energy transition trendsLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Description: The development of consciousness for sustainable energy needs to be addressed from the earliest education levels and incorporated in the curricula of all primary, secondary and tertiary educational levels. Moreover, stimulating science and education in energy transition will help mobilization of the existing and building of new research capacities, as well as better integration into European Research Area (ERA) in energy themes Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Education, Regulatory Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Law on primary education • Law on secondary education • Law on higher education Implementing entity: Universities, High and Primary schools Monitoring entity: Ministry of Education and Science GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Number of curricula for sustainable energy needs Actions to support the implementation of the objective: Finance: Budget: Source of finance: Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Assumptions/ General comments: A-M-62: Inter-sectoral and geographical mobility of researchers Main objective: Encourage inter-sectoral and geographical mobility of researchers Description: Knowledge and experience transfer among researchers from industry and academia, as well as incoming and outgoing mobility is needed to build internal capacities.', 'Moreover, stimulating science and education in energy transition will help mobilization of the existing and building of new research capacities, as well as better integration into European Research Area (ERA) in energy themes Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Education, Regulatory Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Law on primary education • Law on secondary education • Law on higher education Implementing entity: Universities, High and Primary schools Monitoring entity: Ministry of Education and Science GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Number of curricula for sustainable energy needs Actions to support the implementation of the objective: Finance: Budget: Source of finance: Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Assumptions/ General comments: A-M-62: Inter-sectoral and geographical mobility of researchers Main objective: Encourage inter-sectoral and geographical mobility of researchers Description: Knowledge and experience transfer among researchers from industry and academia, as well as incoming and outgoing mobility is needed to build internal capacities. For example, at highest educational level, industrial doctorates can be promoted as a tool to support industry driven science Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Education, Regulatory Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: Implementing entity: Monitoring entity:Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Number of industrial doctorates Actions to support the implementation of the objective: INNOFEIT Finance: Budget: Source of finance: • Industry companies • Donors Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Assumptions/ General comments: A-M-63: Increase the role of SME sector in energy transition Main objective: Encourage SME sector to diversify their portfolio of services and products in RES and EE Description: To support greater involvement of local SME in energy transition, it is necessary to promote further expansion of RES projects and EE measures overall, especially via financial mechanisms, as well as green public procurement for innovative products.', 'For example, at highest educational level, industrial doctorates can be promoted as a tool to support industry driven science Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Education, Regulatory Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: Implementing entity: Monitoring entity:Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Number of industrial doctorates Actions to support the implementation of the objective: INNOFEIT Finance: Budget: Source of finance: • Industry companies • Donors Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Assumptions/ General comments: A-M-63: Increase the role of SME sector in energy transition Main objective: Encourage SME sector to diversify their portfolio of services and products in RES and EE Description: To support greater involvement of local SME in energy transition, it is necessary to promote further expansion of RES projects and EE measures overall, especially via financial mechanisms, as well as green public procurement for innovative products. Private investments in RES and EE will be encouraged by structuring financing instruments with grant components to lower the risk of private investments in untested but promising clean energy technologies or business models.', 'Private investments in RES and EE will be encouraged by structuring financing instruments with grant components to lower the risk of private investments in untested but promising clean energy technologies or business models. In addition, provision of technical assistance for SMEs in order to facilitate the access of enterprises to external services is needed. This covers the areas of external research and development, testing, design, instruction and training, market research, business consulting, etc.', 'This covers the areas of external research and development, testing, design, instruction and training, market research, business consulting, etc. Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Research, Technical, Voluntary Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: Implementing entity: SMEs Monitoring entity: Ministry of Economy GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Number of innovations/patents in the field of clean energy Actions to support the implementation of the objective: Finance: Budget:Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Source of finance: • Grants • Private investments Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Assumptions/ General comments:Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan 2 .', 'Implementation period: 2020 – 2040 Type of policy instrument: Research, Technical, Voluntary Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: Implementing entity: SMEs Monitoring entity: Ministry of Economy GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Number of innovations/patents in the field of clean energy Actions to support the implementation of the objective: Finance: Budget:Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Source of finance: • Grants • Private investments Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Assumptions/ General comments:Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan 2 . 2 A c t i o n s t h a t s u p p o r t t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e a d a p t a t i o n o b j e c t i v e s o f t h e S t r a t e g y 2 .', '2 A c t i o n s t h a t s u p p o r t t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e a d a p t a t i o n o b j e c t i v e s o f t h e S t r a t e g y 2 . 2 .', '2 A c t i o n s t h a t s u p p o r t t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e a d a p t a t i o n o b j e c t i v e s o f t h e S t r a t e g y 2 . 2 . 1 M e a s u r e s a i m e d a t a d d r e s s i n g s p e c i f i c o b j e c t i v e 6 : T o b u i l d s o l i d s y s t e m s f o r t h e r e g u l a r a n d p e r i o d i c c o l l e c t i o n d a t a f o r t h e p r o d u c t i o n a n d d i s s e m i n a t i o n o f s c i e n t i f i c a n d t e c h n i c a l k n o w l e d g e A-A-1 (Water Resources): Pilot project for the collection of data on water use in rural context for the purpose of ensuring effective adaptation to climate change Main objective: This measure specifically aims at addressing the following needs and gaps identified in the Third National Communication: • Lack of knowledge about the extent of groundwater irrigation, and there is an urgent need for mapping/inventory of existing irrigation wells • There are no reliable data on water consumed for irrigation.', '1 M e a s u r e s a i m e d a t a d d r e s s i n g s p e c i f i c o b j e c t i v e 6 : T o b u i l d s o l i d s y s t e m s f o r t h e r e g u l a r a n d p e r i o d i c c o l l e c t i o n d a t a f o r t h e p r o d u c t i o n a n d d i s s e m i n a t i o n o f s c i e n t i f i c a n d t e c h n i c a l k n o w l e d g e A-A-1 (Water Resources): Pilot project for the collection of data on water use in rural context for the purpose of ensuring effective adaptation to climate change Main objective: This measure specifically aims at addressing the following needs and gaps identified in the Third National Communication: • Lack of knowledge about the extent of groundwater irrigation, and there is an urgent need for mapping/inventory of existing irrigation wells • There are no reliable data on water consumed for irrigation. Most irrigation schemes do not have measuring devices at the level of intakes, river diversions or canal outlets Description: Pilot project for the collection of data on water use in rural context for the purpose of ensuring effective adaptation to climate change.', 'Most irrigation schemes do not have measuring devices at the level of intakes, river diversions or canal outlets Description: Pilot project for the collection of data on water use in rural context for the purpose of ensuring effective adaptation to climate change. The project would aim at addressing specific needs and gaps identified in the Third National Communication Implementation period: 2021-2023 Type of policy instrument: Technological/Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: Implementing entity: Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning; Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Economy; Water Utilities, Farmers Associations Monitoring entity: Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: Number of monitored wells Values in 2030: Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Define the boundaries of the pilot, in particular in terms of geographic coverage • Inventory and map wells, including the identification of its main use (irrigation or other).', 'The project would aim at addressing specific needs and gaps identified in the Third National Communication Implementation period: 2021-2023 Type of policy instrument: Technological/Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: Implementing entity: Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning; Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Economy; Water Utilities, Farmers Associations Monitoring entity: Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: Number of monitored wells Values in 2030: Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Define the boundaries of the pilot, in particular in terms of geographic coverage • Inventory and map wells, including the identification of its main use (irrigation or other). For this, good practices shall be considered, such as: o digital field mapping, where the relevant features are observed, analysed, and recorded in the field, producing spatially referenced maps o field work aided by and to complement / validate the results of the digital field mapping, with a view to collecting/validating, for example, data on: well location, status (operational / non-operational), depth to groundwater, groundwater quality • Identify needs and determine measures for the improvement of the monitoring of irrigation water use in order to:Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan o Determine the area under irrigation with surface and groundwater o Enhance the coverage of measuring devices at the level of intakes, river diversions or canal outlets o Set up a system / methodological approach to estimate irrigation water losses through leakage and evaporation • Define and implement a methodological approach for the monitoring of groundwater aquifers within the boundaries of the pilot project Finance: Budget: Source of finance: State budget Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Third National Communication Assumptions/ General comments: Financial support for the acquisition and maintenance of the monitoring devices, required from international partners, including EU programmes such as IPA and IPARD A-A-2 (Agriculture): Promote Cooperation Among Scientific Institutions and Enhance the Science-Policy- Implementers Link Main objective: To promote cooperation among scientific institutions and enhance the science-policy-implementers link Description: This measure specifically aims at addressing the following needs and gaps identified in the Third National Communication: Weak networking and an insufficient level of cooperation between scientific institutions Implementation period: 2021-2022 Type of policy instrument: Informational/Educational; Organizational/Managerial/Institutional Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: Implementing entity: Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Economy; Universities and research institutions, farmers association Monitoring entity: Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Economy GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: Mechanism established and functioning Values in 2030: 1 (Yes/No) Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Identify the institutions performing research on agriculture and climate change • Define and establish a coordination, communication and knowledge management mechanism, including web-based, that promotes synergies among research institutions and enhances the link and communication among research institutions, policy makers, extension services and farmers, including civil society organizations Finance: Budget: 1 million euro (for set up) Source of finance: State Budget, International cooperationLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Third National Communication Assumptions/ General comments: Financial resources are available, in particular post-set up financing (sustainability) The mechanism foreseen in this measure could be set up as a regional mechanism, as the research it is to perform can be of interest to the different countries in South East Europe International cooperation partners can include: IPA; USAID and other bilateral and multilateral cooperation (such as FAO) A-A-3 (Biodiversity): Define and develop an indicator system to monitor the impacts of climate change on biodiversity Main objective: To define and develop an indicator system to monitor the impacts of climate change on biodiversity Description: This measure specifically aims at addressing the following needs and gaps identified in the Third National Communication: • Lack of data for precise distribution of different species, population density and abundance; Vegetation map - communities and habitats; Insufficient definition of biogeographical characteristics of Macedonian territory • Lack of data on vulnerable biodiversity components to climate change • A monitoring system of climate change impacts on biodiversity does not exist • Lack of good intersectoral cooperation (partially) • Insufficient capacities (human and knowledge) (partially) Implementation period: 2021-2022 Type of policy instrument: Technological/Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: Implementing entity: MoEPP – Department of Nature Protection; Hydrometeorological Service; Protected areas; Universities and Research Institutes; NGOs Monitoring entity: MoEPP – Department of Nature Protection GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: Indicator System Established Values in 2030: Yes/No Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Define policy relevant key indicators for evaluation of impacts of climate change on biodiversity o Assess data needs and data availability and gaps, including accessibility to climate data by relevant stakeholders including research institutions • Design and establish monitoring system for the impacts of climate change on biodiversity, including institutional responsibilities (for example, through signing of memorandum of understanding among the relevant entities)Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Finance: Budget: The costs associated with designing and establishing are close to zero.', 'For this, good practices shall be considered, such as: o digital field mapping, where the relevant features are observed, analysed, and recorded in the field, producing spatially referenced maps o field work aided by and to complement / validate the results of the digital field mapping, with a view to collecting/validating, for example, data on: well location, status (operational / non-operational), depth to groundwater, groundwater quality • Identify needs and determine measures for the improvement of the monitoring of irrigation water use in order to:Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan o Determine the area under irrigation with surface and groundwater o Enhance the coverage of measuring devices at the level of intakes, river diversions or canal outlets o Set up a system / methodological approach to estimate irrigation water losses through leakage and evaporation • Define and implement a methodological approach for the monitoring of groundwater aquifers within the boundaries of the pilot project Finance: Budget: Source of finance: State budget Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Third National Communication Assumptions/ General comments: Financial support for the acquisition and maintenance of the monitoring devices, required from international partners, including EU programmes such as IPA and IPARD A-A-2 (Agriculture): Promote Cooperation Among Scientific Institutions and Enhance the Science-Policy- Implementers Link Main objective: To promote cooperation among scientific institutions and enhance the science-policy-implementers link Description: This measure specifically aims at addressing the following needs and gaps identified in the Third National Communication: Weak networking and an insufficient level of cooperation between scientific institutions Implementation period: 2021-2022 Type of policy instrument: Informational/Educational; Organizational/Managerial/Institutional Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: Implementing entity: Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Economy; Universities and research institutions, farmers association Monitoring entity: Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Economy GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: Mechanism established and functioning Values in 2030: 1 (Yes/No) Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Identify the institutions performing research on agriculture and climate change • Define and establish a coordination, communication and knowledge management mechanism, including web-based, that promotes synergies among research institutions and enhances the link and communication among research institutions, policy makers, extension services and farmers, including civil society organizations Finance: Budget: 1 million euro (for set up) Source of finance: State Budget, International cooperationLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Third National Communication Assumptions/ General comments: Financial resources are available, in particular post-set up financing (sustainability) The mechanism foreseen in this measure could be set up as a regional mechanism, as the research it is to perform can be of interest to the different countries in South East Europe International cooperation partners can include: IPA; USAID and other bilateral and multilateral cooperation (such as FAO) A-A-3 (Biodiversity): Define and develop an indicator system to monitor the impacts of climate change on biodiversity Main objective: To define and develop an indicator system to monitor the impacts of climate change on biodiversity Description: This measure specifically aims at addressing the following needs and gaps identified in the Third National Communication: • Lack of data for precise distribution of different species, population density and abundance; Vegetation map - communities and habitats; Insufficient definition of biogeographical characteristics of Macedonian territory • Lack of data on vulnerable biodiversity components to climate change • A monitoring system of climate change impacts on biodiversity does not exist • Lack of good intersectoral cooperation (partially) • Insufficient capacities (human and knowledge) (partially) Implementation period: 2021-2022 Type of policy instrument: Technological/Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: Implementing entity: MoEPP – Department of Nature Protection; Hydrometeorological Service; Protected areas; Universities and Research Institutes; NGOs Monitoring entity: MoEPP – Department of Nature Protection GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: Indicator System Established Values in 2030: Yes/No Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Define policy relevant key indicators for evaluation of impacts of climate change on biodiversity o Assess data needs and data availability and gaps, including accessibility to climate data by relevant stakeholders including research institutions • Design and establish monitoring system for the impacts of climate change on biodiversity, including institutional responsibilities (for example, through signing of memorandum of understanding among the relevant entities)Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Finance: Budget: The costs associated with designing and establishing are close to zero. In addition, this biodiversity/climate change indicator system is to build upon the monitoring that should already be done by the protected areas.', 'In addition, this biodiversity/climate change indicator system is to build upon the monitoring that should already be done by the protected areas. As such, the additional costs should be minimized. (Approximate cost for monitoring of 1 area/3 species/1year is estimated at Source of finance: State Budget and International cooperation Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Third National Communication Assumptions/ General comments: Availability of resources (financial and human) For some taxonomic groups there are no national experts. Some training and technical assistance is required in addition to financial support Potential cooperation partners/programmes include: GCF, IPA, GEF.', 'Some training and technical assistance is required in addition to financial support Potential cooperation partners/programmes include: GCF, IPA, GEF. Swedish, Austrian and Swiss cooperation A-A-4 (Biodiversity): Define a national research plan for biodiversity (including agrobiodiversity) and climate change Main objective: To define a national research plan for biodiversity and climate change Description: This measure specifically aims at addressing the following needs and gaps identified in the Third National • Lack of data for precise distribution of different species, population density and abundance; Vegetation map - communities and habitats; Insufficient definition of biogeographical characteristics of Macedonian territory; • Lack of good intersectoral cooperation (partially) • Insufficient capacities (human and knowledge); (partially) Implementation period: 2021-2022 Type of policy instrument: Informational/Educational; Organizational/Managerial/Institutional Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: Implementing entity: MoEPP; Hydrobiology Institute; Universities and Research Centres Monitoring entity: MoEPP GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Description: Plan prepared 16 The needs and gaps addressed by these measures are partially the same as those addressed by the previous measure.Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Values in 2030: Yes/No Actions to support the implementation of the objective: Elaborate a research plan for biodiversity, including agrobiodiversity, and climate change Finance: Budget: Near to zero (costs associated with implementation of the plan cannot be pre- determined) Source of finance: Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Third National Communication Assumptions/ General comments: A-A-5 (Human Health): Restore and improve the system for the collection of air-climate-health, including the platform for sharing it with the public (integrated system for weather extremes, air quality and human morbidity and mortality) data Main objective: To restore and improve the system for the collection of air-climate-health Description: This measure specifically aims at addressing a need identified during the elaboration of this strategy, related to the unsustainability of the solution previously implemented for assuring a real time communication among the key health-meteorology organizations Implementation period: Restoration of current system: 2021 Improvement (roll out in accordance with plan foreseen in activities): 2022-2023 Type of policy instrument: Technological/Technical; Informational/Educational Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: Implementing entity: Institute of Public Health; Hydrometeorological Service and the Medical Emergency Service Monitoring entity: Institute of Public Health GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: System Restored System Maintained Values in 2030: Yes/No Yes/NoLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Define technical specifications for the server required to restore the existing automated platform • Define the technical specifications for improving the platform, including: o Selection of meteorological, air quality and public health parameters o Identify data needs and gaps o Identify needs to strengthen the system for data collection, analysis and dissemination (including weather and air quality stations and procedures for the reporting and morbidity and mortality associated with weather events) • Prepare a roll out plan, including, if relevant, the definition of a phased approach for implementation • Prepare the Terms of Reference for the acquisition of hardware and software Finance: Budget: Source of finance: State Budget International Cooperation Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Third National Communication Assumptions/ General comments: Potential International partners include: WHO / European Centre for Environment and Health; GCF A-A-6 (Socio Economic Vulnerability): Define and develop a system to monitor socio-economic vulnerability to climate change Main objective: To define and develop a system to monitor socio-economic vulnerability to climate change Description: This measure specifically aims at addressing the following needs and gaps identified in the Third National Communication: • Inaccurate statistical data for some statistical units, particularly at the settlement level, because the Census of Population, Households and Dwellings was not conducted in 2011 • Certain data in the field of health, social care, employment, etc., are not available at the municipal level due to the method of processing and disclosure of relevant institutions.', 'Swedish, Austrian and Swiss cooperation A-A-4 (Biodiversity): Define a national research plan for biodiversity (including agrobiodiversity) and climate change Main objective: To define a national research plan for biodiversity and climate change Description: This measure specifically aims at addressing the following needs and gaps identified in the Third National • Lack of data for precise distribution of different species, population density and abundance; Vegetation map - communities and habitats; Insufficient definition of biogeographical characteristics of Macedonian territory; • Lack of good intersectoral cooperation (partially) • Insufficient capacities (human and knowledge); (partially) Implementation period: 2021-2022 Type of policy instrument: Informational/Educational; Organizational/Managerial/Institutional Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: Implementing entity: MoEPP; Hydrobiology Institute; Universities and Research Centres Monitoring entity: MoEPP GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Description: Plan prepared 16 The needs and gaps addressed by these measures are partially the same as those addressed by the previous measure.Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Values in 2030: Yes/No Actions to support the implementation of the objective: Elaborate a research plan for biodiversity, including agrobiodiversity, and climate change Finance: Budget: Near to zero (costs associated with implementation of the plan cannot be pre- determined) Source of finance: Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Third National Communication Assumptions/ General comments: A-A-5 (Human Health): Restore and improve the system for the collection of air-climate-health, including the platform for sharing it with the public (integrated system for weather extremes, air quality and human morbidity and mortality) data Main objective: To restore and improve the system for the collection of air-climate-health Description: This measure specifically aims at addressing a need identified during the elaboration of this strategy, related to the unsustainability of the solution previously implemented for assuring a real time communication among the key health-meteorology organizations Implementation period: Restoration of current system: 2021 Improvement (roll out in accordance with plan foreseen in activities): 2022-2023 Type of policy instrument: Technological/Technical; Informational/Educational Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: Implementing entity: Institute of Public Health; Hydrometeorological Service and the Medical Emergency Service Monitoring entity: Institute of Public Health GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: System Restored System Maintained Values in 2030: Yes/No Yes/NoLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Define technical specifications for the server required to restore the existing automated platform • Define the technical specifications for improving the platform, including: o Selection of meteorological, air quality and public health parameters o Identify data needs and gaps o Identify needs to strengthen the system for data collection, analysis and dissemination (including weather and air quality stations and procedures for the reporting and morbidity and mortality associated with weather events) • Prepare a roll out plan, including, if relevant, the definition of a phased approach for implementation • Prepare the Terms of Reference for the acquisition of hardware and software Finance: Budget: Source of finance: State Budget International Cooperation Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Third National Communication Assumptions/ General comments: Potential International partners include: WHO / European Centre for Environment and Health; GCF A-A-6 (Socio Economic Vulnerability): Define and develop a system to monitor socio-economic vulnerability to climate change Main objective: To define and develop a system to monitor socio-economic vulnerability to climate change Description: This measure specifically aims at addressing the following needs and gaps identified in the Third National Communication: • Inaccurate statistical data for some statistical units, particularly at the settlement level, because the Census of Population, Households and Dwellings was not conducted in 2011 • Certain data in the field of health, social care, employment, etc., are not available at the municipal level due to the method of processing and disclosure of relevant institutions. The above information is processed and disseminated at the level of 30 centres.', 'The above information is processed and disseminated at the level of 30 centres. The official statistical data on incomes and expenditures of households, poverty, socially excluded groups and related indicators are available only as totals for the Republic of North Macedonia as a whole and are not disaggregated • Comparability of data over time is not possible due to changes in applied methodology and changes in the administrative divisions in which the census data are published • Limiting factors meant that the composite socio-economic index could not include indicators on the economic situation of the population, such as the unemployment rate and the level of household income Implementation period: 2021-2022 Type of policy instrument: Technological/Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts:Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Implementing entity: MoEPP; Office of the Vice-Prime Minister for Economic Affairs; Statistical office; Ministry of Local Self-government; Local Self-governments; Ministry of Information Society and Administration; Universities; NGOs; Ministry of Finance; Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Economy; Ministry of Health; Ministry of Labour and Social Policy Monitoring entity: MoEPP GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: System established Values in 2030: Yes/No Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Define policy relevant key indicators for evaluation of the socio-economic vulnerability to the impacts of climate change • Define parameters and rules for the establishment of community-specific indexes • Determine data needs and gaps for the accurate socio-economic characterization of the impacts of climate change • Identify data providers • Establish a system for the periodic, systematic and consistent collection of data (for example, through signing of memorandum of understanding among the relevant entities) Finance: Budget: Source of finance: State budget Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Third National Communication Assumptions/ General comments: • Human, financial and institutional constraints are present and cannot be expected to be fully removed in the near future.', 'The official statistical data on incomes and expenditures of households, poverty, socially excluded groups and related indicators are available only as totals for the Republic of North Macedonia as a whole and are not disaggregated • Comparability of data over time is not possible due to changes in applied methodology and changes in the administrative divisions in which the census data are published • Limiting factors meant that the composite socio-economic index could not include indicators on the economic situation of the population, such as the unemployment rate and the level of household income Implementation period: 2021-2022 Type of policy instrument: Technological/Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts:Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Implementing entity: MoEPP; Office of the Vice-Prime Minister for Economic Affairs; Statistical office; Ministry of Local Self-government; Local Self-governments; Ministry of Information Society and Administration; Universities; NGOs; Ministry of Finance; Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Economy; Ministry of Health; Ministry of Labour and Social Policy Monitoring entity: MoEPP GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: System established Values in 2030: Yes/No Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Define policy relevant key indicators for evaluation of the socio-economic vulnerability to the impacts of climate change • Define parameters and rules for the establishment of community-specific indexes • Determine data needs and gaps for the accurate socio-economic characterization of the impacts of climate change • Identify data providers • Establish a system for the periodic, systematic and consistent collection of data (for example, through signing of memorandum of understanding among the relevant entities) Finance: Budget: Source of finance: State budget Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Third National Communication Assumptions/ General comments: • Human, financial and institutional constraints are present and cannot be expected to be fully removed in the near future. As such, the system needs to be built taking such constraints into consideration.', 'As such, the system needs to be built taking such constraints into consideration. A careful selection of key indicators and the definition of priorities should contribute to overcoming these constraints. In addition, the system should be built in such a way that its benefits are clear to all involved • This system should be set up in a way to build upon and reinforce existing systems • International financial and capacity building (training and technical assistance) support required. 2 . 2 .', 'In addition, the system should be built in such a way that its benefits are clear to all involved • This system should be set up in a way to build upon and reinforce existing systems • International financial and capacity building (training and technical assistance) support required. 2 . 2 . 2 M e a s u r e a i m e d a t a d d r e s s i n g s p e c i f i c o b j e c t i v e 7 : T o i n c r e a s e t h e r e s i l i e n c e o f c l i m a t e c h a n g e i m p a c t s o f k e y s o c i o - e c o n o m i c s e c t o r s a n d e c o s y s t e m s A-A-7 (Cross-cutting): Prepare the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) Main objective: Endow RN Macedonia with the required tools to implement key adaptation measures to reduce vulnerability and increase resilience to climate change across all sectors Description: Prepare the National Adaptation Plan Implementation period: 2021-2025Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Type of policy instrument: Organizational/Managerial/Institutional Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: Implementing entity: Office of the Vice-Prime Minister for Economic Affairs; Ministry for Environment and Physical Planning; Ministry of Economy; Ministry of Finance; Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Economy; Ministry of Health; Ministry of Labour and Social Policy; Ministry of Local Self-government; Ministry of Culture; Ministry of Education and Science; Ministry of Information Society and Administration; Local Self-governments; Universities; Crisis Management Centre, NGOs.', '2 M e a s u r e a i m e d a t a d d r e s s i n g s p e c i f i c o b j e c t i v e 7 : T o i n c r e a s e t h e r e s i l i e n c e o f c l i m a t e c h a n g e i m p a c t s o f k e y s o c i o - e c o n o m i c s e c t o r s a n d e c o s y s t e m s A-A-7 (Cross-cutting): Prepare the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) Main objective: Endow RN Macedonia with the required tools to implement key adaptation measures to reduce vulnerability and increase resilience to climate change across all sectors Description: Prepare the National Adaptation Plan Implementation period: 2021-2025Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Type of policy instrument: Organizational/Managerial/Institutional Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: Implementing entity: Office of the Vice-Prime Minister for Economic Affairs; Ministry for Environment and Physical Planning; Ministry of Economy; Ministry of Finance; Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Economy; Ministry of Health; Ministry of Labour and Social Policy; Ministry of Local Self-government; Ministry of Culture; Ministry of Education and Science; Ministry of Information Society and Administration; Local Self-governments; Universities; Crisis Management Centre, NGOs. Monitoring entity: Office of the Vice-Prime Minister for Economic Affairs GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: Plan adopted Values in 2030: Yes/No Actions to support the implementation of the objective: Prepare the National Adaptation Plan Finance: Budget: Source of finance: State budget and international support (GCF) Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Assumptions/ General comments: Approval of the financing by the Green Climate Fund 2 .', 'Monitoring entity: Office of the Vice-Prime Minister for Economic Affairs GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: Plan adopted Values in 2030: Yes/No Actions to support the implementation of the objective: Prepare the National Adaptation Plan Finance: Budget: Source of finance: State budget and international support (GCF) Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Assumptions/ General comments: Approval of the financing by the Green Climate Fund 2 . 3 A c t i o n s t h a t s u p p o r t t h e c r o s s - s e c t o r a l c o o r d i n a t i o n o b j e c t i v e s o f t h e S t r a t e g y A-C-1: Mainstream climate change related aspects into the future national strategic planning documents related to education, research, and development, innovation, social inclusion and equal opportunities on women and men Main objective: Mainstream climate change related aspects into the forthcoming National Strategy for Education Description: Mainstream climate change related aspects into the forthcoming National Strategy for Education Type of policy instrument: Educational Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: National Strategy for EducationLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Implementing entity: Ministry of Education and Science Monitoring entity: MoEPP GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: National Strategy for Education considers climate aspects National Innovation Strategy considers climate aspects Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Mainstream climate change related aspects into the forthcoming National Strategy for Education • Develop an action plan for the introduction of climate related education into the curricula of all education levels and in lifelong learning, teacher education and in- service training • Establish a coordination mechanism on climate change education among all relevant stakeholders • Allocate resources for the implementation of climate change education activities on all educational levels • Provide guidance and support for the development and implementation of skill building programmes related to sustainable technologies (professional upgrading, vocational training, lifelong learning) in order to unlock potential for the creation of green jobs and a low-carbon economy • Establish research exchange programmes and networks between national and international academic institutions dealing with climate related issues • Assure regular financial allocations for climate change projects through the Fund for Innovations and Technology Development • Provide support to national experts to be involved in global climate related reviews and relevant scientific activities, for example the IPCC Assessment Reports Finance: Budget: Source of finance: National budget, donor community Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Assumptions/ General comments: A-C-2: To promote the green transition through capacity building, training for new skills and awareness rising Main objective: Promotion of the role of the public sector, awareness raising and supporting the green transition through capacity building, training for new skills and awareness risingLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Description: Promotion of the role of the public sector, awareness raising and supporting the green transition through capacity building, training for new skills and awareness rising Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Long Term Strategy on Climate Action • National Strategy for Gender Equality Implementing entity: MoEPP, MoES, MSP Monitoring entity: MoEPP Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Develop a national programme for climate awareness raising including behavioural measures, such as sustainable food production, vegan diet and lifestyle, environment and climate friendly consumer practices, primary waste selection, local waste composting, promotion of local and low carbon products, etc.', '3 A c t i o n s t h a t s u p p o r t t h e c r o s s - s e c t o r a l c o o r d i n a t i o n o b j e c t i v e s o f t h e S t r a t e g y A-C-1: Mainstream climate change related aspects into the future national strategic planning documents related to education, research, and development, innovation, social inclusion and equal opportunities on women and men Main objective: Mainstream climate change related aspects into the forthcoming National Strategy for Education Description: Mainstream climate change related aspects into the forthcoming National Strategy for Education Type of policy instrument: Educational Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: National Strategy for EducationLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Implementing entity: Ministry of Education and Science Monitoring entity: MoEPP GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: National Strategy for Education considers climate aspects National Innovation Strategy considers climate aspects Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Mainstream climate change related aspects into the forthcoming National Strategy for Education • Develop an action plan for the introduction of climate related education into the curricula of all education levels and in lifelong learning, teacher education and in- service training • Establish a coordination mechanism on climate change education among all relevant stakeholders • Allocate resources for the implementation of climate change education activities on all educational levels • Provide guidance and support for the development and implementation of skill building programmes related to sustainable technologies (professional upgrading, vocational training, lifelong learning) in order to unlock potential for the creation of green jobs and a low-carbon economy • Establish research exchange programmes and networks between national and international academic institutions dealing with climate related issues • Assure regular financial allocations for climate change projects through the Fund for Innovations and Technology Development • Provide support to national experts to be involved in global climate related reviews and relevant scientific activities, for example the IPCC Assessment Reports Finance: Budget: Source of finance: National budget, donor community Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Assumptions/ General comments: A-C-2: To promote the green transition through capacity building, training for new skills and awareness rising Main objective: Promotion of the role of the public sector, awareness raising and supporting the green transition through capacity building, training for new skills and awareness risingLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Description: Promotion of the role of the public sector, awareness raising and supporting the green transition through capacity building, training for new skills and awareness rising Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Long Term Strategy on Climate Action • National Strategy for Gender Equality Implementing entity: MoEPP, MoES, MSP Monitoring entity: MoEPP Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Develop a national programme for climate awareness raising including behavioural measures, such as sustainable food production, vegan diet and lifestyle, environment and climate friendly consumer practices, primary waste selection, local waste composting, promotion of local and low carbon products, etc. • Provision of strategic guidance to the donor community to support projects related to climate action and climate awareness rising in the country • Allocate resources for the implementation of climate change awareness raising activities • Promote the Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and facilitate the participation of the general public and the NGO sector in its implementation • Develop a programme for strengthening climate action capacity of national and local institutions • Implement campaigns to raise climate awareness • Support the development of a legal framework and funding to protect climate vulnerable groups, including women, children, elderly and people with disabilities • Mainstream climate change related aspects into the forthcoming National Strategy for Gender Equality • Facilitate active participation of affected communities in climate change decision- making and equal participation of women and men • Provide training on climate relates aspects for journalists and media representatives • Produce promotional materials such as publications, atlases, audio-visuals and graphics that might be widely disseminated among the general public and civil society • Involve the private sector and the economic chambers in the elaboration and implementation of programmes for climate awareness raising (e.g., electricity distribution companies, waste collection utilities, etc.)', '• Provision of strategic guidance to the donor community to support projects related to climate action and climate awareness rising in the country • Allocate resources for the implementation of climate change awareness raising activities • Promote the Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and facilitate the participation of the general public and the NGO sector in its implementation • Develop a programme for strengthening climate action capacity of national and local institutions • Implement campaigns to raise climate awareness • Support the development of a legal framework and funding to protect climate vulnerable groups, including women, children, elderly and people with disabilities • Mainstream climate change related aspects into the forthcoming National Strategy for Gender Equality • Facilitate active participation of affected communities in climate change decision- making and equal participation of women and men • Provide training on climate relates aspects for journalists and media representatives • Produce promotional materials such as publications, atlases, audio-visuals and graphics that might be widely disseminated among the general public and civil society • Involve the private sector and the economic chambers in the elaboration and implementation of programmes for climate awareness raising (e.g., electricity distribution companies, waste collection utilities, etc.) • Support the development of an enabling legal framework and incentive mechanisms for domestic producers of sustainable technological solutions and climate friendly technologies, which will support the implementation of the Strategy (as solar panels, solar boilers, EE appliances and construction items, batteries, etc.)', '• Support the development of an enabling legal framework and incentive mechanisms for domestic producers of sustainable technological solutions and climate friendly technologies, which will support the implementation of the Strategy (as solar panels, solar boilers, EE appliances and construction items, batteries, etc.) • Provide coaching and capacity building on Industrial Energy Management aspects and on the introduction of climate friendly technologies in the Industry sector • Support the development of an enabling legal framework and incentive mechanisms for business dealing with sustainable waste management and climate friendly agricultural practices • Provide guidance to banks and other financial institutions to offer financial products for enhanced investments in climate friendly technologies Finance: Budget:Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Source of finance: Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Assumptions/ General comments: A-C-3: Implementation of the priority mitigation actions under Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and further transposition of climate legislation Main objective: To contribute to the transposition of the EU climate action legislation, and to the creation of an enabling environment for the successful implementation of the priority mitigation actions developed under the Long-term Strategy on Climate Action Description: Implementation of priority mitigation actions identified in the Long-term Strategy on Climate Action Implementation period: 2022 – 2025 Type of policy instrument: Legal,Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Law on Climate Action • Secondary legislation on climate action • Long-term Strategy on Climate Action Implementing entity: MoEPP Monitoring entity: MoEPP GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Number of new legal acts for further alignment of the national climate legislation developed Priority mitigation measures identified and timeline for implementation drafted Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Assessment of the existing national legal and strategic frameworks v. the EU policies and measures for climate action • Further alignment of the national legislation with the EU climate legislation • Establishment of national climate action coordination mechanism • Identification of priority mitigation measures and drafting of a timeline for implementation of priority mitigation measures • Strengthening of institutional capacities for coordination and implementation of climate action • Public awareness rising Finance: Budget: 2 milion euro Source of finance: EU IPA or other donor funds Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Yes/NoLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Activities implemented: Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Assumptions/ General comments: A-C-4: Cross –sectoral coordination and capacity development for monitoring and reporting policies and measures in the Republic of North Macedonia Main objective: Development of strong and sustainable capacities in the Republic of North Macedonia, to successfully implement the system for policies, measures and projection for the county’s climate actions Description: Capacity development for monitoring and reporting policies and measures Implementation period: 2022 – 2025 Type of policy instrument: Capacity building Link to the EU policies (where applicable): • MMR Directive • Energy Governance Regulation Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Law on Climate Action • Law on Water • Secondary legislation on climate action • Long-term Strategy on Climate Action Implementing entity: MoEPP Monitoring entity: MoEPP GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Number of capacity development events held Number of reporting guidelines and supporting legal instruments elaborated Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Assessment and identification • Planning for capacity development and coordination on reporting of policies and measures • Strengthening the administrative capacity at central and local level for implementation of the System of policies, measures and projections • Development of reporting guidelines and digital tools for enhanced understanding of the system • Development of legal instruments that will support the use of IT tools for reporting of policies and measuresMaintsreem climate related aspects into the sectoral legal and strategic frameworks, especially when it comes to river basin management planning • Finance: Budget: 0.5 Milion EUR Source of finance: EU IPA or other donor fundsLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Assumptions/ General comments: A-C-5: Enabling climate mitigation through circular economy policies and legislation in the waste sector Main objective: Reduction of GHG emissions in the waste sector through introduction of circular economy policies and legislation Description: Assessment And development of circular economy policies and legislation on the waste sector Implementation period: 2022 - 2030 Type of policy instrument: Policy Link to the EU policies (where applicable): EU Circular Economy Action Plan Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Long Term Strategy on Climate Action • National Waste Strategy Implementing entity: MoEPP Monitoring entity: MoEPP GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Number of circular economy policies elaborated over time NA Number of adopted legal acts related to implementation of circular economy policies NA Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Assessments of existing policies, strategic documents and legislation in the Republic of North Macedonia relevant to circular economy in the waste sector and analyse gaps with regard to the relevant EU acquis • Development of an action plan to establish and implement circular economy in the waste sector • Align the relevant national strategic documents • Draft legislative amendments or new legislation to close gaps and to transpose the relevant EU acquis • Prepare communication plan on circular economy in waste management and carry out communication actions with stakeholders Finance: Budget: 1 milion EUR Source of finance: EU IPA or other donor funds Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/NoLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Assumptions/ General comments: A-C-6: Strengthening capacity for monitoring socio-economic vulnerability to climate change Main objective: Identify and increase the resilience of those communities and sections of the population which are most vulnerable to climate change impacts Description: Strengthening capacity for monitoring socio-economic vulnerability to climate change Implementation period: 2022 - 2024 Type of policy instrument: Capacity building Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: Implementing entity: MoEPP; Office of the Vice-Prime Minister for Economic Affairs; Statistical office; Ministry of Local Self-government; Local Self-governments; Ministry of Information Society and Administration; Universities; NGOs; Ministry of Finance; Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Economy; Ministry of Health; Ministry of Labour and Social Policy Monitoring entity: MoEPP GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Number of indicators identified Data collection plan elaborated and endorsed Yes/No Finance: Budget: 1 million EUR Source of finance: State budget Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Yes/No Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Identify indicators, data requirements and data owners • Develop a data collection plan • Raise Awareness and the capacity of key stakeholders • Implementation of pilot studies for the definition of community specific indexes Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Third National Communication Assumptions/ General comments: • Human, financial and institutional constraints are present and cannot be expected to be fully removed in the near future.', '• Provide coaching and capacity building on Industrial Energy Management aspects and on the introduction of climate friendly technologies in the Industry sector • Support the development of an enabling legal framework and incentive mechanisms for business dealing with sustainable waste management and climate friendly agricultural practices • Provide guidance to banks and other financial institutions to offer financial products for enhanced investments in climate friendly technologies Finance: Budget:Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Source of finance: Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Assumptions/ General comments: A-C-3: Implementation of the priority mitigation actions under Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and further transposition of climate legislation Main objective: To contribute to the transposition of the EU climate action legislation, and to the creation of an enabling environment for the successful implementation of the priority mitigation actions developed under the Long-term Strategy on Climate Action Description: Implementation of priority mitigation actions identified in the Long-term Strategy on Climate Action Implementation period: 2022 – 2025 Type of policy instrument: Legal,Technical Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Law on Climate Action • Secondary legislation on climate action • Long-term Strategy on Climate Action Implementing entity: MoEPP Monitoring entity: MoEPP GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Number of new legal acts for further alignment of the national climate legislation developed Priority mitigation measures identified and timeline for implementation drafted Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Assessment of the existing national legal and strategic frameworks v. the EU policies and measures for climate action • Further alignment of the national legislation with the EU climate legislation • Establishment of national climate action coordination mechanism • Identification of priority mitigation measures and drafting of a timeline for implementation of priority mitigation measures • Strengthening of institutional capacities for coordination and implementation of climate action • Public awareness rising Finance: Budget: 2 milion euro Source of finance: EU IPA or other donor funds Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Yes/NoLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Activities implemented: Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Assumptions/ General comments: A-C-4: Cross –sectoral coordination and capacity development for monitoring and reporting policies and measures in the Republic of North Macedonia Main objective: Development of strong and sustainable capacities in the Republic of North Macedonia, to successfully implement the system for policies, measures and projection for the county’s climate actions Description: Capacity development for monitoring and reporting policies and measures Implementation period: 2022 – 2025 Type of policy instrument: Capacity building Link to the EU policies (where applicable): • MMR Directive • Energy Governance Regulation Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Law on Climate Action • Law on Water • Secondary legislation on climate action • Long-term Strategy on Climate Action Implementing entity: MoEPP Monitoring entity: MoEPP GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Number of capacity development events held Number of reporting guidelines and supporting legal instruments elaborated Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Assessment and identification • Planning for capacity development and coordination on reporting of policies and measures • Strengthening the administrative capacity at central and local level for implementation of the System of policies, measures and projections • Development of reporting guidelines and digital tools for enhanced understanding of the system • Development of legal instruments that will support the use of IT tools for reporting of policies and measuresMaintsreem climate related aspects into the sectoral legal and strategic frameworks, especially when it comes to river basin management planning • Finance: Budget: 0.5 Milion EUR Source of finance: EU IPA or other donor fundsLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Assumptions/ General comments: A-C-5: Enabling climate mitigation through circular economy policies and legislation in the waste sector Main objective: Reduction of GHG emissions in the waste sector through introduction of circular economy policies and legislation Description: Assessment And development of circular economy policies and legislation on the waste sector Implementation period: 2022 - 2030 Type of policy instrument: Policy Link to the EU policies (where applicable): EU Circular Economy Action Plan Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Long Term Strategy on Climate Action • National Waste Strategy Implementing entity: MoEPP Monitoring entity: MoEPP GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Number of circular economy policies elaborated over time NA Number of adopted legal acts related to implementation of circular economy policies NA Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Assessments of existing policies, strategic documents and legislation in the Republic of North Macedonia relevant to circular economy in the waste sector and analyse gaps with regard to the relevant EU acquis • Development of an action plan to establish and implement circular economy in the waste sector • Align the relevant national strategic documents • Draft legislative amendments or new legislation to close gaps and to transpose the relevant EU acquis • Prepare communication plan on circular economy in waste management and carry out communication actions with stakeholders Finance: Budget: 1 milion EUR Source of finance: EU IPA or other donor funds Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/NoLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Assumptions/ General comments: A-C-6: Strengthening capacity for monitoring socio-economic vulnerability to climate change Main objective: Identify and increase the resilience of those communities and sections of the population which are most vulnerable to climate change impacts Description: Strengthening capacity for monitoring socio-economic vulnerability to climate change Implementation period: 2022 - 2024 Type of policy instrument: Capacity building Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: Implementing entity: MoEPP; Office of the Vice-Prime Minister for Economic Affairs; Statistical office; Ministry of Local Self-government; Local Self-governments; Ministry of Information Society and Administration; Universities; NGOs; Ministry of Finance; Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Economy; Ministry of Health; Ministry of Labour and Social Policy Monitoring entity: MoEPP GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Number of indicators identified Data collection plan elaborated and endorsed Yes/No Finance: Budget: 1 million EUR Source of finance: State budget Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Yes/No Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Identify indicators, data requirements and data owners • Develop a data collection plan • Raise Awareness and the capacity of key stakeholders • Implementation of pilot studies for the definition of community specific indexes Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Third National Communication Assumptions/ General comments: • Human, financial and institutional constraints are present and cannot be expected to be fully removed in the near future. As such, the system needs to be built taking such constraints into consideration.', 'As such, the system needs to be built taking such constraints into consideration. A careful selection of key indicators and the definition of priorities should contribute to overcoming these constraints. In addition, the system should be built in such a way that its benefits are clear to all involvedLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan • This system should be set up in a way to build upon and reinforce existing systems • International financial and capacity building (training and technical assistance) support requiredLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan 2 .', 'In addition, the system should be built in such a way that its benefits are clear to all involvedLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan • This system should be set up in a way to build upon and reinforce existing systems • International financial and capacity building (training and technical assistance) support requiredLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan 2 . 4 A c t i o n s t h a t s u p p o r t t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e l e g a l f r a m e w o r k f o r c l i m a t e a c t i o n a n d t h e s t r e n g t h e n i n g o f i n s t i t u t i o n a l c a p a c i t y The actions to implement the Law differentiate between those actions which directly flow from the LCA and partly require implementation immediately after its adoption (below, section 2.4.1, referring to the Road Map for the Implementation of the Law developed by the Project) and those actions which can be classified as medium-term and longer-term, following the immediate actions.', '4 A c t i o n s t h a t s u p p o r t t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e l e g a l f r a m e w o r k f o r c l i m a t e a c t i o n a n d t h e s t r e n g t h e n i n g o f i n s t i t u t i o n a l c a p a c i t y The actions to implement the Law differentiate between those actions which directly flow from the LCA and partly require implementation immediately after its adoption (below, section 2.4.1, referring to the Road Map for the Implementation of the Law developed by the Project) and those actions which can be classified as medium-term and longer-term, following the immediate actions. The latter actions (below, section 2.4.2 and 2.4.3), still within the first phase of implementation, relate to organisational arrangements and capacity-strengthening and are based on the Action Plan for Administrative Strengthening which has been prepared by the Project.', 'The latter actions (below, section 2.4.2 and 2.4.3), still within the first phase of implementation, relate to organisational arrangements and capacity-strengthening and are based on the Action Plan for Administrative Strengthening which has been prepared by the Project. A particular set of actions will be needed to update the legal framework of the country in the light of new EU legislation in the coming years, and these must be reflected in this Action Plan as well (below, section 2.4.2.2).', 'A particular set of actions will be needed to update the legal framework of the country in the light of new EU legislation in the coming years, and these must be reflected in this Action Plan as well (below, section 2.4.2.2). Currently, EU legislation concerning climate action is under deep revision, within the context of the EU Green Deal launched in December 2019 which led to the proposal of an EU “climate law” in March 2020, the stepping up of the EU GHG reduction target for 2030, and the proclaimed intention to review and revise relevant EU legislation in the sectors in the years to come.', 'Currently, EU legislation concerning climate action is under deep revision, within the context of the EU Green Deal launched in December 2019 which led to the proposal of an EU “climate law” in March 2020, the stepping up of the EU GHG reduction target for 2030, and the proclaimed intention to review and revise relevant EU legislation in the sectors in the years to come. All areas of EU climate legislation will be affected, and the legislation of RN Macedonia may require adjustments and amendments in the LCA, sectoral legislation, and by-laws. These developments must be followed for eventual needs of updating. Updates will further be required with the progress of the accession process and the eventual membership of RN Macedonia in the EU.', 'Updates will further be required with the progress of the accession process and the eventual membership of RN Macedonia in the EU. Certain obligations—also in the area of climate action—are linked to membership, and legislative amendments may be required to be in line with the accession agreement (below, section 2.4.2.1). 2 . 4 .', 'Certain obligations—also in the area of climate action—are linked to membership, and legislative amendments may be required to be in line with the accession agreement (below, section 2.4.2.1). 2 . 4 . 1 A c t i o n s t o i m p l e m e n t t h e L a w o n C l i m a t e A c t i o n – i m m e d i a t e a c t i o n s a f t e r a d o p t i o n o f t h e L a w The project has prepared a Road Map for the implementation of the Law to which reference is made here for full details.', '1 A c t i o n s t o i m p l e m e n t t h e L a w o n C l i m a t e A c t i o n – i m m e d i a t e a c t i o n s a f t e r a d o p t i o n o f t h e L a w The project has prepared a Road Map for the implementation of the Law to which reference is made here for full details. The main features of the Road Map are: The Road Map lists the actions which are needed immediately after the adoption and the entry into force of the Law.', 'The main features of the Road Map are: The Road Map lists the actions which are needed immediately after the adoption and the entry into force of the Law. The actions cover, first of all, the preparation and adoption of secondary legislation foreseen in the LCA as well as institutional and administrative arrangements. The actions are classified according to the chapters of the LCA: general provisions, planning for climate action, climate action mechanism, system of monitoring and reporting, inspection and misdemeanours, and transitional and final provisions. The Road Map also indicates the responsibility for taking the actions, and in most cases the responsibility for preparing the secondary legislation needed is with the MoEPP as the main authority in the area of climate action.', 'The Road Map also indicates the responsibility for taking the actions, and in most cases the responsibility for preparing the secondary legislation needed is with the MoEPP as the main authority in the area of climate action. The secondary legislation comprises both, decrees to be enacted by the Government, and Rulebooks to be enacted by the Ministry, in some cases in cooperation with other Ministries, as clearly provided for in the LCA. The institutional and administrative actions consist in creating the necessary organizational structures in the authorities to create the institutional basis to implement the LCA and to provide the necessary human and technical resources. The Road Map also proposes a scheduling of the actions.', 'The Road Map also proposes a scheduling of the actions. It recognizes that it depends on and the date of the adoption of the LCA. However, as a general rule, the actions should be taken in the first two years after the adoption of the Law.', 'However, as a general rule, the actions should be taken in the first two years after the adoption of the Law. A-L-1: Establishment of National Council on Climate Change (NCCC) – Option 1 (representative body)Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Main objective: Establishment of the NCCC as the advisory body as foreseen in the Law Enabling measures: • nominate members (governmental, non-governmental stakeholders) • appoint members • propose, decide on remuneration • decide on establishing technical support and provide support staff • establish rules of procedure in Council, including rules on presidency/ chair Implementation period: 2021-2022 Type of policy instrument: Decisions of Government (appointments, remuneration, technical support) Administrative decision on organizing technical support Council internal rules of procedure Link to the EU policies (where applicable): As defined in EU legislation, LCA Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Law on Climate Action as adopted • Government rules and regulations • Ministry rules and regulations Implementing entity: • MoEPP for practical arrangements during preparation; • Technical support after establishment (if so decided) • Government for appointment of members, remuneration, support Monitoring entity: • MoEPP for technical matters • Government for decisions GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: Members proposed and appointed; NCCC in place; technical support decided and functional; regular meetings held Values in 2030: Finance: Budget: See below action 14 for institutional administrative costs 1 staff for technical support Source of finance: MoEPP budget Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Road Map for the Implementation of the Law Assumptions/ General comments: • Option of representative body chosen • The LCA with basic rules covering membership, functions, and appointment procedures adopted and in force • Decision on technical support (by MoEPP) taken • Resources for technical support staff available A-L-1: Establishment of National Council on Climate Change (NCCC) – Alternative Option (governmental body) Main objective: Establishment of the NCCC as advisory body as foreseen in the Law Enabling measures: • decide on governmental members • decide on presidency/ chair • decide on establishing technical support and provide support staff • establish rules of procedure Implementation period: 2021-2022 Type of policy instrument: • Decisions of Government (members, technical support and staff) • Government rules and regulations for functioningLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Link to the EU policies (where applicable): As defined in EU legislation, LCA Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Law on Climate Action as adopted • Government rules and regulations Implementing entity: • Government • Governmental entity chosen for technical support Monitoring entity: Government GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: Members of Council decided on; NCCC in place; rules and procedures for functioning in place; presidency/ chair decided; technical support decided and functional; regular meetings held Values in 2030: Finance: Budget: See below action 14 for institutional administrative costs 1 staff for technical support Source of finance: Budget of entity serving as technical support Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Road Map for the Implementation of the Law Assumptions/ General comments: • Option of governmental body chosen • The LCA with basic rules covering membership, functions, and appointment procedures adopted and in force • Decision on technical support taken • Resources for technical support staff available A-L-2: Preparation and adoption of the Long-term Strategy on Climate Action Main objective: Establishment of the Strategy according to requirements in the LCA Enabling measures: • Prepare Strategy by the MoEPP • Submit to Government • Submit draft Strategy to National Assembly for adoption • Adopt Strategy • Coordinate alignment of sectoral planning instruments with Strategy according to LCA • Monitor implementation of Strategy continuously • Prepare updates when necessary • Submit updates to Government • Submit updates to Assembly for adoption • Adopt updates Implementation period: • Adoption 2021-2022 • Monitoring and review from 2023 onwards • Alignment of sectoral planning instruments after adoption, by the latest at the time of revision of planning instruments Type of policy instrument: • Strategy instrument.', 'A-L-1: Establishment of National Council on Climate Change (NCCC) – Option 1 (representative body)Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Main objective: Establishment of the NCCC as the advisory body as foreseen in the Law Enabling measures: • nominate members (governmental, non-governmental stakeholders) • appoint members • propose, decide on remuneration • decide on establishing technical support and provide support staff • establish rules of procedure in Council, including rules on presidency/ chair Implementation period: 2021-2022 Type of policy instrument: Decisions of Government (appointments, remuneration, technical support) Administrative decision on organizing technical support Council internal rules of procedure Link to the EU policies (where applicable): As defined in EU legislation, LCA Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Law on Climate Action as adopted • Government rules and regulations • Ministry rules and regulations Implementing entity: • MoEPP for practical arrangements during preparation; • Technical support after establishment (if so decided) • Government for appointment of members, remuneration, support Monitoring entity: • MoEPP for technical matters • Government for decisions GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: Members proposed and appointed; NCCC in place; technical support decided and functional; regular meetings held Values in 2030: Finance: Budget: See below action 14 for institutional administrative costs 1 staff for technical support Source of finance: MoEPP budget Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Road Map for the Implementation of the Law Assumptions/ General comments: • Option of representative body chosen • The LCA with basic rules covering membership, functions, and appointment procedures adopted and in force • Decision on technical support (by MoEPP) taken • Resources for technical support staff available A-L-1: Establishment of National Council on Climate Change (NCCC) – Alternative Option (governmental body) Main objective: Establishment of the NCCC as advisory body as foreseen in the Law Enabling measures: • decide on governmental members • decide on presidency/ chair • decide on establishing technical support and provide support staff • establish rules of procedure Implementation period: 2021-2022 Type of policy instrument: • Decisions of Government (members, technical support and staff) • Government rules and regulations for functioningLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Link to the EU policies (where applicable): As defined in EU legislation, LCA Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Law on Climate Action as adopted • Government rules and regulations Implementing entity: • Government • Governmental entity chosen for technical support Monitoring entity: Government GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: Members of Council decided on; NCCC in place; rules and procedures for functioning in place; presidency/ chair decided; technical support decided and functional; regular meetings held Values in 2030: Finance: Budget: See below action 14 for institutional administrative costs 1 staff for technical support Source of finance: Budget of entity serving as technical support Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Road Map for the Implementation of the Law Assumptions/ General comments: • Option of governmental body chosen • The LCA with basic rules covering membership, functions, and appointment procedures adopted and in force • Decision on technical support taken • Resources for technical support staff available A-L-2: Preparation and adoption of the Long-term Strategy on Climate Action Main objective: Establishment of the Strategy according to requirements in the LCA Enabling measures: • Prepare Strategy by the MoEPP • Submit to Government • Submit draft Strategy to National Assembly for adoption • Adopt Strategy • Coordinate alignment of sectoral planning instruments with Strategy according to LCA • Monitor implementation of Strategy continuously • Prepare updates when necessary • Submit updates to Government • Submit updates to Assembly for adoption • Adopt updates Implementation period: • Adoption 2021-2022 • Monitoring and review from 2023 onwards • Alignment of sectoral planning instruments after adoption, by the latest at the time of revision of planning instruments Type of policy instrument: • Strategy instrument. • Decision by National Assembly.', '• Decision by National Assembly. Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 (Governance Regulation)Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • LCA • NECP • other relevant planning instruments Implementing entity: • MoEPP for preparation and monitoring of implementation, coordination of alignment of sectoral planning instruments, preparation of updates, submission to the Government • sectoral Ministries and other state bodies for aligning sectoral and other planning instruments • Government for proposal to National Assembly • National Assembly for adoption Monitoring entity: • MoEPP • Sectoral Ministries • Other relevant state bodies competent for planning instruments GHG(s) affected (if applicable): As defined in EU legislation Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: • Strategy document • Monitoring documents, reports • NECP aligned • Sectoral, other plans aligned Values in 2030: Finance: Budget: See below action 14 for institutional administrative costs Administrative costs Source of finance: • MoEPP budget • Sectoral Ministries budgets Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Road Map for the Implementation of the Law Assumptions/ General comments: • LCA adopted and in force • Cooperation between MoEPP and other Ministries and state bodies for aligning the relevant planning instruments • Human and financial resources available for preparation and monitoring in MoEPP and other Ministries and state bodies available A-L-3: Preparation and adoption of Action Plan to implement the Strategy Main objective: Action plan adopted to ensure the implementation of the actions foreseen in the Strategy Enabling measures: • Prepare Action Plan according to contents in LCA • Propose Action Plan to Government for adoption • Adopt Action Plan • Monitor implementation continuously • Update and take corrective action where necessary, • Propose updates and corrections to Government for adoption • Adopt updates and corrections Implementation period: • 2021-2022 • Monitoring 2023 onwards, based on policies and measures reports • Updates and corrective measures as necessary Type of policy instrument: • Plan instrument • Assembly decisionsLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan • Government decisions Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: LCA Implementing entity: • MoEPP for preparation and monitoring implementation • Government for adoption of Action Plan and possible updates Monitoring entity: • MoEPP • Government GHG(s) affected (if applicable): As defined in EU legislation Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: • Action Plan document adopted • Updates of Action Plan adopted Values in 2030: Finance: Budget: See below action 14 for institutional administrative costs administrative costs Source of finance: MoEPP budget Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: • Road Map for the Implementation of the Law • Monitoring and possible updates of Action Plan to be based on the regular reports on policies and measures as provided for in the LCA Assumptions/ General comments: • LCA adopted and in force.', 'Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 (Governance Regulation)Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • LCA • NECP • other relevant planning instruments Implementing entity: • MoEPP for preparation and monitoring of implementation, coordination of alignment of sectoral planning instruments, preparation of updates, submission to the Government • sectoral Ministries and other state bodies for aligning sectoral and other planning instruments • Government for proposal to National Assembly • National Assembly for adoption Monitoring entity: • MoEPP • Sectoral Ministries • Other relevant state bodies competent for planning instruments GHG(s) affected (if applicable): As defined in EU legislation Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: • Strategy document • Monitoring documents, reports • NECP aligned • Sectoral, other plans aligned Values in 2030: Finance: Budget: See below action 14 for institutional administrative costs Administrative costs Source of finance: • MoEPP budget • Sectoral Ministries budgets Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Road Map for the Implementation of the Law Assumptions/ General comments: • LCA adopted and in force • Cooperation between MoEPP and other Ministries and state bodies for aligning the relevant planning instruments • Human and financial resources available for preparation and monitoring in MoEPP and other Ministries and state bodies available A-L-3: Preparation and adoption of Action Plan to implement the Strategy Main objective: Action plan adopted to ensure the implementation of the actions foreseen in the Strategy Enabling measures: • Prepare Action Plan according to contents in LCA • Propose Action Plan to Government for adoption • Adopt Action Plan • Monitor implementation continuously • Update and take corrective action where necessary, • Propose updates and corrections to Government for adoption • Adopt updates and corrections Implementation period: • 2021-2022 • Monitoring 2023 onwards, based on policies and measures reports • Updates and corrective measures as necessary Type of policy instrument: • Plan instrument • Assembly decisionsLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan • Government decisions Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: LCA Implementing entity: • MoEPP for preparation and monitoring implementation • Government for adoption of Action Plan and possible updates Monitoring entity: • MoEPP • Government GHG(s) affected (if applicable): As defined in EU legislation Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: • Action Plan document adopted • Updates of Action Plan adopted Values in 2030: Finance: Budget: See below action 14 for institutional administrative costs administrative costs Source of finance: MoEPP budget Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: • Road Map for the Implementation of the Law • Monitoring and possible updates of Action Plan to be based on the regular reports on policies and measures as provided for in the LCA Assumptions/ General comments: • LCA adopted and in force. • Human and financial resources available at MoEPP A-L-4: Establishment of the mechanism for GHG emissions from industry and aviation activities Main objective: Establishment and operation of the mechanism.', '• Human and financial resources available at MoEPP A-L-4: Establishment of the mechanism for GHG emissions from industry and aviation activities Main objective: Establishment and operation of the mechanism. Enabling measures: • Adopt decree on activities requiring GHG emission permit • Adopt decree on aviation activities requiring approved monitoring plan • Identify and develop a list/registry of installations that will be subject to GHG emission permitting • Prepare and adopt decree on GHG emission cap • Prepare and adopt rulebook on form and contents of applications for permit • Prepare and adopt rulebook on permitting procedure and contents of permit • Establish registry of permitsLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan • Allocate competences in authority (MoEPP) for issuing permit, approving monitoring plans • Prepare and adopt decree on contents of monitoring plan • Train the staff of the operators of stationary installations to prepare monitoring plans • Train the relevant staff of the MoEPP and the State Environmental Inspectorate regarding the permitting, approving monitoring plans and inspection procedure • Prepare and adopt rulebook on low emission installations • Prepare and adopt rulebook on significant changes of monitoring plan • Prepare and adopt rulebook on methodology of monitoring in stationary installations • Prepare and adopt rulebook on methodology of monitoring of aviation activities • Prepare and adopt rulebook on assessment of technical feasibility and unreasonable costs • Prepare and adopt rulebook of data keeping by operators • Prepare and adopt rulebook on annual emission report contents • Prepare and adopt rulebook on reporting improvements of monitoring methodology • Prepare and adopt rulebook on verifiers and verification processes • Prepare and adopt rulebook on accreditation of verifiers • Prepare and adopt rulebook on information and documents for accreditation • Prepare and adopt rulebook on assessment teams in accreditation process • Establish supervision programme for verifiers • Prepare and adopt rulebook on implementation of supervision programme • Prepare and adopt rulebook on electronic templates for emission reports and verification reports • Allocate competences and staff for accreditation in Institute for Accreditation Implementation period: 2021 - 2022 Type of policy instrument: • Decrees adopted by Government • Rulebooks adopted by MoEPP • Rulebooks adopted by MoEPP and MoTC (aviation) • Rulebooks by MoEPP and MoE (accreditation of verifiers) • Organisational decisions of MoEPP • Organisational acts by Institute for Accreditation Link to the EU policies (where applicable): • Directive 2003/87/EC (ETS Directive as amended) • Regulation 600/2012 • Regulation 601/2012 • Regulation 2018/2066 Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: LCA Implementing entity: • MoEPP for preparation of draft decrees • Government for adoption of decrees • MoEPP for rulebooks (in cooperation with MoTC for aviation activities, and with MoE for secondary legislation on verification and accreditation of verifiers) Monitoring entity: MoEPP GHG(s) affected (if applicable): As defined in LCA Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: • Decrees adopted (as listed above) • Rulebooks adopted (as listed above) • Administrative decisions taken (as listed above) Values in 2030: Finance: Budget: See below action 14 for institutional administrative costs • Administrative costs • Compliance costs TBD (RIA based)Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Source of finance: • MoEPP budget • MoTC budget • MoE budget Progress monitoring: Objective achieved Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Road Map for the Implementation of the Law Assumptions/ General comments: • LCA adopted and in force • MoEPP has necessary human and financial resources • Cooperation between MoEPP and MoTC and MoE as well as with Institute for accreditation established and functioning • Businesses are informed and are cooperative A-L-5: Establishment of a system of monitoring and reporting of GHG emissions Main objective: Establishment of the national system of monitoring and reporting as provided for in the LCA Enabling measures: • Adopt decree on GHG inventory • Adopt rulebook on monitoring and reporting • Establish single national entity • Establish national coordination committee • Allocate competences for data delivery • Appoint staff for data delivery • Notify nominated staff to MoEPP • Prepare document on QC/QA • Prepare document on planning, preparation and management of GHG inventory • Update systematization of MoEPP • Prepare protocols, procedures for GHG data documentation • Adopt decree on reporting on policies and measures • Allocate responsibilities for report on policies and measures • Establish data base for GHG data • Manage and operate GHG inventory • Coordinate and improve system of policies and measures reporting • Submit data for GHG inventory • Determine GHG inventory • Prepare GHG inventory report • Submit GHG inventory report to Convention • Determine approximated GHG inventory • Complete CRF tables • Perform QC/QA • Submit information on policies and measures • Prepare projections • Prepare report on policies and measures • Prepare report on projections • Prepare report on adaptation measures • Prepare Biannual Reports • Prepare National communications • Grant public authorizations • Include system of monitoring and reporting in Environmental Information SystemLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Implementation period: • 2021-2022 for adopting decrees, rulebooks and administrative decisions on creating staff units, systematisation, creating capacity • 2022 onwards and according to schedule foreseen in the LCA for preparation of reports on National GHG Inventory and Policy and Measures • Submission of reports and communications to Convention as required under the international reporting obligations Type of policy instrument: • Decrees and rulebooks • Administrative decisions concerning tasks and responsibilities in the MoEPP and other relevant institutions • Systematisation acts of ministries and institutions • Decision about establishment of single national entity for GHG inventory and Coordination Committee Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Regulation (EU) 525/2013; Regulation (EU) 749/2014; Regulation (EU) 666/2014 Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: LCA Implementing entity: • MoEPP with main responsibility for the system of data collection, establishment and operation of databases for the GHG inventory , the information on policies and measures, the determination of GHG inventories, included the approximated GHG inventory, and the preparation and submission of all reports • MoEPP with Coordination Committee for guidance documents • All institutions contributing data as foreseen in LCA and by-laws, for appointment of necessary staff on data submission, QC/QA, with updated systematisation regulations, and for submission of data and information to MoEPP • Government for adopting decrees and decisions on single national entity and coordination committee • MoEPP for adopting rulebooks Monitoring entity: • MoEPP • Government GHG(s) affected (if applicable): As defined in the LCA Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: • Enabling decrees adopted • Enabling rulebooks adopted • Administrative decisions on tasks and responsibilities allocated in the MoEPP and other institutions • Systemisation acts updated • Guidance documents produced • Data bases established and functioning • Reports on National GHG Inventory, Policies and Measures, Projections, • Reports, communications submitted to Convention Values in 2030: Finance: Budget: See below action 14 for institutional administrative costs Administrative costs of institutions Source of finance: Budgets of MoEPP and other relevant institutions Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Yes/NoLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Road Map for the Implementation of the Law Assumptions/ General comments: • LCA adopted and in force • Secondary legislation (decrees and rulebooks) adopted and in force.', 'Enabling measures: • Adopt decree on activities requiring GHG emission permit • Adopt decree on aviation activities requiring approved monitoring plan • Identify and develop a list/registry of installations that will be subject to GHG emission permitting • Prepare and adopt decree on GHG emission cap • Prepare and adopt rulebook on form and contents of applications for permit • Prepare and adopt rulebook on permitting procedure and contents of permit • Establish registry of permitsLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan • Allocate competences in authority (MoEPP) for issuing permit, approving monitoring plans • Prepare and adopt decree on contents of monitoring plan • Train the staff of the operators of stationary installations to prepare monitoring plans • Train the relevant staff of the MoEPP and the State Environmental Inspectorate regarding the permitting, approving monitoring plans and inspection procedure • Prepare and adopt rulebook on low emission installations • Prepare and adopt rulebook on significant changes of monitoring plan • Prepare and adopt rulebook on methodology of monitoring in stationary installations • Prepare and adopt rulebook on methodology of monitoring of aviation activities • Prepare and adopt rulebook on assessment of technical feasibility and unreasonable costs • Prepare and adopt rulebook of data keeping by operators • Prepare and adopt rulebook on annual emission report contents • Prepare and adopt rulebook on reporting improvements of monitoring methodology • Prepare and adopt rulebook on verifiers and verification processes • Prepare and adopt rulebook on accreditation of verifiers • Prepare and adopt rulebook on information and documents for accreditation • Prepare and adopt rulebook on assessment teams in accreditation process • Establish supervision programme for verifiers • Prepare and adopt rulebook on implementation of supervision programme • Prepare and adopt rulebook on electronic templates for emission reports and verification reports • Allocate competences and staff for accreditation in Institute for Accreditation Implementation period: 2021 - 2022 Type of policy instrument: • Decrees adopted by Government • Rulebooks adopted by MoEPP • Rulebooks adopted by MoEPP and MoTC (aviation) • Rulebooks by MoEPP and MoE (accreditation of verifiers) • Organisational decisions of MoEPP • Organisational acts by Institute for Accreditation Link to the EU policies (where applicable): • Directive 2003/87/EC (ETS Directive as amended) • Regulation 600/2012 • Regulation 601/2012 • Regulation 2018/2066 Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: LCA Implementing entity: • MoEPP for preparation of draft decrees • Government for adoption of decrees • MoEPP for rulebooks (in cooperation with MoTC for aviation activities, and with MoE for secondary legislation on verification and accreditation of verifiers) Monitoring entity: MoEPP GHG(s) affected (if applicable): As defined in LCA Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: • Decrees adopted (as listed above) • Rulebooks adopted (as listed above) • Administrative decisions taken (as listed above) Values in 2030: Finance: Budget: See below action 14 for institutional administrative costs • Administrative costs • Compliance costs TBD (RIA based)Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Source of finance: • MoEPP budget • MoTC budget • MoE budget Progress monitoring: Objective achieved Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Road Map for the Implementation of the Law Assumptions/ General comments: • LCA adopted and in force • MoEPP has necessary human and financial resources • Cooperation between MoEPP and MoTC and MoE as well as with Institute for accreditation established and functioning • Businesses are informed and are cooperative A-L-5: Establishment of a system of monitoring and reporting of GHG emissions Main objective: Establishment of the national system of monitoring and reporting as provided for in the LCA Enabling measures: • Adopt decree on GHG inventory • Adopt rulebook on monitoring and reporting • Establish single national entity • Establish national coordination committee • Allocate competences for data delivery • Appoint staff for data delivery • Notify nominated staff to MoEPP • Prepare document on QC/QA • Prepare document on planning, preparation and management of GHG inventory • Update systematization of MoEPP • Prepare protocols, procedures for GHG data documentation • Adopt decree on reporting on policies and measures • Allocate responsibilities for report on policies and measures • Establish data base for GHG data • Manage and operate GHG inventory • Coordinate and improve system of policies and measures reporting • Submit data for GHG inventory • Determine GHG inventory • Prepare GHG inventory report • Submit GHG inventory report to Convention • Determine approximated GHG inventory • Complete CRF tables • Perform QC/QA • Submit information on policies and measures • Prepare projections • Prepare report on policies and measures • Prepare report on projections • Prepare report on adaptation measures • Prepare Biannual Reports • Prepare National communications • Grant public authorizations • Include system of monitoring and reporting in Environmental Information SystemLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Implementation period: • 2021-2022 for adopting decrees, rulebooks and administrative decisions on creating staff units, systematisation, creating capacity • 2022 onwards and according to schedule foreseen in the LCA for preparation of reports on National GHG Inventory and Policy and Measures • Submission of reports and communications to Convention as required under the international reporting obligations Type of policy instrument: • Decrees and rulebooks • Administrative decisions concerning tasks and responsibilities in the MoEPP and other relevant institutions • Systematisation acts of ministries and institutions • Decision about establishment of single national entity for GHG inventory and Coordination Committee Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Regulation (EU) 525/2013; Regulation (EU) 749/2014; Regulation (EU) 666/2014 Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: LCA Implementing entity: • MoEPP with main responsibility for the system of data collection, establishment and operation of databases for the GHG inventory , the information on policies and measures, the determination of GHG inventories, included the approximated GHG inventory, and the preparation and submission of all reports • MoEPP with Coordination Committee for guidance documents • All institutions contributing data as foreseen in LCA and by-laws, for appointment of necessary staff on data submission, QC/QA, with updated systematisation regulations, and for submission of data and information to MoEPP • Government for adopting decrees and decisions on single national entity and coordination committee • MoEPP for adopting rulebooks Monitoring entity: • MoEPP • Government GHG(s) affected (if applicable): As defined in the LCA Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: • Enabling decrees adopted • Enabling rulebooks adopted • Administrative decisions on tasks and responsibilities allocated in the MoEPP and other institutions • Systemisation acts updated • Guidance documents produced • Data bases established and functioning • Reports on National GHG Inventory, Policies and Measures, Projections, • Reports, communications submitted to Convention Values in 2030: Finance: Budget: See below action 14 for institutional administrative costs Administrative costs of institutions Source of finance: Budgets of MoEPP and other relevant institutions Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Yes/NoLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Road Map for the Implementation of the Law Assumptions/ General comments: • LCA adopted and in force • Secondary legislation (decrees and rulebooks) adopted and in force. • Single national entity established • Coordination Committee with MoEPP and all relevant institutions established • Human and financial resources available in MoEPP and other relevant institutions • All institutions are informed about the system and committed to cooperate for the system and with the MoEPP A-L-6: Establishment of system of supervision Main objective: Establishment of a system of supervision of compliance with obligations under the LCA Enabling measure: Appoint the competent environmental inspectors Implementation period: Type of policy instrument: • Organisational decisions • Ministry systematisation act Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: LCA Implementing entity: MoEPP Monitoring entity: MoEPP GHG(s) affected (if applicable): As defined in LCA Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: Environmental inspectors in place Values in 2030: Finance: Budget: See below action 14 for institutional administrative costs Administrative costs Source of finance: Inspection budget Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Road Map for the Implementation of the Law Assumptions/ General comments: • LCA adopted and in force • Human and financial resources available A-L-7: Establishment of a system of misdemeanors Main objective: Creating the rules for a functioning system of misdemeanors Enabling measure: Adopt rulebook on form and contents of misdemeanor payment orders Implementation period: 2021-2022 Type of policy instrument: Rulebook Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: LCA Implementing entity: MoEPP Monitoring entity: MoEPP GHG(s) affected (if applicable): As defined in LCALong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: Rulebook adopted Values in 2030: Finance Budget: See below action 14 for institutional administrative costs Administrative costs Source of finance: MoEPP budget Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Road Map for the Implementation of the Law Assumptions/ General comments: • LCA adopted and in force • Resources available at MoEPP 2 .', '• Single national entity established • Coordination Committee with MoEPP and all relevant institutions established • Human and financial resources available in MoEPP and other relevant institutions • All institutions are informed about the system and committed to cooperate for the system and with the MoEPP A-L-6: Establishment of system of supervision Main objective: Establishment of a system of supervision of compliance with obligations under the LCA Enabling measure: Appoint the competent environmental inspectors Implementation period: Type of policy instrument: • Organisational decisions • Ministry systematisation act Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: LCA Implementing entity: MoEPP Monitoring entity: MoEPP GHG(s) affected (if applicable): As defined in LCA Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: Environmental inspectors in place Values in 2030: Finance: Budget: See below action 14 for institutional administrative costs Administrative costs Source of finance: Inspection budget Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Road Map for the Implementation of the Law Assumptions/ General comments: • LCA adopted and in force • Human and financial resources available A-L-7: Establishment of a system of misdemeanors Main objective: Creating the rules for a functioning system of misdemeanors Enabling measure: Adopt rulebook on form and contents of misdemeanor payment orders Implementation period: 2021-2022 Type of policy instrument: Rulebook Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: LCA Implementing entity: MoEPP Monitoring entity: MoEPP GHG(s) affected (if applicable): As defined in LCALong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: Rulebook adopted Values in 2030: Finance Budget: See below action 14 for institutional administrative costs Administrative costs Source of finance: MoEPP budget Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Road Map for the Implementation of the Law Assumptions/ General comments: • LCA adopted and in force • Resources available at MoEPP 2 . 4 .', '• Single national entity established • Coordination Committee with MoEPP and all relevant institutions established • Human and financial resources available in MoEPP and other relevant institutions • All institutions are informed about the system and committed to cooperate for the system and with the MoEPP A-L-6: Establishment of system of supervision Main objective: Establishment of a system of supervision of compliance with obligations under the LCA Enabling measure: Appoint the competent environmental inspectors Implementation period: Type of policy instrument: • Organisational decisions • Ministry systematisation act Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: LCA Implementing entity: MoEPP Monitoring entity: MoEPP GHG(s) affected (if applicable): As defined in LCA Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: Environmental inspectors in place Values in 2030: Finance: Budget: See below action 14 for institutional administrative costs Administrative costs Source of finance: Inspection budget Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Road Map for the Implementation of the Law Assumptions/ General comments: • LCA adopted and in force • Human and financial resources available A-L-7: Establishment of a system of misdemeanors Main objective: Creating the rules for a functioning system of misdemeanors Enabling measure: Adopt rulebook on form and contents of misdemeanor payment orders Implementation period: 2021-2022 Type of policy instrument: Rulebook Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: LCA Implementing entity: MoEPP Monitoring entity: MoEPP GHG(s) affected (if applicable): As defined in LCALong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: Rulebook adopted Values in 2030: Finance Budget: See below action 14 for institutional administrative costs Administrative costs Source of finance: MoEPP budget Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Road Map for the Implementation of the Law Assumptions/ General comments: • LCA adopted and in force • Resources available at MoEPP 2 . 4 . 2 A c t i o n s f o r f u r t h e r d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e l e g a l f r a m e w o r k f o r c l i m a t e a c t i o n Current legal developments with regard to climate action both, at the European and international levels, as well as the progress of accession of RN Macedonia towards accession to the EU will necessitate the adjustment of the legal framework established with the Law.', '2 A c t i o n s f o r f u r t h e r d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e l e g a l f r a m e w o r k f o r c l i m a t e a c t i o n Current legal developments with regard to climate action both, at the European and international levels, as well as the progress of accession of RN Macedonia towards accession to the EU will necessitate the adjustment of the legal framework established with the Law. Therefore, the LCA must be understood as initiating a legislative process to build up the full and continuously adjusted legal framework.', 'Therefore, the LCA must be understood as initiating a legislative process to build up the full and continuously adjusted legal framework. Three factors will determine the needs of continuous legislative adjustments in the coming decade: - membership of the Republic of North Macedonia in the EU; - new EU legislation on climate action leading to new requirements in the EU Acquis Communautaire; and - evaluation of experiences under the currently established legal framework. 2.4.2.1 Adjustments for the date of EU accession The LCA provides the legal framework for climate action as it can be laid down at the moment when RN Macedonia is a candidate country for EU accession.', '2.4.2.1 Adjustments for the date of EU accession The LCA provides the legal framework for climate action as it can be laid down at the moment when RN Macedonia is a candidate country for EU accession. The LCA can prepare for complying with the obligations of a member state of the EU; it cannot anticipate the obligations of the country as a member state and require application before the date of accession. The actions needed at the time of accession will depend on the outcome of the accession negotiations between RN Macedonia and the agreement reached in the accession treaty.', 'The actions needed at the time of accession will depend on the outcome of the accession negotiations between RN Macedonia and the agreement reached in the accession treaty. The main adjustments will be needed for the full compliance with the mechanisms to reduce GHG from industry and aviation, i.e., for the full participation in the EU Emission Trading System (ETS). The LCA currently foresees actions to prepare for participation through the requirements of GHG emission permits – for industrial installations - and monitoring and reporting obligations according to an approved monitoring plan which applies to both, industry activities and aviation. This will help identify the GHG emissions in the country from these sectors.', 'This will help identify the GHG emissions in the country from these sectors. What the law does not yet establish is the regime for allocating the allowances for GHG emissions and the participation in the trade of allowances at the EU level. These rules must be established in a process which ensures that they are in place and operational at the date of accession. The legislative actions will include amendments to the LCA to introduce the legal required legal obligations, specified in additional pieces of secondary legislation for which enabling provisions will be needed. Main responsibility will be with the MoEPP to drive this process, with additional institutional capacity and resources.', 'Main responsibility will be with the MoEPP to drive this process, with additional institutional capacity and resources. Close cooperation, information and consultation with stakeholders will be necessary.Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan The timing of the actions will depend on the date of accession; as soon as the date is fixed preparation for the actions can start. For the contents of the legislative actions, the treaty of accession will need to be taken into account, especially for possible transition period rules. Further development of the legal framework will also be needed in the sectors not covered by the ETS; these are the sectors under the Effort-sharing regime, particularly: energy use in buildings, transport, agriculture, wastes, and F-Gases.', 'Further development of the legal framework will also be needed in the sectors not covered by the ETS; these are the sectors under the Effort-sharing regime, particularly: energy use in buildings, transport, agriculture, wastes, and F-Gases. With accession – and as the EU legislation stands at the moment – RN Macedonia will be required to comply with targets for the sectors covered which will be prescribed in the accession treaty. The regime, however, will come under review and revision in the near future, and any further development of the national legislation will have to take the developments into account. While the MoEPP will again have an overall and coordinating role, the relevant sectoral authorities will be implied.', 'While the MoEPP will again have an overall and coordinating role, the relevant sectoral authorities will be implied. The preparation of the actions which are needed will be done in cooperation. It may be necessary to add basic rules to the LCA; this will be decided if appropriate. However, amendments to sectoral legislation, including its secondary legislation, can be expected to fully comply with the EU effort-sharing regime as it will be at the time of accession. There may be implications for the administrative capacity of the sectoral institutions, too. Concerning the possible timing, the same what has been said about the ETS above, applies here too.', 'Concerning the possible timing, the same what has been said about the ETS above, applies here too. A-L-8: Establishment of rules to participate in the EU Emission Trading System (ETS) Main objective: Enabling RN Macedonia to participate as EU member in the EU ETS as agreed in accession treaty Enabling measures: • Follow the development of EU legislation on ETS • Prepare and establish the legal provisions necessary for the participation of RN Macedonia as EU member in the EU ETS • Regulate the allocation of tradable allowances • Provide for institutional responsibilities and procedures • Prepare and adopt amendments to the LCA as necessary • Prepare and adopt decrees and rulebooks as necessary Implementation period: Depending on date of accession.', 'A-L-8: Establishment of rules to participate in the EU Emission Trading System (ETS) Main objective: Enabling RN Macedonia to participate as EU member in the EU ETS as agreed in accession treaty Enabling measures: • Follow the development of EU legislation on ETS • Prepare and establish the legal provisions necessary for the participation of RN Macedonia as EU member in the EU ETS • Regulate the allocation of tradable allowances • Provide for institutional responsibilities and procedures • Prepare and adopt amendments to the LCA as necessary • Prepare and adopt decrees and rulebooks as necessary Implementation period: Depending on date of accession. - When date is fixed, preparations of drafting the legal rules should start so that the rules are determined, enacted and ready for application Type of policy instrument: • Amendments to the LCA • Secondary legislation (decrees and rulebooks) under the LCA Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Directive 2003/87/EC (ETS Directive as amended) Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: LCA Implementing entity: • MoEPP for preparation of drafts, in cooperation with other relevant Ministries, e.g.', '- When date is fixed, preparations of drafting the legal rules should start so that the rules are determined, enacted and ready for application Type of policy instrument: • Amendments to the LCA • Secondary legislation (decrees and rulebooks) under the LCA Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Directive 2003/87/EC (ETS Directive as amended) Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: LCA Implementing entity: • MoEPP for preparation of drafts, in cooperation with other relevant Ministries, e.g. MoE (industry, energy matters), MoTC (aviation) • National Assembly for adopting amendments to LCA • Government for adopting decrees • MoEPP for adopting rulebooks Monitoring entity: MoEPP GHG(s) affected (if applicable): As defined in EU legislation and LCA Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: • Draft legal acts • Adopted legal acts Values in 2030: Finance: Budget: See below action 14 for institutional administrative costs • Administrative costs • Compliance costs TBD (RIA based)Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Source of finance: • Budget of MoEPP for administrative costs • Private sector finances for compliance costs Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: • Relevant EU documentation • Documents on accession • Accession treaty Assumptions/ General comments: • Date of accession fixed • Accession negotiations completed, accession treaty concluded • Awareness of all stakeholders achieved • Human and financial resources in MoEPP available A-L-9: Establishment of legal rules to comply with EU effort-sharing regime Main objective: Enabling RN Macedonia to participate in EU effort-sharing at the time of accession and as agreed in accession treaty to comply with the then existing EU acquis Enabling measures: • Follow the development of the EU acquis on effort-sharing • Prepare legal rules for participation of RN Macedonia as EU member in the EU effort-sharing regime • Prepare and adopt amendments to LCA as necessary • Prepare and adopt amendments to sectoral legislation governing the relevant sectors.', 'MoE (industry, energy matters), MoTC (aviation) • National Assembly for adopting amendments to LCA • Government for adopting decrees • MoEPP for adopting rulebooks Monitoring entity: MoEPP GHG(s) affected (if applicable): As defined in EU legislation and LCA Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: • Draft legal acts • Adopted legal acts Values in 2030: Finance: Budget: See below action 14 for institutional administrative costs • Administrative costs • Compliance costs TBD (RIA based)Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Source of finance: • Budget of MoEPP for administrative costs • Private sector finances for compliance costs Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: • Relevant EU documentation • Documents on accession • Accession treaty Assumptions/ General comments: • Date of accession fixed • Accession negotiations completed, accession treaty concluded • Awareness of all stakeholders achieved • Human and financial resources in MoEPP available A-L-9: Establishment of legal rules to comply with EU effort-sharing regime Main objective: Enabling RN Macedonia to participate in EU effort-sharing at the time of accession and as agreed in accession treaty to comply with the then existing EU acquis Enabling measures: • Follow the development of the EU acquis on effort-sharing • Prepare legal rules for participation of RN Macedonia as EU member in the EU effort-sharing regime • Prepare and adopt amendments to LCA as necessary • Prepare and adopt amendments to sectoral legislation governing the relevant sectors. The contents of the legal rules will depend on (a) the further development of the EU legislation and (b) the accession treaty agreements reached for effort-sharing Implementation period: Depending on date of accession.', 'The contents of the legal rules will depend on (a) the further development of the EU legislation and (b) the accession treaty agreements reached for effort-sharing Implementation period: Depending on date of accession. - When date is fixed, preparations of drafting the legal rules should start so that the rules are determined, enacted and ready for application Type of policy instrument: • LCA amendments • Amendments to relevant sectoral legislation Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Regulation (EU) 2018/842 (as amended) Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • LCA • Sectoral legislation on sectors covered by effort-sharing Implementing entity: • MoEPP for LCA and secondary legislation • Sectoral Ministries for relevant sectors for preparation of sectoral legislation adjustments • Government for adoption of decrees • Ministries for adoption of rulebooks • National Assembly (for law amendments) Monitoring entity: • MoEPP • Sectoral Ministries GHG(s) affected (if applicable): As defined in EU legislation Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: • Draft amendments for LCA • Draft amendments for sectoral legislation, as necessary • Adopted legal acts Values in 2030: Finance: Budget: See below action 14 for institutional administrative costs • Administrative costs • Compliance costs TBD (RIA based)Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Source of finance: • MoEPP and relevant Ministries budgets for administrative costs • Private sector finance if applicable Progress monitoring: Objective achieved Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: • Relevant EU documentation • Documents on accession • Accession treaty Assumptions/ General comments: • Date of accession fixed • Accession negotiations completed, accession treaty concluded • Awareness of all stakeholders achieved • Human and financial resources in MoEPP and sectoral Ministries available 2.4.2.2 Adjustments to transpose new EU legislation in climate action EU legislation is currently under fundamental review which will lead to changes in the EU Acquis.', '- When date is fixed, preparations of drafting the legal rules should start so that the rules are determined, enacted and ready for application Type of policy instrument: • LCA amendments • Amendments to relevant sectoral legislation Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Regulation (EU) 2018/842 (as amended) Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • LCA • Sectoral legislation on sectors covered by effort-sharing Implementing entity: • MoEPP for LCA and secondary legislation • Sectoral Ministries for relevant sectors for preparation of sectoral legislation adjustments • Government for adoption of decrees • Ministries for adoption of rulebooks • National Assembly (for law amendments) Monitoring entity: • MoEPP • Sectoral Ministries GHG(s) affected (if applicable): As defined in EU legislation Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: • Draft amendments for LCA • Draft amendments for sectoral legislation, as necessary • Adopted legal acts Values in 2030: Finance: Budget: See below action 14 for institutional administrative costs • Administrative costs • Compliance costs TBD (RIA based)Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Source of finance: • MoEPP and relevant Ministries budgets for administrative costs • Private sector finance if applicable Progress monitoring: Objective achieved Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: • Relevant EU documentation • Documents on accession • Accession treaty Assumptions/ General comments: • Date of accession fixed • Accession negotiations completed, accession treaty concluded • Awareness of all stakeholders achieved • Human and financial resources in MoEPP and sectoral Ministries available 2.4.2.2 Adjustments to transpose new EU legislation in climate action EU legislation is currently under fundamental review which will lead to changes in the EU Acquis. RN Macedonia as a candidate country preparing for EU accession will need to consider these developments for transposition and implementation.', 'RN Macedonia as a candidate country preparing for EU accession will need to consider these developments for transposition and implementation. The EU “Green Deal” launched in December 2019 covers also climate action and has already led to milestones the EU process for new legislation, most prominently to the presentation of a proposed Regulation to establish an EU “climate law” in March 2020, and, as part of it, a proposal for a new GHG reduction target for 2030. The process is currently ongoing as negotiations are being held between the EU institutions to reach final agreement on the elements of the legislative package. However, it is clear that there will be changes in EU legislation, and these changes will affect all areas of climate action and all relevant sectors.', 'However, it is clear that there will be changes in EU legislation, and these changes will affect all areas of climate action and all relevant sectors. Eventually, changes in the national framework will be needed. The country will have to follow closely the process and, where necessary, will have to initiate legislative amendments at various levels. Possible actions are reflected in the table below. The main responsibility to follow the legal developments at EU level will be with the MoEPP and its climate action unit and staff. New legislative developments at the EU level may necessitate amendments of the legal framework in RN Macedonia, even before the date of accession. Certain EU requirements may relate to the existing framework and may need transposition to adjust the legal rules.', 'Certain EU requirements may relate to the existing framework and may need transposition to adjust the legal rules. The adjustments may relate to all parts of the legal framework, i.e., the LCA, its secondary legislation and the relevant sectoral legislation. The timing will depend on the legislative processes at the EU level and the precise frameworks agreed in the possible new community acts.', 'The timing will depend on the legislative processes at the EU level and the precise frameworks agreed in the possible new community acts. A-L-10: Adjustment of legal framework to new EU legislation on climate action Main objective: Creating the legal rules to comply with new EU legislation in the area of climate action currently under significant changes Enabling measures: • Follow the further development of the EU climate action legislation • Prepare national legislation to further develop the national legal framework accordingly • Prepare and adopt amendments to LCA and related by-laws • Prepare and adopt amendments to sectoral legislation as necessary by new EU legislation Implementation period: 2021 - 2030 Type of policy instrument: • LCA amendments • Amendments to secondary legislation under LCA • Amendments to relevant sectoral legislation and by-laws Link to the EU policies (where applicable): All EU legislation in climate action Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • LCA and by-laws • Relevant sectoral legislation and by-lawsLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Implementing entity: • MoEPP for LCA and by-laws • Relevant sectoral Ministries for sectoral laws and by-laws • Government for adopting new and additional decrees • National Assembly for adopting law amendments • MoEPP and other Ministries for adopting rulebooks Monitoring entity: • MoEPP • Sectoral Ministries GHG(s) affected (if applicable): As defined in EU legislation, LCA Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: • Draft legal acts (primary, secondary) • Adopted legal acts (primary, secondary) Values in 2030: Finance: Budget: See below action 14 for institutional administrative costs • Administrative costs • Compliance costs TBD (RIA based) Source of finance: • Budgets of MoEPP and sectoral Ministries (administrative costs) • Private sector finances (compliance costs) Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Relevant EU documentation on climate policy and legislation Assumptions/ General comments: • “EU climate law” adopted (expected for mid-2021) • EU climate action acquis subsequently reviewed and revised • EU accession process for RN Macedonia progressed • Accession negotiations started, completed • Accession treaty containing relevant agreements on climate action • MoEPP and other relevant Ministries with human and financial resources 2.4.2.3 Adjustments to respond to experience under the legal framework Adjustments due to new planning and institutional developments Climate action as a cross-cutting task requires the interaction of environmental and sectoral policies, planning and legislation; to succeed, climate action essentially needs coordination and cooperation of all areas.', 'A-L-10: Adjustment of legal framework to new EU legislation on climate action Main objective: Creating the legal rules to comply with new EU legislation in the area of climate action currently under significant changes Enabling measures: • Follow the further development of the EU climate action legislation • Prepare national legislation to further develop the national legal framework accordingly • Prepare and adopt amendments to LCA and related by-laws • Prepare and adopt amendments to sectoral legislation as necessary by new EU legislation Implementation period: 2021 - 2030 Type of policy instrument: • LCA amendments • Amendments to secondary legislation under LCA • Amendments to relevant sectoral legislation and by-laws Link to the EU policies (where applicable): All EU legislation in climate action Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • LCA and by-laws • Relevant sectoral legislation and by-lawsLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Implementing entity: • MoEPP for LCA and by-laws • Relevant sectoral Ministries for sectoral laws and by-laws • Government for adopting new and additional decrees • National Assembly for adopting law amendments • MoEPP and other Ministries for adopting rulebooks Monitoring entity: • MoEPP • Sectoral Ministries GHG(s) affected (if applicable): As defined in EU legislation, LCA Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: • Draft legal acts (primary, secondary) • Adopted legal acts (primary, secondary) Values in 2030: Finance: Budget: See below action 14 for institutional administrative costs • Administrative costs • Compliance costs TBD (RIA based) Source of finance: • Budgets of MoEPP and sectoral Ministries (administrative costs) • Private sector finances (compliance costs) Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Relevant EU documentation on climate policy and legislation Assumptions/ General comments: • “EU climate law” adopted (expected for mid-2021) • EU climate action acquis subsequently reviewed and revised • EU accession process for RN Macedonia progressed • Accession negotiations started, completed • Accession treaty containing relevant agreements on climate action • MoEPP and other relevant Ministries with human and financial resources 2.4.2.3 Adjustments to respond to experience under the legal framework Adjustments due to new planning and institutional developments Climate action as a cross-cutting task requires the interaction of environmental and sectoral policies, planning and legislation; to succeed, climate action essentially needs coordination and cooperation of all areas. Policies, planning and legislation in the sectors change over time making coordination and cooperation a continuous undertaking.', 'Policies, planning and legislation in the sectors change over time making coordination and cooperation a continuous undertaking. New arrangements and achievements in both, the environmental and the sectoral areas, may have legal implications and may necessitate adjustments of the current legal framework for climate action. A major pillar of climate action is planning. The LCA provides for the preparation of a Long- term Strategy on Climate Action following the requirements of the EU Regulation 2018/1999 on climate and energy governance which prescribes the contents of climate actions. The requirements for the Strategy also cover climate action in the areas for which efforts are shared between the member states as well as action for adaptation to the negative impacts of climate change.', 'The requirements for the Strategy also cover climate action in the areas for which efforts are shared between the member states as well as action for adaptation to the negative impacts of climate change. The Strategy must be implemented through a shorter-term planning instrument. In the concept of the EU Regulation 2018/1999, this is the National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP). In RN Macedonia, the LCA had to take note of the NECP being prepared and being in the process of adoption, based on the relevant legislation and prepared by the institutions competent for energy and climate; the outcome had to be awaited.', 'In RN Macedonia, the LCA had to take note of the NECP being prepared and being in the process of adoption, based on the relevant legislation and prepared by the institutions competent for energy and climate; the outcome had to be awaited. The current LCA reflectsLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan this situation in a way that it recognizes energy and climate action planning, and requires – following the EU Regulation 2018/1999 – that the NECP shall be consistent with the long-term Strategy.', 'The current LCA reflectsLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan this situation in a way that it recognizes energy and climate action planning, and requires – following the EU Regulation 2018/1999 – that the NECP shall be consistent with the long-term Strategy. However, in order to make sure that the Long-term Strategy is being implemented in its entirety and in all the areas covered, the LCA provides for a separate planning instrument, namely an Action Plan, and makes detailed prescriptions for its functions and contents. In this way, the current LCA is to ensure that adequate implementation of the long-term strategy in all its dimension is taking place.', 'In this way, the current LCA is to ensure that adequate implementation of the long-term strategy in all its dimension is taking place. If the development of planning tools progresses further and if the NECP when adopted covers all areas of the long-term strategy, including adaptation and the actions in the sectors under the EU effort-sharing regime, there may no longer be a need for a separate planning tool like the currently foreseen Action Plan to implement the long-term strategy. The NECP may serve this purpose. The essential prerequisite, however, is that the NECP covers all areas and actions in the Long- term Strategy and has the objective and the measures which the LCA has provided for the Action Plan.', 'The essential prerequisite, however, is that the NECP covers all areas and actions in the Long- term Strategy and has the objective and the measures which the LCA has provided for the Action Plan. It must be a cross-sectoral plan which implements the Strategy in its entirety, not only in parts or in one sector, is updated as need be, and also provides the corrective actions necessary over time. Only then, the Action Plan as foreseen in the LCA can be replaced and the necessary amendments to the LCA can be made. The amendments would relate to the contents of the NECP, its objectives, and the need to harmonize sectoral planning with the NECP.', 'The amendments would relate to the contents of the NECP, its objectives, and the need to harmonize sectoral planning with the NECP. If need be or appropriate, new institutional arrangements for coordination and cooperation for the harmonisation of the planning tools will be made. The MoEPP and the MoE would be in charge to follow these developments and provide the adjustments. Both Ministries would cooperate with the relevant sectoral Ministries and institutions. The timing would depend on the further progress of the adoption of the NECP. The basic assumption is that the NECP is as comprehensive and functional as the Action Plan in the current LCA.', 'The basic assumption is that the NECP is as comprehensive and functional as the Action Plan in the current LCA. A-L-11: Adjustment of legal framework to respond to new planning and institutional developments Main objective: Creating of legal rules to adjust the planning for climate action to new planning tools and new arrangements for coordination and cooperation between environmental and sectoral planning Enabling measures: • Monitor the development and contents of the NECP • Verify if all areas of the long-term strategy are covered and implemented by the NECP • If so, prepare and adopt amendments to the LCA making NECP the planning tool to implement the long-term strategy, providing the objectives, functions and contents of the plan necessary for implementation, making new provisions on the harmonisation of all relevant planning tools, and where necessary or appropriate provide for institutional task and responsibilities.', 'A-L-11: Adjustment of legal framework to respond to new planning and institutional developments Main objective: Creating of legal rules to adjust the planning for climate action to new planning tools and new arrangements for coordination and cooperation between environmental and sectoral planning Enabling measures: • Monitor the development and contents of the NECP • Verify if all areas of the long-term strategy are covered and implemented by the NECP • If so, prepare and adopt amendments to the LCA making NECP the planning tool to implement the long-term strategy, providing the objectives, functions and contents of the plan necessary for implementation, making new provisions on the harmonisation of all relevant planning tools, and where necessary or appropriate provide for institutional task and responsibilities. Implementation period: 2021- 2022, following adoption of the LCA and the adoption of the NECP Type of policy instrument: • Legal amendments to LCA Link to the EU policies (where applicable): All parts of the climate acquis, especially EU Regulation 2018/1999 (governance) Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • LCA • Long-term Strategy • Law on Energy Implementing entity: • MoEPP for LCA and Strategy • MoE • Sectoral Ministries to coordinate and cooperate • Assembly for adopting law amendments Monitoring entity: MoEPP in cooperation with MoE and sectoral Ministries GHG(s) affected (if applicable): As defined in the EU climate action acquisLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: • NECP as adopted • Draft legislative amendments • Adopted legislative amendments Values in 2030: Finance Budget: See below action 14 for institutional administrative costs • Administrative costs • Compliance costs TBD (RIA based) Source of finance: • MoEPP and other Ministries budgets for administrative costs • Private sector finances for compliance costs, as applicable Progress monitoring: Objective achieved Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Assumptions/ General comments: • LCA adopted and in force • Energy legislation as amended in force • NECP adopted and covers all climate action areas • MoEPP and MoE equipped with human and financial resources to implement the Long-term Strategy and the NECP • Cooperation between MoEPP, MoE and other relevant Ministries established and functioning for ensuring the harmonisation of all plans and the implementation of all plans in line with the long-term Strategy and the NECP • Political commitment, will and support continues for effective climate action Climate action is a challenging task for governments, and so is legislation to support climate action.', 'Implementation period: 2021- 2022, following adoption of the LCA and the adoption of the NECP Type of policy instrument: • Legal amendments to LCA Link to the EU policies (where applicable): All parts of the climate acquis, especially EU Regulation 2018/1999 (governance) Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • LCA • Long-term Strategy • Law on Energy Implementing entity: • MoEPP for LCA and Strategy • MoE • Sectoral Ministries to coordinate and cooperate • Assembly for adopting law amendments Monitoring entity: MoEPP in cooperation with MoE and sectoral Ministries GHG(s) affected (if applicable): As defined in the EU climate action acquisLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: • NECP as adopted • Draft legislative amendments • Adopted legislative amendments Values in 2030: Finance Budget: See below action 14 for institutional administrative costs • Administrative costs • Compliance costs TBD (RIA based) Source of finance: • MoEPP and other Ministries budgets for administrative costs • Private sector finances for compliance costs, as applicable Progress monitoring: Objective achieved Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Assumptions/ General comments: • LCA adopted and in force • Energy legislation as amended in force • NECP adopted and covers all climate action areas • MoEPP and MoE equipped with human and financial resources to implement the Long-term Strategy and the NECP • Cooperation between MoEPP, MoE and other relevant Ministries established and functioning for ensuring the harmonisation of all plans and the implementation of all plans in line with the long-term Strategy and the NECP • Political commitment, will and support continues for effective climate action Climate action is a challenging task for governments, and so is legislation to support climate action. Legislation is not only complex and multi-sectoral; it is also technically and politically complicated and sensitive and requires continuous monitoring with regard to completeness and effectiveness, and where evaluation identifies gaps in this regard, adjustment in legislation will be needed.', 'Legislation is not only complex and multi-sectoral; it is also technically and politically complicated and sensitive and requires continuous monitoring with regard to completeness and effectiveness, and where evaluation identifies gaps in this regard, adjustment in legislation will be needed. Monitoring of experiences under current legislation needs to look at the legal framework in its entirety, i.e. the Law on Climate Action, the secondary legislation enacted to implement it and the relevant sectoral legislation and its respective lye-laws. Monitoring will have to evaluate if the legislative objectives are achieved, where constraints appear in practice, if capacities in all respects – administrative, human resources, financial – are sufficient or need to be improved.', 'Monitoring will have to evaluate if the legislative objectives are achieved, where constraints appear in practice, if capacities in all respects – administrative, human resources, financial – are sufficient or need to be improved. It will also be necessary to verify how legislation is implemented in practice and throughout business and civil society in order to find out if the level of education, training and public awareness at large necessary for effective climate action is reached. To the extent that this is not the case, complementary legislative action may need to be considered. The main responsibility will be with the MoEPP. For those areas where competences are shared, especially with regard to effort-sharing, cooperation and coordination with other, sectoral authorities is needed.', 'For those areas where competences are shared, especially with regard to effort-sharing, cooperation and coordination with other, sectoral authorities is needed. The lead will, however, be with the MoEPP. The monitoring of the implementation in practice, its acceptance by society, businesses and citizens, should start with the implementation of the LCA. The monitoring may result in the need of more rules in the LCA in order to strengthen implementation, and these rules may also refer to issues such as awareness-raising, education, and capacity-building. The rules may also cover financial matters for which, however, rules in the LCA would not be sufficient. Specific financial instruments would need to be worked out to be included in the relevant sectoral (financial) legislation. Here, cooperation with the finance authorities will be essential.', 'Here, cooperation with the finance authorities will be essential. A-L-12: Adjustment of legal framework to respond to experience under current legislationLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Main objective: Creating of legal rules to enable RN Macedonia to strengthen legal framework for climate action over time Enabling measures: • Monitor regularly the implementation or the LCA and by-laws and the implementation of the relevant sectoral legislation and by-laws • Report regularly on the implementation of climate action legislation, using for this purpose regular reports which are prepared • Suggest in the reports measures for further development of the legal framework as necessary • Prepare and adopt amendments to the LCA and by-laws and sectoral legislation and by-laws as necessary Implementation period: 2021, following adoption of the LCA, continuously up to 2030.', 'A-L-12: Adjustment of legal framework to respond to experience under current legislationLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan Main objective: Creating of legal rules to enable RN Macedonia to strengthen legal framework for climate action over time Enabling measures: • Monitor regularly the implementation or the LCA and by-laws and the implementation of the relevant sectoral legislation and by-laws • Report regularly on the implementation of climate action legislation, using for this purpose regular reports which are prepared • Suggest in the reports measures for further development of the legal framework as necessary • Prepare and adopt amendments to the LCA and by-laws and sectoral legislation and by-laws as necessary Implementation period: 2021, following adoption of the LCA, continuously up to 2030. Type of policy instrument: • Reports on implementation of the legal framework • Legal amendments to LCA and relevant sectoral legislation (primary and secondary), as necessary Link to the EU policies (where applicable): All parts of the climate acquis Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • LCA (primary and secondary) • Sectoral legislation (primary and secondary) Implementing entity: • MoEPP for reporting and proposing LCA amendments and amendments to by- laws • Sectoral Ministries to cooperate in reporting and proposing amendments as needed in their respective sectoral legislation • Government for adopting decrees • Ministries for adopting rulebooks • Assembly for adopting law amendments Monitoring entity: MoEPP in cooperation with sectoral Ministries GHG(s) affected (if applicable): As defined in the EU climate action acquis Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: • Regular reports on the implementation of existing legal framework • Draft legislative amendments • Adopted legislative amendments Values in 2030: Finance Budget: See below action 14 for institutional administrative costs • Administrative costs • Compliance costs TBD (RIA based) Source of finance: • MoEPP and other Ministries budgets for administrative costs • Private sector finances for compliance costs, as applicable Progress monitoring: Objective achieved Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: • Reports and documents related to climate action and prepared, adopted and submitted in implementing the LCA • Assessments and analyses of climate action in RN Macedonia Assumptions/ General comments: • LCA adopted and in force • MoEPP has human and financial resources to report and to propose and develop legal changes • Cooperation between MoEPP and other relevant Ministries established and functioning for reporting and preparing legislative changes in the relevant areas of climate action • Political commitment, will and support continues to be available for effective climate actionLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan 2 .', 'Type of policy instrument: • Reports on implementation of the legal framework • Legal amendments to LCA and relevant sectoral legislation (primary and secondary), as necessary Link to the EU policies (where applicable): All parts of the climate acquis Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • LCA (primary and secondary) • Sectoral legislation (primary and secondary) Implementing entity: • MoEPP for reporting and proposing LCA amendments and amendments to by- laws • Sectoral Ministries to cooperate in reporting and proposing amendments as needed in their respective sectoral legislation • Government for adopting decrees • Ministries for adopting rulebooks • Assembly for adopting law amendments Monitoring entity: MoEPP in cooperation with sectoral Ministries GHG(s) affected (if applicable): As defined in the EU climate action acquis Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: • Regular reports on the implementation of existing legal framework • Draft legislative amendments • Adopted legislative amendments Values in 2030: Finance Budget: See below action 14 for institutional administrative costs • Administrative costs • Compliance costs TBD (RIA based) Source of finance: • MoEPP and other Ministries budgets for administrative costs • Private sector finances for compliance costs, as applicable Progress monitoring: Objective achieved Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: • Reports and documents related to climate action and prepared, adopted and submitted in implementing the LCA • Assessments and analyses of climate action in RN Macedonia Assumptions/ General comments: • LCA adopted and in force • MoEPP has human and financial resources to report and to propose and develop legal changes • Cooperation between MoEPP and other relevant Ministries established and functioning for reporting and preparing legislative changes in the relevant areas of climate action • Political commitment, will and support continues to be available for effective climate actionLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan 2 . 4 .', 'Type of policy instrument: • Reports on implementation of the legal framework • Legal amendments to LCA and relevant sectoral legislation (primary and secondary), as necessary Link to the EU policies (where applicable): All parts of the climate acquis Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • LCA (primary and secondary) • Sectoral legislation (primary and secondary) Implementing entity: • MoEPP for reporting and proposing LCA amendments and amendments to by- laws • Sectoral Ministries to cooperate in reporting and proposing amendments as needed in their respective sectoral legislation • Government for adopting decrees • Ministries for adopting rulebooks • Assembly for adopting law amendments Monitoring entity: MoEPP in cooperation with sectoral Ministries GHG(s) affected (if applicable): As defined in the EU climate action acquis Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: • Regular reports on the implementation of existing legal framework • Draft legislative amendments • Adopted legislative amendments Values in 2030: Finance Budget: See below action 14 for institutional administrative costs • Administrative costs • Compliance costs TBD (RIA based) Source of finance: • MoEPP and other Ministries budgets for administrative costs • Private sector finances for compliance costs, as applicable Progress monitoring: Objective achieved Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: • Reports and documents related to climate action and prepared, adopted and submitted in implementing the LCA • Assessments and analyses of climate action in RN Macedonia Assumptions/ General comments: • LCA adopted and in force • MoEPP has human and financial resources to report and to propose and develop legal changes • Cooperation between MoEPP and other relevant Ministries established and functioning for reporting and preparing legislative changes in the relevant areas of climate action • Political commitment, will and support continues to be available for effective climate actionLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan 2 . 4 . 3 A c t i o n s f o r t h e s t r e n g t h e n i n g o f t h e i n s t i t u t i o n a l c a p a c i t y The following actions are based on the Action Plan for Administrative Capacity Strengthening for Climate Action.', '3 A c t i o n s f o r t h e s t r e n g t h e n i n g o f t h e i n s t i t u t i o n a l c a p a c i t y The following actions are based on the Action Plan for Administrative Capacity Strengthening for Climate Action. For details reference is being made to this Action Plan.17 The Action Plan distinguishes between actions of organisational and structural strengthening and actions of administrative capacity strengthening. The Action Plan recommends actions concerning the organisation and structure of the relevant national institutions involved in climate action.', 'The Action Plan recommends actions concerning the organisation and structure of the relevant national institutions involved in climate action. The proposed actions cover internal reorganisations and inter-institutional relations to ensure the necessary cooperation and coordination of authorities and governmental institutions. Cooperation and coordination in government will be ensured through the National Council on Climate Change foreseen in the LCA and to be established immediately after the adoption of the Law; it is, therefore included in the immediate actions above presented in section 3.1. The actions for institutional arrangements cover: • Provide institutions with responsibilities in climate action with necessary, qualified staff and, to the extent possible, a distinguished structure for climate action, be it a department or a unit.', 'The actions for institutional arrangements cover: • Provide institutions with responsibilities in climate action with necessary, qualified staff and, to the extent possible, a distinguished structure for climate action, be it a department or a unit. • Provide each of these structures for climate action with a clear mandate and comprehensive, consistent description of tasks and responsibilities, avoiding overlaps and conflicts of competences with other structures within the same institution or with other institutions. • Ensure that each of these structures for climate action be staffed and equipped with the necessary human, financial, and technical resources covering all relevant subject matters falling within their competences and functions (policy, regulatory, monitoring, reporting, legal, and financial).', '• Ensure that each of these structures for climate action be staffed and equipped with the necessary human, financial, and technical resources covering all relevant subject matters falling within their competences and functions (policy, regulatory, monitoring, reporting, legal, and financial). • Provide institutions with responsibilities in climate action with legal and financial support, through resources either within their departments or units, or through mechanisms of cooperation with central governmental structures. • Where tasks in climate action are shared within a particular institution, ensure that communication, coordination, and cooperation mechanisms are established. • Ensure that competent authorities have access to scientific expertise, as needed.', '• Ensure that competent authorities have access to scientific expertise, as needed. A-L-13: Establishment of organizational capacity in institutions relevant for climate action Main objective: Enabling competent governmental institutions to establish the organizational capacity necessary to implement climate action Enabling measures: • Reorganize, restructure institution for climate action and implementing LCA • Create staff units for climate action • Allocate tasks of climate action to sufficient and qualified staff • Update systematization regulations • Mobilize human, financial and technical resources • Establish cooperation and coordination arrangements between units • Establish cooperation and coordination between institutions in Government Implementation period: 2021 – 2025 (with subsequent adjustments, as needed) Type of policy instrument: • Organizational decisions of Ministries 17 Action Plan for Administrative Capacity Strengthening for Climate Action, dated 30 12 2020 (Project Document)Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan • Government decisions for inter-institutional cooperation (as needed) Link to the EU policies (where applicable): All EU climate change acquis Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • LCA and secondary legislation • Sectoral legislation relating to climate action (primary and secondary) Implementing entity: • MoEPP • Sectoral Ministries Monitoring entity: • MoEPP • Relevant sectoral Ministries • Other state bodies GHG(s) affected (if applicable): As defined in EU climate action acquis and LCA Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: • Organizational decisions taken • Units created • Staff employed • Systematisation updated • Budgets for climate action allocated • Technical resources available, especially IT hardware, software • Dataflow organized • Reports delivered • Coordination meetings held Values in 2030: Finance Budget: See below action 14 for institutional administrative costs Administrative costs Source of finance: • Budgets of MoEPP • Budgets of sectoral Ministries and relevant state actors (for administrative costs) Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Action Plan for Administrative Capacity Strengthening for Climate Action Assumptions/ General comments: • Law on Climate Action adopted and in force • Political will to implement climate action • Human and financial resources available • Cooperation and coordination in Ministries and state bodies between relevant units functioning • Cooperation and coordination between all relevant institutions in Government functioning The actions proposed to strengthen administrative capacity through adequate staffing for climate action in the various institutions responsible in the area are also based on the Action Plan for Administrative Capacity Strengthening mentioned before.', 'A-L-13: Establishment of organizational capacity in institutions relevant for climate action Main objective: Enabling competent governmental institutions to establish the organizational capacity necessary to implement climate action Enabling measures: • Reorganize, restructure institution for climate action and implementing LCA • Create staff units for climate action • Allocate tasks of climate action to sufficient and qualified staff • Update systematization regulations • Mobilize human, financial and technical resources • Establish cooperation and coordination arrangements between units • Establish cooperation and coordination between institutions in Government Implementation period: 2021 – 2025 (with subsequent adjustments, as needed) Type of policy instrument: • Organizational decisions of Ministries 17 Action Plan for Administrative Capacity Strengthening for Climate Action, dated 30 12 2020 (Project Document)Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan • Government decisions for inter-institutional cooperation (as needed) Link to the EU policies (where applicable): All EU climate change acquis Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • LCA and secondary legislation • Sectoral legislation relating to climate action (primary and secondary) Implementing entity: • MoEPP • Sectoral Ministries Monitoring entity: • MoEPP • Relevant sectoral Ministries • Other state bodies GHG(s) affected (if applicable): As defined in EU climate action acquis and LCA Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: • Organizational decisions taken • Units created • Staff employed • Systematisation updated • Budgets for climate action allocated • Technical resources available, especially IT hardware, software • Dataflow organized • Reports delivered • Coordination meetings held Values in 2030: Finance Budget: See below action 14 for institutional administrative costs Administrative costs Source of finance: • Budgets of MoEPP • Budgets of sectoral Ministries and relevant state actors (for administrative costs) Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Action Plan for Administrative Capacity Strengthening for Climate Action Assumptions/ General comments: • Law on Climate Action adopted and in force • Political will to implement climate action • Human and financial resources available • Cooperation and coordination in Ministries and state bodies between relevant units functioning • Cooperation and coordination between all relevant institutions in Government functioning The actions proposed to strengthen administrative capacity through adequate staffing for climate action in the various institutions responsible in the area are also based on the Action Plan for Administrative Capacity Strengthening mentioned before. That Action Plan identified all measures to reach the capacity needed to carry out the climate action tasks in the relevant institutions in RN Macedonia.', 'That Action Plan identified all measures to reach the capacity needed to carry out the climate action tasks in the relevant institutions in RN Macedonia. In a second step the capacity strengthening measures needed in each institution were identified and proposed over time, with a projection period up to 10 year, i.e. up to 2030. This second part of the Action Plan is referred to here. A-L-14: Establishment of necessary staff capacity in institutions for climate action Main objective: Providing of adequate staff resources in the institutions with tasks in climate action.', 'A-L-14: Establishment of necessary staff capacity in institutions for climate action Main objective: Providing of adequate staff resources in the institutions with tasks in climate action. Enabling measures:Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan • Identify existing staff in climate action • Identify needs for additional staff • Increase staff in steps over time • Allocate the necessary work time to climate action required by EU, international commitments • Identify sources of budget and request necessary budget • Provide training for existing and new staff • Provide information and incentives to motivate staff for climate action Implementation period: 2021-2025, following the adoption and entry-into-force of the LCA Type of policy instrument: Administrative decisions of Ministries and state bodies to request and allocate financial resources and employ additional staff for climate action tasks Link to the EU policies (where applicable): All EU climate action acquis Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • LCA and secondary legislation • Relevant sectoral legislation (primary and secondary) Implementing entity: • MoEPP • MoE • MLSG • Energy and Water Regulatory Commission • Deputy Prime Minister Cabinet • MoF • MoH • Hydro-meteorological Service • MoAFWE • MoTC • MoI • State Market Inspectorate • State Statistical Office • MANU Monitoring entity: All institutions, as above GHG(s) affected (if applicable): As defined in relevant EU legislation and LCA Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: • Administrative decision taken to employ additional staff • Staff employed and increased over time • Systematisation acts updated • Budgets allocated to relevant institutions for additional staff and increased over time as necessary Values in 2030: Finance Budget: MKD per year per institution short-term/ medium-term/ long-term (based on Action Plan Administrative Capacity Strengthening for Climate Hydro- MLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan MoF Cust Source of finance: Budgets allocated to relevant governmental institutions, Ministries and state bodies Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Action Plan for Administrative Capacity Strengthening for Climate Action Assumptions/ General comments: • LCA adopted and in force • Political commitment and will to implement climate action • Relevant institutions and state bodies committed to strengthen their staff capacity.', 'Enabling measures:Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan • Identify existing staff in climate action • Identify needs for additional staff • Increase staff in steps over time • Allocate the necessary work time to climate action required by EU, international commitments • Identify sources of budget and request necessary budget • Provide training for existing and new staff • Provide information and incentives to motivate staff for climate action Implementation period: 2021-2025, following the adoption and entry-into-force of the LCA Type of policy instrument: Administrative decisions of Ministries and state bodies to request and allocate financial resources and employ additional staff for climate action tasks Link to the EU policies (where applicable): All EU climate action acquis Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • LCA and secondary legislation • Relevant sectoral legislation (primary and secondary) Implementing entity: • MoEPP • MoE • MLSG • Energy and Water Regulatory Commission • Deputy Prime Minister Cabinet • MoF • MoH • Hydro-meteorological Service • MoAFWE • MoTC • MoI • State Market Inspectorate • State Statistical Office • MANU Monitoring entity: All institutions, as above GHG(s) affected (if applicable): As defined in relevant EU legislation and LCA Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Description: • Administrative decision taken to employ additional staff • Staff employed and increased over time • Systematisation acts updated • Budgets allocated to relevant institutions for additional staff and increased over time as necessary Values in 2030: Finance Budget: MKD per year per institution short-term/ medium-term/ long-term (based on Action Plan Administrative Capacity Strengthening for Climate Hydro- MLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan MoF Cust Source of finance: Budgets allocated to relevant governmental institutions, Ministries and state bodies Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Action Plan for Administrative Capacity Strengthening for Climate Action Assumptions/ General comments: • LCA adopted and in force • Political commitment and will to implement climate action • Relevant institutions and state bodies committed to strengthen their staff capacity. • Financial resources made available for additional staff in all relevant institutions and increased over time A-L-15: Strengthening Capacities for Implementation of Environmental and Climate Change Legislation Main objective: To strengthen capacities at all levels of the public administration to promote, monitor, and enforce environmental and climate change legislation in the Republic of North Macedonia Description: Strengthening Capacities for Implementation of Environmental and Climate Change Legislation Implementation period: 2022 – 2025 Type of policy instrument: Legal Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Law on Climate Action • Secondary legislation on climate action • Law on Environment • Secondary legislation on environment Implementing entity: MoEPP Monitoring entity: MoEPP GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Gaps in environmental and climate legislation identified Number of new legal acts developed for Further alignment of the national legislation with the EU climate legislation Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Assessment of the environmental and climate legal and policy framework • Assessment of the existing national legal and strategic frameworks vs. the most recent EU policies and measures for climate action • Further alignment of the national legislation with the EU climate legislation • Strengthening of the administrative capacity at the MoEPP • Strengthening of the capacity for environmental and climate inspection and enforcementLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan • Environmental and climate awareness raising and enhanced exchange of information Finance: Budget: 2 milion EUR Source of finance: EU IPA or other donor funds Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Assumptions/ General comments:Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan 3.', '• Financial resources made available for additional staff in all relevant institutions and increased over time A-L-15: Strengthening Capacities for Implementation of Environmental and Climate Change Legislation Main objective: To strengthen capacities at all levels of the public administration to promote, monitor, and enforce environmental and climate change legislation in the Republic of North Macedonia Description: Strengthening Capacities for Implementation of Environmental and Climate Change Legislation Implementation period: 2022 – 2025 Type of policy instrument: Legal Link to the EU policies (where applicable): Relevant national planning documents, legal and regulatory acts: • Law on Climate Action • Secondary legislation on climate action • Law on Environment • Secondary legislation on environment Implementing entity: MoEPP Monitoring entity: MoEPP GHG(s) affected (if applicable): Quantified objective /Indicators used to monitor and evaluate progress over time: Gaps in environmental and climate legislation identified Number of new legal acts developed for Further alignment of the national legislation with the EU climate legislation Actions to support the implementation of the objective: • Assessment of the environmental and climate legal and policy framework • Assessment of the existing national legal and strategic frameworks vs. the most recent EU policies and measures for climate action • Further alignment of the national legislation with the EU climate legislation • Strengthening of the administrative capacity at the MoEPP • Strengthening of the capacity for environmental and climate inspection and enforcementLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan • Environmental and climate awareness raising and enhanced exchange of information Finance: Budget: 2 milion EUR Source of finance: EU IPA or other donor funds Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Assumptions/ General comments:Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan 3. I M P A C T A S S E S S M E N T 3 .', 'I M P A C T A S S E S S M E N T 3 . 1 F o r t h e I m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e S t r a t e g y 3 . 1 . 1 E n v i r o n m e n t a l i m p a c t a s s e s s m e n t According to the Law on Environment (“Official Gazette of the RN Macedonia” no.', '1 E n v i r o n m e n t a l i m p a c t a s s e s s m e n t According to the Law on Environment (“Official Gazette of the RN Macedonia” no. 53/2005; planning document is obliged to conduct a procedure for assessment of the impact of the planning document on the environment, as well as on human life and health. The MoEPP and the Project have initiated the process of development of Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) and the draft assessment was prepared in accordance with the Decree on the form and the content of the report on strategic environmental assessment (Official Gazette of the RN Macedonia no. 153/2007).', 'The MoEPP and the Project have initiated the process of development of Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) and the draft assessment was prepared in accordance with the Decree on the form and the content of the report on strategic environmental assessment (Official Gazette of the RN Macedonia no. 153/2007). The SEA of the draft Long-term Strategy on Climate Action made a detailed assessment of the environmental impacts of the policies and measures foreseen under the Strategy, which provides confidence that the environmental consequences of the measures foreseen under the Strategy are identified already at the stage of its preparation and appropriate measures to prevent, control and/or compensate the possible adverse impacts are considered already in the development phase.', 'The SEA of the draft Long-term Strategy on Climate Action made a detailed assessment of the environmental impacts of the policies and measures foreseen under the Strategy, which provides confidence that the environmental consequences of the measures foreseen under the Strategy are identified already at the stage of its preparation and appropriate measures to prevent, control and/or compensate the possible adverse impacts are considered already in the development phase. The procedure also provides a framework for public debate on the consequences, options and obligations, consideration of comments and their involvement in decision-making. Both scenarios envisage a 23% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 in the WEM scenario and a 72% reduction in the WAM scenario compared to 1990 levels.', 'Both scenarios envisage a 23% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 in the WEM scenario and a 72% reduction in the WAM scenario compared to 1990 levels. The largest percentage of emissions come from the energy sector, a 72% reduction could occur if in this sector achieve a reduction of 64% in 2050, compared to 1990. These projections do not propose measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the IPPU sector, so the forecasts are taken according to the basic regression model, which by 2050 compared to 1990 is expected to increase of greenhouse gases by 153%. Measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the energy sector (energy production, industry, private and public buildings) will contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions.', 'Measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the energy sector (energy production, industry, private and public buildings) will contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In addition to reducing greenhouse gases, the implementation of these measures and activities will contribute to improving the media and the state of the environment and the health of the population. Additionally, the measures of the Strategy aim at stability in the energy sector, increased participation of renewable energy sources in the energy sector for electricity and heat production, diversification in the use of energy and improved services in the production and supply of electricity and heat.', 'Additionally, the measures of the Strategy aim at stability in the energy sector, increased participation of renewable energy sources in the energy sector for electricity and heat production, diversification in the use of energy and improved services in the production and supply of electricity and heat. In addition to the benefits in terms of reducing greenhouse gases and improving the environmental situation at national level, some of the individual activities envisaged, such as the construction of hydropower plants or biogas plants and RES, may cause adverse environmental effects and may have negative health effects on the local population. The construction of hydropower plants can have an impact on surface water, change in river flow, destruction of nature sites, disturbance of soils, landscape, etc.', 'The construction of hydropower plants can have an impact on surface water, change in river flow, destruction of nature sites, disturbance of soils, landscape, etc. The measures envisaged in the sector transport will greatly contribute to improvement of the air quality through increased use of rail, electric vehicles, encouraging less use of vehicles and promoting sustainable mobility (use of bicycles, walking, etc.). Negative impacts may occur during the implementation of the project for construction of the railway to the RepublicLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan of Bulgaria, such as destruction of nature sites, disturbance of soils and landscapes, increased noise, destruction of natural goods, etc. The activities envisaged for the sector agriculture are mainly related to improved manure management which has positive impacts on the environment.', 'The activities envisaged for the sector agriculture are mainly related to improved manure management which has positive impacts on the environment. However, the Strategy also foreseen measures for land use change which may cause negative impacts on the state of the environment. The land use change activities can affect biodiversity and certain species and they can also cause a change in the soil quality. The forestry sector is significant affected from climate change as a result of the rising temperatures, reduced rainfalls and changes in seasons resulting in more frequent forest fires and changes in forest productivity. Without adaptation measures, the forestry losses will continue to grow.', 'Without adaptation measures, the forestry losses will continue to grow. The Strategy does not foresee adaptation measures related to the sector forestry, since a comprehensive National Adaptation Plan is expected to be developed soon. In addition, implementation of some of the planned policies and measures foreseen under the energy sector can cause negative impacts to the sector forestry. The need for proper waste management in order to protect the environment, and thus mitigate the impacts of climate change is inevitable. Reducing the amount of waste as well as recycling and reuse of some types will give a positive contribution in that direction. The waste related measures proposed in the Strategy aim to reduce air and soil emissions from the waste treatment and incineration.', 'The waste related measures proposed in the Strategy aim to reduce air and soil emissions from the waste treatment and incineration. Thus, the impacts of the implementation of the waste related measures will be mainly positive. 3 . 1 . 2 S o c i o - e c o n o m i c i m p a c t The Strategy foresees implementation of 64 policies and measures related to mitigation and seven policies and measures related to adaptation. It is worth underlining that the investment in the adaptation measures are limited because the policies and measures foreseen under the Strategy are related to enabling activities for establishment of more comprehensive and overarching set of adaptation policies and measures, as foreseen in the forthcoming National Adaptation Plan.', 'It is worth underlining that the investment in the adaptation measures are limited because the policies and measures foreseen under the Strategy are related to enabling activities for establishment of more comprehensive and overarching set of adaptation policies and measures, as foreseen in the forthcoming National Adaptation Plan. In addition, This Action Plan contains additional policies and measures related to enabling activities, cross sectoral coordination processes and support of the implementation of the legal framework and strengthening of the institutional capacities. However, most of the investments are foreseen under the mitigation policies and measures. The realization of a transition towards low-carbon society in RN Macedonia would require approximately 19 Bill.', 'The realization of a transition towards low-carbon society in RN Macedonia would require approximately 19 Bill. EUR of cumulative capital investments in the period 2020-2050 (WEM scenario), while for an enhanced transition (WAM scenario) around 35 Bill. EUR are needed. The energy sector (supply and demand side + infrastructure) accounts for about 99% of the total investments in both WEM and WAM scenarios. The total cumulative investments in the AFOLU sector are about 115 mil. EUR, while the total investments in the waste sector are about 67 mil. EUR in both scenarios. It can be noted that the total investments in the WAM scenario are almost doubled compared to the WEM scenario.', 'It can be noted that the total investments in the WAM scenario are almost doubled compared to the WEM scenario. The focus in both scenarios is on the capital investments in energy efficiency, followed by investments in RES generation. To accept the increased use of RES in the WAM scenario capital investments would be also needed in the energy system infrastructure. For a sustainable transition, besides the economic and environmental, the social aspect is also very important. According to the years in which the proposed measures and policies are implemented, for some of them, the number of domestic green jobs is calculated at yearly level for the WAM scenario.', 'According to the years in which the proposed measures and policies are implemented, for some of them, the number of domestic green jobs is calculated at yearly level for the WAM scenario. The highest number of around 10,000 green jobs is achieved in 2035, which represents 2.7 times more jobs than the current number of employees in the coal power plants in RN Macedonia. Retrofitting contributes to the most for the opening of new jobs (around 58%), followed by construction of new houses, including passive houses (with around 19% share).', 'Retrofitting contributes to the most for the opening of new jobs (around 58%), followed by construction of new houses, including passive houses (with around 19% share). Because of the gradual increase of the standard for renovation and construction of new buildings up to 2035, the number of the new green jobs from these measures isLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan increasing in that period. Additionally, the measures with the highest share are (1) Retrofitting of existing residential buildings (50% in 2035), (2) Construction of passive buildings (18% in 2035), (3) RES without incentives, (4) Solar thermal collectors, (5) Retrofitting of existing commercial buildings, and (6) Solar rooftop.', 'Additionally, the measures with the highest share are (1) Retrofitting of existing residential buildings (50% in 2035), (2) Construction of passive buildings (18% in 2035), (3) RES without incentives, (4) Solar thermal collectors, (5) Retrofitting of existing commercial buildings, and (6) Solar rooftop. Furthermore, it is shown that more than 27% of the new domestic green jobs in 2050 can be assigned to women.', 'Furthermore, it is shown that more than 27% of the new domestic green jobs in 2050 can be assigned to women. Regarding the socio-economic situation of the population, the following impacts are generally expected from the implementation of the Long-term Strategy on Climate Action: • Increased economic pressure as a result of the introduction of new taxes; • Possibility to introduce the concept “prosumers” and to reduce the; • Reduction of product prices as a result of the introduction of energy efficient industrial processes; • Better information of the citizens and energy savings by marking the electrical devices; • Greater profitability and development of the private sector through the introduction of EE principles in commercial buildings and the work process; • Increasing agricultural yield through improved land management; • Improving the quality of life and living facilities; • Reducing gender inequality and improving the situation of young people; and • Opportunity for urban-rural migration and mitigation of differences in the development of the regions.', 'Regarding the socio-economic situation of the population, the following impacts are generally expected from the implementation of the Long-term Strategy on Climate Action: • Increased economic pressure as a result of the introduction of new taxes; • Possibility to introduce the concept “prosumers” and to reduce the; • Reduction of product prices as a result of the introduction of energy efficient industrial processes; • Better information of the citizens and energy savings by marking the electrical devices; • Greater profitability and development of the private sector through the introduction of EE principles in commercial buildings and the work process; • Increasing agricultural yield through improved land management; • Improving the quality of life and living facilities; • Reducing gender inequality and improving the situation of young people; and • Opportunity for urban-rural migration and mitigation of differences in the development of the regions. In more details, the implementation of the Strategy will mean the closure or modernization of coal-fired power plants, investment in renewable sources and environmentally friendly technologies, energy efficiency, reduction of grid losses and provision of a favorable environment and affordable renewable energy prices.', 'In more details, the implementation of the Strategy will mean the closure or modernization of coal-fired power plants, investment in renewable sources and environmentally friendly technologies, energy efficiency, reduction of grid losses and provision of a favorable environment and affordable renewable energy prices. The two existing thermal power plants that produce electricity are owned by AD Power Plants of Northern Macedonia (ESM) and are located in the Polog region. Their closure will mean loss of jobs, which will cause a negative impact on local employment and significant socio- economic effects. According to the Annual Report of AD ESM for 2019, TPP Oslomej and TPP Bitola with their mines employ 3588 employees.', 'According to the Annual Report of AD ESM for 2019, TPP Oslomej and TPP Bitola with their mines employ 3588 employees. Some workers will be able to transfer to new activities in ESM linked to new energy sources – be it renewables or linked to gas. The implementation of climate-related policies and measures will accelerate the recovery of investments and activities in key economic sectors such as services, tourism, construction and energy, and at the same time create new jobs. The strategy will indirectly contribute to the recovery of the economy and the state from the consequences of COVID-19.', 'The strategy will indirectly contribute to the recovery of the economy and the state from the consequences of COVID-19. The implementation of the envisaged measures will also generate green jobs and create training opportunities in areas including renewable energy, energy efficiency, access to energy, improving household resilience, providing the infrastructure needed to support active transport and infrastructure, sustainable and resilient sectors, such as forestry, agriculture, etc. In addition, it is essential to take proactive steps to build climate resilience and to invest in adaptation measures, especially for the poorest or most marginalized in society, as well as for the sectors most affected by the pandemic.', 'In addition, it is essential to take proactive steps to build climate resilience and to invest in adaptation measures, especially for the poorest or most marginalized in society, as well as for the sectors most affected by the pandemic. Finally, investing in resilience and capacity building is crucial instrument to tackle the adverse effects of climate change and to provide an enabling and sustainable environment for economic investment and development.Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan 3 .', 'Finally, investing in resilience and capacity building is crucial instrument to tackle the adverse effects of climate change and to provide an enabling and sustainable environment for economic investment and development.Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan 3 . 2 F o r t h e I m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e L a w The impacts of the draft Law on Climate Action (LCA) were assessment in the Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA) undertaken by the project.18 The main findings on the costs and benefits of the LCA can be summarized as follows: Economic and social impacts of climate action Climate change will have pervasive socio-economic consequences that will not only affect major economic sectors such as agriculture, energy or healthcare, but will also result in changes to the supply and demand for goods and services of all sectors of the economy, albeit with varying levels of intensity.', '2 F o r t h e I m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e L a w The impacts of the draft Law on Climate Action (LCA) were assessment in the Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA) undertaken by the project.18 The main findings on the costs and benefits of the LCA can be summarized as follows: Economic and social impacts of climate action Climate change will have pervasive socio-economic consequences that will not only affect major economic sectors such as agriculture, energy or healthcare, but will also result in changes to the supply and demand for goods and services of all sectors of the economy, albeit with varying levels of intensity. Higher temperatures, sea level rise, and other climatic changes (changes in regional precipitation patterns, the water cycle, frequency and intensity of extreme weather events), will also impact aspects of life that are not primarily based on or related to economic activity, as for example human security, health and well-being, culture, people’s capabilities, and environmental quality.', 'Higher temperatures, sea level rise, and other climatic changes (changes in regional precipitation patterns, the water cycle, frequency and intensity of extreme weather events), will also impact aspects of life that are not primarily based on or related to economic activity, as for example human security, health and well-being, culture, people’s capabilities, and environmental quality. Mitigation measures reduces the expected level of climate damages (the likely uncertainty range reduces damages from 2-10% to 1-3% by 2100 for the selected climate impacts, according to the simulations). Furthermore, less ambitious mitigation policies in the first decades will have lower short-term costs but lead to higher long-term risks (in quantitative terms, this result is heavily influenced by the choice of discount rate).', 'Furthermore, less ambitious mitigation policies in the first decades will have lower short-term costs but lead to higher long-term risks (in quantitative terms, this result is heavily influenced by the choice of discount rate). Mitigation policies will reduce the negative impacts of climate change on all economic sectors, yet the costs of these policies will not be borne by all sectors proportionally to their expected benefits. Both damages and the mitigation policy lead to a shift in the structure of the economy towards more services. The detailed economic modelling analysis is used to shed further light on this, again with a horizon to 2060.', 'The detailed economic modelling analysis is used to shed further light on this, again with a horizon to 2060. • Agriculture, will experience substantial direct and indirect impacts from climate damages; its high emissions could imply substantial costs from stringent economy- wide mitigation policies; • For energy production and the industrial sectors the climate damages are smaller than the potential effects from stringent economy-wide mitigation policies. Renewable power generation can substantially increase production activities if an ambitious mitigation policy is implemented, but on balance the negative effects on fossil fuel producers outweigh those on renewables; and • Services are projected to benefit from the mitigation policy as they are relatively clean, but they are negatively affected by climate damages.', 'Renewable power generation can substantially increase production activities if an ambitious mitigation policy is implemented, but on balance the negative effects on fossil fuel producers outweigh those on renewables; and • Services are projected to benefit from the mitigation policy as they are relatively clean, but they are negatively affected by climate damages. However, given the large size of services compared to the other sectors, the relative share of the services sectors in total GDP can increase, i.e. they are relatively less affected than other sectors.', 'they are relatively less affected than other sectors. Fiscal and administrative costs Fiscal Implications - Law on Climate Action (amounts in MKD) Art Cost description Calculations - cost structure Total Annual Amount First Year Total annual amount second year Total annual amount third year Budget line for members of the Council *) Personal Tax) 18 Report on Regulatory Impact Assessment on the Law on Climate Action, draft, 20 08 2020.Long-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan and Additional employments in the State inspectorate for Environment with two state environmental Senior and 1 Independent Net salary of senior inspector Net salary of Independent Inspector and Other costs for new employment (furniture, PC, phone, other overhead) #First Year: MKD; Furniture MKD, Overhead per employee. From first year on only overhead. and Training for conducting inspections related to the Law on climate action Training home and abroad incl accommodatio n, transport, fee for participation if appl (2 new inspectors) all Training on expertise for implementatio n of the law Training home and abroad incl accommodatio n, transport, fee for participation if people in MoEPP and line ministries) with acces s to EU Establish and keep an electronic registry of the greenhouse gas emission permits issued and make it available to the public.', 'and Training for conducting inspections related to the Law on climate action Training home and abroad incl accommodatio n, transport, fee for participation if appl (2 new inspectors) all Training on expertise for implementatio n of the law Training home and abroad incl accommodatio n, transport, fee for participation if people in MoEPP and line ministries) with acces s to EU Establish and keep an electronic registry of the greenhouse gas emission permits issued and make it available to the public. First year: Software purchase MKD; Hardware upgrade From first year on: Licenses and maintenanceLong-term Strategy on Climate Action and Action Plan (*) Depending on option chosen for NCCC. Compliance costs The RIA also assessed the compliance costs for operators in industries whose activities fall under the GHG emission permit and monitoring and reporting system (aviation activities were left aside for the time being as not applicable). Compliance with the requirements in the LCA will lead to administrative activities and to information obligations.', 'Compliance with the requirements in the LCA will lead to administrative activities and to information obligations. The LCA provides at this stage for requirements for operators of industrial installations and aviation activities to apply for GHG permits (industry) and for approvals of monitoring plans (aviation). The LCA also provides for monitoring and reporting obligations of operators in industry and aviation. The LCA does not yet foresee the participation in the EU Emission Trading System as RN Macedonia is a candidate country and will participate only when a member of the EU. The compliance costs therefore cover the costs for the permitting and approval procedures and the costs for monitoring and reporting.', 'The compliance costs therefore cover the costs for the permitting and approval procedures and the costs for monitoring and reporting. The compliance costs of applying for GHG emission permits for all industrial operators falling under the system were estimated at MKD 68.141.140,40. The compliance costs of monitoring and reporting for all industrial operators under the system were estimated at MKD 2.882.102,40 per monitoring and reporting cycle.Long-term Strategy on Climate Action of the RN Macedonia and Action Plan for the first phase of implementation of the Strategy and the Law 4.', 'The compliance costs of monitoring and reporting for all industrial operators under the system were estimated at MKD 2.882.102,40 per monitoring and reporting cycle.Long-term Strategy on Climate Action of the RN Macedonia and Action Plan for the first phase of implementation of the Strategy and the Law 4. M O N I T O R I N G A N D E V A L U A T I O N F R A M E W O R K The overall objective in the implementation of the Strategy and Law is to support RN Macedonia in achieving the long-term goals of climate action, i.e., full transposition and implementation of the EU climate acquis, achieving low carbon emissions and climate resilient development.', 'M O N I T O R I N G A N D E V A L U A T I O N F R A M E W O R K The overall objective in the implementation of the Strategy and Law is to support RN Macedonia in achieving the long-term goals of climate action, i.e., full transposition and implementation of the EU climate acquis, achieving low carbon emissions and climate resilient development. The monitoring and the evaluation framework of the Action Plan for the first phase of implementation of the Strategy and the Law is supported and enabled by the legal acts prepared by the Project, the Law on Climate Action and the Decree on the national inventory system.', 'The monitoring and the evaluation framework of the Action Plan for the first phase of implementation of the Strategy and the Law is supported and enabled by the legal acts prepared by the Project, the Law on Climate Action and the Decree on the national inventory system. Moreover, Annex II of the Decree on the national inventory system defines the format for reporting on the information on implementation of the policies and measures and that format has been used as a template for description and elaboration of the Actions foreseen under this Action Plan.', 'Moreover, Annex II of the Decree on the national inventory system defines the format for reporting on the information on implementation of the policies and measures and that format has been used as a template for description and elaboration of the Actions foreseen under this Action Plan. The CBIT Project implemented by UNDP has recently started to implement an activity for development of a digital MRV tool that will support the monitoring and the reporting of the climate action in the country, including aspects of policies, measures and projections, climate finance and status of achievements of specific objectives.', 'The CBIT Project implemented by UNDP has recently started to implement an activity for development of a digital MRV tool that will support the monitoring and the reporting of the climate action in the country, including aspects of policies, measures and projections, climate finance and status of achievements of specific objectives. This tool will be designed in a manner to support the monitoring of the implementation of the enhanced NDC, as well as the implementation of this specific Action Plan as a primary tool for climate action in the country.', 'This tool will be designed in a manner to support the monitoring of the implementation of the enhanced NDC, as well as the implementation of this specific Action Plan as a primary tool for climate action in the country. As defined in Article 57 of the LCA, starting from the year 2025, the country will be obliged to report on the implementation of the mitigation policies and measures on a biennial basis, and on the implementation of adaptation actins on 4 years. The actions defined in this Action Plan contain indicators and quantified objectives for the targeted years, so there is no need of defining separate monitoring framework that should support the evaluation of the implementation of the Action Plan.']

en-US

MKD

Republic of North Macedonia

Updated NDC

2021-04-16 00:00:00

x

NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Macedonian%20enhanced%20NDC%20(002).pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Europe

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/05dad0d07c4a4280e73e4159bc69eb0fb7eef25dd0d0c583c783a1ddf980cc5b.pdf

['Submission by the Republic of North Macedonia E N D CContents: INTRODUCTION ENHANCEMENT COMPONENTS Mitigation ambition Implementation. Communication. ACCOMPANYING INFORMATION 1. Quantifiable information on the reference point 2. Time frames and/or periods for implementation 3. Scope and Coverage. 4. Planning Processes. 5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals 6. How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances. 7. How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES. Economic and environmental evaluation of the Policy and Measuers Social aspects of the Policy and Measures. The role of the private sector. SDGs - enhanced NDC synergies and trade-offs Circular Economy', 'The role of the private sector. SDGs - enhanced NDC synergies and trade-offs Circular Economy FOLLOW UP ACTIVITIES. Covid-19 related revisions. “Climate promise” ongoing/planned activities', 'FOLLOW UP ACTIVITIES. Covid-19 related revisions. “Climate promise” ongoing/planned activities AdaptationIntroduction The Republic of North Macedonia, a non-Annex I party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), ratified Paris Agreement in November 2017, with the following nationally determined contribution (NDC) to the global efforts for GHG emissions reduction (initial NDC, submitted 2015): “To reduce the CO2 emissions from fossil fuels combustion for 30%, that is, for 36% at a higher level of ambition, by 2030 compared to the business as usual (BAU) scenario.” The focus of the initial NDC is put on climate change mitigation, and particularly to CO2 emissions from fossil fuels combustion which covers almost 80% of the total GHG emissions in the country. The following sectors are of dominant share: energy supply, buildings and transport.', 'The following sectors are of dominant share: energy supply, buildings and transport. The Republic of North Macedonia is a candidate country for European Union (EU) membership, and as a Western Balkan Contracting Parity of Energy Community, committed to work towards the 2050 climate neutrality target – the heart of the European Green Deal, like the rest of the EU in the frame of the Energy Community. The first round of NDCs, if fully implemented, would lead to warming of 2.9 degrees C to 3.4 degrees C over the course of the century.', 'The first round of NDCs, if fully implemented, would lead to warming of 2.9 degrees C to 3.4 degrees C over the course of the century. Enhanced mitigation ambition is therefore essential to achieving the Paris Agreement’s goal to limit warming to well below 2 degrees C, or 1.5 degrees C. The Agreement set up a mechanism to enhance ambition for climate action over time, requiring each country to prepare and communicate NDC every five years to reflect its highest possible ambition.', 'Enhanced mitigation ambition is therefore essential to achieving the Paris Agreement’s goal to limit warming to well below 2 degrees C, or 1.5 degrees C. The Agreement set up a mechanism to enhance ambition for climate action over time, requiring each country to prepare and communicate NDC every five years to reflect its highest possible ambition. Enhanced Nationally Determined Contribution In response of the COP decision at Paris, reiterated by 2018 decision at COP24 in Katowice, and in line with the Decision of the Government from its 65th session held on April 13th 2021, the Republic of North Macedonia communicates the following enhanced nationally determined contribution to the global efforts for GHG emissions reduction: In 2030, 51% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions compared to 1990 levels.', 'Enhanced Nationally Determined Contribution In response of the COP decision at Paris, reiterated by 2018 decision at COP24 in Katowice, and in line with the Decision of the Government from its 65th session held on April 13th 2021, the Republic of North Macedonia communicates the following enhanced nationally determined contribution to the global efforts for GHG emissions reduction: In 2030, 51% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions compared to 1990 levels. Expressed in net2 emissions, in 2030, 82% reduction compared to 1990 levels. The enhanced NDC is focused on mitigation area, with a vision to include adaptation component in the subsequent submissions, once the relevant national strategic and planning documents are prepared and adopted.', 'The enhanced NDC is focused on mitigation area, with a vision to include adaptation component in the subsequent submissions, once the relevant national strategic and planning documents are prepared and adopted. The main components of NDC enhancement1 are realized in the following areas: Mitigation ambition, Implementation and Communication 1 The enhancement components are provided taking reference from WRI and UNDP guidance (Enhancing NDCs: A Guide to Strengthening National Climate Plans by 2020) 2 The projected sinks in 2030, that are assumed to be realized with the implementation of the planned measures are only 7% higher than the sinks in 2014 02CLIMATE ACTION NOWEnhancement components Enhanced NDC (2021) Initial NDC (2015) Mitigation ambition Strengthen the GHG target - End-year type of target (2030 emissions level compared to 1990 emissions level) - Compatibility and comparability with EU target - Absolute emission reduction in 2030 compared to - Deviation from BAU type of target in 2030 - Absolute emission reduction in 2030 compared to BAU: Strengthen or add policies and actions: - 63 mitigation policies and measures (PAMs) in the following sectors: Energy (incl: Energy Supply, Residential and Non-specified, Industry, Transport) Agriculture, Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) Waste Additional PAMs (enablers of mitigation action) - Emissions coverage: Economy-wide target - 17(+9 in higher ambition scenario) mitigation PAMs in the following sectors: Energy supply Buildings Transport - Emissions coverage: Emissions from fossil fuel combustion - GHGs covered: CO2 Strengthen or add a sectoral non-GHG target: The enhanced NDC is coherent with the following sectoral non-GHG targets in 2030 stipulated in the draft National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP): - Renewable Energy Sources (RES) 38% share in gross final energy consumption 66% share in gross electricity production 45% share in gross final energy consumption for heating and cooling 10% in final energy consumption in transport - Energy Efficiency (EE) 20.8% savings of final energy consumption relative to BAU scenario 34.5% savings of primary energy consumption relative to BAU scenarioAlign implementation of the existing NDC with long term goals: The enhanced NDC echoes the Green scenario from the National Strategy for Energy Development up to 2040 and is fully aligned with the draft National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP).', 'The main components of NDC enhancement1 are realized in the following areas: Mitigation ambition, Implementation and Communication 1 The enhancement components are provided taking reference from WRI and UNDP guidance (Enhancing NDCs: A Guide to Strengthening National Climate Plans by 2020) 2 The projected sinks in 2030, that are assumed to be realized with the implementation of the planned measures are only 7% higher than the sinks in 2014 02CLIMATE ACTION NOWEnhancement components Enhanced NDC (2021) Initial NDC (2015) Mitigation ambition Strengthen the GHG target - End-year type of target (2030 emissions level compared to 1990 emissions level) - Compatibility and comparability with EU target - Absolute emission reduction in 2030 compared to - Deviation from BAU type of target in 2030 - Absolute emission reduction in 2030 compared to BAU: Strengthen or add policies and actions: - 63 mitigation policies and measures (PAMs) in the following sectors: Energy (incl: Energy Supply, Residential and Non-specified, Industry, Transport) Agriculture, Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) Waste Additional PAMs (enablers of mitigation action) - Emissions coverage: Economy-wide target - 17(+9 in higher ambition scenario) mitigation PAMs in the following sectors: Energy supply Buildings Transport - Emissions coverage: Emissions from fossil fuel combustion - GHGs covered: CO2 Strengthen or add a sectoral non-GHG target: The enhanced NDC is coherent with the following sectoral non-GHG targets in 2030 stipulated in the draft National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP): - Renewable Energy Sources (RES) 38% share in gross final energy consumption 66% share in gross electricity production 45% share in gross final energy consumption for heating and cooling 10% in final energy consumption in transport - Energy Efficiency (EE) 20.8% savings of final energy consumption relative to BAU scenario 34.5% savings of primary energy consumption relative to BAU scenarioAlign implementation of the existing NDC with long term goals: The enhanced NDC echoes the Green scenario from the National Strategy for Energy Development up to 2040 and is fully aligned with the draft National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP). It is consistent with the following long term (2040) goals: - % reduction of GHG emissions vs. 2005: 61.5 - % of RES in gross final energy consumption: 45 - % reduction of primary and final energy consumption vs. BAU: 51.8 primary, 27.5 final The enhanced NDC is strongly linked to the EU-funded “Law and Strategy on Climate Change” project, which will deliver the Long-Term Climate Action Strategy and the Law on Climate Action.', 'It is consistent with the following long term (2040) goals: - % reduction of GHG emissions vs. 2005: 61.5 - % of RES in gross final energy consumption: 45 - % reduction of primary and final energy consumption vs. BAU: 51.8 primary, 27.5 final The enhanced NDC is strongly linked to the EU-funded “Law and Strategy on Climate Change” project, which will deliver the Long-Term Climate Action Strategy and the Law on Climate Action. Furthermore, the enhanced NDC addresses the regional aspect contributing significantly to all five priority measures identified in the energy sector of the draft Strategy for Regional Development 2019-2029. No relation to long term goals.', 'No relation to long term goals. In order to identify specific mitigation PAMs, the following documents have been taken into consideration: - Energy Strategy - Energy Efficiency Strategy - Strategy on Renewable Energy Sources - The Program for Implementation of the Energy Strategy - Energy Efficiency Action Plan - Action Plan on Renewable Energy Sources - Transport Sector Strategy - Pre-accession Economic Program - Program of the Government of the Republic of Macedonia - The Third National Communication on Climate Change - First Biennial Update Report on Climate Change Implementation Add actions or measures to strengthen implementation: - The enhanced NDC encompasses mitigation action enabling PAMs like carbon pricing, pursuing regional energy markets integration, strengthening the role of SME, PAMs in the area of research and innovation and other measures. - For each PAM, the finances needed are specified, as well as the potential sources of finances. - For each PAM, the implementing and the monitoring entities/institutions are identified.', '- For each PAM, the implementing and the monitoring entities/institutions are identified. - For each PAM, progress indicators to monitor implementation with reference values (in the reporting year and in the target year) are clearly stated. - For each PAM, information of the direct and indirect contributions on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is included. - PAMs are presented in less detailCommunication Provide basic information to enhance clarity, transparency &understanding: - PAMs are presented in a tabular format with sufficient level of detail. - The conducted analyses and PAMs tables are included in the enhanced NDC Background document which is an integral part of the enhanced NDC submission. The other supportive documents and studies will be published at www.klimatskipromeni.mk/ - PAMs are presented in Tabular format.', 'The other supportive documents and studies will be published at www.klimatskipromeni.mk/ - PAMs are presented in Tabular format. - The conducted analyses and PAMs tables are included in the NDC Background document which is an integral part of the NDC submission.', '- The conducted analyses and PAMs tables are included in the NDC Background document which is an integral part of the NDC submission. Provide additional detail - Economic and environmental evaluation of PAMs is conducted applying Marginal Abatement Cost (MAC) Curve tool - Social aspects of the PAMs are addressed by calculation of the newly created jobs, introduction of the gender indictors in some of the PAMs with an aim to make them gender-responsive, as well as by organization of a virtual youth consultation on the enhanced NDC, designed to ensure that the voices of young people are expressed in the NDC, that there will be broad ownership for the enhanced NDC goals and that baseline communication channels are established to ensure proper youth engagement in pursuing NDC goals.', 'Provide additional detail - Economic and environmental evaluation of PAMs is conducted applying Marginal Abatement Cost (MAC) Curve tool - Social aspects of the PAMs are addressed by calculation of the newly created jobs, introduction of the gender indictors in some of the PAMs with an aim to make them gender-responsive, as well as by organization of a virtual youth consultation on the enhanced NDC, designed to ensure that the voices of young people are expressed in the NDC, that there will be broad ownership for the enhanced NDC goals and that baseline communication channels are established to ensure proper youth engagement in pursuing NDC goals. - The role of the private sector in the mitigation action is particularly analyzed through consideration of additional PAMs in in the Industry sector - SDGs-enhanced NDC synergies and trade-offs are identified and quantified in order to understand the contribution of the enhanced NDC to the national SD agenda.', '- The role of the private sector in the mitigation action is particularly analyzed through consideration of additional PAMs in in the Industry sector - SDGs-enhanced NDC synergies and trade-offs are identified and quantified in order to understand the contribution of the enhanced NDC to the national SD agenda. - The benefits of Circular Economy on GHG emission reduction are analyzed with an aim to identify opportunities and challenges for the mitigation through advancing circular practices in the waste management sector, in line with the European Green Deal and the EU Action Plan on Circular Economy. - The contributions to regional development are credibly demonstrated as the five priority measures in the energy sector from the draft Strategy for Regional Development 2019 - 2029 are adequately linked to relevant PAMs from the enhanced NDC.', '- The contributions to regional development are credibly demonstrated as the five priority measures in the energy sector from the draft Strategy for Regional Development 2019 - 2029 are adequately linked to relevant PAMs from the enhanced NDC. - Economic and environmental evaluation of PAMs is conducted applying MAC Curve tool. - Social aspects of the PAMs are addressed by calculation of the newly created jobs.ENHANCED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA (enhanced NDC) ACCOMPANYING INFORMATION 1. Quantifiable information on the reference point a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s); Base year: 1990 b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year; The reference indicator - national greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the base year 1990 is quantified based on the National Inventory Report (NIR).', 'Quantifiable information on the reference point a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s); Base year: 1990 b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year; The reference indicator - national greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the base year 1990 is quantified based on the National Inventory Report (NIR). The base year emission level: 12,478 Gg CO2-eq. Target year: 2030 The target year emission level: 6,058 Gg CO2-eq.', 'Target year: 2030 The target year emission level: 6,058 Gg CO2-eq. c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information; Not applicable d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction; In 2030, 51% reduction in GHG emissions compared to 1990 levels (black line on the graph below).', 'c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information; Not applicable d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction; In 2030, 51% reduction in GHG emissions compared to 1990 levels (black line on the graph below). Disaggregated by sector (2030 vs.1990) • Energy: 66% reduction (mainly through decommissioning of coal-fired power plants Oslomej in 2021 and Bitola up to 2027) • IPPU: 45% increase • Agriculture: 29% reduction • LULUCF: 95% removals increase • Waste: 21% reduction resulting in In 2030, 82% reduction in net GHG emissions compared to 1990 levels (red line on the graph below) The calculated figures refer to the emissions and sinks generated at the territory of the Republic of North Macedonia (the emissions related to imported electricity are taken to be zero).e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point: The reference indicator will be quantified based on national total GHG emissions in 1990 reported in the NIR.', 'Disaggregated by sector (2030 vs.1990) • Energy: 66% reduction (mainly through decommissioning of coal-fired power plants Oslomej in 2021 and Bitola up to 2027) • IPPU: 45% increase • Agriculture: 29% reduction • LULUCF: 95% removals increase • Waste: 21% reduction resulting in In 2030, 82% reduction in net GHG emissions compared to 1990 levels (red line on the graph below) The calculated figures refer to the emissions and sinks generated at the territory of the Republic of North Macedonia (the emissions related to imported electricity are taken to be zero).e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point: The reference indicator will be quantified based on national total GHG emissions in 1990 reported in the NIR. f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators: The national total GHG emissions in 1990 may be updated and recalculated due to continuous methodological improvements.', 'f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators: The national total GHG emissions in 1990 may be updated and recalculated due to continuous methodological improvements. Information on updates made will be included in the Biennial Transparency Report. 2. Time frames and/or periods for implementation a) Time frame and period of implementation: 14 April 2021 to 31 December 2030. b) Whether it is a single-year or multi- year target, as applicable: Single-year target in 2030. 3. Scope and Coverage a) General description of the target: Economy-wide, emission reduction of 51% in 2030 compared to base year emissions. Enhanced NDC scenario ! "#$% & "% $$ ( "( # ) ( "*+% ) ( "( +) ! "# $$$ !%# $$$ !&# $$$ !', '"#$% & "% $$ ( "( # ) ( "*+% ) ( "( +) ! "# $$$ !%# $$$ !&# $$$ ! # $$$ $ # $$$ &# $$$ %# $$$ "# $$$ ( # $$$ ) # $$$ *# $$$ +# $$$ , # $$$ $# $$$ # $$$ &# $$$ %# $$$ &$$( &$ $ &$ ( &$& $ &$& ( &$% $ & % ( , , , $2 , , $2 - . /0 ( & & $) ,b) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines; The target covers emissions from the following sectors: • Energy • Industrial Processes and Product Use • Agriculture • Waste The target covers the following gases: Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) For the land-use, land-use change and forestry sector emissions and removals, the following reporting categories are included: forest land, cropland, grassland, and wetland, including land use changes between the categories, and between these categories and settlements and other land.', '/0 ( & & $) ,b) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines; The target covers emissions from the following sectors: • Energy • Industrial Processes and Product Use • Agriculture • Waste The target covers the following gases: Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) For the land-use, land-use change and forestry sector emissions and removals, the following reporting categories are included: forest land, cropland, grassland, and wetland, including land use changes between the categories, and between these categories and settlements and other land. The five carbon pools above-ground biomass, below-ground biomass, litter, dead wood and soil organic matters are included using default emission factors are used.', 'The five carbon pools above-ground biomass, below-ground biomass, litter, dead wood and soil organic matters are included using default emission factors are used. d) How the Party has taken into consideration paragraphs 31 (c) and (d) of decision 1/ All sectors from the IPCC 2006 methodology are included and will continue to be included. e) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans. Not applicable 4. Planning Processes a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and implementation plans, including: domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender- responsive manner The Republic of North Macedonia signed (2015) and ratified (2017) the Paris Agreement, under which it became the twenty-third country in the world that submitted its NDC (2015).', 'Planning Processes a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and implementation plans, including: domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender- responsive manner The Republic of North Macedonia signed (2015) and ratified (2017) the Paris Agreement, under which it became the twenty-third country in the world that submitted its NDC (2015). Since then, a number of planning and technical documents in the field of Energy and Climate Change were adopted or are in preparation. • Second Biennial Update Report – SBUR (2018), • Strategy for Energy Development up to 2040 (2019), • Third Biennial Update Report – TBUR (draft 2020), • National Energy and Climate Plan – NECP (draft 2020), • Long Term Strategy on Climate Action (draft 2020), • Strategy for Regional Development 2019-2029 (draft 2020, in Parliamentarian adoption procedure).', '• Second Biennial Update Report – SBUR (2018), • Strategy for Energy Development up to 2040 (2019), • Third Biennial Update Report – TBUR (draft 2020), • National Energy and Climate Plan – NECP (draft 2020), • Long Term Strategy on Climate Action (draft 2020), • Strategy for Regional Development 2019-2029 (draft 2020, in Parliamentarian adoption procedure). All of them, with the processes established, have served as entry points to the enhanced NDC.', 'All of them, with the processes established, have served as entry points to the enhanced NDC. (i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender- responsive manner; The enhanced NDC was established through broad participatory process including stakeholders from: • Government institutions and inter-institutional bodies, state agencies and authorities: Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning (with the UNFCCC Focal Point), Ministry of Economy, (Departments on Energy and Industry) Cabinet of Vice-prime Minister in Charge for Economic Affairs, Secretariat for European Affairs, Ministry of Labour and Social Policy (with the UNFCCC Gender and Climate Change Focal Point) Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Supply (from Departments in charge on Agriculture, Forestry and Water Supply), Ministry of Transport and Communications Ministry of Education and Science State Statistical Office Energy Agency • Societal stakeholders: Industries and businesses and their associations (Chambers of Commerce) Fund for Innovations and Technology Development Environmental NGOs.', '(i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender- responsive manner; The enhanced NDC was established through broad participatory process including stakeholders from: • Government institutions and inter-institutional bodies, state agencies and authorities: Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning (with the UNFCCC Focal Point), Ministry of Economy, (Departments on Energy and Industry) Cabinet of Vice-prime Minister in Charge for Economic Affairs, Secretariat for European Affairs, Ministry of Labour and Social Policy (with the UNFCCC Gender and Climate Change Focal Point) Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Supply (from Departments in charge on Agriculture, Forestry and Water Supply), Ministry of Transport and Communications Ministry of Education and Science State Statistical Office Energy Agency • Societal stakeholders: Industries and businesses and their associations (Chambers of Commerce) Fund for Innovations and Technology Development Environmental NGOs. Formal and informal youth-led environmental groups • Local governance stakeholders: City of Skopje Association of the Units of Local Self-Government (ZELS • Academic institutions • International organizations and donors and international and national financing institutions and trust funds.', 'Formal and informal youth-led environmental groups • Local governance stakeholders: City of Skopje Association of the Units of Local Self-Government (ZELS • Academic institutions • International organizations and donors and international and national financing institutions and trust funds. The country counts with extensive national expertise for reporting towards the UNFCCC (GHG inventory preparation, mitigation modelling and emissions projections) sited at the Research Center for Energy and Sustainable Development of the Macedonian Academy of Sciences Arts and other academic institutions (for non- energy sectors). The enhanced NDC is based on a robust analytical work and consultations with the relevant stakeholders aimed at: • Identification and validation of possible mitigation PAMs in the target sectors in agreement with the sector policies and planning documents, as well as with the European Policy on Climate and Energy.', 'The enhanced NDC is based on a robust analytical work and consultations with the relevant stakeholders aimed at: • Identification and validation of possible mitigation PAMs in the target sectors in agreement with the sector policies and planning documents, as well as with the European Policy on Climate and Energy. • Identification and validation of the assumptions used for the modelling of the identified PAMs in line with the sector policies and planning documents, as well as with the European Policy on Climate and Energy. • Prioritization of identified PAMs and providing directions for development of mitigation scenarios with existing and with additional measures.In particular, the enhanced NDC is built on the understanding that for the realization of the mitigation goals, bottom-up support is .', '• Prioritization of identified PAMs and providing directions for development of mitigation scenarios with existing and with additional measures.In particular, the enhanced NDC is built on the understanding that for the realization of the mitigation goals, bottom-up support is . s l e v e l e c n a n r e v o g l a c o l f o n o i t a p i c i t r a p e v i t c a h g u o r h t d e d e e n Therefore, it was informed by a number of studies conducted at local level, like Heating Study of the City of Skopje and Transport Study of the City of Skopje, as well as Climate Change Strategy of the City of Skopje: Resilient Skopje.', 's l e v e l e c n a n r e v o g l a c o l f o n o i t a p i c i t r a p e v i t c a h g u o r h t d e d e e n Therefore, it was informed by a number of studies conducted at local level, like Heating Study of the City of Skopje and Transport Study of the City of Skopje, as well as Climate Change Strategy of the City of Skopje: Resilient Skopje. Finally, the process of the enhanced NDC determination involved: • 36 national experts and 13 international experts (25 women), to conduct analytical and technical work • 31 stakeholders (17 Governmental Institutions, 5 International Organizations, 3 NGOs, 5 Academia institutions and 1 private company), or at individual level, 667 persons participating in 20 webinars (403 women), to provide data and to discuss and validate the assumptions and results. (ii) Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: a.', '(ii) Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: a. National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication; The Republic of North Macedonia is a small (25,713 km2) landlocked country, located in the middle of the Balkan Peninsula. It has a diverse topography with high mountains and deep valleys, large and small natural lakes and picturesque rivers. The agricultural land covers 50% of the surface area while forests cover about one third from the country. The country has a diverse climate, with eight climatic regions. The enhanced NDC was prepared against a backdrop of the country being a candidate for EU membership and becoming 30th member of the NATO Alliance.', 'The enhanced NDC was prepared against a backdrop of the country being a candidate for EU membership and becoming 30th member of the NATO Alliance. The results from the past reforms including the solid macroeconomic fundamentals, job creation, and an open economy that has attracted foreign investment will help the country to capitalize on this renewed outlook. However, the weak state institutions, low and declining productivity of local firms, and deficiencies in competition and investment policy and business regulation continue to pose serious structural challenges to economic growth. A competitive business legal framework is missing, so the private sector is weak and incapable to fully exploit the country’s location. Furthermore, there are risks to fiscal sustainability and the Government has limited fiscal space to stimulate the economy properly.', 'Furthermore, there are risks to fiscal sustainability and the Government has limited fiscal space to stimulate the economy properly. Educational achievement is relatively poor and unequitable which limits labor market in terms of skills to meet the evolving demands of a modern economy, as well as creates inequality in access to economic opportunities. Finally, climate and environmental threats, including air pollution, require urgent attention or they may slow economic growth and reverse poverty reduction. The Voluntary National Review (VNR, 2020) related to 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development reveals that there is high probability that 27 percent of the SDG indicators will be met by 2030. About 29 percent can be achieved by 2030 with significant policy efforts, whereas the remaining 44 percent seem to be unattainable with the current development mode.', 'About 29 percent can be achieved by 2030 with significant policy efforts, whereas the remaining 44 percent seem to be unattainable with the current development mode. Finally, socio-economic impact assessment indicate that COVID-19 has had a serious negative impact on the economy of the Republic of North Macedonia of a magnitude that exceeds that of the 2007-2009 global financial crisis.b. Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution; The enhanced NDC capitalized on the analytical capacities, participatory practice, experience, tools and knowledge base that have been created even before the initial NDC, and maintained and enhanced over the SBUR, Energy Strategy, TBUR, NECP and Long-term Strategy on Climate Action timelines. The target setting was well-informed by the existing robust and comprehensive GHG inventory.', 'The target setting was well-informed by the existing robust and comprehensive GHG inventory. Furthermore, the enhanced NDC wove the sustainable development into its PAMs, quantifying the nexus of sustainable development and climate change mitigation. Specifically, related to economic and environmental dimensions, MAC Curve was developed to perform economic and environmental evaluation of PAMs. The social aspects of the PAMs are addressed by (i) calculation of the newly created jobs, (ii) introduction of the gender indicators in some of the PAMs with an aim to make them gender-responsive and (iii) organization of a virtual youth consultation on the enhanced NDC, designed to ensure that the voices of young people are expressed in the NDC and that there will be broad ownership for the enhanced NDC goals.', 'The social aspects of the PAMs are addressed by (i) calculation of the newly created jobs, (ii) introduction of the gender indicators in some of the PAMs with an aim to make them gender-responsive and (iii) organization of a virtual youth consultation on the enhanced NDC, designed to ensure that the voices of young people are expressed in the NDC and that there will be broad ownership for the enhanced NDC goals. The benefits of Circular Economy on GHG emission reduction are analyzed with an aim to identify opportunities and challenges for the mitigation through advancing circular practices in the waste management sector, in line with the European Green Deal and the EU Action Plan on Circular Economy.', 'The benefits of Circular Economy on GHG emission reduction are analyzed with an aim to identify opportunities and challenges for the mitigation through advancing circular practices in the waste management sector, in line with the European Green Deal and the EU Action Plan on Circular Economy. Regarding the role of the private sector in the mitigation action, it participates with 85% in total investments needed for realization of the PAMs in the Industry sector. So far, supported by feed-in tariff mechanism, 110 private companies have invested in 140 MW RES capacities (dominantly solar and small hydro). Finally, the enhanced NDC includes also a regional dimension.', 'Finally, the enhanced NDC includes also a regional dimension. Its contributions to regional development are credibly demonstrated as the five priority measures from the draft Strategy for Regional Development 2019-2029 - (1) Ensuring just transition (Pelagonija and Southwest region), (2) Increasing renewable electricity production (Southeast, East and Northeast region), (3) Increasing energy efficiency in industry (Skopje, Polog and Vardar region), (4) Improving energy efficiency in households (East, Pelagonija, Vardar and Skopje region) and (5) Mitigation of climate change through landfill gas burning (in all regions where regional landfills with waste mechanical and biological treatment will be constructed) are adequately linked to the relevant PAMs from the enhanced NDC.', 'Its contributions to regional development are credibly demonstrated as the five priority measures from the draft Strategy for Regional Development 2019-2029 - (1) Ensuring just transition (Pelagonija and Southwest region), (2) Increasing renewable electricity production (Southeast, East and Northeast region), (3) Increasing energy efficiency in industry (Skopje, Polog and Vardar region), (4) Improving energy efficiency in households (East, Pelagonija, Vardar and Skopje region) and (5) Mitigation of climate change through landfill gas burning (in all regions where regional landfills with waste mechanical and biological treatment will be constructed) are adequately linked to the relevant PAMs from the enhanced NDC. c. Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement; The Republic of North Macedonia is a candidate country for EU membership, and as a Western Balkan Contracting Parity of Energy Community committed to work towards the 2050 climate neutrality target – the heart of the European Green Deal, like the rest of the EU in the frame of the Energy Community.', 'c. Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement; The Republic of North Macedonia is a candidate country for EU membership, and as a Western Balkan Contracting Parity of Energy Community committed to work towards the 2050 climate neutrality target – the heart of the European Green Deal, like the rest of the EU in the frame of the Energy Community. In December 2019, the country adopted a National Strategy for Energy Development up to 2040, which is the first strategy of an Energy Community Country which is based on the five pillars of the EU Energy Union - Security, solidarity and trust; A fully integrated internal energy market; Energy efficiency; Decarbonizing the economy; Research, innovation and competitiveness.', 'In December 2019, the country adopted a National Strategy for Energy Development up to 2040, which is the first strategy of an Energy Community Country which is based on the five pillars of the EU Energy Union - Security, solidarity and trust; A fully integrated internal energy market; Energy efficiency; Decarbonizing the economy; Research, innovation and competitiveness. Hence, the Energy Strategy depicts three scenarios - Reference, Moderate Transition and Green which reflect different dynamics of energy transition and enable flexibility into Macedonian response to relevant EU policies and governance for modern, competitive and climate-neutral economy by 2050 The Energy Community is rapidly advancing the implementation of EU regulations for energy governance and integrated climate and energy planning, and the country is leading an exemplary process of developing a draft National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP), the first of its kind in the Energy Community.The enhanced NDC echoes the Green scenario from the Energy strategy and is fully aligned with the draft NECP.', 'Hence, the Energy Strategy depicts three scenarios - Reference, Moderate Transition and Green which reflect different dynamics of energy transition and enable flexibility into Macedonian response to relevant EU policies and governance for modern, competitive and climate-neutral economy by 2050 The Energy Community is rapidly advancing the implementation of EU regulations for energy governance and integrated climate and energy planning, and the country is leading an exemplary process of developing a draft National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP), the first of its kind in the Energy Community.The enhanced NDC echoes the Green scenario from the Energy strategy and is fully aligned with the draft NECP. b) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement.', 'b) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement. Not applicable c) How the Party’s preparation of its NDC has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; The Republic of North Macedonia participated in the Talanoa Dialogue in 2018, which generated political momentum for enhanced climate action, including calling for Parties to update their NDCs. Also, the country joined High Ambition Coalition of countries determined to step their climate ambition by 2020. The preparation of the enhanced NDC was in line with the recommendations of the Talanoa Call for Action and High Ambition Coalition, taking into account national circumstances.', 'The preparation of the enhanced NDC was in line with the recommendations of the Talanoa Call for Action and High Ambition Coalition, taking into account national circumstances. d) Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: Not applicable How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution; Not applicable (ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries.', 'd) Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: Not applicable How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution; Not applicable (ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. Not applicable (i)5.', 'd) Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: Not applicable How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution; Not applicable (ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. Not applicable (i)5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; The Republic of North Macedonia accounts for anthropogenic emissions and removals in accordance with methodologies and common metrics assessed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement.', 'Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; The Republic of North Macedonia accounts for anthropogenic emissions and removals in accordance with methodologies and common metrics assessed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement. It includes all categories of anthropogenic emissions or removals in the enhanced NDC. Coverage of all categories and methodological consistency will be ensured during the enhanced NDC implementation.', 'Coverage of all categories and methodological consistency will be ensured during the enhanced NDC implementation. b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; The policies and measures (PAMs) of the enhanced NDC (total 63) are represented in a tabular format, which among others, includes information relevant for tracking and implementation of the PAMs: • progress indicators to monitor implementation with reference values (in the reporting year and in the target year); • finances needed and the potential sources of finances; • implementing and the monitoring entities/institutions are identified; • information of the direct and indirect contributions on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs); The progress indicators will be elaborated within Biennial Update Report or Biennial Transparency Report.', 'b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; The policies and measures (PAMs) of the enhanced NDC (total 63) are represented in a tabular format, which among others, includes information relevant for tracking and implementation of the PAMs: • progress indicators to monitor implementation with reference values (in the reporting year and in the target year); • finances needed and the potential sources of finances; • implementing and the monitoring entities/institutions are identified; • information of the direct and indirect contributions on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs); The progress indicators will be elaborated within Biennial Update Report or Biennial Transparency Report. Consistency with the required reporting under Energy Community (Energy Efficiency Action Plan and Renewable Energy Action Plan) will be ensured.', 'Consistency with the required reporting under Energy Community (Energy Efficiency Action Plan and Renewable Energy Action Plan) will be ensured. c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; The current GHG inventory is prepared using IPCC 2006 Guidelines and 2019 refinement of 2006 IPCC Guidelines (only for fugitive emissions from the Energy sector).', 'c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; The current GHG inventory is prepared using IPCC 2006 Guidelines and 2019 refinement of 2006 IPCC Guidelines (only for fugitive emissions from the Energy sector). As per the IPCC Good Practice Guidance and the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, the national GHG inventory includes robust Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) procedures which ensure • continuous improvement, • transparency, • consistency, • comparability, • completeness, • accuracy and • timeliness, enabling to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement.d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; IPCC methodologies: IPCC 2006 Guidelines and 2019 refinement of 2006 IPCC Guidelines (only for fugitive emissions from the Energy sector).', 'As per the IPCC Good Practice Guidance and the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, the national GHG inventory includes robust Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) procedures which ensure • continuous improvement, • transparency, • consistency, • comparability, • completeness, • accuracy and • timeliness, enabling to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement.d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; IPCC methodologies: IPCC 2006 Guidelines and 2019 refinement of 2006 IPCC Guidelines (only for fugitive emissions from the Energy sector). Metrics: Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) form the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (temporal horizon 100 years) were used to facilitate aggregate reporting of GHG emissions, expressed as carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2-eq).', 'Metrics: Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) form the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (temporal horizon 100 years) were used to facilitate aggregate reporting of GHG emissions, expressed as carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2-eq). e) Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: According to the 2006 Guidelines, the GHG emissions and removals estimates are divided into following main sectors: • Energy • Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) • Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) • Waste • Other (e.g., indirect emissions from nitrogen deposition from non-agriculture sources) Each sector comprises individual categories and subcategories, so the national inventory was developed at subcategory level. The inventory covers the GHGs - CO2, CH4, N2O, PFCs and HFCs and precursors and indirect emissions of: CO, NOx, NMVOC, SO2 and NH3.', 'The inventory covers the GHGs - CO2, CH4, N2O, PFCs and HFCs and precursors and indirect emissions of: CO, NOx, NMVOC, SO2 and NH3. The SF6 emissions are not estimated due to lack of activity data. Methods applied: • Tier 2 method using CO2 emission factors for lignite, residual fuel oil and natural gas for Fuel combustion activities in Energy sector. • Tier 2 method in IPPU sector, for emission factors in Mineral industry, for Cement production and in Metal industry, for Iron and steel production and Ferroalloys production. • Tier 2 method in Waste sector, through IPCC FOD method and taking into account the country-specific activity data on waste disposal at solid waste disposal sites and the historical data for GDP and population.', '• Tier 2 method in Waste sector, through IPCC FOD method and taking into account the country-specific activity data on waste disposal at solid waste disposal sites and the historical data for GDP and population. • Tier 1, the default method, was used for the other sectors. The estimates of precursors and indirect emissions (including indirect NH3 emissions) are based on the EMEP/EEA Emission Inventory Guidebook, 2019. The calculation is performed using the same activity data as for GHG estimations. The estimations for all sectors is done using the Tier 1 approach, except for the category Biological treatment of waste – composting in the Waste sector for which Tier 2 emission factors are applied.', 'The estimations for all sectors is done using the Tier 1 approach, except for the category Biological treatment of waste – composting in the Waste sector for which Tier 2 emission factors are applied. (i) Approach to addressing emissions and removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; The following emissions are covered from managed lands: direct and indirect N2O emissions form mineral fertilizers and manure and CO2 emissions from urea and lime use. (ii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products; Not applicable (iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests.', '(ii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products; Not applicable (iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests. Not applicable (f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including:(i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity- specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; Energy Method for scenario development: MARKAL (MARKet ALlocation) model (least cost optimization) Imported electricity emissions: Zero Assumptions for baseline scenario: • Demand drivers Macedonian GDP growth to reach neighboring EU countries’ GDP per capita levels of today by 2040 Current Energy Efficiencies policies Penetration of electric vehicles • Generation investment focus Lignite power plants revitalization choice based on least cost principles High focus on RES • Carbon price at ETS level in 2027 • Commodity prices based on WEO Current policies scenario • Fuel supply/availability Lignite production cupped at a max level of annual supply expected Hydro production and wind/solar in line with historical trends and adjusted for new entering power plants Cross Border Capacities (electricity and gas) evolution in line with ENTSO-E, ENTSO-G and EnC Sustainable consumption of biomass Storage (Electric vehicles and pump storage) IPPU Assumptions: • The GHG emissions depends mainly on the increase of the added value in the specific industry.', 'Not applicable (f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including:(i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity- specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; Energy Method for scenario development: MARKAL (MARKet ALlocation) model (least cost optimization) Imported electricity emissions: Zero Assumptions for baseline scenario: • Demand drivers Macedonian GDP growth to reach neighboring EU countries’ GDP per capita levels of today by 2040 Current Energy Efficiencies policies Penetration of electric vehicles • Generation investment focus Lignite power plants revitalization choice based on least cost principles High focus on RES • Carbon price at ETS level in 2027 • Commodity prices based on WEO Current policies scenario • Fuel supply/availability Lignite production cupped at a max level of annual supply expected Hydro production and wind/solar in line with historical trends and adjusted for new entering power plants Cross Border Capacities (electricity and gas) evolution in line with ENTSO-E, ENTSO-G and EnC Sustainable consumption of biomass Storage (Electric vehicles and pump storage) IPPU Assumptions: • The GHG emissions depends mainly on the increase of the added value in the specific industry. Agriculture and LULUCF Assumptions: • The rate of conversion of the land for the period 2000-2016 will keep the same trend by 2040.', 'Agriculture and LULUCF Assumptions: • The rate of conversion of the land for the period 2000-2016 will keep the same trend by 2040. The assessment of the values for the period 2013-2040 was prepared employing a simple extrapolation method. • In livestock, the current state of productivity and management method of the farms is maintained over the whole planning period. Waste Assumptions: • In 2035, the amount of waste per capita in the country will be as today’s level of EU28. After 2035, the amount of waste per capita will start to decline. • The composition of waste going to solid waste disposal will remain the same during the whole period as of 2016.', '• The composition of waste going to solid waste disposal will remain the same during the whole period as of 2016. (ii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; Not applicable (iii) For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated;Not applicable (iv) Further technical information, as necessary; Not applicable g) The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable. The Republic of North Macedonia will study continuously how it can leverage international cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. 6.', 'The Republic of North Macedonia will study continuously how it can leverage international cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. 6. How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances: a) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; Following the Talanoa Call for Action, launched by the Presidents of COP 23 and COP 24, the Republic of North Macedonia made its NDC (2020) more ambitious than NDC (2015) (i) articulating the target of 51% reduction in GHG emissions of 2030 compared to 1990 level, instead of 30% deviation from BAU in 2030, and (ii) maintaining the pace of the “ratchet-up mechanism”.', 'How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances: a) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; Following the Talanoa Call for Action, launched by the Presidents of COP 23 and COP 24, the Republic of North Macedonia made its NDC (2020) more ambitious than NDC (2015) (i) articulating the target of 51% reduction in GHG emissions of 2030 compared to 1990 level, instead of 30% deviation from BAU in 2030, and (ii) maintaining the pace of the “ratchet-up mechanism”. National commitments are well in line with the emissions pathways towards 2050 that correspond to long term goal of the Paris Agreement.', 'National commitments are well in line with the emissions pathways towards 2050 that correspond to long term goal of the Paris Agreement. It is further important to note that the evolving nature of a country’s circumstances is to be reflected in the consideration of fairness through the following indicators: • Responsibility reflected in a country’s past and current GHG emissions. County’s emissions (2016) as percentage of World emissions Country’s per capita emissions (2016) as percentage of World per capita emissions (2016): 79% Country’s historical emissions (cumulative 1990-2016) as percentage of World emissions (cumulative 1990-2016): • Ability to invest in appropriate mitigation measures (capacity to contribute to solving the climate change problem) GDP growth level: North Macedonia lags behind the Southeast Europe (SEE) average, as well as the Central and Eastern Europe (CEE).', 'County’s emissions (2016) as percentage of World emissions Country’s per capita emissions (2016) as percentage of World per capita emissions (2016): 79% Country’s historical emissions (cumulative 1990-2016) as percentage of World emissions (cumulative 1990-2016): • Ability to invest in appropriate mitigation measures (capacity to contribute to solving the climate change problem) GDP growth level: North Macedonia lags behind the Southeast Europe (SEE) average, as well as the Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). As projected by the International Monetary Fund and Ministry of Finance, until 2040 the Macedonian real GDP growth rate will grow at an average rate of 3.3%. GDP per capita: Such GDP growth rate could be expected for a developing country, and should lead to convergence towards levels of GDP per capita that are common for developed CEE countries today.', 'GDP per capita: Such GDP growth rate could be expected for a developing country, and should lead to convergence towards levels of GDP per capita that are common for developed CEE countries today. • The mitigation potential and costs The economic and environmental analyses (MAC curve) has estimated the total reduction in 2030 at 5.6 Tg CO2-eq (achievable if all the proposed PAMs are implemented as planned). 70% of the reduction can be achieved with negative costs (with PAMs of “win-win” type which are two thirds of all PAMs).Furthermore, additional 20% of the reduction can be realized by PAMs with specific costs in the range 0 - 5 €/t CO2-eq. Hence, there is relatively high mitigation potential which can be harnessed with cost-effective PAMs.', 'Hence, there is relatively high mitigation potential which can be harnessed with cost-effective PAMs. This makes economic case of decarbonization pathway being cheaper than current policy pathway. The investments needed for realization of the decarbonization scenario are estimated at 7.7% of the total average annual GDP. As indicated in the sectoral action plans, beside domestic investments, the country would count on international support (international funds, donors, banks) which will contribute towards adjusting the development pathway of the Republic of North Macedonia towards a low-carbon economy, enhancing further the decoupling of carbon emissions from economic growth and ensuring a decent level of real GDP per capita. Along with the international financial support, the country will also need assistance in the form of technology transfer and capacity building.', 'Along with the international financial support, the country will also need assistance in the form of technology transfer and capacity building. b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; It is worthwhile to note that considerations of fairness in the national perspective include a variety of issues and no separate indicator on its own can accurately reflect fairness or a globally equitable distribution of countries’ efforts. c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; See 6a. d) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement Another issue that proves country’s enhanced ambitions refers to the application of an economy-wide absolute emission reduction target (in compliance with Article 4, paragraph 4 of the Paris Agreement), which ensures reaching the objectives in a relevant, complete, consistent, transparent, and accurate manner.', 'd) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement Another issue that proves country’s enhanced ambitions refers to the application of an economy-wide absolute emission reduction target (in compliance with Article 4, paragraph 4 of the Paris Agreement), which ensures reaching the objectives in a relevant, complete, consistent, transparent, and accurate manner. e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement. Not applicable 7.', 'e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement. Not applicable 7. How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 a) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2; National commitments are well in line with the emissions pathways towards 2050 that correspond to long term goal of the Paris Agreement, thus contributing to stabilization of GHG concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system, and enabling economic development in a sustainable manner, as set in Article 2 of the Convention. b) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement.', 'b) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement. Given its unique national circumstances and particular set of challenges, the enhanced NDC is challenging and ambitious, and aims to support the collective effort to reach global peaking of GHG emissions as soon as possible, and to undertake rapid reductions thereafter in accordance with best available science, as set out in Article 4.1 of the Paris Agreement.Additional activities Economic and environmental evaluation of the Policy and Measuers Marginal Abatement Cost (MAC) Curve tool was applied in order to evaluate the economic and environmental effectiveness of PAMs. As depicted in the MAC curve (Figure 1), the total reduction in 2030 amounts 5.6 Tg CO2-eq (achievable if all the proposed PAMs are implemented as planned).', 'As depicted in the MAC curve (Figure 1), the total reduction in 2030 amounts 5.6 Tg CO2-eq (achievable if all the proposed PAMs are implemented as planned). 70% of the reduction can be achieved with negative costs (with PAMs of “win-win” type which are two thirds of all PAMs). Furthermore, additional 20% of the reduction is realized by PAMs with specific costs in Figure 1. The marginal abatement cost curve for 2030Gender: Based on the types of the newly created jobs, very basic analysis indicated that at least 27% of the jobs in 2035 can be assigned to women. Furthermore, the PAMs were analyzed in light of their gender responsiveness.', 'Furthermore, the PAMs were analyzed in light of their gender responsiveness. It was found that there are number of PAMs where gender disaggregated approach would improve the implementation, particularly the PAMs related to subsidizing mitigation technologies and awareness rising. Subsequently, with an aim to make the enhanced NDC gender-responsive, the respective PAMs were redesigned and gender indictors included. Most prominent example is redesign of the “first come, first served” subsidy model to a gender informed model that supported 10,000 most vulnerable households in most affected cities in the country to replace their heating technology with more efficient one.', 'Most prominent example is redesign of the “first come, first served” subsidy model to a gender informed model that supported 10,000 most vulnerable households in most affected cities in the country to replace their heating technology with more efficient one. Youth: A virtual youth consultation on the enhanced NDC was organized to ensure that the voices of young people are expressed in the NDC and that there will be broad ownership for the enhanced NDC goals. As a result, three pressure points vital to ensuring the quality and impactfulness of youth engagement in the Climate Promise have been recognized and weaved into the design of the Youth for Climate platform. They include: · Establishing rapport with the use of interactive tools.', 'They include: · Establishing rapport with the use of interactive tools. · Broadening the conversation beyond the “climate niche” by introducing content related to social, economic and technological trends impacting the development of the country. · Recognizing informality in youth-led climate action. Based on the results of the consultations, three key action points on the strategic level have been identified and incorporated into the NDC: Figure 2. Number of domestic green jobs by PAMs Social aspects of the Policy and Measures Jobs: It was shown that the enhanced NDC would bring new jobs, almost 8,000 in 2030 and 10,000 in 2035, with dominant contribution of energy efficiency PAMs of 77% (Figure 2).', 'Number of domestic green jobs by PAMs Social aspects of the Policy and Measures Jobs: It was shown that the enhanced NDC would bring new jobs, almost 8,000 in 2030 and 10,000 in 2035, with dominant contribution of energy efficiency PAMs of 77% (Figure 2). PAMs with the highest share in the number of new domestic green jobs are: Retrofit of existing residential buildings (42%), Construction of passive houses (21%), RES without incentives (6%) and Solar thermal collectors (8%).Based on the results of the consultations, three key action points on the strategic level have been identified and incorporated into the NDC: · Designing a systemic, long-term approach to youth engagement in consultations and decision-making regarding national and local climate policies and actions, including new mechanisms, new roles and new tools.', 'PAMs with the highest share in the number of new domestic green jobs are: Retrofit of existing residential buildings (42%), Construction of passive houses (21%), RES without incentives (6%) and Solar thermal collectors (8%).Based on the results of the consultations, three key action points on the strategic level have been identified and incorporated into the NDC: · Designing a systemic, long-term approach to youth engagement in consultations and decision-making regarding national and local climate policies and actions, including new mechanisms, new roles and new tools. · Incorporating feedback loops into the existing system, allowing for two-way communication and monitoring of climate-related activities designed and implemented by the youth and/or public administration.', '· Incorporating feedback loops into the existing system, allowing for two-way communication and monitoring of climate-related activities designed and implemented by the youth and/or public administration. · Revising educational and mainstreaming approaches and tools used to inform young people and broader public about the causes and consequences of climate crisis, including the topic of individual impact. The role of the private sector The role of the private sector in the mitigation action is particularly analyzed through consideration of additional PAMs in the Industry sector that contribute to (i) increasing energy efficiency, (ii) increasing renewable sources utilization for electricity production and (iii) improving waste management, and hence improving the productivity of the companies and reducing their emissions (total GHG emissions by 10.6% and local emissions (SOx) by 98%.', 'The role of the private sector The role of the private sector in the mitigation action is particularly analyzed through consideration of additional PAMs in the Industry sector that contribute to (i) increasing energy efficiency, (ii) increasing renewable sources utilization for electricity production and (iii) improving waste management, and hence improving the productivity of the companies and reducing their emissions (total GHG emissions by 10.6% and local emissions (SOx) by 98%. Regarding investments, the private sector has a dominate role as it participates with 85% in total investments needed for realization of the PAMs in the Industry sector. So far, supported by feed-in tariff mechanism, 110 private companies have invested in 140 MW RES capacities (dominantly solar and small hydro).', 'So far, supported by feed-in tariff mechanism, 110 private companies have invested in 140 MW RES capacities (dominantly solar and small hydro). According to the official data from the State Statistical Office, the number of companies in the sector “Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply” in 2018 doubled compared to 2017 (224 vs. 107) which is mainly a result of the companies which invested in renewables. Having in mind that more than 2,000 MW (solar, wind, small hydro, biomass and biogas) are projected by 2040, it is expected that this prominent role of the private sector will be sustained and even enhanced.', 'Having in mind that more than 2,000 MW (solar, wind, small hydro, biomass and biogas) are projected by 2040, it is expected that this prominent role of the private sector will be sustained and even enhanced. SDGs - enhanced NDC synergies and trade-offs Aiming at understanding the contribution of the enhanced NDC to the national SD agenda, the SCAN tool and the newly developed Q-SCAN tool were applied to identify and quantify their synergies and trade-offs. Figure 3 depicts the aggregated synergies and trade-offs of three sectors from the enhanced NDC - Electricity & heat, Transport, Buildings.Circular Economy The benefits of Circular Economy on GHG emission reduction are analyzed with an aim to identify opportunities and challenges for the mitigation through advancing circular practices in the waste management sector.', 'Figure 3 depicts the aggregated synergies and trade-offs of three sectors from the enhanced NDC - Electricity & heat, Transport, Buildings.Circular Economy The benefits of Circular Economy on GHG emission reduction are analyzed with an aim to identify opportunities and challenges for the mitigation through advancing circular practices in the waste management sector. Six case studies were selected, as to include: · Construction & Demolition Waste (C&D) · Biowaste · Secondary Residual Fuels (SRF) · E-Waste · End of Life Vehicles · Plastics Overall, it was assessed that applying circular practices to the selected case studies and waste streams by 2030, can deliver: 951 Gg CO2-eq/year savings, 2,740 new jobs and 47.17 million EUR of economic benefits.', 'Six case studies were selected, as to include: · Construction & Demolition Waste (C&D) · Biowaste · Secondary Residual Fuels (SRF) · E-Waste · End of Life Vehicles · Plastics Overall, it was assessed that applying circular practices to the selected case studies and waste streams by 2030, can deliver: 951 Gg CO2-eq/year savings, 2,740 new jobs and 47.17 million EUR of economic benefits. Therefore, the shift to circular practices, even if it is restricted to those six case studies, is enough to counterbalance the emissions from solid waste disposal (almost double savings), and the emissions from the Waste and Industrial Processes and Product Use sectors.', 'Therefore, the shift to circular practices, even if it is restricted to those six case studies, is enough to counterbalance the emissions from solid waste disposal (almost double savings), and the emissions from the Waste and Industrial Processes and Product Use sectors. To achieve these benefits, a shift in governance practices is required and several policy recommendations are made, starting with the proposal to create a governmental cross-cutting agenda on circular economy. The pattern of the integral scores follows the pattern of the sector Electricity & Heat, which indicates that this sector is dominant in influencing the SDGs.', 'The pattern of the integral scores follows the pattern of the sector Electricity & Heat, which indicates that this sector is dominant in influencing the SDGs. The strongest synergies remain with SDG 8: Decent work and economic growth due to the new job opportunities in renewable energy deployment and in the construction and retrofit market; sustained economic growth, improved economic efficiency per unit of product and sustained support of entrepreneurship. The most significant trade-off is with the SDG 15 Life on land, due to the land requirements from renewable energy projects, potential forest degradation and potential river routes changes. However, the highest synergies are almost three times stronger than the highest trade-offs. Figure 3.', 'However, the highest synergies are almost three times stronger than the highest trade-offs. Figure 3. Electricity & heat, Transport, Buildings sectors – Synergies and Trade-offsFollow up activities Covid-19 related revisions The energy transition is happening with an accelerated pace - renewables are growing fastest even as fossil fuels continue to dominate and clean technologies are opening up major new opportunities for industry and investors, even if capital markets are slower to align with the climate economy. Both solar and wind power are becoming significantly more competitive. It seems that with Covid-19 the world was just handed a once in a lifetime opportunity to fundamentally alter the energy landscape.', 'It seems that with Covid-19 the world was just handed a once in a lifetime opportunity to fundamentally alter the energy landscape. The Republic of North Macedonia is in phase of refinement of the post-pandemic economic and emissions scenarios from the Energy Strategy, integrating the changes of fuel and technologies prices, supply chain disruptions, impact on trade and share market, as well as changes at energy demand side due to the overall slowdown of economy in the assumptions of the existing models. This will affect the enhanced NDC scenarios, but notably, they are likely to be even greener.', 'This will affect the enhanced NDC scenarios, but notably, they are likely to be even greener. “Climate promise” ongoing/planned activities The UNDP Climate promise project will not stop supporting the NDC process, as a number of activities will continue or will be undertaken after the submission of the enhanced NDC, with an aim to strengthen its implementation prospects.', '“Climate promise” ongoing/planned activities The UNDP Climate promise project will not stop supporting the NDC process, as a number of activities will continue or will be undertaken after the submission of the enhanced NDC, with an aim to strengthen its implementation prospects. A note is made to the following activities that shall be completed by June 2021: · Build political will and national ownership and engagement for the NDC through policy dialogues with the key national stakeholders (key ministries, local governments, CSOs, youth constituencies, academia, private sector); · Engage UNFCCC and Gender Focal Points, Gender Machinery and Parliamentarian Commission on Equal Opportunities to promote leadership roles for women in climate action; · Carry out socio-economic impacts of NDC targets/measures; · Develop de-risking roadmap (policy de-risking and financial de-risking).', 'A note is made to the following activities that shall be completed by June 2021: · Build political will and national ownership and engagement for the NDC through policy dialogues with the key national stakeholders (key ministries, local governments, CSOs, youth constituencies, academia, private sector); · Engage UNFCCC and Gender Focal Points, Gender Machinery and Parliamentarian Commission on Equal Opportunities to promote leadership roles for women in climate action; · Carry out socio-economic impacts of NDC targets/measures; · Develop de-risking roadmap (policy de-risking and financial de-risking). The policy roadmap will address legislation and regulation as well as human and institutional capacity. The financial de-risking will cover market development, support schemes, and financing mechanisms.', 'The financial de-risking will cover market development, support schemes, and financing mechanisms. This work will also highlight opportunities for private investment or public-private partnerships in NDC actions and propose specific measures to de-risk these investments; · Prepare strategy for financing NDC implementation. This work will articulate proposed funding sources for all NDC actions, including those where action could be best served by realigning public finance flows and/or adopting fiscal policies and measures. It will also identify investors with portfolios that align with these opportunities; · Explore the possibility for introduction of carbon tax in the country. This work will assess the potential for a carbon tax to finance NDC measures and will explore the associated costs and benefits.', 'This work will assess the potential for a carbon tax to finance NDC measures and will explore the associated costs and benefits. The results of the assessment will be presented to policy-makers and the media in a high-level briefing; · Conduct institutional capacity assessment to identify critical skills gaps for NDC implementation and development of a mid-term capacity building plan. · Strengthen and improve data for tracking progress of NDCs. This activity will be continuously supported within UNDP CBIT project.Adaptation The Republic of North Macedonia plans to develop a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) based on nexus approaches in following areas: water, food, energy, health, biodiversity, tourism, forestry, disaster risk reduction, loss and damage, built in infrastructure.', 'This activity will be continuously supported within UNDP CBIT project.Adaptation The Republic of North Macedonia plans to develop a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) based on nexus approaches in following areas: water, food, energy, health, biodiversity, tourism, forestry, disaster risk reduction, loss and damage, built in infrastructure. The NAP will incorporate cross-sectorial and sector-specific adaptation actions and measures, along with identified adaptation investment priorities based on the review of national and sectorial development policies and plans, and the outcomes of an extensive consultation process, including stakeholders from all sectors and levels of governance, climate-related institutions and agencies, along with private sector, civil society, academia and women associations and youth NGOs representatives.', 'The NAP will incorporate cross-sectorial and sector-specific adaptation actions and measures, along with identified adaptation investment priorities based on the review of national and sectorial development policies and plans, and the outcomes of an extensive consultation process, including stakeholders from all sectors and levels of governance, climate-related institutions and agencies, along with private sector, civil society, academia and women associations and youth NGOs representatives. In addition, the climate change adaptation component will be included within the Disaster Risk Reduction Strategy which is prepared in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction.', 'In addition, the climate change adaptation component will be included within the Disaster Risk Reduction Strategy which is prepared in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. Therefore, the Republic of North Macedonia could include Adaptation component in the subsequent NDC as the mentioned strategic documents would be able to inform it.The Macedonian enhanced Nationally Determined Contribution has been prepared with UNDP support, through the Climate Promise Initiative Copyright © 2021 | MOEPP - All rights reserved']

en-US

RUS

Russian Federation

1st NDC

2020-11-25 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/NDC_RF_eng.pdf

Annex I

Middle-income

Europe

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/83434a25c129dce1cb1e9c6a6223b9416931f41d9865e3665590eee56bba461a.pdf

['NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF the RUSSIAN FEDERATION as part of the implementation of the Paris Agreement of December 12, 2015 Content 1. Targets to limit greenhouse gas emissions 2. Target areas for the implementation of the global goal of adaptation to climate change 3. Voluntary support for developing countries to achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement 4. Information on the implemented climate policies Annex. I. Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of Nationally Determined Contributions II. Adaptation communication as a component of the Nationally Determined Contribution 1. Targets to limit greenhouse gas emissions The Russian Federation participates in the implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (hereinafter - the Convention), the Kyoto Protocol of December 11, 1997 and the Paris Agreement of December 12, 2015.', 'Targets to limit greenhouse gas emissions The Russian Federation participates in the implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (hereinafter - the Convention), the Kyoto Protocol of December 11, 1997 and the Paris Agreement of December 12, 2015. As part of the implementation of the Paris Agreement, the Russian Federation announces a target for limiting greenhouse gas emissions, which provides for a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 to 70 percent relative to the 1990 level, taking into account the maximum possible absorptive capacity of forests and other ecosystems and subject to sustainable and balanced social economic development of the Russian Federation. This indicator demonstrates an increasing ambition compared to earlier commitments to limit greenhouse gas emissions.', 'This indicator demonstrates an increasing ambition compared to earlier commitments to limit greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, in the first period of the Kyoto Protocol, the Russian Federation ensured that the established indicator for limiting greenhouse gas emissions did not exceed 100% of the 1990 level. Until 2020, the target for limiting greenhouse gas emissions was set on its own initiative by Decree of the President of the Russian FederationNo 752 dated September 30, 2013 "On the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions" and is no more than 75% of the 1990 level.', 'Until 2020, the target for limiting greenhouse gas emissions was set on its own initiative by Decree of the President of the Russian FederationNo 752 dated September 30, 2013 "On the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions" and is no more than 75% of the 1990 level. The preliminary Nationally Determined Contribution, announced in 2015 in support of the Lima Call for Climate Action, was to limit anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in the Russian Federation to 70-75 percent of 1990 emissions by 2030, taking into account the maximum possible absorption capacity forests. This indicator is intended to demonstrate the importance of protecting and improving the quality of sinks and sinks of greenhouse gases, as mentioned in Article 5 of the Paris Agreement.', 'This indicator is intended to demonstrate the importance of protecting and improving the quality of sinks and sinks of greenhouse gases, as mentioned in Article 5 of the Paris Agreement. The first Nationally Determined Contribution of the Russian Federation is consistent and provides for a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by up to 70 percent by 2030 relative to the 1990 level, taking into account the maximum possible absorptive capacity of forests and other ecosystems and subject to sustainable and balanced socio-economic development of the Russian Federation This indicator is determined based on the need to ensure the economic development of the Russian Federation on a sustainable basis, as well as to protect and improve the quality of sinks and storage facilities of greenhouse gases and is aimed at achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement.', 'The first Nationally Determined Contribution of the Russian Federation is consistent and provides for a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by up to 70 percent by 2030 relative to the 1990 level, taking into account the maximum possible absorptive capacity of forests and other ecosystems and subject to sustainable and balanced socio-economic development of the Russian Federation This indicator is determined based on the need to ensure the economic development of the Russian Federation on a sustainable basis, as well as to protect and improve the quality of sinks and storage facilities of greenhouse gases and is aimed at achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement. 2.', 'The first Nationally Determined Contribution of the Russian Federation is consistent and provides for a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by up to 70 percent by 2030 relative to the 1990 level, taking into account the maximum possible absorptive capacity of forests and other ecosystems and subject to sustainable and balanced socio-economic development of the Russian Federation This indicator is determined based on the need to ensure the economic development of the Russian Federation on a sustainable basis, as well as to protect and improve the quality of sinks and storage facilities of greenhouse gases and is aimed at achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement. 2. Target areas for the implementation of the global goal of adaptation to climate change Since the mid-1970s, the average annual surface air temperature in the Russian Federation has been growing by an average of 0.47°C over 10 years, which is 2.5 times higher than the growth rate of the average global air temperature (0.18°C during 10 years).', 'Target areas for the implementation of the global goal of adaptation to climate change Since the mid-1970s, the average annual surface air temperature in the Russian Federation has been growing by an average of 0.47°C over 10 years, which is 2.5 times higher than the growth rate of the average global air temperature (0.18°C during 10 years). Over the territory of the Russian Federation, large-scale consequences of climate change, which have a significant and increasing impact on the socio-economic development of the country, living conditions and health of people, natural ecosystems, as well as on the state of economic facilities are observed and predicted.', 'Over the territory of the Russian Federation, large-scale consequences of climate change, which have a significant and increasing impact on the socio-economic development of the country, living conditions and health of people, natural ecosystems, as well as on the state of economic facilities are observed and predicted. In this regard, a national climate change adaptation system is being formed in the Russian Federation, based on the following principles: 1) differentiated approach, taking into account: \uf02d natural-climatic, socio-economic and technological specifics of adaptation of various sectors (spheres) of the economy and regions of the country; \uf02d the effectiveness of adaptation measures at different levels of decision- making; \uf02d varying degrees of readiness of the subjects of climate policy implementation to develop and implement adaptation measures;2) staging and consistency of the planning process, implying the presence of stages of development and implementation of adaptation plans with their harmonization, synergy of their elements, regular adjustment and supplementing them with new elements; 3) the integrity of planning, assuming: \uf02d preventive (proactive) adaptation aimed at reducing the risk of climate change (for example, the construction of dams against floods, forest protection belts, expansion of drought-resistant crops, etc.', 'In this regard, a national climate change adaptation system is being formed in the Russian Federation, based on the following principles: 1) differentiated approach, taking into account: \uf02d natural-climatic, socio-economic and technological specifics of adaptation of various sectors (spheres) of the economy and regions of the country; \uf02d the effectiveness of adaptation measures at different levels of decision- making; \uf02d varying degrees of readiness of the subjects of climate policy implementation to develop and implement adaptation measures;2) staging and consistency of the planning process, implying the presence of stages of development and implementation of adaptation plans with their harmonization, synergy of their elements, regular adjustment and supplementing them with new elements; 3) the integrity of planning, assuming: \uf02d preventive (proactive) adaptation aimed at reducing the risk of climate change (for example, the construction of dams against floods, forest protection belts, expansion of drought-resistant crops, etc. ); \uf02d post-crisis adaptation, providing for minimizing the consequences of the negative impact of specific manifestations of climate change, including related emergencies (evacuation of the population, liquidation of consequences, vaccination, temporary resettlement, and others); \uf02d adaptation to direct (real and expected) and indirect consequences of climate change for the population, infrastructure and economy; \uf02d harmonization and integration of adaptation plans (consistency and complementarity of preventive and post-crisis adaptation measures), as well as adaptation plans at the federal and regional levels; \uf02d the planning hierarchy, including the priority of the national plan, the fulfillment of the goals and objectives of which are subject to other federal and regional adaptation plans, concretizing and detailing the national plan in the corresponding dimensions (sections); \uf02d monitoring the effectiveness of adaptation measures and adjusting them (if necessary); \uf02d adequate scientific and technological support for climate change forecasting and climate services.', '); \uf02d post-crisis adaptation, providing for minimizing the consequences of the negative impact of specific manifestations of climate change, including related emergencies (evacuation of the population, liquidation of consequences, vaccination, temporary resettlement, and others); \uf02d adaptation to direct (real and expected) and indirect consequences of climate change for the population, infrastructure and economy; \uf02d harmonization and integration of adaptation plans (consistency and complementarity of preventive and post-crisis adaptation measures), as well as adaptation plans at the federal and regional levels; \uf02d the planning hierarchy, including the priority of the national plan, the fulfillment of the goals and objectives of which are subject to other federal and regional adaptation plans, concretizing and detailing the national plan in the corresponding dimensions (sections); \uf02d monitoring the effectiveness of adaptation measures and adjusting them (if necessary); \uf02d adequate scientific and technological support for climate change forecasting and climate services. The National Action Plan for the first stage of adaptation to climate change, approved by the order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated December 25, 2019 No.', 'The National Action Plan for the first stage of adaptation to climate change, approved by the order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated December 25, 2019 No. 3183-r, for the period up to 2022 provides for the following: \uf02d formation of the necessary methodological and statistical base; \uf02d determination of priority measures to adapt economic sectors and spheres of government to climate change (transport, fuel and energy complex, construction, housing and communal services, agro-industrial complex, fishing, nature management, health care, industrial complex, technical regulation, foreign and domestic trade, ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population, civil defense, protecting the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies, activities in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation); \uf02d determination of priority measures for adaptation of regions to climate change;\uf02d preparation of a national action plan for the second stage of adaptation (for the period up to 2025).', '3183-r, for the period up to 2022 provides for the following: \uf02d formation of the necessary methodological and statistical base; \uf02d determination of priority measures to adapt economic sectors and spheres of government to climate change (transport, fuel and energy complex, construction, housing and communal services, agro-industrial complex, fishing, nature management, health care, industrial complex, technical regulation, foreign and domestic trade, ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population, civil defense, protecting the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies, activities in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation); \uf02d determination of priority measures for adaptation of regions to climate change;\uf02d preparation of a national action plan for the second stage of adaptation (for the period up to 2025). 3.', '3183-r, for the period up to 2022 provides for the following: \uf02d formation of the necessary methodological and statistical base; \uf02d determination of priority measures to adapt economic sectors and spheres of government to climate change (transport, fuel and energy complex, construction, housing and communal services, agro-industrial complex, fishing, nature management, health care, industrial complex, technical regulation, foreign and domestic trade, ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population, civil defense, protecting the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies, activities in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation); \uf02d determination of priority measures for adaptation of regions to climate change;\uf02d preparation of a national action plan for the second stage of adaptation (for the period up to 2025). 3. Voluntary support for developing countries to achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement The Paris Agreement provides developing countries with continuous and enhanced international support to implement the provisions of Articles 4, 7, 9, 10 and 11.', 'Voluntary support for developing countries to achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement The Paris Agreement provides developing countries with continuous and enhanced international support to implement the provisions of Articles 4, 7, 9, 10 and 11. In this context, the Russian Federation, in its declaration of acceptance of the Paris Agreement, noted that, as a Party to the Convention, it is not listed in Annex II. Nevertheless, the Russian Federation, realizing the importance of preserving the climate and ensuring sustainable development, plans to continue to assist developing countries in achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement, including mitigating anthropogenic impact on climate and adapting to the consequences of its change.', 'Nevertheless, the Russian Federation, realizing the importance of preserving the climate and ensuring sustainable development, plans to continue to assist developing countries in achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement, including mitigating anthropogenic impact on climate and adapting to the consequences of its change. The Russian Federation carries out joint projects, including scientific and technical cooperation in the field of climate, environmental protection, resource and energy conservation, with various developing countries, including the most vulnerable to the effects of climate change. Such joint projects are most actively developed within the framework of cooperation with the CIS countries, BRICS and ASEAN.', 'Such joint projects are most actively developed within the framework of cooperation with the CIS countries, BRICS and ASEAN. The Russian Federation intends to continue its voluntary participation in the provision of international assistance to eliminate the consequences of natural disasters, including natural and climatic ones, as well as in financing the activities of the Trust Fund “Russian Federation - United Nations Development Program” (within the framework of the thematic area “Climate window ”), the Green Climate Fund and other institutions for sustainable development. The Russian Federation contributes to the global reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by increasing the peaceful use of nuclear energy in developing countries, which helps to reduce fossil fuel consumption and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.', 'The Russian Federation contributes to the global reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by increasing the peaceful use of nuclear energy in developing countries, which helps to reduce fossil fuel consumption and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In the period until 2030, the implementation of technological projects will continue in 12 countries of the world, including Egypt, Jordan, Nigeria, Uzbekistan, Bangladesh, Armenia, Iran, India and China. In addition, international scientific and technical cooperation is developing on improving the energy efficiency of buildings and structures, resource conservation and the use of renewable energy sources in construction in developing countries.', 'In addition, international scientific and technical cooperation is developing on improving the energy efficiency of buildings and structures, resource conservation and the use of renewable energy sources in construction in developing countries. In addition to the designated areas, the Russian Federation will continue, within the framework of relevant international agreements, to strengthen capacity in developing countries through the training of qualified specialists in climatology, meteorology, hydrology and oceanography.Factual information on the support provided to developing countries in the context, including the objectives of the Paris Agreement, is reflected in the Biennial Reports of the Russian Federation submitted in accordance with decision 1/CP.16 to the Conference of the Parties to the Convention, and in the National Communications submitted in accordance with Articles 4 and 12 of the Convention and Article 7 of the Kyoto Protocol to the Convention.', 'In addition to the designated areas, the Russian Federation will continue, within the framework of relevant international agreements, to strengthen capacity in developing countries through the training of qualified specialists in climatology, meteorology, hydrology and oceanography.Factual information on the support provided to developing countries in the context, including the objectives of the Paris Agreement, is reflected in the Biennial Reports of the Russian Federation submitted in accordance with decision 1/CP.16 to the Conference of the Parties to the Convention, and in the National Communications submitted in accordance with Articles 4 and 12 of the Convention and Article 7 of the Kyoto Protocol to the Convention. 4.', 'In addition to the designated areas, the Russian Federation will continue, within the framework of relevant international agreements, to strengthen capacity in developing countries through the training of qualified specialists in climatology, meteorology, hydrology and oceanography.Factual information on the support provided to developing countries in the context, including the objectives of the Paris Agreement, is reflected in the Biennial Reports of the Russian Federation submitted in accordance with decision 1/CP.16 to the Conference of the Parties to the Convention, and in the National Communications submitted in accordance with Articles 4 and 12 of the Convention and Article 7 of the Kyoto Protocol to the Convention. 4. Information on the implemented climate policies The system of views on the goal, principles, content and ways of implementing the unified state policy of the Russian Federation on issues related to climate change and its consequences is reflected in the Climate Doctrine of the Russian Federation, approved by the order of the President of the Russian Federation of December 17, 2009 No.', 'Information on the implemented climate policies The system of views on the goal, principles, content and ways of implementing the unified state policy of the Russian Federation on issues related to climate change and its consequences is reflected in the Climate Doctrine of the Russian Federation, approved by the order of the President of the Russian Federation of December 17, 2009 No. 861-rp.', 'Information on the implemented climate policies The system of views on the goal, principles, content and ways of implementing the unified state policy of the Russian Federation on issues related to climate change and its consequences is reflected in the Climate Doctrine of the Russian Federation, approved by the order of the President of the Russian Federation of December 17, 2009 No. 861-rp. The Russian Federation is concentrating its efforts on reducing anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and increasing their absorption, including the implementation of the following measures: increasing energy efficiency in all sectors of the economy, developing the use of non-fuel and renewable energy sources, protecting and improving the quality of natural sinks and storage of greenhouse gases, financial and tax stimulating the reduction of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions Measures to improve energy efficiency are provided for by the Federal Law of November 23, 2009 No.', 'The Russian Federation is concentrating its efforts on reducing anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and increasing their absorption, including the implementation of the following measures: increasing energy efficiency in all sectors of the economy, developing the use of non-fuel and renewable energy sources, protecting and improving the quality of natural sinks and storage of greenhouse gases, financial and tax stimulating the reduction of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions Measures to improve energy efficiency are provided for by the Federal Law of November 23, 2009 No. 261-FZ "On Energy Saving and on Increasing Energy Efficiency and on Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation" and a comprehensive action plan to improve the energy efficiency of the Russian economy, approved by order of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 19, 2018 No.', '261-FZ "On Energy Saving and on Increasing Energy Efficiency and on Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation" and a comprehensive action plan to improve the energy efficiency of the Russian economy, approved by order of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 19, 2018 No. 703-r. In accordance to the Concept for the formation of a monitoring, reporting and verification system for greenhouse gas emissions in the Russian Federation, approved by order of the Government of the Russian Federation No.', 'In accordance to the Concept for the formation of a monitoring, reporting and verification system for greenhouse gas emissions in the Russian Federation, approved by order of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 716-r dated April 22, 2015, the current assessment system will in the future be supplemented with a monitoring, reporting and checking the volumes of greenhouse gas emissions at the level of organizations, as well as the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which are recommended to organize an inventory of greenhouse gas emissions and removals on their territory.', '716-r dated April 22, 2015, the current assessment system will in the future be supplemented with a monitoring, reporting and checking the volumes of greenhouse gas emissions at the level of organizations, as well as the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which are recommended to organize an inventory of greenhouse gas emissions and removals on their territory. In 2014-2017, a methodological base was formed, which is necessary for the implementation of the Concept (including methodological recommendations and guidelines for the development of indicators for reducing greenhouse gas emissions by economic sectors, quantifying the volume of greenhouse gas emissions by organizations carrying out economic and other activities, conducting a voluntaryinventory of the volume emissions of greenhouse gases in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, calculation of the volume of indirect energy emissions of greenhouse gases and determination of the volume of absorption of greenhouse gases).', 'In 2014-2017, a methodological base was formed, which is necessary for the implementation of the Concept (including methodological recommendations and guidelines for the development of indicators for reducing greenhouse gas emissions by economic sectors, quantifying the volume of greenhouse gas emissions by organizations carrying out economic and other activities, conducting a voluntaryinventory of the volume emissions of greenhouse gases in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, calculation of the volume of indirect energy emissions of greenhouse gases and determination of the volume of absorption of greenhouse gases). The national standardization system includes 3 standards related to the management of greenhouse gas emissions at the level of organizations (complies with ISO 14064, 2007 version).', 'The national standardization system includes 3 standards related to the management of greenhouse gas emissions at the level of organizations (complies with ISO 14064, 2007 version). In 2021, the updating of these standards will be completed and new standards will be developed that are identical to ISO 14067:2018 (requirements and guidelines for quantifying the carbon footprint of products) and ISO 14080:2018 (structure and principles of methodology on climate impact).Annex I. Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of Nationally Determined Contributions (in accordance with decision 4/CMA.1 of the Conference of the Parties, serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement) 1.', 'Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of Nationally Determined Contributions (in accordance with decision 4/CMA.1 of the Conference of the Parties, serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement) 1. Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year) a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s) Reference year: 1990 b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year Reference indicator: Total greenhouse gas emissions (including emissions and removals from land use, land use change and forestry) in the reference year Indicator value: 3.1 billion tons of CO2 -eq.', 'Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year) a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s) Reference year: 1990 b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year Reference indicator: Total greenhouse gas emissions (including emissions and removals from land use, land use change and forestry) in the reference year Indicator value: 3.1 billion tons of CO2 -eq. c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information Not applicable d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 by up to 70 percent compared to the 1990 level, taking into account themaximum possible absorptive capacity of forests and other ecosystems and subject to sustainable and balanced socio- economic development of the Russian Federation e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s) The source of the initial data used to quantify the reference indicator is the official statistical information of the Russian Federation f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators The value of the reference indicator can be changed when the initial data are clarified, the used calculation methodologies and national coefficients are improved.', 'c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information Not applicable d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 by up to 70 percent compared to the 1990 level, taking into account themaximum possible absorptive capacity of forests and other ecosystems and subject to sustainable and balanced socio- economic development of the Russian Federation e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s) The source of the initial data used to quantify the reference indicator is the official statistical information of the Russian Federation f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators The value of the reference indicator can be changed when the initial data are clarified, the used calculation methodologies and national coefficients are improved. A recalculation of the baseline in this case is necessary to ensure consistency of the time series and comparability of the methodologies used to estimate emissions of the base and target years.', 'A recalculation of the baseline in this case is necessary to ensure consistency of the time series and comparability of the methodologies used to estimate emissions of the base and target years. In case of recalculations, detailed information will be provided in the annual National Inventory Reports of the Russian Federation. 2. Time frames and/or periods for implementation a) Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA) b) Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable. The indicator is single-year and set for 2030 3.', 'The indicator is single-year and set for 2030 3. Scope and coverage a) General description of the target The indicator is defined on the scale of the entire economyb) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines The target covers: 1) IPCC sectors: energy, industrial processes and product use, agriculture, waste, land use, land use change and forestry; 2) greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide (CO2 ), methane (CH4 ), nitrous oxide (N2 O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6 ) and nitrogen ) 3) pools of carbon: above-ground biomass, underground biomass, dead organic matter, litter, soil and harvested timber c) How the Party has taken into consideration paragraph 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21 The Russian Federation has included all source and sink categories in its NDC d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans Not applicable 4.', 'Scope and coverage a) General description of the target The indicator is defined on the scale of the entire economyb) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines The target covers: 1) IPCC sectors: energy, industrial processes and product use, agriculture, waste, land use, land use change and forestry; 2) greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide (CO2 ), methane (CH4 ), nitrous oxide (N2 O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6 ) and nitrogen ) 3) pools of carbon: above-ground biomass, underground biomass, dead organic matter, litter, soil and harvested timber c) How the Party has taken into consideration paragraph 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21 The Russian Federation has included all source and sink categories in its NDC d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans Not applicable 4. Planning processes a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner; ii) Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: a.', 'Planning processes a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner; ii) Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: a. National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty The preparation of a decision on the approval of the target to limit greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 was provided for by the order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 03.11.2016 No. 2344-r and was linked to the development of a national strategy for long-term development with low greenhouse gas emissions for the period until 2050.', '2344-r and was linked to the development of a national strategy for long-term development with low greenhouse gas emissions for the period until 2050. In developing its Nationally Determined Contribution, the Russian Federation, in accordance with its declaration upon the adoption of the Paris Agreement: a) Recognizes that, in accordance with paragraph 1 of Article 9eradication; b. Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution; of the Agreement, developed country Parties provide financial resources to assist developing country Parties with regard to both mitigation and adaptation to climate change, in continuation of their existing commitments under the Framework the United Nations Convention on Climate Change of May 9, 1992 (hereinafter - the Convention).', 'Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution; of the Agreement, developed country Parties provide financial resources to assist developing country Parties with regard to both mitigation and adaptation to climate change, in continuation of their existing commitments under the Framework the United Nations Convention on Climate Change of May 9, 1992 (hereinafter - the Convention). In this context, the Russian Federation notes that, as a Party to the Convention, it is not included in Annex II to the Convention; b) proceeds from the importance of preserving and increasing the absorbing capacity of forests and other ecosystems, as well as the need to take it into account as much as possible, including when implementing the mechanisms of the Agreement; c) considers it unacceptable to use the Agreement and its mechanisms as a tool for creating barriers to sustainable socio- economic development of the Parties to the Convention.', 'In this context, the Russian Federation notes that, as a Party to the Convention, it is not included in Annex II to the Convention; b) proceeds from the importance of preserving and increasing the absorbing capacity of forests and other ecosystems, as well as the need to take it into account as much as possible, including when implementing the mechanisms of the Agreement; c) considers it unacceptable to use the Agreement and its mechanisms as a tool for creating barriers to sustainable socio- economic development of the Parties to the Convention. b) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement Not applicable c) How the Party’s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement Information on the results of the global stocktaking carried out in accordance with paragraph 9 of Article 4 of the Paris Agreement since 2023 will be taken into account when preparing the second and subsequent nationally determined contributions of the Russian Federationd) Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: i) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution; ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries.', 'b) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement Not applicable c) How the Party’s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement Information on the results of the global stocktaking carried out in accordance with paragraph 9 of Article 4 of the Paris Agreement since 2023 will be taken into account when preparing the second and subsequent nationally determined contributions of the Russian Federationd) Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: i) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution; ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. Not applicable 5.', 'b) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement Not applicable c) How the Party’s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement Information on the results of the global stocktaking carried out in accordance with paragraph 9 of Article 4 of the Paris Agreement since 2023 will be taken into account when preparing the second and subsequent nationally determined contributions of the Russian Federationd) Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: i) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution; ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. Not applicable 5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA Anthropogenic emissions and removals of greenhouse gases are accounted for in accordance with methodologies and common metrics assessed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and approved by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement.', 'Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA Anthropogenic emissions and removals of greenhouse gases are accounted for in accordance with methodologies and common metrics assessed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and approved by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement. Methodological consistency is maintained between thecommunication and implementation of the nationally determined contribution, including with respect to the baseline.', 'Methodological consistency is maintained between thecommunication and implementation of the nationally determined contribution, including with respect to the baseline. b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution International reporting on the implementation of policies and measures or strategies under the nationally determined contribution will take into account the impact of measures taken between 1 January 2021 and 31 December 2030. c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate When accounting for anthropogenic emissions and removals of greenhouse gases, the Russian Federation promotes environmental integrity, as well as ensures transparency, accuracy, completeness, comparability and consistency in accordance with the decision of the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC 24/CP.19.', 'b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution International reporting on the implementation of policies and measures or strategies under the nationally determined contribution will take into account the impact of measures taken between 1 January 2021 and 31 December 2030. c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate When accounting for anthropogenic emissions and removals of greenhouse gases, the Russian Federation promotes environmental integrity, as well as ensures transparency, accuracy, completeness, comparability and consistency in accordance with the decision of the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC 24/CP.19. The avoidance of double counting is ensured through periodic technical reviews of national reporting in accordance with the decision of the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC 13/CP.20.', 'The avoidance of double counting is ensured through periodic technical reviews of national reporting in accordance with the decision of the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC 13/CP.20. d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals The first NDC uses the metrics of the 4th IPCC Assessment Report.', 'd) IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals The first NDC uses the metrics of the 4th IPCC Assessment Report. The use of the metrics of the 5th IPCC Assessment Report is planned in the second and subsequent NDCs after their approbation in the preparation of the National Inventory e) Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: i) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands When estimating emissions and removals of greenhouse gases, approaches are not used to eliminate emissions and subsequent absorption of greenhouse gases as a result of extreme natural anomalies on managed lands.', 'The use of the metrics of the 5th IPCC Assessment Report is planned in the second and subsequent NDCs after their approbation in the preparation of the National Inventory e) Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: i) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands When estimating emissions and removals of greenhouse gases, approaches are not used to eliminate emissions and subsequent absorption of greenhouse gases as a result of extreme natural anomalies on managed lands. To account for emissions and removals of greenhouse gases from the carbon pool of harvestedii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests wood, an atmospheric flux approach is used in accordance with the IPCC methodological guidance.', 'To account for emissions and removals of greenhouse gases from the carbon pool of harvestedii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests wood, an atmospheric flux approach is used in accordance with the IPCC methodological guidance. The impact of natural changes in the structure of age classes in forests on the offset of greenhouse gas emissions and removals is minimized, given that the historical level of 1990 is used as a baseline f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used ii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain nongreenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable iii) For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated iv) Further technical information, as necessary Not applicable g) The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable.', 'The impact of natural changes in the structure of age classes in forests on the offset of greenhouse gas emissions and removals is minimized, given that the historical level of 1990 is used as a baseline f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used ii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain nongreenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable iii) For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated iv) Further technical information, as necessary Not applicable g) The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable. The Russian Federation recognizes the importance of voluntary cooperation in nationally determined contributions to potentially increase the ambition of mitigation and adaptation actions.', 'The Russian Federation recognizes the importance of voluntary cooperation in nationally determined contributions to potentially increase the ambition of mitigation and adaptation actions. The possibility of using voluntary cooperation in the implementation of the nationally determined contribution will be considered by the Russian Federation following the adoption by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of theParties to the Paris Agreement of the rules, conditions and procedures for the mechanisms referred to in Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. 6.', 'The possibility of using voluntary cooperation in the implementation of the nationally determined contribution will be considered by the Russian Federation following the adoption by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of theParties to the Paris Agreement of the rules, conditions and procedures for the mechanisms referred to in Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. 6. How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances a) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances During the first period of the Kyoto Protocol, the Russian Federation ensured that the established indicator to limit greenhouse gas emissions did not exceed 100% of the 1990 level.', 'How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances a) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances During the first period of the Kyoto Protocol, the Russian Federation ensured that the established indicator to limit greenhouse gas emissions did not exceed 100% of the 1990 level. Until 2020, the target indicator to reduce greenhouse gas emissions was set in a proactive manner by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 752 dated September 30, 2013 “On the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions” and is no more than 75% of the 1990 level.', '752 dated September 30, 2013 “On the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions” and is no more than 75% of the 1990 level. The Intendent Nationally Determined Contribution, tentatively announced in 2015 in support of the Lima Call for Climate Action, was to limit anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in the Russian Federation to 70-75 percent of 1990 emissions by 2030, accounting for the maximum possible absorption capacity forests. This indicator is intended to demonstrate the importance of protecting and improving the quality of removals and sinks of greenhouse gases, as mentioned in Article 5 of the Paris Agreement.', 'This indicator is intended to demonstrate the importance of protecting and improving the quality of removals and sinks of greenhouse gases, as mentioned in Article 5 of the Paris Agreement. The first nationally determined contribution of the Russian Federation is consistent and calls to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 2030, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions to 70 percent compared to the 1990 level, taking into account the maximum possible absorptive capacity of forests and otherecosystems and subject to sustainable and balanced socio- economic development of the Russian Federation. This indicator was determined based on the need to ensure the economic development of the Russian Federation on a sustainable basis, as well as to protect and improve the quality of sinks and storage facilities for greenhouse gases.', 'This indicator was determined based on the need to ensure the economic development of the Russian Federation on a sustainable basis, as well as to protect and improve the quality of sinks and storage facilities for greenhouse gases. c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement d) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement Not applicable e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement Not applicable 7.', 'c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement d) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement Not applicable e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement Not applicable 7. How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 a) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 The nationally determined contribution of the Russian Federation contributes to the achievement of the goal of the Convention, since it is a fair and real contribution to the stabilization of the global concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (taking into account the efforts already made to limit greenhouse gas emissions) and does not pose a threat to the economic development of the Russian Federation on a sustainable basis b) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement The nationally determined contribution of the Russian Federation contributes to the achievement of the global temperature target, since by 2030 the cumulative reduction in greenhouse gas emissions of the Russian Federation since 1990 is to exceed 55 billion tonnes of CO2 -eq.II.', 'How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 a) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 The nationally determined contribution of the Russian Federation contributes to the achievement of the goal of the Convention, since it is a fair and real contribution to the stabilization of the global concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (taking into account the efforts already made to limit greenhouse gas emissions) and does not pose a threat to the economic development of the Russian Federation on a sustainable basis b) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement The nationally determined contribution of the Russian Federation contributes to the achievement of the global temperature target, since by 2030 the cumulative reduction in greenhouse gas emissions of the Russian Federation since 1990 is to exceed 55 billion tonnes of CO2 -eq.II. Adaptation communication, as a component of the Nationally Determined Contribution (in accordance with decision 9/CMA.1 of the Conference of the Parties, serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement) а) National circumstances, institutional arrangements and legal frameworks The Climate Doctrine of the Russian Federation, approved by the order of the President of the Russian Federation dated 17.12.2009 No.', 'Adaptation communication, as a component of the Nationally Determined Contribution (in accordance with decision 9/CMA.1 of the Conference of the Parties, serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement) а) National circumstances, institutional arrangements and legal frameworks The Climate Doctrine of the Russian Federation, approved by the order of the President of the Russian Federation dated 17.12.2009 No. 861-rp, defines the strategic goal of the national climate policy to ensure the safe and sustainable development of the Russian Federation, including institutional, economic, environmental and social, including demographic, aspects development in a changing climate and the emergence of related threats.', '861-rp, defines the strategic goal of the national climate policy to ensure the safe and sustainable development of the Russian Federation, including institutional, economic, environmental and social, including demographic, aspects development in a changing climate and the emergence of related threats. The main principles of climate policy are: the global nature of the interests of the Russian Federation in relation to climate change and their consequences; priority of national interests in the development and implementation of climate policy; clarity and transparency of climate policy; recognition of the need for action both within the country and within the framework of a full-fledged international partnership of the Russian Federation in international research programs and projects related to climate change; comprehensive accounting of possible losses and benefits associated with climate change; precaution in planning and implementing measures to ensure the protection of people, the economy and the state from the adverse effects of climate change.', 'The main principles of climate policy are: the global nature of the interests of the Russian Federation in relation to climate change and their consequences; priority of national interests in the development and implementation of climate policy; clarity and transparency of climate policy; recognition of the need for action both within the country and within the framework of a full-fledged international partnership of the Russian Federation in international research programs and projects related to climate change; comprehensive accounting of possible losses and benefits associated with climate change; precaution in planning and implementing measures to ensure the protection of people, the economy and the state from the adverse effects of climate change. The National Climate Policy considers among the priorities: - timely identification and assessment of threats to sustainable development and security of the Russian Federation related to climate change, - proactive adaptation to the consequences of climate change.Measures to adapt to climate change are provided for by decisions of state authorities, taking into account the international agreements of the Russian Federation.', 'The National Climate Policy considers among the priorities: - timely identification and assessment of threats to sustainable development and security of the Russian Federation related to climate change, - proactive adaptation to the consequences of climate change.Measures to adapt to climate change are provided for by decisions of state authorities, taking into account the international agreements of the Russian Federation. Planning, organization and implementation of measures to adapt to climate change are carried out within the framework of the state policy in the field of climate, taking into account the sectoral, regional and local characteristics, as well as the long-term nature of these measures, their scale and depth of impact on various aspects of the life of society, the economy and the state.', 'Planning, organization and implementation of measures to adapt to climate change are carried out within the framework of the state policy in the field of climate, taking into account the sectoral, regional and local characteristics, as well as the long-term nature of these measures, their scale and depth of impact on various aspects of the life of society, the economy and the state. b) Impacts, risks and vulnerabilities, as appropriate The current climate change in Russia as a whole is characterized as ongoing warming at a rate more than two and a half times the average rate of global warming. According to estimates obtained using modern climate models, throughout the 21st century. Russia will remain a region of the world where climate warming is significantly higher than average global warming.', 'Russia will remain a region of the world where climate warming is significantly higher than average global warming. The observed and expected future climate changes on the territory of Russia cause numerous and, often, important - negative and positive - consequences for natural and economic systems, as well as for the country s population.', 'The observed and expected future climate changes on the territory of Russia cause numerous and, often, important - negative and positive - consequences for natural and economic systems, as well as for the country s population. The negative consequences of the expected climate change for the Russian Federation include: an increase in health risk (an increase in the level of morbidity and mortality) of certain social groups of the population; an increase in the frequency, intensity and duration of droughts in some regions, extreme precipitation, floods, waterlogging dangerous for agriculture - in others; increased fire hazard in forests; degradation of permafrost in the northern regions with damage to buildings and communications; violation of ecological balance, including the displacement of some biological species by others; the spread of infectious and parasitic diseases; an increase in electricity consumption for air conditioning in the summer season for a significant part of settlements.', 'The negative consequences of the expected climate change for the Russian Federation include: an increase in health risk (an increase in the level of morbidity and mortality) of certain social groups of the population; an increase in the frequency, intensity and duration of droughts in some regions, extreme precipitation, floods, waterlogging dangerous for agriculture - in others; increased fire hazard in forests; degradation of permafrost in the northern regions with damage to buildings and communications; violation of ecological balance, including the displacement of some biological species by others; the spread of infectious and parasitic diseases; an increase in electricity consumption for air conditioning in the summer season for a significant part of settlements. Possible positive for the Russian Federation consequences of expected climate changes, which are associated with a significant potential for effective sectoral and regional economic development, include: reduction of energy consumption during the heating season; improving the ice conditions and, accordingly, the conditions for transporting goods in the Arctic seas, facilitating access to the Arctic shelves and their development; improvement of the structureand expansion of the crop growing zone, as well as increasing the efficiency of animal husbandry (subject to a number of additional conditions and the adoption of certain measures) increasing the productivity of boreal forests.', 'Possible positive for the Russian Federation consequences of expected climate changes, which are associated with a significant potential for effective sectoral and regional economic development, include: reduction of energy consumption during the heating season; improving the ice conditions and, accordingly, the conditions for transporting goods in the Arctic seas, facilitating access to the Arctic shelves and their development; improvement of the structureand expansion of the crop growing zone, as well as increasing the efficiency of animal husbandry (subject to a number of additional conditions and the adoption of certain measures) increasing the productivity of boreal forests. c) National adaptation priorities, strategies, policies, plans, goals and actions A national system of adaptation to climate change is being formed in the Russian Federation.', 'c) National adaptation priorities, strategies, policies, plans, goals and actions A national system of adaptation to climate change is being formed in the Russian Federation. By order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated December 25, 2019 No. 3183-r, the National Action Plan for the first stage of adaptation to climate change for the period up to 2022 was approved.', '3183-r, the National Action Plan for the first stage of adaptation to climate change for the period up to 2022 was approved. The National Plan provides for: - formation of the necessary methodological and statistical base; - determination of priority measures to adapt economic sectors and spheres of government to climate change (transport, fuel and energy complex, construction, housing and communal services, agro-industrial complex, fishing, nature management, healthcare, industrial complex, technical regulation, foreign and domestic trade, ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population, civil defense, protecting the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies, activities in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation); - determination of priority measures to adapt regions to climate change; - preparation of a national action plan for the second stage of adaptation (for the period d) Implementation and support needs of, and provision of support to, developing country Parties The Paris Agreement provides developing countries with continued and enhanced international support for the implementation of its provisions.', 'The National Plan provides for: - formation of the necessary methodological and statistical base; - determination of priority measures to adapt economic sectors and spheres of government to climate change (transport, fuel and energy complex, construction, housing and communal services, agro-industrial complex, fishing, nature management, healthcare, industrial complex, technical regulation, foreign and domestic trade, ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population, civil defense, protecting the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies, activities in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation); - determination of priority measures to adapt regions to climate change; - preparation of a national action plan for the second stage of adaptation (for the period d) Implementation and support needs of, and provision of support to, developing country Parties The Paris Agreement provides developing countries with continued and enhanced international support for the implementation of its provisions. In this context, the Russian Federation, in its statement on the adoption of the Paris Agreement, noted that, being a Party to the UNFCCC, it is not included in Annex II to it.', 'In this context, the Russian Federation, in its statement on the adoption of the Paris Agreement, noted that, being a Party to the UNFCCC, it is not included in Annex II to it. Nevertheless, the Russian Federation, realizing the importance of preserving the climate and ensuring sustainable development, plans to continue to assist developing countries in ensuring the achievement of the goals of the Paris Agreement, including adaptation to the consequences of its change. The Russian Federation carries out joint projects, including scientific and technical cooperation in the field of climate, environmental protection, resource and energy conservation, with various developing countries, including the most vulnerable to the effectsof climate change.', 'The Russian Federation carries out joint projects, including scientific and technical cooperation in the field of climate, environmental protection, resource and energy conservation, with various developing countries, including the most vulnerable to the effectsof climate change. Such joint projects are most actively developed within the framework of cooperation with the CIS countries, BRICS and ASEAN. The Russian Federation intends to continue its voluntary participation in the provision of international assistance to eliminate the consequences of natural disasters, including natural and climatic ones, as well as in financing the activities of the Trust Fund “Russian Federation - United Nations Development Program” (within the framework of the thematic area “Climate window ”), the Green Climate Fund and other institutions for sustainable development.', 'The Russian Federation intends to continue its voluntary participation in the provision of international assistance to eliminate the consequences of natural disasters, including natural and climatic ones, as well as in financing the activities of the Trust Fund “Russian Federation - United Nations Development Program” (within the framework of the thematic area “Climate window ”), the Green Climate Fund and other institutions for sustainable development. In addition to the designated areas, the Russian Federation will continue, within the framework of relevant international agreements, to strengthen capacity in developing countries through the training of qualified specialists in climatology, meteorology, hydrology and oceanography.']

en-US

RUS

Russian Federation

Updated NDC

2020-11-25 00:00:00

x

NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/NDC_RF_eng.pdf

Annex I

Middle-income

Europe

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/83434a25c129dce1cb1e9c6a6223b9416931f41d9865e3665590eee56bba461a.pdf

['NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF the RUSSIAN FEDERATION as part of the implementation of the Paris Agreement of December 12, 2015 Content 1. Targets to limit greenhouse gas emissions 2. Target areas for the implementation of the global goal of adaptation to climate change 3. Voluntary support for developing countries to achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement 4. Information on the implemented climate policies Annex. I. Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of Nationally Determined Contributions II. Adaptation communication as a component of the Nationally Determined Contribution 1. Targets to limit greenhouse gas emissions The Russian Federation participates in the implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (hereinafter - the Convention), the Kyoto Protocol of December 11, 1997 and the Paris Agreement of December 12, 2015.', 'Targets to limit greenhouse gas emissions The Russian Federation participates in the implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (hereinafter - the Convention), the Kyoto Protocol of December 11, 1997 and the Paris Agreement of December 12, 2015. As part of the implementation of the Paris Agreement, the Russian Federation announces a target for limiting greenhouse gas emissions, which provides for a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 to 70 percent relative to the 1990 level, taking into account the maximum possible absorptive capacity of forests and other ecosystems and subject to sustainable and balanced social economic development of the Russian Federation. This indicator demonstrates an increasing ambition compared to earlier commitments to limit greenhouse gas emissions.', 'This indicator demonstrates an increasing ambition compared to earlier commitments to limit greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, in the first period of the Kyoto Protocol, the Russian Federation ensured that the established indicator for limiting greenhouse gas emissions did not exceed 100% of the 1990 level. Until 2020, the target for limiting greenhouse gas emissions was set on its own initiative by Decree of the President of the Russian FederationNo 752 dated September 30, 2013 "On the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions" and is no more than 75% of the 1990 level.', 'Until 2020, the target for limiting greenhouse gas emissions was set on its own initiative by Decree of the President of the Russian FederationNo 752 dated September 30, 2013 "On the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions" and is no more than 75% of the 1990 level. The preliminary Nationally Determined Contribution, announced in 2015 in support of the Lima Call for Climate Action, was to limit anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in the Russian Federation to 70-75 percent of 1990 emissions by 2030, taking into account the maximum possible absorption capacity forests. This indicator is intended to demonstrate the importance of protecting and improving the quality of sinks and sinks of greenhouse gases, as mentioned in Article 5 of the Paris Agreement.', 'This indicator is intended to demonstrate the importance of protecting and improving the quality of sinks and sinks of greenhouse gases, as mentioned in Article 5 of the Paris Agreement. The first Nationally Determined Contribution of the Russian Federation is consistent and provides for a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by up to 70 percent by 2030 relative to the 1990 level, taking into account the maximum possible absorptive capacity of forests and other ecosystems and subject to sustainable and balanced socio-economic development of the Russian Federation This indicator is determined based on the need to ensure the economic development of the Russian Federation on a sustainable basis, as well as to protect and improve the quality of sinks and storage facilities of greenhouse gases and is aimed at achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement.', 'The first Nationally Determined Contribution of the Russian Federation is consistent and provides for a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by up to 70 percent by 2030 relative to the 1990 level, taking into account the maximum possible absorptive capacity of forests and other ecosystems and subject to sustainable and balanced socio-economic development of the Russian Federation This indicator is determined based on the need to ensure the economic development of the Russian Federation on a sustainable basis, as well as to protect and improve the quality of sinks and storage facilities of greenhouse gases and is aimed at achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement. 2.', 'The first Nationally Determined Contribution of the Russian Federation is consistent and provides for a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by up to 70 percent by 2030 relative to the 1990 level, taking into account the maximum possible absorptive capacity of forests and other ecosystems and subject to sustainable and balanced socio-economic development of the Russian Federation This indicator is determined based on the need to ensure the economic development of the Russian Federation on a sustainable basis, as well as to protect and improve the quality of sinks and storage facilities of greenhouse gases and is aimed at achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement. 2. Target areas for the implementation of the global goal of adaptation to climate change Since the mid-1970s, the average annual surface air temperature in the Russian Federation has been growing by an average of 0.47°C over 10 years, which is 2.5 times higher than the growth rate of the average global air temperature (0.18°C during 10 years).', 'Target areas for the implementation of the global goal of adaptation to climate change Since the mid-1970s, the average annual surface air temperature in the Russian Federation has been growing by an average of 0.47°C over 10 years, which is 2.5 times higher than the growth rate of the average global air temperature (0.18°C during 10 years). Over the territory of the Russian Federation, large-scale consequences of climate change, which have a significant and increasing impact on the socio-economic development of the country, living conditions and health of people, natural ecosystems, as well as on the state of economic facilities are observed and predicted.', 'Over the territory of the Russian Federation, large-scale consequences of climate change, which have a significant and increasing impact on the socio-economic development of the country, living conditions and health of people, natural ecosystems, as well as on the state of economic facilities are observed and predicted. In this regard, a national climate change adaptation system is being formed in the Russian Federation, based on the following principles: 1) differentiated approach, taking into account: \uf02d natural-climatic, socio-economic and technological specifics of adaptation of various sectors (spheres) of the economy and regions of the country; \uf02d the effectiveness of adaptation measures at different levels of decision- making; \uf02d varying degrees of readiness of the subjects of climate policy implementation to develop and implement adaptation measures;2) staging and consistency of the planning process, implying the presence of stages of development and implementation of adaptation plans with their harmonization, synergy of their elements, regular adjustment and supplementing them with new elements; 3) the integrity of planning, assuming: \uf02d preventive (proactive) adaptation aimed at reducing the risk of climate change (for example, the construction of dams against floods, forest protection belts, expansion of drought-resistant crops, etc.', 'In this regard, a national climate change adaptation system is being formed in the Russian Federation, based on the following principles: 1) differentiated approach, taking into account: \uf02d natural-climatic, socio-economic and technological specifics of adaptation of various sectors (spheres) of the economy and regions of the country; \uf02d the effectiveness of adaptation measures at different levels of decision- making; \uf02d varying degrees of readiness of the subjects of climate policy implementation to develop and implement adaptation measures;2) staging and consistency of the planning process, implying the presence of stages of development and implementation of adaptation plans with their harmonization, synergy of their elements, regular adjustment and supplementing them with new elements; 3) the integrity of planning, assuming: \uf02d preventive (proactive) adaptation aimed at reducing the risk of climate change (for example, the construction of dams against floods, forest protection belts, expansion of drought-resistant crops, etc. ); \uf02d post-crisis adaptation, providing for minimizing the consequences of the negative impact of specific manifestations of climate change, including related emergencies (evacuation of the population, liquidation of consequences, vaccination, temporary resettlement, and others); \uf02d adaptation to direct (real and expected) and indirect consequences of climate change for the population, infrastructure and economy; \uf02d harmonization and integration of adaptation plans (consistency and complementarity of preventive and post-crisis adaptation measures), as well as adaptation plans at the federal and regional levels; \uf02d the planning hierarchy, including the priority of the national plan, the fulfillment of the goals and objectives of which are subject to other federal and regional adaptation plans, concretizing and detailing the national plan in the corresponding dimensions (sections); \uf02d monitoring the effectiveness of adaptation measures and adjusting them (if necessary); \uf02d adequate scientific and technological support for climate change forecasting and climate services.', '); \uf02d post-crisis adaptation, providing for minimizing the consequences of the negative impact of specific manifestations of climate change, including related emergencies (evacuation of the population, liquidation of consequences, vaccination, temporary resettlement, and others); \uf02d adaptation to direct (real and expected) and indirect consequences of climate change for the population, infrastructure and economy; \uf02d harmonization and integration of adaptation plans (consistency and complementarity of preventive and post-crisis adaptation measures), as well as adaptation plans at the federal and regional levels; \uf02d the planning hierarchy, including the priority of the national plan, the fulfillment of the goals and objectives of which are subject to other federal and regional adaptation plans, concretizing and detailing the national plan in the corresponding dimensions (sections); \uf02d monitoring the effectiveness of adaptation measures and adjusting them (if necessary); \uf02d adequate scientific and technological support for climate change forecasting and climate services. The National Action Plan for the first stage of adaptation to climate change, approved by the order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated December 25, 2019 No.', 'The National Action Plan for the first stage of adaptation to climate change, approved by the order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated December 25, 2019 No. 3183-r, for the period up to 2022 provides for the following: \uf02d formation of the necessary methodological and statistical base; \uf02d determination of priority measures to adapt economic sectors and spheres of government to climate change (transport, fuel and energy complex, construction, housing and communal services, agro-industrial complex, fishing, nature management, health care, industrial complex, technical regulation, foreign and domestic trade, ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population, civil defense, protecting the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies, activities in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation); \uf02d determination of priority measures for adaptation of regions to climate change;\uf02d preparation of a national action plan for the second stage of adaptation (for the period up to 2025).', '3183-r, for the period up to 2022 provides for the following: \uf02d formation of the necessary methodological and statistical base; \uf02d determination of priority measures to adapt economic sectors and spheres of government to climate change (transport, fuel and energy complex, construction, housing and communal services, agro-industrial complex, fishing, nature management, health care, industrial complex, technical regulation, foreign and domestic trade, ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population, civil defense, protecting the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies, activities in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation); \uf02d determination of priority measures for adaptation of regions to climate change;\uf02d preparation of a national action plan for the second stage of adaptation (for the period up to 2025). 3.', '3183-r, for the period up to 2022 provides for the following: \uf02d formation of the necessary methodological and statistical base; \uf02d determination of priority measures to adapt economic sectors and spheres of government to climate change (transport, fuel and energy complex, construction, housing and communal services, agro-industrial complex, fishing, nature management, health care, industrial complex, technical regulation, foreign and domestic trade, ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population, civil defense, protecting the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies, activities in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation); \uf02d determination of priority measures for adaptation of regions to climate change;\uf02d preparation of a national action plan for the second stage of adaptation (for the period up to 2025). 3. Voluntary support for developing countries to achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement The Paris Agreement provides developing countries with continuous and enhanced international support to implement the provisions of Articles 4, 7, 9, 10 and 11.', 'Voluntary support for developing countries to achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement The Paris Agreement provides developing countries with continuous and enhanced international support to implement the provisions of Articles 4, 7, 9, 10 and 11. In this context, the Russian Federation, in its declaration of acceptance of the Paris Agreement, noted that, as a Party to the Convention, it is not listed in Annex II. Nevertheless, the Russian Federation, realizing the importance of preserving the climate and ensuring sustainable development, plans to continue to assist developing countries in achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement, including mitigating anthropogenic impact on climate and adapting to the consequences of its change.', 'Nevertheless, the Russian Federation, realizing the importance of preserving the climate and ensuring sustainable development, plans to continue to assist developing countries in achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement, including mitigating anthropogenic impact on climate and adapting to the consequences of its change. The Russian Federation carries out joint projects, including scientific and technical cooperation in the field of climate, environmental protection, resource and energy conservation, with various developing countries, including the most vulnerable to the effects of climate change. Such joint projects are most actively developed within the framework of cooperation with the CIS countries, BRICS and ASEAN.', 'Such joint projects are most actively developed within the framework of cooperation with the CIS countries, BRICS and ASEAN. The Russian Federation intends to continue its voluntary participation in the provision of international assistance to eliminate the consequences of natural disasters, including natural and climatic ones, as well as in financing the activities of the Trust Fund “Russian Federation - United Nations Development Program” (within the framework of the thematic area “Climate window ”), the Green Climate Fund and other institutions for sustainable development. The Russian Federation contributes to the global reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by increasing the peaceful use of nuclear energy in developing countries, which helps to reduce fossil fuel consumption and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.', 'The Russian Federation contributes to the global reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by increasing the peaceful use of nuclear energy in developing countries, which helps to reduce fossil fuel consumption and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In the period until 2030, the implementation of technological projects will continue in 12 countries of the world, including Egypt, Jordan, Nigeria, Uzbekistan, Bangladesh, Armenia, Iran, India and China. In addition, international scientific and technical cooperation is developing on improving the energy efficiency of buildings and structures, resource conservation and the use of renewable energy sources in construction in developing countries.', 'In addition, international scientific and technical cooperation is developing on improving the energy efficiency of buildings and structures, resource conservation and the use of renewable energy sources in construction in developing countries. In addition to the designated areas, the Russian Federation will continue, within the framework of relevant international agreements, to strengthen capacity in developing countries through the training of qualified specialists in climatology, meteorology, hydrology and oceanography.Factual information on the support provided to developing countries in the context, including the objectives of the Paris Agreement, is reflected in the Biennial Reports of the Russian Federation submitted in accordance with decision 1/CP.16 to the Conference of the Parties to the Convention, and in the National Communications submitted in accordance with Articles 4 and 12 of the Convention and Article 7 of the Kyoto Protocol to the Convention.', 'In addition to the designated areas, the Russian Federation will continue, within the framework of relevant international agreements, to strengthen capacity in developing countries through the training of qualified specialists in climatology, meteorology, hydrology and oceanography.Factual information on the support provided to developing countries in the context, including the objectives of the Paris Agreement, is reflected in the Biennial Reports of the Russian Federation submitted in accordance with decision 1/CP.16 to the Conference of the Parties to the Convention, and in the National Communications submitted in accordance with Articles 4 and 12 of the Convention and Article 7 of the Kyoto Protocol to the Convention. 4.', 'In addition to the designated areas, the Russian Federation will continue, within the framework of relevant international agreements, to strengthen capacity in developing countries through the training of qualified specialists in climatology, meteorology, hydrology and oceanography.Factual information on the support provided to developing countries in the context, including the objectives of the Paris Agreement, is reflected in the Biennial Reports of the Russian Federation submitted in accordance with decision 1/CP.16 to the Conference of the Parties to the Convention, and in the National Communications submitted in accordance with Articles 4 and 12 of the Convention and Article 7 of the Kyoto Protocol to the Convention. 4. Information on the implemented climate policies The system of views on the goal, principles, content and ways of implementing the unified state policy of the Russian Federation on issues related to climate change and its consequences is reflected in the Climate Doctrine of the Russian Federation, approved by the order of the President of the Russian Federation of December 17, 2009 No.', 'Information on the implemented climate policies The system of views on the goal, principles, content and ways of implementing the unified state policy of the Russian Federation on issues related to climate change and its consequences is reflected in the Climate Doctrine of the Russian Federation, approved by the order of the President of the Russian Federation of December 17, 2009 No. 861-rp.', 'Information on the implemented climate policies The system of views on the goal, principles, content and ways of implementing the unified state policy of the Russian Federation on issues related to climate change and its consequences is reflected in the Climate Doctrine of the Russian Federation, approved by the order of the President of the Russian Federation of December 17, 2009 No. 861-rp. The Russian Federation is concentrating its efforts on reducing anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and increasing their absorption, including the implementation of the following measures: increasing energy efficiency in all sectors of the economy, developing the use of non-fuel and renewable energy sources, protecting and improving the quality of natural sinks and storage of greenhouse gases, financial and tax stimulating the reduction of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions Measures to improve energy efficiency are provided for by the Federal Law of November 23, 2009 No.', 'The Russian Federation is concentrating its efforts on reducing anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and increasing their absorption, including the implementation of the following measures: increasing energy efficiency in all sectors of the economy, developing the use of non-fuel and renewable energy sources, protecting and improving the quality of natural sinks and storage of greenhouse gases, financial and tax stimulating the reduction of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions Measures to improve energy efficiency are provided for by the Federal Law of November 23, 2009 No. 261-FZ "On Energy Saving and on Increasing Energy Efficiency and on Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation" and a comprehensive action plan to improve the energy efficiency of the Russian economy, approved by order of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 19, 2018 No.', '261-FZ "On Energy Saving and on Increasing Energy Efficiency and on Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation" and a comprehensive action plan to improve the energy efficiency of the Russian economy, approved by order of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 19, 2018 No. 703-r. In accordance to the Concept for the formation of a monitoring, reporting and verification system for greenhouse gas emissions in the Russian Federation, approved by order of the Government of the Russian Federation No.', 'In accordance to the Concept for the formation of a monitoring, reporting and verification system for greenhouse gas emissions in the Russian Federation, approved by order of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 716-r dated April 22, 2015, the current assessment system will in the future be supplemented with a monitoring, reporting and checking the volumes of greenhouse gas emissions at the level of organizations, as well as the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which are recommended to organize an inventory of greenhouse gas emissions and removals on their territory.', '716-r dated April 22, 2015, the current assessment system will in the future be supplemented with a monitoring, reporting and checking the volumes of greenhouse gas emissions at the level of organizations, as well as the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which are recommended to organize an inventory of greenhouse gas emissions and removals on their territory. In 2014-2017, a methodological base was formed, which is necessary for the implementation of the Concept (including methodological recommendations and guidelines for the development of indicators for reducing greenhouse gas emissions by economic sectors, quantifying the volume of greenhouse gas emissions by organizations carrying out economic and other activities, conducting a voluntaryinventory of the volume emissions of greenhouse gases in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, calculation of the volume of indirect energy emissions of greenhouse gases and determination of the volume of absorption of greenhouse gases).', 'In 2014-2017, a methodological base was formed, which is necessary for the implementation of the Concept (including methodological recommendations and guidelines for the development of indicators for reducing greenhouse gas emissions by economic sectors, quantifying the volume of greenhouse gas emissions by organizations carrying out economic and other activities, conducting a voluntaryinventory of the volume emissions of greenhouse gases in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, calculation of the volume of indirect energy emissions of greenhouse gases and determination of the volume of absorption of greenhouse gases). The national standardization system includes 3 standards related to the management of greenhouse gas emissions at the level of organizations (complies with ISO 14064, 2007 version).', 'The national standardization system includes 3 standards related to the management of greenhouse gas emissions at the level of organizations (complies with ISO 14064, 2007 version). In 2021, the updating of these standards will be completed and new standards will be developed that are identical to ISO 14067:2018 (requirements and guidelines for quantifying the carbon footprint of products) and ISO 14080:2018 (structure and principles of methodology on climate impact).Annex I. Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of Nationally Determined Contributions (in accordance with decision 4/CMA.1 of the Conference of the Parties, serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement) 1.', 'Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of Nationally Determined Contributions (in accordance with decision 4/CMA.1 of the Conference of the Parties, serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement) 1. Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year) a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s) Reference year: 1990 b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year Reference indicator: Total greenhouse gas emissions (including emissions and removals from land use, land use change and forestry) in the reference year Indicator value: 3.1 billion tons of CO2 -eq.', 'Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year) a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s) Reference year: 1990 b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year Reference indicator: Total greenhouse gas emissions (including emissions and removals from land use, land use change and forestry) in the reference year Indicator value: 3.1 billion tons of CO2 -eq. c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information Not applicable d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 by up to 70 percent compared to the 1990 level, taking into account themaximum possible absorptive capacity of forests and other ecosystems and subject to sustainable and balanced socio- economic development of the Russian Federation e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s) The source of the initial data used to quantify the reference indicator is the official statistical information of the Russian Federation f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators The value of the reference indicator can be changed when the initial data are clarified, the used calculation methodologies and national coefficients are improved.', 'c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information Not applicable d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 by up to 70 percent compared to the 1990 level, taking into account themaximum possible absorptive capacity of forests and other ecosystems and subject to sustainable and balanced socio- economic development of the Russian Federation e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s) The source of the initial data used to quantify the reference indicator is the official statistical information of the Russian Federation f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators The value of the reference indicator can be changed when the initial data are clarified, the used calculation methodologies and national coefficients are improved. A recalculation of the baseline in this case is necessary to ensure consistency of the time series and comparability of the methodologies used to estimate emissions of the base and target years.', 'A recalculation of the baseline in this case is necessary to ensure consistency of the time series and comparability of the methodologies used to estimate emissions of the base and target years. In case of recalculations, detailed information will be provided in the annual National Inventory Reports of the Russian Federation. 2. Time frames and/or periods for implementation a) Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA) b) Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable. The indicator is single-year and set for 2030 3.', 'The indicator is single-year and set for 2030 3. Scope and coverage a) General description of the target The indicator is defined on the scale of the entire economyb) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines The target covers: 1) IPCC sectors: energy, industrial processes and product use, agriculture, waste, land use, land use change and forestry; 2) greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide (CO2 ), methane (CH4 ), nitrous oxide (N2 O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6 ) and nitrogen ) 3) pools of carbon: above-ground biomass, underground biomass, dead organic matter, litter, soil and harvested timber c) How the Party has taken into consideration paragraph 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21 The Russian Federation has included all source and sink categories in its NDC d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans Not applicable 4.', 'Scope and coverage a) General description of the target The indicator is defined on the scale of the entire economyb) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines The target covers: 1) IPCC sectors: energy, industrial processes and product use, agriculture, waste, land use, land use change and forestry; 2) greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide (CO2 ), methane (CH4 ), nitrous oxide (N2 O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6 ) and nitrogen ) 3) pools of carbon: above-ground biomass, underground biomass, dead organic matter, litter, soil and harvested timber c) How the Party has taken into consideration paragraph 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21 The Russian Federation has included all source and sink categories in its NDC d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans Not applicable 4. Planning processes a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner; ii) Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: a.', 'Planning processes a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner; ii) Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: a. National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty The preparation of a decision on the approval of the target to limit greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 was provided for by the order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 03.11.2016 No. 2344-r and was linked to the development of a national strategy for long-term development with low greenhouse gas emissions for the period until 2050.', '2344-r and was linked to the development of a national strategy for long-term development with low greenhouse gas emissions for the period until 2050. In developing its Nationally Determined Contribution, the Russian Federation, in accordance with its declaration upon the adoption of the Paris Agreement: a) Recognizes that, in accordance with paragraph 1 of Article 9eradication; b. Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution; of the Agreement, developed country Parties provide financial resources to assist developing country Parties with regard to both mitigation and adaptation to climate change, in continuation of their existing commitments under the Framework the United Nations Convention on Climate Change of May 9, 1992 (hereinafter - the Convention).', 'Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution; of the Agreement, developed country Parties provide financial resources to assist developing country Parties with regard to both mitigation and adaptation to climate change, in continuation of their existing commitments under the Framework the United Nations Convention on Climate Change of May 9, 1992 (hereinafter - the Convention). In this context, the Russian Federation notes that, as a Party to the Convention, it is not included in Annex II to the Convention; b) proceeds from the importance of preserving and increasing the absorbing capacity of forests and other ecosystems, as well as the need to take it into account as much as possible, including when implementing the mechanisms of the Agreement; c) considers it unacceptable to use the Agreement and its mechanisms as a tool for creating barriers to sustainable socio- economic development of the Parties to the Convention.', 'In this context, the Russian Federation notes that, as a Party to the Convention, it is not included in Annex II to the Convention; b) proceeds from the importance of preserving and increasing the absorbing capacity of forests and other ecosystems, as well as the need to take it into account as much as possible, including when implementing the mechanisms of the Agreement; c) considers it unacceptable to use the Agreement and its mechanisms as a tool for creating barriers to sustainable socio- economic development of the Parties to the Convention. b) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement Not applicable c) How the Party’s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement Information on the results of the global stocktaking carried out in accordance with paragraph 9 of Article 4 of the Paris Agreement since 2023 will be taken into account when preparing the second and subsequent nationally determined contributions of the Russian Federationd) Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: i) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution; ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries.', 'b) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement Not applicable c) How the Party’s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement Information on the results of the global stocktaking carried out in accordance with paragraph 9 of Article 4 of the Paris Agreement since 2023 will be taken into account when preparing the second and subsequent nationally determined contributions of the Russian Federationd) Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: i) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution; ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. Not applicable 5.', 'b) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement Not applicable c) How the Party’s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement Information on the results of the global stocktaking carried out in accordance with paragraph 9 of Article 4 of the Paris Agreement since 2023 will be taken into account when preparing the second and subsequent nationally determined contributions of the Russian Federationd) Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: i) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution; ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. Not applicable 5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA Anthropogenic emissions and removals of greenhouse gases are accounted for in accordance with methodologies and common metrics assessed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and approved by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement.', 'Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA Anthropogenic emissions and removals of greenhouse gases are accounted for in accordance with methodologies and common metrics assessed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and approved by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement. Methodological consistency is maintained between thecommunication and implementation of the nationally determined contribution, including with respect to the baseline.', 'Methodological consistency is maintained between thecommunication and implementation of the nationally determined contribution, including with respect to the baseline. b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution International reporting on the implementation of policies and measures or strategies under the nationally determined contribution will take into account the impact of measures taken between 1 January 2021 and 31 December 2030. c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate When accounting for anthropogenic emissions and removals of greenhouse gases, the Russian Federation promotes environmental integrity, as well as ensures transparency, accuracy, completeness, comparability and consistency in accordance with the decision of the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC 24/CP.19.', 'b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution International reporting on the implementation of policies and measures or strategies under the nationally determined contribution will take into account the impact of measures taken between 1 January 2021 and 31 December 2030. c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate When accounting for anthropogenic emissions and removals of greenhouse gases, the Russian Federation promotes environmental integrity, as well as ensures transparency, accuracy, completeness, comparability and consistency in accordance with the decision of the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC 24/CP.19. The avoidance of double counting is ensured through periodic technical reviews of national reporting in accordance with the decision of the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC 13/CP.20.', 'The avoidance of double counting is ensured through periodic technical reviews of national reporting in accordance with the decision of the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC 13/CP.20. d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals The first NDC uses the metrics of the 4th IPCC Assessment Report.', 'd) IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals The first NDC uses the metrics of the 4th IPCC Assessment Report. The use of the metrics of the 5th IPCC Assessment Report is planned in the second and subsequent NDCs after their approbation in the preparation of the National Inventory e) Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: i) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands When estimating emissions and removals of greenhouse gases, approaches are not used to eliminate emissions and subsequent absorption of greenhouse gases as a result of extreme natural anomalies on managed lands.', 'The use of the metrics of the 5th IPCC Assessment Report is planned in the second and subsequent NDCs after their approbation in the preparation of the National Inventory e) Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: i) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands When estimating emissions and removals of greenhouse gases, approaches are not used to eliminate emissions and subsequent absorption of greenhouse gases as a result of extreme natural anomalies on managed lands. To account for emissions and removals of greenhouse gases from the carbon pool of harvestedii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests wood, an atmospheric flux approach is used in accordance with the IPCC methodological guidance.', 'To account for emissions and removals of greenhouse gases from the carbon pool of harvestedii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests wood, an atmospheric flux approach is used in accordance with the IPCC methodological guidance. The impact of natural changes in the structure of age classes in forests on the offset of greenhouse gas emissions and removals is minimized, given that the historical level of 1990 is used as a baseline f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used ii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain nongreenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable iii) For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated iv) Further technical information, as necessary Not applicable g) The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable.', 'The impact of natural changes in the structure of age classes in forests on the offset of greenhouse gas emissions and removals is minimized, given that the historical level of 1990 is used as a baseline f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used ii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain nongreenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable iii) For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated iv) Further technical information, as necessary Not applicable g) The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable. The Russian Federation recognizes the importance of voluntary cooperation in nationally determined contributions to potentially increase the ambition of mitigation and adaptation actions.', 'The Russian Federation recognizes the importance of voluntary cooperation in nationally determined contributions to potentially increase the ambition of mitigation and adaptation actions. The possibility of using voluntary cooperation in the implementation of the nationally determined contribution will be considered by the Russian Federation following the adoption by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of theParties to the Paris Agreement of the rules, conditions and procedures for the mechanisms referred to in Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. 6.', 'The possibility of using voluntary cooperation in the implementation of the nationally determined contribution will be considered by the Russian Federation following the adoption by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of theParties to the Paris Agreement of the rules, conditions and procedures for the mechanisms referred to in Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. 6. How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances a) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances During the first period of the Kyoto Protocol, the Russian Federation ensured that the established indicator to limit greenhouse gas emissions did not exceed 100% of the 1990 level.', 'How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances a) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances During the first period of the Kyoto Protocol, the Russian Federation ensured that the established indicator to limit greenhouse gas emissions did not exceed 100% of the 1990 level. Until 2020, the target indicator to reduce greenhouse gas emissions was set in a proactive manner by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 752 dated September 30, 2013 “On the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions” and is no more than 75% of the 1990 level.', '752 dated September 30, 2013 “On the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions” and is no more than 75% of the 1990 level. The Intendent Nationally Determined Contribution, tentatively announced in 2015 in support of the Lima Call for Climate Action, was to limit anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in the Russian Federation to 70-75 percent of 1990 emissions by 2030, accounting for the maximum possible absorption capacity forests. This indicator is intended to demonstrate the importance of protecting and improving the quality of removals and sinks of greenhouse gases, as mentioned in Article 5 of the Paris Agreement.', 'This indicator is intended to demonstrate the importance of protecting and improving the quality of removals and sinks of greenhouse gases, as mentioned in Article 5 of the Paris Agreement. The first nationally determined contribution of the Russian Federation is consistent and calls to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 2030, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions to 70 percent compared to the 1990 level, taking into account the maximum possible absorptive capacity of forests and otherecosystems and subject to sustainable and balanced socio- economic development of the Russian Federation. This indicator was determined based on the need to ensure the economic development of the Russian Federation on a sustainable basis, as well as to protect and improve the quality of sinks and storage facilities for greenhouse gases.', 'This indicator was determined based on the need to ensure the economic development of the Russian Federation on a sustainable basis, as well as to protect and improve the quality of sinks and storage facilities for greenhouse gases. c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement d) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement Not applicable e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement Not applicable 7.', 'c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement d) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement Not applicable e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement Not applicable 7. How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 a) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 The nationally determined contribution of the Russian Federation contributes to the achievement of the goal of the Convention, since it is a fair and real contribution to the stabilization of the global concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (taking into account the efforts already made to limit greenhouse gas emissions) and does not pose a threat to the economic development of the Russian Federation on a sustainable basis b) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement The nationally determined contribution of the Russian Federation contributes to the achievement of the global temperature target, since by 2030 the cumulative reduction in greenhouse gas emissions of the Russian Federation since 1990 is to exceed 55 billion tonnes of CO2 -eq.II.', 'How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 a) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 The nationally determined contribution of the Russian Federation contributes to the achievement of the goal of the Convention, since it is a fair and real contribution to the stabilization of the global concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (taking into account the efforts already made to limit greenhouse gas emissions) and does not pose a threat to the economic development of the Russian Federation on a sustainable basis b) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement The nationally determined contribution of the Russian Federation contributes to the achievement of the global temperature target, since by 2030 the cumulative reduction in greenhouse gas emissions of the Russian Federation since 1990 is to exceed 55 billion tonnes of CO2 -eq.II. Adaptation communication, as a component of the Nationally Determined Contribution (in accordance with decision 9/CMA.1 of the Conference of the Parties, serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement) а) National circumstances, institutional arrangements and legal frameworks The Climate Doctrine of the Russian Federation, approved by the order of the President of the Russian Federation dated 17.12.2009 No.', 'Adaptation communication, as a component of the Nationally Determined Contribution (in accordance with decision 9/CMA.1 of the Conference of the Parties, serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement) а) National circumstances, institutional arrangements and legal frameworks The Climate Doctrine of the Russian Federation, approved by the order of the President of the Russian Federation dated 17.12.2009 No. 861-rp, defines the strategic goal of the national climate policy to ensure the safe and sustainable development of the Russian Federation, including institutional, economic, environmental and social, including demographic, aspects development in a changing climate and the emergence of related threats.', '861-rp, defines the strategic goal of the national climate policy to ensure the safe and sustainable development of the Russian Federation, including institutional, economic, environmental and social, including demographic, aspects development in a changing climate and the emergence of related threats. The main principles of climate policy are: the global nature of the interests of the Russian Federation in relation to climate change and their consequences; priority of national interests in the development and implementation of climate policy; clarity and transparency of climate policy; recognition of the need for action both within the country and within the framework of a full-fledged international partnership of the Russian Federation in international research programs and projects related to climate change; comprehensive accounting of possible losses and benefits associated with climate change; precaution in planning and implementing measures to ensure the protection of people, the economy and the state from the adverse effects of climate change.', 'The main principles of climate policy are: the global nature of the interests of the Russian Federation in relation to climate change and their consequences; priority of national interests in the development and implementation of climate policy; clarity and transparency of climate policy; recognition of the need for action both within the country and within the framework of a full-fledged international partnership of the Russian Federation in international research programs and projects related to climate change; comprehensive accounting of possible losses and benefits associated with climate change; precaution in planning and implementing measures to ensure the protection of people, the economy and the state from the adverse effects of climate change. The National Climate Policy considers among the priorities: - timely identification and assessment of threats to sustainable development and security of the Russian Federation related to climate change, - proactive adaptation to the consequences of climate change.Measures to adapt to climate change are provided for by decisions of state authorities, taking into account the international agreements of the Russian Federation.', 'The National Climate Policy considers among the priorities: - timely identification and assessment of threats to sustainable development and security of the Russian Federation related to climate change, - proactive adaptation to the consequences of climate change.Measures to adapt to climate change are provided for by decisions of state authorities, taking into account the international agreements of the Russian Federation. Planning, organization and implementation of measures to adapt to climate change are carried out within the framework of the state policy in the field of climate, taking into account the sectoral, regional and local characteristics, as well as the long-term nature of these measures, their scale and depth of impact on various aspects of the life of society, the economy and the state.', 'Planning, organization and implementation of measures to adapt to climate change are carried out within the framework of the state policy in the field of climate, taking into account the sectoral, regional and local characteristics, as well as the long-term nature of these measures, their scale and depth of impact on various aspects of the life of society, the economy and the state. b) Impacts, risks and vulnerabilities, as appropriate The current climate change in Russia as a whole is characterized as ongoing warming at a rate more than two and a half times the average rate of global warming. According to estimates obtained using modern climate models, throughout the 21st century. Russia will remain a region of the world where climate warming is significantly higher than average global warming.', 'Russia will remain a region of the world where climate warming is significantly higher than average global warming. The observed and expected future climate changes on the territory of Russia cause numerous and, often, important - negative and positive - consequences for natural and economic systems, as well as for the country s population.', 'The observed and expected future climate changes on the territory of Russia cause numerous and, often, important - negative and positive - consequences for natural and economic systems, as well as for the country s population. The negative consequences of the expected climate change for the Russian Federation include: an increase in health risk (an increase in the level of morbidity and mortality) of certain social groups of the population; an increase in the frequency, intensity and duration of droughts in some regions, extreme precipitation, floods, waterlogging dangerous for agriculture - in others; increased fire hazard in forests; degradation of permafrost in the northern regions with damage to buildings and communications; violation of ecological balance, including the displacement of some biological species by others; the spread of infectious and parasitic diseases; an increase in electricity consumption for air conditioning in the summer season for a significant part of settlements.', 'The negative consequences of the expected climate change for the Russian Federation include: an increase in health risk (an increase in the level of morbidity and mortality) of certain social groups of the population; an increase in the frequency, intensity and duration of droughts in some regions, extreme precipitation, floods, waterlogging dangerous for agriculture - in others; increased fire hazard in forests; degradation of permafrost in the northern regions with damage to buildings and communications; violation of ecological balance, including the displacement of some biological species by others; the spread of infectious and parasitic diseases; an increase in electricity consumption for air conditioning in the summer season for a significant part of settlements. Possible positive for the Russian Federation consequences of expected climate changes, which are associated with a significant potential for effective sectoral and regional economic development, include: reduction of energy consumption during the heating season; improving the ice conditions and, accordingly, the conditions for transporting goods in the Arctic seas, facilitating access to the Arctic shelves and their development; improvement of the structureand expansion of the crop growing zone, as well as increasing the efficiency of animal husbandry (subject to a number of additional conditions and the adoption of certain measures) increasing the productivity of boreal forests.', 'Possible positive for the Russian Federation consequences of expected climate changes, which are associated with a significant potential for effective sectoral and regional economic development, include: reduction of energy consumption during the heating season; improving the ice conditions and, accordingly, the conditions for transporting goods in the Arctic seas, facilitating access to the Arctic shelves and their development; improvement of the structureand expansion of the crop growing zone, as well as increasing the efficiency of animal husbandry (subject to a number of additional conditions and the adoption of certain measures) increasing the productivity of boreal forests. c) National adaptation priorities, strategies, policies, plans, goals and actions A national system of adaptation to climate change is being formed in the Russian Federation.', 'c) National adaptation priorities, strategies, policies, plans, goals and actions A national system of adaptation to climate change is being formed in the Russian Federation. By order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated December 25, 2019 No. 3183-r, the National Action Plan for the first stage of adaptation to climate change for the period up to 2022 was approved.', '3183-r, the National Action Plan for the first stage of adaptation to climate change for the period up to 2022 was approved. The National Plan provides for: - formation of the necessary methodological and statistical base; - determination of priority measures to adapt economic sectors and spheres of government to climate change (transport, fuel and energy complex, construction, housing and communal services, agro-industrial complex, fishing, nature management, healthcare, industrial complex, technical regulation, foreign and domestic trade, ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population, civil defense, protecting the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies, activities in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation); - determination of priority measures to adapt regions to climate change; - preparation of a national action plan for the second stage of adaptation (for the period d) Implementation and support needs of, and provision of support to, developing country Parties The Paris Agreement provides developing countries with continued and enhanced international support for the implementation of its provisions.', 'The National Plan provides for: - formation of the necessary methodological and statistical base; - determination of priority measures to adapt economic sectors and spheres of government to climate change (transport, fuel and energy complex, construction, housing and communal services, agro-industrial complex, fishing, nature management, healthcare, industrial complex, technical regulation, foreign and domestic trade, ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population, civil defense, protecting the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies, activities in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation); - determination of priority measures to adapt regions to climate change; - preparation of a national action plan for the second stage of adaptation (for the period d) Implementation and support needs of, and provision of support to, developing country Parties The Paris Agreement provides developing countries with continued and enhanced international support for the implementation of its provisions. In this context, the Russian Federation, in its statement on the adoption of the Paris Agreement, noted that, being a Party to the UNFCCC, it is not included in Annex II to it.', 'In this context, the Russian Federation, in its statement on the adoption of the Paris Agreement, noted that, being a Party to the UNFCCC, it is not included in Annex II to it. Nevertheless, the Russian Federation, realizing the importance of preserving the climate and ensuring sustainable development, plans to continue to assist developing countries in ensuring the achievement of the goals of the Paris Agreement, including adaptation to the consequences of its change. The Russian Federation carries out joint projects, including scientific and technical cooperation in the field of climate, environmental protection, resource and energy conservation, with various developing countries, including the most vulnerable to the effectsof climate change.', 'The Russian Federation carries out joint projects, including scientific and technical cooperation in the field of climate, environmental protection, resource and energy conservation, with various developing countries, including the most vulnerable to the effectsof climate change. Such joint projects are most actively developed within the framework of cooperation with the CIS countries, BRICS and ASEAN. The Russian Federation intends to continue its voluntary participation in the provision of international assistance to eliminate the consequences of natural disasters, including natural and climatic ones, as well as in financing the activities of the Trust Fund “Russian Federation - United Nations Development Program” (within the framework of the thematic area “Climate window ”), the Green Climate Fund and other institutions for sustainable development.', 'The Russian Federation intends to continue its voluntary participation in the provision of international assistance to eliminate the consequences of natural disasters, including natural and climatic ones, as well as in financing the activities of the Trust Fund “Russian Federation - United Nations Development Program” (within the framework of the thematic area “Climate window ”), the Green Climate Fund and other institutions for sustainable development. In addition to the designated areas, the Russian Federation will continue, within the framework of relevant international agreements, to strengthen capacity in developing countries through the training of qualified specialists in climatology, meteorology, hydrology and oceanography.']

en-US

RWA

Rwanda

1st NDC

2016-10-06 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/INDC_Rwanda_Nov.2015.pdf

Non-Annex I

Low-income

Africa

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/fb99421a20fc63e2dfaf852990649c42ac4544dd07f72b1efc2e7e06ecefcdb3.pdf

['Rwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 1 of 24 REPUBLIC OF RWANDA INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION (INDC) FOR THE REPUBLIC OF RWANDA INTRODUCTION Rwanda, known as the "land of a thousand hills" is a landlocked country of 26,338 square kilometres, geographically located in Central Africa between 1°04’ and 2°51’ of south latitude and between 28°45’ and 31°15’ of east longitude1. The country has seen significant economic development in recent years, with GDP growing at an average of over 8% annually over the last decade and targeted to reach 11.5 % under the medium term development implementation framework EDPRS II2. It has a population of 10,515,973 people3 which is growing at 2.8% per year.', 'It has a population of 10,515,973 people3 which is growing at 2.8% per year. Important to note however is that Rwanda’s fertility rate has reduced from 6.1 in 2005 to 4.2 in 2014 and that food crop production growth has grown more twice that of the population between 2007 and 2014 while per capita income has tripled from US$ 211 in 2001 to US$ 718 in 20144. A vision for 2050 based on the Green Growth and Climate Resilience Strategy envisages Rwanda as a developed climate-resilient, low carbon economy, with a strong services sector, low unemployment and low levels of poverty.', 'A vision for 2050 based on the Green Growth and Climate Resilience Strategy envisages Rwanda as a developed climate-resilient, low carbon economy, with a strong services sector, low unemployment and low levels of poverty. It would be a country where agriculture and industry have a minimal negative impact on the environment, operating in a sustainable way, and enabling self-sufficient basic necessities for all living in it. By 2050, development will be achieved with low carbon domestic energy resources and practices, reducing the country’s contribution to climate change while allowing it to be independent of imported oil for power generation. Finally, Rwanda will have the robust local and regional knowledge to be able to respond and adapt to changes in the climate and the resulting impacts.', 'Finally, Rwanda will have the robust local and regional knowledge to be able to respond and adapt to changes in the climate and the resulting impacts. Rwanda is pleased to submit this INDC to replace the preliminary INDC submitted to the Convention in September 2015. This affirms the country s commitment to engage in the forthcoming international process of developing a climate change agreement.', 'This affirms the country s commitment to engage in the forthcoming international process of developing a climate change agreement. 1 second National Communication report 2012 2 Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy II (2013-2018) 3 Fourth Population and Housing Census 2012 4 4th Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey (2013/14)Rwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 2 of 24 Rwanda has been committed to addressing the challenge of climate change since 1998 when it ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and later the Kyoto Protocol in 2003. The country submitted its Initial National Communication to the UNFCCC in 2005, National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPA) in 2006, and the Second National Communication in 2012. The Third National Communication is under preparation.', 'The Third National Communication is under preparation. Rwanda s INDC is built upon its National Strategy for Climate Change and Low Carbon Development Strategy. The full implementation of this strategy rests upon five enabling pillars: Institutional Arrangements; Finance; Capacity Building and Knowledge Management; Technology, Innovation and Infrastructure; and Integrated Planning and Data Management. ADAPTATION CONTRIBUTION Rationale and process for adaptation contribution Rwanda is highly vulnerable to climate change, as it is strongly reliant on rain-fed agriculture both for rural livelihoods and for exports of mainly tea and coffee. With the highest population density in Africa5, adaptation concerns are central to the INDC. In recent years, extreme weather events in Rwanda increased in frequency and magnitude what, in some parts of the country, led to significant losses including human lives6.', 'In recent years, extreme weather events in Rwanda increased in frequency and magnitude what, in some parts of the country, led to significant losses including human lives6. Floods and landslides were increasingly reported in the high altitude Western and Northern Provinces, whereas droughts made severe damages in the Eastern Province7. Summary of climate change trends, impacts and vulnerabilities Rwanda has experienced a temperature increase of 1.4°C since 19708, higher than the global average, and can expect an increase in temperature of up to 2.0°C by the 2030s from 1970. Rainfall is highly variable in Rwanda but average annual rainfall may increase by up to 5-10% by the 2030s from 19709.', 'Rainfall is highly variable in Rwanda but average annual rainfall may increase by up to 5-10% by the 2030s from 19709. This is expected to lead to increasing rainfall intensity, leading to a higher frequency of floods and storms resulting in landslides, crop losses, health risks, and damage to infrastructure, as well as an increase in temperatures resulting in proliferation of diseases, crop decline and reduced land availability that impacts on food security and export earnings.', 'This is expected to lead to increasing rainfall intensity, leading to a higher frequency of floods and storms resulting in landslides, crop losses, health risks, and damage to infrastructure, as well as an increase in temperatures resulting in proliferation of diseases, crop decline and reduced land availability that impacts on food security and export earnings. Adaptation vision and goals Vision for adaptation Rwanda s long term vision is to become a climate resilient economy, with strategic objectives to achieve Energy Security and a Low Carbon Energy Supply that supports the development of Green Industry and Services; Sustainable Land Use and Water Resource Management that result in Food Security, appropriate Urban Development and preservation of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, as 5 World Bank Data 2015 6 The assessment of economic impacts of the 2012 wet season flooding in Rwanda 2013 7 Rwanda baseline climate change vulnerability index 2015 8 Green Growth and Climate Resilience Strategy 2011 9 IPCC Fifth Assessment Report 2013Rwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 3 of 24 well as to ensure Social Protection, Improved Health and Disaster Risk Reduction that reduces vulnerability to climate change impacts10 Sector goals The priority adaptation actions have been identified in Rwanda s Green Growth and Climate Resilient Strategy (2011), are on-going and will be partially or fully achieved by 2050.', 'Adaptation vision and goals Vision for adaptation Rwanda s long term vision is to become a climate resilient economy, with strategic objectives to achieve Energy Security and a Low Carbon Energy Supply that supports the development of Green Industry and Services; Sustainable Land Use and Water Resource Management that result in Food Security, appropriate Urban Development and preservation of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, as 5 World Bank Data 2015 6 The assessment of economic impacts of the 2012 wet season flooding in Rwanda 2013 7 Rwanda baseline climate change vulnerability index 2015 8 Green Growth and Climate Resilience Strategy 2011 9 IPCC Fifth Assessment Report 2013Rwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 3 of 24 well as to ensure Social Protection, Improved Health and Disaster Risk Reduction that reduces vulnerability to climate change impacts10 Sector goals The priority adaptation actions have been identified in Rwanda s Green Growth and Climate Resilient Strategy (2011), are on-going and will be partially or fully achieved by 2050. Many of the actions specified under the sectors programmes have both mitigation and adaptation benefits.', 'Many of the actions specified under the sectors programmes have both mitigation and adaptation benefits. Agriculture Programme of Action Actions Descriptions and Goals/Targets Mitigation benefit intensification of agriculture agro ecology techniques using spatial plant stacking as in agro forestry, kitchen gardens, nutrient recycling, and water conservation to maximise sustainable food production; Seasonal shortages of food supply as a result of poor harvests caused by droughts and flooding and soil erosion are among the most significant signs of how the agriculture sector is vulnerable to climate change in Rwanda. In order to adapt to this situation, Rwanda intends to mainstream agro ecology technologies in its current agriculture intensification programme and other natural resource-based livelihood programmes. 100% of the households involved in agriculture production will be implementing agro forestry sustainable food production by 2030.', '100% of the households involved in agriculture production will be implementing agro forestry sustainable food production by 2030. Reduced GHG emissions from land use change resource recovery and reuse through organic waste composting and wastewater irrigation; The steep nature of Rwanda’s topography coupled with very high population density (415 inhabitants / km2)11 leads to several pressures on natural resources, including land, and this remains the main reason for land degradation. Arable lands also show little tolerance when it comes to climate change effects like heavy rains and draughts. In fact, heavy rains lead to soil Reduction of methane emissions from landfills 10 Green Growth and climate resilience Strategy, 2011 11 Fourth Population and Housing Census, 2012Rwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 4 of 24 erosion resulting in fertility decline and low productivity.', 'In fact, heavy rains lead to soil Reduction of methane emissions from landfills 10 Green Growth and climate resilience Strategy, 2011 11 Fourth Population and Housing Census, 2012Rwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 4 of 24 erosion resulting in fertility decline and low productivity. Rwanda intends to promote recovery and reuse of both organic waste and wastewater in order to restore and maintain soil fertility. Organic waste use through composting, currently used at a small scale, will be implemented to reach 100% of the households involved in agriculture production countrywide by 2030. Waste water irrigation, mainly practiced in correction centers under national prisons services will be implemented countrywide by 2030. 1.3 Using fertiliser enriched compost Rwanda relies on imported inorganic fertilisers for its agriculture intensification activities.', '1.3 Using fertiliser enriched compost Rwanda relies on imported inorganic fertilisers for its agriculture intensification activities. For instance, 36000 Mt of these were imported in 2014 and these importations are likelly to increase in the near future. Although good at increasing yields, intensive use of inorganic fertilisers has adverse impacts to the environment in general and climate change in particular. In contrast, the use of organic fertilisers by composting has many environmental benefits whereby it provides an excellent way to manage the huge volume of organic waste and utilise it in a productive manner. The effectiveness of composted organic waste can be further improved by enriching and blending it with nutrients (Nitrogen phosphorus). This technique ensures a more efficient use of inorganic fertilizers, and adds valuable organic matter to soils, which also maximizes terrestrial carbon in farm soils.', 'This technique ensures a more efficient use of inorganic fertilizers, and adds valuable organic matter to soils, which also maximizes terrestrial carbon in farm soils. Rwanda intends to ensure the use of fertilizer enriched compost and shift from using pure inorganic fertilizers by Reduce GHG emissions from fertilizer manufacturing processesRwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 5 of 24 2030. sustainable pest management techniques to control plant parasites and pathogens Increasing average temperatures, changes in precipitation and water shortage are seen as climate change aspects that result in pests and diseases proliferation. In order to adapt to this, Rwanda intends to promote sustainable pest management techniques that incorporates a cropping system based on producing multiple crop and fodder yields but which is also designed to control plant parasites and pathogens such as stemborers and striga weed.', 'In order to adapt to this, Rwanda intends to promote sustainable pest management techniques that incorporates a cropping system based on producing multiple crop and fodder yields but which is also designed to control plant parasites and pathogens such as stemborers and striga weed. Rwanda also intends to implement push-pull system using Napier grass and desmodium legume to manage pests under maize, sorghum, millets and rain- fed rice plantations. The main adaptation benefits of the push-pull system are the increase of yields, soil fertility improvement through nitrogen fixation and provision of a continuous supply of fodder to cattle from the harvest of Napier grass and desmodium. Thisimproves milk yields of cattle while reducing methane emissions as a result of improved fodder regimes.', 'Thisimproves milk yields of cattle while reducing methane emissions as a result of improved fodder regimes. Reduced GHG emissions from enteric fermentation conservation and land husbandry 90% of Rwanda’s crop land is on slopes ranging from 5 to 50% which makes it vulnerable to climate change impacts like soil erosion leading to permanent fertility loss. Rwanda intends to expand its soil conservation and land husbandry programmes trough: Installation of land protection structures like radical and progressive terraces where these structures will be installed on 100% of the relevant area by 2030; Development and implementation of an intensive agroforestry programme with Reduced GHG emissions from farm land and increased carbon sink through agro forestry practicesRwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 6 of 24 a target of covering 100% of arable land by 2030. 1.6 Irrigation and water management The Rwandan agriculture mainly rain fed which makes it vulnerable to weather shocks.', '1.6 Irrigation and water management The Rwandan agriculture mainly rain fed which makes it vulnerable to weather shocks. Rwanda intends to increase investment in irrigated agriculture to increase production, harness fresh water resources while ensuring food security to its population. Under this action, district irrigation master plans will be designed and small-scale schemes will be developed where possible based on water catchments, and farmer organisations trained in their development. Agricultural land fitted with operational irrigation infrastructure was estimated at 4% of the total land with irrigation potential in 2012. The overall target of the new irrigation programme is to reach 11% by 2030. Efficient use of irrigation water reduce nitrogen losses including nitrous oxide emissions.', 'Efficient use of irrigation water reduce nitrogen losses including nitrous oxide emissions. diversity in local and export markets 2.1 Add value to agricultural products through processing to meet its own market demand for food stuffs; Food stuff distribution faces challenges when it comes to rural community market places where traded commodities can be damaged under extreme weather conditions. Rwanda intends to expand local markets by constructing market infrastructure, including roofed market facilities, serviceable road and transport networks, developing decentralized village-based agricultural processing centers that incorporate low-carbon sources of energy, such as biogas- digesters and solar driers, and decentralized compost plants. This forms a conduit for agricultural- based trade based on less food miles for regionally and internationally imported food products.', 'This forms a conduit for agricultural- based trade based on less food miles for regionally and internationally imported food products. Strengthening local markets will also Reduced GHG emissions as a result of using low carbon energy sources and reduced transport distance.Rwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 7 of 24 build economic resilience in rural areas that is less dependent on linear commodity flows of raw goods leaving rural areas unprocessed and without added value. Group based organizations involved in agriculture production and running agro processing facilities were estimated at 10% of the total operating group based organizations in 2014. The target is for this percentage to increase by up to 90% by 2030. Also the installed capacity of agro processing installations is to reach 1,200,000 MT by 2030 from 400,000 MT12 in 2014.', 'Also the installed capacity of agro processing installations is to reach 1,200,000 MT by 2030 from 400,000 MT12 in 2014. In addition, Rwanda targets to have 100% of farmers with access to services for post harvest treatment and storage of food crops and reduce post harvest losses to at least 1% by 2030 from maize, beans and rice respectively. The use of solar energy in warehouses will be actively promoted. Forestry Programme of action Actions Description and goals/targets Mitigation benefits Forestry, Agroforestry and Biomass Energy afforestation/refore station of designated areas through enhanced germplasm and technical practices in planting and post-planting processes; The Rwandan forestry sector provides the main part of the primary energy needs (97% of cooking energy) to the population. Since 2002, there have been consistent gap in wood products supply and demand with deficits reaching 12 million cubic meters in 2009.', 'Since 2002, there have been consistent gap in wood products supply and demand with deficits reaching 12 million cubic meters in 2009. This deficit shows how the forest sector is and likely to remain under pressure.In order to deal with this main issue, Rwanda intends to improve the management of its forest resources by increasing efforts in using quality germplasm, planting Reduced GHG emissions through sequestration 12 Metric TonsRwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 8 of 24 trees at the right time (rain season) and improving post-planting care,. Furthermore, the country intends to use mixed-species approaches which contribute greatly to the achievement of both mitigation objectives and adaptation benefits of ecosystem resilience and biodiversity. Through this strategic action, the country’s target is to achieve an overall 30% sustained forest cover of the total national land surface by 2030 from 28.8% in 2013.', 'Through this strategic action, the country’s target is to achieve an overall 30% sustained forest cover of the total national land surface by 2030 from 28.8% in 2013. Improved Forest Management for degraded forest resources; Land scarcity is a primary constraint to the expansion of Rwanda’s forest resources. Rwanda should maximize the productivity of its many degraded forest plantations which present an opportunity to increase biomass supply without converting additional land. By 2030, Rwanda will implement public private partnerships to sustainably managing all forestry plantations through multiyear contracts with forests operators (in cooperatives) who will plant and maintain young plantations until they reach their commercial size.', 'By 2030, Rwanda will implement public private partnerships to sustainably managing all forestry plantations through multiyear contracts with forests operators (in cooperatives) who will plant and maintain young plantations until they reach their commercial size. Reduced GHG emissions through sequestration Tourism Programme of action Actions Description and goals/targets Mitigation benefits Conservation and Payment for Ecosystem Services Promotion in Protected Areas business tourism (the largest source of export revenues) through strategic conference management in order maximise the distribution and volume of business travellers Rwanda will promote business conferences in efforts to maximize the distribution and volume of business travelers throughout the year.', 'Reduced GHG emissions through sequestration Tourism Programme of action Actions Description and goals/targets Mitigation benefits Conservation and Payment for Ecosystem Services Promotion in Protected Areas business tourism (the largest source of export revenues) through strategic conference management in order maximise the distribution and volume of business travellers Rwanda will promote business conferences in efforts to maximize the distribution and volume of business travelers throughout the year. These efforts will result in increased bed occupancy at available hotels and lodges within Kigali, and subsequent visitation to its surroundings including Volcanoes National Park (VNP), Nyungwe forest and Akagera National ParkRwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 9 of 24 throughout the year Through this strategic action, Rwanda expects business and leisure tourists to increase from 545,000 people in 2012 to 1,262,000 people in 2030.', 'These efforts will result in increased bed occupancy at available hotels and lodges within Kigali, and subsequent visitation to its surroundings including Volcanoes National Park (VNP), Nyungwe forest and Akagera National ParkRwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 9 of 24 throughout the year Through this strategic action, Rwanda expects business and leisure tourists to increase from 545,000 people in 2012 to 1,262,000 people in 2030. Water Programme of action Actions Description and goals/targets Mitigation benefits Water Resource Management and Planning national integrated water resource management framework that incorporates district and community- based catchment management; Rwanda will integrate management of water resources at the district and community levels, define catchment wide responsibilities, cluster catchment partner-districts according to sub- catchment regions, and improve understanding of water users within districts and catchments. The national framework for IWRM will be cascaded down to district and catchment levels.', 'The national framework for IWRM will be cascaded down to district and catchment levels. To this end, catchments committees and water users associations (WUAs) will be established and trained at district level to cover all the 30 districts by 2030. Also, detailed catchment management plans have will be developed and implemented for all the nine identified main catchments areas by 2030. IWRM is expected to result in improved water resources in both quality and quantity. This will increase opportunities for hydropower development thus reducing emissions from fossil fuels used for electrical power generation. 5.2 Develop water resource models, improved meteorological services, water quality testing, and improved hydro- related information management; To allow precise planning of water resources and improved allocation, Rwanda will develop water balances at district and catchment levels, supported by hydrological models, improved rainfall monitoring, and a better understanding of agro-meteorology and water quality testing.', '5.2 Develop water resource models, improved meteorological services, water quality testing, and improved hydro- related information management; To allow precise planning of water resources and improved allocation, Rwanda will develop water balances at district and catchment levels, supported by hydrological models, improved rainfall monitoring, and a better understanding of agro-meteorology and water quality testing. The important national water datasets will be identified to enable monitoring of the water balance, model abstraction and future demand. Furthermore, assessments will be undertaken of water resources under a range of climate change scenarios. In this regard,Rwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 10 of 24 surface water quality monitoring will be carried out on selected sites of main rivers. All the existing 53 gauging stations will be upgraded to automated real time data stations by 2030. 5.3 Develop a National Water Security Plan to employ water storage and rain water harvesting, water conservation practices, efficient irrigation, and other water efficient technologies.', '5.3 Develop a National Water Security Plan to employ water storage and rain water harvesting, water conservation practices, efficient irrigation, and other water efficient technologies. Rwanda will establish a comprehensive National Water Security Plan to expand water storage and irrigation infrastructure, rainwater harvesting, water conservation and water efficiency practices. This strategic action brings together the national policies and strategies for irrigation, water supply and sanitation, IWRM and energy. In this regard, an assessment of the current water storage capacity will be carried out and the improved water storage will be the main outcome of the assessment with reference to the IWRM subsector strategic plan. Rwanda will also implement the water resources master plan which identified potential sites for multipurpose dam construction countrywide for improved water storage. In addition to the detailed design for one of the identified, others will be initiated and finished by 2030.', 'In addition to the detailed design for one of the identified, others will be initiated and finished by 2030. Rainwater harvesting will also be mandatory and will be made an integral part building codes by 2030. Land use Programme of action Actions Description and goals/targets Mitigation benefits approach to Sustainable Land Use Planning and Management 6.1 Employ an integrated approach to planning and sustainable land use management; Given the size of the country and its very high demographic pressure, competition for land will continue to grow with increasing pressures from agriculture and livestock making land resources more vulnerable to climate change impacts. Encroachment on sensitive areas will persist until land Combined actions under this programme will result in availing more land space which might beRwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 11 of 24 reforms are completed. Rwanda will implement rigorous planning and zoning regulatory framework to manage the changing demands on land.', 'Rwanda will implement rigorous planning and zoning regulatory framework to manage the changing demands on land. In addition to initiatives like systematic land registration and implementation of land tenure regularization reform. Rwanda intends to reduce the plot size for single family houses from current 600 m2 to 300 m2 by 2016 and to 225 m2 by 2030. converted to others uses such as new forest plantations thus serving as carbon sink. spatial data by harnessing ICT and GIS (Geographic Information System) technology; Rwanda will develop National Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) to manage the nation’s land information resources and to identify the fundamental datasets required to manage land and water resources, monitor land use and environmental change, support economic development, and enable Rwanda to better plan, monitor, and respond to the impacts of climate change. It is planned that the establishment of the National Spatial Data Infrastructure will be operational by 2030.', 'It is planned that the establishment of the National Spatial Data Infrastructure will be operational by 2030. This strategic action will result in better estimations of GHG emissions from land use, land use change and forestry thus improving planning and implementatio n of specific mitigation actions for the same sector. Cross cutting Programme of action Actions Description and goals/targets Mitigation benefits Management 7.1 Conduct risk assessments and vulnerability mapping Specific risk and vulnerability assessments are key for better planning and implementation of relevant adaptation actions. In addition to the countrywide vulnerability index that was completed recently, Rwanda will conduct risk assessments and initiateRwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 12 of 24 vulnerability mapping to develop effective disaster management systems. Risk assessments will be conducted and completed countrywide by 2030. Every five years, Rwanda will be updating the recently developed climate change vulnerability index as to reflect the real situation of vulnerability to Climate change at any given time in the country.', 'Every five years, Rwanda will be updating the recently developed climate change vulnerability index as to reflect the real situation of vulnerability to Climate change at any given time in the country. In addition, other assessments (such as national communication) with a vulnerability assessment will be conducted periodically. 7.2 Establish an integrated early- warning system, and disaster response plans Rwanda is exposed to climate related disasters like droughts, floods and landslides. In addition to existing disaster management initiatives mainly focusing on preparedness, assessment, mitigation and disaster reduction , Rwanda will establish and early- warning system in order to prevent the impact of natural climate disasters on humans. Rwanda will also improve its capacity in disaster preparedness and mobilization and distribution of relief to populations affected by specific disaster events.', 'Rwanda will also improve its capacity in disaster preparedness and mobilization and distribution of relief to populations affected by specific disaster events. and projections community-based disaster risk reduction (DRR) programmes designed around local environmental and economic conditions, to mobilise local capacity in emergency response, and to Rwanda will implement the following community based DRR activities: improved farming techniques that mitigate flood and landslide impacts; first aid training; and environmental and public health awareness for disease prevention, particularly following flood and storm episodes. In order to reduce locally-specific hazards, relocation from high risk zones is considered as one of the strategic actions.', 'In order to reduce locally-specific hazards, relocation from high risk zones is considered as one of the strategic actions. In addition to households previously relocated from high risk zones, Rwanda will relocate additional 30 000 households by 2030.Rwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 13 of 24 reduce locally- specific hazards observation facilities to provide all climate information necessary for future monitoring, climate trend detection, management of climate variability, early warning and disaster management Rwanda will establish of additional observations in order to provide climate information necessary for future monitoring, climate trend detection, management of climate variability, early warning and disaster management by upgrading and maintenance of existing stations and calibration of meteorological instruments including weather radar.', 'In addition to households previously relocated from high risk zones, Rwanda will relocate additional 30 000 households by 2030.Rwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 13 of 24 reduce locally- specific hazards observation facilities to provide all climate information necessary for future monitoring, climate trend detection, management of climate variability, early warning and disaster management Rwanda will establish of additional observations in order to provide climate information necessary for future monitoring, climate trend detection, management of climate variability, early warning and disaster management by upgrading and maintenance of existing stations and calibration of meteorological instruments including weather radar. MITIGATION CONTRIBUTION Timeframe up to 2030 Type of Contribution Emission reductions from projected emissions resulting from the deviation of BAU emissions for the year 2030 based on policies /actions conditional on availability of international support for finance, technology and capacity building.', 'MITIGATION CONTRIBUTION Timeframe up to 2030 Type of Contribution Emission reductions from projected emissions resulting from the deviation of BAU emissions for the year 2030 based on policies /actions conditional on availability of international support for finance, technology and capacity building. Estimated GHG emissions reduction Estimated impact of policies/actions is underway and will be informed by the Third National Communication Report which will be completed by 2017. Sectors covered Energy, Transport , Industry, Waste and Forestry, GHG covered CO2, N2O, CH4. Mitigation actions Vision for mitigation On the road to a low carbon economy, Rwanda aims to achieve Energy Security and a Low Carbon Energy Supply that support the development of Green Industry and Services and avoids deforestation.', 'Mitigation actions Vision for mitigation On the road to a low carbon economy, Rwanda aims to achieve Energy Security and a Low Carbon Energy Supply that support the development of Green Industry and Services and avoids deforestation. Energy Programme of action Actions Description and targets Adaptation benefits Baseline scenario Mitigation scenario carbon energy mix 1.1 Establishment of new grid connected renewable electricity In the current national energy mix , fossil fuel Rwanda will increase the share of renewable Through these initiatives, there will beRwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 14 of 24 generation capacity in the form of large-scale hydro power plants and solar PV power electricity generation makes 32% of the total generation capacity, with a projection of 46% in 2020 and much more in 2030 under business as usual scenario. s energy in country power generation through construction of hydro, solar power plants and methane to electricity power plantshenceshiftin g from using fossil fuels for its electricity needs.', 's energy in country power generation through construction of hydro, solar power plants and methane to electricity power plantshenceshiftin g from using fossil fuels for its electricity needs. Further to this, Rwanda is committed to create a regional interconnectivity through construction of new transmission lines and sub- stations and will improve/upgrade existing ones This will allow the import of electricity that would be otherwise generated from fossil fuel power plants (diesel or peat power plant) to meet the futute supply and demand for energy. creation of off farm jobs thus increasing adaptive capacities of local communities. Availed electricity will create more opportunities for diversified commercial activities in the construction industry and services for example. e Small Scale energy installation 2.1 Installation of solar PV mini-grids in rural communities. Rural communities depend mainly on kerosene for their Rwanda will establish up to 100 solar PV mini-grids in rural Rural electrification will create additionalRwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 15 of 24 lighting needs, wood fuel and agriculture residues for their cooking needs. communities, with total capacity of up to 9.4 MWp and will establish rural productive zones using electricty for increasing the income generating potential of rural communities.', 'communities, with total capacity of up to 9.4 MWp and will establish rural productive zones using electricty for increasing the income generating potential of rural communities. income generating activities for communities and lowers some of the daily energy- related burdens of community members, It will also contribute to the success of forestry management programmes where wood fuels are replaced by electricity efficiency and demand side management 3.1 Increase energy efficiency through demand-side measures and grid-loss reduction Currently demand side management is not well undertaken in Rwanda and grid losses are estimated at 23% Through the energy utility, Rwanda will establish dedicated energy efficiency and demand side management unit to oversee the design and implementation of relevant efficiency programs to clip electrical peak demand. The dedicated unit will also be in charge of planning and implementing measures aiming Demand side management and energy efficiency initiatives would increase opportunities of more off farm jobs.Rwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 16 of 24 at reducing grid losses. These are expected to drop from 23% c to unit will also investigate expanding and managing bulk procurement and distribution of residential customers (based on current consumption and end-user affordability) with targeted subsidies for retrofits.', 'These are expected to drop from 23% c to unit will also investigate expanding and managing bulk procurement and distribution of residential customers (based on current consumption and end-user affordability) with targeted subsidies for retrofits. environmentally sustainable use of biomass fuels Biomass is almost wholly relied on for cooking and related uses by both urban and rural households. The single most important appliance in the biomass sector is the cookstove. This determines the efficiency with which biomass is used. Wood fuel consumption including charcoal was estmated at 4.2 Mt/year in Given the fact that poor performing cook stoves are still used in most cases leading to inefficiencies in fuel consumption and health effects, Rwanda intends to increase the diffusion of improved cook stoves and reach 100% of all households in needs 2030. Additional supporting initiatives are mainly the Adaptation benefits under these initiatives rely in the fact that they will result in reduced deforestation thus ensuring sustainable basic energy source. Further to this, indoor airpollution will be reduced and quality of life improved.', 'Further to this, indoor airpollution will be reduced and quality of life improved. Revenues will also increase as a result of 13 Compact fluorescent lightsRwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 17 of 24 continued population growth and urbanisation , this consumption will exceed 2030 under the business as usual scenario. installation of 35 biogas digesters institutional biogas digesters annually, and increasing average charcoal yields up to 50% by 2030. In addition, Rwanda will enhance the use of LPG14 through tax reductions on importations. energy savings. Transport Programme of action Actions Description and targets Adaptation benefits Baseline scenario Mitigation scenario resilient transport system 4.1 Bus Promotion of public transport, improvement of transport infrastructure, setting vehicles’ emission standards and regulations and integrated national transportation planning The Rwandan transport sector is experiencing a rapid growth of vihicles population and an increase in light duty vehicles equipped with way catalytic converters. It is expected that under the busines as usual scenario, the annual increase in population vehicles will reach A high rate increase in population of vehicles and light duty vehicles would lead to the high GHG emission scenarios in the future as explained in the BAU.', 'It is expected that under the busines as usual scenario, the annual increase in population vehicles will reach A high rate increase in population of vehicles and light duty vehicles would lead to the high GHG emission scenarios in the future as explained in the BAU. To avoid these emissions, By 2030, Rwanda will implement the following actions:Constructi on of central Bus Terminal(s) and Customer Service Increase of climate resilience by creating affordable, reliable and accessible transport services to the community. 14 Liquefied Petroleum GasRwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 18 of 24 while light duty vehicles will increase 20% by 2030. Centers inKigali,Standardiz ed Route Optimization planning and implementation,Pl anning, rehabilitation and construction of intra-modal passenger terminals, Construction of 17 km BRT main corridor and 6 modern interchanges which will results in GHG emissions reductions estimated n of dedicated “rush hour” high speed bus lanes, Improvement of traffic and pedestrian controls and street lighting using solar pannels Enforcing Fleet renewal and scrappage (heavy, medium, mini- bus), Setting emission standards (equivalent to Euro standards)Rwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 19 of 24 for new vehicles, Use of higher fuel efficiencies and low carbon technologies for new vehicles, Standardized compliance and inspections for non-Rwandan registered vehicles,Integratio n with International Airport and convention/busine ss center.', 'Centers inKigali,Standardiz ed Route Optimization planning and implementation,Pl anning, rehabilitation and construction of intra-modal passenger terminals, Construction of 17 km BRT main corridor and 6 modern interchanges which will results in GHG emissions reductions estimated n of dedicated “rush hour” high speed bus lanes, Improvement of traffic and pedestrian controls and street lighting using solar pannels Enforcing Fleet renewal and scrappage (heavy, medium, mini- bus), Setting emission standards (equivalent to Euro standards)Rwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 19 of 24 for new vehicles, Use of higher fuel efficiencies and low carbon technologies for new vehicles, Standardized compliance and inspections for non-Rwandan registered vehicles,Integratio n with International Airport and convention/busine ss center. Industry Programme of action Actions Description and targets Adaptation benefits Baseline scenario Mitigation scenario and private sector development resource efficiency to reduce energy demand in agro processing industries Industrial emissions are mainly resulting from non efficient technologies that are being used by plants during the production process. As Rwanda pursues industrialization and development,unde r the BUA scenario, the industrial sector is expected to be the fastest growing sources of GHG emissions. Under the mitigation scenario, Rwanda is committed to achieve energy efficiency by starting with agro- processing industries as large consumers of wood fuels. By intends to avoid total GHG emission reductions of from Tea and Coffee industries.', 'By intends to avoid total GHG emission reductions of from Tea and Coffee industries. This action will These initiatives will lower consumption of wood fuels thus sustaining adaptation roles of forests.Rwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 20 of 24 focus on e energy efficiency improvements through the installation of less energy intensive equipments and technologies for drying, roasting packaging, improvements of water efficiency through loss minimization, recycling and reuse. of Eco-industrial park of Green Industry complex Rwanda has prioritized the development of industrial parks and special economic zones (SEZs) for export oriented markets.', 'of Eco-industrial park of Green Industry complex Rwanda has prioritized the development of industrial parks and special economic zones (SEZs) for export oriented markets. Development of such industrial parks will require significant energy and the concept of establishing green industrial parks will focus on reducing the carbon footprint of goods produced in these industrial zones through a greater use of renewable, energy efficient technologies and Rwanda will establish Eco- Industrial Parks / Green Industries Complex where following principles will be applied: The production of goods and services in the industrial park must, at a minimum comply with defined standards; Any CO2 emissions that remains after consideration of heating, cooling, fixed lighting and ventilation must be less that or equal to a pre defined carbon compliance limit.Rwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 21 of 24 shared resources. Any remaining from regulated energy sources must be reduced to zero The actual emission reduction potential can vary greatly based on the actual level of low carbon technologies implemented and in implementing “zero-carbon” principle, the emission reduction potential can be as high as 80-100% compared to a baseline based only on carbon intensive energy source.', 'Any remaining from regulated energy sources must be reduced to zero The actual emission reduction potential can vary greatly based on the actual level of low carbon technologies implemented and in implementing “zero-carbon” principle, the emission reduction potential can be as high as 80-100% compared to a baseline based only on carbon intensive energy source. Waste Programme of action Actions Description and targets Adaptation benefits Baseline scenario Mitigation scenario n of Low carbon urban systems 6.1 Utilization of urban waste as a high value resource stream Under the BAU, the waste sector will undergo substantial growth in the future based on expected population growth and urbanisation. The majority of solid waste collected in urban areas is centrally With respect to the urban waste management By 2030, Rwanda is committed to achieve the following : Development and implementation of landfill regulations in all urban areas , Extraction and Creation of off farm jobs during the implementatio n and operation phases thus enhancing climate resilience capacity of localRwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 22 of 24 deposited. With this continued trend the expected baseline scenario of annual GHG emissions from landfills will be high.', 'With this continued trend the expected baseline scenario of annual GHG emissions from landfills will be high. utilization of Landfill Gas (LFG) for power generation; approximately be reduced from this action. communities Forestry Programme of action Actions Description and targets Adaptation benefits Baseline scenario Mitigation scenario Forestry, Agro forestry and Biomass Energy licensing of sustainable charcoal production techniques In 2012 Rwanda had a sink (or negative emissions) of - 2,540,000 tCO2e. It is difficult to directly predict the future use of wood resources or BAU, due to various streams of use, therefore the mitigation (sink) potential is derived for the savings of wood resources not used under alternative emission scenarios. Rwanda will apply a Sustainable Charcoal Value Chain to reduce the demand of wood in charcoal production and downstream activities, leading to a potential net reduction in wood use of approximately between 2016 – 2030 (equal to saved). Most notable benefits resulting from this measure are mainly; improved forest productivity, improved access to efficiently produced domestic fuels, jobs creation, and potential lower fuel (charcoal) cost.', 'Most notable benefits resulting from this measure are mainly; improved forest productivity, improved access to efficiently produced domestic fuels, jobs creation, and potential lower fuel (charcoal) cost. Fairness, equity, ambition and means of implementation (cross-cutting for both mitigation and adaptation) Fairness, equity and ambition Rwanda is part of the Least Developed Countries and has a low human development index according to the Human Development Report 2014. The country is still facing social and economic challenges addressed in the Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy (2013 - 2018). Adaptation is the first priority of the country due to high vulnerability of key economic activities such as agriculture, energy and forestry. In addition, Rwanda has one of the lowest GHG emissions per capita in the world estimated at 0.99Rwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 23 of 24 tCO2eq/person (2013)15.', 'In addition, Rwanda has one of the lowest GHG emissions per capita in the world estimated at 0.99Rwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 23 of 24 tCO2eq/person (2013)15. It should also be noted that the net emissions of Rwanda as per second national communication (emissions net of sequestration) were negative in 2005. Despite this, Rwanda has established mitigation targets in different sectors through its Green Growth and Climate Resilience Strategy and mainstreamed Green Economy in its Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy. In this context, Rwanda considers that its Contribution is equitable and ambitious.', 'In this context, Rwanda considers that its Contribution is equitable and ambitious. Planning processes Rwanda s INDC has been developed taking into consideration various national guiding documents, including Green Growth and Climate Resilience Strategy (2011), Vision 2020, Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy 2 (2013 - 2018), Sustainable Energy for All (2015 - 2030), and others. The development of this INDC was achieved through a participatory and transparent process through stakeholder consultations and workshops. Means of Implementation The Government of Rwanda already spends a substantial portion of its annual budget on infrastructure and the provision of social services, which contribute to low carbon and build climate resilience. However, the full implementation of this INDC will require predictable, sustainable and reliable support in the form of finance, capacity building and technology transfer.', 'However, the full implementation of this INDC will require predictable, sustainable and reliable support in the form of finance, capacity building and technology transfer. The initial costing of implementing the green growth and climate resilience strategy indicated that Rwanda will need 24.15 Billion USD in the sector of Water resource management, Agriculture and Energy up to 203016. Costing of the remaining sectors will give the clear indication of financial needs. Rwanda successfully completed its Technology Needs Assessment (TNA). Elements of Rwanda s TNA process included institutional arrangements for TNA, extensive stakeholders involvement and consultations, prioritization of sectors, barrier/market analysis and Technology Action Plans (TAP). Prioritized sectors in Rwanda s TNA were agriculture and energy.', 'Prioritized sectors in Rwanda s TNA were agriculture and energy. Monitoring and reporting progress and MRV The Republic of Rwanda through the Ministry of Natural Resources hold the responsibility to monitor and evaluate the implementation of INDCs through regular statutory stakeholders consultative engagement including the Environment and Natural Resources Joint Sector Review (JSR) meetings. This will 15 The Republic of Rwanda Statistical Yearbook 2014 16 Report on Costing of Green Growth and Climate Resilience StrategyRwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 24 of 24 ensure the effective updating and implementation of both mitigation and adaptation plans.', 'This will 15 The Republic of Rwanda Statistical Yearbook 2014 16 Report on Costing of Green Growth and Climate Resilience StrategyRwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 24 of 24 ensure the effective updating and implementation of both mitigation and adaptation plans. Institutional arrangements At the institutional level, the Ministry of Natural Resources (MINIRENA) is the Ministry responsible for formulating and monitoring national policies related to climate change and environment, while the Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA) is the official organ responsible for implementing national policies and strategies related to climate change and environment.', 'Institutional arrangements At the institutional level, the Ministry of Natural Resources (MINIRENA) is the Ministry responsible for formulating and monitoring national policies related to climate change and environment, while the Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA) is the official organ responsible for implementing national policies and strategies related to climate change and environment. A successful implementation of this INDC requires a close coordination and collaboration between MINIRENA, REMA and all potential stakeholders incuding the private sector, civil society and public institutions including Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources, the Ministry of Trade and Industry, Ministry of Local Government, the Ministry of Infrastructure, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugee Affairs, Rwanda Meteorology Agency, National Institute of Statistics, Rwanda Development Board, Rwanda Standards Board, Rwanda Agriculture Board; Rwanda Energy Group; Water and Sanitation Corporation; Rwanda Natural Resources Authority; Rwanda Biomedical Centre; Rwanda Transport Development Agency; Rwanda Housing Authority; Rwanda Revenue Authority; National Industrial Research and Development Agency; research centers and Universities.', 'A successful implementation of this INDC requires a close coordination and collaboration between MINIRENA, REMA and all potential stakeholders incuding the private sector, civil society and public institutions including Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources, the Ministry of Trade and Industry, Ministry of Local Government, the Ministry of Infrastructure, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugee Affairs, Rwanda Meteorology Agency, National Institute of Statistics, Rwanda Development Board, Rwanda Standards Board, Rwanda Agriculture Board; Rwanda Energy Group; Water and Sanitation Corporation; Rwanda Natural Resources Authority; Rwanda Biomedical Centre; Rwanda Transport Development Agency; Rwanda Housing Authority; Rwanda Revenue Authority; National Industrial Research and Development Agency; research centers and Universities. In order to coordinate and monitor the implementation of the adaptation and mitigation actions in the different sectors, Rwanda has set up different bodies and operationalized institutional arrangements, namely the Green Economy Technical Coordinating Committee and the National Fund for Environment and Climate change (FONERWA) as a national green fund to mobilize additional internal and external climate funds.', 'In order to coordinate and monitor the implementation of the adaptation and mitigation actions in the different sectors, Rwanda has set up different bodies and operationalized institutional arrangements, namely the Green Economy Technical Coordinating Committee and the National Fund for Environment and Climate change (FONERWA) as a national green fund to mobilize additional internal and external climate funds. In addition, MINIRENA has been accredited as implementing entity for Adaptation Fund and Green Climate Fund (GCF) while REMA has been nominated as national designated authority for GCF. These institutions are based on a sectorwide approach and work closely with development partners, civil society, academia and the private sector.', 'These institutions are based on a sectorwide approach and work closely with development partners, civil society, academia and the private sector. Participation in international market mechanism and other emission reduction mechanisms The Government of Rwanda intends to sell carbon credits during the period to contribute towards achieving its Green Growth and Climate Resilience Strategy. Rwanda will also participate in other international emissions reduction mechanisms such as the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs), and the mechanism for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+). Rwanda supports the development of effective accounting rules under the UNFCCC to guarantee the environmental integrity of market mechanisms.']

en-US

RWA

Rwanda

Updated NDC

2020-05-20 00:00:00

x

NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Rwanda_Updated_NDC_May_2020.pdf

Non-Annex I

Low-income

Africa

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/728a43bccc4c480d0b5457da687c1b7ae401df71d5490bf56fc41a0a86ddbbb9.pdf

['NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION UPDATED REPUBLIC OF RWANDANATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION UPDATED REPUBLIC OF RWANDAi UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Forward Like all Parties to the Paris Agreement, Rwanda must take the necessary actions to fulfill the commitments in its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and achieve inclusive and sustainable development. These contributions are the instruments that guide Rwanda’s climate action to limit the increase in global average temperature, raise global resilience and mobilize public and private investments. Collectively, our task is to move forward on a path towards sustainable development while balancing environmental, social and economic variables. In 2011, Rwanda developed its Green Growth and Climate Resilience Strategy to guide the country’s response to climate change.', 'In 2011, Rwanda developed its Green Growth and Climate Resilience Strategy to guide the country’s response to climate change. The strategy has positioned Rwanda to play its part in the global response and, as a result, the country hosted the 28th Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol at which the Kigali Amendment was agreed. The amendment is the single most impactful step the world has taken to limit the growth of greenhouse gases and we are proud this decision was taken in Rwanda. Rwanda’s firm commitment to climate action can be seen in this revised NDC, which increases ambition in all components. It is particularly focused on transparency, clarity and the monitoring of the goals we have set for ourselves.', 'It is particularly focused on transparency, clarity and the monitoring of the goals we have set for ourselves. As a party to the Paris Agreement, Rwanda is committed to setting ambitious targets needed to enact change. Rwanda’s Nationally Determined Contribution is built on data-driven analyses of the main contributors to the country’s greenhouse gas emissions. The report demonstrates Rwanda’s progress and commitment to identifying targets for reducing emissions across sectors through inter-ministerial cooperation, working with sub-national entities, mobilizing domestic resources, and support from bilateral and multilateral donors. This document, therefore, is a testament to the spirit of community that is needed to address climate change. Rwanda’s Nationally Determined Contribution will serve as a blueprint for advancing targeted and measurable climate action in key sectors.', 'Rwanda’s Nationally Determined Contribution will serve as a blueprint for advancing targeted and measurable climate action in key sectors. The document will also serve to guide coordinated responses for both government agencies as well as international organizations, NGOs, civil society, and community-based organizations. Achieving our targets will depend on sustained, multi-agency action in every segment of Rwandan society.ii GREEN RWANDA This document sets a path for ambitious climate action and allows organizations, individuals, and communities to see where their efforts fit within the national and global strategies needed to address the biggest challenge of our time. Climate change is causing enormous damage to the natural environment and has resulted in the loss of life and livelihoods.', 'Climate change is causing enormous damage to the natural environment and has resulted in the loss of life and livelihoods. Recognizing the consequences of inaction, Rwanda remains steadfastly committed to the Paris Agreement and has dedicated the resources required to achieve substantial emissions reductions. We all have a role to play in the global movement to reduce emissions. This challenge comes at a time of multiple, competing priorities requiring government funding and coordinated response. However, the path towards low-carbon, climate resilient development has been prioritized not only by the Government of Rwanda, but also the people of Rwanda as the most desirable way forward to realize a sustainable future for generations to come.', 'However, the path towards low-carbon, climate resilient development has been prioritized not only by the Government of Rwanda, but also the people of Rwanda as the most desirable way forward to realize a sustainable future for generations to come. Rwanda benefits not only from enormous natural resources but also the will of the people to make coordinated progress in reaching our national targets. The vision of the country’s progress is intertwined with both the collective climate action and individual agency required to reduce our carbon footprint for the benefit of all. As the document draws from the input of multiple institutions, so will the combined response build from inter-agency cooperation and engagement.', 'As the document draws from the input of multiple institutions, so will the combined response build from inter-agency cooperation and engagement. It is imperative that despite the enormous sacrifices required, the nation as a whole move forward together with the international community in a way that fully recognizes the challenges threatening our shared future and fully acknowledges the responsibility each of us must take to correct the global response that has thus far proved inadequate. However, it is also with sheer optimism and a shared sense of purpose that Rwanda continues to make progress not only as part of the Paris Agreement, but also as part of the moral and ethical leadership required to leave a better future for the generations that follow.', 'However, it is also with sheer optimism and a shared sense of purpose that Rwanda continues to make progress not only as part of the Paris Agreement, but also as part of the moral and ethical leadership required to leave a better future for the generations that follow. Rwanda’s Nationally Determined Contribution is submitted in full recognition of not only the enormity of the task, but also with the knowledge of the disastrous consequences in the event of failure. Nevertheless, the targets presented here are a testament not only to the level of technical capacity needed to achieve them, but also the shared sense of responsibility and agency that will make the actions possible.', 'Nevertheless, the targets presented here are a testament not only to the level of technical capacity needed to achieve them, but also the shared sense of responsibility and agency that will make the actions possible. It is with this full commitment and acknowledgement of the gravity of the global consequences of climate change that Rwanda remains wholly supportive of the Paris Agreement and to all of the responsibilities and actions outlined therein. Together we will build a green Rwanda and protect the planet.', 'Together we will build a green Rwanda and protect the planet. Dr. Jeanne d’Arc Mujawamariya Minister of Environment Republic of Rwandaiii UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Acronyms and Abbreviations AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use BAU ‘Business as usual’ BUR Biennial Update Report CBA Cost-benefit analysis CCL Ciment du Rwanda (CIMERWA) Limited CFL Compact fluorescent lamp CO Carbon dioxide CO e Carbon dioxide equivalent CoK City of Kigali DDS District Development Strategy DRR Disaster risk reduction EDCL Energy Development Corporation Limited EICV5 Fifth Integrated Household Living Survey ESSP Energy Sector Strategic Plan EV Electric vehicle FONERWA Rwanda Green Fund GDP Gross Domestic Product GGCRS Green Growth and Climate Resilience Strategy GHG Greenhouse gas GWP Global warming potential HFC Hydrofluorocarbon INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contribution IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPPU Industrial Processes and Product Use IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management LEAP Long-Range Energy Alternative Planning LED Light emitting diode LFG Landfill gas LPG Liquefied petroleum gasiv GREEN RWANDA M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MINEMA Ministry of Emergency Management MINAGRI Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources MINALOC Ministry of Local Government MINECOFIN Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning MINEDUC Ministry of Education MININFRA Ministry of Infrastructure MoE Ministry of Environment MRV Measuring, Reporting and Verification Mt Million metric tonnes MW Megawatt NAP National Adaptation Plan NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NISR National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda NLUDMP National Land Use Development Master Plan NST National Strategy for Transformation ODS Ozone depleting substances PA Paris Agreement PoA Programmes of Action PPCR Pilot Program for Climate Resilience PV Photovoltaic RAB Rwanda Agriculture Board RBME Results Based Monitoring and Evaluation REG Rwanda Energy Group Ltd REMA Rwanda Environment Management Authority RFA Rwanda Forestry Authority RHA Rwanda Housing Authority RLMUA Rwanda Land Management and Use Authority RMPGB Rwanda Mines, Petroleum and Gas Board RTDA Rwanda Transport Development Agency RURA Rwanda Utilities Regulatory Authority RWRB Rwanda Water Resources Board RWFA Rwanda Water and Forestry Authority SPCR Strategic Program for Climate Resiliencev UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION SREP Scaling Up Renewable Energy Program SSP Sector Strategic Plan SWH Solar water heater SWG Sector Working Group t Tonne TNC Third National Communication under the UNFCCC TWG Thematic Working Group UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change USD United States (US) dollar WASAC Rwanda Water and Sanitation Corporation Limited WtE Waste to Energyvi GREEN RWANDA Contents Forward i Acronyms and Abbreviations iii Contents vi Executive Summary 01 1.2 Outline of this document 09 2.2 Climate and climate change impacts 10 2.3 Environment and natural resources 11 03 Rwanda’s Vision for Climate Change 17 04 NDC Revision Process 20 5.2 National GHG Inventory 24 6.2 Rwanda’s impacts and vulnerability to climate change 45 6.3 Priorities for adaptation and resilience 47 07 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework 58 7.1 Institutional arrangements for tracking NDC implementation 58 08 Means of Implementation 71 8.2 Capacity Building and technology transfer 72 8.3 Policy mechanisms and Institutional arrangements as a means of effective NDC implementation 74UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Executive Summary Introduction This document presents the Government of Rwanda’s update of its first Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) for mitigation and adaptation for the period to 2030.', 'Dr. Jeanne d’Arc Mujawamariya Minister of Environment Republic of Rwandaiii UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Acronyms and Abbreviations AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use BAU ‘Business as usual’ BUR Biennial Update Report CBA Cost-benefit analysis CCL Ciment du Rwanda (CIMERWA) Limited CFL Compact fluorescent lamp CO Carbon dioxide CO e Carbon dioxide equivalent CoK City of Kigali DDS District Development Strategy DRR Disaster risk reduction EDCL Energy Development Corporation Limited EICV5 Fifth Integrated Household Living Survey ESSP Energy Sector Strategic Plan EV Electric vehicle FONERWA Rwanda Green Fund GDP Gross Domestic Product GGCRS Green Growth and Climate Resilience Strategy GHG Greenhouse gas GWP Global warming potential HFC Hydrofluorocarbon INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contribution IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPPU Industrial Processes and Product Use IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management LEAP Long-Range Energy Alternative Planning LED Light emitting diode LFG Landfill gas LPG Liquefied petroleum gasiv GREEN RWANDA M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MINEMA Ministry of Emergency Management MINAGRI Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources MINALOC Ministry of Local Government MINECOFIN Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning MINEDUC Ministry of Education MININFRA Ministry of Infrastructure MoE Ministry of Environment MRV Measuring, Reporting and Verification Mt Million metric tonnes MW Megawatt NAP National Adaptation Plan NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NISR National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda NLUDMP National Land Use Development Master Plan NST National Strategy for Transformation ODS Ozone depleting substances PA Paris Agreement PoA Programmes of Action PPCR Pilot Program for Climate Resilience PV Photovoltaic RAB Rwanda Agriculture Board RBME Results Based Monitoring and Evaluation REG Rwanda Energy Group Ltd REMA Rwanda Environment Management Authority RFA Rwanda Forestry Authority RHA Rwanda Housing Authority RLMUA Rwanda Land Management and Use Authority RMPGB Rwanda Mines, Petroleum and Gas Board RTDA Rwanda Transport Development Agency RURA Rwanda Utilities Regulatory Authority RWRB Rwanda Water Resources Board RWFA Rwanda Water and Forestry Authority SPCR Strategic Program for Climate Resiliencev UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION SREP Scaling Up Renewable Energy Program SSP Sector Strategic Plan SWH Solar water heater SWG Sector Working Group t Tonne TNC Third National Communication under the UNFCCC TWG Thematic Working Group UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change USD United States (US) dollar WASAC Rwanda Water and Sanitation Corporation Limited WtE Waste to Energyvi GREEN RWANDA Contents Forward i Acronyms and Abbreviations iii Contents vi Executive Summary 01 1.2 Outline of this document 09 2.2 Climate and climate change impacts 10 2.3 Environment and natural resources 11 03 Rwanda’s Vision for Climate Change 17 04 NDC Revision Process 20 5.2 National GHG Inventory 24 6.2 Rwanda’s impacts and vulnerability to climate change 45 6.3 Priorities for adaptation and resilience 47 07 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework 58 7.1 Institutional arrangements for tracking NDC implementation 58 08 Means of Implementation 71 8.2 Capacity Building and technology transfer 72 8.3 Policy mechanisms and Institutional arrangements as a means of effective NDC implementation 74UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Executive Summary Introduction This document presents the Government of Rwanda’s update of its first Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) for mitigation and adaptation for the period to 2030. The contributions described in this submission build upon Rwanda’s existing NDC, new policies and national plans, and reflect subsequent work in developing quantifiable mitigation and adaptation targets, and the prioritization of interventions to support these two areas.', 'The contributions described in this submission build upon Rwanda’s existing NDC, new policies and national plans, and reflect subsequent work in developing quantifiable mitigation and adaptation targets, and the prioritization of interventions to support these two areas. The updated NDC represents a more detailed and robust assessment of mitigation and adaptation measures in Rwanda informed by in-depth analysis, improved information and data, increased ambition, and an extensive stakeholder-driven consultation process. Rwanda’s Vision for Climate Change As like many other countries, Rwanda is increasingly experiencing the impacts of climate change. Rainfall has become increasingly intense and the variability is predicted to increase by 5% to 10% (GoR, 2018a).', 'Rainfall has become increasingly intense and the variability is predicted to increase by 5% to 10% (GoR, 2018a). Changes in temperature and precipitation and their distributions are the key drivers of climate and weather-related disasters that negatively affect Rwandans and the country’s economy, including through droughts, floods, and landslides which results in damage to infrastructure, loss of lives and property (including crops) and contribute to soil erosion and water pollution. Rwanda is highly reliant on rain-fed agriculture both for rural livelihoods and exports of tea and coffee, in addition to depending on hydropower for half of its electricity generation. The country’s ongoing economic growth is therefore highly threatened by climate change.', 'The country’s ongoing economic growth is therefore highly threatened by climate change. The Government of Rwanda is committed to taking urgent action to mitigate and adapt to the effects of climate change. As a Party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the country seeks to contribute to the ambitious goal of limiting temperature rise to 2oC with efforts to reach 1.5oC agreed under the Paris Agreement. Because Rwanda is highly vulnerable to climate change, adaptation is a key concern and a priority for the country.', 'Because Rwanda is highly vulnerable to climate change, adaptation is a key concern and a priority for the country. As is true of most African nations, Rwanda’s contribution to climate change in the form of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is relatively small, however, although emissions from deforestation, agriculture, and land use, combined with strong expected emission growth from expected economic development and energy use, and are significant enough within Rwanda’s carbon footprint to demand a mitigation response. Reflecting these aims, in 2011 the country adopted the Green Growth and Climate Resilience Strategy (GGCRS) setting out the country’s actions and priorities on climate change relating to both mitigation and adaptation and to how these will be mainstreamed within economic02 GREEN RWANDA planning.', 'Reflecting these aims, in 2011 the country adopted the Green Growth and Climate Resilience Strategy (GGCRS) setting out the country’s actions and priorities on climate change relating to both mitigation and adaptation and to how these will be mainstreamed within economic02 GREEN RWANDA planning. The GGCRS is also embedded in the recently developed National Strategy for Transformation (NST) (2018 – 2024) in alignment with Rwanda’s 7-year Government Program. The NST is a high-level planning policy that frames the country’s subsequent local government and sector plans and includes specific projects or actions along three pillars for economic, social and governance transformation.', 'The NST is a high-level planning policy that frames the country’s subsequent local government and sector plans and includes specific projects or actions along three pillars for economic, social and governance transformation. The GGCRS provides a vision for how Rwanda can tackle climate change through become a climate resilient and low carbon economy, and projects actions to be undertaken to inform Rwanda’s strategy for economic development, Vision 2050. The actions set out in the GGCRS provide the basis for the development of the NDC, as well as other key national guiding documents informing the country’s low carbon development, culminating most recently in the National Environment and Climate Change Policy enacted in 2019 with the goal of achieving a climate resilient nation with a clean and heathy environment.', 'The actions set out in the GGCRS provide the basis for the development of the NDC, as well as other key national guiding documents informing the country’s low carbon development, culminating most recently in the National Environment and Climate Change Policy enacted in 2019 with the goal of achieving a climate resilient nation with a clean and heathy environment. Mitigation contribution Rwanda’s mitigation contribution takes the form of a reduction in GHG emissions relative to a business-as-usual (BAU) emissions baseline over the period 2015-2030. Rwanda’s latest GHG inventory data is reported in its Third National Communication (TNC) report to the UNFCCC and covers emissions up to the year 2015. This year is adopted as the NDC baseline year.', 'This year is adopted as the NDC baseline year. Total emissions excluding forestry were estimated at 5.33 million tCO e. The agriculture sector accounted for the largest share of the total (2.94 million tCO e, 55% of total), followed by energy (1.68 million tCO e, 31% of total) and waste (0.64 million tCO e, 12% of total). Emissions from industrial processes and product use (IPPU) represented just 0.08 million tCO e, equivalent to around 2% of total emissions in 2015 and mainly associated with calcination CO emissions from clinker production. Under a BAU projection, Rwanda’s total emissions are forecast to more than double over the 2015-2030 period, rising from 5.3 million tCO e in the base year to 12.1 million tCO e in 2030.', 'Under a BAU projection, Rwanda’s total emissions are forecast to more than double over the 2015-2030 period, rising from 5.3 million tCO e in the base year to 12.1 million tCO e in 2030. The forecast indicates the growing contribution from fossil fuels to national emissions, arising from increasing demand for power generation, road transport and other modern energy uses. At the same time, despite potential for increased productivity, agricultural output is expected to be limited due to land availability, thereby limiting emissions growth from this sector. With the ongoing development of the country, Rwanda will therefore need to explore other innovative approaches in agriculture such as utilizing vertical farming technologies to increase crop yields within a smaller land area.', 'With the ongoing development of the country, Rwanda will therefore need to explore other innovative approaches in agriculture such as utilizing vertical farming technologies to increase crop yields within a smaller land area. A detailed assessment of identified GHG mitigation options for Rwanda estimates a total emissions reduction potential of around 4.6 million tCO e in 2030 against the BAU emissions in the same year of 12.1 million tCO e. Based on this analysis, mitigation measures have been grouped according to two different components: • Unconditional contribution: A reduction of 16 per cent relative to BAU in the year 2030; equivalent to an estimated mitigation level of 1.9 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO e) in that year.', 'A detailed assessment of identified GHG mitigation options for Rwanda estimates a total emissions reduction potential of around 4.6 million tCO e in 2030 against the BAU emissions in the same year of 12.1 million tCO e. Based on this analysis, mitigation measures have been grouped according to two different components: • Unconditional contribution: A reduction of 16 per cent relative to BAU in the year 2030; equivalent to an estimated mitigation level of 1.9 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO e) in that year. This is an unconditional target, based on domestically supported and implemented mitigation measures and policies.UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION • Conditional contribution: An additional reduction of 22 per cent relative to BAU in the year 2030; equivalent to an estimated mitigation level of 2.7 million tCO e in that year.', 'This is an unconditional target, based on domestically supported and implemented mitigation measures and policies.UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION • Conditional contribution: An additional reduction of 22 per cent relative to BAU in the year 2030; equivalent to an estimated mitigation level of 2.7 million tCO e in that year. This represents an additional targeted contribution, based on the provision of international support and funding. The combined unconditional and conditional contribution is therefore a 38 per cent reduction in GHG emissions compared to BAU in 2030, equivalent to an estimated mitigation level of up to 4.6 million tCO e in 2030. The mitigation contributions are summarised in the figure below against the BAU baseline for the target year 2030 (Figure ES-1).', 'The mitigation contributions are summarised in the figure below against the BAU baseline for the target year 2030 (Figure ES-1). The sectoral scope of the contribution covers all emissions sources described in the IPCC 2006 Reporting Guidelines (IPCC, 2006), including emissions from the categories of energy; industrial processes and product use (IPPU); waste; and agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) but excluding sources from forestry and other land use. These sources may be included within future contributions, subject to improved data availability and ongoing development in the accuracy of their quantification within the national GHG inventory. The coverage of the contributions includes the three main greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (CO ), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N O), and also hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).', 'The coverage of the contributions includes the three main greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (CO ), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N O), and also hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). Figure ES-1 NDC emissions reduction scenarios Million tCO e BAU Energy IPPU Waste Agriculture All NDC measures Domestic measures04 GREEN RWANDA Adaptation contribution Rwanda’s adaptation contribution prioritises adaptation interventions, establish baselines, and develops sector-level performance indicators and targets. These build upon the GGCRS and associated sector working papers, climate change vulnerability assessments reports, as well as the Strategic Programs for Climate Resilience (SPCRs). In total, 24 adaptation interventions are proposed, classified according to 8 key sectors (Figure ES-1). A total of 38 adaptation indicators have been developed to be aligned with baselines and adaptation targets.', 'A total of 38 adaptation indicators have been developed to be aligned with baselines and adaptation targets. Basing on the experiences in reporting at the global level (including expectations of adaptation investment funds) and national level (including projects), the indicators have the potential to position Rwanda’s envisaged robust engagement and efforts at addressing challenges of measurement of climate adaptation/resilience.', 'Basing on the experiences in reporting at the global level (including expectations of adaptation investment funds) and national level (including projects), the indicators have the potential to position Rwanda’s envisaged robust engagement and efforts at addressing challenges of measurement of climate adaptation/resilience. Table ES-1 NDC selected adaptation interventions by sector Water 1 A national water security through water conservation practices, wetlands restoration, water storage and efficient water use 2 Water resource models, water quality testing and hydro-related information 3 Develop and implement a management plan for all level 1 catchment Agriculture 4 Develop climate resilient crops and promote climate resilient livestock 5 Develop climate resilient post harvest and value addition facilities and technologies 6 Strengthen crop management practices 7 Develop sustainable land use management practices 8 Expand irrigation and improve water management 9 Expand crop and livestock insurance Land and Forestry 10 Development of Agroforestry and sustainable agriculture 11 Promote afforestation / reforestation of designated areas 12 Improve forest management for degraded forest resources 13 Integrated approach to planning and monitoring for sustainable land use management 14 Harmonized and integrated spacial data management system for sustainable land use 15 Inclusive land administration that regulate and provide guidance for land tenure securityUPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION The NDC adaptation indicators will be embedded in the Environment and Natural Resources Management Results Based Monitoring and Evaluation framework (RBME) used to track and inform progress on NDC implementation towards the NST.', 'Table ES-1 NDC selected adaptation interventions by sector Water 1 A national water security through water conservation practices, wetlands restoration, water storage and efficient water use 2 Water resource models, water quality testing and hydro-related information 3 Develop and implement a management plan for all level 1 catchment Agriculture 4 Develop climate resilient crops and promote climate resilient livestock 5 Develop climate resilient post harvest and value addition facilities and technologies 6 Strengthen crop management practices 7 Develop sustainable land use management practices 8 Expand irrigation and improve water management 9 Expand crop and livestock insurance Land and Forestry 10 Development of Agroforestry and sustainable agriculture 11 Promote afforestation / reforestation of designated areas 12 Improve forest management for degraded forest resources 13 Integrated approach to planning and monitoring for sustainable land use management 14 Harmonized and integrated spacial data management system for sustainable land use 15 Inclusive land administration that regulate and provide guidance for land tenure securityUPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION The NDC adaptation indicators will be embedded in the Environment and Natural Resources Management Results Based Monitoring and Evaluation framework (RBME) used to track and inform progress on NDC implementation towards the NST. This reporting framework is conducted biennially through Joint Sector Reviews (JSRs).', 'This reporting framework is conducted biennially through Joint Sector Reviews (JSRs). In addition, reporting on NDC adaptation indicators will be carried out in the context of a High Level Policy Dialogue that tracks progress on the implementation of the GGCRS that circumscribes the broader context of NDC implementation. Measuring, reporting and verification (MRV) framework The successful implementation of Rwanda’s NDC requires an effective Measuring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) framework, enabling the country to monitor the effectiveness of its mitigation and adaptation measures and facilitating its access to climate finance. Internationally, the implementation of an MRV system is the basis for understanding the current GHG emission levels, the ambition of the existing efforts, and the progress made in contributing towards the goals of the Paris Agreement.', 'Internationally, the implementation of an MRV system is the basis for understanding the current GHG emission levels, the ambition of the existing efforts, and the progress made in contributing towards the goals of the Paris Agreement. Rwanda submitted its Third National Communication (TNC) in September 2018, reporting on its national GHG inventory up to the year 2015. The country is currently preparing its first Biennial Update Report (BUR) and an updated GHG inventory. The Paris Agreement contains several additional MRV requirements which, when taken together with the existing UNFCCC arrangements, provide an enhanced basis for Rwanda’s international reporting requirements.', 'The Paris Agreement contains several additional MRV requirements which, when taken together with the existing UNFCCC arrangements, provide an enhanced basis for Rwanda’s international reporting requirements. New requirements are mainly covered by Article 13, which establishes a new Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF) through which Parties must regularly account for their NDCs alongside other reporting requirements similar to those contained in National Communications (NCs), BURs and the International Consultation and Analysis (ICA).', 'New requirements are mainly covered by Article 13, which establishes a new Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF) through which Parties must regularly account for their NDCs alongside other reporting requirements similar to those contained in National Communications (NCs), BURs and the International Consultation and Analysis (ICA). Human Settlement 16 High density buildings and informal settlement upgrading 17 Storm water management Health 18 Strengthen preventive measures and create capacity to adapt to disease outbreaks Transport 19 Improved transport infrastructure and services Mining 20 Climate compatible mining Cross Sectional 21 Disaster risk monitoring 22 Establish an integrated early warning system, and disaster response plans 23 Capacity building and development for cross-sector NDC implementation 24 Access to finance06 GREEN RWANDA Rwanda has developed an MRV framework consistent with these requirements that will allow the government to effectively track progress of the mitigation activities identified in this NDC consistent with UNFCCC reporting standards, and carry out ongoing evaluation of whether the country is on course to meet its targets through 2030.', 'Human Settlement 16 High density buildings and informal settlement upgrading 17 Storm water management Health 18 Strengthen preventive measures and create capacity to adapt to disease outbreaks Transport 19 Improved transport infrastructure and services Mining 20 Climate compatible mining Cross Sectional 21 Disaster risk monitoring 22 Establish an integrated early warning system, and disaster response plans 23 Capacity building and development for cross-sector NDC implementation 24 Access to finance06 GREEN RWANDA Rwanda has developed an MRV framework consistent with these requirements that will allow the government to effectively track progress of the mitigation activities identified in this NDC consistent with UNFCCC reporting standards, and carry out ongoing evaluation of whether the country is on course to meet its targets through 2030. This takes the form of a framework of indicators for each of the key emitting sectors, which can be used for international reporting as well as for domestic tracking of NDC implementation.', 'This takes the form of a framework of indicators for each of the key emitting sectors, which can be used for international reporting as well as for domestic tracking of NDC implementation. The framework enables monitoring of the counterfactual BAU baseline emissions as well as actual emissions arising from implementation of NDC mitigation measures. It will also facilitate tracking of climate finance flows for NDC implementation and other forms of international support. A monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) framework has been developed for adaptation, including MRV on financing of adaptation measures. An approach has been proposed to organize the MRV framework in a way that facilitates reporting at selected levels. The levels have identified indicators that are relevant at global and national levels.', 'The levels have identified indicators that are relevant at global and national levels. The national level reporting will respond to data and information demands at strategic levels, sector strategic plans that inform joint sector reviews and other reporting requirements at the Prime Minister and Ministry of Finance and Economic planning (MINECOFIN) levels. Means of Implementation In order to fully implement the mitigation and adaptation measures contained in this NDC, Rwanda will require finance, capacity building and technology transfer. The total estimated cost for Rwanda’s identified NDC mitigation measures through 2030 is estimated at around 5.7 billion USD, and over 5.3 billion USD for adaptation priorities, representing a combined funding requirement of around 11 billion USD (Table ES-2).', 'The total estimated cost for Rwanda’s identified NDC mitigation measures through 2030 is estimated at around 5.7 billion USD, and over 5.3 billion USD for adaptation priorities, representing a combined funding requirement of around 11 billion USD (Table ES-2). For both mitigation and adaptation combined, unconditional measures account for around 40% of the total estimated funding requirements, and conditional measures around 60%. Table ES-2: Estimated mitigation and adaptation funding needs USD million Unconditional Conditional Grand Total Mitigation measures Adaptation measuresUPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION The Government of Rwanda will continue to commit significant resources to climate change relevant strategies. Rwandan communities, private sector and NGOs can also contribute significantly to these climate change-related activities through public-private partnerships.', 'Rwandan communities, private sector and NGOs can also contribute significantly to these climate change-related activities through public-private partnerships. The Rwanda Green Fund, FONERWA, will continue to play a vital role in financing low carbon projects and programmes and leveraging investment. However, the full implementation of the strategic mitigation actions is conditional on the support of international stakeholders. The implementation of the prioritised policies and actions assume the continued use of existing and planned national and international financial sources. Rwanda intends to meet its conditional contribution through the use of climate finance and international market mechanisms where appropriate, building upon the experience of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and other existing market mechanisms. These include the potential involvement in international cooperative approaches under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement.', 'These include the potential involvement in international cooperative approaches under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. The consultations undertaken through the NDC revision process have created momentum for strengthening planning, implementation and monitoring and accountability frameworks.', 'The consultations undertaken through the NDC revision process have created momentum for strengthening planning, implementation and monitoring and accountability frameworks. Thus, the updated NDC will continually guide successful mainstreaming of climate change into sector priorities building on existing country driven policy mechanisms and institutional arrangements, Technology transfer and capacity building, areas that are considered critical to fully implement Rwanda’s mitigation and adaptation contributions, as outlined further in this submission.08 GREEN RWANDA At the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) in Paris, on 12 December 2015, Parties to the United Nations Framework on Climate Change (UNFCCC) reached a landmark agreement to combat climate change and to accelerate and intensify the actions and investments needed for a sustainable low carbon future.', 'Thus, the updated NDC will continually guide successful mainstreaming of climate change into sector priorities building on existing country driven policy mechanisms and institutional arrangements, Technology transfer and capacity building, areas that are considered critical to fully implement Rwanda’s mitigation and adaptation contributions, as outlined further in this submission.08 GREEN RWANDA At the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) in Paris, on 12 December 2015, Parties to the United Nations Framework on Climate Change (UNFCCC) reached a landmark agreement to combat climate change and to accelerate and intensify the actions and investments needed for a sustainable low carbon future. The Paris Agreement (PA) entered into force in November 2016, following the universal adoption of the Agreement by Parties.', 'The Paris Agreement (PA) entered into force in November 2016, following the universal adoption of the Agreement by Parties. Through the PA, developed and developing countries made individual commitments to transition toward a climate-resilient and low-emissions future. Parties are required to undertake and communicate efforts to contribute to the achievement of these goals in the form of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) communicated to the UNFCCC (Article 3). NDC’s are therefore the centrepiece of the Paris Agreement agreed through an international partnership that forms the foundation for the pathway towards a low-carbon and climate resilient development.', 'NDC’s are therefore the centrepiece of the Paris Agreement agreed through an international partnership that forms the foundation for the pathway towards a low-carbon and climate resilient development. To ensure increasing levels of ambition to combat climate change, the PA requires that, at a minimum of every five years, Parties submit revised NDCs that represent a progression beyond the Party’s then current NDC (Article 4). The PA also establishes a new enhanced transparency framework (ETF) for action and support, providing the basis for Parties to monitor and report on their progress in implementing their NDCs (Article 13). Parties have been requested to submit their updated and revised NDCs to the UNFCCC Secretariat in 2020.', 'Parties have been requested to submit their updated and revised NDCs to the UNFCCC Secretariat in 2020. In this context, Rwanda’s is submitting this updated NDC ahead of the 26th Conference of the Parties (COP26) to be held in Glasgow in 2021. The contributions described in this submission build upon Rwanda’s existing first NDC, new policies and national plans, and reflect subsequent work supported by the World Bank NDC Support Facility in developing quantifiable mitigation and adaptation targets, and the prioritization of interventions to support these two areas.', 'The contributions described in this submission build upon Rwanda’s existing first NDC, new policies and national plans, and reflect subsequent work supported by the World Bank NDC Support Facility in developing quantifiable mitigation and adaptation targets, and the prioritization of interventions to support these two areas. The updated NDC represents a more detailed and robust assessment of mitigation and adaptation measures in Rwanda informed by in-depth analysis, improved information and data, and an extensive stakeholder-driven consultation process.UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 1.2 Outline of this document This document describes Rwanda’s update of its first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) for mitigation and adaptation for the period 2020 to 2030. It is structured as follows: • Section 2 describes Rwanda’s national circumstances.', 'It is structured as follows: • Section 2 describes Rwanda’s national circumstances. • Section 3 presents Rwanda’s vision for climate change and a brief summary of its policy response through national, regional and global efforts to tackling climate change. • Section 4 summarises the NDC revision process covering both mitigation and adaptation contributions. • Section 5 presents Rwanda’s contribution to mitigation, including a description of GHG emissions mitigation options across key sectors and their reduction potential and funding requirements against a business-as-usual baseline to 2030, according to unconditional and conditional measures. • Section 6 summarises Rwanda’s vulnerability to climate change and sets out a framework of proposed measures relating to adaptation and resilience.', '• Section 6 summarises Rwanda’s vulnerability to climate change and sets out a framework of proposed measures relating to adaptation and resilience. • Section 7 proposes a measuring, reporting and verification (MRV) framework for implementing and tracking the mitigation and adaptation measures contained in the NDC, consistent with best practice and Rwanda’s reporting requirements under UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement. • Section 8 outlines the means of implementation for the mitigation and adaptation measures contained in the NDC.', '• Section 8 outlines the means of implementation for the mitigation and adaptation measures contained in the NDC. An Annex to this document outlines a framework of indicators for tracking implementation of the mitigation and adaptation contributions.10 GREEN RWANDA 02 National Circumstances This section provides a brief overview of Rwanda’s national circumstances, including the country’s geographic profile, its climate and climate change impacts, key socio-economic characteristics, natural resources and economic sectors. 2.1 Geographic profile Rwanda is a country located in the east of central Africa between 1°4´ and 2°51´south latitude, and 28°53´ and 30°53´ east longitude, and covers an area of 26,338 km2.', '2.1 Geographic profile Rwanda is a country located in the east of central Africa between 1°4´ and 2°51´south latitude, and 28°53´ and 30°53´ east longitude, and covers an area of 26,338 km2. It lies approximately at 120 km south of the equator, at 1,100 kms from the Indian Ocean, at 1,920 km from the Atlantic Ocean, at 3,750 km from the Mediterranean Sea, and at 3,980 km from South Africa Cape. It is bordered by Uganda at the North, Tanzania at the East, Burundi at the South and the Democratic Republic of Congo at the West (GoR, 2018a). Rwanda’s administrative structure comprises 4 provinces (Eastern, Western, Northern and Southern Provinces) and City of Kigali, all subdivided into 30 districts, 416 sectors, 2,148 cells and 14,816 villages.', 'Rwanda’s administrative structure comprises 4 provinces (Eastern, Western, Northern and Southern Provinces) and City of Kigali, all subdivided into 30 districts, 416 sectors, 2,148 cells and 14,816 villages. The altitude varies between 900 m and 4,507 m from east to west where eastern plains lay between 1,000 m to 1,500 m and the central plateau region between 1,500 m and 2,000 m. The Congo-Nile Ridge and volcanic chains of Birunga have altitudes between 1,800 m and 4,507 m (the country’s highest point, on the top of the Kalisimbi volcano) while the regions around Kivu Lake and Bugarama plains are located at altitudes of between 900 m and 1800 m (Sirven et al, 1974; MINIRENA, 2010).', 'The altitude varies between 900 m and 4,507 m from east to west where eastern plains lay between 1,000 m to 1,500 m and the central plateau region between 1,500 m and 2,000 m. The Congo-Nile Ridge and volcanic chains of Birunga have altitudes between 1,800 m and 4,507 m (the country’s highest point, on the top of the Kalisimbi volcano) while the regions around Kivu Lake and Bugarama plains are located at altitudes of between 900 m and 1800 m (Sirven et al, 1974; MINIRENA, 2010). 2.2 Climate and climate change impacts Rwanda has a tropical climate moderated by hilly topography stretching from east to west. The country is divided into four main climatic regions: the eastern plains, central plateau, highlands, and regions around Lake Kivu.', 'The country is divided into four main climatic regions: the eastern plains, central plateau, highlands, and regions around Lake Kivu. The eastern plains receive an annual rainfall of between 700 mm and 1,100 mm, with mean annual temperature oscillating between 20°C and 22°C. The central plateau region enjoys rainfall of between 1,100 mm and 1,300 mm, with an annual mean temperature of between 18°C and 20°C. The highlands, including the Congo-Nile Ridge and volcanic chains of Birunga, benefit from an annual rainfall of between 1,300 mm and 1,600 mm, with annual mean temperature ranging between 10°C and 18°C.', 'The highlands, including the Congo-Nile Ridge and volcanic chains of Birunga, benefit from an annual rainfall of between 1,300 mm and 1,600 mm, with annual mean temperature ranging between 10°C and 18°C. Regions around Lake Kivu and Bugarama plains have an annual rainfall of between 1,200 mm and 1,500 mm, with an annual mean temperature between 18°C and 22°C (Ilunga et al., 2004; MINIRENA, 2010; Muhire and Ahmed, 2015; 2016).UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION As with many other countries, Rwanda is increasingly experiencing the impacts of climate change. Rainfall has become increasingly intense and the variability is predicted to increase by 5% to 10% (GoR, 2017b). Temperature increases have also been experienced, with records from 1971 to 2016 showing rises in mean temperature of between 1.4°C and 2.', 'Temperature increases have also been experienced, with records from 1971 to 2016 showing rises in mean temperature of between 1.4°C and 2. 56°C in the south-west and eastern regions of Rwanda (GoR, 2018a). Changes in temperature and precipitation and their distributions are the key drivers of climate and weather-related disasters that negatively affect Rwandans and the overall economy. The main risks/impacts that adversely affect the population include droughts, floods, landslides and storms. These are associated with damages to infrastructure, loss of lives and property including crops, soil erosion, water pollution, etc. (GoR, 2017b; REMA, 2015). A rise in temperature is predicted across Rwanda in the coming years up to 2050, especially during the dry seasons.', 'A rise in temperature is predicted across Rwanda in the coming years up to 2050, especially during the dry seasons. An additional seasonal increase of between 0.1 °C and 0.3 °C is projected on top of the annual mean temperature throughout the country, except for the northern region where a decrease of 0.06°C is expected. Furthermore, a decreasing trend in mean rainfall and number of rainy days is projected (GoR, 2018a). This explains why increased dry spells are anticipated across the country, especially in the eastern region. Climate change will also upset the north-west highlands and south-western districts of Rwanda with a rise in rainfall intensities.', 'Climate change will also upset the north-west highlands and south-western districts of Rwanda with a rise in rainfall intensities. According to the TNC, there is a high probability that the number of days with extreme temperature will continue to increase by 2050 whereas the days with extreme rainfall will be relatively constant (GoR, 2018a). Rwanda is highly reliant on rain-fed agriculture both for rural livelihoods and exports of tea and coffee, and depends on hydropower for half of its electricity generation. The country’s ongoing economic growth is therefore highly threatened by climate change. Rwanda is highly vulnerable to climate change. The National Risk Atlas of Rwanda highlights that the country is highly prone to droughts, floods, landslides and windstorms (MIDIMAR, 2015).', 'The National Risk Atlas of Rwanda highlights that the country is highly prone to droughts, floods, landslides and windstorms (MIDIMAR, 2015). Other factors influencing the country’s climate change vulnerability include socio- economic drivers such as building in flood prone areas, high population density in prone areas, increased value of assets in flood-prone areas, and poor management of soil erosion. 2.3 Environment and natural resources Rwanda’s socio-economic development is dependent on the environment and natural resources such as land, water, air, minerals and biodiversity. Total arable land is estimated at 14,000 km2 or 52% of the country’s total surface area (26,338 km2). However, in 2014 the total cultivated area increased to 1,747,559 hectares or 66% of the national territory.', 'However, in 2014 the total cultivated area increased to 1,747,559 hectares or 66% of the national territory. This means that some mountainous and protected areas have progressively been cultivated, exposing the country to more climate change and climate variability impacts (GoR, 2018a). Furthermore, farm ownership per household has decreased significantly, from 1.2 ha in 1984 to 0.89 ha in 1990 and 0.6 ha in 2010 (GoR, 2018a). These smaller plots are overexploited, leading to degradation and a decrease in soil fertility (GoR, 2018a).12 GREEN RWANDA Rwanda’s hydrographic system is split into two basins divided by the Congo-Nile ridge, with water systems to the west of the ridge flowing into the Congo basin, and those to the east of ridge flowing into the Nile basin.', 'These smaller plots are overexploited, leading to degradation and a decrease in soil fertility (GoR, 2018a).12 GREEN RWANDA Rwanda’s hydrographic system is split into two basins divided by the Congo-Nile ridge, with water systems to the west of the ridge flowing into the Congo basin, and those to the east of ridge flowing into the Nile basin. The country’s hydrologic network covers 8% of the national territory, equivalent to about 2,143 km2, on which 101 lakes cover around 1300 km2 (RNRA, 2015), 861 rivers occupy about 72.6 km2 while the water of 860 wetlands and valleys covers 770 km2 (Sirven et al, 1974; REMA, 2009; MINIRENA, 2012). The Congo basin drains around 33% of the national territory with around 10% of the country’s water.', 'The Congo basin drains around 33% of the national territory with around 10% of the country’s water. The Nile basin drains around 67% of the national territory, with 90% of country’s water (Sirven et al, 1974). Rwanda’s territory is covered with diverse ecosystems which include natural ecosystems (mountain rainforests, gallery forests, savannah woodland, wetlands and aquatic forests), forested area and agro‐ ecosystems.', 'Rwanda’s territory is covered with diverse ecosystems which include natural ecosystems (mountain rainforests, gallery forests, savannah woodland, wetlands and aquatic forests), forested area and agro‐ ecosystems. Nationally protected areas are mainly represented by four national parks: (i) Volcanoes National Park which is famous worldwide due to the presence of mountain gorillas and a wide variety of plants and animal species, (ii) Nyungwe National Park which has more than 1,200 species of flora and 275 species of birds, (iii) Akagera National Park which covers 108,500 ha and has more than 900 species of plants and 90 mammals, and (iv) Gishwati-Mukura National Park covering an area of 4,520 ha. Unfortunately, Rwanda’s protected areas have lost around 50% of their original surface area over the last 40 years.', 'Unfortunately, Rwanda’s protected areas have lost around 50% of their original surface area over the last 40 years. There are also small reserve forests including Busaga, Buhanga, Sanza, Iwawa, Rubirizi, Makera, and a number of public and private plantation forests. Rwanda’s wetlands comprise marshlands, lakes, rivers and streams and represent around 15% of the national territory (of which 6.3% are marshlands and 8.6% are lakes and streams). Total wetlands cover an area of 276,477 ha of which 74% is classified as conditionally exploited, 6% unconditionally exploited, and 20% fully protected. Wetlands are dominated by papyruses, especially in the Kamiranzovu, Gishoma and Rugezi marshlands and around lakes such as Muhazi, Burera and Ruhondo.', 'Wetlands are dominated by papyruses, especially in the Kamiranzovu, Gishoma and Rugezi marshlands and around lakes such as Muhazi, Burera and Ruhondo. Plantations forest are distributed throughout the country and dominated by exotic species such as Eucalyptus, Pinus, and Grevillea. 2.4 Socio-economic characteristics Rwanda has experienced a rapid socio-economic and demographic transformation since 2000. According to data from the National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NSIR), real gross domestic product (GDP) across the period 2007-2017 rose from RWF 3.26 trillion to RWF 6.69 trillion, or by an average of 7.45% per year (GoR, 2018b). For the year 2015, the NSIR reports the working population (16 years and above) in Rwanda to be 6.4 million, with females representing 54% and males 46%.', 'For the year 2015, the NSIR reports the working population (16 years and above) in Rwanda to be 6.4 million, with females representing 54% and males 46%. The majority (82%) live in rural areas and 18% live in urban areas. The total labour force participation rate was 87.4% and was lower in urban areas (79%) compared to rural areas (89%). This employment rate represents 85% of the working age population. The majority of Rwandan households are reliant on agriculture for food and income.', 'The majority of Rwandan households are reliant on agriculture for food and income. The agricultural sector employs over 70% of the working population and is characterized by low productivity and low economic value (NISR, 2014).UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION According to the Fifth Integrated Household Living Survey (EICV5), Rwanda’s population grew from 8.13 million in 2002 to 11.23 million in 2015 (GoR, 2018b). Around 77% of the population lives in rural areas, and 23% in urban areas (of which the capital Kigali is by far the largest). The EICV5 foresees significant population growth under its central ‘medium growth’ scenario reaching 14.16 million by 2025 and 15.71 million by 2030 (Table 2.1).', 'The EICV5 foresees significant population growth under its central ‘medium growth’ scenario reaching 14.16 million by 2025 and 15.71 million by 2030 (Table 2.1). Table 2.1 Urban and rural population forecasts to 2030 Source: Adapted from GoR, 2018b and GoR, 2015b Rwanda’s policies for addressing poverty, and the goals for poverty reduction, are set out in the First National Strategy for Transformation (NST1), the Vision 2020 and Vision 2050 strategies (GoR, 2018b). These commit the government to reduce poverty from 44.9% in 2011 to 20% by 2020. The results of the EICV5 survey show that 38.2% of the population was poor in 2016/17, as compared to 39.1% in 2013/14 and 44.9% in 2010/11. Since 2010/11, extreme poverty fell from 24.1% to 16.0%.', 'Since 2010/11, extreme poverty fell from 24.1% to 16.0%. There are substantial geographical differences in the poverty rates, with lower rates in urban areas than elsewhere (GoR, 2018b). 2.5 Economic sectors 2.5.1 Agriculture, fisheries and forests Agriculture is an important sector of the Rwandan economy, contributing 33% to national GDP in 2015 (GoR, 2018a) with almost 90% of households practice traditional subsistence agriculture, mainly on narrow plots of land exhausted by continuous utilization (ibid). National crop production comprises tubers and roots (37%) such as cassava, followed by banana (28%) and cereals (11%), legumes and pulses (8%), and vegetables and fruits (5%). Coffee and tea constitute Rwanda’s main export crops.', 'Coffee and tea constitute Rwanda’s main export crops. The use of chemical fertilizers has increased from 29% to 37% between 2010/11 and 2013/14 and remains higher than expenditure on organic fertilizers. The country has committed to reducing the population working in the agriculture sector by increasing productivity per hectare and promoting the recycling of organic waste and use of manure to improve soil fertility. The largest livestock population is concentrated in the eastern and southern parts of the country with goats, cattle and chickens being the most commonly owned types (GoR, 2018a). Cattle predominate on the larger farms in the east and central regions while in the southern parts where farms are often as small as 0.5 ha, few households own cattle.', 'Cattle predominate on the larger farms in the east and central regions while in the southern parts where farms are often as small as 0.5 ha, few households own cattle. In these areas, the government is promoting the One-Cow-per-Poor-Family, or Grinka, program.14 GREEN RWANDA Fish production has increased significantly since 2011 (for example, rising from 11.662 tons in 2011 to 24,550 tons in 2013; GOR, 2018a). Rwanda is turning around a legacy of deforestation in keeping with its 2020 goal to increase forest cover to 30% of national land area (MINIRENA, 2015). Natural forests, which cover 10.8 % of the country, comprise forested belts in National Parks, forest reserves, natural and gallery forests and other remnant forests.', 'Natural forests, which cover 10.8 % of the country, comprise forested belts in National Parks, forest reserves, natural and gallery forests and other remnant forests. Forest plantations of exotic tree species (mostly eucalyptus and pine), woodlots and agro-forestry plantations cover 18.4 % and represent nearly 63% of the country’s total forest cover. Plantation forests supply almost all fuelwood, with charcoal accounting for about 15.2 % of households’ primary energy sources. Rwanda is actively promoting agro-forestry to provide wood for fuel during the transition to available and affordable electricity for all. Agro-forestry also helps combat soil erosion, provides fodder, improves soil fertility and contributes to social well-being and green economic growth (GoR, 2018a).', 'Agro-forestry also helps combat soil erosion, provides fodder, improves soil fertility and contributes to social well-being and green economic growth (GoR, 2018a). 2.5.2 Services and tourism The services and tourism sector is a major driver of economic growth in Rwanda, contributing 47% to national GDP in 2015 (GoR, 2018a). Key growing service areas include banking, insurance, and transport. Services exports grew by 10% per annum between 2009 and 2014. The travel sector (including tourism) has steadily increased its share of total services exports in recent years. In 2014, 76% of services receipts were generated in the travel and tourism sector, contributing USD 303 million in export revenue, up from USD 174 million in 2009 (GoR, 2018a). Freight and other transportation services are also important contributors.', 'Freight and other transportation services are also important contributors. The number of visitors to Rwanda has increased over recent years, driven largely by tourist visits to the country’s national parks. In 2015 national parks counted 72,790 visitors, of which 44% visited the Volcano national park and 44% visited the Akagera national park (GoR, 2018a). 2.5.3 Trade and industry Rwanda’s industry sector mainly comprises construction, manufacturing, mining and quarrying. In 2011, the Ministry of Trade and Industry (MINICOM) developed a national export strategy aiming to transform Rwanda into a globally competitive export economy. The industry sector has since grown to contribute 14% to national GDP (GoR, 2018a).', 'The industry sector has since grown to contribute 14% to national GDP (GoR, 2018a). In the fourth quarter of 2017, Rwanda’s total trade amounted to USD 959.48 million, an increase of 19.8% over the fourth quarter of 2016. Exports totalled USD 157.53 million, imports totalled USD 724.15 million and re-exports were valued at USD 77.70 million (NISR, 2017). The deficit in the balance of formal trade in goods was USD 136.17 million in January 2018, a decrease of 24% compared to the previous month of December 2017. Year-over- year, the formal trade in goods deficit increased by 1.45% on the deficit of January 2017 (NISR, 2018). National exports are dominated on a volume basis by re-export products (including petroleum products, machines, vehicles and engines), tea and coffee.', 'National exports are dominated on a volume basis by re-export products (including petroleum products, machines, vehicles and engines), tea and coffee. On a value basis, national exports are dominated by minerals including gold, cassiterite, coltan, and wolfram.UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Rwanda energy primary use is dominated by biomass, which accounts for around 86% of the total (GoR, 2018a). Over 80% of Rwandan households use wood for their cooking fuel, followed by charcoal, crop waste, gas or biogas. Households are also the dominant consumers of electricity (51%), the bulk of which demand is primarily used for lighting. The industrial sector (42%) is the second largest consumer of energy, which mainly comes from motor- drivers and lighting.', 'The industrial sector (42%) is the second largest consumer of energy, which mainly comes from motor- drivers and lighting. Public sector consumption of electricity (6%) is mainly used for public buildings, street lighting and water pumping. The average household uses around 1.8 tons of firewood each year to meet its cooking needs with a traditional stove (GoR, 2018a). Reliance on traditional energy represents a major challenge, and increasing the use of sustainable biomass and charcoal is a key priority for Rwanda’s energy policy. Rwanda has one of the lowest electricity consumptions per capita in the region, and generation capacity is low.', 'Rwanda has one of the lowest electricity consumptions per capita in the region, and generation capacity is low. According to the Rwanda Energy Group Ltd (REG), national electricity generating capacity is currently around 150 MW of which hydropower accounts for around one third (50 MW) and fossil based units the remaining two thirds (99 MW), mainly from oil- fired generation and recently added peat-fired capacity. Several small solar PV and biomass installations account for around 2 MW (REG, 2019). Increasing investment in generating capacity and improving access to electricity represent important energy policy aims, and recent years have seen major improvements.', 'Increasing investment in generating capacity and improving access to electricity represent important energy policy aims, and recent years have seen major improvements. For example, during the period between 2012 and 2015, electricity generation increased by 72% and access to electricity improved from around 5% to 36% although lower than the 50% targeted in 2016 (GoR, 2018a). Rwanda is also undertaking various energy efficiency programs including the distribution of compact fluorescent lights (CFL), the ‘SolaRwanda’ Solar Water Heaters (SWH) project, and the replacement of high-pressure sodium lamps with LEDs in street lights. Rwanda’s transport sector is dominated by land transport due to the improved national and districts road network and increased investment in public transport.', 'Rwanda’s transport sector is dominated by land transport due to the improved national and districts road network and increased investment in public transport. Transport is mainly undertaken by road with a current classified road network consisting of national roads (2,749 km), district roads class 1 (3,906 km) district roads class 2 (9,706 km) and other unclassified roads. With increasing demand for travel, the number of vehicles has increased dramatically over the past decade. Based on number of registrations, total vehicle numbers are estimated to have grown from 47,631 in 2006 to 161,925 in 2015, representing an increase of over 300%1. Motorcycles accounted for around 51% of total vehicles in 2015, followed by passenger cars (34%), and other vehicles including buses and trucks (15%).', 'Motorcycles accounted for around 51% of total vehicles in 2015, followed by passenger cars (34%), and other vehicles including buses and trucks (15%). To reduce the number of accidents on Rwanda’s roads, motor vehicle inspection centres has been created. To reduce atmospheric pollution levels from the transport sector, the government has also committed to reducing the number of imported used cars by increasing taxes and plans the introduction of electric vehicles from 2020 onwards as part of its ‘e-mobility’ program. Other key transport strategies include bus promotion as part of public transport development, replacement of minibuses by modern buses and the promotion of mass rapid transportation.', 'Other key transport strategies include bus promotion as part of public transport development, replacement of minibuses by modern buses and the promotion of mass rapid transportation. 1 Based on data in NISR, 2018.16 GREEN RWANDA Although heath facilities in Rwanda (public and private) have increased in number since 2009, the country faces challenges to improving the country’s health and reducing levels of disease. May such diseases have a close linkage with climate change, such as malaria, which is a vector borne disease, tuberculosis which is affected by environmental pollution and malnutrition which may indicate the persistence of food insecurity among population. Morbidity data indicate that acute respiratory infections are the leading causes of death in the country, followed by malaria and intestinal parasites (GoR, 2018a).', 'Morbidity data indicate that acute respiratory infections are the leading causes of death in the country, followed by malaria and intestinal parasites (GoR, 2018a). According to the UNDP, life expectancy in Rwanda was 68.7 years in 2018, compared to 55.3 years in 2005 (UNDP, 2019). Rwanda is experiencing a rapid urbanization process associated with rapid population growth in its towns and cities. This increase is resulting in huge waste generation and high demand in public services including solid waste management services. For instance in City of Kigali, levels of waste entering landfill sites increased from 141.38 tons per year in 2006 to 495.76 tons per year in 2015. A standard “collect and dump” approach is the dominant waste management in most Rwandan cities.', 'A standard “collect and dump” approach is the dominant waste management in most Rwandan cities. Increased involvement of the private sector increased the coverage of solid waste collection service; for example, 90% of the population in Kigali had access to solid waste collection service in 2015 compared to 44% in 2012. The same improvement is also being seen in other urban areas. Generation of electric power from landfill gas (LFG) collection at landfill site presents an opportunity to utilise waste methane and help meet growing energy demand. The main wastewater treatment and disposal systems in Kigali and secondary cities are dominated by septic tanks, soakaways and direct discharge in natural wetlands.', 'The main wastewater treatment and disposal systems in Kigali and secondary cities are dominated by septic tanks, soakaways and direct discharge in natural wetlands. In general, there are no centralized wastewater treatment systems although the main hotels, hospitals, new real estates, major governmental buildings and some industries have installed their own treatment systems. There are several plans to develop wastewater treatment (WWT) systems over the coming years, including a Kigali central WWT project in Nyarugenge and a centralized sewerage system for Kibagabaga and Kinyinya catchments in the Gasabo District.', 'There are several plans to develop wastewater treatment (WWT) systems over the coming years, including a Kigali central WWT project in Nyarugenge and a centralized sewerage system for Kibagabaga and Kinyinya catchments in the Gasabo District. The government also plans to increase waste recycling initiatives, including through the use of aerobic biological treatment (composting).UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 03 Rwanda’s Vision for Climate Change The Government of Rwanda (GoR) is committed to taking urgent action to mitigate and adapt to the effects of climate change. As a Party to the UNFCCC, the country seeks to contribute to the ambitious goal of limiting temperature rise to 2oC with efforts to reach 1.5oC agreed under the Paris Agreement (UNFCCC, 2015).', 'As a Party to the UNFCCC, the country seeks to contribute to the ambitious goal of limiting temperature rise to 2oC with efforts to reach 1.5oC agreed under the Paris Agreement (UNFCCC, 2015). Rwanda ratified the United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1995, the Kyoto Protocol in 2004, and the Paris Agreement in 2016. Rwanda submitted its National Adaptation Programmes of Actions (NAPA) in 2006. In line with the Paris Agreement, Rwanda submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) in 2015 which became its first NDC in 2016. Rwanda submitted its first National Communication to the UNFCCC in 2005, its second in 2012, and its third in 2018.', 'Rwanda submitted its first National Communication to the UNFCCC in 2005, its second in 2012, and its third in 2018. Though Rwanda is among the countries with lowest emission per capita worldwide (GoR, 2011), it is highly vulnerable to climate change. Therefore, adaptation to climate change is a key concern and a priority for the country. As it is true of most African nations, Rwanda’s contribution to climate change in the form of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is relatively small, although emissions from deforestation, agriculture, and land use, combined with strong expected emission growth from expected economic development and energy use, and are significant enough within Rwanda’s carbon footprint to demand a mitigation response.', 'As it is true of most African nations, Rwanda’s contribution to climate change in the form of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is relatively small, although emissions from deforestation, agriculture, and land use, combined with strong expected emission growth from expected economic development and energy use, and are significant enough within Rwanda’s carbon footprint to demand a mitigation response. Reflecting these aims, in 2011 the country adopted the Green Growth and Climate Resilience Strategy (GGCRS) setting out the country’s actions and priorities on climate change relating to both mitigation and adaptation and how these will be mainstreamed within economic planning (GoR, 2011).', 'Reflecting these aims, in 2011 the country adopted the Green Growth and Climate Resilience Strategy (GGCRS) setting out the country’s actions and priorities on climate change relating to both mitigation and adaptation and how these will be mainstreamed within economic planning (GoR, 2011). The strategy provides a vision for how Rwanda can tackle climate change through becoming a climate resilient and low carbon economy, and projects actions to be undertaken to inform Rwanda’s strategy for economic development, Vision 2050. The strategy contains 14 Programmes of Action (PoA), as summarised in Table 3.1 below.', 'The strategy contains 14 Programmes of Action (PoA), as summarised in Table 3.1 below. The actions set out in the GGCRS provide the basis for the development of the NDC and the country’s commitment towards the implementation of the Paris agreement with mitigation and adaptations actions, as well as other key national guiding documents including Vision 2050, the National Strategy for Transformation (NST1), sectoral policies, Sector Strategic Plans, the Strategic Programme for Climate Resilience (SPCR), and Sustainable Energy for All (2015-2030). Rwanda has also been an active member of regional and global initiatives to respond to the threat of climate change. These include participation in the East African Community (EAC) Climate Change Policy (2010) and subsequent East African Community (EAC) Climate Change Master Plan 2011–2031.', 'These include participation in the East African Community (EAC) Climate Change Policy (2010) and subsequent East African Community (EAC) Climate Change Master Plan 2011–2031. Rwanda also joined the NDC Partnership and launched18 GREEN RWANDA its NDC Partnership Plan during the Africa Green Growth Forum held in Kigali in November 2018. In addition, after conducting an assessment of economic impact of climate change in 2009, the GoR decided to establish a department of climate change within REMA to advise the government on all climate change related issues in the country.', 'In addition, after conducting an assessment of economic impact of climate change in 2009, the GoR decided to establish a department of climate change within REMA to advise the government on all climate change related issues in the country. Table 3.1 Rwanda’s Green growth and Climate Resilience Strategy The Rwanda Green Fund (FONERWA) was established in 2012 and invests in sustainable wealth creation and poverty reduction by providing strategic financing that accelerates Rwanda’s commitment to building a strong climate resilient and green economy. In addition, the GoR revised its environment law in 2018 to include a number of articles that are relevant to climate change mitigation and adaptation.', 'In addition, the GoR revised its environment law in 2018 to include a number of articles that are relevant to climate change mitigation and adaptation. It covers a wide variety of articles on environment and climate change such as mainstreaming the environment and climate change into planning process, reporting, education on the conservation, and response measures on climate change and technology transfer.', 'It covers a wide variety of articles on environment and climate change such as mainstreaming the environment and climate change into planning process, reporting, education on the conservation, and response measures on climate change and technology transfer. PoA Area 1 Sustainable intensification of small scale farming 2 Agricultural diversity for local and export markets 3 Integrated Water Resource Management and Planning 4 Sustainable Land Use Management and Planning 5 Low carbon mix of power generation for national grid 6 Sustainable small-scale energy installations in rural areas 7 Green industry and private sector investment 8 Climate compatible mining 9 Efficient resilient transport systems 10 Low carbon urban settlements 11 Ecotourism, Conservation and PES Promotion 12 Sustainable forestry, agro-forestry and biomass energy 13 Disaster Management and Disease Prevention 14 Climate data and projections Source: GoR, 2011UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Most recently, the National Environment and Climate Change Policy was enacted in 2019 with the goal of achieving a climate resilient nation with a clean and healthy environment (MoE, 2019).', 'PoA Area 1 Sustainable intensification of small scale farming 2 Agricultural diversity for local and export markets 3 Integrated Water Resource Management and Planning 4 Sustainable Land Use Management and Planning 5 Low carbon mix of power generation for national grid 6 Sustainable small-scale energy installations in rural areas 7 Green industry and private sector investment 8 Climate compatible mining 9 Efficient resilient transport systems 10 Low carbon urban settlements 11 Ecotourism, Conservation and PES Promotion 12 Sustainable forestry, agro-forestry and biomass energy 13 Disaster Management and Disease Prevention 14 Climate data and projections Source: GoR, 2011UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Most recently, the National Environment and Climate Change Policy was enacted in 2019 with the goal of achieving a climate resilient nation with a clean and healthy environment (MoE, 2019). The policy’s objectives include (MoE, 2019): • Greening economic transformation (resource efficiency, low carbon, climate resiliency, circular economy, green technology and procurement, green urbanization and settlements, and green mobility); • Strengthening meteorological and early warning services (climate and weather services production and mainstreaming into all sectors of Rwanda’s socio-economic development, production and access of meteorological, climate and weather services for better planning in all sectors of economy; • Promoting climate change adaptation, mitigation and response (strengthen mitigation and adaptation in both planning and implementation); • Strengthening environment and climate change governance (mainstreaming of environment and climate change into all sector policies, national coordination for the management of critical ecosystems, inclusive decision-making and interventions for environment and climate change management, education & awareness of Rwandan society on environment, weather and climate change, and strengthen the institutional framework and coordination mechanisms); and • Promoting green foreign and domestic direct investment and other capital inflows (strengthening environment & climate financial mechanisms for more efficiency, effectiveness and impact and strengthening climate proofing capital inflow in national economic planning).20 GREEN RWANDA 04 NDC Revision Process Rwanda submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to the UNFCCC in September 2015, setting out its adaptation and mitigation goals.', 'The policy’s objectives include (MoE, 2019): • Greening economic transformation (resource efficiency, low carbon, climate resiliency, circular economy, green technology and procurement, green urbanization and settlements, and green mobility); • Strengthening meteorological and early warning services (climate and weather services production and mainstreaming into all sectors of Rwanda’s socio-economic development, production and access of meteorological, climate and weather services for better planning in all sectors of economy; • Promoting climate change adaptation, mitigation and response (strengthen mitigation and adaptation in both planning and implementation); • Strengthening environment and climate change governance (mainstreaming of environment and climate change into all sector policies, national coordination for the management of critical ecosystems, inclusive decision-making and interventions for environment and climate change management, education & awareness of Rwandan society on environment, weather and climate change, and strengthen the institutional framework and coordination mechanisms); and • Promoting green foreign and domestic direct investment and other capital inflows (strengthening environment & climate financial mechanisms for more efficiency, effectiveness and impact and strengthening climate proofing capital inflow in national economic planning).20 GREEN RWANDA 04 NDC Revision Process Rwanda submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to the UNFCCC in September 2015, setting out its adaptation and mitigation goals. With the entry into force of the Paris Agreement in November 2016, the INDC became Rwanda’s first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC).', 'With the entry into force of the Paris Agreement in November 2016, the INDC became Rwanda’s first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC). The first NDC is built upon the Green Growth and Climate Resilience Strategy (GGCRS), as well as other key national policies and guiding documents. This updated NDC updates and strengthens the first NDC for both the mitigation and adaptation contributions, informed by improved data collection, in-depth technical analysis and extensive stakeholder engagement. In the case of mitigation, detailed sector- and project-based modelling has been undertaken to now estimate the country’s mitigation potential and develop quantified conditional and unconditional contributions through 2030. This section provides a brief description of the revision process of Rwanda’s nationally determined contribution for both the mitigation and adaptation components.', 'This section provides a brief description of the revision process of Rwanda’s nationally determined contribution for both the mitigation and adaptation components. Business-as-usual (BAU) emissions forecasting The mitigation contributions presented in this updated NDC are based on achieving a relative GHG emissions reduction through 2015-2030 against a counterfactual baseline emissions projection representing the national emissions pathway in the absence of the mitigation measures. This requires developing sectoral BAU forecasts of output/activity and associated emissions through the NDC period; the subsequent tracking of progress against this baseline through implementation of mitigation projects will require the ongoing updating of the baseline.', 'This requires developing sectoral BAU forecasts of output/activity and associated emissions through the NDC period; the subsequent tracking of progress against this baseline through implementation of mitigation projects will require the ongoing updating of the baseline. Rwanda’s Third National Communication (TNC) to the UNFCCC (GoR, 2018a) provide long-term emissions projections for Rwanda through 2050 using the Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning System (LEAP) software system (SEI, 2009) and calculations applying IPCC Tier 1 national emissions modelling. The BAU projections used in this updated NDC build upon and strengthen this analysis in several ways: • Modelling linked to GDP growth and other emissions drivers.', 'The BAU projections used in this updated NDC build upon and strengthen this analysis in several ways: • Modelling linked to GDP growth and other emissions drivers. Whereas the TNC projections were based on projecting future emissions by extending previous trends from the historic emissions data, the current BAU forecasting links future changes more closely to relevant factors driving output and emissions changes, including economic growth, population growth, official agricultural production plans and power expansion planning2. 2 The national GDP growth forecast aligned with Rwanda’s Vision 2050 strategy for economic growth (GoR, 2017a) has been used as the baseline assumption for economic growth.', '2 The national GDP growth forecast aligned with Rwanda’s Vision 2050 strategy for economic growth (GoR, 2017a) has been used as the baseline assumption for economic growth. The medium population growth case for national population growth has been used from the Fifth Integrated Household Living Survey (EICV5) (GoR, 2018b).UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION • Use of regression analysis. Extensive use of regression analysis has been undertaken based on latest available data to better understand and inform relationships between certain forecast model parameters (e.g. analysis of vehicle growth by type/class according to GDP and population changes, from historic data). • Further characterization of emitting sectors to enable more in-depth and robust modelling of factors determining output and corresponding energy use and GHG emissions (e.g. development of detailed road transport fleet modelling).', 'development of detailed road transport fleet modelling). • Use of recent information and data. In addition, the updated BAU projections makes use of more recently available information sources such as e.g. national population projections, official power demand and generation projections, transport and vehicle survey data, official statistics, policy planning documents etc. Identifying and assessing mitigation measures Rwanda’s first NDC identified seven broad programmes of action, covering a number of interventions within each of the country’s key emitting sectors. However, these were only partially assessed for their GHG mitigation potential. The analysis used to develop this updated NDC has involved identifying a range of mitigation options from within each of the NDC sectors for further consideration and quantitative analysis.', 'The analysis used to develop this updated NDC has involved identifying a range of mitigation options from within each of the NDC sectors for further consideration and quantitative analysis. A bottom-up ‘long-list’ was developed through close consultation with various stakeholders and experts, based on Rwanda’s NDC (GoR, 2015a); an assessment of NAMAs in Rwanda (GoR, 2015b); an “adjusted” list of NDC options, as contained in the Rwanda NDC Implementation Plan (GoR, 2017b); and Rwanda’s TNC to the UNFCCC (GoR, 2018a). A workshop was held in June 2019 in order to identify and discuss the ‘long-list’ according to sector-based discussion groups3. Guided discussions focused on three elements: 1. Review of NDC options: What is the current status of these projects? What is the planned timing?', 'Guided discussions focused on three elements: 1. Review of NDC options: What is the current status of these projects? What is the planned timing? What are the implementation arrangements and needs? 2. Discussion of additional options: What other options could be applicable in Rwanda? What are the key challenges? What are the policy gaps and support needs? 3. Identifying data sources and gaps: What are the existing information sources? Where are the key data gaps required for detailed analysis? Discussion of contact points and specific arrangements for follow-up data collection. A modified ‘long list’ emerging from the workshop discussions was further refined, based on subsequent meetings held between the consulting team, government officials and sector experts though July 2019 - January 2020.', 'A modified ‘long list’ emerging from the workshop discussions was further refined, based on subsequent meetings held between the consulting team, government officials and sector experts though July 2019 - January 2020. The projects identified in the NDC were re-assessed, as well as additional projects and programmes. In some cases, the details, and context, regarding many of the projects were found to have changed since the time of INDC submission. The ‘long list’ of options identified thereby reflects a set of real projects and programmes under consideration, or having been studied, from within government departments and agencies4. The identified measures provided the basis for the GHG emissions modelling described in the following section.', 'The identified measures provided the basis for the GHG emissions modelling described in the following section. 3 Rwanda NDC Implementation Workshop on BAU and mitigation options, held on 18 June 2019, Serena Hotel Kigali 4 As such, the long-list of mitigation options can be considered to be a comprehensive list of mitigation options across Rwanda’s emitting sector but does not represent a technical assessment of the country’s full mitigation potential. Technically possible by highly unfeasible options (e.g. carbon capture storage) were not considered.22 GREEN RWANDA The adaptation inputs depicted in this updated NDC are based on producing quantified targets for adaptation/resilience, evaluate priority interventions, develop monitoring and evaluation (M&E) framework for adaptation interventions.', 'carbon capture storage) were not considered.22 GREEN RWANDA The adaptation inputs depicted in this updated NDC are based on producing quantified targets for adaptation/resilience, evaluate priority interventions, develop monitoring and evaluation (M&E) framework for adaptation interventions. This was conducted through the evaluation of updated NDC adaptation long list of interventions based on updated information and an in-depth assessment of the country’s vulnerability to climate change. The following points outline the key steps that were followed in this revision process for identifying and assessing adaptation measures: • The process involved an extensive review of relevant documents on climate adaptation that have developed over time starting with the Green Growth and Climate Resilience Strategy (2011) and the associated sector working papers.', 'The following points outline the key steps that were followed in this revision process for identifying and assessing adaptation measures: • The process involved an extensive review of relevant documents on climate adaptation that have developed over time starting with the Green Growth and Climate Resilience Strategy (2011) and the associated sector working papers. • The analysis builds on the first NDC work and other more recent studies including the Strategic Program for Climate Resilience (2017) along with the Gaps and Needs Analysis, the Forest Investment Program (2017), the vulnerability index (National, 2015 and District 2018), Rwanda National Communication to UNFCCC (2018), the Sector Strategic Plans (2017) and the first NDC Implementation Plan (2017).', '• The analysis builds on the first NDC work and other more recent studies including the Strategic Program for Climate Resilience (2017) along with the Gaps and Needs Analysis, the Forest Investment Program (2017), the vulnerability index (National, 2015 and District 2018), Rwanda National Communication to UNFCCC (2018), the Sector Strategic Plans (2017) and the first NDC Implementation Plan (2017). • Priority sectors were identified based on the NDC Partnership Plan that was led by the MoE with the support of the NDC Secretariat. The consideration was also based on the focus of the World Bank support in the context of the NDC Partnership Plan endorsed by the GoR in November 2018.', 'The consideration was also based on the focus of the World Bank support in the context of the NDC Partnership Plan endorsed by the GoR in November 2018. • The selection of adaptation interventions, the metrics including indicators, baselines, milestones and targets were conducted through workshops which were followed by extensive consultations with sector expert teams through various iterative discussions within sectors. In addition, a multi-criteria analysis methodology was used for prioritization of adaptation interventions.', 'In addition, a multi-criteria analysis methodology was used for prioritization of adaptation interventions. • This then helped set adaptation indicators to guide baselines and categories of metrics at global, national/sub-national (to influence SSPs and DDSs) and finally at program and project levels.UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 05 Mitigation Contribution Rwanda’s mitigation contribution takes the form of a reduction in GHG emissions relative to a business-as-usual (BAU) emissions baseline over the period 2015-2030. The contribution comprises of two components: • Unconditional contribution: A reduction of 16 per cent relative to BAU in the year 2030; equivalent to an estimated mitigation level of 1.9 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO e) in that year. This is an unconditional target, based on domestically supported and implemented mitigation measures and policies.', 'This is an unconditional target, based on domestically supported and implemented mitigation measures and policies. • Conditional contribution: An additional reduction of 22 per cent relative to BAU in the year 2030; equivalent to an estimated mitigation level of 2.7 million tCO e in that year. This represents an additional targeted contribution, based on the provision of international support and funding. The combined unconditional and conditional contribution is therefore a 38 per cent reduction in GHG emissions compared to BAU in 2030; this is equivalent to an estimated mitigation level of up to 4.6 million tCO e in 2030.', 'The combined unconditional and conditional contribution is therefore a 38 per cent reduction in GHG emissions compared to BAU in 2030; this is equivalent to an estimated mitigation level of up to 4.6 million tCO e in 2030. The sectoral scope of the contribution covers all emissions sources described in the IPCC 2006 Reporting Guidelines, including emissions from the categories of energy; industrial processes and product use (IPPU); waste; and agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) but excluding sources from forestry and other land use. These sources may be included within future contributions, subject to improved data availability and ongoing development in the accuracy of their quantification within the national GHG inventory.', 'These sources may be included within future contributions, subject to improved data availability and ongoing development in the accuracy of their quantification within the national GHG inventory. Note also that due to the lack of an intentionally recognised GHG accounting methodology, emissions reductions arising from utilisation of methane from Lake Kivu for electricity generation have not been quantified or included within this contribution. This may be revised in future contributions subsequent to development of suitable accounting and reporting guidance, and the development of relevant project data. The coverage of the contribution includes the three main greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (CO ), methane (CH ), nitrous oxide (N O), and also hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). This section describes Rwanda’s nationally determined contribution to mitigation.', 'This section describes Rwanda’s nationally determined contribution to mitigation. It describes the emissions sources covered by the contribution according to the latest national GHG inventory year, the development of BAU emissions projections by sector to 2030, the expected contribution from mitigation measures according to each sector, and the associated funding requirements expected for both the unconditional and conditional components.24 GREEN RWANDA 5.2 National GHG Inventory Rwanda’s latest GHG inventory data is reported in its Third National Communication (TNC) to the UNFCCC (GoR, 2018a) covers emissions up to the year 2015. This is the year adopted as the NDC baseline year. As part of the NDC revision process, a review of the GHG inventory data was undertaken. This resulted in the correction of some errors and inconsistencies.', 'This resulted in the correction of some errors and inconsistencies. In addition, more recently available information and survey data allowed for actual activity and energy consumption data to replace previously estimated values. The historic and base year data described below are therefore based on this revised dataset which is considered the most recent and accurate information available against which to assess NDC mitigation contributions. These will be reflected in Rwanda’s forthcoming Biennial Update Report (BUR) and in the next National Communication. GHG inventory data in the base year 2015 are shown in Table 5.1 according to IPCC reporting categories for all GHG emissions sources, and summarised in aggregated form in Figure 5.1. Total emissions excluding forestry are estimated at 5.33 million tCO e for 2015.', 'Total emissions excluding forestry are estimated at 5.33 million tCO e for 2015. The agriculture sector accounted for the largest share of the total (2.94 million tCO of total), followed by energy (1.68 million tCO e, 31% of total) and waste (0.64 million tCO e, 12% of total). Emissions from IPPU represented just 0.08 million tCO e, equivalent to around 2% of total emissions in 2015; mainly associated with calcination CO emissions from clinker production. Emissions from livestock, predominantly CH from enteric fermentation in cattle, represented the largest emissions source category in the base year, followed by N O emissions from managed soils in crop production.', 'Emissions from livestock, predominantly CH from enteric fermentation in cattle, represented the largest emissions source category in the base year, followed by N O emissions from managed soils in crop production. Following these agricultural sources, major sources included CO emissions from fuel combustion for heating and cooking in buildings (LPG, kerosene), which accounted for 14% of the total, and CO emissions from liquid fuel use in road transport (diesel, gasoline), which accounted for 13% of the total. Figure 5.1 Rwanda’s GHG emissions by source in 2015, MtCO e Source: Rwanda National GHG Inventory data (as of September 2019); forestry excluded. Solid waste Waste water Transport MtCO e Buildings IPPU 0.1% Urea Application Managed soils Rice Cultivation Enteric fermentation Manure managementUPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Table 5.1 Rwanda’s GHG emissions by source in 2015, MtCO e IPCC Reporting Categories GgCO e MtCO e Combustion Activities Industries 1.A.1.a. Electricity and Heat Production Sectors Institutional 2.D. Non-Energy Products from Fuels and Solvent Use 4 0.004 2.F.', 'Non-Energy Products from Fuels and Solvent Use 4 0.004 2.F. Product Uses as Substitutes for Ozone Depleting Substances 7 0.01 3.B. Land 3.B.1. Forest Land - - Sources and Emissions Sources on Land 3.C.5. Indirect N2O Emissions from managed soils 3.C.6. Indirect N2O Emissions from manure management 4.B. Biological Treatment of Solid Waste 159 0.16 4.C. Incineration and Open Burning of Waste 1 0.001 Total emissions Energy 1,677 1.68 Total emissions IPPU 82 0.08 Total emissions AFOLU 2,940 2.94 Total emissions Waste 637 0.64 TOTAL emissions (excluding forestry) 5,337 5.33 Source: Rwanda National GHG Inventory data (as of September 2019); forestry excluded.26 GREEN RWANDA 5.3 Mitigation actions 5.3.1 Methodological approach Rwanda’s NDC mitigation targets are based on an in-depth assessment of the country’s mitigation potential against a BAU baseline through 2030.', 'Incineration and Open Burning of Waste 1 0.001 Total emissions Energy 1,677 1.68 Total emissions IPPU 82 0.08 Total emissions AFOLU 2,940 2.94 Total emissions Waste 637 0.64 TOTAL emissions (excluding forestry) 5,337 5.33 Source: Rwanda National GHG Inventory data (as of September 2019); forestry excluded.26 GREEN RWANDA 5.3 Mitigation actions 5.3.1 Methodological approach Rwanda’s NDC mitigation targets are based on an in-depth assessment of the country’s mitigation potential against a BAU baseline through 2030. This has been undertaken through a process that integrates an analysis of Rwanda’s existing sectoral and climate policy framework, the generation of qualitative information through consultation with government officials, experts and stakeholders, quantitative modelling of mitigation options and scenarios, and multi-criteria assessment to prioritise measures and determine conditional and unconditional contributions.', 'This has been undertaken through a process that integrates an analysis of Rwanda’s existing sectoral and climate policy framework, the generation of qualitative information through consultation with government officials, experts and stakeholders, quantitative modelling of mitigation options and scenarios, and multi-criteria assessment to prioritise measures and determine conditional and unconditional contributions. As described above, the mitigation assessment builds on the work undertaken in support of Rwanda’s INDC submission in 2015 and other more recent studies including e.g. GHG mitigation estimates made in the context of NAMAs and the TNC (GoR, 2018a), and a variety of other official data and information sources.', 'GHG mitigation estimates made in the context of NAMAs and the TNC (GoR, 2018a), and a variety of other official data and information sources. The analysis comprised of three main stages: • Stage 1: Develop BAU emissions forecasts: Based on the national GHG inventory emissions described above for the base year of 2015, develop a revised BAU baseline scenario through 2030 according to key drivers of national GHG emissions e.g. GDP, population, sectoral output projections. • Stage 2: Assess and prioritise mitigation actions: Identify and collect information on mitigation options within each sector based on extensive cross-departmental discussions between officials and experts, quantify their emissions reduction potential through 2030 compared to BAU and undertake an economic cost-benefit analysis (CBA) of each option.', '• Stage 2: Assess and prioritise mitigation actions: Identify and collect information on mitigation options within each sector based on extensive cross-departmental discussions between officials and experts, quantify their emissions reduction potential through 2030 compared to BAU and undertake an economic cost-benefit analysis (CBA) of each option. In order to prioritize actions and determine which can be supported domestically and which require international support, a multi-criteria-based assessment of the identified measures was undertaken to determine environmental effectiveness, socio-economic effectiveness and feasibility. • Stage 3: Develop alternative GHG pathways for NDC: Model alternative GHG pathways based on the identified and prioritised mitigation options against the BAU baseline through 2030 to quantify emissions reduction potential for the NDC across sectors and associated costs and investment needs.', '• Stage 3: Develop alternative GHG pathways for NDC: Model alternative GHG pathways based on the identified and prioritised mitigation options against the BAU baseline through 2030 to quantify emissions reduction potential for the NDC across sectors and associated costs and investment needs. The interaction between these three elements is shown below in Figure 5.2.UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Figure 5.2 Overview of approach to analysis of mitigation potential 5.3.2 Business as usual (BAU) projections Rwanda’s mitigation contribution is based on a reduction relative to business as usual (BAU) emissions 2015-2030. The BAU projection represents the scenario according to which mitigation policies and actions are not implemented. It therefore provides the reference case (or baseline) against which the emissions reduction potential from mitigation actions have been quantified.', 'It therefore provides the reference case (or baseline) against which the emissions reduction potential from mitigation actions have been quantified. BAU projections GHG forecast by sector and IPCC category 2015-2030 Sensitivity cases Mitigation assessment GHG emission reductions calculations Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) Evaluation of options Criteria based evaluation of mitigation options Prioritisation of options GHG reduction pathways (NDC) Mitigation options grouped into GHG reduction scenarios Calculations of impacts 2015- 203 against BAU projections Sensitivity cases Technical Outputs Emission reduction outputs (absolute; per capita; per GDP) Economic outputs (abatement costs; investment needs) Sectoral outputs (e.g energy use; power generation mix)28 GREEN RWANDA The development of BAU projections was based on detailed bottom-up modelling of activity and GHG forecasts developed for each emitting sector through 2030. These reflect a number of assumptions determining changes in inter alia energy supply and demand, sector output, technology uptake, and policy choices.', 'These reflect a number of assumptions determining changes in inter alia energy supply and demand, sector output, technology uptake, and policy choices. In so doing, existing government projections and plans were assessed, during cross-departmental consultations between relevant ministries, agencies and organisations. Note that as work is currently ongoing to better quantify national emissions and removals from forestry, these were excluded from the analysis. The modelling draws heavily upon, and updates, the emissions projections work undertaken as part of the TNC work (GoR, 2018a). These provide long-term emissions projections for Rwanda through 2050 using the Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning System (LEAP) software system developed by the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI, 2009) and supplemented by various excel-based calculations.', 'These provide long-term emissions projections for Rwanda through 2050 using the Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning System (LEAP) software system developed by the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI, 2009) and supplemented by various excel-based calculations. As described above, the BAU modelling develops and improves in the TNC projections in several ways, including through the use of more recent data and sectoral analysis. Changes in production, energy use and GHG emissions through 2030 will be driven by a number of factors. The two most important drivers in the specific context of Rwanda’s NDC sectors are considered to be: • Economic growth: Economic growth within key sectors will drive demand for energy, industrial output and services such as road transport and housing.', 'The two most important drivers in the specific context of Rwanda’s NDC sectors are considered to be: • Economic growth: Economic growth within key sectors will drive demand for energy, industrial output and services such as road transport and housing. Lower rates of GDP growth over the coming years will therefore tend to restrain demand and output, and GHG emissions levels. As set out in the country’s vision for continued economic development5, Vision 2050, Rwanda aspires to reach Middle Income Country (MIC) and High-Income Country (HIC) status by 2035 and 2050, respectively. The Vision will be delivered through a series of seven-year National Strategies for Transformation (NST1), underpinned by detailed sectoral strategies (World Bank, 2019). The current NST1 covers the period 2017-2024 (GoR, 2017a).', 'The current NST1 covers the period 2017-2024 (GoR, 2017a). GDP growth assumptions consistent with the Vision have been used as the base assumption for the BAU emissions projections. • Population growth: Population increases within rural and urban areas will drive demand for road transport, housing, and other services, as well as levels of waste generation and resource use. Lower population growth will tend to restrain demand and GHG emissions levels. The National Institute of Statistics Rwanda (NISR) publishes population projections based on regulator household surveys and censuses. The most recent of these is the Fifth Integrated Household Living Survey, EICV5, (NISR, 2018). The EICV5 provides detailed projections of population according to low, medium and high scenarios. The medium population scenario has been used as the base assumption in BAU emissions6.', 'The medium population scenario has been used as the base assumption in BAU emissions6. An aggregated economy-wide forecast of BAU emissions through 2030 in shown below in Figure 5.3. This represents the BAU baseline projection, consistent with the Vision 2050 outlook, against which Rwanda’s mitigation contribution has been quantified. At an aggregate level, total emissions are forecast to more than double over the 2015-2030 period, 5 GDP growth averaged 7.5% over the decade to 2018 while per capita GDP grew at 5% annually (World Bank, 2019).', 'At an aggregate level, total emissions are forecast to more than double over the 2015-2030 period, 5 GDP growth averaged 7.5% over the decade to 2018 while per capita GDP grew at 5% annually (World Bank, 2019). 6 The medium scenario predicts a total population growth of around 39% over the period 2015-2030; this rises to 43% under the high scenario and falls to 32% under the low scenario.UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION rising from 5.3 million tCO e in the base year to 12.1 million tCO e in 2030. The graph shows that this represents an increased rate of growth compared to that seen during the period 2006-2015, closely reflecting the assumptions around economic and population growth and official planning, instead of projections based on past trends7.', 'The graph shows that this represents an increased rate of growth compared to that seen during the period 2006-2015, closely reflecting the assumptions around economic and population growth and official planning, instead of projections based on past trends7. The current projection compares with the TNC projection of around 10.2 million tCO e in 2030, representing a doubling from the base year8. The most rapid growth is forecast within industrial processes and energy use: the former expands its share of total emissions from 2% to around 4%, and the latter from 31% to 40% by 2030. The share of emissions from waste generation remains at around 12-13%, whilst agricultural sources decline from 55% to 43%.', 'The share of emissions from waste generation remains at around 12-13%, whilst agricultural sources decline from 55% to 43%. Although these do not represent dramatic shifts in emissions sources, they clearly indicate the growing contribution from fossil fuels to national emissions, arising from increasing demand for power generation, road transport services and other modern energy uses. At the same time, despite potential for increased productivity, agricultural output is expected to be limited due to land availability, thereby limiting emissions growth from this sector. Figure 5.3 BAU GHG emissions projection, all NDC sectors Wastewater Manure management Industry Solid Waste Enteric fermentation Electricity Rice cultivation IPPU Urea application Buildings Managed soils Transport 7 This pattern is consistent with developing countries emissions trajectories; see for example historic Non-Annex B emissions in', 'Figure 5.3 BAU GHG emissions projection, all NDC sectors Wastewater Manure management Industry Solid Waste Enteric fermentation Electricity Rice cultivation IPPU Urea application Buildings Managed soils Transport 7 This pattern is consistent with developing countries emissions trajectories; see for example historic Non-Annex B emissions in 8 Note that this value is ‘corrected’ to account for data errors in the TNC reported data (GoR, 2018a).30 GREEN RWANDA 5.3.3 Mitigation assessment A detailed assessment of GHG mitigation options for Rwanda was undertaken in order to determine which options are most suitable within the NDC. The analysis was undertaken according to a three-step process: • Step 1: Identifying mitigation options.', 'The analysis was undertaken according to a three-step process: • Step 1: Identifying mitigation options. A ‘long-list’ list of potentially suitable emission reduction projects and measures was developed through discussions and consultation with government officials, technical and sector experts, and other stakeholders. This include Rwanda’s NDC (GoR, 2015a); assessment of NAMAs in Rwanda (GoR, 2015b); an “adjusted” list of NDC options, as contained in the Rwanda NDC Implementation Plan (GoR, 2017b); and Rwanda’s TNC (GoR, 2018a). • Step 2: Assessing the potential. The identified long-list of mitigation options were then assessed in terms of their mitigation potential through 2030 compared to the BAU baseline projection and their economic costs and benefits. • Step 3: Evaluating the options.', '• Step 3: Evaluating the options. The quantitative analysis undertaken in Step 2 was complimented by a broader, multi criteria-based, assessment in order to identify those options considered most suitable or feasible to be implemented under the NDC and to determine which can be implemented through domestic efforts (unconditional measures) and those requiring international support and finance (conditional measures). Assessing the potential Figure 5.4 summarises the estimated emissions reduction potential in 2030 for all mitigation measures assessed from the ‘long list’ of all mitigation measures. The pie charts indicate the relative contribution made from projects within the key sectors of energy (covering energy use in electricity generation, industry, transport, commercial and residential, and agriculture), waste, IPPU and agriculture against the BAU baseline described above.', 'The pie charts indicate the relative contribution made from projects within the key sectors of energy (covering energy use in electricity generation, industry, transport, commercial and residential, and agriculture), waste, IPPU and agriculture against the BAU baseline described above. The total mitigation potential is estimated at around 4.6 million tCO e in 2030 compared to BAU emissions in the same year of 12.1 million tCO e. According to the analysis, mitigation measures identified within the agriculture sector accounts for 49% of the total potential, followed by energy (34% of total), waste (14%), and IPPU (3%). Within agriculture, soil conservation measures – which include terracing, conservation tillage, multi-cropping and crop rotation practices – account for around half of the sector’s mitigation potential.', 'Within agriculture, soil conservation measures – which include terracing, conservation tillage, multi-cropping and crop rotation practices – account for around half of the sector’s mitigation potential. The bulk of the remaining mitigation potential includes measures to reduce enteric fermentation emissions from livestock, including the introduction of new species to replace local herds and improved husbandry, and the use of windrow composting. Within energy use, increased use of renewables to meet increasing energy demand dominates the mitigation potential. Significant emissions reduction potential exists across each of the main sub-sectors.', 'Significant emissions reduction potential exists across each of the main sub-sectors. Hydropower, covering large- and small-scale new generation, represents the largest share of the identified GHG reduction potential, followed by the use of solar energy for water heating, pumping for agricultural irrigation and off-grid electricityUPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION which together account for around a quarter of all mitigation. Emissions reductions arising from use of electric vehicles and vehicle fuel economy standards are also considered to be potentially significant, although assumptions around the rate of implementation over the coming decade (e.g. new vehicles entering the fleet and development of charging infrastructure) and the rate of electricity grid decarbonisation achieved are key to the net level of abatement achieved.', 'new vehicles entering the fleet and development of charging infrastructure) and the rate of electricity grid decarbonisation achieved are key to the net level of abatement achieved. Within waste, the most significant potential is identified within energy utilisation measures such as landfill gas recovery and direct waste-to-energy (WtE) plants. Mitigation potential from IPPU sources is by comparison relatively limited, with the majority of emissions reductions arising from increased use of clinker substitute for cement production (volcanic pozzolanas), followed by reduction of fluorinated gases (F-gases), in line with the 2016 Kigali amendment of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (UN, 1987).', 'Mitigation potential from IPPU sources is by comparison relatively limited, with the majority of emissions reductions arising from increased use of clinker substitute for cement production (volcanic pozzolanas), followed by reduction of fluorinated gases (F-gases), in line with the 2016 Kigali amendment of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (UN, 1987). Figure 5.4 Estimated GHG mitigation potential in 2030 from all mitigation measures MtCO e Industrial Processes and Product Use Waste Increased pozzolanas in cement F-gases substitution MtCO e Landfill gas utilisation Waste-to- energy Aerobic compositing Waste-water treatment32 GREEN RWANDA MtCO e MtCO e Solar mini grids Solar water heaters Efficient cook stoves Electric vehicles Efficient lighting Vehicle standards Hydropower Solar irrigation Other solar On-farm biogas Industry Improved fertilisers efficiency Soil conservation (terracing) Conservation tillage Soil Conservation (multicropping) Soil Conservation (rotation) Improved livestock husbandry Improved livestock species Compost production Manure management Energy AgricultureUPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Evaluating the options The identified mitigation options were assessed according to a multi-criteria evaluation framework.', 'Figure 5.4 Estimated GHG mitigation potential in 2030 from all mitigation measures MtCO e Industrial Processes and Product Use Waste Increased pozzolanas in cement F-gases substitution MtCO e Landfill gas utilisation Waste-to- energy Aerobic compositing Waste-water treatment32 GREEN RWANDA MtCO e MtCO e Solar mini grids Solar water heaters Efficient cook stoves Electric vehicles Efficient lighting Vehicle standards Hydropower Solar irrigation Other solar On-farm biogas Industry Improved fertilisers efficiency Soil conservation (terracing) Conservation tillage Soil Conservation (multicropping) Soil Conservation (rotation) Improved livestock husbandry Improved livestock species Compost production Manure management Energy AgricultureUPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Evaluating the options The identified mitigation options were assessed according to a multi-criteria evaluation framework. This was undertaken partly to assess the suitability of the identified measures within the NDC, and also to help inform the decision of which could be considered unconditional (domestically supported) measures, and which could be instead considered as conditional on international support. A detailed economic assessment was made for the full list of options. Although economic efficiency is a key criterion, climate policy must also respond to other key issues such as e.g.', 'Although economic efficiency is a key criterion, climate policy must also respond to other key issues such as e.g. local pollution reduction, energy security, energy access, poverty, and seeking reduced electricity tariffs. A broader evaluation framework is therefore needed. Suitable mitigation options seek to maximise the following key criteria: • Environmental effectiveness: mitigation actions should achieve real emissions reductions, at the national and global level, whilst minimising indirect environmental impacts and ensuring resilience to climate change impacts. • Socio-economic impacts and co-benefits: mitigation actions should prioritize the most cost-effective options including those with developmental co-benefits and be acceptable to all entities involved taking account impacts and risks to affected groups including households, businesses, and communities.', '• Socio-economic impacts and co-benefits: mitigation actions should prioritize the most cost-effective options including those with developmental co-benefits and be acceptable to all entities involved taking account impacts and risks to affected groups including households, businesses, and communities. • Feasibility of implementation: mitigation actions should be feasible to implement in the specific context of the national infrastructure and legal framework, be in alignment with national policy aims and objectives, and be suitable to international support and climate finance consistent with the UNFCCC and Paris Agreement. A set of criteria was chosen according to these three broad categories, drawing from international literature and guidance on good practice climate policy development (IPCC, 2007).', 'A set of criteria was chosen according to these three broad categories, drawing from international literature and guidance on good practice climate policy development (IPCC, 2007). On the balance of the criteria evaluation framework, and informed by stakeholder and cross- departmental consultation, the majority of the assessed options were considered to be ‘high priority’ or ‘medium priority’ options; no options are considered inappropriate as part of Rwanda’s mitigation contribution. All measures were also considered to be potentially applicable for implementation before 2030, subject to financial support and overcoming implementation challenges. In common with many other developing country Parties, Rwanda mitigation contribution has been developed according to two different components: • Unconditional contribution: Those mitigation measures and policies which will be implemented ‘unconditionally’ through domestic efforts alone (e.g.', 'In common with many other developing country Parties, Rwanda mitigation contribution has been developed according to two different components: • Unconditional contribution: Those mitigation measures and policies which will be implemented ‘unconditionally’ through domestic efforts alone (e.g. funded within committed national policy plans and actions); and • Conditional contribution: Additional mitigation measures which could be implemented, but only conditional upon the availability of international support (including funding and other types of support from donors, climate finance and potentially carbon markets). The multi-criteria evaluation process provided a basis to clarify the identified options according to these two groupings. In so doing, the following broad considerations were also used to help guide the choices:34 GREEN RWANDA 1.', 'In so doing, the following broad considerations were also used to help guide the choices:34 GREEN RWANDA 1. Costs and investment levels: Higher cost projects and those requiring significant investment levels are typically considered more suitable to international support given national budget and resource constraints. 2. Inclusion within existing national policies and sector plans: Several projects and measures are already included within national policy planning and budgeted within sector plans: these can therefore be viewed as domestically supported. 3. Suitability to international support: Some measures are more or less suited to existing and emerging forms of support and climate finance, for example in terms of projects types.', 'Suitability to international support: Some measures are more or less suited to existing and emerging forms of support and climate finance, for example in terms of projects types. The subsequent classification of the mitigation measures according to unconditional and conditional measures is shown in the NDC Implementation Plan presented further below. 5.3.4 Mitigation contribution Figure 5.5 illustrates the emission projections for the BAU baseline, and Rwanda’s mitigation contribution for domestic unconditional projects and for all projects (unconditional and conditional). The associated values are shown in the table below. The graph shows emissions more than doubling under the BAU projection from 5.3 MtCO e in the base year to around e in 2030.', 'The graph shows emissions more than doubling under the BAU projection from 5.3 MtCO e in the base year to around e in 2030. With the domestically supported unconditional mitigation measures, 2030 emissions are forecast to instead rise to around 10.2 MtCO e, representing a reduction against BAU of around 16%. With both domestic and conditional mitigation measures, emissions are forecast to instead total around 7.5 MtCO e, equal to a reduction of 38% by 2030 against the same baseline. Figure 5.5 Mitigation contributions against BAU baseline MtCO e BAU BAU (base case) Domestic Measures All NDC measuresUPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Table 5.2 Mitigation contributions against BAU baseline The mitigation contributions are summarised in Figure 5.6 below for the year 2030, which also shows the contribution of each sector to the total estimated mitigation potential.', 'Figure 5.5 Mitigation contributions against BAU baseline MtCO e BAU BAU (base case) Domestic Measures All NDC measuresUPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Table 5.2 Mitigation contributions against BAU baseline The mitigation contributions are summarised in Figure 5.6 below for the year 2030, which also shows the contribution of each sector to the total estimated mitigation potential. Total emissions (MtCO2e) GHG reduction relative to BAU Figure 5.6 Mitigation contributions in 2030 5.4 Implementation plan The following tables present a high-level summary for each of the mitigation measures quantified as part of the unconditional and conditional contributions, shown by sector and summarised by each of the key implementation aspects including responsible government ministries and implementing lead agencies, the planned timeline, and estimated funding requirements. Adaptation benefits and linkages with the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are also shown.', 'Adaptation benefits and linkages with the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are also shown. Million tCO e BAU Energy IPPU Waste Agriculture All NDC measures Domestic measuresGREEN RWANDA Measures Timeline Line ministry (Implementing entities) Funding estimates Adaptation benefits Alignment with SDGs Unconditional measures Electricity generation Grid-connected hydropower generation Development of 56.75 MW large hydro capacity (capacity > 5 MW), 24.5 MW small and mini hydro projects (capacity <5MW) and 75 MW regional projects by 2030. Displacement of GHG emissions from fossil fuel power generation (peat, diesel oil). MININFRA (REG, EDCL) Total plant capital costs estimated at 328 million USD. Potential for improved water management through flood and drought control. Increase in agricultural production due to improved water management and reduced exposure to extreme climate events.', 'Increase in agricultural production due to improved water management and reduced exposure to extreme climate events. Solar street lighting Installation of solar lighting and LED systems to replace high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps for street lighting and public spaces within populated areas and main roads by 2024. Reduction of grid-based GHG emisisons. MININFRA, MINICOM (REG, EDCL) Total lighting, battery and installation costs estimated at 28 million USD. Reduced reliance on grid-based power generation and infrastructure, and imported energy. Manufacturing industry Energy efficiency in agro-processing A range of energy efficiency measures focused on reducing firewood and electricity consumption in the coffee and tea sector. MINICOM (NIRDA, NAEB) 2 million USD Increased resilience of tea and coffee plantations. Reduced pressure on forests resources, with reduced impacts from extreme rainfall events.', 'Reduced pressure on forests resources, with reduced impacts from extreme rainfall events. Climate compatible mining Phasing out of diesel gensets for on-site electricity consumption, to be replaced with grid and/or on-site renewable power production. MOE (RMB, mining companies) Up to 5 million USD. Reduced reliance on energy imports through use of indigenous energy resources. Efficient brick kilns Phasing out use of clamp kilns, and applying energy efficiency measures in the brick manufacturing industry. MININFRA (RHA, REMA, RFA, brick companies) 13 million USD Increased resilience of brick manufacturing industry. Reduced reliance on biomass energy and related air pollution. Reduced pressure on forests. Energy efficient cement production Use of waste heat recovery (WHR) and increased use of rice husks as fuel within clinker production. MINICOM, MOE (REMA, CCL) 11 million USD Increased resilience of cement industry. Reduced reliance on imported energy supply.', 'Reduced reliance on imported energy supply. Table 5.3 Mitigation measures: EnergyTransport Vehicle emissions standards Measures introduced to increase vehicle emissions performance of national vehicle fleet, including tax incentives and scrappage of older vehicles, and inspection. Reduction of GHG and local emissions from gasoline and diesel use. MININFRA, MINICOM (RTDA, REMA) Incremental vehicle costs and scheme administration est. 190 million USD. Reduction of harmful pollutants from conventional diesel and gasoline vehicles, enhancing resilience of population to disease and adverse climate impacts. Buildings and agriculture Efficient lighting in buildings Further dissemination of CFL and LED lamps in residential, commercial and institutional buildings. Supported by government subsidies and VAT exemptions on energy saving lamps. Reduction of grid-based GHG emisisons. MININFRA (REG, RHA) 6.4 million USD (assumes 1.6 million CFL replacements with 7 year lifetime and 2 USD unit cost).', 'MININFRA (REG, RHA) 6.4 million USD (assumes 1.6 million CFL replacements with 7 year lifetime and 2 USD unit cost). Increased opportunities for education, indirectly increasing population resilience to extreme weather events. Reduced household expenditure on energy enhances resilience. Efficient cook stoves Dissemination of modern efficient cook stoves to 80% of the rural population and 50% of the urban population by 2030, achieving a more sustainable balance between supply and demand of biomass, and reducing firewood and fossil energy consumption for cooking. MININFRA, MOE (EDCL, RFA, FONERWA) 380 million USD (new stoves, training and scheme monitor- ing). Reduced dependence on availability of traditional biomass fuels, which is vulnerable to climate variability. Reduced pressure on forests resources, with reduced impacts from extreme rainfall events.', 'Reduced pressure on forests resources, with reduced impacts from extreme rainfall events. Solar pumping for irrigation Use of solar water pumping systems for irrigation within agricultural production to replace diesel pumps, displacing fossil fuel use and associated GHG emissions. MININFRA, MINAGRI (RAB, RWRB) 285 million USD. Reduced dependence on imported energy and increased food security. Conditional measures Electricity Solar mini-grids 68 MWp of solar mini-grids to be installed in off-grid rural areas by 2030, as reflected in the Rural Electrification Strategy. Displacement of traditional biomass fuels, diesel and kerosene for domestic energy use. MININFRA (REG, EDCL) Total costs est. 206 million USD (incl. battery replace- ments) Reduced dependence on availability of traditional biomass fuels, which is vulnerable to climate variability. Reduced pressure on forests and forest biodiversity. Increased adaptative capacity as a result of increased off-farm business for rural community having access to electricity/ energy.', 'Increased adaptative capacity as a result of increased off-farm business for rural community having access to electricity/ energy. UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONTransport Public transport infrastructure Wide range of measures including bus rapid transport (BRT) project, bus lanes, non-motorised transport lanes, and other modal shift projects contained in the Transport Sector Strategic Plan as part of the NST1. MININFRA (RTDA, REMA, RURA, CoK, transport operators) 50 million USD (but cost estimates are limited to bus mea- sures only). Increased resilience of transport infrastructure. Improved health and reduction of harmful pollutants, enhacing resilience of population to disease and adverse climate impacts. Electric vehicles (EVs) The e-mobility programme plans for the phased adoption of electric buses, passenger vehicles (cars) and motorocycles from 2020 onwards, resulting in displaced conventional vehicle sales, transport fuel imports and associated GHG emissions. MININFRA (RTDA, REMA, RURA CoK, transport operators) Total costs including EVs and charging infrastructure est.', 'MININFRA (RTDA, REMA, RURA CoK, transport operators) Total costs including EVs and charging infrastructure est. up to 900 million USD. Reduction of harmful pollutants, enhacing resilience of population to disease and adverse climate impacts. Buildings and agriculture Off-grid and rooftop solar electrification Penetration of off-grid solar and rooftop solar PV panels consistent with the ESSP targets of around 1,500,000 households to be electrified through, equivalent to 250,000 connections per year. Displacement of grid power and diesel consumption and associated GHG emissions. MININFRA (REG, EDCL, EUCL) 600 million USD Reduced dependence on imported energy and increased resilience and energy security of buildings, households and companies. Solar water heater (SWH) programme Installation of solar thermal water heaters within urban residential buildings supported by use of loans and grants to subsidise purchase costs, as part of the National Green Building Code minium compliance system. MININFRA (RHA, EDCL) SWH costs est.', 'Solar water heater (SWH) programme Installation of solar thermal water heaters within urban residential buildings supported by use of loans and grants to subsidise purchase costs, as part of the National Green Building Code minium compliance system. MININFRA (RHA, EDCL) SWH costs est. 52 million USD. Support programme est. 8 million USD. Improved climate resilience of buildings and reduced reliance on material and energy consumption, including energy imports. Promotion of on-farm biogas for energy Increased use of on-farm anaerobic digestion of manure for bioenergy (bio-digestors). MININFRA, MINALOC (REG, EDCL, local govern- ment, RAB) 62 million USD Reduced dependence on availability of traditional biomass fuels, which is vulnerable to climate variability.', 'MININFRA, MINALOC (REG, EDCL, local govern- ment, RAB) 62 million USD Reduced dependence on availability of traditional biomass fuels, which is vulnerable to climate variability. Reduced pressure on forests and forest biodiversity, and food security 38 GREEN RWANDAMeasures Timeline Line ministry (Implementing entities) Funding estimates Adaptation benefits Alignment with SDGs Unconditional measures Clinker and cement production Increased pozzolana use in cement Increasing the share of volcanic pozzalanas used within national cement production beyond current cement-to-clinker ratio of 0.7, with target for an incremental 5% substitution of clinker with pozzolana through 2030. Reduced clinker production and associated calcination process CO2 emissions. MOE, MINICOM (REMA, CCL) Capital costs est. 1.2 million USD. Pozzolana material costs est. 7 million USD through 2030. Reduced dependence on imported coal, which results in reduction of cement production costs, thereby contributing to address national cement demand for adaptation to the effects of climate change.', 'Reduced dependence on imported coal, which results in reduction of cement production costs, thereby contributing to address national cement demand for adaptation to the effects of climate change. Fluorinated gases substitution Fluorinated gases substitution Gradual substitution of F-gases by less polluting substitutes, implemented as part of Rwanda’s commitments to the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. F-gases not to exceed the following percentages: (a) 2020 to 2024: 95%; (b) 2025 to 2028: 65%; (c) 2029 to 2033: 30%. MOE (RSB, REMA, private sector) Additional capital costs est. 3.2 million USD. Material costs est. 20 million USD Reduction of climate impacts from F-gases with high GWP, which results in enhanced population resilience to adverse climate impacts.', '20 million USD Reduction of climate impacts from F-gases with high GWP, which results in enhanced population resilience to adverse climate impacts. Measures Timeline Line ministry (Implementing entities) Funding estimates Adaptation benefits Alignment with SDGs Unconditional measures Crops and managed soils Soil and water conservation (crop rotation) Continous crop rotation of up to 600,000 Ha, leading to prevention of soil erosion and reduction of CO2 and N2O emissions and carbon sequestration in soils. MINAGRI, MOE (RAB, RFA, RWRB) 235 million USD Increased food security through enhanced soil fertility, increased crop stability and reduced soil erosion. Cleaner water provision, through reduced nutrient and soil runoff. Table 5.4 Mitigation measures: Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) Table 5.5 Mitigation measures: AFOLU (Agriculture) UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONLivestock Improved livestock husbandry Promotion of better livestock feed (i.e. legume fodder species) and training in better livestock management, under the Rwanda Livestock Master Plan.', 'legume fodder species) and training in better livestock management, under the Rwanda Livestock Master Plan. Reduction in CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation. MINAGRI (RAB) 279 million USD Increased food security through enhanced yields. Improved manure management Adoption of more efficient manure management systems, including promotion of collective farms and training, under the Rwanda Livestock Master Plan. Reduction in GHG emissions from manure management. MINAGRI (RAB) 30.5 million USD Increased food security through enhanced yields. Crops and managed soils Improved fertilizers Increased use of organic waste in soil fertilizers, supported by target to apply composting within all agricultural households by 2030, and more judicious fertilizer use and promotion of fertigation to enhance fertiliser uptake. MINAGRI (RAB) 77 million USD Enhanced effectiveness of fertilizer application, thereby supporting agricultural activities of vulnerable farmers. Reduced compostable waste related health risks such as dengue fever.', 'Reduced compostable waste related health risks such as dengue fever. Enhanced soil fertility and reduced soil erosion. Soil and water conservation (terracing) Installation of 165,000 Ha land protection terracing structures in sloped arable areas to present soil erosion, leading to reduction of CO2 and N2O emissions and carbon sequestration in soils. MINAGRI (RAB) 924 million USD Increased food security through enhanced soil fertility, increased crop stability and reduced soil erosion. Cleaner water provision, through reduced nutrient and soil runoff. Soil and water conservation (multicropping) Multicropping of coffee and bananas of up to 40,000 Ha, leading to prevention of soil erosion and reduction of CO2 and N2O emissions and carbon sequestration in soils. MINAGRI (RAB, NAEB) 173 million USD Increased food security through enhanced soil fertility, increased crop stability and reduced soil erosion. Cleaner water provision, through reduced nutrient and soil runoff.', 'Cleaner water provision, through reduced nutrient and soil runoff. Conservation tillage: Reduction in vertical movement of soil, leaving more crop residue on the soil surface, thereby reducing soil erosion, reduction of CO2 and N2O emissions and carbon sequestration in soils. MINAGRI (RAB) 128 million USD Increased food security through enhanced soil fertility, increased crop stability and reduced soil erosion. Cleaner water provision, through reduced nutrient and soil runoff. 40 GREEN RWANDALivestock Improved livestock species and population: Replacement of 10% domestic cows with improved cow species; expansion of fish farming, poultry and other small livestock to increase protein food supply without increasing cows; and change in livestock mix. Reduction in CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation. MINAGRI (RAB) 156 million USD Increased food security through introduction of more drought resistant livestock species and enhanced yields.', 'MINAGRI (RAB) 156 million USD Increased food security through introduction of more drought resistant livestock species and enhanced yields. Table 5.6 Mitigation measures: Waste Measures Timeline Line ministry (Implementing entities) Funding estimates Adaptation benefits Alignment with SDGs Unconditional measures Solid waste Landfill gas utilisation Extraction and utilization of landfill gas (LFG) for power generation in connection to semi- or fully- controlled landfills for urban areas. Reduced CH4 emissions from landfill sites and avoided CO2 emissions from displacement of fossil-based electricity use. MININFRA, MINALOC (RURA, REMA, CoK, municipal and local government, WASAC) Investment in LFG plants and improved landfills est. 28 million USD. Creation of revenue generation opportunities of stakeholders in the waste management process chain. Improved quality of water, soil and local atmosphere. Increased access to electricity and reduced dependency on traditional biomass energy. Waste-to-energy (WtE) plants Development of WtE plants in Kigali and other urban areas through energy recovery options other than LFG.', 'Waste-to-energy (WtE) plants Development of WtE plants in Kigali and other urban areas through energy recovery options other than LFG. Avoided CO2 emissions from displacement of fossil-based electricity use. MININFRA, MINALOC (RURA, REMA, CoK/ municipal and local government, WASAC) Total costs est. 8 million USD per year. Creation of revenue generation opportunities of stakeholders in the waste management process chain. Increased access to electricity and reduced dependency on traditional biomass energy. Aerobic composting Development of commercial scale aerobic composting systems for agricultural and forestry residue, manure, food processing, household kitchen and garden waste, and biosolids (organic solids from treated sewage). Reduction in CH4 emissions, since methane-producing microbes are not active in the presence of oxygen. MININFRA, MINALOC (RAB, RURA, REMA, CoK, municipal and local government, WASAC) Capacity building and program implementation costs 5 million USD. Annual costs est. 6 million USD. Improved retention of soil fertiliser and enhancing soil buffering capacity.', 'Improved retention of soil fertiliser and enhancing soil buffering capacity. Increased food production and nutrition security. Creation of revenue generation opportunities for local communities. UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONWaste water treatment and re-use Waste-water treatment plants (WWTP) Investment in wastewater treatment and reuse technology, reducing methane emissions from wastewater and providing a nutrient-rich digestate that can be used as a fertilizer. Reduction of CH4, and CO2 emissions. MININFRA, MINALOC (RURA, REMA, CoK, municipal and local government, WASAC) Capital costs million USD per WWTP. Annual costs est. 1.5 million USD. Reduced water contamination. Increased agriculture production and groundwater recharge. Increased food production and nutrition security. 42 GREEN RWANDAUPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 5.5 Funding requirements Figure 5.7 below shows the funding requirements associated with all identified mitigation options, estimated at 5.7 billion USD through 2030. These represent the capital investment costs required for new plant, installations and equipment.', 'These represent the capital investment costs required for new plant, installations and equipment. The investment levels for each sector broadly correspond to the estimated mitigation shares across each emitting sector, with agriculture and energy projects accounting for the majority (each accounting for 47% of the total 2020-2030 respectively). Investments in waste facilities account for the bulk of the remaining requirement. In order to achieve the projected mitigation outcomes, around half of the total 5.7 USD billion will be required in the period 2020-2025 and half in the period 2025-2030.', 'In order to achieve the projected mitigation outcomes, around half of the total 5.7 USD billion will be required in the period 2020-2025 and half in the period 2025-2030. Figure 5.7 Investment requirements for all identified measures through 2030 USD Bn Transport Industry energy Electricity generation Waste-water Soil and water conservation Solid waste Building Agriculture energy Fertilizer use and composting Livestock Manure Management44 GREEN RWANDA Table 5.7 Investment requirements for all mitigation measures (USD million) Figure 5.8 shows the estimated funding requirements according to the unconditional (domestically supported) and conditional contributions for the periods 2020-2025 and 2025-2030, and through to 2030 as a total. Figure 5.8 Estimated investment requirements for NDC measures US Million Conditional Measures Domestic MeasuresUPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 06 Adaptation Contribution Rwanda is heavily dependent upon its natural resources including land, water, and forests.', 'Figure 5.8 Estimated investment requirements for NDC measures US Million Conditional Measures Domestic MeasuresUPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 06 Adaptation Contribution Rwanda is heavily dependent upon its natural resources including land, water, and forests. Over two-thirds of the population engage in agriculture, forestry, and tourism for income and food security. Agriculture accounts for approximately one-third of Rwanda’s GDP, and around one-half of power generation comes from small-scale hydropower. Economic growth was solid, averaging 6.1% over (2013-2016) against the target of 11.5% over the period 2013-2020. Growth in all sectors while positive and resilient in the face of a slowing global economy, did not meet targets. Agriculture averaged 4.1% compared to 8.5% (targeted). These sectors provide jobs and income for a majority of Rwanda’s population.', 'These sectors provide jobs and income for a majority of Rwanda’s population. However, the impacts of climate change have increasingly undermined the economic gains in recent years. NST1 asserts that agricultural growth was mainly affected by crop diseases and climate change effects. In response to the growing climate change challenges to the economy, Rwanda has put in place a legal, policy and strategic framework to deal with climate change and climate variability induced risks and economic losses through (among other approaches) reducing vulnerability and building resilience to the impacts of climate change. At the international and regional levels, it has ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) as a Non-Annex 1 Party in 1995 and later the Kyoto Protocol.', 'At the international and regional levels, it has ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) as a Non-Annex 1 Party in 1995 and later the Kyoto Protocol. Rwanda has also ratified the Paris Agreement, which deals primarily with greenhouse emissions mitigation, adaptation and financing. As part of the PA implementation, Rwanda is submitting a revision of the NDC with clear results framework and resource mobilization targets that will realistically guide its successful implementation. The adaptation component in Rwanda’s updated NDC involves quantified targets for adaptation and resilience, criteria-based evaluation of priority interventions, and development of a monitoring and evaluation framework for adaptation actions to strengthen national capacity for resource mobilization that will be instrumental to supporting climate action phased over 2025 and 2030 time horizons.', 'The adaptation component in Rwanda’s updated NDC involves quantified targets for adaptation and resilience, criteria-based evaluation of priority interventions, and development of a monitoring and evaluation framework for adaptation actions to strengthen national capacity for resource mobilization that will be instrumental to supporting climate action phased over 2025 and 2030 time horizons. 6.2 Rwanda’s impacts and vulnerability to climate change Rwanda’s economy depends primarily on agriculture, which is predominantly rain fed. This makes the country highly vulnerable to climate change.', 'This makes the country highly vulnerable to climate change. The country is still water scarce with 670 m³ of water per capita per year and 25% of the population are still unable to access safe drinking water (MoE, 2017).46 GREEN RWANDA Land is also vulnerable to heavy rainfall associated with soil erosion and landslides resulting in the loss of fertility in North, Western, and Southern province, while Eastern Province is often vulnerable to drought (GoR, 2015a). The high population density (415 inhabitants per square kilometre in 2012), puts pressure on natural resources (land for housing, agriculture, wood for domestic use in construction, cooking, infrastructure, etc.). Without proper land use planning and implementation, and with a growing population, these pressures are likely to increase.', 'Without proper land use planning and implementation, and with a growing population, these pressures are likely to increase. In 2016, it was reported that 62.60% of the urban population live in informal settlements, while less than 20% of the urban population live in areas covered by master plans had storm water considerations in 2016 (MININFRA, 2017). In the health sector, major issues are related to the capacity gaps particularly at the district level (district health units) that limits effective coordination of health services. In the fiscal year 2016/2017, 308 malaria incidents per 1,000 population were reported and the malaria proportion mortality rate was at 5.7 per 1,000 in the same year.', 'In the fiscal year 2016/2017, 308 malaria incidents per 1,000 population were reported and the malaria proportion mortality rate was at 5.7 per 1,000 in the same year. Climate change adaptation is being mainstreamed in the transport sector by increasing the number of all-weather roads through improving road infrastructure from unpaved to paved roads with a focus on national roads. In 2018, from a total length of national roads of 2749km, 1385.5km were paved (50%). Financial limitation is one of the major challenges among others, which results in gaps for technical and technological capacity, as well as pressure on natural resources linked to high population density.', 'Financial limitation is one of the major challenges among others, which results in gaps for technical and technological capacity, as well as pressure on natural resources linked to high population density. In addition to the above-mentioned impacts and vulnerability to climate change, other challenges to the implementation of adaptation and resilience options are mainly classified at policy/strategic; global/national (sub-national); program and project levels.', 'In addition to the above-mentioned impacts and vulnerability to climate change, other challenges to the implementation of adaptation and resilience options are mainly classified at policy/strategic; global/national (sub-national); program and project levels. Both the 2017 and 2018 Rwanda NDC implementation and partnership plans identified the following areas to have broadly captured the demonstrated gaps that need to be addressed and strengthened (GoR, 2018c): • Institutional and regulatory framework for sector coordination • Data availability, collection, management, reporting and verification • Limited financing opportunities for flagship projects implementation • Institutional and technical capacity among sectors involved in adaptations strategies (government, private sector, and Civil Society Organizations), particularly for developing bankable projects for domestic and external funds mobilization • Challenges on the operational level focus on metrics, data management, monitoring, reporting and verification.', 'Both the 2017 and 2018 Rwanda NDC implementation and partnership plans identified the following areas to have broadly captured the demonstrated gaps that need to be addressed and strengthened (GoR, 2018c): • Institutional and regulatory framework for sector coordination • Data availability, collection, management, reporting and verification • Limited financing opportunities for flagship projects implementation • Institutional and technical capacity among sectors involved in adaptations strategies (government, private sector, and Civil Society Organizations), particularly for developing bankable projects for domestic and external funds mobilization • Challenges on the operational level focus on metrics, data management, monitoring, reporting and verification. The current updated NDC seeks to accelerate Rwanda’s socio-economic growth by holistically addressing sector specific vulnerabilities and unlocking and directing domestic and external investments to adaptation for effective climate action.UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 6.3 Priorities for adaptation and resilience Rwanda’s adaptation and resilience priorities draw upon the Green Growth and Climate Resilience Strategy adopted in 2011 with a time horizon of 2050.', 'The current updated NDC seeks to accelerate Rwanda’s socio-economic growth by holistically addressing sector specific vulnerabilities and unlocking and directing domestic and external investments to adaptation for effective climate action.UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 6.3 Priorities for adaptation and resilience Rwanda’s adaptation and resilience priorities draw upon the Green Growth and Climate Resilience Strategy adopted in 2011 with a time horizon of 2050. The strategy has 14 Programmes of Action (PoA) of which the following programmes that include adaptation to climate change in the following programmes: • PoA 1: Sustainable intensification of agriculture • PoA 2: Agriculture diversity in local and export markets • PoA 3:Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) and planning • PoA 4: Integrated Land Use and Management • PoA 9: Efficient resilient transport systems • PoA 11: Ecotourism, Conservation and Payment of Ecosystem Services • PoA 12: Sustainable Forest and Agroforestry • PoA 13: Disaster and Diseases prevention • PoA 14: Climate data and projections A recent review of the strategy indicated that it is still valid and relevant to Rwanda’s Vision 2050 as well as strategic plans - such as the National Strategy for Transformation (NST) for the period between 2018 and 2024 (MoE, 2018).', 'The strategy has 14 Programmes of Action (PoA) of which the following programmes that include adaptation to climate change in the following programmes: • PoA 1: Sustainable intensification of agriculture • PoA 2: Agriculture diversity in local and export markets • PoA 3:Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) and planning • PoA 4: Integrated Land Use and Management • PoA 9: Efficient resilient transport systems • PoA 11: Ecotourism, Conservation and Payment of Ecosystem Services • PoA 12: Sustainable Forest and Agroforestry • PoA 13: Disaster and Diseases prevention • PoA 14: Climate data and projections A recent review of the strategy indicated that it is still valid and relevant to Rwanda’s Vision 2050 as well as strategic plans - such as the National Strategy for Transformation (NST) for the period between 2018 and 2024 (MoE, 2018). Furthermore, in 2019, a new Environment and Climate Change Policy was adopted with the following relevant objectives (MoE, 2019): • Greening economic transformation (resource efficiency, low carbon, climate resiliency, circular economy, green technology and procurement, green urbanization and settlements, and green mobility); • Strengthening meteorological and early warning services (climate and weather services production and mainstreaming into all sectors of Rwanda’s socio-economic development, production and access of meteorological, climate and weather services for better planning in all sectors of economy; • Promoting climate change adaptation, mitigation and response (strengthen mitigation and adaptation in both planning and implementation); • Strengthening environment and climate change governance (mainstreaming of environment and climate change into all sector policies, national coordination for the management of critical ecosystems, inclusive decision-making and interventions for environment and climate change management, education & awareness of Rwandan society on environment, weather and climate change, and strengthen the institutional framework and coordination mechanisms); and • Promoting green foreign and domestic direct investment and other capital inflows (strengthening environment & climate financial mechanisms for more efficiency, effectiveness and impact and strengthening climate proofing capital inflow in national economic planning).48 GREEN RWANDA This is a demonstration of the progressive policy relevance of climate change to Rwanda’s economic growth and development that lends the momentum to address climate change in general and adaptation/resilience in particular as an integral component to national development priorities.', 'Furthermore, in 2019, a new Environment and Climate Change Policy was adopted with the following relevant objectives (MoE, 2019): • Greening economic transformation (resource efficiency, low carbon, climate resiliency, circular economy, green technology and procurement, green urbanization and settlements, and green mobility); • Strengthening meteorological and early warning services (climate and weather services production and mainstreaming into all sectors of Rwanda’s socio-economic development, production and access of meteorological, climate and weather services for better planning in all sectors of economy; • Promoting climate change adaptation, mitigation and response (strengthen mitigation and adaptation in both planning and implementation); • Strengthening environment and climate change governance (mainstreaming of environment and climate change into all sector policies, national coordination for the management of critical ecosystems, inclusive decision-making and interventions for environment and climate change management, education & awareness of Rwandan society on environment, weather and climate change, and strengthen the institutional framework and coordination mechanisms); and • Promoting green foreign and domestic direct investment and other capital inflows (strengthening environment & climate financial mechanisms for more efficiency, effectiveness and impact and strengthening climate proofing capital inflow in national economic planning).48 GREEN RWANDA This is a demonstration of the progressive policy relevance of climate change to Rwanda’s economic growth and development that lends the momentum to address climate change in general and adaptation/resilience in particular as an integral component to national development priorities. These strategic and policy relevant areas have outlined priorities for the NDC adaptation analytical framework and will continually inform planning, resources mobilization and implementation of NDC in the medium (2025) to long term in 2030 as well as influence the achievement of climate action relevant to SDGs.', 'These strategic and policy relevant areas have outlined priorities for the NDC adaptation analytical framework and will continually inform planning, resources mobilization and implementation of NDC in the medium (2025) to long term in 2030 as well as influence the achievement of climate action relevant to SDGs. 6.3.1 Methodological approach Figure 6.1 summarises the key steps for the adaptation component that were followed in the updated Rwanda’s NDC. The focus in this process was: • To develop stakeholder consensus on priority interventions, baselines and targets on adaptation; • To develop the indicators of prioritised adaptation interventions; • To develop the Monitoring and Evaluation Framework for adaptation actions partly drawing from and strengthening the Environment and Natural Resources Results Based Monitoring and Evaluation (ENR RBME).', 'The focus in this process was: • To develop stakeholder consensus on priority interventions, baselines and targets on adaptation; • To develop the indicators of prioritised adaptation interventions; • To develop the Monitoring and Evaluation Framework for adaptation actions partly drawing from and strengthening the Environment and Natural Resources Results Based Monitoring and Evaluation (ENR RBME). The methodology was based on an extensive review of relevant documents on climate adaptation that have developed over time starting with the Green Growth and Climate Resilience Strategy and the associated sector working papers. It is important to note that this strategy was the basis of the INDC and consequently the first NDC.', 'It is important to note that this strategy was the basis of the INDC and consequently the first NDC. Other documents and reports that were reviewed to significantly inform and influence the revision process were the SPCR along with the Gaps and Needs Analysis, Forest Investment Plans (FIP) and the NDC implementation plans (2017 & 2018) as well as the national reports on the vulnerability index (2015 and 2019) and the Third National Communication. The Sector Strategic Plans (SSPs) served as the critical reference documents for sector consultations and included identifying and refining the analytical framework that captures climate adaptation/ resilience.', 'The Sector Strategic Plans (SSPs) served as the critical reference documents for sector consultations and included identifying and refining the analytical framework that captures climate adaptation/ resilience. As shown in Figure 6.1, the methodology considered the development of a long list of adaptation actions, their prioritization, and indicators development which informed the framework for the updated NDC activities and the NDC implementation plan.', 'As shown in Figure 6.1, the methodology considered the development of a long list of adaptation actions, their prioritization, and indicators development which informed the framework for the updated NDC activities and the NDC implementation plan. Figure 6.1 Framework of analysis and scope for the adaptation work Conceptual Approach: Long list based on programs of actions: GGCRS/SPCR/FIP/N DC Plan & adaptation measures in National Communication Assess and prioritise adaptation actions / investments: • Actions / investments Set criteria for priority setting • Identify sector priority adaptation actions Develop adaptation indicators and targets: • Identify indicators and baselines from existing reports • Categorise metrics: Global / National and program and project levels Framework for NDC implementation / MEL: • Institutional coordination and sector capacity building - RBME linkages • Status of adaptation finacing and resouces mobilisationUPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Consultation with experts from multiple sectors was conducted based on the developed analytical framework. The specific objectives for the consultation were: 1.', 'The specific objectives for the consultation were: 1. To check if the information included in the adaptation analytical framework is relevant to the sector; 2. Share other internal reports that can be useful for the measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) for sector guidance and validation; 3. Advise on the projected 2025 and 2030 sectoral targets, since the existing ones are primarily drawn from NST1 that has projections up to 2024 only; 4. Inform and develop consensus on the costing of climate adaptation specific priority actions, including an outline of sources of finance categorized as “conditional” (where the Party would be willing to increase its ambition level given certain conditions were met, otherwise referred to as supported measures) and “unconditional” (unilaterally funded); 5.', 'Inform and develop consensus on the costing of climate adaptation specific priority actions, including an outline of sources of finance categorized as “conditional” (where the Party would be willing to increase its ambition level given certain conditions were met, otherwise referred to as supported measures) and “unconditional” (unilaterally funded); 5. Agree on the MRV to report which in the case of adaptation focuses on monitoring and reporting on financial flows to address adaptation/resilience action. In order to influence effective mainstreaming of climate adaptation in sector priorities, and consequently in a strategic way for national uptake including at the NST and therefore policy levels, clear adaptation metrics including indicators and targets were generated and agreed upon as measures to guide the collection of gender disaggregated data.', 'In order to influence effective mainstreaming of climate adaptation in sector priorities, and consequently in a strategic way for national uptake including at the NST and therefore policy levels, clear adaptation metrics including indicators and targets were generated and agreed upon as measures to guide the collection of gender disaggregated data. 6.3.2 Prioritised measures The table below presents a summary of prioritized sector adaptation interventions, corresponding indicators, indicator category, and timeline for the implementation, responsible government ministries, and implementing lead agencies, and the estimated adaptation funding requirement, mitigation benefits and the alignment with SDGs that are directly relevant to the sector intervention.', '6.3.2 Prioritised measures The table below presents a summary of prioritized sector adaptation interventions, corresponding indicators, indicator category, and timeline for the implementation, responsible government ministries, and implementing lead agencies, and the estimated adaptation funding requirement, mitigation benefits and the alignment with SDGs that are directly relevant to the sector intervention. Basing on the experiences in reporting at global level (including expectations of adaptation investment funds) and national level (including projects), the indicators outlined in the table below were divided into categories A and B for global and national reporting, respectively. The indicators are also aligned with baselines and adaptation targets that have drawn from existing national initiatives on climate change adaptation and resilience.', 'The indicators are also aligned with baselines and adaptation targets that have drawn from existing national initiatives on climate change adaptation and resilience. It should be noted that the indicated timeline shown in Table 6.1 from 2020 to 2030 corresponds to the implementation of the mentioned adaptation interventions, but that this does not exclude the fact that a number of these interventions were implemented upon the submission of the first NDC, i.e.', 'It should be noted that the indicated timeline shown in Table 6.1 from 2020 to 2030 corresponds to the implementation of the mentioned adaptation interventions, but that this does not exclude the fact that a number of these interventions were implemented upon the submission of the first NDC, i.e. the period from 2015 to 2020.Table 6.1 Adaptation measures SN Intervention Indicator Line Ministry (implementing entities) Timeline Category of indicator Funding estimate Mitigation benefits Alignment with SDGs Water Develop a National Water Security through water conservation practices, wetlands restoration, water storage and efficient water use Water storage per capita MoE/MINAGRI (RWRB/ REMA/ RAB, Private sector) A 164.3 million USD Improved quantity and quality of water resources which sustain new and existing hydropower plants Renewable water resource availability per capita per annum (m³ / capita/a) MoE / MININFRA (RWRB/REMA/ WASAC, Private sector) B Develop water resource models, water quality testing, and improved hydro-related information systems Percentage of catchments with water balance and allocation models MoE (RWRB/ Private sector) B 10 million USD Develop and implement a catchment management plan for all Level 1 catchments Number of operational hydrological stations MOE (RWRB/ Private sector) B 360 million USD Percentage of water bodies with good ambient water quality MoE (RWRB/ Private sector) B Agriculture Develop climate resilient crops and promote climate resilient livestock Number of climate resilient crop varieties developed MINAGRI (RAB, NAEB, REMA, Private sector, Civil society) B 24 million USD Reduced GHG emissions from improved land use and livestock species Percentage of farmers adopting resilient crop/ varieties MINAGRI (RAB, NAEB, Private sector, Civil society) B Percentage of crossbreed livestock at national herd species B 50 GREEN RWANDADevelop climate resilient postharvest and value addition facilities and technologies Capacity of storage constructed in MT MINAGRI (RAB, NAEB, Private sector, Civil society) B 200 million USD Reduced GHG emissions from improved postharvest management Strengthen crop management practices (disease prevention, diagnostic, surveillance and control) Number of farmers using surveillance tool (FAW Database, BXW apps etc.)', 'the period from 2015 to 2020.Table 6.1 Adaptation measures SN Intervention Indicator Line Ministry (implementing entities) Timeline Category of indicator Funding estimate Mitigation benefits Alignment with SDGs Water Develop a National Water Security through water conservation practices, wetlands restoration, water storage and efficient water use Water storage per capita MoE/MINAGRI (RWRB/ REMA/ RAB, Private sector) A 164.3 million USD Improved quantity and quality of water resources which sustain new and existing hydropower plants Renewable water resource availability per capita per annum (m³ / capita/a) MoE / MININFRA (RWRB/REMA/ WASAC, Private sector) B Develop water resource models, water quality testing, and improved hydro-related information systems Percentage of catchments with water balance and allocation models MoE (RWRB/ Private sector) B 10 million USD Develop and implement a catchment management plan for all Level 1 catchments Number of operational hydrological stations MOE (RWRB/ Private sector) B 360 million USD Percentage of water bodies with good ambient water quality MoE (RWRB/ Private sector) B Agriculture Develop climate resilient crops and promote climate resilient livestock Number of climate resilient crop varieties developed MINAGRI (RAB, NAEB, REMA, Private sector, Civil society) B 24 million USD Reduced GHG emissions from improved land use and livestock species Percentage of farmers adopting resilient crop/ varieties MINAGRI (RAB, NAEB, Private sector, Civil society) B Percentage of crossbreed livestock at national herd species B 50 GREEN RWANDADevelop climate resilient postharvest and value addition facilities and technologies Capacity of storage constructed in MT MINAGRI (RAB, NAEB, Private sector, Civil society) B 200 million USD Reduced GHG emissions from improved postharvest management Strengthen crop management practices (disease prevention, diagnostic, surveillance and control) Number of farmers using surveillance tool (FAW Database, BXW apps etc.) MINAGRI (RAB, NAEB, Private sector, Civil society) B 3 million USD Reduced GHG emissions from improved crop management Develop sustainable land management practices (soil erosion control; landscape management) Area of Land under erosion control measures and used optimally MINAGRI (RAB, NAEB, RLUMA, Districts, Private sector, Civil society) B 346.1 million USD Reduced GHG emissions from improved land use changes Percentage of arable land (to the land area) A Expand irrigation and improve water management Number of hectares under irrigation within IWRM framework MINAGRI/ MoE (RAB, NAEB, RLUMA, RWRB, Districts, Private sector, Civil society) A 2,261 million USD Efficient irrigation reduces nitrogen losses including emissions from nitrous oxide Expand crop and livestock insurance Ha of crops under insurance MINAGRI (RAB, NAEB, Banks, insurance companies, Private sector) B 109.6 million USD Reduced GHG emissions from improved management of crop failure Number of cows under insurance B Land and Forestry Development of Agroforestry and Sustainable Agriculture (control soil erosion and improved soil fertility) Change in land area covered by agroforestry MINAGRI / MoE / MINALOC, (RAB, REMA, RLUMA, RFA, Private sector, Civil society) A 92 million USD Improved GHG sink capacity/ reduced emissions UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONPromote afforestation / reforestation of designated areas Hectares of forest restored/ afforested in program area and hectares of protected forest in project/ program area MoE/ MINAGRI / MINALOC, (RAB, REMA, RFA, RLUMA, Private sector, Civil society) B 16.8 million USD Improved GHG sink capacity/ reduced emissions Percentage of forest area (to the land area) A Improve Forest Management for degraded forest resources Number of Ha of private forest restored and whose owners are grouped into cooperatives MoE/ MINAGRI / MINALOC, (RAB, REMA, RFA, RLUMA, Private sector, Civil society) B 8.1 million USD Improved GHG sink capacity/ reduced emissions Number of Ha of forest plantation whose management is transferred to the private operators B Change in Forest area degraded/ rehabilitated B Integrated approach to planning and monitoring for sustainable land management National land use development master plan (NLUDMP) that includes comprehensive measures and procedures for sustainable land use practices MoE / MINAGRI / MININFRA / MINALOC (RLUMA, RAB, RHA, REMA, RFA, Districts, Private sector, Civil society) B 60 million USD Reduced GHG emissions from efficient land use and transport plus increased surface area for carbon sink Detailed spatial plans for all districts B % of compliance of land use development plans (LUDP) to the NLUDMP B 52 GREEN RWANDADevelop a harmonized and integrated spatial data management system for sustainable land use management Accurate data on exposure to climate vulnerability on households (HHs) and infrastructures in high risk areas reported MoE / MINAGRI / MININFRA / MINALOC (RLUMA, RAB, RHA, REMA, RFA, Districts, Private sector, Civil society) B 20 million USD Reduced GHG emissions from efficient land use and increased surface area for carbon sink Percentage of operational integrated geospatial information framework integrated with environmental and socio-economic statistics B Inclusive land administration that regulate and provide guidance for land tenure security Percentage of registered state land optimally used MoE / MINAGRI / MININFRA / MINALOC (RLUMA, RAB, RHA, RFA) B 5 million USD Reduced GHG emissions from efficient land use and surface area for carbon sink Model linking land use/ administration in place B Human Settlements High density buildings and informal settlement upgrading Percentage of (1) urban population living in informal settlements, (2) rural population living in clustered settlements MININFRA/ MoE (RHA, RLUMA, RWRB, WASAC, Districts, Private Sector, RDB, Civil society) A 400 million USD Reduced GHG emissions from efficient land use, electricity and transport plus increased surface area for carbon sink B Average share of the built-up area of cities that is open and green space for public use for all (SDG) B Access to water and sanitation services B Storm water management Percentage of urban population in areas covered by master plans with storm water considerations B 400 million USD Sustenance of new and existing hydropower plants UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONHealth Strengthen preventive measures and create capacity to adapt to disease outbreaks Malaria proportional mortality rate per 1,000 population MINISANTE, (RBC, Meteo Rwanda, Civil society) A 185 million USD Challenging to evaluate the several factors for health related GHG emissions Improved transport infrastructure and services Environmental and engineering guidelines developed (for climate resilient road infrastructure) MININFRA / MINEMA ( RTDA, RHA, Meteo Rwanda; Districts) B 600 million USD Reduced GHG emissions from improved transport services which reduces motorized private transport Reduction of length of roads vulnerable to flood and landslides B Number of passengers using the public transport each year MININFRA (RTDA, Private Sector) B Mining Climate compatible mining Percentage of companies deploying climate compatible mining MoE/ MINICOM (RMB, Private Sector, Civil society) B 59.3 million USD Reduced GHG emissions from energy efficiency measures Cross-cutting 21 Disaster risk monitoring Population covered by Disaster risk reduction (DRR) programs MINEMA / MoE (Meteo Rwanda, REMA, RWRB, MINALOC, MININFRA, NISR) B 20 million USD Reduced GHG emissions from community-based DRR programs such as improved farming techniques Number of effective city contingency plans developed B Establish an integrated early warning system, and disaster response plans Percentage of extreme weather events for which advance warning was provided at least 30 minutes in advance A 10 million USD Institutional capacity building and development for cross-sector NDC implementation Number of staff who acquired technical skills to effectively coordinate and report on NDC implementation MoE (REMA and other NDC participating sectors) B 6 million USD Reduced GHG emissions from improved access to technology and knowledge Access to finance (Resource mobilisation) Cumulative volume of finance [USD millions] mobilized for climate and environmental purposes MINECOFIN / MoE (FONERWA, REMA and other NDC participating sectors) A 3 million USD Reduced GHG emissions from NDCs projects implementation 54 GREEN RWANDAUPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 6.4 Funding requirements The cost estimates for adaptation interventions was made for the two phases, i.e.', 'MINAGRI (RAB, NAEB, Private sector, Civil society) B 3 million USD Reduced GHG emissions from improved crop management Develop sustainable land management practices (soil erosion control; landscape management) Area of Land under erosion control measures and used optimally MINAGRI (RAB, NAEB, RLUMA, Districts, Private sector, Civil society) B 346.1 million USD Reduced GHG emissions from improved land use changes Percentage of arable land (to the land area) A Expand irrigation and improve water management Number of hectares under irrigation within IWRM framework MINAGRI/ MoE (RAB, NAEB, RLUMA, RWRB, Districts, Private sector, Civil society) A 2,261 million USD Efficient irrigation reduces nitrogen losses including emissions from nitrous oxide Expand crop and livestock insurance Ha of crops under insurance MINAGRI (RAB, NAEB, Banks, insurance companies, Private sector) B 109.6 million USD Reduced GHG emissions from improved management of crop failure Number of cows under insurance B Land and Forestry Development of Agroforestry and Sustainable Agriculture (control soil erosion and improved soil fertility) Change in land area covered by agroforestry MINAGRI / MoE / MINALOC, (RAB, REMA, RLUMA, RFA, Private sector, Civil society) A 92 million USD Improved GHG sink capacity/ reduced emissions UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONPromote afforestation / reforestation of designated areas Hectares of forest restored/ afforested in program area and hectares of protected forest in project/ program area MoE/ MINAGRI / MINALOC, (RAB, REMA, RFA, RLUMA, Private sector, Civil society) B 16.8 million USD Improved GHG sink capacity/ reduced emissions Percentage of forest area (to the land area) A Improve Forest Management for degraded forest resources Number of Ha of private forest restored and whose owners are grouped into cooperatives MoE/ MINAGRI / MINALOC, (RAB, REMA, RFA, RLUMA, Private sector, Civil society) B 8.1 million USD Improved GHG sink capacity/ reduced emissions Number of Ha of forest plantation whose management is transferred to the private operators B Change in Forest area degraded/ rehabilitated B Integrated approach to planning and monitoring for sustainable land management National land use development master plan (NLUDMP) that includes comprehensive measures and procedures for sustainable land use practices MoE / MINAGRI / MININFRA / MINALOC (RLUMA, RAB, RHA, REMA, RFA, Districts, Private sector, Civil society) B 60 million USD Reduced GHG emissions from efficient land use and transport plus increased surface area for carbon sink Detailed spatial plans for all districts B % of compliance of land use development plans (LUDP) to the NLUDMP B 52 GREEN RWANDADevelop a harmonized and integrated spatial data management system for sustainable land use management Accurate data on exposure to climate vulnerability on households (HHs) and infrastructures in high risk areas reported MoE / MINAGRI / MININFRA / MINALOC (RLUMA, RAB, RHA, REMA, RFA, Districts, Private sector, Civil society) B 20 million USD Reduced GHG emissions from efficient land use and increased surface area for carbon sink Percentage of operational integrated geospatial information framework integrated with environmental and socio-economic statistics B Inclusive land administration that regulate and provide guidance for land tenure security Percentage of registered state land optimally used MoE / MINAGRI / MININFRA / MINALOC (RLUMA, RAB, RHA, RFA) B 5 million USD Reduced GHG emissions from efficient land use and surface area for carbon sink Model linking land use/ administration in place B Human Settlements High density buildings and informal settlement upgrading Percentage of (1) urban population living in informal settlements, (2) rural population living in clustered settlements MININFRA/ MoE (RHA, RLUMA, RWRB, WASAC, Districts, Private Sector, RDB, Civil society) A 400 million USD Reduced GHG emissions from efficient land use, electricity and transport plus increased surface area for carbon sink B Average share of the built-up area of cities that is open and green space for public use for all (SDG) B Access to water and sanitation services B Storm water management Percentage of urban population in areas covered by master plans with storm water considerations B 400 million USD Sustenance of new and existing hydropower plants UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONHealth Strengthen preventive measures and create capacity to adapt to disease outbreaks Malaria proportional mortality rate per 1,000 population MINISANTE, (RBC, Meteo Rwanda, Civil society) A 185 million USD Challenging to evaluate the several factors for health related GHG emissions Improved transport infrastructure and services Environmental and engineering guidelines developed (for climate resilient road infrastructure) MININFRA / MINEMA ( RTDA, RHA, Meteo Rwanda; Districts) B 600 million USD Reduced GHG emissions from improved transport services which reduces motorized private transport Reduction of length of roads vulnerable to flood and landslides B Number of passengers using the public transport each year MININFRA (RTDA, Private Sector) B Mining Climate compatible mining Percentage of companies deploying climate compatible mining MoE/ MINICOM (RMB, Private Sector, Civil society) B 59.3 million USD Reduced GHG emissions from energy efficiency measures Cross-cutting 21 Disaster risk monitoring Population covered by Disaster risk reduction (DRR) programs MINEMA / MoE (Meteo Rwanda, REMA, RWRB, MINALOC, MININFRA, NISR) B 20 million USD Reduced GHG emissions from community-based DRR programs such as improved farming techniques Number of effective city contingency plans developed B Establish an integrated early warning system, and disaster response plans Percentage of extreme weather events for which advance warning was provided at least 30 minutes in advance A 10 million USD Institutional capacity building and development for cross-sector NDC implementation Number of staff who acquired technical skills to effectively coordinate and report on NDC implementation MoE (REMA and other NDC participating sectors) B 6 million USD Reduced GHG emissions from improved access to technology and knowledge Access to finance (Resource mobilisation) Cumulative volume of finance [USD millions] mobilized for climate and environmental purposes MINECOFIN / MoE (FONERWA, REMA and other NDC participating sectors) A 3 million USD Reduced GHG emissions from NDCs projects implementation 54 GREEN RWANDAUPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 6.4 Funding requirements The cost estimates for adaptation interventions was made for the two phases, i.e. 2020-2025 and 2025-2030.', 'MINAGRI (RAB, NAEB, Private sector, Civil society) B 3 million USD Reduced GHG emissions from improved crop management Develop sustainable land management practices (soil erosion control; landscape management) Area of Land under erosion control measures and used optimally MINAGRI (RAB, NAEB, RLUMA, Districts, Private sector, Civil society) B 346.1 million USD Reduced GHG emissions from improved land use changes Percentage of arable land (to the land area) A Expand irrigation and improve water management Number of hectares under irrigation within IWRM framework MINAGRI/ MoE (RAB, NAEB, RLUMA, RWRB, Districts, Private sector, Civil society) A 2,261 million USD Efficient irrigation reduces nitrogen losses including emissions from nitrous oxide Expand crop and livestock insurance Ha of crops under insurance MINAGRI (RAB, NAEB, Banks, insurance companies, Private sector) B 109.6 million USD Reduced GHG emissions from improved management of crop failure Number of cows under insurance B Land and Forestry Development of Agroforestry and Sustainable Agriculture (control soil erosion and improved soil fertility) Change in land area covered by agroforestry MINAGRI / MoE / MINALOC, (RAB, REMA, RLUMA, RFA, Private sector, Civil society) A 92 million USD Improved GHG sink capacity/ reduced emissions UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONPromote afforestation / reforestation of designated areas Hectares of forest restored/ afforested in program area and hectares of protected forest in project/ program area MoE/ MINAGRI / MINALOC, (RAB, REMA, RFA, RLUMA, Private sector, Civil society) B 16.8 million USD Improved GHG sink capacity/ reduced emissions Percentage of forest area (to the land area) A Improve Forest Management for degraded forest resources Number of Ha of private forest restored and whose owners are grouped into cooperatives MoE/ MINAGRI / MINALOC, (RAB, REMA, RFA, RLUMA, Private sector, Civil society) B 8.1 million USD Improved GHG sink capacity/ reduced emissions Number of Ha of forest plantation whose management is transferred to the private operators B Change in Forest area degraded/ rehabilitated B Integrated approach to planning and monitoring for sustainable land management National land use development master plan (NLUDMP) that includes comprehensive measures and procedures for sustainable land use practices MoE / MINAGRI / MININFRA / MINALOC (RLUMA, RAB, RHA, REMA, RFA, Districts, Private sector, Civil society) B 60 million USD Reduced GHG emissions from efficient land use and transport plus increased surface area for carbon sink Detailed spatial plans for all districts B % of compliance of land use development plans (LUDP) to the NLUDMP B 52 GREEN RWANDADevelop a harmonized and integrated spatial data management system for sustainable land use management Accurate data on exposure to climate vulnerability on households (HHs) and infrastructures in high risk areas reported MoE / MINAGRI / MININFRA / MINALOC (RLUMA, RAB, RHA, REMA, RFA, Districts, Private sector, Civil society) B 20 million USD Reduced GHG emissions from efficient land use and increased surface area for carbon sink Percentage of operational integrated geospatial information framework integrated with environmental and socio-economic statistics B Inclusive land administration that regulate and provide guidance for land tenure security Percentage of registered state land optimally used MoE / MINAGRI / MININFRA / MINALOC (RLUMA, RAB, RHA, RFA) B 5 million USD Reduced GHG emissions from efficient land use and surface area for carbon sink Model linking land use/ administration in place B Human Settlements High density buildings and informal settlement upgrading Percentage of (1) urban population living in informal settlements, (2) rural population living in clustered settlements MININFRA/ MoE (RHA, RLUMA, RWRB, WASAC, Districts, Private Sector, RDB, Civil society) A 400 million USD Reduced GHG emissions from efficient land use, electricity and transport plus increased surface area for carbon sink B Average share of the built-up area of cities that is open and green space for public use for all (SDG) B Access to water and sanitation services B Storm water management Percentage of urban population in areas covered by master plans with storm water considerations B 400 million USD Sustenance of new and existing hydropower plants UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONHealth Strengthen preventive measures and create capacity to adapt to disease outbreaks Malaria proportional mortality rate per 1,000 population MINISANTE, (RBC, Meteo Rwanda, Civil society) A 185 million USD Challenging to evaluate the several factors for health related GHG emissions Improved transport infrastructure and services Environmental and engineering guidelines developed (for climate resilient road infrastructure) MININFRA / MINEMA ( RTDA, RHA, Meteo Rwanda; Districts) B 600 million USD Reduced GHG emissions from improved transport services which reduces motorized private transport Reduction of length of roads vulnerable to flood and landslides B Number of passengers using the public transport each year MININFRA (RTDA, Private Sector) B Mining Climate compatible mining Percentage of companies deploying climate compatible mining MoE/ MINICOM (RMB, Private Sector, Civil society) B 59.3 million USD Reduced GHG emissions from energy efficiency measures Cross-cutting 21 Disaster risk monitoring Population covered by Disaster risk reduction (DRR) programs MINEMA / MoE (Meteo Rwanda, REMA, RWRB, MINALOC, MININFRA, NISR) B 20 million USD Reduced GHG emissions from community-based DRR programs such as improved farming techniques Number of effective city contingency plans developed B Establish an integrated early warning system, and disaster response plans Percentage of extreme weather events for which advance warning was provided at least 30 minutes in advance A 10 million USD Institutional capacity building and development for cross-sector NDC implementation Number of staff who acquired technical skills to effectively coordinate and report on NDC implementation MoE (REMA and other NDC participating sectors) B 6 million USD Reduced GHG emissions from improved access to technology and knowledge Access to finance (Resource mobilisation) Cumulative volume of finance [USD millions] mobilized for climate and environmental purposes MINECOFIN / MoE (FONERWA, REMA and other NDC participating sectors) A 3 million USD Reduced GHG emissions from NDCs projects implementation 54 GREEN RWANDAUPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 6.4 Funding requirements The cost estimates for adaptation interventions was made for the two phases, i.e. 2020-2025 and 2025-2030. Estimates were made by referring to different planning documents, among others, the National Strategy for Transformation (NST1: 2017-2024), Sector Strategic Plans (SSPs) and the cost of other similar projects.', 'Estimates were made by referring to different planning documents, among others, the National Strategy for Transformation (NST1: 2017-2024), Sector Strategic Plans (SSPs) and the cost of other similar projects. Some interventions will be contingent on the availability of external financial support (conditional) while others may be implemented through internal funding (unconditional) or co-financing (internal and external sources of budget). The total amount of NDC adaptation interventions is estimated at above 5.3 billion USD through 2030 as detailed in Table 6.2. Figure 6.2 below summarizes the funding requirements per sector associated with all identified adaptation interventions, estimated at 5.3 billion USD through 2030.', 'Figure 6.2 below summarizes the funding requirements per sector associated with all identified adaptation interventions, estimated at 5.3 billion USD through 2030. Figure 6.2 Adaptation investment levels from the total 5.3 billion USD through 2030 Agriculture Water Cross-Sectoral Land and Forestry Human Settlement Health Transport Mining56 GREEN RWANDA Activity Intervention Uncon- ditional Condi- tional IWR planning and management Develop a National Water Security through water conservation practices, wetlands restoration, water storage and efficient water use Develop water resource models, water quality testing, and improved hydro-related information systems Develop and implement a management plan for all Level 1 catchments Climate Resilient Value Chain Development Develop climate resilient crops and promote climate resilient livestock Develop climate resilient postharvest and value addition facilities and technologies Strengthen crop management practices (disease prevention, diagnostic, surveillance and control) Develop sustainable land management practices (soil erosion control; landscape management) Expand irrigation and improve water management Expand crop and livestock insurance Sustainable management of forestry and Agroforestry Development of Agroforestry and Sustainable Agriculture (control soil erosion and improved soil fertility) Promote afforestation / reforestation of designated areas Wood Supply Chain, Improved Efficiency and Added Value Improve Forest Management for degraded forest resources Table 6.2 Estimated costs of adaptation interventionsUPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Climate- sensitive Integrated Land Use Planning and Spatial Planning Integrated approach to planning and monitoring for sustainable land management Develop a harmonized and integrated spatial data management system for sustainable land use management Inclusive land administration that regulate and provide guidance for land tenure security Land Use and Spatial Planning High density buildings and informal settlement upgrading Storm water and Drainage Management Storm water management 200,000,000 200,000,000 Vector-based disease prevention Strengthen preventive measures and create capacity to adapt to disease outbreaks Sustainable, climate- resilient roads and bridges Improved transport infrastructure and services Climate compatible mining Climate compatible mining 29,645,336 29,645,336 DRR program (Disaster preparedness and emergency response) Establish an integrated early warning system, and disaster response plans Disaster risk monitoring 10,000,000 10,000,000 Institutional capacity development Institutional capacity building and development for cross-sector NDC implementation Finance (Resources mobilization) Access to finance 1,500,000 1,500,000 OVERALL COST (USD)58 GREEN RWANDA Monitoring, Reporting And Verification Framework 7.1 Institutional arrangements for tracking NDC implementation The successful implementation of Rwanda’s NDC requires an effective Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) system, enabling the country to monitor the effectiveness of its mitigation and adaptation measures and facilitating its access to climate finance.', 'Figure 6.2 Adaptation investment levels from the total 5.3 billion USD through 2030 Agriculture Water Cross-Sectoral Land and Forestry Human Settlement Health Transport Mining56 GREEN RWANDA Activity Intervention Uncon- ditional Condi- tional IWR planning and management Develop a National Water Security through water conservation practices, wetlands restoration, water storage and efficient water use Develop water resource models, water quality testing, and improved hydro-related information systems Develop and implement a management plan for all Level 1 catchments Climate Resilient Value Chain Development Develop climate resilient crops and promote climate resilient livestock Develop climate resilient postharvest and value addition facilities and technologies Strengthen crop management practices (disease prevention, diagnostic, surveillance and control) Develop sustainable land management practices (soil erosion control; landscape management) Expand irrigation and improve water management Expand crop and livestock insurance Sustainable management of forestry and Agroforestry Development of Agroforestry and Sustainable Agriculture (control soil erosion and improved soil fertility) Promote afforestation / reforestation of designated areas Wood Supply Chain, Improved Efficiency and Added Value Improve Forest Management for degraded forest resources Table 6.2 Estimated costs of adaptation interventionsUPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Climate- sensitive Integrated Land Use Planning and Spatial Planning Integrated approach to planning and monitoring for sustainable land management Develop a harmonized and integrated spatial data management system for sustainable land use management Inclusive land administration that regulate and provide guidance for land tenure security Land Use and Spatial Planning High density buildings and informal settlement upgrading Storm water and Drainage Management Storm water management 200,000,000 200,000,000 Vector-based disease prevention Strengthen preventive measures and create capacity to adapt to disease outbreaks Sustainable, climate- resilient roads and bridges Improved transport infrastructure and services Climate compatible mining Climate compatible mining 29,645,336 29,645,336 DRR program (Disaster preparedness and emergency response) Establish an integrated early warning system, and disaster response plans Disaster risk monitoring 10,000,000 10,000,000 Institutional capacity development Institutional capacity building and development for cross-sector NDC implementation Finance (Resources mobilization) Access to finance 1,500,000 1,500,000 OVERALL COST (USD)58 GREEN RWANDA Monitoring, Reporting And Verification Framework 7.1 Institutional arrangements for tracking NDC implementation The successful implementation of Rwanda’s NDC requires an effective Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) system, enabling the country to monitor the effectiveness of its mitigation and adaptation measures and facilitating its access to climate finance. Internationally, the implementation of an MRV system is the basis for understanding the current GHG emission levels, the ambition of the existing efforts, and the progress made in contributing towards the goals of the Paris Agreement.', 'Internationally, the implementation of an MRV system is the basis for understanding the current GHG emission levels, the ambition of the existing efforts, and the progress made in contributing towards the goals of the Paris Agreement. All Parties to the UNFCCC are required to implement a domestic MRV system that can annually quantify national GHG emissions by sources and removals by sinks, and report the specific actions made to identify and implement mitigation measures. This information is at present compiled by Rwanda and is submitted to the UNFCCC through two channels: • National Communications (NCs) to be submitted every four years, covering measurements of GHG emissions by sources and removals by sinks compiled in accordance with IPCC reporting guidelines (i.e. a National GHG inventory).', 'This information is at present compiled by Rwanda and is submitted to the UNFCCC through two channels: • National Communications (NCs) to be submitted every four years, covering measurements of GHG emissions by sources and removals by sinks compiled in accordance with IPCC reporting guidelines (i.e. a National GHG inventory). These should also include a description of steps made to implement mitigation actions in support of the UNFCCC goal, among other aspects (as required under Decision 17/ CP.8 and other decisions on implementation details); and • Biennial Update Reports (BURs) to be submitted every two years.', 'These should also include a description of steps made to implement mitigation actions in support of the UNFCCC goal, among other aspects (as required under Decision 17/ CP.8 and other decisions on implementation details); and • Biennial Update Reports (BURs) to be submitted every two years. These should include an up-dated GHG inventory report from that of the NC, a measurement of mitigation actions and their impacts, reporting on the domestic MRV system and a description of needs and international support received. Rwanda submitted its Third National Communication (TNC) in September 2018, reporting on its national GHG inventory up to the year 2015. The country is currently preparing its first BUR and an updated GHG inventory.', 'The country is currently preparing its first BUR and an updated GHG inventory. The Paris Agreement contains several additional MRV requirements which, when taken together with the existing UNFCCC arrangements, provide an enhanced basis for Rwanda’s international reporting requirements relating to the mitigation component of the NDC.', 'The Paris Agreement contains several additional MRV requirements which, when taken together with the existing UNFCCC arrangements, provide an enhanced basis for Rwanda’s international reporting requirements relating to the mitigation component of the NDC. New requirements are mainly covered by Article 13, which establishes a new Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF) through which Parties must regularly account for their NDCs alongside other reporting requirements similar to those contained in NCs, BURs and the International Consultation and Analysis (ICA).UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION The ETF requires the NDC MRV system to transparently report progress made towards the targets defined in Rwanda’s NDC and to track the progress made in the implementation of mitigation and adaptation actions - as well as the use and results of means of implementation and support including capacity building, technology transfer, and finance.', 'New requirements are mainly covered by Article 13, which establishes a new Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF) through which Parties must regularly account for their NDCs alongside other reporting requirements similar to those contained in NCs, BURs and the International Consultation and Analysis (ICA).UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION The ETF requires the NDC MRV system to transparently report progress made towards the targets defined in Rwanda’s NDC and to track the progress made in the implementation of mitigation and adaptation actions - as well as the use and results of means of implementation and support including capacity building, technology transfer, and finance. The MRV system also captures non-GHG impacts on environmental, social and economic impacts of the NDC actions that would lead to transformational change towards achieving national sustainable development goals.', 'The MRV system also captures non-GHG impacts on environmental, social and economic impacts of the NDC actions that would lead to transformational change towards achieving national sustainable development goals. In the case of Rwanda, this must take into account gender mainstreaming that is central to Rwanda’s sustainable development process. These national and international requirements for the three MRV dimensions overlap and there is value in demonstrating their linkages within the MRV system. For example, finance, capacity building and technical support have a direct impact on implementation of mitigation and adaptation actions. Therefore, Rwanda’s NDC MRV system will be instrumental in monitoring and reporting progress and use of support as well as facilitate identification of challenges to inform policy changes essential to improve implementation.', 'Therefore, Rwanda’s NDC MRV system will be instrumental in monitoring and reporting progress and use of support as well as facilitate identification of challenges to inform policy changes essential to improve implementation. Rwanda has a robust national planning process coordinated by the Ministry of Finance Economic Planning and Research (MINECOFIN) through sector working groups (SWGs) that track implementation of sector priorities. The SWGs hold semi-annual meetings and workshops for progress reporting through Joint Sector Review consultative sessions. The Ministry of Environment (MoE) chairs the Environment and Natural Resources SWG that has the responsibility to monitor and evaluate the implementation of the NDCs through regular stakeholder consultative engagement.', 'The Ministry of Environment (MoE) chairs the Environment and Natural Resources SWG that has the responsibility to monitor and evaluate the implementation of the NDCs through regular stakeholder consultative engagement. Under the MoE are agencies that regularly organize Thematic Working Group (TWG) sessions in the context of the national planning process that supports implementation including monitoring, evaluation and progress reporting on sub-sector priorities. Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA) has the overall responsibility for, and chairs, the Environment and Climate Change Thematic Working Group (E&CC TWG) that has technical oversight over implementation of climate change priorities. The E&CC TWG forum is the ideal platform for guiding the analytical framework, reporting updating and implementing both national mitigation and adaptation priorities.', 'The E&CC TWG forum is the ideal platform for guiding the analytical framework, reporting updating and implementing both national mitigation and adaptation priorities. The Environment and Climate Change Thematic Working Group (E&CC TWG) will therefore serve as a forum for hosting the technical working committee for Rwanda’s NDC, and REMA as the Chair of the E&CC TWG will appoint a core team to the technical working committee that endorses the national NDC MRV.', 'The Environment and Climate Change Thematic Working Group (E&CC TWG) will therefore serve as a forum for hosting the technical working committee for Rwanda’s NDC, and REMA as the Chair of the E&CC TWG will appoint a core team to the technical working committee that endorses the national NDC MRV. Therefore, the E&CC TWG forum through the technical working committee will serve as the national coordinator for all national institutions that implement sector specific mitigation, adaptation, finance as well as capacity building and technology transfer and support to operationalize the NDC MRV at the national level.60 GREEN RWANDA Figure 7.1 below summarises these institutional arrangements for tracking of NDC implementation including the national NDC MRV process.', 'Therefore, the E&CC TWG forum through the technical working committee will serve as the national coordinator for all national institutions that implement sector specific mitigation, adaptation, finance as well as capacity building and technology transfer and support to operationalize the NDC MRV at the national level.60 GREEN RWANDA Figure 7.1 below summarises these institutional arrangements for tracking of NDC implementation including the national NDC MRV process. Figure 7.1 Institutional arrangements for tracking Rwanda’s NDC MRV implementation MoE (Chair) ENR Sector working group (ENR SWG) RBME Oversight National reporting International reporting to UNFCCC: NDC MRV, NC and BUR NISR Data quality oversight REMA (Chair) Environment and Climate Change Thematic Working Group (TWG) NDC MRV Technical Working Committee MINECOFIN / Rwanda Green Fund Reporting on finance NDC finance (conditional / unconditional) Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Inventory Capacity building and technology Mitigation Adaptation • Ministries, other public institutions, local government institutions (districts, etc.)', 'Figure 7.1 Institutional arrangements for tracking Rwanda’s NDC MRV implementation MoE (Chair) ENR Sector working group (ENR SWG) RBME Oversight National reporting International reporting to UNFCCC: NDC MRV, NC and BUR NISR Data quality oversight REMA (Chair) Environment and Climate Change Thematic Working Group (TWG) NDC MRV Technical Working Committee MINECOFIN / Rwanda Green Fund Reporting on finance NDC finance (conditional / unconditional) Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Inventory Capacity building and technology Mitigation Adaptation • Ministries, other public institutions, local government institutions (districts, etc.) • Higher Learning and Research Institutions • Private institutions, NGOs, CBOs, etc.UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 7.1.1 Role of NDC MRV technical working committee The chair for the technical working Committee for Rwanda’s NDC MRV, REMA, will guide the selection of members that will form the technical working committee to provide technical oversight and ultimately present the MRV to the E&CC TWG for official endorsement.', '• Higher Learning and Research Institutions • Private institutions, NGOs, CBOs, etc.UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 7.1.1 Role of NDC MRV technical working committee The chair for the technical working Committee for Rwanda’s NDC MRV, REMA, will guide the selection of members that will form the technical working committee to provide technical oversight and ultimately present the MRV to the E&CC TWG for official endorsement. Following the endorsement, REMA will communicate NDC MRV through the normal national reporting channels including the ENR SWG and the economic cluster chaired by the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (MINECOFIN) to inform policy and strategic decisions that ensure NDC MRV effectively supports national sustainable development.', 'Following the endorsement, REMA will communicate NDC MRV through the normal national reporting channels including the ENR SWG and the economic cluster chaired by the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (MINECOFIN) to inform policy and strategic decisions that ensure NDC MRV effectively supports national sustainable development. The following are key areas that form part of the mandate of the Committee: • Review and establish objectives for the committee(s),Terms of Reference, membership and overall working modalities of the committee, principal of which is the endorsement and subsequent reporting of the NDC MRV at both national and global levels; • Provide advice and feedback on scope, schedule, cost and quality concerns, or guidance on program priorities, that arise during the planning, design and implementation of the projects related to NDCs; • Facilitate access to resources necessary to review and report on NDC MRV and approve projects at key milestones; • Review and examine studies, research activities in line with NDCs to facilitate quality assurance and alignment with strategic priorities • Develop and operationalize an effective NDC MRV communications plan.', 'The following are key areas that form part of the mandate of the Committee: • Review and establish objectives for the committee(s),Terms of Reference, membership and overall working modalities of the committee, principal of which is the endorsement and subsequent reporting of the NDC MRV at both national and global levels; • Provide advice and feedback on scope, schedule, cost and quality concerns, or guidance on program priorities, that arise during the planning, design and implementation of the projects related to NDCs; • Facilitate access to resources necessary to review and report on NDC MRV and approve projects at key milestones; • Review and examine studies, research activities in line with NDCs to facilitate quality assurance and alignment with strategic priorities • Develop and operationalize an effective NDC MRV communications plan. 7.1.2 NDC MRV data and information management The Results Based Monitoring and Evaluation (RBME) system is the principal repository and therefore appropriate platform for information and data monitoring and management for Environment and Natural Resources sector chaired by MoE.', '7.1.2 NDC MRV data and information management The Results Based Monitoring and Evaluation (RBME) system is the principal repository and therefore appropriate platform for information and data monitoring and management for Environment and Natural Resources sector chaired by MoE. Thus, all climate change relevant data including NDC MRV managed and reported by the E&CC TWG will be processed and accessed through the RBME. Assessing and defining most suitable data sources is important for any MRV system to be effective. The technical working committee for NDC MRV will play a critical role of the national level data and information generation and reporting and will be significantly involved in data gathering, transparency, and verification.', 'The technical working committee for NDC MRV will play a critical role of the national level data and information generation and reporting and will be significantly involved in data gathering, transparency, and verification. The committee will ensure that Rwanda’s NDC MRV system links mitigation, adaptation and finance as well as support for capacity building and technology transfer as critical aspects of NDC implementation. Primary data is generally collected at the local level and sectors/institutions have direct linkages with local levels (Districts) in sourcing relevant sector/priority action specific data and information including NDC MRV.', 'Primary data is generally collected at the local level and sectors/institutions have direct linkages with local levels (Districts) in sourcing relevant sector/priority action specific data and information including NDC MRV. This will be done with support of broad District based stakeholders through the Joint Action Development Forum (JADF), an opportunity for engagement of NGOs private sector and development partners to provide inputs into the NDC MRV process. MINALOC provides coordination oversight in facilitating local government data management flows to central level institutions. The RBME at MoE is the nodal point for uptake and processing of NDC MRV related data and MoE/REMA will facilitate E&CC TWG62 GREEN RWANDA access to data on the RBME system for input and analysis.', 'The RBME at MoE is the nodal point for uptake and processing of NDC MRV related data and MoE/REMA will facilitate E&CC TWG62 GREEN RWANDA access to data on the RBME system for input and analysis. The National Institute of Statistics Rwanda (NISR) is central to national data processes and has the ultimate role of validating national statistics through data and information authentication and therefore approval for national statistics shared externally. NISR will facilitate development and application of data protocols and annually review national level standards and guidelines for data inputs and aggregation to guide sector and/or agency generated data and information on mitigation/adaptation. MINECOFIN is the ideal national institution for tracking NDC MRV related finance.', 'MINECOFIN is the ideal national institution for tracking NDC MRV related finance. FONERWA as the national fund for environment and climate change will liaise with MINECOFIN to manage data on finance and provide a platform to access finance data and information for national reporting. This information will be increasingly critical to guide resources mobilization that FONERWA must influence in filling finance gaps for the successful implementation of Rwanda’s NDC. Gender mainstreaming is a priority at all levels of policy and implementation and the NDC MRV will ensure gender disaggregated data is captured and reported as well as engage private sector in the support for national NDC MRV processes.', 'Gender mainstreaming is a priority at all levels of policy and implementation and the NDC MRV will ensure gender disaggregated data is captured and reported as well as engage private sector in the support for national NDC MRV processes. The NDC MRV information will be packaged using appropriate reporting protocols and formats for national level as well as international reporting. At the national level, NDC MRV will be monitored, analyzed and reported semi-annually at the E&CC TWG and the ENR SWG (uploaded on the RBME system) using national planning driven process coordinated by MINECOFIN to inform policy and strategic planning and action oriented decisions. REMA has longstanding experience in reporting to UNFCCC through National communications (NC) and Biennial Update Reports (BURs).', 'REMA has longstanding experience in reporting to UNFCCC through National communications (NC) and Biennial Update Reports (BURs). The technical working committee chaired by REMA will build on the past experiences to effectively coordinate national agencies responsible for data generation and management of NDC MRV reporting to UNFCCC. The table below summarises Rwanda’s framework for tracking and reporting on progress of implementing the mitigation and adaptation goals outlined in this NDC. It summarises the institutions, fora, roles and responsibilities proposed to guide and support implementation of NDC MRV at the national level including policy and strategic decision levels.', 'It summarises the institutions, fora, roles and responsibilities proposed to guide and support implementation of NDC MRV at the national level including policy and strategic decision levels. Supporting information on the mitigation and adaptation components are provided further below.UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Table 7.1 Institutional arrangements for Rwanda’s NDC MRV management Overview of Institutional Arrangements Policy and strategic decision levels/ Line Ministry Roles and Responsibilities Permanent Secretaries (PS) Forum Monitors the implementation of NST1 and proposes measures to fast track its implementation. NDC MRV will be regularly presented to the forum by implementing institutions to ensure cross sector oversight over NDC to provide policy and strategic advisory and influence timely delivery of results. Development Partners Coordination Group (DPCG) The forum discusses achievements, challenges, policy actions, and propose measures to fast track implementation of NST1.', 'Development Partners Coordination Group (DPCG) The forum discusses achievements, challenges, policy actions, and propose measures to fast track implementation of NST1. It also facilitates alignment of programming and financing with priority areas outlined in NST1 and will provide support for finance as part of the NDC implementation including NDC MRV to track finance. Economic Cluster Working Groups Monitors implementation of NST1 in different clusters and will serve as a platform for integrating NDC MRV into high level decision making at the national level. Provide strategic guidance and orientation on policies and investments and will guide on the crucial role of NDC to deliver NST1 results.', 'Provide strategic guidance and orientation on policies and investments and will guide on the crucial role of NDC to deliver NST1 results. MoE serves as chair of the ENR Sector Working Groups (SWG) & JSRs A forum for dialogue, ownership and accountability of the development agenda and making a case for NDC MRV to all stakeholders at sector level.', 'MoE serves as chair of the ENR Sector Working Groups (SWG) & JSRs A forum for dialogue, ownership and accountability of the development agenda and making a case for NDC MRV to all stakeholders at sector level. • Conduct joint sector reviews (Forward and Backward reviews) that will facilitate NDC MRV reporting and advocate for NDC MRV based decisions to wider sector stakeholders including NGOs/private sector and development partners • Monitor progress of the Sector Strategic Plan (SSP) including the NDC measuring and reporting, managing the data management system including aggregating data, conducting verification (REMA on NDC MRV) through the ENR RBME, a sector specific central data management system that will serve as the platform and repository for the NDC MRV.', '• Conduct joint sector reviews (Forward and Backward reviews) that will facilitate NDC MRV reporting and advocate for NDC MRV based decisions to wider sector stakeholders including NGOs/private sector and development partners • Monitor progress of the Sector Strategic Plan (SSP) including the NDC measuring and reporting, managing the data management system including aggregating data, conducting verification (REMA on NDC MRV) through the ENR RBME, a sector specific central data management system that will serve as the platform and repository for the NDC MRV. Joint Action Development Forum (JADF) at District level Although the central government institutions are engaged in reporting through the JSRs, primary data and information is generated at levels coordinated by Districts through MINALOC.', 'Joint Action Development Forum (JADF) at District level Although the central government institutions are engaged in reporting through the JSRs, primary data and information is generated at levels coordinated by Districts through MINALOC. Therefore relevant data will be collected and shared with sectors/ institutions for processing and analysis to facilitate and inform overall national NDC MRV.', 'Therefore relevant data will be collected and shared with sectors/ institutions for processing and analysis to facilitate and inform overall national NDC MRV. Thus, the JADF that involves multiple stakeholders including NGOs, the private sector and Development Partners intervening in development programs including climate change serve a critical role in: • Elaboration and implementation of imihigo (monitoring and evaluation based performance contracts) • Monitoring the implementation of NDC MRV relevant actions within District Development Strategies (DDSs) • Promoting cooperation between the public sector, private sector and civil society to deliver on NST1 (including NDC MRV) at district level64 GREEN RWANDA MINECOFIN In addition to the critical responsibility of reporting on finance, MINECOFIN is responsible for: • Overall coordination of M&E activities (including NDC MRV) from planning, data collection, and reporting at all levels • Preparing the NST consolidated annual report using the reports from different sectors including the ENR sector and ensure that NDC MRV is part of the annual reporting • Monitoring the macro KPIs through the Government Command Centre (GCC), the highest monitoring platform at the national level and ensure integration of Rwanda’s NDC MRV MINALOC Coordinates the implementation of Districts Development Strategies (DDSs) and upstream reporting on NDC MRV performance at local levels Ensure the alignment between DDSs and Districts Imihigo and their contribution to NST1 targets that include NDC MRV NISR Provides oversight over environmental statistics that include climate change (NDC MRV) at national level.', 'Thus, the JADF that involves multiple stakeholders including NGOs, the private sector and Development Partners intervening in development programs including climate change serve a critical role in: • Elaboration and implementation of imihigo (monitoring and evaluation based performance contracts) • Monitoring the implementation of NDC MRV relevant actions within District Development Strategies (DDSs) • Promoting cooperation between the public sector, private sector and civil society to deliver on NST1 (including NDC MRV) at district level64 GREEN RWANDA MINECOFIN In addition to the critical responsibility of reporting on finance, MINECOFIN is responsible for: • Overall coordination of M&E activities (including NDC MRV) from planning, data collection, and reporting at all levels • Preparing the NST consolidated annual report using the reports from different sectors including the ENR sector and ensure that NDC MRV is part of the annual reporting • Monitoring the macro KPIs through the Government Command Centre (GCC), the highest monitoring platform at the national level and ensure integration of Rwanda’s NDC MRV MINALOC Coordinates the implementation of Districts Development Strategies (DDSs) and upstream reporting on NDC MRV performance at local levels Ensure the alignment between DDSs and Districts Imihigo and their contribution to NST1 targets that include NDC MRV NISR Provides oversight over environmental statistics that include climate change (NDC MRV) at national level. NISR supports surveys including vulnerability to climate change analysis and autheticates data and information for internal and external use and consumption Directly populates data portals providing interactive access, to data and metadata to these portals and as such a critical NDC MRV reporting channel REMA serves as the Chair of the Environment and Climate Change Thematic Working Group (E&CC TWG) E&CC TWG, a national planning forum chaired by REMA will host a core team that forms the NDC MRV technical working committee with the following responsibilities: • Creating guidelines and common standards, formats and templates to be used for reporting MRV results as part of NC and BURs to UNFCC, • Defining and using common data sources.', 'NISR supports surveys including vulnerability to climate change analysis and autheticates data and information for internal and external use and consumption Directly populates data portals providing interactive access, to data and metadata to these portals and as such a critical NDC MRV reporting channel REMA serves as the Chair of the Environment and Climate Change Thematic Working Group (E&CC TWG) E&CC TWG, a national planning forum chaired by REMA will host a core team that forms the NDC MRV technical working committee with the following responsibilities: • Creating guidelines and common standards, formats and templates to be used for reporting MRV results as part of NC and BURs to UNFCC, • Defining and using common data sources. and methods & procedures: to compile NDC MRV results.', 'and methods & procedures: to compile NDC MRV results. • Ultimate level for endorsement of NDC MRV and communicates the results for upstream NDC MRV based policy and strategic decision making • Institutional Strengthening and capacity building and training and facilitating linkages through a comprehensive stakeholder engagement process and jointly define the political, strategic, and tactical elements of the NDC MRV systemUPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Mitigation MININFRA Energy and related indicators REG REMA, RHA, RDB, MINECOFIN, Rwanda Green Fund, MINALOC, RSB, MINISANTE, private sector, civil society Transport, related inidcators RTDA RURA, MINALOC, CoK, MINECOFIN, Rwanda Green Fund, operators, REMA, MoE, Private sector transport operators, financial institutions, civil society Waste relevant indicators MINALOC Municipalities, CoK and districts RURA, RHA, MoE, REMA, Private sector, NGOs, Civil Society, WASAC, REG, MINEACOM, MINAGRI, RDB, civil society MINICOM IPPU related indicators MINICOM MINECOFIN, MINAGRI,, MoE, REMA, FONERWA, WASAC, NIRDA,RDB, REG, MINALOC, Private sector, civil society MINAGRI AFOLU (agriculture) related indicators RAB and RFA REMA, RFA, RURA, Private Sector, civil society, WASAC, higher learning and research institutions Adaptation Line Ministry Activity/Indicator Lead Agency Key stakeholders MoE Percentage change in national climate change vulnerability index REMA All productive and social sectors/institutions of the Rwanda economy MINALOC/ MoE/MINEMA Number and Percentage of districts at high risk of suffering major climate change effect REMA MINEMA Average level of satisfaction of major Weather and Climate information institutional users with METEO RWANDA Weather and Climate information Rwanda Meteo MoE, REMA, MINALOC, MININFRA, NISR, UR, MINEDUC, RDF, RNP, civil society Rwanda Water Resources Board (RWRB) Water storage per capita RWRB MoE, MINAGRI, UR/ CAVM, MININFRA, Meteo Rwanda, REMA, RAB, civil society, WASAC, PSF, RLUMA, City of Kigali and MINALOC Number (%) of (a) Households, and (b) Institutions with a Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) system installed.66 GREEN RWANDA MoE Proportion of land surface covered by forest [Forest cover].', '• Ultimate level for endorsement of NDC MRV and communicates the results for upstream NDC MRV based policy and strategic decision making • Institutional Strengthening and capacity building and training and facilitating linkages through a comprehensive stakeholder engagement process and jointly define the political, strategic, and tactical elements of the NDC MRV systemUPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Mitigation MININFRA Energy and related indicators REG REMA, RHA, RDB, MINECOFIN, Rwanda Green Fund, MINALOC, RSB, MINISANTE, private sector, civil society Transport, related inidcators RTDA RURA, MINALOC, CoK, MINECOFIN, Rwanda Green Fund, operators, REMA, MoE, Private sector transport operators, financial institutions, civil society Waste relevant indicators MINALOC Municipalities, CoK and districts RURA, RHA, MoE, REMA, Private sector, NGOs, Civil Society, WASAC, REG, MINEACOM, MINAGRI, RDB, civil society MINICOM IPPU related indicators MINICOM MINECOFIN, MINAGRI,, MoE, REMA, FONERWA, WASAC, NIRDA,RDB, REG, MINALOC, Private sector, civil society MINAGRI AFOLU (agriculture) related indicators RAB and RFA REMA, RFA, RURA, Private Sector, civil society, WASAC, higher learning and research institutions Adaptation Line Ministry Activity/Indicator Lead Agency Key stakeholders MoE Percentage change in national climate change vulnerability index REMA All productive and social sectors/institutions of the Rwanda economy MINALOC/ MoE/MINEMA Number and Percentage of districts at high risk of suffering major climate change effect REMA MINEMA Average level of satisfaction of major Weather and Climate information institutional users with METEO RWANDA Weather and Climate information Rwanda Meteo MoE, REMA, MINALOC, MININFRA, NISR, UR, MINEDUC, RDF, RNP, civil society Rwanda Water Resources Board (RWRB) Water storage per capita RWRB MoE, MINAGRI, UR/ CAVM, MININFRA, Meteo Rwanda, REMA, RAB, civil society, WASAC, PSF, RLUMA, City of Kigali and MINALOC Number (%) of (a) Households, and (b) Institutions with a Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) system installed.66 GREEN RWANDA MoE Proportion of land surface covered by forest [Forest cover]. This excludes agro-forestry area.', '• Ultimate level for endorsement of NDC MRV and communicates the results for upstream NDC MRV based policy and strategic decision making • Institutional Strengthening and capacity building and training and facilitating linkages through a comprehensive stakeholder engagement process and jointly define the political, strategic, and tactical elements of the NDC MRV systemUPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Mitigation MININFRA Energy and related indicators REG REMA, RHA, RDB, MINECOFIN, Rwanda Green Fund, MINALOC, RSB, MINISANTE, private sector, civil society Transport, related inidcators RTDA RURA, MINALOC, CoK, MINECOFIN, Rwanda Green Fund, operators, REMA, MoE, Private sector transport operators, financial institutions, civil society Waste relevant indicators MINALOC Municipalities, CoK and districts RURA, RHA, MoE, REMA, Private sector, NGOs, Civil Society, WASAC, REG, MINEACOM, MINAGRI, RDB, civil society MINICOM IPPU related indicators MINICOM MINECOFIN, MINAGRI,, MoE, REMA, FONERWA, WASAC, NIRDA,RDB, REG, MINALOC, Private sector, civil society MINAGRI AFOLU (agriculture) related indicators RAB and RFA REMA, RFA, RURA, Private Sector, civil society, WASAC, higher learning and research institutions Adaptation Line Ministry Activity/Indicator Lead Agency Key stakeholders MoE Percentage change in national climate change vulnerability index REMA All productive and social sectors/institutions of the Rwanda economy MINALOC/ MoE/MINEMA Number and Percentage of districts at high risk of suffering major climate change effect REMA MINEMA Average level of satisfaction of major Weather and Climate information institutional users with METEO RWANDA Weather and Climate information Rwanda Meteo MoE, REMA, MINALOC, MININFRA, NISR, UR, MINEDUC, RDF, RNP, civil society Rwanda Water Resources Board (RWRB) Water storage per capita RWRB MoE, MINAGRI, UR/ CAVM, MININFRA, Meteo Rwanda, REMA, RAB, civil society, WASAC, PSF, RLUMA, City of Kigali and MINALOC Number (%) of (a) Households, and (b) Institutions with a Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) system installed.66 GREEN RWANDA MoE Proportion of land surface covered by forest [Forest cover]. This excludes agro-forestry area. RFA REMA, Rwanda Green Fund, RAB, RLUMA, civil society, districts, Private Sector, MINALOC MINEMA Percentage of extreme weather events for which advance warning was provided at least 30 min in advance Rwanda Meteo MoE, REMA, MINALOC, MININFRA, NISR, UR, MINEDUC, RDF, RNP, civil society Finance and support (Capacity building and technical support including technology transfer) Line Ministry Activity/Indicator Lead Agency Key stakeholders MINECOFIN Total amount of finance mobilized for Green Investments (by major category – Climate Change mitigation; Green Energy production etc.)', 'RFA REMA, Rwanda Green Fund, RAB, RLUMA, civil society, districts, Private Sector, MINALOC MINEMA Percentage of extreme weather events for which advance warning was provided at least 30 min in advance Rwanda Meteo MoE, REMA, MINALOC, MININFRA, NISR, UR, MINEDUC, RDF, RNP, civil society Finance and support (Capacity building and technical support including technology transfer) Line Ministry Activity/Indicator Lead Agency Key stakeholders MINECOFIN Total amount of finance mobilized for Green Investments (by major category – Climate Change mitigation; Green Energy production etc.) Rwanda Green Fund MOE, REMA Rwanda Development Board (RDB) Capacity building technical support and technology transfer REMA MoE/FONERWA and all NDC supporting institutions and organizations High level National/Global indicators planned to harmonize reporting on climate adaptation/ resilience Line Ministry Activity/Indicator Lead Agency Key stakeholders MININFRA Proportion of the rural population who live within 2 km of an all-season road (SDG RTDA MINECOFIN, MINALOC and Districts MINISANTE/ MINAGRI Percentage of health centres with at least one food and nutrition outreach programme; ECDC/RAB NISR MINEMA Annual loss due to damage caused by weather-related hazards / number of deaths, missing persons and directly affected persons attributed to disasters per 100,000 population (SDG 13.1.1); Rwanda Meteo MoE RAB, REMA, MINALOC, MININFRA, NISR, UR, MINEDUC, RDF, RNP, civil society Number of people with access to improved climate-related early warning information or systems for extreme weather events MINEMA MINAGRI Change in climate sensitive agricultural production / Proportion of agriculture land protected against erosion (NDC); RAB/RWRB NAEB, MINALOC, Districts, REMA, RWFA, RLUMA, Private Sector, civil societyUPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION RWRB Freshwater withdrawal rate / National Water Security Plan to employ water storage and rain water harvesting, water conservation practices, efficient irrigation established and operational (NDC).', 'Rwanda Green Fund MOE, REMA Rwanda Development Board (RDB) Capacity building technical support and technology transfer REMA MoE/FONERWA and all NDC supporting institutions and organizations High level National/Global indicators planned to harmonize reporting on climate adaptation/ resilience Line Ministry Activity/Indicator Lead Agency Key stakeholders MININFRA Proportion of the rural population who live within 2 km of an all-season road (SDG RTDA MINECOFIN, MINALOC and Districts MINISANTE/ MINAGRI Percentage of health centres with at least one food and nutrition outreach programme; ECDC/RAB NISR MINEMA Annual loss due to damage caused by weather-related hazards / number of deaths, missing persons and directly affected persons attributed to disasters per 100,000 population (SDG 13.1.1); Rwanda Meteo MoE RAB, REMA, MINALOC, MININFRA, NISR, UR, MINEDUC, RDF, RNP, civil society Number of people with access to improved climate-related early warning information or systems for extreme weather events MINEMA MINAGRI Change in climate sensitive agricultural production / Proportion of agriculture land protected against erosion (NDC); RAB/RWRB NAEB, MINALOC, Districts, REMA, RWFA, RLUMA, Private Sector, civil societyUPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION RWRB Freshwater withdrawal rate / National Water Security Plan to employ water storage and rain water harvesting, water conservation practices, efficient irrigation established and operational (NDC). RWRB MoE, MINAGRI, UR/ CAVM, MININFRA, Meteo Rwanda, REMA, RAB, civil society, WASAC, PSF, RLUMA, City of Kigali and MINALOC MINISANTE Change of malaria hazards; RBC MINAGRI, MINALOC, MINEMA, Meteo Rwanda, civil society MINECOFIN Specialized support, and amount of support, including finance, technology and capacity-building, for mechanisms for raising capacities for effective climate change-related planning and management (SDG 13.B.1).', 'RWRB MoE, MINAGRI, UR/ CAVM, MININFRA, Meteo Rwanda, REMA, RAB, civil society, WASAC, PSF, RLUMA, City of Kigali and MINALOC MINISANTE Change of malaria hazards; RBC MINAGRI, MINALOC, MINEMA, Meteo Rwanda, civil society MINECOFIN Specialized support, and amount of support, including finance, technology and capacity-building, for mechanisms for raising capacities for effective climate change-related planning and management (SDG 13.B.1). MoE REMA, FONERWA, all institutions68 GREEN RWANDA Monitoring and reporting requirements for Parties to the Paris Agreement are encapsulated within the UNFCCC process by way of new requirements set out in the Paris Rulebook governing implementation of the agreement. Drawing on the Paris Rulebook, Table 7.2 below lists some of the key aspects of an MRV system needed to track progress consistent with the mitigation component of NDC implementation.', 'Drawing on the Paris Rulebook, Table 7.2 below lists some of the key aspects of an MRV system needed to track progress consistent with the mitigation component of NDC implementation. Table 7.2 MRV systems needed to track NDC implementation MRV system Key implementation aspects GHG emissions and reductions • Assess current GHG emissions for all Intergovermental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reporting sectors and sub-sectors; • Assess Busines-as Usual (BAU) GHGs, where dynamic baselines are considered for NDC modeling; • Assess current progress in reducing GHG emissions towards the overall target (by reviewing the greenhouse gas inventory), and expected future emissions (by reviewing greenhouse gas projections), at national and sectoral levels, to understand the aggregate impact of mitigation actions now and in the future. Mitigation measures • Monitor the implementation of the mitigation measures (e.g.', 'Mitigation measures • Monitor the implementation of the mitigation measures (e.g. implementation of renewable energy generation measures, low carbon transport measures, waste projects); • Assess whether the mitigation measures deliver the targeted impact on GHG emissions; • Assess whether the mitigation measures deliver the expected low emission development impact (e.g. implementation of solar water heating systems in households). Finance of mitigation measures • Track climate finance flows for NDC implementation, including international public finance, national domestic budgets and private climate finance, to improve the overall transparency of climate finance flows, and • Assess whether the scale/type of financing requirements for NDC implementation are being addressed.UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION An MRV framework consistent with these requirements is presented in the Annex to this document.', 'Finance of mitigation measures • Track climate finance flows for NDC implementation, including international public finance, national domestic budgets and private climate finance, to improve the overall transparency of climate finance flows, and • Assess whether the scale/type of financing requirements for NDC implementation are being addressed.UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION An MRV framework consistent with these requirements is presented in the Annex to this document. This will allow Rwanda to effectively track progress of the mitigation activities identified in this NDC consistent with UNFCCC reporting standards, and carry out ongoing evaluation of whether the country is on course to meet its targets through 2030.', 'This will allow Rwanda to effectively track progress of the mitigation activities identified in this NDC consistent with UNFCCC reporting standards, and carry out ongoing evaluation of whether the country is on course to meet its targets through 2030. This takes the form of a framework of indicators for each of the key emitting sectors, which can be used for international reporting as well as for domestic tracking of NDC implementation. Monitoring tables are provided for the four main IPCC reporting categories: Energy; IPPU; AFOLU; and Waste (noting that AFOLU includes only agriculture in this NDC). In addition, an aggregated economy-wide overall NDC progress monitoring template is presented.', 'In addition, an aggregated economy-wide overall NDC progress monitoring template is presented. The Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting framework that includes MRV on financing in the case of adaptation aligns with the options and the relevant analytics agreed to by various stakeholder consultations. Additionally, an approach has been proposed to organize M&E framework in a way that facilitates reporting at selected levels. The levels have identified indicators that are relevant at global and national levels (see above). The national level reporting will respond to data and information demands at strategic levels including NST and sector strategic plans that inform joint sector reviews and other reporting requirements at the prime minister and MINECOFIN levels at the central government and Imihigo reporting for sub-national entities in particular.', 'The national level reporting will respond to data and information demands at strategic levels including NST and sector strategic plans that inform joint sector reviews and other reporting requirements at the prime minister and MINECOFIN levels at the central government and Imihigo reporting for sub-national entities in particular. Importantly, these should ideally be guided by the ENR RBME framework which has oversight over cross cutting areas of environment and climate change in the national planning and budgeting framework. Finally, the selection of indicator driven data will be required for program and projects design, implementation and reporting to funders. This reporting framework demands periodic and timely data collection, analysis and overall management to ensure efficient reporting.', 'This reporting framework demands periodic and timely data collection, analysis and overall management to ensure efficient reporting. Moreover, the global versus national clustering will serve as a useful guide to identify targeted resources mobilization from both domestic and external sources. To the extent possible, national and global indicators design features must make a strong case for mobilizing resources and therefore must be smart and results oriented and formulated as outcome and/or impact level indicators. The general guide to the selection of adaptation indicators has considered the following factors as critical: • Differentiate between climate change related issues and business-as-usual development.', 'The general guide to the selection of adaptation indicators has considered the following factors as critical: • Differentiate between climate change related issues and business-as-usual development. Climate change has been taken seriously in Rwanda as evidenced by the policy prescriptions including Vision 2050, NST and the GGCRS and the regional and global programs to which Rwanda subscribes including NDC, Africa Agenda 2063 and the SDGs. However, significant gaps have been equally evident in how climate change actions in these programs are prioritised for financing that is essential for implementation.70 GREEN RWANDA The global climate financing agencies often create artificial divisions between climate change and development.', 'However, significant gaps have been equally evident in how climate change actions in these programs are prioritised for financing that is essential for implementation.70 GREEN RWANDA The global climate financing agencies often create artificial divisions between climate change and development. This is especially the case for climate adaptation where “climate rationale” in the case of GCF seriously hampers the ability to direct resources to address the impacts of climate change. It is crucial that climate financing decisions acknowledge the seamlessness of climate adaptation and development even as climate rationale is reasonably pursued in validating finance flows to address the impacts of climate change. • Local/sector context is crucial to climate vulnerability/resilience assessment.', '• Local/sector context is crucial to climate vulnerability/resilience assessment. Rwanda has been vigilant in addressing the impacts of climate change starting with the NAPA in 2006 to GGCRS that was approved by Cabinet in 2011. The current efforts are aimed at implementing the PA through the NDCs. Additionally, assessments have been carried out to understand the extent of climate change impacts. Such analyses have included the economics of climate change that measured the economic costs of climate change and made a compelling case for increased financing, the Vulnerability index studies at various scales; national and sub-national outlining the vulnerability of districts and the design of investment plans including the SPCR and the FIP. The NDC partnership document highlighted the extreme need for inter-ministerial coordination mechanisms.', 'The NDC partnership document highlighted the extreme need for inter-ministerial coordination mechanisms. The mechanisms can be used to support coordinated implementation, monitoring and reporting, which can reduce transaction costs and overlapping work, and promote cross-sectoral synergies. • Consider data availability to measure the impact (to know that change has happened). Rwanda is increasingly making the case for global efforts to support effective climate action through the climate vulnerable countries forum. The stronger case will require continuous improvement of climate analytics that inform national and global reporting for adaptation in particular where harmonized reporting is insufficient.', 'The stronger case will require continuous improvement of climate analytics that inform national and global reporting for adaptation in particular where harmonized reporting is insufficient. Integration of clear and simplified climate analytics into the ENR RBME will play a significant role in establishing a framework that Rwanda can use to build a reliable and informative database on climate adaptation metrics that systematically guides ambitious climate action. The technical support provided to the GoR on climate change analysis has proposed to harmonize the various national reporting initiatives and streamline a reporting structure on climate adaptation analytics. The analytical framework takes into account the need and therefore formats for clustering national and global reporting obligations.', 'The analytical framework takes into account the need and therefore formats for clustering national and global reporting obligations. A framework of high level indicators, along with relevant data sources is presented in the Annex to this document. In combination with Table 7.1 above, these outline the high-level indicators for the proposed reporting arrangements highlighting the source documents (References) that provide information on metadata for the selected indicators.UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 08 Means of Implementation In order to fully implement the mitigation and adaptation measures contained in this NDC, Rwanda will require finance, capacity building, and technology transfer and country driven policy process and institutional arrangements. This section provides an overview of these means of implementation.', 'This section provides an overview of these means of implementation. 8.1 Finance needs As part of the NDC revision process, extensive analysis and consultations with sector experts were undertaken to produce conditional and unconditional cost estimates for the mitigation and adaptation measures through 2025 and 2030. The total estimated cost for Rwanda’s identified NDC mitigation measures through 2030 is estimated at around 5.7 billion USD, and over 5.3 billion USD for adaptation priorities, representing a combined funding requirement of around 11 billion USD. The table below summarises the estimated funding needs over the two periods. For both mitigation and adaptation combined, it can be seen that unconditional measures account for around 40% of the total estimated funding requirements, and conditional measures around 60%.', 'For both mitigation and adaptation combined, it can be seen that unconditional measures account for around 40% of the total estimated funding requirements, and conditional measures around 60%. Table 8.1 Estimated mitigation and adaptation funding needs USD million Unconditional Conditional Grand Total Mitigation measures Adaptation measures72 GREEN RWANDA Rwanda’s Third National Communication to the UNFCCC highlighted three main challenges in climate finance in Rwanda as: (i) insufficient funds, (ii) limited budget for the implementation of climate action, and (iii) limited involvement of private sector investment in environment and climate change activities. Furthermore, the TNC indicated a need for more bilateral and multilateral financial support (GoR, 2018a). Rwanda has undertaken various initiatives to identify climate finance.', 'Rwanda has undertaken various initiatives to identify climate finance. These have included a series of Public Environmental Expenditure Review (including climate change), costing exercise for the GGCRS in addition to what information can be gleaned from the costing of SSPs. The gaps and needs analysis to the SPCR made efforts at tracking climate finance. The Government of Rwanda will continue to commit significant resources to climate change relevant strategies. Rwandan communities, private sector and NGOs can also contribute significantly to these climate change-related activities through public-private partnerships. The Rwanda Green Fund, FONERWA, will continue to play a vital role in financing low carbon projects and programmes and leveraging investment. However, the full implementation of the strategic mitigation actions is conditional on the support of international stakeholders.', 'However, the full implementation of the strategic mitigation actions is conditional on the support of international stakeholders. The implementation of the prioritised policies and actions assume the continued use of existing and planned national and international financial sources. An initial assessment of the funding requirements for the identified measures has been described in this document, and implementation costs will be refined as more evidence- based information is obtained. Rwanda intends to meet its conditional contribution through the use of climate finance and international market mechanisms where appropriate, building upon the experience of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and other existing market mechanisms. These include the potential involvement in international cooperative approaches under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement.', 'These include the potential involvement in international cooperative approaches under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. Rwanda is participating in the NDC partnership, a process that has so far attracted financing for readiness support on developing a pipeline of projects targeting public and private climate finance. The support packages have come through the “Deep Dive” and Climate Action Enhancement Package “CAEP” which are currently being implemented. Through these initiatives, the various sectors have developed concept notes on both mitigation and adaptation that will be used to develop national priority projects pipeline to accelerate Rwanda’s climate action. 8.2 Capacity Building and technology transfer Under the Paris Agreement, developed countries have also committed to provide technology transfer and capacity building to developing countries.', '8.2 Capacity Building and technology transfer Under the Paris Agreement, developed countries have also committed to provide technology transfer and capacity building to developing countries. Many developing countries will require enhanced capacities to effectively track inflows of bilateral and multilateral resources and support and identify pending gaps and needs.UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION It is critical that the Paris Agreement’s capacity building provisions are implemented successfully. Technology transfer and capacity building will be required to fully implement Rwanda’s mitigation and adaptation contributions. Specific national needs relating to mitigation include: • Access to and overcoming barriers to the diffusion of appropriate clean technologies; • Building climate information systems; • Promotion of renewable energies and energy efficiency, including the involvement of the private sector; • Setting up of public-private partnerships.', 'Specific national needs relating to mitigation include: • Access to and overcoming barriers to the diffusion of appropriate clean technologies; • Building climate information systems; • Promotion of renewable energies and energy efficiency, including the involvement of the private sector; • Setting up of public-private partnerships. In this context, the Government of Rwanda plans to: • Promote and encourage the development, transfer and diffusion of climate technology; • Promote and encourage the mainstreaming of gender considerations in climate change issues; • Promote and enhance climate change education, public awareness and capacity development through communication, training, information and knowledge management; • Provide adequate support for policies and programmes that take into account the interactions between population dynamics, climate change and development, including the link between the national and sub-national governments.', 'In this context, the Government of Rwanda plans to: • Promote and encourage the development, transfer and diffusion of climate technology; • Promote and encourage the mainstreaming of gender considerations in climate change issues; • Promote and enhance climate change education, public awareness and capacity development through communication, training, information and knowledge management; • Provide adequate support for policies and programmes that take into account the interactions between population dynamics, climate change and development, including the link between the national and sub-national governments. In relation to adaptation, there is a particular need to design strategic ways to build and further develop capacity of sector experts in monitoring and evaluation. There is evidence of a protracted period within which implementation of programs has created demand for reliable metrics.', 'There is evidence of a protracted period within which implementation of programs has created demand for reliable metrics. Such demand has clearly been manifested in the series of poverty reduction strategies including the most recent EDPRS 2 and currently the NST. These key strategies have demonstrated lack of climate adaptation data despite the impacts of climate change such as floods on infrastructure and soil erosion on agricultural productivity. Thus, implementation success will depend on efforts to avail data and information that facilitates results based tracking of climate change impacts to Rwanda’s economy. Finance needed to support implementation will in significantly depend on climate change projects that draw from global financing and this also requires quality data to unequivocally rationalize project based climate impacts and benefits.', 'Finance needed to support implementation will in significantly depend on climate change projects that draw from global financing and this also requires quality data to unequivocally rationalize project based climate impacts and benefits. Enhancing data quality and reliability will require growing application of information technology (IT) developments. Rwanda has demonstrated ample opportunities to bundle M&E systems with IT enabled processes and tools to improve data and information systems in a number of areas/sectors that can benefit climate information generation and use. The health sector use of drone technology for data collection and sue of smart phones to mine and process health statistics are key pointers on how domestication of capacities and technology transfer can fast-track development of reliable data management systems on74 GREEN RWANDA climate adaptation.', 'The health sector use of drone technology for data collection and sue of smart phones to mine and process health statistics are key pointers on how domestication of capacities and technology transfer can fast-track development of reliable data management systems on74 GREEN RWANDA climate adaptation. For this to be useful, a number of deliberate capacity building initiatives will be undertaken at various levels. Some specific needs for capacity building include: • Institutional development and strengthening; • Developing human resources through education, training, and research; • Strong financial support for capacity building targeting Rwanda’s compliance in reporting; • National ownership of capacity building efforts that is aimed to ensure sustainability; • Networking, partnerships, and sharing of experiences across sectors and beyond; • Application of Web-based tools to improve capacity building.', 'Some specific needs for capacity building include: • Institutional development and strengthening; • Developing human resources through education, training, and research; • Strong financial support for capacity building targeting Rwanda’s compliance in reporting; • National ownership of capacity building efforts that is aimed to ensure sustainability; • Networking, partnerships, and sharing of experiences across sectors and beyond; • Application of Web-based tools to improve capacity building. There is significant scope to build capacity in cross sector M&E systems including upstream work that is vital to setting up functional M&E systems and frameworks. Investing in M&E systems is crucial to manage progress in implementing climate adaptation.', 'Investing in M&E systems is crucial to manage progress in implementing climate adaptation. M&E and lesson learning are critical to effective and efficient delivery of project results and sustainable impacts to secure investor confidence that is essential to meet resources mobilization ambitions and consequently the national goal of a climate resilient economy by 2050. Identifying capacity building (incl. technical/technology/ resources mobilization) will greatly benefit from: • Improving the use of existing data and analytical tools bearing in mind that Local/ sector context is crucial to climate vulnerability/resilience assessment; • Differentiating between climate change related issues and business-as-usual development; • Putting in place measures to facilitate data availability to measure the impact (to know that change has happened). The consultations undertaken through the NDC revision process have created momentum for ongoing engagement.', 'The consultations undertaken through the NDC revision process have created momentum for ongoing engagement. It is important to recognize that technical knowledge resides with sector specialists and any capacity building and effective application of technology for mainstreaming climate change must draw from that experience and facilitate cross learning among climate change experts and subject matter experts from sectors. It is imperative that this harmony/coherence is continually utilized to guide successful mainstreaming of climate change into sector priorities building on existing country driven policy mechanisms and institutional arrangements. 8.3 Policy mechanisms and Institutional arrangements as a means of effective NDC implementation Rwanda’s NDC is based on and aligned with several existing national policies.', '8.3 Policy mechanisms and Institutional arrangements as a means of effective NDC implementation Rwanda’s NDC is based on and aligned with several existing national policies. The country’s NDC was developed from the Green Growth and Climate Resilient Strategy (GGCRS) (2011), which has also been integrated into District Development Plans and sector strategic plans. The GGCRS is also embedded in the recently developed National Strategy for Transformation (NST) (2017 – 2024), and Rwanda’s 7-year Government Program. The NST is a high-levelUPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION planning policy that frames the country’s subsequent local government and sector plans and includes specific projects or actions surrounding three pillars for economic, social and governance transformation.', 'The NST is a high-levelUPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION planning policy that frames the country’s subsequent local government and sector plans and includes specific projects or actions surrounding three pillars for economic, social and governance transformation. Within the Economic Transformation pillar, there is direct alignment with Priority 7, the management of environment and natural resources which will lead to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals and the NDC, as well as Rwanda’s Vision 2050 objectives. The NDC will be implemented across Ministries in charge of core NDC actions with the coordination oversight of MoE facilitated by resources mobilization overseen by MINECOFIN and the Rwanda Green Fund (FONERWA).', 'The NDC will be implemented across Ministries in charge of core NDC actions with the coordination oversight of MoE facilitated by resources mobilization overseen by MINECOFIN and the Rwanda Green Fund (FONERWA). The overriding national implementation arrangement will guide the integration of NDC priority interventions in the broad sectoral planning and implementation framework as outlined below. The oversight function for implementing NST1 lies with the Parliament and Cabinet. Cabinet will also provide policy guidance and strategic orientation. The Office of the Prime Minister coordinates all government programmes of NST1 with technical coordination undertaken by the Permanent Secretary’s Forum and supported by the Development Partners Coordination Group (DPCG).', 'The Office of the Prime Minister coordinates all government programmes of NST1 with technical coordination undertaken by the Permanent Secretary’s Forum and supported by the Development Partners Coordination Group (DPCG). Sector Working groups (which bring together Government, Development partners, Private sector and civil society) follow up implementation of sectoral plans and investments through Joint Sector Reviews. At the district level, the Joint Actions Development Forum brings together all stakeholders contributing to the delivery of the NST1 implemented through District Development Strategies. MINECOFIN leads the national development planning, implementation coordination, and budgeting functions to ensure sectors and districts’ plans are aligned to NST1 priorities. MINALOC supports the coordination and follow up on implementation of District Development Strategies.', 'MINALOC supports the coordination and follow up on implementation of District Development Strategies. Thus, the NDC MRV as outlined in Table 7.2 above is embedded in the national planning and implementation processes that guide and facilitate results based review of development policies and strategies with the aim of continually applying policy relevant reforms to achieve national sustainable development targets.76 GREEN RWANDA References Government of Rwanda (GoR), 2011. Green Growth and Climate Resilience: National Strategy on Climate Change and Low Carbon Development. Republic of Rwanda, Kigali. GoR, 2015a. Intended Nationally Determined Contribution for the Republic of Rwanda. Republic of Rwanda, Kigali. GoR, 2015b. Rwanda report on Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions, sectoral analysis. REMA, Kigali. GoR, 2017a. 7 Years Government Programme: National Strategy for Transformation (NST1), 2017-2024. Rwanda, Kigali GoR, 2017b.', '7 Years Government Programme: National Strategy for Transformation (NST1), 2017-2024. Rwanda, Kigali GoR, 2017b. Detailed Implementation Plan for the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) of Rwanda. Kigali: REMA. GoR, 2018a. Third National Communication: Report to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Republic of Rwanda, Kigali. GoR, 2018b. The Fifth Integrated Household Living Survey (EICV5): Main Indicators Report 2016/17. Republic of Rwanda, Kigali. GoR, 2018c. Rwanda NDC Partnership Plan. Kigali: MoE. Ilunga, L., Mbaragijimana, C. and Muhire, I., 2004. Pluviometric seasons and rainfall origin in Rwanda. Geo-Eco-Trop, 28(1-2):61-68. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2006. 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. See: IPCC, 2007. Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Pachauri, R.K. and Reisinger, A. (Eds.).', 'Pachauri, R.K. and Reisinger, A. (Eds.). IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland MIDIMAR, 2015. The National Risk Atlas of Rwanda. Kigali: MIDIMAR. MINIRENA, 2010. Second national communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Ministry of Natural Resources (MINIRENA), Kigali, Rwanda. MINIRENA, 2012. Second National Communication under the United National framework Convention on Climate Change (U.N.F.C.C.). Kigali: Ministry of Natural Resources-Republic of Rwanda. MINIRENA, 2014. Forest Landscape Restoration Opportunity Assessment for Rwanda.UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION MININFRA, 2017. Water and Sanitation Sector Strategic Plan 2018 - 2024. Kigali: MININFRA. MoE, 2017. Strategic Plan for the Environment and Natural Resources Sector 2018 – 2024, Rwanda. Kigali: MoE. MoE, 2018. Evaluation of the Green Growth and Climate Resilience Strategy (GGCRS) Implementation, Evaluation report. Kigali: MoE. MoE, 2019.', 'Evaluation of the Green Growth and Climate Resilience Strategy (GGCRS) Implementation, Evaluation report. Kigali: MoE. MoE, 2019. National Environmental and climate change policy. Kigali: MoE. Muhire, I. and Ahmed, F., 2015. Spatio-temporal trend analysis of precipitation data over Rwanda. South African Geographical Journal, 97(1): 50-68. Muhire, I. and Ahmed, F., (2016). Spatio-temporal trends in mean temperatures and aridity index over Rwanda. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 123: 399-414. National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NISR), 2011. Rwanda statistical yearbook 2011, NISR Kigali- Rwanda. NISR, 2014. Rwanda statistical yearbook 2014, NISR Kigali-Rwanda NISR, 2017. Formal External Trade in Goods Statistics report (Q4, 2017) NISR, (2018), Formal external trade in Goods report (January 2018) NISR, 2018. Rwanda statistical yearbook 2018, NISR Kigali-Rwanda Rwanda Energy Group (REG), 2019.', 'Rwanda statistical yearbook 2018, NISR Kigali-Rwanda Rwanda Energy Group (REG), 2019. The National Electrification Plan: Report on definition of technologies (On-grid and off-grid) at village level. Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA), 2009. Rwanda: State of Environment and Outlook Report 2009. Kigali: Rwanda Environment Management Authority-Republic of Rwanda. REMA, 2015. Baseline Climate Change Vulnerability Index for Rwanda. Kigali: REMA. RNRA, 2015. National Water Resources Master Plan, Kigali, Rwanda. SEI, 2009. Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning (LEAP). Community for Energy, Environment and Development, Stockholm Environment Institute, 25th April 2009. See: Sirven, P., Gotanegre, J.F. et Prioul, C., 1974. Géographie du Rwanda, A. De Boeck-Bruxelles. United Nations (UN), 1987. Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. United Nations, 1987. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).', 'United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Human Development Report 2019: Rwanda. See: World Bank, 2019. Rwanda overview. Updated 30 September 2019. See: country/rwanda/overview78 GREEN RWANDA Annex A – Indicators for tracking NDC Implementation A high-level framework of progress indicators has been developed for use in tracking and reporting on implementation of the NDC mitigation component, consistent with the MRV requirements of the UNFCCC and Paris Rulebook. A series of MRV tables are shown below, enabling for monitoring of GHG emissions as well as the effectiveness of mitigation measures within each sector. Indicators are proposed which monitor both the emissions and also non-GHG indicators of progress linked, closely to each of the mitigation actions within each of the key emitting sectors.', 'Indicators are proposed which monitor both the emissions and also non-GHG indicators of progress linked, closely to each of the mitigation actions within each of the key emitting sectors. The choice of indicator has also been informed by existing indicator frameworks applied internationally in the context of climate change, which also support the metrics required under the Paris Rulebook. Simply reporting on emissions and activity data is an overly simplistic approach which cannot always help to assess the effectiveness of a given measure in reaching the NDC. Separate tables of indicators are therefore developed for each of the key sectors covered by the NDC, providing a more detailed framework for tracking progress.', 'Separate tables of indicators are therefore developed for each of the key sectors covered by the NDC, providing a more detailed framework for tracking progress. Each of the sectoral tables is structured as following: • Headline indicators: These include a breakdown by sector of emissions reductions against the BAU baseline. They also include other high-level indicators specific to each sector relating to emissions and mitigation activity. • Supporting indicators: The headline indicators are underpinned by a set of more detailed indicators which track progress in implementing the mitigation measures required to achieve sustainable emission reductions. A series of supporting indicators help quantify the progress in implementing the specific actions within each sector.', 'A series of supporting indicators help quantify the progress in implementing the specific actions within each sector. • Other factors: Various factors will act as drivers of emissions over the coming years, many of which are outside Rwanda’s control. No indicators are proposed for these, but they can be tracked as part of a monitoring framework in order to understand, and report on, their influence upon NDC implementation. Monitoring tables are provided for the four main IPCC reporting categories: Energy; IPPU; AFOLU; and waste (note that AFOLU is at present focused only on agriculture).', 'Monitoring tables are provided for the four main IPCC reporting categories: Energy; IPPU; AFOLU; and waste (note that AFOLU is at present focused only on agriculture). In addition, an aggregated economy-wide overall NDC progress monitoring template is presented.UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION NDC progress indicators: Aggregated all sectors BAU GHG emissions (MtCO e) Energy IPPU Agriculture Waste TOTAL Current GHG emissions (MtCO e) Energy IPPU Agriculture Waste TOTAL Mitigation from NDC measures (MtCO e) Unconditional Conditional TOTAL Mitigation from NDC measures (% change from BAU) Unconditional Conditional TOTAL GDP (million USD) Population (millions) Domestic climate finance (million USD) Direct Indirect International climate finance (million USD) Grants Other Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes (MtCO e) Technology development and transfer (describe activities undertaken) Capacity building and strengthening (describe activities undertaken) Other voluntary co-operation (describe activities undertaken)80 GREEN RWANDA NDC progress indicators: Energy (electricity generation) BAU GHG emissions (MtCO e) Current GHG emissions (MtCO e) BAU electricity demand (GWh) Current electricity demand (GWh) BAU emissions intensity of grid supply (tCO e/MWh) Current emissions intensity of grid supply (tCO e/MWh) Share of renewables in total electricity supply (%) Generation (GWh and % of total) Hydropower Solar/wind Natural gas Peat HFO Imports TOTAL Hydropower Capacity (MW) Off-grid electrification # Tier 1 households # Tier 2 households Solar minigrids (MWp) Solar street lighting # Solar LED streetlights # Solar traffic lights International contribution to finance mitigation measures (indicate activities and amounts) Technology transfer and capacity building activities (indicate activities) Other factors Development and strengthening of grid infrastructure, including grid losses (indicate key developments) Lake Kivu methane gas utilisation and emissions monitoring programme (indicate key developments) Rural Energy Strategy development (progress towards goals and milestones achieved)UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION NDC progress indicators: Energy (other) BAU GHG emissions (MtCO e) Current GHG emissions (MtCO e) BAU fossil fuel use (% of total energy use) Current fossil fuel use (% of total energy use) BAU renewable energy use (% of total energy use) Current renewable energy use (% of total energy use) Average fuel economy for newly registered vehicles (litres per 100 km) Buses LDVs HDVs Electric vehicles (EV) # EV motorcycles # EV buses # EV LDVs Buildings and household energy use Rooftop solar (MWp) # CFL replacements Efficient stoves (# HH) # SWH installations Manufacturing industry and agriculture # Efficient brick kilns Cement (% non-fossil energy use) # On-farm biodigesters Solar irrigation (Ha) International contribution to finance mitigation measures (indicate activities and amounts) Technology transfer and capacity building activities (indicate activities) Other factors E-mobility, modal shift and other public transport progress (indicate key developments) Indicators of activity by mode of transport e.g.', 'In addition, an aggregated economy-wide overall NDC progress monitoring template is presented.UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION NDC progress indicators: Aggregated all sectors BAU GHG emissions (MtCO e) Energy IPPU Agriculture Waste TOTAL Current GHG emissions (MtCO e) Energy IPPU Agriculture Waste TOTAL Mitigation from NDC measures (MtCO e) Unconditional Conditional TOTAL Mitigation from NDC measures (% change from BAU) Unconditional Conditional TOTAL GDP (million USD) Population (millions) Domestic climate finance (million USD) Direct Indirect International climate finance (million USD) Grants Other Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes (MtCO e) Technology development and transfer (describe activities undertaken) Capacity building and strengthening (describe activities undertaken) Other voluntary co-operation (describe activities undertaken)80 GREEN RWANDA NDC progress indicators: Energy (electricity generation) BAU GHG emissions (MtCO e) Current GHG emissions (MtCO e) BAU electricity demand (GWh) Current electricity demand (GWh) BAU emissions intensity of grid supply (tCO e/MWh) Current emissions intensity of grid supply (tCO e/MWh) Share of renewables in total electricity supply (%) Generation (GWh and % of total) Hydropower Solar/wind Natural gas Peat HFO Imports TOTAL Hydropower Capacity (MW) Off-grid electrification # Tier 1 households # Tier 2 households Solar minigrids (MWp) Solar street lighting # Solar LED streetlights # Solar traffic lights International contribution to finance mitigation measures (indicate activities and amounts) Technology transfer and capacity building activities (indicate activities) Other factors Development and strengthening of grid infrastructure, including grid losses (indicate key developments) Lake Kivu methane gas utilisation and emissions monitoring programme (indicate key developments) Rural Energy Strategy development (progress towards goals and milestones achieved)UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION NDC progress indicators: Energy (other) BAU GHG emissions (MtCO e) Current GHG emissions (MtCO e) BAU fossil fuel use (% of total energy use) Current fossil fuel use (% of total energy use) BAU renewable energy use (% of total energy use) Current renewable energy use (% of total energy use) Average fuel economy for newly registered vehicles (litres per 100 km) Buses LDVs HDVs Electric vehicles (EV) # EV motorcycles # EV buses # EV LDVs Buildings and household energy use Rooftop solar (MWp) # CFL replacements Efficient stoves (# HH) # SWH installations Manufacturing industry and agriculture # Efficient brick kilns Cement (% non-fossil energy use) # On-farm biodigesters Solar irrigation (Ha) International contribution to finance mitigation measures (indicate activities and amounts) Technology transfer and capacity building activities (indicate activities) Other factors E-mobility, modal shift and other public transport progress (indicate key developments) Indicators of activity by mode of transport e.g. occupancy rates; average distances (once studies are available) Ongoing developments and trends within buildings practices and household and SME energy use (describe) Availability and cost of new and low carbon energy technologies and practices82 GREEN RWANDA NDC progress indicators: IPPU BAU GHG emissions (MtCO e) Current GHG emissions (MtCO e) Clinker substitution Pozzolana use (t) Clinker/cement ratio (%) Substitution of F-gases with low GWP refrigerants Imported HFC (kg) F-gas use (list the gases and amounts in kg) F-gas substitution (%) International contribution to finance mitigation measures (indicate activities and amounts) Technology transfer and capacity building activities (indicate activities) Other factors Progress with enabling continued and/or greater use of clinker substitute materials in cement production Progress with implementation of MRV system for GHG emissions in industry (indicate developments) Substitution of F-gases and progress towards targets under Kigali amendment to Montreal Protocol NDC progress indicators: AFOLU (agriculture) BAU GHG emissions (MtCO e) Current GHG emissions (MtCO e) Crop production (total t crop biomass) Livestock production (# population) Nutrient use efficiency Compost application (ha) Compost application (t/ha) Deep fertiliser and biomass use in rice production (kg/t rice) Soil and water conservation Terraced land (ha) Crop rotation (ha) Banana and coffee multi-crop production (ha) Conservation tillage (ha) Livestock husbandry and species New fodder species production (ha) New fodder use (# cows) New species (# cows replaced with cross-breeds)UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Manure management # new kraals Manure yields (t/cow) International contribution to finance mitigation measures (indicate activities and amounts) Technology transfer and capacity building activities (indicate activities) Other factors Government fertilizer production and distribution policy (describe progress and outcomes) Agricultural and horticultural production, domestic food demand, and export and market developments Climactic and other key factors influencing yields and agricultural practices NDC progress indicators: Waste BAU GHG emissions (MtCO e) Current GHG emissions (MtCO e) BAU total waste disposal (t) Current total waste disposal (t) BAU organic waste disposal (t) Current organic waste disposal (t) Landfil gas (LFG) utilisation # Sites with LFG capture LFG generation (MW) Waste-to-energy (WtE) # WtE sites WtE generation (MW) Aerobic composting Amount produced (t) Composting rate (% organic waste composted) Wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) # WWTP facilities # Households connected to WWTP International contribution to finance mitigation measures (indicate activities and amounts) Technology transfer and capacity building activities (indicate activities) Other factors Developments in waste infrastructure investment and management measures (indicate activities developed) Development of national and regional waste regulations and enforcement Waste recycling progress (e.g.', 'occupancy rates; average distances (once studies are available) Ongoing developments and trends within buildings practices and household and SME energy use (describe) Availability and cost of new and low carbon energy technologies and practices82 GREEN RWANDA NDC progress indicators: IPPU BAU GHG emissions (MtCO e) Current GHG emissions (MtCO e) Clinker substitution Pozzolana use (t) Clinker/cement ratio (%) Substitution of F-gases with low GWP refrigerants Imported HFC (kg) F-gas use (list the gases and amounts in kg) F-gas substitution (%) International contribution to finance mitigation measures (indicate activities and amounts) Technology transfer and capacity building activities (indicate activities) Other factors Progress with enabling continued and/or greater use of clinker substitute materials in cement production Progress with implementation of MRV system for GHG emissions in industry (indicate developments) Substitution of F-gases and progress towards targets under Kigali amendment to Montreal Protocol NDC progress indicators: AFOLU (agriculture) BAU GHG emissions (MtCO e) Current GHG emissions (MtCO e) Crop production (total t crop biomass) Livestock production (# population) Nutrient use efficiency Compost application (ha) Compost application (t/ha) Deep fertiliser and biomass use in rice production (kg/t rice) Soil and water conservation Terraced land (ha) Crop rotation (ha) Banana and coffee multi-crop production (ha) Conservation tillage (ha) Livestock husbandry and species New fodder species production (ha) New fodder use (# cows) New species (# cows replaced with cross-breeds)UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Manure management # new kraals Manure yields (t/cow) International contribution to finance mitigation measures (indicate activities and amounts) Technology transfer and capacity building activities (indicate activities) Other factors Government fertilizer production and distribution policy (describe progress and outcomes) Agricultural and horticultural production, domestic food demand, and export and market developments Climactic and other key factors influencing yields and agricultural practices NDC progress indicators: Waste BAU GHG emissions (MtCO e) Current GHG emissions (MtCO e) BAU total waste disposal (t) Current total waste disposal (t) BAU organic waste disposal (t) Current organic waste disposal (t) Landfil gas (LFG) utilisation # Sites with LFG capture LFG generation (MW) Waste-to-energy (WtE) # WtE sites WtE generation (MW) Aerobic composting Amount produced (t) Composting rate (% organic waste composted) Wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) # WWTP facilities # Households connected to WWTP International contribution to finance mitigation measures (indicate activities and amounts) Technology transfer and capacity building activities (indicate activities) Other factors Developments in waste infrastructure investment and management measures (indicate activities developed) Development of national and regional waste regulations and enforcement Waste recycling progress (e.g. policies and practices; plastic, metals and paper recycling rates)84 GREEN RWANDA RBME code Indicator Source (Metadata) International and regional good practices (Selected for National communication to UNFCCC) Percentage change in national climate change vulnerability index Source: Vulnerability Index study report Number and Percentage of districts at high risk of suffering major climate change effect National framework: (i) NST1; (ii) Sector strategic Plans (SSPs) and District Development Plans (DDSs); and (iii) Programs and Projects Percentage of the rural population living in Green Villages Source: Green Assessment tool Average level of satisfaction of major Weather and Climate information institutional users with METEO RWANDA Weather and Climate information Source: Weather and Climate information Users Survey Percentage of compliance of land use development plans to the NLUDMP Source: Department of Surveying, land use plans and Mapping, (RLMUA) Number and % of a) Mines, and b) Processors/ Exporters, using appropriate technologies to ensure industry standard recovery rates Source: Adapted Inspections Process or Mining Sites and Processors Survey/Assessment WRM05 Water storage per capita Source: IWRM, Water Monitoring and Development Unit Number (%) of (a) Households, and (b) Institutions with a Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) system installed.', 'policies and practices; plastic, metals and paper recycling rates)84 GREEN RWANDA RBME code Indicator Source (Metadata) International and regional good practices (Selected for National communication to UNFCCC) Percentage change in national climate change vulnerability index Source: Vulnerability Index study report Number and Percentage of districts at high risk of suffering major climate change effect National framework: (i) NST1; (ii) Sector strategic Plans (SSPs) and District Development Plans (DDSs); and (iii) Programs and Projects Percentage of the rural population living in Green Villages Source: Green Assessment tool Average level of satisfaction of major Weather and Climate information institutional users with METEO RWANDA Weather and Climate information Source: Weather and Climate information Users Survey Percentage of compliance of land use development plans to the NLUDMP Source: Department of Surveying, land use plans and Mapping, (RLMUA) Number and % of a) Mines, and b) Processors/ Exporters, using appropriate technologies to ensure industry standard recovery rates Source: Adapted Inspections Process or Mining Sites and Processors Survey/Assessment WRM05 Water storage per capita Source: IWRM, Water Monitoring and Development Unit Number (%) of (a) Households, and (b) Institutions with a Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) system installed. NISR, EICV Proportion of land surface covered by forest [Forest cover].', 'NISR, EICV Proportion of land surface covered by forest [Forest cover]. This excludes agro-forestry area. RWFA, Forestry department-GIS Report {FMES : IND005} Percentage of extreme weather events for which advance warning was provided at least 30 min in advance Rwanda Meteo, Quarterly high impact weather report Total amount of finance mobilized for Green Investments (by major category – Climate Change mitigation; Green Energy production etc.) MOUs and MINECOFIN Reports - Soil erosion and soil loss (To be further elaborated and confirmed) RWFA/IWRM - Ha of crops under insurance (To be further elaborated and confirmed) MINAGRI The table below presents the high-level indicators for the proposed reporting arrangements highlighting the source documents (References) that provide information on metadata for the selected indicators. The code classification and sources referenced from the RBME, for which MoE is the custodian.', 'The code classification and sources referenced from the RBME, for which MoE is the custodian. Table A.1 High level indicators, data sources (metadata) for the proposed reportingREPUBLIC OF RWANDA']

en-US

KNA

Saint Kitts and Nevis

1st NDC

2016-04-22 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/St.%20Kitts%20and%20Nevis%20INDC.pdf

Non-Annex I

High-income

Latin America and the Caribbean

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/e80efefd8db176104832317f2ae00de7228853323ac8ebde8063da4b40965231.pdf

['THE INTENDED NATIONAL DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS FOR THE FEDERATION OF ST. KITTS AND NEVIS The Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis is a democratic and sovereign country. The impacts of Climate Change are global and St. Kitts and Nevis, along with the International community are committed to addressing the adverse effects. In addition, climate change is one of the most critical issues facing the Caribbean region and it is already being experienced through rising sea levels, increasing mean temperatures and changes in rainfall and weather patterns. All these impacts, in many ways, affect the socio-economic development of the country in sectors such as St. Kitts and Nevis Tourism, Agriculture and Water.', 'All these impacts, in many ways, affect the socio-economic development of the country in sectors such as St. Kitts and Nevis Tourism, Agriculture and Water. St. Kitts and Nevis sustainability, as a nation, is dependent upon the collective and global response to aggressively reduce St. Kitts and Nevis Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). In this regard the Federation of St. Kitts and Nevis proposes an emissions reduction target of 22% and 35% of St. Kitts and Nevis GHG emissions projected in the business as usual (BAU) scenario for 2025 and 2030 respectively.', 'In this regard the Federation of St. Kitts and Nevis proposes an emissions reduction target of 22% and 35% of St. Kitts and Nevis GHG emissions projected in the business as usual (BAU) scenario for 2025 and 2030 respectively. The National Conservation and Environmental Protection Act (NCEPA) articulates strategic approaches to environmental protection, and serves as a framework for the declaration of sensitive ecological and historic sites that presents clearly vulnerability to climate change and vulnerability.The Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis, hereby communicates its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (iNDC) towards achieving the UNFCCC objective as set out in Article 2 of the Convention, and in accordance with decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20.MITIGATION CONTRIBUTION The reference point 22% of the absolute GHG from the Business as Usual (BAU) in 2025.', 'The National Conservation and Environmental Protection Act (NCEPA) articulates strategic approaches to environmental protection, and serves as a framework for the declaration of sensitive ecological and historic sites that presents clearly vulnerability to climate change and vulnerability.The Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis, hereby communicates its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (iNDC) towards achieving the UNFCCC objective as set out in Article 2 of the Convention, and in accordance with decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20.MITIGATION CONTRIBUTION The reference point 22% of the absolute GHG from the Business as Usual (BAU) in 2025. 35% of the absolute GHG from the BAU in 2030. Time frame and/or Implementation period The time frame to implement the iNDC is from 2020-2030, mid-term review in 2025.', 'Time frame and/or Implementation period The time frame to implement the iNDC is from 2020-2030, mid-term review in 2025. Type of commitment or contribution St. Kitts and Nevis type of commitment is in terms of absolutes numbers GHG reduction from the BAU. Scope and coverage All the economic sectors are covered and targeted into St. Kitts and Nevis’ national contributions, but with special attention to the Energy and Transport sectors, since they are the highest contributors to the GHG national matrix. The high percentage of consumption is based on fossil fuels. GHG coverage: CO2 Geographical coverage: National Percentage of National Planning processes The iNDC preparation has been built upon from previous climate and non-climate activities and includes a consultative process, involving key actors to obtain useful information at the sectoral level.', 'GHG coverage: CO2 Geographical coverage: National Percentage of National Planning processes The iNDC preparation has been built upon from previous climate and non-climate activities and includes a consultative process, involving key actors to obtain useful information at the sectoral level. The implementation process is still under discussion to ensure that there is highest participation and ownership from the key actors. A very comprehensive plan for the implementation phase must take place to track and monitor the policies and measures within the iNDC. Assumptions and methodological approaches The methodology used to measure and monitor St. Kitts and Nevis’ national contributions is “Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories”. St. Kitts and Nevis’ iNDC is conditional and based on the availability of financing and technological support.St.', 'St. Kitts and Nevis’ iNDC is conditional and based on the availability of financing and technological support.St. Kitts and Nevis supports the inclusion of the International Carbon Markets and any other Market Mechanisms in a post-2020 agreement on climate change and any future emission reductions pre-2020, should be accounted as part of our contributions. Level of ambition in iNDC St. Kitts and Nevis is committed to tackling the adverse impacts of climate change. It considers its iNDC to be ambitious and continues to exhibit evidence of environmentally sound development. Furthermore, St. Kitts and Nevis’ inventories of GHGs demonstrate that the country is a net sink for global carbon emissions, although like other Small Island Developing States, it is expected to bear the brunt of the impacts.', 'Furthermore, St. Kitts and Nevis’ inventories of GHGs demonstrate that the country is a net sink for global carbon emissions, although like other Small Island Developing States, it is expected to bear the brunt of the impacts. St. Kitts and Nevis proposes to reduce its GHG emissions by focusing on electricity generation and the transport sector. Under its proposed mitigation actions it is intended that the policies and measures would increase the use of renewable energy sources by 50%, taking into consideration that this ambitious target could be considered risky within the short time frame.', 'Under its proposed mitigation actions it is intended that the policies and measures would increase the use of renewable energy sources by 50%, taking into consideration that this ambitious target could be considered risky within the short time frame. To reduce the risk St. Kitts and Nevis must ensure that the relevant policies and measures are created within its natural, financial, technological and human resources to implement the measures necessary to achieve the intended emissions reductions.Policies and Measures * Details in Annex1.', 'To reduce the risk St. Kitts and Nevis must ensure that the relevant policies and measures are created within its natural, financial, technological and human resources to implement the measures necessary to achieve the intended emissions reductions.Policies and Measures * Details in Annex1. Estimation of GHG impacts Value/Year BAU Gg de INDC Scenario Gg de CO2 Impact on Emissions Reduction %ADAPTATION CONTRIBUTION The Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis is committed to building resilience and mitigating the negative impacts of external shocks including natural disasters, according to NCEPA, and many others institutional and regulation requirement that have been developed in the country.', 'Estimation of GHG impacts Value/Year BAU Gg de INDC Scenario Gg de CO2 Impact on Emissions Reduction %ADAPTATION CONTRIBUTION The Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis is committed to building resilience and mitigating the negative impacts of external shocks including natural disasters, according to NCEPA, and many others institutional and regulation requirement that have been developed in the country. For St. Kitts and Nevis the most vulnerable sectors and areas include: ● Forestry and Terrestrial Ecosystems ● Coastal Ecosystems ● Water resources ● Human Settlements ● Agriculture ● Tourism ● Human Health Climate change is one of the major threats for key vulnerable sectors that are linked to vital pillars for sustainable development. Forestry and water supply are intimately linked to potable water, tourism, and agriculture.', 'Forestry and water supply are intimately linked to potable water, tourism, and agriculture. Moreover, St. Kitts and Nevis, a twin island state, is abundant in nearshore and marine resources which provide the basis for a range of economic and social activity relevant to the tourism and fishing industries. Some of these marine resources include coral reefs, beaches, mangroves, freshwater lagoons and sea-grass beds. Tourism, water supply and coastal infrastructure, are also being affected by the sea-level rise, saline intrusion and flooding. St. Kitts and Nevis wishes to highlight three areas in its iNDC that are considered important to its social and economic sustainability and their interlinkages with others sectors.', 'St. Kitts and Nevis wishes to highlight three areas in its iNDC that are considered important to its social and economic sustainability and their interlinkages with others sectors. - Water - Agriculture - Coastal zone St. Kitts and Nevis plans develop a comprehensive plan to build resilience in the following sectors:IMPLEMENTATION SUPPORT St. Kitts and Nevis is aware of the importance of developing a comprehensive plan which must serve as the preparation stage for the implementation process. In order to ensure the effective implementation of the plan proposed above, the local actors must be involved and therefore empowered and prepared to execute the necessary tasks. The preparation process may require, inter alia, technical training, capacity building workshops, expert guidance, and feasibility and technical studies.', 'The preparation process may require, inter alia, technical training, capacity building workshops, expert guidance, and feasibility and technical studies. It is important to highlight the relevance of the institutional capacity, as well as the necessary establishment of institutional coordination and political support to meet the desired national goals. Furthermore, technical and economically feasibility studies for all levels of implementation (actions, projects, programs, policies), as well as a comprehensive analysis for policy implication would be required. It is also relevant to prepare a sectorial financing plan with specific funding sources and disbursement planning to implement the necessary policies and measures.']

en-US

KNA

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Updated NDC

2021-10-25 00:00:00

x

NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/St.%20Kitts%20and%20Nevis%20Revised%20NDC_Updated.pdf

Non-Annex I

High-income

Latin America and the Caribbean

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/2b16783fd67c8c6d620df275ddbeb35e0e46c11e67ae8e33266018e569e91381.pdf

['St. Kitts and Nevis Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Communicated to the UNFCCC October 2021Revised Nationally Determined Contribution of St. Kitts and Nevis 1 Introduction The Federation of St. Kitts and Nevis hereby communicates its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) toward achieving the UNFCCC objective as set out in Article 2 of the Convention, and in accordance with decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP. 20. St. Kitts and Nevis pledges a carbon dioxide (CO2 ) emissions reduction target of 61% against a 2010 base year. The twin island Federation of St. Kitts and Nevis is a democratic and sovereign country located in the northern part of the Lesser Antilles chain of islands in the Caribbean. Climate change is already impacting critical sectors including agriculture, water, tourism and health, and affecting particularly vulnerable communities and groups.', 'Climate change is already impacting critical sectors including agriculture, water, tourism and health, and affecting particularly vulnerable communities and groups. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a severe impact on St. Kitts and Nevis’ tourism-dependent economy. The travel and tourism sector’s contribution to national GDP contracted from 52% in 2019 to 22% in 2020, and tourism- related services continue to be affected by the ongoing pandemic. The NDC revision process was supported by the NDC-Partnership, Climate Analytics, and IRENA in collaboration with the European Commission’s support through the EU Technical Assistance Facility (EUTAF) on the technical component for the assessment and modelling of the mitigation actions.', 'The NDC revision process was supported by the NDC-Partnership, Climate Analytics, and IRENA in collaboration with the European Commission’s support through the EU Technical Assistance Facility (EUTAF) on the technical component for the assessment and modelling of the mitigation actions. The technical component was followed by several validation workshops with a multi- sectoral approach that included engagements with key ministries, public stakeholders, and technical experts. The Government of St. Kitts and Nevis is appreciative of the support provided by the NDC Partnership through its implementation partners as well as the Government of Norway for their financial support as part of the NDC Partnership’s Climate Change Enhancement Package (CAEP).', 'The Government of St. Kitts and Nevis is appreciative of the support provided by the NDC Partnership through its implementation partners as well as the Government of Norway for their financial support as part of the NDC Partnership’s Climate Change Enhancement Package (CAEP). St. Kitts and Nevis requires international support to achieve its CO2 emissions reduction target as well as to implement adaptation measures reducing the risks of climate change, and address loss and damage that is already being experienced and is projected to increase.Revised Nationally Determined Contribution of St. Kitts and Nevis 2 Mitigation The largest source of national greenhouse gas emissions is burning of diesel for electricity generation, followed by gasoline consumption for transportation, at approximately 60% and 30% respectively.', 'St. Kitts and Nevis requires international support to achieve its CO2 emissions reduction target as well as to implement adaptation measures reducing the risks of climate change, and address loss and damage that is already being experienced and is projected to increase.Revised Nationally Determined Contribution of St. Kitts and Nevis 2 Mitigation The largest source of national greenhouse gas emissions is burning of diesel for electricity generation, followed by gasoline consumption for transportation, at approximately 60% and 30% respectively. The release of carbon monoxide from residual crops in the AFOLU sector is also a significant contributor of emissions. The remaining CO2 emissions come from the consumption of kerosene, lubricants, and other oils. Power generation released 156 GgCO2 e in St. Kitts and Nevis in 2020.', 'Power generation released 156 GgCO2 e in St. Kitts and Nevis in 2020. 95% of electricity is generated through diesel power plants, with approximately 3% (2.2 MW) coming from wind and approximately 2% from solar (1.5 MW) for a total of 5.6%. St. Kitts and Nevis is committed to reducing its emissions and limiting the average global temperature rise to 1.5° C. In the first NDC, St. Kitts and Nevis proposed a CO2 emissions reduction target of 22% by 2025 and 35% by 2030 compared to the business-as-usual scenario, decreasing economy-wide emissions to 529 GgCO2 respectively. The first NDC covered all economic sectors, but special attention as given to the power generation and transportation sectors because they had the highest CO2 emissions reduction potential.', 'The first NDC covered all economic sectors, but special attention as given to the power generation and transportation sectors because they had the highest CO2 emissions reduction potential. This NDC revision process found that the BAU scenario in the first NDC was overestimating GDP growth, and in consequence overestimating current baseline emissions as well as the trajectory for 2025. The revised NDC includes an emissions reduction target against a 2010 base year instead of a BAU scenario for improved clarity and consistency in monitoring and reporting emissions. This revised and strengthened NDC pledges a significantly more ambitious mitigation target of reducing economy-wide CO2 emissions by 61% by 2030, compared to the base year 2010, conditional upon adequate access to resources including climate finance as well as capacity building support.', 'This revised and strengthened NDC pledges a significantly more ambitious mitigation target of reducing economy-wide CO2 emissions by 61% by 2030, compared to the base year 2010, conditional upon adequate access to resources including climate finance as well as capacity building support. This will be achieved by switching to 100% renewable energy in electricity generation and increasing the share of electric vehicles in the vehicle fleet to at least 2%. Additionally, St. Kitts and Nevis seeks financial and capacity building support to develop the necessary charging infrastructure and training programs to enable swift decarbonization of the transport sector.', 'Additionally, St. Kitts and Nevis seeks financial and capacity building support to develop the necessary charging infrastructure and training programs to enable swift decarbonization of the transport sector. For the 2020 revision cycle, the participatory process with technical support from IRENA led to the development of an assessment of the cost-effectiveness of mitigation options for the power and transport sectors.Revised Nationally Determined Contribution of St. Kitts and Nevis 3 When comparing the emissions target of this NDC against a 2010 base year, this NDC translates to a 61% decrease in total carbon dioxide emissions. St. Kitts and Nevis’ first NDC pledged to decrease emissions by 35% against a business-as-usual scenario.', 'St. Kitts and Nevis’ first NDC pledged to decrease emissions by 35% against a business-as-usual scenario. However, based on observations over the past 5 years, this business-as-usual scenario was overestimating GDP growth and carbon intensity of the economy. In consequence, the proposed target of 35% reduction by 2030 against the BAU in the first NDC would effectively have resulted in a 115% increase in emissions compared to 2010. In absolute terms, the first NDC proposed a target emission of no more than 529 GgCO2 e, while this revised NDC proposes to reduce emissions to 124 GgCO2 e. The base year 2010’s e excluding forestry. This emissions reduction largely comes from the energy sector, namely from power generation and transportation, which emit the largest share of GHG emissions in the country.', 'This emissions reduction largely comes from the energy sector, namely from power generation and transportation, which emit the largest share of GHG emissions in the country. The proposed intervention in this revised NDC includes 100% renewable energy for power generation and electrification of 2% of the total vehicle fleet. Box 1: A comparison of mitigation ambition in the first NDC and this revised NDC. Data limitations While the target of this NDC was informed by a comprehensive scenario analysis of the energy sector, a lack of data for the Agriculture, Forestry and Land Use (AFOLU), Industrial Processes and Processing Unit (IPPU), and Waste sectors was a barrier to conducting an economy-wide analysis.', 'Data limitations While the target of this NDC was informed by a comprehensive scenario analysis of the energy sector, a lack of data for the Agriculture, Forestry and Land Use (AFOLU), Industrial Processes and Processing Unit (IPPU), and Waste sectors was a barrier to conducting an economy-wide analysis. Due to the availability of quantifiable information to set measurable goals as well as the highest potential for emissions reduction, the energy sector is the focus of this NDC. The FAO Statistics Division 2014 estimates that forests in St. Kitts and Nevis remove approximately 137 Gg of carbon dioxide annually. However, recent data on land use change, biomass stock, or biomass growth is lacking, and the calculation of the amount of greenhouse gas removed relies on estimations from default values.', 'However, recent data on land use change, biomass stock, or biomass growth is lacking, and the calculation of the amount of greenhouse gas removed relies on estimations from default values. Due to this uncertainty and lack of contextual nationally specific data, a new forest inventory would be highly useful in providing more accurate information. St. Kitts and Nevis does not track emissions from the Forestry, Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU), and waste sectors, but the emissions from these sectors are presumed to be minimal.', 'St. Kitts and Nevis does not track emissions from the Forestry, Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU), and waste sectors, but the emissions from these sectors are presumed to be minimal. Measurement of national emissions from the AFOLU, IPPU and waste sectors can be implemented in the future for more robust ICTU communication, subject to available capacity building support.Revised Nationally Determined Contribution of St. Kitts and Nevis 4 Adaptation The Federation of St. Kitts and Nevis is committed to improving resilience and capacities to adapt to the long-term impacts of climate change and ensure the well-being and prosperity of its population and the health of its natural resources.', 'Measurement of national emissions from the AFOLU, IPPU and waste sectors can be implemented in the future for more robust ICTU communication, subject to available capacity building support.Revised Nationally Determined Contribution of St. Kitts and Nevis 4 Adaptation The Federation of St. Kitts and Nevis is committed to improving resilience and capacities to adapt to the long-term impacts of climate change and ensure the well-being and prosperity of its population and the health of its natural resources. St. Kitts and Nevis aims to reduce vulnerability to the adverse impacts of climate change through cross-sectoral and multi-faceted measures that build adaptive capacity and resilience over the long-term.', 'St. Kitts and Nevis aims to reduce vulnerability to the adverse impacts of climate change through cross-sectoral and multi-faceted measures that build adaptive capacity and resilience over the long-term. This will be achieved through mainstreaming climate change adaptation into the national development agenda, ensuring mitigation co-benefits where possible and mobilizing external climate finance to support effective adaptation planning and implementation. St. Kitts and Nevis follows guidance provided by Decision 9/CMA.1 to include adaptation as a component of NDCs. Information on elements (a) through (e) are provided with the purpose of increasing the visibility and profile of adaptation and its importance for St. Kitts and Nevis; strengthening action and support for adaptation; providing inputs for the global stocktake and promoting learning and understanding from experiences with adaptation thus far.', 'Information on elements (a) through (e) are provided with the purpose of increasing the visibility and profile of adaptation and its importance for St. Kitts and Nevis; strengthening action and support for adaptation; providing inputs for the global stocktake and promoting learning and understanding from experiences with adaptation thus far. Adaptation priorities The National Climate Change Policy, 2017 provides the legal mandate and policy framework for climate action in St. Kitts and Nevis. The National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy, 2018 operationalizes the National Climate Change Policy and was developed using a participatory approach, gaining input and recommendations from diverse stakeholder groups through national consultations.', 'The National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy, 2018 operationalizes the National Climate Change Policy and was developed using a participatory approach, gaining input and recommendations from diverse stakeholder groups through national consultations. The Strategy details specific adaptation objectives and measures across eight sectors (agriculture, coastal and marine ecosystems, forest and terrestrial ecosystems, finance and banking, human health, infrastructure and physical development, tourism and water) and five cross-cutting areas (stakeholder capacity building and engagement, information management, research and monitoring, integrated adaptation and disaster risk reduction and inter-sectoral coordination) for the time period of 2018-2030.', 'The Strategy details specific adaptation objectives and measures across eight sectors (agriculture, coastal and marine ecosystems, forest and terrestrial ecosystems, finance and banking, human health, infrastructure and physical development, tourism and water) and five cross-cutting areas (stakeholder capacity building and engagement, information management, research and monitoring, integrated adaptation and disaster risk reduction and inter-sectoral coordination) for the time period of 2018-2030. The Strategy is built on principles of enhanced stakeholder participation; building capacity to address climate change impacts; decision-making based on scientific and local knowledge; sustainable use and management of the environment and natural resources; preservation of St. Kitts and Nevis’ cultural heritage; gender equity; enhanced inter-sectoral coordination; the precautionary principle; adoption of a low regret approach; recognition that adaptation is an additional burden for St. Kitts and Nevis; integrity and good governance; and promotion of regional cooperation.', 'The Strategy is built on principles of enhanced stakeholder participation; building capacity to address climate change impacts; decision-making based on scientific and local knowledge; sustainable use and management of the environment and natural resources; preservation of St. Kitts and Nevis’ cultural heritage; gender equity; enhanced inter-sectoral coordination; the precautionary principle; adoption of a low regret approach; recognition that adaptation is an additional burden for St. Kitts and Nevis; integrity and good governance; and promotion of regional cooperation. Adaptation measures included in the Strategy largely focus on building adaptive capacity and readiness including the enabling conditions needed for implementing effective adaptation; reducing exposure to climate hazards; and reducing inherent sensitivities to climate impacts.', 'Adaptation measures included in the Strategy largely focus on building adaptive capacity and readiness including the enabling conditions needed for implementing effective adaptation; reducing exposure to climate hazards; and reducing inherent sensitivities to climate impacts. In 2021, during development of the St. Kitts and Nevis Third National Communication to the UNFCCC and development of this NDC, further stakeholder consultations on adaptation were held. Using a participatory approach, a range of stakeholders were identified, and prioritized additional adaptation needs not included in the National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.Revised Nationally Determined Contribution of St. Kitts and Nevis 5 Multi-criteria analysis was used to prioritize adaptation measures based on (i) contribution to social equity, (ii) ease of implementation/feasibility, (iii) sustainability, scalability, and replicability, (iv) effectiveness and impact and (iv) potential environmental risks.', 'Using a participatory approach, a range of stakeholders were identified, and prioritized additional adaptation needs not included in the National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.Revised Nationally Determined Contribution of St. Kitts and Nevis 5 Multi-criteria analysis was used to prioritize adaptation measures based on (i) contribution to social equity, (ii) ease of implementation/feasibility, (iii) sustainability, scalability, and replicability, (iv) effectiveness and impact and (iv) potential environmental risks. The National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy and more recent stakeholder consultations focused on adaptation have identified the agriculture, coastal and marine ecosystems, human health, tourism and water resources as the priority areas and sectors for adaptation. Cross-cutting areas including inter-sectoral coordination, stakeholder capacity building, research and monitoring and evaluation are critical to supporting adaptation efforts and are also priority areas for adaptation.', 'Cross-cutting areas including inter-sectoral coordination, stakeholder capacity building, research and monitoring and evaluation are critical to supporting adaptation efforts and are also priority areas for adaptation. Programs of action for each of these priority areas have been developed and specific actions and activities to be implemented in the short, medium, and long term have been identified. Priority programs of actions were developed to fulfill adaptation projections. Inter-sectoral coordination is essential to establish linkages between sectors and build stakeholder capacity for effective coordination and implementation of climate change adaptation. Information management, research and monitoring, and evaluation will support comprehensive adaptation planning and decision-making. Climate smart agriculture will integrate technology to ensure food and nutrition security and resilient rural livelihoods.', 'Climate smart agriculture will integrate technology to ensure food and nutrition security and resilient rural livelihoods. Integrated water resources management provides safe and reliable water supply for the country and build resilience to climate change. Disease prevention will improve public health through enhanced disease prevention and response. Integrated coastal zone management will build the resilience of coastal and marine ecosystems and associated livelihoods to climate change disasters. Lastly, climate proofing for tourism will increase sustainable tourism through adaptation and disaster risk reduction. In addition to the above priority programs of action, more recent stakeholder engagement has identified priority adaptation actions for the key sectors and cross-cutting areas that complement actions identified in the National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.', 'In addition to the above priority programs of action, more recent stakeholder engagement has identified priority adaptation actions for the key sectors and cross-cutting areas that complement actions identified in the National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy. Table 1 details additional adaptation measures not included in the National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy but identified in 2021 stakeholder consultations and included in the St. Kitts and Nevis Third National Communication to the UNFCCC.Revised Nationally Determined Contribution of St. Kitts and Nevis 6 Table 1: Key Sectors/Areas and Priority Adaptation Actions identified in 2021 Consultations Sector/Area Priority Adaptation Actions National Readiness ● Integrate adaptation into relevant national legislation ● Provide training and guidance on mainstreaming adaptation into sectoral governance and management ● Improve capacities for sectoral, evidence-based adaptation planning ● Monitor and evaluate implemented adaptation ● Public Education and Awareness for General Population Settlements and Infrastructure ● Develop and implement national land development policy ● Protect key natural and built assets in low-lying areas ● Retrofit public buildings and infrastructure with climate-smart technology ● Update building codes to account for increased climate hazards Public Health ● Increase safe water storage measures in households ● Develop program to address mental health issues in the aftermath of disasters ● Develop and implement urban heat response plan including urban greening measures Vulnerable Groups and Community- Based Adaptation ● Catalyze development of community-based organizations to improve adaptive capacity of communities ● Identify and scale up previous successful community coping strategies ● Develop information access points for early warning systems in rural communities Coastal and Marine Ecosystems ● Develop and implement seasonal and post-storm beach and nourishments monitoring program ● Develop and implement emergency response plan for sargassum stranding ● Model and map coastal assets to support adaptation planning Freshwater Resources ● Identify and support methods to expand water supply and storage capacities ● Improve operational efficiencies Agriculture ● Expand SMART aquaponics and aquaculture systems ● Develop alternative livelihoods and training and diversify away from at-risk crops ● Introduce drought resistance technologies and species in animal husbandryRevised Nationally Determined Contribution of St. Kitts and Nevis 7 Tourism ● Conduct beach replenishment and install coastal protection measures to prevent beach erosion ● Expand marine tourism and eco-tourism sectors ● Develop and implement emergency response plans for hotels and resorts and business communityRevised Nationally Determined Contribution of St. Kitts and Nevis 8 Adaptation progress, results and barriers The St. Kitts and Nevis Department of Environment, with oversight from the National Climate Change Committee has the overall responsibility for coordinating implementation of the National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.', 'Table 1 details additional adaptation measures not included in the National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy but identified in 2021 stakeholder consultations and included in the St. Kitts and Nevis Third National Communication to the UNFCCC.Revised Nationally Determined Contribution of St. Kitts and Nevis 6 Table 1: Key Sectors/Areas and Priority Adaptation Actions identified in 2021 Consultations Sector/Area Priority Adaptation Actions National Readiness ● Integrate adaptation into relevant national legislation ● Provide training and guidance on mainstreaming adaptation into sectoral governance and management ● Improve capacities for sectoral, evidence-based adaptation planning ● Monitor and evaluate implemented adaptation ● Public Education and Awareness for General Population Settlements and Infrastructure ● Develop and implement national land development policy ● Protect key natural and built assets in low-lying areas ● Retrofit public buildings and infrastructure with climate-smart technology ● Update building codes to account for increased climate hazards Public Health ● Increase safe water storage measures in households ● Develop program to address mental health issues in the aftermath of disasters ● Develop and implement urban heat response plan including urban greening measures Vulnerable Groups and Community- Based Adaptation ● Catalyze development of community-based organizations to improve adaptive capacity of communities ● Identify and scale up previous successful community coping strategies ● Develop information access points for early warning systems in rural communities Coastal and Marine Ecosystems ● Develop and implement seasonal and post-storm beach and nourishments monitoring program ● Develop and implement emergency response plan for sargassum stranding ● Model and map coastal assets to support adaptation planning Freshwater Resources ● Identify and support methods to expand water supply and storage capacities ● Improve operational efficiencies Agriculture ● Expand SMART aquaponics and aquaculture systems ● Develop alternative livelihoods and training and diversify away from at-risk crops ● Introduce drought resistance technologies and species in animal husbandryRevised Nationally Determined Contribution of St. Kitts and Nevis 7 Tourism ● Conduct beach replenishment and install coastal protection measures to prevent beach erosion ● Expand marine tourism and eco-tourism sectors ● Develop and implement emergency response plans for hotels and resorts and business communityRevised Nationally Determined Contribution of St. Kitts and Nevis 8 Adaptation progress, results and barriers The St. Kitts and Nevis Department of Environment, with oversight from the National Climate Change Committee has the overall responsibility for coordinating implementation of the National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy. An Adaptation Sub-Committee of the National Climate Change Committee has been established to facilitate this process and is comprised of key implementing agencies from the public sector as well as relevant civil society organizations and private sector representatives.', 'An Adaptation Sub-Committee of the National Climate Change Committee has been established to facilitate this process and is comprised of key implementing agencies from the public sector as well as relevant civil society organizations and private sector representatives. St. Kitts and Nevis has made some progress on its adaptation objectives and priorities. As detailed in Table 4, implementation of a variety of adaptation measures has begun. These include pilot projects in the agriculture and water sectors and training exercises to increase capacities in conducting and using vulnerability assessments. Many of these activities were able to be completed through establishing synergies with other funded projects. However, most of the adaptation measures identified in the National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy have yet to be implemented.', 'However, most of the adaptation measures identified in the National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy have yet to be implemented. Limited funding and inadequate technical and human resources are consistently identified as significant barriers to implementing adaptation measures. The Department of Environment has not yet started to track the results of adaptation measures that have been implemented but has plans to engage in monitoring and evaluation. Support and capacity building for monitoring and evaluation of adaptation measures is needed. Improvements in data and information collection and sharing as well as improved inter-sectoral collaboration is also needed. Aside from increasing resilience to climate change impacts, there have been additional benefits associated with the thus far limited implementation of the Strategy.', 'Aside from increasing resilience to climate change impacts, there have been additional benefits associated with the thus far limited implementation of the Strategy. These include enhanced collaboration across Ministries; increased public awareness and collaboration with key sectors and stakeholders; behavioral change by some stakeholders; and increased recognition of climate change and risks.Revised Nationally Determined Contribution of St. Kitts and Nevis 9 Table 2: Adaptation Progress, Results and Barriers Sector/Area Adaptation Progress and Results Barriers Agriculture ● 3 pilot projects have been implemented: using organic mulch; forage banking to provide feed for livestock during dry periods; and use of shade houses to intensify production ● Lack of funding to implement identified adaptation actions ● Available technical and human resources have been completely inadequate for any level of implementation of adaptation actions ● Less than 50% of the adaptation actions identified in the National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy have been integrated into annual operational plans or have been implemented Disaster Risk Reduction ● Enhanced data collection and availability for adaptation decision making and planning ● Maintains a spatial database of critical infrastructure and hazard mapping ● Implement land reclamation and other techniques to reverse Coastal erosion ● Revise National Multi Hazard Disaster Management and Response Plans ● Lack of funding and human resources to implement identified adaptation actions ● Less than 50% of the adaptation actions identified in the National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy have been integrated into annual operational plans or have been implemented Environment ● Establishment of mechanisms for coordinated and multi- sectoral approaches for adaptation ● Establishment of early warning systems in Sandy Point ● Small scale stabilization of transportation network with ecosystem-based approaches ● Need for greater coordination between different agencies to implement the National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy ● Need additional human resources to ensure conservation and sustainable use and management of forest and terrestrial ecosystems Health ● Revised the National Multi-Hazard Health Disaster Management Plan, 2019 ● Conducted training exercises and undertaking health facilities assessment utilizing the PAHO Green Checklist and the Safe Hospital Checklist assessments tools ● Developed health sector disaster and emergency plans ● Lack of funding to implement identified adaptation measures ● Competing responsibilities of health workers ● Lack of formal arrangements for collaboration with other sectorsRevised Nationally Determined Contribution of St. Kitts and Nevis 10 ● Adopted Guidelines and vulnerability assessment templates for assessing the health sector ● Less than 50% of the adaptation actions identified in the National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy have been implementedRevised Nationally Determined Contribution of St. Kitts and Nevis 11 Sector/Area Adaptation Progress and Results Barriers Tourism, Settlements and Infrastructure ● Telecommunication companies have moved utility lines below ground ● Coastal protection projects have been implemented for some key transportation networks ● Coastal engineering to reduce coastal erosion has been implemented in South Frigate Bay ● Lack of funding to implement identified adaptation measures ● Available technical and human resources have been completely inadequate for any level of implementation of adaptation actions ● Less than 50% of the adaptation actions identified in the National Climate Change Adaptation have been implemented Marine Resources ● Establishment of a Coastal Zone Management Unit ● Integration of climate change, ecosystem-based adaptation and disaster risk reduction into legislation, regulations and policies ● Vulnerability assessment for fisheries, marine resources and related livelihoods ● Invested in research and practices for integrated coastal zone management, ‘ridge to reef’ and watershed management, ecosystem approaches to fisheries and marine spatial planning ● Establishment of a Protected Area System Plan and sustainable financing mechanism ● Coral reef early warning system installed at Paradise Reef ● Need sustainable financing to implement additional measures ● Less than 50% of the adaptation actions identified in the National Climate Change Adaptation have been implemented Water ● Data collection has been facilitated through installation of meteorological equipment by the Disaster Management Department ● Re-establishment of some rain-fed sources for agricultural purposes ● Outfitting of learning institutions with water storage tanks or retrofitting of existing cisterns ● Lack of funding to implement identified adaptation actions.', 'These include enhanced collaboration across Ministries; increased public awareness and collaboration with key sectors and stakeholders; behavioral change by some stakeholders; and increased recognition of climate change and risks.Revised Nationally Determined Contribution of St. Kitts and Nevis 9 Table 2: Adaptation Progress, Results and Barriers Sector/Area Adaptation Progress and Results Barriers Agriculture ● 3 pilot projects have been implemented: using organic mulch; forage banking to provide feed for livestock during dry periods; and use of shade houses to intensify production ● Lack of funding to implement identified adaptation actions ● Available technical and human resources have been completely inadequate for any level of implementation of adaptation actions ● Less than 50% of the adaptation actions identified in the National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy have been integrated into annual operational plans or have been implemented Disaster Risk Reduction ● Enhanced data collection and availability for adaptation decision making and planning ● Maintains a spatial database of critical infrastructure and hazard mapping ● Implement land reclamation and other techniques to reverse Coastal erosion ● Revise National Multi Hazard Disaster Management and Response Plans ● Lack of funding and human resources to implement identified adaptation actions ● Less than 50% of the adaptation actions identified in the National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy have been integrated into annual operational plans or have been implemented Environment ● Establishment of mechanisms for coordinated and multi- sectoral approaches for adaptation ● Establishment of early warning systems in Sandy Point ● Small scale stabilization of transportation network with ecosystem-based approaches ● Need for greater coordination between different agencies to implement the National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy ● Need additional human resources to ensure conservation and sustainable use and management of forest and terrestrial ecosystems Health ● Revised the National Multi-Hazard Health Disaster Management Plan, 2019 ● Conducted training exercises and undertaking health facilities assessment utilizing the PAHO Green Checklist and the Safe Hospital Checklist assessments tools ● Developed health sector disaster and emergency plans ● Lack of funding to implement identified adaptation measures ● Competing responsibilities of health workers ● Lack of formal arrangements for collaboration with other sectorsRevised Nationally Determined Contribution of St. Kitts and Nevis 10 ● Adopted Guidelines and vulnerability assessment templates for assessing the health sector ● Less than 50% of the adaptation actions identified in the National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy have been implementedRevised Nationally Determined Contribution of St. Kitts and Nevis 11 Sector/Area Adaptation Progress and Results Barriers Tourism, Settlements and Infrastructure ● Telecommunication companies have moved utility lines below ground ● Coastal protection projects have been implemented for some key transportation networks ● Coastal engineering to reduce coastal erosion has been implemented in South Frigate Bay ● Lack of funding to implement identified adaptation measures ● Available technical and human resources have been completely inadequate for any level of implementation of adaptation actions ● Less than 50% of the adaptation actions identified in the National Climate Change Adaptation have been implemented Marine Resources ● Establishment of a Coastal Zone Management Unit ● Integration of climate change, ecosystem-based adaptation and disaster risk reduction into legislation, regulations and policies ● Vulnerability assessment for fisheries, marine resources and related livelihoods ● Invested in research and practices for integrated coastal zone management, ‘ridge to reef’ and watershed management, ecosystem approaches to fisheries and marine spatial planning ● Establishment of a Protected Area System Plan and sustainable financing mechanism ● Coral reef early warning system installed at Paradise Reef ● Need sustainable financing to implement additional measures ● Less than 50% of the adaptation actions identified in the National Climate Change Adaptation have been implemented Water ● Data collection has been facilitated through installation of meteorological equipment by the Disaster Management Department ● Re-establishment of some rain-fed sources for agricultural purposes ● Outfitting of learning institutions with water storage tanks or retrofitting of existing cisterns ● Lack of funding to implement identified adaptation actions. ● Available technical and human resources have been completely inadequate for any level of implementation of adaptation actions.', '● Available technical and human resources have been completely inadequate for any level of implementation of adaptation actions. ● Less than 50% of the adaptation actions identified in the National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy have been integrated into annual operational plans or have been implemented.Revised Nationally Determined Contribution of St. Kitts and Nevis 12 ● Monitoring of flood water and damage in flood prone areasRevised Nationally Determined Contribution of St. Kitts and Nevis 13 Loss and Damage St. Kitts and Nevis is already experiencing loss and damage from climate change and is projected to continue to experience loss and damage despite mitigation and adaptation measures.', '● Less than 50% of the adaptation actions identified in the National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy have been integrated into annual operational plans or have been implemented.Revised Nationally Determined Contribution of St. Kitts and Nevis 12 ● Monitoring of flood water and damage in flood prone areasRevised Nationally Determined Contribution of St. Kitts and Nevis 13 Loss and Damage St. Kitts and Nevis is already experiencing loss and damage from climate change and is projected to continue to experience loss and damage despite mitigation and adaptation measures. Based on projections of changes to climate hazards and resultant risks, climate change is likely to result in increased levels of both economic and non-economic loss and damage.', 'Based on projections of changes to climate hazards and resultant risks, climate change is likely to result in increased levels of both economic and non-economic loss and damage. International support to avert, minimize and address loss and damage in St. Kitts and Nevis is needed. St. Kitts and Nevis notes that no guidance has been provided to include loss and damage as a component of NDCs. Information on experienced and projected loss and damage is provided with the purpose of increasing the visibility and profile of loss and damage and its importance for St. Kitts and Nevis; strengthening action and support for loss and damage; providing inputs for the global stocktake and promoting learning and understanding from experiences with loss and damage thus far.', 'Information on experienced and projected loss and damage is provided with the purpose of increasing the visibility and profile of loss and damage and its importance for St. Kitts and Nevis; strengthening action and support for loss and damage; providing inputs for the global stocktake and promoting learning and understanding from experiences with loss and damage thus far. Information is drawn from St. Kitts and Nevis’ Third National Communication to the UNFCCC, the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean Assessment of the Economic Impact of Climate Change on the Coastal and Marine Sector in St. Kitts and Nevis, Damage Assessments from the National Emergency Management Agency and the Climate Analytics Climate Impact Explorer.', 'Information is drawn from St. Kitts and Nevis’ Third National Communication to the UNFCCC, the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean Assessment of the Economic Impact of Climate Change on the Coastal and Marine Sector in St. Kitts and Nevis, Damage Assessments from the National Emergency Management Agency and the Climate Analytics Climate Impact Explorer. Experienced and projected loss and damage The increasing intensity of tropical cyclones and resultant damages have been strongly linked to the drivers of climate change. In the 1989-2017 period, St. Kitts and Nevis has experienced impacts from twelve tropical cyclones, amounting to over US$700 Million in damages. These storms have affected all sectors of the country, with particularly severe impacts for agriculture, critical infrastructure, transportation, housing, tourism, electricity, and water.', 'These storms have affected all sectors of the country, with particularly severe impacts for agriculture, critical infrastructure, transportation, housing, tourism, electricity, and water. These extreme events have also resulted in deaths, heavy coastal erosion, negative health impacts, displacement of thousands of residents, loss of personal effects, soil erosion, saltwater intrusion in fresh water supplies and other forms of non-economic loss and damage. Projections of the relative change in annual expected damages from tropical cyclones highlight the importance of limiting the global average temperature increase, but also indicate that increased levels of loss and damage is likely inevitable. Depending on the global warming scenario, annual damages from tropical cyclones in St. Kitts and Nevis may increase by approximately 7-12% by 2040 and by approximately 8-33% by 2080.', 'Depending on the global warming scenario, annual damages from tropical cyclones in St. Kitts and Nevis may increase by approximately 7-12% by 2040 and by approximately 8-33% by 2080. The relative change in 1-in- 100-year expected damages from tropical cyclones is expected to increase by 5-9% by 2040 and by 6-23% by 2080, meaning that the risk of extreme damages is projected to increase substantially.', 'The relative change in 1-in- 100-year expected damages from tropical cyclones is expected to increase by 5-9% by 2040 and by 6-23% by 2080, meaning that the risk of extreme damages is projected to increase substantially. These projections do not consider non-economic loss and damage and the potential irreversible losses associated with extreme events.Revised Nationally Determined Contribution of St. Kitts and Nevis 14 Table 3: Overview of economic and non-economic loss and damage due to extreme events in St. Kitts and Nevis Extreme Event Economic loss and damage (total estimated damages, USD) Non-economic loss and damage (non- exhaustive) Hurricane Hugo, 1989 $41 Million 1 death, heavy shoreline erosion, cases of gastro-enteritis due to poor water quality Hurricane Luis, 1995 $197 Million Soil erosion Hurricane Georges, 1998 $445 Million 5 deaths, ~3,000 people displaced from their homes Hurricane Jose, 1999 $3.8 Million Hurricane Lenny, 1999 $41.9 Million Coastal erosion, loss of personal effects, ~100 people displaced from their homes Hurricane Omar, 2008 $11 Million 54 people displaced, coastal erosion Hurricane Earl, 2010 $3 Million Beach and coastal erosion Subtropical Storm Otto, $20.1 Million Beach erosion Hurricane Irma, 2017 $19.7 Million Hurricane Maria, 2017 $7.9 Million Beach erosion, eroded cliffs, salt water intrusion into fresh water supply Air temperatures and precipitation patterns in St. Kitts and Nevis have already been affected by climate change.', 'These projections do not consider non-economic loss and damage and the potential irreversible losses associated with extreme events.Revised Nationally Determined Contribution of St. Kitts and Nevis 14 Table 3: Overview of economic and non-economic loss and damage due to extreme events in St. Kitts and Nevis Extreme Event Economic loss and damage (total estimated damages, USD) Non-economic loss and damage (non- exhaustive) Hurricane Hugo, 1989 $41 Million 1 death, heavy shoreline erosion, cases of gastro-enteritis due to poor water quality Hurricane Luis, 1995 $197 Million Soil erosion Hurricane Georges, 1998 $445 Million 5 deaths, ~3,000 people displaced from their homes Hurricane Jose, 1999 $3.8 Million Hurricane Lenny, 1999 $41.9 Million Coastal erosion, loss of personal effects, ~100 people displaced from their homes Hurricane Omar, 2008 $11 Million 54 people displaced, coastal erosion Hurricane Earl, 2010 $3 Million Beach and coastal erosion Subtropical Storm Otto, $20.1 Million Beach erosion Hurricane Irma, 2017 $19.7 Million Hurricane Maria, 2017 $7.9 Million Beach erosion, eroded cliffs, salt water intrusion into fresh water supply Air temperatures and precipitation patterns in St. Kitts and Nevis have already been affected by climate change. Historical air temperatures show substantial increases in the number of warm days and nights for St. Kitts and Nevis during the 1980-2011 period.', 'Historical air temperatures show substantial increases in the number of warm days and nights for St. Kitts and Nevis during the 1980-2011 period. Both the maximum number of consecutive dry days and extreme rainfall measures have been increasing. These changes have led to increased drought with negative effects on agriculture, decreased water security and flash flooding. Projections of relative change in precipitation indicate an expected decline in rainfall. Depending on the scenario, precipitation in St. Kitts and Nevis may decrease by 2-3% by 2040 and by 2-11% by 2080. St. Kitts and Nevis is particularly vulnerable to low and unreliable rainfall and extended drought periods. Dry conditions that are projected will likely make rain-fed agriculture difficult and increase food insecurity.', 'Dry conditions that are projected will likely make rain-fed agriculture difficult and increase food insecurity. Decreased availability and competition for freshwater will likely increase water insecurity, leading to water shortages and increased rationing of water. Projections also indicate an increase in extreme rainfall intensity and increased severity of flash floods. Beyond the economic damages to infrastructure associated with flooding, loss and damage in the health sector may also increase. Vector-borne diseases such as dengue andRevised Nationally Determined Contribution of St. Kitts and Nevis 15 chikungunya as well as water-borne diseases may increase in frequency. Mental health issues related to trauma of extreme events – including tropical cyclones and flooding- may also increase, along with loss of social cohesion in the aftermath of disasters.', 'Mental health issues related to trauma of extreme events – including tropical cyclones and flooding- may also increase, along with loss of social cohesion in the aftermath of disasters. Air temperatures are projected to increase, with 0.8-1.1C increase by 2040 and 0.9-2.3C by 2080, again depending on the scenario. There is potential for high to extremely high risks for heat waves between July and October. Changes to air temperatures are related to the expected decline in labor productivity due to heat stress. Labor productivity in St. Kitts and Nevis is expected to decline by approximately 3% by 2040 and between 3-10% by 2080 due to higher temperatures. Increased incidents of heat stress, heat stroke and heat-related mortality among vulnerable populations may also increase due to rising air temperatures.', 'Increased incidents of heat stress, heat stroke and heat-related mortality among vulnerable populations may also increase due to rising air temperatures. Coastal and marine resources are projected to face significant negative effects as global temperatures rise. Projections of the effects of climate change on the coastal and marine sector range between US$1.5 – 2.1 billion by 2050, due to sea level rise, coral reef decline and increased sea surface temperatures. Sub regional models project summer sea surface temperatures to increase by 1.46C by 2100. Higher sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification are projected to be accompanied by increased salinity, less oxygenation and lower primary production.', 'Higher sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification are projected to be accompanied by increased salinity, less oxygenation and lower primary production. These changes are likely to result in extensive economic and non-economic loss and damage including declines in fisheries and tourism and associated livelihoods; biodiversity and coral reef loss; and declines in coastal and marine ecosystem services such as coastal protection from storm surges. Sea level rise poses a significant risk for St. Kitts and Nevis. Sub regional models project sea levels in the vicinity of St. Kitts and Nevis to rise between 0.3-1.2 meters by 2100 under various emissions scenarios. Low elevation settlements within St. Kitts and Nevis are projected to be frequently flooded by storm surge events with substantial impacts on housing and infrastructure.', 'Low elevation settlements within St. Kitts and Nevis are projected to be frequently flooded by storm surge events with substantial impacts on housing and infrastructure. Critical sectors including tourism, agriculture and water are also projected to be negatively affected through coastal erosion, loss of beaches and coastal lands and saline intrusion into freshwater lenses. These impacts will increase the costs associated with development and maintenance of coastal defenses and coastal infrastructure, including critical transportation, housing and utility infrastructure. Flooding and inundation associated with sea level rise may also increase human mobility - including displacement, migration and relocation of communities – resulting in economic costs and also non-economic loss and damage.', 'Flooding and inundation associated with sea level rise may also increase human mobility - including displacement, migration and relocation of communities – resulting in economic costs and also non-economic loss and damage. This includes loss of culture, lifestyle, traditions and heritage; negative impacts on physical health, mental and emotional well-being; loss of sense of place and identity and declines in self-determination, dignity and sovereignty.Revised Nationally Determined Contribution of St. Kitts and Nevis 16 Gender and social inclusion St. Kitts and Nevis recognizes climate change has differentiated impacts on the lives of women and men.', 'This includes loss of culture, lifestyle, traditions and heritage; negative impacts on physical health, mental and emotional well-being; loss of sense of place and identity and declines in self-determination, dignity and sovereignty.Revised Nationally Determined Contribution of St. Kitts and Nevis 16 Gender and social inclusion St. Kitts and Nevis recognizes climate change has differentiated impacts on the lives of women and men. Mitigation actions present the possibility to close gender gaps by, for example, increasing the participation of diverse women and men in new labor markets, their insertion in non-traditional roles, or by making their production processes more efficient and increasing their income generation capacity.', 'Mitigation actions present the possibility to close gender gaps by, for example, increasing the participation of diverse women and men in new labor markets, their insertion in non-traditional roles, or by making their production processes more efficient and increasing their income generation capacity. Meanwhile, women and men experience differentiated vulnerabilities in the face of climate change that vary depending on their position in existing value chains, and their access to information and investment resources, among other variables. To align the NDC implementation actions with the national development goals on gender equality and Decision 3/CP.25 on the enhanced Lima Work Programme on gender and its gender action plan, St. Kitts and Nevis is committed to mainstreaming gender equality in its Implementation Plan and Financial Strategy.', 'To align the NDC implementation actions with the national development goals on gender equality and Decision 3/CP.25 on the enhanced Lima Work Programme on gender and its gender action plan, St. Kitts and Nevis is committed to mainstreaming gender equality in its Implementation Plan and Financial Strategy. Actions to ensure a cross-sectoral approach include strengthening coordination with national gender stakeholders; increasing institutional capacities on gender mainstreaming; conducting sectoral gender analysis to inform the design and implementation of climate actions; and collecting and assessing sex-disaggregated data in its monitoring and evaluation systems. In addition, the Government of St. Kitts and Nevis is committed to the development of children, youth, differently abled and elderly persons by encouraging their involvement in the decision- making process on climate change matters.', 'In addition, the Government of St. Kitts and Nevis is committed to the development of children, youth, differently abled and elderly persons by encouraging their involvement in the decision- making process on climate change matters. The Government recognizes the value in including children, youth, differently abled, and elderly persons in future planning processes by providing opportunities for participation in feedback and consultations. Such efforts will increase access to adequate resilient infrastructure and planning, including sustainable energy. (reference the new gender policy somewhere in here)Revised Nationally Determined Contribution of St. Kitts and Nevis 17 Means of Implementation The Federation of St. Kitts and Nevis anticipates fully implementing the NDC through access to multilateral and bilateral support including through the Green Climate Fund, multilateral agencies, and bilateral arrangements with development partners.', '(reference the new gender policy somewhere in here)Revised Nationally Determined Contribution of St. Kitts and Nevis 17 Means of Implementation The Federation of St. Kitts and Nevis anticipates fully implementing the NDC through access to multilateral and bilateral support including through the Green Climate Fund, multilateral agencies, and bilateral arrangements with development partners. These funds will be used to leverage the limited national resources and technical capacities that are available for responding to climate change. To access the required amount of funding needed, international support in the form of grants and concessional finance mechanisms will be required. The St. Kitts and Nevis NDC Implementation Plan and Financing Strategy describes in more detail the mitigation and adaptation measures expected to be implemented for this NDC.', 'The St. Kitts and Nevis NDC Implementation Plan and Financing Strategy describes in more detail the mitigation and adaptation measures expected to be implemented for this NDC. The Strategy lays the groundwork to reduce and adapt to the effects of climate change and translate the NDC target to real actions, interventions, and support identifying potential funding sources and mechanisms to help achieve the NDC target. Support needs for Mitigation The indicative cost for the identified mitigation measures through 2030 is 637 million USD. The mitigation measures considered in the indicative cost to achieve the target for 2030 for this NDC are listed in Table 4.', 'The mitigation measures considered in the indicative cost to achieve the target for 2030 for this NDC are listed in Table 4. Table 4: Indicative Financial Support Needed to Implement Mitigation measures Mitigation Measure Estimated Budget (USD) 35.7 MW of utility-scale solar PV capacity for Saint Kitts $70,000,0001 6.6 MW of wind power capacity in Saint Kitts $19,000,000 25 MW of geothermal power capacity (10 MW in Nevis and 15 MW in St. Kitts) Improvement in transmission and distribution lines to reduce losses in both islands Two solar PV plants of 0.75 MW each to supply two desalination plants $6,000,000 5% reduction in the power demand by introducing Solar Water Heaters $20,000,000 Penetration of EVs reaching 2% of the vehicle fleet $15,000,000 1 Excluded from the indicative NDC costs of 637 million USD as the plant is already being constructed and financed by a private party with an expected commercial operation date in 2023.Revised Nationally Determined Contribution of St. Kitts and Nevis 18 In addition to funding, adequate infrastructure, knowledge, and a conducive policy framework need to be in place to prepare for the interventions, especially for an increase in EVs on the islands.', 'Table 4: Indicative Financial Support Needed to Implement Mitigation measures Mitigation Measure Estimated Budget (USD) 35.7 MW of utility-scale solar PV capacity for Saint Kitts $70,000,0001 6.6 MW of wind power capacity in Saint Kitts $19,000,000 25 MW of geothermal power capacity (10 MW in Nevis and 15 MW in St. Kitts) Improvement in transmission and distribution lines to reduce losses in both islands Two solar PV plants of 0.75 MW each to supply two desalination plants $6,000,000 5% reduction in the power demand by introducing Solar Water Heaters $20,000,000 Penetration of EVs reaching 2% of the vehicle fleet $15,000,000 1 Excluded from the indicative NDC costs of 637 million USD as the plant is already being constructed and financed by a private party with an expected commercial operation date in 2023.Revised Nationally Determined Contribution of St. Kitts and Nevis 18 In addition to funding, adequate infrastructure, knowledge, and a conducive policy framework need to be in place to prepare for the interventions, especially for an increase in EVs on the islands. Though the country is small and home and office charging options should be sufficient for ordinary travel purposes, a sufficiently dense network of charging ports is needed to overcome psychological barriers like range anxiety, and to increase the visibility of EVs.', 'Though the country is small and home and office charging options should be sufficient for ordinary travel purposes, a sufficiently dense network of charging ports is needed to overcome psychological barriers like range anxiety, and to increase the visibility of EVs. Furthermore, a policy framework that considers equity while incentivizing greater adoption of EVs will need to be developed. Skills training will be needed to facilitate the e-mobility transition. Maintenance and report of EVs needs more sophisticated equipment and background knowledge than for ICEVs. This technology for maintenance and testing will need to be imported, and the demonstration of how to use them will need to be a part of the skills training for mechanics.', 'This technology for maintenance and testing will need to be imported, and the demonstration of how to use them will need to be a part of the skills training for mechanics. Similarly, firefighters and first responders need additional training for extinguishing fires on lithium-ion batteries, such as the right type of equipment to use for extrication operations and where to impact the vehicle. St. Kitts and Nevis welcomes initiatives of the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States Commission supporting decarbonization of the regional energy and transport sectors through projects like the Solar Challenge, and intends to engage with such regional initiatives to support the implementation of this NDC.', 'St. Kitts and Nevis welcomes initiatives of the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States Commission supporting decarbonization of the regional energy and transport sectors through projects like the Solar Challenge, and intends to engage with such regional initiatives to support the implementation of this NDC. Support needs for Adaptation The cost of achieving the St. Kitts and Nevis National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy is estimated at 127 million USD. Further information on the complete mitigation and adaptation measures can be found in the Implementation Plan and Financing Strategy for Saint Kitts and Nevis’ NDC and the St. Kitts and Nevis Water Sector Adaptation Plan.', 'Further information on the complete mitigation and adaptation measures can be found in the Implementation Plan and Financing Strategy for Saint Kitts and Nevis’ NDC and the St. Kitts and Nevis Water Sector Adaptation Plan. International support is needed to implement the priority adaptation measures as well as the full range of adaptation actions identified in the National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy and Third National Communication. The costs of adapting to the impacts of climate change are significant and are recognized as an additional burden on St. Kitts and Nevis due to unchecked greenhouse gas emissions by large emitters.', 'The costs of adapting to the impacts of climate change are significant and are recognized as an additional burden on St. Kitts and Nevis due to unchecked greenhouse gas emissions by large emitters. The responsibility for financing and mobilizing resources for adaptation should therefore be borne in large part by large emitters and not by diverting local resources from core development priorities that are also affected by climate change. St. Kitts and Nevis requires scaling up of existing funding sources as well as access to new regional and international funding sources for adaptation. Indicative budgets for implementation of the priority adaptation programs are listed in Table 5.', 'Indicative budgets for implementation of the priority adaptation programs are listed in Table 5. Additional funding and support are needed for the full range of adaptation measures that have been identified by St. Kitts and Nevis to respond to the impacts of climate change, including support and capacity building for monitoring and evaluation of adaptation.Revised Nationally Determined Contribution of St. Kitts and Nevis 19 Table 5: Indicative Financial Support Needed to Implement Adaptation for Priority Programs of Action Program of Action Estimated Budget (USD) Inter-sectoral coordination and stakeholder capacity building $755,000 Information management, research and M&E for decision-making $8,000,000 Climate smart agriculture $14,230,000 Integrated water resources management $70,850,0002 Climate change and disease prevention $4,950,000 Integrated coastal zone management $12,900,000 Climate proofing tourism $15,450,000 Given the projected increases in loss and damage for St. Kitts and Nevis, support is required to avert, minimize and address loss and damage.', 'Additional funding and support are needed for the full range of adaptation measures that have been identified by St. Kitts and Nevis to respond to the impacts of climate change, including support and capacity building for monitoring and evaluation of adaptation.Revised Nationally Determined Contribution of St. Kitts and Nevis 19 Table 5: Indicative Financial Support Needed to Implement Adaptation for Priority Programs of Action Program of Action Estimated Budget (USD) Inter-sectoral coordination and stakeholder capacity building $755,000 Information management, research and M&E for decision-making $8,000,000 Climate smart agriculture $14,230,000 Integrated water resources management $70,850,0002 Climate change and disease prevention $4,950,000 Integrated coastal zone management $12,900,000 Climate proofing tourism $15,450,000 Given the projected increases in loss and damage for St. Kitts and Nevis, support is required to avert, minimize and address loss and damage. Averting loss and damage can be supported through mitigation efforts on the global scale to limit global average warming to 1.5\uf0b0C and through support for national mitigation efforts.', 'Averting loss and damage can be supported through mitigation efforts on the global scale to limit global average warming to 1.5\uf0b0C and through support for national mitigation efforts. Minimizing loss and damage can be achieved through supporting adaptation goals that have been identified by St. Kitts and Nevis. Addressing loss and damage requires separate support from that provided for mitigation and adaptation. Initial support is needed to develop a national loss and damage strategy that complements existing policies and strategies related to climate change.', 'Initial support is needed to develop a national loss and damage strategy that complements existing policies and strategies related to climate change. The national loss and damage strategy will make use of the comprehensive risk management framework - recognized by UNFCCC in Decision 2/CP.19 - to identify appropriate measures related to risk assessment, risk reduction, risk transfer and risk retention as well as other measures to address both avoidable and unavoidable loss and damage that may be experienced. Such measures have already begun to be identified in an ad hoc manner and include the need for providing retraining for those in livelihoods affected by climate change impacts. However, development of a comprehensive loss and damage strategy is a critical first step in addressing loss and damage holistically.', 'However, development of a comprehensive loss and damage strategy is a critical first step in addressing loss and damage holistically. Following development of a loss and damage strategy, further support needs for loss and damage will be clarified and detailed. 2 The costs from the Integrated Water Resources Management were taken from the St. Kitts and Nevis Water Sector Adaptation Plan.Revised Nationally Determined Contribution of St. Kitts and Nevis 20 Information to facilitate Clarity, Transparency and Understanding (ICTU) ICTU Guidance ICTU Input 1. Quantified information on the reference point, including, as appropriate, a base year a. Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s) The mitigation target is against the 2010 greenhouse gas emissions.', 'Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s) The mitigation target is against the 2010 greenhouse gas emissions. b. Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year St. Kitts and Nevis’ greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were estimated to be 253 GgCO2e. c. For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or policies and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information Not applicable.', 'c. For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or policies and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information Not applicable. d. Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction St. Kitts and Nevis pledges a 61% total CO2 emissions reduction against a 2010 base year.', 'd. Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction St. Kitts and Nevis pledges a 61% total CO2 emissions reduction against a 2010 base year. e. Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s) The sources of data used in quantifying the reference points are as follows: ● The Intended Nationally Determined Contributions for the Federation of St. Kitts and Nevis ● St. Kitts Electric Company Limited (SKELEC) annual reports ● Nevis Electric Company Limited (NEVLEC) annual reports ● Deloitte report on Technical Assistance for Power Sector Development in St. Kitts and Nevis, 2017 ● International Energy Agency (IEA) ● International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) report on Assessment of cost-effective mitigation options to inform the update of the NDC, 2021Revised Nationally Determined Contribution of St. Kitts and Nevis 21 f. Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators The 2010 base year data may be recalculated and updated through continuous methodological improvement and inclusion of the AFOLU, IPPU and Waste sectors.', 'e. Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s) The sources of data used in quantifying the reference points are as follows: ● The Intended Nationally Determined Contributions for the Federation of St. Kitts and Nevis ● St. Kitts Electric Company Limited (SKELEC) annual reports ● Nevis Electric Company Limited (NEVLEC) annual reports ● Deloitte report on Technical Assistance for Power Sector Development in St. Kitts and Nevis, 2017 ● International Energy Agency (IEA) ● International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) report on Assessment of cost-effective mitigation options to inform the update of the NDC, 2021Revised Nationally Determined Contribution of St. Kitts and Nevis 21 f. Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators The 2010 base year data may be recalculated and updated through continuous methodological improvement and inclusion of the AFOLU, IPPU and Waste sectors. Information on updates may be included in the Biennial Update Reports and National Communications.', 'Information on updates may be included in the Biennial Update Reports and National Communications. 2. Time frames and/or periods for implementation a. Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the CMA; The target is an expansion of efforts from the first NDC and addresses the 2021-2030 period. b. Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable. A single-year target for 2030. 3. Scope and coverage a.', 'A single-year target for 2030. 3. Scope and coverage a. General description of the target; St. Kitts and Nevis economy-wide target will reduce CO2 emissions by 61% by 2030 relative to 2010, mostly conditional upon adequate international financial and capacity building support through the following interventions: ● Transition to 100% renewable energy in power generation* ● Improve efficiency in transmission and distribution of electricity ● Electrification of 2% of the total vehicle ● Development of EV infrastructure *35 MW of renewable energy will be sourced from a solar farm that will be constructed through private capital, beyond which, all other interventions are conditional. b.', 'General description of the target; St. Kitts and Nevis economy-wide target will reduce CO2 emissions by 61% by 2030 relative to 2010, mostly conditional upon adequate international financial and capacity building support through the following interventions: ● Transition to 100% renewable energy in power generation* ● Improve efficiency in transmission and distribution of electricity ● Electrification of 2% of the total vehicle ● Development of EV infrastructure *35 MW of renewable energy will be sourced from a solar farm that will be constructed through private capital, beyond which, all other interventions are conditional. b. Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with IPCC guidelines; Sectors: ● All sectors, with a focus on the energy sector (power generation and transportation) Gases: ● Carbon dioxide (CO2)Revised Nationally Determined Contribution of St. Kitts and Nevis 22 c. How the Party has taken into consideration paragraphs 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21; As per paragraph 31(c) of decision 1/CP.21, St. Kitts and Nevis is only covering carbon dioxide emissions due to insufficient data availability for the other greenhouse gases.', 'Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with IPCC guidelines; Sectors: ● All sectors, with a focus on the energy sector (power generation and transportation) Gases: ● Carbon dioxide (CO2)Revised Nationally Determined Contribution of St. Kitts and Nevis 22 c. How the Party has taken into consideration paragraphs 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21; As per paragraph 31(c) of decision 1/CP.21, St. Kitts and Nevis is only covering carbon dioxide emissions due to insufficient data availability for the other greenhouse gases. St. Kitts and Nevis is focusing on the energy sector as it is a major contributor of greenhouse gas emissions in the country and has the largest potential for emissions reduction.', 'St. Kitts and Nevis is focusing on the energy sector as it is a major contributor of greenhouse gas emissions in the country and has the largest potential for emissions reduction. d. Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans. The National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy for St. Kitts and Nevis (2018) includes mitigation co-benefits where possible, by prioritizing adaptation measures that minimize greenhouse gas emissions and enhance natural ecosystems functioning as carbon sinks. Additional mitigation co-benefits within adaptation projects will be captured through the data collection framework and GHG inventory, and reported in the respective sectors. 4. Planning Process a.', 'Additional mitigation co-benefits within adaptation projects will be captured through the data collection framework and GHG inventory, and reported in the respective sectors. 4. Planning Process a. Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its NDC and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: i. Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner; The Department of Environment of St. Kitts and Nevis co-led three sessions to present, discuss and validate the methodology used for the technical analysis to set the mitigation target(s). These sessions were held with key national stakeholders to gather feedback and ensure that the analysis aligned with national plans and priorities.', 'These sessions were held with key national stakeholders to gather feedback and ensure that the analysis aligned with national plans and priorities. Participants included energy and power sector stakeholders from public organizations such as representatives from the Department of Environment -- Ministry of Environment and Cooperatives, Ministry of Public Infrastructure -- Energy unit, Nevis Electricity Company Limited (NEVLEC), St. Kitts Electricity Company (SKELEC), Traffic Department, Inland Revenue Department, as well as other relevant policy makers. The first validation session was held in February 2021, and the last one in June 2021.', 'The first validation session was held in February 2021, and the last one in June 2021. National stakeholders prepared feedback and comments, including the Department of Environment, the Energy Unit, and both utilities to ensure accuracy for setting the mitigation target(s).Revised Nationally Determined Contribution of St. Kitts and Nevis 23 During the planning process a review on the gender aspects of the NDC and gender- responsive considerations for the NDC Implementation Plan and Financing strategy was performed by the NDC-P Support Unit to support a gender-responsive implementation of the NDC. ii. Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: 1.', 'Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: 1. National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication; Geography: St. Kitts and Nevis is a small island developing state comprising two islands of the Lesser Antilles in the Eastern Caribbean Sea. St. Kitts, the larger island, is 37 km long with an area of 176 km2. Nevis is almost circular in shape with an area of 93 km2. The estimated population of St. Kitts and Nevis in 2020 was 53,821, with about 20% of the total population residing in Nevis. Climate: St. Kitts and Nevis has a tropical maritime climate with an average temperature of 27.8 degrees Celsius with low seasonal variations. The wet season is from August to September.', 'The wet season is from August to September. Precipitation is strongly related to altitude; mountain ranges receive an annual average of 2,500-4,000 mm, and coastal areas receive an annual average of 1,061 mm. The islands lie in the northeast trade wind belt; hurricane season is between June to November, where low-pressure systems and tropical disturbances pass through the area. St. Kitts and Nevis is vulnerable to climate change -- localized events of extreme rainfall, hotter days and nights, sea-level rise and extensive droughts suggest a more extreme climate throughout the region. These unprecedented threats are compounded by a limited capacity to forecast climate hazards.', 'These unprecedented threats are compounded by a limited capacity to forecast climate hazards. Climate data in the Caribbean face challenges related to a lack of sufficient weather and climatological stations, automated reporting of weather stations, and monitoring of critical variables for long timescales of 30 years or more. Economy: St. Kitts and Nevis is classified as a high-income country and had a GDP of USD 1.053 billion in 2019 (World Bank). The country has continued to make strides in economic progress. Between 2015 and 2019 the nation’s GDP per capita increased from US $18,000 to US $19,000. This economic advancement comes despite major setbacks by disasters including hurricanes Maria and Irma in September 2017, and the strongest El Niño event from 2014 to 2016 in the past century.', 'This economic advancement comes despite major setbacks by disasters including hurricanes Maria and Irma in September 2017, and the strongest El Niño event from 2014 to 2016 in the past century. The tourism industry isRevised Nationally Determined Contribution of St. Kitts and Nevis 24 the main economic contributor, and is a strategy to diversify away from an economy historically reliant on agriculture, especially the sugar industry until 2005. Construction, banking and export-oriented manufacturing are growing and significant sectors. In 2016, the tourism sector contributed about 7.2% to the total GDP. 2.', 'In 2016, the tourism sector contributed about 7.2% to the total GDP. 2. Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the NDC; The revised NDC builds on existing data and the revision process engaged more stakeholders than for the first NDC, including the utilities companies for both St. Kitts and Nevis, the Ministry of Tourism and Transport. In addition, the revision process included collaboration with a suite of international partners with diverse expertise to deliver a more comprehensive and robust NDC as well as an Implementation Plan and Financing Strategy. a. Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement; b.', 'Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement; b. Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; St. Kitts and Nevis is not part of an agreement to act jointly under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement.', 'Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; St. Kitts and Nevis is not part of an agreement to act jointly under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement. c. How the Party’s preparation of its NDC has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; The first global stocktake will take place in 2023 and St. Kitts and Nevis is committed to implementation, monitoring and evaluation to inform the progress on the targets proposed in the NDC.', 'c. How the Party’s preparation of its NDC has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; The first global stocktake will take place in 2023 and St. Kitts and Nevis is committed to implementation, monitoring and evaluation to inform the progress on the targets proposed in the NDC. d. Each Party with an NDC under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: i.', 'd. Each Party with an NDC under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: i. How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the NDC; St. Kitts and Nevis considered all social, economic and environmental impacts of the mitigation and adaptation measures in developing the NDC targets ii.', 'How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the NDC; St. Kitts and Nevis considered all social, economic and environmental impacts of the mitigation and adaptation measures in developing the NDC targets ii. Specific projects, measures and activities to be Please see 3(d) above.Revised Nationally Determined Contribution of St. Kitts and Nevis 25 implemented to contribute to mitigation co- benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. 5.', 'Specific projects, measures and activities to be Please see 3(d) above.Revised Nationally Determined Contribution of St. Kitts and Nevis 25 implemented to contribute to mitigation co- benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. 5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: a. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; The assumptions were based on a sectoral breakdown of emissions provided in the Second National Communication, which used the 1996 IPCC Guidelines that have since been supplanted by the 2006 IPCC Guidelines.', 'Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: a. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; The assumptions were based on a sectoral breakdown of emissions provided in the Second National Communication, which used the 1996 IPCC Guidelines that have since been supplanted by the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. In accordance with the Second National Communication, it was assumed that 60% of all emissions come from power generation, 30% from transportation, and 10% from remaining activities.', 'In accordance with the Second National Communication, it was assumed that 60% of all emissions come from power generation, 30% from transportation, and 10% from remaining activities. There is no historical emissions inventory for the IPPU and Waste sectors, and the AFOLU emissions were only available through an estimation based on neighboring countries, therefore, the emissions estimate is possibly an under- estimation of real emissions. In addition, the methodological approach considers emissions factors calculated by the UNFCCC technical team. b. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; See 5(a) above.', 'b. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; See 5(a) above. St. Kitts and Nevis will also apply specific assumptions and methodologies where relevant, when accounting for the progress of various policies and measures in its Biennial Update Report or Biennial Transparency Report. The identification and revision of suitable mitigation options was conducted through a consultative process with key national stakeholders such as the Department of Environment, the Energy Unit and representatives from both utilities.', 'The identification and revision of suitable mitigation options was conducted through a consultative process with key national stakeholders such as the Department of Environment, the Energy Unit and representatives from both utilities. Mitigation options were identified from the first NDC as well as other national plans, on-going projects, and current investment plans of the Government.Revised Nationally Determined Contribution of St. Kitts and Nevis 26 c. If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; See 5(a) above.', 'Mitigation options were identified from the first NDC as well as other national plans, on-going projects, and current investment plans of the Government.Revised Nationally Determined Contribution of St. Kitts and Nevis 26 c. If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; See 5(a) above. d. IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; St. Kitts and Nevis’ emissions for CO2 will be derived using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. e. Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: i. Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; Not applicable.', 'Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; Not applicable. ii. Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products; Not applicable. iii. Approach used to address the effects of age- class structure in forests; Not applicable. f. Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: i. How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; Please see 5 (a-e). ii. For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non-greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; Not applicable.Revised Nationally Determined Contribution of St. Kitts and Nevis 27 iii.', 'For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non-greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; Not applicable.Revised Nationally Determined Contribution of St. Kitts and Nevis 27 iii. For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated; Not applicable. iv. Further technical information, as necessary; Not applicable. g. The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable. St. Kitts and Nevis currently does not use any market mechanism but is willing to explore its potential under the UNFCCC process. 6. How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in light of its national circumstances a.', 'How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in light of its national circumstances a. How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; St. Kitts and Nevis’ revised NDC is fair and ambitious. The revised NDC target of a 61% reduction of greenhouse emissions against base year 2010 is consistent with the IPCC Special Report on the Impacts of Global Warming of 1.5 ℃. This special report shows pathways that limit global warming to 1.5 ℃ with no or limited overshoot. Pathways that describe a 40-50% reduction in net anthropogenic GHG emissions by 2030 compared to 2010 levels, and net anthropogenic CO2 emissions reaching net zero around 2050. b.', 'Pathways that describe a 40-50% reduction in net anthropogenic GHG emissions by 2030 compared to 2010 levels, and net anthropogenic CO2 emissions reaching net zero around 2050. b. Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; Please refer to 6(a) above. c. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; The emissions reductions are a strengthening of the indicative ambitious 2030 NDC target submitted in 2016. Compared to the absolute emissions target in the first NDC, this revised NDC represents a significant enhancement of ambition. Under the targets proposed in this revised NDC, St. Kitts and Nevis expects its total emissions to decrease from 253 GgCO2e (2010 estimate) to 124 GgCO2e within the energy sector. This translates to an effective 61% emissions reduction against the 2010 base year emissions.', 'This translates to an effective 61% emissions reduction against the 2010 base year emissions. In addition to the increase in mitigation ambition, the submission of this revised NDC is an enhancement in the following ways: ● St. Kitts and Nevis has moved from a BAU approach to a base year approach ● St. Kitts and Nevis has strengthened the adaptation, loss and damage, and gender components of the NDCRevised Nationally Determined Contribution of St. Kitts and Nevis 28 While national efforts are underway and will continue to be exerted toward emission reduction, in accordance with the obligation of developed countries under the UNFCCC Convention and the Articles of the Paris Agreement, St. Kitts and Nevis anticipates implementing the NDC through access to multilateral and bilateral support including through the Green Climate Fund, multilateral agencies and bilateral arrangements with development partners.', 'In addition to the increase in mitigation ambition, the submission of this revised NDC is an enhancement in the following ways: ● St. Kitts and Nevis has moved from a BAU approach to a base year approach ● St. Kitts and Nevis has strengthened the adaptation, loss and damage, and gender components of the NDCRevised Nationally Determined Contribution of St. Kitts and Nevis 28 While national efforts are underway and will continue to be exerted toward emission reduction, in accordance with the obligation of developed countries under the UNFCCC Convention and the Articles of the Paris Agreement, St. Kitts and Nevis anticipates implementing the NDC through access to multilateral and bilateral support including through the Green Climate Fund, multilateral agencies and bilateral arrangements with development partners. These funds will be used to leverage the limited national resources and technical capacities that are available for combating climate change.', 'These funds will be used to leverage the limited national resources and technical capacities that are available for combating climate change. d. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; The ambition of this target has to be considered amidst the backdrop of the country’s small, open economy and limitations in natural, financial, technological and human resources to implement the measures necessary to achieve the intended emissions reductions. e. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement; As a SIDS considering Article 4, paragraph 6, St. Kitts and Nevis has the option to prepare and communicate strategies, plans and actions reflecting its special circumstance.', 'e. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement; As a SIDS considering Article 4, paragraph 6, St. Kitts and Nevis has the option to prepare and communicate strategies, plans and actions reflecting its special circumstance. In light of the country’s commitment to limiting increases in global average temperatures to well below 1.5 ℃ above pre-industrial levels, it has submitted a quantifiable target as outlined in 1(b) above. This revised NDC also includes a comprehensive adaptation component that communicates the adaptation activities and actions that the country will undertake. 7. How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objectives of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 a.', 'How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objectives of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 a. How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article See 6(a) above. St. Kitts and Nevis considers the ambitious nature of this revised NDC to be in line with Article 2 of the Convention. b. How the NDC contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement. See 6(a) above.']

en-US

LCA

Saint Lucia

1st NDC

2016-04-22 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/Saint%20Lucia%20INDC%2018th%20November%202015.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Latin America and the Caribbean

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/e51553b3b48143282fb182d776ac61d8f0db5d4b17e384c7fec4f5ee2ad05694.pdf

['SAINT LUCIA INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION UNDER THE UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE (UNFCCC) Communicated to the UNFCCC on November 17, 2015 NATIONAL CONTEXT Like all Small Island Developing States (SIDS), Saint Lucia faces an uncertain future as a consequence of both the emerging and anticipated impacts of global climate change on all aspects of its development. These include, but are not limited to, threats to coastal infrastructure and economic assets from sea level rise; the impacts of more intense and possibly more frequent extreme weather events; negative impacts on human and ecosystem health, water, food production and financial services sectors; changes in rainfall distribution and intensity, resulting in both floods and droughts; degradation of coastal resources; and saline intrusion into aquifers.', 'These include, but are not limited to, threats to coastal infrastructure and economic assets from sea level rise; the impacts of more intense and possibly more frequent extreme weather events; negative impacts on human and ecosystem health, water, food production and financial services sectors; changes in rainfall distribution and intensity, resulting in both floods and droughts; degradation of coastal resources; and saline intrusion into aquifers. Some of these impacts are already being felt, resulting in high outlays of financial resources for corrective and restorative measures, negative impacts on livelihoods, pressures on public sector finances and loss of life. In addition, Saint Lucia like other SIDS, faces the prospect of irreversible and permanent loss and damage resulting from human-induced climate change, despite best efforts at adaptation and mitigation.', 'In addition, Saint Lucia like other SIDS, faces the prospect of irreversible and permanent loss and damage resulting from human-induced climate change, despite best efforts at adaptation and mitigation. Cognizant of this challenge to its sustainable development, the Government of Saint Lucia has taken decisive measures to address the climate change phenomenon. As a first step, Saint Lucia ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in June 1993 and the Kyoto Protocol in August 2003. It has also met its commitments under Article 4 (1) by submitting its Initial National Communication to the Conference of the Parties in 2001 and its Second National Communication (SNC) in 2012. The country is currently preparing its Third National Communication (TNC) for submission in 2016.', 'The country is currently preparing its Third National Communication (TNC) for submission in 2016. Under the Initial National Communication process, vulnerability and adaptation assessments of key economic, social and environmental sectors were conducted and used as the basis for preparing the 2003 National Climate Change Policy and Adaptation Plan. An updated version of this plan was endorsed by the Cabinet of Ministers in 2015. In addition, several sector- focused vulnerability assessments were conducted to inform related adaptation policies and interventions. Government and the local NGO community have also undertaken sector-based and wider public education and awareness programmes to inform various publics of the anticipated and emerging consequences of climate change and to seek to build resilience to these impacts.', 'Government and the local NGO community have also undertaken sector-based and wider public education and awareness programmes to inform various publics of the anticipated and emerging consequences of climate change and to seek to build resilience to these impacts. Saint Lucia’s greenhouse gas emissions are miniscule in global terms, with the country having contributed approximately 0.0015% of global emissions in 2010 at a per capita rate of -eq. Notwithstanding this low contribution to the climate change phenomenon, thecountry is committed to global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to levels which will restrict global temperature increase to well below 1.50C above preindustrial levels.', 'Notwithstanding this low contribution to the climate change phenomenon, thecountry is committed to global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to levels which will restrict global temperature increase to well below 1.50C above preindustrial levels. To this end, the country developed a Sustainable Energy Plan in 2001 and has committed to providing up to 35% of electricity generation from renewable sources by 2020. The country’s commitment is further reflected in its Energy Policy (2010) and the ongoing review of the Electricity Supply Services Act to help to create an enabling environment to achieve this goal.', 'The country’s commitment is further reflected in its Energy Policy (2010) and the ongoing review of the Electricity Supply Services Act to help to create an enabling environment to achieve this goal. Against this background, the Government of Saint Lucia responds to Decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20 of the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC by communicating to the Parties its intended Nationally Determined Contribution to global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, consistent with Article 2 of the Convention. MITIGATION Intended Nationally Determined Contribution The mitigation targets of this iNDC are set against a Business As Usual (BAU) projection and consider emissions reductions from the Energy Demand, Electricity Generation and Transportation sectors.', 'MITIGATION Intended Nationally Determined Contribution The mitigation targets of this iNDC are set against a Business As Usual (BAU) projection and consider emissions reductions from the Energy Demand, Electricity Generation and Transportation sectors. Table 1: Nationally Determined Mitigation Targets eq Unconditional Target Not stated Conditional Target measured against the BAU emissions projections Year % change relative to BAU projection Emissions Reductions eq eqFigure 1: Graphical Representation of Intended Nationally Determined Contribution Methodological Approach Table 2: Coverage, Scenarios and Methodological Approaches Types of Targets Emissions reductions targets are based on projected reductions for 2025 and 2030 calculated from the BAU emissions projections Coverage A sector-based approach across the entire economy is used to determine reduction targets for the energy sector.', 'Table 1: Nationally Determined Mitigation Targets eq Unconditional Target Not stated Conditional Target measured against the BAU emissions projections Year % change relative to BAU projection Emissions Reductions eq eqFigure 1: Graphical Representation of Intended Nationally Determined Contribution Methodological Approach Table 2: Coverage, Scenarios and Methodological Approaches Types of Targets Emissions reductions targets are based on projected reductions for 2025 and 2030 calculated from the BAU emissions projections Coverage A sector-based approach across the entire economy is used to determine reduction targets for the energy sector. Gases Covered Carbon Dioxide (CO2 ), Methane (CH4 ) and Nitrous O) Sectors Covered Energy Electricity Generation Transport eq eq eq Mitigation Scenario GHG mitigation projections to 2030 were estimated with 2010 emissions as the baseline against which growth and the impact of mitigation measures were calculated.', 'Gases Covered Carbon Dioxide (CO2 ), Methane (CH4 ) and Nitrous O) Sectors Covered Energy Electricity Generation Transport eq eq eq Mitigation Scenario GHG mitigation projections to 2030 were estimated with 2010 emissions as the baseline against which growth and the impact of mitigation measures were calculated. The drivers of emissions growth considered were economic growth, changes in population, energy supply and prices, the adoption of new technologies and the impact of government policies and measures. Emissions GgCO2-eq. Emission Reductions Emission Reduction Target Emission Reduction Target Base YearMethodology for Estimating Emissions Saint Lucia’s GHG inventory produced for the TNC provided historical emissions data between 2000 and 2010 that align with the 1996 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines for conducting emission inventories. Projections to 2030 were developed for each individual source category for CO2, O.', 'Projections to 2030 were developed for each individual source category for CO2, O. A single baseline was selected in order to have a single starting point for the mitigation options analysis. The sectors covered were: Energy Demand: Electricity Generation; Transport; Industrial Processes; Agriculture; and Waste. Land-Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) was not included in the baseline projection because of the high degree of uncertainty in developing projections of sources and sinks within this sector. Following a prioritization of all possible mitigation actions, emissions projections were made based on assumed economic growth, changes in population, energy supplies and prices, as well as the adoption of new technologies and the impacts of government policies.', 'Following a prioritization of all possible mitigation actions, emissions projections were made based on assumed economic growth, changes in population, energy supplies and prices, as well as the adoption of new technologies and the impacts of government policies. Further, it was decided that to balance pursuing an aggressive mitigation target with realistic outcomes for the iNDC, projected emissions reductions from the Energy, Electricity Generation and Transportation sectors only will be considered. Uncertainties over the permanence of projected emissions reductions from the Agro-Forestry, Reforestation and LULUCF sectors, and the absence of decisive international action to phase out HFCs persuaded the exclusion of related projected emissions reductions in this analysis.', 'Uncertainties over the permanence of projected emissions reductions from the Agro-Forestry, Reforestation and LULUCF sectors, and the absence of decisive international action to phase out HFCs persuaded the exclusion of related projected emissions reductions in this analysis. Further, the small estimated 2030 emissions of eq persuaded the exclusion of the Waste sector from the analysis, as well as that of Industrial Processes, which was eliminated during the prioritization process because of its small size compared to the rest of the economy. Related emissions are captured under the energy sector. It must be noted though, that while LULUCF is not included in terms of specific projected emissions reductions, there is recognition in this report, that Saint Lucia’s forestry cover acts as a sink, whose value should not be underestimated.', 'It must be noted though, that while LULUCF is not included in terms of specific projected emissions reductions, there is recognition in this report, that Saint Lucia’s forestry cover acts as a sink, whose value should not be underestimated. Significant work is currently being conducted to improve forest inventory data, develop policies for forest management and protection and to identify reforestation projects. While estimates of potential greenhouse gas emission reductions have not been included in the iNDC, preliminary information indicates that LULUCF projects could potentially contribute as much as 4% additional emission reductions relative to the BAU by2030. LULUCF sector contributions may be included in future updates to the iNDC if sufficient data become available.', 'LULUCF sector contributions may be included in future updates to the iNDC if sufficient data become available. Market Instruments National level market-based instruments, such as cap-and- trade emission trading schemes and offsetting, are crucial to price carbon emissions and keep the costs of mitigation in Saint Lucia low. These will be pursued to encourage implementation of the proposed mitigation measures drawing on any applicable international arrangements. Table 3: Information to Facilitate Clarity, Transparency and Understanding.', 'Table 3: Information to Facilitate Clarity, Transparency and Understanding. Parameters Information Time frame 2030, with intermediate target in 2025 Type of commitment Absolute economy-wide emissions reductions using a 2010 baseline and based on specific sector interventions against the BAU scenario eq in 2030, excluding LULUCF Proposed Interventions Energy: Energy Efficient Buildings Energy Efficient Appliances Water Distribution and Network Efficiency Electricity Generation: 35% Renewable Energy Target by 2025 and 50% by 2030 based on a mix of geothermal, wind and solar energy sources. Improvements to Grid Distribution and Transmission Efficiency Transport: Efficient Vehicles Improved and Expanded Public Transit Estimated Impact of Emissions Reductions interventions Reduction of 188 GgCO2 - eq by 2030.', 'Improvements to Grid Distribution and Transmission Efficiency Transport: Efficient Vehicles Improved and Expanded Public Transit Estimated Impact of Emissions Reductions interventions Reduction of 188 GgCO2 - eq by 2030. Conditions While national efforts are underway and will continue to be exerted toward emission reduction, external support is a pre- requisite to achieving the emissions reduction targets set out in this iNDC. Reviews Implementation will be reviewed every 5 yearsPlanning Process Saint Lucia’s iNDC was prepared though a consultative process involving key sector stakeholders who were engaged initially under the TNC process, to provide inputs into the development of the Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Mitigation Assessment chapters and then through a validation exercise, to seek national support for the proposed measures and targets.', 'Reviews Implementation will be reviewed every 5 yearsPlanning Process Saint Lucia’s iNDC was prepared though a consultative process involving key sector stakeholders who were engaged initially under the TNC process, to provide inputs into the development of the Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Mitigation Assessment chapters and then through a validation exercise, to seek national support for the proposed measures and targets. The effort received considerable technical support and guidance from Stiebert Consulting, Enviro Economics, Climate Analytics and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) of the USA.', 'The effort received considerable technical support and guidance from Stiebert Consulting, Enviro Economics, Climate Analytics and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) of the USA. Fairness and Ambition Conscious of the existential threat posed by climate change to Saint Lucia and indeed most SIDS, the government is steadfast in its conviction that global mitigation efforts should focus on stabilizing global GHG emissions at levels that will limit increases in global average temperatures to well below 1.50C above preindustrial levels. As a demonstration of this conviction, and notwithstanding its minuscule contribution of about 0.0015% of global emissions (2010 estimate), the Government of Saint Lucia has decided to pursue an aggressive and ambitious plan to reduce its emissions by focusing on the Energy, Electricity Generation and Transportation sectors.', 'As a demonstration of this conviction, and notwithstanding its minuscule contribution of about 0.0015% of global emissions (2010 estimate), the Government of Saint Lucia has decided to pursue an aggressive and ambitious plan to reduce its emissions by focusing on the Energy, Electricity Generation and Transportation sectors. Under the mitigation plan, and actions proposed in this iNDC, Saint Lucia expects its per capita emissions (excluding figures for LULUCF) to -eq by 2030, compared to the per capita emissions of 4.25 tCO2 -eq it would have increased to under the BAU scenario. This ambitious target must be considered against the background of the country’s small, open economy and limitations in natural, financial, technological and human resources to implement the measures necessary to achieve the intended emissions reductions.', 'This ambitious target must be considered against the background of the country’s small, open economy and limitations in natural, financial, technological and human resources to implement the measures necessary to achieve the intended emissions reductions. It must also be noted that the value of Saint Lucia’s forest cover as a carbon sink is recognized, despite the fact that these values are not included in the projections. Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and National Circumstances Saint Lucia embraces the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and national circumstances enshrined in Article 4 of the Convention in its efforts to address climate change mitigation and adaptation.', 'Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and National Circumstances Saint Lucia embraces the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and national circumstances enshrined in Article 4 of the Convention in its efforts to address climate change mitigation and adaptation. In this regard, the country accepts the need for it to contribute to the global mitigation efforts but intends to pay greater attention to adaptation efforts, given its unique circumstances as a SIDS in one of the most vulnerable regions of the world.', 'In this regard, the country accepts the need for it to contribute to the global mitigation efforts but intends to pay greater attention to adaptation efforts, given its unique circumstances as a SIDS in one of the most vulnerable regions of the world. Despite Saint Lucia’s miniscule GHG emissions, the country’s unique national circumstances, including its importation of its fuel for electricity generation, means that there are co-benefits associated with its mitigation efforts, especially those related to environmental protection, foreign exchange savings and human health benefits, which may be achieved through, inter alia, renewable energy and energy efficiency initiatives.Financial Requirements and Implementation Support Total cumulative investment costs to achieve the mitigation targets by 2030 are expected to be in the order of US$ 218 million (at 2015 prices) and government programme costs are estimated to be US$ 23 million.', 'Despite Saint Lucia’s miniscule GHG emissions, the country’s unique national circumstances, including its importation of its fuel for electricity generation, means that there are co-benefits associated with its mitigation efforts, especially those related to environmental protection, foreign exchange savings and human health benefits, which may be achieved through, inter alia, renewable energy and energy efficiency initiatives.Financial Requirements and Implementation Support Total cumulative investment costs to achieve the mitigation targets by 2030 are expected to be in the order of US$ 218 million (at 2015 prices) and government programme costs are estimated to be US$ 23 million. Total cumulative investment costs to achieve the mitigation targets by 2025 are expected to be in the order of US$ 183 million (at 2015 prices) and government programme costs are estimated to be US$ 19 million.', 'Total cumulative investment costs to achieve the mitigation targets by 2025 are expected to be in the order of US$ 183 million (at 2015 prices) and government programme costs are estimated to be US$ 19 million. Investment costs refer to the total capital finance required to implement the mitigation actions that is incremental to baseline expenditures. This does not include the energy savings associated with implementing measures or changes in operating costs. Programme costs refer to expenditures by the government for supporting the programme and include costs for planning, conducting studies, developing strategies, implementing regulations, enforcement, capacity building and public awareness campaigns.', 'Programme costs refer to expenditures by the government for supporting the programme and include costs for planning, conducting studies, developing strategies, implementing regulations, enforcement, capacity building and public awareness campaigns. The Government of Saint Lucia, recognising its current national effort toward emission reduction and being fully cognisant of its vulnerability to extreme events and the likelihood of being caught in a cycle of repair and recovery, commits to meeting the mitigation targets contained in this iNDC on condition that it receives financial and technological assistance to do so. Enabling Environment The Government of Saint Lucia has created a robust policy and legal framework to support reforms, which will accrue to net greenhouse gas emissions reduction.', 'Enabling Environment The Government of Saint Lucia has created a robust policy and legal framework to support reforms, which will accrue to net greenhouse gas emissions reduction. Where required, a review of relevant policies and legislation will be undertaken in order to ensure that stronger implementation possibilities are explored. Some of these are listed below.', 'Some of these are listed below. Table 4: Key National Policies, Legislation and Actions that address Climate Change Mitigation1 and Adaptation Sector Key National Policies, Legislation and Actions Energy Demand / Electricity Generation Adopted National Energy Policy (2010) 35% Renewable Energy Target by 2020 Introduced incentives for renewable energy Prepared draft of Revised Electricity Supply Act (2015) Passed National Utility Regulatory Commission Bill (establishes an independent regulatory commission to oversee electricity production) Draft Revised Building Code (includes energy efficiency measures) National Energy Efficiency Labelling Standards (Air- Conditioning units, tubular and compact fluorescent lamps) Developing draft Geothermal Development Bill Transportation Introduced a new levy to control importation of used vehicles 1 Draft Saint Lucia Mitigation Assessment (2015) (Stiebert Consulting, Enviro Economics)Sector Key National Policies, Legislation and Actions Reduction of excise tax and duty for importers of fuel efficient vehicles and alternative energy vehicles Escalating taxes on higher engine capacity vehicles Proposed Transport Policy and Strategy2 Agriculture / Fisheries National Fisheries Plan 2013 Waste Secretariat of the National Water & Sewerage Commission to regulate water and wastewater operators activated in 2012 Pursuing a Waste Management Strategy that includes the conversion of waste to energy Land-Use, Land- Use Change and Forestry Conduct of a comprehensive forest inventory in 2009 Development of natural resource management plan for the north-east part of Saint Lucia3 Draft National Land Policy 2014 Industrial Processes Approved hydrochloroflurocarbon (HCFCs) Phase Out Management Plan Draft Code of Practice for Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technicians General Establishment of a multi-sectoral National Climate Change Committee Adoption of a revised National Climate Change Adaptation Development of a Strategic Programme for Climate Resilience Adoption of a National Coastal Zone Management Policy Adoption of a National Environmental Policy and National Environment Management Strategy (2004; Revised 2014) Sustainable Energy For All initiative4 Annual observance of Energy Awareness Week.', 'Table 4: Key National Policies, Legislation and Actions that address Climate Change Mitigation1 and Adaptation Sector Key National Policies, Legislation and Actions Energy Demand / Electricity Generation Adopted National Energy Policy (2010) 35% Renewable Energy Target by 2020 Introduced incentives for renewable energy Prepared draft of Revised Electricity Supply Act (2015) Passed National Utility Regulatory Commission Bill (establishes an independent regulatory commission to oversee electricity production) Draft Revised Building Code (includes energy efficiency measures) National Energy Efficiency Labelling Standards (Air- Conditioning units, tubular and compact fluorescent lamps) Developing draft Geothermal Development Bill Transportation Introduced a new levy to control importation of used vehicles 1 Draft Saint Lucia Mitigation Assessment (2015) (Stiebert Consulting, Enviro Economics)Sector Key National Policies, Legislation and Actions Reduction of excise tax and duty for importers of fuel efficient vehicles and alternative energy vehicles Escalating taxes on higher engine capacity vehicles Proposed Transport Policy and Strategy2 Agriculture / Fisheries National Fisheries Plan 2013 Waste Secretariat of the National Water & Sewerage Commission to regulate water and wastewater operators activated in 2012 Pursuing a Waste Management Strategy that includes the conversion of waste to energy Land-Use, Land- Use Change and Forestry Conduct of a comprehensive forest inventory in 2009 Development of natural resource management plan for the north-east part of Saint Lucia3 Draft National Land Policy 2014 Industrial Processes Approved hydrochloroflurocarbon (HCFCs) Phase Out Management Plan Draft Code of Practice for Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technicians General Establishment of a multi-sectoral National Climate Change Committee Adoption of a revised National Climate Change Adaptation Development of a Strategic Programme for Climate Resilience Adoption of a National Coastal Zone Management Policy Adoption of a National Environmental Policy and National Environment Management Strategy (2004; Revised 2014) Sustainable Energy For All initiative4 Annual observance of Energy Awareness Week. Development of a Climate Change Public Education and Awareness Strategy Implementation Plan Sustainable Development Benefits Achievement of the mitigation targets will translate to significant sustainable development benefit for Saint Lucia.', 'Development of a Climate Change Public Education and Awareness Strategy Implementation Plan Sustainable Development Benefits Achievement of the mitigation targets will translate to significant sustainable development benefit for Saint Lucia. The medium-term vision for Saint Lucia is: An innovative and 2 This indicates that there will be further potential for emission reduction in the transport sector when implemented 3 UNEP GEF Iyanola – Natural Resource Management of the NE Coast Project (GEF ID 5057) 4 Barbados Declaration on Achieving Energy for All in Small Island Developing States, Bridgetown, Barbados,industrious nation, grounded in the principles of patriotism, integrity, and good governance, striving towards sustainable development and equitable development for all.5 The benefits to flow from the mitigation interventions are consistent with this vision and include significant investments and technological advancement, with the accompanying employment generation, significant savings of foreign exchange to pay for fuel, as well as savings in energy costs across all sectors.', 'The medium-term vision for Saint Lucia is: An innovative and 2 This indicates that there will be further potential for emission reduction in the transport sector when implemented 3 UNEP GEF Iyanola – Natural Resource Management of the NE Coast Project (GEF ID 5057) 4 Barbados Declaration on Achieving Energy for All in Small Island Developing States, Bridgetown, Barbados,industrious nation, grounded in the principles of patriotism, integrity, and good governance, striving towards sustainable development and equitable development for all.5 The benefits to flow from the mitigation interventions are consistent with this vision and include significant investments and technological advancement, with the accompanying employment generation, significant savings of foreign exchange to pay for fuel, as well as savings in energy costs across all sectors. They will also result in reduced emissions, with accompanying benefits to the local and global environments, and human health.', 'They will also result in reduced emissions, with accompanying benefits to the local and global environments, and human health. ADAPTATION Like all Small Island Developing States, Saint Lucia has a high and increasing vulnerability to climate change, precipitated by increasing global temperatures, sea level rise and extreme weather events. Projected impacts, several of which are already occurring, include infrastructural damage, floods and droughts, reduced agricultural productivity, reduced supply of potable water, erosion, declining marine biodiversity, health impacts and increasing insurance cost, among others. These and other impacts have claimed lives, adversely impacted livelihoods and diverted significant investments away from developmental to restorative and rebuilding investments.', 'These and other impacts have claimed lives, adversely impacted livelihoods and diverted significant investments away from developmental to restorative and rebuilding investments. The island’s vulnerability is accentuated by its small geographic area, high dependence on its natural resources for economic and social development and its location in one of the highest-risk areas of the planet. Notwithstanding its minimal contribution to the climate change phenomenon, the Government of Saint Lucia accepts the need to contribute to the global mitigation effort but is aware of the need for its emphasis to be placed on adaptation. To this end, Government has recently approved the Saint Lucia Climate Change Adaptation Policy (CCAP) (2015).', 'To this end, Government has recently approved the Saint Lucia Climate Change Adaptation Policy (CCAP) (2015). The CCAP seeks to ensure that Saint Lucia and its people, their livelihoods, social systems and environment are resilient to the risks and impacts of climate change. The CCAP also provides a framework for addressing the impacts of climate change in an integrated manner across all key sectors, based on three interconnected processes, namely: Adaptation Facilitation; which entails creating the appropriate policy, legislative and institutional environment; Adaptation Financing; which involves putting in place measures to ensure adequate and predictable financial flows; and Adaptation Implementation; which entails taking concrete actions to prepare for, or respond to, the impacts of climate change.', 'The CCAP also provides a framework for addressing the impacts of climate change in an integrated manner across all key sectors, based on three interconnected processes, namely: Adaptation Facilitation; which entails creating the appropriate policy, legislative and institutional environment; Adaptation Financing; which involves putting in place measures to ensure adequate and predictable financial flows; and Adaptation Implementation; which entails taking concrete actions to prepare for, or respond to, the impacts of climate change. Implementation of the CCAP will encompass activities geared towards building the resilience of households, communities, vulnerable groups, enterprises, sectors and ultimately the nation. Implementation measures are being identified at the national and community levels, with regional and international support and backstopping provided through agreed modalities.', 'Implementation measures are being identified at the national and community levels, with regional and international support and backstopping provided through agreed modalities. Effort is being directed to achieving the following objectives by 2022: a) Priority adaptation measures to the adverse effects of climate change developed and implemented at all levels; 5 Saint Lucia Medium Term Development Strategic Plan 2011b) Identification of vulnerable priority areas and sectors and appropriate adaptation measures using available and appropriate information, recognizing that such information may be incomplete; c) Adaptation measures in vulnerable priority areas supported by existing data sets and traditional knowledge, or new data developed as necessary; and d) Appropriate adaptation measures integrated into national and sectorial development strategies and linked as far as national circumstances will allow to the national budgeting process.', 'Effort is being directed to achieving the following objectives by 2022: a) Priority adaptation measures to the adverse effects of climate change developed and implemented at all levels; 5 Saint Lucia Medium Term Development Strategic Plan 2011b) Identification of vulnerable priority areas and sectors and appropriate adaptation measures using available and appropriate information, recognizing that such information may be incomplete; c) Adaptation measures in vulnerable priority areas supported by existing data sets and traditional knowledge, or new data developed as necessary; and d) Appropriate adaptation measures integrated into national and sectorial development strategies and linked as far as national circumstances will allow to the national budgeting process. During the development of the CCAP, a Strategic Programme for Climate Resilience (SPCR) also emerged and this has highlighted some key priority areas in need of urgent action, to complement ongoing efforts.', 'During the development of the CCAP, a Strategic Programme for Climate Resilience (SPCR) also emerged and this has highlighted some key priority areas in need of urgent action, to complement ongoing efforts. These include, but are not limited to: Adaptation Facilitation 1. National Level Policy, Legislative and Institutional Framework 2. Public Education and Outreach 3. Research and Systematic Observation and Data and Information Acquisition and Knowledge Management 4. Human Resource Capacity Building 5. Technology Transfer Adaptation Implementation 1. Climate Resilience Measures in Critical Buildings 2. Coastal Zone Management for Climate Resilience 3. Community and National Level Interventions in Water Resource Conservation and Management 4. Food Security 5. Sustainable Land Management/Slope Stabilisation 6.', 'Food Security 5. Sustainable Land Management/Slope Stabilisation 6. Human Health Adaptation Financing A range of modalities for making adequate financing available and accessible to address climate change in the public sector, private sector and civil society as a whole. Even as steps are being taken to pursue the objectives of the CCAP, it is intended that Saint Lucia’s Third National Communication, which is currently under preparation, will draw upon the growing international understanding of the vulnerabilities of SIDS to the impacts of global climate change, as well as the expanding national policy framework and local understanding and experiences, to develop an adaptation strategy in keeping with emerging circumstances. Notwithstanding, the following are among the many critical adaptation interventions identified in the Second National Communication: Building Codes Natural Defences (mangroves, wetlands etc.)', 'Notwithstanding, the following are among the many critical adaptation interventions identified in the Second National Communication: Building Codes Natural Defences (mangroves, wetlands etc.) Comprehensive Land Use Plan Early Warning Systems Rainwater Harvesting Irrigation Systems Drainage Infrastructure Research and Systematic ObservationFinancing will be a critical constraint to Saint Lucia’s ability to adapt to the impacts of climate change, with international funding through the UNFCCC architecture being critical. The Government of Saint Lucia will further pursue a mix of adaptation financing options and sources including, but not limited to, economic and fiscal incentives; private sector financing; support from regional agencies and programmes and bilateral processes; and in limited cases, highly concessional financing for the private sector, civil society and the general public.', 'The Government of Saint Lucia will further pursue a mix of adaptation financing options and sources including, but not limited to, economic and fiscal incentives; private sector financing; support from regional agencies and programmes and bilateral processes; and in limited cases, highly concessional financing for the private sector, civil society and the general public. CONCLUSION In submitting this iNDC, Saint Lucia, as a small emitter of greenhouse gases, calls on all Parties to make their submissions, to ensure that their iNDCs are in keeping with their contributions to global emissions and to their respective responsibilities under the Convention and to take actions that will result in the restriction of global temperature increase to well below 1.50C above preindustrial levels.']

en-US

LCA

Saint Lucia

Updated NDC

2021-01-27 00:00:00

x

NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Saint%20Lucia%20First%20NDC%20(Updated%20submission).pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Latin America and the Caribbean

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/41914d8bb955a5332925e11c9b46f4bb8c30f8e86477211482c516b33e06221f.pdf

['SAINT LUCIA’S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION communicated to the UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGEAcknowledgements The Government of Saint Lucia would like to acknowledge the Nationally Determined Contribution Partnership for supporting the review of its NDC, through the Climate Action Enhancement Package. The notable support of the Global Green Growth Institute, Climate Analytics, World Resource Institute and the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States Commission as the implementing partners must also be acknowledged; along with the contribution from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Regional Coordinating Centre and the broad group of stakeholders – both public and private - who actively participated in many consultations.', 'The notable support of the Global Green Growth Institute, Climate Analytics, World Resource Institute and the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States Commission as the implementing partners must also be acknowledged; along with the contribution from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Regional Coordinating Centre and the broad group of stakeholders – both public and private - who actively participated in many consultations. The development of Saint Lucia’s Updated 2020 NDC was led by the Department of Sustainable Development of the Ministry of Education, Innovation, Gender Relations and Sustainable Development.Introduction Pursuant to Article 4 of the Paris Agreement, and in line with Saint Lucia’s commitment to limiting the global average temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, Saint Lucia’s updated nationally determined contribution (NDC) reflects an increase in ambition, in mitigation, adaptation and loss and damage.', 'The development of Saint Lucia’s Updated 2020 NDC was led by the Department of Sustainable Development of the Ministry of Education, Innovation, Gender Relations and Sustainable Development.Introduction Pursuant to Article 4 of the Paris Agreement, and in line with Saint Lucia’s commitment to limiting the global average temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, Saint Lucia’s updated nationally determined contribution (NDC) reflects an increase in ambition, in mitigation, adaptation and loss and damage. For this updated NDC, Saint Lucia has used the guidance on information to provide clarity, transparency and understanding in Decision 4/CMA.1.', 'For this updated NDC, Saint Lucia has used the guidance on information to provide clarity, transparency and understanding in Decision 4/CMA.1. Despite the challenges that have been faced by the COVID-19 global pandemic, Saint Lucia, a small island developing state (SIDS), developed its NDC in a participatory, cross-sectoral and robust manner, building on sound inventories, data and ongoing processes. As a SIDS, Saint Lucia is disproportionately vulnerable to external economic shocks and extreme climatic events that can instantly erase years, if not decades of development gains. Saint Lucia is also facing significant capacity constraints, limited fiscal space and insufficient domestic finance to respond adequately to challenges posed by climate change.', 'Saint Lucia is also facing significant capacity constraints, limited fiscal space and insufficient domestic finance to respond adequately to challenges posed by climate change. This has been compounded by the economic fallout of the COVID- 19 global pandemic and exacerbating the already existing high debt to GDP ratio. While national efforts are underway and will continue to be exerted toward emissions reduction and building resilience, Saint Lucia’s national efforts alone will not be sufficient for achieving the goals of the NDC in mitigation, adaptation and loss and damage and securing the long-term sustainable development of Saint Lucia.', 'While national efforts are underway and will continue to be exerted toward emissions reduction and building resilience, Saint Lucia’s national efforts alone will not be sufficient for achieving the goals of the NDC in mitigation, adaptation and loss and damage and securing the long-term sustainable development of Saint Lucia. As such, and in accordance with the obligation of developed countries under the UNFCCC Convention and the Articles of the Paris Agreement, Saint Lucia anticipates implementing the NDC through access to financial and technological multilateral and bilateral support. These funds will be used to leverage the limited national resources and national and regional technical capacities that are available.', 'These funds will be used to leverage the limited national resources and national and regional technical capacities that are available. The total indicative cumulative investment costs to achieve the mitigation targets by 2030 are expected to be in the order of USD $368 million (at 2020 prices). Investment costs refer to the total capital finance required to implement the mitigation actions that is incremental to baseline expenditures. The indicative costs were calculated considering the capital costs of any operation and maintenance, fuel expenses, or the energy savings associated with implementing measures. In line with these efforts and to make concrete effort to implement Saint Lucia’s NDC, Saint Lucia has developed an Implementation Plan and a Financing Strategy for the NDC, building upon the existing NDC Partnership Plan.', 'In line with these efforts and to make concrete effort to implement Saint Lucia’s NDC, Saint Lucia has developed an Implementation Plan and a Financing Strategy for the NDC, building upon the existing NDC Partnership Plan. In submitting this NDC, Saint Lucia, as a small emitter of greenhouse gases, supports the call on all Parties to make their submissions, to ensure that their NDCs are in keeping with their contributions to global emissions and to their respective responsibilities under the Convention and to take actions that will result in the restriction of global temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.Mitigation Saint Lucia’s greenhouse gas emissions are minuscule in global terms, with the country having contributed approximately 0.0015% of global emissions in 2016 at a per capita rate of 3.88 tCO2-eq.', 'In submitting this NDC, Saint Lucia, as a small emitter of greenhouse gases, supports the call on all Parties to make their submissions, to ensure that their NDCs are in keeping with their contributions to global emissions and to their respective responsibilities under the Convention and to take actions that will result in the restriction of global temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.Mitigation Saint Lucia’s greenhouse gas emissions are minuscule in global terms, with the country having contributed approximately 0.0015% of global emissions in 2016 at a per capita rate of 3.88 tCO2-eq. Notwithstanding this low contribution to the climate change phenomenon, the country is committed to global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to levels, which will restrict global temperature increase to well below 1.5°C above pre industrial levels.', 'Notwithstanding this low contribution to the climate change phenomenon, the country is committed to global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to levels, which will restrict global temperature increase to well below 1.5°C above pre industrial levels. Saint Lucia’s NDC is mitigation-centric and the NDC’s target is 7% Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions reduction in the energy sector relative to 2010, by 2030. Saint Lucia’s target is a sector-wide emissions reductions target using 2010 as base, covering IPCC’s energy (electricity generation and transportation) sector, and three gases: Carbon Dioxide, Methane, and Nitrous Oxide. The target is a continuation and expansion of efforts listed in the first NDC to meet the targets for 2025 and 2030. Saint Lucia has already begun to implement these targets.', 'Saint Lucia has already begun to implement these targets. It is worth noting that Saint Lucia is in the process of exploring a national REDD+ program and is implementing efforts to maintain its current forest cover, as well as undertaking efforts to protect watersheds through forest protection measures. This supports our adaptation efforts. Bearing in mind the ongoing negotiations on Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, and the related uncertainties around double counting emissions reductions, Saint Lucia is not including forest sink capacity targets in this NDC revision at this time. Saint Lucia will continue to look at challenges and opportunities in the sector, including capacity building, for future inclusion of the forest and AFOLU sector in its NDCs.', 'Saint Lucia will continue to look at challenges and opportunities in the sector, including capacity building, for future inclusion of the forest and AFOLU sector in its NDCs. Box 1: The 2020 Updated NDC compared to the Saint Lucia’s updated NDC will reduce greenhouse gases by 37 GgCO2e., compared to 2010 emissions, a deeper reduction in emissions than the first NDC, which effectively proposed to reduce GHG emissions by 10 GgCO2e. In terms of percentage decrease, the updated NDC translates to approximately 7% reduction in GHG emissions in the energy sector by 2030, relative to the 2010 emissions. In comparison, Saint Lucia’s first NDC effectively resulted in an emissions reduction of 2%. In absolute terms, 2010 emissions in the energy sector were 505 GgCO2e, which will be reduced to 468 GgCO2e in 2030.', 'In absolute terms, 2010 emissions in the energy sector were 505 GgCO2e, which will be reduced to 468 GgCO2e in 2030. Since the only physical quantity relevant for the climate system is the total amount of GHG emissions, it is important to compare the first and the updated NDCs based on actual proposed emissions reductions. The pathways informing the updated NDC emissions targets are supported by detailed modeling of scenarios that include the direct energy use, and the coupling of the power generation and transportation sectors. Box 2: Developing a long-term strategy Saint Lucia is planning to develop a Long-Term Strategy (LTS), and the energy modeling timeframe extending to 2050 that informs this energy-focused NDC, is aligned with the long-term pathway for this sector.', 'Box 2: Developing a long-term strategy Saint Lucia is planning to develop a Long-Term Strategy (LTS), and the energy modeling timeframe extending to 2050 that informs this energy-focused NDC, is aligned with the long-term pathway for this sector. Stakeholder engagement on the LTS should generate buy-in for a decarbonization pathway that is operationalized in successive NDCs, while at the same time, allowing for a better understanding of the big-picture context in which the NDCs are developed. An LTS will also consider all sectors that contribute to greenhouse emissions. Early and detailed thinking about a long-term strategy will avoid potential pitfalls of technology and policy choices that may appear promising in the short-term, but can make achieving long-term goals more difficult.', 'Early and detailed thinking about a long-term strategy will avoid potential pitfalls of technology and policy choices that may appear promising in the short-term, but can make achieving long-term goals more difficult. An especially valuable aspect of long-term planning is the signal sent to the private sector and to external investors that a framework is in place to support transformative interventions that simultaneously inform the projects outlined in five-year NDC cycles.Adaptation The Government of Saint Lucia has decided to include an Adaptation component as part of this mitigation- focused NDC to demonstrate its commitment to achieve the targets of the Paris Agreement as well as having in place better mechanisms for the adaptation to climate change impacts.', 'An especially valuable aspect of long-term planning is the signal sent to the private sector and to external investors that a framework is in place to support transformative interventions that simultaneously inform the projects outlined in five-year NDC cycles.Adaptation The Government of Saint Lucia has decided to include an Adaptation component as part of this mitigation- focused NDC to demonstrate its commitment to achieve the targets of the Paris Agreement as well as having in place better mechanisms for the adaptation to climate change impacts. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), adaptation and mitigation can be understood as complementary components of countries’ response to climate change and adaptation generates larger benefits to small islands when delivered in conjunction with other development activities.', 'According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), adaptation and mitigation can be understood as complementary components of countries’ response to climate change and adaptation generates larger benefits to small islands when delivered in conjunction with other development activities. The island of Saint Lucia is vulnerable to climate change due to: 1. Its small geographical area, which accounts for the fact that disasters take country‐wide proportions. 2. Its location in one of the highest-risk areas of the planet. These risks include hurricanes (being situated in the tropical cyclone belt), storm surges, sea level rise and non-climate-related risks such as high volcanic and seismic activity. 3.', 'These risks include hurricanes (being situated in the tropical cyclone belt), storm surges, sea level rise and non-climate-related risks such as high volcanic and seismic activity. 3. Its dependence on a few sources of income (agriculture and tourism sectors) for a substantial part of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Since the establishment of the National Adaptation Plan process at COP 16 in 2010 and considering that Saint Lucia is prone to higher risks from climate change impacts, the Government of Saint Lucia developed Saint Lucia’s National Adaptation Plan (hereinafter referred only as NAP), the drafting of which started after the submission of the first NDC in 2015. The NAP has been defined as a 10-year process, starting in 2018 with an expected full implementation by 2028.', 'The NAP has been defined as a 10-year process, starting in 2018 with an expected full implementation by 2028. It is accompanied by Sectoral Adaptation Strategy and Action Plans (SASAPs) as described below. Saint Lucia is in the process of exploring a national REDD+ program and is implementing efforts to maintain its current forest cover, as well as undertaking efforts to protect watersheds by forest protection measures. Due to ongoing negotiations on Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, and the related uncertainties around double counting emissions reductions, Saint Lucia is not including forest sink capacity targets in this NDC revision.', 'Due to ongoing negotiations on Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, and the related uncertainties around double counting emissions reductions, Saint Lucia is not including forest sink capacity targets in this NDC revision. Saint Lucia will continue to look at challenges and opportunities in the sector, including capacity building, for a future inclusion of the forest and AFOLU sector in its NDCs. The cost of inaction on climate change in Saint Lucia has been calculated to be at 12.1% of GDP by 2025, rising to 24.5% by 2050 and 49.1% by 2100. These numbers were calculated well before 2020 when the COVID-19 global pandemic disrupted economies worldwide.', 'These numbers were calculated well before 2020 when the COVID-19 global pandemic disrupted economies worldwide. This pandemic also affected Saint Lucia’s overall economy, as the tourism sector, the largest revenue generating sector on the island, linked directly and indirectly to a number of sectors and livelihoods, was paralyzed for several months and remains so to some extent. While the long-term economic impacts of the pandemic are not yet known, the crisis has highlighted the extreme fragility of economies and development gains in tourism-based import-dependent SIDS such as Saint Lucia. Considering the facts mentioned above, and as part of the NAP process, Saint Lucia has committed to prioritising cross‐sectoral and sectoral adaptation measures for eight key sectors/thematic areas and a segment on the ‘limits to adaptation’.', 'Considering the facts mentioned above, and as part of the NAP process, Saint Lucia has committed to prioritising cross‐sectoral and sectoral adaptation measures for eight key sectors/thematic areas and a segment on the ‘limits to adaptation’. The NAP is complemented, incrementally, with SASAPs. Prioritysectors for adaptation action include: Tourism; Water; Agriculture; Fisheries; Infrastructure and spatial planning; Resilient Ecosystems; Education; and Health. SASAPs have already been developed for the Agriculture, Fisheries and Water sectors, as well as for Resilient Ecosystems (marine and terrestrial). Other key sectors and additional or new information will be identified and included through a cyclical, iterative NAP process.', 'Other key sectors and additional or new information will be identified and included through a cyclical, iterative NAP process. The NAP also considers a Monitoring and Evaluation Plan as part of the process, which aims to track progress on the actions and projects mentioned in the NAP and SASAPs. Another essential component of the NAP process is the financing of the adaptation measures to be implemented. Saint Lucia currently has in place a Climate Financing Strategy under the NAP, which considers different sources of financing such as Domestic Public Resources, International Public Finance, and Domestic and International Private Finance.', 'Saint Lucia currently has in place a Climate Financing Strategy under the NAP, which considers different sources of financing such as Domestic Public Resources, International Public Finance, and Domestic and International Private Finance. Consistent with the NAP process, the NAP Climate Financing Strategy is an ongoing and iterative process that would regularly evaluate funding needs and opportunities and would develop project or programme concepts to implement and assess the progress and impacts of these measures. It should be noted that Saint Lucia, as a SIDS, has very limited resources and is expected to mobilise a significant amount of international technical and financial resources to address climate change. Consequently, substantial international support will be needed to achieve the adaptation and mitigation activities proposed in this NDC.', 'Consequently, substantial international support will be needed to achieve the adaptation and mitigation activities proposed in this NDC. While adaptation is key to reducing risks and impacts of climate change, including nature-based solutions, lack of ambition in mitigating climate change at the global level may result in a number of limits to efforts undertaken by Saint Lucia. These include the inability of coastal ecosystems to adapt to increased rates and extent of sea level rise; insufficient financial resources to implement required adaptation strategies; and lack of effective or affordable technologies to provide coastal protection from impending sea level rise and extreme events. In Saint Lucia, these limits are categorized as biophysical, economic, technological, institutional, and social and cultural limits.', 'In Saint Lucia, these limits are categorized as biophysical, economic, technological, institutional, and social and cultural limits. These limits to adaptation may result in loss and damage, that is, impacts of climate change that occur despite the best mitigation and adaptation efforts. Saint Lucia is also committed to ensuring that Action for Climate Empowerment (ACE) becomes, as per Article 12 of the Paris Agreement, a key cross-cutting instrument to involve all levels of society in climate action, in particular most vulnerable groups (including children, youth, the elderly and people living with disabilities) in support of all elements of mitigation and adaptation. ACE has the potential to provide the social and political will for action, in addition to the scientific and technological know-how.', 'ACE has the potential to provide the social and political will for action, in addition to the scientific and technological know-how. As such, the country’s ACE commitments, as non-GHG targets, will help accelerate the achievement of the NDC. Loss and Damage Loss and Damage is addressed under Article 8 paragraph 1 of the Paris Agreement, recognizing the importance that parties should give to averting, minimizing and addressing loss and damage associated with the adverse effects of climate change. This includes extreme weather events and slow onset events; without ambitious global mitigation, there is also increased potential for both economic and non-economic loss and damage in Saint Lucia.', 'This includes extreme weather events and slow onset events; without ambitious global mitigation, there is also increased potential for both economic and non-economic loss and damage in Saint Lucia. As detailed in Saint Lucia’s NAP, all priority sectors are at risk of experiencing loss and damage as a result of increased climate impacts and limits to the ability to adapt to them. Potential loss and damage will resultfrom storm surges and salt water intrusion into freshwater supplies and agricultural land, frequent flooding and water shortages, which would lead to decreased food availability and security as well as permanent loss of territory due to sea level rise.', 'Potential loss and damage will resultfrom storm surges and salt water intrusion into freshwater supplies and agricultural land, frequent flooding and water shortages, which would lead to decreased food availability and security as well as permanent loss of territory due to sea level rise. Rising water temperatures and sea water CO2 concentration will result in damage to coral reefs and declines in commercially important fisheries stocks, as well as impact tourism, which is dependent on these ecosystems. Sea level rise and increased extreme climatic events will also result in loss of culturally and spiritually important landscapes and ultimately migration and displacement of coastal communities.', 'Sea level rise and increased extreme climatic events will also result in loss of culturally and spiritually important landscapes and ultimately migration and displacement of coastal communities. Temperature increase will directly result in increased risk of deaths and injuries associated with extreme events, and indirectly through increased water borne and vector borne disease outbreaks. Addressing the increased risk of significant levels of loss and damage due to climate change requires international support to implement a range of comprehensive risk management strategies, including improvement and / or creation of open sources of data to more effectively assess rising climate risks1.', 'Addressing the increased risk of significant levels of loss and damage due to climate change requires international support to implement a range of comprehensive risk management strategies, including improvement and / or creation of open sources of data to more effectively assess rising climate risks1. Such strategies include expanding livelihood protection policies that assist vulnerable, low-income individuals to recover from damages associated with extreme weather events; establishing contingency funds for climate impacts with flexible and rapid dispersal systems; providing support and protection for internally displaced persons, persons displaced across borders and host communities; providing support for the preservation or reestablishment of non-economic values that may be damaged during human mobility or otherwise.', 'Such strategies include expanding livelihood protection policies that assist vulnerable, low-income individuals to recover from damages associated with extreme weather events; establishing contingency funds for climate impacts with flexible and rapid dispersal systems; providing support and protection for internally displaced persons, persons displaced across borders and host communities; providing support for the preservation or reestablishment of non-economic values that may be damaged during human mobility or otherwise. As climate risks increase, existing and potential risk transfer mechanisms to address loss and damage, such as continued membership in the Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility, may lead to a rise in costs beyond the capacity of the national budget.', 'As climate risks increase, existing and potential risk transfer mechanisms to address loss and damage, such as continued membership in the Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility, may lead to a rise in costs beyond the capacity of the national budget. As such, international support to meet the rising costs of addressing loss and damage with such risk transfer mechanisms would be necessary.', 'As such, international support to meet the rising costs of addressing loss and damage with such risk transfer mechanisms would be necessary. 1 Saint Lucia’s Cabinet-endorsed Climate Change Research Policy and Strategy lay out the Government of Saint Lucia’s efforts to enhance and promote collaboration on climate change-relevant research in the country by providing the necessary guidance for research partners to plan and undertake disciplinary, interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary fit- for-purpose studies to contribute to sound decision-making and climate action, including on the topics of adaptation, mitigation and loss and damage.Sustainable Development 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development In addition to adaptation, Saint Lucia is committed to linking NDC implementation to the country’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) agenda, with a particular emphasis on development outcomes that contribute to building the resilience of most vulnerable groups.', '1 Saint Lucia’s Cabinet-endorsed Climate Change Research Policy and Strategy lay out the Government of Saint Lucia’s efforts to enhance and promote collaboration on climate change-relevant research in the country by providing the necessary guidance for research partners to plan and undertake disciplinary, interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary fit- for-purpose studies to contribute to sound decision-making and climate action, including on the topics of adaptation, mitigation and loss and damage.Sustainable Development 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development In addition to adaptation, Saint Lucia is committed to linking NDC implementation to the country’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) agenda, with a particular emphasis on development outcomes that contribute to building the resilience of most vulnerable groups. The Government will, as far possible, seek to achieve the social co- benefits of the mitigation measures presented in the NDC.', 'The Government will, as far possible, seek to achieve the social co- benefits of the mitigation measures presented in the NDC. This will be done through a holistic and multi-sectoral approach to low-carbon development and climate resilience, which encompasses education, health, food security, water and sanitation, housing and social protection, in line with its Medium- Term Development Strategy (MTDS) 2020-2023. Specifically, the MTDS national priorities include three Economic areas - tourism, agriculture and infrastructure, and three Social - healthcare, education and citizen security. Saint Lucia’s sustainable development agenda emphasizes People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership with seven (7) strategic development pillars to support socio-economic growth aspirations that are all intrinsically linked to Saint Lucia’s climate change priorities.', 'Saint Lucia’s sustainable development agenda emphasizes People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership with seven (7) strategic development pillars to support socio-economic growth aspirations that are all intrinsically linked to Saint Lucia’s climate change priorities. Saint Lucia’s overarching environmental priority remains, as addressing the adverse effects of climate change, which impacts and cuts across every area and sector that contributes to Saint Lucia’s sustainable development. While Saint Lucia has made many advances towards the SDGs, the impacts of climate change; on top of high import, export and transportation costs, dependence on ocean resources, increasing biodiversity loss, reliance on external markets, and limited financial recovery space; continues to put an additional burden on the ability to achieve sustainable development, especially as outlined in the SIDS Accelerated Modalities of Action (S.A.M.O.A.)', 'While Saint Lucia has made many advances towards the SDGs, the impacts of climate change; on top of high import, export and transportation costs, dependence on ocean resources, increasing biodiversity loss, reliance on external markets, and limited financial recovery space; continues to put an additional burden on the ability to achieve sustainable development, especially as outlined in the SIDS Accelerated Modalities of Action (S.A.M.O.A.) Pathway.', 'While Saint Lucia has made many advances towards the SDGs, the impacts of climate change; on top of high import, export and transportation costs, dependence on ocean resources, increasing biodiversity loss, reliance on external markets, and limited financial recovery space; continues to put an additional burden on the ability to achieve sustainable development, especially as outlined in the SIDS Accelerated Modalities of Action (S.A.M.O.A.) Pathway. Strategic Development Pillar Corresponding SDGs Building strong institutions that are a platform for growth and development SDG 16: Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions Adaptation for environmental sustainability, climate change and disaster SDG 1: End Poverty SDG 2: Zero Hunger SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities SDG 12: Responsible Consumption SDG 13: Climate Action SDG 14: Life Below Water SDG 15: Life on Land Building productive capacity and expanding growth opportunities SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth SDG 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure Enhancing the labour force through education training and workforce development SDG 4: Quality Education SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth SDG 10: Reduced Inequalities Infrastructure, connectivity and energy – key for growth SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy SDG 9: Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities SDG 12: Responsible Consumption Improving health and wellness SDG 2: Zero Hunger SDG 3: Good Health and Well Being for All People Social Transformation, building social resilience and social capital SDG 1: End Poverty SDG 4: Quality Education SDG 5: Gender Equality SDG 2: Zero HungerDuring Saint Lucia’s 2019 Voluntary National Review (VNR) on the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development under the United Nations High Level Political Forum (HLPF), the progress made and the challenges faced in implementing the SDGs under review at the 2019 HLPF VNR were highlighted.', 'Strategic Development Pillar Corresponding SDGs Building strong institutions that are a platform for growth and development SDG 16: Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions Adaptation for environmental sustainability, climate change and disaster SDG 1: End Poverty SDG 2: Zero Hunger SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities SDG 12: Responsible Consumption SDG 13: Climate Action SDG 14: Life Below Water SDG 15: Life on Land Building productive capacity and expanding growth opportunities SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth SDG 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure Enhancing the labour force through education training and workforce development SDG 4: Quality Education SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth SDG 10: Reduced Inequalities Infrastructure, connectivity and energy – key for growth SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy SDG 9: Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities SDG 12: Responsible Consumption Improving health and wellness SDG 2: Zero Hunger SDG 3: Good Health and Well Being for All People Social Transformation, building social resilience and social capital SDG 1: End Poverty SDG 4: Quality Education SDG 5: Gender Equality SDG 2: Zero HungerDuring Saint Lucia’s 2019 Voluntary National Review (VNR) on the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development under the United Nations High Level Political Forum (HLPF), the progress made and the challenges faced in implementing the SDGs under review at the 2019 HLPF VNR were highlighted. As it relates to the Paris Agreement, Saint Lucia’s VNR report submitted and the national presentation provided, highlighted additional detail on progress made and challenges faced in implementing SDG 13: Climate Action and SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy.', 'As it relates to the Paris Agreement, Saint Lucia’s VNR report submitted and the national presentation provided, highlighted additional detail on progress made and challenges faced in implementing SDG 13: Climate Action and SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy. Through the implementation of the NDC, Saint Lucia is committed to ensuring SDG co-benefits and will report against those through the established processes under the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Gender Equality In line with Saint Lucia’s commitment to SDG 5: Gender Equality, Saint Lucia continues the process of mainstreaming gender in national strategic planning and programming across government and specifically within climate change considerations, including Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions and National Adaptation Plan initiatives.', 'Gender Equality In line with Saint Lucia’s commitment to SDG 5: Gender Equality, Saint Lucia continues the process of mainstreaming gender in national strategic planning and programming across government and specifically within climate change considerations, including Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions and National Adaptation Plan initiatives. Through this commitment, gender considerations have assumed more prominence in recent times from non-inclusion in Saint Lucia s First National Communication of 2001 to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC); to specific reference to women as a vulnerable group in Saint Lucia s Climate Change Adaptation Policy (CCAP) of 2015; to inclusion of gender considerations in Saint Lucia s National Adaptation Plan (NAP) and supplements of 2018 and beyond, including the Sectoral Adaptation Strategies and Actions Plans (SASAPs) in Water, Agriculture, Fisheries (2018), as well as the more recent Resilient Ecosystems Adaptation Strategy and Action Plan (REASAP, 2020).', 'Through this commitment, gender considerations have assumed more prominence in recent times from non-inclusion in Saint Lucia s First National Communication of 2001 to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC); to specific reference to women as a vulnerable group in Saint Lucia s Climate Change Adaptation Policy (CCAP) of 2015; to inclusion of gender considerations in Saint Lucia s National Adaptation Plan (NAP) and supplements of 2018 and beyond, including the Sectoral Adaptation Strategies and Actions Plans (SASAPs) in Water, Agriculture, Fisheries (2018), as well as the more recent Resilient Ecosystems Adaptation Strategy and Action Plan (REASAP, 2020). Saint Lucia’s Gender Relations Department is developing the national gender equality policy and strategic plan, which includes environmental sustainability with focus on climate change as a thematic priority.', 'Saint Lucia’s Gender Relations Department is developing the national gender equality policy and strategic plan, which includes environmental sustainability with focus on climate change as a thematic priority. The thematic priorities are geared toward capacity development, institutional strengthening institutional architecture and greater accountability. The CCAP has identified that its success will in part depend on the extent of stakeholder (including women and vulnerable groups) ownership and participation in the implementation of the CCAP priorities. Saint Lucia has therefore continued to systematically and adequately address gender considerations in the project design, consultation, implementation and monitoring stages when project concepts are being developed, amalgamated or expanded for funding consideration.', 'Saint Lucia has therefore continued to systematically and adequately address gender considerations in the project design, consultation, implementation and monitoring stages when project concepts are being developed, amalgamated or expanded for funding consideration. In 2019, a regional project benefitting nine Caribbean countries, including Saint Lucia, was launched - Enabling Gender-Responsive Disaster Recovery, Climate and Environmental Resilience in the Caribbean (EnGenDER). The EnGenDER project will be the starting point for a more substantive gender integration in climate change and should act as a catalyst for the acceleration of gender equality initiatives in Saint Lucia. To foster equality in adaptation benefits, Saint Lucia’s NAP and associated SASAPs focus on vulnerable groups.', 'To foster equality in adaptation benefits, Saint Lucia’s NAP and associated SASAPs focus on vulnerable groups. While they include activities focusing on women and men generally based on a number of vulnerability factors, they do not identify activities that are specific to either women or men, owing to the lack of data on differential needs. Saint Lucia is working to collect and assess gender-disaggregated information allowing planners and decision-makers to consider who will be impacted even before implementation.', 'Saint Lucia is working to collect and assess gender-disaggregated information allowing planners and decision-makers to consider who will be impacted even before implementation. To support this effort, Saint Lucia through the EnGenDER project will be undertaking sectoral gender assessments for selected sectors and developing guidelines for the development of gender- responsive Sectoral Adaptation Strategies and Action Plans.Children and Youth As a signatory to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), Saint Lucia supports actions that seek to reaffirm its commitment to the development of its children and youth, by encouraging their involvement in the decision-making process on climate change matters at the national and global levels.', 'To support this effort, Saint Lucia through the EnGenDER project will be undertaking sectoral gender assessments for selected sectors and developing guidelines for the development of gender- responsive Sectoral Adaptation Strategies and Action Plans.Children and Youth As a signatory to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), Saint Lucia supports actions that seek to reaffirm its commitment to the development of its children and youth, by encouraging their involvement in the decision-making process on climate change matters at the national and global levels. Further, Saint Lucia sees the importance of preparing all children and youth, including those with disabilities, to participate in future planning/decision making processes by providing equal access to education.', 'Further, Saint Lucia sees the importance of preparing all children and youth, including those with disabilities, to participate in future planning/decision making processes by providing equal access to education. This is reflected in Saint Lucia acceding to the Marrakesh Treaty as it relates to Persons Who Are Blind, Visually Impaired, or Otherwise Print Disabled. Efforts are underway to pilot a project which will be expanded to provide reading support for students with print disabilities. Through the print sharing medium, climate change-relevant curriculum material will be provided to students with print disabilities, thus allowing for access to formal and informal education on climate change for all.', 'Through the print sharing medium, climate change-relevant curriculum material will be provided to students with print disabilities, thus allowing for access to formal and informal education on climate change for all. The Government, through the National Coordinating Committee for Human Rights, works very closely with the National Council of and for Persons with Disabilities in protecting the rights of its Constituents. As per its Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA), the Government takes measures in the areas of renewable energy and energy efficiency solutions and technologies in school buildings (GHG emission- related activities such as lighting, air conditioning or cooking) as well as renewable energy generation on school sites.', 'As per its Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA), the Government takes measures in the areas of renewable energy and energy efficiency solutions and technologies in school buildings (GHG emission- related activities such as lighting, air conditioning or cooking) as well as renewable energy generation on school sites. The NAMA’s targets include 20% reduction in energy consumption and 16% reduction of GHG emissions [aligned with iNDC target of 16% by 2025, 23% by 2030] both to be achieved by 2025. Such efforts will increase access to adequate resilient educational infrastructure, including sustainable energy. Saint Lucia’s youth and children have also been integrated into building resilience to climate change through enhancing food security through school gardening programmes and community groups.', 'Saint Lucia’s youth and children have also been integrated into building resilience to climate change through enhancing food security through school gardening programmes and community groups. One such example in Saint Lucia is the outfitting of several primary schools with greenhouses through support programmes of the Ministry of Agriculture. The children are involved in gardening with the support of caretakers, farmers from the community and extension officers, as appropriate, noting that Agricultural Science is taught at Secondary and not Primary level. Prior to the COVID-19 global pandemic, 70-80 percent of primary schools had functional gardens. These programmes also support the national school feeding programme.', 'These programmes also support the national school feeding programme. There are unique arrangements for the share of produce between volunteering farmers and the schools.Information for Clarity Transparency and Understanding Information for Clarity Transparency and Understanding 1. Quantified information on the reference point, including, as appropriate, a base year a. Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s) The reference year used in Sant Lucia’s updated NDC is 2010, the same as in the first NDC. b. Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year Saint Lucia’s emissions in 2010 are estimated to be 643 GgCO2 eq. as communicated in the first NDC. Net emissions considering carbon removal from eq in 2010.', 'Net emissions considering carbon removal from eq in 2010. BAU emissions from the first NDC for 2025 is e. c. For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or policies and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information This is not applicable to Saint Lucia. d. Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction 7% (7.2%) GHG emissions reduction in the energy sector relative to 2010, by eq.', 'd. Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction 7% (7.2%) GHG emissions reduction in the energy sector relative to 2010, by eq. e. Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s) The sources of data used in quantifying the reference points are the following: ● Saint Lucia’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution, 2015 ● Saint Lucia’s Third National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), 2017 ● National Energy Transition Strategy (NETS), 2017 ● Saint Lucia’s 2018 National Inventory Reports (August, 2020)2 ● World Development Indicators, World Bank3 (retrieved data in 2020) ● United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (retrieved data ● United States Energy Information Administration (retrieved data in 2020) ● LUCELEC Annual Report, 2018 ● Caribbean Energy Report Card, 2019 ● Data provided by: ○ Buckeye ○ Energy Division f. Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators Saint Lucia may update the base year data in future NDCs on the basis of additional technical analysis in Biennial Update Reports, National Communications, and as the economic impacts of COVID-19 become better understood.', 'e. Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s) The sources of data used in quantifying the reference points are the following: ● Saint Lucia’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution, 2015 ● Saint Lucia’s Third National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), 2017 ● National Energy Transition Strategy (NETS), 2017 ● Saint Lucia’s 2018 National Inventory Reports (August, 2020)2 ● World Development Indicators, World Bank3 (retrieved data in 2020) ● United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (retrieved data ● United States Energy Information Administration (retrieved data in 2020) ● LUCELEC Annual Report, 2018 ● Caribbean Energy Report Card, 2019 ● Data provided by: ○ Buckeye ○ Energy Division f. Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators Saint Lucia may update the base year data in future NDCs on the basis of additional technical analysis in Biennial Update Reports, National Communications, and as the economic impacts of COVID-19 become better understood. 2.', 'e. Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s) The sources of data used in quantifying the reference points are the following: ● Saint Lucia’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution, 2015 ● Saint Lucia’s Third National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), 2017 ● National Energy Transition Strategy (NETS), 2017 ● Saint Lucia’s 2018 National Inventory Reports (August, 2020)2 ● World Development Indicators, World Bank3 (retrieved data in 2020) ● United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (retrieved data ● United States Energy Information Administration (retrieved data in 2020) ● LUCELEC Annual Report, 2018 ● Caribbean Energy Report Card, 2019 ● Data provided by: ○ Buckeye ○ Energy Division f. Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators Saint Lucia may update the base year data in future NDCs on the basis of additional technical analysis in Biennial Update Reports, National Communications, and as the economic impacts of COVID-19 become better understood. 2. Time frames and/or periods for implementation 2 Saint Lucia’s 2018 National Inventory Reports is a component of the first Biennial Update Report, currently under development.', 'Time frames and/or periods for implementation 2 Saint Lucia’s 2018 National Inventory Reports is a component of the first Biennial Update Report, currently under development. 3 Data was taken from the databases of the World Bank, UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, and the United States Energy Information Administration for development indicators, population projections and energy consumption respectively, and the year referenced is the year that the data was retrieved.Information for Clarity Transparency and Understanding a. Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the CMA; The targets are a continuation and expansion of efforts listed in the first NDC to meet the targets for 2025 and 2030. Saint Lucia has already begun to implement these targets. b.', 'Saint Lucia has already begun to implement these targets. b. Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable. Single Year Target 3. Scope and coverage a. General description of the target; Saint Lucia’s target is a sector-wide emissions reductions target using 2010 as base year, covering IPCC’s energy (electricity generation and transportation) sector. b. Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with IPCC guidelines; Sectors: ● Energy: electricity generation and transportation Gases: ● Carbon Dioxide (CO2 ) ● Methane (CH4 ) ● Nitrous Oxide (N2 O) A co-benefit of reducing CO2 emission from the electricity generation and transportation sectors is that there will also be concomitant reductions in emissions in other gases like NMVOCs.', 'Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with IPCC guidelines; Sectors: ● Energy: electricity generation and transportation Gases: ● Carbon Dioxide (CO2 ) ● Methane (CH4 ) ● Nitrous Oxide (N2 O) A co-benefit of reducing CO2 emission from the electricity generation and transportation sectors is that there will also be concomitant reductions in emissions in other gases like NMVOCs. c. How the Party has taken into consideration paragraphs 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21; As per paragraph 31(c) of decision 1/CP.21, Saint Lucia is not including IPCC’s AFOLU, IPPU and waste sectors. Saint Lucia assessed whether other sources and sinks of emissions could be included in this updated NDC, but concluded that the energy sector accounts for approximately 90% of its total emissions, and has the largest potential for significant emissions reductions.', 'Saint Lucia assessed whether other sources and sinks of emissions could be included in this updated NDC, but concluded that the energy sector accounts for approximately 90% of its total emissions, and has the largest potential for significant emissions reductions. Certain data gaps in other sectors also added to the challenge of expanding the scope of this NDC. Efforts will be made to address these data gaps over time with the support of national, regional and international partners. As a Party to the Montreal Protocol, Saint Lucia is currently implementing a Kigali Amendment Enabling Activities Project with the intention to deposit the instrument of ratification by June 2021. With support, Saint Lucia intends to build capacity in this sector, with a view for possible inclusion in future NDCs.', 'With support, Saint Lucia intends to build capacity in this sector, with a view for possible inclusion in future NDCs. d. Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans. The National Adaptation Plan for Saint Lucia (2018) (NAP) and the Sectoral Adaptation Strategy and Action Plans (SASAPs) include mitigation co-benefits. These are primarily within the Agriculture, Fisheries and Water sectors where SASAPs have been developed. An Adaptation Strategy and Action Plan has also been completed for Resilient Ecosystems (marine and terrestrial).', 'An Adaptation Strategy and Action Plan has also been completed for Resilient Ecosystems (marine and terrestrial). Some of the co-benefits expected for specific activities are as follows: ● Carbon sequestration by developing and implementing better practices in agricultural production; ● Reduced emissions from implementing fuel efficient technologies for aquaculture and fishing operations; ● Reduced emissions from wastewater management and introduction of renewable energy technologies in the Water sector; ● Reduced emissions from implementing resilient ecosystem activities to better manage the available ecosystem services and resources.Information for Clarity Transparency and Understanding As part of the NAP process, Saint Lucia is still developing other SASAPs, which will address the remaining priority sectors: Infrastructure and Spatial Planning, Health, Education and Tourism. These additional SASAPs might include projects with co-benefits on adaptation actions.', 'These additional SASAPs might include projects with co-benefits on adaptation actions. The mitigation co-benefits of adaptation actions listed here were not quantitatively evaluated due to a lack of quality data and technical resources. However, Saint Lucia has already begun efforts to implement a Monitoring and Evaluation Plan for Saint Lucia’s NAP, which focuses on tracking the implementation of the cross-sectoral and sectoral measures included in the NAP and SASAPs. This tool will monitor and evaluate adaptation, and to some extent, mitigation actions on climate change implemented in Saint Lucia and include new or additional information as part of the NAP iterative process.', 'This tool will monitor and evaluate adaptation, and to some extent, mitigation actions on climate change implemented in Saint Lucia and include new or additional information as part of the NAP iterative process. The mitigation co-benefits from forest sector interventions cannot be included at this point due to ongoing negotiations on Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, in conjunction with Saint Lucia’s exploration of a national REDD+ program. 4. Planning Process a. Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its NDC and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: i.', 'Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its NDC and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: i. Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities4 and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner; Led by the Department of Sustainable Development in consultation with the Energy Division and the Department for Economic Development, and building on the lesson learnt from the multi-stakeholder engagement process used in 2015 to develop the first NDC, Saint Lucia began the revision process in 2019. In August 2019, Saint Lucia submitted a request for support to the NDC Partnership’s Climate Action Enhancement Package (CAEP).', 'In August 2019, Saint Lucia submitted a request for support to the NDC Partnership’s Climate Action Enhancement Package (CAEP). Through the CAEP, Saint Lucia has received technical assistance from Climate Analytics (CA), the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) Commission, the Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI) and the World Resources Institute (WRI). Building on the National Energy Transition Strategy (NETS) developed in 2017 and the 2018 GHG inventory completed in 2020 under the BUR process, the DSD led a series of interlinked multi-stakeholder gender-responsive interactive consultations, including government Ministries, private sector, civil society and youth. The feedback received from the different stakeholders was taken into consideration in the energy system modeling and the mitigation options being considered.', 'The feedback received from the different stakeholders was taken into consideration in the energy system modeling and the mitigation options being considered. Saint Lucia’s Updated NDC was submitted to, and endorsed by the Cabinet of Ministers in January 2021. Implementation: Saint Lucia has developed an Implementation Plan and a Financing Strategy for the NDC. In addition, in 2019, Saint Lucia’s Cabinet endorsed its NDC Partnership Plan, which will be updated subsequent to the submission of the NDC to the UNFCCC.', 'In addition, in 2019, Saint Lucia’s Cabinet endorsed its NDC Partnership Plan, which will be updated subsequent to the submission of the NDC to the UNFCCC. 4In the engagement of stakeholders and the development of climate-relevant instruments, the Government of Saint Lucia is guided by its Cabinet-approved Climate Change Private Sector Engagement Strategy and the Climate Change Communications Strategy.Information for Clarity Transparency and Understanding Saint Lucia’s National Climate Change Committee (NCCC), established in 1998, has the mandate to provide advice and support to national climate change- related programmes and processes and comprises public, statutory, academic and private sector bodies whose work is related to climate change.', '4In the engagement of stakeholders and the development of climate-relevant instruments, the Government of Saint Lucia is guided by its Cabinet-approved Climate Change Private Sector Engagement Strategy and the Climate Change Communications Strategy.Information for Clarity Transparency and Understanding Saint Lucia’s National Climate Change Committee (NCCC), established in 1998, has the mandate to provide advice and support to national climate change- related programmes and processes and comprises public, statutory, academic and private sector bodies whose work is related to climate change. Saint Lucia is working to strengthen the role of the NCCC and anticipates that the Committee will play a strong role in coordinating and facilitating the implementation of climate change actions, including that of the NDC. ii. Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: 1.', 'Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: 1. National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication; Geography: The small island of Saint Lucia is part of a volcanically active ridge in the Eastern Caribbean, connecting with the islands of Martinique in the north and St. Vincent and the Grenadines in the south. At its widest point, the island is 22 km wide and 42 km long, with approximately 158 km of coastlines. Its land area is approximately 616 km2, with mostly rugged landscape characterized by mountains along a centrally located north-south oriented mountain range, deep valleys and rivers. Climate: Saint Lucia’s location in the Atlantic Ocean/Caribbean Sea means that the average ambient sea surface temperature varies little from 26.6 C at any given time.', 'Climate: Saint Lucia’s location in the Atlantic Ocean/Caribbean Sea means that the average ambient sea surface temperature varies little from 26.6 C at any given time. The island receives almost a constant amount of surface solar radiation over time. These characteristics give Saint Lucia a tropical maritime climate characterised by warm air temperatures ranging between 21 C and 32 C. The island has two climatic seasons based on rainfall. The wet season falls between June and November, and the dry season runs from December to May. Rainfall has a measurable geographic effect, varying from about 1265 mm in the relatively flat coastal regions to about 3420 mm in the elevated interior region.', 'Rainfall has a measurable geographic effect, varying from about 1265 mm in the relatively flat coastal regions to about 3420 mm in the elevated interior region. Saint Lucia has experienced drought conditions since 2012, resulting in a decline in the total annual and temporal distribution of rainfall. Tropical disturbances in the wet season occur at a predictable frequency of roughly one every four days. Economy: Saint Lucia is an upper middle-income country, with its GDP per capita (constant 2010 US$) at 9,350 in 2019 (World Bank). The economy underwent a structural adjustment in 1990, that has since seen the service sector, particularly tourism, leading economic growth. Interlinked with tourism, real estate, construction and the transport sectors are the leading contributors to GDP.', 'Interlinked with tourism, real estate, construction and the transport sectors are the leading contributors to GDP. Saint Lucia’s economy is very much connected with global events. Steady growth from 2000 was interrupted by the terror events in the United States in 2001, and then again, the Great Recession in 2008. Slower-than-expected recovery of the global economy exerted downward pressures in the local economy, resulting in negative growth between 2009-2014. Agriculture has experienced the greatest cumulative decline since 2009, while tourism holds the potential to deliver an economic turnaround, the COVID-19 global pandemic has placed challenges on this. For a tourism-dependent SIDS, the COVID-19 global pandemic could have catastrophic impacts for the sustainable development and viability of the economy of Saint Lucia.', 'For a tourism-dependent SIDS, the COVID-19 global pandemic could have catastrophic impacts for the sustainable development and viability of the economy of Saint Lucia. The crisis has highlighted the fragility of Saint Lucia’s economy and without a coordinated international response, could severely undermine development gains and the achievement of long-term low-emission sustainable development. Sustainable development: Saint Lucia made a commitment to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Saint Lucia has developed an inclusive and strategic Medium-Term Development Strategy (MTDS) 2020-2023. The MTDS’Information for Clarity Transparency and Understanding national priorities include three Economic areas - tourism, agriculture and infrastructure, and three Social - healthcare, education and citizen security. Saint Lucia’s overarching environmental priority remains addressing the adverse effects of climate change, which impacts every area of our sustainable development.', 'Saint Lucia’s overarching environmental priority remains addressing the adverse effects of climate change, which impacts every area of our sustainable development. Poverty eradication: The Government’s Statistics Department indicated an estimated population of 172,623 in 2015. The population is relatively young, with 46.9% below 30 years old. Saint Lucia achieved universal secondary education in 2006. 2. Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the NDC; The following are some of the best practices that have been identified during the preparation of Saint Lucia’s NDC: ● A key component of Saint Lucia’s NDC is that it was built upon existing processes, data collection, policies, initiatives, and commitments - including the NETS, NAP, SASAPs, BUR development and Saint Lucia’s Climate Change Research Policy and Strategy.', 'Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the NDC; The following are some of the best practices that have been identified during the preparation of Saint Lucia’s NDC: ● A key component of Saint Lucia’s NDC is that it was built upon existing processes, data collection, policies, initiatives, and commitments - including the NETS, NAP, SASAPs, BUR development and Saint Lucia’s Climate Change Research Policy and Strategy. In doing so, Saint Lucia was able to take advantage of updated inventories, robust data and cross- cutting expertise. ● Capitalising on the synergies and timing of the different processes, Saint Lucia increased collaboration across Implementing Partners and reduced the need to conduct separate stakeholder consultations on similar issues, therefore reducing stakeholder fatigue.', '● Capitalising on the synergies and timing of the different processes, Saint Lucia increased collaboration across Implementing Partners and reduced the need to conduct separate stakeholder consultations on similar issues, therefore reducing stakeholder fatigue. It is essential for Implementing Partners to work together in a seamless manner. ● In determining the level of ambition, it was crucial for Saint Lucia to undertake long-term energy system modeling for 2050 and what would subsequently be recommended at 2030 to support energy transformation, decarbonisation and building resilience. ● The engagement of stakeholders from public sector, private sector, academia and civil society was key to ensuring the interest and buy-in to the NDC process and revised targets. Specific engagement was undertaken with the youth, who account for a large percentage of the population.', 'Specific engagement was undertaken with the youth, who account for a large percentage of the population. ● Please see Section 4(a)(i) for the Cabinet-approved guidance on the engagement of stakeholders and the development of climate-relevant instruments. b. Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement; c. Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; Saint Lucia is not part of an agreement to act jointly under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement.', 'Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement; c. Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; Saint Lucia is not part of an agreement to act jointly under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement. d. How the Party’s preparation of its NDC has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; The first global stocktake will take place in 2023 and Saint Lucia is committed to the implementation, monitoring and evaluation tools to inform the progress on the targets proposed in this NDC, the NAP and SASAPs e. Each Party with an NDC under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on:Information for Clarity Transparency and Understanding i.', 'd. How the Party’s preparation of its NDC has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; The first global stocktake will take place in 2023 and Saint Lucia is committed to the implementation, monitoring and evaluation tools to inform the progress on the targets proposed in this NDC, the NAP and SASAPs e. Each Party with an NDC under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on:Information for Clarity Transparency and Understanding i. How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the NDC; The effects on vulnerability, resilience, economic transformation and standards of living were considered in developing the updated NDC.', 'How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the NDC; The effects on vulnerability, resilience, economic transformation and standards of living were considered in developing the updated NDC. ii. Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. The following projects and project concepts are expected to have mitigation co-benefits from adaptation actions.', 'The following projects and project concepts are expected to have mitigation co-benefits from adaptation actions. These are included in the project portfolios of the different SASAPs or any additional adaptation projects to be implemented with international support not included within the SASAPs. Water SASAP: ● Improving energy efficiency within the water sector in Saint Lucia through the introduction of renewable energy technologies into the operations of the Water and Sewerage Company Inc. ● Pig farms’ wastewater and manure management: Piloting solutions to reduce water pollution under a changing climate. Fisheries SASAP: ● Increasing the capacity of fishers and other actors to manage climate risks through improved data management and Early Warning Systems (EWS).', 'Fisheries SASAP: ● Increasing the capacity of fishers and other actors to manage climate risks through improved data management and Early Warning Systems (EWS). Agriculture SASAP: ● Climate Resilient Agriculture Demonstration Centre (CRADE): Enabling the transformation of vulnerable groups in 3 subsistence farming communities into competitive national agribusiness leaders under a changing climate. ● Building Resilience for Adaptation to Climate Change vulnerabilities in Agriculture. Resilient Ecosystems ASAP: ● Establishing the basis for improving beach management and coastal erosion control under changing climate conditions in Saint Lucia. ● Building ecological and livelihood resilience in Saint Lucia through the establishment of the Iyanola Park Biosphere Reserve. ● Evaluation of shoreline stabilisation technologies in selected vulnerable coastal areas in Saint Lucia. ● Enabling ecosystem restoration and management for climate resilience buildings.', '● Enabling ecosystem restoration and management for climate resilience buildings. ● Building climate resilience and enhancing livelihood opportunities through improved forest management in Saint Lucia. ● Solving the die-back of the largest mangrove in Saint Lucia to strengthen the country’s climate resilience. As mentioned in 3(d) above, Saint Lucia is still in the process of developing additional SASAPs for other priority sectors for adaptation. As the development of the NAP and SASAPs is a continuous and ongoing process, these might, in the future, include projects with mitigation co-benefits on adaptation actions; however, they are not mentioned here as the specific projects could change or additional projects added to the current project portfolios. 5.', 'As the development of the NAP and SASAPs is a continuous and ongoing process, these might, in the future, include projects with mitigation co-benefits on adaptation actions; however, they are not mentioned here as the specific projects could change or additional projects added to the current project portfolios. 5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: a. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with Saint Lucia will account for its anthropogenic GHG emissions and removals using the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories as guided by 1/CP.21 Article 4, paragraph 13 of the Paris Agreement.Information for Clarity Transparency and Understanding decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; b. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; Please see 5(a) above.', 'Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: a. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with Saint Lucia will account for its anthropogenic GHG emissions and removals using the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories as guided by 1/CP.21 Article 4, paragraph 13 of the Paris Agreement.Information for Clarity Transparency and Understanding decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; b. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; Please see 5(a) above. Saint Lucia will also apply specific assumptions and methodologies, where relevant, when accounting for the progress of various policies and measures in its Biennial Update Report and the 4th National Communication anticipated to start in 2021. c. If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; Please see 5(a) above.', 'Saint Lucia will also apply specific assumptions and methodologies, where relevant, when accounting for the progress of various policies and measures in its Biennial Update Report and the 4th National Communication anticipated to start in 2021. c. If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; Please see 5(a) above. d. IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; Saint Lucia’s emissions for CO2 O will be derived using the Tier 1 method of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. e. Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: i.', 'e. Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: i. Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; Not applicable. Saint Lucia does not currently commit to a mitigation target in the AFOLU sector. ii. Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products; Not applicable. iii. Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; Not applicable. f. Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: i. How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; Not applicable.', 'How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; Not applicable. Please see Section 5(a-e) for assumptions and methodologies used. ii. For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non- greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; Not applicable. iii. For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not Not applicable.Information for Clarity Transparency and Understanding covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated; iv. Further technical information, as necessary; Not applicable. g. The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable.', 'g. The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable. National level market-based instruments, such as cap-and- trade emission trading schemes and offsetting, are crucial to price carbon emissions and keep the costs of mitigation in Saint Lucia low. These will be pursued to encourage implementation of the proposed mitigation measures drawing on any applicable international arrangements. Saint Lucia is in the process of developing a national REDD+ program. 6. How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in light of its national circumstances a.', 'How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in light of its national circumstances a. How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; The Government of Saint Lucia is steadfast in its conviction that global mitigation efforts should focus on stabilizing global GHG emissions at levels that will limit increases in global average temperatures to well below 1.5°C above pre- industrial levels. Nevertheless, the Government of Saint Lucia has decided to pursue an aggressive and ambitious plan to reduce its emissions by focusing on the Energy, Electricity Generation and Transportation sectors. b. Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; See 6(a) above.', 'Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; See 6(a) above. c. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; Saint Lucia’s updated NDC represents a significant enhancement of its first NDC. Under the targets proposed in this updated NDC, Saint Lucia expects its total emissions to decrease from 505 GgCO2 eq. (2010 estimate) within the Energy eq by 2030. This would translate from an effective 2% GHG emission reduction as pledged in the 2015 NDC to 7% GHG emissions reduction in the energy sector relative to 2010, by 2030. In addition to the increase in mitigation ambition, the submission of this updated NDC, is also an enhancement in the following ways: 1. Saint Lucia has moved from a BAU approach to a base year approach. 2.', 'Saint Lucia has moved from a BAU approach to a base year approach. 2. Saint Lucia has strengthened the adaptation, SDG, Gender, Children/Youth and loss & damage component of the NDC. In 2019, Saint Lucia’s Cabinet of Ministers endorsed the NDC Partnership Plan with the goal of supporting the implementation of the 2015 targets. In line with the 2020 NDC, Saint Lucia has developed an Implementation Plan and a Financing Strategy for the NDC with concrete measures and timeline for their implementation to transition the NDC target to real action and emission reductions, provided the access to the requisite support is forthcoming. This builds upon and is to be executed alongside Saint Lucia NDC Partnership Plan.', 'This builds upon and is to be executed alongside Saint Lucia NDC Partnership Plan. While national efforts are underway and will continue to be exerted toward emission reduction, in accordance with the obligation of developed countries under the UNFCCC Convention and the Articles of the Paris Agreement, Saint Lucia anticipates implementing the NDC through access to multilateral and bilateral support including through the Green Climate Fund, multilateral agencies and bilateral arrangements with development partners. These funds will be used to leverage the limited national resources and technical capacitiesInformation for Clarity Transparency and Understanding that are available for combating climate change.', 'These funds will be used to leverage the limited national resources and technical capacitiesInformation for Clarity Transparency and Understanding that are available for combating climate change. d. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; The ambition of this target must be considered against the background of the country’s small, open economy and limitations in natural, financial, technological and human resources to implement the measures necessary to achieve the intended emissions reductions. It must also be noted that the value of Saint Lucia’s forest cover as a carbon sink is recognized, despite the fact that these values are not included in the projections.', 'It must also be noted that the value of Saint Lucia’s forest cover as a carbon sink is recognized, despite the fact that these values are not included in the projections. e. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement; Saint Lucia, as a SIDS and considering Article 4, paragraph 6, has the option to prepare and communicate strategies, plans and actions reflecting its special circumstances. In light of Saint Lucia’s commitment to limiting increases in global average temperatures to well below 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, it has submitted a quantifiable target as outlined in 1(b) above.', 'In light of Saint Lucia’s commitment to limiting increases in global average temperatures to well below 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, it has submitted a quantifiable target as outlined in 1(b) above. While Saint Lucia’s NDC is mitigation centric, its plans and actions addressing adaptation and the possible limits to adaptation that may result in loss and damage, are outlined in Saint Lucia’s NAP and SASAPs. 7. How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objectives of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 a. How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its See 6(a) above b. How the NDC contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement. See 6(a) above.', 'How the NDC contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement. See 6(a) above. Saint Lucia planning to work on a long-term strategy to decarbonize the economy in line with Article 2 paragraph 1(a) and Article 4 paragraph 1.']

en-US

VCT

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

1st NDC

2016-06-29 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Saint%20Vincent%20and%20the%20Grenadines_NDC.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Latin America and the Caribbean

0

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['St. Vincent and the Grenadines Intended Nationally Determined Contribution Communicated to the UNFCCC on November 18, 2015 1. The National Context St. Vincent and the Grenadines is a multi-island nation consisting of 32 islands each with its own characteristics. It is located in the Eastern Caribbean and has a population of approximately 110,000. St. Vincent is the largest of the 32 islands that comprise the nation, covering roughly 390 sq. km (150 sq. miles). The Grenadines extend 72 km (45 miles) to the southwest. The other inhabited islands, north to south, are Young Island, Bequia, Mustique, Canouan, Mayreau, Union Island, Palm Island, and Petit St. Vincent.', 'The other inhabited islands, north to south, are Young Island, Bequia, Mustique, Canouan, Mayreau, Union Island, Palm Island, and Petit St. Vincent. The Government of St. Vincent and the Grenadines (GoSVG) ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1996 and the Kyoto Protocol in 2004. This INDC represents St. Vincent and the Grenadines’ intention and has no legal status. Any form of commitment is yet to be decided, pending the outcomes of the 21st Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC in Paris in December 2015. The geography, geology and socio-economic circumstances of St. Vincent and the Grenadines make it extremely vulnerable to climate-related natural disasters.', 'The geography, geology and socio-economic circumstances of St. Vincent and the Grenadines make it extremely vulnerable to climate-related natural disasters. Due to its mountainous topography, most activities on the mainland are concentrated on the narrow, low-lying coast line, at risk to sea-level rise (SLR) and coastal erosion while the landscape also adds risks of landslides and flash flooding. An increase in severe weather events will result in significant expenditures, which will further constrain St. Vincent and the Grenadines’ social and economic growth. St. Vincent and the Grenadines have suffered significant impacts over the past five years (2010 to 20141) as a result of severe weather events.', 'St. Vincent and the Grenadines have suffered significant impacts over the past five years (2010 to 20141) as a result of severe weather events. In total, the loss to the country was in excess of US$600 million2 over that period, equating to approximately 35% of its Gross 1 Hurricane Tomas (October 2010); tropical storm (April 2011 and December 2013); two prolonged droughtsDomestic Product (GDP). With per capita GDP amongst the lowest in the Caribbean3, severe weather events caused by anthropogenic climate change will fundamentally restrict economic development. The increased coastal erosion, droughts, storms, floods and landslides of the last decade have severely impacted livelihoods and government have neither the financial or technical resources to address these challenges.', 'The increased coastal erosion, droughts, storms, floods and landslides of the last decade have severely impacted livelihoods and government have neither the financial or technical resources to address these challenges. Climate projections for St. Vincent and the Grenadines suggest an increase in average atmospheric temperature; reduced average annual rainfall; increased Sea Surface Temperatures (SST); and the potential for an increase in the intensity of tropical storms4. There is currently no monitoring of sea level around St. Vincent and the Grenadines; however observations from tidal gauges surrounding the Caribbean basin indicate that SLR in the Caribbean is broadly consistent with the global trend.', 'There is currently no monitoring of sea level around St. Vincent and the Grenadines; however observations from tidal gauges surrounding the Caribbean basin indicate that SLR in the Caribbean is broadly consistent with the global trend. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), in their 5th Assessment Report, states the following projected changes over 2081–2100 (relative to 1986–2005) for the Caribbean for an intermediate low-emissions scenario: a decrease in average annual rainfall of about 5–6%; a 1.2°C to 2.3°C median annual increase in surface temperature; and sea level rise projections in the region of 0.5 m to 0.6 m5.', 'The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), in their 5th Assessment Report, states the following projected changes over 2081–2100 (relative to 1986–2005) for the Caribbean for an intermediate low-emissions scenario: a decrease in average annual rainfall of about 5–6%; a 1.2°C to 2.3°C median annual increase in surface temperature; and sea level rise projections in the region of 0.5 m to 0.6 m5. With climate-related events already causing damage and loss, these projections have dire implications for agriculture, water availability, and the protection of public and tourism infrastructure if no meaningful action is taken.', 'With climate-related events already causing damage and loss, these projections have dire implications for agriculture, water availability, and the protection of public and tourism infrastructure if no meaningful action is taken. Despite the obvious focus on adaptation to climate change and the fact that greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from St. Vincent and the Grenadines only account for approximately 0.001% of global emissions6, the GoSVG is striving to reduce its emissions. As well as developing a national Energy Action Plan, there is a comprehensive Mitigation Assessment in the forthcoming Second National Communication. The largest contributor to reducing emissions will be the installation of a geothermal electricity generation facility, which when operational will provide over 50% of the country’s electricity needs.', 'The largest contributor to reducing emissions will be the installation of a geothermal electricity generation facility, which when operational will provide over 50% of the country’s electricity needs. Further to this, initiatives are underway to improve energy efficiency in buildings and transport as well as reduce emissions from waste going to landfill. St Vincent and the Grenadines would like to express its support for the Republic of China (Taiwan) which has completed its own INDC despite not being a Party to the UNFCCC. Taiwan has committed to reduce its GHG emissions by 50 percent compared to its business- as-usual scenario by 2030 (20% lower than 2005). We, therefore, urge the UNFCCC to consider the observership of Taiwan in this mechanism.', 'We, therefore, urge the UNFCCC to consider the observership of Taiwan in this mechanism. 4 CARIBSAVE Climate Change Risk Atlas (CCCRA) - St. Vincent and the Grenadines. DFID, AusAID and The CARIBSAVE Partnership, Barbados, West Indies. 5 IPCC, 2014: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects.', '5 IPCC, 2014: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 6 Based on national GHG emissions taken from the forthcoming Second National CommunicationEconomy-wide Contribution Figure 1: Projected BAU and ‘With Interventions’ GHG emission scenarios for St. Vincent and the Grenadines While the proposed contribution is economy-wide and is in comparison to all sectors and sources of emissions7, the contribution is based upon key measures in the energy (including energy generation, energy efficiency and transport) sector. The following sections explain the strategies and measures which will be undertaken to deliver the contribution.', 'The following sections explain the strategies and measures which will be undertaken to deliver the contribution. The energy sector accounted for approximately 68% of St. Vincent and the Grenadines’ GHG emissions in 20108 with projected further growth through to 2025, and is therefore the focus of its mitigation activity. Within the sector, approximately 50% of emissions can be attributed to energy generation and approximately 50% from transport. The following sub- sector mitigation contributions have been identified: i. Renewable energy: the plans for renewable energy generation are focused on the development of the country’s proposed geothermal power plant (planned to be completed in 2018). The facility, when complete, will generate approximately 50% of the national annual electricity consumption needs.', 'The facility, when complete, will generate approximately 50% of the national annual electricity consumption needs. In addition to the geothermal 7 Excluding international aviation and shipping 8 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 2010 Mitigation Assessment (to be published shortly as part of the Second National Communication). This forms part of the Second National Communication Report, which will be submitted to the UNFCCC shortly. St. Vincent and the Grenadines intends to achieve an unconditional, economy-wide reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of 22% compared to its business as usual (BAU) scenario by 2025.plant, the national energy utility is renovating existing hydro power facilities to improve efficiency and generation capacity as well as enabling and encouraging the installation of small-scale photovoltaics (PV) in the private and public sectors. ii.', 'St. Vincent and the Grenadines intends to achieve an unconditional, economy-wide reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of 22% compared to its business as usual (BAU) scenario by 2025.plant, the national energy utility is renovating existing hydro power facilities to improve efficiency and generation capacity as well as enabling and encouraging the installation of small-scale photovoltaics (PV) in the private and public sectors. ii. Energy efficiency: there is an objective to achieve a 15% reduction in national electricity consumption9 compared to a BAU scenario by 2025. Planned measures in this sector include the retrofitting of street lighting nationally, a new building code and an energy labelling scheme for appliances. iii.', 'Planned measures in this sector include the retrofitting of street lighting nationally, a new building code and an energy labelling scheme for appliances. iii. Transport: new policies to reduce the import duty paid on low emission vehicles are in the process of being introduced to encourage their use. It is estimated that this will result in avoided emissions of approximately 10% over the next 10 years10. Significant potential for greater reductions (e.g. improved public transport) is achievable if international finance can be made available, however this needs further analysis to quantify the reduction potential and support required and consequently these measures have not been included in the economy-wide contribution at this stage.', 'improved public transport) is achievable if international finance can be made available, however this needs further analysis to quantify the reduction potential and support required and consequently these measures have not been included in the economy-wide contribution at this stage. Currently, transport is the fastest growing source of emissions and reductions from this sector will be largely dependent on international financial support and technology transfer. iv. Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF): St. Vincent and the Grenadines intends to develop its GHG sinks though reforestation, afforestation reduced deforestation and reduced forest degradation. At this stage, good quality data does not exist for the forestry inventory, however this is in the process of being addressed.', 'At this stage, good quality data does not exist for the forestry inventory, however this is in the process of being addressed. Once the forestry inventory is compiled, policies and actions will be developed for the sector, however the related contribution is not quantifiable at this stage. Policies and actions may be delivered through mechanisms such as the ‘Clean Development Mechanism’ (CDM) and ‘Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation’ (REDD). 3. Information to Facilitate Clarity, Transparency and Understanding Parameter Information Timeframe and/or period for implementation Type of contribution Economy-wide emission reduction against BAU Reference point or base year 2010 base year (407 Gg CO2 9 St. Vincent and the Grenadines Energy Action Plan (2010).', 'Information to Facilitate Clarity, Transparency and Understanding Parameter Information Timeframe and/or period for implementation Type of contribution Economy-wide emission reduction against BAU Reference point or base year 2010 base year (407 Gg CO2 9 St. Vincent and the Grenadines Energy Action Plan (2010). The proposed date to achieve this target (2020) has been revised back to 2025 to allow more time for the implementation of policies. 10 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 2010 Mitigation Assessment (to be published shortly as part of the Second National Communication).', '10 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 2010 Mitigation Assessment (to be published shortly as part of the Second National Communication). 11 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 2010 Mitigation Assessment (to be published shortly as part of the Second National Communication).Parameter Information Estimated quantified impact on GHG emissions Reduction in GHG emissions of 22% compared to its business as usual (BAU) scenario by 2025. Business as usual methodology The following assumptions have been made to generate the BAU scenario: Electricity supply – extrapolation of projected energy demand 2015-201812 Non-electrical energy supply - assumed to grow consistent with population growth Domestic transport – extrapolation of historical road vehicle numbers Municipal Solid Waste generation per capita – assumed to grow consistent with population growth All other sources (which are estimated together to contribute less than 10% of GHG emissions) have been assumed to increase in line with population growth other than the LULUCF sector, where no change is assumed from 2010.', '11 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 2010 Mitigation Assessment (to be published shortly as part of the Second National Communication).Parameter Information Estimated quantified impact on GHG emissions Reduction in GHG emissions of 22% compared to its business as usual (BAU) scenario by 2025. Business as usual methodology The following assumptions have been made to generate the BAU scenario: Electricity supply – extrapolation of projected energy demand 2015-201812 Non-electrical energy supply - assumed to grow consistent with population growth Domestic transport – extrapolation of historical road vehicle numbers Municipal Solid Waste generation per capita – assumed to grow consistent with population growth All other sources (which are estimated together to contribute less than 10% of GHG emissions) have been assumed to increase in line with population growth other than the LULUCF sector, where no change is assumed from 2010. A fixed BAU scenario is being used for the INDC13.', 'A fixed BAU scenario is being used for the INDC13. Coverage % national emissions 100%14 Sectors15 Energy (including domestic transport) Industrial processes and product use Agriculture Land use, land use change and forestry Waste Gases Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) Methane (CH4 ) Nitrous oxide (N2 O) HFCs Geographical boundaries Whole country Intention to use market-based mechanisms to meet contribution International support for a Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA) will be sought for the transport sector. 12 Provided by VINLEC (the national electricity utility provider) 13 BAU scenarios for an INDC can be fixed or dynamic. In this case, a fixed BAU will be used. 14 Excludes international shipping and aviation and is consistent with IPCC good practice.', '14 Excludes international shipping and aviation and is consistent with IPCC good practice. 15 Potential emissions reductions from Industrial Processes and Product Use, Agriculture and Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry were not considered, although these sectors are included in the baseline inventory and therefore the ‘economy-wide’ savings.Parameter Information St. Vincent and the Grenadines considers the use of instruments for achieving and financing flexibly part of its mitigation target. Therefore St. Vincent and the Grenadines supports the inclusion of the International Carbon Markets and mechanisms such as the CDM in a post-2020 agreement on climate change including the use of the mitigation outcome pre-2020. We propose that such an instrument, together with an appropriate accounting system (MRV), is used to help finance low carbon and climate resilient infrastructure investments.', 'We propose that such an instrument, together with an appropriate accounting system (MRV), is used to help finance low carbon and climate resilient infrastructure investments. St. Vincent and the Grenadines considers that certain low emission development options mentioned in this INDC, or additional actions, could be entirely or partially funded by the transfer of international carbon assets mobilized through bilateral, regional and international carbon markets while taking into account environmental integrity and transparency. Metrics and methodology Consistent with methodologies used in St. Vincent and the Grenadines’ forthcoming Second National Communication (2006 IPCC Guidelines) Global Warming Potential on a 100-year timescale in accordance with the IPCC s Fourth Assessment Report 4. Vulnerability and Adaptation 4.1 National programmes that support climate change adaptation The economy of St. Vincent and the Grenadines is strongly linked to its natural resources.', 'Vulnerability and Adaptation 4.1 National programmes that support climate change adaptation The economy of St. Vincent and the Grenadines is strongly linked to its natural resources. The country has a long history of coping with natural disasters and, through traditional land cultivation methods and cultural association with the sea, Vincentians also have a long history of natural resource conservation. The St. Vincent and the Grenadines National Economic and Social Development Plan 2013 - 2025 has been elaborated around a specific set of strategic goals, objectives and targets so as to facilitate and guide the optimal improvement of the quality of life for all Vincentians.', 'The St. Vincent and the Grenadines National Economic and Social Development Plan 2013 - 2025 has been elaborated around a specific set of strategic goals, objectives and targets so as to facilitate and guide the optimal improvement of the quality of life for all Vincentians. The Plan, which encapsulates the issues of Rio and the post 2015 UN Development Agenda, has been adopted by all Ministries and is used to guide programmes and activities. In particular, Goal 4 of the Plan; ‘Improving Physical Infrastructure, Preserving the Environment and Building Resilience to Climate Change’ seeks to ensure that St. Vincent and the Grenadines develops its physical infrastructure, while preserving the country’s delicate environment, as well as mitigating the effects of climate change.', 'In particular, Goal 4 of the Plan; ‘Improving Physical Infrastructure, Preserving the Environment and Building Resilience to Climate Change’ seeks to ensure that St. Vincent and the Grenadines develops its physical infrastructure, while preserving the country’s delicate environment, as well as mitigating the effects of climate change. To reduce the adverse impacts of climate change, the Plan proposes several adaptation measures to reduce futurerestoration costs and to protect the natural environment. Public education and awareness of the potential negative effects of climate change are at the forefront of this Plan16.', 'Public education and awareness of the potential negative effects of climate change are at the forefront of this Plan16. The proposed strategic interventions include: Increase public awareness with regard to climate change issues; Build resilience to minimise damage to settlement and infrastructure; Minimise damage to beach and shoreline integrity and marine ecosystems; Minimise the negative impact of climate change on agriculture and human health; and Develop appropriate legislative and regulatory framework, for proper environmental management, and institutional systems for responding and mitigating effects of climate change17. 4.2 Existing vulnerabilities in the agriculture, forestry and fisheries sectors Agriculture is one of the largest economic activities on St. Vincent and it contributes significantly to the economic and social development of rural livelihoods in particular.', '4.2 Existing vulnerabilities in the agriculture, forestry and fisheries sectors Agriculture is one of the largest economic activities on St. Vincent and it contributes significantly to the economic and social development of rural livelihoods in particular. Offshore fisheries are also important and are predominately small scale and artisanal. Tourism activities are concentrated in the Grenadines islands and all other livelihood activities in these islands are inherently linked to tourism. Such livelihoods are vulnerable to climate change impacts, as they are heavily dependent on the stability of the climate conditions or natural resources. The agriculture sector in St. Vincent is especially sensitive to extended periods of drought, unevenly distributed rainfall and natural disasters when coupled with existing practices such as mono-cropping and poor soil and water management.', 'The agriculture sector in St. Vincent is especially sensitive to extended periods of drought, unevenly distributed rainfall and natural disasters when coupled with existing practices such as mono-cropping and poor soil and water management. Three extreme climatic events over a span of three years (2009 – 2011 inclusive) highlighted the vulnerability in this sector. In 2009 there was a water shortage resulting from drought conditions. Many residents in Georgetown practise agriculture and farmers suffered losses from reduced crop production that year. As a consequence, food prices rose and produce had to be imported from other islands to supplement the limited supply in St. Vincent. In 2010 hurricane Tomas resulted in losses totalling EC $35 million, mainly to banana and plantain production.', 'In 2010 hurricane Tomas resulted in losses totalling EC $35 million, mainly to banana and plantain production. During the second week of April 2011 heavy rainfall caused rivers to overflow and landslides in the north-eastern section of St. Vincent in a major agricultural area. This occurred while the sector was still recovering from damages caused by hurricane Tomas in the previous year. 4.3 Existing vulnerabilities in the tourism sector Expected increases in the frequency or magnitude of certain weather and climate extremes (e.g.', '4.3 Existing vulnerabilities in the tourism sector Expected increases in the frequency or magnitude of certain weather and climate extremes (e.g. heat waves, droughts, floods, tropical cyclones) as a result of climate change will affect 16 St. Vincent and the Grenadines National Economic and Social Development Plan 2013-2025 17 St. Vincent and the Grenadines National Economic and Social Development Plan 2013-2025the tourism industry through increased infrastructure damage, additional emergency preparedness requirements, higher operating expenses (e.g. insurance, backup water and power systems and evacuations) and business interruptions. Results from the SLR modelling work conducted in 2011 indicate that 1 metre SLR places 10% of the major tourism properties at risk, along with 1% of road networks, 50% of airports and 67% of sea ports.', 'Results from the SLR modelling work conducted in 2011 indicate that 1 metre SLR places 10% of the major tourism properties at risk, along with 1% of road networks, 50% of airports and 67% of sea ports. Engineered structures and natural environments (e.g. mangroves) can protect against some of these impacts to coastal regions, but the dynamics of these erosion processes will demand some adaptation of coastal infrastructure and settlements18. 4.4 Existing vulnerabilities in the coastal zone More than 90% of the infrastructural development of St. Vincent and the Grenadines lies on a narrow coastal belt less than eight meters above sea-level. These include the island’s main communication and emergency response structures - roads, airports, telecommunication, financial, and technical support centres19.', 'These include the island’s main communication and emergency response structures - roads, airports, telecommunication, financial, and technical support centres19. Additionally, many of the coastal protection ecosystems such as dunes, mangroves and reefs have been removed or are degraded, which exacerbate vulnerability of coastal infrastructure to storm and hurricane activity (particularly wind and storm surges). 4.5 Existing vulnerabilities in the water resources sector Watersheds have also been affected by land degradation due to “squatting, mono-cropping with poor agricultural techniques, global weather patterns (changes in rainfall distribution, drought and elevated atmospheric temperatures), deforestation and excessive use of agrochemicals”20. Climate models suggest that the country will experience drying throughout the year (even during the wet season).', 'Climate models suggest that the country will experience drying throughout the year (even during the wet season). Further reduced rainfall would severely impact the water supply of rivers and streams in St. Vincent and is of particular concern for the Grenadine islands which have a very high dependence on rainwater for freshwater supply. An increase in the intensity of rainfall in fewer rain days is also expected, which means that not only is the country vulnerable to droughts, but also to the secondary effects of torrential rains such as landslides and the contamination of water supplies. 4.6 Existing vulnerabilities in the health sector Vector borne diseases may increase due to increased precipitation and temperatures in St. Vincent and the Grenadines.', '4.6 Existing vulnerabilities in the health sector Vector borne diseases may increase due to increased precipitation and temperatures in St. Vincent and the Grenadines. In the St. Vincent and the Grenadines Strategic Plan For Health 2007 – 2012 it was stated that “National household and Breteaux indices continue to be above and beyond internationally accepted levels”. Dengue is specifically mentioned21 but malaria cases have also been reported. Data obtained from the Ministry of Health reported 1 imported case of malaria in 2008 and another in 2010.', 'Data obtained from the Ministry of Health reported 1 imported case of malaria in 2008 and another in 2010. The Caribbean Environmental 18 The CARIBSAVE Climate Change Risk Atlas (CCCRA)-St. Vincent and the Grenadines 19 Forthcoming ‘Vulnerability and Adaptation Chapter for the Second National Communication to the UNFCCC’ 20 World Bank, 2006; The CARIBSAVE Climate Change Risk Atlas (CCCRA)-St. Vincent and the Grenadines 21 St. Vincent and the Grenadines Strategic Plan for Health 2007-2012Health Institute (2007) has also stated that “There are serious issues related to availability of water, health and sanitation in the context of vector control”22.', 'The Caribbean Environmental 18 The CARIBSAVE Climate Change Risk Atlas (CCCRA)-St. Vincent and the Grenadines 19 Forthcoming ‘Vulnerability and Adaptation Chapter for the Second National Communication to the UNFCCC’ 20 World Bank, 2006; The CARIBSAVE Climate Change Risk Atlas (CCCRA)-St. Vincent and the Grenadines 21 St. Vincent and the Grenadines Strategic Plan for Health 2007-2012Health Institute (2007) has also stated that “There are serious issues related to availability of water, health and sanitation in the context of vector control”22. 4.7 Efforts to adapt to climate change A number of steps to address climate change related issues have been taken over the years but now that such efforts are being integrated, it is timely that St. Vincent and the Grenadines is revisiting its draft National Climate Change Policy to further give weight and direction to its efforts in response to climate change.', '4.7 Efforts to adapt to climate change A number of steps to address climate change related issues have been taken over the years but now that such efforts are being integrated, it is timely that St. Vincent and the Grenadines is revisiting its draft National Climate Change Policy to further give weight and direction to its efforts in response to climate change. St. Vincent and the Grenadines has recognised the need to take an integrated approach to adaptation by linking local activities with national policies and sector specific experiences. Climate change adaptation activities have been mainstreamed into national development planning (through the National Economic and Social Development Plan) and continues to be a major focus and several actions have been identified to support resilience building at all levels.', 'Climate change adaptation activities have been mainstreamed into national development planning (through the National Economic and Social Development Plan) and continues to be a major focus and several actions have been identified to support resilience building at all levels. The areas which have been incorporated within the plan include: culture, identity and national pride; economic; social capital; governance; national security; energy, disaster management and the environment; physical infrastructure and education, telecommunications, science and technology23.', 'The areas which have been incorporated within the plan include: culture, identity and national pride; economic; social capital; governance; national security; energy, disaster management and the environment; physical infrastructure and education, telecommunications, science and technology23. The National Economic and Social Development Plan possess nine over-arching goals including: High and sustained levels of economic growth; Reduced unemployment and poverty levels; Improved physical infrastructure and environmental sustainability; High levels of human and social development; Safe and secure nation; Technologically advanced work-force; Increase national pride and cultural renaissance; Regional integrity; and Enhanced global solidarity. Future priorities will include the development of a public education framework, targeted at providing a curriculum for climate resilient agriculture, based on traditional techniques and expertise.', 'Future priorities will include the development of a public education framework, targeted at providing a curriculum for climate resilient agriculture, based on traditional techniques and expertise. 4.8 National climate change adaptation programmes The main activities being implemented at the national level include the following: 1. The Pilot Programme for Climate Resilience (PPCR) is the largest project in St. Vincent and Grenadines specifically designed to address climate risk and resilience. The PPCR proposes to enhance climate risk management through the following broad strategies: a. Strengthen community resilience to cope with climate hazards; b. Increase institutional capacity to undertake climate risk management; c. Strengthen knowledge and awareness; 22 The CARIBSAVE Climate Change Risk Atlas (CCCRA)-St. Vincent and the Grenadines 23 St. Vincent and the Grenadines National Economic and Social Development Plan 2013-2025d.', 'Increase institutional capacity to undertake climate risk management; c. Strengthen knowledge and awareness; 22 The CARIBSAVE Climate Change Risk Atlas (CCCRA)-St. Vincent and the Grenadines 23 St. Vincent and the Grenadines National Economic and Social Development Plan 2013-2025d. Prepare comprehensive hazard maps for public institutions and communities; e. Design and implement gender sensitive disaster risk management initiatives; and f. Collaborate with communities at all levels of climate and disaster risk management. The PPCR has four main components24: Component 1: Climate vulnerability risk assessment and risk reduction. This component is being piloted in Union Island, Arnos Vale Watershed and the Georgetown Watershed and a range of data relative to other components has been collected. Component 2: Data collection, analysis and information management.', 'Component 2: Data collection, analysis and information management. There are three key aspects to this Component: the acquisition and installation of telemetric weather stations and software; coastal zone impacts modelling and the development of a harmonized platform for data analysis and data management. Component 3: Comprehensive framework for strengthening of the existing policy, legal and institutional framework to address Climate Change. This component seeks to strengthen the existing policy, legal and institutional framework. It will commence with comprehensive review of current policies, plans and legislative framework to improve SPRC implementation in St. Vincent and the Grenadines. It will also involve finalising various policies, drafting a disaster management plan and preparing and finalising an Environmental Management Act and Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations.', 'It will also involve finalising various policies, drafting a disaster management plan and preparing and finalising an Environmental Management Act and Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations. Component 4: Design and implementation of a public education and capacity building programme. This component will provide for a range of initiatives in support of public and private sector capacity building. These include a national 3–year public education programme to build community based climate risk and resilience, provide a national curriculum for schools in climate change and disaster risk reduction, plan and develop an early warning system for St. Vincent and the Grenadines, provide technical training and extend the school risk assessment to cover all constituencies in the country.', 'These include a national 3–year public education programme to build community based climate risk and resilience, provide a national curriculum for schools in climate change and disaster risk reduction, plan and develop an early warning system for St. Vincent and the Grenadines, provide technical training and extend the school risk assessment to cover all constituencies in the country. 4.9 Adaptation planning in the agriculture sector Agriculture which for decades underpinned the economy of St. Vincent and the Grenadines has declined significantly over the last decade due to restrictive trade regimes. This has resulted in significant land use change as demand for housing is often met by developing agricultural lands. However, the Government of St. Vincent has demonstrated its commitment to agricultural diversification and through its policies and programmes.', 'However, the Government of St. Vincent has demonstrated its commitment to agricultural diversification and through its policies and programmes. These efforts include the following: Support for small scale farmers from the government, in production technologies, agri-business management, good agricultural practices and pest and disease control; policy initiatives to address climate change issues, environmental protection, risk mitigation and fisheries development; and a national plan for dealing with food security. 24 Strategic Programme for Climate Resilience: St. Vincent and the Grenadines Phase 1 An innovative project which abandoned land into a model for sustainable living and farming systems in St. Vincent, young persons in local primary and secondary schools are taught organic agriculture, environmental art and creative land use.', '24 Strategic Programme for Climate Resilience: St. Vincent and the Grenadines Phase 1 An innovative project which abandoned land into a model for sustainable living and farming systems in St. Vincent, young persons in local primary and secondary schools are taught organic agriculture, environmental art and creative land use. The implementation of the National Forest Resources Conservation Plan (1994-2003) and Integrated Forest Management and Development Programme to address issues of rapid deforestation, limited involvement of communities in forest resource management, weak institutional capacity, lack of an approved forestry policy framework, fragmented environmental management and limited awareness of the importance of forests to national development.', 'The implementation of the National Forest Resources Conservation Plan (1994-2003) and Integrated Forest Management and Development Programme to address issues of rapid deforestation, limited involvement of communities in forest resource management, weak institutional capacity, lack of an approved forestry policy framework, fragmented environmental management and limited awareness of the importance of forests to national development. Enhancing the adaptive capacity of rural economies and natural resources to climate change through the management and protection of land based natural resources and agricultural production systems. 4.10 Adaptation planning in the coastal zone Coastal areas already face pressure from natural forces (wind, waves, tides and currents) and human activities, (beach sand removal and inappropriate construction of shoreline structures).', '4.10 Adaptation planning in the coastal zone Coastal areas already face pressure from natural forces (wind, waves, tides and currents) and human activities, (beach sand removal and inappropriate construction of shoreline structures). The impacts of climate change, in particular SLR, will magnify these pressures and accelerate coastal erosion. Areas at greatest risk in St. Vincent and the Grenadines are Belmont Walkway, Canash Beach, Indian Bay, Johnson Point and Villa Beach including notable resorts, ports and an airport that lies at less than 6 m above sea level and will therefore be affected”25. The country has started to promote itself as a dive destination and has signed on to the Caribbean Challenge Initiative (CCI) with the pledge to protect 20% of its near shore marine and coastal resources by 2020.', 'The country has started to promote itself as a dive destination and has signed on to the Caribbean Challenge Initiative (CCI) with the pledge to protect 20% of its near shore marine and coastal resources by 2020. Other initiatives include: Participating in the ‘Improving the Management of Coastal Resources and the Conservation of the Marine Biodiversity in the Caribbean Region’ project which is seeking to address marine resources management and strengthen capacity of stakeholders through a common institutional framework for management of marine protected areas (MPA) in the Caribbean Region. Formulating coastal zone related policies through the activities of the PPCR.', 'Formulating coastal zone related policies through the activities of the PPCR. Reducing climate change induced risks for the population through coastal protection through various specific initiatives including: o the Sans Souci Coastal Defence Project; o At the Water’s Edge (AWE): Coastal Resilience in Grenada and St. Vincent and the Grenadines (2011-2016) project; and o Coastal Protection for Climate Change Adaptation in the Small Island States in the Caribbean 2014-2018 project. The Fisheries Division is proposing a Coastline Protection Project which would provide the synergy with the Sans Souci Coastal Defence Project in terms of halting beach and cliff 25 The CARIBSAVE Climate Change Risk Atlas (CCCRA)-St. Vincent and the Grenadineserosion, stabilize the shoreline and restore the beach and near-shore reef.', 'The Fisheries Division is proposing a Coastline Protection Project which would provide the synergy with the Sans Souci Coastal Defence Project in terms of halting beach and cliff 25 The CARIBSAVE Climate Change Risk Atlas (CCCRA)-St. Vincent and the Grenadineserosion, stabilize the shoreline and restore the beach and near-shore reef. Additional benefits are to attract and provide habitat for fish, lobster and other marine life. 4.11 Adaptation planning in the water resources sector St. Vincent and the Grenadines has not devised a National Water Policy or Water Management Plan but there is a Draft Road Map toward Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) Planning for Union Island, St. Vincent and the Grenadines. Importantly, there are efforts that contribute to adaptation at the community and household level.', 'Importantly, there are efforts that contribute to adaptation at the community and household level. These initiatives are: The construction of Reverse Osmosis plant in Bequia. Rooftop rainwater harvesting systems have been installed through several projects: o at 6 sites in St. Vincent and the Grenadines (Sandy Bay Government School, Georgetown Community Centre, Park Hill Primary School, Langley Park Government School, Richland Park Government School and Liberty Lodge Boys Training Centre). The beneficiary schools are also used as hurricane shelters. o For households in selected communities in St. Vincent to secure and provide potable drinking water when there is water scarcity or shortage of water available.', 'o For households in selected communities in St. Vincent to secure and provide potable drinking water when there is water scarcity or shortage of water available. 4.12 Adaptation planning in the health sector The policy of the Government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is to provide universal health care that reflects the principles of equity, affordability, quality, and cultural acceptance for its citizens. Whilst there is no explicit action towards adapting the health sector to climate change, The Millennium Development Goals, the Essential Public Health Functions, and the Caribbean Cooperation in Health, Phase III, and other initiatives provide a good basis for adaptation.', 'Whilst there is no explicit action towards adapting the health sector to climate change, The Millennium Development Goals, the Essential Public Health Functions, and the Caribbean Cooperation in Health, Phase III, and other initiatives provide a good basis for adaptation. 4.13 Disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation St. Vincent is a member of the Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency (CDEMA) an inter-regional supportive network of independent emergency units that responds to disasters wherever they occur in the region. The National Emergency Management Organisation (NEMO) falls under the ambit of the Prime Minister’s Office. In St. Vincent and the Grenadines, there is recognition of the importance of disaster management to environmental management.', 'In St. Vincent and the Grenadines, there is recognition of the importance of disaster management to environmental management. In the National Environmental Management Strategy and Action Plan, Principle 9 is to “Prevent and Manage the Causes and Impacts of Disaster”26. Two strategies, with specific activities, are therefore designed to help NEMO achieve this part of the environmental management plan. Strategy 29 is to “Establish at the community and national levels, appropriate and relevant integrated frameworks to prevent, 26Homer & Shim, St. Vincent & the Grenadines Environmental Management Strategy and Action Plan, 2004prepare for, respond to, recover from and mitigate the causes and impacts of natural phenomena on the environment and to prevent manmade disasters”27.', 'Strategy 29 is to “Establish at the community and national levels, appropriate and relevant integrated frameworks to prevent, 26Homer & Shim, St. Vincent & the Grenadines Environmental Management Strategy and Action Plan, 2004prepare for, respond to, recover from and mitigate the causes and impacts of natural phenomena on the environment and to prevent manmade disasters”27. Regional Disaster Vulnerability Reduction (RDVRP) Project 2011-2018 estimated to cost US$20.92 million is addressing policy, data management, infrastructure and capacity issues in the areas of Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management. It seeks to measurably decrease the vulnerability of people and the national economy of St. Vincent and the Grenadines to climate change and natural hazards.', 'It seeks to measurably decrease the vulnerability of people and the national economy of St. Vincent and the Grenadines to climate change and natural hazards. The Pilot Project on Climate Resilience (PPCR) is addressing mainly infrastructural support in response to climate change and sea-level rise. 5. Fairness and Ambition Despite its negligible contribution to global GHG emissions (approximately 0.001%) and the fact that it is still a developing economy, St. Vincent and the Grenadines is taking significant and ambitious steps to reduce its national emissions.', 'Fairness and Ambition Despite its negligible contribution to global GHG emissions (approximately 0.001%) and the fact that it is still a developing economy, St. Vincent and the Grenadines is taking significant and ambitious steps to reduce its national emissions. The proposed, unconditional contribution would result in a reduction in projected per capita emissions28 to 4.3 tonnes e in 2025, which is less than the global average of 5.3 tonnes CO2 e emissions per capita in 2025, the level required to be consistent with returning warming to below 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels29. This demonstrates that St. Vincent and the Grenadines’ ambition to reduce emissions is significant and reflects a fair contribution in the global context for 2025, while allowing the country’s economy to continue to develop. 6.', 'This demonstrates that St. Vincent and the Grenadines’ ambition to reduce emissions is significant and reflects a fair contribution in the global context for 2025, while allowing the country’s economy to continue to develop. 6. Planning Process The development of the INDC has involved detailed stakeholder consultation with public and private sector experts to determine the level and type of contribution, how the contribution will be achieved and identify the procedures that will see climate change integrated into central institutional processes. This will be summarised by St. Vincent and the Grenadines forthcoming Climate Change Policy. The Ministry of Health, Wellness and Environment will be responsible for facilitating multilateral dialogue on climate change issues as well as overseeing implementation of the INDC.', 'The Ministry of Health, Wellness and Environment will be responsible for facilitating multilateral dialogue on climate change issues as well as overseeing implementation of the INDC. Elements of the INDC are already enshrined in the national agenda through the existing ‘National Social and Economic Development Plan 2013-2025’ (Strategic Goal 4), which addresses the strategic necessity to adapt to the changing climate to protect its delicate environment while reducing GHG emissions. The ‘National Physical Development Plan’ also references the importance of energy efficiency in buildings and transport. The national electricity utility provider, VINLEC, has also established a feed-in-tariff to encourage the installation of distributed PV.', 'The national electricity utility provider, VINLEC, has also established a feed-in-tariff to encourage the installation of distributed PV. 27 The CARIBSAVE Climate Change Risk Atlas (CCCRA)-St. Vincent and the Grenadines 28 Estimated to be 5.4 tCO2e per capita in the BAU scenario 29 The global target to avoid 1.5°C of warming is 5.3 tCO2e per capita in 2025, assuming a global population of 10_final_bh_may.pdf)”.Whilst the report has been prepared as partial fulfillment of the country’s obligations to the UNFCCC, there are many domestic benefits of developing and implementing an INDC. St. Vincent and the Grenadines’ INDC clearly demonstrates its political commitment and help realize non-climate benefits that support developmental priorities, in particular, reduced spending on imported fossil fuels.', 'St. Vincent and the Grenadines’ INDC clearly demonstrates its political commitment and help realize non-climate benefits that support developmental priorities, in particular, reduced spending on imported fossil fuels. Additionally, these actions are consistent with the strategies and programmes identified in the Climate Change and the Caribbean: A Regional Framework for Achieving Development Resilient to Climate Change endorsed by the CARICOM Heads of State. 7. Means of Implementation St. Vincent and the Grenadines has shown its commitment to mitigating climate change by independently taking concrete measures to reduce its emissions, particularly through renewable energy and waste initiatives30.', 'Means of Implementation St. Vincent and the Grenadines has shown its commitment to mitigating climate change by independently taking concrete measures to reduce its emissions, particularly through renewable energy and waste initiatives30. It is hoped that this commitment and ambition will be recognised by the international community as progressive (in the context of the country’s SIDS status) and that it will enable the country to leverage international finance (through the Green Climate Fund for example), technology transfer and capacity-building support to help further reduce emissions, especially in the areas of transport, renewable energy and energy efficiency. In particular, St. Vincent and the Grenadines would welcome financial and capacity-building support to help produce a Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA) for the country’s transport sector.', 'In particular, St. Vincent and the Grenadines would welcome financial and capacity-building support to help produce a Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA) for the country’s transport sector. This is a key priority if national GHG emissions are to be stabilised and reduced over the coming years. Similar international support in capacity- building and finance for the LULUCF sector is also sought to help establish a related programme of mitigation actions. Despite the injection of funds to the country through the PPCR, the need for financing climate change adaptation and mitigation in St. Vincent and the Grenadines remains significant. This is especially so considering the extent of vulnerabilities and the percentage of the population potentially exposed.', 'This is especially so considering the extent of vulnerabilities and the percentage of the population potentially exposed. Devastating losses already being experienced and projected climate change impacts suggest that mobilizing additional, adequate and timely financing is vital to the country’s socio-economic development. 30 Facilities for waste segregation have been put in place, however to date little segregation has been achieved.']

en-US

WSM

Samoa

1st NDC

2016-04-22 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Samoa%20INDC_Submission%20to%20UNFCCC.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Oceania

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/2fbc69cb62c3d13a406da5ae9c961e4035daa3e009061d9616caee3850464593.pdf

['Samoa’s Intended Nationally Determined ContributionEXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Independent State of Samoa is committed to combating climate change, and to the success of the negotiations for a new legally binding agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change at COP 21 in Paris. Samoa is a small island developing state in the Pacific that is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. However, it is only responsible for an insignificant amount of global greenhouse gas emissions. Despite this fact, Samoa is committed to addressing issues associated with climate change including adaptation and mitigation measures.', 'Despite this fact, Samoa is committed to addressing issues associated with climate change including adaptation and mitigation measures. Pursuant to relevant sections of decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Samoa hereby presents its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution as well as information to facilitate the clarity, transparency and understanding of the contribution. Samoa is committed to reducing its GHG emissions from the Electricity sub sector through the adoption of a 100% Renewable energy target for electricity generation through to the year 2025. Samoa’s commitment is conditional on reaching the 100% renewable electricity generation target in 2017 and receiving international assistance to maintain this contribution through to 2025. Economy‐wide emissions reduction conditional on external international assistance.', 'Economy‐wide emissions reduction conditional on external international assistance. Samoa recognizes that achieving this highly ambitious target will require significant efforts to removing existing barriers. These include increases in human capacity, technology and capital investment.1. INTRODUCTION: CONTEXT AND NATIONAL PRIORITIES Samoa, a small island developing state in the South Pacific is at the forefront of efforts to address issues associated with the impacts of climate change. Like other islands in the region, the impacts of climate change on the environment are already quite evident and will continue to pose significant threats in the future. On a global scale, Samoa’s contribution to Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions are negligible as highlighted in its Second National Communication (SNC) and second GHG Inventory, 20071.', 'On a global scale, Samoa’s contribution to Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions are negligible as highlighted in its Second National Communication (SNC) and second GHG Inventory, 20071. Total emissions for the year 2007 was estimated at 352,034 tCO2 ‐e or about 0.0006% of 2004 global GHG emissions (IPCC, 2007). However, despite the low contribution to global emissions, Samoa is ramping up its efforts to reduce its GHG emissions and demonstrate to the global community the actions being undertaken by a small and vulnerable country to address climate change. Samoa has demonstrated significant commitment to addressing climate change by establishing a target of generating 100% of its electricity from renewable energy sources. This commitment is proposed to be implemented over two time periods.', 'This commitment is proposed to be implemented over two time periods. The first target is to reach 100% renewable electricity generation by the year 2017. The second target is to maintain this 100% contribution through to 2025 in anticipation of the increasing electricity demand. The Strategy for Development of Samoa (SDS) highlights the key strategies for development across the priority sectors. The overarching theme for the SDS 2012 – 2016 is Boosting productivity for sustainable development2. The SDS highlights the importance of the environment as a priority area and has identified the mainstreaming of climate change across all sectors and increased investment in renewable energy as some of the main strategic outcomes.', 'The SDS highlights the importance of the environment as a priority area and has identified the mainstreaming of climate change across all sectors and increased investment in renewable energy as some of the main strategic outcomes. This political commitment to mainstream climate change issues is driving a number of actions that are aimed at not only adapting to the impacts of climate change but also accelerating efforts to reduce GHG emissions. The focus of Samoa’s INDC is on mitigation given the short timeframe to prepare the report and carry out comprehensive stakeholder consultations. It is intended that this document will be a living document to be revised and updated when necessary.', 'It is intended that this document will be a living document to be revised and updated when necessary. Samoa is one of the most vulnerable countries to the impacts of climate change and some of these effects are already being felt across the country. Ongoing and planned activities are targeted at building resilience, disaster risk reduction and adapting to the adverse effects of climate change. Some of these adaptation measures are also expected to have mitigation potential. 1 Samoa’s Second National Communication to the UNFCCC, 2007 2 Strategy for the Development of Samoa 2012 ‐ 2016Samoa’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution Period for defining actions & Reference Year The target year is 2025 measured against the base year of 2014.', '1 Samoa’s Second National Communication to the UNFCCC, 2007 2 Strategy for the Development of Samoa 2012 ‐ 2016Samoa’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution Period for defining actions & Reference Year The target year is 2025 measured against the base year of 2014. Implementation period 2015 ‐ 2025 Type and level of commitment Samoa is targeting the Energy Sector with a focus on the Electricity sub sector. 26% of electricity was generated from renewable energy sources in 2014. Samoa commits to generating 100% of its electricity from renewable energy sources by 2025. This is conditional on Samoa attaining this target in 2017 and receiving external assistance to maintain the contribution of renewable sources at 100% through to 2025. Assistance required to reach this target include human, technological and financial resources.', 'Assistance required to reach this target include human, technological and financial resources. Further economy‐wide emissions reductions are conditional on Samoa receiving external financial assistance from the international community. Estimated, quantified emissions impact ‐e of Samoa’s GHG emissions were from the electricity sub sector. (Estimates of GHG emissions were based on methodologies used in 2nd GHG Inventory, Second National Communication and IPCC 2006 Guidelines) Coverage % National emissions (as at The electricity sub sector accounted for ~13% of total GHG emissions in 2014 assuming business as usual scenario in all sectors since 2007. (IPCC 2006 Guidelines) Sectors Energy Geographical boundaries Whole country Intention to use market based mechanisms to meet commitments Samoa currently uses no market mechanisms but is willing to pursue the potential of markets where possible.', '(IPCC 2006 Guidelines) Sectors Energy Geographical boundaries Whole country Intention to use market based mechanisms to meet commitments Samoa currently uses no market mechanisms but is willing to pursue the potential of markets where possible. Land sector accounting approach Not ApplicablePlanning Processes This INDC was prepared using a targeted approach whereby key stakeholders from the energy and climate change sector were consulted to provide the necessary information for compiling the report. The short timeframe allocated for the development of Samoa’s INDC did not allow for a comprehensive national consultation process. However a substantial amount of work has been done at the national level in the energy sector and has helped facilitate the formulation of Samoa’s INDC. Fairness and Ambition Samoa’s Second National Communication and GHG Inventory highlighted the insignificantly low contribution of its emissions to the global aggregate.', 'Fairness and Ambition Samoa’s Second National Communication and GHG Inventory highlighted the insignificantly low contribution of its emissions to the global aggregate. However, Samoa recognizes the potential for reduction of its emissions to not only support global efforts and demonstrate its willingness to address climate change issues but also to support the government’s development vision of improved quality of life for all. As a small island developing state in the Pacific, Samoa faces the immense challenge of dealing with the adverse effects of climate change. This is made even more difficult by the fact that it has limited financial, technical and human resources. In setting itself a target of generating electricity from 100% renewable sources, Samoa has set a highly ambitious and fair target to demonstrate its commitment to reducing its emissions.', 'In setting itself a target of generating electricity from 100% renewable sources, Samoa has set a highly ambitious and fair target to demonstrate its commitment to reducing its emissions. Methodology This INDC was prepared using IPCC 2006 Guidelines and GHG Inventory has been updated using latest available data. Key assumptions and drivers are highlighted in Samoa’s 2nd National Communication with BAU projection based on continuing economic and population growth with no GHG abatement measures. 2. SAMOA’S MITIGATION CONTRIBUTION Samoa is committed to reducing its greenhouse gas emissions and at the same time pursue a low carbon emission development pathway which would have significant economic benefits.', 'SAMOA’S MITIGATION CONTRIBUTION Samoa is committed to reducing its greenhouse gas emissions and at the same time pursue a low carbon emission development pathway which would have significant economic benefits. The Energy sector which accounted for 50% of total GHG emissions in 2007 is targeted for emissions reductions in this INDC and in particular the electricity subsector (Figure 1). The National Energy Coordinating Committee3 which is the key decision making body in the energy sector has set a target for Samoa to generate 100% of its electricity from renewable sources by 3 The National Energy Coordinating Committee is a high level committee chaired by the Prime Minister and comprises key Cabinet Ministers and chief executive officers of ministries and agencies in the energy sector.2017.', 'The National Energy Coordinating Committee3 which is the key decision making body in the energy sector has set a target for Samoa to generate 100% of its electricity from renewable sources by 3 The National Energy Coordinating Committee is a high level committee chaired by the Prime Minister and comprises key Cabinet Ministers and chief executive officers of ministries and agencies in the energy sector.2017. This ambitious target is supported by a combination of policy level actions and development projects. In 2007 total emissions from the electricity subsector were 44,214 tCO2 ‐e and represents emissions from diesel‐fuelled thermal plants. Renewable energy contributed 48% of total electricity requirements in 2007. However, by 2014, renewable energy sources including solar photovoltaic, wind and hydropower contributed only 26% of total electricity generation.', 'However, by 2014, renewable energy sources including solar photovoltaic, wind and hydropower contributed only 26% of total electricity generation. This drop in renewable energy contribution was due to the reduction in hydropower contribution when 3 of the hydropower plants were destroyed by Cyclone Evan. This highlights the vulnerability of Samoa to extreme climatic events which are expected to be more frequent as a result of climate change. Figure 1: Samoa’s sectoral GHG emissions (GHG Inventory, 2007) The energy sector in Samoa is heavily reliant on imported fossil fuels to meet its needs. As the population grows GHG emissions are also expected to increase. Transportation and electricity generation are the two main contributors to emissions in the sector with the electricity sector contributing around 13% in GHG emissions in 2007.', 'Transportation and electricity generation are the two main contributors to emissions in the sector with the electricity sector contributing around 13% in GHG emissions in 2007. Historically electricity generation has relied on two main sources, hydro and diesel‐fuelled thermal power plants. Climate variability and oil price volatility have impacted electricity services in the past. Cyclones and other natural disasters have restricted the contribution of hydro power to the energy mix and in 2012; the destructive Cyclone Evan destroyed 3 of the 5 hydropower plants thereby reducing the capacity of this renewable energy source to the overall energy mix.', 'Cyclones and other natural disasters have restricted the contribution of hydro power to the energy mix and in 2012; the destructive Cyclone Evan destroyed 3 of the 5 hydropower plants thereby reducing the capacity of this renewable energy source to the overall energy mix. In light of this and with a commitment to ensure energy security and reducing theimpacts of electricity generation on the environment, Samoa has taken steps to promote the use of renewable energy sources to displace fossil fuel for electricity generation. KEY POLICY ACTIONS An essential element to the realization of Samoa’s commitment to climate change mitigation is having a favourable policy environment in place.', 'KEY POLICY ACTIONS An essential element to the realization of Samoa’s commitment to climate change mitigation is having a favourable policy environment in place. The Samoa Energy Sector Plan 2012 – 2016 is a key guiding document for the energy sector with a theme of “sustainable energy towards energy self sufficiency”. The Energy sector plan sets out a plan to deliver outcomes consistent with the Strategy for Development for Samoa with an overarching goal of increasing energy self sufficiency. The Electricity Act 2010 introduces key regulatory changes which have allowed the private sector to be involved in generating electricity and selling it back to the utility. This has allowed independent power producers (IPPs) to build and operate renewable energy power plants and sell electricity to the grid.', 'This has allowed independent power producers (IPPs) to build and operate renewable energy power plants and sell electricity to the grid. Other key policy drivers include the Greenhouse Gas Abatement Strategy, Climate Change Policy 2007 and the draft Energy Efficiency Act. CAPITAL PROJECTS Samoa has already undertaken and implemented a range of mitigation projects in the energy sector. These projects include various renewable energy projects for electricity generation as well as energy efficiency projects aimed at both supply and demand management. A combination of both renewable energy projects and energy efficiency measures is necessary to achieve the target as set out in the INDC. Significant donor assistance through grant financing has enabled the implementation of many of these projects. Future projects will need similar financing support.', 'Future projects will need similar financing support. Some of these projects include: Grid connected solar photovoltaic projects with a total installed capacity of 6MWp as of September 2015. This is a combination of both utility owned projects and IPPs and total capacity is expected to increase over the next couple of years; Wind Power ‐ 550kW of installed capacity; Hydro Power – rehabilitation of 3.5MW hydro power plants destroyed by Cyclone Evan in 2012 as well as additional small run‐of‐river schemes; Bioenergy – 12MW of various projects aimed at utilizing biomass, biogas or alternative bioenergy source for electricity generation to be implemented by IPPs.', 'This is a combination of both utility owned projects and IPPs and total capacity is expected to increase over the next couple of years; Wind Power ‐ 550kW of installed capacity; Hydro Power – rehabilitation of 3.5MW hydro power plants destroyed by Cyclone Evan in 2012 as well as additional small run‐of‐river schemes; Bioenergy – 12MW of various projects aimed at utilizing biomass, biogas or alternative bioenergy source for electricity generation to be implemented by IPPs. Energy Efficiency – Projects aimed at controlling the importation of energy inefficient appliances such as product and labelling standards, retrofitting older and less efficient light bulbs with more efficient alternatives in the residential sector and other demand side management programs.', 'Energy Efficiency – Projects aimed at controlling the importation of energy inefficient appliances such as product and labelling standards, retrofitting older and less efficient light bulbs with more efficient alternatives in the residential sector and other demand side management programs. Samoa recognises that the adverse effects of climate change will have significant impact on the country particularly in sectors such as agriculture, coastal infrastructure, health, forestry, meteorology, tourism, and water. These sectors were prioritized in the National AdaptationProgramme of Action (NAPA)4 and adaptation projects in these sectors have been successfully implemented with external financial support.', 'These sectors were prioritized in the National AdaptationProgramme of Action (NAPA)4 and adaptation projects in these sectors have been successfully implemented with external financial support. While the focus of Samoa’s INDC is on Mitigation, Samoa highlights the need to build on work that has been undertaken to ensure actions that have been identified during the implementation of previous adaptation objects are addressed at a future stage. The effects of climate change and climate variability in the short and long term will continue to impact Samoa and through the implementation of some of the adaptation projects, emissions reductions are also possible. As with mitigation activities, implementation of adaptation projects are heavily dependent upon external financial assistance from the international community.', 'As with mitigation activities, implementation of adaptation projects are heavily dependent upon external financial assistance from the international community. Building climate resilience, disaster risk reduction as well as adaptation projects in vulnerable sectors require significant external assistance and this has been highlighted through the prioritisation of climate change in national planning. 4. SUPPORT FOR IMPLEMENTATION Samoa has relied heavily on external assistance to fund many of its renewable energy initiatives. While the introduction of IPPs has transferred some of the financial burden of capital investment onto the private sector, the government is still faced with the task of improving existing transmission and distribution infrastructure. As the country moves towards a more diverse mix of generation technologies, more investment is needed to upgrade and maintain existing infrastructure.', 'As the country moves towards a more diverse mix of generation technologies, more investment is needed to upgrade and maintain existing infrastructure. The use of intermittent technologies such as solar photovoltaic and wind also puts pressure on the grid to maintain stability of supply. Storage and grid improvements become a priority once all these projects are online which are also capital intensive. To meet the target as set out in the INDC, Samoa needs financial assistance from donors and development partners to implement proposed renewable energy projects and also improve the existing infrastructure and technologies. Substantial progress has been made in achieving the target set out for the electricity sector through investment in renewable energy projects, energy efficiency programs and policy reforms.', 'Substantial progress has been made in achieving the target set out for the electricity sector through investment in renewable energy projects, energy efficiency programs and policy reforms. However, international support is necessary to ensuring the low emission pathway chosen by the electricity sub sector is achieved. The potential for economy‐wide emissions reduction is conditional on assistance provided to other sectors such as transport, agriculture, forestry and waste. These sectors have set in place plans and strategies to reduce emissions; however, implementation is a common problem across all sectors due to limited human, financial and technical resources. The transport sector which has the highest sectoral emissions in particular has a regulation in place to restrict emissions from vehicles to a certain level.', 'The transport sector which has the highest sectoral emissions in particular has a regulation in place to restrict emissions from vehicles to a certain level. However enforcement has not been possible due to a lack of technical capacity, technological capacity and financial resources. Enforcement of this regulation will have significant impact on reducing emissions from this sector. 4 The Samoa National Adaptation Programme of Action, 2005 (NAPA) was developed to identify key sectors with immediate adaption needs.']

en-US

WSM

Samoa

2nd NDC

2021-07-30 00:00:00

x

NDC 2.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Samoa's%20Second%20NDC%20for%20UNFCCC%20Submission.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Oceania

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/55ac7e482ac47c16286305e6ad7a873c52a939b878d44da67ec22b20094ff1dd.pdf

['Submission under the Paris Agreement Samoa’s Second Nationally Determined ContributionImplementing Partners With Financial Support from In Contribution to Special Thanks Samoa’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution Disclaimer All information provided in this document, including the document itself, belongs to the Government of Samoa.Samoa’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution Table of Contents Abbreviations and Acronyms 4 3.1 Priorities for mitigation 8 4.1 Priorities for adaptation 11 4.2 Overview of targets, measures, and requirements 12 5.1 Information on the process to prepare the NDC 13 5.2 Information on implementation plans 14 6 Fairness and Ambition 14 Appendices Appendix A: Information to facilitate clarity, transparency, and understanding of Samoa’s Second NDC 15 Appendix B: Summary of Samoa’s emissions profile 24 Appendix C: Review of First NDC (2015) 25 Appendix D: Key inputs and feedback from stakeholders 26 Tables Table 3.1: Mitigation targets, means, and requirements 9 Table 4.1: Adaptation targets, means, and requirements 12 Table 6.1: Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of Samoa’s Second NDC 15 Table 6.2: Summary of Samoa’s GHG emissions in 1994, 2000, and 2007 24 Table 6.3: GHG emissions from the energy sector in Samoa (2007) 24 Table D.1: Number of projects that can be implemented at the same time in each sector 26 Table D.2: Key institutions and their capacity to implement GHG mitigation projects 27Samoa’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution Abbreviations and Acronyms AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use AUA Apia Urban Area CH Methane CIM Community Integrated Management Plans CO Carbon monoxide CO Carbon dioxide CO e Carbon dioxide equivalent EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone GDP Gross Domestic Product Gg Gigagram GGGI Global Green Growth Institute GHG Greenhouse gas GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH Ha Hectare IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPPU Industrial Processes and Product Use mm Millimeters MWh Megawatt-hours N O Nitrous oxide NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NDC Hub Regional Pacific NDC Hub NMVOC Non-Volatile organic compound NOx Nitrogen Oxide NWU North-West Upolu ROU Rest of Upolu SAV Savai’i SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SIDS Small Island Developing State SNC Second National Communication on Climate Change SO Sulphur dioxide SPC The Pacific Community SPREP Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeSamoa’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution 1.', 'Submission under the Paris Agreement Samoa’s Second Nationally Determined ContributionImplementing Partners With Financial Support from In Contribution to Special Thanks Samoa’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution Disclaimer All information provided in this document, including the document itself, belongs to the Government of Samoa.Samoa’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution Table of Contents Abbreviations and Acronyms 4 3.1 Priorities for mitigation 8 4.1 Priorities for adaptation 11 4.2 Overview of targets, measures, and requirements 12 5.1 Information on the process to prepare the NDC 13 5.2 Information on implementation plans 14 6 Fairness and Ambition 14 Appendices Appendix A: Information to facilitate clarity, transparency, and understanding of Samoa’s Second NDC 15 Appendix B: Summary of Samoa’s emissions profile 24 Appendix C: Review of First NDC (2015) 25 Appendix D: Key inputs and feedback from stakeholders 26 Tables Table 3.1: Mitigation targets, means, and requirements 9 Table 4.1: Adaptation targets, means, and requirements 12 Table 6.1: Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of Samoa’s Second NDC 15 Table 6.2: Summary of Samoa’s GHG emissions in 1994, 2000, and 2007 24 Table 6.3: GHG emissions from the energy sector in Samoa (2007) 24 Table D.1: Number of projects that can be implemented at the same time in each sector 26 Table D.2: Key institutions and their capacity to implement GHG mitigation projects 27Samoa’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution Abbreviations and Acronyms AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use AUA Apia Urban Area CH Methane CIM Community Integrated Management Plans CO Carbon monoxide CO Carbon dioxide CO e Carbon dioxide equivalent EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone GDP Gross Domestic Product Gg Gigagram GGGI Global Green Growth Institute GHG Greenhouse gas GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH Ha Hectare IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPPU Industrial Processes and Product Use mm Millimeters MWh Megawatt-hours N O Nitrous oxide NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NDC Hub Regional Pacific NDC Hub NMVOC Non-Volatile organic compound NOx Nitrogen Oxide NWU North-West Upolu ROU Rest of Upolu SAV Savai’i SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SIDS Small Island Developing State SNC Second National Communication on Climate Change SO Sulphur dioxide SPC The Pacific Community SPREP Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeSamoa’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution 1. Executive Summary Samoa is an island nation located in the Pacific Ocean, that is made up of nine (9) volcanic islands –two of which are Savai’i and Upolu.', 'Executive Summary Samoa is an island nation located in the Pacific Ocean, that is made up of nine (9) volcanic islands –two of which are Savai’i and Upolu. Upolu is the most populated where the capital city Apia is located, and Savai’i is the largest of the nine. Samoa is extremely vulnerable to climate change impacts due to its geographic location, status as a Small Island Developing State (SIDS) in the Pacific, and the importance of natural resources to its main economic sectors of fisheries, agriculture, and tourism. Samoa is only responsible for an insignificant proportion of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Despite this, Samoa is keen to play its part in global climate change mitigation efforts.', 'Despite this, Samoa is keen to play its part in global climate change mitigation efforts. Samoa is experiencing higher average temperatures, greater frequency in extreme daily rainfall events, and sea level rise1, as well as increases in ocean acidification and coastal erosion2. Changing weather patterns and natural disasters are impacting Samoa’s settlements, as 70 percent of the population and infrastructure are located in low-lying coastal areas.3 Climate change and variable weather patterns are also impacting the country’s primary industries, such as agriculture and fishing. Predicted increases in extreme weather conditions from climate change indicates that Samoa will face even greater impacts in the future, in addition to living with the constant threat of earthquakes and tsunamis.', 'Predicted increases in extreme weather conditions from climate change indicates that Samoa will face even greater impacts in the future, in addition to living with the constant threat of earthquakes and tsunamis. These impacts, combined with the recent economic shock caused by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, are making the Government’s poverty alleviation and national development goals more challenging. According to Samoa’s Second National Communication (SNC) to the United Nations Framework Convention Climate Change (UNFCCC), Samoa emitted a total of 352.03 Gg carbon dioxide equivalent (CO e) in 2007.', 'According to Samoa’s Second National Communication (SNC) to the United Nations Framework Convention Climate Change (UNFCCC), Samoa emitted a total of 352.03 Gg carbon dioxide equivalent (CO e) in 2007. The energy sector accounted for 50 percent of this total, the agriculture forestry and other land use (AFOLU) sector accounted for 38 percent, the waste sector accounted for 9 percent, and the industrial processes and product use (IPPU) sector accounted for 3 percent.', 'The energy sector accounted for 50 percent of this total, the agriculture forestry and other land use (AFOLU) sector accounted for 38 percent, the waste sector accounted for 9 percent, and the industrial processes and product use (IPPU) sector accounted for 3 percent. As a leader in climate action and committing to the urgency of the Paris Agreement, Samoa has developed its Second NDC undertaking an inclusive stakeholder engagement process with key national stakeholders, ministries, and departments, with the technical assistance and support of the Regional Pacific NDC Hub and the Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI), in collaboration with the strategic advisory firm Castalia.', 'As a leader in climate action and committing to the urgency of the Paris Agreement, Samoa has developed its Second NDC undertaking an inclusive stakeholder engagement process with key national stakeholders, ministries, and departments, with the technical assistance and support of the Regional Pacific NDC Hub and the Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI), in collaboration with the strategic advisory firm Castalia. Considering its negligible GHG emissions and limited resources, as well as the ongoing disruption and uncertainty brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic, Samoa’s Second NDC is ambitious and reflects the urgency of the Paris Agreement.', 'Considering its negligible GHG emissions and limited resources, as well as the ongoing disruption and uncertainty brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic, Samoa’s Second NDC is ambitious and reflects the urgency of the Paris Agreement. 1 p.42.Samoa’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution Mitigation Samoa aims to reduce overall GHG emissions by 26 percent in 2030 compared to 2007 levels (or by 91 Gg CO e compared to the new reference year4 once Samoa’s GHG emissions inventory has been This economy-wide emissions reduction target comprises the following sector-specific mitigation targets: ▪ Energy - reduce GHG emissions in the energy sector6 by 30 percent in 2030 compared to 2007 levels (or by 53 Gg CO e compared to the new reference year once the GHG emissions inventory is ▪ Waste - reduce GHG emissions in the waste sector by 4 percent in 2030 compared to 2007 levels (or by 1.2 Gg CO e compared to the new reference year once the GHG emissions inventory is updated).', '1 p.42.Samoa’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution Mitigation Samoa aims to reduce overall GHG emissions by 26 percent in 2030 compared to 2007 levels (or by 91 Gg CO e compared to the new reference year4 once Samoa’s GHG emissions inventory has been This economy-wide emissions reduction target comprises the following sector-specific mitigation targets: ▪ Energy - reduce GHG emissions in the energy sector6 by 30 percent in 2030 compared to 2007 levels (or by 53 Gg CO e compared to the new reference year once the GHG emissions inventory is ▪ Waste - reduce GHG emissions in the waste sector by 4 percent in 2030 compared to 2007 levels (or by 1.2 Gg CO e compared to the new reference year once the GHG emissions inventory is updated). ▪ AFOLU - reduce GHG emissions in the AFOLU sector by 26 percent in 2030 compared to 2007 levels (or by 35.2 Gg CO e compared to the new reference year once the GHG emissions inventory is updated).', '▪ AFOLU - reduce GHG emissions in the AFOLU sector by 26 percent in 2030 compared to 2007 levels (or by 35.2 Gg CO e compared to the new reference year once the GHG emissions inventory is updated). Adaptation Samoa’s National Climate Change Policy 2020 – 2030 provides the framework for both national adaptation and mitigation actions through a whole-of-country approach to build resilience to the impacts of climate change. At the community level, Samoa has developed Community Integrated Management (CIM) Plans which identify prioritized adaptation actions by all of Samoa’s 368 villages to enhance their climate resilience. This work builds on Samoa’s successful implementation of its National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) in 2005.', 'This work builds on Samoa’s successful implementation of its National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) in 2005. Building on current adaptation actions, Samoa identifies the following quantitative targets that contribute to adaptation in the marine and AFOLU sectors: ▪ Marine - expand the area of mangrove forests in Samoa by 5 percent by 2030 relative to 2018.8 ▪ AFOLU - expand the area under agroforestry to an additional 5 percent of agricultural land by 2030 relative to 2018.9 ▪ AFOLU - manage forests sustainably and increase total forest cover by 2 percent by 2030 relative to It is expected that these adaptation targets will also contribute to mitigation.11 Mitigation and adaptation targets are conditional on external financial support.', 'Building on current adaptation actions, Samoa identifies the following quantitative targets that contribute to adaptation in the marine and AFOLU sectors: ▪ Marine - expand the area of mangrove forests in Samoa by 5 percent by 2030 relative to 2018.8 ▪ AFOLU - expand the area under agroforestry to an additional 5 percent of agricultural land by 2030 relative to 2018.9 ▪ AFOLU - manage forests sustainably and increase total forest cover by 2 percent by 2030 relative to It is expected that these adaptation targets will also contribute to mitigation.11 Mitigation and adaptation targets are conditional on external financial support. 4 Gross emissions of 352.03 Gg in 2007 are taken as the baseline for this overall target. Samoa’s last comprehensive GHG inventory was prepared in 2007.', 'Samoa’s last comprehensive GHG inventory was prepared in 2007. It monitored the years 2000 to 2007 for each sector. Samoa is in the process of updating its GHG inventory to reflect changes since 2007. However, given the urgency of developing a Second NDC for Samoa, the Government of Samoa has used 2007 data to develop this Second NDC. SIDS have flexibility in their submissions under the Paris Agreement, therefore Samoa has included this alternative specification of the overall mitigation target to ensure it can use updated information on national emissions when this becomes available.', 'SIDS have flexibility in their submissions under the Paris Agreement, therefore Samoa has included this alternative specification of the overall mitigation target to ensure it can use updated information on national emissions when this becomes available. 5 This overall target, and the subsidiary sector-specific targets, are set based on the aggregate emissions reduction potential of a pipeline of climate change mitigation projects identified in Samoa’s NDC Implementation Roadmap and NDC Investment Plan. The economy-wide target accounts for emissions reductions from adaptation actions, therefore it is greater than the sum of the energy, waste, and AFOLU sector mitigation targets. 6 To ensure accuracy against GHG emissions reported in 2007, the energy sector includes the electricity, land transport, maritime transport, and tourism sub-sectors.', '6 To ensure accuracy against GHG emissions reported in 2007, the energy sector includes the electricity, land transport, maritime transport, and tourism sub-sectors. While emissions from these sub-sectors were not reported in a way that would allow Samoa to form sub-sector targets relative to the 2007 emissions inventory baseline, Samoa would like to put forward to following mass-based sub-sector GHG emissions reduction targets that can be applied relative to the new reference year once the GHG emissions inventory is updated: \uf0a7 Electricity 44.2 Gg CO e \uf0a7 Land transport 5.2 Gg CO e \uf0a7 Maritime transport 3.0 Gg CO e \uf0a7 Tourism 0.5 Gg CO e Each sub-sector has specific means to achieve the overall energy sector target.', 'While emissions from these sub-sectors were not reported in a way that would allow Samoa to form sub-sector targets relative to the 2007 emissions inventory baseline, Samoa would like to put forward to following mass-based sub-sector GHG emissions reduction targets that can be applied relative to the new reference year once the GHG emissions inventory is updated: \uf0a7 Electricity 44.2 Gg CO e \uf0a7 Land transport 5.2 Gg CO e \uf0a7 Maritime transport 3.0 Gg CO e \uf0a7 Tourism 0.5 Gg CO e Each sub-sector has specific means to achieve the overall energy sector target. 7 To avoid double counting, the GHG emissions reductions of the 100 percent renewable electricity sector project is taken as the total GHG emissions reduction potential in the electricity sub-sector.', '7 To avoid double counting, the GHG emissions reductions of the 100 percent renewable electricity sector project is taken as the total GHG emissions reduction potential in the electricity sub-sector. 8 Samoa has set an area-based target for mangrove restoration using recent land cover estimates from 2018. It is expected that expansion of mangrove forests will also contribute to climate change mitigation, however, Samoa’s 2007 emissions inventory did not include data on marine sector emissions and removals, so it was not possible to set a percentage-based target for emissions reductions in this sector. 9 According to the FAO, the area of land used for agriculture in Samoa in 2018 was approximately 75,700 ha.', '9 According to the FAO, the area of land used for agriculture in Samoa in 2018 was approximately 75,700 ha. Data on land use is recorded on the FAO’s FAOSTAT database, available at: Accessed on 26 May 2021. 10 The total forest area in Samoa was 165,049 ha in 2013. This figure is taken from the National Land Cover Map (2013), developed by MNRE in consultation with the Japan International Cooperation System. 11 The expected GHG emissions reduction potential of the three adaptation targets were taken into account when determining the GHG emissions reduction targets.Samoa’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution 2.', '11 The expected GHG emissions reduction potential of the three adaptation targets were taken into account when determining the GHG emissions reduction targets.Samoa’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution 2. National Circumstances Geographical characteristics The Independent State of Samoa consists of two main islands, Savai’i (1,700 square kilometers) and Upolu (1,100 square kilometers), and eight smaller islands, making up a total land area of 2,900 square kilometers.12 The capital, Apia, is located on Upolu. Samoa has an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of 120,000 square kilometers.13 Samoa has mountainous terrain as well as narrow coastal settlements.14 Climate profile Samoa has a tropical climate with two distinct seasons: a hot and wet season (November—April) and cool and a dry season (May—October).', 'Samoa has an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of 120,000 square kilometers.13 Samoa has mountainous terrain as well as narrow coastal settlements.14 Climate profile Samoa has a tropical climate with two distinct seasons: a hot and wet season (November—April) and cool and a dry season (May—October). Samoa s annual mean rainfall ranges from 3,000 to 6,000 millimeters, with approximately 70 percent of annual rainfall occurring in the hot and wet season. The south to southeast regions of the main islands experience more rainfall than the north to northwest regions. The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)15 brings lower than average rainfall for Samoa and is associated with droughts and forest fires.', 'The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)15 brings lower than average rainfall for Samoa and is associated with droughts and forest fires. La Niña16 brings above average rainfall, and is associated with flooding of low-lying areas, particularly in and around Apia.17 The mean annual temperature ranges from 26 to 31 degrees Celsius.18 Humidity is high, at approximately 80 percent.', 'La Niña16 brings above average rainfall, and is associated with flooding of low-lying areas, particularly in and around Apia.17 The mean annual temperature ranges from 26 to 31 degrees Celsius.18 Humidity is high, at approximately 80 percent. Southeast trade winds dominate Samoa all year round.19 Samoa is experiencing greater maximum air temperature, greater frequency in extreme daily rainfall events, sea level rise of 5.2 millimeters (mm) per annum, and maximum hourly sea level increasing at a rate of 8.2 mm per annum,20 as well as increases in ocean acidification and coastal erosion.21 Higher sea-surface temperatures, cyclones, and longer, more frequent droughts are additional climate change-related risks for Samoa.22 Samoa is extremely vulnerable to the impacts of climate change because about 70 percent of the population and infrastructure are located in low-lying coastal areas,23 and citizens rely on the productivity of primary industries such as agriculture and fishing, which have been adversely impacted by changing weather patterns and natural disasters.24 Population profile Samoa’s total population is approximately 202,500.25 Of this total, approximately 77 percent live on Upolu, 22 percent live on Savai’i, and the remaining population live on the outer islands of Manono and Apolima.26 Approximately 19 percent of Samoa’s population live in urban areas, while 81 percent live in rural areas.27 The country has approximately 340 villages, which are divided into 43 districts.', 'Southeast trade winds dominate Samoa all year round.19 Samoa is experiencing greater maximum air temperature, greater frequency in extreme daily rainfall events, sea level rise of 5.2 millimeters (mm) per annum, and maximum hourly sea level increasing at a rate of 8.2 mm per annum,20 as well as increases in ocean acidification and coastal erosion.21 Higher sea-surface temperatures, cyclones, and longer, more frequent droughts are additional climate change-related risks for Samoa.22 Samoa is extremely vulnerable to the impacts of climate change because about 70 percent of the population and infrastructure are located in low-lying coastal areas,23 and citizens rely on the productivity of primary industries such as agriculture and fishing, which have been adversely impacted by changing weather patterns and natural disasters.24 Population profile Samoa’s total population is approximately 202,500.25 Of this total, approximately 77 percent live on Upolu, 22 percent live on Savai’i, and the remaining population live on the outer islands of Manono and Apolima.26 Approximately 19 percent of Samoa’s population live in urban areas, while 81 percent live in rural areas.27 The country has approximately 340 villages, which are divided into 43 districts. These districts are grouped into four regions: Apia Urban Area (AUA), North-West Upolu (NWU), Rest of Upolu (ROU) and Savaii (SAV).28 Samoa’s average population density is 70 people per square kilometer.29 Samoa has a relatively young population, with a median age of 22 years.30 More than 57 percent of the population is aged 15-64 years, 37 percent are aged under 15, while only 5 percent are 65 years old and 13 A country’s EEZ is the area of sea to which a country has special rights to the use of marine resources.', 'These districts are grouped into four regions: Apia Urban Area (AUA), North-West Upolu (NWU), Rest of Upolu (ROU) and Savaii (SAV).28 Samoa’s average population density is 70 people per square kilometer.29 Samoa has a relatively young population, with a median age of 22 years.30 More than 57 percent of the population is aged 15-64 years, 37 percent are aged under 15, while only 5 percent are 65 years old and 13 A country’s EEZ is the area of sea to which a country has special rights to the use of marine resources. This zone extends 200 nautical miles from a country’s coastline.', 'This zone extends 200 nautical miles from a country’s coastline. 15 El Niño and La Niña are opposite phases of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), a global cyclical oceanic and climatic phenomenon which influences rainfall, temperature, and wind patterns. 16 During La Niña, sea surface temperatures in the eastern equatorial part of the Pacific Ocean are significantly lower than normal. It is associated with specific climatic conditions throughout the Pacific region.Samoa’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution above.31 Approximately 23 percent of Samoa’s population live below the poverty line, as of 2018.32 Poverty rates have fluctuated over the past ten years, largely due to Cyclone Evan (2012), Cyclone Gita (2018), and the measles epidemic (2019).', 'It is associated with specific climatic conditions throughout the Pacific region.Samoa’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution above.31 Approximately 23 percent of Samoa’s population live below the poverty line, as of 2018.32 Poverty rates have fluctuated over the past ten years, largely due to Cyclone Evan (2012), Cyclone Gita (2018), and the measles epidemic (2019). Poverty rates are expected to increase due to the COVID-19 pandemic.33 Socio-economic background Samoa’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for the year ended December 2020 was US$733 million, with a per capita GDP of US$3,630.34 Economic activity declined by 8 percent in the December 2020 quarter, due to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.35 Before the pandemic, Samoa’s GDP for the year ended December 2019 was US$804 million, with a per capita GDP of US$3,970.36 The service sector (tertiary sector) is the largest contributing sector, making up approximately 74 percent of total nominal GDP in 2019.37 The primary sectors (including agriculture and fisheries) share of GDP has declined in recent years, contributing approximately 10 percent of GDP in 2019.38 The total value of Samoa’s exports was US$49 million in 201939, made up of approximately 28 percent re- exports, and 72 percent domestically produced exports40.', 'Poverty rates are expected to increase due to the COVID-19 pandemic.33 Socio-economic background Samoa’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for the year ended December 2020 was US$733 million, with a per capita GDP of US$3,630.34 Economic activity declined by 8 percent in the December 2020 quarter, due to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.35 Before the pandemic, Samoa’s GDP for the year ended December 2019 was US$804 million, with a per capita GDP of US$3,970.36 The service sector (tertiary sector) is the largest contributing sector, making up approximately 74 percent of total nominal GDP in 2019.37 The primary sectors (including agriculture and fisheries) share of GDP has declined in recent years, contributing approximately 10 percent of GDP in 2019.38 The total value of Samoa’s exports was US$49 million in 201939, made up of approximately 28 percent re- exports, and 72 percent domestically produced exports40. The top five exported products (by trade value) are petroleum41, fresh fish, taro, crude coconut oil, and beer42.', 'The top five exported products (by trade value) are petroleum41, fresh fish, taro, crude coconut oil, and beer42. Exports are sent chiefly to American Samoa, New Zealand, the United States, Tokelau, and Australia.43 Exports are subject to constraints, such as price instability, high transport costs, lack of overseas markets, and harsh weather conditions. 3.1 Priorities for Mitigation According to Samoa’s SNC to the UNFCCC, Samoa’s total GHG emissions was 352.03 Gg CO percent of this total comes from the energy sector, while 38 percent comes from the AFOLU sector.', '3.1 Priorities for Mitigation According to Samoa’s SNC to the UNFCCC, Samoa’s total GHG emissions was 352.03 Gg CO percent of this total comes from the energy sector, while 38 percent comes from the AFOLU sector. Waste and Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) emit 12 percent of GHGs in Samoa.45 In developing this NDC, Samoa focused on opportunities to reduce emissions in the energy sector (including electricity, land transport, maritime transport, and tourism), the waste sector, and the AFOLU sector.', 'Waste and Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) emit 12 percent of GHGs in Samoa.45 In developing this NDC, Samoa focused on opportunities to reduce emissions in the energy sector (including electricity, land transport, maritime transport, and tourism), the waste sector, and the AFOLU sector. Samoa did not develop a GHG emissions reduction target for the industrial processes and product use (IPPU) sector because: \uf0a7 GHG emissions from IPPU represent only a small fraction (less than 3 percent) of Samoa’s total GHG emissions, given the absence of mineral, chemical, metal, electronics, and other manufacturing industries as well as the limited use of lubricants, paraffin waxes, and solvents. \uf0a7 There is a lack of data on emissions from the IPPU sector.', '\uf0a7 There is a lack of data on emissions from the IPPU sector. Samoa wishes to communicate the following targets for reducing GHG emissions in the energy, waste and AFOLU sectors, detailed in Table 3.1. 32 Samoa’s Second Voluntary National Review on the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (2020) available at: 44 Samoa’s last comprehensive GHG inventory was prepared in 2007. It monitored the years 2000 to 2007 for each sector. Samoa is in the process of updating its GHG inventory to reflect changes since 2007. However, given the urgency of developing a Second NDC for Samoa, the Government of Samoa has used 2007 data throughout.', 'However, given the urgency of developing a Second NDC for Samoa, the Government of Samoa has used 2007 data throughout. 45 Samoa’s National GHG Inventory, 2007.Table 3.1: Mitigation targets, means, and requirements Sector Target46 Subsector Means Requirements Energy47 ▪ Reduce GHG emissions in the energy sector by 30 percent in 2030 compared to 2007 levels (or by 53 Gg CO e compared to the new reference year levels once the GHG emissions inventory is updated)48 Electricity ▪ Reach 100 percent renewable electricity generation by 2025 ▪ Implement and monitor energy efficiency programs ▪ Implement grid stabilization and network loss reduction programs ▪ Samoa will need external financial support to reach its renewable electricity target ▪ Samoa will need external financial support to implement energy efficiency projects, grid stabilization projects, and network loss reduction work Land transport ▪ Electrification of vehicles ▪ Shared electric micro mobility49 Samoa requires external financial support and technical assistance to support electrification of vehicles and shared electric micro mobility Maritime transport ▪ Develop shore side electricity supply for vessels and reviewing the energy efficiency of maritime transport ▪ Expand Samoa’s efforts to install solar panels on vessels ▪ Pilot the use of biodiesel on one of Samoa’s freight or passenger vessels ▪ Conduct studies to understand viability of low carbon maritime transport options ▪ Samoa can develop shore side electricity supply for at-berth vessels and review energy efficiency in the sector without external financial support ▪ Samoa requires external financial support to introduce renewable energy technologies to vessels ▪ Samoa requires external financial support and technical assistance to support projects to scope and develop low-carbon maritime transport options Tourism ▪ Implement and monitor a program to support energy efficient appliances ▪ Given the lack of visitors caused by COVID-19, Samoa’s tourism sector will require grant funding and external financial support to adopt energy efficient appliances Waste ▪ Reduce GHG emissions in the waste sector by 4 percent in 2030 compared to 2007 levels (or by 1.2 Gg CO e compared to the new reference year levels once the GHG emissions inventory is updated) ▪ Implementing landfill gas capturing technologies to Samoa’s landfills ▪ Samoa requires external financial support and technical assistance to implement landfill gas capturing technologies AFOLU ▪ Reduce GHG emissions in the sector by 26 percent in 2030 compared to 2007 levels (or by 35.2 Gg CO e compared to the new reference year levels once the GHG emissions inventory is updated) ▪ Improve agriculture practices through improved manure management and fertilizer use ▪ Reforestation, forest restoration, and promoting agroforestry ▪ Samoa requires external financial support and technical assistance to improve manure management, fertilizer use, support reforestation, forest restoration, and the expansion of agroforestry Note: Targets are informed by the emissions reduction potential of projects in the NDC Implementation Roadmap and NDC Investment Plan (including project pipeline), which has been developed alongside Samoa’s Second 46 Samoa’s last comprehensive GHG inventory was prepared in 2007.', '45 Samoa’s National GHG Inventory, 2007.Table 3.1: Mitigation targets, means, and requirements Sector Target46 Subsector Means Requirements Energy47 ▪ Reduce GHG emissions in the energy sector by 30 percent in 2030 compared to 2007 levels (or by 53 Gg CO e compared to the new reference year levels once the GHG emissions inventory is updated)48 Electricity ▪ Reach 100 percent renewable electricity generation by 2025 ▪ Implement and monitor energy efficiency programs ▪ Implement grid stabilization and network loss reduction programs ▪ Samoa will need external financial support to reach its renewable electricity target ▪ Samoa will need external financial support to implement energy efficiency projects, grid stabilization projects, and network loss reduction work Land transport ▪ Electrification of vehicles ▪ Shared electric micro mobility49 Samoa requires external financial support and technical assistance to support electrification of vehicles and shared electric micro mobility Maritime transport ▪ Develop shore side electricity supply for vessels and reviewing the energy efficiency of maritime transport ▪ Expand Samoa’s efforts to install solar panels on vessels ▪ Pilot the use of biodiesel on one of Samoa’s freight or passenger vessels ▪ Conduct studies to understand viability of low carbon maritime transport options ▪ Samoa can develop shore side electricity supply for at-berth vessels and review energy efficiency in the sector without external financial support ▪ Samoa requires external financial support to introduce renewable energy technologies to vessels ▪ Samoa requires external financial support and technical assistance to support projects to scope and develop low-carbon maritime transport options Tourism ▪ Implement and monitor a program to support energy efficient appliances ▪ Given the lack of visitors caused by COVID-19, Samoa’s tourism sector will require grant funding and external financial support to adopt energy efficient appliances Waste ▪ Reduce GHG emissions in the waste sector by 4 percent in 2030 compared to 2007 levels (or by 1.2 Gg CO e compared to the new reference year levels once the GHG emissions inventory is updated) ▪ Implementing landfill gas capturing technologies to Samoa’s landfills ▪ Samoa requires external financial support and technical assistance to implement landfill gas capturing technologies AFOLU ▪ Reduce GHG emissions in the sector by 26 percent in 2030 compared to 2007 levels (or by 35.2 Gg CO e compared to the new reference year levels once the GHG emissions inventory is updated) ▪ Improve agriculture practices through improved manure management and fertilizer use ▪ Reforestation, forest restoration, and promoting agroforestry ▪ Samoa requires external financial support and technical assistance to improve manure management, fertilizer use, support reforestation, forest restoration, and the expansion of agroforestry Note: Targets are informed by the emissions reduction potential of projects in the NDC Implementation Roadmap and NDC Investment Plan (including project pipeline), which has been developed alongside Samoa’s Second 46 Samoa’s last comprehensive GHG inventory was prepared in 2007. It monitored the years 2000 to 2007 for each sector.', 'It monitored the years 2000 to 2007 for each sector. Samoa is in the process of updating its GHG inventory to reflect changes since 2007. However, given the aim of developing a Second NDC for Samoa, the Government of Samoa has used 2007 data to develop this Second NDC. 47 To ensure accuracy against GHG emissions reported in 2007, the following sub-sectors have been included under the energy sector: > Electricity > Land transport > Maritime transport > Tourism Each sub-sector has specific means to achieve the energy sector target. 48 To avoid double counting, the GHG emissions reductions of the 100 percent renewable electricity sector project is taken as the total GHG emissions reduction potential in the electricity sub-sector.', '48 To avoid double counting, the GHG emissions reductions of the 100 percent renewable electricity sector project is taken as the total GHG emissions reduction potential in the electricity sub-sector. 49 Micro mobility refers to a range of small, lightweight vehicles operating at speeds typically below 25 km/h and are driven by users personally for short distance trips. Vehicles include bicycles, e-bikes, and e-scooters.', 'Vehicles include bicycles, e-bikes, and e-scooters. This project envisages the introduction of shared e-scooters.Samoa’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution 3.2 Energy Sector Targets Samoa aims to reduce GHG emissions in the energy sector50 by 30 percent in 2030 compared to 2007 levels51 (or by 53 Gg CO e compared to the new reference year once the GHG emissions inventory is updated).52 Overview of measures and requirements to achieve targets Electricity Reducing GHG emissions in the electricity sub-sector may be achieved by expanding renewable electricity generation, introducing monitoring and energy efficiency programs, and introducing grid stabilization and network loss reduction programs. Samoa aims to generate 100 percent of electricity from renewable sources by 2025. Samoa will require external financial support to achieve this goal.', 'Samoa will require external financial support to achieve this goal. The successful adoption of energy efficiency programs will require appropriate financing measures to meet greater upfront costs of energy efficient buildings and appliances. These energy efficiency projects will also require external financial support. Grid stabilization and network loss reduction programs will require technology transfer, capacity building, and external financial support. Land transport Reducing GHG emissions in the land transport sector may be achieved by initially electrifying a percentage of vehicles in Samoa, with an incremental percentage increase each year.', 'Land transport Reducing GHG emissions in the land transport sector may be achieved by initially electrifying a percentage of vehicles in Samoa, with an incremental percentage increase each year. This shall also provide an opportunity for the inclusion of shared electric micro mobility.53 The successful adoption of these measures will require further feasibility studies and assessments, public acceptance of changes to transportation modes, technology transfer, capacity building, and external financial support. Maritime transport Reducing GHG emissions in the maritime transport sector may be achieved by developing shore side electricity supply for vessels and reviewing the energy efficiency of maritime transport, introducing renewable energy technologies to vessels (solar and biodiesel), and conducting studies to understand viability of low carbon transport options.', 'Maritime transport Reducing GHG emissions in the maritime transport sector may be achieved by developing shore side electricity supply for vessels and reviewing the energy efficiency of maritime transport, introducing renewable energy technologies to vessels (solar and biodiesel), and conducting studies to understand viability of low carbon transport options. While energy efficiency reviews and development of shore-side electricity supply can be achieved without external financial support, the development of renewable energy technologies on vessels and the exploration of low-carbon maritime transport options will require technology transfer, capacity building, and external financial support. Tourism Reducing GHG emissions in the tourism sector may be achieved by implementing and monitoring energy efficiency programs for appliances.', 'Tourism Reducing GHG emissions in the tourism sector may be achieved by implementing and monitoring energy efficiency programs for appliances. The successful adoption of energy efficient appliances will require appropriate financing measures to meet greater upfront costs, however these could be funded by long-term electricity costs savings. Given the lack of visitors caused by COVID-19, Samoa’s tourism sector will require grant funding and external financial support to adopt energy efficient appliances. 50 To ensure accuracy against GHG emissions reported in 2007, the following sub-sectors have been included under the energy sector: \uf0a7 Electricity \uf0a7 Land transport \uf0a7 Maritime transport \uf0a7 Tourism Each sub-sector has specific means to achieve the energy sector target. 51 Samoa’s last comprehensive GHG inventory was prepared in 2007.', '51 Samoa’s last comprehensive GHG inventory was prepared in 2007. It monitored the years 2000 to 2007 for each sector. Samoa is in the process of updating its GHG inventory to reflect changes since 2007. However, given the urgency of developing a Second NDC for Samoa, the Government of Samoa has used 2007 data to develop this Second NDC. 52 To avoid double counting, the GHG emissions reductions of the 100 percent renewable electricity sector project is taken as the total GHG emissions reduction potential in the electricity sub-sector. 53 Micro mobility refers to a range of small, lightweight vehicles operating at speeds typically below 25 km/h and are driven by users personally for short distance trips. Vehicles include bicycles, e-bikes, and e-scooters.', 'Vehicles include bicycles, e-bikes, and e-scooters. This project envisages the introduction of shared e-scooters.Samoa’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution 3.3 Waste Sector Targets Samoa set the target of reducing GHG emissions in the waste sector by 4 percent in 2030 compared to e compared to the new reference year once the GHG emissions inventory is updated). Overview of measures and requirements to achieve targets Reducing GHG emissions in the waste sector may be achieved by installing geomembranes on landfills in Samoa to capture landfill gas (mainly methane from the anaerobic decomposition of organic material). The successful adoption of this measure will require technology transfer, capacity building, and external financial support.', 'The successful adoption of this measure will require technology transfer, capacity building, and external financial support. 3.4 AFOLU Sector Targets Samoa set the target of reducing GHG emissions in the AFOLU sector by 26 percent in 2030 compared to e compared to the new reference year once the GHG emissions inventory is updated). Overview of measures and requirements to achieve targets Reducing GHG emissions in the AFOLU sector may be achieved by improving agriculture practices through improved manure management and fertilizer use, and reforestation, forest restoration, and promoting agroforestry. The success of improving agriculture practices will require public acceptance of changes to business-as-usual practices, external technical expertise, and external financial support. Reforestation, forest restoration, and promotion of agroforestry will require considerable technical expertise and external financial support.', 'Reforestation, forest restoration, and promotion of agroforestry will require considerable technical expertise and external financial support. At the national level the consent from landowners and various stakeholders is required to determine the land areas that can be used for forest restoration and reforestation that will be monitored by the designated entity. 4.1 Priorities for Adaptation Samoa recognizes that climate change will have significant impacts on the country, particularly in sectors including agriculture, health, tourism, forestry, and water as well as coastal infrastructure and marine ecosystems. These sectors and priority areas are highlighted within the Community Integrated Management (CIM) Plans and National Climate Change Policy 2020-2030. 54 Samoa’s last comprehensive GHG inventory was prepared in 2007. It monitored the years 2000 to 2007 for each sector.', 'It monitored the years 2000 to 2007 for each sector. Samoa is in the process of updating its GHG inventory to reflect changes since 2007. However, given the urgency of developing a Second NDC for Samoa, the Government of Samoa has used 2007 data to develop this Second NDC. 55 Samoa’s last comprehensive GHG inventory was prepared in 2007. It monitored the years 2000 to 2007 for each sector. Samoa is in the process of updating its GHG inventory to reflect changes since 2007.', 'Samoa is in the process of updating its GHG inventory to reflect changes since 2007. However, given the urgency of developing a Second NDC for Samoa, the Government of Samoa has used 2007 data to develop this Second NDC.Samoa’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution 4.2 Overview of Targets, Measures, and Requirements In addition to building on the activities outlined in its the Community Integrated Management (CIM) Plans and current National Climate Change Policy 2020-2030, Samoa wishes to communicate the following quantitative targets for adapting to climate change in the marine and AFOLU sectors, as detailed in Table 4.1.565758 Table 4.1: Adaptation targets, means, and requirements Sector Target Means Requirements Marine ▪ Expand the area of mangrove forests in Samoa by 5 percent by ▪ Mangrove restoration and planting programs in coastal areas ▪ Samoa requires external funding support and technical assistance to support mangrove restoration and planting AFOLU ▪ Expand the area under agroforestry to an additional 5 percent of agricultural land by 2030 relative to 201857 ▪ Awareness raising activities and targeted support, including provision of seedlings ▪ Samoa can promote the expansion of agroforestry with external financial support and external technical assistance ▪ Manage the use of forest sustainably and increase total forest cover by 2 percent by 2030 relative ▪ Develop a program for reforestation and forest restoration supported by incentive payments ▪ Samoa requires external financial support and technical assistance to manage forests sustainably and incentivize reforestation and forest restoration It is expected that these adaptation targets will also contribute to mitigation.59 4.3 Marine Sector Targets Samoa has set the target of expanding the area of mangrove forests by 5 percent by 2030 relative to 2018.60 Expanding the area of mangrove forest will help to protect coastal areas and communities against coastal flooding, coastal erosion, and storm surges.', 'However, given the urgency of developing a Second NDC for Samoa, the Government of Samoa has used 2007 data to develop this Second NDC.Samoa’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution 4.2 Overview of Targets, Measures, and Requirements In addition to building on the activities outlined in its the Community Integrated Management (CIM) Plans and current National Climate Change Policy 2020-2030, Samoa wishes to communicate the following quantitative targets for adapting to climate change in the marine and AFOLU sectors, as detailed in Table 4.1.565758 Table 4.1: Adaptation targets, means, and requirements Sector Target Means Requirements Marine ▪ Expand the area of mangrove forests in Samoa by 5 percent by ▪ Mangrove restoration and planting programs in coastal areas ▪ Samoa requires external funding support and technical assistance to support mangrove restoration and planting AFOLU ▪ Expand the area under agroforestry to an additional 5 percent of agricultural land by 2030 relative to 201857 ▪ Awareness raising activities and targeted support, including provision of seedlings ▪ Samoa can promote the expansion of agroforestry with external financial support and external technical assistance ▪ Manage the use of forest sustainably and increase total forest cover by 2 percent by 2030 relative ▪ Develop a program for reforestation and forest restoration supported by incentive payments ▪ Samoa requires external financial support and technical assistance to manage forests sustainably and incentivize reforestation and forest restoration It is expected that these adaptation targets will also contribute to mitigation.59 4.3 Marine Sector Targets Samoa has set the target of expanding the area of mangrove forests by 5 percent by 2030 relative to 2018.60 Expanding the area of mangrove forest will help to protect coastal areas and communities against coastal flooding, coastal erosion, and storm surges. It will also provide valuable habitat for fish, help to protect marine ecosystems, and enhance ecosystem services.', 'It will also provide valuable habitat for fish, help to protect marine ecosystems, and enhance ecosystem services. Overview of measures and requirements to achieve targets Expansion of the area under mangrove forests may be achieved through a large-scale program to plant and restore mangrove forests. The success of mangrove restoration and planting will require technical expertise, external financial support, and consent from various stakeholders (including coastal villages) in order to determine the areas on which mangroves will be planted and how mangroves will be planted and monitored. 56 Samoa has set an area-based target for mangrove restoration using recent land cover estimates from 2018. 57 According to the FAO, the area of land used for agriculture in Samoa in 2018 was approximately 75,700 ha.', '57 According to the FAO, the area of land used for agriculture in Samoa in 2018 was approximately 75,700 ha. Data on land use is recorded on the FAO’s FAOSTAT database. Available at: Accessed on 26 May, 2021 58 The total forest area was Samoa is 165,049 ha in 2013. This figure is taken from the National Land Cover Map (2013), developed by MNRE in consultation with the Japan International Cooperation System. 59 The expected GHG emissions reduction potential of the three adaptation targets were taken into account when determining the GHG emissions reduction targets. 60 In 2018, Samoa had three large mangrove and a total mangrove area of 374 ha (as reported in Percival, J.E.H. (2018).', '60 In 2018, Samoa had three large mangrove and a total mangrove area of 374 ha (as reported in Percival, J.E.H. (2018). The Importance of Seascape Structure on Fish Communities in the Mangroves of Samoa. Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies Kyoto University, Japan. In Samoa Ocean Strategy, available at: Second Nationally Determined Contribution 4.4 AFOLU Sector Targets Samoa has set two quantitative targets to contribute to adaptation in the AFOLU sector. Firstly, Samoa aims to expand the area under agroforestry to an additional 5 percent of agricultural land by 2030 relative to 2018.61 Increasing the use of agroforestry is expected to contribute to several important ecosystem services. For example, agroforestry systems help protect crops from cyclone damage, diversify agricultural incomes, and reduce riverine flood risk.', 'For example, agroforestry systems help protect crops from cyclone damage, diversify agricultural incomes, and reduce riverine flood risk. Secondly, Samoa aims to manage forests sustainably and increase total forest cover by 2 percent by 2030 relative to 2013.62 Managing forests responsibly and promoting afforestation is expected to moderate stream flow (reducing the risk of riverine flooding and drought), protect indigenous ecosystems, preserve cultural values, and maintain the supply of non-timber forest products. Overview of measures and requirements to achieve targets It is expected that expanding agroforestry will be achieved by awareness raising activities that promote traditional knowledge of agroforestry systems and provide targeted support, including providing seedlings to landholders.', 'Overview of measures and requirements to achieve targets It is expected that expanding agroforestry will be achieved by awareness raising activities that promote traditional knowledge of agroforestry systems and provide targeted support, including providing seedlings to landholders. Samoa can support the expansion of agroforestry without the need for external financial support, however the success of the agroforestry program will require external technical assistance as well as consent from landholders to determine the areas on which trees will be planted and who will be responsible for planting and monitoring the trees. It is expected that Samoa can manage forests sustainably gradually and increase total forest cover by developing a program for reforestation and forest restoration. Samoa would require external financial support and technical assistance to develop this program.', 'Samoa would require external financial support and technical assistance to develop this program. The expansion of forest area would also require consent from various stakeholders in order to determine the areas on which forest will be planted and who will be responsible for planting and monitoring these areas. 5. Planning Processes 5.1 Information on the process to prepare the NDC Several key sectoral policies, plans, and strategies inform Samoa’s Second NDC. The Strategy for the Development of Samoa (2016) (SDS) and Samoa 2040 (2021) are Samoa’s overarching national planning documents. The SDS lays out the strategy for Samoa’s overall development based on the four pillars of sustainable development (economic, social, infrastructure, and environment). Samoa 2040 focuses on Samoa’s growth, particularly in relation to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).', 'Samoa 2040 focuses on Samoa’s growth, particularly in relation to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Other key documents include the Samoa Climate Change Policy 2020, the National Environment Sector Plan 2017-2021, the Energy Sector Plan 2017-2022 (2017), the Energy Management Act (2020), the Transport Sector Plan 2013-2018 (2013), and the Agriculture Sector Plan 2016-2020 (ASP), as well as the National Policy for Gender Equality 2021-2031 (2021) and the Inclusive Governance Policy 2021-2031 (2021). A full list of key sectorial plans and strategies is included in Appendix A. 61 According to the FAO, the area of land used for agriculture in Samoa in 2018 was approximately 75,700 ha. Data on land use is recorded on the FAO’s FAOSTAT database, available at: Accessed on 26 May, 2021.', 'Data on land use is recorded on the FAO’s FAOSTAT database, available at: Accessed on 26 May, 2021. 62 The total forest area was Samoa is 165,049 ha in 2013. This figure is taken from the National Land Cover Map (2013), developed by MNRE in consultation with the Japan International Cooperation System.Samoa’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution The Government of Samoa has led the development of Samoa’s Second NDC. Progress towards achieving the targets identified in Samoa’s First NDC was reviewed and mitigation and adaptation opportunities to contribute to this Second NDC were identified.', 'Progress towards achieving the targets identified in Samoa’s First NDC was reviewed and mitigation and adaptation opportunities to contribute to this Second NDC were identified. Further details of the review of the First NDC is included in Appendix C. The work to identify mitigation and adaptation opportunities for Samoa’s Second NDC focused on identifying climate change mitigation and adaptation investment projects, which were informed by data sets, academic studies, policies, strategies, and other reports, as well as consultation workshops and meetings with national stakeholders, including government and non-government organizations, the private sector, and civil society.', 'Further details of the review of the First NDC is included in Appendix C. The work to identify mitigation and adaptation opportunities for Samoa’s Second NDC focused on identifying climate change mitigation and adaptation investment projects, which were informed by data sets, academic studies, policies, strategies, and other reports, as well as consultation workshops and meetings with national stakeholders, including government and non-government organizations, the private sector, and civil society. Given the focus on identifying climate change mitigation and adaptation investment projects rather than policy or regulatory interventions, there will likely be other opportunities to reduce emissions in Samoa beyond those used to form the targets in this NDC.', 'Given the focus on identifying climate change mitigation and adaptation investment projects rather than policy or regulatory interventions, there will likely be other opportunities to reduce emissions in Samoa beyond those used to form the targets in this NDC. The recommendations from the review of Samoa’s First NDC, project scoping exercise, and stakeholder consultations were integrated into the NDC Implementation Roadmap and NDC Investment Plan, discussed in section 5.2. The findings were then validated by MNRE and relevant stakeholders through national consultation workshops and meetings. These workshops and meetings were attended by stakeholders from government and private sector. The Second NDC was prepared building on these recommendations and a second validation process was undertaken based on the draft Second NDC.', 'The Second NDC was prepared building on these recommendations and a second validation process was undertaken based on the draft Second NDC. The Second NDC content had then been agreed across ministries and departments. 5.2 Information on implementation plans The Government of Samoa is currently developing an NDC Implementation Roadmap and NDC Investment Plan (including project pipeline). This work has been undertaken in parallel with developing Samoa’s Second NDC. The NDC Implementation Roadmap and NDC Investment Plan informs the targets included in this NDC and will support Samoa in achieving these targets by setting out practical steps and tangible projects to mitigate GHG emissions across the energy (including sub-sectors), waste, AFOLU, and marine sectors. 6.', 'The NDC Implementation Roadmap and NDC Investment Plan informs the targets included in this NDC and will support Samoa in achieving these targets by setting out practical steps and tangible projects to mitigate GHG emissions across the energy (including sub-sectors), waste, AFOLU, and marine sectors. 6. Fairness and Ambition Samoa is a SIDS and its GHG emissions are negligible on a global scale. Samoa is highly vulnerable to climate change, due to its geography (with majority of the population living in low-lying coastal areas), and its reliance on primary industries (agriculture and fishing) which have been particularly impacted by changing weather patterns and natural disasters.', 'Samoa is highly vulnerable to climate change, due to its geography (with majority of the population living in low-lying coastal areas), and its reliance on primary industries (agriculture and fishing) which have been particularly impacted by changing weather patterns and natural disasters. Approximately 22.7 percent of Samoa’s population live below the poverty line, as of 2018.63 Poverty rates have fluctuated over the past ten years, largely due to Cyclone Evan (2012), Cyclone Gita (2018), and the measles epidemic (2019). Poverty rates are expected to increase due to the COVID-19 pandemic and its impacts on the tourism sector.63 Achieving the targets set out in Samoa’s Second NDC will require investment of large proportions of Samoa’s fiscal budget and public service capacity.', 'Poverty rates are expected to increase due to the COVID-19 pandemic and its impacts on the tourism sector.63 Achieving the targets set out in Samoa’s Second NDC will require investment of large proportions of Samoa’s fiscal budget and public service capacity. The country also requires considerable external financial support, capacity building, and technology investment. Accounting for these national circumstances, Samoa considers its NDC to be fair and ambitious.Samoa’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution Appendix A: Information to facilitate clarity, transparency, and understanding of Samoa’s Second NDC Table 6.1 details information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of Samoa’s Second NDC. 6465 Table 6.1: Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of Samoa’s Second NDC 1.', '6465 Table 6.1: Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of Samoa’s Second NDC 1. Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year) a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s) The GHG emissions reduction targets in this NDC are defined for the year 2030 and measured against a base year of 2007 (or measured against the new reference year64 once the GHG emissions inventory has been updated). The 2007 base year was chosen to make use of the most recent comprehensive GHG inventory. Samoa’s 2007 emissions inventory did not include data on marine sector emissions and removals, so it was not possible to set a percentage-based target for emissions reductions in this sector.', 'Samoa’s 2007 emissions inventory did not include data on marine sector emissions and removals, so it was not possible to set a percentage-based target for emissions reductions in this sector. Therefore, Samoa has set an area-based target for mangrove restoration using recent land cover estimates from 2018. b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year Total GHG emissions in Samoa in 2007 were 352.03 Gg CO e, of which the: ▪ Energy sector contributed 174.35 Gg CO e ▪ AFOLU sector contributed 135.37 Gg CO e ▪ Waste sector contributed 32.81 Gg CO e ▪ IPPU sector contributed 9.51 Gg CO The breakdown of total GHG emissions in Samoa in 2007 is included in Appendix B. c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information Relevant strategies, plans, and actions include: ▪ Overarching documents: – Samoa Climate Change Policy 2020 – Low Carbon Development Strategy 2020-2030 (draft 2021) – National Environment Sector Plan (2019) – National Policy for Gender Equality 2021-2031 (2021) – Inclusive Governance Policy 2021-2031 (2021) – National Appropriate Mitigation Actions Plan (NAMA) – Community Integrated Management Plans (CIM Plans) – National Environment Sector Plan 2017-2021 (NESP) – Strategy for the Development of Samoa (SDS) 2016-2020 – Samoa’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) (2015) – Second National Communication to the UNFCCC (2009) – GHG Inventory (2007) 64 This new reference year should be the most recent year for which Samoa’s updated emissions inventory estimates GHG emissions by sector.', 'Therefore, Samoa has set an area-based target for mangrove restoration using recent land cover estimates from 2018. b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year Total GHG emissions in Samoa in 2007 were 352.03 Gg CO e, of which the: ▪ Energy sector contributed 174.35 Gg CO e ▪ AFOLU sector contributed 135.37 Gg CO e ▪ Waste sector contributed 32.81 Gg CO e ▪ IPPU sector contributed 9.51 Gg CO The breakdown of total GHG emissions in Samoa in 2007 is included in Appendix B. c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information Relevant strategies, plans, and actions include: ▪ Overarching documents: – Samoa Climate Change Policy 2020 – Low Carbon Development Strategy 2020-2030 (draft 2021) – National Environment Sector Plan (2019) – National Policy for Gender Equality 2021-2031 (2021) – Inclusive Governance Policy 2021-2031 (2021) – National Appropriate Mitigation Actions Plan (NAMA) – Community Integrated Management Plans (CIM Plans) – National Environment Sector Plan 2017-2021 (NESP) – Strategy for the Development of Samoa (SDS) 2016-2020 – Samoa’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) (2015) – Second National Communication to the UNFCCC (2009) – GHG Inventory (2007) 64 This new reference year should be the most recent year for which Samoa’s updated emissions inventory estimates GHG emissions by sector. Samoa’s last comprehensive GHG inventory was prepared in 2007.', 'Samoa’s last comprehensive GHG inventory was prepared in 2007. It monitored the years 2000 to 2007 for each sector. Samoa is in the process of updating its GHG inventory to reflect changes since 2007. However, given the urgency of developing a Second NDC for Samoa, the Government of Samoa has used 2007 data to develop this Second NDC.', 'However, given the urgency of developing a Second NDC for Samoa, the Government of Samoa has used 2007 data to develop this Second NDC. 65 Samoa’s National GHG Inventory, 2007Samoa’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution ▪ Electricity sector: – Energy Sector Plan 2017-2022 (2017) ▪ Land transport sector: – Transport Sector Plan 2013-2018 (2013) ▪ Maritime transport sector: – Transport Sector Plan 2013-2018 (2013) ▪ Waste sector: – National Waste Management Strategy 2019-2023 (NWMS) – Water and Sanitation Sector Plan (WSSP) (2017) ▪ Tourism sector: – Tourism Sector Plan 2014-2019 (2014) ▪ Marine sector: – Samoa Ocean Strategy (SOS) 2020-2030 (2020) ▪ AFOLU sector: – Agriculture Sector Plan 2016-2020 (ASP) d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction Overall GHG emissions reduction of 26 percent in 2030 compared to 2007 levels66 (or 91 Gg CO e compared to the new reference year once Samoa’s GHG emissions inventory has been updated).67 This will be achieved by targets for each priority sector, which are: ▪ Energy—reduce GHG emissions in the energy sector68 by 30 percent in 2030 compared to 2007 levels (or by 53 Gg CO e compared to the new reference year once the GHG emissions inventory is updated).69 ▪ Waste—reduce GHG emissions in the waste sector by 4 percent in 2030 compared to 2007 levels (or by 1.2 Gg CO e compared to the new reference year once the GHG emissions inventory is updated).', '65 Samoa’s National GHG Inventory, 2007Samoa’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution ▪ Electricity sector: – Energy Sector Plan 2017-2022 (2017) ▪ Land transport sector: – Transport Sector Plan 2013-2018 (2013) ▪ Maritime transport sector: – Transport Sector Plan 2013-2018 (2013) ▪ Waste sector: – National Waste Management Strategy 2019-2023 (NWMS) – Water and Sanitation Sector Plan (WSSP) (2017) ▪ Tourism sector: – Tourism Sector Plan 2014-2019 (2014) ▪ Marine sector: – Samoa Ocean Strategy (SOS) 2020-2030 (2020) ▪ AFOLU sector: – Agriculture Sector Plan 2016-2020 (ASP) d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction Overall GHG emissions reduction of 26 percent in 2030 compared to 2007 levels66 (or 91 Gg CO e compared to the new reference year once Samoa’s GHG emissions inventory has been updated).67 This will be achieved by targets for each priority sector, which are: ▪ Energy—reduce GHG emissions in the energy sector68 by 30 percent in 2030 compared to 2007 levels (or by 53 Gg CO e compared to the new reference year once the GHG emissions inventory is updated).69 ▪ Waste—reduce GHG emissions in the waste sector by 4 percent in 2030 compared to 2007 levels (or by 1.2 Gg CO e compared to the new reference year once the GHG emissions inventory is updated). ▪ AFOLU—reduce GHG emissions in the AFOLU sector by 26 percent in 2030 compared to 2007 levels (or by 35.2 Gg CO e compared to the new reference year once the GHG emissions inventory is updated).', '▪ AFOLU—reduce GHG emissions in the AFOLU sector by 26 percent in 2030 compared to 2007 levels (or by 35.2 Gg CO e compared to the new reference year once the GHG emissions inventory is updated). ▪ Marine—expand the area of mangrove forests in Samoa by 5 percent by 2030 relative to 2018.70 ▪ AFOLU—expand the area under agroforestry to an additional 5 percent of agricultural land by 2030 relative to 2018.71 ▪ AFOLU—manage forests sustainably and increase total forest cover by 2 percent by 2030 relative to 2013.72 66 Samoa’s last comprehensive GHG inventory was prepared in 2007. It monitored the years 2000 to 2007 for each sector. Samoa is in the process of updating its GHG inventory to reflect changes since 2007.', 'Samoa is in the process of updating its GHG inventory to reflect changes since 2007. However, given the urgency of developing a Second NDC for Samoa, the Government of Samoa has used 2007 data to develop this Second NDC. 67 The overall target, and the subsidiary sector-specific targets, are set based on the aggregate emissions reduction potential of a pipeline of climate change mitigation projects identified in Samoa’s NDC Implementation Roadmap and NDC Investment Plan. Based on the requests from the Government of Samoa, GGGI, as an implementation partner of the Regional Pacific NDC Hub, engaged a consulting firm Castalia Advisors Ltd to enhance Samoa’s NDC and develop an NDC Implementation Roadmap and NDC Investment Plan.', 'Based on the requests from the Government of Samoa, GGGI, as an implementation partner of the Regional Pacific NDC Hub, engaged a consulting firm Castalia Advisors Ltd to enhance Samoa’s NDC and develop an NDC Implementation Roadmap and NDC Investment Plan. This project involved gathering inputs from stakeholders in Samoa, identifying gaps in and progress of the First NDC, forming mitigation targets in the electricity, land and maritime transport, tourism, waste, marine, and AFOLU sectors in Samoa, and identifying measures to achieve these targets. It also involved developing an NDC Implementation Roadmap and NDC Investment Plan that sets out practical steps and tangible projects that will help Samoa achieve its NDC targets.', 'It also involved developing an NDC Implementation Roadmap and NDC Investment Plan that sets out practical steps and tangible projects that will help Samoa achieve its NDC targets. Stakeholders in Samoa were involved at every step when identifying climate change mitigation projects and developing the NDC Implementation Roadmap and NDC Investment Plan. Stakeholders included government officials, technical experts, and other industry representatives. The NDC Implementation Roadmap and NDC Investment Plan includes gender responsive considerations in the form of guidelines for promoting gender and social inclusion. MNRE took a coordinating role in gathering input from stakeholders and reviewing the outputs of the project.', 'MNRE took a coordinating role in gathering input from stakeholders and reviewing the outputs of the project. 68 To ensure accuracy against GHG emissions reported in 2007, the following sub-sectors have been included under the energy sector: > Electricity > Land transport > Maritime transport > Tourism Each sub-sector has specific means to achieve the overall energy sector target. 69 To avoid double counting, the GHG emissions reductions of the 100 percent renewable electricity sector project is taken as the total GHG emissions reduction potential in the electricity sub-sector. 70 Given the lack of data on marine sector emissions, it is not possible to specify a numerical reduction target.', '70 Given the lack of data on marine sector emissions, it is not possible to specify a numerical reduction target. Samoa has set an area-based target for mangrove restoration using recent land cover estimates from 2018. It is expected that expansion of mangroves forests will also contribute to climate change mitigation, however, Samoa’s 2007 emissions inventory did not include data on marine sector emissions and removals, so it was not possible to set a percentage-based target for emissions reductions in this sector. 71 According to the FAO, the area of land used for agriculture in Samoa in 2018 was approximately 75,700 ha. Data on land use is recorded on the FAO’s FAOSTAT database, available at: Accessed on 26 May, 2021.', 'Data on land use is recorded on the FAO’s FAOSTAT database, available at: Accessed on 26 May, 2021. 72 The total forest area was Samoa is 165,049 ha in 2013.This figure is taken from the National Land Cover Map (2013), developed by MNRE in consultation with the Japan International Cooperation System.Samoa’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s) Government of Samoa’s Second National Communication f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators The reference indicators for national and sectoral emissions may be updated to reflect the most recent information once the next GHG inventory is published. Information on any updates made will be reflected in Samoa’s Third National Communication to the UNFCCC. 2.', 'Information on any updates made will be reflected in Samoa’s Third National Communication to the UNFCCC. 2. Time frames and/or periods for implementation a) Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA) The implementation period of Samoa’s Second NDC is 1 b) Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable Single year target 3.', 'Time frames and/or periods for implementation a) Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA) The implementation period of Samoa’s Second NDC is 1 b) Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable Single year target 3. Scope and coverage a) General description of the target Overall GHG emissions reduction of 26 percent in 2030 compared to 2007 levels73 (or 91 Gg CO e compared to the new reference year once Samoa’s GHG emissions inventory has been updated).74 This will be achieved by targets for each priority sector, which are: ▪ Energy—reduce GHG emissions in the energy sector75 by 30 percent in 2030 compared to 2007 levels (or by 53 Gg CO e compared to the new reference year once the GHG emissions inventory is updated).76 ▪ Waste—reduce GHG emissions in the waste sector by 4 percent in 2030 compared to 2007 levels (or by 1.2 Gg CO e compared to the new reference year once the GHG emissions inventory is updated).', 'Scope and coverage a) General description of the target Overall GHG emissions reduction of 26 percent in 2030 compared to 2007 levels73 (or 91 Gg CO e compared to the new reference year once Samoa’s GHG emissions inventory has been updated).74 This will be achieved by targets for each priority sector, which are: ▪ Energy—reduce GHG emissions in the energy sector75 by 30 percent in 2030 compared to 2007 levels (or by 53 Gg CO e compared to the new reference year once the GHG emissions inventory is updated).76 ▪ Waste—reduce GHG emissions in the waste sector by 4 percent in 2030 compared to 2007 levels (or by 1.2 Gg CO e compared to the new reference year once the GHG emissions inventory is updated). ▪ AFOLU—reduce GHG emissions in the AFOLU sector by 26 percent in 2030 compared to 2007 levels (or by 35.2 Gg CO e compared to the new reference year once the GHG emissions inventory is updated).', '▪ AFOLU—reduce GHG emissions in the AFOLU sector by 26 percent in 2030 compared to 2007 levels (or by 35.2 Gg CO e compared to the new reference year once the GHG emissions inventory is updated). ▪ Marine—expand the area of mangrove forests in Samoa by 5 percent by 2030 relative to 2018.77 ▪ AFOLU—expand the area under agroforestry to an additional 5 percent of agricultural land by 2030 relative to 2018.78 ▪ AFOLU—manage forests sustainably and increase total forest cover by 2 percent by 2030 relative to 2013.79 73 Samoa’s last comprehensive GHG inventory was prepared in 2007. It monitored the years 2000 to 2007 for each sector. Samoa is in the process of updating its GHG inventory to reflect changes since 2007.', 'Samoa is in the process of updating its GHG inventory to reflect changes since 2007. However, given the urgency of developing a Second NDC for Samoa, the Government of Samoa has used 2007 data to develop this Second NDC. 74 The overall target, and the subsidiary sector-specific targets, are set based on the aggregate emissions reduction potential of a pipeline of climate change mitigation projects identified in Samoa’s NDC Implementation Roadmap and NDC Investment Plan. Based on the requests from the Government of Samoa, GGGI, as an implementation partner of the Regional Pacific NDC Hub, engaged a consulting firm Castalia Advisors Ltd to enhance Samoa’s NDC and develop an NDC Implementation Roadmap and NDC Investment Plan.', 'Based on the requests from the Government of Samoa, GGGI, as an implementation partner of the Regional Pacific NDC Hub, engaged a consulting firm Castalia Advisors Ltd to enhance Samoa’s NDC and develop an NDC Implementation Roadmap and NDC Investment Plan. This project involved gathering inputs from stakeholders in Samoa, identifying gaps in and progress of the First NDC, forming mitigation targets in the electricity, land and maritime transport, tourism, waste, marine, and AFOLU sectors in Samoa, and identifying measures to achieve these targets. It also involved developing an NDC Implementation Roadmap and NDC Investment Plan that sets out practical steps and tangible projects that will help Samoa achieve its NDC targets.', 'It also involved developing an NDC Implementation Roadmap and NDC Investment Plan that sets out practical steps and tangible projects that will help Samoa achieve its NDC targets. Stakeholders in Samoa were involved at every step when identifying climate change mitigation projects and developing the NDC Implementation Roadmap and NDC Investment Plan. Stakeholders included government officials, technical experts, and other industry representatives. The NDC Implementation Roadmap and NDC Investment Plan includes gender responsive considerations in the form of guidelines for promoting gender and social inclusion. MNRE took a coordinating role in gathering input from stakeholders and reviewing the outputs of the project.', 'MNRE took a coordinating role in gathering input from stakeholders and reviewing the outputs of the project. 75 To ensure accuracy against GHG emissions reported in 2007, the following sub-sectors have been included under the energy sector: > Electricity > Land transport > Maritime transport > Tourism Each sub-sector has specific means to achieve the overall energy sector target. 76 To avoid double counting, the GHG emissions reductions of the 100 percent renewable electricity sector project is taken as the total GHG emissions reduction potential in the electricity sub-sector. 77 Given the lack of data on marine sector emissions, it is not possible to specify a numerical reduction target.', '77 Given the lack of data on marine sector emissions, it is not possible to specify a numerical reduction target. Samoa has set an area-based target for mangrove restoration using recent land cover estimates from 2018. It is expected that expansion of mangroves forests will also contribute to climate change mitigation, however, Samoa’s 2007 emissions inventory did not include data on marine sector emissions and removals, so it was not possible to set a percentage-based target for emissions reductions in this sector. 78 According to the FAO, the area of land used for agriculture in Samoa in 2018 was approximately 75,700 ha. Data on land use is recorded on the FAO’s FAOSTAT database. Available at: Accessed on 26 May, 2021.', 'Available at: Accessed on 26 May, 2021. 79 The total forest area was Samoa is 165,049 ha in 2013.This figure is taken from the National Land Cover Map (2013), developed by MNRE in consultation with the Japan International Cooperation System.Samoa’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution b) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines; Sectors: ▪ Energy (including sub-sectors of electricity, land transport, maritime transport, and tourism) ▪ Waste ▪ AFOLU ▪ Marine Gases: ▪ Targets will apply to all gases: Carbon dioxide (CO ), Methane (CH ), Nitrous oxide (N O), Carbon monoxide (CO), Sulphur dioxide (SO ), Non-Volatile organic compound (NMVOC), Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) ▪ All targets will be expressed in CO equivalent (CO e) c) How the country has taken into consideration paragraph 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21: (c) Parties strive to include all categories of anthropogenic emissions or removals in their nationally determined contributions and, once a source, sink or activity is included, continue to include it (d) Parties shall provide an explanation of why any categories of anthropogenic emissions or removals are excluded Samoa aimed to include all categories of anthropogenic emissions or removals into its Second NDC.', '79 The total forest area was Samoa is 165,049 ha in 2013.This figure is taken from the National Land Cover Map (2013), developed by MNRE in consultation with the Japan International Cooperation System.Samoa’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution b) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines; Sectors: ▪ Energy (including sub-sectors of electricity, land transport, maritime transport, and tourism) ▪ Waste ▪ AFOLU ▪ Marine Gases: ▪ Targets will apply to all gases: Carbon dioxide (CO ), Methane (CH ), Nitrous oxide (N O), Carbon monoxide (CO), Sulphur dioxide (SO ), Non-Volatile organic compound (NMVOC), Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) ▪ All targets will be expressed in CO equivalent (CO e) c) How the country has taken into consideration paragraph 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21: (c) Parties strive to include all categories of anthropogenic emissions or removals in their nationally determined contributions and, once a source, sink or activity is included, continue to include it (d) Parties shall provide an explanation of why any categories of anthropogenic emissions or removals are excluded Samoa aimed to include all categories of anthropogenic emissions or removals into its Second NDC. A target for GHG emission reduction for the industrial processes and product use (IPPU) sector was not developed because: ▪ GHG emissions from IPPU represent only a small fraction (less than 3 percent) of Samoa’s total GHG emissions, given the absence of mineral, chemical, metal, electronics, and other manufacturing industries as well as the limited use of lubricants, paraffin waxes, and solvents.', 'A target for GHG emission reduction for the industrial processes and product use (IPPU) sector was not developed because: ▪ GHG emissions from IPPU represent only a small fraction (less than 3 percent) of Samoa’s total GHG emissions, given the absence of mineral, chemical, metal, electronics, and other manufacturing industries as well as the limited use of lubricants, paraffin waxes, and solvents. ▪ There is a lack of data on emissions from the IPPU sector. Omission of this sector has a negligible impact on Samoa’s Second NDC. d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures, and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans Not applicable.', 'd) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures, and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans Not applicable. Samoa accounts for mitigation co-benefits from adaptation actions included in this NDC as mitigation actions, in accordance with the planning processes and approaches outlined in Section 5 of this document. 4.', 'Samoa accounts for mitigation co-benefits from adaptation actions included in this NDC as mitigation actions, in accordance with the planning processes and approaches outlined in Section 5 of this document. 4. Planning processes a) Information on the planning processes that the country undertook to prepare its NDC and, if available, on the country’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner NDC Implementation Roadmap and NDC Investment Plan project Based on the request from the Government of Samoa to the Regional Pacific NDC Hub, GGGI, as an implementation partner of the Regional Pacific NDC Hub, engaged a consulting firm80 to prepare Samoa’s Second NDC and develop an NDC Implementation Roadmap and NDC Investment Plan.', 'Planning processes a) Information on the planning processes that the country undertook to prepare its NDC and, if available, on the country’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner NDC Implementation Roadmap and NDC Investment Plan project Based on the request from the Government of Samoa to the Regional Pacific NDC Hub, GGGI, as an implementation partner of the Regional Pacific NDC Hub, engaged a consulting firm80 to prepare Samoa’s Second NDC and develop an NDC Implementation Roadmap and NDC Investment Plan. This project involved gathering inputs from stakeholders in Samoa, identifying opportunities for improvement in and progress of the First NDC, forming mitigation targets in the electricity, land and maritime transport, tourism, waste, marine, and AFOLU sectors in Samoa, and identifying measures to achieve these targets.', 'This project involved gathering inputs from stakeholders in Samoa, identifying opportunities for improvement in and progress of the First NDC, forming mitigation targets in the electricity, land and maritime transport, tourism, waste, marine, and AFOLU sectors in Samoa, and identifying measures to achieve these targets. It also involved developing an NDC Implementation Roadmap and NDC Investment Plan (including project pipeline) that sets out practical steps and tangible projects that will help Samoa achieve its Second NDC goals. Stakeholders throughout this project included government officials, technical experts, and other industry representatives. The NDC Implementation Roadmap and NDC Investment Plan included gender responsive considerations in the form of guidelines for promoting gender and social inclusion. MNRE took a coordinating role in gathering input from stakeholders and reviewing the outputs of the project.', 'MNRE took a coordinating role in gathering input from stakeholders and reviewing the outputs of the project. ii) Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: 80 Castalia Advisors Ltd.Samoa’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution a. National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development, and poverty eradication ▪ Samoa is a small island developing state, comprising four main inhabited islands and six small, uninhabited islands. ▪ Samoa’s climate is characterized by high rainfall and humidity, near-uniform temperatures throughout the year, winds dominated by the south-easterly trade winds and the occurrence of tropical cyclones during the southern- hemisphere summer. ▪ Samoa’s geography and economic structure make the country susceptible to the adverse impacts of climate change. Agriculture and fishing are significant economic sectors in Samoa that are vulnerable to climate change.', 'Agriculture and fishing are significant economic sectors in Samoa that are vulnerable to climate change. Exports are subject to a number of constraints, such as price instability, high transport costs, lack of overseas markets, and harsh weather conditions. ▪ Tourism is also an important part of Samoa’s economy, which has been hard hit by travel restrictions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. ▪ Approximately 22.7 percent of Samoa’s population live below the poverty line, as of 2018.81 Poverty rates have fluctuated over the past ten years, largely due to Cyclone Evan (2012), Cyclone Gita (2018), and the measles epidemic (2019). Poverty rates are expected to increase due to the COVID-19 ▪ Samoa has made progress on its sustainable development goals (SDGs).', 'Poverty rates are expected to increase due to the COVID-19 ▪ Samoa has made progress on its sustainable development goals (SDGs). A breakdown on Samoa’s progress can be found on the SDG Knowledge Platform.83 b. Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contributions Samoa regards coordination between and consultation of all relevant stakeholders and alignment with existing policies, strategies, and roadmaps, and sustainable development goals (SDGs) as crucial to the development and effective implementation of its NDC. Samoa also recognizes the need to strengthen data collection to comply with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. c. Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement Not applicable. Samoa did not acknowledge any other contextual aspirations and priorities when joining the Paris Agreement.', 'Samoa did not acknowledge any other contextual aspirations and priorities when joining the Paris Agreement. b) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16– 18, of the Paris Agreement; Not applicable. Samoa is not part of any joint fulfilment agreement under Article 4, paragraph 2 of the Paris Agreement.', 'Samoa is not part of any joint fulfilment agreement under Article 4, paragraph 2 of the Paris Agreement. c) How the country’s preparation of its NDC has been informed by the outcomes of the global stock-take, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement According to Article 14, paragraph 2 of the Paris Agreement, the first global stock take will take place in 2023. In line with Article 14, paragraph 3 of the Paris Agreement, the outcome of the global stock take will inform Samoa in updating and enhancing its future nationally determined contributions.', 'In line with Article 14, paragraph 3 of the Paris Agreement, the outcome of the global stock take will inform Samoa in updating and enhancing its future nationally determined contributions. d) Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: i) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution; ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits Not applicable. Samoa accounts for mitigation co-benefits from adaptation actions included in this NDC as mitigation actions, in accordance with the planning processes and approaches outlined in Section 5 of this document.', 'Samoa accounts for mitigation co-benefits from adaptation actions included in this NDC as mitigation actions, in accordance with the planning processes and approaches outlined in Section 5 of this document. 81 Samoa’s Second Voluntary National Review on the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (2020) available at: Second Nationally Determined Contribution 5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic GHG emissions and removals corresponding to the country’s NDC, consistent with decision 1/ CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA: ▪ 31a.', 'Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic GHG emissions and removals corresponding to the country’s NDC, consistent with decision 1/ CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA: ▪ 31a. Parties account for anthropogenic emissions and removals in accordance with methodologies and common metrics assessed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement; ▪ 31b. Parties ensure methodological consistency, including on baselines, between the communication and implementation of nationally determined contributions” Samoa’s first GHG emission inventory was published in 1999, covering the years 1994—1997.', 'Parties ensure methodological consistency, including on baselines, between the communication and implementation of nationally determined contributions” Samoa’s first GHG emission inventory was published in 1999, covering the years 1994—1997. Samoa’s second, and most recent, GHG emissions inventory focused on emissions for the years 2000—2007, and included a revision of the results from the first GHG inventory to allow a complete assessment of national GHG emission trends. Samoa’s GHG emissions and removals in 2007 totaled 352 Gg CO e and 787.07 Gg CO e respectively. A summary of Samoa’s GHG emissions for the years 1994 (base-year), 2000, and 2007 is presented in Table 6.2. The anthropogenic emissions and removals in Samoa’s second GHG inventory were prepared in accordance with the methodologies and common metrics described in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2006 IPCC Guidelines).', 'The anthropogenic emissions and removals in Samoa’s second GHG inventory were prepared in accordance with the methodologies and common metrics described in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2006 IPCC Guidelines). However, although the 2006 IPCC Guidelines provide a comprehensive overview and categorization of all potential sources of GHG emissions, not all of them are relevant to Samoa. In addition, although certain sources are relevant to Samoa, there are insufficient data to include them in the inventory. Samoa therefore also used the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories as they better reflected national circumstances.', 'Samoa therefore also used the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories as they better reflected national circumstances. Samoa is currently updating its GHG inventory, following the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, and the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, using the Tier 1 approach and applying default emission factors.', 'Samoa is currently updating its GHG inventory, following the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, and the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, using the Tier 1 approach and applying default emission factors. b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution When accounting for the impacts of implementing measures or strategies in the nationally determined contributions in the energy, AFOLU, and waste sectors, Samoa will follow the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories, and the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories, using the Tier 1 approach and applying default emission factors.', 'b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution When accounting for the impacts of implementing measures or strategies in the nationally determined contributions in the energy, AFOLU, and waste sectors, Samoa will follow the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories, and the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories, using the Tier 1 approach and applying default emission factors. Samoa will also apply this approach when reporting progress towards the targets set in its Second NDC.Samoa’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate The anthropogenic emissions and removals in Samoa’s second GHG inventory were prepared in accordance with the methodologies and common metrics described in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines.', 'Samoa will also apply this approach when reporting progress towards the targets set in its Second NDC.Samoa’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate The anthropogenic emissions and removals in Samoa’s second GHG inventory were prepared in accordance with the methodologies and common metrics described in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. However, although the 2006 IPCC Guidelines provide a comprehensive overview and categorization of all potential sources of GHG emissions, not all of them are relevant to Samoa. In addition, although certain sources are relevant to Samoa, there is insufficient data to include them in the inventory.', 'In addition, although certain sources are relevant to Samoa, there is insufficient data to include them in the inventory. Samoa therefore also used the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories as they better reflected national circumstances. Samoa is currently updating its GHG inventory, following the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories, and the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for GHG Inventories, using the Tier 1 approach and applying default emission factors. d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals The anthropogenic emissions and removals in Samoa’s second GHG inventory were prepared in accordance with the methodologies and common metrics described in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines.', 'd) IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals The anthropogenic emissions and removals in Samoa’s second GHG inventory were prepared in accordance with the methodologies and common metrics described in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. However, although the 2006 IPCC Guidelines provide a comprehensive overview and categorization of all potential sources of GHG emissions, not all of them are relevant to Samoa. In addition, although certain sources are relevant to Samoa, there is insufficient data to include them in the inventory. Samoa therefore also used the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG inventories as they better reflected national circumstances.', 'Samoa therefore also used the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG inventories as they better reflected national circumstances. Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: i) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands ii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products iii) Approach used to address the effects of age- class structure in forests iv) Treatment of land sector The second GHG inventory estimates removals from the AFOLU sector. However, there was very limited data available to accurately estimate how changing land use patterns may be affecting CO emissions and removals. The estimate of CO removals from forests are based on 1999 satellite images and expert opinion about the trends in forest area in the years since.', 'The estimate of CO removals from forests are based on 1999 satellite images and expert opinion about the trends in forest area in the years since. The estimates do account for changes in carbon stocks due to logging and fuelwood extraction, but do not account for possible conversions of forest land to grassland or cropland. This can only be done once up-to-date satellite images have been purchased, analyzed, and compared to the 1999 images. Samoa strives to report anthropogenic emissions or removals from AFOLU, following the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories, and the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, using the Tier 1 approach and applying default emission factors.', 'Samoa strives to report anthropogenic emissions or removals from AFOLU, following the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories, and the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, using the Tier 1 approach and applying default emission factors. However, until additional work has been done, Samoa’s CO removal data must be treated with caution. f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the NDC and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s), and/or reference level(s)—including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity specific reference levels—are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources, and models used The anthropogenic emissions and removals in Samoa’s second GHG inventory were prepared in accordance with the methodologies and common metrics described in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines.', 'f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the NDC and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s), and/or reference level(s)—including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity specific reference levels—are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources, and models used The anthropogenic emissions and removals in Samoa’s second GHG inventory were prepared in accordance with the methodologies and common metrics described in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. However, although the 2006 IPCC Guidelines provide a comprehensive overview and categorization of all potential sources of GHG emissions, not all of them are relevant to Samoa. In addition, although certain sources are relevant to Samoa, there is insufficient data to include them in the inventory.', 'In addition, although certain sources are relevant to Samoa, there is insufficient data to include them in the inventory. Samoa therefore also used the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories as they better reflected national circumstances. Samoa is currently updating its GHG inventory, following the 2006 IPCC Guidelines and the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, using the Tier 1 approach and applying default emission factors.Samoa’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution ii) Whether the baseline scenario is static (will be fixed over the period) or dynamic The baseline scenario target is static (fixed over the period). Any changes will be accounted for qualitatively.', 'Any changes will be accounted for qualitatively. iii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non-greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable Samoa’s Second NDC contains quantitative greenhouse gas reduction targets in the energy, waste, and AFOLU, sectors. Given the lack of data on marine sector emissions, it was not possible to specify a numerical reduction target for emissions reductions in the marine sector. However, Samoa has set the target of expanding the area of mangrove forests by 5 percent by 2030 relative to 2018.', 'However, Samoa has set the target of expanding the area of mangrove forests by 5 percent by 2030 relative to 2018. This rests on the assumption that Samoa’s total mangrove area was 374 hectares (ha) in 2018.84 Increasing this area by 5 percent would require Samoa to plant 18.7 ha of new mangroves, while preventing any loss of current mangrove forests. iv) For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated; Not applicable. Samoa’s Second NDC does not include any climate forcers that are not covered by the IPCC guidelines.', 'Samoa’s Second NDC does not include any climate forcers that are not covered by the IPCC guidelines. v) Further technical information, as necessary Not applicable g) The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable Samoa intends to achieve the mitigation targets stated in its Second NDC through domestic efforts and actions, and it does not intend to use internationally traded credits to meet these targets. However, Samoa is interested in selling carbon credits to more developed countries that may be interested. 6.', 'However, Samoa is interested in selling carbon credits to more developed countries that may be interested. 6. How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances a) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; Samoa is extremely vulnerable to climate change due to its geographic location, status as a SIDS, and the importance of natural resources to its main economic sectors of fisheries, agriculture, and tourism. Dealing with the impacts of climate change is made more challenging due to limited financial, technical, and human resources.', 'Dealing with the impacts of climate change is made more challenging due to limited financial, technical, and human resources. However, Samoa recognizes the potential for reduction of its emissions to not only support global efforts and demonstrate its willingness to address climate change issues but also to support the government’s development vision of improved quality of life for all. Accounting for these circumstances, Samoa considers its NDC as fair and ambitious.', 'Accounting for these circumstances, Samoa considers its NDC as fair and ambitious. b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement The targets set in Samoa’s Second NDC represent a progression beyond Samoa’s First NDC in that it: ▪ Sets a clear and transparent target for reducing overall GHG emissions ▪ Sets clear and transparent targets for reducing GHG emissions in the following key sectors that were not included in the First NDC: – Waste – AFOLU ▪ Sets clear and transparent targets for adaptation in the marine and AFOLU sectors.', 'b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement The targets set in Samoa’s Second NDC represent a progression beyond Samoa’s First NDC in that it: ▪ Sets a clear and transparent target for reducing overall GHG emissions ▪ Sets clear and transparent targets for reducing GHG emissions in the following key sectors that were not included in the First NDC: – Waste – AFOLU ▪ Sets clear and transparent targets for adaptation in the marine and AFOLU sectors. d) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; Samoa has increased its ambition from its First NDC efforts by including an economy-wide emissions reduction target, as well as sector-specific emissions reduction and adaptation targets.', 'd) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; Samoa has increased its ambition from its First NDC efforts by including an economy-wide emissions reduction target, as well as sector-specific emissions reduction and adaptation targets. Samoa will continue to revise these targets over time. e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement In alignment with its Second NDC, Samoa is currently preparing a Low Carbon Development Strategy covering the years 2020- 2030. This strategy is due to be launched in 2021. How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 84 Percival, J.E.H. (2018). The Importance of Seascape Structure on Fish Communities in the Mangroves of Samoa.', 'The Importance of Seascape Structure on Fish Communities in the Mangroves of Samoa. Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies Kyoto University, Japan. In Samoa Ocean Strategy. Available at: Second Nationally Determined Contribution a) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 As part of its Second NDC, and its NDC Implementation Roadmap and NDC Investment Plan (including project pipeline), Samoa has identified a clear and transparent target to reduce overall GHG emissions overall, and sector-specific targets to reduce emissions in the energy, waste, and AFOLU, sectors, and adaptation targets in the marine and AFOLU sectors.', 'Available at: Second Nationally Determined Contribution a) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 As part of its Second NDC, and its NDC Implementation Roadmap and NDC Investment Plan (including project pipeline), Samoa has identified a clear and transparent target to reduce overall GHG emissions overall, and sector-specific targets to reduce emissions in the energy, waste, and AFOLU, sectors, and adaptation targets in the marine and AFOLU sectors. Samoa will strive to increase the ambition of its NDC over time by increasing its sector-specific targets when new mitigation and adaptation opportunities arise, and by including more detailed adaptation actions in future iterations.', 'Samoa will strive to increase the ambition of its NDC over time by increasing its sector-specific targets when new mitigation and adaptation opportunities arise, and by including more detailed adaptation actions in future iterations. As part of the Second NDC, and its NDC Implementation Roadmap and NDC Investment Plan, Samoa has identified where financing and capacity building is required to achieve its targets. b) How the NDC contributes toward Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement As part of its Second NDC, and its NDC Implementation Roadmap and NDC Investment Plan, Samoa has identified a clear and transparent target to reduce overall GHG emissions and sector-specific targets in the energy, waste, and AFOLU sectors and adaptation targets in the marine and AFOLU sectors.', 'b) How the NDC contributes toward Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement As part of its Second NDC, and its NDC Implementation Roadmap and NDC Investment Plan, Samoa has identified a clear and transparent target to reduce overall GHG emissions and sector-specific targets in the energy, waste, and AFOLU sectors and adaptation targets in the marine and AFOLU sectors. Samoa will strive to increase the ambition of its NDC over time by increasing its sector-specific targets when new mitigation and adaptation opportunities arise. Samoa will continue to increase ambition in subsequent NDCs in a manner that allows for continued development and poverty reduction, and that accounts for Samoa’s national circumstances as a SIDS that is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change.', 'Samoa will continue to increase ambition in subsequent NDCs in a manner that allows for continued development and poverty reduction, and that accounts for Samoa’s national circumstances as a SIDS that is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Samoa will work with development partners and multilateral climate funds to pursue mitigation and adaptation actions that would be unaffordable in the absence of external support.Samoa’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution Appendix B: Summary of Samoa’s emissions profile Table 6.2 summarizes Samoa’s GHG emissions for 1994, 2000, and 2007.', 'Samoa will work with development partners and multilateral climate funds to pursue mitigation and adaptation actions that would be unaffordable in the absence of external support.Samoa’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution Appendix B: Summary of Samoa’s emissions profile Table 6.2 summarizes Samoa’s GHG emissions for 1994, 2000, and 2007. Table 6.2: Summary of Samoa’s GHG emissions in 1994, 2000, and 2007 Sector 1994 (Gg CO e) 2000 (Gg CO e) 2007 (Gg CO e) Estimated GHG emissions Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) (excluding removals) Estimated GHG removals Source: Samoa’s National GHG Inventory, 2007 Table 6.3 lists the sources of GHG emissions from the energy sector in 2007 by sub-sector. Land transport accounts for the majority of emissions from the energy sector, followed by electricity generation.', 'Land transport accounts for the majority of emissions from the energy sector, followed by electricity generation. Table 6.3: GHG emissions from the energy sector in Samoa (2007) Source GHG emissions (Gg CO e) Percent of total emissions (%) Manufacturing and construction Residential energy use 6.22 4% Commercial and institutional 1.39 1% Source: Samoa’s National GHG Inventory, 2007Samoa’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution Appendix C: Review of First NDC (2015) Samoa’s First NDC focuses primarily on reducing emissions from the energy sector Samoa included the following goal in its First NDC: “[Samoa is] committed to reducing its [greenhouse gas] GHG emissions from the Electricity sub-sector through the adoption of a 100% Renewable energy target for electricity generation through to the year 2025” The Government is committed to increasing the use of renewables for electricity generation to improve sustainability and strengthen Samoa’s energy sector.', 'Table 6.3: GHG emissions from the energy sector in Samoa (2007) Source GHG emissions (Gg CO e) Percent of total emissions (%) Manufacturing and construction Residential energy use 6.22 4% Commercial and institutional 1.39 1% Source: Samoa’s National GHG Inventory, 2007Samoa’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution Appendix C: Review of First NDC (2015) Samoa’s First NDC focuses primarily on reducing emissions from the energy sector Samoa included the following goal in its First NDC: “[Samoa is] committed to reducing its [greenhouse gas] GHG emissions from the Electricity sub-sector through the adoption of a 100% Renewable energy target for electricity generation through to the year 2025” The Government is committed to increasing the use of renewables for electricity generation to improve sustainability and strengthen Samoa’s energy sector. Reducing the use of fossil fuels can also have a significant economic benefit by reducing expenditure on fuel imports.', 'Reducing the use of fossil fuels can also have a significant economic benefit by reducing expenditure on fuel imports. Samoa has achieved 50 percent renewable energy generation85 Some national mitigation projects have already been implemented, or are currently underway, that contribute to GHG emissions reductions in multiple sectors. For example, the passenger ferry, Lady Samoa III, recently had solar panels installed on the roof. There has also been an initiative to restore mangroves through the establishment of mangrove conservation areas. However, Samoa has some way to go to reach its renewable energy targets Limited financial capability and other constraints are hindering Samoa’s ability to make faster progress in reducing emissions.86 Samoa is not on track to achieve the targets set in its First NDC.', 'However, Samoa has some way to go to reach its renewable energy targets Limited financial capability and other constraints are hindering Samoa’s ability to make faster progress in reducing emissions.86 Samoa is not on track to achieve the targets set in its First NDC. Reaching 100 percent renewable electricity generation in 2017 and maintaining this through 2025 would have reduced operational emissions from the electricity sector to zero. However, the renewable energy percentage in electricity generation in Samoa in 2021 was 50 percent.87 This is an increase in renewable energy share by 24 percentage points (from 26 percent in 2014).', 'However, the renewable energy percentage in electricity generation in Samoa in 2021 was 50 percent.87 This is an increase in renewable energy share by 24 percentage points (from 26 percent in 2014). Although the share of renewable energy has increased, total electricity generation also increased from 126,800 MWh in 2014 to 132,000 MWh in 2019.85 This increase in generation partially offsets the reduction in GHG emissions from increased renewable energy because fossil fuels are still used for electricity generation. At present, estimated operational emissions in the electricity sector is 48,225 tCO e per annum.88 Assuming the emissions intensity of non-renewable electricity production remained constant, estimated emissions from the electricity sector decreased by 12 percent between 2014 and 2019.', 'At present, estimated operational emissions in the electricity sector is 48,225 tCO e per annum.88 Assuming the emissions intensity of non-renewable electricity production remained constant, estimated emissions from the electricity sector decreased by 12 percent between 2014 and 2019. There is also scope to reduce emissions in other sectors The First NDC does not include specific goals for any sector other than electricity. Samoa’s First NDC indicates significant potential to reduce emissions in sectors other than electricity, such as transport (land and maritime), waste, tourism, marine, and forestry sectors. However, it does not specify how this should be done, nor does it set targets for these other sectors.', 'However, it does not specify how this should be done, nor does it set targets for these other sectors. GHG emissions reductions across all sectors were framed as being conditional on Samoa receiving external financial assistance from the international community. The First NDC did not specify the projects or policies required to realize GHG emissions reductions in sectors other than electricity. Opportunities in each priority sector will help determine new GHG emission targets for Samoa’s Second NDC There is a lack of information on the current levels of GHG emissions in each priority sector— energy (including electricity, transport (land and maritime)), waste, tourism, marine, and AFOLU.', 'Opportunities in each priority sector will help determine new GHG emission targets for Samoa’s Second NDC There is a lack of information on the current levels of GHG emissions in each priority sector— energy (including electricity, transport (land and maritime)), waste, tourism, marine, and AFOLU. The Third National Communication and First Biennial Update Report (BUR) is currently under development, however preliminary findings are not yet available, and are not expected until the second half of 2021. The report will include an updated national Greenhouse Gas Inventory. 85 EPC data, mentioned at the Consultation Workshop (“Enhancement of Samoa s NDC and Preparation of an Implementation Plan: Cross Sector Workshop” held on 22 November 2020). 86 Feedback provided by stakeholders at the Consultation Workshop.', '86 Feedback provided by stakeholders at the Consultation Workshop. 87 EPC data, mentioned at the Consultation Workshop. 88 Electricity production: renewable energy contribution: Second Nationally Determined Contribution While Samoa’s First NDC mentioned adaptation, it focused explicitly on mitigation Samoa’s First NDC includes a brief section mentioning the need for adaptation to climate change. In this section, Samoa highlights the work done to develop Samoa’s NAPA,89 notes that some progress has been made, and emphasizes the need to build on this work leveraging external financial support. However, Samoa’s First NDC does not set any specific targets for adaptation, and the adaptation section of the document explicitly states that the focus of the First NDC is on mitigation.', 'However, Samoa’s First NDC does not set any specific targets for adaptation, and the adaptation section of the document explicitly states that the focus of the First NDC is on mitigation. Appendix D: Key inputs and feedback from stakeholders Selection of a base year The base year for this NDC is defined by the Government of Samoa as 2007. The most recent GHG inventory for Samoa was completed in 2007, and this contains the most recent estimates of emissions disaggregated by sector. While a new emissions inventory for Samoa is currently being developed, this will not be ready until after Samoa needs to submit its Second NDC to the UNFCCC ahead of COP26 in Glasgow in 2021.', 'While a new emissions inventory for Samoa is currently being developed, this will not be ready until after Samoa needs to submit its Second NDC to the UNFCCC ahead of COP26 in Glasgow in 2021. Therefore, the Government of Samoa communicates this Second NDC based on the 2007 GHG emissions inventory. Number of projects that can be implemented concurrently in each sector Stakeholders detailed the number of projects that could be implemented at the same time in each sector, summarized in Table D.1. This feedback is informed by institutional constraints and context in each sector, such as financial limitations, human capacity constraints, and experience implementing GHG mitigation projects.', 'This feedback is informed by institutional constraints and context in each sector, such as financial limitations, human capacity constraints, and experience implementing GHG mitigation projects. This feedback was important when sequencing possible GHG mitigation projects90 and enabled reasonable targets to be assigned to each sector. Table D.1: Number of projects that can be implemented at the same time in each sector Sector Number of projects that can be implemented at the same time (feedback Land transport 3-4 Maritime transport 3-4 Institutions and their capacity to implement GHG mitigation projects Stakeholders detailed the capacity of key institutions to implement GHG mitigation projects, detailed in Table D.2.', 'Table D.1: Number of projects that can be implemented at the same time in each sector Sector Number of projects that can be implemented at the same time (feedback Land transport 3-4 Maritime transport 3-4 Institutions and their capacity to implement GHG mitigation projects Stakeholders detailed the capacity of key institutions to implement GHG mitigation projects, detailed in Table D.2. The number of full-time staff equivalent (FTE)92 is calculated from the number of staff available and amount of time (in hours) each staff member has available to manage mitigation projects per week. 89 The Samoa National Adaptation Programme of Action, 2005 (NAPA). Available at: 90 Detailed in Samoa’s NDC Implementation Roadmap and NDC Investment Plan. 91 Number based on most common response.', '91 Number based on most common response. 92 One FTE represents one staff member available to work 40 hours per week.Samoa’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution Table D.2: Key institutions and their capacity to implement GHG mitigation projects Institution Number of FTE available Electric Power Corporation (EPC) 0.4 Land Transport Authority (LTA) 0.4 Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (MAF) 0.4 Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Labour (MCIL) 0.15 Ministry of Finance (MoF) 0.8 Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MNRE) 2.0 Ministry of Works, Transport and Infrastructure (MWTI) 2.0 Samoa Bureau of Statistics (SBS) 0.4 Samoa Police Services (SPS) 2.093 Samoa Shipping Corporation (SCS) 0.4 Samoa Tourism Authority (STA) 0.4 Samoa Water Authority (SWA) 2.094 Scientific Research Organization of Samoa (SROS) 2.095 Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP) Village Fono (councils) 0.4 GHG mitigation project prioritization Stakeholders provided feedback on the prioritization of possible GHG mitigation projects, using a score from 1 to 5 (in which 1 indicates they think the project should receive the lowest priority and 5 indicates they think the project should receive the highest priority).', '92 One FTE represents one staff member available to work 40 hours per week.Samoa’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution Table D.2: Key institutions and their capacity to implement GHG mitigation projects Institution Number of FTE available Electric Power Corporation (EPC) 0.4 Land Transport Authority (LTA) 0.4 Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (MAF) 0.4 Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Labour (MCIL) 0.15 Ministry of Finance (MoF) 0.8 Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MNRE) 2.0 Ministry of Works, Transport and Infrastructure (MWTI) 2.0 Samoa Bureau of Statistics (SBS) 0.4 Samoa Police Services (SPS) 2.093 Samoa Shipping Corporation (SCS) 0.4 Samoa Tourism Authority (STA) 0.4 Samoa Water Authority (SWA) 2.094 Scientific Research Organization of Samoa (SROS) 2.095 Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP) Village Fono (councils) 0.4 GHG mitigation project prioritization Stakeholders provided feedback on the prioritization of possible GHG mitigation projects, using a score from 1 to 5 (in which 1 indicates they think the project should receive the lowest priority and 5 indicates they think the project should receive the highest priority). This prioritization ensured that local expert advice was at the forefront of Samoa’s pipeline of mitigation projects.97 93 Available staff work in supporting services, such as the policy and planning, finance, and assets unit, rather than Police Officers themselves.', 'This prioritization ensured that local expert advice was at the forefront of Samoa’s pipeline of mitigation projects.97 93 Available staff work in supporting services, such as the policy and planning, finance, and assets unit, rather than Police Officers themselves. 94 Number of FTE at SWA is an estimate based on information from SWA about number of staff available to assist with implementing climate change mitigation projects. 95 Number of FTE at SROS is an estimate based on information from SROS about number of staff available to assist with implementing climate change mitigation projects. 96 Number of FTE at SPREP is an estimate based on information from SPREP about number of staff available to assist with implementing climate change mitigation projects.', '96 Number of FTE at SPREP is an estimate based on information from SPREP about number of staff available to assist with implementing climate change mitigation projects. 97 The pipeline of mitigation projects can be found in Samoa’s NDC Implementation Roadmap and NDC Investment Plan.Cover Photo Credits 1. Land transport – Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment 2. Maritime transport – Samoa Travel 3. Tourism river and mangroves – Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment 4. Biomass – Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment 5. Agriculture – Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries 6. Mangrove planting – Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment 7.', 'Mangrove planting – Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment 7. Waste sector – Ministry of Natural Resources and EnvironmentSamoa’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution Contact Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment [MNRE] Tui Atua Tupua Tamasese Efi Building – Sogi Email: environment@mnre.gov.ws Website: www.mnre.gov.ws']

en-US

SMR

San Marino

1st NDC

2018-09-26 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/SAN%20MARINO%20INDC%20EN.pdf

Non-Annex I

High-income

Europe

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/fc66b468a769f3136c9dafdf666c0d2d044ce10aba396e1c11d89b6d1699c76b.pdf

['REPUBLIC OF SAN MARINO Submission of San Marino to the ADP San Marino, 30 September 2015 San Marino s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution Introduction The Republic of San Marino, as a party of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), is fully committed to the negotiating process aimed at reaching a global legally binding agreement applicable to all Parties at the Paris Conference in December 2015 in line with keeping global warming below 2°C. San Marino hereby communicates its intended nationally determined contribution and the accompanying information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding, with reference to decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20.', 'San Marino hereby communicates its intended nationally determined contribution and the accompanying information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding, with reference to decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20. Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) The Republic of San Marino, on the basis of the decision of the Government held on 28 September 2015, commits to reduce GHG emissions to 20% below 2005 levels by 2030. In line with the Lima Call for Climate Action, in particular paragraph 14, the Republic of San Marino shall submit the following information for its INDC. Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year): Base year: 2005 Emissions in base year: 0,213 Mt per year (provisional, will be defined through the next inventory submissions).', 'Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year): Base year: 2005 Emissions in base year: 0,213 Mt per year (provisional, will be defined through the next inventory submissions). Time frames and/or periods for implementation: Time frame of the commitment is until end 2030. This quantified commitment will be translated into a progressive commitment over the period.REPUBLIC OF SAN MARINO Scope and coverage: Gases covered: all greenhouse gasses not controlled by the Montreal Protocol: CO2, CH4, Sectors covered: energy; industrial processes and product use; agriculture; land-use, land- use change and forestry; waste. San Marino supports the inclusion of international aviation and shipping on the basis of future internationally agreed rules applicable to all parties.', 'San Marino supports the inclusion of international aviation and shipping on the basis of future internationally agreed rules applicable to all parties. Net Contribution of International Market Based Mechanisms: The Republic of San Marino intends to achieve its goals of reducing emissions exclusively through domestic measures. However, the use of international mechanisms based on the market is not excluded if domestic reductions will prove insufficient to achieve the targets set. Planning processes: Since 2008 environmental policies have been implemented with a view to improving energy performance of buildings, production of electricity from renewable sources, energy consumption reduction. Moreover, a virtuous policy has been undertaken in waste management, reduction of solvent emissions into the atmosphere and application of new technologies in agriculture and land use including through a more careful territorial planning.', 'Moreover, a virtuous policy has been undertaken in waste management, reduction of solvent emissions into the atmosphere and application of new technologies in agriculture and land use including through a more careful territorial planning. These policies will continue to be implemented in the coming years. Assumptions and methodological approach: Metric Applied Global Warming Potential on a 100 year timescale in accordance with the IPCC s2th Assessment Report. Methodologies for Estimating Emissions: IPCC Guidelines 1996, IPCC Guidelines 2006 and IPCC 2013 KP Supplement. Fairness and ambitions of the INDC: San Marino contribution to global emissions is 0,00052%.', 'Fairness and ambitions of the INDC: San Marino contribution to global emissions is 0,00052%. Nevertheless, San Marino undertakes to achieve a reduction of emissions in line with the goal of keeping global warming below 2° C.REPUBLIC OF SAN MARINO The population country is still increasing, 10% in the last 10 years. This increase has a consequence on the energy consumption. National Circumstances With an area of 61.19 km2 and a population of about 32,500 inhabitants, the Republic of San Marino is one of the smallest and least populous countries in the world. Its territory includes about 10 km2 of woods and 28.6 km2 of agricultural areas. It is located in Southern Europe and is an enclave in central Italy.', 'It is located in Southern Europe and is an enclave in central Italy. The Republic of San Marino ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) on 5 July 1994 and the Kyoto Protocol on 21 January 2010, as a non- Annex I country without quantified commitments for reducing the GHG emissions. Furthermore, San Marino accepted the Doha Amendment on 20 July 2015. San Marino economy is based on small- and medium-sized enterprises. Tourism is thriving, with over 2 million tourists every year. The country has a modest agricultural sector, which offers high quality and genuine products and a well-diversified banking and financial sector.', 'The country has a modest agricultural sector, which offers high quality and genuine products and a well-diversified banking and financial sector. In 2013, the GDP of the Republic of San Marino was equal to 1,357.1 million euro, corresponding to 40.462 euro per inhabitant. In 2014 the country’s energy needs were equal to 259 GWh of electricity and 45 Gg of fuels. The Republic of San Marino is totally dependent on energy imports since it has neither fossil fuel sources nor energy production plants. The small territory of San Marino has a limit access to renewable energy options such as hydroelectric, wind or geothermal power.', 'The small territory of San Marino has a limit access to renewable energy options such as hydroelectric, wind or geothermal power. As a consequence, in the last years, the Government of San Marino has promoted the development of solar energy, in particular solar PV, throughout forms of incentives, benefits and bonuses.']

en-US

STP

Sao Tome and Principe

1st NDC

2016-11-02 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/STP_INDC%20_Ingles_30.09.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Africa

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/52d1796f8611dd3f2064436af8a924e02722899a9658449939ed5e7f33dd1d27.pdf

['SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Supported by SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE NTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION NTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONDemocratic Republic of Intended Nationally National background: Development Sao Tome and Principe (STP) is a small island state consisting of two islands and several islets located in the Gulf of Guinea, with an area of 1001 km inhabitants, of which over 65% electricity services. GDP grow development needs. Furthermore debt rate is high (70% of GDP). The country is an absolute sink of greenhouse gases, i.e. to the sequestration of CO2 but change (CC). Climate change adaptation and risk national authorities, although, STP has taken steps to contribute to the reduction of national adaptation and mitigation require through external assistance. The state of Sao Tome and Principe challenges on environmental Environment, through the General Directorate of Environment (DG Presidential Decree No.', 'The state of Sao Tome and Principe challenges on environmental Environment, through the General Directorate of Environment (DG Presidential Decree No. 2/2007, involved in the implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, in collaboration with the National the Law No.10/99 – Basic Law on the environment in Sao Tome and Principe. The Decree No.13/2012, published created the National Committee for Climate Change for and evaluation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. CONTRIBUTION IN TERMS OF ADAPTATION 1.', 'CONTRIBUTION IN TERMS OF ADAPTATION 1. Rationale and process for developing Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) : Development Benchmarks and National Priorities and Context Sao Tome and Principe (STP) is a small island state consisting of two islands and several islets located in the Gulf of Guinea, with an area of 1001 km2. With a total population of over 65% are below the poverty line, and less than 50% have access to electricity services. GDP growth is around 4% which is not sufficient to meet Furthermore, over 90% of the State Budget (OGE) come from foreign aid and the debt rate is high (70% of GDP). The country is an absolute sink of greenhouse gases, i.e.', 'The country is an absolute sink of greenhouse gases, i.e. on the other hand it is one of the countries most af adaptation and risk reduction from climate change impacts , STP has taken steps to identify additional mitigation national GHG emissions.', 'on the other hand it is one of the countries most af adaptation and risk reduction from climate change impacts , STP has taken steps to identify additional mitigation national GHG emissions. The implementation of measu mitigation requires financial resources, access to technology and capacity building, Sao Tome and Principe has a legal and institutional framework to manage and respond to challenges on environmental issues: The Ministry of Infrastructure, Natural Resources and Environment, through the General Directorate of Environment (DGE) established, in 2007, 2007, involved in the implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, in collaboration with the National Institute of Meteorology Basic Law on Environment of 15 April 1999 establishing the l the environment in Sao Tome and Principe.', 'The implementation of measu mitigation requires financial resources, access to technology and capacity building, Sao Tome and Principe has a legal and institutional framework to manage and respond to challenges on environmental issues: The Ministry of Infrastructure, Natural Resources and Environment, through the General Directorate of Environment (DGE) established, in 2007, 2007, involved in the implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, in collaboration with the National Institute of Meteorology Basic Law on Environment of 15 April 1999 establishing the l the environment in Sao Tome and Principe. 13/2012, published in the Daily Gazette of the Republic No. 81, of July 11, 2012, the National Committee for Climate Change for the implementation, coordination, monitoring and evaluation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.', '81, of July 11, 2012, the National Committee for Climate Change for the implementation, coordination, monitoring and evaluation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. CONTRIBUTION IN TERMS OF ADAPTATION Rationale and process for developing STP adaptation measures are aimed (INDC) riorities and Climate Change Sao Tome and Principe (STP) is a small island state consisting of two islands and several islets . With a total population of about 187,356 and less than 50% have access to sufficient to meet STP s major , over 90% of the State Budget (OGE) come from foreign aid and the debt rate is high (70% of GDP). The country is an absolute sink of greenhouse gases, i.e. it contributes most affected by climate impacts is a priority for the additional mitigation measures that can emissions.', 'it contributes most affected by climate impacts is a priority for the additional mitigation measures that can emissions. The implementation of measures, both for financial resources, access to technology and capacity building, manage and respond to of Infrastructure, Natural Resources and ) established, in 2007, by 2007, involved in the implementation of the United Nations Framework Institute of Meteorology (NIM); of 15 April 1999 establishing the legal framework of implementation, coordination, monitoring and evaluation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. ed at improving theINDCs on adaptation country s ability to adapt to the adverse consequences of CC, thus contributing to the country s development. The rationale for the inclusion of the adaptation component in the INDC takes into consideration that the country is already a sink of greenhouse gases.', 'The rationale for the inclusion of the adaptation component in the INDC takes into consideration that the country is already a sink of greenhouse gases. In addition, , the country shows vulnerability and fragility conditions as a developing small island state, for which the negative impacts of CC are evident in all sectors of the national economy, such as: Agriculture and Livestock; Forest and Soil; Water, Energy and Fishing; Coastal Zone and Population; Health and Education. Being a LDC, STP requires external support to implement a CC resilient development. In this regard the INDC process is also considered as a mechanism to raise awareness of the national adaptation program at the international level in order to attract technical, financial and capacity-building support for its implementation. 2. Summary of Climate Change trends, impacts and vulnerabilities.', 'Summary of Climate Change trends, impacts and vulnerabilities. STP is already suffering the impacts of CC. Several tyrends have been observed: increasing temperature, decreasing rainfall, longer dry season “gravana”, decreasing river flow level, which causes the risk of decreasing groundwater reservoirs , floods, raising sea level and increasing coastal erosion. These trends have negative economic impacts on energy production, fishing activities, forestry and agro forestry, agriculture and livestock. All these trends and impacts have already been identified and documented (in the Second National Communication) and they represent a major concern for the country. 3. Reporting on long-term and near-term adaptation visions, goals and targets Depending on the future availability of financial, technological and capacity-building support provided bythe international community, the country plans in short and medium terms to implement the following actions: I.', 'Reporting on long-term and near-term adaptation visions, goals and targets Depending on the future availability of financial, technological and capacity-building support provided bythe international community, the country plans in short and medium terms to implement the following actions: I. Strengthening the National Service of Civil Protection and Fire, by 2025, to respond to fire and other environmental disasters, increasing resilience to climate change, thus contributing to social well-being; II. Reduce the number of people living in vulnerable areas at risk, by providing housing in safer areas; III. Develop a national program for sustainable management of the forest and agro forestry ecosystems IV.', 'Develop a national program for sustainable management of the forest and agro forestry ecosystems IV. Introduce radar reflectors on board all fishing vessels by 2025, reducing the number of accidents at sea; V. Train and equip fishermen with means to enable safe fishing and train them in the proper use of fishing gear. In the medium and long terms, Sao Tome and Principe will be conditionally committed to implement the following activities , depending on the availability of financial, technological and capacity-building support, from the international community: I. Reduce the illegal and indiscriminate felling of trees by 15%, by 2030; II. Develop scientific and technical research on adaptation of new productive crop varieties with a broad spectrum of tolerance to adverse climate impacts by 2030; III.', 'Develop scientific and technical research on adaptation of new productive crop varieties with a broad spectrum of tolerance to adverse climate impacts by 2030; III. Promote forestry / planting of species resistant to dry and low rainfall by 2030; IV. Improve pasture with grazing selection by applying rotation management of the of plots byV. Increase the resilience to erosion and maritime, river and storm flooding of coastal areas through improved Coastal Protection for vulnerable communities; VI. Reduce the use of nitrogen fertilizers in agriculture by 2030. 4. Reporting on current and planned adaptation undertakings and support To achieve the objectives of the above mentioned actions in paragraph 3, 17 specific projects were identified and listed in the NAPA, which implementation require external financial support in addition to technological support and capacity building. 5. Gaps and Barriers Financial Barriers: I.', 'Gaps and Barriers Financial Barriers: I. Difficult access to finance; II. Relatively long time for return on investment; III. Limited budgets from the State to create an enabling environment for resource mobilization to encourage private sector investment. Technological barriers and lack of skilled human resources I. Non- sufficient and inappropriate technological abilities in the national market; II. Absence of adequate capacity-building of national experts on specific issues; II. Low access to modern and efficient technology. Institutional and Political barriers: I. Instability of the CC Committee; II. Deficient and incomplete disclosure of information onClimate Change; III. Absence of availability to a centralized CC database with needed information; IV. Absence of policies and regulatory activity for key sectors (energy, water, forests etc.). 6.', 'Absence of policies and regulatory activity for key sectors (energy, water, forests etc.). 6. Summary of Needs The realization of the priority adaptation projects identified and not yet properly implemented, require external financial support in order to ensure their feasibility. As well as, STP requests the technologies support and capacity building. MITIGATION IN TERMS CONTRIBUITION 2. Type of contribution The type of contribution selected by STP in terms of mitigation is based on results, i.e. the reduction of greenhouse gases to levels below the BAU. The BAU scenario by 2030 was based on the last GHG inventory of 2005. 3. Target Level Taking into consideration the country s national economic, social and environmental situation, STP will not present any unconditional contributions.', 'Target Level Taking into consideration the country s national economic, social and environmental situation, STP will not present any unconditional contributions. The contributions of STP with regard to mitigation are conditioned by financial support, technological support and capacity-building that the country will receive from abroad. 4. GHG Reduction In 2005, emissions were about 93 ktCO2eq, and BAU projection indicates that to fulfil the condition of the supposed growth parameters by 2030, the emissions will reach 240 ktCO2eq.The measures which STP has considered as potential contributions to this date, are as follows: I. Isolated Mini Power plant (1 MW); II. Hydro Power plant connected to the main network (9 MW); III. Photovoltaic solar panels (12 MW); III- Mini-hydro Power plant connected to the main grid (4 MW).', 'Photovoltaic solar panels (12 MW); III- Mini-hydro Power plant connected to the main grid (4 MW). The implementation of these four (4) measures would mean an introduction of about 47% renewable energy in the national electricity system compared to the projected BAU electricity production, of which 34% is hydro and 13% solar (PV). Thus, STP would be able to contribute to the reduction of Greenhouse Gases by about 57 ktCO2 eq, which approximately corresponds to a 24% national emission reduction by 2030 related to 2005. In 2030, it is expected that national emissions will be eq, according to the BAU scenario.', 'In 2030, it is expected that national emissions will be eq, according to the BAU scenario. Net emissions from LULUCF under the BAU scenario are expected to be around -630 ktCO2 eq, indicating that STP will continue to be a carbon sink country, in which net absorptions will be - 400 ktCO2eq. 5. Means of Implementation To implement the above listed mitigation activities, it is estimated that a total investment of not less than US$ 59 million in the form of external aid will be required between 2020 and 2030. According to the mitigation measures identified, the necessary technologies are: I. Hydropower Electricity Generation Systems; II. Photovoltaic Electricity Generation Systems. Thus, STP requests the technologies support and capacity building6. Sectors The scope of the contribution covers all sectors of the national economy. , NOx 8.', 'Sectors The scope of the contribution covers all sectors of the national economy. , NOx 8. Accounting Methodology With the support of GACMO model, developed by UNEP DTU Partnership, the BAU scenario was constructed based on the national GHG Inventory (IGEE) of 2005 IGEE, according to the IPCC guidelines for NAI countries. The mitigation measures were selected and prioritized based on consultation with stakeholders, which formed the basis for the calculation of the mitigation scenario, calculated using the GACMO model. The calculations were performed without including the absorption of CO2 of forests. 9. Institutional Arrangements Apart from the legal framework referred to in the National Circumstances, for the analysis of mitigation, it took into account the Kyoto Protocol, ratified on May 19, 2008, by Presidential Decree No.', 'Institutional Arrangements Apart from the legal framework referred to in the National Circumstances, for the analysis of mitigation, it took into account the Kyoto Protocol, ratified on May 19, 2008, by Presidential Decree No. 9/2008 and the Legal Regime of the Energy Sector created by Decree- law No. 26/2014. 10. How is it equitable and adequate? STP is a GHG sinkhole country. However, it is willing to make further efforts to reduce its emissions depending on the financial support, technological resources and support for capacity-building it may receive from the international community. 11.', 'However, it is willing to make further efforts to reduce its emissions depending on the financial support, technological resources and support for capacity-building it may receive from the international community. 11. Market mechanisms of participation According to the Marrakesh Call for Climate Action, agreed at the Ministerial Dialogue of the Seventh African Forum of Carbon, in April 2015, Sao Tome and Principe recognizes the experience gained from the implementation of the Clean Development Mechanism and want to be supported by market mechanisms with high environmental integrity, contributing to sustainable development and establishing strong incentives to harness the power of private sector.Sao Tome and Principe supports the use of market mechanisms including the results of mitigation pre-2020, such as the use of Emission Reduction Certificates (ERCs) generated by CDM projects and programs. 12.', 'Market mechanisms of participation According to the Marrakesh Call for Climate Action, agreed at the Ministerial Dialogue of the Seventh African Forum of Carbon, in April 2015, Sao Tome and Principe recognizes the experience gained from the implementation of the Clean Development Mechanism and want to be supported by market mechanisms with high environmental integrity, contributing to sustainable development and establishing strong incentives to harness the power of private sector.Sao Tome and Principe supports the use of market mechanisms including the results of mitigation pre-2020, such as the use of Emission Reduction Certificates (ERCs) generated by CDM projects and programs. 12. Monitoring and Progress Report The country elaborated a Monitoring and Progress Report System proposal (MPR) to (INDC) according to the needs, complying with international requirements of the monitoring activities and progress of certain national contributions to adaptation and mitigation.']

en-US

STP

Sao Tome and Principe

Updated NDC

2021-07-30 00:00:00

x

NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Updated_NDC_STP_2021_EN_.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Africa

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/113dc9f4be644feaa733047e950b62b3e890c186f01f130540b3c047a32ff87d.pdf

['SÃO TOMÉ E PRÍNCIPE Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC-STP) UpdatedSão Tomé, 2021 This NDC update has been possible thanks to the technical and financial support by:I. Introduction Sao Tome and Principe (short, STP) is an African small island developing state (SIDS). Located in the Gulf of Guinea, the country is composed of two islands and various smaller islands and islets, with a total area of 1001 km2. Today, the country’s population stands at about 215,000, with 65% living below the poverty threshold and about 30% lives without electricity. In 2019 the unemployment rate was close to 13.4%, while GDP growth stood at 4.5%, underlining its insufficiency in fulfilling the developmental needs.', 'In 2019 the unemployment rate was close to 13.4%, while GDP growth stood at 4.5%, underlining its insufficiency in fulfilling the developmental needs. More than 90% of the State General Budget originates from external aid, and the debt level is also very high, at about 70% of GDP. These physical and socio-economic susceptibilities make Sao Tome and Principe very vulnerable to adverse climatic events. STP’s high vulnerability is in deep contrast to its greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) emission status since its territory is as an absolute carbon sink contributing to global CO2 removals. In September 2015, STP communicated its Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) under the Paris Agreement.', 'In September 2015, STP communicated its Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) under the Paris Agreement. In addition, as a member of the Paris Agreement, STP will follow its transparency requirements; in other words, STP will participate in international biennial reporting and review cycles regarding GHG emissions, NDC implementation, as well as updating its NDC every five years. Consequently, STP’s participation in the Paris Agreement and the implementation of its ambitious NDC measures will require financial resources from external sources, access to technology, and training.', 'Consequently, STP’s participation in the Paris Agreement and the implementation of its ambitious NDC measures will require financial resources from external sources, access to technology, and training. The approved 2006 National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA), in conjunction with the 2015 INDC and other documents produced in recent years - in the absence of the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) - constitute the basis for the country’s presentation of this revised and updated NDC proclaiming a broad sectoral approach with more ambitious measures and goals in relation to the 2015 NDC.', 'The approved 2006 National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA), in conjunction with the 2015 INDC and other documents produced in recent years - in the absence of the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) - constitute the basis for the country’s presentation of this revised and updated NDC proclaiming a broad sectoral approach with more ambitious measures and goals in relation to the 2015 NDC. Equally, STP will adopt an enhanced MRV (Measurement, Reporting and Verification) system guaranteeing transparency and co-ordination within the Paris Agreement framework and strengthening its capabilities in data gathering and revision, consolidating its institutional framework, including the strengthening of the National Climate Change Committee and training of its members.', 'Equally, STP will adopt an enhanced MRV (Measurement, Reporting and Verification) system guaranteeing transparency and co-ordination within the Paris Agreement framework and strengthening its capabilities in data gathering and revision, consolidating its institutional framework, including the strengthening of the National Climate Change Committee and training of its members. STP seeks the acceleration of its NDC implementation in line with its Sustainable Development Objectives (SDGs) agenda. With the support of the NDC Partnership, the Government of STP elaborated in 2018 the NDC Implementation Plan to advance the mitigation and adaptation components of its NDC. The NDC Implementation Plan builds off national and sectoral priorities and was designed through an economy- wide and whole-of-society approach including government institutions, NGOs, private sector, international partners, and academia.', 'The NDC Implementation Plan builds off national and sectoral priorities and was designed through an economy- wide and whole-of-society approach including government institutions, NGOs, private sector, international partners, and academia. The Plan serves as a planning, coordination, transparency, and resource mobilization tool for the Government and is being implemented with the support of national and international stakeholders. STP’s nationally determined contribution (NDC), under the terms of Article 4 of the Paris Agreement, represents a commitment towards mitigation and adaptation. Moreover, STP is set to track mitigation and adaptation proposals following the requirements of the Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF) foreseen in Article 13 of the Paris Agreement, detailed in decision 18/CMA 1.', 'Moreover, STP is set to track mitigation and adaptation proposals following the requirements of the Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF) foreseen in Article 13 of the Paris Agreement, detailed in decision 18/CMA 1. By implementing its contribution, STP offers the international community an alliance with its national objectives of both a post-COVID-19 pandemic green recovery and an opportunity to consolidate a more prosperous future by taking advantage of vast opportunities in pursuing low-carbon and resilient development.The present NDC adheres to information, clarity, transparency and understanding (ICTU) requirements, in line with decision 4/CMA 1 as adopted at the 24th Conference of the Parties (COP 24). STP’s updated NDC is more ambitious and presents improvements in relation to its 2015 NDC (GHG reduction was at 57 ktCO2 eq).', 'STP’s updated NDC is more ambitious and presents improvements in relation to its 2015 NDC (GHG reduction was at 57 ktCO2 eq). In fact, mitigation contributions, with a total GHG reduction goal of 109 eq, represent additional reduction of these gases of approximately 90% (equivalent to about 51 eq). This increase in ambition is reflected also by the increase in the number of measures set forth in relation to mitigation, adaptation, and cross-sectoral measures. The number of measures rose from 18 to 29 compared to 2015, especially targeting the increase of renewable energy generation from 26 MW to 49 MW, as well as the increase in energy efficiency.', 'The number of measures rose from 18 to 29 compared to 2015, especially targeting the increase of renewable energy generation from 26 MW to 49 MW, as well as the increase in energy efficiency. The number of sectors covered is more comprehensive as they now include the energy, transport, fishery, agriculture, livestock farming, forestry, water, and waste sectors civil protection. The elaboration of this updated NDC is the result of a participatory and consultative process involving key ministries, public and private sectors stakeholders, experts, civil society organisations as well as marginalised and vulnerable groups. II. NDCs – Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC-STP) Mitigation Component The mitigation measures currently identified as contributions by STP are: i. An increase in renewable energy share integrated in the national grid; ii.', 'An increase in renewable energy share integrated in the national grid; ii. a reduction in power grid losses and increase of energy efficiency; and, iii. a significant reduction in the transport sector’s carbon footprint. With the implementation of these measures, STP will be able to contribute towards an estimated GHG emissions reduction of 109 kTCO2 eq, corresponding to a 27% emission reduction by 2030, with a total estimated cost of close to USD 150M. The goal to reduce emissions is conditional to the availability and mobilization of external funding with the aim of reducing projected emissions in the business-as-usual (BAU) scenarios by 2030.', 'The goal to reduce emissions is conditional to the availability and mobilization of external funding with the aim of reducing projected emissions in the business-as-usual (BAU) scenarios by 2030. The projected emissions are comprehensive for the entire country and cover all economic sectors, excluding the land-use, land-use change, and forestry (LULUCF) sector given the country’s climate neutrality estimated in initial GHG emissions inventory calculations. Adaptation Component With regard to adaptation, the NDC implementation plan’s objective is to reduce climate-related risks and increase the resilience of communities and sectors by strengthening technical and institutional capacities, mainstreaming climate resilience into national and subnational planning and budgeting, and several investments.', 'Adaptation Component With regard to adaptation, the NDC implementation plan’s objective is to reduce climate-related risks and increase the resilience of communities and sectors by strengthening technical and institutional capacities, mainstreaming climate resilience into national and subnational planning and budgeting, and several investments. The plan covers the agriculture, livestock, forestry, energy, transport, coastal zones, fisheries, water and the civil protection sectors.Based on data from the NDC-STP, on its implementation plan and on the implementation of other national plans, stakeholders have identified the priority measures; their reformulation and integration embedded in a set of programmatic actions, as presented in the table in Chapter V, as well as its quantifiable goals. The latter will be made available in the NAP as of 2023. III.', 'The latter will be made available in the NAP as of 2023. III. Means of Implementation Taking into consideration the national circumstances together with its financial incapacity to implement mitigation, adaptation and cross-cutting measures contained in its updated NDC, STP will need to resort to international financing in the form of grants or concessions to enable the country to comply with its updated NDC. Recourse to these financial mechanisms -- created or implemented by the UNFCCC, by the Paris Agreement and by development partners- serve to promote the elaboration and implementation of projects and programmes, technological transfer, and capacity-building. The cost of reaching STP’s NDC’s mitigation goals is estimated at 150 million USD.', 'The cost of reaching STP’s NDC’s mitigation goals is estimated at 150 million USD. This estimate solely covers project and programme implementation and does not include policy implementation, studies, nor the elaboration of preliminary studies to inform projects and programmes. The cost of implementing adaptation measures will be detailed in STP’s future National Adaptation Plan (NAP). This document will develop follow-up, monitoring and transparency verification mechanisms with regard to the use of financial flows.', 'This document will develop follow-up, monitoring and transparency verification mechanisms with regard to the use of financial flows. Other instruments, to be communicated to the Convention and under the Paris Agreement - BURs, NCs, BTRs and NDCs - will also report on the needs on international co-operation support received, as well as on its utilization, and they will be based on a robust and transparent national methodology enabling continuous and consistent monitoring. With these tools and initiatives, Sao Tome and Principe will develop its long-term climate finance strategy based on the correct identification of its needs and priorities.IV. Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding (ICTU) 1.', 'Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding (ICTU) 1. QUANTIFIABLE INFORMATION ON REFERENCE POINTS (INDICATING A REFERENCE YEAR, IF APPLICABLE): a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s) It is understood that there is no base year and that the results will be compared to BAU scenarios, by 2030, effected on the basis of the last GHG inventory of 2012. b) Quantifiable information on reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s) and, as applicable, in the target year The type of contribution chosen by Sao tome and Principe is based on estimated results for the reduction of GHG emissions below BAU levels by 2030. In 2012, these emissions stood at approx.', 'In 2012, these emissions stood at approx. 154 GgCO2 eq, while BAU projections indicate that by eq, maintained the projected growth parametres adopted. To date the following measures were identified under STP’s contribution: I. Increase of renewables share in energy generation mix; II. reduction of grid power losses and improvement in energy efficiency; and, III. reduction of carbon-intensity of the mobility sector.', 'reduction of carbon-intensity of the mobility sector. By implementing these measures, STP will be able to contribute toward reducing GHG emissions by close to 109 GgCO2 eq, corresponding to about 27% of emissions reduction by 2030. c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 61 of the Paris Agreement, or policies and measures as components of NDCs where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information Sao Tome and Principe reserves the right to apply this paragraph in future to adjust the information contained in paragraph 1b) above.', 'By implementing these measures, STP will be able to contribute toward reducing GHG emissions by close to 109 GgCO2 eq, corresponding to about 27% of emissions reduction by 2030. c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 61 of the Paris Agreement, or policies and measures as components of NDCs where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information Sao Tome and Principe reserves the right to apply this paragraph in future to adjust the information contained in paragraph 1b) above. d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction 27% of emissions reduction by 2030, considering the results of the national GHG emissions inventory - excluding the LULUCF sector which has historically, since the first GHG emissions inventory, generated removals greater than total GHG emissions.', 'd) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction 27% of emissions reduction by 2030, considering the results of the national GHG emissions inventory - excluding the LULUCF sector which has historically, since the first GHG emissions inventory, generated removals greater than total GHG emissions. Hence making STP a climate neutral country since 1998 that does not contribute to global warming.', 'Hence making STP a climate neutral country since 1998 that does not contribute to global warming. 1 “The least developed countries and small island developing States may prepare and communicate strategies, plans and actions for low greenhouse gas emissions development reflecting their special circumstances”.e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s) DATA VALUE Year of the last GHG emission inventory Annual population growth 2% from 2012 to 2030 GDP in 2012 264.8M USD Data sources for above: INE, 2021; TCN, 2019; EMAE, 2017; Report on Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency, 2019; LCDP Final Report, 2018. f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators Future BAU scenario values will be adjusted to account for further improvements in GHG emissions calculations with respect to economic sectors, gases and progress in inventory techniques.', '1 “The least developed countries and small island developing States may prepare and communicate strategies, plans and actions for low greenhouse gas emissions development reflecting their special circumstances”.e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s) DATA VALUE Year of the last GHG emission inventory Annual population growth 2% from 2012 to 2030 GDP in 2012 264.8M USD Data sources for above: INE, 2021; TCN, 2019; EMAE, 2017; Report on Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency, 2019; LCDP Final Report, 2018. f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators Future BAU scenario values will be adjusted to account for further improvements in GHG emissions calculations with respect to economic sectors, gases and progress in inventory techniques. 2.', '1 “The least developed countries and small island developing States may prepare and communicate strategies, plans and actions for low greenhouse gas emissions development reflecting their special circumstances”.e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s) DATA VALUE Year of the last GHG emission inventory Annual population growth 2% from 2012 to 2030 GDP in 2012 264.8M USD Data sources for above: INE, 2021; TCN, 2019; EMAE, 2017; Report on Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency, 2019; LCDP Final Report, 2018. f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators Future BAU scenario values will be adjusted to account for further improvements in GHG emissions calculations with respect to economic sectors, gases and progress in inventory techniques. 2. TIMEFRAMES and/or PERIODS FOR IMPLEMENTATION: a) Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the CMA The timeframe for the implementation is from 2020 to 2030, with specific mitigation results to be reached by 2030. b) Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable Goal is for a single year: 2030 3.', 'TIMEFRAMES and/or PERIODS FOR IMPLEMENTATION: a) Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the CMA The timeframe for the implementation is from 2020 to 2030, with specific mitigation results to be reached by 2030. b) Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable Goal is for a single year: 2030 3. SCOPE AND COVERAGE: (a) General description of the target: The updated NDC includes a mitigation target conditional to be implemented with external support, indicating that STP will reduce around 109 GgCO2 eq by 2030 (equivalent to 27% emission reductions compared its 2030 BAU-projected emissions), with an estimated cost of USD 150 Million dollars. Projected emissions cover the entire territory and all economic 2 INE – Population Census, 2012.', 'Projected emissions cover the entire territory and all economic 2 INE – Population Census, 2012. For calculation purposes this official census information was used applying a 2% yearly growth factor. Latest population estimates are at about 215,000.sectors (excluding the LULUCF sector since the country has been climate-neutral since the start of the national GHG emissions inventory calculations). (b) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the NDC, including, as applicable, consistency with guidelines by Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) Sectors: The contribution covers all relevant national economic sectors in relation to GHG emissions even though the LULUCF sector is excluded from projection calculations since total emissions would be negative. Gases: Carbon, methane, and nitrous oxide (CO2 O, respectively).', 'Gases: Carbon, methane, and nitrous oxide (CO2 O, respectively). (c) How the Party has taken into consideration (indicating how the Party is reinforcing the inclusion of all sources and sinkholes and because all categories were excluded) Sectors covered: energy, waste management, and agriculture. Excluded from calculation analysis and projections is the LULUCF sector since the country is climate neutral since the start of the national GHG emissions inventory calculations. By excluding the LULUCF data and projections, it is estimated that this approach is conservative as the country is still considered a GHG sink in 2012 inventory.', 'By excluding the LULUCF data and projections, it is estimated that this approach is conservative as the country is still considered a GHG sink in 2012 inventory. (d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation efforts and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and/or initiatives of Parties adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans STP has not yet undertaken co-benefits evaluations of mitigation of adaptation actions. 4.', '(d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation efforts and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and/or initiatives of Parties adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans STP has not yet undertaken co-benefits evaluations of mitigation of adaptation actions. 4. PLANNING PROCESSES: (a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its NDC and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, as appropriate: The Santomean state possesses an institutional and legal framework to address environmental challenges: The Ministry of Infrastructure and Natural Resources, through its General Directorate of Environment (DGA) created in 2007 by Presidential Decree 2/2007, is the lead ministry for the implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), in collaboration with the National Meteorological Institute (INM).', 'PLANNING PROCESSES: (a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its NDC and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, as appropriate: The Santomean state possesses an institutional and legal framework to address environmental challenges: The Ministry of Infrastructure and Natural Resources, through its General Directorate of Environment (DGA) created in 2007 by Presidential Decree 2/2007, is the lead ministry for the implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), in collaboration with the National Meteorological Institute (INM). Also, Law 10/99 – the Base Environment Law, dated 15 April 1999 -- created the juridical framework for environmental protection in STP.', 'Also, Law 10/99 – the Base Environment Law, dated 15 April 1999 -- created the juridical framework for environmental protection in STP. Additionally, Decree 13/2012, published in volume 81 of the Diário da República, official gazette, on 11 July 2012, created a National Committee for Climate Change for the implementation, co-ordination, follow-up and evaluation of the UNFCCC, while Law-Decree 3 (c) “Parties strive to include all categories of anthropogenic emissions or removals in their nationally determined contributions and, once a source, sink or activity is included, continue to include it;” (d) “Parties shall provide an explanation of why any categories of anthropogenic emissions or removals are excluded;”.17/11 establishes the creation of a disaster management entity, CONPREC, the National Council for Disaster Preparedness and Response.', 'Additionally, Decree 13/2012, published in volume 81 of the Diário da República, official gazette, on 11 July 2012, created a National Committee for Climate Change for the implementation, co-ordination, follow-up and evaluation of the UNFCCC, while Law-Decree 3 (c) “Parties strive to include all categories of anthropogenic emissions or removals in their nationally determined contributions and, once a source, sink or activity is included, continue to include it;” (d) “Parties shall provide an explanation of why any categories of anthropogenic emissions or removals are excluded;”.17/11 establishes the creation of a disaster management entity, CONPREC, the National Council for Disaster Preparedness and Response. Building off the national and sectoral plans and comprehensive consultations, in 2018, the country elaborated, with support from the NDC Partnership, a NDC Implementation Plan to drive mitigation, adaptation and crosscutting components of its NDC.', 'Building off the national and sectoral plans and comprehensive consultations, in 2018, the country elaborated, with support from the NDC Partnership, a NDC Implementation Plan to drive mitigation, adaptation and crosscutting components of its NDC. The NDC Implementation Plan serves as a planning, coordination, transparency, and resource mobilization tool for the Government and is being implemented with support from national and international stakeholders. i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender- responsive manner The implementation of the updated NDC-STP is based on the broad participation of the private sector as a major stakeholder as well as a promoter of innovation, jobs, and a green and blue economy including sustainable investments.', 'i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender- responsive manner The implementation of the updated NDC-STP is based on the broad participation of the private sector as a major stakeholder as well as a promoter of innovation, jobs, and a green and blue economy including sustainable investments. This participation is particularly visible in the agriculture, livestock, forestry, water, and energy sectors and in coastal areas activities and fishery. Equally, women will have a key role to play in the implementation of STP’s NDC, in particular in the water, agriculture, livestock and fisheries sectors.', 'Equally, women will have a key role to play in the implementation of STP’s NDC, in particular in the water, agriculture, livestock and fisheries sectors. (ii) Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: a) National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication; b) Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the NDC; c) Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement. STP is a small island developing state (SIDS) composed of two islands and various smaller islands and islets located in the Gulf of Guinea, with a total area of 1001 km2. The country’s population stands at about 215,000, with 65% living below the poverty threshold; about one third of the population lives without electricity.', 'The country’s population stands at about 215,000, with 65% living below the poverty threshold; about one third of the population lives without electricity. STP’s unemployment rate was close to 13.4% in 2019, while GDP growth stood at 4.5%, underlining its insufficiency in fulfilling its developmental needs. More than 90% of the State General Budget originates from external aid, and the debt level is also very high, at about 70% of GDP. STP can very easily be strongly affected by adverse climate change impacts given its physical and socio-economic vulnerability. Gender policy. Population projections put the current (2021) Santomean female population at 108,342 or, 50.48% of the total population.', 'Population projections put the current (2021) Santomean female population at 108,342 or, 50.48% of the total population. In reality as also in the various studies have demonstrated that, traditionally, Santomean women have been marginalised in every aspect of life when compared to men. The Government has committed to integrate gender issues and women empowerment, as evidenced by several official documents on policy orientation and strategy. The concerns to adequately respond to the efforts arising from these promises have led the Government and its various development partners to adopt policies for implementation ofplans, programmes and projects designed to eliminate or reduce inequalities while promoting and empowering Santomean women.', 'The concerns to adequately respond to the efforts arising from these promises have led the Government and its various development partners to adopt policies for implementation ofplans, programmes and projects designed to eliminate or reduce inequalities while promoting and empowering Santomean women. The National Strategy for the Promotion of Gender Equality and Equity (ENEIG) is the most important among several initiatives establishing both policy orientations and a strategy design focused on expediting the achievement of these objectives. ENEIG’s first five-year strategic plan began in 2007, while the current five-year plan, elaborated in 2019, will run through 2026. To the already difficult toll on the lives of women and girls lacking equity and equality, climate change is an added challenge.', 'To the already difficult toll on the lives of women and girls lacking equity and equality, climate change is an added challenge. Thus, the current and third strategic 5-year plan is promoting a new approach, based on “STRATEGY 8 – THE ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE”, to lessen the consequences of ever more difficult climate challenges for women and girls, to promote gender integration in the water and hygiene sector, as well as to facilitate access to and management of natural resources, management of natural disasters, environmental cleanup, and climate action and the promotion of sustainable energy. The aim is to increase mitigation and adaptation participation by and integration of vulnerable groups.', 'The aim is to increase mitigation and adaptation participation by and integration of vulnerable groups. A singularly important decision adopted by the Government is the integration of gender issues into its various budgetary components, allocations and sectoral programmes. (b) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organisations and their member States that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2 of the Paris Agreement, including Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of that agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16-18 of the Paris Agreement; Not applicable (c) How the Party’s preparation of its NDC has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; Not applicable since Global Stocktake has not taken place.', '(b) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organisations and their member States that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2 of the Paris Agreement, including Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of that agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16-18 of the Paris Agreement; Not applicable (c) How the Party’s preparation of its NDC has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; Not applicable since Global Stocktake has not taken place. (d) Each Party with a NDC under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on:(i) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the NDC; To date, STP has not carried out such assessments of how the economic and social consequences of the response measures have been considered in developing the NDC.', '(d) Each Party with a NDC under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on:(i) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the NDC; To date, STP has not carried out such assessments of how the economic and social consequences of the response measures have been considered in developing the NDC. (ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, water resources, coastal areas, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries To date, STP has not carried out such assessments of mitigation co-benefits of adaptation actions.', '(ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, water resources, coastal areas, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries To date, STP has not carried out such assessments of mitigation co-benefits of adaptation actions. 5.', '(ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, water resources, coastal areas, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries To date, STP has not carried out such assessments of mitigation co-benefits of adaptation actions. 5. ASSUMPTIONS AND METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES, INCLUDING THOSE FOR ESTIMATING AND ACCOUNTING FOR ANTHROPOGENIC GHG EMISSIONS AND, AS APPROPRIATE, REMOVALS: (a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA Monitoring and progress reporting.', 'ASSUMPTIONS AND METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES, INCLUDING THOSE FOR ESTIMATING AND ACCOUNTING FOR ANTHROPOGENIC GHG EMISSIONS AND, AS APPROPRIATE, REMOVALS: (a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA Monitoring and progress reporting. As the proposal for the National Monitoring and Progress Reporting (MRV) system, prepared in 2016 and updated in 2019, has not yet been institutionalized, the calculation method to monitor the mitigation contribution in relation to the 2020-2030 target, is based on - will in the inventory of GHG, according to IPCC guidelines, covering all sectors and gases defined above, with a view to facilitating an analysis of the impact of implementing these measures against the BAU scenario, ie, the reduction below the baseline scenario.', 'As the proposal for the National Monitoring and Progress Reporting (MRV) system, prepared in 2016 and updated in 2019, has not yet been institutionalized, the calculation method to monitor the mitigation contribution in relation to the 2020-2030 target, is based on - will in the inventory of GHG, according to IPCC guidelines, covering all sectors and gases defined above, with a view to facilitating an analysis of the impact of implementing these measures against the BAU scenario, ie, the reduction below the baseline scenario. (b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the NDC See 5 (a) above.', '(b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the NDC See 5 (a) above. STP will also apply specific principles and methodologies, where relevant, in its accounting for several policies and measures in its Biennial Updated Report, Transparency Biennial Report or National Communication (c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, See 5 (a) above.paragraph 144, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; The 1996 IPCC Guidelines were used to calculate the emissions in the GHG Inventory of the Third National Communication of STP which served as the initial basis for preparing the projections for the year 2030.', 'STP will also apply specific principles and methodologies, where relevant, in its accounting for several policies and measures in its Biennial Updated Report, Transparency Biennial Report or National Communication (c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, See 5 (a) above.paragraph 144, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; The 1996 IPCC Guidelines were used to calculate the emissions in the GHG Inventory of the Third National Communication of STP which served as the initial basis for preparing the projections for the year 2030. (d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used to estimate anthropogenic GHG emissions and removals AR2 Global Warming Potential (GWP), i.e., GWP CO2 = 21 and GWP N2 O = 310, in accordance with IPCC guidelines for NA1 (non-Annex 1) Parties.', '(d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used to estimate anthropogenic GHG emissions and removals AR2 Global Warming Potential (GWP), i.e., GWP CO2 = 21 and GWP N2 O = 310, in accordance with IPCC guidelines for NA1 (non-Annex 1) Parties. (e) Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable With the support of the GACMO model, developed by UNEP-DTU Partnership, the BAU scenario was defined in relation to the 2012 IGEE, following the IPCC guidelines for NA1 countries. The calculation methodology to estimate emissions and projections excluded the LULUCF sector. Data sources used to quantify reference points are the following: • INDC-STP, 2015. • Least Cost Development Plan (LCDP) – Energy Transition, 2018.', '• Least Cost Development Plan (LCDP) – Energy Transition, 2018. • GHG emissions inventory reports (1998, 2005, 2012) integrated into the UNFCCC’s First, Second and Third National Communications. • Development Indicators, World Bank, 2020. • Report on Renewable Energy, 2019. • Data provided by the energy, transport, waste, agriculture, and livestock sectors. Mitigation scenario: mitigation measures were selected and prioritised during consultation rounds with stakeholders based on information on public policy provided by the relevant ministries, regulatory actions and the national and sectoral plans and programmes, permitting the calculation of the mitigation scenario through the GACMO model. (i) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands (ii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products Not applicable.', '(i) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands (ii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products Not applicable. In 2012 LULUCF data were excluded from projected analysis since STP is considered a GHG emissions sink. 4 “14. In the context of their nationally determined contributions, when recognizing and implementing mitigation actions with respect to anthropogenic emissions and removals. Parties should consider, as appropriate, existing methods and guidance under the Convention, in the light of the provisions of paragraph 13 of this Article”.', 'Parties should consider, as appropriate, existing methods and guidance under the Convention, in the light of the provisions of paragraph 13 of this Article”. (iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests (f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the NDC and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: (i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector- , category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used See item 5a), 5 b), 5d) and 5e) above. ii) For Parties with NDC that contain non-GHG components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable Not applicable.', 'ii) For Parties with NDC that contain non-GHG components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable Not applicable. (iii) For climate forcers included in NDC not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated Not applicable. The NDC-STP only includes climate forcers covered by IPCC guidelines. (iv) Further technical information, as necessary; Not applicable. (g) Intentionally appeal to voluntary co-operation, as per Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, and as applicable. STP recognises its own acquired experience with the implementation of the Clean Development Mechanism and wishes now, within the context of high environmental integrity, to be supported by market mechanisms that contribute towards sustainable development and establish strong incentives to take advantage of the private sector’s potential.', 'STP recognises its own acquired experience with the implementation of the Clean Development Mechanism and wishes now, within the context of high environmental integrity, to be supported by market mechanisms that contribute towards sustainable development and establish strong incentives to take advantage of the private sector’s potential. In the medium and long term, it intends to plan and use the carbon market or new market mechanisms.', 'In the medium and long term, it intends to plan and use the carbon market or new market mechanisms. STP supports the use of market mechanisms, including the pre-2020 mitigation results, for example:• Certified Emissions Reduction managed by projects and programmes implemented by the Kyoto Protocol and the United Nations Framework Convention for Climate Change (UNFCCC); • Carbon market efforts focused on viably transforming actions within the specific contexts of least developed countries, developing countries and SIDS; and, Further development of accounting rules within the UNFCCC, the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement to ensure the environmental integrity of market mechanisms and avoid double- counting. 6.', 'STP supports the use of market mechanisms, including the pre-2020 mitigation results, for example:• Certified Emissions Reduction managed by projects and programmes implemented by the Kyoto Protocol and the United Nations Framework Convention for Climate Change (UNFCCC); • Carbon market efforts focused on viably transforming actions within the specific contexts of least developed countries, developing countries and SIDS; and, Further development of accounting rules within the UNFCCC, the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement to ensure the environmental integrity of market mechanisms and avoid double- counting. 6. HOW THE PARTY CONSIDERS THAT ITS NDC IS FAIR AND AMBITIOUS IN LIGHT OF ITS NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES: (a) How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in light of its national circumstances (b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity (c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement Equity and Ambition – The evolution of STP’s emissions is insignificant in comparison to global emissions and in terms of net emissions, as of 2012, it continues as a net CO2 sink country.', 'HOW THE PARTY CONSIDERS THAT ITS NDC IS FAIR AND AMBITIOUS IN LIGHT OF ITS NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES: (a) How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in light of its national circumstances (b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity (c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement Equity and Ambition – The evolution of STP’s emissions is insignificant in comparison to global emissions and in terms of net emissions, as of 2012, it continues as a net CO2 sink country. Nevertheless, STP is ready to make efforts towards the reduction of additional emissions, as it receives financial, and technological resources as well as capacity strengthening support.', 'Nevertheless, STP is ready to make efforts towards the reduction of additional emissions, as it receives financial, and technological resources as well as capacity strengthening support. The NDC-STP is just, insofar as it responds to the country’s vulnerability in terms of climate change impacts and offers its contribution as a developing country. It is also ambitious as it presents a higher goal than for 2015, i.e., a reduction of close to 109 KtCO2 eq against the earlier proposal of 57KtCO2 eq. (d) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 45, of the Paris Agreement The evolution of STP’s emissions is insignificant in comparison to global emissions and, in terms of net 2012 emissions, continues to be a net CO2 sink country.', '(d) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 45, of the Paris Agreement The evolution of STP’s emissions is insignificant in comparison to global emissions and, in terms of net 2012 emissions, continues to be a net CO2 sink country. Thus, in practical terms, its historic and current contributions towards global emissions is already neutral. (e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 66 of the Paris Agreement STP reserves the right to apply this paragraph in future for the inclusion of adjustments to the information contained in item 1b) above. 7. HOW THE NDC CONTRIBUTES TOWARDS ACHIEVING THE OBJECTIVES OF THE CONVENTION AS SET OUT IN ITS ARTICLE 2: 5 “4. Developed country Parties should continue taking the lead by undertaking economy-wide absolute emission reduction targets.', 'Developed country Parties should continue taking the lead by undertaking economy-wide absolute emission reduction targets. Developing country Parties should continue enhancing their mitigation efforts and are encouraged to move over time towards economy-wide emission reduction or limitation targets in the light of different national circumstances.” 6 “6. Least developed countries and small island developing states may prepare and communicate strategies, plans and actions for low greenhouse gas emissions development reflecting their special circumstances.”(a) How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 The current NDC-STP has been evaluated by the Government as being in line with UNFCCC’s objectives and with the long-term UNFCCC-Paris Agreement objective, as shown in Section 6 above.', 'Least developed countries and small island developing states may prepare and communicate strategies, plans and actions for low greenhouse gas emissions development reflecting their special circumstances.”(a) How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 The current NDC-STP has been evaluated by the Government as being in line with UNFCCC’s objectives and with the long-term UNFCCC-Paris Agreement objective, as shown in Section 6 above. (b) How the NDC contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a)7 and Article 4, paragraph 18 of the Paris Agreement As an LDC and SIDS country, STP is not obliged to carry out NDC actions that are not conditioned by its development status, its territorial management and that it has never contributed to net global GHG emissions.', '(b) How the NDC contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a)7 and Article 4, paragraph 18 of the Paris Agreement As an LDC and SIDS country, STP is not obliged to carry out NDC actions that are not conditioned by its development status, its territorial management and that it has never contributed to net global GHG emissions. Therefore, all contributions from Sao Tome and Principe in the area of mitigation are conditioned by the financial and technological support it may receive from abroad, as well as by the support received for strengthening of its capacities.', 'Therefore, all contributions from Sao Tome and Principe in the area of mitigation are conditioned by the financial and technological support it may receive from abroad, as well as by the support received for strengthening of its capacities. However, in the spirit of increasing ambition and in order to demonstrate STP s commitment to combat global warming, the country is committed to develop a "finance tracking methodology", to be officially approved by STP government entities, which will allow the definition and presentation of unconditional mitigation actions from a subsequent NDC, that is, in 2025.', 'However, in the spirit of increasing ambition and in order to demonstrate STP s commitment to combat global warming, the country is committed to develop a "finance tracking methodology", to be officially approved by STP government entities, which will allow the definition and presentation of unconditional mitigation actions from a subsequent NDC, that is, in 2025. In addition, it is noted that, for the period of implementation of this NDC, through the effort made by the Santomean government and with the kind contribution of international partners9, it will be possible to reduce from 5 KtCO2 e by the year 2030, considering the already pledged financial support to be provided. 7 “1.', 'In addition, it is noted that, for the period of implementation of this NDC, through the effort made by the Santomean government and with the kind contribution of international partners9, it will be possible to reduce from 5 KtCO2 e by the year 2030, considering the already pledged financial support to be provided. 7 “1. This Agreement, in enhancing the implementation of the Convention, including its objective, aims at strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, in the context of sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty, including by: Holding the increase of global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre- industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.2°C above pre-industrial levels, recognising that this would reduce the risks and impacts of climate change.” 8 1.', 'This Agreement, in enhancing the implementation of the Convention, including its objective, aims at strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, in the context of sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty, including by: Holding the increase of global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre- industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.2°C above pre-industrial levels, recognising that this would reduce the risks and impacts of climate change.” 8 1. In order to achieve the long term temperature goal set out in Article 2, Parties aim to reach global peaking of greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible, recognising that peaking will take longer for developing country Parties, and to undertake rapid reductions thereafter in accordance with best available science, so as to achieve a balance between anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases in the second half of this century, on the basis of equity, and in the context of sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty.” 9 EIB, WB, ADB, UNDP/GEF, UNIDO, etc.V.', 'In order to achieve the long term temperature goal set out in Article 2, Parties aim to reach global peaking of greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible, recognising that peaking will take longer for developing country Parties, and to undertake rapid reductions thereafter in accordance with best available science, so as to achieve a balance between anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases in the second half of this century, on the basis of equity, and in the context of sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty.” 9 EIB, WB, ADB, UNDP/GEF, UNIDO, etc.V. SUMMARY OF PRESENTED MEASURES: ADAPTATION, MITIGATION AND CROSS-CUTTING MEASURES Adaptation and cross-cutting measures Agriculture and Rural Development 1. Reduced use of nitrogen-based fertilisers. 2.', 'Reduced use of nitrogen-based fertilisers. 2. Capacity building of the CIAT (Centre for Agriculture Technology) to enable scientific and technical investigation on the adaptation of new produce varieties with a wide tolerance spectrum regarding dire climatic effects. Forestry 3. Development and implementation of a national programme for the sustainable management of forest and managed forest ecosystems by 2025, with an emphasis on drought-resistant managed forest, reduction of illegal logging and management of protected areas. Water 4. Construction and rehabilitation of the water distribution grid, dams, and reservoirs. 5. Implementation of low-cost technologies, adapted and of easy community management, to ensure potable water access for isolated communities. 6. Elaboration and implementation of the integrated watershed management plan and water security. 7.', 'Elaboration and implementation of the integrated watershed management plan and water security. 7. Updated revision of the Water and Hygiene Master Plan. Livestock 8. Production and improvement of pasture management, fodder, and silage production. 9. Capacity building for the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. Fisheries 10.-14. Strengthening of infrastructure, equipment, and sustainable techniques: - Construction of a fisheries quay - Adoption of fiberglass boats over traditional wooden boats; - Development of aquaponics; - Construction of biodegradable fish aggregating devices (FADs); - Introduction of selected good management practices and sustainable resources for the fisheries sector. Coastal areas 15. Strengthening of Resilience and adaptation of coastal communities. 16. Strengthening of marine security for artisanal fishers. Waste Management 17.', 'Strengthening of marine security for artisanal fishers. Waste Management 17. Use of improved technologies for the final disposition of waste to reduce or eliminate uncontrolled deposits and burnings in open waste dumps across the country. 18. Develop a national structure for public private partnerships (PPP), for the creation of green employment under a circular economy approach. 19. Buttressing the national legislative framework on waste management with the establishment of a national, sustainable, integrated, and coherent structure as well as the promotion of initiatives to reduce or eliminate single-use plastics. Civil Protection 20. Capacity building and creation of an emergency operations centre.Mitigation measures Energy 1.', 'Capacity building and creation of an emergency operations centre.Mitigation measures Energy 1. Increase in the use of renewable energy (RE) sources up to 49 MW, mainly from solar (32,4 MW), hydroelectric (14 MW) and biomass (2,5 MW). 2. Development of programmes promoting the implementation of an economically viable and sustainable energy model through a reduction in grid power losses and in the improvement in energy efficiencies. Transport 3. Reduction of the carbon intensity in the mobility sector. Agriculture and livestock Cross-cutting measures, and synergies regarding the adaptation component. Waste/Residuals Cross-cutting measures, and synergies regarding the adaptation component.']

en-US

SAU

Saudi Arabia

1st NDC

2016-11-03 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/KSA-INDCs%20English.pdf

Non-Annex I

High-income

Asia

0

MENA

../data/downloaded_documents/b6aa91c72c17eb85d56c4eb5a53901e355eb1fa67c8861aa660360ad0efee57f.pdf

['The Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia under the UNFCCC Riyadh, November 2015 The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is pleased to submit its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Secretariat pursuant to the decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20. The INDC of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is based on the principles listed in Art. 3 of the UNFCCC and the approach specified in the Economic Diversification Initiative adopted as UNFCCC decision 24/CP.18 in Doha 2012. The Kingdom will engage in actions and plans in pursuit of economic diversification that have co-benefits in the form of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission avoidances and adaptation to the impacts of climate change, as well as reducing the impacts of response measures.', 'The Kingdom will engage in actions and plans in pursuit of economic diversification that have co-benefits in the form of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission avoidances and adaptation to the impacts of climate change, as well as reducing the impacts of response measures. This will help the Kingdom to achieve its sustainable development objectives. In this spirit, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia desires to actively contribute to the UNFCCC negotiations maximizing long term benefits and minimizing potential negative side effects for Saudi Arabia. Executive Summary The actions and plans outlined in this submission seek to achieve mitigation co-benefits ambitions of up to 130 million tons of CO2eq avoided by 2030 annually through contributions to economic diversification and adaptation.', 'Executive Summary The actions and plans outlined in this submission seek to achieve mitigation co-benefits ambitions of up to 130 million tons of CO2eq avoided by 2030 annually through contributions to economic diversification and adaptation. These ambitions are contingent on the Kingdom’s economy continuing to grow with an increasingly diversified economy and a robust contribution from oil export revenues to the national economy. It is also premised on the fact that the economic and social consequences of international climate change policies and measures do not pose disproportionate or abnormal burden on the Kingdom’s economy. This is fully consistent with Article 3 paragraph 2 and Article 4 paragraph 8(h) and 10 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.', 'This is fully consistent with Article 3 paragraph 2 and Article 4 paragraph 8(h) and 10 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. A dynamic baseline will be developed on basis of a combination of two scenarios. One scenario assumes economic diversification with a robust contribution of oil export revenues, and the other on an accelerated domestic industrialization based on sustainable utilization of all indigenous resources including oil, gas and minerals. I. National Circumstances Physical, economic and social factors determine the vulnerability of a country to climate change and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia exhibits significant vulnerability in all three aspects. The Arabian Desert dominates the country, which spans approximately 2.2 million km2 of the Arabian Peninsula.', 'The Arabian Desert dominates the country, which spans approximately 2.2 million km2 of the Arabian Peninsula. Current climatic conditions range from semi- to hyper aridity, withextremely low rainfall (<150mm/year in most areas), high evapotranspiration and resultant water scarcity. In the long term, a significant share of the infrastructure on the coastlines may be vulnerable to sea level rise. Trade and services may also be vulnerable to heatwaves and sandstorms as well as other indirect vulnerabilities including price volatility in exports and imports of goods and services. 1.', 'Trade and services may also be vulnerable to heatwaves and sandstorms as well as other indirect vulnerabilities including price volatility in exports and imports of goods and services. 1. Economic diversification is a key factor influencing the stability and sustainability of the growth of any country’s economy, hence an economy s reliance on one income resource puts at risk its ability to maintain a level of growth in the long run. Oil production, processing and export are the primary economic activities of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, however there are opportunities for gas, minerals and their derivatives to contribute to the Kingdom’s economy. 2.', 'Oil production, processing and export are the primary economic activities of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, however there are opportunities for gas, minerals and their derivatives to contribute to the Kingdom’s economy. 2. From 1970 to date, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has developed ten 5-year national development plans (covering the period 1970-2019) to guide the development process for the Kingdom and provide economic and social stability in the medium to longer term. Central to all these plans is the policy of economic diversification designed to diversify the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia’s sources of national income and reduce dependence on revenues from a single source by increasing the share of other productive sectors in gross domestic product.', 'Central to all these plans is the policy of economic diversification designed to diversify the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia’s sources of national income and reduce dependence on revenues from a single source by increasing the share of other productive sectors in gross domestic product. These sectors include the manufacturing industries, energy and related derivatives, mining, tourism and information technology industries. 3. Two scenarios applied for determining dynamic baselines for the period 2000–2030 are differentiated into three time-periods. First time period covers the years 2000-2015. The year 2000 is used because it is the year that most recent inventory data obtained using the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories is available (second national communications). Second and third time- periods are from 2016 to 2020 and 2021-2030 respectively. 3.1.', 'Second and third time- periods are from 2016 to 2020 and 2021-2030 respectively. 3.1. Scenario 1: Economic diversification with a robust contribution from oil and its derivatives export revenues. Export revenues channelled into investments in high value- added sectors such as financial services, medical services, tourism, education, renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies to enhance economic growth. Ambitions outlined in this INDC are set under this scenario. 3.2. Scenario 2: Accelerated domestic industrialization based on sustainable utilization of oil and gas. A heavy industrial base built to use domestic oil resources as feedstock or energy source. Increasing contributions of petrochemical, cement, mining and metal production industries to the national economy.', 'Increasing contributions of petrochemical, cement, mining and metal production industries to the national economy. Economic growth will be much slower under this scenario, and will be difficult for the Kingdom to finance its INDC ambitions with domestic resources. In this case, this INDC will be adjusted to account for this scenario. 3.3. The main difference between the two baseline scenarios is the allocation of oil produced for either domestic consumption or export. While exported oil will not contribute to the GHG emissions of Saudi Arabia, the domestic consumption will increase its GHG emissions. For the ex-ante estimations, the baseline is determined based on differently weighted combinations of the two scenarios.', 'For the ex-ante estimations, the baseline is determined based on differently weighted combinations of the two scenarios. Between 2016 and 2020, Saudi Arabia reserves the right to further elaborate on its INDC and make additional submissions toaccount for these scenarios. During the run-up to the validity period of the INDC, the baseline scenarios will be updated. II. Contribution to Economic diversification with mitigation co-benefits The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has ambitious plans to diversify its economy away from heavy reliance on income generated from a single resource. Therefore, contribution to the climate ambition will be integrated in the future policy to promote this plan. The INDC is thus driven by the aim to implement measures that accelerate the diversification process under paragraph 3.1 above (scenario 1).', 'The INDC is thus driven by the aim to implement measures that accelerate the diversification process under paragraph 3.1 above (scenario 1). The following actions and plans will generate mitigation co-benefits and contribute to economic diversification: 1. Energy Efficiency: implement measures and initiatives that will promote, encourage and support actions in generating mitigation co-benefits in energy efficiency. Strengthen the Saudi Energy Efficiency Program and expand its focus. Currently, the program focuses on three main sectors, namely industry, building and transportation that collectively account for over 90% of the energy demand in the Kingdom. Support initiatives that will produce far-reaching co- benefits, such as the introduction of efficiency standards in the building and transportation sectors as well as the implementation of energy efficiency measures, in various industrial establishments.', 'Support initiatives that will produce far-reaching co- benefits, such as the introduction of efficiency standards in the building and transportation sectors as well as the implementation of energy efficiency measures, in various industrial establishments. Encourage and expedite the conversion of single cycle power plants to combined cycle power plants. 2. Renewable energies: Invest and implement ambitious programs for renewable energy to increase its contribution to the energy mix. The scope will include solar PV, solar thermal, wind and geothermal energy and waste to energy systems. A competitive procurement process for renewable energy is currently under preparation and evaluation. 3. Carbon Capture and Utilization/Storage: promote and encourage actions in this area.', 'Carbon Capture and Utilization/Storage: promote and encourage actions in this area. As part of its sustainability programme, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia plans to build the world’s largest carbon capture and use plant. This initiative aims to capture and purify about 1,500 tons of CO2 a day for use in other petrochemical plants. Saudi Arabia will operate on pilot testing basis, a Carbon Dioxide – Enhanced Oil Recovery (CO2-EOR) demonstration project to assess the viability of CO2 sequestration in oil reservoirs and any other useful applications. Forty million standard cubic feet a day of CO2 that will be captured, processed and injected into the Othmaniya oil reservoir. This pilot project has comprehensive monitoring and surveillance plans.', 'This pilot project has comprehensive monitoring and surveillance plans. The success of this pilot will determine the extent this program will contribute to the Kingdom s ambition in addressing climate change. 4. Utilization of gas: Encourage investments on exploring and producing natural gas to significantly increase its contribution to the national energy mix. The success on realizing the Mitigation co-benefit ambition in this area will depend on the success of exploring and developing natural gas. 5. Methane recovery and flare minimization: Actions will be taken to conserve, recover and reuse hydrocarbon resources and minimize flaring and fugitive emissions.III.', 'Methane recovery and flare minimization: Actions will be taken to conserve, recover and reuse hydrocarbon resources and minimize flaring and fugitive emissions.III. Contributions to Adaptation Saudi Arabia is continuously investing considerable efforts and resources in activities that help protect and renew the Kingdom’s natural environment including protection of the biodiversity of land, seas and coastlines. Saudi Arabia differentiates its adaptation measures into those with mitigation co-benefits and those that are entirely aimed at adaptation and raising resilience. Adaptation measures can also contribute to economic diversification. The INDC in this area is driven by the aim to implement measures that will enhance resilience and accelerate the diversification process of its economy under paragraph 3.1 above (scenario 1). 1.', 'The INDC in this area is driven by the aim to implement measures that will enhance resilience and accelerate the diversification process of its economy under paragraph 3.1 above (scenario 1). 1. Adaptation with mitigation co-benefits: The following adaptation measures are expected to have significant mitigation co-benefits, depending on their degree of implementation and availability of funds to pursue planned activities: 1.1. Water and waste water management: Implement actions that will promote and encourage the reduction, recycle and reuse of water and wastewater in the municipal, industrial and commercial sectors in a manner that will reduce energy consumption, desalinated water production and unground leakage. 1.2. Urban planning: Encourage actions that promote the development and use of mass transport systems in urban areas.', 'Urban planning: Encourage actions that promote the development and use of mass transport systems in urban areas. Take the necessary actions to expedite the development of the metro system in Riyadh. In addition support and expedite the planning and development of metro systems in Jeddah and Dammam. 1.3. Marine Protection: Implement coastal management strategies that are designed to reduce coastal erosion, increase the sinks for blue carbon, maintain related ecosystems and address the threats that climate change poses for marine livelihoods. Support the planting of mangrove seedlings along its coasts. In addition, strengthen and enhance the coral reef restoration program throughout the northwestern Arabian Gulf. 1.4. Reduced desertification: Undertake measures to enhance desertification management.', 'Reduced desertification: Undertake measures to enhance desertification management. Support actions that will promote the stabilization of sand movements around cities and roads, while increasing sinks for capacity through using green belts as barriers. Develop and enhance arid and semi-arid rural areas through various natural resource conservation activities, biodiversity and eco-system based adaptation efforts. The objective is to improve soil quality, water, pasture and wildlife resources through a system of protected areas and reserves. Mitigation co-benefits may include those relating to reducing land degradation and improving land management practices, especially for agriculture and forestry. 2. Adaptation undertakings: The following adaptation contributions are expected to support Saudi Arabia’s efforts to address climate change and raise resilience to its impacts: 2.1.', 'Adaptation undertakings: The following adaptation contributions are expected to support Saudi Arabia’s efforts to address climate change and raise resilience to its impacts: 2.1. Integrated coastal zone management planning (ICZM): Take the necessary action to develop and implement ICZM plans that would take into account the protection of coastal infrastructures such as roads, residential areas, industrial complexes, desalination plants, seaports, etc.;2.2. Early Warning Systems (EWS): Develop and operationalize EWS that would reduce vulnerability due to extreme weather events such as rainstorms, floods and dust storms by increasing resilience of infrastructure; 2.3. Integrated water management planning: Develop and implement plans that will harness new sources of freshwater, construct additional dams for collection of drinking water and recharging of aquifers. IV.', 'Integrated water management planning: Develop and implement plans that will harness new sources of freshwater, construct additional dams for collection of drinking water and recharging of aquifers. IV. Addressing Response Measures Saudi Arabia will take the necessary actions to understand international policy measures to response to climate change, assess the implications of these measures on its economy, and take necessary steps to raise its resilience to these impacts. International cooperation in addressing response measures is important for the Kingdom to achieve its sustainable development objectives and realize its ambitions in addressing climate change; these include: 1. Socio-economic research studies to assess the impacts of mitigation policy measures implemented outside Saudi Arabia on the Saudi economy, including collection of information and development of modelling tools. 2.', 'Socio-economic research studies to assess the impacts of mitigation policy measures implemented outside Saudi Arabia on the Saudi economy, including collection of information and development of modelling tools. 2. Research and development activities to provide technologies that enhance economic competitiveness. Research into understanding the long-term impacts of response measures on energy market stability and to develop measures that can sustain a stable energy market in the long run. Technology cooperation on the basis of the approaches outlined in paragraphs 24-29 in decision 5/CP.7 will allow for the identification of appropriate technological options, which are consistent with national priorities, and domestic human and financial resources in order to promote enabling environment for economic diversification and technological development (e.g. carbon capture utilization and storage). 3.', 'carbon capture utilization and storage). 3. The long-term aim of such measures is to achieve a growth of domestic industries that exceeds the loss of revenue from oil export triggered by decrease in fossil fuel consumption and market distorting actions such as fuel taxes, subsidies and incentives for all complementary sources of energy. V. Timeframe The assessment of baseline covers the period 2021 to 2030. As time progresses, this assessment will be expanded until 2050. Estimates and ambitions will be adjusted depending on the level of development and progress toward economic diversification (as outlined in paragraph 3 above) as well as feedbacks from different sectors of the economy. VI.', 'Estimates and ambitions will be adjusted depending on the level of development and progress toward economic diversification (as outlined in paragraph 3 above) as well as feedbacks from different sectors of the economy. VI. Means of Implementation The implementation of Saudi Arabia’s INDC is not contingent on receiving international financial support, but the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia sees an important role for technology cooperation and transfer as well as capacity building for INDC implementation.1. The ambitions set out in this INDC would require technical assistance and sustained capacity building efforts and upgrading of skills at the individual and systemic levels to support their implementation.', 'The ambitions set out in this INDC would require technical assistance and sustained capacity building efforts and upgrading of skills at the individual and systemic levels to support their implementation. Saudi Arabia therefore looks for benefiting from all the assistance made available to developing countries in respect of enabling activities within the framework of the UNFCCC. 2. Cooperate on research programme on the impacts of response measures on international energy markets and economies of fossil fuel exporting countries, as well as success parameters of economic diversification initiatives. Moreover, such international cooperation should focus on the development, diffusion and transfer of less greenhouse gas-emitting advanced technologies including fossil fuel technologies. 3.', 'Moreover, such international cooperation should focus on the development, diffusion and transfer of less greenhouse gas-emitting advanced technologies including fossil fuel technologies. 3. With regard to adaptation, collaboration on the following technologies is seen as crucial: (a) water saving, recycling, capture, irrigation and sustainable management for agriculture purposes; (b) early warning system against meteorological extreme events (such as floods, storms and droughts; and (c) transportation technologies that are resilient to the adverse effects of climate change while reducing and/or capturing transportation-related emissions. Saudi Arabia aims to create long-term partnerships with universities, research institutes and the private sector in order to enable utilization of these technologies. VII. Monitoring and reporting progress on INDC implementation at the national level 4.', 'Monitoring and reporting progress on INDC implementation at the national level 4. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia acknowledges that a monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) system forms an essential part of its national arrangements for ensuring the successful delivery of its economic diversification and adaptation measures with mitigation co-benefits. The Kingdom’s MRV system for INDC will be an integral part of the existing and future monitoring and reporting structures under the oversight of its Designated National Authority. The MRV system will be deployed to track progress towards achieving INDC actions and projects and any modifications thereof. VIII.', 'The MRV system will be deployed to track progress towards achieving INDC actions and projects and any modifications thereof. VIII. Ambition and Fairness As a Party to the Convention, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia’s INDC is based on the UNFCCC and in particular, its Article 3 paragraph 2 and Article 4 paragraph 8 (h) and 10. Saudi Arabia is in the process of diversifying its economy. Being highly vulnerable to climate change and actions and plans to address it, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia will be engaged in several actions to address climate change and make its development more sustainable. The INDC’s focus on economic diversification as well as adaptation actions with mitigation co-benefits allows to effectively address and tap on synergies for both responses to climate change.', 'The INDC’s focus on economic diversification as well as adaptation actions with mitigation co-benefits allows to effectively address and tap on synergies for both responses to climate change. The ambition is also reflected in the high capital and investment volumes required for economic diversification, particularly if structural changes to the economy is required and to projects and actions outlined to implement the INDC. The contribution achieved through the mitigation co-benefits fulfils the requirement of fairness, given that the sum of these contributions leads to a significant deviation from a business-as-usual emissions path for an economy that highly depends on oil and gas. The measures outlined in this INDC would achieve significant annual mitigation co-benefits estimated to be up to 130 million tons of CO2eq by 2030.', 'The measures outlined in this INDC would achieve significant annual mitigation co-benefits estimated to be up to 130 million tons of CO2eq by 2030. The measures focus on harnessing the mitigation potential in a way that prevents “lock in” of high-GHG infrastructure. These contributions would only be possible under scenario 1 pathway of sustained economic growth.']

en-US

SEN

Senegal

1st NDC

2020-12-29 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/CDNSenegal%20approuv%C3%A9e-pdf-.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Africa

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/56c24b4fcc861e3e480be1a0163914e916a065f36730c3bdf61f1931681314f7.pdf

['CONTRIBUTION DÉTERMINÉE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL DU SENEGAL DOCUMENT APPROUVE – DECEMBRE 2020 REPUBLIQUE DU SENEGAL Un Peuple – Un But – Une Foi FoiTable des matières Sigles Acronymes 5 La CDN du Sénégal s’inscrit dans le cadre du PSE, en écho à ses Plans d’actions prioritaires. .7 b. Principales tendances climatiques et risques associés .9 c. Impacts Et Vulnérabilités 11 d. Équité et Ambition . 12 II. Composante Atténuation 13 a. Cibles d’atténuation . 22 b. Stratégies sectorielles de mise en œuvre de la CDN 24 d. Traitement des émissions issues des substances appauvrissant la couche d’ozone (SAO) 29 III. Composante Adaptation. 31 a. Objectif d’adaptation 31 b. Objectifs spécifiques 31 c. Principaux impacts et mesures d’adaptation prioritaires par secteur . 31 IV.', 'Composante Adaptation. 31 a. Objectif d’adaptation 31 b. Objectifs spécifiques 31 c. Principaux impacts et mesures d’adaptation prioritaires par secteur . 31 IV. Système de suivi, rapportage et vérification de la CDN . 41 V. Mise en œuvre financière de la CDN . 41 VI. Impact macro-économique . 43 a. Articulation entre la CDN et le Plan d’Actions Prioritaires (PAP) du PSE 2 43 b. Retombées socio- économiques des mesures prévues . 43 Conclusion . 47Résumé La Contribution Déterminée au niveau National (CDN) du Sénégal s’inscrit dans le cadre de la vision prospective, « Plan Sénégal Émergent (PSE) », de sa stratégie et des plans de développement ainsi que des programmes sectoriels de gestion durable de ses ressources naturelles et environnementales. La CDN reprend les acquis de la CPDN.', 'La CDN reprend les acquis de la CPDN. La CPDN, du Sénégal a été élaborée par une équipe de consultants locaux sous l’encadrement de la Direction de l ’Environnement et des Établissements Classés (DEEC) du Ministère de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable, en collaboration avec le Comité National sur les Changements Climatiques (COMNACC). Un atelier national tenu le 14 septembre 2015, et présidé par le Ministre de l’Environnement et du développement durable, a permis de valider la CPDN, avec des engagements précis de réduction des émissions de Gaz à effet de serre (GES), par rapport aux émissions projetées, à l’horizon 2035. La CPDN a été adoptée en conseil des ministres le 16 septembre 2015.', 'La CPDN a été adoptée en conseil des ministres le 16 septembre 2015. En 2016, le Sénégal s’est lancé dans le processus de mise à jour de sa CPDN pour en faire une CDN qui constitue l’engagement du pays dans le cadre de l’accord de Paris. Cette transition répond principalement à des impératifs de réactualisation des données (sectorielles, macro-économiques, démographiques etc.)', 'Cette transition répond principalement à des impératifs de réactualisation des données (sectorielles, macro-économiques, démographiques etc.) utilisées lors de l’élaboration de la CPDN, mais également à la nécessité de prendre en charge des composantes essentielles telles que la Mesure, la Notification et la Vérification (MNV), les besoins en renforcement de capacités et en transfert de technologie, essentiels pour une bonne mise en œuvre de la CDN ainsi que l’intégration des émissions issues de l’industrie pétrolière et gazière dont le début de production est prévu en 2022.', 'utilisées lors de l’élaboration de la CPDN, mais également à la nécessité de prendre en charge des composantes essentielles telles que la Mesure, la Notification et la Vérification (MNV), les besoins en renforcement de capacités et en transfert de technologie, essentiels pour une bonne mise en œuvre de la CDN ainsi que l’intégration des émissions issues de l’industrie pétrolière et gazière dont le début de production est prévu en 2022. Aussi, une évaluation rigoureuse de la situation environnementale a permis d’identifier : - les secteurs d’émissions de gaz à effet de serre : le transport, les déchets, l’énergie, l’industrie, la foresterie et l’agriculture ; - les domaines sensibles portant de façon prioritaire les activités d’adaptation et de maîtrise des impacts du changement climatique : l’érosion côtière, l’agriculture, la pêche, l’élevage, la santé, la biodiversité et les inondations.', 'Aussi, une évaluation rigoureuse de la situation environnementale a permis d’identifier : - les secteurs d’émissions de gaz à effet de serre : le transport, les déchets, l’énergie, l’industrie, la foresterie et l’agriculture ; - les domaines sensibles portant de façon prioritaire les activités d’adaptation et de maîtrise des impacts du changement climatique : l’érosion côtière, l’agriculture, la pêche, l’élevage, la santé, la biodiversité et les inondations. Dans les deux composantes de cette CDN, deux objectifs sont fixés : - un objectif inconditionnel, consistant à la réalisation des activités avec les moyens nationaux (État, collectivités locales, secteur privé, ONG, etc. ), et - un objectif conditionnel qui sera atteint avec le soutien de la communauté internationale.', '), et - un objectif conditionnel qui sera atteint avec le soutien de la communauté internationale. Ces objectifs ont été déterminés et fixés pour chacun des secteurs et une agrégation de ces objectifs permet d’apprécier l’impact sur les émissions globales du pays. Ceci se traduit par une réduction relative des émissions de gaz à effet de serre de 5% et 7% respectivement, aux horizons 2025 et 2030, par rapport à la situation de référence (Business as usual) pour l’objectif inconditionnel (CDN).', 'Ceci se traduit par une réduction relative des émissions de gaz à effet de serre de 5% et 7% respectivement, aux horizons 2025 et 2030, par rapport à la situation de référence (Business as usual) pour l’objectif inconditionnel (CDN). Cette réduction pourra être portée à 23% et 29% respectivement, aux horizons 2025 et 2030, par rapport à la situation de référence, si le Sénégal bénéficie du soutien de la communauté internationale avec des financements conséquents, la facilitation du transfert de technologies écologiquement rationnelles et du renforcement de ses capacités institutionnelles et humaines, dans le domaine du changement climatique (CDN+). En 2010, les émissions globales s’établissaient à 16 752 Gg de C02 équivalent.', 'En 2010, les émissions globales s’établissaient à 16 752 Gg de C02 équivalent. Elles vont connaitre une progression régulière, pour atteindre 37 761 Gg, en 2030.Plusieurs études réalisées au Sénégal renseignent sur les conséquences du changement climatique. Les impacts observés montrent une tendance à la baisse de la pluviométrie, une hausse des températures moyennes, une élévation du niveau de la mer, des perturbations sur la disponibilité des espaces cultivables, des ressources hydrauliques et halieutiques. Elles traduisent une grande vulnérabilité des écosystèmes du Sénégal, nécessitant un recours à des actions précises d’atténuation et d’adaptation face aux perspectives climatiques futures, afin d’en maîtriser les impacts potentiels, notamment en termes socio-économiques sur les 60% de la population dont la subsistance dépend directement de ces ressources.', 'Elles traduisent une grande vulnérabilité des écosystèmes du Sénégal, nécessitant un recours à des actions précises d’atténuation et d’adaptation face aux perspectives climatiques futures, afin d’en maîtriser les impacts potentiels, notamment en termes socio-économiques sur les 60% de la population dont la subsistance dépend directement de ces ressources. Sur les risques climatiques projetés, leurs impacts potentiels ainsi que les vulnérabilités induites, les modèles montrent globalement une prédominance des risques de sécheresses, des vagues de chaleur et une recrudescence des événements humides extrêmes. L’occurrence de ces risques expose différemment les régions du Sénégal.', 'L’occurrence de ces risques expose différemment les régions du Sénégal. Les régions les plus affectées par l’augmentation du risque de sécheresse extrême sont situées au nord du Sénégal, la région de Saint Louis montrant le risque le plus intense, pour une augmentation de la fréquence des sécheresses comprises entre 20 et 30%. La fréquence des événements humides extrêmes est plus importante dans le scénario de faible réchauffement et cela, principalement, pour les zones situées au nord et à l’est du Sénégal (Matam, Tambacounda, Louga).', 'La fréquence des événements humides extrêmes est plus importante dans le scénario de faible réchauffement et cela, principalement, pour les zones situées au nord et à l’est du Sénégal (Matam, Tambacounda, Louga). La mise en œuvre de la Contribution du Sénégal est estimée à un coût de 13 milliards de dollars US dont : - 8,7 milliards dédiés à l’atténuation avec 3,4 milliards dollars US, en inconditionnel, et 5,3 milliards US en conditionnel ; et - 4,3 milliards US pour l’adaptation, dont 1,4 milliards US d’inconditionnel et 2,9 milliards US de conditionnel. Le total inconditionnel et conditionnel s’élèvent à respectivement 4,8 milliards dollars US et 8,2 milliards dollars US.', 'Le total inconditionnel et conditionnel s’élèvent à respectivement 4,8 milliards dollars US et 8,2 milliards dollars US. Elle nécessitera d’importants moyens financiers, humains et technologiques de la part du Sénégal, mais aussi de l’appui de la communauté internationale, afin de permettre des réductions encore plus significatives d’émissions de GES et une résilience aux changements climatiques. Des simulations ont permis d’évaluer les impacts et les retombées socio-économiques escomptées de ces mesures.', 'Des simulations ont permis d’évaluer les impacts et les retombées socio-économiques escomptées de ces mesures. Bien qu’intervenant directement sur les secteurs cités précédemment, ces mesures constituent un levier d’amélioration de la situation économique nationale, de la santé publique, de la gestion des problèmes liés à l’urbanisation etc.Sigles Acronymes AFAT : Agriculture, Foresterie et Autres Affectations des Terres ; BAU : Cours Normal des Affaires – Business As Usual en anglais ; BRT : Bus à Haut Niveau de Service – Bus Rapid Transit ; CCNUCC : Convention-Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques ; CET : Centre d’Enfouissement Technique ; CETUD : Conseil Exécutif des Transports Urbains de Dakar ; CIVD : Centre Intégré de Valorisation des déchets ; CN : Communications Nationales ; COMNACC : Comité National sur les Changements Climatiques ; CORDEX : Expérimentation des méthodes dites de désagrégation ; CDN : Contribution Déterminée au niveau National ; CPDN : Contribution Prévue Déterminée au niveau National ; CRN : Centre de Regroupement Normalisé CRODT : Centre de Recherche Océanographique Dakar Thiaroye ; CSE : Centre de Suivi Écologique ; CSP : Concentrated Solar Power (Centrale Solaire Thermodynamique) ; DGPRE : Direction de la Gestion et de la Planification des Ressources en Eau ; CO2e : Équivalent en dioxyde de carbone (Équivalent CO2) ; GDT : Gestion Durable des Terres ; GES : Gaz à Effet de Serre ; Gg : Giga Gramme ; GIEC : Groupe Intergouvernemental d’Experts sur l ’Évolution du Climat ; IDH : Indice de Développement Humain ; IPCC : Intergouvernemental Panel on Climate Change, GIEC en français.', 'Bien qu’intervenant directement sur les secteurs cités précédemment, ces mesures constituent un levier d’amélioration de la situation économique nationale, de la santé publique, de la gestion des problèmes liés à l’urbanisation etc.Sigles Acronymes AFAT : Agriculture, Foresterie et Autres Affectations des Terres ; BAU : Cours Normal des Affaires – Business As Usual en anglais ; BRT : Bus à Haut Niveau de Service – Bus Rapid Transit ; CCNUCC : Convention-Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques ; CET : Centre d’Enfouissement Technique ; CETUD : Conseil Exécutif des Transports Urbains de Dakar ; CIVD : Centre Intégré de Valorisation des déchets ; CN : Communications Nationales ; COMNACC : Comité National sur les Changements Climatiques ; CORDEX : Expérimentation des méthodes dites de désagrégation ; CDN : Contribution Déterminée au niveau National ; CPDN : Contribution Prévue Déterminée au niveau National ; CRN : Centre de Regroupement Normalisé CRODT : Centre de Recherche Océanographique Dakar Thiaroye ; CSE : Centre de Suivi Écologique ; CSP : Concentrated Solar Power (Centrale Solaire Thermodynamique) ; DGPRE : Direction de la Gestion et de la Planification des Ressources en Eau ; CO2e : Équivalent en dioxyde de carbone (Équivalent CO2) ; GDT : Gestion Durable des Terres ; GES : Gaz à Effet de Serre ; Gg : Giga Gramme ; GIEC : Groupe Intergouvernemental d’Experts sur l ’Évolution du Climat ; IDH : Indice de Développement Humain ; IPCC : Intergouvernemental Panel on Climate Change, GIEC en français. MRV: Mesure, Notification et Vérification – Measuring, Reporting and Verification; ONAS : Office National de l ’Assainissement du Sénégal ; PANA : Plan d’Action National d’Adaptation aux changements climatiques ; PAP : Pl an d’Actions Prioritaires ; PAPIL : Programme d’Appui à la Petite Irrigation Locale ; PEID : Petits États Insulaires en Développement ; PGIES : Projet de Gestion Intégrée des Écosystèmes ; PIB : Produit Intérieur Brut ; PIUP : Procédés Industriels et Utilisation des Produits ; PMA : Pays les Moins Avancés ; PNA : Plan National d’Adaptation aux changements climatiques ; PNGD : Programme National de Gestion des Déchets ; PRACAS : Programme d’Accélération de la Cadence de l’Agriculture sénégalaise ; PSE : Plan Sénégal Émergent ; RCP : Trajectoires Représentatives de Concentration – Représentative Concentration Pathways ; RNA : Régénération Naturelle Assistée ; SRI : Système de Riziculture Intensif ; CO2 : Dioxyde de CarboneCH4 : Méthane ; N2O : Protoxyde d’azote ou oxyde nitreux ; MW : Mégawatt ; MWc : Mégawatt-crête.Introduction Le Plan Sénégal Émergent (PSE) est le cadre de référence de la politique économique et sociale du Sénégal, à l’horizon 2035.', 'MRV: Mesure, Notification et Vérification – Measuring, Reporting and Verification; ONAS : Office National de l ’Assainissement du Sénégal ; PANA : Plan d’Action National d’Adaptation aux changements climatiques ; PAP : Pl an d’Actions Prioritaires ; PAPIL : Programme d’Appui à la Petite Irrigation Locale ; PEID : Petits États Insulaires en Développement ; PGIES : Projet de Gestion Intégrée des Écosystèmes ; PIB : Produit Intérieur Brut ; PIUP : Procédés Industriels et Utilisation des Produits ; PMA : Pays les Moins Avancés ; PNA : Plan National d’Adaptation aux changements climatiques ; PNGD : Programme National de Gestion des Déchets ; PRACAS : Programme d’Accélération de la Cadence de l’Agriculture sénégalaise ; PSE : Plan Sénégal Émergent ; RCP : Trajectoires Représentatives de Concentration – Représentative Concentration Pathways ; RNA : Régénération Naturelle Assistée ; SRI : Système de Riziculture Intensif ; CO2 : Dioxyde de CarboneCH4 : Méthane ; N2O : Protoxyde d’azote ou oxyde nitreux ; MW : Mégawatt ; MWc : Mégawatt-crête.Introduction Le Plan Sénégal Émergent (PSE) est le cadre de référence de la politique économique et sociale du Sénégal, à l’horizon 2035. Le PSE mise sur une croissance économique reposant principalement sur l’intensification de l’activité dans les secteurs primaire et secondaire.', 'Le PSE mise sur une croissance économique reposant principalement sur l’intensification de l’activité dans les secteurs primaire et secondaire. Or, les pertes et préjudices actuels ainsi que les impacts projetés des changements climatiques sur les terres arables, les ressources hydrauliques et halieutiques sont susceptibles de compromettre le succès du PSE. Au regard de la forte exposition et de la vulnérabilité du pays aux changements climatiques et en réponse à l’Accord de Paris, le Sénégal entend contribuer à l’effort collectif, au travers d’une mise en œuvre de mesures d’atténuation et d’adaptation dans les secteurs économiques prioritaires, les communautés, les infrastructures, les écosystèmes et les villes.', 'Au regard de la forte exposition et de la vulnérabilité du pays aux changements climatiques et en réponse à l’Accord de Paris, le Sénégal entend contribuer à l’effort collectif, au travers d’une mise en œuvre de mesures d’atténuation et d’adaptation dans les secteurs économiques prioritaires, les communautés, les infrastructures, les écosystèmes et les villes. La stratégie repose sur l’intégration de la dimension changement climatique dans la formulation et la programmation des politiques de développement, tenant compte d’autres priorités telles la santé humaine et animale, la lutte contre la pauvreté et la malnutrition, la promotion des énergies renouvelables et l’efficacité énergétique et la prise en compte du genre.', 'La stratégie repose sur l’intégration de la dimension changement climatique dans la formulation et la programmation des politiques de développement, tenant compte d’autres priorités telles la santé humaine et animale, la lutte contre la pauvreté et la malnutrition, la promotion des énergies renouvelables et l’efficacité énergétique et la prise en compte du genre. Concernant ce dernier, le Sénégal s’est lancé dans la mise en œuvre d’une Stratégie nationale pour l’Équité et l’Égalité de Genre (SNEEG), fondée sur la promotion de l’équité et de l’égalité de genre qui interpelle tous les acteurs de développement. Le Gouvernement a pris l’engagement d’intégrer la problématique du genre dans toutes les politiques publiques. La CDN du Sénégal s’inscrit dans le cadre du PSE, en écho à ses Plans d’actions prioritaires.I.', 'La CDN du Sénégal s’inscrit dans le cadre du PSE, en écho à ses Plans d’actions prioritaires.I. Contexte a. Evolution des Emissions Le Sénégal a soumis trois communications à la CCNUCC en 1997, 2010 et 2015, avec respectivement, comme années de référence : 1994, 2000 et 2005. Il en ressort une augmentation nette des émissions nationales. Les secteurs de l’énergie et de l’agriculture sont les sources majeures comptant respectivement pour 40 et 48% des émissions, en 2005. La dynamique montre une hausse des émissions dans tous les secteurs entre 1994 et 2005, excepté le secteur déchets qui a nécessité un affinement de données en 2005 (Tableau 2).', 'La dynamique montre une hausse des émissions dans tous les secteurs entre 1994 et 2005, excepté le secteur déchets qui a nécessité un affinement de données en 2005 (Tableau 2). Les informations détaillées concernant les 03 communications soumises sont résumées sur le tableau qui suit : Tableau 1 : Synthèse des émissions des trois communications nationales (Gg CO2 e) Année d’inventaire Secteurs Procédés industriels et Utilisation des Produits Émissions globales (Sans absorptions de la foresterie) Sources : communications nationales du Sénégal auprès de la CCNUCC NB : Le secteur de l’utilisation des terres, du changement d’affectation des terres et la foresterie demeure un important puits de carbone dont les absorptions nettes augmentent (Tableau 3).', 'Les informations détaillées concernant les 03 communications soumises sont résumées sur le tableau qui suit : Tableau 1 : Synthèse des émissions des trois communications nationales (Gg CO2 e) Année d’inventaire Secteurs Procédés industriels et Utilisation des Produits Émissions globales (Sans absorptions de la foresterie) Sources : communications nationales du Sénégal auprès de la CCNUCC NB : Le secteur de l’utilisation des terres, du changement d’affectation des terres et la foresterie demeure un important puits de carbone dont les absorptions nettes augmentent (Tableau 3). Tableau 2 : Absorptions de carbone dans le secteur de la foresterie et des terres (Gg CO2 e) Année d’inventaire Secteur Le Sénégal a progressivement amélioré la méthode d’inventaire des GES dans le secteur de la foresterie, avec l’utilisation de certains facteurs spécifiques, la collecte de données plus précises sur les formations forestières et l’application des directives récentes du GIEC.b.', 'Tableau 2 : Absorptions de carbone dans le secteur de la foresterie et des terres (Gg CO2 e) Année d’inventaire Secteur Le Sénégal a progressivement amélioré la méthode d’inventaire des GES dans le secteur de la foresterie, avec l’utilisation de certains facteurs spécifiques, la collecte de données plus précises sur les formations forestières et l’application des directives récentes du GIEC.b. Principales tendances climatiques et risques associés Les tendances climatiques au Sénégal ont été appréciées sur la base de trois paramètres clés, notamment les températures, la pluviométrie et l’état de la mer. Ces tendances ont pu être modélisées grâce aux deux scénarios RCP 4.5 et RCP 8.5.', 'Ces tendances ont pu être modélisées grâce aux deux scénarios RCP 4.5 et RCP 8.5. Les informations sur les scénarios et tendances climatiques sont présentées dans les tableaux qui suivent : Tableau 3 : Changement moyen de la pluviométrie et de la température projeté par zone et par scenario. La pluviométrie est exprimée en mm, tandis que la température est exprimée en degré Celsius.Tableau 4 : Tendances actuelles et futures des paramètres clés climatiques Paramètres climatiques Tendances actuelles Tendances futures Température Hausse globale des températures minimales entre 1961 et Augmentation qui va de 0.58°C, à Dakar, à environ 1.88°C à Ziguinchor qui enregistre une hausse des minima plus importante qu’à Tambacounda (environ 1.06°C).', 'La pluviométrie est exprimée en mm, tandis que la température est exprimée en degré Celsius.Tableau 4 : Tendances actuelles et futures des paramètres clés climatiques Paramètres climatiques Tendances actuelles Tendances futures Température Hausse globale des températures minimales entre 1961 et Augmentation qui va de 0.58°C, à Dakar, à environ 1.88°C à Ziguinchor qui enregistre une hausse des minima plus importante qu’à Tambacounda (environ 1.06°C). Augmentation moyenne située entre +1,17 et 1,41°C à l’horizon 20351 Pluviométrie Baisse des précipitations de 1951 à 2000 sur les stations de référence2. Cette tendance a entrainé un glissement des isohyètes du nord vers le sud du pays. L’isohyète 500mm qui se situait sur l’axe nord-Dakar et Linguère entre 1951 et 1980 se retrouve au niveau des régions de Kaolack, Fatick.', 'L’isohyète 500mm qui se situait sur l’axe nord-Dakar et Linguère entre 1951 et 1980 se retrouve au niveau des régions de Kaolack, Fatick. De même l’isohyète 1000 mm a migré du Sud de la Gambie vers la frontière sénégalo-guinéenne entre 1981 et 2013. Toutefois, il est à noter une tendance à une reprise des pluies notée entre 2000 et 2010. Baisse (négatif) vers l’horizon 2035. La zone nord du Sénégal verra une baisse de 16 mm en moyenne par rapport à la période de référence (1976-2005). Partout ailleurs, la baisse serait plus prononcée et serait en moyenne de 89 mm (tableau 3). Etat de la mer Niveau de la mer Augmentation moyenne du niveau de la mer de 1,4 mm par an a été notée.', 'Etat de la mer Niveau de la mer Augmentation moyenne du niveau de la mer de 1,4 mm par an a été notée. Depuis une cinquantaine d’années, il est observé un taux de recul moyen du trait de côte compris entre 1 et 1,30 m/an3. Sur l’ensemble des côtes sénégalaises et pour une élévation du niveau marin de 1 m d’ici 2100, prévoyaient que 55 à 86 km2 de plages disparaîtraient Environ 6000 km2 de zones basses, essentiellement les zones estuariennes, seraient inondées. Ceci équivaudrait à une disparition de la totalité des mangroves actuelles. Température surface de mer Augmentation de la température de surface de la mer d environ 0,04 °C à 0,05 °C par an depuis le début des années 1980.', 'Température surface de mer Augmentation de la température de surface de la mer d environ 0,04 °C à 0,05 °C par an depuis le début des années 1980. Vitesse des vents Forte variabilité de la vitesse du vent sur la période 1981-2010. La force du vent reste toujours sur une pente descendante entre 2010 et 2015, avec des pics pouvant aller jusqu’à plus de 6 m/s. 1 Données de l’Agence Nationale de l’Aviation Civile et de la Météorologie (ANACIM) 2 Podor, Dakar, Ziguinchor, Tambacounda 3 Direction de l’Environnement et des établissements classés, 2005c. Impacts Et Vulnérabilités L’évaluation des différents impacts et vulnérabilités au niveau national montre que l’ensemble des secteurs clés du PSE demeurent tous directement ou indirectement exposés aux impacts du changement climatique.', 'Impacts Et Vulnérabilités L’évaluation des différents impacts et vulnérabilités au niveau national montre que l’ensemble des secteurs clés du PSE demeurent tous directement ou indirectement exposés aux impacts du changement climatique. Cette vulnérabilité concerne à la fois les communautés, les écosystèmes, les infrastructures et l’économie nationale. Sur le plan économique, une simulation à l’aide du modèle T21 montre que l’augmentation des températures aura une incidence négative sur la croissance du PIB et entrainera un niveau de pauvreté plus élevé au Sénégal (figures 1 et 2)4.', 'Sur le plan économique, une simulation à l’aide du modèle T21 montre que l’augmentation des températures aura une incidence négative sur la croissance du PIB et entrainera un niveau de pauvreté plus élevé au Sénégal (figures 1 et 2)4. Figure 1 : Effets de l’augmentation de la température sur la croissance du PIB mesuré par le modèle T21 Source : Direction de la Planification (MEFP) Figure 2 : Effets de l’augmentation de la température sur la lutte contre la pauvreté Source : Direction de la Planification (MEFP) 4 Rapport multisectoriel BM, 2017Le maintien des tendances observées dans le passé, notamment la hausse des températures et la baisse des pluies, aura des incidences négatives sur les bases productives de l’économie nationale (biodiversité, agriculture, élevage, ressources en eau, pêche, zone côtière…) à l’horizon 2031-2041.', 'Figure 1 : Effets de l’augmentation de la température sur la croissance du PIB mesuré par le modèle T21 Source : Direction de la Planification (MEFP) Figure 2 : Effets de l’augmentation de la température sur la lutte contre la pauvreté Source : Direction de la Planification (MEFP) 4 Rapport multisectoriel BM, 2017Le maintien des tendances observées dans le passé, notamment la hausse des températures et la baisse des pluies, aura des incidences négatives sur les bases productives de l’économie nationale (biodiversité, agriculture, élevage, ressources en eau, pêche, zone côtière…) à l’horizon 2031-2041. Les changements climatiques apparaissent ainsi comme un frein au développement et à la lutte contre la pauvreté.', 'Les changements climatiques apparaissent ainsi comme un frein au développement et à la lutte contre la pauvreté. Ce qui représente un défi majeur pour l’atteinte des objectifs du PSE à l’horizon 2035. d. Équité et Ambition La CDN du Sénégal traduit un engagement soutenu à inscrire le pays sur une trajectoire de développement sobre en carbone et assurant la résilience de l’économie, des communautés, des infrastructures et des villes. La CDN est équitable au regard des capacités nationales et de la vulnérabilité climatique du pays. Elle est ambitieuse en ce qu’elle va au-delà de la proposition de stratégies et de programmes accordées aux PMA et aux PEID dans l’Accord de Paris.II.', 'Elle est ambitieuse en ce qu’elle va au-delà de la proposition de stratégies et de programmes accordées aux PMA et aux PEID dans l’Accord de Paris.II. Composante Atténuation La contribution prévoit une réduction des émissions de GES en 2025 et 2030 dans différents secteurs de l’économie par rapport aux émissions projetées pour les mêmes années, selon un scénario de référence basé sur un certain nombre d’hypothèses. Elle est constituée d’une contribution inconditionnelle (CDN) et d’une contribution conditionnelle (CDN+). Les principales activités prévues dans les contributions inconditionnelles et conditionnelles couvrent chacune des secteurs de l’économie sénégalaise et leurs impacts sont présentés par rapport aux émissions de GES de chaque secteur. Une agrégation de ces réductions d’émissions est aussi présentée pour voir leurs évolutions par rapport aux émissions globales.', 'Une agrégation de ces réductions d’émissions est aussi présentée pour voir leurs évolutions par rapport aux émissions globales. Le Sénégal s’engage, de façon inconditionnelle et conditionnelle à réduire ses émissions de GES, respectivement en 2025 et 2030, par rapport aux émissions projetées pour les mêmes années, selon un scénario « Business as Usual » dans les secteurs suivants :ÉNERGIE Tableau 5 : Émissions BAU/CDN Énergie (Gg CO2e) % réduction CDN 7,6 10 % réduction CDN+ 35,3 41,2 Les émissions liées à la biomasse (production de charbon et de bois) sont comptabilisées au niveau du secteur de la foresterie. La connaissance et maitrise des niveaux d’émissions de la biomasse serviront à définir les actions d’atténuation dudit sous-secteur.', 'La connaissance et maitrise des niveaux d’émissions de la biomasse serviront à définir les actions d’atténuation dudit sous-secteur. Le détail des émissions de la biomasse est consigné dans le tableau qui suit : Scénarios BAU/CDN/CDN+ ENERGIE Emission BAU Emission CDN Emission CDN+ Figure 2 : Scénarios BAU/CDN/CDN+ ÉnergieTableau 6: Émissions BAU/CDN Biomasse (Gg CO2e) % réduction CDN 9,76 16 % réduction CDN+ 14 24 Scénario BAU/CDN/CDN+ Biomasse Emission BAU Emission CDN Emission CDN+ Figure 3 : Scénarios BAU/CDN/CDN+ BiomasseAGRICULTURE Tableau 7 : Émissions BAU/CDN (Gg CO2e) % réduction CDN 1,72 2,36 % réduction CDN+ 8,76 11,98 Scénarios BAU/CDN/CDN+ AGRICULTURE Emission BAU Emission CDN Emission CDN+ Figure 4 : Scénarios BAU/CDN/CDN+ AgricultureDÉCHETS Tableau 8 : Émissions BAU/CDN DECHETS (Gg CO2e) % réduction CDN 10,99 11,00 % réduction CDN+ 65,28 65,28 Scénarions BAU/CDN/CDN+ DECHETS Emission BAU Emission CDN Emission CDN+PROCÉDÉS INDUSTRIELS ET UTILISATIONS DES PRODUITS Tableau 9 : Émissions BAU/CDN Procédés Industriels (Gg CO2e) % réduction CDN 0,0 0,0 % réduction CDN+ 4,0 8,1 Scénarios BAU/CDN/CDN+ PROCEDES INDUSTRIELS Emission BAU Emission CDN Emission CDN+ Figure 6 : Scénarios BAU/CDN/CDN+ PIFORESTRIE Tableau 10 : Absorptions BAU/CDN (Gg CO2e) % absorptions CDN % absorptions CDN+ Absorptions BAU CDN CDN+ Absorptions BAU Absorptions CDN Absorptions CDN+ Figure 7 : Scénarios BAU/CDN/CDN+ ForesterieAgrégées, ces réductions d’émissions représenteront respectivement 05 et 07%, en 2025 et 2030 par rapport aux émissions projetées, selon un scénario « Business as Usual », sur la base d’un financement domestique et maitrisé.', 'Le détail des émissions de la biomasse est consigné dans le tableau qui suit : Scénarios BAU/CDN/CDN+ ENERGIE Emission BAU Emission CDN Emission CDN+ Figure 2 : Scénarios BAU/CDN/CDN+ ÉnergieTableau 6: Émissions BAU/CDN Biomasse (Gg CO2e) % réduction CDN 9,76 16 % réduction CDN+ 14 24 Scénario BAU/CDN/CDN+ Biomasse Emission BAU Emission CDN Emission CDN+ Figure 3 : Scénarios BAU/CDN/CDN+ BiomasseAGRICULTURE Tableau 7 : Émissions BAU/CDN (Gg CO2e) % réduction CDN 1,72 2,36 % réduction CDN+ 8,76 11,98 Scénarios BAU/CDN/CDN+ AGRICULTURE Emission BAU Emission CDN Emission CDN+ Figure 4 : Scénarios BAU/CDN/CDN+ AgricultureDÉCHETS Tableau 8 : Émissions BAU/CDN DECHETS (Gg CO2e) % réduction CDN 10,99 11,00 % réduction CDN+ 65,28 65,28 Scénarions BAU/CDN/CDN+ DECHETS Emission BAU Emission CDN Emission CDN+PROCÉDÉS INDUSTRIELS ET UTILISATIONS DES PRODUITS Tableau 9 : Émissions BAU/CDN Procédés Industriels (Gg CO2e) % réduction CDN 0,0 0,0 % réduction CDN+ 4,0 8,1 Scénarios BAU/CDN/CDN+ PROCEDES INDUSTRIELS Emission BAU Emission CDN Emission CDN+ Figure 6 : Scénarios BAU/CDN/CDN+ PIFORESTRIE Tableau 10 : Absorptions BAU/CDN (Gg CO2e) % absorptions CDN % absorptions CDN+ Absorptions BAU CDN CDN+ Absorptions BAU Absorptions CDN Absorptions CDN+ Figure 7 : Scénarios BAU/CDN/CDN+ ForesterieAgrégées, ces réductions d’émissions représenteront respectivement 05 et 07%, en 2025 et 2030 par rapport aux émissions projetées, selon un scénario « Business as Usual », sur la base d’un financement domestique et maitrisé. Ces réductions atteindront 23,7 et 29,5 % respectivement, en 2025 et 2030, à condition de recevoir un soutien substantiel de la communauté internationale.', 'Ces réductions atteindront 23,7 et 29,5 % respectivement, en 2025 et 2030, à condition de recevoir un soutien substantiel de la communauté internationale. Tableau 11 : Émissions globales BAU/CDN/CDN+ (Gg CO2e) % réduction CDN % réduction CDN+ Scénarios Agrégés CDN Emission BAU Emission CDN Emission CDN+ Figure 8 : trajectoire globale des émissionsLa contribution sera mise en œuvre principalement par : L’augmentation de la séquestration de carbone, à travers la mise en œuvre de projets liés aux secteurs de l’agriculture et de la foresterie ; La transition énergétique avec l’intégration des énergies renouvelables et le renforcement de l’efficacité énergétique dans la production électrique, dans les secteurs de l’industrie, du transport et du résidentiel/tertiaire ; L’amélioration de la gestion des déchets solides et liquides ; L’amélioration des procédés industriels.', 'Tableau 11 : Émissions globales BAU/CDN/CDN+ (Gg CO2e) % réduction CDN % réduction CDN+ Scénarios Agrégés CDN Emission BAU Emission CDN Emission CDN+ Figure 8 : trajectoire globale des émissionsLa contribution sera mise en œuvre principalement par : L’augmentation de la séquestration de carbone, à travers la mise en œuvre de projets liés aux secteurs de l’agriculture et de la foresterie ; La transition énergétique avec l’intégration des énergies renouvelables et le renforcement de l’efficacité énergétique dans la production électrique, dans les secteurs de l’industrie, du transport et du résidentiel/tertiaire ; L’amélioration de la gestion des déchets solides et liquides ; L’amélioration des procédés industriels. Les activités présentées dans le présent rapport, ne sont pas exhaustives. Néanmoins, elles constituent la base de la contribution dans le domaine de l’atténuation.', 'Néanmoins, elles constituent la base de la contribution dans le domaine de l’atténuation. La contribution est définie par la réduction des émissions de GES en 2025 et 2030 par rapport aux émissions projetées dans chacun des secteurs concernés selon un scénario « Business as Usual ».a. Cibles d’atténuation Tableau 12 : Caractéristiques de la CDN Type d’objectif Déviation par rapport à une pratique courante (BAU) pour chacun des secteurs concernés (Énergie, AFAT, Déchets et Industrie). Réduction inconditionnelle des émissions par rapport à un scénario BAU et suivant l’année de référence.', 'Réduction inconditionnelle des émissions par rapport à un scénario BAU et suivant l’année de référence. Réduction conditionnelle des émissions des émissions par rapport à un scénario BAU et suivant l’année de référence Année de base 2010 Période de Mise en œuvre Secteurs couverts Tous les secteurs (IPCC 2006) - Énergie (production d’électricité, combustibles domestiques, efficacité énergétique, Transport) - Procédés Industriels, - Déchets, - AFAT (Agriculture, Foresterie et utilisation terres) Méthodologie d’inventaire des émissions : IPCC 2006 Objectifs sectoriels Énergie : Objectif inconditionnel 7,6 et 10%, Objectif conditionnel 35,4 et 41,2% Agriculture Objectif inconditionnel 1,72 et 2,36% Objectif conditionnel 8,76 et 11,98 % Déchets Objectif inconditionnel 10,99 et 11% Objectif conditionnel 65,28 et 65,28% Procédés Industriels et Utilisation des Produits Objectif inconditionnel 0% Objectif conditionnel 4 et 8,1% Agrégation des objectifs sectoriels Objectif inconditionnel 5 et 7% de réduction des émissions de GES respectivement en 2025 et 2030 Objectif conditionnel 23,7 et 29,5 % de réduction des émissions de GES respectivement en 2025 et 2030Les émissions de GES de l’année de base 2010 (BAU) se répartissent comme suit : (voir tableau 13) Tableau 13 : Répartition des émissions de GES en 2010 Secteur Niveau d’émissions en Gg Pourcentage Procédés Industriels et Utilisation des Produits 1412 8 NB : Les émissions nettes du Sénégal en 2010 sont estimées à 3 925 Gg CO2e.', 'Réduction conditionnelle des émissions des émissions par rapport à un scénario BAU et suivant l’année de référence Année de base 2010 Période de Mise en œuvre Secteurs couverts Tous les secteurs (IPCC 2006) - Énergie (production d’électricité, combustibles domestiques, efficacité énergétique, Transport) - Procédés Industriels, - Déchets, - AFAT (Agriculture, Foresterie et utilisation terres) Méthodologie d’inventaire des émissions : IPCC 2006 Objectifs sectoriels Énergie : Objectif inconditionnel 7,6 et 10%, Objectif conditionnel 35,4 et 41,2% Agriculture Objectif inconditionnel 1,72 et 2,36% Objectif conditionnel 8,76 et 11,98 % Déchets Objectif inconditionnel 10,99 et 11% Objectif conditionnel 65,28 et 65,28% Procédés Industriels et Utilisation des Produits Objectif inconditionnel 0% Objectif conditionnel 4 et 8,1% Agrégation des objectifs sectoriels Objectif inconditionnel 5 et 7% de réduction des émissions de GES respectivement en 2025 et 2030 Objectif conditionnel 23,7 et 29,5 % de réduction des émissions de GES respectivement en 2025 et 2030Les émissions de GES de l’année de base 2010 (BAU) se répartissent comme suit : (voir tableau 13) Tableau 13 : Répartition des émissions de GES en 2010 Secteur Niveau d’émissions en Gg Pourcentage Procédés Industriels et Utilisation des Produits 1412 8 NB : Les émissions nettes du Sénégal en 2010 sont estimées à 3 925 Gg CO2e. Figure 9 : répartition des émissions en Gg de GES en 2010 Repartition des émissions Globales (sans Foresterie) de GES CDN en 2010 Energie Procédés industriels Dechets AgricultureLe secteur agricole représente presque la moitié des émissions du Sénégal en 2010.', 'Figure 9 : répartition des émissions en Gg de GES en 2010 Repartition des émissions Globales (sans Foresterie) de GES CDN en 2010 Energie Procédés industriels Dechets AgricultureLe secteur agricole représente presque la moitié des émissions du Sénégal en 2010. Cependant, les projections aux horizons 2020-2030 montrent que la tendance va s’inverser au profit du secteur énergétique due notamment à l’augmentation de la demande d’énergie. Les informations détaillées sur les projections d’émissions jusqu’en 2030 sont présentées sur le tableau qui suit : Tableau 14 : Projections des émissions par secteur jusqu’en 2030 (Gg CO2 e) Année Secteurs Procédés industriels et Utilisation des Produits Deux secteurs se présentent comme les principaux émetteurs de GES au niveau national. Le secteur de l’énergie va connaitre une croissance exponentielle.', 'Le secteur de l’énergie va connaitre une croissance exponentielle. En effet, Il représentera plus de 50% des émissions globales du pays en 2022. Cette situation peut être expliquée par un dynamisme du secteur avec notamment le début de l’exploitation pétrolière et gazière à partir de 2022. Les émissions du secteur de l’agriculture connaitront une hausse progressive et régulière, jusqu’en 2030. La fermentation entérique va demeurer la catégorie majeure d’émissions de ce secteur. b. Stratégies sectorielles de mise en œuvre de la CDN Secteur de l’énergie Le secteur de l’énergie constitue un soutien majeur au développement de l’économie et à la réduction des inégalités sociales et territoriales. La facture pétrolière représente près de 34 % des revenus d’exportation du pays.', 'La facture pétrolière représente près de 34 % des revenus d’exportation du pays. C’est ainsi que la Stratégie d’Émergence mise en place, depuis 2012, traduit l’ambition du Sénégal de garantir un accès universel à l’électricité fiable, durable et accessible, à l’horizon 2025. Le Plan Sénégal Émergent (PSE) renforce les orientations de la Lettre de Politique de Développement du Secteur de l’énergie d’octobre 2012 concernant l’électricité, les hydrocarbures, l’accessibilité à l’Énergie en milieu rural, l’efficacité énergétique et les combustibles domestiques.i. Sous-secteur de la production d’électricité Contexte du sous-secteur Le parc de la production publique d’électricité est essentiellement thermique, soit 93 % de puissance installée et le combustible dominant est le fioul, à hauteur de 75 %. L’accès à l’électricité en milieu rural est toujours limité.', 'L’accès à l’électricité en milieu rural est toujours limité. Une stratégie nationale du secteur a été développée et déclinée autour des points suivants : - Le développement de l’offre avec de nouvelles capacités de production à hauteur de 1 000 MW ; - L’accès universel à l’électricité pour les zones rurales, à l’horizon 2025 ; - La mise à niveau et le développement du réseau de transport et de distribution ; Actions stratégiques de la CDN - Atteinte d’une capacité cumulée installée en solaire de 235 MW, 150MW en éolien, 314 MW en hydro électricité en 2030 ; - Injection d’une puissance totale de 699 MW en énergies renouvelables en 2030 ; - Atteinte d’un taux de pénétration des énergies renouvelables de 13,68% en puissance installée, hors hydroélectricité, en 2019 dans le réseau électrique ; - L’installation de 6,18MWc dans le cadre de la promotion de l électrification par voie Solaire, au niveau des systèmes isolés hors Réseau Interconnecté ; Actions stratégiques de la CDN+ - Atteinte d’une capacité installée supplémentaire en solaire de 100 MW, de 100 MW en éolien, de 50 MW biomasse, 50 MW de CSP, à l’horizon 2030 ; - Injection d’une puissance totale en énergies renouvelables supplémentaires de 300 MW, portant le total (CDN et CDN+) à 999 MW en énergies renouvelables ; - Remplacement du fioul par le gaz naturel dans les centrales thermiques dual (fioul/gaz) et de la centrale à charbon de Jindal de 320 MW par des centrales à gaz à cycle combiné, ce qui portera le total de 600 MW installé de gaz naturel entre 2025 et 2030 ; - Atteinte de 18% à l’horizon 2022, d’un taux de pénétration des énergies renouvelables hors hydroélectricité dans le système électrique ; - Electrification rurale par voie solaire en 2025 de : 2292 localités par mini réseaux ; 4356 localités Solar Home System (SHS) ; ii.', 'Une stratégie nationale du secteur a été développée et déclinée autour des points suivants : - Le développement de l’offre avec de nouvelles capacités de production à hauteur de 1 000 MW ; - L’accès universel à l’électricité pour les zones rurales, à l’horizon 2025 ; - La mise à niveau et le développement du réseau de transport et de distribution ; Actions stratégiques de la CDN - Atteinte d’une capacité cumulée installée en solaire de 235 MW, 150MW en éolien, 314 MW en hydro électricité en 2030 ; - Injection d’une puissance totale de 699 MW en énergies renouvelables en 2030 ; - Atteinte d’un taux de pénétration des énergies renouvelables de 13,68% en puissance installée, hors hydroélectricité, en 2019 dans le réseau électrique ; - L’installation de 6,18MWc dans le cadre de la promotion de l électrification par voie Solaire, au niveau des systèmes isolés hors Réseau Interconnecté ; Actions stratégiques de la CDN+ - Atteinte d’une capacité installée supplémentaire en solaire de 100 MW, de 100 MW en éolien, de 50 MW biomasse, 50 MW de CSP, à l’horizon 2030 ; - Injection d’une puissance totale en énergies renouvelables supplémentaires de 300 MW, portant le total (CDN et CDN+) à 999 MW en énergies renouvelables ; - Remplacement du fioul par le gaz naturel dans les centrales thermiques dual (fioul/gaz) et de la centrale à charbon de Jindal de 320 MW par des centrales à gaz à cycle combiné, ce qui portera le total de 600 MW installé de gaz naturel entre 2025 et 2030 ; - Atteinte de 18% à l’horizon 2022, d’un taux de pénétration des énergies renouvelables hors hydroélectricité dans le système électrique ; - Electrification rurale par voie solaire en 2025 de : 2292 localités par mini réseaux ; 4356 localités Solar Home System (SHS) ; ii. Sous-secteur des combustibles domestiques Contexte du sous- secteur Les combustibles domestiques (charbon de bois et bois de feu principalement) représentent près de 35% de la consommation d’énergie finale des ménages, en 2016.', 'Sous-secteur des combustibles domestiques Contexte du sous- secteur Les combustibles domestiques (charbon de bois et bois de feu principalement) représentent près de 35% de la consommation d’énergie finale des ménages, en 2016. Le bois de feu et le charbon de bois constituent plus de 75% des sources d’énergie de cuisson des ménages. Le PSE, à travers la LPDSE, se fixe pour objectif la diversification des sources d’énergie, la promotion de l’utilisation des produits de substitution du bois et charbon de bois.Les mesures pour les combustibles domestiques concourent à la préservation de la ressource forestière, avec la substitution du bois de feu et du charbon de bois par des sources durables et des équipements de cuisson efficace.', 'Le PSE, à travers la LPDSE, se fixe pour objectif la diversification des sources d’énergie, la promotion de l’utilisation des produits de substitution du bois et charbon de bois.Les mesures pour les combustibles domestiques concourent à la préservation de la ressource forestière, avec la substitution du bois de feu et du charbon de bois par des sources durables et des équipements de cuisson efficace. Actions stratégiques de la CDN - Diffusion de 800 000 foyers améliorés (FA) par an d’ici 2030, contre environ 350 000 FA en 2016 - Réalisation cumulée de 27 000 bio digesteurs en 2030.', 'Actions stratégiques de la CDN - Diffusion de 800 000 foyers améliorés (FA) par an d’ici 2030, contre environ 350 000 FA en 2016 - Réalisation cumulée de 27 000 bio digesteurs en 2030. - Poursuite de la politique sur le gaz butane et promotion du bio-charbon Actions stratégiques de la CDN+ - Diffusion d’environ 1 500 000 foyers améliorés par an - Réalisation cumulée de plus 48 000 bio digesteurs en 2030 - Promotion du bio-charbon iii. Sous-secteur de l’efficacité énergétique Contexte du sous- secteur Le gisement national d’économie d’énergie est mobilisable à travers tous les secteurs, dont notamment la mise en place d’un cadre législatif et réglementaire opérationnel, les actions de généralisation des lampes efficaces (LBC et LED), la normalisation et la labellisation des équipements électroménagers et bureautiques, la gestion durable de l’éclairage public.', 'Sous-secteur de l’efficacité énergétique Contexte du sous- secteur Le gisement national d’économie d’énergie est mobilisable à travers tous les secteurs, dont notamment la mise en place d’un cadre législatif et réglementaire opérationnel, les actions de généralisation des lampes efficaces (LBC et LED), la normalisation et la labellisation des équipements électroménagers et bureautiques, la gestion durable de l’éclairage public. Il s’agira également de rendre opérationnel le programme issu de la Stratégie de Maitrise de l’Énergie, à l’horizon 2030.', 'Il s’agira également de rendre opérationnel le programme issu de la Stratégie de Maitrise de l’Énergie, à l’horizon 2030. Actions stratégiques de la CDN - Réalisation d’économies d’énergies de 627,028 GWh (CDN) - Baisse de la demande d’énergie électrique de 126,8 MW (CDN) Actions stratégiques de la CDN+ - Réalisation d’économies d’énergies de 3402 GWh (CDN+) - Baisse de la demande d’énergie électrique de 687,9 MW (CDN+), soit au total 814,4 MW correspondant à 48,9% de baisse sur la pointe attendue en 2030. Secteur de l’Industrie Contexte du secteur La contribution de l’industrie au PIB totale au Sénégal oscille depuis une décennie entre 20 et 23 %.', 'Secteur de l’Industrie Contexte du secteur La contribution de l’industrie au PIB totale au Sénégal oscille depuis une décennie entre 20 et 23 %. Le PSE met l’accent sur l’industrialisation avec notamment des choix stratégiques dirigés vers : - Le développement de plateformes et de parcs industriels qui devraient permettre la mise à niveau des chaines de valeur agricoles et le développement d’une industrie manufacturière performante ; - Une meilleure valorisation des ressources minières et l’exploitation de nouveaux gisements de phosphates, de zircon, de fer et d’or. Actions stratégiques de la CDN/CDN+ - Amélioration de la règlementation dans le secteur industriel (Études d’approvisionnement en énergie, Audits énergétiques périodiques, contrôles, etc.', 'Actions stratégiques de la CDN/CDN+ - Amélioration de la règlementation dans le secteur industriel (Études d’approvisionnement en énergie, Audits énergétiques périodiques, contrôles, etc. ), - Mise à niveau énergétique/ environnementale des entreprises, - Valorisation des déchets dans l agro-industrie, - Efficacité énergétique des cimenteries et la substitution du clinker et l’usage du gaz. Secteur des transports Contexte du secteur Le sous-secteur « transports, poste et télécommunications » représente 22 à 23 % entre 2008 et 2012 du secteur tertiaire. La stratégie décennale 2014-2023 du PSE sous son Pilier 1 repose sur « un secteur des transports efficace pour soutenir la transformation de la production et de la croissance » Les options proposées dans le cadre de la CDN concourent à renforcer les actions ambitieuses e cours.', 'La stratégie décennale 2014-2023 du PSE sous son Pilier 1 repose sur « un secteur des transports efficace pour soutenir la transformation de la production et de la croissance » Les options proposées dans le cadre de la CDN concourent à renforcer les actions ambitieuses e cours. Elles permettront : - Une amélioration globale et durable des conditions de déplacement des populations ; - Une meilleure contribution du sous-secteur à la croissance et à la productivité de l économie nationale ; - Une baisse sensible de la pollution et de l impact négatif de celle-ci sur la croissance économique ; - Une diversification des modes de transport avec le recours au transport ferroviaire et maritime.', 'Elles permettront : - Une amélioration globale et durable des conditions de déplacement des populations ; - Une meilleure contribution du sous-secteur à la croissance et à la productivité de l économie nationale ; - Une baisse sensible de la pollution et de l impact négatif de celle-ci sur la croissance économique ; - Une diversification des modes de transport avec le recours au transport ferroviaire et maritime. Actions stratégiques de la CDN/CDN+ - Démultiplication du transport en commun durable (Bus Rapide Transit, Train Express Régional) - Promotion des voitures hybrides Secteur des déchets Contexte du secteur Le secteur des déchets est transversal et en adéquation avec le PSE.', 'Actions stratégiques de la CDN/CDN+ - Démultiplication du transport en commun durable (Bus Rapide Transit, Train Express Régional) - Promotion des voitures hybrides Secteur des déchets Contexte du secteur Le secteur des déchets est transversal et en adéquation avec le PSE. Le gouvernement a réalisé d’énormes efforts qui ont abouti à : (1) la réorganisation du secteur, à travers l’élaboration de texte règlementaires adéquats, (2) la mise en œuvre du Programme National de Gestion des Déchets solides, (3) la réalisation d’infrastructures de gestion des déchets solides et liquides, et (4) l’adoption d’un programme de sensibilisation, de formation et de renforcement de capacité.', 'Le gouvernement a réalisé d’énormes efforts qui ont abouti à : (1) la réorganisation du secteur, à travers l’élaboration de texte règlementaires adéquats, (2) la mise en œuvre du Programme National de Gestion des Déchets solides, (3) la réalisation d’infrastructures de gestion des déchets solides et liquides, et (4) l’adoption d’un programme de sensibilisation, de formation et de renforcement de capacité. Actions stratégiques de la CDN/CDN+ Au niveau de l’assainissement liquide - Atteinte d’un taux d’accès au réseau d’assainissement de 85% à l’horizon 2030 (soit à un taux de traitement de près de 70% et un taux de dépollution de plus de 55%).', 'Actions stratégiques de la CDN/CDN+ Au niveau de l’assainissement liquide - Atteinte d’un taux d’accès au réseau d’assainissement de 85% à l’horizon 2030 (soit à un taux de traitement de près de 70% et un taux de dépollution de plus de 55%). Au niveau de l’assainissement solide - Réhabilitation ou fermeture des décharges départementales et sauvages, à l’horizon 2030 ; - Construction des points de regroupement normalisés ainsi que des centres intégrés de gestion des déchets. - Promulgation de textes réglementaires sur la gestion des déchets solides.', '- Promulgation de textes réglementaires sur la gestion des déchets solides. Secteur de l’agriculture Contexte du secteur La deuxième phase du Programme de Relance et d’Accélération de la Cadence de l’Agriculture sénégalaise (PRACAS2 2019-2023), volet agricole du PSE, s’est fixée pour objectif stratégique d’atteindre tonnes d’oignons et 200 000 tonnes d’exportation de fruits et légumes, à l’horizon 2023. La stratégie demise en œuvre du programme repose sur l’amélioration de la fertilité des terres, l’augmentation des rendements des spéculations ciblées et la maitrise de l’eau. Les emblavures en riz passeront de 677 197 ha, en 2019 à 1 001 640 ha, en 2023 dont 17,5% en irrigué, 32,5% en pluvial et 50% simultanément en irrigué et pluvial.', 'Les emblavures en riz passeront de 677 197 ha, en 2019 à 1 001 640 ha, en 2023 dont 17,5% en irrigué, 32,5% en pluvial et 50% simultanément en irrigué et pluvial. Conformément à la lettre de Politique de Développement de l’Élevage (2017-2021), l’État du Sénégal vise aussi un objectif d’augmenter significativement la productivité et les productions animales à l’horizon 2021, via la modernisation des pratiques d’élevage et l’appui aux filières viandes (bovins et petits ruminants), aviculture (familiale et industrielle) et lait.', 'Conformément à la lettre de Politique de Développement de l’Élevage (2017-2021), l’État du Sénégal vise aussi un objectif d’augmenter significativement la productivité et les productions animales à l’horizon 2021, via la modernisation des pratiques d’élevage et l’appui aux filières viandes (bovins et petits ruminants), aviculture (familiale et industrielle) et lait. Actions stratégiques de la CDN - Mettre 99 621 ha de terres agricoles sous pratique de Régénération Naturelle Assistée (RNA) et 4 500 ha sous compost, à l’horizon 2030 - Mettre à disposition de la fumure organique et du compost amélioré avec la production du biogaz Actions stratégiques de la CDN+ - Faire passer 28 500 ha de riz irrigué à un Système de Riziculture Intensif (SRI) réduisant à la fois les volumes d’eau utilisés et les quantités de méthane émises.', 'Actions stratégiques de la CDN - Mettre 99 621 ha de terres agricoles sous pratique de Régénération Naturelle Assistée (RNA) et 4 500 ha sous compost, à l’horizon 2030 - Mettre à disposition de la fumure organique et du compost amélioré avec la production du biogaz Actions stratégiques de la CDN+ - Faire passer 28 500 ha de riz irrigué à un Système de Riziculture Intensif (SRI) réduisant à la fois les volumes d’eau utilisés et les quantités de méthane émises. - Passer à 498 105 ha pour la RNA et 14 400 ha pour le compost.', '- Passer à 498 105 ha pour la RNA et 14 400 ha pour le compost. Secteur de la foresterie Contexte du secteur La Lettre de Politique de l’environnement a retenu parmi ses objectifs spécifiques « Réduire la dégradation d l’environnement et des ressources naturelles, lutter contre les effets néfastes du changement climatique et la perte de biodiversité ». Un des programmes porte sur la lutte contre la déforestation et la dégradation de terres en vue de : o Assurer la restauration et la gestion durable des terres ; o Diminuer sensiblement la fréquence et l’ampleur des feux de brousse ; o Réduire la dégradation des ressources forestières.', 'Un des programmes porte sur la lutte contre la déforestation et la dégradation de terres en vue de : o Assurer la restauration et la gestion durable des terres ; o Diminuer sensiblement la fréquence et l’ampleur des feux de brousse ; o Réduire la dégradation des ressources forestières. Actions stratégiques de la CDN o Augmenter annuellement les superficies reboisées/restaurées d’environ 1297 ha de mangrove et de 21000 ha de plantations diverses ; o Réduire les superficies brûlées dues aux feux tardifs de 5% et celles dues aux feux contrôlés de 10% par rapport à 2015.', 'Actions stratégiques de la CDN o Augmenter annuellement les superficies reboisées/restaurées d’environ 1297 ha de mangrove et de 21000 ha de plantations diverses ; o Réduire les superficies brûlées dues aux feux tardifs de 5% et celles dues aux feux contrôlés de 10% par rapport à 2015. Actions stratégiques de la CDN+ - Mettre en défens 500 000 ha de forêts, - Reboiser et restaurer 4 000 ha/an de mangroves, - Réaliser 500 000 ha de plantations diverses - Réduire, de l’ordre de 90%, les superficies brûlées par les feux de brousse, dès la cinquième année de mise en œuvre des plans d’aménagement. Ces efforts permettront de réduire de 25% le taux de déforestation, qui passera de 40 000 ha/an, en 2010, à 30 000 ha/an, en 2030.c.', 'Ces efforts permettront de réduire de 25% le taux de déforestation, qui passera de 40 000 ha/an, en 2010, à 30 000 ha/an, en 2030.c. Traitement des réductions d’émissions impliquant les mécanismes liés et non liés aux marchés carbones Les mécanismes de marché constituent un outil de premier choix pour la mise en œuvre des CDN. Comme avec le Mécanisme de Développement Propre (MDP) sous le Protocole de Kyoto, le Sénégal continuera à réaliser des activités d atténuation dans le cadre des mécanismes de marché carbone international de l’Accord de Paris aux fins de la CDN avec la collaboration des partenaires internationaux.', 'Comme avec le Mécanisme de Développement Propre (MDP) sous le Protocole de Kyoto, le Sénégal continuera à réaliser des activités d atténuation dans le cadre des mécanismes de marché carbone international de l’Accord de Paris aux fins de la CDN avec la collaboration des partenaires internationaux. Le Sénégal s engage à respecter les règles qui garantissent l intégrité environnementale, promeuvent le développement durable et évitent le double comptage des réductions d émissions, conformément aux règles qui seront adoptées dans le cadre de l’article 6 de l’Accord de Paris. Le Sénégal soutient également une transition cohérente de son portefeuille de projets MDP, dans le contexte de l’Accord de Paris, tenant compte des règles qui seront adoptées dans le cadre de l’article 6.4 de l’Accord de Paris.', 'Le Sénégal soutient également une transition cohérente de son portefeuille de projets MDP, dans le contexte de l’Accord de Paris, tenant compte des règles qui seront adoptées dans le cadre de l’article 6.4 de l’Accord de Paris. La CDN du Sénégal contient un large éventail d’activités d’atténuation dans les secteurs de l’énergie, de la foresterie, de l’agriculture, de l’industrie et des déchets. La réalisation des objectifs conditionnels pourrait être satisfaite par les mécanismes du marché. Un arrangement de partage approprié de la réduction des émissions entre le Sénégal et les pays partenaires devrait être envisagé. Les projets de marché carbone devront contribuer au financement de l’adaptation.', 'Les projets de marché carbone devront contribuer au financement de l’adaptation. d. Traitement des émissions issues des substances appauvrissant la couche d’ozone (SAO) Quelques substances appauvrissant la couche d’ozone (SAO) sont aussi des GES, avec, plus ou moins, des pouvoirs de réchauffement global très importants L’encadrement de ces substances est assuré par la Convention de Vienne, le Protocole de Montréal ainsi que l’Amendement de Kigali.', 'd. Traitement des émissions issues des substances appauvrissant la couche d’ozone (SAO) Quelques substances appauvrissant la couche d’ozone (SAO) sont aussi des GES, avec, plus ou moins, des pouvoirs de réchauffement global très importants L’encadrement de ces substances est assuré par la Convention de Vienne, le Protocole de Montréal ainsi que l’Amendement de Kigali. Au niveau national, des avancées dans la mise en œuvre de ces textes juridiques ont été notées avec la mise en place : o d’un Décret n°2000.73 du 31 janvier 2000 relatif à la consommation des SAO (CFC, HCFC) ; o d’un Arrêté interministériel n°00526 du 15 janvier 2014 relatif aux HCFC, actuellement en application ; o d’un Arrêté interministériel pour intégrer la réduction des HFC qui ont un potentiel de réchauffement très élevé.', 'Au niveau national, des avancées dans la mise en œuvre de ces textes juridiques ont été notées avec la mise en place : o d’un Décret n°2000.73 du 31 janvier 2000 relatif à la consommation des SAO (CFC, HCFC) ; o d’un Arrêté interministériel n°00526 du 15 janvier 2014 relatif aux HCFC, actuellement en application ; o d’un Arrêté interministériel pour intégrer la réduction des HFC qui ont un potentiel de réchauffement très élevé. Des résultats ont été obtenus dans la mise en œuvre d’actions visant à réduire, voire éliminer la consommation des SAO, il s’agit de : - L’élimination à la consommation des CFC depuis 2010 ; - La prévision de la réduction de la consommation des HCFC de 35% en 2020 et l’élimination totale, en - La prévision de la réduction de la consommation des HFC de 10, 30, 50% et 80% respectivement en 2029, 2035,2040 et 2045.', 'Des résultats ont été obtenus dans la mise en œuvre d’actions visant à réduire, voire éliminer la consommation des SAO, il s’agit de : - L’élimination à la consommation des CFC depuis 2010 ; - La prévision de la réduction de la consommation des HCFC de 35% en 2020 et l’élimination totale, en - La prévision de la réduction de la consommation des HFC de 10, 30, 50% et 80% respectivement en 2029, 2035,2040 et 2045. Avec l’aide de la communauté internationale, en dehors du Fonds multilatéral du Protocole de Montréal, ce programme pourra être accéléré dans le cadre de l’Amendement de Kigali.', 'Avec l’aide de la communauté internationale, en dehors du Fonds multilatéral du Protocole de Montréal, ce programme pourra être accéléré dans le cadre de l’Amendement de Kigali. Fort de ce constat, le Sénégal manifeste son intérêt à poursuivre la lutte contre les SAO ainsi que la mise en œuvre de programmes phares y relatifs en lien avec les initiatives internationales existantes, portant dans les domaines suivants : o L’efficacité Énergétique dans l’industrie et le gros tertiaire ;o L‘introduction des équipements de froid alimentaire performants ; Une réglementation appropriée sera mise en place sur les normes énergétiques des équipements électroménagers.', 'Fort de ce constat, le Sénégal manifeste son intérêt à poursuivre la lutte contre les SAO ainsi que la mise en œuvre de programmes phares y relatifs en lien avec les initiatives internationales existantes, portant dans les domaines suivants : o L’efficacité Énergétique dans l’industrie et le gros tertiaire ;o L‘introduction des équipements de froid alimentaire performants ; Une réglementation appropriée sera mise en place sur les normes énergétiques des équipements électroménagers. Les impacts en termes de réduction des émissions de GES attendus de la mise en œuvre de (1) l’Amendement de Kigali (substitution des HFC) (2) de programmes phares complémentaires sur les SAO sont présentés sur le tableau ci-dessous : Tableau 15 : Émissions de HFC évitées Émissions évitées (Gg) avec la substitution des HFC Émissions évitées (Gg) avec la mise en œuvre de programmes complémentaires (scénario additionnels d’élimination de 10%)III.', 'Les impacts en termes de réduction des émissions de GES attendus de la mise en œuvre de (1) l’Amendement de Kigali (substitution des HFC) (2) de programmes phares complémentaires sur les SAO sont présentés sur le tableau ci-dessous : Tableau 15 : Émissions de HFC évitées Émissions évitées (Gg) avec la substitution des HFC Émissions évitées (Gg) avec la mise en œuvre de programmes complémentaires (scénario additionnels d’élimination de 10%)III. Composante Adaptation a. Objectif d’adaptation L’objectif visé à travers la mise en place des mesures d’adaptation est d’accroitre la résilience des écosystèmes et des populations face aux impacts de la variabilité et du changement climatique.', 'Composante Adaptation a. Objectif d’adaptation L’objectif visé à travers la mise en place des mesures d’adaptation est d’accroitre la résilience des écosystèmes et des populations face aux impacts de la variabilité et du changement climatique. b. Objectifs spécifiques Sur la base des tendances d’augmentation de la température et de la baisse de la pluviométrie, les objectifs spécifiques d’adaptation pourraient se structurer autour de trois points : o Renforcer les réseaux d’observation et de collecte de données climatiques, océaniques et côtières ; o Renforcer la résilience des écosystèmes et des activités de production ; o Assurer la santé, le bien-être et la protection des populations contre les risques et catastrophes liés aux évènements extrêmes et au changement climatique.', 'b. Objectifs spécifiques Sur la base des tendances d’augmentation de la température et de la baisse de la pluviométrie, les objectifs spécifiques d’adaptation pourraient se structurer autour de trois points : o Renforcer les réseaux d’observation et de collecte de données climatiques, océaniques et côtières ; o Renforcer la résilience des écosystèmes et des activités de production ; o Assurer la santé, le bien-être et la protection des populations contre les risques et catastrophes liés aux évènements extrêmes et au changement climatique. c. Principaux impacts et mesures d’adaptation prioritaires par secteur Eu égard aux conséquences potentielles du changement climatique au niveau de certains axes du PSE (Agriculture, élevage, pêche et aquaculture et agroalimentaire (3.1.1) ; Santé et nutrition (3.2.3) et la Protection sociale (3.2.4), il apparaît nécessaire de renforcer la résilience de l’économie nationale, face aux conséquences de la variabilité et du changement climatique, à travers des mesures d’adaptation actuelles et préventives (Simulations à partir du modèle T21-iSDG-Sénégal).Tableau 16 : Principaux impacts et mesures d’adaptation prioritaires actuelles et préventives par secteur SECTEUR IMPACTS ET VULNERABILITE PAR SECTEURS MESURES D’ADAPTATION PRIORITAIRES Impacts actuels- Scénario Impacts futurs-scénario Principales mesures d’adaptation prioritaires actuelles Principales mesures d’adaptation prioritaires préventives (horizon 2040-2050 Agriculture Augmentation de l’évapotranspiration Perturbation de la carte variétale Perturbation du calendrier cultural Recrudescence des mauvaises herbes et des insectes ravageurs Baisse de la fertilité des sols Réduction des terres terres arables dégradées en Baisse production agricole Perturbation de la carte variétale Perturbation des habitudes alimentaires Baisse de 30% de la production céréalière attendue à l’horizon 2025 Hausse de l’évapotranspiration potentielle de l’ordre de 5% en Afrique de l’Ouest Baisse de 8% en 2050 des rendements pour le mil Système d’alerte précoce Gestion Durable des Terres (défense et restauration des terres dégradées ; restauration de la fertilité organique des sols ; agroforesterie…) Récupération des terres salées Utilisation de variétés adaptées (cycle court et température) Promotion de systèmes de production intégrée agriculture- élevage-agroforesterie Renforcement de la résilience par la diversification des systèmes de production (amélioration sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle…) Maitrise de l’eau (Promotion de l’irrigation locale, développement de bassins de rétention pour irrigation de complément) Promotion et Utilisation de l’information et des services climatiques Gestion des risques et catastrophes liés au climat Assurance agricole Stratégies et gestion du post récolte (stockage, séchage…) Planification de la production agricole Transformation et valorisation des produits agricoles Système d’alerte précoce Renforcement de la recherche sur les variétés adaptées (cycle court et température) Renforcement de la résilience par la diversification des systèmes de production (promotion de système intégré) Institutionnalisation de l’utilisation de l’information et des services climatiques Gestion des risques et catastrophes liés au climat Promotion de l’assurance agricole Stratégies et gestion du post récolte (stockage, séchage…) Spécialisation des zones agro écologiques en fonction des projections climatiques Pluies artificielles Planification de la production agricole ; Transformation et valorisation des produits agricolesSECTEUR IMPACTS ET VULNERABILITE PAR SECTEURS MESURES D’ADAPTATION PRIORITAIRES Impacts actuels- Scénario 2°C Impacts futurs-scénario 4°C Principales mesures d’adaptation prioritaires actuelles (horizon 2025-2030 pour 2°C) Principales mesures d’adaptation prioritaires préventives (horizon 2040- Élevage Baisse de la productivité et la qualité des fourrages Raréfaction des ressources hydriques et fourragères Compétition accrue pour l’accès à la ressource hydrique Baisse de la productivité de l’élevage Recrudescence des maladies animales Inflation des prix des produits du bétail qui pourraient fortement affecter les revenus des éleveurs Changements dans la sévérité et la propagation des maladies animales Baisse de la qualité des productions animales (viande, lait…).', 'c. Principaux impacts et mesures d’adaptation prioritaires par secteur Eu égard aux conséquences potentielles du changement climatique au niveau de certains axes du PSE (Agriculture, élevage, pêche et aquaculture et agroalimentaire (3.1.1) ; Santé et nutrition (3.2.3) et la Protection sociale (3.2.4), il apparaît nécessaire de renforcer la résilience de l’économie nationale, face aux conséquences de la variabilité et du changement climatique, à travers des mesures d’adaptation actuelles et préventives (Simulations à partir du modèle T21-iSDG-Sénégal).Tableau 16 : Principaux impacts et mesures d’adaptation prioritaires actuelles et préventives par secteur SECTEUR IMPACTS ET VULNERABILITE PAR SECTEURS MESURES D’ADAPTATION PRIORITAIRES Impacts actuels- Scénario Impacts futurs-scénario Principales mesures d’adaptation prioritaires actuelles Principales mesures d’adaptation prioritaires préventives (horizon 2040-2050 Agriculture Augmentation de l’évapotranspiration Perturbation de la carte variétale Perturbation du calendrier cultural Recrudescence des mauvaises herbes et des insectes ravageurs Baisse de la fertilité des sols Réduction des terres terres arables dégradées en Baisse production agricole Perturbation de la carte variétale Perturbation des habitudes alimentaires Baisse de 30% de la production céréalière attendue à l’horizon 2025 Hausse de l’évapotranspiration potentielle de l’ordre de 5% en Afrique de l’Ouest Baisse de 8% en 2050 des rendements pour le mil Système d’alerte précoce Gestion Durable des Terres (défense et restauration des terres dégradées ; restauration de la fertilité organique des sols ; agroforesterie…) Récupération des terres salées Utilisation de variétés adaptées (cycle court et température) Promotion de systèmes de production intégrée agriculture- élevage-agroforesterie Renforcement de la résilience par la diversification des systèmes de production (amélioration sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle…) Maitrise de l’eau (Promotion de l’irrigation locale, développement de bassins de rétention pour irrigation de complément) Promotion et Utilisation de l’information et des services climatiques Gestion des risques et catastrophes liés au climat Assurance agricole Stratégies et gestion du post récolte (stockage, séchage…) Planification de la production agricole Transformation et valorisation des produits agricoles Système d’alerte précoce Renforcement de la recherche sur les variétés adaptées (cycle court et température) Renforcement de la résilience par la diversification des systèmes de production (promotion de système intégré) Institutionnalisation de l’utilisation de l’information et des services climatiques Gestion des risques et catastrophes liés au climat Promotion de l’assurance agricole Stratégies et gestion du post récolte (stockage, séchage…) Spécialisation des zones agro écologiques en fonction des projections climatiques Pluies artificielles Planification de la production agricole ; Transformation et valorisation des produits agricolesSECTEUR IMPACTS ET VULNERABILITE PAR SECTEURS MESURES D’ADAPTATION PRIORITAIRES Impacts actuels- Scénario 2°C Impacts futurs-scénario 4°C Principales mesures d’adaptation prioritaires actuelles (horizon 2025-2030 pour 2°C) Principales mesures d’adaptation prioritaires préventives (horizon 2040- Élevage Baisse de la productivité et la qualité des fourrages Raréfaction des ressources hydriques et fourragères Compétition accrue pour l’accès à la ressource hydrique Baisse de la productivité de l’élevage Recrudescence des maladies animales Inflation des prix des produits du bétail qui pourraient fortement affecter les revenus des éleveurs Changements dans la sévérité et la propagation des maladies animales Baisse de la qualité des productions animales (viande, lait…). Système d’alerte précoce Semi stabulation Gestion durable et conservation des ressources pastorales (couloirs de transhumance, intégration des cultures fourragères, gestion transfrontalière) ; Promotion de système durable de collecte et de conservation des fourrages Renforcement de la production, la diffusion et l’utilisation de l’information climatique Promotion de l’assurance du cheptel Amélioration de la Santé animale et de la productivité animale Développement et renforcement des unités pastorales (à spécifier) Amélioration génétique des espèces Système d’alerte précoce Semi stabulation Gestion durable des ressources pastorales (couloirs de transhumance, intégration des cultures fourragères, gestion transfrontalières) Renforcement de la production, la diffusion et l’utilisation de l’information climatique Promotion de l’assurance du cheptel Amélioration de la Santé animale et de la productivité animale Développement et renforcement des unités pastorales Amélioration génétique des espècesSECTEUR IMPACTS ET VULNERABILITE PAR SECTEURS MESURES D’ADAPTATION PRIORITAIRES Impacts actuels- Scénario 2°C Impacts futurs-scénario 4°C Impacts actuels- Scénario 2°C Impacts futurs-scénario 4°C Pêche Raréfaction et ou migration de stocks halieutiques Perte massive d’emplois Augmentation des accidents en mer et destruction d’équipements et d’infrastructures liées à la pêche Déficit de la balance commerciale du Sénégal Appauvrissement des communautés de pêcheurs Augmentation de l’émigration clandestine Effondrement de pêcheries (exemples sardinelles, soles, mollusques…) Augmentation des conflits d’une part entre pêcheurs artisans et d’autre part entre pêcheurs artisans et pêcheurs industriels Accentuation du déficit de la balance commerciale du Sénégal Gestion durable des ressources halieutiques et restauration des habitats marins ; Amélioration de l’efficacité de la gestion et extension des aires marines protégées et des parcs marins (10 AMP Promotion du développement de l’aquaculture durable ; Amélioration de la sécurité des communautés de pêcheurs et des infrastructures liées à la pêche Restauration et gestion durable des mangroves Gestion durable des ressources halieutiques et restauration des habitats marins Amélioration de l’efficacité de la gestion et extension des aires marines protégées et des parcs marins (15 AMP) Promotion du développement de l’aquaculture durable Amélioration de la sécurité des communautés de pêcheurs et des infrastructures liées à la pêche Amélioration de la recherche sur la dynamique de développement de la mangrove et les services écosystémiques connexes Restauration et gestion durable des mangrovesSECTEUR IMPACTS ET VULNERABILITE PAR SECTEURS MESURES D’ADAPTATION PRIORITAIRES Impacts actuels- Impacts futurs-scénario Impacts actuels- Scénario 2°C Impacts futurs-scénario 4°C Zone côtière Recul généralisé du trait de Perte des plages sableuses avec effet négatif immédiat sur le tourisme balnéaire Déplacement de communautés côtières Réduction de la taille des îles (risque de disparition des îles) Destruction d’infrastructures côtières Salinisation des nappes phréatiques et des terres agricoles Augmentation de l’élévation du niveau de la mer Risque de submersion des zones côtières basses Augmentation de la vulnérabilité des petites îles6 et des zones côtières basses à l’érosion côtière et à l’élévation du niveau de la mer Accroissement des communautés côtières déplacées Augmentation de la salinisation des nappes phréatiques et des terres agricoles Gestion intégrée des Zones côtières (mise en place d’un système de suivi du littoral, identification des facteurs de forçages et des processus physiques qui gouvernent le fonctionnement et la dynamique du littoral, actualisation du cadre juridique et institutionnel du littoral, modélisation morpho dynamique de la zone côtière, identification des principaux risques côtiers et zones à risque, planification de l’occupation du littoral…) Protection et aménagement des zones à risques et restauration des écosystèmes côtiers dégradés Identification des enjeux d’adaptation Règlementation de l’occupation du littoral Connaissance du climat des houles et de leur modélisation Identification des zones à risques en cas d’élévation du niveau de la mer Analyse des risques côtiers, de la vulnérabilité des infrastructures et des populations Règlementation de l’occupation du littoralSECTEUR IMPACTS ET VULNERABILITE PAR SECTEURS MESURES D’ADAPTATION PRIORITAIRES Impacts actuels- Scénario 2°C Impacts futurs-scénario 4°C Impacts actuels- Scénario 2°C Impacts futurs-scénario Ressources en eau Variation des cumuls pluviométriques depuis les années 70 Glissement des isohyètes du Nord vers le Sud Chute brutale des débits moyens annuels des grands fleuves (près de 60% pour le fleuve Assèchement par endroit de certains fleuves (Casamance, Sine Saloum) ainsi que certaines rivières continentales, mares temporelles et autres plaines d’inondation Baisse générale du niveau des nappes phréatiques Baisse des précipitations de l’ordre de 5 à 20% sur l’ensemble de l’Afrique de l’Ouest Menaces sur la demande en eau douce Augmentation de la durée maximale des poches de sécheresse pouvant atteindre 25% en zone sahélienne Augmentation de l’intensité et des fréquences des sécheresses8 Accentuation du risque de sécheresse et du stress hydrique Forte augmentation des coefficients d’écoulement Baisse de la recharge des aquifères Gestion intégrée des ressources en eau (Maîtrise de la ressource : connaissances disponibilité, des flux, de la qualité, de la demande, des usages) Construction de bassins de rétention Dessalement de l’eau de mer Transfert d’eau Démultiplication des forages Gestion intégrée des ressources en eau (Maîtrise de la ressource : connaissances disponibilité, des flux, de la qualité, de la demande, des usages) Construction de bassins de rétention Dessalement de l’eau de mer Transfert d’eau Démultiplication des forages nal (GIEC, 201SECTEUR IMPACTS ET VULNERABILITE PAR SECTEURS MESURES D’ADAPTATION PRIORITAIRES Impacts actuels- Scénario 2°C Impacts futurs-scénario Impacts actuels- Scénario Impacts futurs-scénario 4°C Biodiversité Fragmentation des écosystèmes et pertes d’habitats Évolution régressive des superficies de forêts de certaines espèces Baisse de la productivité des services écosystémiques Régression de la végétation naturelle de l’écosystème des Niayes de l’ordre de 57% Régression de la superficie des forets galeries de l’ordre de 22% en Casamance et 50% au Sénégal oriental entre 1972 et Perte de certains écosystèmes et services écosystémiques connexes9 Perte et/ou risque d’extinction de certaines espèces Risque d’augmentation des feux de brousse Baisse de la productivité des services écosystémiques Développement d’espèces invasives Renforcement des bases de connaissance sur la diversité biologique en rapport avec les impacts des changements climatiques Renforcement de la résilience des écosystèmes Renforcement des bases de connaissance sur la diversité biologique en rapport avec les impacts des changements climatiques Renforcement de la résilience des écosystèmesSECTEUR IMPACTS ET VULNERABILITE PAR SECTEURS MESURES D’ADAPTATION PRIORITAIRES Impacts actuels- Scénario 2°C Impacts futurs-scénario 4°C Impacts actuels- Scénario 2°C Impacts futurs-scénario 4°C Santé Changements de la distribution géographique et de l’incidence des maladies à transmission vectorielle ; Augmentation des maladies transmissibles par voie aérienne, notamment les infections respiratoires aigües (IRA) ; Exacerbation de concentrations en substances allergogènes ; Augmentation des maladies liées à l’eau ; Apparition de gîtes larvaires vecteurs de maladies graves Changements de la distribution géographique et de l’incidence des maladies à transmission vectorielle Augmentation des maladies transmissibles par voie aérienne, notamment les infections respiratoires aigües (IRA) Augmentation des maladies liées à l’eau Renforcement de la surveillance épidémiologique intégrée ; Prévention et contrôle des maladies climato sensibles dans les zones sujettes aux risques climatiques Renforcement de la lutte anti vectorielle Renforcement de la surveillance épidémiologique intégrée ; Prévention et contrôle des maladies climato sensibles dans les zones sujettes aux risques climatiques Renforcement de la lutte anti vectorielleSECTEUR IMPACTS ET VULNERABILITE PAR SECTEURS MESURES D’ADAPTATION PRIORITAIRES Impacts actuels- Scénario 2°C Impacts futurs-scénario 4°C Impacts actuels- Scénario 2°C Impacts futurs-scénario 4°C Gestion des risques et catastrophes dus aux inondations Pertes en vies humaines, Destruction d’infrastructures (routes, ponts, habitations) ; Ralentissement activités économiques Apparition des maladies hydriques Augmentation de la fréquence et de l’intensité des pluies intenses au niveau de plusieurs régions10 y compris celles intertropicales Mise en œuvre du plan national d’Aménagement du territoire et des schémas directeurs Restructuration urbaine et relogement des zones prioritaires Renforcement des infrastructures d’assainissements et des systèmes de drainage des eaux pluviales dans les villes Mise en œuvre du plan national d’Aménagement du territoire et des schémas directeurs Restructuration urbaine et relogement des zones prioritaires Renforcement des infrastructures d’assainissements et des systèmes de drainage des eaux pluviales dans les villesd.', 'Système d’alerte précoce Semi stabulation Gestion durable et conservation des ressources pastorales (couloirs de transhumance, intégration des cultures fourragères, gestion transfrontalière) ; Promotion de système durable de collecte et de conservation des fourrages Renforcement de la production, la diffusion et l’utilisation de l’information climatique Promotion de l’assurance du cheptel Amélioration de la Santé animale et de la productivité animale Développement et renforcement des unités pastorales (à spécifier) Amélioration génétique des espèces Système d’alerte précoce Semi stabulation Gestion durable des ressources pastorales (couloirs de transhumance, intégration des cultures fourragères, gestion transfrontalières) Renforcement de la production, la diffusion et l’utilisation de l’information climatique Promotion de l’assurance du cheptel Amélioration de la Santé animale et de la productivité animale Développement et renforcement des unités pastorales Amélioration génétique des espècesSECTEUR IMPACTS ET VULNERABILITE PAR SECTEURS MESURES D’ADAPTATION PRIORITAIRES Impacts actuels- Scénario 2°C Impacts futurs-scénario 4°C Impacts actuels- Scénario 2°C Impacts futurs-scénario 4°C Pêche Raréfaction et ou migration de stocks halieutiques Perte massive d’emplois Augmentation des accidents en mer et destruction d’équipements et d’infrastructures liées à la pêche Déficit de la balance commerciale du Sénégal Appauvrissement des communautés de pêcheurs Augmentation de l’émigration clandestine Effondrement de pêcheries (exemples sardinelles, soles, mollusques…) Augmentation des conflits d’une part entre pêcheurs artisans et d’autre part entre pêcheurs artisans et pêcheurs industriels Accentuation du déficit de la balance commerciale du Sénégal Gestion durable des ressources halieutiques et restauration des habitats marins ; Amélioration de l’efficacité de la gestion et extension des aires marines protégées et des parcs marins (10 AMP Promotion du développement de l’aquaculture durable ; Amélioration de la sécurité des communautés de pêcheurs et des infrastructures liées à la pêche Restauration et gestion durable des mangroves Gestion durable des ressources halieutiques et restauration des habitats marins Amélioration de l’efficacité de la gestion et extension des aires marines protégées et des parcs marins (15 AMP) Promotion du développement de l’aquaculture durable Amélioration de la sécurité des communautés de pêcheurs et des infrastructures liées à la pêche Amélioration de la recherche sur la dynamique de développement de la mangrove et les services écosystémiques connexes Restauration et gestion durable des mangrovesSECTEUR IMPACTS ET VULNERABILITE PAR SECTEURS MESURES D’ADAPTATION PRIORITAIRES Impacts actuels- Impacts futurs-scénario Impacts actuels- Scénario 2°C Impacts futurs-scénario 4°C Zone côtière Recul généralisé du trait de Perte des plages sableuses avec effet négatif immédiat sur le tourisme balnéaire Déplacement de communautés côtières Réduction de la taille des îles (risque de disparition des îles) Destruction d’infrastructures côtières Salinisation des nappes phréatiques et des terres agricoles Augmentation de l’élévation du niveau de la mer Risque de submersion des zones côtières basses Augmentation de la vulnérabilité des petites îles6 et des zones côtières basses à l’érosion côtière et à l’élévation du niveau de la mer Accroissement des communautés côtières déplacées Augmentation de la salinisation des nappes phréatiques et des terres agricoles Gestion intégrée des Zones côtières (mise en place d’un système de suivi du littoral, identification des facteurs de forçages et des processus physiques qui gouvernent le fonctionnement et la dynamique du littoral, actualisation du cadre juridique et institutionnel du littoral, modélisation morpho dynamique de la zone côtière, identification des principaux risques côtiers et zones à risque, planification de l’occupation du littoral…) Protection et aménagement des zones à risques et restauration des écosystèmes côtiers dégradés Identification des enjeux d’adaptation Règlementation de l’occupation du littoral Connaissance du climat des houles et de leur modélisation Identification des zones à risques en cas d’élévation du niveau de la mer Analyse des risques côtiers, de la vulnérabilité des infrastructures et des populations Règlementation de l’occupation du littoralSECTEUR IMPACTS ET VULNERABILITE PAR SECTEURS MESURES D’ADAPTATION PRIORITAIRES Impacts actuels- Scénario 2°C Impacts futurs-scénario 4°C Impacts actuels- Scénario 2°C Impacts futurs-scénario Ressources en eau Variation des cumuls pluviométriques depuis les années 70 Glissement des isohyètes du Nord vers le Sud Chute brutale des débits moyens annuels des grands fleuves (près de 60% pour le fleuve Assèchement par endroit de certains fleuves (Casamance, Sine Saloum) ainsi que certaines rivières continentales, mares temporelles et autres plaines d’inondation Baisse générale du niveau des nappes phréatiques Baisse des précipitations de l’ordre de 5 à 20% sur l’ensemble de l’Afrique de l’Ouest Menaces sur la demande en eau douce Augmentation de la durée maximale des poches de sécheresse pouvant atteindre 25% en zone sahélienne Augmentation de l’intensité et des fréquences des sécheresses8 Accentuation du risque de sécheresse et du stress hydrique Forte augmentation des coefficients d’écoulement Baisse de la recharge des aquifères Gestion intégrée des ressources en eau (Maîtrise de la ressource : connaissances disponibilité, des flux, de la qualité, de la demande, des usages) Construction de bassins de rétention Dessalement de l’eau de mer Transfert d’eau Démultiplication des forages Gestion intégrée des ressources en eau (Maîtrise de la ressource : connaissances disponibilité, des flux, de la qualité, de la demande, des usages) Construction de bassins de rétention Dessalement de l’eau de mer Transfert d’eau Démultiplication des forages nal (GIEC, 201SECTEUR IMPACTS ET VULNERABILITE PAR SECTEURS MESURES D’ADAPTATION PRIORITAIRES Impacts actuels- Scénario 2°C Impacts futurs-scénario Impacts actuels- Scénario Impacts futurs-scénario 4°C Biodiversité Fragmentation des écosystèmes et pertes d’habitats Évolution régressive des superficies de forêts de certaines espèces Baisse de la productivité des services écosystémiques Régression de la végétation naturelle de l’écosystème des Niayes de l’ordre de 57% Régression de la superficie des forets galeries de l’ordre de 22% en Casamance et 50% au Sénégal oriental entre 1972 et Perte de certains écosystèmes et services écosystémiques connexes9 Perte et/ou risque d’extinction de certaines espèces Risque d’augmentation des feux de brousse Baisse de la productivité des services écosystémiques Développement d’espèces invasives Renforcement des bases de connaissance sur la diversité biologique en rapport avec les impacts des changements climatiques Renforcement de la résilience des écosystèmes Renforcement des bases de connaissance sur la diversité biologique en rapport avec les impacts des changements climatiques Renforcement de la résilience des écosystèmesSECTEUR IMPACTS ET VULNERABILITE PAR SECTEURS MESURES D’ADAPTATION PRIORITAIRES Impacts actuels- Scénario 2°C Impacts futurs-scénario 4°C Impacts actuels- Scénario 2°C Impacts futurs-scénario 4°C Santé Changements de la distribution géographique et de l’incidence des maladies à transmission vectorielle ; Augmentation des maladies transmissibles par voie aérienne, notamment les infections respiratoires aigües (IRA) ; Exacerbation de concentrations en substances allergogènes ; Augmentation des maladies liées à l’eau ; Apparition de gîtes larvaires vecteurs de maladies graves Changements de la distribution géographique et de l’incidence des maladies à transmission vectorielle Augmentation des maladies transmissibles par voie aérienne, notamment les infections respiratoires aigües (IRA) Augmentation des maladies liées à l’eau Renforcement de la surveillance épidémiologique intégrée ; Prévention et contrôle des maladies climato sensibles dans les zones sujettes aux risques climatiques Renforcement de la lutte anti vectorielle Renforcement de la surveillance épidémiologique intégrée ; Prévention et contrôle des maladies climato sensibles dans les zones sujettes aux risques climatiques Renforcement de la lutte anti vectorielleSECTEUR IMPACTS ET VULNERABILITE PAR SECTEURS MESURES D’ADAPTATION PRIORITAIRES Impacts actuels- Scénario 2°C Impacts futurs-scénario 4°C Impacts actuels- Scénario 2°C Impacts futurs-scénario 4°C Gestion des risques et catastrophes dus aux inondations Pertes en vies humaines, Destruction d’infrastructures (routes, ponts, habitations) ; Ralentissement activités économiques Apparition des maladies hydriques Augmentation de la fréquence et de l’intensité des pluies intenses au niveau de plusieurs régions10 y compris celles intertropicales Mise en œuvre du plan national d’Aménagement du territoire et des schémas directeurs Restructuration urbaine et relogement des zones prioritaires Renforcement des infrastructures d’assainissements et des systèmes de drainage des eaux pluviales dans les villes Mise en œuvre du plan national d’Aménagement du territoire et des schémas directeurs Restructuration urbaine et relogement des zones prioritaires Renforcement des infrastructures d’assainissements et des systèmes de drainage des eaux pluviales dans les villesd. Mécanisme de mise en œuvre de l’adaptation Le caractère dynamique de la vulnérabilité, souvent influencé par plusieurs facteurs (environnementaux, socio-économiques, politiques et institutionnels), rend complexe toute action d’adaptation au changement climatique.', 'Mécanisme de mise en œuvre de l’adaptation Le caractère dynamique de la vulnérabilité, souvent influencé par plusieurs facteurs (environnementaux, socio-économiques, politiques et institutionnels), rend complexe toute action d’adaptation au changement climatique. Les points ci-dessous constituent alors des enjeux majeurs que le Sénégal devra maîtriser : o La planification de l’adaptation au niveau national : les initiatives d’adaptation entreprises et mises en œuvre au niveau national apportent en général des réponses à des situations d’urgence.', 'Les points ci-dessous constituent alors des enjeux majeurs que le Sénégal devra maîtriser : o La planification de l’adaptation au niveau national : les initiatives d’adaptation entreprises et mises en œuvre au niveau national apportent en général des réponses à des situations d’urgence. Le Plan National d’Adaptation (PNA) en cours d’élaboration permettra d’intégrer une approche de planification dans le court, moyen et long terme dans les futures initiatives du Sénégal ; o La bonne maitrise du cadre réglementaire et des moyens de mise en œuvre des engagements : la bonne exécution des engagements nécessitera le renforcement des moyens techniques (système régulier de collecte de données quantitatives et qualitatives), technologiques (équipements appropriés) et humains (renforcement des connaissances et actualisation des curricula).', 'Le Plan National d’Adaptation (PNA) en cours d’élaboration permettra d’intégrer une approche de planification dans le court, moyen et long terme dans les futures initiatives du Sénégal ; o La bonne maitrise du cadre réglementaire et des moyens de mise en œuvre des engagements : la bonne exécution des engagements nécessitera le renforcement des moyens techniques (système régulier de collecte de données quantitatives et qualitatives), technologiques (équipements appropriés) et humains (renforcement des connaissances et actualisation des curricula). Il faudra également veiller à la mise en place des procédures législatives simplifiées et des codes sectoriels (code de la pêche, code de l’environnement, code forestier…) prenant en charge la dynamique climatique ; o La mise en place d’une approche multisectorielle : le changement climatique impacte de façon transversale les secteurs clés de l’économie nationale.', 'Il faudra également veiller à la mise en place des procédures législatives simplifiées et des codes sectoriels (code de la pêche, code de l’environnement, code forestier…) prenant en charge la dynamique climatique ; o La mise en place d’une approche multisectorielle : le changement climatique impacte de façon transversale les secteurs clés de l’économie nationale. Une résilience efficace face à cette problématique nécessite l’adoption d’une approche multisectorielle et intersectorielle permettant de renforcer la concertation entre les acteurs et faciliter la mise en place d’un cadre harmonisé des interventions futures ; o L’élaboration d’une stratégie de communication efficace : il est essentiel que les acteurs politiques soient sensibilisés aux effets du changement climatique, au même titre que les communautés impactées.', 'Une résilience efficace face à cette problématique nécessite l’adoption d’une approche multisectorielle et intersectorielle permettant de renforcer la concertation entre les acteurs et faciliter la mise en place d’un cadre harmonisé des interventions futures ; o L’élaboration d’une stratégie de communication efficace : il est essentiel que les acteurs politiques soient sensibilisés aux effets du changement climatique, au même titre que les communautés impactées. L’adoption d’une stratégie de communication orientée « citoyen » et « décideur » devient alors une nécessité, afin de mieux impliquer toutes les parties prenantes dans le processus entamé par le Sénégal ; o Évaluation du coût de l’adaptation : le changement climatique est un processus continu.', 'L’adoption d’une stratégie de communication orientée « citoyen » et « décideur » devient alors une nécessité, afin de mieux impliquer toutes les parties prenantes dans le processus entamé par le Sénégal ; o Évaluation du coût de l’adaptation : le changement climatique est un processus continu. Il est essentiel en plus de la définition de la manière dont l’adaptation sera menée, de savoir à quel coût pouvons-nous adapter face à un climat sans cesse changeant. Cette évaluation fait souvent défaut à cause du manque de données et de modélisation qui permettent de cerner correctement l’opportunité économique des mesures d’adaptation envisagées.IV.', 'Cette évaluation fait souvent défaut à cause du manque de données et de modélisation qui permettent de cerner correctement l’opportunité économique des mesures d’adaptation envisagées.IV. Système de suivi, rapportage et vérification de la CDN Sous la supervision de la Direction de l’Environnement et des Établissements Classés du Ministère de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable et avec l’appui du COMNACC, le suivi et l’évaluation de la CDN seront assurés par les services techniques sectoriels. Il s’agira, entre autres, de veiller au suivi de la mise en œuvre des activités prévues dans la présente contribution ainsi que des différents indicateurs de la CDN.', 'Il s’agira, entre autres, de veiller au suivi de la mise en œuvre des activités prévues dans la présente contribution ainsi que des différents indicateurs de la CDN. Un plan de renforcement de capacités à l’attention des secteurs concernés par la MNV sera établi dans la stratégie de mise en œuvre de la CDN avec les couts correspondants. V. Mise en œuvre financière de la CDN L’évaluation des besoins en financement des actions d’atténuation et d’adaptation aux effets du changement climatique prévus dans la présente CDN est basée sur les listes de programmes et projets identifiés (voir annexe 1 et 2). Il faut noter que la réalisation de la CDN est accompagnée de l’élaboration d’une stratégie opérationnelle d’exécution et de financement de la CDN.', 'Il faut noter que la réalisation de la CDN est accompagnée de l’élaboration d’une stratégie opérationnelle d’exécution et de financement de la CDN. Cette stratégie permettra d’asseoir les modalités techniques, sociales et financières adéquates favorables à la réalisation de la CDN dans les délais prévus. Les besoins en financement pour l’Atténuation des émissions de GES s’élèvent à environ 8,7 milliards de dollars US dont à 3,4 milliards dollars en inconditionnel et 5,3 milliards US en conditionnel.', 'Les besoins en financement pour l’Atténuation des émissions de GES s’élèvent à environ 8,7 milliards de dollars US dont à 3,4 milliards dollars en inconditionnel et 5,3 milliards US en conditionnel. (Voir tableau pour plus de détail) Tableau 17 : Besoins en Financement de la CDN par secteurs en dollars US Secteurs Couts inconditionnels Couts Conditionnels TotalLes besoins en financement pour l’Adaptation au changement climatique du Sénégal sur la période s’élèvent à environ 4,3 milliards US dont 1,4 milliards US d’inconditionnel et 2,9 milliards US de conditionnel (tableau 4).', '(Voir tableau pour plus de détail) Tableau 17 : Besoins en Financement de la CDN par secteurs en dollars US Secteurs Couts inconditionnels Couts Conditionnels TotalLes besoins en financement pour l’Adaptation au changement climatique du Sénégal sur la période s’élèvent à environ 4,3 milliards US dont 1,4 milliards US d’inconditionnel et 2,9 milliards US de conditionnel (tableau 4). Tableau 18 : besoins en financement pour l’adaptation au changement BESOINS EN FINANCEMENT (dollar US) En fin de compte, les besoins financiers de la CDN se chiffrent à 13 milliards US répartis comme suit : o Inconditionnel : 4,8 milliards dollars o Conditionnel : 8,2 milliards US. Remarque : Cette présente estimation ne couvre pas les aspects liés au renforcement de capacités.', 'Remarque : Cette présente estimation ne couvre pas les aspects liés au renforcement de capacités. Ces derniers sont estimés à 100 millions de dollars US durant la période 2020-2030. Cette évaluation des besoins en renforcement de capacités sera détaillée avec la stratégie de mise en œuvre de la CDN. 11 Ce montant n’intègre pas les couts liés (au renforcement des capacités, au système MRV et à l’analyse stratégique évalués à 12 Le cout des besoins en adaptation pour le secteur des inondations a été calculé en utilisant 1$ = 600 FCFAVI.', '11 Ce montant n’intègre pas les couts liés (au renforcement des capacités, au système MRV et à l’analyse stratégique évalués à 12 Le cout des besoins en adaptation pour le secteur des inondations a été calculé en utilisant 1$ = 600 FCFAVI. Impact macro-économique a. Articulation entre la CDN et le Plan d’Actions Prioritaires (PAP) du PSE 2 Dans le cadre de l’intégration du Changement Climatique dans les politiques publiques de développement, une simulation du niveau de prise en compte des options de la CDN au niveau du PAP-PSE 2 a été proposée. La simulation fait une analyse comparative entre le cout des actions de la CDN inconditionnelle sous ses volets adaptation/atténuation et celui des projets/programmes sobres en carbone et résilients au climat du PAP PSE2.', 'La simulation fait une analyse comparative entre le cout des actions de la CDN inconditionnelle sous ses volets adaptation/atténuation et celui des projets/programmes sobres en carbone et résilients au climat du PAP PSE2. L’analyse a abouti aux conclusions suivantes : o La mise en œuvre des projets « climat » du PAP PSE 2 va permettre le respect des engagements du Sénégal contenus dans la CDN inconditionnelle. Pour preuve, le cout global des projets climat du PAP-PSE2 est évalué à 3162 milliards FCFA, alors que celle de la CDN inconditionnelle est de 2734 milliards FCFA ; o Cette simulation sur la prise en compte du climat dans le PSE2 montre des avancées significatives dans le processus de verdissement de nos politiques publiques.', 'Pour preuve, le cout global des projets climat du PAP-PSE2 est évalué à 3162 milliards FCFA, alors que celle de la CDN inconditionnelle est de 2734 milliards FCFA ; o Cette simulation sur la prise en compte du climat dans le PSE2 montre des avancées significatives dans le processus de verdissement de nos politiques publiques. Il est important de poursuivre cette dynamique notée dans certains secteurs (énergie, inondation, industrie etc.) et d’améliorer la prise en compte d’autres (érosion côtière, élevage, santé etc.) dans le PSE2. b. Retombées socio- économiques des mesures prévues L’analyse des retombées des options prévues est faite à l’aide du modèle T21-iSDG-Sénégal qui est un outil de planification intégré à moyen et long terme.', 'b. Retombées socio- économiques des mesures prévues L’analyse des retombées des options prévues est faite à l’aide du modèle T21-iSDG-Sénégal qui est un outil de planification intégré à moyen et long terme. Par son approche systémique, il intègre les multiples variables économiques, sociales et environnementales dans un seul cadre cohérent. Un atout majeur du T21-iSDG-Sénégal est que l outil reproduit le réseau complexe des interdépendances causales et des nombreuses boucles de rétroaction importantes qui sont le moteur de la croissance et du développement. Pour ce faire, deux scénarios sont envisagés : le scénario de base (BAU) et le scénario PSE qui intègre parfaitement les options prévues dans la CDN (voir partie 4).', 'Pour ce faire, deux scénarios sont envisagés : le scénario de base (BAU) et le scénario PSE qui intègre parfaitement les options prévues dans la CDN (voir partie 4). La mise en œuvre des mesures d’adaptation et d’atténuation prévues par le Sénégal dans le cadre du PSE, dans sa phase 2, devrait générer des retombées socioéconomiques importantes dans plusieurs secteurs. Au plan macroéconomique, ces investissements devraient stimuler la croissance économique, créer des emplois et induire une diminution de la pauvreté. En termes de production, les simulations indiquent un taux de croissance annuel moyen du produit intérieur brut (PIB) de 9,1% sur la seconde phase du PSE (2019-2023) et 7,9% à l’horizon 2035.', 'En termes de production, les simulations indiquent un taux de croissance annuel moyen du produit intérieur brut (PIB) de 9,1% sur la seconde phase du PSE (2019-2023) et 7,9% à l’horizon 2035. Cette augmentation de la richesse s’accompagne également d’une amélioration du niveau de vie des sénégalais.', 'Cette augmentation de la richesse s’accompagne également d’une amélioration du niveau de vie des sénégalais. En lien avec les options prévues dans le PSE, l’incidence de la pauvreté devrait reculer de 9,4 point de pourcentage par rapport au scénario de référence en 2023 et 6,3 en 2035.Taux de croissance du PIB Proportion de la population vivant en dessous du seuil de pauvreté Source : Simulations à partir du modèle T21-iSDG-Sénégal Dans le secteur de l’agriculture et de la gestion des terres, les investissements prévus devraient améliorer le niveau de rendement des sols et augmenter la production. Ainsi, la production agricole devrait croitre au taux moyen 3,3% sur la période 2019-2035. Cette performance favoriserait la disponibilité de l’alimentation et contribuerait à une meilleure sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle.', 'Cette performance favoriserait la disponibilité de l’alimentation et contribuerait à une meilleure sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle. Ainsi, l’indice de qualité de la nutrition devrait augmenter de 27,5 % par rapport au scénario de référence, en 2035. Production agricole en valeur Qualité de la nutrition Source : Simulations à partir du modèle T21-iSDG-Sénégal BAU PSE BAU PSE Milliards BAU PSE BAU PSEDans le secteur de l’énergie et de la gestion des déchets, les options prévues dans la CDN devraient réduire les émissions de CO2 grâce à la promotion des énergies renouvelables dans le mix énergétique ainsi que la collecte et le traitement des déchets en milieu urbain. La part d’énergie propre devrait atteindre 40,7% de la production globale d’électricité en 2035, dans le scénario PSE contre 32,8% dans le statut quo.', 'La part d’énergie propre devrait atteindre 40,7% de la production globale d’électricité en 2035, dans le scénario PSE contre 32,8% dans le statut quo. Ces mesures permettront d’élargir l’accès à l’énergie aux populations et d’améliorer le bien-être des ménages. De plus, il est attendu une contribution significative à l’indépendance énergétique du pays. Par ailleurs, l’utilisation des formes d’énergie moderne dans les foyers et la gestion durable des déchets urbains permettront de limiter la pollution atmosphérique et par conséquent de réduire les effets néfastes sur la santé des populations.', 'Par ailleurs, l’utilisation des formes d’énergie moderne dans les foyers et la gestion durable des déchets urbains permettront de limiter la pollution atmosphérique et par conséquent de réduire les effets néfastes sur la santé des populations. Part des énergies renouvelable dans le mix Déchets urbains collectés et traités (en %) Source : Simulations à partir du modèle T21-iSDG-Sénégal Pour les secteurs liés à l’adaptation, les impacts attendus sont les suivants : Sols et Agriculture o Réduction de l’incidence de la pauvreté ; o Contribution à une meilleure sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle ; o Renforcement de la résilience ; o Création d’emplois ; o En 2035, augmentation des rendements agricoles moyens à 3,2 tonnes, pour le scénario tendanciel BAU vs. 4,2 tonnes pour le scénario de la politique volontariste en faveur des sols.', 'Part des énergies renouvelable dans le mix Déchets urbains collectés et traités (en %) Source : Simulations à partir du modèle T21-iSDG-Sénégal Pour les secteurs liés à l’adaptation, les impacts attendus sont les suivants : Sols et Agriculture o Réduction de l’incidence de la pauvreté ; o Contribution à une meilleure sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle ; o Renforcement de la résilience ; o Création d’emplois ; o En 2035, augmentation des rendements agricoles moyens à 3,2 tonnes, pour le scénario tendanciel BAU vs. 4,2 tonnes pour le scénario de la politique volontariste en faveur des sols. BAU PSE BAU PSEPêche : o Création d’une valeur ajoutée de 9 200 millions de dollars US dans le secteur, à l’horizon 2035 ; o Meilleure contribution économique et sociale du secteur, à travers une gestion durable de la pêche (maîtrise des crises et du climat).', 'BAU PSE BAU PSEPêche : o Création d’une valeur ajoutée de 9 200 millions de dollars US dans le secteur, à l’horizon 2035 ; o Meilleure contribution économique et sociale du secteur, à travers une gestion durable de la pêche (maîtrise des crises et du climat). Zones côtières : o Réduction des risques socio-économiques impactant négativement les performances économiques du secteur touristique des zones les plus dégradées ; o Lutte contre la diminution du rendement de la pêche et des coûts directs sur les infrastructures côtières.', 'Zones côtières : o Réduction des risques socio-économiques impactant négativement les performances économiques du secteur touristique des zones les plus dégradées ; o Lutte contre la diminution du rendement de la pêche et des coûts directs sur les infrastructures côtières. Ressources en eau : o Limitation de l’exode rural et de ses effets néfastes ; o Obtention d’une « eau productive » génératrice de valeur ajoutée dans les régions agricoles grâce aux ouvrages mis en place ; o Création des opportunités d’emplois dans les zones concernées par les travaux d’ouvrage ; o Rechargement des nappes phréatiques ; o Contribution à la lutte contre les problèmes de salinisation ; o Participation à la lutte contre les inondations ; o 9,08 millions de dollars US de bénéfices de l’adaptation au risque de submersion marine à Saint-Louis ; o Réduction du coût actualisé net (CAN) liés à l’érosion côtière, estimé par la Banque Mondiale à 688 millions de dollars US.', 'Ressources en eau : o Limitation de l’exode rural et de ses effets néfastes ; o Obtention d’une « eau productive » génératrice de valeur ajoutée dans les régions agricoles grâce aux ouvrages mis en place ; o Création des opportunités d’emplois dans les zones concernées par les travaux d’ouvrage ; o Rechargement des nappes phréatiques ; o Contribution à la lutte contre les problèmes de salinisation ; o Participation à la lutte contre les inondations ; o 9,08 millions de dollars US de bénéfices de l’adaptation au risque de submersion marine à Saint-Louis ; o Réduction du coût actualisé net (CAN) liés à l’érosion côtière, estimé par la Banque Mondiale à 688 millions de dollars US. Santé o Réduction des coûts de détérioration de l’état de santé des populations estimés à 2 400 millions de dollars US, à l’horizon 2035.', 'Santé o Réduction des coûts de détérioration de l’état de santé des populations estimés à 2 400 millions de dollars US, à l’horizon 2035. Inondation o Les bénéfices socio-économiques attendus de la prévention des inondations correspondent aux pertes et dégâts évités ; o Réduction du risque lié à la prolifération des maladies hydriques (diarrhée, dysenterie), du paludisme et des maladies cutanées ; o Réduction du risque de déperdition scolaire due à l’occupation des écoles par les sinistrés ou à l’impossibilité de se rendre dans les salles de classe, lors de la saison des pluiesConclusion La contribution énoncée par le Sénégal traduit la forte volonté du gouvernement à atténuer les émissions des GES dans tous les secteurs de l’économie.', 'Inondation o Les bénéfices socio-économiques attendus de la prévention des inondations correspondent aux pertes et dégâts évités ; o Réduction du risque lié à la prolifération des maladies hydriques (diarrhée, dysenterie), du paludisme et des maladies cutanées ; o Réduction du risque de déperdition scolaire due à l’occupation des écoles par les sinistrés ou à l’impossibilité de se rendre dans les salles de classe, lors de la saison des pluiesConclusion La contribution énoncée par le Sénégal traduit la forte volonté du gouvernement à atténuer les émissions des GES dans tous les secteurs de l’économie. Ces réductions sont plus importantes dans les secteurs de l’énergie et l’agriculture qui, aujourd’hui, contribuent le plus aux émissions de CO2 enregistrées au niveau national.', 'Ces réductions sont plus importantes dans les secteurs de l’énergie et l’agriculture qui, aujourd’hui, contribuent le plus aux émissions de CO2 enregistrées au niveau national. Elle énonce également plusieurs mesures d’adaptations spécifiques, compte tenu de l’impact du changement climatique sur des axes clés de l’économie sénégalaise. Cet effort sans précédent constitue une condition de réussite du Plan Sénégal Émergent (PSE), d’où la forte implication des décideurs politiques sénégalais sur la définition et le suivi de cette contribution. Le succès dépendra aussi de la volonté de l’ensemble des pays engagés dans la lutte contre le changement climatique à travailler dans une approche concertée et de mise en commun des moyens.']

fr-FR

SEN

Senegal

Updated NDC

2020-12-29 00:00:00

x

NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/CDNSenegal%20approuv%C3%A9e-pdf-.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Africa

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/56c24b4fcc861e3e480be1a0163914e916a065f36730c3bdf61f1931681314f7.pdf

['CONTRIBUTION DÉTERMINÉE AU NIVEAU NATIONAL DU SENEGAL DOCUMENT APPROUVE – DECEMBRE 2020 REPUBLIQUE DU SENEGAL Un Peuple – Un But – Une Foi FoiTable des matières Sigles Acronymes 5 La CDN du Sénégal s’inscrit dans le cadre du PSE, en écho à ses Plans d’actions prioritaires. .7 b. Principales tendances climatiques et risques associés .9 c. Impacts Et Vulnérabilités 11 d. Équité et Ambition . 12 II. Composante Atténuation 13 a. Cibles d’atténuation . 22 b. Stratégies sectorielles de mise en œuvre de la CDN 24 d. Traitement des émissions issues des substances appauvrissant la couche d’ozone (SAO) 29 III. Composante Adaptation. 31 a. Objectif d’adaptation 31 b. Objectifs spécifiques 31 c. Principaux impacts et mesures d’adaptation prioritaires par secteur . 31 IV.', 'Composante Adaptation. 31 a. Objectif d’adaptation 31 b. Objectifs spécifiques 31 c. Principaux impacts et mesures d’adaptation prioritaires par secteur . 31 IV. Système de suivi, rapportage et vérification de la CDN . 41 V. Mise en œuvre financière de la CDN . 41 VI. Impact macro-économique . 43 a. Articulation entre la CDN et le Plan d’Actions Prioritaires (PAP) du PSE 2 43 b. Retombées socio- économiques des mesures prévues . 43 Conclusion . 47Résumé La Contribution Déterminée au niveau National (CDN) du Sénégal s’inscrit dans le cadre de la vision prospective, « Plan Sénégal Émergent (PSE) », de sa stratégie et des plans de développement ainsi que des programmes sectoriels de gestion durable de ses ressources naturelles et environnementales. La CDN reprend les acquis de la CPDN.', 'La CDN reprend les acquis de la CPDN. La CPDN, du Sénégal a été élaborée par une équipe de consultants locaux sous l’encadrement de la Direction de l ’Environnement et des Établissements Classés (DEEC) du Ministère de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable, en collaboration avec le Comité National sur les Changements Climatiques (COMNACC). Un atelier national tenu le 14 septembre 2015, et présidé par le Ministre de l’Environnement et du développement durable, a permis de valider la CPDN, avec des engagements précis de réduction des émissions de Gaz à effet de serre (GES), par rapport aux émissions projetées, à l’horizon 2035. La CPDN a été adoptée en conseil des ministres le 16 septembre 2015.', 'La CPDN a été adoptée en conseil des ministres le 16 septembre 2015. En 2016, le Sénégal s’est lancé dans le processus de mise à jour de sa CPDN pour en faire une CDN qui constitue l’engagement du pays dans le cadre de l’accord de Paris. Cette transition répond principalement à des impératifs de réactualisation des données (sectorielles, macro-économiques, démographiques etc.)', 'Cette transition répond principalement à des impératifs de réactualisation des données (sectorielles, macro-économiques, démographiques etc.) utilisées lors de l’élaboration de la CPDN, mais également à la nécessité de prendre en charge des composantes essentielles telles que la Mesure, la Notification et la Vérification (MNV), les besoins en renforcement de capacités et en transfert de technologie, essentiels pour une bonne mise en œuvre de la CDN ainsi que l’intégration des émissions issues de l’industrie pétrolière et gazière dont le début de production est prévu en 2022.', 'utilisées lors de l’élaboration de la CPDN, mais également à la nécessité de prendre en charge des composantes essentielles telles que la Mesure, la Notification et la Vérification (MNV), les besoins en renforcement de capacités et en transfert de technologie, essentiels pour une bonne mise en œuvre de la CDN ainsi que l’intégration des émissions issues de l’industrie pétrolière et gazière dont le début de production est prévu en 2022. Aussi, une évaluation rigoureuse de la situation environnementale a permis d’identifier : - les secteurs d’émissions de gaz à effet de serre : le transport, les déchets, l’énergie, l’industrie, la foresterie et l’agriculture ; - les domaines sensibles portant de façon prioritaire les activités d’adaptation et de maîtrise des impacts du changement climatique : l’érosion côtière, l’agriculture, la pêche, l’élevage, la santé, la biodiversité et les inondations.', 'Aussi, une évaluation rigoureuse de la situation environnementale a permis d’identifier : - les secteurs d’émissions de gaz à effet de serre : le transport, les déchets, l’énergie, l’industrie, la foresterie et l’agriculture ; - les domaines sensibles portant de façon prioritaire les activités d’adaptation et de maîtrise des impacts du changement climatique : l’érosion côtière, l’agriculture, la pêche, l’élevage, la santé, la biodiversité et les inondations. Dans les deux composantes de cette CDN, deux objectifs sont fixés : - un objectif inconditionnel, consistant à la réalisation des activités avec les moyens nationaux (État, collectivités locales, secteur privé, ONG, etc. ), et - un objectif conditionnel qui sera atteint avec le soutien de la communauté internationale.', '), et - un objectif conditionnel qui sera atteint avec le soutien de la communauté internationale. Ces objectifs ont été déterminés et fixés pour chacun des secteurs et une agrégation de ces objectifs permet d’apprécier l’impact sur les émissions globales du pays. Ceci se traduit par une réduction relative des émissions de gaz à effet de serre de 5% et 7% respectivement, aux horizons 2025 et 2030, par rapport à la situation de référence (Business as usual) pour l’objectif inconditionnel (CDN).', 'Ceci se traduit par une réduction relative des émissions de gaz à effet de serre de 5% et 7% respectivement, aux horizons 2025 et 2030, par rapport à la situation de référence (Business as usual) pour l’objectif inconditionnel (CDN). Cette réduction pourra être portée à 23% et 29% respectivement, aux horizons 2025 et 2030, par rapport à la situation de référence, si le Sénégal bénéficie du soutien de la communauté internationale avec des financements conséquents, la facilitation du transfert de technologies écologiquement rationnelles et du renforcement de ses capacités institutionnelles et humaines, dans le domaine du changement climatique (CDN+). En 2010, les émissions globales s’établissaient à 16 752 Gg de C02 équivalent.', 'En 2010, les émissions globales s’établissaient à 16 752 Gg de C02 équivalent. Elles vont connaitre une progression régulière, pour atteindre 37 761 Gg, en 2030.Plusieurs études réalisées au Sénégal renseignent sur les conséquences du changement climatique. Les impacts observés montrent une tendance à la baisse de la pluviométrie, une hausse des températures moyennes, une élévation du niveau de la mer, des perturbations sur la disponibilité des espaces cultivables, des ressources hydrauliques et halieutiques. Elles traduisent une grande vulnérabilité des écosystèmes du Sénégal, nécessitant un recours à des actions précises d’atténuation et d’adaptation face aux perspectives climatiques futures, afin d’en maîtriser les impacts potentiels, notamment en termes socio-économiques sur les 60% de la population dont la subsistance dépend directement de ces ressources.', 'Elles traduisent une grande vulnérabilité des écosystèmes du Sénégal, nécessitant un recours à des actions précises d’atténuation et d’adaptation face aux perspectives climatiques futures, afin d’en maîtriser les impacts potentiels, notamment en termes socio-économiques sur les 60% de la population dont la subsistance dépend directement de ces ressources. Sur les risques climatiques projetés, leurs impacts potentiels ainsi que les vulnérabilités induites, les modèles montrent globalement une prédominance des risques de sécheresses, des vagues de chaleur et une recrudescence des événements humides extrêmes. L’occurrence de ces risques expose différemment les régions du Sénégal.', 'L’occurrence de ces risques expose différemment les régions du Sénégal. Les régions les plus affectées par l’augmentation du risque de sécheresse extrême sont situées au nord du Sénégal, la région de Saint Louis montrant le risque le plus intense, pour une augmentation de la fréquence des sécheresses comprises entre 20 et 30%. La fréquence des événements humides extrêmes est plus importante dans le scénario de faible réchauffement et cela, principalement, pour les zones situées au nord et à l’est du Sénégal (Matam, Tambacounda, Louga).', 'La fréquence des événements humides extrêmes est plus importante dans le scénario de faible réchauffement et cela, principalement, pour les zones situées au nord et à l’est du Sénégal (Matam, Tambacounda, Louga). La mise en œuvre de la Contribution du Sénégal est estimée à un coût de 13 milliards de dollars US dont : - 8,7 milliards dédiés à l’atténuation avec 3,4 milliards dollars US, en inconditionnel, et 5,3 milliards US en conditionnel ; et - 4,3 milliards US pour l’adaptation, dont 1,4 milliards US d’inconditionnel et 2,9 milliards US de conditionnel. Le total inconditionnel et conditionnel s’élèvent à respectivement 4,8 milliards dollars US et 8,2 milliards dollars US.', 'Le total inconditionnel et conditionnel s’élèvent à respectivement 4,8 milliards dollars US et 8,2 milliards dollars US. Elle nécessitera d’importants moyens financiers, humains et technologiques de la part du Sénégal, mais aussi de l’appui de la communauté internationale, afin de permettre des réductions encore plus significatives d’émissions de GES et une résilience aux changements climatiques. Des simulations ont permis d’évaluer les impacts et les retombées socio-économiques escomptées de ces mesures.', 'Des simulations ont permis d’évaluer les impacts et les retombées socio-économiques escomptées de ces mesures. Bien qu’intervenant directement sur les secteurs cités précédemment, ces mesures constituent un levier d’amélioration de la situation économique nationale, de la santé publique, de la gestion des problèmes liés à l’urbanisation etc.Sigles Acronymes AFAT : Agriculture, Foresterie et Autres Affectations des Terres ; BAU : Cours Normal des Affaires – Business As Usual en anglais ; BRT : Bus à Haut Niveau de Service – Bus Rapid Transit ; CCNUCC : Convention-Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques ; CET : Centre d’Enfouissement Technique ; CETUD : Conseil Exécutif des Transports Urbains de Dakar ; CIVD : Centre Intégré de Valorisation des déchets ; CN : Communications Nationales ; COMNACC : Comité National sur les Changements Climatiques ; CORDEX : Expérimentation des méthodes dites de désagrégation ; CDN : Contribution Déterminée au niveau National ; CPDN : Contribution Prévue Déterminée au niveau National ; CRN : Centre de Regroupement Normalisé CRODT : Centre de Recherche Océanographique Dakar Thiaroye ; CSE : Centre de Suivi Écologique ; CSP : Concentrated Solar Power (Centrale Solaire Thermodynamique) ; DGPRE : Direction de la Gestion et de la Planification des Ressources en Eau ; CO2e : Équivalent en dioxyde de carbone (Équivalent CO2) ; GDT : Gestion Durable des Terres ; GES : Gaz à Effet de Serre ; Gg : Giga Gramme ; GIEC : Groupe Intergouvernemental d’Experts sur l ’Évolution du Climat ; IDH : Indice de Développement Humain ; IPCC : Intergouvernemental Panel on Climate Change, GIEC en français.', 'Bien qu’intervenant directement sur les secteurs cités précédemment, ces mesures constituent un levier d’amélioration de la situation économique nationale, de la santé publique, de la gestion des problèmes liés à l’urbanisation etc.Sigles Acronymes AFAT : Agriculture, Foresterie et Autres Affectations des Terres ; BAU : Cours Normal des Affaires – Business As Usual en anglais ; BRT : Bus à Haut Niveau de Service – Bus Rapid Transit ; CCNUCC : Convention-Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques ; CET : Centre d’Enfouissement Technique ; CETUD : Conseil Exécutif des Transports Urbains de Dakar ; CIVD : Centre Intégré de Valorisation des déchets ; CN : Communications Nationales ; COMNACC : Comité National sur les Changements Climatiques ; CORDEX : Expérimentation des méthodes dites de désagrégation ; CDN : Contribution Déterminée au niveau National ; CPDN : Contribution Prévue Déterminée au niveau National ; CRN : Centre de Regroupement Normalisé CRODT : Centre de Recherche Océanographique Dakar Thiaroye ; CSE : Centre de Suivi Écologique ; CSP : Concentrated Solar Power (Centrale Solaire Thermodynamique) ; DGPRE : Direction de la Gestion et de la Planification des Ressources en Eau ; CO2e : Équivalent en dioxyde de carbone (Équivalent CO2) ; GDT : Gestion Durable des Terres ; GES : Gaz à Effet de Serre ; Gg : Giga Gramme ; GIEC : Groupe Intergouvernemental d’Experts sur l ’Évolution du Climat ; IDH : Indice de Développement Humain ; IPCC : Intergouvernemental Panel on Climate Change, GIEC en français. MRV: Mesure, Notification et Vérification – Measuring, Reporting and Verification; ONAS : Office National de l ’Assainissement du Sénégal ; PANA : Plan d’Action National d’Adaptation aux changements climatiques ; PAP : Pl an d’Actions Prioritaires ; PAPIL : Programme d’Appui à la Petite Irrigation Locale ; PEID : Petits États Insulaires en Développement ; PGIES : Projet de Gestion Intégrée des Écosystèmes ; PIB : Produit Intérieur Brut ; PIUP : Procédés Industriels et Utilisation des Produits ; PMA : Pays les Moins Avancés ; PNA : Plan National d’Adaptation aux changements climatiques ; PNGD : Programme National de Gestion des Déchets ; PRACAS : Programme d’Accélération de la Cadence de l’Agriculture sénégalaise ; PSE : Plan Sénégal Émergent ; RCP : Trajectoires Représentatives de Concentration – Représentative Concentration Pathways ; RNA : Régénération Naturelle Assistée ; SRI : Système de Riziculture Intensif ; CO2 : Dioxyde de CarboneCH4 : Méthane ; N2O : Protoxyde d’azote ou oxyde nitreux ; MW : Mégawatt ; MWc : Mégawatt-crête.Introduction Le Plan Sénégal Émergent (PSE) est le cadre de référence de la politique économique et sociale du Sénégal, à l’horizon 2035.', 'MRV: Mesure, Notification et Vérification – Measuring, Reporting and Verification; ONAS : Office National de l ’Assainissement du Sénégal ; PANA : Plan d’Action National d’Adaptation aux changements climatiques ; PAP : Pl an d’Actions Prioritaires ; PAPIL : Programme d’Appui à la Petite Irrigation Locale ; PEID : Petits États Insulaires en Développement ; PGIES : Projet de Gestion Intégrée des Écosystèmes ; PIB : Produit Intérieur Brut ; PIUP : Procédés Industriels et Utilisation des Produits ; PMA : Pays les Moins Avancés ; PNA : Plan National d’Adaptation aux changements climatiques ; PNGD : Programme National de Gestion des Déchets ; PRACAS : Programme d’Accélération de la Cadence de l’Agriculture sénégalaise ; PSE : Plan Sénégal Émergent ; RCP : Trajectoires Représentatives de Concentration – Représentative Concentration Pathways ; RNA : Régénération Naturelle Assistée ; SRI : Système de Riziculture Intensif ; CO2 : Dioxyde de CarboneCH4 : Méthane ; N2O : Protoxyde d’azote ou oxyde nitreux ; MW : Mégawatt ; MWc : Mégawatt-crête.Introduction Le Plan Sénégal Émergent (PSE) est le cadre de référence de la politique économique et sociale du Sénégal, à l’horizon 2035. Le PSE mise sur une croissance économique reposant principalement sur l’intensification de l’activité dans les secteurs primaire et secondaire.', 'Le PSE mise sur une croissance économique reposant principalement sur l’intensification de l’activité dans les secteurs primaire et secondaire. Or, les pertes et préjudices actuels ainsi que les impacts projetés des changements climatiques sur les terres arables, les ressources hydrauliques et halieutiques sont susceptibles de compromettre le succès du PSE. Au regard de la forte exposition et de la vulnérabilité du pays aux changements climatiques et en réponse à l’Accord de Paris, le Sénégal entend contribuer à l’effort collectif, au travers d’une mise en œuvre de mesures d’atténuation et d’adaptation dans les secteurs économiques prioritaires, les communautés, les infrastructures, les écosystèmes et les villes.', 'Au regard de la forte exposition et de la vulnérabilité du pays aux changements climatiques et en réponse à l’Accord de Paris, le Sénégal entend contribuer à l’effort collectif, au travers d’une mise en œuvre de mesures d’atténuation et d’adaptation dans les secteurs économiques prioritaires, les communautés, les infrastructures, les écosystèmes et les villes. La stratégie repose sur l’intégration de la dimension changement climatique dans la formulation et la programmation des politiques de développement, tenant compte d’autres priorités telles la santé humaine et animale, la lutte contre la pauvreté et la malnutrition, la promotion des énergies renouvelables et l’efficacité énergétique et la prise en compte du genre.', 'La stratégie repose sur l’intégration de la dimension changement climatique dans la formulation et la programmation des politiques de développement, tenant compte d’autres priorités telles la santé humaine et animale, la lutte contre la pauvreté et la malnutrition, la promotion des énergies renouvelables et l’efficacité énergétique et la prise en compte du genre. Concernant ce dernier, le Sénégal s’est lancé dans la mise en œuvre d’une Stratégie nationale pour l’Équité et l’Égalité de Genre (SNEEG), fondée sur la promotion de l’équité et de l’égalité de genre qui interpelle tous les acteurs de développement. Le Gouvernement a pris l’engagement d’intégrer la problématique du genre dans toutes les politiques publiques. La CDN du Sénégal s’inscrit dans le cadre du PSE, en écho à ses Plans d’actions prioritaires.I.', 'La CDN du Sénégal s’inscrit dans le cadre du PSE, en écho à ses Plans d’actions prioritaires.I. Contexte a. Evolution des Emissions Le Sénégal a soumis trois communications à la CCNUCC en 1997, 2010 et 2015, avec respectivement, comme années de référence : 1994, 2000 et 2005. Il en ressort une augmentation nette des émissions nationales. Les secteurs de l’énergie et de l’agriculture sont les sources majeures comptant respectivement pour 40 et 48% des émissions, en 2005. La dynamique montre une hausse des émissions dans tous les secteurs entre 1994 et 2005, excepté le secteur déchets qui a nécessité un affinement de données en 2005 (Tableau 2).', 'La dynamique montre une hausse des émissions dans tous les secteurs entre 1994 et 2005, excepté le secteur déchets qui a nécessité un affinement de données en 2005 (Tableau 2). Les informations détaillées concernant les 03 communications soumises sont résumées sur le tableau qui suit : Tableau 1 : Synthèse des émissions des trois communications nationales (Gg CO2 e) Année d’inventaire Secteurs Procédés industriels et Utilisation des Produits Émissions globales (Sans absorptions de la foresterie) Sources : communications nationales du Sénégal auprès de la CCNUCC NB : Le secteur de l’utilisation des terres, du changement d’affectation des terres et la foresterie demeure un important puits de carbone dont les absorptions nettes augmentent (Tableau 3).', 'Les informations détaillées concernant les 03 communications soumises sont résumées sur le tableau qui suit : Tableau 1 : Synthèse des émissions des trois communications nationales (Gg CO2 e) Année d’inventaire Secteurs Procédés industriels et Utilisation des Produits Émissions globales (Sans absorptions de la foresterie) Sources : communications nationales du Sénégal auprès de la CCNUCC NB : Le secteur de l’utilisation des terres, du changement d’affectation des terres et la foresterie demeure un important puits de carbone dont les absorptions nettes augmentent (Tableau 3). Tableau 2 : Absorptions de carbone dans le secteur de la foresterie et des terres (Gg CO2 e) Année d’inventaire Secteur Le Sénégal a progressivement amélioré la méthode d’inventaire des GES dans le secteur de la foresterie, avec l’utilisation de certains facteurs spécifiques, la collecte de données plus précises sur les formations forestières et l’application des directives récentes du GIEC.b.', 'Tableau 2 : Absorptions de carbone dans le secteur de la foresterie et des terres (Gg CO2 e) Année d’inventaire Secteur Le Sénégal a progressivement amélioré la méthode d’inventaire des GES dans le secteur de la foresterie, avec l’utilisation de certains facteurs spécifiques, la collecte de données plus précises sur les formations forestières et l’application des directives récentes du GIEC.b. Principales tendances climatiques et risques associés Les tendances climatiques au Sénégal ont été appréciées sur la base de trois paramètres clés, notamment les températures, la pluviométrie et l’état de la mer. Ces tendances ont pu être modélisées grâce aux deux scénarios RCP 4.5 et RCP 8.5.', 'Ces tendances ont pu être modélisées grâce aux deux scénarios RCP 4.5 et RCP 8.5. Les informations sur les scénarios et tendances climatiques sont présentées dans les tableaux qui suivent : Tableau 3 : Changement moyen de la pluviométrie et de la température projeté par zone et par scenario. La pluviométrie est exprimée en mm, tandis que la température est exprimée en degré Celsius.Tableau 4 : Tendances actuelles et futures des paramètres clés climatiques Paramètres climatiques Tendances actuelles Tendances futures Température Hausse globale des températures minimales entre 1961 et Augmentation qui va de 0.58°C, à Dakar, à environ 1.88°C à Ziguinchor qui enregistre une hausse des minima plus importante qu’à Tambacounda (environ 1.06°C).', 'La pluviométrie est exprimée en mm, tandis que la température est exprimée en degré Celsius.Tableau 4 : Tendances actuelles et futures des paramètres clés climatiques Paramètres climatiques Tendances actuelles Tendances futures Température Hausse globale des températures minimales entre 1961 et Augmentation qui va de 0.58°C, à Dakar, à environ 1.88°C à Ziguinchor qui enregistre une hausse des minima plus importante qu’à Tambacounda (environ 1.06°C). Augmentation moyenne située entre +1,17 et 1,41°C à l’horizon 20351 Pluviométrie Baisse des précipitations de 1951 à 2000 sur les stations de référence2. Cette tendance a entrainé un glissement des isohyètes du nord vers le sud du pays. L’isohyète 500mm qui se situait sur l’axe nord-Dakar et Linguère entre 1951 et 1980 se retrouve au niveau des régions de Kaolack, Fatick.', 'L’isohyète 500mm qui se situait sur l’axe nord-Dakar et Linguère entre 1951 et 1980 se retrouve au niveau des régions de Kaolack, Fatick. De même l’isohyète 1000 mm a migré du Sud de la Gambie vers la frontière sénégalo-guinéenne entre 1981 et 2013. Toutefois, il est à noter une tendance à une reprise des pluies notée entre 2000 et 2010. Baisse (négatif) vers l’horizon 2035. La zone nord du Sénégal verra une baisse de 16 mm en moyenne par rapport à la période de référence (1976-2005). Partout ailleurs, la baisse serait plus prononcée et serait en moyenne de 89 mm (tableau 3). Etat de la mer Niveau de la mer Augmentation moyenne du niveau de la mer de 1,4 mm par an a été notée.', 'Etat de la mer Niveau de la mer Augmentation moyenne du niveau de la mer de 1,4 mm par an a été notée. Depuis une cinquantaine d’années, il est observé un taux de recul moyen du trait de côte compris entre 1 et 1,30 m/an3. Sur l’ensemble des côtes sénégalaises et pour une élévation du niveau marin de 1 m d’ici 2100, prévoyaient que 55 à 86 km2 de plages disparaîtraient Environ 6000 km2 de zones basses, essentiellement les zones estuariennes, seraient inondées. Ceci équivaudrait à une disparition de la totalité des mangroves actuelles. Température surface de mer Augmentation de la température de surface de la mer d environ 0,04 °C à 0,05 °C par an depuis le début des années 1980.', 'Température surface de mer Augmentation de la température de surface de la mer d environ 0,04 °C à 0,05 °C par an depuis le début des années 1980. Vitesse des vents Forte variabilité de la vitesse du vent sur la période 1981-2010. La force du vent reste toujours sur une pente descendante entre 2010 et 2015, avec des pics pouvant aller jusqu’à plus de 6 m/s. 1 Données de l’Agence Nationale de l’Aviation Civile et de la Météorologie (ANACIM) 2 Podor, Dakar, Ziguinchor, Tambacounda 3 Direction de l’Environnement et des établissements classés, 2005c. Impacts Et Vulnérabilités L’évaluation des différents impacts et vulnérabilités au niveau national montre que l’ensemble des secteurs clés du PSE demeurent tous directement ou indirectement exposés aux impacts du changement climatique.', 'Impacts Et Vulnérabilités L’évaluation des différents impacts et vulnérabilités au niveau national montre que l’ensemble des secteurs clés du PSE demeurent tous directement ou indirectement exposés aux impacts du changement climatique. Cette vulnérabilité concerne à la fois les communautés, les écosystèmes, les infrastructures et l’économie nationale. Sur le plan économique, une simulation à l’aide du modèle T21 montre que l’augmentation des températures aura une incidence négative sur la croissance du PIB et entrainera un niveau de pauvreté plus élevé au Sénégal (figures 1 et 2)4.', 'Sur le plan économique, une simulation à l’aide du modèle T21 montre que l’augmentation des températures aura une incidence négative sur la croissance du PIB et entrainera un niveau de pauvreté plus élevé au Sénégal (figures 1 et 2)4. Figure 1 : Effets de l’augmentation de la température sur la croissance du PIB mesuré par le modèle T21 Source : Direction de la Planification (MEFP) Figure 2 : Effets de l’augmentation de la température sur la lutte contre la pauvreté Source : Direction de la Planification (MEFP) 4 Rapport multisectoriel BM, 2017Le maintien des tendances observées dans le passé, notamment la hausse des températures et la baisse des pluies, aura des incidences négatives sur les bases productives de l’économie nationale (biodiversité, agriculture, élevage, ressources en eau, pêche, zone côtière…) à l’horizon 2031-2041.', 'Figure 1 : Effets de l’augmentation de la température sur la croissance du PIB mesuré par le modèle T21 Source : Direction de la Planification (MEFP) Figure 2 : Effets de l’augmentation de la température sur la lutte contre la pauvreté Source : Direction de la Planification (MEFP) 4 Rapport multisectoriel BM, 2017Le maintien des tendances observées dans le passé, notamment la hausse des températures et la baisse des pluies, aura des incidences négatives sur les bases productives de l’économie nationale (biodiversité, agriculture, élevage, ressources en eau, pêche, zone côtière…) à l’horizon 2031-2041. Les changements climatiques apparaissent ainsi comme un frein au développement et à la lutte contre la pauvreté.', 'Les changements climatiques apparaissent ainsi comme un frein au développement et à la lutte contre la pauvreté. Ce qui représente un défi majeur pour l’atteinte des objectifs du PSE à l’horizon 2035. d. Équité et Ambition La CDN du Sénégal traduit un engagement soutenu à inscrire le pays sur une trajectoire de développement sobre en carbone et assurant la résilience de l’économie, des communautés, des infrastructures et des villes. La CDN est équitable au regard des capacités nationales et de la vulnérabilité climatique du pays. Elle est ambitieuse en ce qu’elle va au-delà de la proposition de stratégies et de programmes accordées aux PMA et aux PEID dans l’Accord de Paris.II.', 'Elle est ambitieuse en ce qu’elle va au-delà de la proposition de stratégies et de programmes accordées aux PMA et aux PEID dans l’Accord de Paris.II. Composante Atténuation La contribution prévoit une réduction des émissions de GES en 2025 et 2030 dans différents secteurs de l’économie par rapport aux émissions projetées pour les mêmes années, selon un scénario de référence basé sur un certain nombre d’hypothèses. Elle est constituée d’une contribution inconditionnelle (CDN) et d’une contribution conditionnelle (CDN+). Les principales activités prévues dans les contributions inconditionnelles et conditionnelles couvrent chacune des secteurs de l’économie sénégalaise et leurs impacts sont présentés par rapport aux émissions de GES de chaque secteur. Une agrégation de ces réductions d’émissions est aussi présentée pour voir leurs évolutions par rapport aux émissions globales.', 'Une agrégation de ces réductions d’émissions est aussi présentée pour voir leurs évolutions par rapport aux émissions globales. Le Sénégal s’engage, de façon inconditionnelle et conditionnelle à réduire ses émissions de GES, respectivement en 2025 et 2030, par rapport aux émissions projetées pour les mêmes années, selon un scénario « Business as Usual » dans les secteurs suivants :ÉNERGIE Tableau 5 : Émissions BAU/CDN Énergie (Gg CO2e) % réduction CDN 7,6 10 % réduction CDN+ 35,3 41,2 Les émissions liées à la biomasse (production de charbon et de bois) sont comptabilisées au niveau du secteur de la foresterie. La connaissance et maitrise des niveaux d’émissions de la biomasse serviront à définir les actions d’atténuation dudit sous-secteur.', 'La connaissance et maitrise des niveaux d’émissions de la biomasse serviront à définir les actions d’atténuation dudit sous-secteur. Le détail des émissions de la biomasse est consigné dans le tableau qui suit : Scénarios BAU/CDN/CDN+ ENERGIE Emission BAU Emission CDN Emission CDN+ Figure 2 : Scénarios BAU/CDN/CDN+ ÉnergieTableau 6: Émissions BAU/CDN Biomasse (Gg CO2e) % réduction CDN 9,76 16 % réduction CDN+ 14 24 Scénario BAU/CDN/CDN+ Biomasse Emission BAU Emission CDN Emission CDN+ Figure 3 : Scénarios BAU/CDN/CDN+ BiomasseAGRICULTURE Tableau 7 : Émissions BAU/CDN (Gg CO2e) % réduction CDN 1,72 2,36 % réduction CDN+ 8,76 11,98 Scénarios BAU/CDN/CDN+ AGRICULTURE Emission BAU Emission CDN Emission CDN+ Figure 4 : Scénarios BAU/CDN/CDN+ AgricultureDÉCHETS Tableau 8 : Émissions BAU/CDN DECHETS (Gg CO2e) % réduction CDN 10,99 11,00 % réduction CDN+ 65,28 65,28 Scénarions BAU/CDN/CDN+ DECHETS Emission BAU Emission CDN Emission CDN+PROCÉDÉS INDUSTRIELS ET UTILISATIONS DES PRODUITS Tableau 9 : Émissions BAU/CDN Procédés Industriels (Gg CO2e) % réduction CDN 0,0 0,0 % réduction CDN+ 4,0 8,1 Scénarios BAU/CDN/CDN+ PROCEDES INDUSTRIELS Emission BAU Emission CDN Emission CDN+ Figure 6 : Scénarios BAU/CDN/CDN+ PIFORESTRIE Tableau 10 : Absorptions BAU/CDN (Gg CO2e) % absorptions CDN % absorptions CDN+ Absorptions BAU CDN CDN+ Absorptions BAU Absorptions CDN Absorptions CDN+ Figure 7 : Scénarios BAU/CDN/CDN+ ForesterieAgrégées, ces réductions d’émissions représenteront respectivement 05 et 07%, en 2025 et 2030 par rapport aux émissions projetées, selon un scénario « Business as Usual », sur la base d’un financement domestique et maitrisé.', 'Le détail des émissions de la biomasse est consigné dans le tableau qui suit : Scénarios BAU/CDN/CDN+ ENERGIE Emission BAU Emission CDN Emission CDN+ Figure 2 : Scénarios BAU/CDN/CDN+ ÉnergieTableau 6: Émissions BAU/CDN Biomasse (Gg CO2e) % réduction CDN 9,76 16 % réduction CDN+ 14 24 Scénario BAU/CDN/CDN+ Biomasse Emission BAU Emission CDN Emission CDN+ Figure 3 : Scénarios BAU/CDN/CDN+ BiomasseAGRICULTURE Tableau 7 : Émissions BAU/CDN (Gg CO2e) % réduction CDN 1,72 2,36 % réduction CDN+ 8,76 11,98 Scénarios BAU/CDN/CDN+ AGRICULTURE Emission BAU Emission CDN Emission CDN+ Figure 4 : Scénarios BAU/CDN/CDN+ AgricultureDÉCHETS Tableau 8 : Émissions BAU/CDN DECHETS (Gg CO2e) % réduction CDN 10,99 11,00 % réduction CDN+ 65,28 65,28 Scénarions BAU/CDN/CDN+ DECHETS Emission BAU Emission CDN Emission CDN+PROCÉDÉS INDUSTRIELS ET UTILISATIONS DES PRODUITS Tableau 9 : Émissions BAU/CDN Procédés Industriels (Gg CO2e) % réduction CDN 0,0 0,0 % réduction CDN+ 4,0 8,1 Scénarios BAU/CDN/CDN+ PROCEDES INDUSTRIELS Emission BAU Emission CDN Emission CDN+ Figure 6 : Scénarios BAU/CDN/CDN+ PIFORESTRIE Tableau 10 : Absorptions BAU/CDN (Gg CO2e) % absorptions CDN % absorptions CDN+ Absorptions BAU CDN CDN+ Absorptions BAU Absorptions CDN Absorptions CDN+ Figure 7 : Scénarios BAU/CDN/CDN+ ForesterieAgrégées, ces réductions d’émissions représenteront respectivement 05 et 07%, en 2025 et 2030 par rapport aux émissions projetées, selon un scénario « Business as Usual », sur la base d’un financement domestique et maitrisé. Ces réductions atteindront 23,7 et 29,5 % respectivement, en 2025 et 2030, à condition de recevoir un soutien substantiel de la communauté internationale.', 'Ces réductions atteindront 23,7 et 29,5 % respectivement, en 2025 et 2030, à condition de recevoir un soutien substantiel de la communauté internationale. Tableau 11 : Émissions globales BAU/CDN/CDN+ (Gg CO2e) % réduction CDN % réduction CDN+ Scénarios Agrégés CDN Emission BAU Emission CDN Emission CDN+ Figure 8 : trajectoire globale des émissionsLa contribution sera mise en œuvre principalement par : L’augmentation de la séquestration de carbone, à travers la mise en œuvre de projets liés aux secteurs de l’agriculture et de la foresterie ; La transition énergétique avec l’intégration des énergies renouvelables et le renforcement de l’efficacité énergétique dans la production électrique, dans les secteurs de l’industrie, du transport et du résidentiel/tertiaire ; L’amélioration de la gestion des déchets solides et liquides ; L’amélioration des procédés industriels.', 'Tableau 11 : Émissions globales BAU/CDN/CDN+ (Gg CO2e) % réduction CDN % réduction CDN+ Scénarios Agrégés CDN Emission BAU Emission CDN Emission CDN+ Figure 8 : trajectoire globale des émissionsLa contribution sera mise en œuvre principalement par : L’augmentation de la séquestration de carbone, à travers la mise en œuvre de projets liés aux secteurs de l’agriculture et de la foresterie ; La transition énergétique avec l’intégration des énergies renouvelables et le renforcement de l’efficacité énergétique dans la production électrique, dans les secteurs de l’industrie, du transport et du résidentiel/tertiaire ; L’amélioration de la gestion des déchets solides et liquides ; L’amélioration des procédés industriels. Les activités présentées dans le présent rapport, ne sont pas exhaustives. Néanmoins, elles constituent la base de la contribution dans le domaine de l’atténuation.', 'Néanmoins, elles constituent la base de la contribution dans le domaine de l’atténuation. La contribution est définie par la réduction des émissions de GES en 2025 et 2030 par rapport aux émissions projetées dans chacun des secteurs concernés selon un scénario « Business as Usual ».a. Cibles d’atténuation Tableau 12 : Caractéristiques de la CDN Type d’objectif Déviation par rapport à une pratique courante (BAU) pour chacun des secteurs concernés (Énergie, AFAT, Déchets et Industrie). Réduction inconditionnelle des émissions par rapport à un scénario BAU et suivant l’année de référence.', 'Réduction inconditionnelle des émissions par rapport à un scénario BAU et suivant l’année de référence. Réduction conditionnelle des émissions des émissions par rapport à un scénario BAU et suivant l’année de référence Année de base 2010 Période de Mise en œuvre Secteurs couverts Tous les secteurs (IPCC 2006) - Énergie (production d’électricité, combustibles domestiques, efficacité énergétique, Transport) - Procédés Industriels, - Déchets, - AFAT (Agriculture, Foresterie et utilisation terres) Méthodologie d’inventaire des émissions : IPCC 2006 Objectifs sectoriels Énergie : Objectif inconditionnel 7,6 et 10%, Objectif conditionnel 35,4 et 41,2% Agriculture Objectif inconditionnel 1,72 et 2,36% Objectif conditionnel 8,76 et 11,98 % Déchets Objectif inconditionnel 10,99 et 11% Objectif conditionnel 65,28 et 65,28% Procédés Industriels et Utilisation des Produits Objectif inconditionnel 0% Objectif conditionnel 4 et 8,1% Agrégation des objectifs sectoriels Objectif inconditionnel 5 et 7% de réduction des émissions de GES respectivement en 2025 et 2030 Objectif conditionnel 23,7 et 29,5 % de réduction des émissions de GES respectivement en 2025 et 2030Les émissions de GES de l’année de base 2010 (BAU) se répartissent comme suit : (voir tableau 13) Tableau 13 : Répartition des émissions de GES en 2010 Secteur Niveau d’émissions en Gg Pourcentage Procédés Industriels et Utilisation des Produits 1412 8 NB : Les émissions nettes du Sénégal en 2010 sont estimées à 3 925 Gg CO2e.', 'Réduction conditionnelle des émissions des émissions par rapport à un scénario BAU et suivant l’année de référence Année de base 2010 Période de Mise en œuvre Secteurs couverts Tous les secteurs (IPCC 2006) - Énergie (production d’électricité, combustibles domestiques, efficacité énergétique, Transport) - Procédés Industriels, - Déchets, - AFAT (Agriculture, Foresterie et utilisation terres) Méthodologie d’inventaire des émissions : IPCC 2006 Objectifs sectoriels Énergie : Objectif inconditionnel 7,6 et 10%, Objectif conditionnel 35,4 et 41,2% Agriculture Objectif inconditionnel 1,72 et 2,36% Objectif conditionnel 8,76 et 11,98 % Déchets Objectif inconditionnel 10,99 et 11% Objectif conditionnel 65,28 et 65,28% Procédés Industriels et Utilisation des Produits Objectif inconditionnel 0% Objectif conditionnel 4 et 8,1% Agrégation des objectifs sectoriels Objectif inconditionnel 5 et 7% de réduction des émissions de GES respectivement en 2025 et 2030 Objectif conditionnel 23,7 et 29,5 % de réduction des émissions de GES respectivement en 2025 et 2030Les émissions de GES de l’année de base 2010 (BAU) se répartissent comme suit : (voir tableau 13) Tableau 13 : Répartition des émissions de GES en 2010 Secteur Niveau d’émissions en Gg Pourcentage Procédés Industriels et Utilisation des Produits 1412 8 NB : Les émissions nettes du Sénégal en 2010 sont estimées à 3 925 Gg CO2e. Figure 9 : répartition des émissions en Gg de GES en 2010 Repartition des émissions Globales (sans Foresterie) de GES CDN en 2010 Energie Procédés industriels Dechets AgricultureLe secteur agricole représente presque la moitié des émissions du Sénégal en 2010.', 'Figure 9 : répartition des émissions en Gg de GES en 2010 Repartition des émissions Globales (sans Foresterie) de GES CDN en 2010 Energie Procédés industriels Dechets AgricultureLe secteur agricole représente presque la moitié des émissions du Sénégal en 2010. Cependant, les projections aux horizons 2020-2030 montrent que la tendance va s’inverser au profit du secteur énergétique due notamment à l’augmentation de la demande d’énergie. Les informations détaillées sur les projections d’émissions jusqu’en 2030 sont présentées sur le tableau qui suit : Tableau 14 : Projections des émissions par secteur jusqu’en 2030 (Gg CO2 e) Année Secteurs Procédés industriels et Utilisation des Produits Deux secteurs se présentent comme les principaux émetteurs de GES au niveau national. Le secteur de l’énergie va connaitre une croissance exponentielle.', 'Le secteur de l’énergie va connaitre une croissance exponentielle. En effet, Il représentera plus de 50% des émissions globales du pays en 2022. Cette situation peut être expliquée par un dynamisme du secteur avec notamment le début de l’exploitation pétrolière et gazière à partir de 2022. Les émissions du secteur de l’agriculture connaitront une hausse progressive et régulière, jusqu’en 2030. La fermentation entérique va demeurer la catégorie majeure d’émissions de ce secteur. b. Stratégies sectorielles de mise en œuvre de la CDN Secteur de l’énergie Le secteur de l’énergie constitue un soutien majeur au développement de l’économie et à la réduction des inégalités sociales et territoriales. La facture pétrolière représente près de 34 % des revenus d’exportation du pays.', 'La facture pétrolière représente près de 34 % des revenus d’exportation du pays. C’est ainsi que la Stratégie d’Émergence mise en place, depuis 2012, traduit l’ambition du Sénégal de garantir un accès universel à l’électricité fiable, durable et accessible, à l’horizon 2025. Le Plan Sénégal Émergent (PSE) renforce les orientations de la Lettre de Politique de Développement du Secteur de l’énergie d’octobre 2012 concernant l’électricité, les hydrocarbures, l’accessibilité à l’Énergie en milieu rural, l’efficacité énergétique et les combustibles domestiques.i. Sous-secteur de la production d’électricité Contexte du sous-secteur Le parc de la production publique d’électricité est essentiellement thermique, soit 93 % de puissance installée et le combustible dominant est le fioul, à hauteur de 75 %. L’accès à l’électricité en milieu rural est toujours limité.', 'L’accès à l’électricité en milieu rural est toujours limité. Une stratégie nationale du secteur a été développée et déclinée autour des points suivants : - Le développement de l’offre avec de nouvelles capacités de production à hauteur de 1 000 MW ; - L’accès universel à l’électricité pour les zones rurales, à l’horizon 2025 ; - La mise à niveau et le développement du réseau de transport et de distribution ; Actions stratégiques de la CDN - Atteinte d’une capacité cumulée installée en solaire de 235 MW, 150MW en éolien, 314 MW en hydro électricité en 2030 ; - Injection d’une puissance totale de 699 MW en énergies renouvelables en 2030 ; - Atteinte d’un taux de pénétration des énergies renouvelables de 13,68% en puissance installée, hors hydroélectricité, en 2019 dans le réseau électrique ; - L’installation de 6,18MWc dans le cadre de la promotion de l électrification par voie Solaire, au niveau des systèmes isolés hors Réseau Interconnecté ; Actions stratégiques de la CDN+ - Atteinte d’une capacité installée supplémentaire en solaire de 100 MW, de 100 MW en éolien, de 50 MW biomasse, 50 MW de CSP, à l’horizon 2030 ; - Injection d’une puissance totale en énergies renouvelables supplémentaires de 300 MW, portant le total (CDN et CDN+) à 999 MW en énergies renouvelables ; - Remplacement du fioul par le gaz naturel dans les centrales thermiques dual (fioul/gaz) et de la centrale à charbon de Jindal de 320 MW par des centrales à gaz à cycle combiné, ce qui portera le total de 600 MW installé de gaz naturel entre 2025 et 2030 ; - Atteinte de 18% à l’horizon 2022, d’un taux de pénétration des énergies renouvelables hors hydroélectricité dans le système électrique ; - Electrification rurale par voie solaire en 2025 de : 2292 localités par mini réseaux ; 4356 localités Solar Home System (SHS) ; ii.', 'Une stratégie nationale du secteur a été développée et déclinée autour des points suivants : - Le développement de l’offre avec de nouvelles capacités de production à hauteur de 1 000 MW ; - L’accès universel à l’électricité pour les zones rurales, à l’horizon 2025 ; - La mise à niveau et le développement du réseau de transport et de distribution ; Actions stratégiques de la CDN - Atteinte d’une capacité cumulée installée en solaire de 235 MW, 150MW en éolien, 314 MW en hydro électricité en 2030 ; - Injection d’une puissance totale de 699 MW en énergies renouvelables en 2030 ; - Atteinte d’un taux de pénétration des énergies renouvelables de 13,68% en puissance installée, hors hydroélectricité, en 2019 dans le réseau électrique ; - L’installation de 6,18MWc dans le cadre de la promotion de l électrification par voie Solaire, au niveau des systèmes isolés hors Réseau Interconnecté ; Actions stratégiques de la CDN+ - Atteinte d’une capacité installée supplémentaire en solaire de 100 MW, de 100 MW en éolien, de 50 MW biomasse, 50 MW de CSP, à l’horizon 2030 ; - Injection d’une puissance totale en énergies renouvelables supplémentaires de 300 MW, portant le total (CDN et CDN+) à 999 MW en énergies renouvelables ; - Remplacement du fioul par le gaz naturel dans les centrales thermiques dual (fioul/gaz) et de la centrale à charbon de Jindal de 320 MW par des centrales à gaz à cycle combiné, ce qui portera le total de 600 MW installé de gaz naturel entre 2025 et 2030 ; - Atteinte de 18% à l’horizon 2022, d’un taux de pénétration des énergies renouvelables hors hydroélectricité dans le système électrique ; - Electrification rurale par voie solaire en 2025 de : 2292 localités par mini réseaux ; 4356 localités Solar Home System (SHS) ; ii. Sous-secteur des combustibles domestiques Contexte du sous- secteur Les combustibles domestiques (charbon de bois et bois de feu principalement) représentent près de 35% de la consommation d’énergie finale des ménages, en 2016.', 'Sous-secteur des combustibles domestiques Contexte du sous- secteur Les combustibles domestiques (charbon de bois et bois de feu principalement) représentent près de 35% de la consommation d’énergie finale des ménages, en 2016. Le bois de feu et le charbon de bois constituent plus de 75% des sources d’énergie de cuisson des ménages. Le PSE, à travers la LPDSE, se fixe pour objectif la diversification des sources d’énergie, la promotion de l’utilisation des produits de substitution du bois et charbon de bois.Les mesures pour les combustibles domestiques concourent à la préservation de la ressource forestière, avec la substitution du bois de feu et du charbon de bois par des sources durables et des équipements de cuisson efficace.', 'Le PSE, à travers la LPDSE, se fixe pour objectif la diversification des sources d’énergie, la promotion de l’utilisation des produits de substitution du bois et charbon de bois.Les mesures pour les combustibles domestiques concourent à la préservation de la ressource forestière, avec la substitution du bois de feu et du charbon de bois par des sources durables et des équipements de cuisson efficace. Actions stratégiques de la CDN - Diffusion de 800 000 foyers améliorés (FA) par an d’ici 2030, contre environ 350 000 FA en 2016 - Réalisation cumulée de 27 000 bio digesteurs en 2030.', 'Actions stratégiques de la CDN - Diffusion de 800 000 foyers améliorés (FA) par an d’ici 2030, contre environ 350 000 FA en 2016 - Réalisation cumulée de 27 000 bio digesteurs en 2030. - Poursuite de la politique sur le gaz butane et promotion du bio-charbon Actions stratégiques de la CDN+ - Diffusion d’environ 1 500 000 foyers améliorés par an - Réalisation cumulée de plus 48 000 bio digesteurs en 2030 - Promotion du bio-charbon iii. Sous-secteur de l’efficacité énergétique Contexte du sous- secteur Le gisement national d’économie d’énergie est mobilisable à travers tous les secteurs, dont notamment la mise en place d’un cadre législatif et réglementaire opérationnel, les actions de généralisation des lampes efficaces (LBC et LED), la normalisation et la labellisation des équipements électroménagers et bureautiques, la gestion durable de l’éclairage public.', 'Sous-secteur de l’efficacité énergétique Contexte du sous- secteur Le gisement national d’économie d’énergie est mobilisable à travers tous les secteurs, dont notamment la mise en place d’un cadre législatif et réglementaire opérationnel, les actions de généralisation des lampes efficaces (LBC et LED), la normalisation et la labellisation des équipements électroménagers et bureautiques, la gestion durable de l’éclairage public. Il s’agira également de rendre opérationnel le programme issu de la Stratégie de Maitrise de l’Énergie, à l’horizon 2030.', 'Il s’agira également de rendre opérationnel le programme issu de la Stratégie de Maitrise de l’Énergie, à l’horizon 2030. Actions stratégiques de la CDN - Réalisation d’économies d’énergies de 627,028 GWh (CDN) - Baisse de la demande d’énergie électrique de 126,8 MW (CDN) Actions stratégiques de la CDN+ - Réalisation d’économies d’énergies de 3402 GWh (CDN+) - Baisse de la demande d’énergie électrique de 687,9 MW (CDN+), soit au total 814,4 MW correspondant à 48,9% de baisse sur la pointe attendue en 2030. Secteur de l’Industrie Contexte du secteur La contribution de l’industrie au PIB totale au Sénégal oscille depuis une décennie entre 20 et 23 %.', 'Secteur de l’Industrie Contexte du secteur La contribution de l’industrie au PIB totale au Sénégal oscille depuis une décennie entre 20 et 23 %. Le PSE met l’accent sur l’industrialisation avec notamment des choix stratégiques dirigés vers : - Le développement de plateformes et de parcs industriels qui devraient permettre la mise à niveau des chaines de valeur agricoles et le développement d’une industrie manufacturière performante ; - Une meilleure valorisation des ressources minières et l’exploitation de nouveaux gisements de phosphates, de zircon, de fer et d’or. Actions stratégiques de la CDN/CDN+ - Amélioration de la règlementation dans le secteur industriel (Études d’approvisionnement en énergie, Audits énergétiques périodiques, contrôles, etc.', 'Actions stratégiques de la CDN/CDN+ - Amélioration de la règlementation dans le secteur industriel (Études d’approvisionnement en énergie, Audits énergétiques périodiques, contrôles, etc. ), - Mise à niveau énergétique/ environnementale des entreprises, - Valorisation des déchets dans l agro-industrie, - Efficacité énergétique des cimenteries et la substitution du clinker et l’usage du gaz. Secteur des transports Contexte du secteur Le sous-secteur « transports, poste et télécommunications » représente 22 à 23 % entre 2008 et 2012 du secteur tertiaire. La stratégie décennale 2014-2023 du PSE sous son Pilier 1 repose sur « un secteur des transports efficace pour soutenir la transformation de la production et de la croissance » Les options proposées dans le cadre de la CDN concourent à renforcer les actions ambitieuses e cours.', 'La stratégie décennale 2014-2023 du PSE sous son Pilier 1 repose sur « un secteur des transports efficace pour soutenir la transformation de la production et de la croissance » Les options proposées dans le cadre de la CDN concourent à renforcer les actions ambitieuses e cours. Elles permettront : - Une amélioration globale et durable des conditions de déplacement des populations ; - Une meilleure contribution du sous-secteur à la croissance et à la productivité de l économie nationale ; - Une baisse sensible de la pollution et de l impact négatif de celle-ci sur la croissance économique ; - Une diversification des modes de transport avec le recours au transport ferroviaire et maritime.', 'Elles permettront : - Une amélioration globale et durable des conditions de déplacement des populations ; - Une meilleure contribution du sous-secteur à la croissance et à la productivité de l économie nationale ; - Une baisse sensible de la pollution et de l impact négatif de celle-ci sur la croissance économique ; - Une diversification des modes de transport avec le recours au transport ferroviaire et maritime. Actions stratégiques de la CDN/CDN+ - Démultiplication du transport en commun durable (Bus Rapide Transit, Train Express Régional) - Promotion des voitures hybrides Secteur des déchets Contexte du secteur Le secteur des déchets est transversal et en adéquation avec le PSE.', 'Actions stratégiques de la CDN/CDN+ - Démultiplication du transport en commun durable (Bus Rapide Transit, Train Express Régional) - Promotion des voitures hybrides Secteur des déchets Contexte du secteur Le secteur des déchets est transversal et en adéquation avec le PSE. Le gouvernement a réalisé d’énormes efforts qui ont abouti à : (1) la réorganisation du secteur, à travers l’élaboration de texte règlementaires adéquats, (2) la mise en œuvre du Programme National de Gestion des Déchets solides, (3) la réalisation d’infrastructures de gestion des déchets solides et liquides, et (4) l’adoption d’un programme de sensibilisation, de formation et de renforcement de capacité.', 'Le gouvernement a réalisé d’énormes efforts qui ont abouti à : (1) la réorganisation du secteur, à travers l’élaboration de texte règlementaires adéquats, (2) la mise en œuvre du Programme National de Gestion des Déchets solides, (3) la réalisation d’infrastructures de gestion des déchets solides et liquides, et (4) l’adoption d’un programme de sensibilisation, de formation et de renforcement de capacité. Actions stratégiques de la CDN/CDN+ Au niveau de l’assainissement liquide - Atteinte d’un taux d’accès au réseau d’assainissement de 85% à l’horizon 2030 (soit à un taux de traitement de près de 70% et un taux de dépollution de plus de 55%).', 'Actions stratégiques de la CDN/CDN+ Au niveau de l’assainissement liquide - Atteinte d’un taux d’accès au réseau d’assainissement de 85% à l’horizon 2030 (soit à un taux de traitement de près de 70% et un taux de dépollution de plus de 55%). Au niveau de l’assainissement solide - Réhabilitation ou fermeture des décharges départementales et sauvages, à l’horizon 2030 ; - Construction des points de regroupement normalisés ainsi que des centres intégrés de gestion des déchets. - Promulgation de textes réglementaires sur la gestion des déchets solides.', '- Promulgation de textes réglementaires sur la gestion des déchets solides. Secteur de l’agriculture Contexte du secteur La deuxième phase du Programme de Relance et d’Accélération de la Cadence de l’Agriculture sénégalaise (PRACAS2 2019-2023), volet agricole du PSE, s’est fixée pour objectif stratégique d’atteindre tonnes d’oignons et 200 000 tonnes d’exportation de fruits et légumes, à l’horizon 2023. La stratégie demise en œuvre du programme repose sur l’amélioration de la fertilité des terres, l’augmentation des rendements des spéculations ciblées et la maitrise de l’eau. Les emblavures en riz passeront de 677 197 ha, en 2019 à 1 001 640 ha, en 2023 dont 17,5% en irrigué, 32,5% en pluvial et 50% simultanément en irrigué et pluvial.', 'Les emblavures en riz passeront de 677 197 ha, en 2019 à 1 001 640 ha, en 2023 dont 17,5% en irrigué, 32,5% en pluvial et 50% simultanément en irrigué et pluvial. Conformément à la lettre de Politique de Développement de l’Élevage (2017-2021), l’État du Sénégal vise aussi un objectif d’augmenter significativement la productivité et les productions animales à l’horizon 2021, via la modernisation des pratiques d’élevage et l’appui aux filières viandes (bovins et petits ruminants), aviculture (familiale et industrielle) et lait.', 'Conformément à la lettre de Politique de Développement de l’Élevage (2017-2021), l’État du Sénégal vise aussi un objectif d’augmenter significativement la productivité et les productions animales à l’horizon 2021, via la modernisation des pratiques d’élevage et l’appui aux filières viandes (bovins et petits ruminants), aviculture (familiale et industrielle) et lait. Actions stratégiques de la CDN - Mettre 99 621 ha de terres agricoles sous pratique de Régénération Naturelle Assistée (RNA) et 4 500 ha sous compost, à l’horizon 2030 - Mettre à disposition de la fumure organique et du compost amélioré avec la production du biogaz Actions stratégiques de la CDN+ - Faire passer 28 500 ha de riz irrigué à un Système de Riziculture Intensif (SRI) réduisant à la fois les volumes d’eau utilisés et les quantités de méthane émises.', 'Actions stratégiques de la CDN - Mettre 99 621 ha de terres agricoles sous pratique de Régénération Naturelle Assistée (RNA) et 4 500 ha sous compost, à l’horizon 2030 - Mettre à disposition de la fumure organique et du compost amélioré avec la production du biogaz Actions stratégiques de la CDN+ - Faire passer 28 500 ha de riz irrigué à un Système de Riziculture Intensif (SRI) réduisant à la fois les volumes d’eau utilisés et les quantités de méthane émises. - Passer à 498 105 ha pour la RNA et 14 400 ha pour le compost.', '- Passer à 498 105 ha pour la RNA et 14 400 ha pour le compost. Secteur de la foresterie Contexte du secteur La Lettre de Politique de l’environnement a retenu parmi ses objectifs spécifiques « Réduire la dégradation d l’environnement et des ressources naturelles, lutter contre les effets néfastes du changement climatique et la perte de biodiversité ». Un des programmes porte sur la lutte contre la déforestation et la dégradation de terres en vue de : o Assurer la restauration et la gestion durable des terres ; o Diminuer sensiblement la fréquence et l’ampleur des feux de brousse ; o Réduire la dégradation des ressources forestières.', 'Un des programmes porte sur la lutte contre la déforestation et la dégradation de terres en vue de : o Assurer la restauration et la gestion durable des terres ; o Diminuer sensiblement la fréquence et l’ampleur des feux de brousse ; o Réduire la dégradation des ressources forestières. Actions stratégiques de la CDN o Augmenter annuellement les superficies reboisées/restaurées d’environ 1297 ha de mangrove et de 21000 ha de plantations diverses ; o Réduire les superficies brûlées dues aux feux tardifs de 5% et celles dues aux feux contrôlés de 10% par rapport à 2015.', 'Actions stratégiques de la CDN o Augmenter annuellement les superficies reboisées/restaurées d’environ 1297 ha de mangrove et de 21000 ha de plantations diverses ; o Réduire les superficies brûlées dues aux feux tardifs de 5% et celles dues aux feux contrôlés de 10% par rapport à 2015. Actions stratégiques de la CDN+ - Mettre en défens 500 000 ha de forêts, - Reboiser et restaurer 4 000 ha/an de mangroves, - Réaliser 500 000 ha de plantations diverses - Réduire, de l’ordre de 90%, les superficies brûlées par les feux de brousse, dès la cinquième année de mise en œuvre des plans d’aménagement. Ces efforts permettront de réduire de 25% le taux de déforestation, qui passera de 40 000 ha/an, en 2010, à 30 000 ha/an, en 2030.c.', 'Ces efforts permettront de réduire de 25% le taux de déforestation, qui passera de 40 000 ha/an, en 2010, à 30 000 ha/an, en 2030.c. Traitement des réductions d’émissions impliquant les mécanismes liés et non liés aux marchés carbones Les mécanismes de marché constituent un outil de premier choix pour la mise en œuvre des CDN. Comme avec le Mécanisme de Développement Propre (MDP) sous le Protocole de Kyoto, le Sénégal continuera à réaliser des activités d atténuation dans le cadre des mécanismes de marché carbone international de l’Accord de Paris aux fins de la CDN avec la collaboration des partenaires internationaux.', 'Comme avec le Mécanisme de Développement Propre (MDP) sous le Protocole de Kyoto, le Sénégal continuera à réaliser des activités d atténuation dans le cadre des mécanismes de marché carbone international de l’Accord de Paris aux fins de la CDN avec la collaboration des partenaires internationaux. Le Sénégal s engage à respecter les règles qui garantissent l intégrité environnementale, promeuvent le développement durable et évitent le double comptage des réductions d émissions, conformément aux règles qui seront adoptées dans le cadre de l’article 6 de l’Accord de Paris. Le Sénégal soutient également une transition cohérente de son portefeuille de projets MDP, dans le contexte de l’Accord de Paris, tenant compte des règles qui seront adoptées dans le cadre de l’article 6.4 de l’Accord de Paris.', 'Le Sénégal soutient également une transition cohérente de son portefeuille de projets MDP, dans le contexte de l’Accord de Paris, tenant compte des règles qui seront adoptées dans le cadre de l’article 6.4 de l’Accord de Paris. La CDN du Sénégal contient un large éventail d’activités d’atténuation dans les secteurs de l’énergie, de la foresterie, de l’agriculture, de l’industrie et des déchets. La réalisation des objectifs conditionnels pourrait être satisfaite par les mécanismes du marché. Un arrangement de partage approprié de la réduction des émissions entre le Sénégal et les pays partenaires devrait être envisagé. Les projets de marché carbone devront contribuer au financement de l’adaptation.', 'Les projets de marché carbone devront contribuer au financement de l’adaptation. d. Traitement des émissions issues des substances appauvrissant la couche d’ozone (SAO) Quelques substances appauvrissant la couche d’ozone (SAO) sont aussi des GES, avec, plus ou moins, des pouvoirs de réchauffement global très importants L’encadrement de ces substances est assuré par la Convention de Vienne, le Protocole de Montréal ainsi que l’Amendement de Kigali.', 'd. Traitement des émissions issues des substances appauvrissant la couche d’ozone (SAO) Quelques substances appauvrissant la couche d’ozone (SAO) sont aussi des GES, avec, plus ou moins, des pouvoirs de réchauffement global très importants L’encadrement de ces substances est assuré par la Convention de Vienne, le Protocole de Montréal ainsi que l’Amendement de Kigali. Au niveau national, des avancées dans la mise en œuvre de ces textes juridiques ont été notées avec la mise en place : o d’un Décret n°2000.73 du 31 janvier 2000 relatif à la consommation des SAO (CFC, HCFC) ; o d’un Arrêté interministériel n°00526 du 15 janvier 2014 relatif aux HCFC, actuellement en application ; o d’un Arrêté interministériel pour intégrer la réduction des HFC qui ont un potentiel de réchauffement très élevé.', 'Au niveau national, des avancées dans la mise en œuvre de ces textes juridiques ont été notées avec la mise en place : o d’un Décret n°2000.73 du 31 janvier 2000 relatif à la consommation des SAO (CFC, HCFC) ; o d’un Arrêté interministériel n°00526 du 15 janvier 2014 relatif aux HCFC, actuellement en application ; o d’un Arrêté interministériel pour intégrer la réduction des HFC qui ont un potentiel de réchauffement très élevé. Des résultats ont été obtenus dans la mise en œuvre d’actions visant à réduire, voire éliminer la consommation des SAO, il s’agit de : - L’élimination à la consommation des CFC depuis 2010 ; - La prévision de la réduction de la consommation des HCFC de 35% en 2020 et l’élimination totale, en - La prévision de la réduction de la consommation des HFC de 10, 30, 50% et 80% respectivement en 2029, 2035,2040 et 2045.', 'Des résultats ont été obtenus dans la mise en œuvre d’actions visant à réduire, voire éliminer la consommation des SAO, il s’agit de : - L’élimination à la consommation des CFC depuis 2010 ; - La prévision de la réduction de la consommation des HCFC de 35% en 2020 et l’élimination totale, en - La prévision de la réduction de la consommation des HFC de 10, 30, 50% et 80% respectivement en 2029, 2035,2040 et 2045. Avec l’aide de la communauté internationale, en dehors du Fonds multilatéral du Protocole de Montréal, ce programme pourra être accéléré dans le cadre de l’Amendement de Kigali.', 'Avec l’aide de la communauté internationale, en dehors du Fonds multilatéral du Protocole de Montréal, ce programme pourra être accéléré dans le cadre de l’Amendement de Kigali. Fort de ce constat, le Sénégal manifeste son intérêt à poursuivre la lutte contre les SAO ainsi que la mise en œuvre de programmes phares y relatifs en lien avec les initiatives internationales existantes, portant dans les domaines suivants : o L’efficacité Énergétique dans l’industrie et le gros tertiaire ;o L‘introduction des équipements de froid alimentaire performants ; Une réglementation appropriée sera mise en place sur les normes énergétiques des équipements électroménagers.', 'Fort de ce constat, le Sénégal manifeste son intérêt à poursuivre la lutte contre les SAO ainsi que la mise en œuvre de programmes phares y relatifs en lien avec les initiatives internationales existantes, portant dans les domaines suivants : o L’efficacité Énergétique dans l’industrie et le gros tertiaire ;o L‘introduction des équipements de froid alimentaire performants ; Une réglementation appropriée sera mise en place sur les normes énergétiques des équipements électroménagers. Les impacts en termes de réduction des émissions de GES attendus de la mise en œuvre de (1) l’Amendement de Kigali (substitution des HFC) (2) de programmes phares complémentaires sur les SAO sont présentés sur le tableau ci-dessous : Tableau 15 : Émissions de HFC évitées Émissions évitées (Gg) avec la substitution des HFC Émissions évitées (Gg) avec la mise en œuvre de programmes complémentaires (scénario additionnels d’élimination de 10%)III.', 'Les impacts en termes de réduction des émissions de GES attendus de la mise en œuvre de (1) l’Amendement de Kigali (substitution des HFC) (2) de programmes phares complémentaires sur les SAO sont présentés sur le tableau ci-dessous : Tableau 15 : Émissions de HFC évitées Émissions évitées (Gg) avec la substitution des HFC Émissions évitées (Gg) avec la mise en œuvre de programmes complémentaires (scénario additionnels d’élimination de 10%)III. Composante Adaptation a. Objectif d’adaptation L’objectif visé à travers la mise en place des mesures d’adaptation est d’accroitre la résilience des écosystèmes et des populations face aux impacts de la variabilité et du changement climatique.', 'Composante Adaptation a. Objectif d’adaptation L’objectif visé à travers la mise en place des mesures d’adaptation est d’accroitre la résilience des écosystèmes et des populations face aux impacts de la variabilité et du changement climatique. b. Objectifs spécifiques Sur la base des tendances d’augmentation de la température et de la baisse de la pluviométrie, les objectifs spécifiques d’adaptation pourraient se structurer autour de trois points : o Renforcer les réseaux d’observation et de collecte de données climatiques, océaniques et côtières ; o Renforcer la résilience des écosystèmes et des activités de production ; o Assurer la santé, le bien-être et la protection des populations contre les risques et catastrophes liés aux évènements extrêmes et au changement climatique.', 'b. Objectifs spécifiques Sur la base des tendances d’augmentation de la température et de la baisse de la pluviométrie, les objectifs spécifiques d’adaptation pourraient se structurer autour de trois points : o Renforcer les réseaux d’observation et de collecte de données climatiques, océaniques et côtières ; o Renforcer la résilience des écosystèmes et des activités de production ; o Assurer la santé, le bien-être et la protection des populations contre les risques et catastrophes liés aux évènements extrêmes et au changement climatique. c. Principaux impacts et mesures d’adaptation prioritaires par secteur Eu égard aux conséquences potentielles du changement climatique au niveau de certains axes du PSE (Agriculture, élevage, pêche et aquaculture et agroalimentaire (3.1.1) ; Santé et nutrition (3.2.3) et la Protection sociale (3.2.4), il apparaît nécessaire de renforcer la résilience de l’économie nationale, face aux conséquences de la variabilité et du changement climatique, à travers des mesures d’adaptation actuelles et préventives (Simulations à partir du modèle T21-iSDG-Sénégal).Tableau 16 : Principaux impacts et mesures d’adaptation prioritaires actuelles et préventives par secteur SECTEUR IMPACTS ET VULNERABILITE PAR SECTEURS MESURES D’ADAPTATION PRIORITAIRES Impacts actuels- Scénario Impacts futurs-scénario Principales mesures d’adaptation prioritaires actuelles Principales mesures d’adaptation prioritaires préventives (horizon 2040-2050 Agriculture Augmentation de l’évapotranspiration Perturbation de la carte variétale Perturbation du calendrier cultural Recrudescence des mauvaises herbes et des insectes ravageurs Baisse de la fertilité des sols Réduction des terres terres arables dégradées en Baisse production agricole Perturbation de la carte variétale Perturbation des habitudes alimentaires Baisse de 30% de la production céréalière attendue à l’horizon 2025 Hausse de l’évapotranspiration potentielle de l’ordre de 5% en Afrique de l’Ouest Baisse de 8% en 2050 des rendements pour le mil Système d’alerte précoce Gestion Durable des Terres (défense et restauration des terres dégradées ; restauration de la fertilité organique des sols ; agroforesterie…) Récupération des terres salées Utilisation de variétés adaptées (cycle court et température) Promotion de systèmes de production intégrée agriculture- élevage-agroforesterie Renforcement de la résilience par la diversification des systèmes de production (amélioration sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle…) Maitrise de l’eau (Promotion de l’irrigation locale, développement de bassins de rétention pour irrigation de complément) Promotion et Utilisation de l’information et des services climatiques Gestion des risques et catastrophes liés au climat Assurance agricole Stratégies et gestion du post récolte (stockage, séchage…) Planification de la production agricole Transformation et valorisation des produits agricoles Système d’alerte précoce Renforcement de la recherche sur les variétés adaptées (cycle court et température) Renforcement de la résilience par la diversification des systèmes de production (promotion de système intégré) Institutionnalisation de l’utilisation de l’information et des services climatiques Gestion des risques et catastrophes liés au climat Promotion de l’assurance agricole Stratégies et gestion du post récolte (stockage, séchage…) Spécialisation des zones agro écologiques en fonction des projections climatiques Pluies artificielles Planification de la production agricole ; Transformation et valorisation des produits agricolesSECTEUR IMPACTS ET VULNERABILITE PAR SECTEURS MESURES D’ADAPTATION PRIORITAIRES Impacts actuels- Scénario 2°C Impacts futurs-scénario 4°C Principales mesures d’adaptation prioritaires actuelles (horizon 2025-2030 pour 2°C) Principales mesures d’adaptation prioritaires préventives (horizon 2040- Élevage Baisse de la productivité et la qualité des fourrages Raréfaction des ressources hydriques et fourragères Compétition accrue pour l’accès à la ressource hydrique Baisse de la productivité de l’élevage Recrudescence des maladies animales Inflation des prix des produits du bétail qui pourraient fortement affecter les revenus des éleveurs Changements dans la sévérité et la propagation des maladies animales Baisse de la qualité des productions animales (viande, lait…).', 'c. Principaux impacts et mesures d’adaptation prioritaires par secteur Eu égard aux conséquences potentielles du changement climatique au niveau de certains axes du PSE (Agriculture, élevage, pêche et aquaculture et agroalimentaire (3.1.1) ; Santé et nutrition (3.2.3) et la Protection sociale (3.2.4), il apparaît nécessaire de renforcer la résilience de l’économie nationale, face aux conséquences de la variabilité et du changement climatique, à travers des mesures d’adaptation actuelles et préventives (Simulations à partir du modèle T21-iSDG-Sénégal).Tableau 16 : Principaux impacts et mesures d’adaptation prioritaires actuelles et préventives par secteur SECTEUR IMPACTS ET VULNERABILITE PAR SECTEURS MESURES D’ADAPTATION PRIORITAIRES Impacts actuels- Scénario Impacts futurs-scénario Principales mesures d’adaptation prioritaires actuelles Principales mesures d’adaptation prioritaires préventives (horizon 2040-2050 Agriculture Augmentation de l’évapotranspiration Perturbation de la carte variétale Perturbation du calendrier cultural Recrudescence des mauvaises herbes et des insectes ravageurs Baisse de la fertilité des sols Réduction des terres terres arables dégradées en Baisse production agricole Perturbation de la carte variétale Perturbation des habitudes alimentaires Baisse de 30% de la production céréalière attendue à l’horizon 2025 Hausse de l’évapotranspiration potentielle de l’ordre de 5% en Afrique de l’Ouest Baisse de 8% en 2050 des rendements pour le mil Système d’alerte précoce Gestion Durable des Terres (défense et restauration des terres dégradées ; restauration de la fertilité organique des sols ; agroforesterie…) Récupération des terres salées Utilisation de variétés adaptées (cycle court et température) Promotion de systèmes de production intégrée agriculture- élevage-agroforesterie Renforcement de la résilience par la diversification des systèmes de production (amélioration sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle…) Maitrise de l’eau (Promotion de l’irrigation locale, développement de bassins de rétention pour irrigation de complément) Promotion et Utilisation de l’information et des services climatiques Gestion des risques et catastrophes liés au climat Assurance agricole Stratégies et gestion du post récolte (stockage, séchage…) Planification de la production agricole Transformation et valorisation des produits agricoles Système d’alerte précoce Renforcement de la recherche sur les variétés adaptées (cycle court et température) Renforcement de la résilience par la diversification des systèmes de production (promotion de système intégré) Institutionnalisation de l’utilisation de l’information et des services climatiques Gestion des risques et catastrophes liés au climat Promotion de l’assurance agricole Stratégies et gestion du post récolte (stockage, séchage…) Spécialisation des zones agro écologiques en fonction des projections climatiques Pluies artificielles Planification de la production agricole ; Transformation et valorisation des produits agricolesSECTEUR IMPACTS ET VULNERABILITE PAR SECTEURS MESURES D’ADAPTATION PRIORITAIRES Impacts actuels- Scénario 2°C Impacts futurs-scénario 4°C Principales mesures d’adaptation prioritaires actuelles (horizon 2025-2030 pour 2°C) Principales mesures d’adaptation prioritaires préventives (horizon 2040- Élevage Baisse de la productivité et la qualité des fourrages Raréfaction des ressources hydriques et fourragères Compétition accrue pour l’accès à la ressource hydrique Baisse de la productivité de l’élevage Recrudescence des maladies animales Inflation des prix des produits du bétail qui pourraient fortement affecter les revenus des éleveurs Changements dans la sévérité et la propagation des maladies animales Baisse de la qualité des productions animales (viande, lait…). Système d’alerte précoce Semi stabulation Gestion durable et conservation des ressources pastorales (couloirs de transhumance, intégration des cultures fourragères, gestion transfrontalière) ; Promotion de système durable de collecte et de conservation des fourrages Renforcement de la production, la diffusion et l’utilisation de l’information climatique Promotion de l’assurance du cheptel Amélioration de la Santé animale et de la productivité animale Développement et renforcement des unités pastorales (à spécifier) Amélioration génétique des espèces Système d’alerte précoce Semi stabulation Gestion durable des ressources pastorales (couloirs de transhumance, intégration des cultures fourragères, gestion transfrontalières) Renforcement de la production, la diffusion et l’utilisation de l’information climatique Promotion de l’assurance du cheptel Amélioration de la Santé animale et de la productivité animale Développement et renforcement des unités pastorales Amélioration génétique des espècesSECTEUR IMPACTS ET VULNERABILITE PAR SECTEURS MESURES D’ADAPTATION PRIORITAIRES Impacts actuels- Scénario 2°C Impacts futurs-scénario 4°C Impacts actuels- Scénario 2°C Impacts futurs-scénario 4°C Pêche Raréfaction et ou migration de stocks halieutiques Perte massive d’emplois Augmentation des accidents en mer et destruction d’équipements et d’infrastructures liées à la pêche Déficit de la balance commerciale du Sénégal Appauvrissement des communautés de pêcheurs Augmentation de l’émigration clandestine Effondrement de pêcheries (exemples sardinelles, soles, mollusques…) Augmentation des conflits d’une part entre pêcheurs artisans et d’autre part entre pêcheurs artisans et pêcheurs industriels Accentuation du déficit de la balance commerciale du Sénégal Gestion durable des ressources halieutiques et restauration des habitats marins ; Amélioration de l’efficacité de la gestion et extension des aires marines protégées et des parcs marins (10 AMP Promotion du développement de l’aquaculture durable ; Amélioration de la sécurité des communautés de pêcheurs et des infrastructures liées à la pêche Restauration et gestion durable des mangroves Gestion durable des ressources halieutiques et restauration des habitats marins Amélioration de l’efficacité de la gestion et extension des aires marines protégées et des parcs marins (15 AMP) Promotion du développement de l’aquaculture durable Amélioration de la sécurité des communautés de pêcheurs et des infrastructures liées à la pêche Amélioration de la recherche sur la dynamique de développement de la mangrove et les services écosystémiques connexes Restauration et gestion durable des mangrovesSECTEUR IMPACTS ET VULNERABILITE PAR SECTEURS MESURES D’ADAPTATION PRIORITAIRES Impacts actuels- Impacts futurs-scénario Impacts actuels- Scénario 2°C Impacts futurs-scénario 4°C Zone côtière Recul généralisé du trait de Perte des plages sableuses avec effet négatif immédiat sur le tourisme balnéaire Déplacement de communautés côtières Réduction de la taille des îles (risque de disparition des îles) Destruction d’infrastructures côtières Salinisation des nappes phréatiques et des terres agricoles Augmentation de l’élévation du niveau de la mer Risque de submersion des zones côtières basses Augmentation de la vulnérabilité des petites îles6 et des zones côtières basses à l’érosion côtière et à l’élévation du niveau de la mer Accroissement des communautés côtières déplacées Augmentation de la salinisation des nappes phréatiques et des terres agricoles Gestion intégrée des Zones côtières (mise en place d’un système de suivi du littoral, identification des facteurs de forçages et des processus physiques qui gouvernent le fonctionnement et la dynamique du littoral, actualisation du cadre juridique et institutionnel du littoral, modélisation morpho dynamique de la zone côtière, identification des principaux risques côtiers et zones à risque, planification de l’occupation du littoral…) Protection et aménagement des zones à risques et restauration des écosystèmes côtiers dégradés Identification des enjeux d’adaptation Règlementation de l’occupation du littoral Connaissance du climat des houles et de leur modélisation Identification des zones à risques en cas d’élévation du niveau de la mer Analyse des risques côtiers, de la vulnérabilité des infrastructures et des populations Règlementation de l’occupation du littoralSECTEUR IMPACTS ET VULNERABILITE PAR SECTEURS MESURES D’ADAPTATION PRIORITAIRES Impacts actuels- Scénario 2°C Impacts futurs-scénario 4°C Impacts actuels- Scénario 2°C Impacts futurs-scénario Ressources en eau Variation des cumuls pluviométriques depuis les années 70 Glissement des isohyètes du Nord vers le Sud Chute brutale des débits moyens annuels des grands fleuves (près de 60% pour le fleuve Assèchement par endroit de certains fleuves (Casamance, Sine Saloum) ainsi que certaines rivières continentales, mares temporelles et autres plaines d’inondation Baisse générale du niveau des nappes phréatiques Baisse des précipitations de l’ordre de 5 à 20% sur l’ensemble de l’Afrique de l’Ouest Menaces sur la demande en eau douce Augmentation de la durée maximale des poches de sécheresse pouvant atteindre 25% en zone sahélienne Augmentation de l’intensité et des fréquences des sécheresses8 Accentuation du risque de sécheresse et du stress hydrique Forte augmentation des coefficients d’écoulement Baisse de la recharge des aquifères Gestion intégrée des ressources en eau (Maîtrise de la ressource : connaissances disponibilité, des flux, de la qualité, de la demande, des usages) Construction de bassins de rétention Dessalement de l’eau de mer Transfert d’eau Démultiplication des forages Gestion intégrée des ressources en eau (Maîtrise de la ressource : connaissances disponibilité, des flux, de la qualité, de la demande, des usages) Construction de bassins de rétention Dessalement de l’eau de mer Transfert d’eau Démultiplication des forages nal (GIEC, 201SECTEUR IMPACTS ET VULNERABILITE PAR SECTEURS MESURES D’ADAPTATION PRIORITAIRES Impacts actuels- Scénario 2°C Impacts futurs-scénario Impacts actuels- Scénario Impacts futurs-scénario 4°C Biodiversité Fragmentation des écosystèmes et pertes d’habitats Évolution régressive des superficies de forêts de certaines espèces Baisse de la productivité des services écosystémiques Régression de la végétation naturelle de l’écosystème des Niayes de l’ordre de 57% Régression de la superficie des forets galeries de l’ordre de 22% en Casamance et 50% au Sénégal oriental entre 1972 et Perte de certains écosystèmes et services écosystémiques connexes9 Perte et/ou risque d’extinction de certaines espèces Risque d’augmentation des feux de brousse Baisse de la productivité des services écosystémiques Développement d’espèces invasives Renforcement des bases de connaissance sur la diversité biologique en rapport avec les impacts des changements climatiques Renforcement de la résilience des écosystèmes Renforcement des bases de connaissance sur la diversité biologique en rapport avec les impacts des changements climatiques Renforcement de la résilience des écosystèmesSECTEUR IMPACTS ET VULNERABILITE PAR SECTEURS MESURES D’ADAPTATION PRIORITAIRES Impacts actuels- Scénario 2°C Impacts futurs-scénario 4°C Impacts actuels- Scénario 2°C Impacts futurs-scénario 4°C Santé Changements de la distribution géographique et de l’incidence des maladies à transmission vectorielle ; Augmentation des maladies transmissibles par voie aérienne, notamment les infections respiratoires aigües (IRA) ; Exacerbation de concentrations en substances allergogènes ; Augmentation des maladies liées à l’eau ; Apparition de gîtes larvaires vecteurs de maladies graves Changements de la distribution géographique et de l’incidence des maladies à transmission vectorielle Augmentation des maladies transmissibles par voie aérienne, notamment les infections respiratoires aigües (IRA) Augmentation des maladies liées à l’eau Renforcement de la surveillance épidémiologique intégrée ; Prévention et contrôle des maladies climato sensibles dans les zones sujettes aux risques climatiques Renforcement de la lutte anti vectorielle Renforcement de la surveillance épidémiologique intégrée ; Prévention et contrôle des maladies climato sensibles dans les zones sujettes aux risques climatiques Renforcement de la lutte anti vectorielleSECTEUR IMPACTS ET VULNERABILITE PAR SECTEURS MESURES D’ADAPTATION PRIORITAIRES Impacts actuels- Scénario 2°C Impacts futurs-scénario 4°C Impacts actuels- Scénario 2°C Impacts futurs-scénario 4°C Gestion des risques et catastrophes dus aux inondations Pertes en vies humaines, Destruction d’infrastructures (routes, ponts, habitations) ; Ralentissement activités économiques Apparition des maladies hydriques Augmentation de la fréquence et de l’intensité des pluies intenses au niveau de plusieurs régions10 y compris celles intertropicales Mise en œuvre du plan national d’Aménagement du territoire et des schémas directeurs Restructuration urbaine et relogement des zones prioritaires Renforcement des infrastructures d’assainissements et des systèmes de drainage des eaux pluviales dans les villes Mise en œuvre du plan national d’Aménagement du territoire et des schémas directeurs Restructuration urbaine et relogement des zones prioritaires Renforcement des infrastructures d’assainissements et des systèmes de drainage des eaux pluviales dans les villesd.', 'Système d’alerte précoce Semi stabulation Gestion durable et conservation des ressources pastorales (couloirs de transhumance, intégration des cultures fourragères, gestion transfrontalière) ; Promotion de système durable de collecte et de conservation des fourrages Renforcement de la production, la diffusion et l’utilisation de l’information climatique Promotion de l’assurance du cheptel Amélioration de la Santé animale et de la productivité animale Développement et renforcement des unités pastorales (à spécifier) Amélioration génétique des espèces Système d’alerte précoce Semi stabulation Gestion durable des ressources pastorales (couloirs de transhumance, intégration des cultures fourragères, gestion transfrontalières) Renforcement de la production, la diffusion et l’utilisation de l’information climatique Promotion de l’assurance du cheptel Amélioration de la Santé animale et de la productivité animale Développement et renforcement des unités pastorales Amélioration génétique des espècesSECTEUR IMPACTS ET VULNERABILITE PAR SECTEURS MESURES D’ADAPTATION PRIORITAIRES Impacts actuels- Scénario 2°C Impacts futurs-scénario 4°C Impacts actuels- Scénario 2°C Impacts futurs-scénario 4°C Pêche Raréfaction et ou migration de stocks halieutiques Perte massive d’emplois Augmentation des accidents en mer et destruction d’équipements et d’infrastructures liées à la pêche Déficit de la balance commerciale du Sénégal Appauvrissement des communautés de pêcheurs Augmentation de l’émigration clandestine Effondrement de pêcheries (exemples sardinelles, soles, mollusques…) Augmentation des conflits d’une part entre pêcheurs artisans et d’autre part entre pêcheurs artisans et pêcheurs industriels Accentuation du déficit de la balance commerciale du Sénégal Gestion durable des ressources halieutiques et restauration des habitats marins ; Amélioration de l’efficacité de la gestion et extension des aires marines protégées et des parcs marins (10 AMP Promotion du développement de l’aquaculture durable ; Amélioration de la sécurité des communautés de pêcheurs et des infrastructures liées à la pêche Restauration et gestion durable des mangroves Gestion durable des ressources halieutiques et restauration des habitats marins Amélioration de l’efficacité de la gestion et extension des aires marines protégées et des parcs marins (15 AMP) Promotion du développement de l’aquaculture durable Amélioration de la sécurité des communautés de pêcheurs et des infrastructures liées à la pêche Amélioration de la recherche sur la dynamique de développement de la mangrove et les services écosystémiques connexes Restauration et gestion durable des mangrovesSECTEUR IMPACTS ET VULNERABILITE PAR SECTEURS MESURES D’ADAPTATION PRIORITAIRES Impacts actuels- Impacts futurs-scénario Impacts actuels- Scénario 2°C Impacts futurs-scénario 4°C Zone côtière Recul généralisé du trait de Perte des plages sableuses avec effet négatif immédiat sur le tourisme balnéaire Déplacement de communautés côtières Réduction de la taille des îles (risque de disparition des îles) Destruction d’infrastructures côtières Salinisation des nappes phréatiques et des terres agricoles Augmentation de l’élévation du niveau de la mer Risque de submersion des zones côtières basses Augmentation de la vulnérabilité des petites îles6 et des zones côtières basses à l’érosion côtière et à l’élévation du niveau de la mer Accroissement des communautés côtières déplacées Augmentation de la salinisation des nappes phréatiques et des terres agricoles Gestion intégrée des Zones côtières (mise en place d’un système de suivi du littoral, identification des facteurs de forçages et des processus physiques qui gouvernent le fonctionnement et la dynamique du littoral, actualisation du cadre juridique et institutionnel du littoral, modélisation morpho dynamique de la zone côtière, identification des principaux risques côtiers et zones à risque, planification de l’occupation du littoral…) Protection et aménagement des zones à risques et restauration des écosystèmes côtiers dégradés Identification des enjeux d’adaptation Règlementation de l’occupation du littoral Connaissance du climat des houles et de leur modélisation Identification des zones à risques en cas d’élévation du niveau de la mer Analyse des risques côtiers, de la vulnérabilité des infrastructures et des populations Règlementation de l’occupation du littoralSECTEUR IMPACTS ET VULNERABILITE PAR SECTEURS MESURES D’ADAPTATION PRIORITAIRES Impacts actuels- Scénario 2°C Impacts futurs-scénario 4°C Impacts actuels- Scénario 2°C Impacts futurs-scénario Ressources en eau Variation des cumuls pluviométriques depuis les années 70 Glissement des isohyètes du Nord vers le Sud Chute brutale des débits moyens annuels des grands fleuves (près de 60% pour le fleuve Assèchement par endroit de certains fleuves (Casamance, Sine Saloum) ainsi que certaines rivières continentales, mares temporelles et autres plaines d’inondation Baisse générale du niveau des nappes phréatiques Baisse des précipitations de l’ordre de 5 à 20% sur l’ensemble de l’Afrique de l’Ouest Menaces sur la demande en eau douce Augmentation de la durée maximale des poches de sécheresse pouvant atteindre 25% en zone sahélienne Augmentation de l’intensité et des fréquences des sécheresses8 Accentuation du risque de sécheresse et du stress hydrique Forte augmentation des coefficients d’écoulement Baisse de la recharge des aquifères Gestion intégrée des ressources en eau (Maîtrise de la ressource : connaissances disponibilité, des flux, de la qualité, de la demande, des usages) Construction de bassins de rétention Dessalement de l’eau de mer Transfert d’eau Démultiplication des forages Gestion intégrée des ressources en eau (Maîtrise de la ressource : connaissances disponibilité, des flux, de la qualité, de la demande, des usages) Construction de bassins de rétention Dessalement de l’eau de mer Transfert d’eau Démultiplication des forages nal (GIEC, 201SECTEUR IMPACTS ET VULNERABILITE PAR SECTEURS MESURES D’ADAPTATION PRIORITAIRES Impacts actuels- Scénario 2°C Impacts futurs-scénario Impacts actuels- Scénario Impacts futurs-scénario 4°C Biodiversité Fragmentation des écosystèmes et pertes d’habitats Évolution régressive des superficies de forêts de certaines espèces Baisse de la productivité des services écosystémiques Régression de la végétation naturelle de l’écosystème des Niayes de l’ordre de 57% Régression de la superficie des forets galeries de l’ordre de 22% en Casamance et 50% au Sénégal oriental entre 1972 et Perte de certains écosystèmes et services écosystémiques connexes9 Perte et/ou risque d’extinction de certaines espèces Risque d’augmentation des feux de brousse Baisse de la productivité des services écosystémiques Développement d’espèces invasives Renforcement des bases de connaissance sur la diversité biologique en rapport avec les impacts des changements climatiques Renforcement de la résilience des écosystèmes Renforcement des bases de connaissance sur la diversité biologique en rapport avec les impacts des changements climatiques Renforcement de la résilience des écosystèmesSECTEUR IMPACTS ET VULNERABILITE PAR SECTEURS MESURES D’ADAPTATION PRIORITAIRES Impacts actuels- Scénario 2°C Impacts futurs-scénario 4°C Impacts actuels- Scénario 2°C Impacts futurs-scénario 4°C Santé Changements de la distribution géographique et de l’incidence des maladies à transmission vectorielle ; Augmentation des maladies transmissibles par voie aérienne, notamment les infections respiratoires aigües (IRA) ; Exacerbation de concentrations en substances allergogènes ; Augmentation des maladies liées à l’eau ; Apparition de gîtes larvaires vecteurs de maladies graves Changements de la distribution géographique et de l’incidence des maladies à transmission vectorielle Augmentation des maladies transmissibles par voie aérienne, notamment les infections respiratoires aigües (IRA) Augmentation des maladies liées à l’eau Renforcement de la surveillance épidémiologique intégrée ; Prévention et contrôle des maladies climato sensibles dans les zones sujettes aux risques climatiques Renforcement de la lutte anti vectorielle Renforcement de la surveillance épidémiologique intégrée ; Prévention et contrôle des maladies climato sensibles dans les zones sujettes aux risques climatiques Renforcement de la lutte anti vectorielleSECTEUR IMPACTS ET VULNERABILITE PAR SECTEURS MESURES D’ADAPTATION PRIORITAIRES Impacts actuels- Scénario 2°C Impacts futurs-scénario 4°C Impacts actuels- Scénario 2°C Impacts futurs-scénario 4°C Gestion des risques et catastrophes dus aux inondations Pertes en vies humaines, Destruction d’infrastructures (routes, ponts, habitations) ; Ralentissement activités économiques Apparition des maladies hydriques Augmentation de la fréquence et de l’intensité des pluies intenses au niveau de plusieurs régions10 y compris celles intertropicales Mise en œuvre du plan national d’Aménagement du territoire et des schémas directeurs Restructuration urbaine et relogement des zones prioritaires Renforcement des infrastructures d’assainissements et des systèmes de drainage des eaux pluviales dans les villes Mise en œuvre du plan national d’Aménagement du territoire et des schémas directeurs Restructuration urbaine et relogement des zones prioritaires Renforcement des infrastructures d’assainissements et des systèmes de drainage des eaux pluviales dans les villesd. Mécanisme de mise en œuvre de l’adaptation Le caractère dynamique de la vulnérabilité, souvent influencé par plusieurs facteurs (environnementaux, socio-économiques, politiques et institutionnels), rend complexe toute action d’adaptation au changement climatique.', 'Mécanisme de mise en œuvre de l’adaptation Le caractère dynamique de la vulnérabilité, souvent influencé par plusieurs facteurs (environnementaux, socio-économiques, politiques et institutionnels), rend complexe toute action d’adaptation au changement climatique. Les points ci-dessous constituent alors des enjeux majeurs que le Sénégal devra maîtriser : o La planification de l’adaptation au niveau national : les initiatives d’adaptation entreprises et mises en œuvre au niveau national apportent en général des réponses à des situations d’urgence.', 'Les points ci-dessous constituent alors des enjeux majeurs que le Sénégal devra maîtriser : o La planification de l’adaptation au niveau national : les initiatives d’adaptation entreprises et mises en œuvre au niveau national apportent en général des réponses à des situations d’urgence. Le Plan National d’Adaptation (PNA) en cours d’élaboration permettra d’intégrer une approche de planification dans le court, moyen et long terme dans les futures initiatives du Sénégal ; o La bonne maitrise du cadre réglementaire et des moyens de mise en œuvre des engagements : la bonne exécution des engagements nécessitera le renforcement des moyens techniques (système régulier de collecte de données quantitatives et qualitatives), technologiques (équipements appropriés) et humains (renforcement des connaissances et actualisation des curricula).', 'Le Plan National d’Adaptation (PNA) en cours d’élaboration permettra d’intégrer une approche de planification dans le court, moyen et long terme dans les futures initiatives du Sénégal ; o La bonne maitrise du cadre réglementaire et des moyens de mise en œuvre des engagements : la bonne exécution des engagements nécessitera le renforcement des moyens techniques (système régulier de collecte de données quantitatives et qualitatives), technologiques (équipements appropriés) et humains (renforcement des connaissances et actualisation des curricula). Il faudra également veiller à la mise en place des procédures législatives simplifiées et des codes sectoriels (code de la pêche, code de l’environnement, code forestier…) prenant en charge la dynamique climatique ; o La mise en place d’une approche multisectorielle : le changement climatique impacte de façon transversale les secteurs clés de l’économie nationale.', 'Il faudra également veiller à la mise en place des procédures législatives simplifiées et des codes sectoriels (code de la pêche, code de l’environnement, code forestier…) prenant en charge la dynamique climatique ; o La mise en place d’une approche multisectorielle : le changement climatique impacte de façon transversale les secteurs clés de l’économie nationale. Une résilience efficace face à cette problématique nécessite l’adoption d’une approche multisectorielle et intersectorielle permettant de renforcer la concertation entre les acteurs et faciliter la mise en place d’un cadre harmonisé des interventions futures ; o L’élaboration d’une stratégie de communication efficace : il est essentiel que les acteurs politiques soient sensibilisés aux effets du changement climatique, au même titre que les communautés impactées.', 'Une résilience efficace face à cette problématique nécessite l’adoption d’une approche multisectorielle et intersectorielle permettant de renforcer la concertation entre les acteurs et faciliter la mise en place d’un cadre harmonisé des interventions futures ; o L’élaboration d’une stratégie de communication efficace : il est essentiel que les acteurs politiques soient sensibilisés aux effets du changement climatique, au même titre que les communautés impactées. L’adoption d’une stratégie de communication orientée « citoyen » et « décideur » devient alors une nécessité, afin de mieux impliquer toutes les parties prenantes dans le processus entamé par le Sénégal ; o Évaluation du coût de l’adaptation : le changement climatique est un processus continu.', 'L’adoption d’une stratégie de communication orientée « citoyen » et « décideur » devient alors une nécessité, afin de mieux impliquer toutes les parties prenantes dans le processus entamé par le Sénégal ; o Évaluation du coût de l’adaptation : le changement climatique est un processus continu. Il est essentiel en plus de la définition de la manière dont l’adaptation sera menée, de savoir à quel coût pouvons-nous adapter face à un climat sans cesse changeant. Cette évaluation fait souvent défaut à cause du manque de données et de modélisation qui permettent de cerner correctement l’opportunité économique des mesures d’adaptation envisagées.IV.', 'Cette évaluation fait souvent défaut à cause du manque de données et de modélisation qui permettent de cerner correctement l’opportunité économique des mesures d’adaptation envisagées.IV. Système de suivi, rapportage et vérification de la CDN Sous la supervision de la Direction de l’Environnement et des Établissements Classés du Ministère de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable et avec l’appui du COMNACC, le suivi et l’évaluation de la CDN seront assurés par les services techniques sectoriels. Il s’agira, entre autres, de veiller au suivi de la mise en œuvre des activités prévues dans la présente contribution ainsi que des différents indicateurs de la CDN.', 'Il s’agira, entre autres, de veiller au suivi de la mise en œuvre des activités prévues dans la présente contribution ainsi que des différents indicateurs de la CDN. Un plan de renforcement de capacités à l’attention des secteurs concernés par la MNV sera établi dans la stratégie de mise en œuvre de la CDN avec les couts correspondants. V. Mise en œuvre financière de la CDN L’évaluation des besoins en financement des actions d’atténuation et d’adaptation aux effets du changement climatique prévus dans la présente CDN est basée sur les listes de programmes et projets identifiés (voir annexe 1 et 2). Il faut noter que la réalisation de la CDN est accompagnée de l’élaboration d’une stratégie opérationnelle d’exécution et de financement de la CDN.', 'Il faut noter que la réalisation de la CDN est accompagnée de l’élaboration d’une stratégie opérationnelle d’exécution et de financement de la CDN. Cette stratégie permettra d’asseoir les modalités techniques, sociales et financières adéquates favorables à la réalisation de la CDN dans les délais prévus. Les besoins en financement pour l’Atténuation des émissions de GES s’élèvent à environ 8,7 milliards de dollars US dont à 3,4 milliards dollars en inconditionnel et 5,3 milliards US en conditionnel.', 'Les besoins en financement pour l’Atténuation des émissions de GES s’élèvent à environ 8,7 milliards de dollars US dont à 3,4 milliards dollars en inconditionnel et 5,3 milliards US en conditionnel. (Voir tableau pour plus de détail) Tableau 17 : Besoins en Financement de la CDN par secteurs en dollars US Secteurs Couts inconditionnels Couts Conditionnels TotalLes besoins en financement pour l’Adaptation au changement climatique du Sénégal sur la période s’élèvent à environ 4,3 milliards US dont 1,4 milliards US d’inconditionnel et 2,9 milliards US de conditionnel (tableau 4).', '(Voir tableau pour plus de détail) Tableau 17 : Besoins en Financement de la CDN par secteurs en dollars US Secteurs Couts inconditionnels Couts Conditionnels TotalLes besoins en financement pour l’Adaptation au changement climatique du Sénégal sur la période s’élèvent à environ 4,3 milliards US dont 1,4 milliards US d’inconditionnel et 2,9 milliards US de conditionnel (tableau 4). Tableau 18 : besoins en financement pour l’adaptation au changement BESOINS EN FINANCEMENT (dollar US) En fin de compte, les besoins financiers de la CDN se chiffrent à 13 milliards US répartis comme suit : o Inconditionnel : 4,8 milliards dollars o Conditionnel : 8,2 milliards US. Remarque : Cette présente estimation ne couvre pas les aspects liés au renforcement de capacités.', 'Remarque : Cette présente estimation ne couvre pas les aspects liés au renforcement de capacités. Ces derniers sont estimés à 100 millions de dollars US durant la période 2020-2030. Cette évaluation des besoins en renforcement de capacités sera détaillée avec la stratégie de mise en œuvre de la CDN. 11 Ce montant n’intègre pas les couts liés (au renforcement des capacités, au système MRV et à l’analyse stratégique évalués à 12 Le cout des besoins en adaptation pour le secteur des inondations a été calculé en utilisant 1$ = 600 FCFAVI.', '11 Ce montant n’intègre pas les couts liés (au renforcement des capacités, au système MRV et à l’analyse stratégique évalués à 12 Le cout des besoins en adaptation pour le secteur des inondations a été calculé en utilisant 1$ = 600 FCFAVI. Impact macro-économique a. Articulation entre la CDN et le Plan d’Actions Prioritaires (PAP) du PSE 2 Dans le cadre de l’intégration du Changement Climatique dans les politiques publiques de développement, une simulation du niveau de prise en compte des options de la CDN au niveau du PAP-PSE 2 a été proposée. La simulation fait une analyse comparative entre le cout des actions de la CDN inconditionnelle sous ses volets adaptation/atténuation et celui des projets/programmes sobres en carbone et résilients au climat du PAP PSE2.', 'La simulation fait une analyse comparative entre le cout des actions de la CDN inconditionnelle sous ses volets adaptation/atténuation et celui des projets/programmes sobres en carbone et résilients au climat du PAP PSE2. L’analyse a abouti aux conclusions suivantes : o La mise en œuvre des projets « climat » du PAP PSE 2 va permettre le respect des engagements du Sénégal contenus dans la CDN inconditionnelle. Pour preuve, le cout global des projets climat du PAP-PSE2 est évalué à 3162 milliards FCFA, alors que celle de la CDN inconditionnelle est de 2734 milliards FCFA ; o Cette simulation sur la prise en compte du climat dans le PSE2 montre des avancées significatives dans le processus de verdissement de nos politiques publiques.', 'Pour preuve, le cout global des projets climat du PAP-PSE2 est évalué à 3162 milliards FCFA, alors que celle de la CDN inconditionnelle est de 2734 milliards FCFA ; o Cette simulation sur la prise en compte du climat dans le PSE2 montre des avancées significatives dans le processus de verdissement de nos politiques publiques. Il est important de poursuivre cette dynamique notée dans certains secteurs (énergie, inondation, industrie etc.) et d’améliorer la prise en compte d’autres (érosion côtière, élevage, santé etc.) dans le PSE2. b. Retombées socio- économiques des mesures prévues L’analyse des retombées des options prévues est faite à l’aide du modèle T21-iSDG-Sénégal qui est un outil de planification intégré à moyen et long terme.', 'b. Retombées socio- économiques des mesures prévues L’analyse des retombées des options prévues est faite à l’aide du modèle T21-iSDG-Sénégal qui est un outil de planification intégré à moyen et long terme. Par son approche systémique, il intègre les multiples variables économiques, sociales et environnementales dans un seul cadre cohérent. Un atout majeur du T21-iSDG-Sénégal est que l outil reproduit le réseau complexe des interdépendances causales et des nombreuses boucles de rétroaction importantes qui sont le moteur de la croissance et du développement. Pour ce faire, deux scénarios sont envisagés : le scénario de base (BAU) et le scénario PSE qui intègre parfaitement les options prévues dans la CDN (voir partie 4).', 'Pour ce faire, deux scénarios sont envisagés : le scénario de base (BAU) et le scénario PSE qui intègre parfaitement les options prévues dans la CDN (voir partie 4). La mise en œuvre des mesures d’adaptation et d’atténuation prévues par le Sénégal dans le cadre du PSE, dans sa phase 2, devrait générer des retombées socioéconomiques importantes dans plusieurs secteurs. Au plan macroéconomique, ces investissements devraient stimuler la croissance économique, créer des emplois et induire une diminution de la pauvreté. En termes de production, les simulations indiquent un taux de croissance annuel moyen du produit intérieur brut (PIB) de 9,1% sur la seconde phase du PSE (2019-2023) et 7,9% à l’horizon 2035.', 'En termes de production, les simulations indiquent un taux de croissance annuel moyen du produit intérieur brut (PIB) de 9,1% sur la seconde phase du PSE (2019-2023) et 7,9% à l’horizon 2035. Cette augmentation de la richesse s’accompagne également d’une amélioration du niveau de vie des sénégalais.', 'Cette augmentation de la richesse s’accompagne également d’une amélioration du niveau de vie des sénégalais. En lien avec les options prévues dans le PSE, l’incidence de la pauvreté devrait reculer de 9,4 point de pourcentage par rapport au scénario de référence en 2023 et 6,3 en 2035.Taux de croissance du PIB Proportion de la population vivant en dessous du seuil de pauvreté Source : Simulations à partir du modèle T21-iSDG-Sénégal Dans le secteur de l’agriculture et de la gestion des terres, les investissements prévus devraient améliorer le niveau de rendement des sols et augmenter la production. Ainsi, la production agricole devrait croitre au taux moyen 3,3% sur la période 2019-2035. Cette performance favoriserait la disponibilité de l’alimentation et contribuerait à une meilleure sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle.', 'Cette performance favoriserait la disponibilité de l’alimentation et contribuerait à une meilleure sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle. Ainsi, l’indice de qualité de la nutrition devrait augmenter de 27,5 % par rapport au scénario de référence, en 2035. Production agricole en valeur Qualité de la nutrition Source : Simulations à partir du modèle T21-iSDG-Sénégal BAU PSE BAU PSE Milliards BAU PSE BAU PSEDans le secteur de l’énergie et de la gestion des déchets, les options prévues dans la CDN devraient réduire les émissions de CO2 grâce à la promotion des énergies renouvelables dans le mix énergétique ainsi que la collecte et le traitement des déchets en milieu urbain. La part d’énergie propre devrait atteindre 40,7% de la production globale d’électricité en 2035, dans le scénario PSE contre 32,8% dans le statut quo.', 'La part d’énergie propre devrait atteindre 40,7% de la production globale d’électricité en 2035, dans le scénario PSE contre 32,8% dans le statut quo. Ces mesures permettront d’élargir l’accès à l’énergie aux populations et d’améliorer le bien-être des ménages. De plus, il est attendu une contribution significative à l’indépendance énergétique du pays. Par ailleurs, l’utilisation des formes d’énergie moderne dans les foyers et la gestion durable des déchets urbains permettront de limiter la pollution atmosphérique et par conséquent de réduire les effets néfastes sur la santé des populations.', 'Par ailleurs, l’utilisation des formes d’énergie moderne dans les foyers et la gestion durable des déchets urbains permettront de limiter la pollution atmosphérique et par conséquent de réduire les effets néfastes sur la santé des populations. Part des énergies renouvelable dans le mix Déchets urbains collectés et traités (en %) Source : Simulations à partir du modèle T21-iSDG-Sénégal Pour les secteurs liés à l’adaptation, les impacts attendus sont les suivants : Sols et Agriculture o Réduction de l’incidence de la pauvreté ; o Contribution à une meilleure sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle ; o Renforcement de la résilience ; o Création d’emplois ; o En 2035, augmentation des rendements agricoles moyens à 3,2 tonnes, pour le scénario tendanciel BAU vs. 4,2 tonnes pour le scénario de la politique volontariste en faveur des sols.', 'Part des énergies renouvelable dans le mix Déchets urbains collectés et traités (en %) Source : Simulations à partir du modèle T21-iSDG-Sénégal Pour les secteurs liés à l’adaptation, les impacts attendus sont les suivants : Sols et Agriculture o Réduction de l’incidence de la pauvreté ; o Contribution à une meilleure sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle ; o Renforcement de la résilience ; o Création d’emplois ; o En 2035, augmentation des rendements agricoles moyens à 3,2 tonnes, pour le scénario tendanciel BAU vs. 4,2 tonnes pour le scénario de la politique volontariste en faveur des sols. BAU PSE BAU PSEPêche : o Création d’une valeur ajoutée de 9 200 millions de dollars US dans le secteur, à l’horizon 2035 ; o Meilleure contribution économique et sociale du secteur, à travers une gestion durable de la pêche (maîtrise des crises et du climat).', 'BAU PSE BAU PSEPêche : o Création d’une valeur ajoutée de 9 200 millions de dollars US dans le secteur, à l’horizon 2035 ; o Meilleure contribution économique et sociale du secteur, à travers une gestion durable de la pêche (maîtrise des crises et du climat). Zones côtières : o Réduction des risques socio-économiques impactant négativement les performances économiques du secteur touristique des zones les plus dégradées ; o Lutte contre la diminution du rendement de la pêche et des coûts directs sur les infrastructures côtières.', 'Zones côtières : o Réduction des risques socio-économiques impactant négativement les performances économiques du secteur touristique des zones les plus dégradées ; o Lutte contre la diminution du rendement de la pêche et des coûts directs sur les infrastructures côtières. Ressources en eau : o Limitation de l’exode rural et de ses effets néfastes ; o Obtention d’une « eau productive » génératrice de valeur ajoutée dans les régions agricoles grâce aux ouvrages mis en place ; o Création des opportunités d’emplois dans les zones concernées par les travaux d’ouvrage ; o Rechargement des nappes phréatiques ; o Contribution à la lutte contre les problèmes de salinisation ; o Participation à la lutte contre les inondations ; o 9,08 millions de dollars US de bénéfices de l’adaptation au risque de submersion marine à Saint-Louis ; o Réduction du coût actualisé net (CAN) liés à l’érosion côtière, estimé par la Banque Mondiale à 688 millions de dollars US.', 'Ressources en eau : o Limitation de l’exode rural et de ses effets néfastes ; o Obtention d’une « eau productive » génératrice de valeur ajoutée dans les régions agricoles grâce aux ouvrages mis en place ; o Création des opportunités d’emplois dans les zones concernées par les travaux d’ouvrage ; o Rechargement des nappes phréatiques ; o Contribution à la lutte contre les problèmes de salinisation ; o Participation à la lutte contre les inondations ; o 9,08 millions de dollars US de bénéfices de l’adaptation au risque de submersion marine à Saint-Louis ; o Réduction du coût actualisé net (CAN) liés à l’érosion côtière, estimé par la Banque Mondiale à 688 millions de dollars US. Santé o Réduction des coûts de détérioration de l’état de santé des populations estimés à 2 400 millions de dollars US, à l’horizon 2035.', 'Santé o Réduction des coûts de détérioration de l’état de santé des populations estimés à 2 400 millions de dollars US, à l’horizon 2035. Inondation o Les bénéfices socio-économiques attendus de la prévention des inondations correspondent aux pertes et dégâts évités ; o Réduction du risque lié à la prolifération des maladies hydriques (diarrhée, dysenterie), du paludisme et des maladies cutanées ; o Réduction du risque de déperdition scolaire due à l’occupation des écoles par les sinistrés ou à l’impossibilité de se rendre dans les salles de classe, lors de la saison des pluiesConclusion La contribution énoncée par le Sénégal traduit la forte volonté du gouvernement à atténuer les émissions des GES dans tous les secteurs de l’économie.', 'Inondation o Les bénéfices socio-économiques attendus de la prévention des inondations correspondent aux pertes et dégâts évités ; o Réduction du risque lié à la prolifération des maladies hydriques (diarrhée, dysenterie), du paludisme et des maladies cutanées ; o Réduction du risque de déperdition scolaire due à l’occupation des écoles par les sinistrés ou à l’impossibilité de se rendre dans les salles de classe, lors de la saison des pluiesConclusion La contribution énoncée par le Sénégal traduit la forte volonté du gouvernement à atténuer les émissions des GES dans tous les secteurs de l’économie. Ces réductions sont plus importantes dans les secteurs de l’énergie et l’agriculture qui, aujourd’hui, contribuent le plus aux émissions de CO2 enregistrées au niveau national.', 'Ces réductions sont plus importantes dans les secteurs de l’énergie et l’agriculture qui, aujourd’hui, contribuent le plus aux émissions de CO2 enregistrées au niveau national. Elle énonce également plusieurs mesures d’adaptations spécifiques, compte tenu de l’impact du changement climatique sur des axes clés de l’économie sénégalaise. Cet effort sans précédent constitue une condition de réussite du Plan Sénégal Émergent (PSE), d’où la forte implication des décideurs politiques sénégalais sur la définition et le suivi de cette contribution. Le succès dépendra aussi de la volonté de l’ensemble des pays engagés dans la lutte contre le changement climatique à travailler dans une approche concertée et de mise en commun des moyens.']

fr-FR

SRB

Serbia

1st NDC

2017-07-25 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Republic_of_Serbia.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Europe

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/1ce638e6954e0a23fa28f1c4da1157c8423dfa2f136cb4d8fcaea14a0206199c.pdf

[]

az-AZ

SRB

Serbia

Updated NDC

2022-08-24 00:00:00

uploaded

x

NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-08/NDC%20Final_Serbia%20english.pdf

Non-Annex I

Middle-income

Europe

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/ac1a30163b3ca383ab9df7878a060dbe05be35f660a448ed24bd743532d91831.pdf

['Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) of the Republic of Serbia for the 2021–2030 period Background The Republic of Serbia has been Party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) since 2001 and to the Paris Agreement since 2017. In 2015, the Government of the Republic of Serbia submitted its Intended National Determined Contributions (INDCs), defining a 9.8% greenhouse gas emissions reduction by 2030 compared to base year emissions (1990). The first NDC also refers to losses and damages associated with extreme weather events and indicates the need to adapt to climate change.', 'The first NDC also refers to losses and damages associated with extreme weather events and indicates the need to adapt to climate change. The Republic of Serbia hereby communicates its updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), in accordance with the Articles 3 and 4 of the Paris Agreement and paragraphs 22 and 24 of Decision 1 CP/21: Increasing its ambition to the GHG emission reduction by 13.2% compared to 2010 level (i.e. 33,3% compared to 1990) by 2030, and Taking into account that in the period 2015-2020 period, Serbia suffered damages estimated at EUR 1.8 billion, additional to EUR 5 billion in the period 2000-2015, caused by climate change and extreme weather events.', '33,3% compared to 1990) by 2030, and Taking into account that in the period 2015-2020 period, Serbia suffered damages estimated at EUR 1.8 billion, additional to EUR 5 billion in the period 2000-2015, caused by climate change and extreme weather events. The Republic of Serbia has signed the Stabilisation and Association Agreement with the European Union in 2012. This Agreement entered into force in September 2013. Thus, the country has committed to aligning its legislation on climate change to the EU acquis that will significantly contribute to the greenhouse gas emission reduction. Serbia is a landlocked country.', 'Thus, the country has committed to aligning its legislation on climate change to the EU acquis that will significantly contribute to the greenhouse gas emission reduction. Serbia is a landlocked country. Energy is one of the largest sectors of the Serbian economy, and the most of the electricity is produced in thermoelectric power plants (about 70%) using domestic low-calorific lignite, while the rest comes mainly from hydropower. Electricity consumption is very high, mostly due to the use of electricity for heating and a very low level of energy efficiency. The mean annual temperature increased in the period 2008-2017 relative to the 1961-1990 reference period by 1.5°C, while in the western and eastern parts of the country, the increase exceeded 2°C.', 'The mean annual temperature increased in the period 2008-2017 relative to the 1961-1990 reference period by 1.5°C, while in the western and eastern parts of the country, the increase exceeded 2°C. Such trend will continue up to 2- 4.3°C until the end of the century. The annual precipitation increased by 10%, and in the southern part of the country up to 20% relative to the reference period15 The change in the mean annual precipitation will not be as pronounced as in the case of temperature change, but will be characterized by interannual precipitation redistribution, while during the summer season, the deficit of rainfall will be strongest.', 'The annual precipitation increased by 10%, and in the southern part of the country up to 20% relative to the reference period15 The change in the mean annual precipitation will not be as pronounced as in the case of temperature change, but will be characterized by interannual precipitation redistribution, while during the summer season, the deficit of rainfall will be strongest. The vulnerability of water resources, agriculture, forestry, including biodiversity and health has already been confirmed, while experience in the last few decades shows negative effects of climate change to energy, infrastructure, transport and Serbian economy in a whole.', 'The vulnerability of water resources, agriculture, forestry, including biodiversity and health has already been confirmed, while experience in the last few decades shows negative effects of climate change to energy, infrastructure, transport and Serbian economy in a whole. In addition, COVID-19 pandemic impacts social aspects of Serbian society, implying job loss for 34,700 women and a net increase of 1,500 more jobs for men in the second quarter of 2020.1. Further detailed information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding (ICTU) of the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) can be found at: www.klimatskepromene.rs. 1 COVID-19: Socio-Economic Response Plan for Serbia, plan.html; COVID-19 Socio-Economic Impact Assessment | UNDP in SerbiaFollowing the decisions 1/CP.21, 4/CMA.1, 9/CMA.1, 18/CMA.1, the following NDC-related quantifiable information is hereby submitted: 1.', '1 COVID-19: Socio-Economic Response Plan for Serbia, plan.html; COVID-19 Socio-Economic Impact Assessment | UNDP in SerbiaFollowing the decisions 1/CP.21, 4/CMA.1, 9/CMA.1, 18/CMA.1, the following NDC-related quantifiable information is hereby submitted: 1. Quantifiable information on the reference periods (including, as appropriate, the base year) (a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) and other starting point(s) Base year: 2010 During the revision of the first NDC, the calculation of the greenhouse gas inventory and quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) processes identified the 2010 as the base year. In order to make comparisons with the first and the second NDC and changes in the greenhouse gases (hereinafter: GHG), the GHG emission is expressed compared to 1990.', 'In order to make comparisons with the first and the second NDC and changes in the greenhouse gases (hereinafter: GHG), the GHG emission is expressed compared to 1990. Projections reference year: 2015 (b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year; Further quantifiable information on the reference indicators are available in the National GHG Inventories (c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties shall provide other relevant information; Not applicable (d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example, as percentage or amount of reduction; (A) economy-wide target - reduction of GHG emissions by 2030: - 13.2 % compared to 2010 - 33.3% compared to 1990 (e) Information on data sources used in quantifying the reference point(s) National GHG inventories for the 1990 – 2015 period Prepared by the Serbian Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) and presented in the Second Biennial update report under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators.', 'Projections reference year: 2015 (b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year; Further quantifiable information on the reference indicators are available in the National GHG Inventories (c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties shall provide other relevant information; Not applicable (d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example, as percentage or amount of reduction; (A) economy-wide target - reduction of GHG emissions by 2030: - 13.2 % compared to 2010 - 33.3% compared to 1990 (e) Information on data sources used in quantifying the reference point(s) National GHG inventories for the 1990 – 2015 period Prepared by the Serbian Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) and presented in the Second Biennial update report under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators. The National GHG emissions in the base year and the reference year may be updated and recalculated due to the methodological changes and more precise calculations.', 'The National GHG emissions in the base year and the reference year may be updated and recalculated due to the methodological changes and more precise calculations. In addition, changes in GDP and other macro-economic parameters, such as those recognized in COVID-19 Socio-Economic Response1. Quantifiable information on the reference periods (including, as appropriate, the base year) Plan for Serbia2 may lead to an update of the values of the reference indicators. Information on recalculations will be provided in the relevant chapters of the Biennial Update Report (BUR) and the Biennial Transparency Report (BTR) under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. 2.', 'Information on recalculations will be provided in the relevant chapters of the Biennial Update Report (BUR) and the Biennial Transparency Report (BTR) under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. 2. Time frames and/or implementation periods (a) Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA) The time-frame for implementation is from 1 January 2021 to 31 December 2030. (b) Whether it is a single-year or multi- year target, as applicable. Single-year target established for 2030 3. Scope and coverage (a) General description of the target; The contribution determined for 2030 is an economy-wide GHG reduction target, expressed as relative reduction by 2030 compared to 2010.', 'Scope and coverage (a) General description of the target; The contribution determined for 2030 is an economy-wide GHG reduction target, expressed as relative reduction by 2030 compared to 2010. (b) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines; Energy, Industrial processes and product use (IPPU), Agriculture, Waste Gases covered: all greenhouse gases (GHG) not controlled by the Montreal Protocol – carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), sulphur hexafluorides (SF6) and nitrogen trifluorides (NF3). Carbon pools: not applicable plan.html3.', '(b) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines; Energy, Industrial processes and product use (IPPU), Agriculture, Waste Gases covered: all greenhouse gases (GHG) not controlled by the Montreal Protocol – carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), sulphur hexafluorides (SF6) and nitrogen trifluorides (NF3). Carbon pools: not applicable plan.html3. Scope and coverage (c) How the Party has taken into consideration paragraph 31(c) and (d) of Decision 1/CP.21; Applied IPCC Guidelines: The national GHG inventory (GHG emissions by sources and removals by sinks) is prepared in accordance with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and the 2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories - Wetlands (IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement).', 'Scope and coverage (c) How the Party has taken into consideration paragraph 31(c) and (d) of Decision 1/CP.21; Applied IPCC Guidelines: The national GHG inventory (GHG emissions by sources and removals by sinks) is prepared in accordance with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and the 2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories - Wetlands (IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement). The Republic of Serbia takes note of future application of the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories3. There are several activities which cannot be estimated due to lack of data: • Use of fluorinated gases as foam blowing agents, in fire protection equipment and electrical equipment; • Liming activities; • Open burning.', 'There are several activities which cannot be estimated due to lack of data: • Use of fluorinated gases as foam blowing agents, in fire protection equipment and electrical equipment; • Liming activities; • Open burning. (d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans.', '(d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans. The implementation of the adaptation measures proposed in the Draft Third National Communication to the UNFCCC and Adaptation Planning Framework will contribute to the achievement of the full mitigation potential in the sectors of agriculture, forestry and water as analysed in the new report on nature-based solutions4: Agriculture – food production • New irrigation systems construction and efficient use of existing ones • Multipurpose small accumulation lakes, ponds and reservoirs for water supply, irrigation, erosion control, ecosystem services Adaptation of the technologies of agricultural plant and animal production (selection of species and agro-technical measures, increasing the quality of soil and rational use of fertilizers, adaptation of crop rotation, adaptation of zootechnical conditions in animal husbandry facilities).', 'The implementation of the adaptation measures proposed in the Draft Third National Communication to the UNFCCC and Adaptation Planning Framework will contribute to the achievement of the full mitigation potential in the sectors of agriculture, forestry and water as analysed in the new report on nature-based solutions4: Agriculture – food production • New irrigation systems construction and efficient use of existing ones • Multipurpose small accumulation lakes, ponds and reservoirs for water supply, irrigation, erosion control, ecosystem services Adaptation of the technologies of agricultural plant and animal production (selection of species and agro-technical measures, increasing the quality of soil and rational use of fertilizers, adaptation of crop rotation, adaptation of zootechnical conditions in animal husbandry facilities). Appropriate selection of species might reduce water and nutrient supply, therefore, reducing GHG emissions.', 'Appropriate selection of species might reduce water and nutrient supply, therefore, reducing GHG emissions. Increased agricultural biomass production can partly be used (crop residues, waste) for renewable energy production, replacing the use of fossil fuels5. Nutrient management’s mitigation potential was assessed to 1.09 Mt CO2 equ./yr. Optimal grazing management and grazing legumes in pastures have the potential to reduce GHG emissions by 0.27 Mt CO2 equ./yr. Forestry – bioenergy • Afforestation of new land using site mapping and climate change adapted tree species, 4 UNDP (2020): Nature-based solutions for climate change mitigation and adaptation. 5 Strategy of Agriculture and Rural Development for the period 2014-20243.', '5 Strategy of Agriculture and Rural Development for the period 2014-20243. Scope and coverage • Reforestation, • Implementation of an improved forest management close-to-nature forest management, introduction of a "climate smart forestry" approach • Forest fire management and • Integrated disease and pest management result in mitigation co-benefits by supporting the replacement of fossil fuels and construction materials by biomass. The mitigation potential of afforestation has been assessed at 25.9 Mt CO2 equ/yr. The effect of Sustainable Forest Management and Close to Nature Management is estimated at 1.008 Mt CO2 eq by the year 2030, from all three aspects (close to nature forest management, conversion of coppice forest and regeneration of over mature stands – mainly beech).', 'The effect of Sustainable Forest Management and Close to Nature Management is estimated at 1.008 Mt CO2 eq by the year 2030, from all three aspects (close to nature forest management, conversion of coppice forest and regeneration of over mature stands – mainly beech). Hydrology and Water Resources– hydro-electric production • Construction of flooding/torrential barriers and additional measures in the basin • Improvement of the system for observation, data collection and early warning systems for extreme climate and hydrological events and development of mathematical models for optimal management of hydro power plants (HPPs) • Increase in water storage capacity Water availability is an important factor for the production of renewable energy (hydro power) and the production of biomass for the production of energy and construction materials.', 'Hydrology and Water Resources– hydro-electric production • Construction of flooding/torrential barriers and additional measures in the basin • Improvement of the system for observation, data collection and early warning systems for extreme climate and hydrological events and development of mathematical models for optimal management of hydro power plants (HPPs) • Increase in water storage capacity Water availability is an important factor for the production of renewable energy (hydro power) and the production of biomass for the production of energy and construction materials. Mitigation co-benefits resulting from adaptation actions will be further elaborated in the National Adaptation Programme (NAP) that is under development and might increase the co-benefits mentioned above.4.', 'Mitigation co-benefits resulting from adaptation actions will be further elaborated in the National Adaptation Programme (NAP) that is under development and might increase the co-benefits mentioned above.4. Planning processes (a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contributions and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: The GHG emission reduction target presented in this NDC is determined based on the Draft Low Carbon Development Strategy (LCDS), while its achievement is defined by an accompanying Action Plan. The planning and information relevant to the NDC are presented in Second BUR (BUR2). During the process of preparation of relevant documents, working groups were formed and numerous consultations, round tables with active participation of representative of government institutions, public and private companies, NGOs and scientific and research institutions were held.', 'During the process of preparation of relevant documents, working groups were formed and numerous consultations, round tables with active participation of representative of government institutions, public and private companies, NGOs and scientific and research institutions were held. The NDC planning and revision took into account obligations resulting from the EU accession process as well as national circumstances and capacities. Following the international and certain provisions of the EU legislation, involvement of the broad range of stakeholders was ensured through public consultation process, working groups responsible for preparation of the NDC, as well as on-line surveys and questionnaires. (i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner; The Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP) has responsibility for matters related to climate change on national and international level.', '(i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner; The Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP) has responsibility for matters related to climate change on national and international level. The Law on Climate Change (LCC) adopted in March 2021, defines roles and responsibilities of other ministries, agencies and organizations. Gender equality strategy for the 2021 to 2030 period, which in point 5.1.1.5. envisages the mainstreaming of the gender perspective in the field of environmental protection, circular and green economy and information technologies/digital economy. (ii) Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: (a) National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication Information provided in BUR2.', '(ii) Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: (a) National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication Information provided in BUR2. (b) Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contributions Establishment of the WG for development of NDC that included representatives of different stakeholders and responsible institutions ensured easier collection of data and information. In addition, the Law on Climate Change re-established the National Committee on Climate Change as a government advisory body, with the first session with newly appointed members held in September 2021. Since 2018, the Coordination Body for Gender Equality has representatives in working groups of the inter-ministerial projects4. Planning processes supporting improvement of reporting to the UNFCCC in a context of gender equality.', 'Planning processes supporting improvement of reporting to the UNFCCC in a context of gender equality. The economic, environmental and social impacts of the Mitigation Actions were considered in the NDC preparation process. The NDC preparation process was not possible without international financial and technical support that contributed to improvement of the national capacities. However, there is still a need for financial and capacity building and raising awareness to ensure the NDC implementation and revision. (c) Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement Serbia suffered damages caused by climate change and extreme weather events (in the period 2000-2015 minimum EUR 1.8 billion, additional to EUR 5 billion in the 2015-2020 period).', '(c) Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement Serbia suffered damages caused by climate change and extreme weather events (in the period 2000-2015 minimum EUR 1.8 billion, additional to EUR 5 billion in the 2015-2020 period). With significant contribution of the agricultural production to total gross domestic product, the overall national economy of the Republic of Serbia is sensitive to all factors that affect agriculture. Impacts of climate change on crop production and livestock production have impact on food storage and food processing sectors in Serbia. The effects and impacts of climate change on the water sector will be reflected in shortage of water, more periods of intense drought and areas affected by droughts and an increased duration of low-flow conditions in rivers and resulting low-level water quality.', 'The effects and impacts of climate change on the water sector will be reflected in shortage of water, more periods of intense drought and areas affected by droughts and an increased duration of low-flow conditions in rivers and resulting low-level water quality. (b) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2 of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and accept the terms of the Agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; N/A4.', '(b) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2 of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and accept the terms of the Agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; N/A4. Planning processes (c) How the Party’s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement Support for the preparation for the global stocktake was delivered under the “Introduction of Transparency Framework under the Paris Agreement” project which lays groundwork for compliance with Article 13 of the Paris Agreement.', 'Planning processes (c) How the Party’s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement Support for the preparation for the global stocktake was delivered under the “Introduction of Transparency Framework under the Paris Agreement” project which lays groundwork for compliance with Article 13 of the Paris Agreement. (d) Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: (i) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the Nationally Determined Contribution The economic, environmental and social impacts of the Mitigation Actions were considered during preparation of the NDC, and particularly during preparation of the Low Carbon Development Strategy.', '(d) Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: (i) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the Nationally Determined Contribution The economic, environmental and social impacts of the Mitigation Actions were considered during preparation of the NDC, and particularly during preparation of the Low Carbon Development Strategy. The identification of the most appropriate pathway for reduction of GHG emissions was subject to costs, as well as social, economic and environmental impacts.', 'The identification of the most appropriate pathway for reduction of GHG emissions was subject to costs, as well as social, economic and environmental impacts. In order to define equitable and economically efficient GHG emission reduction pathway, impacts of Mitigation Actions on gross domestic product (GDP) growth, employment and share of energy costs in households for different mitigation scenarios were considered. The emission reduction target for 2030 was defined according to the GHG emission reduction potential, as well as its impact on social, economic and environmental parameters.', 'The emission reduction target for 2030 was defined according to the GHG emission reduction potential, as well as its impact on social, economic and environmental parameters. (ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co- benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; Public policy documents prescribed by the Law on Climate Change will more closely define measures and activities that will contribute to co- benefits in the context of climate change mitigation in the key sectors.4. Planning processes and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. 5.', 'Planning processes and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. 5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals (a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; The information is available in the 2BUR and in case of changes, updated information will be presented within the Biennial Transparency Report.', 'Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals (a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; The information is available in the 2BUR and in case of changes, updated information will be presented within the Biennial Transparency Report. (b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the Nationally Determined Contribution; In accordance with the Law on Climate Change, authorities and organisations responsible for implementation of climate change measures and policies are due to conduct assessment of the impacts of its policies and measures on the GHG emission level and submit reports to the Ministry for Environmental Protection.', '(b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the Nationally Determined Contribution; In accordance with the Law on Climate Change, authorities and organisations responsible for implementation of climate change measures and policies are due to conduct assessment of the impacts of its policies and measures on the GHG emission level and submit reports to the Ministry for Environmental Protection. Implementation of the measure will be monitored according to the National GHG Inventory and a range of performance indicators. At the same time, the national system for monitoring, reporting and verification in accordance with requirements of Article 13 of the Paris Agreement will contribute to better monitoring of the NDC.', 'At the same time, the national system for monitoring, reporting and verification in accordance with requirements of Article 13 of the Paris Agreement will contribute to better monitoring of the NDC. (c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; See answer under 5 (d). (d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; The current GHG inventories are compliant with Decision 24/CP.19, including the 2013 Amendment to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines of the Kyoto Protocol for the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, and the IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement.5.', '(d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; The current GHG inventories are compliant with Decision 24/CP.19, including the 2013 Amendment to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines of the Kyoto Protocol for the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, and the IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement.5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals The metrics used is the Global Warming Potentials (GWP) of a 100- year time horizon published in the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). These methodologies are subject to change depending on the progress of future international negotiations on estimating and accounting rules.', 'These methodologies are subject to change depending on the progress of future international negotiations on estimating and accounting rules. (e) Sector-, category- or activity- specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: (i) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent GHG removals due to natural disturbances on managed lands; The approach to addressing emissions and subsequent GHG removals due to natural disturbances on managed lands presented in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, Volume 4, Chapter 2: Generic Methodologies Applicable to Multiple Land-Use Categories. (ii) Approach used to account for emissions and GHG removals from harvested wood products; The approach used to account for GHG emissions and removals from harvested wood products presented in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, Volume 4, Chapter 12, Harvested Wood Products.', '(ii) Approach used to account for emissions and GHG removals from harvested wood products; The approach used to account for GHG emissions and removals from harvested wood products presented in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, Volume 4, Chapter 12, Harvested Wood Products. (iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; Not applicable (f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the Nationally Determined Contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: (i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources The reference indicators, baseline(s) and reference level are used based on the National GHG Inventory and baseline scenarios taking into account policies and measures adopted by the end of 2015. The information are available in the 2BUR.5.', 'The information are available in the 2BUR.5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals and models used; (ii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non- greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; Not applicable (iii) For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated; Not applicable (iv) Further technical information, as required; Not applicable (g) The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable. Not applicable6.', 'Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals and models used; (ii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non- greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; Not applicable (iii) For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated; Not applicable (iv) Further technical information, as required; Not applicable (g) The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable. Not applicable6. How the Party considers whether its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances: (a) How the Party considers whether its Nationally Determined Contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; Under the UNFCCC, Serbia is a developing country Party, the energy production of which relies on domestic lignite, with an increase in the ambition of more than three times compared to the first NDC.', 'How the Party considers whether its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances: (a) How the Party considers whether its Nationally Determined Contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; Under the UNFCCC, Serbia is a developing country Party, the energy production of which relies on domestic lignite, with an increase in the ambition of more than three times compared to the first NDC. The NDC of the Republic of Serbia is a part of the long-term GHG emission reduction vision by 2050 as required by the Paris Agreement long-term goals.', 'The NDC of the Republic of Serbia is a part of the long-term GHG emission reduction vision by 2050 as required by the Paris Agreement long-term goals. With the baseline analyses for the Just Transition Roadmap for Serbia defined and in compliance with modalities of the global stocktake, the reduction commitments of the updated NDC of the Republic of Serbia will be considered. Serbia suffered damages of minimum EUR 1.8 billion in just five-years (2015-2020).', 'Serbia suffered damages of minimum EUR 1.8 billion in just five-years (2015-2020). Moreover, Serbia’s potential GDP decrease in case of the global mean temperature increase, relative to the projected GDP without warming is as follows:6 GDP decrease (billion USD and%) Temperature increase (b) Fairness considerations The economic, environmental and social impacts of the Mitigation Actions were considered during the preparation of the NDC, and particularly during preparation of the Low Carbon Development Strategy. The identification of the most appropriate pathway for reduction of GHG emissions was subject to costs, as well as social, economic and environmental impacts. In order to define a socially equitable and economically efficient GHG emission reduction pathway, impacts of Mitigation Actions on gross domestic product (GDP) on employment and share of energy costs in households for different mitigation scenarios were considered.', 'In order to define a socially equitable and economically efficient GHG emission reduction pathway, impacts of Mitigation Actions on gross domestic product (GDP) on employment and share of energy costs in households for different mitigation scenarios were considered. Emission reduction target for 2030 was defined according to GHG emission reduction potential, as well as its impact on social, economic and environmental parameters. (c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; The presented contribution represents a clear progression beyond the first NDC and reflects the highest possible ambition under consideration of the national circumstances.', '(c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; The presented contribution represents a clear progression beyond the first NDC and reflects the highest possible ambition under consideration of the national circumstances. 6 Study on socio-economic aspects of climate change in the Republic of Serbia, Republic-of-Serbia_UNDP.pdf(d) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; Serbia is a developing Party and has hereby enhanced its NDC, which represents an economy-wide reduction target. (e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement. Not applicable 7.', '(e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement. Not applicable 7. How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2: (a) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article Although the Republic of Serbia is a non-Annex I Party to the UNFCCC vulnerable to climate change, significant increase of ambition in the updated NDC contributes to the achievement of the objective of the Convention, namely stabilization of GHG concentration in the atmosphere. (b) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement. See answer under 7(a).', '(b) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement. See answer under 7(a). In particular, it should be noted that Serbia is ready for additional/ conditional ambition with financial, technical and capacity building assistance.']

en-US

SYC

Seychelles

1st NDC

2016-04-29 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/INDC%20of%20Seychelles.pdf

Non-Annex I

High-income

Africa

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/c3f2bff8db2849501c35f5bd3fb351148f7e8cec5c3cfa409feb67243906cc5e.pdf

['Republic of Seychelles Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Under The United Nations Framework Convention On Climate Change (UNFCCC) 1. The Republic of Seychelles is committed to the successful conclusion of negotiations under the Ad- Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (ADP) in order to adopt, at COP21, a new legally-binding agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) applicable to all Parties, which will come into effect and be implemented from 2020. 2. In accordance with decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20, the Republic of Seychelles hereby communicates its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) towards achieving the objective of the UNFCCC as set out in its Article 2, as well as accompanying information to facilitate clarity, transparency, and understanding of its INDC.', 'In accordance with decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20, the Republic of Seychelles hereby communicates its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) towards achieving the objective of the UNFCCC as set out in its Article 2, as well as accompanying information to facilitate clarity, transparency, and understanding of its INDC. The information is provided in tabular form that is accompanied by supporting documentation. 3. As a Small Island Developing State (SIDS), the republic of Seychelles is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and climate variability, and it gives priority concern for adaptation to climate change as communicated in this INDC.', 'As a Small Island Developing State (SIDS), the republic of Seychelles is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and climate variability, and it gives priority concern for adaptation to climate change as communicated in this INDC. Given that the Republic of Seychelles is a net sink, its contributions to climate change mitigation to contribute towards the objectives of the UNFCCC will be the co- benefit of enhancing its energy security and reducing its energy bill. 2.', 'Given that the Republic of Seychelles is a net sink, its contributions to climate change mitigation to contribute towards the objectives of the UNFCCC will be the co- benefit of enhancing its energy security and reducing its energy bill. 2. Mitigation contribution The Republic of Seychelles will reduce its economy-wide absolute GHG (29.0%) relative to baseline emissions.Time frame and /or period for implementation Start year: 2020 Mid-term year: 2025 End year: 2030End Type of commitment Absolute economy-wide emission reductions covering public electricity, land transport and solid waste management (LULUCF is excluded) Estimated quantified emission reductions in 2030 relative to baseline emissions Financial requirements The cost of achieving the reduction objective (2030) has been estimated to be at least USD 309 million.', 'Mitigation contribution The Republic of Seychelles will reduce its economy-wide absolute GHG (29.0%) relative to baseline emissions.Time frame and /or period for implementation Start year: 2020 Mid-term year: 2025 End year: 2030End Type of commitment Absolute economy-wide emission reductions covering public electricity, land transport and solid waste management (LULUCF is excluded) Estimated quantified emission reductions in 2030 relative to baseline emissions Financial requirements The cost of achieving the reduction objective (2030) has been estimated to be at least USD 309 million. Including the cost of energy efficiency measures such as building codes, standards and labels, and energy audits will increase the total cost of implementation, which is expected to be met partly through domestic funding and conditional on international climate financing including through the Green Climate Fund among others.', 'Including the cost of energy efficiency measures such as building codes, standards and labels, and energy audits will increase the total cost of implementation, which is expected to be met partly through domestic funding and conditional on international climate financing including through the Green Climate Fund among others. Type of reference Emissions reduction relative to Business-As-Usual baselines Coverage % national emissions Sector Energy Public electricity (generation and demand side management) Land transport Waste Solid waste management [sectors not listed do not contribute significantly to emissions; opportunities for emission reductions in LULUCF are limited] Baseline description Business As Usual scenario of emission projections based on economic growth in the absence of climate change policies, starting from 2010 in the case of public electricity and land transport sub-sectors (to which non-GHG outcomes have been applied), and 2012 for emission from solid waste management (to which a project-based approach is used).', 'Type of reference Emissions reduction relative to Business-As-Usual baselines Coverage % national emissions Sector Energy Public electricity (generation and demand side management) Land transport Waste Solid waste management [sectors not listed do not contribute significantly to emissions; opportunities for emission reductions in LULUCF are limited] Baseline description Business As Usual scenario of emission projections based on economic growth in the absence of climate change policies, starting from 2010 in the case of public electricity and land transport sub-sectors (to which non-GHG outcomes have been applied), and 2012 for emission from solid waste management (to which a project-based approach is used). [emissions from other gases are insignificant] Geographical boundaries Republic of SeychellesIntention to use market-based mechanisms to meet target No Land sector accounting approach Not Applicable Metric applied GWP of CH4 Methodological approaches Consistent with methodologies used in the Second National Communication 2011 (1996 IPCC Guidelines); Used combined margin grid emission factor (2014) to calculate emission reductions from public electricity sub-sector Planning process Planning processes for preparation of the INDC: The INDC was developed using a multi-stakeholder consultative process by engaging relevant stakeholders in and outside government.', '[emissions from other gases are insignificant] Geographical boundaries Republic of SeychellesIntention to use market-based mechanisms to meet target No Land sector accounting approach Not Applicable Metric applied GWP of CH4 Methodological approaches Consistent with methodologies used in the Second National Communication 2011 (1996 IPCC Guidelines); Used combined margin grid emission factor (2014) to calculate emission reductions from public electricity sub-sector Planning process Planning processes for preparation of the INDC: The INDC was developed using a multi-stakeholder consultative process by engaging relevant stakeholders in and outside government. The INDC process involved several bilateral meetings and two rounds of national consultations, and it has highlighted synergies with other UNFCCC-related processes, including the Third National Communication (TNC), Biennial Update Reports (BURs), National Adaptation Planning (NAP), and Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs), and technology Needs Assessment (TNA).', 'The INDC process involved several bilateral meetings and two rounds of national consultations, and it has highlighted synergies with other UNFCCC-related processes, including the Third National Communication (TNC), Biennial Update Reports (BURs), National Adaptation Planning (NAP), and Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs), and technology Needs Assessment (TNA). The INDC process was coordinated by the Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC), Ministry of Environment and Energy and Climate Change.', 'The INDC process was coordinated by the Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC), Ministry of Environment and Energy and Climate Change. The Cabinet of Ministers has been apprised of the validated INDC and they endorsed the INDC on 23rd September 2015, Planning processes for implementation and monitoring of the INDC: The overall implementation, and monitoring and evaluation of the INDC will be carried out by the Department Energy and Climate Change (DECC) of the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change, under the Chair of the National Focal Point for Climate Change who is also the Head of the DECC. Fair and ambitious The emissions of Seychelles are less than 0.003% of global emissions.', 'Fair and ambitious The emissions of Seychelles are less than 0.003% of global emissions. Further, Seychelles are currently a net sink and under the Business-As-Usual scenario it is expected to become a net emitter between 2024 and 2025. In this context, the contribution of Seychelles is considered fair and ambitious. With our contribution, Seychelles will remain a net sink in 2030. The fairness of our contribution also relates to the fact that as a SIDS, adaptation is a higher priority for Seychelles.3. Adaptation Contribution 4. The Government of Seychelles considers adaptation to climate change as a high priority to reduce the country’s vulnerability. The cost of achieving the implementing the adaptation contributions (2030) has been estimated to be at least USD 295 million. 3.1 Climate Change Trends, Impacts and Vulnerabilities 5.', '3.1 Climate Change Trends, Impacts and Vulnerabilities 5. Seychelles is about to embark on its Third National Communication to the UNFCCC, which will eventually produce updated findings with respect to climate change trends and projected impacts. For now, existing data from the Second National Communication must be used to guide planning for climate change. The main climate change threats facing Seychelles are similar to those threatening other small island developing states: changes in rainfall patterns leading to flooding, landslides on one hand and extended periods of drought on the other, increases in sea temperature, changes in acidity and damage to marine ecosystems, increases in storms and storm surges, and sea level rise during the longer term.', 'The main climate change threats facing Seychelles are similar to those threatening other small island developing states: changes in rainfall patterns leading to flooding, landslides on one hand and extended periods of drought on the other, increases in sea temperature, changes in acidity and damage to marine ecosystems, increases in storms and storm surges, and sea level rise during the longer term. Research is needed to better understand changes in cyclone patterns, ocean and air currents, and the interplay between climate change and other climate phenomena such as El Niño. 6. The threats caused by climate change will have significant impacts on Seychelles in the short, medium and longer term on infrastructure, agriculture, fisheries, tourism, energy and water security, biodiversity, waste management and on human health and well-being.', 'The threats caused by climate change will have significant impacts on Seychelles in the short, medium and longer term on infrastructure, agriculture, fisheries, tourism, energy and water security, biodiversity, waste management and on human health and well-being. Although the exact impacts are not known, and more research is needed to better understand the implications of a change global climate on the islands, it is critical that Seychelles take measures to better understand the threats and begin longer-term planning for adaptation. All national plans and strategies that address climate change adaptation consistently mention Seychelles’ shortfalls in terms of capacity building and research.', 'All national plans and strategies that address climate change adaptation consistently mention Seychelles’ shortfalls in terms of capacity building and research. The National Climate Change Strategy (2009) addresses this specifically and, although some progress has been made, it was highlighted at the stakeholder workshop that improved gender-sensitive capacity building, research and education was needed to underpin all climate change adaptation efforts in order to make them effective and resilient. 7. Recent studies conducted in Seychelles, by research partners from Cuba and Japan, highlighted that much of the human activity is concentrated around the low-lying, coastal areas which are at the highest risk of flooding from heavy rainfall, storm surges, and sea level rise during the longer term.', 'Recent studies conducted in Seychelles, by research partners from Cuba and Japan, highlighted that much of the human activity is concentrated around the low-lying, coastal areas which are at the highest risk of flooding from heavy rainfall, storm surges, and sea level rise during the longer term. A recent UNISDR report has revealed that most disasters occurring in Seychelles were related to storms, floods, rain and landslides, and recommended that future planning should focus on losses from flooding and landslides which also caused the greatest economic losses. The report also noted concern about lack of clear policy on the protection of critical infrastructure in the country, such as roads, ports, government buildings, energy generation, water distribution and sewerage systems. 8.', 'The report also noted concern about lack of clear policy on the protection of critical infrastructure in the country, such as roads, ports, government buildings, energy generation, water distribution and sewerage systems. 8. A Vulnerability/Resilience Profile exercise undertaken in Seychelles revealed that Seychelles was most vulnerable and least resilient in terms of biodiversity resources and sustainable consumption and production (both with significant implications for climate change adaptation) the tourism industry (the country’s crucial economic sector) and food security, Other areas of concern were sea level rise, coastal and marine resources, water security and energy security. 9.', 'A Vulnerability/Resilience Profile exercise undertaken in Seychelles revealed that Seychelles was most vulnerable and least resilient in terms of biodiversity resources and sustainable consumption and production (both with significant implications for climate change adaptation) the tourism industry (the country’s crucial economic sector) and food security, Other areas of concern were sea level rise, coastal and marine resources, water security and energy security. 9. Seychelles vulnerabilities with respect to climate change are: Critical Infrastructure (roads, ports, government buildings, electricity, water and sewerage management systems); Tourism (in proximity to the coast or in areas vulnerable to flooding and landslide); Food Security (currently reliant on food imports, and need support for local sustainable and climate-smart agriculture and fisheries efforts); Coastal and Marine Resources (considering the aims of the Blue Economy and Seychelles Strategic Plan 2015); Water Security (particularly considering issues of storage and distribution); Energy Security (particularly considering the reliance on fossil fuels); Health (particularly addressing the burden placed on high-density populations in the coastal areas and general vulnerability to climate-sensitive diseases); Waste (particularly for landfill sites in high risk, coastal locations); and Disaster preparedness (particularly addressing the need for more research to understand climate change impacts, and resources to predict, prevent and respond to disasters).', 'Seychelles vulnerabilities with respect to climate change are: Critical Infrastructure (roads, ports, government buildings, electricity, water and sewerage management systems); Tourism (in proximity to the coast or in areas vulnerable to flooding and landslide); Food Security (currently reliant on food imports, and need support for local sustainable and climate-smart agriculture and fisheries efforts); Coastal and Marine Resources (considering the aims of the Blue Economy and Seychelles Strategic Plan 2015); Water Security (particularly considering issues of storage and distribution); Energy Security (particularly considering the reliance on fossil fuels); Health (particularly addressing the burden placed on high-density populations in the coastal areas and general vulnerability to climate-sensitive diseases); Waste (particularly for landfill sites in high risk, coastal locations); and Disaster preparedness (particularly addressing the need for more research to understand climate change impacts, and resources to predict, prevent and respond to disasters). 3.2 Statement of Long Term Vision 10.', '3.2 Statement of Long Term Vision 10. Seychelles’ long-term vision is to minimise the impacts of climate change through concerted and proactive action at all levels of society. This vision is nested in the country’s broader aspiration of sustainable development: finding strategies to realise the nation’s economic, social and cultural potential through an innovative, knowledge-led and gender-sensitive approach. Seychelles’ approach to climate change adaptation is guided by a collective understanding of the need to ensure that all actions taken must conserve the integrity of the Seychelles natural environment and heritage for present and future generations. 11.', 'Seychelles’ approach to climate change adaptation is guided by a collective understanding of the need to ensure that all actions taken must conserve the integrity of the Seychelles natural environment and heritage for present and future generations. 11. During the longer term, Seychelles’ aims to: Advance understanding of climate change, its impacts and appropriate responses; Build gender-sensitive capacity and social empowerment at all levels to adequately respond to climate change; Put in place measures to adapt, build resilience and minimise vulnerability to the impacts of climate change, especially in critical sectors such as water, food and energy security, and disaster management; Develop policy direction and strategies to encourage and enhance action on technology development and transfer of cleaner technologies; and Scale-up financial resources and investment to support action on adaptation.', 'During the longer term, Seychelles’ aims to: Advance understanding of climate change, its impacts and appropriate responses; Build gender-sensitive capacity and social empowerment at all levels to adequately respond to climate change; Put in place measures to adapt, build resilience and minimise vulnerability to the impacts of climate change, especially in critical sectors such as water, food and energy security, and disaster management; Develop policy direction and strategies to encourage and enhance action on technology development and transfer of cleaner technologies; and Scale-up financial resources and investment to support action on adaptation. 3.3 Statement of Current and Near-Term Planning and Action 12. Seychelles National Climate Change Strategy provides an overarching framework and direction for climate change adaptation in Seychelles.', 'Seychelles National Climate Change Strategy provides an overarching framework and direction for climate change adaptation in Seychelles. This plan was incorporated into, and updated, in the Seychelles Sustainable Development Strategy, 2012-2020, Chapter 12, which provides strategic goals and objectives to guide adaptation until 2020. These plans called for the mainstreaming of climate change adaptation into all sectoral plans and this has progressed in several sectors including tourism, health, finance, agriculture, biodiversity, fisheries, disaster management, and land-use planning. 13. More recently, climate change adaptation has been mainstreamed in the Seychelles Strategic Plan (2015) which is the definitive document intended to guide land-use management during the next 25 years (to 2040).', 'More recently, climate change adaptation has been mainstreamed in the Seychelles Strategic Plan (2015) which is the definitive document intended to guide land-use management during the next 25 years (to 2040). The plan has been developed with reference to sectoral plans by various ministries and is intended to provide an integrated framework for the development of new plans, particularly regarding land use. 14. Also recently, the Seychelles Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (2015-2020) has been launched, and includes many cross-sectoral projects with climate change adaptation implications. Projects address issues such as sustainable tourism, watershed management, sustainable agriculture and fisheries, disaster planning, research and a shift toward ecosystem-based adaptation approaches to biodiversity conservation. 15.', 'Projects address issues such as sustainable tourism, watershed management, sustainable agriculture and fisheries, disaster planning, research and a shift toward ecosystem-based adaptation approaches to biodiversity conservation. 15. The Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change has recently restructured and created the new Climate Change Division which will serve as the national focal point for climate change adaptation planning and implementation of projects. The University of Seychelles has recently established the Blue Economy Research Institute which should be strengthened and fully funded and function as a hub for climate change related research. Other government ministries, agencies and civil society organisations will continue to contribute to adaptation efforts guided by their own sectoral plans but in collaboration with the Ministry. 16.', 'Other government ministries, agencies and civil society organisations will continue to contribute to adaptation efforts guided by their own sectoral plans but in collaboration with the Ministry. 16. Moving towards the longer-term adaptation goal, the main actions up to and beyond 2030 are to increase resilience and reduce vulnerability of livelihoods and island life with respect to critical infrastructure, tourism, food security coastal and marine resources, water scarcity, energy security and health.Vulnerabilities Increased Resilience from Critical Infrastructure Climate change adaptation to be mainstreamed in all sectors with critical infrastructure Planning process for all new developments, with associated improvements in the building codes and their rigorous enforcement Tourism Greater co-management of the sector by the Ministry of Tourism and Department of Risk and Disaster Management as well as with the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change Food Security A sustainable modern agriculture supported by new and innovative technologies across all food production supply and value chains, and by skilled and qualified human resources and integrated with the Blue Economy and Seychelles Strategic Plan 2015 Biodiversity Fully implemented Seychelles Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan Fully implemented and enforced Biodiversity Law Fully bio-secure border Water Security Fully integrated approach to water security that addresses issues such as ecosystem health, waste management, water treatment and supply, sewage, agriculture, etc Energy Security More resilient energy base with greater innovation of renewable energy where practicable Efficient fuel-based land transport and more use of electric vehicles charged with renewable energy technology Strengthened cooperation between Government entities Health Health sector able to respond to population increase and its additional climate-related health burden Exploration of relevant potential science and technology innovations Waste Waste managed according to strict hierarchy and waste policy fully implemented Exploration of relevant potential science and technology innovations 17.', 'Moving towards the longer-term adaptation goal, the main actions up to and beyond 2030 are to increase resilience and reduce vulnerability of livelihoods and island life with respect to critical infrastructure, tourism, food security coastal and marine resources, water scarcity, energy security and health.Vulnerabilities Increased Resilience from Critical Infrastructure Climate change adaptation to be mainstreamed in all sectors with critical infrastructure Planning process for all new developments, with associated improvements in the building codes and their rigorous enforcement Tourism Greater co-management of the sector by the Ministry of Tourism and Department of Risk and Disaster Management as well as with the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change Food Security A sustainable modern agriculture supported by new and innovative technologies across all food production supply and value chains, and by skilled and qualified human resources and integrated with the Blue Economy and Seychelles Strategic Plan 2015 Biodiversity Fully implemented Seychelles Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan Fully implemented and enforced Biodiversity Law Fully bio-secure border Water Security Fully integrated approach to water security that addresses issues such as ecosystem health, waste management, water treatment and supply, sewage, agriculture, etc Energy Security More resilient energy base with greater innovation of renewable energy where practicable Efficient fuel-based land transport and more use of electric vehicles charged with renewable energy technology Strengthened cooperation between Government entities Health Health sector able to respond to population increase and its additional climate-related health burden Exploration of relevant potential science and technology innovations Waste Waste managed according to strict hierarchy and waste policy fully implemented Exploration of relevant potential science and technology innovations 17. Further details of the actions to be taken are contained in the monitoring plan in Supplementary Information.', 'Further details of the actions to be taken are contained in the monitoring plan in Supplementary Information. 3.4 Statement of Gaps, Barriers and Needs 18. Capacity Building, Education and Awareness - Much has been accomplished during the past ten years to educate the public about the causes and impacts of climate change, and mitigation and efforts. While civil society is generally aware of the problem of climate change, much more work is needed to educate different stakeholder groups about climate change adaptation measures and to help them develop capacity to research, develop and implement these and other appropriate strategies.', 'While civil society is generally aware of the problem of climate change, much more work is needed to educate different stakeholder groups about climate change adaptation measures and to help them develop capacity to research, develop and implement these and other appropriate strategies. There is a need to accelerate efforts to integrate climate change education into the school curriculum at all levels, including primary, secondary and professional centres and ensure that adequate attention is given to adaptation measures. On a more fundamental level, there is a need for Seychelles to reinforce and enhance the quality of STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) education at all levels to develop a new generation more capable of climate change adaptation leadership.', 'On a more fundamental level, there is a need for Seychelles to reinforce and enhance the quality of STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) education at all levels to develop a new generation more capable of climate change adaptation leadership. The University of Seychelles has already integrated climate change into the Environmental Science BSc programme, though needs more support to offer climate change specialist training at diploma, undergraduate and graduate level to build on the, currently, very limited group of climate change specialists in the country. In-service training is also needed for teachers and other professionals working in diverse sectors (government, private sector and civil society) to help them integrate climate change adaptation measures into their work. 19.', 'In-service training is also needed for teachers and other professionals working in diverse sectors (government, private sector and civil society) to help them integrate climate change adaptation measures into their work. 19. Research and Monitoring - Seychelles limited research and monitoring capacity for climate change reflects a challenge common to many islands with a small population. The establishment of the Blue Economy Research Institute based at the University of Seychelles offers new opportunities for research into and monitoring of climate change adaptation efforts, though requires greater input of financial and human resources to meet this potential. Many government sectoral plans and strategies also call for research and monitoring related to climate change adaptation but they lack the human and financial resources to fully undertake this task.', 'Many government sectoral plans and strategies also call for research and monitoring related to climate change adaptation but they lack the human and financial resources to fully undertake this task. The way forward will include innovative approaches in partnerships between the University, local agencies and overseas research institutions. 20. Technology - In many cases, Seychelles lacks the technological capacity to undertake effective research on climate change modelling and risks, monitoring of climate change impacts andimplementation of adaptation measures. In some cases, the knowledge may be there but the technology is prohibitively expensive, e.g. in terms of diversifying away from fossil fuels for renewable energy, or protecting critical infrastructure.', 'in terms of diversifying away from fossil fuels for renewable energy, or protecting critical infrastructure. The way forward for these challenges will also include alliances with overseas partners including donors, a trend that has already been initiated by several government agencies including Seychelles Meteorological Service, the Department of Risk and Disaster Management, and the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change. The National Institute for Science, Technology and Innovation will reinforce the technological capacity to undertake effective research on climate change-related issues. 21. Legislation – Seychelles is already in the process of revising some of its legislation to reflect emerging sustainable development issues, including climate change.', 'Legislation – Seychelles is already in the process of revising some of its legislation to reflect emerging sustainable development issues, including climate change. There is a need to finalise amendments to the Town and Country Planning Act, and to enforce and provide resources as well as for the new Disaster Risk Management Act. Other legislation may also need to be reviewed and amended in light of climate change adaptation needs. 3.5 Summary of Existing Support 22.', '3.5 Summary of Existing Support 22. General support includes EUR 2 M of budgetary support from the Global Climate Change Support Fund which was awarded to the Government of Seychelles to implement aspects of the National Climate Change Strategy, granted in 2010.More specific support includes: Ecosystem-Based Adaptation – Seychelles is currently implementing three ecosystem-based adaptation projects funded by the GEF Climate Change Adaptation Fund, UNEP and the Government of China. The projects focus on management of coastal ecosystems, protection of mangroves, and sustainable watershed management collectively; Water Security – Public Utilities Corporation is implementing a project to address deficiencies in water security, funded by a loan from the European Investment Bank and a loan from the Agence Française de Développement and designed to address deficiencies in water security.', 'The projects focus on management of coastal ecosystems, protection of mangroves, and sustainable watershed management collectively; Water Security – Public Utilities Corporation is implementing a project to address deficiencies in water security, funded by a loan from the European Investment Bank and a loan from the Agence Française de Développement and designed to address deficiencies in water security. A further loan and grant of about EUR 20 M from the African Development Bank will help the Government to finance part of the Mahé Sustainable Water Augmentation Project and meet targets as set out in the 2008-2030 Water Development Plan supported by the African Water Facility.', 'A further loan and grant of about EUR 20 M from the African Development Bank will help the Government to finance part of the Mahé Sustainable Water Augmentation Project and meet targets as set out in the 2008-2030 Water Development Plan supported by the African Water Facility. The project will address water supply to the residential, commercial and tourism sectors; Food Security – The Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries and its associated parastatals (Seychelles Agriculture Agency and the Seychelles Fishing Authority) have been receiving support from donors including the African Development Bank, the International Fund for Agriculture Development, the Japanese Government and others to help work towards more sustainable agriculture and fisheries and contribute to improving food and nutrition security; Energy Security – Seychelles is currently implementing two GEF-funded projects focused on solar photovoltaic energy and energy efficiency, both of which address energy security issues in terms of electricity.', 'The project will address water supply to the residential, commercial and tourism sectors; Food Security – The Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries and its associated parastatals (Seychelles Agriculture Agency and the Seychelles Fishing Authority) have been receiving support from donors including the African Development Bank, the International Fund for Agriculture Development, the Japanese Government and others to help work towards more sustainable agriculture and fisheries and contribute to improving food and nutrition security; Energy Security – Seychelles is currently implementing two GEF-funded projects focused on solar photovoltaic energy and energy efficiency, both of which address energy security issues in terms of electricity. The European Union funded the development of a new Energy Act which has paved the way for the integration of renewable energy sources into the electricity grid.', 'The European Union funded the development of a new Energy Act which has paved the way for the integration of renewable energy sources into the electricity grid. The United Arab Emirates donated a wind farm to Seychelles in 2013 to help diversify the electricity supply; Disaster and Risk Management – Seychelles has received assistance from the regional European Union funded Islands Project and other sources to support an improvement in disaster preparedness and communication with the public and the private sector.', 'The United Arab Emirates donated a wind farm to Seychelles in 2013 to help diversify the electricity supply; Disaster and Risk Management – Seychelles has received assistance from the regional European Union funded Islands Project and other sources to support an improvement in disaster preparedness and communication with the public and the private sector. A Cuban research team and Japan-funded study have assisted Seychelles with disaster and risk modelling related to climate change; and Education and Capacity Building – Many government and civil society partners have contributed to an ongoing climate change education programme targeting schools, the general public, artists, and professions from diverse sectors. For instance, the University of Seychelles has partnered with local and overseas institutions to develop its Environmental Science degree programme.', 'For instance, the University of Seychelles has partnered with local and overseas institutions to develop its Environmental Science degree programme. 3.6 Description of Monitoring and Implementation Plans 23. The process of implementing the Vision to build gender-sensitive capacity, education and awareness, research and monitoring across critical sectors will be nationally monitored, reviewed, updated, and reported by the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change and will be focused on short-term monitoring of activities and processes, and outputs rather than on longer-term outcomes.24. The National Climate Change Committee is a multi-stakeholder group chaired by the Ministry and about to embark on the Third National Communication.', 'The National Climate Change Committee is a multi-stakeholder group chaired by the Ministry and about to embark on the Third National Communication. The committee will function as the main body to coordinate and monitor implementation of climate change adaptation projects, and identify emerging gaps and opportunities for further action. 25. An indicative monitoring plan is elaborated in the Supplementary Information which will be monitored by the Climate Change Division of the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change. This will be aligned with the Department of Public Administration initiative (Monitoring and Evaluation and Administrative Governance) which is being introduced across all ministries to facilitate ministry-wide monitoring. 4.', 'This will be aligned with the Department of Public Administration initiative (Monitoring and Evaluation and Administrative Governance) which is being introduced across all ministries to facilitate ministry-wide monitoring. 4. Supplementary information on the INDC for the Republic of Seychelles MITIGATION The Voluntary Initiatives of Seychelles The Republic of Seychelles has developed strategic tools for the sustainability of its development and economic reforms, such as Seychelles National Climate Change Strategy, 2009.', 'Supplementary information on the INDC for the Republic of Seychelles MITIGATION The Voluntary Initiatives of Seychelles The Republic of Seychelles has developed strategic tools for the sustainability of its development and economic reforms, such as Seychelles National Climate Change Strategy, 2009. The Strategy has five priority objectives to: Advance understanding of climate change, its impacts and appropriate responses; Put in place measures to adapt, build resilience and minimise the country s vulnerability; Achieve sustainable energy security and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions; Mainstream climate change considerations into national policies, strategies and plans; and Build capacity and social empowerment at all levels. The Energy Policy that was proposed in 2010 has set a target for 15% of energy supply to be met from renewable energy sources in 2030.', 'The Energy Policy that was proposed in 2010 has set a target for 15% of energy supply to be met from renewable energy sources in 2030. The expected target in 2020 is 5%. In the long term, the Policy envisages that 100% of energy supply will be from renewable energy sources. Discussions with the Seychelles Energy Commission (SEC) have revealed that these targets are now being applied primarily to the power sector rather than being applied to primary energy supply. The Policy has also proposed the adoption of demand side energy efficiency practices that would decrease the energy intensity by at least 10% in 2020.', 'The Policy has also proposed the adoption of demand side energy efficiency practices that would decrease the energy intensity by at least 10% in 2020. The Mitigation Context of Seychelles The mitigation assessments have been guided by the fact that Seychelles is an insignificant emitter of GHGs by world standard as it accounted for only 0.001% of the global emissions of GHGs in 2000, and less than 0.003% of world emissions in 2011. Further, excluding the offsetting capacity of ocean biomass and marine ecosystems (or blue carbon), Seychelles was a net sink of GHGs in 2000 at -564,232 tCO2e according to the Second National Communication (SNC), 2011. Accordingly, Seychelles is not expected to become a net emitter of GHGs before 2025.', 'Accordingly, Seychelles is not expected to become a net emitter of GHGs before 2025. Voluntary emission reductions will only postpone the time when Seychelles will become a net emitter. According to the SNC, ~95% of all national emissions took place in the energy sector in 2000. The remaining 5% of national emissions was accounted by forestry. The generation of public electricity and transport accounted for 82.0% and 82.8% of all emissions in 2000 and 2007, respectively. Public electricity and transport are therefore priority sectors for emissions reductions. In 2000, emissions related to fuel combustion in cooking represented 6% of national emissions. These values show that the priority sector for mitigation is the energy sector, of which public electricity and transport are significant potential sub-sectors for GHG emission reductions.', 'These values show that the priority sector for mitigation is the energy sector, of which public electricity and transport are significant potential sub-sectors for GHG emission reductions. Emissions from industrial processes and agriculture are insignificant in Seychelles. The emissions from agriculture were deemed to be so insignificant that the SNC mentions that it might not be necessary to calculate emissions from agriculture in the future. Concerning forestry, it was estimated that 8,000 m3 of biomass was harvested annually amounting to an annual emission of 12,540 tCO2 . In contrast, the sink capacity of forests was 837,380 tCO2 with an expected loss in sink capacity of 1% every 5 years.', 'In contrast, the sink capacity of forests was 837,380 tCO2 with an expected loss in sink capacity of 1% every 5 years. Solid waste generated some 2,510 tCH4 in 2000 (SNC, 2011).In Seychelles, climate change mitigation to stabilize the climate system is not a primary objective. Mitigation is rather seen as an important outcome or by-product of decreasing the country’s dependence on imported fossil fuels (i.e. increase in energy security), and to enhance its balance of trade profile (through a reduction in its energy bill) (Seychelles National Climate Change Strategy, 2009). The energy bill of Seychelles represented 25.15% of its total import bill in 2014.', 'The energy bill of Seychelles represented 25.15% of its total import bill in 2014. Except for the generation of 2.15% of renewable electricity in 2014, all the other energy needs of the Seychelles were met from imported fossil fuels. GHG Emissions Scenarios Non-GHG Outcomes in Public Electricity and Transport The Energy Policy 2010 has provided guidance regarding energy use scenarios in the power sector (electricity production and consumption) and transport to 2030. Electricity Generation It is estimated, that the renewable energy sources described above, together with the necessary legislation, can contribute with 15% - 20% renewable energy in the supply matrix in 2030. Wind power and, in the longer term, PV, are expected to contribute substantially.', 'Wind power and, in the longer term, PV, are expected to contribute substantially. Electricity Consumption It is estimated that implementation of the policies outlined here has the potential to save 15% - 30% of electricity consumption towards 2030 compared to the baseline. Transport Keeping a high penetration of public transport, targeting fuel efficiency and biofuels in import regulation, and moving towards electric vehicles and two-wheelers, have the potential to reduce oil imports for transport purposes by 15% to 30% (or perhaps more) by 2030 compared to the baseline. Public Electricity Concerning electricity demand, the SEC has carried out projections of electricity to 2035 under different GDP growth rate and energy efficiency scenarios using Model for Analysis of Energy Demand (MAED). These are summarised in the schematic below.', 'These are summarised in the schematic below. The Reference (Ref), Low and High scenarios refer to annual GDP growth rates of 5%, 3% and 6%, respectively. The Energy Efficiency (EE) scenario is one where the annual energy intensity drops by 20% compared to 10% in the Reference scenario. This scenario is based on the Reference scenario (scenario 1) with a GDP growth rate of 5% per year, except that in Industry the energy intensity will decrease by 20% per year in all the sub-sectors of industry for motor fuel uses, electricity specific uses and thermal uses except in Agriculture and Others in Manufacturing. This is due to energy efficiency improvement and technology innovation which are likely to occur in the next 25 years.', 'This is due to energy efficiency improvement and technology innovation which are likely to occur in the next 25 years. The implementation of a National Energy Efficiency Programme includes the following activities: Promotion of energy-efficient appliances: target of10% energy savings in 2035 Promotion of solar water heating: target of 80% of needs in Households, and 80% in Services by New Regulations on the use of air-conditioning, target of 20% energy savings in the service sector, New Building Code for Household dwellings (features natural ventilation, roof insulation,), target of 50% energy savings on fans & AC in households by 2035, Promotion of cogeneration (production of hot water from waste heat from electricity generation) in hotels, target to cover 20% of hot water needs by 2035.', 'The implementation of a National Energy Efficiency Programme includes the following activities: Promotion of energy-efficient appliances: target of10% energy savings in 2035 Promotion of solar water heating: target of 80% of needs in Households, and 80% in Services by New Regulations on the use of air-conditioning, target of 20% energy savings in the service sector, New Building Code for Household dwellings (features natural ventilation, roof insulation,), target of 50% energy savings on fans & AC in households by 2035, Promotion of cogeneration (production of hot water from waste heat from electricity generation) in hotels, target to cover 20% of hot water needs by 2035. It is assumed that for the period of the study 2010-2035, the population will grow at a constant rate of 1% per year, corresponding to the annual average growth rate (AAGR) for the preceding 10 years.', 'It is assumed that for the period of the study 2010-2035, the population will grow at a constant rate of 1% per year, corresponding to the annual average growth rate (AAGR) for the preceding 10 years. It is assumed that the structure of the GDP is the same as for 2010 throughout the study period 2010-2035.The SEC has revealed that the realistic non-GHG targets that have been proposed in the Energy Policy 2010 should be 15% for diversification of electricity generation using renewables by 2030, and to achieve the energy efficiency scenario given in the figure above.', 'It is assumed that the structure of the GDP is the same as for 2010 throughout the study period 2010-2035.The SEC has revealed that the realistic non-GHG targets that have been proposed in the Energy Policy 2010 should be 15% for diversification of electricity generation using renewables by 2030, and to achieve the energy efficiency scenario given in the figure above. In order to calculate the emission reduction potentials of these non-GHG targets applied to the MAED scenario projections, the grid emission factor of Seychelles has been calculated using the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Methodological Tool 07 – i.e. “Tool to calculate the emission factor for an electricity system (Version 04.0)”.', '“Tool to calculate the emission factor for an electricity system (Version 04.0)”. For electricity supply diversification from renewable energy sources that are intermittent such as wind and solar PV, the combined margin emission factor has been /MWh. For all other renewable energy sources and end use energy efficiency, the combined margin emission factor has been calculated as 0.65936 tCO2 /MWh. GHG Emission Reductions from Supply Side Diversification and Energy Efficiency Since the supply side diversification in Seychelles is expected to be primarily from solar PV and wind energy (as per the proposal made in the Energy Policy 2010), the combined margin emission factor = 0.67887 has been applied to convert the non-GHG target of 15% renewables in the electricity mix in 2030 into the equivalent amount of GHG emissions.', 'GHG Emission Reductions from Supply Side Diversification and Energy Efficiency Since the supply side diversification in Seychelles is expected to be primarily from solar PV and wind energy (as per the proposal made in the Energy Policy 2010), the combined margin emission factor = 0.67887 has been applied to convert the non-GHG target of 15% renewables in the electricity mix in 2030 into the equivalent amount of GHG emissions. Similarly, the emission factor = 0.65936 tCO2 /MWh has been applied to obtain the emission reductions associated with demand side energy efficiency gains. The GHG emission scenarios were calculated using a combination of the Reference scenario and the non-GHG targets of 15% RE and 15.5% EE in 2030.', 'The GHG emission scenarios were calculated using a combination of the Reference scenario and the non-GHG targets of 15% RE and 15.5% EE in 2030. Transport Projections have been made in the SNC regarding the increase in baseline emissions from road in 2030. The projections correspond to an increase in the number of vehicles from 10,622 in 2005 to 20,000 in 2030. Fossil fuel consumption is expected to increase from 21,324 t (2005) to 53,620 t in 2030. Using a target of 30% reduction in fuel use, which is expected to produce a proportional decrease in GHG emissions, the total emissions arisingfrom road transport is expected to be 116.96 ktCO2 in 2030. This target corresponds to a reduction in in 2030.', 'This target corresponds to a reduction in in 2030. Assuming a target of 18% for 2025, the corresponding emission reduction is expected to be 26.5 ktCO2 . Project-based Approach The climate change mitigation contribution of Seychelles has been calculated using a combination of outcome- and project-based approaches, while avoiding double accounting. There are projects that are not captured in the outcome targets discussed above, and which might be implemented after 2020. Examples of such projects are solid waste management and end-use energy efficiency in the water sector that is not captured in the EE scenario that is discussed above. The EE in the water sector are not included in the INDC because most measures are expected to be implemented before 2020.', 'The EE in the water sector are not included in the INDC because most measures are expected to be implemented before 2020. Solid Waste Management Data regarding methane (CH4 ) emissions from the old landfill in Mahe was provided by the SEC. Currently, the emissions are not captured neither for flaring nor for electricity generation. The projected emissions profile of CH4 is shown in the figure below for the period covering 2012 and 2030. The INDC has included a conservative scenario where only 50% of the emissions are captured for flaring. There is currently no provision for power generation using the captured emissions. Seychelles as a Net Sink According to the SNC (2011), Seychelles is currently a net sink.', 'Seychelles as a Net Sink According to the SNC (2011), Seychelles is currently a net sink. With GHG emissions projected to in 2030, and its removal capacity decrease from in 2030, Seychelles is not expected to become a net emitter until 2024-2025. The reduction in sink capacity is projected to take place by 1% every 5 years, and it is assumed that this cannot be avoided since reclaiming land for built-up areas (to protect forests) has proved to be too costly (SNC, 2011). By taking into account the emission reductions arising from (1) RE and EE (i.e. 124 ktCO2e land transport (i.e. 50.13 ktCO2e by 2030), and (3) methane capture and flaring from the old landfill (i.e.', '50.13 ktCO2e by 2030), and (3) methane capture and flaring from the old landfill (i.e. by 2030), the total emissions in 2030 can be reduced by 188 ktCO2e – i.e. the contribution of Seychelles. With this contribution, Seychelles will be a net sink of GHGs by about 50 ktCO2 and it will become a net emitter only after 2033. These calculations do not take into account the potential for additional sinks in the form of marine ecosystems – i.e. blue carbon (Seychelles Strategic Plan 2040, 2015).', 'blue carbon (Seychelles Strategic Plan 2040, 2015). In 2025, the emission reductions against the baseline scenarios have been calculated at 122.5 ktCO2 – RE and EE = 79 ktCO2 , land transport = 26.5 ktCO2 , and methane capture = 17 ktCO2 .ADAPTATION To support the Statement of Long-Term Vision Another essential component of overall country resilience to climate change is recognising and planning for Critical Infrastructure, particularly roads, ports, government buildings, energy generation, and water and sewerage management systems. Building capacity in managing the country’s critical infrastructure requires clear linkages between responsible Government entities, a responsive education and awareness programme targeting infrastructure users, supported by appropriate research, and followed by reflexive monitoring.', 'Building capacity in managing the country’s critical infrastructure requires clear linkages between responsible Government entities, a responsive education and awareness programme targeting infrastructure users, supported by appropriate research, and followed by reflexive monitoring. Climate change adaptation needs to be mainstreamed into planning process for all new developments, with associated improvements in the building codes and their rigorous enforcement. A critical role is that of the Department of Risk and Disaster Management which needs upgrading in capacity with enhanced mapping underpinned with commensurate internet bandwidth. The Department should be linked in real time to Seychelles Meteorological Service to assist in understanding risks and hazards, improving emergency response system, whilst engaging directly with, and empowering, communities and islands to plan, mitigate risks and respond.', 'The Department should be linked in real time to Seychelles Meteorological Service to assist in understanding risks and hazards, improving emergency response system, whilst engaging directly with, and empowering, communities and islands to plan, mitigate risks and respond. The key economic sector is Tourism and this sector requires nimble, adaptive responses, particularly where its success is predicated on proximity to the coastal or island areas. Tourism tends naturally to adapt to market forces and the suitability of the tourism offering for the future will need not only to recognise market pressures but also those driven by climate change.', 'Tourism tends naturally to adapt to market forces and the suitability of the tourism offering for the future will need not only to recognise market pressures but also those driven by climate change. Consequently, it will be essential that the Blue Economy Research Institute in conjunction with the National Institute of Science, Technology and Innovation produces relevant products that enable the tourism sector to respond in a timely fashion. Adaptive responses may include expanding marine tourism (yachts, ocean-based experiences) and mountain tourism (away from the coast). Greater co-management of the sector by the Ministry of Tourism and Department of Risk and Disaster Management as well as with the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change.', 'Greater co-management of the sector by the Ministry of Tourism and Department of Risk and Disaster Management as well as with the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change. Food Security has been recognised by the Government as a crucial issue and it is widely understood within Government and agreed that there are clear linkages between water, food, ecosystem health and well-being of the people. Seychelles is in the process of implementing an ecosystem-based approach to watershed management and its implications for foods supply as well as water security. The Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries is currently working on a feasibility study for a project to improve food and nutrition security and this project also addresses issues of water and soil management with reference to climate change.', 'The Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries is currently working on a feasibility study for a project to improve food and nutrition security and this project also addresses issues of water and soil management with reference to climate change. The Ministry recognises that sustainable modern agriculture requires new and innovative technologies, and investment supported by skilled and qualified human resources.', 'The Ministry recognises that sustainable modern agriculture requires new and innovative technologies, and investment supported by skilled and qualified human resources. The Ministry anticipates additional resources being committed to enhance human capacity development at the Seychelles Agricultural Agency, revitalising the extension services and also providing opportunities for young Seychellois to study climate-smart and ecosystem-based approaches to agriculture, put in place programmes for sustainable industrial and artisanal fisheries, sustainable mariculture, promote home gardening, improve port infrastructure for artisanal and industrial fisheries, reduce illegal, unreported and unregulated activities; and continue to support the insurance scheme for farmers and fishers.', 'The Ministry anticipates additional resources being committed to enhance human capacity development at the Seychelles Agricultural Agency, revitalising the extension services and also providing opportunities for young Seychellois to study climate-smart and ecosystem-based approaches to agriculture, put in place programmes for sustainable industrial and artisanal fisheries, sustainable mariculture, promote home gardening, improve port infrastructure for artisanal and industrial fisheries, reduce illegal, unreported and unregulated activities; and continue to support the insurance scheme for farmers and fishers. With so much territory protected from human land use and with a remarkably narrow coastal strip, Seychelles has real challenges in designing a future to take into account climate change which has jurisdiction over the entire coastal strip through, storm surge, high winds and salty air.', 'With so much territory protected from human land use and with a remarkably narrow coastal strip, Seychelles has real challenges in designing a future to take into account climate change which has jurisdiction over the entire coastal strip through, storm surge, high winds and salty air. Much has been made of the “blue economy” and for islands that would seem to be a logical consideration. Seychelles needs to fast-track its blue-economy ambition into action so that it can develop innovative and additive links with the Seychelles Strategic Plan 2015 which is in its closing formulation. For island states, it is too short-sighted in terms of climate change and island development to orchestrate land use plans without due consideration of the primary engine ~ the blue economy.', 'For island states, it is too short-sighted in terms of climate change and island development to orchestrate land use plans without due consideration of the primary engine ~ the blue economy. A current Marine Spatial Planning project underway also has potential to coordinate connections between different interests in the blue economy, biodiversity, whether they be conservationist or exploitative in nature.The issue remains that little research has been done regarding the impacts of climate change on Seychelles’ fisheries, both industrial and artisanal, and more research will provide valuable insights to guide adaptation strategies for the fishing sector. With 50% of Seychelles under protection, that is an enviable basis for the future.', 'With 50% of Seychelles under protection, that is an enviable basis for the future. The newly-launched Seychelles Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan addresses climate change as a cross-cutting theme and identifies a series of projects to improve biodiversity conservation though cross-referencing issues such as water and food security. A new Biodiversity law is currently being drafted which will update the existing laws related to the protection of biodiversity and strengthening of the capacity of those charged with their protection. There is a need to balance protected areas and room for development whilst developing a strong capacity for biosecurity. Such requirements offer ideal scope to inform a strengthened Blue Economy Research Institute.', 'Such requirements offer ideal scope to inform a strengthened Blue Economy Research Institute. Water Security, particularly considering issues of storage and distribution, requires urgent attention and needs to take into account projected population growth, whilst reducing demand for treated water, using more rainwater, improving efficiency of the distribution system, and improving water storage capacity. Increasing water demand from the residential, commercial, agriculture, and tourism sectors is exacerbated by changes in rainfall patterns and a limited water storage capacity. The ecosystem-based watershed project mentioned previously is currently being implemented to address water supply from an ecosystem perspective. Another demonstration project is being implemented on La Digue focused on integrated water resource management.', 'Another demonstration project is being implemented on La Digue focused on integrated water resource management. Both of these projects represent an integrated approach to water security that address issues such as ecosystem health, waste management, water treatment and supply, sewage, agriculture, etc. It is advocated that this approach is mainstreamed throughout island water resource management. In addition, the Public Utilities Corporation is currently implementing a project to improve water security by increasing efficiency of the system and reducing demand from consumers. This project also addresses the linkages between the treated water system and energy efficiency. It is essential that these endeavours are linked to the Blue Economy Research Institute to optimise knowledge-sharing and research throughout Government.', 'It is essential that these endeavours are linked to the Blue Economy Research Institute to optimise knowledge-sharing and research throughout Government. Energy Security, particularly considering the reliance on fossil fuels is vital to the longer-term sustainability of Seychelles. There is a need to keep the options for diversifying electricity sources under continual review, whilst exploring more opportunities for the application of renewable energy technologies and strategies for using waste as an energy form. Commensurate with this, the distribution grid needs to maintain flexibility, and plans engaged to move critical infrastructure out of flooding/storm surge risk areas. Whilst the introduction of renewables is a usual early thought that has to be cautioned with detailed feasibility studies, innovations are possible, though require well-programmed research.', 'Whilst the introduction of renewables is a usual early thought that has to be cautioned with detailed feasibility studies, innovations are possible, though require well-programmed research. Mechanised transport is essential given the terrain of Seychelles. This currently relies on fossil-fuelled vehicles and infrastructure that is degraded. Both require upgrading as these are critical and underpin all other sectors ~ moving people to school, work and shops. The departments responsible for road maintenance and repair in case of flooding, erosion and landslides collaborate to some degree to deal with crises, but a strengthening of cooperation between them in term of troubleshooting and planning would be desirable (e.g.', 'The departments responsible for road maintenance and repair in case of flooding, erosion and landslides collaborate to some degree to deal with crises, but a strengthening of cooperation between them in term of troubleshooting and planning would be desirable (e.g. Seychelles Land Transport Agency, the Department of Transport, Department of Risk and Disaster Management and the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change). The Health burden due to high-density populations in the coastal areas needs to be managed through improved research, response and planning. There are known challenges within the coastal zone related to chemical and solid waste. The conventional waste hierarchy (reduce, re-use, recycle) should be implemented fully and the use of organic waste for soil improvement promoted.', 'The conventional waste hierarchy (reduce, re-use, recycle) should be implemented fully and the use of organic waste for soil improvement promoted. Traditionally, on Seychelles, waste management has been mostly about disposal rather than looking at waste as an opportunity (especially through the circular economy). Seychelles has a relatively new waste policy (2013) which highlights the waste hierarchy with landfill being the last option, though for most forms of waste this may be the only option. Waste management sites are located in the limited coastal area on all three main islands; the new landfill on Mahé has been designed to collect leachate though this is only expected to last five to six years and thus far there is no plan or location identified for the next landfill.', 'Waste management sites are located in the limited coastal area on all three main islands; the new landfill on Mahé has been designed to collect leachate though this is only expected to last five to six years and thus far there is no plan or location identified for the next landfill. There is growing interest in business opportunities presented by recycling by the private sector, and this movement is being supported by the Government as well as by civil society organisations.', 'There is growing interest in business opportunities presented by recycling by the private sector, and this movement is being supported by the Government as well as by civil society organisations. The Government is conducting feasibility studies to look at the potential of a waste to energy facility, which would probably take the form of a biogas plant.To support the Statement of Current and Near-Term Planning and Action The Department of Risk and Disaster Management has mainstreamed climate change concerns into its work and is guided by a new policy and law (Disaster Risk Management Act, 2015) that provide clear guidance.', 'The Government is conducting feasibility studies to look at the potential of a waste to energy facility, which would probably take the form of a biogas plant.To support the Statement of Current and Near-Term Planning and Action The Department of Risk and Disaster Management has mainstreamed climate change concerns into its work and is guided by a new policy and law (Disaster Risk Management Act, 2015) that provide clear guidance. The Department is receiving some support under various funding programmes but requires more input in terms of human and financial resources to fulfil the mandate as guided by the National Progress Report on The Implementation of the Hyogo Framework For Action (2013-2015) which details many actions focusing on building capacity in communities and districts to prepare for and respond to disaster (climate change mediated) events.', 'The Department is receiving some support under various funding programmes but requires more input in terms of human and financial resources to fulfil the mandate as guided by the National Progress Report on The Implementation of the Hyogo Framework For Action (2013-2015) which details many actions focusing on building capacity in communities and districts to prepare for and respond to disaster (climate change mediated) events. In addition, the Seychelles National Disaster Risk Policy (2014) provides several areas for near-term action: Establishing sound, integrated and functional legal and institutional capacity for total disaster risk management in Seychelles; Improving risk identification, assessment and monitoring mechanisms in Seychelles; Reducing the underlying risk and vulnerability factors by improving disaster risk management applications at all levels; Strengthening disaster preparedness for effective response and recovery practices at all levels; and Enhancing information and knowledge management for disaster risk management.', 'In addition, the Seychelles National Disaster Risk Policy (2014) provides several areas for near-term action: Establishing sound, integrated and functional legal and institutional capacity for total disaster risk management in Seychelles; Improving risk identification, assessment and monitoring mechanisms in Seychelles; Reducing the underlying risk and vulnerability factors by improving disaster risk management applications at all levels; Strengthening disaster preparedness for effective response and recovery practices at all levels; and Enhancing information and knowledge management for disaster risk management. The Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries is looking at food security issues, including nutritional issues, and has developed a Food and Nutrition Security Policy as well as an investment plan. The Ministry recognises that sustainable modern agriculture requires new and innovative technologies, and investment supported by skilled and qualified human resources.', 'The Ministry recognises that sustainable modern agriculture requires new and innovative technologies, and investment supported by skilled and qualified human resources. The Ministry anticipates additional resources being committed to enhance human capacity development at Seychelles Agricultural Agency, revitalising the extension services and also providing opportunities for young Seychellois to study climate-smart agriculture technologies. The Ministry of Education has recently integrated climate change into the secondary geography curriculum, and climate change issues are often addressed in extra-curricular school activities in primary (wildlife clubs) and secondary schools. Climate change has also been addressed in the programmes of many of the professional centres. The Ministry has the opportunity to identify opportunities for building on the work already being done, particular with respect to adaptation strategies related to the different sectors.', 'The Ministry has the opportunity to identify opportunities for building on the work already being done, particular with respect to adaptation strategies related to the different sectors. The Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change, through its Seychelles Energy Policy (2010- 2030) outlines key strategies for energy security and has a ten-year outlook and action plans for energy security, efficiency, renewable energy (as documented in the Seychelles Sustainable Development Strategy, Volume 2, Chapter 11 – Energy and Transport). Many of the planned projects are underway, the Energy Act is in force and has paved the way for the introduction of power supplied to the grid from diverse sources.', 'Many of the planned projects are underway, the Energy Act is in force and has paved the way for the introduction of power supplied to the grid from diverse sources. Two GEF projects are being implemented, focused on energy efficiency and solar photovoltaic, both of which will also contribute significantly to an improvement in the energy security of Seychelles. The Ministry of Tourism has a master plan (2012 -2020) which indicates its focus on climate change where appropriate.', 'The Ministry of Tourism has a master plan (2012 -2020) which indicates its focus on climate change where appropriate. The priorities for sustainable tourism are documented in the Seychelles Sustainable Development Strategy, Volume 2, Chapter 8 – Tourism and include: Minimising negative impacts of tourism on environment (and society) generally; and addressing climate change through training of tourism environmental representatives, training of the Seychelles Tourism Board in sustainable tourism development and training of environmental conservationists. The Ministry of Land Use and Habitat is largely guided by the Seychelles Strategic Plan (2015) which is the definitive document intended to guide land use management during the next 25 years to 2040.', 'The Ministry of Land Use and Habitat is largely guided by the Seychelles Strategic Plan (2015) which is the definitive document intended to guide land use management during the next 25 years to 2040. Climate change adaptation is a cross-cutting theme with maps/plans for areas for growth showing intense areas of development along east coast of Mahé including the Victoria area. There is little mention of risks due to sea level rise and storm surges and the plans contradict predictions from the Cuban Study projections (map chapter 3) which could be addressed through further research as indicated previously.', 'There is little mention of risks due to sea level rise and storm surges and the plans contradict predictions from the Cuban Study projections (map chapter 3) which could be addressed through further research as indicated previously. The Ministry of Health recently developed a Seychelles National Climate Change and Health Adaptation Plan of Action (2014-2018) in collaboration with the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change. This plan will foster closer ties between the two ministries and guide adaptation efforts related to public health. The National Institute of Science, Technology and Innovation (NISTI) is a newly-enacted body under the Ministry of Investment, Entrepreneurial Development and Business Innovation.', 'The National Institute of Science, Technology and Innovation (NISTI) is a newly-enacted body under the Ministry of Investment, Entrepreneurial Development and Business Innovation. It has an oversight andleadership mandate with regards to the growth and development of science, technology and innovation across all sectors and programmes, and has potential to contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation action. Also of interest, is that it has been mandated to assist the transition to a Seychelles knowledge-based economy between now and 2026.', 'Also of interest, is that it has been mandated to assist the transition to a Seychelles knowledge-based economy between now and 2026. To support the Description of Monitoring Plan VISION: Minimise impacts of climate change through sustained action at all levels of society Components Activities/Processes Outputs Blue Economy Research Institute Scope out strengthening Institute needs Feasibility Study to cost climate change research activities by the Institute High speed networks to sectors Appropriate training Establishment of a national data hub Collaboration with local (e.g.', 'To support the Description of Monitoring Plan VISION: Minimise impacts of climate change through sustained action at all levels of society Components Activities/Processes Outputs Blue Economy Research Institute Scope out strengthening Institute needs Feasibility Study to cost climate change research activities by the Institute High speed networks to sectors Appropriate training Establishment of a national data hub Collaboration with local (e.g. the National Institute for Science, Technology and Innovation, Seychelles Meteorological Office), and overseas research partners Support innovative and research-based approaches to climate change education for both informal and formal education sectors and their staff Support enhancement of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics education in schools at all levels Functional research Institute based at the University of Seychelles capable of attracting, retaining and funding postgraduate programmes in climate research with proactive links to all sectors including education sector and their professional centres Critical Infrastructure Scope critical infrastructure needs Appropriate training Create clear linkages between responsible Government entities Develop a responsive education and awareness programme targeting infrastructure users Link to Blue Economy Research Institute and the National Institute for Science, Technology and Innovation Instil reflexive monitoring Department of Risk and Disaster Management upgraded and linked in real time to the Seychelles Meteorological Service Improved road maintenance and repair Need to re-think basic philosophy to incorporate climate-smart designs Ensure prioritised with near, mid- and long term aims Climate change adaptation needs mainstreamed into all sectors with critical infrastructure Planning process for all new developments, with associated improvements in the building codes and their rigorous enforcement All new builds to incorporate rainwater harvesting, solar PV and other sustainable building features Tourism Link to the Blue Economy Research Institute Receives and acts upon relevant products Reviews and acts upon potential adaptive responses Training in climate change for hoteliers and tourism students at the Seychelles Tourism Academy Greater co-management of the sector by the Ministry of Tourism and Department of Risk and Disaster Management as well as with the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change Food Security Complete feasibility study for a project to improve food and nutrition security Enhance human capacity development at Seychelles Agricultural Agency and Seychelles Fishing Authority Revitalise extension services and provide opportunities to study climate-smart and ecosystem-based approaches to agriculture and fisheries Programmes for sustainable industrial and artisanal fisheries, sustainable mariculture Promote home gardening, improve port infrastructure for artisanal and industrial fisheries, reduce illegal, unreported and unregulated activities; and support the insurance scheme for farmers and fishers More research needed regarding the impacts of climate change on Seychelles’ fisheries, both industrial and artisanal, and more research will provide valuable A sustainable modern agriculture and fisheries supported by new and innovative technologies, investment, and by skilled and qualified human resources Integrated Blue Economy and Seychelles StrategicVISION: Minimise impacts of climate change through sustained action at all levels of society Components Activities/Processes Outputs insights to guide adaptation strategies for the fishing sector Fast-track the blue-economy ambition and develop innovative and additive links with the Seychelles Strategic Plan 2015 Biodiversity Fast-track full implementation of Seychelles Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan and the new Biodiversity law Fully developed capacity for biosecurity including emphasis on invasive alien species Fully implemented Action Plan Fully implemented and enforced Biodiversity and Biosecurity Laws Fully bio-secure country borders Water Security Undertake a Water Security Review Fast-track improvements to water security by increasing efficiency of the system and reducing demand from consumers Link to the Blue Economy Research Institute and the National Institute for Science Technology and Innovation to optimise knowledge-sharing and research Fully integrated approach to water security that addresses issues such as ecosystem health, waste management, water treatment and supply, sewage, agriculture, etc Energy Security Keep the options for diversifying electricity sources under continual review Explore more opportunities for the application of renewable energy technologies Plan to move critical infrastructure out of flooding/storm surge risk areas Replacement of fossil-fuelled vehicles where practicable and upgrading of infrastructure Collaboration with the National Institute for Science Technology and Innovation to optimise knowledge- sharing and research More resilient energy base Greater use of renewable energy where practicable Optimum fuel-based fleet Strengthened cooperation between Government entities Health Actively managed health burden through improved research, response and planning Health sector able to respond to population increase and its climate- related health burden Waste Actively managed waste hierarchy Fast-track implementation of new waste policy Decommission landfills in flood risk areas Research and commercialisation of waste-based products Urgent completion of waste-to-energy feasibility studies Waste is managed according to strict hierarchy and waste policy fully implemented Decision taken on waste- to-energy Cost of priority mitigation actions The cost of achieving the reduction objective in 2030 has been estimated to be at least USD 309 million as detailed in Table 1.', 'the National Institute for Science, Technology and Innovation, Seychelles Meteorological Office), and overseas research partners Support innovative and research-based approaches to climate change education for both informal and formal education sectors and their staff Support enhancement of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics education in schools at all levels Functional research Institute based at the University of Seychelles capable of attracting, retaining and funding postgraduate programmes in climate research with proactive links to all sectors including education sector and their professional centres Critical Infrastructure Scope critical infrastructure needs Appropriate training Create clear linkages between responsible Government entities Develop a responsive education and awareness programme targeting infrastructure users Link to Blue Economy Research Institute and the National Institute for Science, Technology and Innovation Instil reflexive monitoring Department of Risk and Disaster Management upgraded and linked in real time to the Seychelles Meteorological Service Improved road maintenance and repair Need to re-think basic philosophy to incorporate climate-smart designs Ensure prioritised with near, mid- and long term aims Climate change adaptation needs mainstreamed into all sectors with critical infrastructure Planning process for all new developments, with associated improvements in the building codes and their rigorous enforcement All new builds to incorporate rainwater harvesting, solar PV and other sustainable building features Tourism Link to the Blue Economy Research Institute Receives and acts upon relevant products Reviews and acts upon potential adaptive responses Training in climate change for hoteliers and tourism students at the Seychelles Tourism Academy Greater co-management of the sector by the Ministry of Tourism and Department of Risk and Disaster Management as well as with the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change Food Security Complete feasibility study for a project to improve food and nutrition security Enhance human capacity development at Seychelles Agricultural Agency and Seychelles Fishing Authority Revitalise extension services and provide opportunities to study climate-smart and ecosystem-based approaches to agriculture and fisheries Programmes for sustainable industrial and artisanal fisheries, sustainable mariculture Promote home gardening, improve port infrastructure for artisanal and industrial fisheries, reduce illegal, unreported and unregulated activities; and support the insurance scheme for farmers and fishers More research needed regarding the impacts of climate change on Seychelles’ fisheries, both industrial and artisanal, and more research will provide valuable A sustainable modern agriculture and fisheries supported by new and innovative technologies, investment, and by skilled and qualified human resources Integrated Blue Economy and Seychelles StrategicVISION: Minimise impacts of climate change through sustained action at all levels of society Components Activities/Processes Outputs insights to guide adaptation strategies for the fishing sector Fast-track the blue-economy ambition and develop innovative and additive links with the Seychelles Strategic Plan 2015 Biodiversity Fast-track full implementation of Seychelles Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan and the new Biodiversity law Fully developed capacity for biosecurity including emphasis on invasive alien species Fully implemented Action Plan Fully implemented and enforced Biodiversity and Biosecurity Laws Fully bio-secure country borders Water Security Undertake a Water Security Review Fast-track improvements to water security by increasing efficiency of the system and reducing demand from consumers Link to the Blue Economy Research Institute and the National Institute for Science Technology and Innovation to optimise knowledge-sharing and research Fully integrated approach to water security that addresses issues such as ecosystem health, waste management, water treatment and supply, sewage, agriculture, etc Energy Security Keep the options for diversifying electricity sources under continual review Explore more opportunities for the application of renewable energy technologies Plan to move critical infrastructure out of flooding/storm surge risk areas Replacement of fossil-fuelled vehicles where practicable and upgrading of infrastructure Collaboration with the National Institute for Science Technology and Innovation to optimise knowledge- sharing and research More resilient energy base Greater use of renewable energy where practicable Optimum fuel-based fleet Strengthened cooperation between Government entities Health Actively managed health burden through improved research, response and planning Health sector able to respond to population increase and its climate- related health burden Waste Actively managed waste hierarchy Fast-track implementation of new waste policy Decommission landfills in flood risk areas Research and commercialisation of waste-based products Urgent completion of waste-to-energy feasibility studies Waste is managed according to strict hierarchy and waste policy fully implemented Decision taken on waste- to-energy Cost of priority mitigation actions The cost of achieving the reduction objective in 2030 has been estimated to be at least USD 309 million as detailed in Table 1. Including the cost of energy efficiency measures such as building codes, standards and labels, and energy audits will increase the total cost of implementation.', 'Including the cost of energy efficiency measures such as building codes, standards and labels, and energy audits will increase the total cost of implementation. The cost of emission reductions does not include the implementation of a biofuel policy in the transport sector, nor does it include any actions related to the decongestion of Victoria, Mahé.', 'The cost of emission reductions does not include the implementation of a biofuel policy in the transport sector, nor does it include any actions related to the decongestion of Victoria, Mahé. Table 1: Estimate (lower bound) of the cost of mitigation Sector/sub-sector Mitigation action Cost (million USD) 90 MW of solar PV (capital expenditure, and operation & maintenance cost over lifetime 1 As per the Energy Policy 2010, the target of 15% renewable electricity in 2030 is met predominantly using solar PV 2 The capital cost of 1 MW installed of solar PV has been assumed to be USD 1.75 million, while the operation & maintenance cost has been taken as 19,000 USD/MW/yr.Waste management Retrofitting the old landfill (Providence 1) with landfill gas capture and flaring equipment3 Land transport 30% of private vehicles are electric by 20304 15.8 MW of solar PV for meeting the energy demand of electric vehicles (capital expenditure, and operation & maintenance costs) Cost of priority Adaptation Actions The threats caused by climate change will have significant impacts on Seychelles in the short, medium and longer term on infrastructure, agriculture, fisheries, tourism, energy and water security, biodiversity, waste management and on human health and well-being.', 'Table 1: Estimate (lower bound) of the cost of mitigation Sector/sub-sector Mitigation action Cost (million USD) 90 MW of solar PV (capital expenditure, and operation & maintenance cost over lifetime 1 As per the Energy Policy 2010, the target of 15% renewable electricity in 2030 is met predominantly using solar PV 2 The capital cost of 1 MW installed of solar PV has been assumed to be USD 1.75 million, while the operation & maintenance cost has been taken as 19,000 USD/MW/yr.Waste management Retrofitting the old landfill (Providence 1) with landfill gas capture and flaring equipment3 Land transport 30% of private vehicles are electric by 20304 15.8 MW of solar PV for meeting the energy demand of electric vehicles (capital expenditure, and operation & maintenance costs) Cost of priority Adaptation Actions The threats caused by climate change will have significant impacts on Seychelles in the short, medium and longer term on infrastructure, agriculture, fisheries, tourism, energy and water security, biodiversity, waste management and on human health and well-being. Although the exact impacts are not known, and more research is needed to better understand the implications of a change global climate on the islands, it is that Seychelles take measures to better understand the threats and begin longer-term planning for adaptation as depicted in the table below.', 'Although the exact impacts are not known, and more research is needed to better understand the implications of a change global climate on the islands, it is that Seychelles take measures to better understand the threats and begin longer-term planning for adaptation as depicted in the table below. Hence, the total cost of implementing the adaptation component of the INDC is estimated to exceed USD 295 million.', 'Hence, the total cost of implementing the adaptation component of the INDC is estimated to exceed USD 295 million. Table 2: Estimate (lower bound) of the cost of adaptation Sector/sub- sector Adaptation action Cost (million USD) Critical Infrastructure Climate change adaptation to be mainstreamed in all sectors with critical infrastructure ; Planning process for all new developments, with associated improvements in the building codes and their rigorous enforcement ; Building the resilience of communities Tourism/ Coastal Management Implement Coastal rehabilitation and protection measures in criticalareas due to coastal erosion caused by SLR ; Build Coastal resilience Reduce vulnerability to flooding and landslide in critical areas ; Strengthen the early warning System and capacity building In coastal areas; Greater co-management of the sector by the Ministry of Tourism and Department of Risk and Disaster Management as well as with the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change Food A sustainable modern agriculture supported by new and 35.00 3 There is no provision for generating electricity using the landfill gas.', 'Table 2: Estimate (lower bound) of the cost of adaptation Sector/sub- sector Adaptation action Cost (million USD) Critical Infrastructure Climate change adaptation to be mainstreamed in all sectors with critical infrastructure ; Planning process for all new developments, with associated improvements in the building codes and their rigorous enforcement ; Building the resilience of communities Tourism/ Coastal Management Implement Coastal rehabilitation and protection measures in criticalareas due to coastal erosion caused by SLR ; Build Coastal resilience Reduce vulnerability to flooding and landslide in critical areas ; Strengthen the early warning System and capacity building In coastal areas; Greater co-management of the sector by the Ministry of Tourism and Department of Risk and Disaster Management as well as with the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change Food A sustainable modern agriculture supported by new and 35.00 3 There is no provision for generating electricity using the landfill gas. 4 This target corresponds to 6,667 vehicles.', '4 This target corresponds to 6,667 vehicles. The incremental cost of an electric car compared to a conventional one is taken tobe USD 10,000.Security innovative technologies across all food production supply and value chains, and by skilled and qualified human resources and integrated with the Blue Economy and Seychelles Strategic Plan 2015 ; Integrate of early warning systems in agriculture ; Invest in research and innovation to strengthen Seychelles’ climate resilience Biodiversity Fully implemented Seychelles Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan ; Fully implemented and enforced Biodiversity Law ; Fully bio-secure border Water Security Fully integrated approach to water security that addresses issues such as ecosystem health, waste management, water treatment and supply, sewage, agriculture, etc ; Increase strorage capacity by building a dam ; Improving water resource management: Health Health sector able to respond to population increase and its additional climate-related health burden e.g dengue fever,lestopirosis etc… Exploration of relevant potential science and technology innovation Blue Economy Set up a proper marine resource management institution 15.00']

en-US

SYC

Seychelles

Updated NDC

2021-07-30 00:00:00

x

NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Seychelles%20-%20NDC_Jul30th%202021%20_Final.pdf

Non-Annex I

High-income

Africa

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/b1c5b1785678db0b50e8dc4cc648162aa3615f9cf8413294df1cfa3f212ac1bb.pdf

['REPUBLIC OF SEYCHELLES Seychelles’ Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Submission under the Paris Agreement, July 2021Acknowledgements The development of Seychelles’ updated 2021 NDC was led by the Climate Change and Energy Department of the Ministry of Agriculture, Climate Change and Environment. The Government of Seychelles would like to express our appreciation to the Nationally Determined Contribution Partnership (NDCP) for supporting the update of its NDC, through the Climate Action Enhancement Package (CAEP) by its in-country facilitator who coordinated the project at all levels, especially for engaging the nine supporting partners for this assignment.', 'The Government of Seychelles would like to express our appreciation to the Nationally Determined Contribution Partnership (NDCP) for supporting the update of its NDC, through the Climate Action Enhancement Package (CAEP) by its in-country facilitator who coordinated the project at all levels, especially for engaging the nine supporting partners for this assignment. The notable support of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) under the Climate Promise Initiative (UNDP CPI) who was responsible for updating and producing the final document, the World Bank (WB) for revising and updating the adaptation section and the European Union Technical Assistance Facility (EU TAF) for revising and updating the mitigation section.', 'The notable support of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) under the Climate Promise Initiative (UNDP CPI) who was responsible for updating and producing the final document, the World Bank (WB) for revising and updating the adaptation section and the European Union Technical Assistance Facility (EU TAF) for revising and updating the mitigation section. We would also like to thank Seychelles Conservation and Climate Adaptation Trust (SeyCCAT), the Pew Charitable Trust, the Nature Conservancy (TNC) for their contribution on the Blue Carbon, and we would also like to thank the German Federal Ministry of Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) for their support on the Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (RAC) sector and IRENA.', 'We would also like to thank Seychelles Conservation and Climate Adaptation Trust (SeyCCAT), the Pew Charitable Trust, the Nature Conservancy (TNC) for their contribution on the Blue Carbon, and we would also like to thank the German Federal Ministry of Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) for their support on the Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (RAC) sector and IRENA. Acknowledgements must also go to the broad group of stakeholders – both public and private - who actively participated in many consultations. Last but not least, thanks also goes to Ms. Rebecca Loustau Lalanne, Principal Secretary for the Climate Change and Energy Department, and Mr. Wills Agricole, the National Focal Point for the UNFCCC, for providing oversight, guidance and support throughout this process.Table of Contents Chapters 2.', 'Last but not least, thanks also goes to Ms. Rebecca Loustau Lalanne, Principal Secretary for the Climate Change and Energy Department, and Mr. Wills Agricole, the National Focal Point for the UNFCCC, for providing oversight, guidance and support throughout this process.Table of Contents Chapters 2. Seychelles Nationally Determined Contributions………………………………………8 3. Information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding of NDCs……….9 6.', 'Information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding of NDCs……….9 6. Cross Cutting Areas for Action……………………………………………………….18 Annex Additional technical information on the NDC targets…………………………….38Foreword I have the honor to submit on behalf of the Government of Seychelles the updated and enhanced Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) of the Republic of Seychelles for the period 2021 – 2030, in response to the call under article 3, 4.2, 4.6, and 4.11 of the Paris Agreement and in particular decision as contained in 4/ CMA 1 adopted at the twenty-fourth meeting of the Conference of Parties (COP 24) serving as the first Meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement, despite the COVID-19 pandemic challenges.', 'Cross Cutting Areas for Action……………………………………………………….18 Annex Additional technical information on the NDC targets…………………………….38Foreword I have the honor to submit on behalf of the Government of Seychelles the updated and enhanced Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) of the Republic of Seychelles for the period 2021 – 2030, in response to the call under article 3, 4.2, 4.6, and 4.11 of the Paris Agreement and in particular decision as contained in 4/ CMA 1 adopted at the twenty-fourth meeting of the Conference of Parties (COP 24) serving as the first Meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement, despite the COVID-19 pandemic challenges. This NDC represents Seychelles continued commitment to transform its development trajectories in line to the objectives of the Paris Agreement towards setting the world on a sustainable development course, aiming at limiting warming to 1.5 to 2 degrees C above pre-industrial levels.', 'This NDC represents Seychelles continued commitment to transform its development trajectories in line to the objectives of the Paris Agreement towards setting the world on a sustainable development course, aiming at limiting warming to 1.5 to 2 degrees C above pre-industrial levels. Seychelles as an environment champion and ocean leadership calls on all Parties to increase ambition in line with the best available and most recent science and obligations under the agreement. Seychelles is committed to reducing economy wide absolute Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions by 293.8 ktCO2e in 2030 (26.4%) compared to business as usual (BAU) scenario.', 'Seychelles is committed to reducing economy wide absolute Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions by 293.8 ktCO2e in 2030 (26.4%) compared to business as usual (BAU) scenario. With its new and enhanced mitigation contributions, Seychelles seeks to achieve a substantial mitigation benefit, lowering the GHG emission to a level of 817 ktCO2eq by 2030, relative to baseline emissions through interventions in the Energy sector including transport and Waste; as well as a lasting adaptation impacts in terms of the Blue Economy and focusing on innovative ways in responding to the adverse impacts of climate change in the areas of water, coastal management, food security, human impacts and improved resilience across communities.', 'With its new and enhanced mitigation contributions, Seychelles seeks to achieve a substantial mitigation benefit, lowering the GHG emission to a level of 817 ktCO2eq by 2030, relative to baseline emissions through interventions in the Energy sector including transport and Waste; as well as a lasting adaptation impacts in terms of the Blue Economy and focusing on innovative ways in responding to the adverse impacts of climate change in the areas of water, coastal management, food security, human impacts and improved resilience across communities. Moreover, within this document there is a chapter dedicated to ocean climate action and blue carbon as nature-based solutions to climate change and Seychelles is committing to protect at least 50% of its seagrass and mangrove ecosystems by 2025 and 100% by 2030, with external support.', 'Moreover, within this document there is a chapter dedicated to ocean climate action and blue carbon as nature-based solutions to climate change and Seychelles is committing to protect at least 50% of its seagrass and mangrove ecosystems by 2025 and 100% by 2030, with external support. This will ultimately, help us to achieve net zero by 2050 with natural climate solutions. So, through this Plan, the Ministry is developing a transparent reporting framework, while also mobilizing other ministries and stakeholders to work in synchronously and collaboratively to implement Seychelles’ NDC. We thank the NDC Partnership for their collaborations and we are appreciative of the support provided through its 9 supporting partners.', 'We thank the NDC Partnership for their collaborations and we are appreciative of the support provided through its 9 supporting partners. The partners are: World Bank, European Union, UNDP, IRENA, GIZ, TNC, Pew Charitable Trust, SeyCCAT and Commonwealth. As we respond to the demands for immediate action to tackle the Covid-19 pandemic, we cannot forget that with our revised NDC, the climate change crisis will be with us for much longer and demand as urgent, coherent and collective a response with adequate financial support. This is crucial, to enable us to achieve higher ambition for a climate-smart, resilient, sustainable, and more prosperous Seychelles.', 'This is crucial, to enable us to achieve higher ambition for a climate-smart, resilient, sustainable, and more prosperous Seychelles. Flavien Joubert Minister for Agriculture, Climate Change and EnvironmentExecutive Summary Nationally determined contributions (NDCs) or climate change plans are required every five years and are at the heart of the Paris Agreement. The year 2015 was a historic year in which 196 Parties came together under the Paris Agreement to transform their development trajectories so that they set the world on a course towards sustainable development, aiming at limiting warming to 1.5 to 2 degrees C above pre-industrial levels. All Parties pledged to pursue domestic mitigation measures that are nationally determined, with the aim of achieving the objectives of such contributions.', 'All Parties pledged to pursue domestic mitigation measures that are nationally determined, with the aim of achieving the objectives of such contributions. Seychelles submitted its intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) in September 2015, and this became the country’s first NDC upon signature of the Paris Agreement in April 2016. In June 2020, Seychelles embarked on updating its 2015 NDC to be ready for submission to the UNFCCC Secretariat as per the Paris Agreement by 15 July, 2021, and to be tabled at UN COP26 this November, in Glasgow, UK. The revision of Seychelles NDC started in June 2020 supported through the NDC Partnership’s Climate Action Enhancement Package (CAEP) through its Technical Assistance Fund.', 'The revision of Seychelles NDC started in June 2020 supported through the NDC Partnership’s Climate Action Enhancement Package (CAEP) through its Technical Assistance Fund. Despite the current global challenges, related to COVID-19 pandemic, Seychelles remains committed in updating and submitting its NDC in July 2021, in line with the five-year revision requirement under the Paris Agreement. The MACCE implemented a stepwise approach to coordinate the enhancement process between stakeholders from relevant government agencies, development partners, civil society, and the private sector. A Technical Working Committee (TWC) comprised of the relevant technical experts was established to review the current NDC and determined roles and responsibilities for the NDC revision and liaise with the consultants of the 8 supporting partners, headed by the NDC Partnership in-country facilitator.', 'A Technical Working Committee (TWC) comprised of the relevant technical experts was established to review the current NDC and determined roles and responsibilities for the NDC revision and liaise with the consultants of the 8 supporting partners, headed by the NDC Partnership in-country facilitator. The NDC Partnership s in-country facilitators played a key role as the Partnership’s national-level interface, operating as a liaison between MACCE and the NDC Partnership and coordinating the implementation of NDC Partnership Plans. The 8 supporting partners assisting Seychelles technically and financially to raise our ambitions by updating mitigation and adaptation targets and broadening the scope of our NDCs to cover a greater part of the economy, are: World Bank, EU, UNDP, IRENA, GIZ, TNC, Pew Charitable Trust and SeyCCAT.', 'The 8 supporting partners assisting Seychelles technically and financially to raise our ambitions by updating mitigation and adaptation targets and broadening the scope of our NDCs to cover a greater part of the economy, are: World Bank, EU, UNDP, IRENA, GIZ, TNC, Pew Charitable Trust and SeyCCAT. We strived to ensure our updated NDC is actionable and achievable by developing a detailed implementation and monitoring plan, and financing strategies.', 'We strived to ensure our updated NDC is actionable and achievable by developing a detailed implementation and monitoring plan, and financing strategies. The Republic of Seychelles is committed to reducing economy wide absolute Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions by 293.8 ktCO2e in 2030 (26.4%) compared to business as usual (BAU) scenario by implementing the following:a. Mitigation Contribution With its new and enhanced mitigation contributions, Seychelles seeks to achieve a substantial mitigation benefit, lowering the GHG emission to a level of 817 ktCO2eq by 2030, relatively to baseline emissions, as well as a lasting adaptation impact in terms of energy and water security for Seychelles and improved resilience across communities.', 'The Republic of Seychelles is committed to reducing economy wide absolute Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions by 293.8 ktCO2e in 2030 (26.4%) compared to business as usual (BAU) scenario by implementing the following:a. Mitigation Contribution With its new and enhanced mitigation contributions, Seychelles seeks to achieve a substantial mitigation benefit, lowering the GHG emission to a level of 817 ktCO2eq by 2030, relatively to baseline emissions, as well as a lasting adaptation impact in terms of energy and water security for Seychelles and improved resilience across communities. The enhanced mitigation contributions include: • The 2030 commitment to reduce economy-wide greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 26.4% below business-as-usual (BAU); • The long-term commitment to achieve a decarbonized net-zero emissions economy by 2050 and to boost electricity generation from renewable energies, including marine energy technologies, bio- energies, such as biomass and waste-to-energy, and the use of environment friendly intermittent energy storage technologies; • The 2030 commitment to shift progressively to low carbon transport, including active modes and international maritime transport, starting with public transportation; • The 2030 commitment to use renewable energy (RE) by modernizing the entire electricity sector, increased electricity generation from renewable sources, improved energy efficiency across sectors, and to secure a sustainable and resilient water management system through water supply mobilisation; • The 2030 commitment to ensure that sewage systems and wastewater treatment facilities include nutrients and energy recover; • The commitment to ensure “Responsible Tourism” in a circular economy, defining a 2030 target of reducing GHG emissions from the sector.', 'The enhanced mitigation contributions include: • The 2030 commitment to reduce economy-wide greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 26.4% below business-as-usual (BAU); • The long-term commitment to achieve a decarbonized net-zero emissions economy by 2050 and to boost electricity generation from renewable energies, including marine energy technologies, bio- energies, such as biomass and waste-to-energy, and the use of environment friendly intermittent energy storage technologies; • The 2030 commitment to shift progressively to low carbon transport, including active modes and international maritime transport, starting with public transportation; • The 2030 commitment to use renewable energy (RE) by modernizing the entire electricity sector, increased electricity generation from renewable sources, improved energy efficiency across sectors, and to secure a sustainable and resilient water management system through water supply mobilisation; • The 2030 commitment to ensure that sewage systems and wastewater treatment facilities include nutrients and energy recover; • The commitment to ensure “Responsible Tourism” in a circular economy, defining a 2030 target of reducing GHG emissions from the sector. b.', 'The enhanced mitigation contributions include: • The 2030 commitment to reduce economy-wide greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 26.4% below business-as-usual (BAU); • The long-term commitment to achieve a decarbonized net-zero emissions economy by 2050 and to boost electricity generation from renewable energies, including marine energy technologies, bio- energies, such as biomass and waste-to-energy, and the use of environment friendly intermittent energy storage technologies; • The 2030 commitment to shift progressively to low carbon transport, including active modes and international maritime transport, starting with public transportation; • The 2030 commitment to use renewable energy (RE) by modernizing the entire electricity sector, increased electricity generation from renewable sources, improved energy efficiency across sectors, and to secure a sustainable and resilient water management system through water supply mobilisation; • The 2030 commitment to ensure that sewage systems and wastewater treatment facilities include nutrients and energy recover; • The commitment to ensure “Responsible Tourism” in a circular economy, defining a 2030 target of reducing GHG emissions from the sector. b. Adaptation Contribution As a Small Island Developing State, Seychelles is inherently vulnerable to the impacts and risks associated with climate change, and thus gives high priority to climate adaptation strategies that will improve its resilience to these.', 'Adaptation Contribution As a Small Island Developing State, Seychelles is inherently vulnerable to the impacts and risks associated with climate change, and thus gives high priority to climate adaptation strategies that will improve its resilience to these. Seychelles new key contributions to climate change adaptation under this NDC include the following commitments and targets, focused on safeguarding the Blue Economy and Blue Carbon ecosystems: • Seychelles intends for coastal planning and infrastructure to be regulated at the national and local level to prioritize the consideration of “blue” Nature-based Solutions (NbS) for climate resilience.', 'Seychelles new key contributions to climate change adaptation under this NDC include the following commitments and targets, focused on safeguarding the Blue Economy and Blue Carbon ecosystems: • Seychelles intends for coastal planning and infrastructure to be regulated at the national and local level to prioritize the consideration of “blue” Nature-based Solutions (NbS) for climate resilience. • Seychelles will protect its blue carbon ecosystems, i.e., at least 50% of its seagrass and mangrove ecosystems by 2025, and 100% of seagrass and mangrove ecosystems by 2030; • Seychelles will establish a long-term monitoring programme for seagrass and mangrove ecosystems by 2025 and include the GHG sink of Seychelles’ blue carbon ecosystems within the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory by 2025; • Seychelles commits to the implementation of its adopted Marine Spatial Plan and the effective management of the 30% marine protected areas within the Seychelles’ Exclusive Economic Zone; In addition, Seychelles commits to continue integrating climate change considerations into plans and strategies across all key sectors by 2030 through the following priority actions:• Prioritizing nature-based solutions to protect coastal ecosystems from climate change impacts such as storm surges, flooding and erosion, using the Coastal Management Plan as a guideline for implementation of nature-based solutions; • Adopting an integrated Ridge-to-Reef approach to coastal management that brings together the Seychelles Marine Spatial Plan, the Coastal Management Plan, the Blue Economy Roadmap, the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan and other ongoing initiatives to guide development in sectors such as fisheries and aquaculture, tourism, agriculture, waste management, water resources, biodiversity conservation and urban development; • Developing a Port Development Master Plan, which also caters for growth and includes a climate adaptation strategy; • Improving the management of freshwater resources, implementing the existing Water Resource Management Strategies as part of the Seychelles Water Supply Development Plan, and implementing new strategies to reuse water; • Developing and implementing a climate change strategy for the tourism sector, incorporating long- term sustainable planning and management of tourism infrastructure, and coastal management, in partnership with the private sector; • Updating and continuing with the implementation of the Seychelles National Agriculture Investment Plan and promoting climate smart agriculture including water efficient irrigation, rainwater harvesting and expansion of climate adapted crops and livestock; • Developing and implementing effective, sustainable and license-based fisheries management plans, integrating climate change adaptation, to ensure sustainable use of resources and avoid overexploitation; • Strengthening sustainable land-use planning and management and effective implementation of integrated sustainable development practices, and; • Implementing the National Integrated Emergency Management Plan.', '• Seychelles will protect its blue carbon ecosystems, i.e., at least 50% of its seagrass and mangrove ecosystems by 2025, and 100% of seagrass and mangrove ecosystems by 2030; • Seychelles will establish a long-term monitoring programme for seagrass and mangrove ecosystems by 2025 and include the GHG sink of Seychelles’ blue carbon ecosystems within the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory by 2025; • Seychelles commits to the implementation of its adopted Marine Spatial Plan and the effective management of the 30% marine protected areas within the Seychelles’ Exclusive Economic Zone; In addition, Seychelles commits to continue integrating climate change considerations into plans and strategies across all key sectors by 2030 through the following priority actions:• Prioritizing nature-based solutions to protect coastal ecosystems from climate change impacts such as storm surges, flooding and erosion, using the Coastal Management Plan as a guideline for implementation of nature-based solutions; • Adopting an integrated Ridge-to-Reef approach to coastal management that brings together the Seychelles Marine Spatial Plan, the Coastal Management Plan, the Blue Economy Roadmap, the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan and other ongoing initiatives to guide development in sectors such as fisheries and aquaculture, tourism, agriculture, waste management, water resources, biodiversity conservation and urban development; • Developing a Port Development Master Plan, which also caters for growth and includes a climate adaptation strategy; • Improving the management of freshwater resources, implementing the existing Water Resource Management Strategies as part of the Seychelles Water Supply Development Plan, and implementing new strategies to reuse water; • Developing and implementing a climate change strategy for the tourism sector, incorporating long- term sustainable planning and management of tourism infrastructure, and coastal management, in partnership with the private sector; • Updating and continuing with the implementation of the Seychelles National Agriculture Investment Plan and promoting climate smart agriculture including water efficient irrigation, rainwater harvesting and expansion of climate adapted crops and livestock; • Developing and implementing effective, sustainable and license-based fisheries management plans, integrating climate change adaptation, to ensure sustainable use of resources and avoid overexploitation; • Strengthening sustainable land-use planning and management and effective implementation of integrated sustainable development practices, and; • Implementing the National Integrated Emergency Management Plan. These combined actions will result in the development of climate resilient coastlines, critical infrastructure, blue and green ecosystems, and fisheries, tourism, and agricultural sectors.', 'These combined actions will result in the development of climate resilient coastlines, critical infrastructure, blue and green ecosystems, and fisheries, tourism, and agricultural sectors. The anticipated costs of implementation for both mitigation and adaptation sector is over USD 600mn over the next decade. The costs for the implementation of key climate change adaptation actions are based on a mixture of costs derived from national sectoral strategies that have actions which contribute to addressing climate change impacts, as well as costs from on-going initiatives, and costs from projects with similar objectives funded by the Green Climate Funds. These estimated and indicative costs will be further outlined during the investment planning phase planned as a next step from the NDC.', 'These estimated and indicative costs will be further outlined during the investment planning phase planned as a next step from the NDC. Conclusion • The updated of Seychelles NDC, presents significant opportunities to align the climate and development agendas to promote sustainable growth, • It is a clear demonstration to Seychelles citizens and global climate change community that the government is committed to delivering climate change actions and meeting its greenhouse gas emissions targets, consistent with its obligations under the Paris Agreement and its associated guidelines.', 'Conclusion • The updated of Seychelles NDC, presents significant opportunities to align the climate and development agendas to promote sustainable growth, • It is a clear demonstration to Seychelles citizens and global climate change community that the government is committed to delivering climate change actions and meeting its greenhouse gas emissions targets, consistent with its obligations under the Paris Agreement and its associated guidelines. • The implementation of the NDC will be crucial, to achieve higher ambition for a climate-smart, resilient, sustainable, and more prosperous Seychelles.The Republic of Seychelles submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) in 2015, which became its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) upon Seychelles’ ratification of the Paris Agreement on 29th April 2016.', '• The implementation of the NDC will be crucial, to achieve higher ambition for a climate-smart, resilient, sustainable, and more prosperous Seychelles.The Republic of Seychelles submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) in 2015, which became its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) upon Seychelles’ ratification of the Paris Agreement on 29th April 2016. As a Small Island Developing State (SIDS), and non-Annex I party to the Paris Agreement the Republic of Seychelles acknowledges that it is especially vulnerable to climate change impacts, being a net sink of carbon, it gives priority concern for climate change adaptation over mitigation. The revised submission comes during the global SARS Covid 19 pandemic that severely paralysed the country’s fragile economy with earnings from the tourism and fisheries sectors significantly below normal.', 'The revised submission comes during the global SARS Covid 19 pandemic that severely paralysed the country’s fragile economy with earnings from the tourism and fisheries sectors significantly below normal. These threats, coupled with environmental threats such as Climate Change are likely to be harder felt by SIDS like Seychelles than other countries hence re-iterating the need to formulate more effective adaptation strategies. The Republic of Seychelles submitted its second national communication to the UNFCCC in 2011 and is only now consolidating its third national communication. Data from the second national communication was used for the INDC.', 'Data from the second national communication was used for the INDC. For this revision updated Greenhouse Gas inventories were carried out for the sectors mentioned in the NDC in accordance to latest IPCC guidelines in view that this was being completed ahead of the third communication. The NDC targets have been based on these updated inventories. With this submission, the Republic of Seychelles hereby updates its NDC, re-iterating and improving upon its conditional commitments towards increasing the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from 188 ktCO2e , by 2030, concomitantly increasing its mitigation contribution and improving its adaptation strategies to effectively respond to climate change in the context of sustainable development, with a particular emphasis on Seychelles’ Blue Economy, supported and enabled by technology, financing and capacity building.', 'With this submission, the Republic of Seychelles hereby updates its NDC, re-iterating and improving upon its conditional commitments towards increasing the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from 188 ktCO2e , by 2030, concomitantly increasing its mitigation contribution and improving its adaptation strategies to effectively respond to climate change in the context of sustainable development, with a particular emphasis on Seychelles’ Blue Economy, supported and enabled by technology, financing and capacity building. This revised submission consists of seven parts; 1) Introduction, 2) Seychelles updated Nationally Determined Contribution, 3) Information for clarity, transparency and understanding (ICTU) of the NDC, 4) Mitigation Contribution, 5) Adaptation contribution, 6) Cross-cutting areas of action, and 7) Supplementary information to the updated Seychelles NDC. 2.', 'This revised submission consists of seven parts; 1) Introduction, 2) Seychelles updated Nationally Determined Contribution, 3) Information for clarity, transparency and understanding (ICTU) of the NDC, 4) Mitigation Contribution, 5) Adaptation contribution, 6) Cross-cutting areas of action, and 7) Supplementary information to the updated Seychelles NDC. 2. Seychelles Nationally Determined Contribution The Republic of Seychelles is committed to reducing economy wide absolute Greenhouse Gas (GHG) in 2030 (26.4%) compared to business as usual (BAU) scenario.3.Information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding of Seychelles’ NDC 1.Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year) (a) Reference year, base year, reference period or other starting points The reference year for the target is 2030 and the target is expressed relative to business-as-usual emissions in this year.', 'Seychelles Nationally Determined Contribution The Republic of Seychelles is committed to reducing economy wide absolute Greenhouse Gas (GHG) in 2030 (26.4%) compared to business as usual (BAU) scenario.3.Information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding of Seychelles’ NDC 1.Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year) (a) Reference year, base year, reference period or other starting points The reference year for the target is 2030 and the target is expressed relative to business-as-usual emissions in this year. (b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year, base year, reference period and or other starting points and as applicable in the target year • Business-as-usual emissions in the energy sector in 2030: 454 ktCO2e • Business-as-usual GHG emissions in the refrigeration and air from from energy use • Business-as-usual emissions (gasoline vehicles) in transport sector in • Business-as-usual methane emissions in the waste sector (landfill) in • Total business-as-usual emissions in 2030 of the above NDC sectors: (c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information; Seychelles is a SIDS with greater carbon sequestration than greenhouse gas emission.', '(b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year, base year, reference period and or other starting points and as applicable in the target year • Business-as-usual emissions in the energy sector in 2030: 454 ktCO2e • Business-as-usual GHG emissions in the refrigeration and air from from energy use • Business-as-usual emissions (gasoline vehicles) in transport sector in • Business-as-usual methane emissions in the waste sector (landfill) in • Total business-as-usual emissions in 2030 of the above NDC sectors: (c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information; Seychelles is a SIDS with greater carbon sequestration than greenhouse gas emission. It remains vulnerable to climate change in particular to sea level rise, increase in sea surface temperature, ocean acidification, flooding, high intensity rainfall and coastal erosion.', 'It remains vulnerable to climate change in particular to sea level rise, increase in sea surface temperature, ocean acidification, flooding, high intensity rainfall and coastal erosion. The impacts are so severe and wide ranging that successful economic development is greatly threatened by climate change. The implementation of sectoral strategies important to SIDS’ development is seen as the main adaptation strategy to climate change. Adaptation is of primary concern in SIDS relative to mitigation, although effort is being placed on achieving mitigation target in 1b above. Seychelles will continue to maintain an economy wide emission reduction target in the context of sustainable development, supported and enabled by technology, financing and capacity building in a measurable, reportable and verified manner.', 'Seychelles will continue to maintain an economy wide emission reduction target in the context of sustainable development, supported and enabled by technology, financing and capacity building in a measurable, reportable and verified manner. (d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction ) relative to business-as- usual emissions in 2030 • Target emissions in the energy sector in 2030: 330 ktCO2e ) • Target emission in the refrigeration and air condition sector (due to HFC) ), and due to ) • Target emissions in the transport sector (due to gasoline vehicle) in 2030: ) • Target emission in the waste sector (due to methane) in 2030: 17.8 ) (e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point: The source data for energy and transport is that from the Seychelles Energy Commission 2017 report, which provided the energy, consumed in the various sectors.', '(d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction ) relative to business-as- usual emissions in 2030 • Target emissions in the energy sector in 2030: 330 ktCO2e ) • Target emission in the refrigeration and air condition sector (due to HFC) ), and due to ) • Target emissions in the transport sector (due to gasoline vehicle) in 2030: ) • Target emission in the waste sector (due to methane) in 2030: 17.8 ) (e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point: The source data for energy and transport is that from the Seychelles Energy Commission 2017 report, which provided the energy, consumed in the various sectors. The RAC sector target was based on technical assessments and data from “The Greenhouse Gas Inventory & Mitigation Strategies for the Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Sector in the Seychelles (2020)”.', 'The RAC sector target was based on technical assessments and data from “The Greenhouse Gas Inventory & Mitigation Strategies for the Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Sector in the Seychelles (2020)”. The results are presented in the report “RAC sector input to the Republic of Seychelles NDC”. Vehicle numbers were obtained from National Statistics Bureau. Waste data obtained from the waste section of the Ministry of Agriculture Climate Change and Environment and estimates in Gonzalves, C; Waste Assessment Report 2017.', 'Waste data obtained from the waste section of the Ministry of Agriculture Climate Change and Environment and estimates in Gonzalves, C; Waste Assessment Report 2017. Further assessments will be carried out under the Third National Communication expected by January 2022(f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators: The Third National Communication is currently under development and data from this process may be used to further update the reference indicator, business as usual scenario. 2. Timeframe and or period of implementation (a) Time frame and period of implementation Start year: 2020; End year: 2030 (b) Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable The initial multi-year target has been revised to a single-year end target 3.', 'Timeframe and or period of implementation (a) Time frame and period of implementation Start year: 2020; End year: 2030 (b) Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable The initial multi-year target has been revised to a single-year end target 3. Scope and Coverage (a) General description of the target: Seychelles’ target to reduce emissions relative to business-as-usual by 2030, covers the energy sector (supply and end-use), refrigeration and air conditioning (RAC), transportation and waste management. (b) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines; Key sectors covered: Power sector, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning (RAC), Land Transport & Waste Management. GHG covered are: carbon dioxide (CO2 ), methane (CH4 ), HFCs.', 'GHG covered are: carbon dioxide (CO2 ), methane (CH4 ), HFCs. For Power sector; the targets in the previous NDC are maintained which was derived from the Energy policy of 2009. The policy and energy strategy is currently being reviewed. A new policy document will be presented to the Government of Seychelles (GoS), for approval in July 2021. The target is 15.5% energy efficiency and 15.0% renewables by 2030. These targets are very ambitious for a Small Islands Developing State, and Seychelles is currently producing 5.0% RE and will need to scale to plus 10.0% in 10 years taking into account economic growth. The foreseen RE technologies to be used will be solar PV and wind energy for electricity production. GHG target reduction of 124 kt CO2e is foreseen by 2030.', 'GHG target reduction of 124 kt CO2e is foreseen by 2030. For the RAC sector, the key sub-sectors of split air conditioners (split ACs), domestic refrigerators and stand-alone refrigerators for commercial operation (commercial refrigeration) will be the aim of mitigation measures for the transformations of these sub-sectors towards energy-efficient and climate- friendly appliances. These measures include the implementation and enforcement of regulations, which incentivize the transition to low-Global Warming Potential (GWP) refrigerants through a staggered levy system and VAT exemptions and thus support the reduction of HFC-related (direct) emissions. These regulations are in effect since February 2021. The aim is to ban high-GWP refrigerants for both air conditioning and domestic and commercial refrigerators (stand-alone units) starting in 2025 (domestic and commercial refrigerators) and 2030 (split ACs).', 'The aim is to ban high-GWP refrigerants for both air conditioning and domestic and commercial refrigerators (stand-alone units) starting in 2025 (domestic and commercial refrigerators) and 2030 (split ACs). Minimum energy performance standards (MEPS) and labels will be introduced to increase the energy efficiency of appliances leading to a decrease of emissions from electricity consumption (indirect emissions). The transition to energy efficient and climate-friendly cooling solutions will be supported by skills enhancement programs for RAC technicians that cover the handling of low-GWP, and especially of natural refrigerants. The compliance with regulatory measures is supported by skill development of custom officials.', 'The compliance with regulatory measures is supported by skill development of custom officials. The annual reduction of refrigerant emissions achieved by a full implementation of these actions in the year 2030 is estimated at around 6 e compared to the sectoral baseline and 24 ktCO2 e cumulated for the period 2021-2030. Moreover, an additional indirect emission reduction of e would be achieved through electricity savings in the year 2030, resulting in a cumulated mitigation potential of 53 ktCO2 e for the period 2021-2030. The total accumulated mitigation potential (direct and indirect emissions) is estimated at around 77 ktCO2 e for the period up to 2030. Additional mitigation potential can be tapped by leap-frogging to cooling appliances using natural refrigerants with negligible GWP.', 'Additional mitigation potential can be tapped by leap-frogging to cooling appliances using natural refrigerants with negligible GWP. For all three prioritized sub-sectors, natural refrigerant appliances are available andcan be promoted through the roll-out of corresponding incentive schemes, for example by introducing a rebate scheme in all three prioritized sub-sectors to cover the incremental costs. The mitigation measures that are being implemented beyond the obligations under the KA are conditional on receiving international financial and technical support, including through Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. A close coordination between implementation of the NDC and the KA will be ensured. For transport, the previous NDC was based on number of vehicles in 2030 based on data from the Second National Communication with total emission .', 'For transport, the previous NDC was based on number of vehicles in 2030 based on data from the Second National Communication with total emission . The previous targets was 30% vehicles to be electric by 2030 thus emission reduced to 117kt CO2 savings. For this update, two changes were made. Firstly the total number of vehicles was updated with data from the National Bureau of Statistics and projected to 2030. For the year 2030 the estimate is 70,954 units compared to previous of 20,041. The amount of fuel (disaggregated for gasoline and diesel) being used in the transportation sector was obtained from the Seychelles Energy Commission Annual report 2017 (2015 data).', 'The amount of fuel (disaggregated for gasoline and diesel) being used in the transportation sector was obtained from the Seychelles Energy Commission Annual report 2017 (2015 data). A ratio of fuel per vehicle was obtained for each fuel type and extrapolated for the number of vehicles projected in 2030. This gave the projected amount of each fuel to be consumed in this sector with gasoline estimated at 86.27kt for 2030. It is assumed that electric vehicles will replace gasoline in the first instance to diesel vehicles, which are primarily used for commercial transportation. The conversion of fuel to GHG emission was done with emission factor in the most updated IPCC software 2020 version by inputting the projected amounted of fuel and using default values.', 'The conversion of fuel to GHG emission was done with emission factor in the most updated IPCC software 2020 version by inputting the projected amounted of fuel and using default values. The result was 242 ktCO2 under business as usual. The 30% electric target is hence revised to 72.5kt GHG, being more ambitious than in the previous NDC. For waste management, the Government policy in the previous NDC was to capture 50% landfill gas from disused Providence I landfill for flaring by ). At the time of this update (2021), the Country is making use of Providence II landfill (disposal unit 1) since 2015 and with expected end life of 2025. The previous target was based on methane capture from Providence I in 2025, which will be very low.', 'The previous target was based on methane capture from Providence I in 2025, which will be very low. This revision now assumes that this will be done for Providence II landfill where higher gas volume will be available. The strategy to install machinery to extract and flare methane by 2025 is being maintained however the target is being made more ambitious by collecting 80% methane from Providence II. This is expected to result in in 2030 reducing the business as usual (BAU) to 17.79kt CO2e. Over the next 20 years (2030- from the atmosphere. GWP for methane used is updated to 28 in accordance to the IPCC 5th assessment report.', 'GWP for methane used is updated to 28 in accordance to the IPCC 5th assessment report. c) How the Party has taken into consideration paragraphs 31 (c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21: Seychelles is committed over time to extend the scope of its NDC to all categories of anthropogenic emissions in line with paragraph 31(c). (d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans. Seychelles is committed to mapping the full extent of the blue carbon seagrass and mangrove ecosystems within its waters and measuring their carbon stock values. These assessments will inform our goal to include these ecosystems within our GHG inventory by 2025.4.', 'These assessments will inform our goal to include these ecosystems within our GHG inventory by 2025.4. Planning Processes (a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and implementation plans, including: domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner. (i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner The NDC updating process was carried out by a team of local and international consultants under the auspices of the Department of Climate Change. Unfortunately, the revision was carried out during the SARS- Covid19 epidemic with restrictions to organize physical meetings.', 'Unfortunately, the revision was carried out during the SARS- Covid19 epidemic with restrictions to organize physical meetings. However, stakeholder awareness and consultations were done with the help of other platforms such as virtual workshops via zoom, telephone communication and the use of Google Forms to gather information from community members that address issues around gender and youth into the NDC process. The engagement process was focus on three core areas that were based on consultations with community members and the review of relevant literature. They include the following: (i) Review of 2015 NDC through gender and youth perspective, (ii) An analytical study on the relationship between climate change, gender and youth, and (iii) Citizen’s charter for climate action and empowerment.', 'They include the following: (i) Review of 2015 NDC through gender and youth perspective, (ii) An analytical study on the relationship between climate change, gender and youth, and (iii) Citizen’s charter for climate action and empowerment. Key gaps were identified alongside proposed recommendations to ensure a gender-responsive NDC that is all-inclusive and addresses issues of inequality across sectors and different levels of decision making. (ii) Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication; a. National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication Seychelles is an archipelagic Small Island Developing State in the western Indian ocean. The country is composed of granitic islands where the majority of the population resides and outer coralline islands spread over an EEZ of 1.3 million km2.', 'The country is composed of granitic islands where the majority of the population resides and outer coralline islands spread over an EEZ of 1.3 million km2. The climate is tropical characterised by a dry season spread across the months of April to October and wet monsoon season from November to March. The geography of the main island is characterised by narrow coastal zone with high-forested granite mountains of the interior. In order to safeguard watershed areas and places of high biodiversity including endemic species, most of the highlands are protected. The country has high economic dependence on the Blue Economy, in particular Tourism and Fisheries and no other high value natural resources. All major infrastructure is located along the narrow coastal plains and on reclaimed land at height no greater than 2.5 m above mean sea level.', 'All major infrastructure is located along the narrow coastal plains and on reclaimed land at height no greater than 2.5 m above mean sea level. The country has high coastal population density resulting in serious climate change vulnerability. b. Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution; Seychelles’ experience with this update has highlighted the constraint of small countries in particular to carry out Greenhouse Gas inventories, update its national communication to the Convention retain technical capacity and communicate relevant information to stakeholders. The NDC was formulated before the third national communication, which means that it could not include inventory results of other categories such as LULUCF.', 'The NDC was formulated before the third national communication, which means that it could not include inventory results of other categories such as LULUCF. c. Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement; Seychelles will continue requiring international support in particular transitioning to clean and renewable energy, boosting human resource capacity and financing of mitigation and adaptation measures. (b) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional Not applicable.', '(b) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional Not applicable. Seychelles is not part of any joint fulfilment agreement under Article 4, paragraph 2 of the Paris Agreementeconomic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement c) How the Party’s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; The first global stocktake will take place in 2023. Seychelles participated in the Talanoa Dialogue in 2018, which generated political momentum for enhanced climate action, including calling for Parties to update their NDCs. The preparation of Seychelles’ enhanced NDC was informed by the recommendations of the Talanoa Call for Action, taking into account national circumstances.', 'The preparation of Seychelles’ enhanced NDC was informed by the recommendations of the Talanoa Call for Action, taking into account national circumstances. (d) Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co- benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: (i) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution; Not applicable ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co- benefit. Not applicable 5.', '(d) Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co- benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: (i) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution; Not applicable ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co- benefit. Not applicable 5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals (a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA.', 'Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals (a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA. Seychelles has accounted for its anthropogenic GHG emissions using the 2020 Supplement to the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories specifically, by way of the Sectoral approach. It will use the same methodology to account for other categories of emissions and removals as part of the third national communication.', 'It will use the same methodology to account for other categories of emissions and removals as part of the third national communication. (b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution See 5(a) above.', '(b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution See 5(a) above. Seychelles will also apply specific assumptions and methodologies, where relevant, when accounting for progress of various policies and measures in its Biennial Update Report or Biennial Transparency Report (c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate Seychelles is and will continue to use methods and guidance prepared under the Convention as per 5(a) above (d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals Seychelles’ emissions for CO2 , are derived using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines (2020 update) using The Tier 1 methodology via the Sectoral approach.', 'Seychelles will also apply specific assumptions and methodologies, where relevant, when accounting for progress of various policies and measures in its Biennial Update Report or Biennial Transparency Report (c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate Seychelles is and will continue to use methods and guidance prepared under the Convention as per 5(a) above (d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals Seychelles’ emissions for CO2 , are derived using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines (2020 update) using The Tier 1 methodology via the Sectoral approach. Higher tier methodology will be used, where relevant and depending on availability of data.', 'Higher tier methodology will be used, where relevant and depending on availability of data. HFC emissions (of the RAC sector) are projected using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines (2020 update), Tier 2a approach (emission factor approach which considers activity data (sales) and installed equipment as well as emission factors during operation and disposal of RAC equipment).', 'HFC emissions (of the RAC sector) are projected using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines (2020 update), Tier 2a approach (emission factor approach which considers activity data (sales) and installed equipment as well as emission factors during operation and disposal of RAC equipment). Electricity related emissions of the RAC sectors are derived from the projected electricity consumption of the installed equipment(e) Sector-, category- or activity- specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable Seychelles will account for reporting of GHG emissions and removals from the LULUCF sector in accordance with the 2020 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (i) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands GHG emissions and removals from natural disturbances, if any, will be accounted for in accordance with the prescribed 2006 IPCC Guidelines.', 'Electricity related emissions of the RAC sectors are derived from the projected electricity consumption of the installed equipment(e) Sector-, category- or activity- specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable Seychelles will account for reporting of GHG emissions and removals from the LULUCF sector in accordance with the 2020 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (i) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands GHG emissions and removals from natural disturbances, if any, will be accounted for in accordance with the prescribed 2006 IPCC Guidelines. (ii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products Due to insignificant scale of harvested wood products in Seychelles these were not included in the NDC.', '(ii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products Due to insignificant scale of harvested wood products in Seychelles these were not included in the NDC. (iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; Seychelles will estimate GHG emissions and removals in the LUCF sector, using the maximum tier for which data is available. It will apply country-specific data resulting from field inventory measurements undertaken at regular intervals and estimated by modelling approaches. The field measurements will take into consideration tree growth information across the range of tree species and diameter classes for all forest types.', 'The field measurements will take into consideration tree growth information across the range of tree species and diameter classes for all forest types. (f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: (i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; To develop the NDC, extensive technical studies were undertaken, including an assessment of Seychelles’ economy-wide energy efficiency and renewable energy potential. Studies included assessing GHG mitigation potential of actions in the energy sector, waste management and transportation sector. These were discussed and validated with national stakeholders in a validation workshop before being sent to cabinet of Ministers for official endorsement.', 'These were discussed and validated with national stakeholders in a validation workshop before being sent to cabinet of Ministers for official endorsement. Stakeholder consultations were carried out through online means in view of Covid19 restrictions in place at the time of the update. “The Greenhouse Gas Inventory & Mitigation Strategies for the Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Sector in the Seychelles (2020)” was the main data source for assessing RAC sector mitigation measures.', '“The Greenhouse Gas Inventory & Mitigation Strategies for the Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Sector in the Seychelles (2020)” was the main data source for assessing RAC sector mitigation measures. (ii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non-greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; Not applicable (iii) For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated Not applicable (iv) Further technical information, as necessary; None (g) The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable Seychelles is committed to contributing to discussions on international cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. Depending on the outcomes, the country will explore the development and application of these mechanisms to support the achievement of its NDC targets.6.', 'Depending on the outcomes, the country will explore the development and application of these mechanisms to support the achievement of its NDC targets.6. How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances (a) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances The calculated emission of Seychelles under the second national communication is less than 0.003% of global emissions. Seychelles is also a net sink and under the business as usual (BAU) scenario calculated in the second national communications. It is expected to be a net emitter in 2025. The Seychelles economy was severely impacted by Covid19 in 2020.', 'The Seychelles economy was severely impacted by Covid19 in 2020. Despite this, Seychelles is still implementing economy wide emission reduction targets, which has been further enhanced to complement adaptation strategies. In this context the contribution of Seychelles is considered fair and ambitious. (b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; (c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; (d) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; Seychelles updated NDC is an economy-wide absolute GHG emissions limitation target, which reflects its effort as a developing country Party to address Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement. e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement. As per 6(d) above 7.', 'e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement. As per 6(d) above 7. How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 (a) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article Seychelles target to limit GHG emissions in the above sectors to 820.7kt CO2e in 2030 and increase its adaptive capacity is in line with the objectives under Article 2 of the Paris Agreement and will help achieve the temperature goal set out in Article 2 paragraph 2(a) and Article 4 paragraph 1 of the Paris Agreement. (b) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 2(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement.4.', '(b) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 2(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement.4. Mitigation Contribution Deeply supportive of the goals and objectives of the Paris Agreement to limit the global temperature increase to 1.5°C below pre-industrial levels, the Republic of Seychelles submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) in 2015. This update deepens and moves beyond the initial set of actions and commitments with respect to scope, sector ambition, balancing of mitigation and adaptation actions, transparency, governance and loss and damage.', 'This update deepens and moves beyond the initial set of actions and commitments with respect to scope, sector ambition, balancing of mitigation and adaptation actions, transparency, governance and loss and damage. With its new and enhanced mitigation contributions, Seychelles seeks to achieve a substantial mitigation benefit, lowering the GHG emission to a level of 817 ktCO2 eq by 2030, relatively to baseline emissions, as well as a lasting adaptation impact in terms of energy and water security for Seychelles and improved resilience across communities.', 'With its new and enhanced mitigation contributions, Seychelles seeks to achieve a substantial mitigation benefit, lowering the GHG emission to a level of 817 ktCO2 eq by 2030, relatively to baseline emissions, as well as a lasting adaptation impact in terms of energy and water security for Seychelles and improved resilience across communities. The enhanced mitigation contributions include: • The 2030 commitment to reduce economy-wide greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 26.4% below business-as-usual (BAU); • The long-term commitment to achieve a decarbonized economy by 2050 and to boost electricity generation from renewable energies, including marine energy technologies, bio-energies, such as biomass and waste-to-energy, and the use of environment friendly intermittent energy storage technologies; • The 2030 commitment to shift progressively to low carbon transport, including active modes and international maritime transport, starting with public transportation; • The 2030 commitment to use renewable energy (RE) for water supply mobilisation and to secure a sustainable and resilient water management system; • The 2030 commitment to ensure that sewage systems and wastewater treatment facilities include nutrients and energy recover; • The commitment to ensure “Responsible Tourism” in a circular economy, defining a 2030 target of reducing GHG emissions from the sector.', 'The enhanced mitigation contributions include: • The 2030 commitment to reduce economy-wide greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 26.4% below business-as-usual (BAU); • The long-term commitment to achieve a decarbonized economy by 2050 and to boost electricity generation from renewable energies, including marine energy technologies, bio-energies, such as biomass and waste-to-energy, and the use of environment friendly intermittent energy storage technologies; • The 2030 commitment to shift progressively to low carbon transport, including active modes and international maritime transport, starting with public transportation; • The 2030 commitment to use renewable energy (RE) for water supply mobilisation and to secure a sustainable and resilient water management system; • The 2030 commitment to ensure that sewage systems and wastewater treatment facilities include nutrients and energy recover; • The commitment to ensure “Responsible Tourism” in a circular economy, defining a 2030 target of reducing GHG emissions from the sector. Seychelles supports the use of all of the enhanced ambition instruments under Art.', 'Seychelles supports the use of all of the enhanced ambition instruments under Art. 6 of the Paris Agreement, focusing on energy and mobility under the provision on cooperative approaches (Art. 6.2 Paris Agreement) and on targeting adaptation benefits for rural communities (food and water security and healthy soils) as well as interventions on sustainable tourism and blue habitats (ecosystem services from coastal wetlands and marine resources) under the non-market approaches provision (Art. 6.8 Paris Agreement). 1. Reducing energy intensity and fostering energy efficiency 2. Increasing renewable energy targets 3. Lowering the carbon intensity of mobility 4.', 'Lowering the carbon intensity of mobility 4. Shifting towards responsible tourism and circular economy Key contributions of Seychelles to the Paris Agreement Seychelles’ new key contributions include: • By 2030, Seychelles commits to reduce economy-wide GHG emissions by 26.4% below the BAU scenario. • The 2030 commitments are set with the long-term goal of achieving a decarbonised net-zero emissions economy by 2050. • Key implementation targets focus on modernize the entire electricity sector, increased electricity generation from renewable sources, improved energy efficiency across sectors, the shift from fossil fuel- engineered transport to electrified transport and individual active mobility, enhanced resource rehabilitation and land mitigation measures. • To plan, manage and track progress, Seychelles will build a national climate governance system centeredon inclusive consultations, institutional coherence and scientific excellence.', '• To plan, manage and track progress, Seychelles will build a national climate governance system centeredon inclusive consultations, institutional coherence and scientific excellence. Seychelles plans to continue creating an enabling environment for the adoption of appropriate and relevant green technologies. Similarly, Seychelles’ mitigation commitments directly yield a range of significant adaptation and resilience benefits, and vice versa. Energy sourced from renewables means enhanced energy security for Seychelles across islands as well as self-relied access to clean water. These in turn provides climate resilience for urban and rural families and communities, encourages the production of local farming productions; it also considerably improves the livelihoods of those households living in poverty. Conversely, many adaptation measures directly yield mitigation co-benefits.', 'Conversely, many adaptation measures directly yield mitigation co-benefits. Seychelles’ forests, soils and coastal wetlands are important carbon stocks, and all measures directed at protecting and enhancing these ecosystems – meant to reduce erosion, improve or protect against flooding and salination – also maintain and improve the country’s carbon sink capabilities. 5. Adaptation Contribution As a Small Island Developing State, Seychelles is inherently vulnerable to the impacts and risks associated with climate change, and thus gives high priority to climate adaptation strategies that will improve its resilience to these. Climate change adaptation has been on Seychelles’ national agenda since 1992 and the country has since developed a number of broad national policies, roadmaps and strategies that integrate climate change risks within the social and economic development sectors.', 'Climate change adaptation has been on Seychelles’ national agenda since 1992 and the country has since developed a number of broad national policies, roadmaps and strategies that integrate climate change risks within the social and economic development sectors. This includes the 2019-2023 National Development Strategy. These plans continue to form the backbone of Seychelles’ commitment to climate change adaptation under this NDC, and will contribute to Seychelles becoming a climate resilient economy.', 'These plans continue to form the backbone of Seychelles’ commitment to climate change adaptation under this NDC, and will contribute to Seychelles becoming a climate resilient economy. Seychelles new key contributions to climate change adaptation under this NDC include the following commitments and targets, focused on safeguarding the Blue Economy and Blue Carbon ecosystems: • Seychelles intends for coastal planning and infrastructure to be regulated at the national and local level to prioritize the consideration of “blue” Nature-based Solutions (NbS) for climate resilience. • Seychelles will protect its blue carbon ecosystems, i.e.', '• Seychelles will protect its blue carbon ecosystems, i.e. at least 50% of its seagrass and mangrove ecosystems by 2025, and 100% of seagrass and mangrove ecosystems by 2030, • Seychelles will establish a long-term monitoring programme for seagrass and mangrove ecosystems by 2025 and include the GHG sink of Seychelles’ blue carbon ecosystems within the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory by 2025. • Seychelles commits to the implementation of its adopted Marine Spatial Plan and the effective management of the 30% marine protected areas within the Seychelles’ Exclusive Economic Zone.', '• Seychelles commits to the implementation of its adopted Marine Spatial Plan and the effective management of the 30% marine protected areas within the Seychelles’ Exclusive Economic Zone. In addition, Seychelles commits to continue integrating climate change considerations into plans and strategies across all key sectors by 2030 through the following priority actions: • Prioritizing nature-based solutions to protect coastal ecosystems from climate change impacts such as storm surges, flooding and erosion, using the Coastal Management Plan as a guideline for implementation of nature-based solutions; • Adopting an integrated Ridge-to-Reef approach to coastal management that brings together the Seychelles Marine Spatial Plan, the Coastal Management Plan, the Blue Economy Roadmap, the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan and other ongoing initiatives to guide development in sectors such as fisheries and aquaculture, tourism, agriculture, waste management, water resources, biodiversity conservation and urban development; • Developing a Port Development Master Plan, which also caters for growth and includes a climate adaptation strategy; • Improving the management of freshwater resources, implementing the existing Water Resource Management Strategies as part of the Seychelles Water Supply Development Plan, and implementing new strategies to reuse water;• Developing and implementing a climate change strategy for the tourism sector, incorporating long- term sustainable planning and management of tourism infrastructure, and coastal management, in partnership with the private sector; • Updating and continuing with the implementation of the Seychelles National Agriculture Investment Plan and promoting climate smart agriculture including water efficient irrigation, rainwater harvesting and expansion of climate adapted crops and livestock; • Developing and implementing effective, sustainable and license-based fisheries management plans, integrating climate change adaptation, to ensure sustainable use of resources and avoid overexploitation; • Strengthening sustainable land-use planning and management and effective implementation of integrated sustainable development practices, and; • Implementing the National Integrated Emergency Management Plan.', 'In addition, Seychelles commits to continue integrating climate change considerations into plans and strategies across all key sectors by 2030 through the following priority actions: • Prioritizing nature-based solutions to protect coastal ecosystems from climate change impacts such as storm surges, flooding and erosion, using the Coastal Management Plan as a guideline for implementation of nature-based solutions; • Adopting an integrated Ridge-to-Reef approach to coastal management that brings together the Seychelles Marine Spatial Plan, the Coastal Management Plan, the Blue Economy Roadmap, the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan and other ongoing initiatives to guide development in sectors such as fisheries and aquaculture, tourism, agriculture, waste management, water resources, biodiversity conservation and urban development; • Developing a Port Development Master Plan, which also caters for growth and includes a climate adaptation strategy; • Improving the management of freshwater resources, implementing the existing Water Resource Management Strategies as part of the Seychelles Water Supply Development Plan, and implementing new strategies to reuse water;• Developing and implementing a climate change strategy for the tourism sector, incorporating long- term sustainable planning and management of tourism infrastructure, and coastal management, in partnership with the private sector; • Updating and continuing with the implementation of the Seychelles National Agriculture Investment Plan and promoting climate smart agriculture including water efficient irrigation, rainwater harvesting and expansion of climate adapted crops and livestock; • Developing and implementing effective, sustainable and license-based fisheries management plans, integrating climate change adaptation, to ensure sustainable use of resources and avoid overexploitation; • Strengthening sustainable land-use planning and management and effective implementation of integrated sustainable development practices, and; • Implementing the National Integrated Emergency Management Plan. These combined actions will result in the development of climate resilient coastlines, critical infrastructure, blue and green ecosystems, and fisheries, tourism, and agricultural sectors.', 'These combined actions will result in the development of climate resilient coastlines, critical infrastructure, blue and green ecosystems, and fisheries, tourism, and agricultural sectors. 6. Cross-cutting areas for action Several climate change mitigation and adaptation priorities cut across many different sectors and require coordinated actions between government, civil society, women, youth groups and private sector partners to build effective climate resilience. These include: 6.1 Capacity Building and Climate Change Education This is a cross-cutting theme in most of the mitigation and adaptation sub-sectors. Helping citizens and professionals understand how their sector contributes to climate change, how it is affected by climate change (or will be in the future) and what can be done to adapt - these are critical to the achievement of Seychelles’ NDC commitments.', 'Helping citizens and professionals understand how their sector contributes to climate change, how it is affected by climate change (or will be in the future) and what can be done to adapt - these are critical to the achievement of Seychelles’ NDC commitments. The Seychelles Climate Change Policy (2020) affirms Seychelles’ commitment to “strengthen capacity and social empowerment at all levels to adequately respond to Climate Change”. To achieve this objective, Seychelles plans to build local capacity through: • Integrating climate mitigation and adaptation content into the curricula of University of Seychelles and other post-secondary education institutions (e.g. Seychelles Tourism Academy, Maritime Training Academy, Seychelles Institute of Technology, Seychelles Institute of Agriculture and Horticulture, etc.', 'Seychelles Tourism Academy, Maritime Training Academy, Seychelles Institute of Technology, Seychelles Institute of Agriculture and Horticulture, etc. • Investing in local skills development, professional development and peer-to peer support networks to assist in mainstreaming climate change mitigation and adaptation considerations into key economic sectors, (e.g.', '• Investing in local skills development, professional development and peer-to peer support networks to assist in mainstreaming climate change mitigation and adaptation considerations into key economic sectors, (e.g. construction and engineering, coastal management, fisheries, agriculture, transportation, energy, tourism) • Expanding and supporting climate change, blue economy and marine education curriculum development, programs and internships, in the formal education system, particularly those that strengthen Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM)1 • Supporting informal climate change education programs for the public, businesses, faith groups, and other audiences in collaboration with the media and other partners In addition, Seychelles plans to: 1 These capacity building activities should be developed together with relevant ministries, to ensure a connection to Seychelles’ needs and ambitions.', 'construction and engineering, coastal management, fisheries, agriculture, transportation, energy, tourism) • Expanding and supporting climate change, blue economy and marine education curriculum development, programs and internships, in the formal education system, particularly those that strengthen Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM)1 • Supporting informal climate change education programs for the public, businesses, faith groups, and other audiences in collaboration with the media and other partners In addition, Seychelles plans to: 1 These capacity building activities should be developed together with relevant ministries, to ensure a connection to Seychelles’ needs and ambitions. The University of Seychelles and other local training institutes need to be equipped with resources to facilitate these programmes, focusing on climate change, sustainability and business, technology and innovation (BTI).• Build capacity to monitor disaster and climate risks within the Department of Risk and Disaster Management.', 'The University of Seychelles and other local training institutes need to be equipped with resources to facilitate these programmes, focusing on climate change, sustainability and business, technology and innovation (BTI).• Build capacity to monitor disaster and climate risks within the Department of Risk and Disaster Management. • Build capacity to implement and monitor climate change actions in sectoral plans and strategies, including in health, energy, agriculture, coastal management, disaster and risk management, tourism, etc. • Make climate change part of human resource planning and development in order to effectively respond to climate change impacts and protect the most vulnerable population in society.', '• Make climate change part of human resource planning and development in order to effectively respond to climate change impacts and protect the most vulnerable population in society. • Promote collaboration in climate change capacity building and education programs among partners from government, schools, professional groups, civil society, women, youth groups and the media • Fulfil the rights and aspirations of key populations, vulnerable groups (women, youth children and others) indigenous peoples, disabled persons and other marginalized groups through investments in climate adaptation with particular focus on those left behind.', '• Promote collaboration in climate change capacity building and education programs among partners from government, schools, professional groups, civil society, women, youth groups and the media • Fulfil the rights and aspirations of key populations, vulnerable groups (women, youth children and others) indigenous peoples, disabled persons and other marginalized groups through investments in climate adaptation with particular focus on those left behind. • Expanded opportunities for young people, who are stepping up to the advocacy and innovation challenge of climate change • Encourage life skills and family life education that integrates comprehensive sexuality education as a key part of building climate resilience among young people especially in vulnerable communities prone to climate impacts • Develop pre-service midwifery curricula and other relevant in-service training materials that incorporates climate risks and impacts • Build the capacity of local governments to create permanent and specialized task teams whose year round job is to ensure the maximum protection of the most vulnerable groups before disaster, during and post disaster as well as encourage costing/quantification of costs of inaction on climate change, and • Share best practice at the Paris Committee on Capacity Building to support other Parties.', '• Expanded opportunities for young people, who are stepping up to the advocacy and innovation challenge of climate change • Encourage life skills and family life education that integrates comprehensive sexuality education as a key part of building climate resilience among young people especially in vulnerable communities prone to climate impacts • Develop pre-service midwifery curricula and other relevant in-service training materials that incorporates climate risks and impacts • Build the capacity of local governments to create permanent and specialized task teams whose year round job is to ensure the maximum protection of the most vulnerable groups before disaster, during and post disaster as well as encourage costing/quantification of costs of inaction on climate change, and • Share best practice at the Paris Committee on Capacity Building to support other Parties. 6.2 Data Collection, Monitoring and Research It is important for Seychelles to consolidate its knowledge base by developing formal systems for collecting and maintaining data to support informed decision-making and adaptive management related to climate change adaptation and mitigation targets.', '6.2 Data Collection, Monitoring and Research It is important for Seychelles to consolidate its knowledge base by developing formal systems for collecting and maintaining data to support informed decision-making and adaptive management related to climate change adaptation and mitigation targets. Examples of this knowledge base include ocean reports, systematic and standardized data collection and methodologies, to build a better (national) knowledge base on the fundamentals for adaptation and mitigation. This will include the development and application of disaggregated population data, particularly for its climate change adaptation actions.', 'This will include the development and application of disaggregated population data, particularly for its climate change adaptation actions. To ensure robust implementation in line with the Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF) established under the Paris Agreement, Seychelles plans to enact dedicated legislation covering comprehensive monitoring, reporting and evaluation of GHG data, mitigation action as well as adaptation action, and defining a cross-institutional climate governance framework. Seychelles also commits to undertaking research to better understand, plan for and address the vulnerability across all key sectors. This includes improving understanding of the: • vulnerability of Seychelles’ critical infrastructure to climate change impacts, to identify gaps and priorities • vulnerability of the key economic sectors to climate change, e.g.', 'This includes improving understanding of the: • vulnerability of Seychelles’ critical infrastructure to climate change impacts, to identify gaps and priorities • vulnerability of the key economic sectors to climate change, e.g. fisheries, tourism, agriculture • the links between climate change and health trends • Impacts of climate change on marine and terrestrial biodiversity and ecosystems 6.3 Climate Finance For the implementation of existing climate mitigation and adaptation policy documents, it is important to identify funding resources and mechanisms to secure funding from various sources. While mobilising substantial domestic funding, Seychelles will rely on international support – technological,capacity-building and finance – to achieve its 2030 contributions.', 'While mobilising substantial domestic funding, Seychelles will rely on international support – technological,capacity-building and finance – to achieve its 2030 contributions. The Seychelles Government will adopt a Climate Finance Strategy and Roadmap to establish and prioritise how best to incentivise domestic investments and how to direct funding from international public, private and sources for use in different project preparation and financing stages. It will also commit to undertake a cost assessment of all of our future commitments. An example of this includes implementing a State of the Coast assessment program (tied to the monitoring of the Coastal Management Plan) to understand the real costs of loss of coastal and marine ecosystems, through monitoring the status of key coastal features and the services they provide.', 'An example of this includes implementing a State of the Coast assessment program (tied to the monitoring of the Coastal Management Plan) to understand the real costs of loss of coastal and marine ecosystems, through monitoring the status of key coastal features and the services they provide. In addition, it will, identify financing mechanisms to support its NDC implementation e.g. multilateral and bilateral funds, insurance products, debt-for-nature swaps, private investment, blue carbon credits and bonds, and other innovative conservation financing mechanisms.', 'multilateral and bilateral funds, insurance products, debt-for-nature swaps, private investment, blue carbon credits and bonds, and other innovative conservation financing mechanisms. 6.4 Cross-sectoral coordination From an institutional standpoint, the success of climate mitigation and adaptation will hinge on improved governance, leadership capacity and coordination between different actors including government, civil society, women, youth groups and the private sector, as well as developing the capacity to plan for climate change impacts, effectively implement and adaptively manage these strategies. The need exists to improve the ability to address low carbons strategies and climate resilience within governmental agencies and institutions, as well as incorporating this knowledge in the policy, legal and regulatory framework.', 'The need exists to improve the ability to address low carbons strategies and climate resilience within governmental agencies and institutions, as well as incorporating this knowledge in the policy, legal and regulatory framework. An assessment of the consistency, coordination and incorporation of low carbon pathways and climate resilience is required to enable better coordination among governmental agencies.', 'An assessment of the consistency, coordination and incorporation of low carbon pathways and climate resilience is required to enable better coordination among governmental agencies. This will be undertaken through: • Establishing linkages between responsible government entities to ensure the adoption of appropriate adaptation approaches and improved coordination during the implementation of national plans and strategies that safeguard critical infrastructure and a sustainable blue economy from the impacts of climate change • Strengthening linkages and collaboration between government agencies and private sector organisations to ensure effective coordination of Seychelles’ climate mitigation targets • Operationalising the National Climate Change Council with representation from private sector, women and youth, and • Seeking to involve youth in the Monitoring, Reporting and Verification system of the NDC Implementation.', 'This will be undertaken through: • Establishing linkages between responsible government entities to ensure the adoption of appropriate adaptation approaches and improved coordination during the implementation of national plans and strategies that safeguard critical infrastructure and a sustainable blue economy from the impacts of climate change • Strengthening linkages and collaboration between government agencies and private sector organisations to ensure effective coordination of Seychelles’ climate mitigation targets • Operationalising the National Climate Change Council with representation from private sector, women and youth, and • Seeking to involve youth in the Monitoring, Reporting and Verification system of the NDC Implementation. 7: Supplementary information to the updated Seychelles NDC Deeply supportive of the goals and objectives of the Paris Agreement to limit the global temperature increase to 1.5°C below pre-industrial levels, the Republic of Seychelles submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) in 2015, which became its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) upon Seychelles’ ratification of the Paris Agreement on 29th April 2016.', '7: Supplementary information to the updated Seychelles NDC Deeply supportive of the goals and objectives of the Paris Agreement to limit the global temperature increase to 1.5°C below pre-industrial levels, the Republic of Seychelles submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) in 2015, which became its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) upon Seychelles’ ratification of the Paris Agreement on 29th April 2016. This update deepens and moves beyond the initial set of actions and commitments with respect to scope, sector ambition, balancing of mitigation and adaptation actions, transparency, governance and loss and damage. The revised submission comes immediately after the global SARS Covid 19 pandemic that severely paralysed the country’s fragile economy with earnings from the production sectors of tourism and fisheries significantly below normal.', 'The revised submission comes immediately after the global SARS Covid 19 pandemic that severely paralysed the country’s fragile economy with earnings from the production sectors of tourism and fisheries significantly below normal. These threats, coupled with environmental threats such as Climate Change is likely to be harder felt by Small Island Developing States like Seychelles than other countries hence re- iterating the need to formulate more effective adaptation strategies.', 'These threats, coupled with environmental threats such as Climate Change is likely to be harder felt by Small Island Developing States like Seychelles than other countries hence re- iterating the need to formulate more effective adaptation strategies. With this submission, the Republic of Seychelles hereby updates its NDC, reiterating and improving upon its commitments towards reducing greenhouse gas emissions.With its new and enhanced mitigation contributions, Seychelles seeks to achieve a substantial mitigation benefit, lowering the GHG emission to a level of 817 ktCO2 eq by 2030, relatively to baseline emissions, as well as a lasting adaptation impact in terms of energy and water security for Seychelles and improved resilience across communities.', 'With this submission, the Republic of Seychelles hereby updates its NDC, reiterating and improving upon its commitments towards reducing greenhouse gas emissions.With its new and enhanced mitigation contributions, Seychelles seeks to achieve a substantial mitigation benefit, lowering the GHG emission to a level of 817 ktCO2 eq by 2030, relatively to baseline emissions, as well as a lasting adaptation impact in terms of energy and water security for Seychelles and improved resilience across communities. The enhanced mitigation contributions include: • The 2030 commitment to reduce economy-wide greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 26.4% below business-as-usual (BAU); • The long-term commitment to achieve a decarbonized economy by 2050 and to boost electricity generation from renewable energies, including marine energy technologies, bio-energies, such as biomass and waste-to-energy, and the use of environment friendly intermittent energy storage technologies; • The 2030 commitment to shift progressively to low carbon transport, including active modes and international maritime transport, starting with public transportation; • The 2030 commitment to use renewable energy (RE) for water supply mobilisation and to secure a sustainable and resilient water management system; • The 2030 commitment to ensure that sewage systems and wastewater treatment facilities include nutrients and energy recover; • The commitment to ensure “Responsible Tourism” in a circular economy, defining a 2030 target of reducing GHG emissions from the sector.', 'The enhanced mitigation contributions include: • The 2030 commitment to reduce economy-wide greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 26.4% below business-as-usual (BAU); • The long-term commitment to achieve a decarbonized economy by 2050 and to boost electricity generation from renewable energies, including marine energy technologies, bio-energies, such as biomass and waste-to-energy, and the use of environment friendly intermittent energy storage technologies; • The 2030 commitment to shift progressively to low carbon transport, including active modes and international maritime transport, starting with public transportation; • The 2030 commitment to use renewable energy (RE) for water supply mobilisation and to secure a sustainable and resilient water management system; • The 2030 commitment to ensure that sewage systems and wastewater treatment facilities include nutrients and energy recover; • The commitment to ensure “Responsible Tourism” in a circular economy, defining a 2030 target of reducing GHG emissions from the sector. To ensure robust implementation in line with the Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF) established under the Paris Agreement, Seychelles plans to enact dedicated legislation covering comprehensive monitoring, reporting and evaluation of GHG data, mitigation action as well as adaptation action, and defining a cross-institutional climate governance framework.', 'To ensure robust implementation in line with the Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF) established under the Paris Agreement, Seychelles plans to enact dedicated legislation covering comprehensive monitoring, reporting and evaluation of GHG data, mitigation action as well as adaptation action, and defining a cross-institutional climate governance framework. While mobilising substantial domestic funding, Seychelles will rely on international support – technological, capacity-building and finance – to achieve its 2030 contributions. The Seychelles Government will adopt a Climate Finance Strategy and Roadmap to establish and prioritise how best to incentivise domestic investments and how to direct funding from international public, private and sources for use in different project preparation and financing stages. Seychelles supports the use of all of the enhanced ambition instruments under Art.', 'Seychelles supports the use of all of the enhanced ambition instruments under Art. 6 of the Paris Agreement, focusing on energy and mobility under the provision on cooperative approaches (Art. 6.2 Paris Agreement) and on targeting adaptation benefits for rural communities (food and water security and healthy soils) as well as interventions on sustainable tourism and blue habitats (ecosystem services from coastal wetlands and marine resources) under the non-market approaches provision (Art. 6.8 Paris Agreement). 1. Reducing energy intensity and fostering energy efficiency 2. Increasing renewable energy targets 3. Lowering the carbon intensity of mobility 4.', 'Lowering the carbon intensity of mobility 4. Shifting towards responsible tourism and circular economy 7.1.1 Key contributions of Seychelles to the Paris Agreement Seychelles’ new key contributions include: • By 2030, Seychelles commits to reduce economy-wide GHG emissions by 26.4% below the BAU scenario. • The 2030 commitments are set with the long-term goal of achieving a decarbonised net-zero emissions economy by 2050. • Key implementation targets focus on modernize the entire electricity sector, increased electricity generation from renewable sources, improved energy efficiency across sectors, the shift from fossil fuel- engineered transport to electrified transport and individual active mobility, enhanced resourcerehabilitation and land mitigation measures. • To plan, manage and track progress, Seychelles will build a national climate governance system centered on inclusive consultations, institutional coherence and scientific excellence.', '• To plan, manage and track progress, Seychelles will build a national climate governance system centered on inclusive consultations, institutional coherence and scientific excellence. Seychelles plans to continue creating an enabling environment for the adoption of appropriate and relevant green technologies. Similarly, Seychelles’ mitigation commitments directly yield a range of significant adaptation and resilience benefits, and vice versa. Energy sourced from renewables means enhanced energy security for Seychelles across islands as well as self-relied access to clean water. These in turn provides climate resilience for urban and rural families and communities, encourages the production of local farming productions; it also considerably improves the livelihoods of those households living in poverty. Conversely, many adaptation measures directly yield mitigation co-benefits.', 'Conversely, many adaptation measures directly yield mitigation co-benefits. Seychelles’ forests, soils and coastal wetlands are important carbon stocks, and all measures directed at protecting and enhancing these ecosystems – meant to reduce erosion, improve or protect against flooding and salination – also maintain and improve the country’s carbon sink capabilities. 7.1.2 Sectors and gases covered Power sector, including the Refrigeration and Air Condition subsector, Land Transport and Waste Management. The Greenhouse Gases covered are Carbon Dioxide (CO2 ), Methane (CH4 ) and Hydrofluorocarbons (HFC). Seychelles is an island country with a high external energy dependence, both for energy production and transportation, since it needs to import the most used fuels, namely petroleum products and their derivatives.', 'Seychelles is an island country with a high external energy dependence, both for energy production and transportation, since it needs to import the most used fuels, namely petroleum products and their derivatives. Biomass consumption is mainly focused on firewood in rural areas and the outskirts of cities for food preparation. RE sources are mainly wind and solar, with hydropower, wave, waste and biomass sources playing almost no role in Seychelles’ energy matrix. With respect to electrical energy, the vast majority are produced from thermal power plants using diesel and fuel oil. 7.1.2.1.1 Power sector For the Power sector, the target in the previous NDC is being maintained which was derived from the Energy policy of 2009. The policy and energy strategy are currently being reviewed.', 'The policy and energy strategy are currently being reviewed. The target is 15.5% energy efficiency and 15% renewables in 2030. These targets are very ambitious for a Small Island Developing State and Seychelles is currently producing 5% RE and will need to scale to 10% in 10 years taking into account economic growth. emissions from RE and EE targets in power sector 7.1.2.1.2 Refrigeration and air conditioning sector Year emissions from RE and EE targets in power sector Reference EE (15.5% by EE + REFor the RAC sector, emissions from hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) used as refrigerants are addressed by the commitments made under the Kigali Amendment (KA) to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer as ratified by the Republic of Seychelles in July 2019.', 'emissions from RE and EE targets in power sector 7.1.2.1.2 Refrigeration and air conditioning sector Year emissions from RE and EE targets in power sector Reference EE (15.5% by EE + REFor the RAC sector, emissions from hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) used as refrigerants are addressed by the commitments made under the Kigali Amendment (KA) to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer as ratified by the Republic of Seychelles in July 2019. The Kigali Amendment mandates a capping of HFC consumption in 2024 and a first reduction step of 10% from 2029 onwards. The cap of HFC consumption is estimated at 30.0 ktCO2e. The hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) part of the baseline is not considered.', 'The hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) part of the baseline is not considered. In order to prevent a lock-in of highly climate-damaging HFC refrigerants during the period between now and the first KA phase-down step in 2029, the Republic of the Seychelles aims to implement early action on the reduction of HFCs and the introduction of climate-friendly alternatives. The key RAC sub-sectors for mitigation are split air conditioners (split ACs), domestic refrigerators and stand-alone refrigerators for commercial operation (commercial refrigeration). Minimum energy performance standards (MEPS) and labels will be introduced to increase the energy efficiency of appliances leading to a decrease of emissions from electricity consumption (indirect emissions).', 'Minimum energy performance standards (MEPS) and labels will be introduced to increase the energy efficiency of appliances leading to a decrease of emissions from electricity consumption (indirect emissions). The transition to energy efficient and climate-friendly cooling solutions will be supported by skills enhancement programs for RAC technicians that cover the handling of low-GWP, and especially of natural refrigerants. The compliance with regulatory measures is supported by skill development of custom officials. Figure 2 – RAC mitigation measures – mitigation potential To contribute to the key climate change mitigation actions reducing energy intensity and fostering energy efficiency, Seychelles undertakes to: Reduce energy demand through change in the energy mix and 15% energy efficiency improvements by 2030.', 'Figure 2 – RAC mitigation measures – mitigation potential To contribute to the key climate change mitigation actions reducing energy intensity and fostering energy efficiency, Seychelles undertakes to: Reduce energy demand through change in the energy mix and 15% energy efficiency improvements by 2030. With adequate support, the reduction commitment can be increased below BAU projections. To contribute to the target the following measures are planned: • Decrease electricity consumption in 2030, giving more emphasis on energy efficiency. • Modernize and strengthen the electricity transmission and distribution networks. • Accelerate smart grid development and general use of smart meters. • Increase energy efficiency practices in public lighting, buildings, appliances, and other practices of energy efficiency and savings.', '• Increase energy efficiency practices in public lighting, buildings, appliances, and other practices of energy efficiency and savings. • Adoption of technical specifications and criteria in building codes for low-carbon, low-tech, passive, bioclimatic, self-reliant construction techniques.To contribute to the key climate change mitigation actions to increasing renewable energy targets, Seychelles undertakes to: Make a major shift towards the low-carbon economy by increasing the RE share in the electricity supply to 15 % in 2030. The RE target may go up to 100% in outlying islands. • Promote bioenergy and marine energy technologies. • Increase RE storage capacity. • Implement micro-energy network in outlying islands. • Installing waste-to-energy plants for methane recovery in landfill areas. • Introduce solar desalinisation plants.', '• Introduce solar desalinisation plants. To contribute to the key climate change mitigation actions to increasing the share of energy-efficient and climate-friendly cooling appliances, Seychelles undertakes to: • Transform the three sub-sectors of split air conditioners (split AC), domestic refrigerators and stand- alone refrigerators for commercial operation (commercial refrigeration), towards energy-efficient and climate-friendly appliances. • Implement and enforcement of regulations to incentivize the transition to low-GWP through a staggered levy system and VAT exemptions and thus support the reduction of HFC-related (direct) emissions. These regulations are in effect since February 2021. • Ban on high-GWP refrigerants for both air conditioning and domestic and commercial refrigerators (stand-alone units) starting in 2025 (domestic and commercial refrigerators) and 2030 (split ACs).', '• Ban on high-GWP refrigerants for both air conditioning and domestic and commercial refrigerators (stand-alone units) starting in 2025 (domestic and commercial refrigerators) and 2030 (split ACs). • Introduce Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPS) and labels to induce a reduction of emissions from electricity consumption (indirect emissions). • Introduce skill development programmes for RAC technicians to guarantee proper handling of low- GWP and especially natural refrigerants and for customs officials to ensure compliance with regulatory measures. The transport sector for its part remains a major consumer of fossil fuels as motor vehicles: in passenger cars, sea and air vessels, burn gasoline, diesel or jet fuel in internal combustion engines.', 'The transport sector for its part remains a major consumer of fossil fuels as motor vehicles: in passenger cars, sea and air vessels, burn gasoline, diesel or jet fuel in internal combustion engines. The Government of Seychelles has identified the promotion of active and electric mobility as a strategy for reducing road transport-related GHG emissions as well as increasing the share of RE storage and penetration. To contribute to the key climate change mitigation actions on lowering the carbon intensity of the mobility sector, Seychelles undertakes to: • Reduce high-carbon mobility by urban planning and use of TIC. • Create secure and attractive urban cycling and walking pathways and routes • Reduce GHG emissions in domestic maritime transport.', '• Create secure and attractive urban cycling and walking pathways and routes • Reduce GHG emissions in domestic maritime transport. • Electrify the vehicles fleet with a priority for public transportation, collective, high-passenger load, duty and commercial vehicles over private, individual, low-passenger load vehicles, to make mobility shift socially inclusive and create public adherence and local jobs. • Promote EV mobility in Seychelles. 7.1.2.3 Solid Waste ManagementFor waste management, the Government policy in the previous NDC was to capture 50% landfill gas from disused Providence I landfill for flaring by 2025 (17kt CO2e). At the time of this update (2021), the Country is making use of Providence II landfill (disposal unit 1) since 2015 and with expected end life of 2025.', 'At the time of this update (2021), the Country is making use of Providence II landfill (disposal unit 1) since 2015 and with expected end life of 2025. The previous target was based on methane capture from Providence I in 2025, which will be very low. This revision now assumes that this will be done for Providence II landfill where higher gas volume will be available. The strategy to install machinery to extract and flare methane by 2025 is being maintained however there the target is being made more ambitious by collecting 80% methane from Providence II. This is expected to result in mitigation of 71.2kt CO2e in 2030 reducing the business as usual (BAU) emission from from the atmosphere.', 'This is expected to result in mitigation of 71.2kt CO2e in 2030 reducing the business as usual (BAU) emission from from the atmosphere. GWP for methane used is updated to 28 in accordance to the IPCC 5th assessment report. 7.1.2.4 Responsible tourism and circular economy The tourism sector is capable of generating a lot of economic benefits, including positive impacts on the local economy and small businesses. Traditional tourism is organised in a linear way and thus may well lead to exploitation of natural resources, especially on islands that are primarily accessed by tourists through air travel. Circular economy has been proposed in recent years as a model that can help make tourism more sustainable.', 'Circular economy has been proposed in recent years as a model that can help make tourism more sustainable. The tourism sector has the capacity to combine economic, social, cultural and environmental dimensions of sustainability and contribute to their mutual improvement. The circular tourism sector refers to its ability to trigger and stimulate circular flows with the aim of aligning the tourism sector and sustainable resource management. Seychelles’ contributions for 2030 are as follows: To contribute to the key climate change mitigation actions on responsible tourism and the circular economy, Seychelles undertakes to; Strengthen sustainable tourism as a factor for local empowerment and economic development, ensuring climate resilience and diversification and increasing decent employment.', 'Seychelles’ contributions for 2030 are as follows: To contribute to the key climate change mitigation actions on responsible tourism and the circular economy, Seychelles undertakes to; Strengthen sustainable tourism as a factor for local empowerment and economic development, ensuring climate resilience and diversification and increasing decent employment. International and national efforts combined seek to reduce overall GHG emissions from tourism by 20% per visitor/day by 2030. Seychelles undertakes to develop a roadmap for the phased transition to a circular economy for the years 2030 to 2040. The circular economy aims to contribute to climate protection and adaptation to climate change.', 'The circular economy aims to contribute to climate protection and adaptation to climate change. To contribute to the target the following measures are planned: • By 2025 mechanism(s) to facilitate importation (pending an appropriate tax regime of electric transport infrastructure must be in place such as electric charging power stations • By 2030, 30% of large tourism businesses (DMCs, taxis, etc) must have electric transport in their fleet. • By 2030, small and medium tourism businesses (omnibuses, taxis) must have 20% electric transport. • 30% of large hotels must phase out HFCs and move towards hydro–carbon refrigeration and centralized cooling systems by 2030. • By 2030, 30% of large hotels must have water harvesting and recycling systems in place.', '• By 2030, 30% of large hotels must have water harvesting and recycling systems in place. • 20% of small and medium tourism establishments must have water harvesting and recycling systems by 2030. • Upcoming developments should mainstream climate adaptation and mitigation measures in their initial development plans including adaptation to nature ecosystems. • Current developments should have a re-greening program for their properties by 2030. • By 2030, all tourism accommodation and catering businesses should have phased out the use of non- recyclable plastic bottles and replace with recyclable containers.', '• By 2030, all tourism accommodation and catering businesses should have phased out the use of non- recyclable plastic bottles and replace with recyclable containers. • All management and employees of tourism businesses must be educated on energy efficiency and renewable energy practices by 2030.As a small island developing state, Seychelles is inherently vulnerable to the impacts and risks associated with climate change, and thus gives high priority to climate adaptation strategies that will improve resilience. The country adopts a ‘Ridge to Reef’ approach to adaptation, recognizing the interconnections between terrestrial, coastal and marine ecosystems and adaptation strategies to protect, manage and restore them2.', 'The country adopts a ‘Ridge to Reef’ approach to adaptation, recognizing the interconnections between terrestrial, coastal and marine ecosystems and adaptation strategies to protect, manage and restore them2. Seychelles’ “Blue Economy”3 recognizes the centrality of marine and coastal ecosystems to sustainable development, resilience and human well-being, and is hence an integral part of the country’s climate adaptation response4. Ninety percent of Seychelles’ economic activities, livelihoods and critical infrastructure are concentrated on the narrow, low-lying coastal zones of the main islands, often only 2-4 meters above sea level4. Successful adaptation to climate change will of necessity involve effective management of coastal resources, building coastal resilience and strengthening the capacity of Blue Economy sectors to withstand and manage climate- risks5.', 'Successful adaptation to climate change will of necessity involve effective management of coastal resources, building coastal resilience and strengthening the capacity of Blue Economy sectors to withstand and manage climate- risks5. Such adaptation strategies will require significant investments in a variety of key areas such as 6, 7: • Strengthening of technical and institutional capacity in monitoring and research • Improving the quality of forecasts, early warning systems and climate information services • Vulnerability assessments and protective measures informed by sex-disaggregated population data • Development and implementation of better and appropriate policies for integrated coastal zone management • Building more climate and gender responsive social protection systems • Improved response and recovery from climate and disaster shocks Seychelles’ Blue Economy and associated sectors depend on ecosystems, natural capital and protected coastal assets, which are directly affected by climate change.', 'Such adaptation strategies will require significant investments in a variety of key areas such as 6, 7: • Strengthening of technical and institutional capacity in monitoring and research • Improving the quality of forecasts, early warning systems and climate information services • Vulnerability assessments and protective measures informed by sex-disaggregated population data • Development and implementation of better and appropriate policies for integrated coastal zone management • Building more climate and gender responsive social protection systems • Improved response and recovery from climate and disaster shocks Seychelles’ Blue Economy and associated sectors depend on ecosystems, natural capital and protected coastal assets, which are directly affected by climate change. Unsustainable use of natural systems in Seychelles enhances the impacts of climate change.', 'Unsustainable use of natural systems in Seychelles enhances the impacts of climate change. Examples include coastal erosion and loss of valuable coastal habitats, potentially increasing the population’s vulnerability to climate change. Tourism and fisheries are Seychelles’ most important economic sectors, which depend on thriving and resilient ecosystems, beaches and safe coastlines. These geographic and socio-economic characteristics make Seychelles and its economy vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Scientific evidence indicates that Seychelles already experiences climate change. Increased average annual temperature change8, changes in rainfall patterns and flash floods since 19909 illustrate this. Ocean heat content increases since 1970 and incidences of El Niño events are expected to result in more frequent coral bleaching10.', 'Ocean heat content increases since 1970 and incidences of El Niño events are expected to result in more frequent coral bleaching10. The primary impacts of climate change on Seychelles are expected to be caused by sea level rise (0.3 meters by 2050 and 0.6 meters by 2100, relative to 2010) and an increase in storm severity, creating coastal hazards and increasing coastal vulnerability11. Natural habitats and biodiversity, the coastal zone and human settlements, agriculture, water resources, fisheries and human health are the key socio-economic sectors considered for sensitivity and vulnerability to climate change in Seychelles6. 2 Government of Seychelles (2020). Seychelles’ National Climate Change Policy. 3 The Blue Economy refers to the sustainable and integrated development of economic sectors in healthy oceans (World Bank,', '3 The Blue Economy refers to the sustainable and integrated development of economic sectors in healthy oceans (World Bank, 5 IMF. (2017). Seychelles Climate Change Policy Assessment. African & Fiscal Affairs Dept. 6 UNDP. (n.d.). Climate change adaptation—Seychelles. 7 World Bank. (2019a). The World Bank Group Action Plan on Climate Change Adaptation and Resilience. (p. 24), Washington, DC: World Bank 8 FAOSTAT. (2020). FAOSTAT [Global database]. Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations - FAOSTAT DATA. 9 SMA. (2019). New patterns of rainfall distribution are emerging in Seychelles compared to two decades ago [Meteorology]. Seychelles Meteorological Authority. 10 NOAA, T. (2020). Global Ocean Heat and Salt Content.', 'Global Ocean Heat and Salt Content. National Centers for Environmental Information - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 11 World Bank, & MEECC. (2019). Seychelles Coastal Management Plan 2019–2024. World Bank; Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change.Adaptation progress The Republic of Seychelles recently updated its climate change policy and is currently revising its Climate Change Strategy and Adaptation communication in line with Article 7 of the Paris Agreement and Decision 9 CMA.1 and its annexes. The country is also currently working on its Third National Communication to the UNFCCC. Climate change adaptation has been on Seychelles’ national agenda since 1992 and the country has since developed a number of broad national policies, roadmaps and strategies that aim to facilitate climate change adaptation in Seychelles12.', 'Climate change adaptation has been on Seychelles’ national agenda since 1992 and the country has since developed a number of broad national policies, roadmaps and strategies that aim to facilitate climate change adaptation in Seychelles12. Most recently, the Seychelles National Climate Change Policy was adopted in 2020 with the aim “to facilitate a coordinated, coherent, proactive and effective response to the local, regional and global challenges and opportunities presented by Climate Change”. Another key response is Seychelles’ Blue Economy Strategic Framework and Roadmap adopted in 2018, which focuses on the principle of “reducing vulnerability to economic and environmental shocks and resilience planning” 13.', 'Another key response is Seychelles’ Blue Economy Strategic Framework and Roadmap adopted in 2018, which focuses on the principle of “reducing vulnerability to economic and environmental shocks and resilience planning” 13. In addition, Seychelles has several sectoral policies and plans that address climate resilience, including for coastal management, fisheries, health, disaster and risk management, biodiversity conservation and food security. These plans form the backbone of Seychelles’ climate adaptation response under this NDC. Priorities for climate change adaptation in Seychelles under this NDC This updated Nationally Determined Contribution for climate change adaptation provides an overview of the current vulnerability, context, and priorities for action for each of the following sub-sectors critical for Seychelles’ development: 1. Coastal Management 2. Critical Infrastructure 5. Agriculture and Biosecurity 6. Resilience of Blue Carbon Ecosystems 7. Biodiversity Conservation 9.', 'Resilience of Blue Carbon Ecosystems 7. Biodiversity Conservation 9. Early Warning and Disaster Risk Management 7.2.1 Coastal Management The granitic rocky outcrops and white sandy beaches along Seychelles’ coastline are its’ main tourist attraction4, 14, however the country’s coastal ecosystems also include mangrove forests, freshwater wetlands, dunes, seagrass beds and coral reefs. Seychelles’ Blue Economy sectors, particularly tourism and fisheries, rely on these rich coastal ecosystems, natural capital and the services they provide, such as flood and erosion protection, fish nurseries and recreation. This subsector focuses on the protection, restoration and management of coastal areas, critical for climate adaptation and the Blue Economy. The subsequent subsector focuses on built, critical infrastructure located in the narrow coastal zone within these ecosystems.', 'The subsequent subsector focuses on built, critical infrastructure located in the narrow coastal zone within these ecosystems. Vulnerability Seychelles’ coastal ecosystems help to protect the coast from erosion and flooding aggravated by climate change, but are themselves subject to climate impacts. Coral reefs are important for Seychelles’ Blue Economy, due to their wave attenuation capacity, provision of nursery grounds and habitat for many fish species, and aesthetics for tourism and recreation. Reefs are threatened by increasing sea surface temperature, ocean acidification15 and coral bleaching events like those of 1998 and 2016 in Seychelles, both of which are 12 Government of Seychelles. (2020). Seychelles’ National Climate Change Policy—"Making Seychelles Climate Resilient" (p. 34). Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change. 13 Republic of Seychelles. (2018).', '13 Republic of Seychelles. (2018). Seychelles Blue Economy: Strategic Policy Framework and Roadmap Charting the future (2018-2030) (pp. 88–88). 14 Payet, R. A. (2007). Impact of Climate Change on Tourism in Seychelles and Comoros (p. 110). Department of Environment. 15 Mendler de Suarez, J., Cicin-Sain, B., Wowk, K., Payet, R., & Hoegh-Guldberg, O. (2014). Ensuring survival: Oceans, climate and security. Ocean & Coastal Management, 90, 27–37.poised to increase in intensity and frequency due climate change16, leaving little time for reef recovery between these events17. Loss of live coral contributes to a reduction in flood and erosion protection by these natural breakwaters18, impacting coastal infrastructure and livelihoods connected to the fisheries sector as well as the tourism sector.', 'Loss of live coral contributes to a reduction in flood and erosion protection by these natural breakwaters18, impacting coastal infrastructure and livelihoods connected to the fisheries sector as well as the tourism sector. Seychelles is known for its pristine beaches, which are important for attracting tourists19. Wide and slowly sloping beaches can reduce wave energy while healthy dune vegetation can create stability and coastal protection. Degradation of coral reefs, sea level rise, storm surges, loss of dune vegetation and poorly conceived coastal development have contributed to the erosion of Seychelles beaches11. Beach loss is observed and expected to increase in the decades to come. Planning and implementation Seychelles’ Coastal Management Plan (CMP) 2019-202411 is currently the country’s main adaptation strategy against coastal erosion, flooding, tidal variations and cyclones.', 'Planning and implementation Seychelles’ Coastal Management Plan (CMP) 2019-202411 is currently the country’s main adaptation strategy against coastal erosion, flooding, tidal variations and cyclones. The CMP focuses on the three main populated islands and emphasizes nature-based and hybrid engineering solutions such as the restoration of beaches and dunes, coral reefs and wetlands20. In addition to beaches, coastal habitat protection and restoration in Seychelles focus on coral reefs, seagrass, dune systems and mangroves. Seychelles has implemented several Ecosystem-Based Adaptation (EBA) projects focused on dune and mangrove restoration as well as reconnecting coastal wetlands to improve drainage and reduce flooding.', 'Seychelles has implemented several Ecosystem-Based Adaptation (EBA) projects focused on dune and mangrove restoration as well as reconnecting coastal wetlands to improve drainage and reduce flooding. Several NGOs are implementing coral restoration projects in multiple sites21 and a six-year Adaptation Fund project recently commenced aims to restore 2.5 ha of coral reefs and build capacity in this field. Seychelles’ Marine Spatial Plan (SMSP) which began in 2014 and is expected to be launched in 2021, focuses on planning for and management of the sustainable and long-term use and health of the Seychelles’ EEZ. The key challenges covered in SMSP include climate change adaptation, marine protection and supporting the Blue Economy and other national strategies.', 'The key challenges covered in SMSP include climate change adaptation, marine protection and supporting the Blue Economy and other national strategies. As part of the SMSP, 30% of the EEZ has been designated as marine protected areas (MPA)22. A GEF-funded Ridge to Reef project is currently being implemented by the Government of Seychelles with partners from civil society, integrating strategies to protect, manage and restore terrestrial, coastal and marine ecosystems. To contribute to the key climate change adaptation actions on coastal management, the following actions are planned: • Prioritize nature-based solutions to protect coastal ecosystems from climate impacts such as storm surges, flooding and erosion, using the Coastal Management Plan as a guideline for implementation of nature-based solutions.', 'To contribute to the key climate change adaptation actions on coastal management, the following actions are planned: • Prioritize nature-based solutions to protect coastal ecosystems from climate impacts such as storm surges, flooding and erosion, using the Coastal Management Plan as a guideline for implementation of nature-based solutions. • Adopt an integrated Ridge to Reef approach to coastal management that brings together the SMSP, CMP, and other ongoing initiatives and guides development in sectors such as agriculture, agriculture, environment, water resources and urban development.', '• Adopt an integrated Ridge to Reef approach to coastal management that brings together the SMSP, CMP, and other ongoing initiatives and guides development in sectors such as agriculture, agriculture, environment, water resources and urban development. • Build capacity for sustainable coastal zones management to enable the assessment of climate change impacts, the design of coastal protection projects (hard, hybrid and nature-based solutions), and the 16 Wang, B., Luo, X., Yang, Y.M., Sun, W., Cane, M.A., Cai, W., Yeh, S.W., Liu, S., (2019. Historical change of El Niño properties sheds light on future changes of extreme El Niño. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116 (45), 22512-22517. 17 Koester, A., Migani, V., Bunbury, N., Ford, A., Sanchez, C., Wild, C. (2020).', '17 Koester, A., Migani, V., Bunbury, N., Ford, A., Sanchez, C., Wild, C. (2020). Early trajectories of benthic coral reef communities following the 2015/16 coral bleaching event at remote Aldabra Atoll, Seychelles. Nature Scientific Reports, 10(1), 17034. 18 World Bank, & MEECC. (2019). Seychelles Coastal Management Plan 2019–2024. World Bank; Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change. 19 Payet, R. A. (2007). Impact of Climate Change on Tourism in Seychelles and Comoros (p. 110). Departement of Environment. 20 World Bank. (2020). Assessment of government’s institutional and technical capacity for implementation of Seychelles’ Coastal Management Plan 2019-2024. 21 Republic of Seychelles. (2018). Seychelles Blue Economy: Strategic Policy Framework and Roadmap Charting the future (2018-2030) (pp. 88– 88). 22 Republic of Seychelles (2015).', '22 Republic of Seychelles (2015). Seychelles Marine Spatial Planning Legislative and Policy Review (p. 96) [Unpublished report to Seychelles MSP Initiative].drivers behind observed ecosystem loss. Invest in local skills development and peer-to-peer support networks to assist in mainstreaming and supporting upskilling. • Implement a State of the Coast assessment program (tied to CMP monitoring) to understand the real costs of loss of coastal and marine ecosystems, through monitoring the status of key coastal features and the services they provide. • Improve data and knowledge management by creating a database that brings together existing patchy data to maintain updated comprehensive coastal habitat maps.', '• Improve data and knowledge management by creating a database that brings together existing patchy data to maintain updated comprehensive coastal habitat maps. 7.2.2 Critical Infrastructure Vulnerability Most of Seychelles’ critical infrastructure is located along an exposed coastline, and includes the main transportation network on the three main islands, the electricity generation/distribution network, the water distribution network, food storage warehouses, airports, ports and fisheries facilities, schools and hospitals. Most of this critical infrastructure is essential to the Blue Economy, such as ports (including oil storage facilities), facilities supporting fisheries, tourism establishments, water supply systems and landfills. Due to their exposed location, most infrastructure is vulnerable to storm surges, erosion, heavy/decreased rainfall, sea level rise and inundation.', 'Due to their exposed location, most infrastructure is vulnerable to storm surges, erosion, heavy/decreased rainfall, sea level rise and inundation. For its motorised transportation networks, the country continues to suffer excessive damage due to climate change induced high intensity rainfalls. The road network is at particular risk to climate impacts, both in low lying areas where roads are damaged as a result of coastal erosion and flooding, and at higher elevations where they are susceptible to landslides and rock falls during periods of intense rainfall.', 'The road network is at particular risk to climate impacts, both in low lying areas where roads are damaged as a result of coastal erosion and flooding, and at higher elevations where they are susceptible to landslides and rock falls during periods of intense rainfall. Damaged critical infrastructure could result in major economic ramifications including shortage of water supplies, impacts on tourist and employee transit, compromised port operations, impacts on the import and export of goods and services, reduced operations of fishing fleets, limited interisland transport between Mahé and Praslin and the well-being of Seychellois22. Planning and implementation At present, the country lacks a comprehensive and overarching national climate change adaptation plan for critical infrastructure.', 'Planning and implementation At present, the country lacks a comprehensive and overarching national climate change adaptation plan for critical infrastructure. However, some of the Blue Economy sectors have developed plans that address climate adaptation for specific critical infrastructure: • The Seychelles Port Authority’s Strategic Plan takes into account climate vulnerability and requires future development to be conducted according to the Green Ports Initiative (GPI)23. GPI enhances waste management facilities whilst reducing marine pollution and aims to source power from renewable sources24. • Seychelles Waste Management Policy 2018-2023 aims to ensure that waste is managed in a sustainable manner, in order to protect the integrity of the environment and improve the quality of life in Seychelles.', '• Seychelles Waste Management Policy 2018-2023 aims to ensure that waste is managed in a sustainable manner, in order to protect the integrity of the environment and improve the quality of life in Seychelles. Adaptation measures include minimizing solid waste on landfills, applying financial levies to the entry of high carbon footprint products and directing this flux to recycling schemes. • The Integrated and Comprehensive Sanitation Master Plan (ICSMP) targets the upgrading and constructing of ten operational wastewater treatment plants on Mahé, two on Praslin and one on La Digue by 203025. • Seychelles Water Supply Development Plan 2008-2030 aims to refurbish the current four desalination plants and construct new plants26.', '• Seychelles Water Supply Development Plan 2008-2030 aims to refurbish the current four desalination plants and construct new plants26. • Seychelles plans to develop a comprehensive road transport strategy to reduce vehicular congestion and fuel consumption with co-benefits for climate change mitigation and health. The strategy will include infrastructure development for bicycles and expansion of public walkways to encourage 23 Seychelles Ports Authority. (2019). Seychelles Ports Authority Strategic Plan 2019-2023 (p. 36). Seychelles Ports Authority. 24 Republic of Seychelles. (2018). Seychelles Blue Economy: Strategic Policy Framework and Roadmap Charting the future (2018-2030) (pp. 88) 25 Bozorgy, B., Drozdz, J., Horton, B., Jalocha, R., Charlette, I., Ismail, U., Mallik, M., & Martin, M. (2017). Integrated & Comprehensive Sanitation Master Plan for Seychelles (MWH 47501657; p. 442).', 'Integrated & Comprehensive Sanitation Master Plan for Seychelles (MWH 47501657; p. 442). 26 Mussard, S. (2014). Seychelles Water Supply Development Plan 2008-2030. 14th African Water Facility Governing Council Meeting, Tunis, Tunisiawalking and cycling in selected areas. These actions will be complemented with a review of urban development in Victoria, the need to divert vehicular traffic from the city centre and adapting nature- based solutions to keeping urban areas cool. To contribute to the key climate change adaptation actions on critical infrastructure, the following actions are planned: • Undertake research to better understand, plan for and address the vulnerability of Seychelles’ critical infrastructure, in particular to climate change impacts, identifying gaps and priorities.', 'To contribute to the key climate change adaptation actions on critical infrastructure, the following actions are planned: • Undertake research to better understand, plan for and address the vulnerability of Seychelles’ critical infrastructure, in particular to climate change impacts, identifying gaps and priorities. • Establish linkages between responsible government entities to ensure an appropriate adaptation approach and coordination between the implementation national plans and strategies addressing climate adaptation for critical infrastructure. • Establish a national infrastructure database with information on the location, use, ownership and compliance with safety standards of critical infrastructure. • Develop and implement a responsive education and awareness program targeting infrastructure users, supported by appropriate research and reflexive monitoring. • Develop a Port Development Master Plan, which caters for growth and integrate climate change considerations.', '• Develop a Port Development Master Plan, which caters for growth and integrate climate change considerations. • Improve communication on waste management (repairing, reducing and recycling waste) as well as providing incentives to encourage a circular economy approach for Seychelles. • Improve management of freshwater resources and implement new strategies to reuse water27 and implement the existing Water Resource Management Strategies as part of the Seychelles Water Supply Development Plan. • Undertake the risk assessment of existing and future road networks and construction of retaining walls and drains are important adaptation actions, which need to be further developed and implemented in collaboration with key partners. • Develop and implement a comprehensive road transport strategy to promote active, safe and sustainable transportation such as walking and cycling.', '• Develop and implement a comprehensive road transport strategy to promote active, safe and sustainable transportation such as walking and cycling. Vulnerability Fisheries is one of the main Blue Economy sectors of Seychelles, employing around 17% of the population28. The sector, including both artisanal and commercial fisheries, is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change on ocean temperature and acidification, on habitats which affect commercial species such as tuna and coastal demersal fisheries resources, as well as on the infrastructure on which the sector relies. Studies indicate that the medium to long-term impact of climate change on fisheries and aquaculture is linked to loss of production and damage to infrastructure due to extreme weather events.', 'Studies indicate that the medium to long-term impact of climate change on fisheries and aquaculture is linked to loss of production and damage to infrastructure due to extreme weather events. Fluctuations in ocean temperature resulting from climate change can affect important habitats such as coral reefs, consequently affecting the marine food web and commercial fish as well as the distribution of highly migratory tuna species. Short- term impacts on fisheries and aquaculture consist of increased risks of diseases, parasites and harmful algal blooms, and these are expected to increase in severity beyond 2030. A warmer and less productive ocean environment is likely to cause relocation of purse seine tuna fishing zones after 2050, possibly to outside Seychelles’ Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).', 'A warmer and less productive ocean environment is likely to cause relocation of purse seine tuna fishing zones after 2050, possibly to outside Seychelles’ Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). This would affect the landing of tuna at Port Victoria, negatively impacting Seychelles’ primary export of canned tuna.29. Moreover, it will affect indirect revenues of the sector such as port and shipping as well as the services provided for export of tuna. 27 Government of Seychelles. (2017). Technology Needs Assessment Report—Adaptation (p. 88). Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change. 28 World Bank. (2017). Third South West Indian Ocean Fisheries Governance and Shared Growth Project (SWIOFish3)—Process Framework for SWIOFish3 Project (p. 78). World Bank Group; Ministry of Finance, Trade and Economic Planning Republic of Seychelles.', 'World Bank Group; Ministry of Finance, Trade and Economic Planning Republic of Seychelles. 29 Barange, M., Bahri, T., Beveridge, M. C. M., Cochrane, K. L., Funge Smith, S., Poulain, F., & Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2018). Impacts of climate change on fisheries and aquaculture: Synthesis of current knowledge, adaptation and mitigation options (p. 654) [FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper].Planning and implementation The Seychelles Fisheries Sector Policy and Strategy 2019 provides the policy framework for the sector.', 'Impacts of climate change on fisheries and aquaculture: Synthesis of current knowledge, adaptation and mitigation options (p. 654) [FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper].Planning and implementation The Seychelles Fisheries Sector Policy and Strategy 2019 provides the policy framework for the sector. Other policy drivers for adapting to the vulnerability of the sector are the Coral Reef Policy (in development), the Blue Economy Strategic Framework and Roadmap, the Seychelles Fisheries Comprehensive Plan 2019, the Seychelles National Aquaculture Policy 2018-2022, the Seychelles National Agriculture Investment Plan (SNAIP) Programme 3 on fisheries and the Mahé Plateau Demersal Fisheries Management Plan30.', 'Other policy drivers for adapting to the vulnerability of the sector are the Coral Reef Policy (in development), the Blue Economy Strategic Framework and Roadmap, the Seychelles Fisheries Comprehensive Plan 2019, the Seychelles National Aquaculture Policy 2018-2022, the Seychelles National Agriculture Investment Plan (SNAIP) Programme 3 on fisheries and the Mahé Plateau Demersal Fisheries Management Plan30. The aim is to transition to sustainable fisheries and develop aquaculture activities that can contribute towards, and sustainably support, livelihoods, jobs and income generation of one of the largest economic sectors, as well as generating increased food security for the population31.', 'The aim is to transition to sustainable fisheries and develop aquaculture activities that can contribute towards, and sustainably support, livelihoods, jobs and income generation of one of the largest economic sectors, as well as generating increased food security for the population31. To contribute to the key climate change adaptation actions on fisheries, the following actions are planned: • Develop and implement effective, sustainable and license-based fisheries management plans, to ensure sustainable use of resources and avoid overexploitation. Climate change adaptation should be integrated into all fisheries related plans and strategies. • Work with the private sector to support diversification of the sector with a focus on promoting investment in sustainable aquaculture.', '• Work with the private sector to support diversification of the sector with a focus on promoting investment in sustainable aquaculture. • Invest in research to understand the vulnerability of the various fisheries and the sector to climate change. • Promote awareness and utilization of existing funding options that support sustainability transitions and empower climate adaptation of the sector • Promote inclusion across gender in the downstream of the sector Vulnerability Tourism is Seychelles’ most important economic sector and a key pillar of the Blue Economy. The sector is being severely negatively affected by the travel restrictions following the COVID-19 pandemic. The tourism sector depends on pristine beaches, thriving marine life and well designed, climate-resilient critical infrastructure.', 'The tourism sector depends on pristine beaches, thriving marine life and well designed, climate-resilient critical infrastructure. Tourism establishments such as hotels, bed & breakfasts and self-catering facilities are highly exposed along the coastline of Seychelles and a number of tourism services and activities are ocean based. The impacts of flooding and extreme weather events make the sector vulnerable and coastal erosion undermines the quality of the beaches. The impact of climate change is long-term and cumulative due to multiple pressures, as the sector relies intricately on vulnerable critical infrastructure and the conservation of the natural environment32.', 'The impact of climate change is long-term and cumulative due to multiple pressures, as the sector relies intricately on vulnerable critical infrastructure and the conservation of the natural environment32. Planning and implementation Seychelles Sustainable Tourism Label (SSTL) was introduced in 2011, encouraging the hospitality sector to operate in a more sustainable manner, and the Tourism Department has been working to mainstream climate change mitigation, adaptation and disaster and risk management into their policies and programs. Educational resources and outreach support by staff for hotels and guesthouses on climate change adaptation and disaster risk preparedness are available. The Tourism Department works in partnership with other government and civil society organisations to support climate mitigation and adaptation initiatives.', 'The Tourism Department works in partnership with other government and civil society organisations to support climate mitigation and adaptation initiatives. To contribute to the key climate change adaptation actions in the tourism sector, the following actions are planned: • Apply the results of the ongoing Tourism Satellite Account (due in 2022) will be used to understand where the major climate impacts occur and how adaptation can be streamlined. 30 Republic of Seychelles. (2018). Seychelles Blue Economy: Strategic Policy Framework and Roadmap - Charting the future (2018-2030) (pp. 88– 88). 31 Seychelles Fishing Authority. (2018). Seychelles National Aquaculture Policy 2018-2022. 32 Maillard, L., Summerlin, T., Wilder, A., Rice, H., Rumschlag, J., Xie, D., Rood, R., & Basu, A. (2020).', '32 Maillard, L., Summerlin, T., Wilder, A., Rice, H., Rumschlag, J., Xie, D., Rood, R., & Basu, A. (2020). Evaluating the Impacts of Sea Level Rise and Storm Surges on Seychelles’ Critical Infrastructure• Develop a climate change strategy for the sector can be developed, based on the recommendations from the Tourism Master Plan and the Tourism Value Chain Analyses. • Develop long-term sustainable planning and management of tourism infrastructure should be envisioned by Seychelles, including regulations on set-back distances and beach management plans. • Diversify the sector to create economic resilience, e.g. including eco-tourism and alternatives to coral reef dependent activities whilst simultaneously engaging the local community.', 'including eco-tourism and alternatives to coral reef dependent activities whilst simultaneously engaging the local community. • Give, special attention to the engagement of SMEs in climate change adaptation, since Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) are often less capable of adapting to climate change, • Increase transparency in public versus private responsibility for the implementation of adaptation measures to assist in identifying finance options and the development of incentives. • Continue building local adaptation capacity in the tourism sector, tertiary education institutions such as the University of Seychelles’ Master in Sustainable Tourism and the Seychelles Tourism Academy courses will continue to work on explicit integration of climate adaptation and sustainable coastal and marine tourism-related content and/or case studies.', '• Continue building local adaptation capacity in the tourism sector, tertiary education institutions such as the University of Seychelles’ Master in Sustainable Tourism and the Seychelles Tourism Academy courses will continue to work on explicit integration of climate adaptation and sustainable coastal and marine tourism-related content and/or case studies. 7.2.5 Resilience of Blue Carbon Ecosystems Blue Carbon Ecosystems -mangroves, seagrass and saltmarsh ecosystems - help to buffer against storm surges, filter water, shelter and nourish a wealth of biodiversity, providing economic opportunity and intrinsic value for communities whose well-being and livelihoods are tied to their healthy function. Their importance for coastal protection and climate resilience has been highlighted in section 4.1 of Seychelles Coastal Management Plan.', 'Their importance for coastal protection and climate resilience has been highlighted in section 4.1 of Seychelles Coastal Management Plan. There is also a growing appreciation for the important role played by these ecosystems as “blue carbon sinks”, due to their high potential for carbon sequestration. “Blue carbon” ecosystems capture perfectly the measurable climate benefits that can be realized through the application of nature-based solutions. However, these coastal ecosystems need to be healthy, functional and maintained through protection in order to fulfil their critical roles for both climate change mitigation and adaptation. Vulnerability Globally, coastal wetlands are in critical need of protection, with approximately 50% lost in the past 100 years.', 'Vulnerability Globally, coastal wetlands are in critical need of protection, with approximately 50% lost in the past 100 years. In Seychelles, many coastal ecosystems have been degraded or destroyed due to development since colonization, and continue to be threatened by coastal development, economic activity, pollution, warming sea temperatures and ocean acidification induced by climate change. Planning and Implementation Seychelles is committed to recognizing within its climate goals the interlinked climate, ecosystem and biodiversity benefits provided by its mangrove and seagrass ecosystems, including fully mapping their extent and assessing their carbon stock capacity. The 2013 IPCC Wetlands Supplement provides a framework that allows countries to measure the rate at which coastal and marine ecosystems sequester and store carbon.', 'The 2013 IPCC Wetlands Supplement provides a framework that allows countries to measure the rate at which coastal and marine ecosystems sequester and store carbon. Through the application of cutting-edge technologies in partnerships specifically designed to strengthen local, scientific, methodological and governance capacities, Seychelles intends to map the full extent of seagrass and mangroves (blue carbon) habitats within Seychelles’ territorial sea and EEZ and assess carbon storage capacity within these ecosystems.', 'Through the application of cutting-edge technologies in partnerships specifically designed to strengthen local, scientific, methodological and governance capacities, Seychelles intends to map the full extent of seagrass and mangroves (blue carbon) habitats within Seychelles’ territorial sea and EEZ and assess carbon storage capacity within these ecosystems. This will include the first assessment of the below-ground carbon stocks for seagrass, through the application of pioneer new technologies, the learnings of which will be shared to help further advance global understanding of the climate and ecosystem benefits provided by this vital ecosystem and form the basis of better protection and conservation of these ecosystems within Seychelles waters.', 'This will include the first assessment of the below-ground carbon stocks for seagrass, through the application of pioneer new technologies, the learnings of which will be shared to help further advance global understanding of the climate and ecosystem benefits provided by this vital ecosystem and form the basis of better protection and conservation of these ecosystems within Seychelles waters. Seychelles commitment is not only to advance the protection of these benefits within its own waters, but also to contribute to the global understanding of this vital ecosystem.', 'Seychelles commitment is not only to advance the protection of these benefits within its own waters, but also to contribute to the global understanding of this vital ecosystem. To contribute to the key climate change adaptation actions on nature-based solutions, Seychelles commits to: • In conjunction with protections through the SMSP process and MPA network, Seychelles intends for coastal planning and infrastructure to be regulated at the national and local level to prioritize theconsideration of “blue” Nature-based Solutions (NbS) and to achieve the country’s NDC commitments.', 'To contribute to the key climate change adaptation actions on nature-based solutions, Seychelles commits to: • In conjunction with protections through the SMSP process and MPA network, Seychelles intends for coastal planning and infrastructure to be regulated at the national and local level to prioritize theconsideration of “blue” Nature-based Solutions (NbS) and to achieve the country’s NDC commitments. • Seychelles will put in place protections including but not limited to the ongoing SMSP and marine protected area (MPA) network, for at least 50% of Seychelles seagrass and mangrove ecosystems by 2025, and 100% of seagrass and mangrove ecosystems by 2030, subject to external support and identification of financing mechanisms to support the implementation and protection, e.g.', '• Seychelles will put in place protections including but not limited to the ongoing SMSP and marine protected area (MPA) network, for at least 50% of Seychelles seagrass and mangrove ecosystems by 2025, and 100% of seagrass and mangrove ecosystems by 2030, subject to external support and identification of financing mechanisms to support the implementation and protection, e.g. multilateral and bilateral funds, insurance products, debt-for-nature swaps, private investment, blue carbon credits and bonds, and other innovative conservation financing mechanisms • Establish a long-term monitoring programme for seagrass and mangrove habitats by 2025 and include the GHG sink of Seychelles’ blue carbon ecosystems within the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory by 2025.', 'multilateral and bilateral funds, insurance products, debt-for-nature swaps, private investment, blue carbon credits and bonds, and other innovative conservation financing mechanisms • Establish a long-term monitoring programme for seagrass and mangrove habitats by 2025 and include the GHG sink of Seychelles’ blue carbon ecosystems within the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory by 2025. 7.2.6 Agriculture and Biosecurity Vulnerability Climate change impacts on SIDS are broad, threatening the base of SIDS food security and nutrition. Seychelles is reliant on imported foods for about 70% of local nutrition needs33, but has a small yet important agriculture sector for local fruits, vegetables and livestock. Farms in Seychelles tend to be small scale, located in coastal areas as well at higher elevations.', 'Farms in Seychelles tend to be small scale, located in coastal areas as well at higher elevations. The Agriculture sector in Seychelles is extremely vulnerable to the impacts of climate change including changing rainfall patterns (heavy rains as well as droughts), crop damage due to winds and heavy rains, increased temperatures affecting livestock and crops, landslides at higher elevations, and salt water intrusion in low lying coastal areas. These impacts can be further exacerbated by the introduction of alien and invasive agricultural pests and diseases. Food imports are vulnerable to changing availability and pricing due to climate impacts being experienced in exporting companies, as well as to impacts on shipping and storage.', 'Food imports are vulnerable to changing availability and pricing due to climate impacts being experienced in exporting companies, as well as to impacts on shipping and storage. Responding accordingly involves increasing agricultural development, reducing dependence on imports and mitigating direct climate change threats in this sector. Planning and Implementation The Seychelles National Food and Nutrition Security Policy (2013) recognizes the impacts of climate change on the agriculture sector and commits to “strengthening resilience and capability within Seychelles’ internal systems to anticipate and respond to internal and external shocks and changes in the food systems, including weather and climate change extremes”34 The Republic of Seychelles’ strategy towards food and nutrition security and agricultural development is captured in the Seychelles National Agriculture Investment Plan (SNAIP) 2015-2020.', 'Planning and Implementation The Seychelles National Food and Nutrition Security Policy (2013) recognizes the impacts of climate change on the agriculture sector and commits to “strengthening resilience and capability within Seychelles’ internal systems to anticipate and respond to internal and external shocks and changes in the food systems, including weather and climate change extremes”34 The Republic of Seychelles’ strategy towards food and nutrition security and agricultural development is captured in the Seychelles National Agriculture Investment Plan (SNAIP) 2015-2020. Programme 4, focused on Food security and Nutrition, aims to increase agricultural production, increase diversity of crops and livestock, implement integrated pest management and good agricultural practices.', 'Programme 4, focused on Food security and Nutrition, aims to increase agricultural production, increase diversity of crops and livestock, implement integrated pest management and good agricultural practices. Seychelles has also been exploring the promotion of agroforestry practices to enhance food production and biodiversity conservation given the likely shift of agriculture to higher elevations due to coastal development and climate change35. To contribute to the key climate change adaptation actions on agriculture and biosecurity, the following actions are planned: • Continue with the implementation of the SNAIP and explore way to integrate climate adaptation into food security strategies • Promote climate-smart agriculture including water efficient irrigation, rainwater harvesting and expansion of climate adapted crops and livestock.', 'To contribute to the key climate change adaptation actions on agriculture and biosecurity, the following actions are planned: • Continue with the implementation of the SNAIP and explore way to integrate climate adaptation into food security strategies • Promote climate-smart agriculture including water efficient irrigation, rainwater harvesting and expansion of climate adapted crops and livestock. • Expand agroforestry to promote soil conservation, food security and biodiversity conservation 33 Government of Seychelles. (2015). Seychelles National Agriculture Investment Plan 34 Government of Seychelles. (2013). Seychelles National Food and Nutrition Security Policy. 35 FAO. (2017). Developing agroforestry in Seychelles.', '(2017). Developing agroforestry in Seychelles. Continue to implement biosecurity measures to control and minimize the importation of new agricultural pests and diseases • Ensure that agricultural resilience action is gender-sensitive, gender-responsive and gender- transformative to eliminate gender inequality while achieving a sustainable, equitable and just agricultural sector in Seychelles 7.2.7 Biodiversity conservation Vulnerability Seychelles’ biodiversity is classified into three categories: Forest Biodiversity, Inland Waters Biodiversity and Marine and Coastal Biodiversity. The main threats to terrestrial biodiversity are invasive alien species (IAS) and loss of habitat/change in land use, however, climate change is a cross-cutting threat and a complicating factor in assessing other priority threats to biodiversity.', 'The main threats to terrestrial biodiversity are invasive alien species (IAS) and loss of habitat/change in land use, however, climate change is a cross-cutting threat and a complicating factor in assessing other priority threats to biodiversity. Seychelles terrestrial, coastal, and marine biodiversity and habitats are extremely vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, including air and sea temperature changes, changes in precipitation levels, droughts and forest fires, and greater exposure to invasive species. Planning and Implementation Biodiversity conservation in Seychelles is guided by the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, last updated in 2015. Seychelles is a signatory to the UN Convention on Biodiversity (CBD) and the contents and approach of the NBSAP are guided by the CBD, including aspects related to climate change.', 'Seychelles is a signatory to the UN Convention on Biodiversity (CBD) and the contents and approach of the NBSAP are guided by the CBD, including aspects related to climate change. This is reflected in Seychelles Climate Change Policy (2020) which commits to climate change adaptation measures including recognizing the importance of ecosystem services, adopting nature-based solutions to climate change, and increasing the resilience of critical habitats and ecosystems.', 'This is reflected in Seychelles Climate Change Policy (2020) which commits to climate change adaptation measures including recognizing the importance of ecosystem services, adopting nature-based solutions to climate change, and increasing the resilience of critical habitats and ecosystems. The following planned key climate change adaptations actions on biodiversity conservation are derived from the CBD: • Integrate biodiversity considerations into existing Climate Change Adaptation programmes • Update the NBSAP to include costed climate change adaptation actions • Conduct a baseline assessment of Seychelles terrestrial and marine carbon stocks • Conduct a biodiversity impact profile assessment for Seychelles • Strengthen capacity to deal with existing climate threats to biodiversity Vulnerability In general climate change has several impacts on human health including increased exposure to hazards such as very hot days, intense rainfall and increased flooding and landslides, risk of electrical shock, risk of accidents.', 'The following planned key climate change adaptations actions on biodiversity conservation are derived from the CBD: • Integrate biodiversity considerations into existing Climate Change Adaptation programmes • Update the NBSAP to include costed climate change adaptation actions • Conduct a baseline assessment of Seychelles terrestrial and marine carbon stocks • Conduct a biodiversity impact profile assessment for Seychelles • Strengthen capacity to deal with existing climate threats to biodiversity Vulnerability In general climate change has several impacts on human health including increased exposure to hazards such as very hot days, intense rainfall and increased flooding and landslides, risk of electrical shock, risk of accidents. Climate change also increases exposure to diseases such as dengue fever and yellow fever linked to mosquitoes and increased rainfall.', 'Climate change also increases exposure to diseases such as dengue fever and yellow fever linked to mosquitoes and increased rainfall. However, climate change impacts in this sector are still poorly understood and adaptation action has been limited to date. Planning and Implementation The Seychelles Climate Change and Health Adaptation Plan (SCCHAP) was developed in 2013, and, along with the National Health Strategic Plan, it aims to reduce the health burden of the country. The SCCHAP was never formally financed but was reviewed in 2018 with support from the GCCA+ project and remains relevant. The Ministry of Health hosted training for their staff and the NIHSS to explore the links between climate change and human health and what the sector could do to respond.', 'The Ministry of Health hosted training for their staff and the NIHSS to explore the links between climate change and human health and what the sector could do to respond. The NIHSS has identified areas where climate adaptation can be integrated into the curriculum for professional health education programs including nursing and environmental health.The Climate Change Policy (2020) commits to further action to build capacity and resilience in the health sector, through health systems, to minimize the negative impacts of climate change on human health and well-being in Seychelles.', 'The NIHSS has identified areas where climate adaptation can be integrated into the curriculum for professional health education programs including nursing and environmental health.The Climate Change Policy (2020) commits to further action to build capacity and resilience in the health sector, through health systems, to minimize the negative impacts of climate change on human health and well-being in Seychelles. To contribute to the key climate change adaptation actions on health, the following priorities for action derived from the SCCHAP are: • Build local capacity to plan for and address climate change adaptation in the health sector, including capacity for risk assessments and increasing institutional readiness.', 'To contribute to the key climate change adaptation actions on health, the following priorities for action derived from the SCCHAP are: • Build local capacity to plan for and address climate change adaptation in the health sector, including capacity for risk assessments and increasing institutional readiness. • Improve health surveillance related to climate change • Undertake research to improve understanding of the links between climate change and health trends • Monitor, evaluate and coordinate climate related actions and research in the health sector. • Work with international and local partners to support the implementation of the SCCHAP and build capacity in this area.', '• Work with international and local partners to support the implementation of the SCCHAP and build capacity in this area. Additional planned actions include: • Recognizing that existing health systems in Seychelles are not ready for the array of new and more severe challenges posed by climate change • Committing to strengthening the capacity of health systems to protect and improve population health that meets SRHR needs of women and young people in an unstable and changing climate • Improving the Seychelles health management information systems to incorporate indicators of climate stress linked to major health impacts, including those related to reproductive, maternal, neonatal, child and adolescent health; • Ensuring that health systems strengthening and related financing for climate resilience takes into account risks to maternal and neonatal health and takes measures to reduce these risks.', 'Additional planned actions include: • Recognizing that existing health systems in Seychelles are not ready for the array of new and more severe challenges posed by climate change • Committing to strengthening the capacity of health systems to protect and improve population health that meets SRHR needs of women and young people in an unstable and changing climate • Improving the Seychelles health management information systems to incorporate indicators of climate stress linked to major health impacts, including those related to reproductive, maternal, neonatal, child and adolescent health; • Ensuring that health systems strengthening and related financing for climate resilience takes into account risks to maternal and neonatal health and takes measures to reduce these risks. 7.2.9 Early Warning and Disaster Risk Management Vulnerability In response to the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, Seychelles established a Department for Risk and Disaster Management (DRDM) with the mandate to develop mechanisms to effectively prevent, prepare and promote mitigation measures to counter the effects of multi-hazard events.', '7.2.9 Early Warning and Disaster Risk Management Vulnerability In response to the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, Seychelles established a Department for Risk and Disaster Management (DRDM) with the mandate to develop mechanisms to effectively prevent, prepare and promote mitigation measures to counter the effects of multi-hazard events. More recently, Seychelles has experienced several natural disasters, the most impactful being tropical cyclone Felleng in January 2013 that caused severe flooding and landslides in three districts on Mahé, as well as impacting Praslin and La Digue. Heavy rainfall overwhelmed existing drainage systems and retaining walls, causing floods, landslides, and rockfalls, resulting in serious damage to homes, public buildings, roads, bridges, drainage systems, water and sanitation systems, crops, and farms.', 'Heavy rainfall overwhelmed existing drainage systems and retaining walls, causing floods, landslides, and rockfalls, resulting in serious damage to homes, public buildings, roads, bridges, drainage systems, water and sanitation systems, crops, and farms. The total damage and losses were estimated at SR 104 million (US$8.4 million), equivalent to 0.77% of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP). More recently, in 2016 tropical cyclone Fantala caused infrastructure damage in the Farquhar Atoll with damage estimated at US$7.5 million. Planning and Implementation The main strategy for DRDM and the country’s adaptation strategy towards climate risk and disaster is the National Integrated Emergency Management Plan (NIEMP). The NIEMP identifies floods, droughts, cyclones, coastal erosion, spontaneous forest fires, and landslides amongst others as natural hazards for management.', 'The NIEMP identifies floods, droughts, cyclones, coastal erosion, spontaneous forest fires, and landslides amongst others as natural hazards for management. A key element of the NIEMP is capacity development to Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDA) and organisations having an operational role under the NIEMP.', 'A key element of the NIEMP is capacity development to Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDA) and organisations having an operational role under the NIEMP. The Climate Change Policy (2020) reiterates the importance of disaster risk reduction and management to effective climate adaptation.To contribute to the key climate change adaptation actions on early warning and disaster risk management, Seychelles commits to: • Implementing the NIEMP and exploring opportunities to further the integration of climate impacts and adaptation into DRDM programs • Building capacity to monitor risks and hazards related to climate impacts • Effectively coordinating strategies related to respond to and plan for climate change impacts, with key partners from government, the private sector, and civil society.', 'The Climate Change Policy (2020) reiterates the importance of disaster risk reduction and management to effective climate adaptation.To contribute to the key climate change adaptation actions on early warning and disaster risk management, Seychelles commits to: • Implementing the NIEMP and exploring opportunities to further the integration of climate impacts and adaptation into DRDM programs • Building capacity to monitor risks and hazards related to climate impacts • Effectively coordinating strategies related to respond to and plan for climate change impacts, with key partners from government, the private sector, and civil society. • Building early warning systems that enable early action to reduce impacts of climate hazards on health and wellbeing • Ensuring that climate-related vulnerability assessments and actions take into account sexual and reproductive health and gender-based violence risks and protective measures and are informed by disaggregated population data.', '• Building early warning systems that enable early action to reduce impacts of climate hazards on health and wellbeing • Ensuring that climate-related vulnerability assessments and actions take into account sexual and reproductive health and gender-based violence risks and protective measures and are informed by disaggregated population data. • Ensuring that adaptation measures anticipate and meet the health and gender needs of those impacted, displaced and at risk of climate crises, including through humanitarian response and strengthening assistance/social protection programmes for women and vulnerable groups who have lost their livelihoods to climate-related disasters 7.3 Cost of implementation Mitigation Sectors Main action Cost / million USD Energy Energy Strategy 191.7 37.4MW solar PV for meeting demand of electric vehicles 70.48 30% of private vehicles are electric by 2030 66.70 Actions in RAC sector 0.80 Transport Develop electrical charging stations infrastructure $0.7236 Waste management Gas management and rehabilitation works $1.137 The costs for the implementation of key climate change adaptation actions are based on a mixture of costs derived from national sectoral strategies that have actions that contribute to addressing climate change impacts, as well as costs from on-going initiatives, and costs from projects with similar objectives funded by the Green Climate Funds.', '• Ensuring that adaptation measures anticipate and meet the health and gender needs of those impacted, displaced and at risk of climate crises, including through humanitarian response and strengthening assistance/social protection programmes for women and vulnerable groups who have lost their livelihoods to climate-related disasters 7.3 Cost of implementation Mitigation Sectors Main action Cost / million USD Energy Energy Strategy 191.7 37.4MW solar PV for meeting demand of electric vehicles 70.48 30% of private vehicles are electric by 2030 66.70 Actions in RAC sector 0.80 Transport Develop electrical charging stations infrastructure $0.7236 Waste management Gas management and rehabilitation works $1.137 The costs for the implementation of key climate change adaptation actions are based on a mixture of costs derived from national sectoral strategies that have actions that contribute to addressing climate change impacts, as well as costs from on-going initiatives, and costs from projects with similar objectives funded by the Green Climate Funds. These estimated and indicative costs will be further outlined during the investment planning phase planned as a next step from the NDC.', 'These estimated and indicative costs will be further outlined during the investment planning phase planned as a next step from the NDC. Adaptation Sectors National Strategies Cost / million USD infrastructure Mainstreaming climate change adaptation $2.838 Planning for new development, improvement to building codes, and their enforcement 36 Four stations Victoria, North, Anse Royale, West with two outlets each @$20,000 per outlet (120Kw) with 15% shipping, training and installation charges ($0.19m) + civil works at Rs 1.5 million per location ($0.43m) +20 solar panel each (0.1).', 'Adaptation Sectors National Strategies Cost / million USD infrastructure Mainstreaming climate change adaptation $2.838 Planning for new development, improvement to building codes, and their enforcement 36 Four stations Victoria, North, Anse Royale, West with two outlets each @$20,000 per outlet (120Kw) with 15% shipping, training and installation charges ($0.19m) + civil works at Rs 1.5 million per location ($0.43m) +20 solar panel each (0.1). 37 From Carl Bro 2005; Feasibility for construction of Providence II Sanitary landfill (Euro 0.9 m closure cost) 38 Based on Adaptation Readiness proposal submitted to GCF in May 2021 39 Approved GCF project Resilience to hurricanes in the building sector in Antigua and Barbuda(including water security) Develop and implement Transport/NMTS Strategy + risk assessments Climate risk proofing of port facilities $65.241 Ensuring climate resilient water supplies $60.842 Management and Tourism Coastal Risk Mapping and Monitoring $1943 Reduce vulnerability to flooding and landslide $44.144 Strengthen early warning systems and build capacity in coastal areas Adopting a ridge to reef approach $3.8946 3.', '37 From Carl Bro 2005; Feasibility for construction of Providence II Sanitary landfill (Euro 0.9 m closure cost) 38 Based on Adaptation Readiness proposal submitted to GCF in May 2021 39 Approved GCF project Resilience to hurricanes in the building sector in Antigua and Barbuda(including water security) Develop and implement Transport/NMTS Strategy + risk assessments Climate risk proofing of port facilities $65.241 Ensuring climate resilient water supplies $60.842 Management and Tourism Coastal Risk Mapping and Monitoring $1943 Reduce vulnerability to flooding and landslide $44.144 Strengthen early warning systems and build capacity in coastal areas Adopting a ridge to reef approach $3.8946 3. Agriculture and Biosecurity Protection and Sustainable Use of Agricultural Land and Water Provision of Biosecurity Services $0.8748 Food Security and Improved Nutrition $5.649 Ensuring Climate Resilient Food Security $9.450 Conservation Applying Ecosystems-Based Adaptation in Seychelles $6.551 Restoring Marine Ecosystem Services by Rehabilitating Coral Reefs Wetlands and Dunes Restoration $6.653 5.', 'Agriculture and Biosecurity Protection and Sustainable Use of Agricultural Land and Water Provision of Biosecurity Services $0.8748 Food Security and Improved Nutrition $5.649 Ensuring Climate Resilient Food Security $9.450 Conservation Applying Ecosystems-Based Adaptation in Seychelles $6.551 Restoring Marine Ecosystem Services by Rehabilitating Coral Reefs Wetlands and Dunes Restoration $6.653 5. Health Implementing the Seychelles Climate Change and Health Adaptation Plan 6. Fisheries Sustainable Fisheries Management and Aquaculture Development 7. Blue Economy Strategy Monitoring and Evaluating the Implementation of the Blue Economy Strategy 8.', 'Blue Economy Strategy Monitoring and Evaluating the Implementation of the Blue Economy Strategy 8. Disaster risk management Implementation of the National Integrated Emergency Management Plan 40 African Development Bank; Seychelles Infrastructure Action Plan 2015 41 Approved GCF project Sustainable and Climate Resilient Connectivity for Nauru 42 Approved GCF project Ensuring climate resilient water supplies in the Comoros Islands 43 Costed under the Government of Seychelles (2018) Seychelles Technology Action Plan – Adaptation: Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change, Seychelles 44 Approved GCF Pacific Resilience Project Phase II for RMI 45 Approved GCF project Multi-Hazard Impact-Based Forecasting and Early Warning System for the Philippines 46 Existing projected funded by a grant from GEF-6. Not including other co-financing.', 'Disaster risk management Implementation of the National Integrated Emergency Management Plan 40 African Development Bank; Seychelles Infrastructure Action Plan 2015 41 Approved GCF project Sustainable and Climate Resilient Connectivity for Nauru 42 Approved GCF project Ensuring climate resilient water supplies in the Comoros Islands 43 Costed under the Government of Seychelles (2018) Seychelles Technology Action Plan – Adaptation: Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change, Seychelles 44 Approved GCF Pacific Resilience Project Phase II for RMI 45 Approved GCF project Multi-Hazard Impact-Based Forecasting and Early Warning System for the Philippines 46 Existing projected funded by a grant from GEF-6. Not including other co-financing. 47 Seychelles National Agriculture Investment Plan Programme 1 48 Seychelles National Agriculture Investment Plan Programme 2.3 49 Seychelles National Agriculture Investment Plan Programme 4 50 Approved GCF project Climate resilient food security for farming households across the Federated States of Micronesia 51 Existing projected funded by the Adaptation Fund 52 Existing projected funded by the Adaptation Fund 53 Costed under the Government of Seychelles (2018) Seychelles Technology Action Plan – Adaptation: Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change, Seychelles 54 Seychelles National Agriculture Investment Plan Programme 3 55 NIEMP is not costed.', '47 Seychelles National Agriculture Investment Plan Programme 1 48 Seychelles National Agriculture Investment Plan Programme 2.3 49 Seychelles National Agriculture Investment Plan Programme 4 50 Approved GCF project Climate resilient food security for farming households across the Federated States of Micronesia 51 Existing projected funded by the Adaptation Fund 52 Existing projected funded by the Adaptation Fund 53 Costed under the Government of Seychelles (2018) Seychelles Technology Action Plan – Adaptation: Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change, Seychelles 54 Seychelles National Agriculture Investment Plan Programme 3 55 NIEMP is not costed. Estimates for 6 contingency plans (0.15m), 10 SOP (0.05m) and Capacity building (0.2m) / year for five years.Annex: Additional technical information on the NDC targets Energy Year Baseline KtCo2e EE (15.5%) RE EE+RE EE/RE - Baseline RAC Sector Direct emission Indirect emission Waste management Methane Emission (GgCO2e) Year Business as usual reduction NDC target Difference Methane emission from landfill 2025- Business as usual reductionTransport Year No of vehicles No of gasoline vehicle with Business as usual GHG for gasoline Emission Electric Emission in Transport sector Business as usual Target ElectricOverview of key gaps and recommendations for action for climate change adaptation action across Blue Economy sectors 56 In case a recommendation is provided by the authors this is referenced as “(authors)”.', 'Estimates for 6 contingency plans (0.15m), 10 SOP (0.05m) and Capacity building (0.2m) / year for five years.Annex: Additional technical information on the NDC targets Energy Year Baseline KtCo2e EE (15.5%) RE EE+RE EE/RE - Baseline RAC Sector Direct emission Indirect emission Waste management Methane Emission (GgCO2e) Year Business as usual reduction NDC target Difference Methane emission from landfill 2025- Business as usual reductionTransport Year No of vehicles No of gasoline vehicle with Business as usual GHG for gasoline Emission Electric Emission in Transport sector Business as usual Target ElectricOverview of key gaps and recommendations for action for climate change adaptation action across Blue Economy sectors 56 In case a recommendation is provided by the authors this is referenced as “(authors)”. In other cases the appropriate source is mentioned. Sector Type of gap Description Source(s) Recommendations for action 56 Stakeholder Coastal management Habitat protection and management (section Technical capacity There are gaps in knowledge on marine biodiversity, ocean ecosystem functions and services and impacts of human use.', 'Sector Type of gap Description Source(s) Recommendations for action 56 Stakeholder Coastal management Habitat protection and management (section Technical capacity There are gaps in knowledge on marine biodiversity, ocean ecosystem functions and services and impacts of human use. Projects are often being implemented ad hoc and there is insufficient capacity to address the original cause of environmental loss. (Republic of Seychelles, 2018; World Bank, 2020) Continue local capacity development through integration of coastal management by investing in skills development and peer-to-peer support networks. Create a network for all policy analysts in order to ensure proper coordination of policy development and implementation of actions in marine and coastal ecosystems. Networks will assist in mainstreaming and supporting upskilling. Develop an integrated sea/landscape management approach (e.g. from ridge to reef) bringing together the MSP, CMP and the ongoing conservation initiatives and further developing measures that prioritize natural features (e.g.', 'from ridge to reef) bringing together the MSP, CMP and the ongoing conservation initiatives and further developing measures that prioritize natural features (e.g. wetlands, corals, sand dunes) for their ecological, social and resilience functions. This landscape approach will guide key sectoral plans. ESA, ME. ANHRD. MACCE, NGOs Ecosystem services An ecosystem services assessment was planned for the spring of 2019 under the Marine Spatial Planning Initiative and is still ongoing at the time of writing this report. Understanding of the real economic costs of activities should be better translated into marine decision making Land reclamation has altered the provisioning of ecosystem goods and services and in some cases exacerbated the impacts of climate change on the coastline. (Republic of Seychelles, 2018) (FBOA, pers.', '(Republic of Seychelles, 2018) (FBOA, pers. com., 2021) Develop and periodically update a State of the Coast assessment program (tied to CMP monitoring), that monitors the status of key coastal features and the services they provide, including real costs of loss of coastal and marine ecosystems. The information of the State of the Coast can be used as an input in sectoral planning (i.e. Coastal Management Plan) and project approval. Develop baseline metrics for environmentally sound ocean and carbon sequestration assessment MACCE, SFA, SeyCCAT, JMF, UniSey- BERI, MFEPT Policy and implementation There are several policies related to the protection and restoration of natural resources that have experienced limited implementation or development. These include: • The Protected Areas Policy 2013 • The Nature Protection and Conservancy Bill • Environment Protection Act 2016 (World Bank, 2020) (Stakeholder pers. com.)', 'These include: • The Protected Areas Policy 2013 • The Nature Protection and Conservancy Bill • Environment Protection Act 2016 (World Bank, 2020) (Stakeholder pers. com.) Develop programs to strengthen implementation of regulation and permits under the MSP and CMP, to ensure the wise use of coastal natural features (by landowners, farmers, local governments) and enable climate-resilient development. Examine policy development and implementation process to determine challenges to effective coordination, implementation and monitoring; undertake a policy burden evaluation. Too many polices make it hard to implement and coordinate key actions (DBE). DBE, SeyCCAT, MACCE, MSPReview of the State Land & River Reserves Act 1991 in order to support the initiative of the Blue Economy and adaption to Climate Change in terms of leasing and/or allocation of state land (Lands Department).', 'DBE, SeyCCAT, MACCE, MSPReview of the State Land & River Reserves Act 1991 in order to support the initiative of the Blue Economy and adaption to Climate Change in terms of leasing and/or allocation of state land (Lands Department). Coastal management Nature-based solutions for coastal resilience (section Planning and implementation A study on the implementation of the CMP by the World Bank has identified limiting factors to planning and implementation. These factors are important within the framework of the Blue Economy Strategy and Roadmap and they include the following: action and communication between stakeholders, government departments • Limited coherence between different legislation • Resistance to change, new approaches, new technology, innovation • Lack of financial support for reforms • Low remuneration for coastal restoration work • Experience of management and coordination of large infrastructural projects is currently limited. • Evaluation of (environmental) project permits and implementation of permits needs attention.', '• Evaluation of (environmental) project permits and implementation of permits needs attention. • Proper planning is not taking place • Limited capacity for donor project management • Weak implementation of sustainability projects • Limited capacity for coastal EBA restoration (World Bank, 2020) Develop capacity of adaptive coastal management. Provide training to build capacity (e.g. in CAMS, planning authority, infrastructure department and land transport agency) to continuously update the coastal management summary cards and periodically revise the CMP. Implementation of nature-based solutions should be considered as a primary source of adaptation (SeyCCAT). Develop the institutional arrangements (i.e. formal roles of sectoral national agencies) and public participation requirements for the preparation and periodic update of the CMP. Develop procedures so any new green or grey infrastructure is developed and approved based on the content of the CMP.', 'Develop procedures so any new green or grey infrastructure is developed and approved based on the content of the CMP. Develop a robust cost benefit analysis program for new infrastructure development or retrofitting of old ones, making sure that key environmental and social co-benefits are considered. Develop a program of incentives and capacity building to further operationalize the use of green (e.g. dune, reefs) and grey infrastructure. A study on cost benefit analysis on damages to infrastructures vis-a-vis savings on investments will provide an opportunity for decision making. SPlA, MACCE, MFAT, MFEPT, MLH, MLGCA, MIEI Technical capacity The Technology Needs Assessment concluded that limited technical expertise with regard to coastal monitoring, mapping and modelling as well as restoration is limited.', 'SPlA, MACCE, MFAT, MFEPT, MLH, MLGCA, MIEI Technical capacity The Technology Needs Assessment concluded that limited technical expertise with regard to coastal monitoring, mapping and modelling as well as restoration is limited. For the implementation of the CMP, the World Bank found that the key technical capacity across all sectors are coastal processes studies and design and implementation of coastal protection infrastructure, including near shore nature-based solutions (World Bank, 2020c). Foster technical capacity of the development of CAMS and other government departments such as the planning authority, infrastructure department and land transport agency, regarding planning, design and implementation of nature-based solutions. Capacity development needed for the assessment of impacts of climate change, design of coastal protection projects (hard, hybrid and nature-based solutions), and the drivers behind observed ecosystem loss.', 'Capacity development needed for the assessment of impacts of climate change, design of coastal protection projects (hard, hybrid and nature-based solutions), and the drivers behind observed ecosystem loss. DBE, ME, TEIs, UniSey, DRDM, SIT, NGOs Data and information There is a lack of historic data on the evolution and condition of coral reefs, hampering their management with regard to coastal protection (World Bank & MEECC, 2019) It is recommended to install a government funded monitoring programme to map benthic habitats and monitor beaches. Furthermore, a database should be set up to bring together existing patchy data, to ease NISTI, MACCE, MICT, DBE, SOAthe assessment and integration of and assess the existing data and information into comprehensive benthic habitat maps. Establish and maintain a green and grey infrastructure database or register and develop technical guidelines for the maintenance, construction, modification and rehabilitation of green and grey infrastructure.', 'Establish and maintain a green and grey infrastructure database or register and develop technical guidelines for the maintenance, construction, modification and rehabilitation of green and grey infrastructure. Coastal management Seabed mining (section Policy and legislation Policy and legislation regarding seabed mining is not up to date: • There is no clear policy on land reclamation that addresses marine spatial planning. • Seychelles does require environmental authorisation in mining activities as part of the Environment Protection Act, 2016 (Carolus, 2015) A reclamation policy, covering sand mining and dredging, must be developed so that future reclamation sites may be demarcated in the marine plan (authors). Update the Environmental Impact Assessment regulations and permits, and the Seychelles Minerals Act to incorporate mining and climate change priorities The Environmental Protection Act of 2016 should be amended to include specifications related to authorization of mining projects.', 'Update the Environmental Impact Assessment regulations and permits, and the Seychelles Minerals Act to incorporate mining and climate change priorities The Environmental Protection Act of 2016 should be amended to include specifications related to authorization of mining projects. Petro Seychelles, DBE, MACCE, SOA, SPlA Fisheries and aquaculture Data and information Lack of adequate insight in the sector’s resource rent* * Resource rent refers to the surplus value after accounting for all costs and revenues (Scherzer & Sinner, 2006) Environmental indicators and ecosystem considerations (e.g. in relation to success of recruitment, catchability, fleet movements or the multi-species nature of fisheries) appear in the management advice in an external and qualitative manner only. Thus, although environmental data is available, it is not easily accessible by other stakeholders.', 'Thus, although environmental data is available, it is not easily accessible by other stakeholders. Adaptation measures are hampered by a lack of targeted analyses of the sector’s vulnerabilities to climate change and associated risks, as well as the opportunities and responses available. Baseline data is not available in no-take areas; lack of research on climate resilience to critical habitats. Identifying, compiling, and analyzing large amounts of data that are currently scattered among several stakeholders is still a challenge. (Republic of Seychelles, 2018, Barange et al, 2018) (SIF, pers. Com., 2021) (SFA, pers. Com., 2021) Invest in an expert review to identify options to improve both sustainability and profitability of fisheries, and self- sufficiency of Seychelles’ economy based on the fisheries sector (Republic of Seychelles, 2018).', 'Com., 2021) Invest in an expert review to identify options to improve both sustainability and profitability of fisheries, and self- sufficiency of Seychelles’ economy based on the fisheries sector (Republic of Seychelles, 2018). Invest in sharing and making public of current environmental data collection on the national and regional level (Barange et al., 2018). Invest in targeted studies/ analyses to further assess the vulnerability of the fisheries sector to climate change (authors), justifying these to the respective leaders, policy makers and decision makers (DBE). Build the appropriate human resource capacity to identify and tap into existing funding opportunities. Increase awareness and facilitation of access to existing funding options via SeyCCAT, Blue Grants database. Systematic and standardisation of techniques/methods used to collate and process the same type of data.', 'Systematic and standardisation of techniques/methods used to collate and process the same type of data. Capacity building to ensure that appropriate human resource capacity is available that can identify and tap into existing funding opportunities. MFBE, SFA, DBEDBE, DBE, SeyCCAT, UniSey- BERITechnical capacity Forecasting of socio-economic impacts of climate variability on a tuna economy is complicated by the fact that these impacts are indirect and the fact that the growth of tuna fisheries may be constrained though complex interactions in tuna value chain, the global economy and geopolitics. This can be extended to other fisheries and the corresponding socio-economic contexts. (Ministry of Home Affairs, Environment, Transport and (JMF, pers. Com., 2021) Start a transdisciplinary research program to forecast socio-economic impacts of climate variability on tuna fisheries (and other fisheries) and, consequently, the economy (authors). Strengthen engagement with relevant and useful regional observational facilities and frameworks (DBE).', 'Strengthen engagement with relevant and useful regional observational facilities and frameworks (DBE). Invest in training/upskilling and internship (authors). Government institutions should focus on the policy and strategic level of capacity building while the University of Seychelles addresses the technical capacity needs. SFA, DBE, IOTC, EPD, IOT, FBOA, SeyCCAT, MFAT Innovative capacity The potential for innovation in the use of fish by-products is high for the food, pharmaceutical, fashion and cosmetic industries. Such potential that exist for value addition for fish by-products that can be consumed locally receives little attention given the export-oriented focus on the one hand and the lack of infrastructure on the other hand. This is an area which Seychelles lacks capacity and may not be able to develop in the short to medium term. Understanding of aquaculture and related innovative practice, technology and relation to CCA is weak (SFA).', 'Understanding of aquaculture and related innovative practice, technology and relation to CCA is weak (SFA). (Republic of Seychelles, 2018) (IDC,Pers. Com., 2021) Build capacity on innovation in the use of fish by- products, e.g. by means of training program, twinning projects (authors). Increase awareness and utilization of existing funding options that support sustainability transitions and empower climate adaptation of the sector DBE, SeyCCAT, MIEI, Institutional capacity Lack of stock assessments and efficient fisheries management measures to minimize impacts on exploited stocks, exposing the need for scientific studies and evidence upon which to base fisheries management. There is a lack of insight in the type of appropriate management measures (input vs. output control) that are feasible and realistic to implement. Measures need to be tailored to the specific characteristics of each sub-sector. (Republic of Seychelles, 2018) (Barange et al., 2018) (JMF, pers.', '(Republic of Seychelles, 2018) (Barange et al., 2018) (JMF, pers. Com., 2021) Continue with the urgent development and implementation of effective, sustainable and climate smart fisheries management plans that account for possible climate change impacts. Update the fisheries master plan to incorporate climate change adaptation (and mitigation). Develop a capacity building and incentives program to enable and support the preparation of fisheries management plans. MFBE, SFA MACCE, SeyCCAT, NGOs, UniSey Tourism Institutional capacity There remain gaps with policy regulation and enforcement, as well coordination issues of the Tourism Master Plan. There is no clear strategy with regard to climate change adaptation for the sector. (Government of Seychelles, Recommendations from the Tourism Master Plan and the Tourism Value Chain Analyses can be used by the Tourism department to develop a climate change strategy for the sector.', '(Government of Seychelles, Recommendations from the Tourism Master Plan and the Tourism Value Chain Analyses can be used by the Tourism department to develop a climate change strategy for the sector. The Department can include stakeholders in the development of strategies, to ensure implementation and mutual understanding of challenges (authors). Ensure UniSey’s Master in Sustainable Tourism is locally relevant through clear integration of climate MFAT,EPD, DBE, SHTA, NGOsadaptation and sustainable coastal and marine tourism-related content and/or case studies. Financial incentives There is no clear financial incentive for adaptation in the sector, leading to small and medium businesses lagging in progress (Stakeholder communication) Transparency in public versus private responsibility in the implementation of adaptation options for the sector needs to be established to move forward in identifying financing opportunities and incentives for adaptation for small and medium businesses (authors).', 'Financial incentives There is no clear financial incentive for adaptation in the sector, leading to small and medium businesses lagging in progress (Stakeholder communication) Transparency in public versus private responsibility in the implementation of adaptation options for the sector needs to be established to move forward in identifying financing opportunities and incentives for adaptation for small and medium businesses (authors). Research should be conducted on how to incentivize Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) engagement in climate change adaptation. Furthermore, understanding the limitations of existing schemes such as the Seychelles Sustainable Tourism Label (SSTL) will provide information that will enable the scheme to be repositioned in order to achieve its mandate.', 'Furthermore, understanding the limitations of existing schemes such as the Seychelles Sustainable Tourism Label (SSTL) will provide information that will enable the scheme to be repositioned in order to achieve its mandate. MFAT, EPD, MFEPT, MIEI Data and information While it is well-known locally that the unique natural beauty and the quality of the natural environment are unique selling points for tourism, there is limited tangible action or change in-sector practices to maintain this valuable natural environment. (NCCC, 2009; SIF, pers. Com., 2021; D. Dogley, pers. Com, 2021; IDC, pers. Com., Economic valuation of ecosystem services assessment associated with tourism is currently ongoing. The tourism industry would benefit from communication regarding climate research and findings, as well as how to interpret, react to, and implement solutions to such findings. This can assist in proactive management of tourism assets and activities (authors).', 'This can assist in proactive management of tourism assets and activities (authors). Enable increased communication of climate research to the tourism sector, including how to interpret, react to and implement solutions to such findings (EPD). Increase interaction with private sector tourism bodies regarding industry perceptions on the transition to medium and long-term climate challenges to ensure knowledge and identify capacity of key stakeholders. Ensure results of the Tourism Satellite Account, due for completion in 2022, are mainstreamed across sectors to understand where the major impacts are and how adaptation can be streamlined into the value chain process (SSTF, authors). MFAT, SHTA, SSTF, SSTL, MACCE, NISTI, UniSey IDC Adaptation options A number of adaptation options for the sector have been identified Payet (2007) Develop long term sustainable planning and management of tourism infrastructure, including set- back distances and beach management plans.', 'MFAT, SHTA, SSTF, SSTL, MACCE, NISTI, UniSey IDC Adaptation options A number of adaptation options for the sector have been identified Payet (2007) Develop long term sustainable planning and management of tourism infrastructure, including set- back distances and beach management plans. Enable diversification of the sector by the local community to create resilience. Determine a clear policy approach towards high value nature-based tourism, rather than growth in number of beds, including promotion of SSTL. (Payet, 2007) MFAT, MACCE, SPlA, MLH, SHTACritical infrastructure sectors Policy and financing There is a lack of clear policy on the protection of (public) critical infrastructure in Seychelles. While private facilities often have insurance covers, other infrastructure, like roads, ports, government buildings, water sewerage distribution systems have no clear protection plans. INDC underestimated the value of the required investments for critical infrastructure adaptation International Monetary Fund., 2017a).', 'INDC underestimated the value of the required investments for critical infrastructure adaptation International Monetary Fund., 2017a). Critical infrastructure and adaptation plans need to be integrated in Seychelles Department of Transportation activities and policies. An accurate estimate of the required investments for all critical infrastructure adaptation needs to be conducted. MT, SPA, MFEPT, MIEI Critical infrastructure sectors Shipping, port infrastructure and services (section Adaptation planning The Seychelles Port Authority Strategic Plan 2019-2023 makes no explicit mention of adaptation. Climate change is, however, identified as being a contributor to two threats (Seychelles Ports Authority, Highlight the importance of climate change adaptation as part of the SPA Strategic Plan and its follow-up activities. Ensure that the Master Plan for Port development is synergistic with the Coastal management Plan and the Marine Spatial Plan (authors).', 'Ensure that the Master Plan for Port development is synergistic with the Coastal management Plan and the Marine Spatial Plan (authors). SPA, MACCE, EPD Critical infrastructure sectors Waste management (section Data and information There is a lack of robust data especially in the case of toxic (hazardous) and liquid waste (Lai et al., 2016) (Krütli et al., 2018) Invest in a data collection program in order to support management options (authors). MLH, MACCE, LWMA, NISTI Technical capacity Solid waste segregation is far from optimal and monitoring of waste disposal on the landfill The current recycling scheme applied to domestic waste does not seem compatible with a pre-sorting of recyclable goods by households.', 'MLH, MACCE, LWMA, NISTI Technical capacity Solid waste segregation is far from optimal and monitoring of waste disposal on the landfill The current recycling scheme applied to domestic waste does not seem compatible with a pre-sorting of recyclable goods by households. (Krütli et al., 2018) (Lai et al., 2016) Invest in solid waste segregation technology to enable managing authorities to establish a value chain of solid waste in the waste cycle (Krütli et al., 2018) Invest in companies to handle the different classes of recyclable waste separately. Invest in the allocation of specific storage on landfills (Lai et al., 2016). Mandate and support utilities in the preparation of flood and drought management plans. Invest in the upgrading of sewage treatment plants as a key adaptation target.', 'Invest in the upgrading of sewage treatment plants as a key adaptation target. Circular economy principles should be developed across business models, as mitigative/pre-emptive waste management measures; communication on the importance or repair, reuse, reduce and introduction of recycling to our waste system should be supported (DBE). MLH, LWMA, Wastea, MACCE, MH Critical infrastructure sectors Technical capacity Solar power, especially floating structures, can be vulnerable to the impacts of extreme weather events, Solaun & Cerdá, 2019 Building resilience of existing energy infrastructure assets and planned (renewable) projects should ANHRD, ME, PUCRenewable energy (section ensure that renewable energy transition plans are not derailed. Critical infrastructure sectors Desalination (section Technical investments Seychelles will remain dependent on desalination to meet water demands in dry periods and will need to continue to increase its capacity. There will be a need for alternative technologies (e.g. better groundwater harvesting) and investments to implement these.', 'better groundwater harvesting) and investments to implement these. (Government of Seychelles, Guidelines and procedures should be developed to better handle brine as part of desalination plant developments. PUC, MH, MLGCA, MLH Resource management There are limited measures in place to address the demand side of water (Mussard, 2014) Progress to address water resources management is being made as part of Seychelles Water Supply Development Plan, including a capacity building programme (authors). Develop a National Drought Strategic Plan to understand drought risks, prepare and mitigate drought hazards, refine drought monitoring and forecasting, response and recovery and develop inter- agency and inter-governmental coordination. PUC, MACCE, MH, MLGCA, MLH']

en-US

SLE

Sierra Leone

1st NDC

2016-11-01 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/SIERRA%20LEONE%20INDC.pdf

Non-Annex I

Low-income

Africa

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/702e2da50c148e4056adbc74596f421d95a6ba5d75224400e42c84159726caea.pdf

['GOVERNMENT OF SIERRA LEONE THE ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION AGENCY SIERRA LEONE Sierra Leone’S intended nationaLLy Determined Contribution (INDC)SUMMARY BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION Sierra Leone has been ranked as the third most vulnerable nation after Bangladesh and Guinea Bissau to adverse effects of climate change. Our vulnerable population has low capacity to adapt to climate change and the rural populations will be the most affected because of their high dependence on rain-fed agriculture and natural resource-based livelihoods. According to the science of climate change, these impacts are likely to continue to affect Sierra Leone in the future, despite the country being least responsible for the problem since Sierra Leone’s contribution to global emissions of greenhouse gases is negligible.', 'According to the science of climate change, these impacts are likely to continue to affect Sierra Leone in the future, despite the country being least responsible for the problem since Sierra Leone’s contribution to global emissions of greenhouse gases is negligible. The Sierra Leone National Development Plan – the Agenda for Prosperity 2013 -2018 indicates that Sierra Leone is committed to mainstreaming inclusive green growth in her development process. Thus, the implementation of the INDC will support the transition to low-emission development involving decoupling carbon emissions from economic growth through a series of measures across all economic sectors.', 'Thus, the implementation of the INDC will support the transition to low-emission development involving decoupling carbon emissions from economic growth through a series of measures across all economic sectors. This document presents Sierra Leone’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) in response to decisions adopted at the 19th and 20th sessions of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), that invite Parties to communicate to the Secretariat their INDCs, towards achieving the objective of the UNFCCC as set out in Article 2 of the Convention. The national circumstances of Sierra Leone have been fully taken into consideration during the development of the INDC.', 'The national circumstances of Sierra Leone have been fully taken into consideration during the development of the INDC. This includes national and sectoral strategies which already exist in the National Development Plan–the Agenda for Prosperity.A review of the current status of implementation of the cross-cutting issues of the Climate Convention at the national level has been documented. These include (a) research and systematic observation systems; (b) technology transfer; and (c) education, training and public awareness. The process is also built on the participatory multi-stakeholder and cross-sectoral consultative processes at national and district levels. Since the year 2000, Sierra Leone has published three National Strategies on Climate Change and in 2009 adopted its first Special Program on Climate Change.', 'Since the year 2000, Sierra Leone has published three National Strategies on Climate Change and in 2009 adopted its first Special Program on Climate Change. In addition, Sierra Leone has presented two National Communications with their respective greenhouse gas inventories to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES OF SIERRA LEONE: Geographical location and main physical features/regions: Sierra Leone is located on the west coast of Africa, between the 7th and 10th parallels north of the equator. Sierra Leone is bordered by Guinea to the north and northeast, Liberia to the south and southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The country has a total area of 71,740 km2, divided into a land area of 71,620 km2 and water of 120 km2.', 'The country has a total area of 71,740 km2, divided into a land area of 71,620 km2 and water of 120 km2. The country has four distinct geographical regions: coastal Guinean mangroves, the wooded hill country, an upland plateau, and the eastern mountains. Eastern Sierra Leone is an interior region of large plateaus interspersed with high mountains, where Mount Bintumani rises to 1,948 meters.', 'Eastern Sierra Leone is an interior region of large plateaus interspersed with high mountains, where Mount Bintumani rises to 1,948 meters. Sierra Leone can be split into three geological areas, in the east is part of the West African craton, the western area consists of the Rokelides, an orogenic belt, and a 20- to 30-km coastal strip of sediments (SchlüterandTrauth, 2008).Major social and developmental setbacks Due to the outbreak of the Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in Sierra Leone which claimed 3,461 lives by February 2015 (WHO, 2015),the development gains made by Sierra Leone after the country’s emergence from a ten-year civil war in 2000 were rudely reversed.', 'Sierra Leone can be split into three geological areas, in the east is part of the West African craton, the western area consists of the Rokelides, an orogenic belt, and a 20- to 30-km coastal strip of sediments (SchlüterandTrauth, 2008).Major social and developmental setbacks Due to the outbreak of the Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in Sierra Leone which claimed 3,461 lives by February 2015 (WHO, 2015),the development gains made by Sierra Leone after the country’s emergence from a ten-year civil war in 2000 were rudely reversed. Notwithstanding these setbacks, Sierra Leone recently developed and adopted it’s National Climate Change Policy (NCCP) and National Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (NCCS&AP) around which this INDC revolves.', 'Notwithstanding these setbacks, Sierra Leone recently developed and adopted it’s National Climate Change Policy (NCCP) and National Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (NCCS&AP) around which this INDC revolves. The INDC of Sierra Leone has three components, one for Mitigation, one related to Adaptation and the third for Loss and Damage. This INDC is consistent with Sierra Leone ́s green growth pathway to development. Greenhouse Gas Emissions status According to the Second National Communication of Sierra Leone to the UNFCCC, total carbon dioxide emission (CO2) for the year 2000 was 574.061Gg CO2. The carbon dioxide emissions from energy generation amounted to 529.287Gg of CO2 as Sierra Leone energy generation is based on diesel powered generators.', 'The carbon dioxide emissions from energy generation amounted to 529.287Gg of CO2 as Sierra Leone energy generation is based on diesel powered generators. The Land Use, Land Use Change and forestry (LULUCF) sector was the least significant source of CO2 emissions by up taking 752,748Gg of CO2, followed by the waste sector emitting 11.8Gg CO2. The industrial processes are however marginal amounting to 39.55 Gg of CO2 and these emissions came mostly from cement production. In 2000, the total Methane (CH4) emissions were 32,312.53 Gg CH4. Agriculture was the most important source of CH4 emissions (86.67%), followed by the LULUCF sector (5.631) and finally the waste sector (11.83). The other sectors were not sources of CH4 emissions.', 'The other sectors were not sources of CH4 emissions. Nitrogen dioxide (N2O) emissions were estimated at 13.91 Gg N2O with 8.54Gg N2O coming almost exclusively from the agricultural sector. The waste sector was also a source of emission and emitted 31.29Gg N2O. Projected Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Sierra Leone Sierra Leone is yet to produce her Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA) and the National Communications have not produced projections of greenhouse gas emissions for the country. Although it’s historical contribution is low at 0.1% of the total global emissions. Since Sierra Leone gained her independence in 1961 i.e. fifty four (54) years ago, her per capita emissions has not exceeded 0.6 tC02e.', 'fifty four (54) years ago, her per capita emissions has not exceeded 0.6 tC02e. Table 2 below shows the projections of greenhouse emissions developed for Sierra Leone by the US Environmental Protection Agency. According to these projections total emissions from all sources and sectors and for all gases, GHG emissions are projected to increase to about 4.8MtCO2Eq in 2015 and to about 6.6MtCO2 Eq in 2030. The major greenhouse gas emitted is Methane (CH4) with projected emissions of 3.7MtCO2Eq in 2015 and about 5.0MtCO2Eq in 2030. The largest emitting sectors are Agriculture and Waste and between them, they are projected to emit between 95 to 98% of the projected national emissions from 2015 to 2030.', 'The largest emitting sectors are Agriculture and Waste and between them, they are projected to emit between 95 to 98% of the projected national emissions from 2015 to 2030. The largest emitting category is Waste Management and will be responsible for about 54% of the total projected emissions in 2015 and 56% in 2030. Waste Management is projected to emit 2.6MtCO2Eq in 2015 and 3.7MtCO2Eq in 2030.Table 2: Projected GHG Emissions (MtCO2e) from Sierra Leone from 2015 to 2030 This INDC is consistent with Sierra Leone’s Green Growth pathway to low emissions carbon development strategy by the year 2018.', 'Waste Management is projected to emit 2.6MtCO2Eq in 2015 and 3.7MtCO2Eq in 2030.Table 2: Projected GHG Emissions (MtCO2e) from Sierra Leone from 2015 to 2030 This INDC is consistent with Sierra Leone’s Green Growth pathway to low emissions carbon development strategy by the year 2018. CONTRIBUTIONS Sierra Leone’s INDC includes both conditional mitigation and adaptation components based on her national circumstances and in line with decisions1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20 The VISION of the Sierra Leone INDC is to create a new era for a harmonious relationship between the economy, environment, social and long term sustainability; shifts to a green economy and provides for the identification and implementation of various mitigation and adaptation measures.', 'CONTRIBUTIONS Sierra Leone’s INDC includes both conditional mitigation and adaptation components based on her national circumstances and in line with decisions1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20 The VISION of the Sierra Leone INDC is to create a new era for a harmonious relationship between the economy, environment, social and long term sustainability; shifts to a green economy and provides for the identification and implementation of various mitigation and adaptation measures. The GOAL of the INDC and the accompanying action plan is to prepare the government and people of Sierra Leone to limit their carbon footprint; reduce or minimize risks by improving adaptive capacity, reducing vulnerability to climate change impacts and increasing the resilience and sustainable wellbeing of all citizens; and to leverage new opportunities and facilitate collaboration in-country and with regional and global communities Planning processes: Sierra Leone’s planning process on mitigation and adaptation hinges on the NCCP, NCCS&AP and the NAPA.', 'The GOAL of the INDC and the accompanying action plan is to prepare the government and people of Sierra Leone to limit their carbon footprint; reduce or minimize risks by improving adaptive capacity, reducing vulnerability to climate change impacts and increasing the resilience and sustainable wellbeing of all citizens; and to leverage new opportunities and facilitate collaboration in-country and with regional and global communities Planning processes: Sierra Leone’s planning process on mitigation and adaptation hinges on the NCCP, NCCS&AP and the NAPA. The result shall be reviewed every five years to inform the Medium Term Plan. The adaptation and mitigation actions will further amplified in the NAP and NAMA which Sierra Leone hopes to develop.', 'The adaptation and mitigation actions will further amplified in the NAP and NAMA which Sierra Leone hopes to develop. The planning process also takes cognizance of the absence of a Climate Change law that may propose several institutional reforms to enhance coordination of climate change adaptation and mitigation.', 'The planning process also takes cognizance of the absence of a Climate Change law that may propose several institutional reforms to enhance coordination of climate change adaptation and mitigation. These reforms may include: \uf0d8 Review, revise the already adopted (by cabinet concurrence) current Draft Climate Policy into a comprehensive Climate Act; \uf0d8 Establish the enabling legislative framework to implement the NCCS&AP actions: \uf0d8 Establish and/or strengthen the high-level National Climate Change Council (NCCC), in the Office of the President; and \uf0d8 Support the already established National Climate Change Secretariat as the primary national government agency for climate change response.\uf0d8 Establish a Sierra Leone Climate Fund to be a financing mechanism for priority climate change actions and interventions.', 'These reforms may include: \uf0d8 Review, revise the already adopted (by cabinet concurrence) current Draft Climate Policy into a comprehensive Climate Act; \uf0d8 Establish the enabling legislative framework to implement the NCCS&AP actions: \uf0d8 Establish and/or strengthen the high-level National Climate Change Council (NCCC), in the Office of the President; and \uf0d8 Support the already established National Climate Change Secretariat as the primary national government agency for climate change response.\uf0d8 Establish a Sierra Leone Climate Fund to be a financing mechanism for priority climate change actions and interventions. Gender perspective Pillar eight (8) of Sierra Leone’s five year development plan considers Gender and Women’s Empowerment.Therefore, in addressing climate change issues, public entities are required to undertake public awareness and consultations, and ensure gender mainstreaming.', 'Gender perspective Pillar eight (8) of Sierra Leone’s five year development plan considers Gender and Women’s Empowerment.Therefore, in addressing climate change issues, public entities are required to undertake public awareness and consultations, and ensure gender mainstreaming. National implementation: Sierra Leone elaborated a draft for consultation at national level of its national climate policy. It will include measures that allow emission reductions by 2035 to be achieved mainly domestically. The proposed measures to achieve the commitments will build on existing measures and strategies. The existing legal frameworks will have to be revised accordingly. These revisions are subject to approval by Parliament. Assumptions and methodological approaches Sierra Leone’s supports internationally agreed rules for accounting and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions.', 'Assumptions and methodological approaches Sierra Leone’s supports internationally agreed rules for accounting and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions. As they are yet to be agreed, Sierra Leone’s INDC is based on the following assumptions and methodological approaches: The IPCC Revised 1996 Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and the Good Practice Guidance were used to calculate the GHG emissions and removals as described in the Second National Communication. Emissions of carbon dioxide from the combustion of biomass are assessed but not counted towards the contribution and the mining/extractive sector has not been included in the accounting. Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding Geographic coverage: The geographic coverage is complete. No region in Sierra Leone has been left uncovered by the inventory.', 'No region in Sierra Leone has been left uncovered by the inventory. Sectors (sources and sinks): All sources or removals of direct GHG gases included in the IPCC Guidelines (Energy, Industrial Processes, Agriculture, Forestry and other Land Use (AFOLU) and waste sector). In particular, Sierra Leone target covers all greenhouse gases included in the 1990 and 2000 inventories under INC and SNC. The general gaps in the completeness are mainly due to lack of activity data and the non-occurrence of the activity in Sierra Leone. Gases covered: Carbon dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4) and Nitrous Oxide (N2O) are prioritized.', 'Gases covered: Carbon dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4) and Nitrous Oxide (N2O) are prioritized. Base year for gases covered: all 2000/1990(not relevant where reference level is applied) Time frames/period for implementation: 2030-2050 Fairness and ambition Sierra Leone is of the view that the key factors in determining the fairness of a contribution should include historical responsibility and respective capability to address climate change. In light of this the country considers the following points:i) The country’s capability to implement this contribution is subject to limitations. ii) The country has a very small emissions profile (<0.1% of global emissions and per capita emissions less than 0.2tCO2/ year.', 'ii) The country has a very small emissions profile (<0.1% of global emissions and per capita emissions less than 0.2tCO2/ year. iii) The country does not have absolute emission reduction targets, but has chosen the option of green growth and low emission pathway as elucidate in the NCCS&AP. These gives a clear stand that the country is determined to continue playing its own part in addressing climate change by communicating a fair and ambitious contribution. Global warming potentials The carbon dioxide equivalent was calculated using the 100 year global warming potentials in accordance with the IPCC 2nd Assessment Report.', 'Global warming potentials The carbon dioxide equivalent was calculated using the 100 year global warming potentials in accordance with the IPCC 2nd Assessment Report. Mitigation Component of the INDC Mitigation perspectives of Sierra Leone are presented based on strategic documents developed in and for Sierra Leone which include the National Communications, the NAPA and other strategic documents. This INDC is a strategic document concretizing Sierra Leone’s shift in its development path from brown to green economy and to achieve sustainable development, based on its own socio-economic and development priorities.', 'This INDC is a strategic document concretizing Sierra Leone’s shift in its development path from brown to green economy and to achieve sustainable development, based on its own socio-economic and development priorities. Present GHG emission contribution Already, in a bid to significantly contribute towards the reduction of the sources and potential sources of GHG emissions or enhancing carbon sinks, Sierra Leone, following a mitigation assessment, and drawing upon the strategic direction of Vision 2035, Sierra Leone, proposed to undertake the following appropriate which were it’s Internationally communicated pre-2020 GHG emissions reduction plans under the Copenhagen Accord (GoSL, 2012): Thus Sierra Leone is already mitigating GHG emission which has not yet been quantified for CERs. 1.', 'Present GHG emission contribution Already, in a bid to significantly contribute towards the reduction of the sources and potential sources of GHG emissions or enhancing carbon sinks, Sierra Leone, following a mitigation assessment, and drawing upon the strategic direction of Vision 2035, Sierra Leone, proposed to undertake the following appropriate which were it’s Internationally communicated pre-2020 GHG emissions reduction plans under the Copenhagen Accord (GoSL, 2012): Thus Sierra Leone is already mitigating GHG emission which has not yet been quantified for CERs. 1. Establishment of the national secretariat for climate change (NSCC) to ensure coordination and assessment of climate change initiatives. 2. Expanding clean energy utilization (e.g. solar, mini-hydro electric power, LPG, biomass stoves etc). 3. Development of energy efficiency programmes through sensitization and awareness raising campaigns.', 'Development of energy efficiency programmes through sensitization and awareness raising campaigns. Sustainable production of charcoal a reduce dependence on firewood. 4. Development of alternative energy sources such as bio-fuels from sugarcane, corn, rice husk, etc. 5. Developing agricultural and urban waste incineration programmes for energy production. 6. Improved waste management through composting and recycling of waste. 7. Development and enforcement of regulations on regular maintenance of vehicles (vehicle emission testing): formulation of transport plans. 8. Improved and promoting use of public transport (e.g. road, rail and water) for passengers and cargo to reduce traffic congestion and GHG‘s emissions. 9.', 'road, rail and water) for passengers and cargo to reduce traffic congestion and GHG‘s emissions. 9. Setting/developing air, water and soil quality standards, and ensure regular assessments and monitoring through control programs.As reported to the 2009 COP 15 meeting in Copenhagen, Sierra Leone, through its relevant Ministries, will put modalities into place to fully exploit the Carbon Trading and Payment systems. For instance the use of REDD and REDD+ initiatives. Conditional Contribution Sierra Leone’s INDCs is framed in terms of desired outcomes. Through this INDC, Sierra Leone is committed to implementing specific emissions-reduction actions, such as policies or mitigation actions like advancing a feed-in tariff for renewable energy technologies, phasing out fossil fuel subsidies, or converting to no-tillage agricultural practices.', 'Through this INDC, Sierra Leone is committed to implementing specific emissions-reduction actions, such as policies or mitigation actions like advancing a feed-in tariff for renewable energy technologies, phasing out fossil fuel subsidies, or converting to no-tillage agricultural practices. As a country whose emission levels are relatively low already, Sierra Leone could not commit to a certain outcome or result—for example, reducing emissions to a specific level (a greenhouse gas outcome). The domestic situation Sierra Leone faces i.e being solely dependent on fuel imports to meet its minimum energy needs, reducing emissions further than BAU can only be achieved through country wide LEDs which the country has already adopted.', 'The domestic situation Sierra Leone faces i.e being solely dependent on fuel imports to meet its minimum energy needs, reducing emissions further than BAU can only be achieved through country wide LEDs which the country has already adopted. It is against this backdrop, that this INDC intends to maintain the emission levels of Sierra Leone relatively Low (close to the world average of 7.58 MtCO2e) by 2035 or neutral by 2050 by reducing her carbon footprint and by following green growth pathways in all economic sectors. This target will only be achieve by Sierra Leone with the availability of international support that will come in the form of finance, investment, technology development and transfer, and capacity building. This would require substantial donor support estimated to about $ 900 million.', 'This would require substantial donor support estimated to about $ 900 million. Long term global contribution: Sierra Leone intends to also present an intensity based reduction target by 25 to 35 percent, by 2050 in phases (2020-2030, 2030-2050) compared to 1990 including use of international credits well as the vision to hold per capita emissions in Sierra Leone’s average world level in the longer term. These unavoidable emissions will have to be eventually compensated through sinks or removals. Priority climate change response strategies have been identified and included in the INDC. The following strategies are in the area of mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions.', 'The following strategies are in the area of mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. These strategies include: Strategy 1: Institutionalization of coordination, monitoring, reporting and verification of climate change issues by strengthening the Environment Protection Agency for effective and efficient provision of technical policy advice to the Government and people of Sierra Leone for relevant decision making in transitioning to green economic growth.', 'These strategies include: Strategy 1: Institutionalization of coordination, monitoring, reporting and verification of climate change issues by strengthening the Environment Protection Agency for effective and efficient provision of technical policy advice to the Government and people of Sierra Leone for relevant decision making in transitioning to green economic growth. Strategy 2: Transformation of the National Meteorological Services of Sierra Leone and strengthening of Climate Change Early Warning System of Sierra Leone Strategy 4: Promotion of energy efficiency, enhanced management and expansion of the energy mix through uptake of renewable energy sources (Solar, Wind, Hydro, Biomass) particularly in the rural areas of Sierra Leone.Strategy 5: Enhancement of waste management systems at all levels to reduce pollution and greenhouse gas emissions under the category so as to improve health of both humans and animals and reduce global warming.', 'Strategy 2: Transformation of the National Meteorological Services of Sierra Leone and strengthening of Climate Change Early Warning System of Sierra Leone Strategy 4: Promotion of energy efficiency, enhanced management and expansion of the energy mix through uptake of renewable energy sources (Solar, Wind, Hydro, Biomass) particularly in the rural areas of Sierra Leone.Strategy 5: Enhancement of waste management systems at all levels to reduce pollution and greenhouse gas emissions under the category so as to improve health of both humans and animals and reduce global warming. Strategy 6: Diversification of economic growth through strengthened transport sub-sector, particularly the infrastructure to contribute to the reduction of regional and global emissions of greenhouses and build a stable economy.', 'Strategy 6: Diversification of economic growth through strengthened transport sub-sector, particularly the infrastructure to contribute to the reduction of regional and global emissions of greenhouses and build a stable economy. Strategy 7: Adoption and application of climate-smart and conservation agriculture through best agricultural practices that enhance soil fertility and improve crop yield Contribution by land sector emissions This includes emissions from the land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) sector. Relevant national policy documents and the FAO s Global Forest Resource Assessment 2010 for Agency Sierra Leone were used. A global land -use data approach was used, as described in the 2003 IPCC Good Practice Guidance for LULUCF.', 'A global land -use data approach was used, as described in the 2003 IPCC Good Practice Guidance for LULUCF. A state and transition model consistent with the 1996 Revised IPCC Guidelines was used to calculate fluxes of CO2 to (or from)the atmosphere and biomass carbon pools is the same as outlined in the1996 Revised IPCC Guidelines. There is significant uncertainty in the BAU emission and mitigation potential estimates for this sector and work is underway to update and improve these estimates.', 'There is significant uncertainty in the BAU emission and mitigation potential estimates for this sector and work is underway to update and improve these estimates. Contribution of international market based mechanisms Sierra Leone supports the inclusion of the international Carbon Markets such as CDM in a post 2020 agreement on climate change and proposes that such instrument be tied to an appropriate MRV system to be used to help finance low carbon and climate resilient infrastructure investments. Sierra Leone considers that certain low emission development options mentioned in the INDC or additional actions could be entirely or partially be funded by the transfer of international carbon assets while taking into account environmental integrity and transparency.', 'Sierra Leone considers that certain low emission development options mentioned in the INDC or additional actions could be entirely or partially be funded by the transfer of international carbon assets while taking into account environmental integrity and transparency. Avoidance of double counting Sierra Leone intends to include the above mentioned carbon assets in accounting for its emission reduction commitment. For the CDM under its current use and operation it is assumed that only the acquiring Party will account for the emission reductions covered by the credits acquired from the host Party. For new market mechanisms, Sierra Leone supports the elaboration of UNFCCC rules for avoiding double counting of emission reductions, or otherwise appropriate.', 'For new market mechanisms, Sierra Leone supports the elaboration of UNFCCC rules for avoiding double counting of emission reductions, or otherwise appropriate. Reference Point BAU emissions in the target year Business as usual (BAU) emissions is estimated to be 6.6 MtCO2e by 2030. This excludes downstream exploitation in the mining/extractive sector. BAU projection methodology The BAU projection methodology is detailed within the NCCS& AP and the Second National Communication (SNC), including key assumptions, drivers and methodologies for each sector. The base year is 1990.Sierra Leone has over 20 hydro potential sites of which the Bumbuna Dam is the only one that has been tapped. This dam, which has been completed, has a capacity of 50MW. This was considered as the most viable mitigation option for the electricity sector.', 'This was considered as the most viable mitigation option for the electricity sector. If five of these hydro potentials including Bumbuna are utilized, it may result in almost zero emission for the electricity sector. The Adaptation Component of the INDC The INDC is developed to take the efforts (adaptation) needed to respond to climate change in Sierra Leone to another stage beyond identification to implementation. Under the INDC the strategies identified have been translated into adaptation actions to enable Sierra Leone to take decisive and sustainable actions in addressing the adverse impacts of climate change on the national economy and move the country into a green and resilient economy.', 'Under the INDC the strategies identified have been translated into adaptation actions to enable Sierra Leone to take decisive and sustainable actions in addressing the adverse impacts of climate change on the national economy and move the country into a green and resilient economy. The Action Plan includes (a) prioritised activities that will support Sierra Leone to transition to a low-carbon and climate-resilient economy; (b) information on financing the INDC; (c) mobilisation of resources and (d) monitoring, reporting and verification of impacts on the citizens and economy of Sierra Leone due to the implementation of the strategy and action plan. Priority climate change response strategies have been identified and included in the INDC. These strategies are in the area of adaptation to the impacts of climate change.', 'These strategies are in the area of adaptation to the impacts of climate change. Strategy 1: Estimation,in a sustainable manner, of Sierra Leone’s contribution to global warming and climate change. Strategy 2: Management of rangelands and pastures by managing grazing systems and grazing intensity, fire management and pasture rehabilitation. Strategy 3: Integrated management of crops and Livestock management. Strategy 4: Restoration of degraded lands with high production potential Strategy 5: Management of coastal and fisheries resources through promotion of non- destructive fishing techniques to maintain resilience of marine ecosystems. Strategy 6: Promotion and facilitation of early warning and disaster preparedness system. Strategy 7: Strengthen integration of climate change adaptation into the health Sector.', 'Strategy 7: Strengthen integration of climate change adaptation into the health Sector. Strategy 8: Strengthen the adaptive capacity of the most vulnerable groups and communities through social safety nets and insurance schemes. Strategy 9: Enhance the resilience of the tourism value chain. Strategy10: Create enabling environment for the resilience of private sector investment, demonstrate an operational business case. Strategy 11: Integrate climate change adaptation into the mining/extractive sector Strategy 12: Mainstream climate change adaptation in land reforms. The Loss and Damage Component of the INDC These priority actions include: 1. Adopt the current Disaster risks reduction Policy into a comprehensive Climate Policy; 2. Establish the enabling legislative framework to implement the DMD policy and action plan: 3.', 'Establish the enabling legislative framework to implement the DMD policy and action plan: 3. Establish and/or strengthen the high-level National DMD Council (NCCC), in the Office of the Vice President; and4. Establish a National DMD agency as the primary national government agency for climate change response. Jointly implemented, these actions constitute a comprehensive package that facilitates preparedness and response to disasters and effective INDC implementation. RESOURCE MOBILIZATION STRATEGY FOR INDC Means of implementation The realisation of the bold ambitions and actions identified in the Sierra Leone INDC will require substantial financial resources, investment, technology development and transfer, and capacity-building to fully realize her intended contribution. To succeed in this ambitious intention, Sierra Leone will need to access both public and private sources and from both within Sierra Leone and overseas.', 'To succeed in this ambitious intention, Sierra Leone will need to access both public and private sources and from both within Sierra Leone and overseas. The cumulative expenditure commitment estimates in the INDC is about 900 Million US Dollars. Further analysis will be necessary to refine the required investment cost and determine the domestic support. Barriers to Raising the necessary capital Raising the necessary capital is currently impeded by a number of barriers some of which include policy and regulatory weaknesses, difficulties in accessing commercial finance and technical capacity. For sustainability, it is recommended to create a stand-alone dedicated Sierra Leone Climate Fund (SLCF) and the resources should be mobilized both domestically and internationally.', 'For sustainability, it is recommended to create a stand-alone dedicated Sierra Leone Climate Fund (SLCF) and the resources should be mobilized both domestically and internationally. For this reason, the SLCF should be designed to have three (3) windows: (1) Domestic Climate Finance; (2) International (Bilateral and Multilateral) Climate Finance; and (3) Private and Market Climate Finance. International cooperation is an important and necessary prerequisite for leveraging of inputs for the implementation of the INDC.', 'International cooperation is an important and necessary prerequisite for leveraging of inputs for the implementation of the INDC. Capacity building needs for the implementation of the INDC of Sierra Leone have been identified as (a) for gathering, processing, and providing and communicating meteorological and socio-economic data and information; (b) improving National GHG Inventories and Assessments of GHG Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation Technologies; and improving climate Vulnerability (impacts and adaptation) Assessment MONITORING, REPORTING AND VERIFICATION OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INDC Finally, the monitoring, reporting and verification of the implementation of the INDC of Sierra Leone have been articulated with the objective of tracking the transition of Sierra Leone to a low carbon and climate resilient economy.', 'Capacity building needs for the implementation of the INDC of Sierra Leone have been identified as (a) for gathering, processing, and providing and communicating meteorological and socio-economic data and information; (b) improving National GHG Inventories and Assessments of GHG Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation Technologies; and improving climate Vulnerability (impacts and adaptation) Assessment MONITORING, REPORTING AND VERIFICATION OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INDC Finally, the monitoring, reporting and verification of the implementation of the INDC of Sierra Leone have been articulated with the objective of tracking the transition of Sierra Leone to a low carbon and climate resilient economy. It will be necessary to develop and apply an integrated framework for measuring, monitoring, evaluating, verifying and reporting results of response (mitigation and adaptation) actions and the synergies between them.', 'It will be necessary to develop and apply an integrated framework for measuring, monitoring, evaluating, verifying and reporting results of response (mitigation and adaptation) actions and the synergies between them. Effective implementation of the INDC is highly dependent on the internal “feedback” generated through monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) processes. In this INDC Sierra Leone will choose to consider what emissions reductions can be achieved with available resources and those to be undertaken if additional resources were available.']

en-US

SLE

Sierra Leone

Updated NDC

2021-07-31 00:00:00

x

NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/210804%202125%20SL%20NDC%20(1).pdf

Non-Annex I

Low-income

Africa

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/937b4ad10b6a740e8510f4a32c04af613809214020fd7abc52000d59dd7e84eb.pdf

['Updated Nationally Determined Contribution i FOREWORDUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution iiUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution iii ACKNOWLEDGE The Environment Protection Agency, on behalf of the Government of Sierra Leone is grateful to the UNDP-Climate Promise, for their immense financial support to the process of review and update of the NDC document through the UNDP Sierra Leone country office. The Agency remain beholden to GCCA+WA and CILSS team for the peer review, data generation compilation support to the document. Special thanks to the Consultants, MDAs, Academic institutions, CSOs, NGOs, etc., who contributed in diverse way to this work.', 'Special thanks to the Consultants, MDAs, Academic institutions, CSOs, NGOs, etc., who contributed in diverse way to this work. We thank the coordinating team for facilitating meetings, consultations and validation of the NDC document.Updated Nationally Determined Contribution iv LIST OF ACRONYMS AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry, Land use and Others Land Use AfDB Africa Development Bank BUR Biennial Update Report CCS Climate Change Secretariat CCSAP Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan CDM Clean Development Mechanism CILSS Permanent Inter-State Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel CORSIA Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation CSO Civil Society Organizations EPA-SL Environment Protection Agency Sierra Leons GCCA+WA Global Climate Change Alliance + West Africa GESI Gender empowerment and Social Inclusion GoSL Government of Sierra Leone GMDSAP Guidance Material for the Development of States’ Action Plans ICAO International Civil Aviation Organisation IFAD International Funds for Agricultural Development iNAP initiate National Adaptation Plan IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change LECRDS Low-Emission Climate-Resilience Development Strategies MDA Ministry, Department and Agency MIA Ministry of Internal Affairs MIC Ministry Information and Communication MOD Ministry of Defence MOH Ministry of Health and Sanitation MOT Ministry of Tourism MRV Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification MBSE Ministry of Basic and Secondary Education MFMR Ministry of Fishery and Marine ResourcesUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution v MGCA Ministry of Gender and Children’s Affairs MLCP Ministry of Lands and Country Planning MSW Ministry of Social Welfare MTI Ministry of Trade and Industry MTNDP Medium-Term National Development Plan MWR Ministry of Water Resources NARTGA National Reforestation and Timber Governance Agency NAP National Adaptation Plan NCP National Climate Policy NCCP National Cancer Control Programme NC3-SL Third National Communication- Sierra Leone NCCSAP National Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NDP National Development Plan NEZ National Exclusion Zone NGO Non-Governmental Organization NMVOC Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds NWRMA National Water Resources Management Agency OCM Office of the Chief Minister PA Paris Agreement PPP Private Public Partnership REDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation SDG Sustainable Development Goals SLCAA Sierra Leone Civil Aviation Authority SLMA Sierra Leone Maritime Administration SLMET Sierra Leone Meteorological Agency SLPA Sierra Leone Airport Authority SLS Sierra Leone Statistics SLCFF The Sierra Leone Climate Finance Fund SWG Sector Working GroupUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution vi SLMet Sierra Leone Meteorological Agency TW Territorial Waters UNCCD United Nations Convention to combat Desertification UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environmental Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution vii TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD i ACKNOWLEDGE iii LIST OF ACRONYMS iv TABLE OF CONTENTS vii LIST OF FIGURES ix LIST OF TABLES ix EXECUTIVE SUMMARY x 2.', 'We thank the coordinating team for facilitating meetings, consultations and validation of the NDC document.Updated Nationally Determined Contribution iv LIST OF ACRONYMS AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry, Land use and Others Land Use AfDB Africa Development Bank BUR Biennial Update Report CCS Climate Change Secretariat CCSAP Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan CDM Clean Development Mechanism CILSS Permanent Inter-State Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel CORSIA Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation CSO Civil Society Organizations EPA-SL Environment Protection Agency Sierra Leons GCCA+WA Global Climate Change Alliance + West Africa GESI Gender empowerment and Social Inclusion GoSL Government of Sierra Leone GMDSAP Guidance Material for the Development of States’ Action Plans ICAO International Civil Aviation Organisation IFAD International Funds for Agricultural Development iNAP initiate National Adaptation Plan IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change LECRDS Low-Emission Climate-Resilience Development Strategies MDA Ministry, Department and Agency MIA Ministry of Internal Affairs MIC Ministry Information and Communication MOD Ministry of Defence MOH Ministry of Health and Sanitation MOT Ministry of Tourism MRV Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification MBSE Ministry of Basic and Secondary Education MFMR Ministry of Fishery and Marine ResourcesUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution v MGCA Ministry of Gender and Children’s Affairs MLCP Ministry of Lands and Country Planning MSW Ministry of Social Welfare MTI Ministry of Trade and Industry MTNDP Medium-Term National Development Plan MWR Ministry of Water Resources NARTGA National Reforestation and Timber Governance Agency NAP National Adaptation Plan NCP National Climate Policy NCCP National Cancer Control Programme NC3-SL Third National Communication- Sierra Leone NCCSAP National Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NDP National Development Plan NEZ National Exclusion Zone NGO Non-Governmental Organization NMVOC Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds NWRMA National Water Resources Management Agency OCM Office of the Chief Minister PA Paris Agreement PPP Private Public Partnership REDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation SDG Sustainable Development Goals SLCAA Sierra Leone Civil Aviation Authority SLMA Sierra Leone Maritime Administration SLMET Sierra Leone Meteorological Agency SLPA Sierra Leone Airport Authority SLS Sierra Leone Statistics SLCFF The Sierra Leone Climate Finance Fund SWG Sector Working GroupUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution vi SLMet Sierra Leone Meteorological Agency TW Territorial Waters UNCCD United Nations Convention to combat Desertification UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environmental Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution vii TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD i ACKNOWLEDGE iii LIST OF ACRONYMS iv TABLE OF CONTENTS vii LIST OF FIGURES ix LIST OF TABLES ix EXECUTIVE SUMMARY x 2. NDC REVIEW PROCESS 2 3.1 Geography and polity 4 3.2 The local climate 5 3.3 Current and future impacts of climate change 6 3.3.1 Agriculture and Food Security 6 3.3.2 Water Resources and Energy 7 3.3.3 Fisheries and the coastal zone 8 3.3.8 Environment and Natural Resources 11 3.5 Urbanization and infrastructure 15 3.7 Gender and Social Inclusion Issues 16 4.', 'NDC REVIEW PROCESS 2 3.1 Geography and polity 4 3.2 The local climate 5 3.3 Current and future impacts of climate change 6 3.3.1 Agriculture and Food Security 6 3.3.2 Water Resources and Energy 7 3.3.3 Fisheries and the coastal zone 8 3.3.8 Environment and Natural Resources 11 3.5 Urbanization and infrastructure 15 3.7 Gender and Social Inclusion Issues 16 4. SIERRA LEONE’S VISION FOR CLIMATE CHANGE 18 4.1.2 Industrial process and product use 19Updated Nationally Determined Contribution viii 4.1.4 Agriculture. Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) Sectors 20 4.1.6 Agriculture and Food Security 20 4.1.7 Water Resources and Energy 20 4.1.8 Coastal Zone Management (including fisheries, coastal ecosystems etc. ), 21 4.1.9 Environment (including tourism, land, mineral resources, forestry, etc.) 21 4.1.11 Gender and Social Inclusion 21 4.1.12 Hard and Soft Infrastructure 21 5.2 National GHG Inventory 25 7.', '21 4.1.11 Gender and Social Inclusion 21 4.1.12 Hard and Soft Infrastructure 21 5.2 National GHG Inventory 25 7. MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION 44 7.2 Capacity building and technology transfer 46Updated Nationally Determined Contribution ix LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Administrative map of Sierra Leone (source: GoSL 2018) 4 Figure 2: Regions of the SLCLC (source: WABiCC 2018) 5 Figure 3: Monthly climatology of both precipitation and temperature (source: SLMet, 2021) 6 Figure 4: 90th percentile rainfall (top) and Warm spell day (bottom) trend in Sierra Leone 7 Figure 5: Change in cooling degree days in Sierra Leone -Freetown (SLMet, 2021) 8 Figure 6: Potential for drought due to changes in water availability (SLMet, 2021).', 'MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION 44 7.2 Capacity building and technology transfer 46Updated Nationally Determined Contribution ix LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Administrative map of Sierra Leone (source: GoSL 2018) 4 Figure 2: Regions of the SLCLC (source: WABiCC 2018) 5 Figure 3: Monthly climatology of both precipitation and temperature (source: SLMet, 2021) 6 Figure 4: 90th percentile rainfall (top) and Warm spell day (bottom) trend in Sierra Leone 7 Figure 5: Change in cooling degree days in Sierra Leone -Freetown (SLMet, 2021) 8 Figure 6: Potential for drought due to changes in water availability (SLMet, 2021). Drought (in red) and Wet (in blue) conditions in Sierra Leone for period 2021-2080 8 Figure 7: Key national hazard statistics for 1985-2018 (World Bank 2021) 10 Figure 8: Annual natural hazard occurrence for 1900-2018 (World Bank 2021) 11 Figure 9: LDN hotspots (source: GoSL, 2018) 11 Figure 10: River basins of Sierra Leone (Sources: reproduced with permission from the Ministry of Water Resources/ASI (2015)) 12 Figure 11: Protected and conservation areas of Sierra Leone (UNEP 2015) 13 Figure 12: Expansion of the forest degradation (left) and agricultural land (right) 13 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: List of actions taken in line with the previous NDC1 2 Table 2: Projected precipitation and temperature changes in Sierra Leone 7 Table 3: Information to facilitate Clarity, Transparency, and Understanding 23 Table 4: Projection of CO2 emissions by fuel type (in GgCO2 e.) 25 Table 5: 15-year projection of annual GHG Emissions (in MtCO2e) (source: Draft SL-BUR 1, Table 6: Climate mitigation progress since 2015 26 Table 7: Table 7: Strategies for implementing mitigation actions until 2030 28 Table 8: Climate adaptation progress since 2015 33 Table 9: Action plan for implementing adaptation actions 35 Table 10: Potential vehicles and sources of climate financing 44 Table 11: Categorisation of proposed adaptation and mitigation actions into conditional and unconditional targets 45 Table 12: Actions for capacity building and technology transfer 46 Table 13: Plan for public engagement (adapted from EPA 2020) 48 Table 14: NDC alignment with and the MTNDP, AU vision 2063 and SDGs, 49 Table 15: MRV Indicators for proposed NDC actions 51 Table 16: NDC governance and coordination matrix 54Updated Nationally Determined Contribution x EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Paris Agreement (PA) seeks to limit the global temperature increase to under 2°C- and towards 1.5°C- above pre-industrial levels.', 'Drought (in red) and Wet (in blue) conditions in Sierra Leone for period 2021-2080 8 Figure 7: Key national hazard statistics for 1985-2018 (World Bank 2021) 10 Figure 8: Annual natural hazard occurrence for 1900-2018 (World Bank 2021) 11 Figure 9: LDN hotspots (source: GoSL, 2018) 11 Figure 10: River basins of Sierra Leone (Sources: reproduced with permission from the Ministry of Water Resources/ASI (2015)) 12 Figure 11: Protected and conservation areas of Sierra Leone (UNEP 2015) 13 Figure 12: Expansion of the forest degradation (left) and agricultural land (right) 13 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: List of actions taken in line with the previous NDC1 2 Table 2: Projected precipitation and temperature changes in Sierra Leone 7 Table 3: Information to facilitate Clarity, Transparency, and Understanding 23 Table 4: Projection of CO2 emissions by fuel type (in GgCO2 e.) 25 Table 5: 15-year projection of annual GHG Emissions (in MtCO2e) (source: Draft SL-BUR 1, Table 6: Climate mitigation progress since 2015 26 Table 7: Table 7: Strategies for implementing mitigation actions until 2030 28 Table 8: Climate adaptation progress since 2015 33 Table 9: Action plan for implementing adaptation actions 35 Table 10: Potential vehicles and sources of climate financing 44 Table 11: Categorisation of proposed adaptation and mitigation actions into conditional and unconditional targets 45 Table 12: Actions for capacity building and technology transfer 46 Table 13: Plan for public engagement (adapted from EPA 2020) 48 Table 14: NDC alignment with and the MTNDP, AU vision 2063 and SDGs, 49 Table 15: MRV Indicators for proposed NDC actions 51 Table 16: NDC governance and coordination matrix 54Updated Nationally Determined Contribution x EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Paris Agreement (PA) seeks to limit the global temperature increase to under 2°C- and towards 1.5°C- above pre-industrial levels. This calls for a radical change across countries, reflected in commitments made in their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).', 'This calls for a radical change across countries, reflected in commitments made in their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Such a call to action for climate change mitigation is particularly crucial for Sierra Leone in terms of adaptation, being ranked one of the least able countries to adapt to climate change in the world. The country is highly vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change, with a growing number of people at risk to extreme events, and significant impacts on the economy.', 'The country is highly vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change, with a growing number of people at risk to extreme events, and significant impacts on the economy. This reality drives proposals made in the country’s Medium-Term National Development Plan (MTNDP) in 2019, which both stresses the need for aligning environmental, climate, and economic development plans to stage proactive efforts to mitigate the causes of global warming and help vulnerable citizens in both rural and urban settings to effectively adapt to climate change over the long term. Sierra Leone’s NDC responds to Article 4, paragraph 2 of the PA, which requires parties to the UNFCCC to prepare, communicate and maintain successive NDCs that they intend to achieve.', 'Sierra Leone’s NDC responds to Article 4, paragraph 2 of the PA, which requires parties to the UNFCCC to prepare, communicate and maintain successive NDCs that they intend to achieve. It also aligns with the MTNDP, AU Vision 2063, and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). These national and regional strategies lay a solid foundation for determining (i) opportunities for adaptation and mitigation, in terms of actions to prioritise; (ii) sectoral policies, plans, and strategies that align with NDC priorities; and (iii) institutional arrangements and organisational structures to strengthen for effective, efficient, and equitable climate action over the next ten years. Accordingly, the updated NDC is grounded in the country’s development and sectoral policies, strategies, and frameworks.', 'Accordingly, the updated NDC is grounded in the country’s development and sectoral policies, strategies, and frameworks. Such an alignment will improve results tracking, identification of potential implementation partners, and maximising local resources. Moreover, demonstrating linkages between the NDC and national and international plans and strategies helps to map where the resources and well-functioning institutions and processes already exist, including which actors at the national, subnational, and sectoral levels to involve in implementation, monitoring, verification, and reporting activities. With climate risks and impacts affecting various sectors and population groups in different ways, differentiated, sector-based measures for both adaptation and mitigation have been proposed (as project and policy actions) to deal with current and emerging vulnerabilities, as well as contribute to the reduction of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions.', 'With climate risks and impacts affecting various sectors and population groups in different ways, differentiated, sector-based measures for both adaptation and mitigation have been proposed (as project and policy actions) to deal with current and emerging vulnerabilities, as well as contribute to the reduction of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. The measures build upon lessons learned and experiences gained from implementing actions in the previous NDC1 and working with international and local development partners on various environmental and climate actions. Development partners and national structures can implement these measures through their own strategies, policies, and operations, although current arrangements for coordination will be in full swing to ensure joint planning and shared action, which is critical to closing current gaps in data, finance, and project standards.', 'Development partners and national structures can implement these measures through their own strategies, policies, and operations, although current arrangements for coordination will be in full swing to ensure joint planning and shared action, which is critical to closing current gaps in data, finance, and project standards. Accordingly, the NDC envisions to achieve long-term goals for mitigation: a reduction in CO2 emission levels to 5% by 2025, 10% by 2030, and 25% by 2050, with a transformational shift toward a low-emission development pathway, by targeting priority sectors, implementing REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) as well as promoting innovation and technology transfer for sustainable breakthroughs in energy, wasteUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution xi management, transport, agriculture, etc.', 'Accordingly, the NDC envisions to achieve long-term goals for mitigation: a reduction in CO2 emission levels to 5% by 2025, 10% by 2030, and 25% by 2050, with a transformational shift toward a low-emission development pathway, by targeting priority sectors, implementing REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) as well as promoting innovation and technology transfer for sustainable breakthroughs in energy, wasteUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution xi management, transport, agriculture, etc. Technology transfer through private sector partnerships will create new markets, provide jobs, and support economic growth, while reducing GHG emissions. In terms of adaptation, the objective drawn from the iNAP is to enhance adaptive capacity, strengthen resilience and reduce vulnerability by half by 2030.', 'In terms of adaptation, the objective drawn from the iNAP is to enhance adaptive capacity, strengthen resilience and reduce vulnerability by half by 2030. The NDC seeks to mainstream climate considerations into sustainable development strategies to build resilience at the local level while promoting environmental benefits in an integrated manner at the national level. Given the scope for action in the proposed action plans, the Government of Sierra Leone will push for actions that drive synergies at the national and subnational level.', 'Given the scope for action in the proposed action plans, the Government of Sierra Leone will push for actions that drive synergies at the national and subnational level. Such actions will typically focus on promoting policies and developing institutional links that drive both mitigation and adaptation, highlighting synergies in proposed actions at multiple scales (from local to global), mainstreaming climate considerations into broader development actions, and ensuring that the financing architecture addresses synergies between adaptation and mitigation. In practice, NDC actions will roll-out broad-based measures covering all main emitters and vulnerabilities using a range of instruments, including financial and technological support. The actions have a total value of around USD 2,764 billion (including both conditional and unconditional contributions).', 'The actions have a total value of around USD 2,764 billion (including both conditional and unconditional contributions). National contributions send a strong message about the current political commitment to climate action and demonstrate that NDC implementation will be domestically driven and owned- undertaken to strengthen national and subnational institutions and governance systems. At the same time, the Sierra Leone updated NDC measures reflect the growing local focus on merging top-down policy guidance with bottom-up planning, which is essential to a circular learning process that builds capacity for long-term support and commitment to implementation. Similarly, the long timeframes proposed promote long-range planning and allows for accessing long-term financing, which is critical to delivering large-scale results.', 'Similarly, the long timeframes proposed promote long-range planning and allows for accessing long-term financing, which is critical to delivering large-scale results. Furthermore, institutions identified for implementation and the gender and social inclusion issues covered, lays a solid foundation for strategic partnerships and cross-level learning, and grounds measures in social justice. Overall, the sectors prioritised for both mitigation and adaptation provide a pathway toward strengthening local knowledge systems and improving access to technical knowledge. Moreover, the sectors provide a means of expanding access to renewable energy by increasing access to renewable energy technologies and improving energy efficiency. Likewise, enhanced attention will be given to removing barriers to the adoption of low-carbon technologies in the transport, agriculture, and waste sectors, and limitations to the development and transfer of climate-resilient technologies.', 'Likewise, enhanced attention will be given to removing barriers to the adoption of low-carbon technologies in the transport, agriculture, and waste sectors, and limitations to the development and transfer of climate-resilient technologies. Similarly, proposed actions promise to encourage sustainable transport and urban development by shifting from traditional infrastructure to greener alternatives for urban mobility (such as mass transit systems), waste management, and fuel- efficient vehicles. Also, the NDC will enhance the commitment to managing land use, forests, as well as other land use changes to enhance carbon sequestration.', 'Also, the NDC will enhance the commitment to managing land use, forests, as well as other land use changes to enhance carbon sequestration. These approaches will include targeted policy and institutional interventions that support implementation nationally and locally, including using innovative vehicles to meet financing needs, participatory methods for generating and disseminating knowledge, and deliberate actions to cultivate and foster partnerships.Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Sierra Leone submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to the UNFCCC in September 2015, setting out its adaptation and mitigation goals. With the entry into force of the Paris Agreement in November 2016, the INDC became Sierra Leone’s first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC1).', 'With the entry into force of the Paris Agreement in November 2016, the INDC became Sierra Leone’s first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC1). NDC1 was built upon the 2013 Green Growth and the country’s National Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (NCCSAP), as well as other key national policies and guiding documents. Today’s NDC updates and strengthens NDC1 for both the mitigation and adaptation contributions, informed by improved data collection, in-depth technical analysis and extensive stakeholder engagement. In the case of mitigation, detailed sector- and project-based modelling has been undertaken to now estimate the country’s mitigation potential and develop quantified conditional and unconditional contributions until 2030.', 'In the case of mitigation, detailed sector- and project-based modelling has been undertaken to now estimate the country’s mitigation potential and develop quantified conditional and unconditional contributions until 2030. Approaches used to gather information included organising workshops across the country to consult on various aspects of the document and working with consultants to deliver specific work packages. These methods and procedures for data collection, analysis, and integration are presented in the next section. The document is divided into the following seven chapters. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the document, focusing on the relevant articles of the Paris Agreement and defining national circumstances that underlines the actions proposed in the NDC. It also gives an overview of NDC1 actions and the achievements to date.', 'It also gives an overview of NDC1 actions and the achievements to date. Chapter 2 describes the revision process, including documents reviewed, stakeholder consultations held, technical assessments are undertaken and validation of the current NDC. Chapter 3 reviews the national circumstances, covering the geographic, climatic, economic, and sociological issues that rationalize the steps put forward in this document for addressing climate change risks, vulnerabilities, and impacts. Chapter 4 presents the country’s vision for climate change, the strategies and actions that it reflects and builds upon, including various adaptation plans, the LECRDS, the NFCS, climate change policies and strategies, and commitments made at various climate negotiations.', 'Chapter 4 presents the country’s vision for climate change, the strategies and actions that it reflects and builds upon, including various adaptation plans, the LECRDS, the NFCS, climate change policies and strategies, and commitments made at various climate negotiations. Chapter 5 presents contributions for mitigation, highlighting the main sources of emission, changes in emission levels since 2015, and actions for reducing emissions until 2030. Chapter 6 examines previous proposals for adaptation to identify achievements and gaps and delineate next steps.', 'Chapter 6 examines previous proposals for adaptation to identify achievements and gaps and delineate next steps. New actions proposed reflect on past commitments, lessons learned from various adaptation interventions, and opportunities for innovation and policy change; Chapter 7 brings the different strands of the document together by proposing strategies for implementation, including appropriate, sector-based, and gender-transformative plans for mobilising resources, meaningfully engaging the public to increase NDC visibility as well as community and policy learning, increasing social inclusion, influencing policy change, building capacity, and promoting monitoring, reporting, and verification. The chapter also describes the institutional arrangements and organisational structures for implementing the NDC.Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 2.', 'The chapter also describes the institutional arrangements and organisational structures for implementing the NDC.Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 2. NDC REVIEW PROCESS Many reforms and developments took place since the submission of the INDC in 2015, which form an important basis for the revision of the NDC. These developments are presented in the table below.', 'These developments are presented in the table below. Table 1: List of actions taken in line with the previous NDC1 Developments since 2015 Year Value added to revised NDC Establishment of an Environment Ministry 2019 Institutional framework established for improved coordination of bodies responsible for environmental management and climate change Enactment of the Sierra Leone Meteorological Agency Act of 2017 2017 Capacity to collect meteorological data enhanced climate information and early warning Transformation of the National Meteorological department to the Sierra Leone Meteorological Agency 2017 Allows for greater synergy and corporation with similar institutions and the WMO worldwide Development of and validation of an initial National Adaptation Plan (NAP) 2021 Greater access to existing adaptation funds to enhance the longer-term building of the country’s adaptive capacity Development and adoption of the fourth generation Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP), also known as the Medium-Term National Development Plan (2019-2023) 2019 Opportunity to align the NGC to this plan and implement resilience building projects Establishment of a Renewable Energy Directorate in the Ministry of Energy 2021 Facilitation the switch to available renewable sources of energy.', 'Table 1: List of actions taken in line with the previous NDC1 Developments since 2015 Year Value added to revised NDC Establishment of an Environment Ministry 2019 Institutional framework established for improved coordination of bodies responsible for environmental management and climate change Enactment of the Sierra Leone Meteorological Agency Act of 2017 2017 Capacity to collect meteorological data enhanced climate information and early warning Transformation of the National Meteorological department to the Sierra Leone Meteorological Agency 2017 Allows for greater synergy and corporation with similar institutions and the WMO worldwide Development of and validation of an initial National Adaptation Plan (NAP) 2021 Greater access to existing adaptation funds to enhance the longer-term building of the country’s adaptive capacity Development and adoption of the fourth generation Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP), also known as the Medium-Term National Development Plan (2019-2023) 2019 Opportunity to align the NGC to this plan and implement resilience building projects Establishment of a Renewable Energy Directorate in the Ministry of Energy 2021 Facilitation the switch to available renewable sources of energy. Establishment of a National Water Resources Management Agency 2017 To enhance the capacity of the water sector to strengthen its adaptive capacity.', 'Establishment of a National Water Resources Management Agency 2017 To enhance the capacity of the water sector to strengthen its adaptive capacity. Establishment of a National Disaster Management Agency 2020 Timely intervention to respond to disasters in terms of preparedness and response to disasters including those related to extreme weather events. Review of the Disaster Management Policy 2021 To update and bring in line with the NDC Development of a capacity development plan for disaster management 2020 To strengthen the capacity to prepare and respond to disasters Development of new acts for forestry, wetlands management, and conservation of wildlife 2021 To add value for the protection and conservation of carbon sinks. Development of a National Framework for climate services 2020 Will enhance the delivery of climate services to strengthen adaptive capacities of crucial sectors.', 'Development of a National Framework for climate services 2020 Will enhance the delivery of climate services to strengthen adaptive capacities of crucial sectors. Development of a national document for Land Degradation Neutrality target setting 2018 Will help to reduce anthropogenic activities that degrades the land. Revision of National Climate Change Policy and a climate change communications strategy 2021 To guide the implementation of the revised NDC Development of the third National Communications to UNFCCC 2017 To establish an incremental baseline and report on the country’s emissions. Development of a contingency plan for drought management 2018 To strengthen coordination for the effective management of drought and help improve land productivity. Development of a Coastal Climate Change Adaptation Plan 2018 To respond to sea level rise and its effects.', 'Development of a Coastal Climate Change Adaptation Plan 2018 To respond to sea level rise and its effects. Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action 2020 A vehicle to implement mitigation measures National Biodiversity Action Plan 2017 To enhance carbon sinks though conservation of biodiversity Development of the Renewable Energy Policy 2016 To guide the transition to low emissions technology Off-Grid Solar Energy Strategy 2020 Will enable access of the wider populace to cleaner and cheaper energy sourcesUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution Developments since 2015 Year Value added to revised NDC National Renewable Energy Action Plan 2016 To implement actions that are geared towards a low emissions development pathway Development of the Energy Efficiency Policy 2015 Will facilitate technology transfer to cleaner energy sources These developments provided insights for consultations held with sector experts in 2021 to determine costs for meeting conditional and unconditional targets for mitigation and adaptation until 2025 and 2030.', 'Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action 2020 A vehicle to implement mitigation measures National Biodiversity Action Plan 2017 To enhance carbon sinks though conservation of biodiversity Development of the Renewable Energy Policy 2016 To guide the transition to low emissions technology Off-Grid Solar Energy Strategy 2020 Will enable access of the wider populace to cleaner and cheaper energy sourcesUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution Developments since 2015 Year Value added to revised NDC National Renewable Energy Action Plan 2016 To implement actions that are geared towards a low emissions development pathway Development of the Energy Efficiency Policy 2015 Will facilitate technology transfer to cleaner energy sources These developments provided insights for consultations held with sector experts in 2021 to determine costs for meeting conditional and unconditional targets for mitigation and adaptation until 2025 and 2030. The consultation process involved working with various stakeholders to review the progress made with implementing the INDC and identify gaps and actions for the future.', 'The consultation process involved working with various stakeholders to review the progress made with implementing the INDC and identify gaps and actions for the future. The consultative workshops conducted in the different regions of the country, offered a format for bringing together stakeholders who are informed about or have a felt experience of climate change. Overall, the meetings and workshops held helped to problematize concerns about climate risks and propose pathways for adaptation and mitigation moving forward.Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 3. NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES This section provides a brief overview of Sierra Leone’s national circumstances, including the country’s geography and polity, climate and climate change impacts, environment and natural resources, and social and economic characteristics.', 'NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES This section provides a brief overview of Sierra Leone’s national circumstances, including the country’s geography and polity, climate and climate change impacts, environment and natural resources, and social and economic characteristics. 3.1 Geography and polity Sierra Leone is in the West of Africa and lies between latitudes 7 (6degree 55minute) and 10 (10degree 00minute) degrees North of the equator and longitude 10 (10-degree 14 minutes) and 13 (13-degree 17 minutes) degrees West of the Greenwich Meridian. It is bordered by Liberia to the southeast, Guinea to the northeast and the Atlantic Ocean to the West. The country is divided into four main physical regions, namely coastal plains, interior lowland plains, interior plateau, and hills and mountains.', 'The country is divided into four main physical regions, namely coastal plains, interior lowland plains, interior plateau, and hills and mountains. Sierra Leone is subdivided into five Administrative Regions: Northwest, North, South, East and Western and into sixteen (16) districts (see map). The country is richly endowed with natural resources, including forests, wildlife, fisheries, land, and minerals. There are 50 protected areas according to the UNEP WDPA database (UNEP 2015).The country is also globally acclaimed for its wildlife, including 147 known species of wild mammals, 172 known breeding bird species, 67 known reptile species, 35 known amphibian species, 750 species of butterflies including the giant African swallowtail, one of the largest butterflies, and about 200 known species of fish.', 'There are 50 protected areas according to the UNEP WDPA database (UNEP 2015).The country is also globally acclaimed for its wildlife, including 147 known species of wild mammals, 172 known breeding bird species, 67 known reptile species, 35 known amphibian species, 750 species of butterflies including the giant African swallowtail, one of the largest butterflies, and about 200 known species of fish. Fisheries and other coastal and marine resources include small pelagic fish, tuna, billfish, shrimps and demersal fish resources, as well as migratory birds, threatened manatees, seals, monks, marine mammals, sea turtles, porpoises, sawfish and crocodiles. At the same time, minerals such as diamonds, titanium bauxite, gold and rutile, and the recently uncovered iron ore were major contributors to the country’s GDP growth between 2012 and 2015.', 'At the same time, minerals such as diamonds, titanium bauxite, gold and rutile, and the recently uncovered iron ore were major contributors to the country’s GDP growth between 2012 and 2015. Land is also widely available, although only 10 percent is cultivated for food crops such as rice, cassava, yams, and other root crops. The coastline, stretching 506km, is characterized by sandy beaches, cliffs, lagoons, estuaries, mudflats, creeks, bays, and mangrove swamps. It is located on the edge of the Atlantic Ocean and is made up of four distinct regions, also known as the Sierra Leone Coastal Landscape Complex (SLCLC): the Scarcies River Estuary (SRE), Sierra Leone River Estuary (SLRE), Bonthe-Sherbro River Estuary (BSRE), and Yawri Bay.', 'It is located on the edge of the Atlantic Ocean and is made up of four distinct regions, also known as the Sierra Leone Coastal Landscape Complex (SLCLC): the Scarcies River Estuary (SRE), Sierra Leone River Estuary (SLRE), Bonthe-Sherbro River Estuary (BSRE), and Yawri Bay. The SRE hosts historically important localities such as Tombo, Tasso, Bunce Island, and the Queen Elizabeth II Quay (the largest natural harbour in West Africa). Generally, the SLCLC is characterised by sea mounts, large gulfs, offshore banks, shoals and islands, and upwelling. It also comprises the bays and estuaries of the Rokel, Great and Little Scarcies, Sherbro, Jong, Moa, Sewa, and Mano.', 'It also comprises the bays and estuaries of the Rokel, Great and Little Scarcies, Sherbro, Jong, Moa, Sewa, and Mano. Figure 1: Administrative map of Sierra Leone (source: GoSL 2018)Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Figure 2: Regions of the SLCLC (source: WABiCC 2018) The interior lowland plains, the largest of the four physical regions, extend from the coastal terraces in the west to the east of Sierra Leone, occupying approximately 43% of the total land area. They rise to elevations of 200m in the east where they are separated from the plateau by distinct escarpments. At the edge of the lowland plains is the interior plateau, which covers 22% of the total land area and is made up principally of granite.', 'At the edge of the lowland plains is the interior plateau, which covers 22% of the total land area and is made up principally of granite. The plateau region seldom rises above 700m and is composed of alluvial ironstone gravel in the south-eastern region, while the northern end is composed of weathered outcrops of granitic rocks. The eastern and southern parts comprise dissected hills. In the north and east of the country are found two of the highest mountains. The highest peak on the Loma Mountains is Bintumani, which rises to 1945m while Sankan-Biriwa on the Tingi Hills, rises to 1805m. The Freetown peninsula is made up of dissected mountainous Peaks with Sugar Loaf and Picket Hills being the highest.', 'The Freetown peninsula is made up of dissected mountainous Peaks with Sugar Loaf and Picket Hills being the highest. 3.2 The local climate Although the local climate can be classified as tropical monsoon, it could also be described as a transition between a permanent rainforest and a tropical savannah climate. The climate is characterized by two distinct seasons: the rainy season which runs from May to November, and a dry season from December to May. The average temperature is 26°C and varies from about 24°C to 28°C throughout the year. However, the daily maximum temperature can reach 35 °C while the daily minimum temperature is above 20 OC.', 'However, the daily maximum temperature can reach 35 °C while the daily minimum temperature is above 20 OC. The country s average annual temperature has increased by 0.8°C since 1960, an average rate of 0.18°C per decade (McSweeny et el 2010). Temperatures often remain below 30 °C (86 °F) during the day during the rainy season, and humidity makes the air quite stifling. Average annual rainfall ranges from 2300 mm to 3100 mm. Rainfall peaks from June to September when it exceeds the monthly average of 250 mm (10 in). It can often be torrential in coastal areas, especially in July andUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution August. Monthly climatologies of precipitation and mean temperature between 1991 and 2020 for the regions are provided in Figures 3.', 'Monthly climatologies of precipitation and mean temperature between 1991 and 2020 for the regions are provided in Figures 3. For each region, the seasonal cycle of temperature and precipitation is similar, but the distribution of monthly precipitation is location specific. The largest changes in precipitation occurred between July and August each year, with more precipitation recorded in the western province. At the same time, the greatest increase in temperature was observed between March and April, with the greatest increase occurring in the Northern Province (see fig.3 below). Figure 3: Monthly climatology of both precipitation and temperature (source: SLMet, 2021) 3.3 Current and future impacts of climate change 3.3.1 Agriculture and Food Security Agriculture is an important livelihood, primary food source and large component of the economy.', 'Figure 3: Monthly climatology of both precipitation and temperature (source: SLMet, 2021) 3.3 Current and future impacts of climate change 3.3.1 Agriculture and Food Security Agriculture is an important livelihood, primary food source and large component of the economy. Current climatic conditions are ideal for the production of the primary crops: rice, sugar cane, banana, coconut, citrus, cocoa, pineapple, yam and cassava. With regional climate modelling projections demonstrating increased temperatures (approx. +1.7 °C for RCP4.5 and 2.3°C for RCP8.5) and rainfall changes from -5% to 5% with high variability, this is likely to change agriculture practices and production. For instance, rice being the staple food crop in Sierra Leone and being grown mainly in smallholder farming under rain-fed conditions, agriculture and farmers’ livelihoods are especially vulnerable to changes in precipitation.', 'For instance, rice being the staple food crop in Sierra Leone and being grown mainly in smallholder farming under rain-fed conditions, agriculture and farmers’ livelihoods are especially vulnerable to changes in precipitation. This is compounded by the persistent rural poverty and farmers without insurance or the resources to invest in irrigation and other agricultural technologies. These climate impacts are also likely to increase water requirements for crops, competition for water resources, as well as incidence of pest and disease outbreaks.Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Table 2: Projected precipitation and temperature changes in Sierra Leone The extreme events are expected to increase in the future. For instance, RCMs projection for RCP4.5 and RPC8.5 has shown a significant positive trend of warm spell days and high rainfall events (Fig. 4).', 'For instance, RCMs projection for RCP4.5 and RPC8.5 has shown a significant positive trend of warm spell days and high rainfall events (Fig. 4). The increased occurrence of warm spells is going to increase crop water requirement and therefore play a key role in crop and livestock production by reducing water availability in water limited areas. With the expected increase of height rainfall event, which will potentially lead to flooding, rain fed agriculture is at risk of crop and livestock losses and could significantly affect food security. Figure 4: 90th percentile rainfall (top) and Warm spell day (bottom) trend in Sierra Leone 3.3.2 Water Resources and Energy Water quality and availability are highly vulnerable to climate impacts.', 'Figure 4: 90th percentile rainfall (top) and Warm spell day (bottom) trend in Sierra Leone 3.3.2 Water Resources and Energy Water quality and availability are highly vulnerable to climate impacts. Major water uses include domestic (drinking, cooking, hygiene), agriculture (irrigation), industrial (beer, spirits, soft drink, cooling and waste disposal), and hydroelectric power production. Additionally, rural migration to Freetown, during and since the civil conflict has increased pressure on urban water resources. Reliable and clean access water is essential for these multiple uses and populations with implications for social vulnerability and poverty. Shifting rainfall patterns has created water and energy supply problems (Fig. 5 and 6).', 'Shifting rainfall patterns has created water and energy supply problems (Fig. 5 and 6). This has led to decreasing access to water and reduced stream flow of rivers and streams, as well asUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution lower supply of energy to meet cooling, lighting, and heating needs. Stream flow has decreased as there has been a decrease in rainfall since the 1970s. For example, the stream flow to the Mano River fell by 30% between 1971 and 1989. This has large impacts on access to water since about 80% of the rural population receives water from surface sources, including many streams and ponds. These streams also dry up during severe droughts which are likely to become more common.', 'These streams also dry up during severe droughts which are likely to become more common. There is also seasonal variation where 40% of the protected water points suffer water shortages in the dry season (USAID 2016), demonstrating that existing vulnerability is already acute. Figure 5: Change in cooling degree days in Sierra Leone -Freetown (SLMet, 2021) Figure 6: Potential for drought due to changes in water availability (SLMet, 2021). Drought (in red) and Wet (in blue) conditions in Sierra Leone for period 2021-2080 3.3.3 Fisheries and the coastal zone Climate change is having impacts on coastal communities, fisheries, and coastal environments which are important ecosystems and support livelihoods including tourism.', 'Drought (in red) and Wet (in blue) conditions in Sierra Leone for period 2021-2080 3.3.3 Fisheries and the coastal zone Climate change is having impacts on coastal communities, fisheries, and coastal environments which are important ecosystems and support livelihoods including tourism. Decreasing river flows, rising salinity of estuaries, loss of fish and aquatic plant species and reduction in coastal sediments are likely to damage coastal economies and the food security for coastal and riverside populations. With sea level rise, loss of coastal ecosystems inundation from major rivers, flash floods during the rainy season and saline intrusions due to decreased low water flows in the dry season, there are increasing challenges to livelihoods.', 'With sea level rise, loss of coastal ecosystems inundation from major rivers, flash floods during the rainy season and saline intrusions due to decreased low water flows in the dry season, there are increasing challenges to livelihoods. Coastal erosion is already a significant challenge in some coastal areas in Sierra Leone (such as Konakridee,Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Lakka, Hamilton and Plantain Island) where the coastline is shifting by about 4 to 6 meters a year (WA BiCC 2019). Sea level rise has the effect of augmenting a decrease in the quality and quantity of ground water resources otherwise caused by human activities. Infrastructure in Sierra Leone is vulnerable to climate impacts across the country.', 'Infrastructure in Sierra Leone is vulnerable to climate impacts across the country. This is especially true as the current infrastructure is non-existent or poor due to the war and deferred maintenance. Roads are the primary mode of transport with limited or non-existent rail. River transport systems are often impassable during the current rainy season. The coast, which will be impacted by sea level rise, beach erosion and coastal flooding, is densely populated and is an important economic centre with ports and tourist facilities. Coastal communities such as Kroobay, Moa Wharf lack flood escape routes due to the low elevation of roads. Other roads also flood during the rainy season. This makes it difficult for farmers to transport their agricultural goods.', 'This makes it difficult for farmers to transport their agricultural goods. Additionally, as future infrastructure investment occurs construction materials and design should be climate sensitive and consider heat stress and flood risk. Water and sanitation infrastructure are sensitive to storm surge, sea level rise and flooding. Already a large percentage of the population lack access to clean water and sanitation facilities. Wastewater collection and treatment facilities are often situated at the lowest point possible as their operation often depends on gravity flow and can easily be inundated by water level rise. Therefore, climate-sensitive innovative designs of sanitation infrastructure are critical in adapting to climate change.', 'Therefore, climate-sensitive innovative designs of sanitation infrastructure are critical in adapting to climate change. Sierra Leone has one of the highest malnutrition and child mortality rates in the world, making the country’s population extremely vulnerable to climate shocks. Incidents of high temperature morbidity and mortality are projected to increase as the climate change projections revealed a significant positive trend in warm periods and a 5 to 10% increase in warm nights over the period 2021-2080 (Figure 4 and 7). Increased temperatures are also associated with increased episodes of diarrheal diseases, seafood poisoning, and increases in dangerous pollutants. Waterborne diseases are also expected to increase with more frequent and intense flooding. Currently the heavy rains have increased the likelihood of the outbreak of communicable diseases.', 'Currently the heavy rains have increased the likelihood of the outbreak of communicable diseases. More intense dry seasons (with increased temperatures) in the north and west have been linked to reduced water quality, warm spells, and disease outbreaks. Warmer seas contribute to toxic algae bloom and increased cases and food poisoning from consumption of shellfish and reef fish. The Ebola outbreak revealed a deficient health system, including understaffed, unavailable or unaffordable health care that will be further stressed by climate change impacts (USAID 2016). Ecosystems will be severely impacted by climate change and existing development stressors. With increased storm surges, flash floods, and high winds, these conditions will be exacerbated by pollution, landslides, coastal erosion, deforestation, biodiversity loss, and invasive species which will further stress ecosystems.', 'With increased storm surges, flash floods, and high winds, these conditions will be exacerbated by pollution, landslides, coastal erosion, deforestation, biodiversity loss, and invasive species which will further stress ecosystems. Land cover is expected to change. 60% of the country will be under tropical dry forest, 24% under tropical very dry forest, and 12% cover under sub- tropical moist forest particularly in the south and east of the country. This is the reverse of the current situation and indicates a northward shift in the vegetation i.e. from tropical rain forest to tropical dry forest. This will change the flora and fauna of these areas.', 'This will change the flora and fauna of these areas. The major challenges of forest management include, amongst others, poor governance, weak law enforcement, lackUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution of coordination among sector ministries and illegal harvesting. Deforestation also increases both landslides and floods, by removing tree roots that stabilize the ground. 3.3.7 Disaster Management Sierra Leone is vulnerable to the increasing severity of droughts, floods and severe storms and their impacts on sectors such as agriculture, fisheries, as well as infrastructure and hydroelectric power production. Urban and rural seasonal flooding, recurrent flash flooding, and coastal flooding are the most commonly observed, leading to seasonal flooding of agricultural fields and low-lying areas, flooding along the coast areas and flood waters overflowing into roads and into residents’ homes.', 'Urban and rural seasonal flooding, recurrent flash flooding, and coastal flooding are the most commonly observed, leading to seasonal flooding of agricultural fields and low-lying areas, flooding along the coast areas and flood waters overflowing into roads and into residents’ homes. Vulnerable areas include Western Area, Eastern, Southern and Northern regions. More specifically, the most affected areas in the recent past during these last years include: Kroo Bay, Susan’s Bay, Granville Brook, Lumley area in Western Area, Port Loko and Kambia Districts, the Newton catchment area, Pujehun and Bo areas, Kenema and Moyamba Districts, and coastal beaches of the Western Area Peninsula (Government of Sierra Leone 2018).', 'More specifically, the most affected areas in the recent past during these last years include: Kroo Bay, Susan’s Bay, Granville Brook, Lumley area in Western Area, Port Loko and Kambia Districts, the Newton catchment area, Pujehun and Bo areas, Kenema and Moyamba Districts, and coastal beaches of the Western Area Peninsula (Government of Sierra Leone 2018). There are also transboundary issues as heavy rainfall in neighbouring countries may cause floods in Sierra Leone due to the overflowing of three rivers: Great Scarcies and Little Scarcies rivers from Guinea and Mano from Liberia (World Bank 2017). There are also cascading impacts from flooding. Many communities in Sierra Leone, especially the rural poor, depend on streams and swamps, which dry up during severe droughts.', 'Many communities in Sierra Leone, especially the rural poor, depend on streams and swamps, which dry up during severe droughts. Floods overwhelm existing systems, contaminating drinking water and creating sewage overflows. Figure 7: Key national hazard statistics for 1985-2018 (World Bank 2021)Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Figure 8: Annual natural hazard occurrence for 1900-2018 (World Bank 2021) 3.3.8 Environment and Natural Resources The key natural resources in Sierra Leone include land, water, forests, fisheries, wildlife, and minerals. The land cover is approximately 72,300 sq. km, 74% of which is cultivable. The upland areas, which represent 80% of all arable land, have low fertility but are suitable for cultivating a wide variety of food and cash crops.', 'The upland areas, which represent 80% of all arable land, have low fertility but are suitable for cultivating a wide variety of food and cash crops. The lowlands, which make up the rest of the arable land area, are more fertile and are suitable for high productivity under sustainable management conditions. These comprise 690,000ha of inland valley swamps, 145,000ha of bolilands, 130,000ha of grassland, and 20,000ha of mangrove swamps (Sannoh 2015 cited in Martiny, Massaquoi, and Blackwell 2021). A 2017 UNCCD-funded research on three land-based indicators- land cover, land productivity, and soil organic carbon- shows that between 2000 and 2015, there was an increase in forestland conversion to cropland and an overall reduction in tree-cover by 26.9% and water bodies by 0.7% (see fig. 13 adapted from Massaquoi 2018).', '13 adapted from Massaquoi 2018). This explains the increase in degraded land Figure 9: LDN hotspots (source: GoSL, 2018)Updated Nationally Determined Contribution areas across the country, now identified and mapped as hotspots by the UNCCD target setting report (see fig. 14 adapted GoSL 2018). Water resources include atmospheric (treated under the Climate sub-section above), surface and groundwater. Sierra Leone has nine major river systems. The Rokel/Seli, Pampana/Jong, Sewa and Waanje systems originate from within the country, as do the numerous coastal streams and creeks; the Great and Little Scarcies and Moa Rivers originate from the Fouta Djallon Plateau in the Republic of Guinea, and the Mano River originates from the Republic of Liberia.', 'The Rokel/Seli, Pampana/Jong, Sewa and Waanje systems originate from within the country, as do the numerous coastal streams and creeks; the Great and Little Scarcies and Moa Rivers originate from the Fouta Djallon Plateau in the Republic of Guinea, and the Mano River originates from the Republic of Liberia. These rivers range in length from 160 km for the Great Scarcies to 430 km for the Sewa River; their catchment areas range from 2,530 km2 for the coastal streams and creeks, to 14,140 km2 for the Sewa River. The total mean annual runoff from the river basins is of the order of 160 km3, with monthly runoff following rainfall variability. Internally, renewable water resources are over 29,000 km3 per capita, which is six times the average for Africa.', 'Internally, renewable water resources are over 29,000 km3 per capita, which is six times the average for Africa. Produced groundwater is estimated at 50 km3 annually and much of this (80%) overlaps between surface and ground water. Figure 10: River basins of Sierra Leone (Sources: reproduced with permission from the Ministry of Water Resources/ASI (2015)) An estimated 39% of Sierra Leone is forested with twenty-two percent of the forests in50 forest reserves and conservation areas (UNEP, 2015); 1% is on chiefdom land but managed by the Forest Division; and 23% are within a wetland and marine ecosystem protected areas (ARD 2010). The 50 forest reserves are under the custody of the State occupying approximately 285,000 hectares of total land cover.', 'The 50 forest reserves are under the custody of the State occupying approximately 285,000 hectares of total land cover. In addition, there are 300,000 hectares of mangrove forests and 30,000 hectares of constituted community forests. In 2017, Sierra Leone revised itsUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) to assess the status of biodiversity, including forest resources, and propose action plans for sustainable management. Figure 11: Protected and conservation areas of Sierra Leone (UNEP 2015) Analysis of the land use data by CILSS highlights the most significant land cover changes in Sierra Leone, including the loss of woodland and forest areas across the country. The primary forest losses occurred in Tonkolili, Kono, and Koinadugu districts.', 'The primary forest losses occurred in Tonkolili, Kono, and Koinadugu districts. Sierra Leone has lost over 34% of its forests between 1975 and 2018. This forest degradation is most noticeable in the eastern region. Most of the forested areas have been degraded to savannahs and agricultural land. The expansion of cultivated land, slash-and-burn agriculture and logging have been the dominant factors explaining forest loss. As for agricultural areas, they have increased by 76.57% between 1975 and 2018 with a strong expansion from 2000 (Fig.10). Figure 12: Expansion of the forest degradation (left) and agricultural land (right) Sierra Leone is blessed with abundant and varied fish resources.', 'Figure 12: Expansion of the forest degradation (left) and agricultural land (right) Sierra Leone is blessed with abundant and varied fish resources. Fisheries activities currently contribute about 10% of GDP, and fish is a major source of animal protein for over 80% of the country’s population. In addition, the sector currently employs over 500,000 Sierra Leoneans, with women at the forefront of many activities (particularly fish processing and marketing). The production of industrial fisheries has been around 20,000 tonnes, mainly exported with little or no value addition. The semi-industrial fisheries base, if upgraded, could significantly increase production levels. Artisanal fish production currently stands at around 120,000 tonnes,Updated Nationally Determined Contribution mainly for the local market with little or no value addition.', 'Artisanal fish production currently stands at around 120,000 tonnes,Updated Nationally Determined Contribution mainly for the local market with little or no value addition. It is estimated that wide-scale improvement of fisheries activities has the potential to bring the sector’s employment levels close to one million people and revenue earning potential of $60 million annually. Therefore, this sector has the potential for rapid and inclusive growth, as well as positive spill-over for food security and poverty reduction objectives. Furthermore, there are approximately 147 known species of wild mammals, 172 known breeding bird species, 67 known reptile species, 35 known amphibian species, 750 species of butterflies including the giant African swallowtail, one of the largest butterflies, and about 200 known species of fish.', 'Furthermore, there are approximately 147 known species of wild mammals, 172 known breeding bird species, 67 known reptile species, 35 known amphibian species, 750 species of butterflies including the giant African swallowtail, one of the largest butterflies, and about 200 known species of fish. In 2010, more than 5500 Chimpanzees were found, double the number previously thought to live in the country. This is the second largest population of the endangered subspecies of western chimpanzee, after Guinea, with the largest density in the Loma area, 2.69 individuals per sq. km, and the Outamba-Kilimi, with 1.21 individuals per sq. km.', 'km, and the Outamba-Kilimi, with 1.21 individuals per sq. km. Several species of whales and the African manatee can also be found in the country, along with 630 known species of birds, ten of which are considered endangered, including the rufous fishing-owl and the Gola malimbe. There are 67 known species of reptiles, three of which are endangered: the Nile crocodile, the slender-snouted crocodile which lives in forest streams, and the dwarf crocodile found in mangrove swamps.', 'There are 67 known species of reptiles, three of which are endangered: the Nile crocodile, the slender-snouted crocodile which lives in forest streams, and the dwarf crocodile found in mangrove swamps. All the species of sea turtles can be found in the waters of Sierra Leone and both the green turtle and leatherback turtle routinely nest on the Sherbro and Turtle Islands These species are under some form of protection in coastal and terrestrial ecosystems by the Government of Sierra Leone (based on review in Martiny, Massaquoi, and Blackwell 2021). 3.4 Socio-economic characteristics Sierra Leone has had an unstable modern history marked by a civil war from 1991-2002 and the two-year Ebola crisis (2014-2016).', '3.4 Socio-economic characteristics Sierra Leone has had an unstable modern history marked by a civil war from 1991-2002 and the two-year Ebola crisis (2014-2016). These events and political instability have led to severe socio-economic repercussions and contributed to the underlying vulnerabilities which persists today. The country is one of the poorest countries in sub-Saharan Africa and globally, with a GDP per capita of US$499 in 2017. It ranked 182 out of 188 countries on the United Nations 2020 Human Development Index, below the average for countries with similar GDP per capita (UNDP 2020a). The overall poverty rate in Sierra Leone is 57 percent, with 10.8 percent of the population living in extreme poverty (Government of Sierra Leone 2019).', 'The overall poverty rate in Sierra Leone is 57 percent, with 10.8 percent of the population living in extreme poverty (Government of Sierra Leone 2019). The Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis (CFSVA 2015- MAFFS/WFP/FAO) reported that 49% (3,475,135.37) of people in Sierra Leone are food insecure, of which the majority are poor smallholder farmers that are living in the rural areas of the country (Government of Sierra Leone 2018). The population is around 7.4 million (2018). The population growth rate has increased rapidly from 1.8 percent between 1985 and 2004 to 3.2 percent between 2004 and 2015. This has led to a 40 percent increase from about 5 million in 2004 to more than 7 million today.', 'This has led to a 40 percent increase from about 5 million in 2004 to more than 7 million today. At the current rate, the population will reach 10 million people by 2026 (Government of Sierra Leone 2019). Forty percent of Sierra Leone’s population are youth. There is high unemployment among low and semi-skilled youth most of whom were unable to complete their education due to the civil war. These challenges have been exacerbated by two recent economic shocks, the Ebola epidemic and the collapse of iron ore commodity prices, which lead to shrinking GDP growth. Since then, economic growth has fluctuated.', 'Since then, economic growth has fluctuated. Real GDP growth was weak in 2018 atUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution 3.5% but improved slightly to an estimated 5.0% in 2019, driven by agriculture and services, and in the first half of 2019 by extractives (African Development Bank 2019). Sierra Leone is especially vulnerable to external shocks. The country does not have any control over the price of its major imported goods, such as rice and fuel, which account for over 50 percent of total import value. Additionally, its dependence on primary commodity exports makes it more vulnerable.', 'Additionally, its dependence on primary commodity exports makes it more vulnerable. The African Development Bank projects that international iron ore prices will drop from $77.70 per dry metric ton in 2019 to $72.40 in 2022, which is more evidence for the need for economic diversification away from extractive industries (African Development Bank 2019). Covid-19 has added additional shocks and GDP growth is expected to fall to 1.7%. This is primarily due to the decline in commodity prices and depressed trade, FDI inflows, tourism revenue following travel restrictions and declines in remittances. An analysis by the African Development Bank projects inflation to reach between 15.3% and 17% (African Development Bank Group 2020). Agriculture plays a crucial role in ensuring food security, poverty reduction and improving public health.', 'Agriculture plays a crucial role in ensuring food security, poverty reduction and improving public health. Agriculture employs more than half of the country’s formal and informal workforce and accounts for about half of GDP and is a women dominated sector (Government of Sierra Leone 2019). Although 75 percent of its land is arable, only about 10 percent is cultivated, mainly for food crops such as rice, cassava, yams, and other root crops (Government of Sierra Leone 2018). Farmers, however, have limited access to improved varieties of seeds, equipment and fertilizers. Additionally, farming is mostly rainfed, making it more vulnerable to climate impacts (Government of Sierra Leone 2018).', 'Additionally, farming is mostly rainfed, making it more vulnerable to climate impacts (Government of Sierra Leone 2018). Fisheries activities currently contribute about 10% of GDP, is a primary livelihood for 500,000 people and a main source of animal protein for over 80% of the population. Additionally, fish processing and marketing is a sector led primarily by women, similar to agriculture, making women’s work more climate sensitive (Government of Sierra Leone 2018). 3.5 Urbanization and infrastructure Sierra Leone ranked 46 out of 54 countries on the bank’s Africa Infrastructure Development Index in 2020 (AfDB 2020). This points to the significant infrastructure investment needed across all sectors including water and sanitation, health, energy, transport, and ICT.', 'This points to the significant infrastructure investment needed across all sectors including water and sanitation, health, energy, transport, and ICT. The poor infrastructural landscape in Sierra Leone has had a tremendously negative impact on economic diversification, health and livelihoods. Infrastructure is a centrepiece of the Medium-Term Development Plan and key to Sierra Leone’s long-term development goals of becoming a middle-income country. Access to affordable and reliable electricity is essential for human development. Currently, this is severely limited in the country. Biomass from wood and charcoal is the source of energy for 80% of the population with related significant environmental and public health impacts such as deforestation and respiratory illnesses. As Sierra Leone addresses its climate goals in an integrated way, renewable and reliable energy sources are an essential component.', 'As Sierra Leone addresses its climate goals in an integrated way, renewable and reliable energy sources are an essential component. Many of the major causes of death and disability in Sierra Leone can be traced to challenges with environmental health and sanitation. Most of the country’s population obtain water from unsafe open water sources and waterborne diseases are very common. There is also a dearth of sanitation facilities and almost 30% of the rural population practices open defecation. Sanitation is far below the reasonable SDG target of 66% for the country and the budget allocation for the sector is less than .02 percent of GDP (Government of Sierra Leone 2019).Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Infrastructure issues are compounded as more people move into urban centres.', 'Sanitation is far below the reasonable SDG target of 66% for the country and the budget allocation for the sector is less than .02 percent of GDP (Government of Sierra Leone 2019).Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Infrastructure issues are compounded as more people move into urban centres. In Sierra Leone, urbanization has been accelerating since the civil war. The share of the population living in urban areas almost doubled from 21% in 1967 to almost 40% in 2015, with a high concentration in the capital Freetown, which has grown to a population of more than 1 million. This growth is now rapidly increasing. From 2004 to 2015 the population has increased 43% from approximately 5 million to approximately 7 million (Statistics Sierra Leone 2016).', 'From 2004 to 2015 the population has increased 43% from approximately 5 million to approximately 7 million (Statistics Sierra Leone 2016). Urbanization has not been accompanied by sufficient resources to plan and manage this fast growth and cities have lacked the financing to make the necessary investments to cope with the accelerated demand for infrastructure and services. This has climate risk implications as this can increase vulnerability for an already vulnerable population especially those in informal settlements or working in the informal sector. Sierra Leone has a paradigm shift of increase in rural urban migration in search of better opportunities and basic social amenities. This increase has resulted in a significant increase in waste generation and high demand in public services including solid waste management services.', 'This increase has resulted in a significant increase in waste generation and high demand in public services including solid waste management services. The waste sector is branded by improper waste management. Urban expansion across the country has exacerbated the problems of waste, sanitation, and drain flows. Freetown the capital of Sierra Leone has a population of around 1.2 million, and a waste generation per capita per day of 0.5 kg, at least 600 metric tons of waste could be generated per day or 219,000 metric ton of waste annually ( Ngeba A. and Bertin, 2020).', 'Freetown the capital of Sierra Leone has a population of around 1.2 million, and a waste generation per capita per day of 0.5 kg, at least 600 metric tons of waste could be generated per day or 219,000 metric ton of waste annually ( Ngeba A. and Bertin, 2020). The increasing population in cities and towns in Sierra Leone is quite likely to increase the amount and diversity of wastes and subsequently the relative quantum of emissions of GHG from the sector, especially methane (CH4) from dump sites, and carbon dioxide (CO2) and precursor gases (NOx, CO). Wastewater treatment is a source of NO2 or N2O. Where significant industrial activity exists in a country, such a sector makes a significant contribution to the total nitrous-oxide emission.', 'Where significant industrial activity exists in a country, such a sector makes a significant contribution to the total nitrous-oxide emission. In the case of Sierra Leone, few industries or factories exist. The few industries in the country mostly in Freetown simply discharge 160 their wastewater into the general drainage system and this eventually runs down into the Sierra Leone River Estuary. This component of waste was therefore not regarded as a significant source of NO2 or N2O. 3.7 Gender and Social Inclusion Issues Women are 51% of the population and suffer from gender inequality and discrimination. Sierra Leone historically stands in the bottom ten of the Gender Development Index (UNDP 2020b). Inequalities are apparent in terms of literacy rates, per capita GDP, access to land, and legal protection.', 'Inequalities are apparent in terms of literacy rates, per capita GDP, access to land, and legal protection. Increased poverty among women in Sierra Leone results from a combination of factors, which include limited skills and knowledge; unfriendly market structures that concentrate women in lower paying and time-consuming work and restrict their access to capital and credit; traditional family structures perpetuating gender inequality through patriarchal norms of property ownership and inheritance; discrimination in the public domain; weak and unequal trade and economic patterns (USAID, 2019). Over the past decade, the government has developed and enacted a range of national laws, policies, and strategies to address gender inequality.', 'Over the past decade, the government has developed and enacted a range of national laws, policies, and strategies to address gender inequality. This included the passage of the three ‘gender justice’ laws’, which respectively address domestic violence, improve women’s access to land through inheritance, and strengthen women’s rights in marriage and divorce through aUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution registration process. Several government entities have also been established to support gender equality including the Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender and Children’s Affairs; the Human Rights Commission; the Family Support Unit in the Sierra Leone Police; and the Legal Aid Board. This institutional development, however, has been insufficient.', 'This institutional development, however, has been insufficient. For example, women occupy less than 20 percent of elected positions although the Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment Bill, which establishes a minimum of 30 percent representation of women in governance at all levels. The Medium-Term Development Plan seeks to address this issue and includes empowering women as a key focus including to support implementation of current legislation.Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 4. SIERRA LEONE’S VISION FOR CLIMATE CHANGE Sierra Leone recognises the importance and emergency of combating climate change, which poses a major global threat and a common concern of humankind, as rising temperatures increasingly result in severe, pervasive and irreversible negative impacts for people, economic activities, ecosystems and the regenerative capacity of the planet.', 'SIERRA LEONE’S VISION FOR CLIMATE CHANGE Sierra Leone recognises the importance and emergency of combating climate change, which poses a major global threat and a common concern of humankind, as rising temperatures increasingly result in severe, pervasive and irreversible negative impacts for people, economic activities, ecosystems and the regenerative capacity of the planet. Sierra Leone is strongly committed to contribute to the global response to the threat of climate change, in the context of sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty, in the light of its national circumstances.', 'Sierra Leone is strongly committed to contribute to the global response to the threat of climate change, in the context of sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty, in the light of its national circumstances. As a least developing, very low emitting but also very vulnerable country, Sierra Leone’s vision for fighting against climate change in the context of this revised first NDC is based on fairness, putting a strong emphasis on adaptation in order to protect its people, culture and environment while striving its best efforts to contribute to the mitigation of global emissions.', 'As a least developing, very low emitting but also very vulnerable country, Sierra Leone’s vision for fighting against climate change in the context of this revised first NDC is based on fairness, putting a strong emphasis on adaptation in order to protect its people, culture and environment while striving its best efforts to contribute to the mitigation of global emissions. Sierra Leone’s vision for adaptation is drawn from the iNAP, with the objective to enhance adaptive capacity, strengthen resilience and reduce vulnerability by half by 2030 through increased risk awareness, improvements in rule compliance, increased institutional capacity and an integrated approach to adaptation in development policy and programs across sectors and scales.', 'Sierra Leone’s vision for adaptation is drawn from the iNAP, with the objective to enhance adaptive capacity, strengthen resilience and reduce vulnerability by half by 2030 through increased risk awareness, improvements in rule compliance, increased institutional capacity and an integrated approach to adaptation in development policy and programs across sectors and scales. The above visions support proposals in the National Climate Change Policy (NCCP), which was revised in early 2021.', 'The above visions support proposals in the National Climate Change Policy (NCCP), which was revised in early 2021. It also expands on the goals set for adaptation in the iNAP, which include increasing resilience capacity at all scales; supporting an integrative approach to climate change adaptation programming and policymaking; allocating 10% of annual national budgets to climate change adaptation across sectors; harmonizing climate-relevant policies and regulations to improve coordination and cross-sector linkages; mainstreaming adaptation into local development plans by 2025; institutionalize NAP implementation through laws, policies, and regulations; establishing a National Trust Fund for channelling adaptation support across sectors; and securing 40% of international development funding to support adaptation priorities across different sectors.', 'It also expands on the goals set for adaptation in the iNAP, which include increasing resilience capacity at all scales; supporting an integrative approach to climate change adaptation programming and policymaking; allocating 10% of annual national budgets to climate change adaptation across sectors; harmonizing climate-relevant policies and regulations to improve coordination and cross-sector linkages; mainstreaming adaptation into local development plans by 2025; institutionalize NAP implementation through laws, policies, and regulations; establishing a National Trust Fund for channelling adaptation support across sectors; and securing 40% of international development funding to support adaptation priorities across different sectors. These national goals contribute to achieving the Global Goal on adaptation by reducing vulnerability through integrating adaptation considerations into all relevant plans, policies, and strategies, and prioritizing and planning for adaptation.', 'These national goals contribute to achieving the Global Goal on adaptation by reducing vulnerability through integrating adaptation considerations into all relevant plans, policies, and strategies, and prioritizing and planning for adaptation. They also ensure that the adaptation component of the NDC becomes a strategic and ambitious vehicle for capturing, reporting and updating commitments and progress, as well as aligning long-term national development priorities with the SDG framework. Moreover, the goals contribute to improving the delivery of climate services as prescribed in the National Framework for Climate Services (NFCS). The NFCS will benefit a wide range of sectors and climate intervention areas, including biodiversity, health, energy, agriculture, human settlements, water etc.', 'The NFCS will benefit a wide range of sectors and climate intervention areas, including biodiversity, health, energy, agriculture, human settlements, water etc. By implementing the NDC, key actors, including SLMet, can produce sector-specific products to enable informed decision-making in the context of the effective, efficient and equitable delivery of climate services. Sierra Leone’s vision on mitigation is drawn on the LECRDS, with the objective to achieve GHG emission reductions in priority sectors through well targeted programmes of activities and projects, including through the implementation of REDD+ (Reducing Emissions fromUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution Deforestation and Forest Degradation) programmes, which can deliver significant mitigation and adaptation co-benefits in Sierra Leone.', 'Sierra Leone’s vision on mitigation is drawn on the LECRDS, with the objective to achieve GHG emission reductions in priority sectors through well targeted programmes of activities and projects, including through the implementation of REDD+ (Reducing Emissions fromUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution Deforestation and Forest Degradation) programmes, which can deliver significant mitigation and adaptation co-benefits in Sierra Leone. Most importantly Sierra Leone’s vision for fighting against climate change through the implementation of both mitigation and adaptation components of the revised NDC is embedded in the Medium-Term National Development Plan, specifically in its Clusters 2, 3, 5 and 7 which are aligned to it. Therefore, the revised NDC will contribute directly to meeting various climate and non-climate objectives at the national level in a consistent and well-coordinated manner.', 'Therefore, the revised NDC will contribute directly to meeting various climate and non-climate objectives at the national level in a consistent and well-coordinated manner. Considering the nature and extent of Sierra Leone’s climate impacts and low adaptive capacity, the commitments made in this NDC are fair and ambitious, and are based on conditions of equity, availability of finance, and the potential for achieving SDGs and other regional climate goals. The conditions are ambitious in relation to the global limit of 1.5°C and present a significant enhancement from the previous NDC1 by adding new sectors, strategies, and policies (enhanced mitigation and adaptation components). Overall, the measures are considered transparent as they are presented by sector and defined through extensive consultations with stakeholders at all levels and from different backgrounds.', 'Overall, the measures are considered transparent as they are presented by sector and defined through extensive consultations with stakeholders at all levels and from different backgrounds. 4.1 Priority Sectors The priority sectors for the NDC are identified based on an analysis of national priorities contained in various climate change documents, as well as prescriptions by the UNFCCC for NDC development. For mitigation, the priority sectors include energy; industrial processes and product use; waste; Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Uses (AFOLU); and the blue economy, while for adaptation, the priority sectors are Agriculture and Food Security, Water Resources and Energy, Coastal Zone Management (including fisheries, coastal ecosystems etc. ), Environment (including tourism, land, mineral resources, forestry, etc.', '), Environment (including tourism, land, mineral resources, forestry, etc. ), Disaster management, Gender and Social Inclusion (focusing on youth, women, elderly, persons with disabilities), and hard and soft infrastructure (including for transportation, WASH, etc). Although mitigation and adaptation measures are handled separately in this document, due to differences in priorities for the measures and segregated planning and implementation policies at international and national levels, a few synergistic approaches for implementation are proposed based on the benefits they could bring at multiple scales and in multiple sectors. Priorities for energy focus on reducing emissions from power plants and other energy fossil fuel-based sources. They are based on efforts in the sector to increase universal energy access through the deployment of renewable energy technologies and increased efficiency of energy sources.', 'They are based on efforts in the sector to increase universal energy access through the deployment of renewable energy technologies and increased efficiency of energy sources. Generally, the sector could contribute immensely to emissions reduction through the implementation of the Integrated Resource Plan (IRP) developed by the MCCU and the offgrid solar energy strategy developed by the Foresign and Commonwealth Development Office (FCDO). Both documents complement actions in the sector to promote universal access to clean energy by 2030 and meet targets for emissions reduction by 2025. 4.1.2 Industrial process and product use Priorities for industry focus on actions to reduce emissions from local industry and the use of various products.', '4.1.2 Industrial process and product use Priorities for industry focus on actions to reduce emissions from local industry and the use of various products. They are based on efforts across multiple public and private sectors to improve process and product use and enforce extended producer responsibility while reducing emissions that endanger air quality and engender persistent air pollution. The selection ofUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution mitigation options for this sector is also based on national plans to implement the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the Ozone Layer, as well as Environmental Management Plans (EMP) adopted by various producers in compliance with the Environment Protection Agency Act of 2008 (Amended in 2010).', 'The selection ofUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution mitigation options for this sector is also based on national plans to implement the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the Ozone Layer, as well as Environmental Management Plans (EMP) adopted by various producers in compliance with the Environment Protection Agency Act of 2008 (Amended in 2010). Priorities identified for waste management reflect efforts in various sectors to effectively manage waste from agricultural, healthcare, and other practices and sources. The priorities build upon national plans for managing animal waste, general solid waste, and other hazardous substances that endanger health and ecosystem vitality. 4.1.4 Agriculture. Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) Sectors AFOLU cuts across sectors that contribute to land use change and land cover change for various outcomes.', 'Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) Sectors AFOLU cuts across sectors that contribute to land use change and land cover change for various outcomes. It focuses on the carbon impacts of forest loss, mining, and traditional agricultural practices such as slash and burn and the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers. It also focuses on the net carbon gain of large-scale agro-investment land leases across the country, such as monoculture oil palm and sugarcane plantations run by SOCFIN and Sunbird Energy respectively. Efforts to reclaim mined-out areas, or the general impacts of mining on forest carbon sequestration and soil carbon is also addressed.', 'Efforts to reclaim mined-out areas, or the general impacts of mining on forest carbon sequestration and soil carbon is also addressed. 4.1.5 Blue Economy As a priority for climate change mitigation, the blue economy in Sierra Leone incorporates traditional maritime industries such as fisheries, tourism, mining, boat building, aquaculture systems, and carbon stored in mangrove and seagrass ecosystems. The fisheries sector for instance is a major source of jobs and a key driver of mangrove deforestation in coastal communities in Sierra Leone, which can have a major impact on the country’s blue carbon stock. These analyses inform an understanding of the current change in the country’s blue carbon stock, including losses or gains overtime in mangrove and seagrass resources.', 'These analyses inform an understanding of the current change in the country’s blue carbon stock, including losses or gains overtime in mangrove and seagrass resources. 4.1.6 Agriculture and Food Security Agriculture and food security are prioritised for adaptation because climate change is already having a toll on agricultural food systems in the country, including exporters and importers as well as those at subsistence level. In the future, changes in mean rainfall and temperature as well as the increase in extreme events will affect agriculture and livestock practices. At the same time, many impacts, such as increased land degradation and soil erosion, changes in water availability, more frequent and more intense pest and disease outbreaks as well as disasters need to be addressed to reduce food security risks.', 'At the same time, many impacts, such as increased land degradation and soil erosion, changes in water availability, more frequent and more intense pest and disease outbreaks as well as disasters need to be addressed to reduce food security risks. 4.1.7 Water Resources and Energy The water sector is prioritised for adaptation because future strategies will need to address many emerging trends driven by climate change. These include both demand and supply side concerns, including reduced availability, quality, and allocative efficiency. The energy sector is also a priority because the impacts of climate change will mostly affect the resource base of renewable energy sources through changes in water availability for hydropower, impacts on thermal power plants and energy infrastructure.Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 4.1.8 Coastal Zone Management (including fisheries, coastal ecosystems etc.', 'The energy sector is also a priority because the impacts of climate change will mostly affect the resource base of renewable energy sources through changes in water availability for hydropower, impacts on thermal power plants and energy infrastructure.Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 4.1.8 Coastal Zone Management (including fisheries, coastal ecosystems etc. ), The coastal zone and the resources they provide are priorities for adaptation because climate change will impact the health, function and productivity of coastal ecosystems, thus impacting the health and welfare of coastal communities and the people that depend on these natural resources. Climate change will have significant and immediate consequences for the country’s coasts, the goods and services provided by coastal ecosystems, and coastal inhabitants.', 'Climate change will have significant and immediate consequences for the country’s coasts, the goods and services provided by coastal ecosystems, and coastal inhabitants. This includes accelerated coastal erosion and loss of land and property, flooding, saltwater intrusion, shifts in the distribution and abundance of valuable marine habitats, species and biodiversity, and the accelerated spread of exotic and invasive species. 4.1.9 Environment (including tourism, land, mineral resources, forestry, etc.) Tourism is prioritised for adaptation to reduce the business risks of tourism companies and protect their natural capital (such as beaches, rainforests, and biodiversity) and ecosystem services (water supply, protection against floods, landslides, etc.).', 'Tourism is prioritised for adaptation to reduce the business risks of tourism companies and protect their natural capital (such as beaches, rainforests, and biodiversity) and ecosystem services (water supply, protection against floods, landslides, etc.). The land and forestry sectors also lie at the heart of ongoing efforts to protect ecosystem integrity and promote the livelihoods and resilience of the poor and vulnerable. The mining sector is also a priority because threats to the sector’s profitability and viability, such as climate change, may have significant consequences for development in the country and undermine resilience in various communities.', 'The mining sector is also a priority because threats to the sector’s profitability and viability, such as climate change, may have significant consequences for development in the country and undermine resilience in various communities. 4.1.10 Disaster management Disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation represent policy goals for the government of Sierra Leone, one concerned with an ongoing problem (disasters) and the other with an emerging issue (climate change). As these problems overlap a great deal through the common factor of weather and climate and the similar tools used to monitor, analyse and address adverse consequences, disaster management is prioritised in this NDC to allow for approaching the twin issues of climate change and disaster risk reduction in a systematic and integrated way.', 'As these problems overlap a great deal through the common factor of weather and climate and the similar tools used to monitor, analyse and address adverse consequences, disaster management is prioritised in this NDC to allow for approaching the twin issues of climate change and disaster risk reduction in a systematic and integrated way. 4.1.11 Gender and Social Inclusion Gender is a cross-cutting concern for adaptation planning because women and girls are subject to a disproportionate amount of risk from climate-related natural disasters. Risks during and following natural disasters are often higher for women, girls, and persons with disability due to social norms, breakdowns in law and order, and disrupted livelihoods.', 'Risks during and following natural disasters are often higher for women, girls, and persons with disability due to social norms, breakdowns in law and order, and disrupted livelihoods. Women, girls and persons with disability also bear the brunt of risks and vulnerabilities brought on by droughts, floods, and other extreme weather events, which places them at the front lines of adaptation as important and necessary stakeholders in effective adaptation to climate change. The NDC considers gender- transformative and socially inclusive strategies that will empower women, girls and persons with disability, reduce gender inequality, and improve adaptation and resilience outcomes.', 'The NDC considers gender- transformative and socially inclusive strategies that will empower women, girls and persons with disability, reduce gender inequality, and improve adaptation and resilience outcomes. 4.1.12 Hard and Soft Infrastructure Infrastructure, whether hard or soft, is a priority here because such networks will be affected by the physical impacts of climate variability and change but will also play an essential role in building resilience to those impacts. The strategies proposed will ensure that infrastructure is climate resilient to reduce direct losses and reduce the indirect costs of disruption. New infrastructure assets will also be prioritised, planned, designed, built and operated to account for the climate changes that may occur overtime. Existing infrastructure will also be retrofitted, or managed differently, because of climate change.Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 5.', 'Existing infrastructure will also be retrofitted, or managed differently, because of climate change.Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 5. MITIGATION CONTRIBUTION In order to contribute to the mitigation of global GHG emissions, Sierra Leone’s commitment is to reduce its domestic GHG emissions of 10% by 2030 as compared to a no-policy scenario of 2015 to 2030, with an intermediary indicative mitigation target of 5% reduction by 2025 against the same baseline. In the longer term, Sierra Leone’s mitigation ambition is to cut GHG emission by 25% in 2050 with the inclusion of additional sectors and gases in the successive NDCs with clear and measurable mitigation targets and specific actions.', 'In the longer term, Sierra Leone’s mitigation ambition is to cut GHG emission by 25% in 2050 with the inclusion of additional sectors and gases in the successive NDCs with clear and measurable mitigation targets and specific actions. Depending on available financial support, Sierra Leone is committed to enhance its mitigation efforts beyond in accordance with the progression principle enshrined in Article 4.3 of the Paris Agreement in the light of its national circumstances. A description of the coverage of conditional and unconditional contributions is provided below.', 'A description of the coverage of conditional and unconditional contributions is provided below. ● Unconditional contributions include efforts to enhance sinks and reservoirs of GHG through expansion of the forest cover by planting five (5) million trees over the next five (5) years (Presidential Pronouncement, June 5, 2020), and to reduce GHG emissions through policies and measures aimed at promoting a transition to off-grid renewable energy systems, setting quality standards for improving energy efficiency, increasing access to environmentally sound waste management infrastructure, testing vehicle emissions, improving road infrastructure, and restoring mined-out areas.', '● Unconditional contributions include efforts to enhance sinks and reservoirs of GHG through expansion of the forest cover by planting five (5) million trees over the next five (5) years (Presidential Pronouncement, June 5, 2020), and to reduce GHG emissions through policies and measures aimed at promoting a transition to off-grid renewable energy systems, setting quality standards for improving energy efficiency, increasing access to environmentally sound waste management infrastructure, testing vehicle emissions, improving road infrastructure, and restoring mined-out areas. ● Conditional contributions include specific emissions-reduction actions, such as policies or mitigation actions like advancing a feed-in tariff for renewable energy technologies, phasing out fossil fuel subsidies, gradually converting to no-tillage agricultural practices, reducing methane emissions from wastewater and providing a nutrient-rich digestate that can be used as a fertilizer, developing incineration facilities to reduce CH4 emissions from landfill sites, investment in reuse and recycling technology, e- mobility and mass transportation initiatives, and new REDD+ and blue carbon initiatives.', '● Conditional contributions include specific emissions-reduction actions, such as policies or mitigation actions like advancing a feed-in tariff for renewable energy technologies, phasing out fossil fuel subsidies, gradually converting to no-tillage agricultural practices, reducing methane emissions from wastewater and providing a nutrient-rich digestate that can be used as a fertilizer, developing incineration facilities to reduce CH4 emissions from landfill sites, investment in reuse and recycling technology, e- mobility and mass transportation initiatives, and new REDD+ and blue carbon initiatives. Further information to facilitate Clarity, Transparency, and Understanding (CTU) of conditional and unconditional contributions is presented below.Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Table 3: Information to facilitate Clarity, Transparency, and Understanding NDC time frame 2020 to 2030 (NDC to be revised in 2025) Type of commitment Sectoral policies and measures Reference year 2015 (the year applies to a baseline scenario) Scope and coverage Sierra Leone prioritises the main sector categories in the IPCC 2006 GHG inventory guidelines (i.e., energy, industrial process and product utilization emissions (IPPU), agriculture, forestry and land use emissions (AFOLU), Waste and “others”.', 'Further information to facilitate Clarity, Transparency, and Understanding (CTU) of conditional and unconditional contributions is presented below.Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Table 3: Information to facilitate Clarity, Transparency, and Understanding NDC time frame 2020 to 2030 (NDC to be revised in 2025) Type of commitment Sectoral policies and measures Reference year 2015 (the year applies to a baseline scenario) Scope and coverage Sierra Leone prioritises the main sector categories in the IPCC 2006 GHG inventory guidelines (i.e., energy, industrial process and product utilization emissions (IPPU), agriculture, forestry and land use emissions (AFOLU), Waste and “others”. It mainly provides emissions levels for CO2 (N2O, CH4, and SO2 are covered for select sources only). Emissions from Energy (mainly from combustion) and waste are included.', 'Emissions from Energy (mainly from combustion) and waste are included. Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Uses (AFOLU) are not defined as separate sectors in the NDC. The NDC compares proposed actions with previous commitments (in NDC1) and includes adaptation actions with mitigation co-benefits such as energy efficiency, renewable energy, water and wastewater management, urban planning, marine protection, and reduced desertification. The exact quantity of co-benefits in units of CO2-eq will be provided by the next review date of the NDC. Planning processes The country’s NDC provides detailed information on the functions in government that are responsible for the implementation of the NDC, and the role supporting structures would play, including in resource mobilization, public engagement, gender mainstreaming, and monitoring, reporting, and verification.', 'Planning processes The country’s NDC provides detailed information on the functions in government that are responsible for the implementation of the NDC, and the role supporting structures would play, including in resource mobilization, public engagement, gender mainstreaming, and monitoring, reporting, and verification. It also provides a description of the public consultation process, including engagements with local communities during the formulation process. Moreover, the NDC contains gender-transformative strategies, including priority actions for GESI (Gender and Social Inclusion) mainstreaming. Furthermore, corresponding detailed information on how planned policies and measures will support the achievement of the SDGs, AU Vision 2063, and the SDGs is provided. At the same time, all national circumstances relevant to the NDC are covered, including the social and economic consequences of proposed actions.', 'At the same time, all national circumstances relevant to the NDC are covered, including the social and economic consequences of proposed actions. Assumptions and methodological approaches The NDC contains a general description of how actions will be monitored and verified, including indicators for all the sectors prioritised. The country has included measurement indicators based on guidelines provided by OECD in 2021, which relies on best practice guidelines provided by the UNFCCC. Fairness and ambition The NDC describes grounds for considering NDC targets to be an ambitious contribution relating to the global limit of 1.5°C, although this has not been substantiated by references to national and international analyses in the equity literature (for example, the Climate Reference Equity Calculator, Climate Action Tracker or others).', 'Fairness and ambition The NDC describes grounds for considering NDC targets to be an ambitious contribution relating to the global limit of 1.5°C, although this has not been substantiated by references to national and international analyses in the equity literature (for example, the Climate Reference Equity Calculator, Climate Action Tracker or others). These gaps will be filled by the next review of the NDC in 2025. Contribution to UNFCCC Article 2 Sierra Leone explicitly links its NDC target to the objectives set out in Article 2 of the UNFCCC and refers to the Low Emissions Carbon Resilient Development Strategy (LECRDS) which set a national policy goal for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD)+ in 2010.', 'Contribution to UNFCCC Article 2 Sierra Leone explicitly links its NDC target to the objectives set out in Article 2 of the UNFCCC and refers to the Low Emissions Carbon Resilient Development Strategy (LECRDS) which set a national policy goal for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD)+ in 2010. Use of market mechanisms and cooperative approaches Sierra Leone will explore mechanisms for cooperation as provided under Art. 6 of the PA.Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Conditional contributions Energy: The country’s NDC considers the transition to Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs) a major means of reducing current emission levels. The goal is to improve energy efficiency and increase access to grid connections by 42% in 2025 and offgrid mini-grid and solar stand-alone systems by 27% and 10% respectively in 2030.', 'The goal is to improve energy efficiency and increase access to grid connections by 42% in 2025 and offgrid mini-grid and solar stand-alone systems by 27% and 10% respectively in 2030. Opportunities for expanding electricity generation, transmission, and distribution through a Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) Compact will be explored to increase access and promote technology dissemination. Industrial processes and product use: The NDC proposes investments in reuse and recycling technology to create employment opportunities for youth, as well as actions to phase down fluorinated gases in accordance with the Kigali amendment to the Montreal Protocol.', 'Industrial processes and product use: The NDC proposes investments in reuse and recycling technology to create employment opportunities for youth, as well as actions to phase down fluorinated gases in accordance with the Kigali amendment to the Montreal Protocol. Waste: The NDC will use assessments of the capital city’s waste burden by the World Bank and waste-related emissions in the Third National Communications to set targets for reducing methane emissions from landfills and design a strategy for using appropriate technology to produce a nutrient-rich digestate that can be used for food production. Actions to reduce CO2 emissions while using technology to spur waste-derived business for youth and women in poor communities.', 'Actions to reduce CO2 emissions while using technology to spur waste-derived business for youth and women in poor communities. Transport: Sierra Leone will use lessons from the Integrated Resilient Urban Mobility Project (IRUMP) to develop plans and strategies for building sustainable transport mechanisms (including mass transit systems, fuel-efficient vehicles, and climate-smart mobility measures that improve urban planning and enhance access to public infrastructure in cities. The country also commits to implementing performance standards aimed at vehicle purchase and use taxes, low GHG fuels, and incentives for vehicle demand reduction. AFOLU: Sierra Leone will adopt appropriate technologies for running large scale management of agricultural and forestry residue, manure, household kitchen and garden waste, and biosolids (organic solids from treated sewage).', 'AFOLU: Sierra Leone will adopt appropriate technologies for running large scale management of agricultural and forestry residue, manure, household kitchen and garden waste, and biosolids (organic solids from treated sewage). Technologies and tools for reducing food waste by improving value chains, and new REDD+ initiatives targeting established protected and community conservation areas will be adopted. Skills transfer for developing a national forest inventory and forest management information system will also be promoted. Blue Economy: Sierra Leone will develop a blue carbon initiative for the Sierra Leone River and Bonthe-Sherbro River Estuaries to conserve vast mangrove and seagrass resources while sequestering tree and soil organic carbon.', 'Blue Economy: Sierra Leone will develop a blue carbon initiative for the Sierra Leone River and Bonthe-Sherbro River Estuaries to conserve vast mangrove and seagrass resources while sequestering tree and soil organic carbon. Unconditional contributions Energy: Sierra Leone proposes to implement the revised National Energy Policy and Strategic Plan (2020), the Integrated Resource Plan (2019), and National Electrification Roadmap (2020), focusing on the role offgrid energy sources could play in achieving universal access and energy efficiency. Focused plans such as policies for clean cooking and the offgrid solar energy strategy (2020) will be useful in improving quality control measures, creating opportunities for private investment, addressing ambiguities around ownership of environmental attributes for solar investments, and fostering citizen buy-in.', 'Focused plans such as policies for clean cooking and the offgrid solar energy strategy (2020) will be useful in improving quality control measures, creating opportunities for private investment, addressing ambiguities around ownership of environmental attributes for solar investments, and fostering citizen buy-in. Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU): Sierra Leone will regulate IPPUs by domesticating the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol, enforcing requirements under Environmental Assessments conducted by industry players, conducting energy audits and setting performance standards for energy efficiency and waste management. Waste: Sierra Leone commits to waste mitigation by increased access to solid waste management infrastructure, to reduce emissions from treatment, transportation, and disposal.', 'Waste: Sierra Leone commits to waste mitigation by increased access to solid waste management infrastructure, to reduce emissions from treatment, transportation, and disposal. Transport: Sierra Leone makes a commitment to develop and implement policies and strategies that limit the age of used vehicles imported into the country, promote emission testing for all heavy types of machinery and vehicles, ensure quality control for spare parts for all types of vehicles, and improve road infrastructure.', 'Transport: Sierra Leone makes a commitment to develop and implement policies and strategies that limit the age of used vehicles imported into the country, promote emission testing for all heavy types of machinery and vehicles, ensure quality control for spare parts for all types of vehicles, and improve road infrastructure. The country also commits to on-road efficiency improvements, including consumer education and vehicle maintenance practices.Updated Nationally Determined Contribution AFOLU: The NDC seeks to reduce emissions from AFOLU by reforesting about 14000 ha of degraded lands, as announced by the President in 2020, as well as by implementing the national policy on reclaiming mined-out lands, and meeting targets set for land degradation neutrality by 2030.', 'The country also commits to on-road efficiency improvements, including consumer education and vehicle maintenance practices.Updated Nationally Determined Contribution AFOLU: The NDC seeks to reduce emissions from AFOLU by reforesting about 14000 ha of degraded lands, as announced by the President in 2020, as well as by implementing the national policy on reclaiming mined-out lands, and meeting targets set for land degradation neutrality by 2030. The country also commits to the rehabilitation of watershed areas, reducing agricultural open burning, and installing small-scale biogas plants. Blue Economy: Sierra Leone proposes plans to restore, enhance, and manage about 5000 ha of its vastly degraded mangrove resources over the next 10 years.', 'Blue Economy: Sierra Leone proposes plans to restore, enhance, and manage about 5000 ha of its vastly degraded mangrove resources over the next 10 years. The country also proposes to support the scaling of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and energy-efficient deployments in fishing boats, coastal recreational facilities, and fish landing sites. Similarly, Sierra Leone commits to increasing support to smallholder (on-farm) and commercial (off-farm) aquaculture experiments as an approach to increasing food security, employment, and income generation at the local level. 5.2 National GHG Inventory The Third National Communication (TNC) revealed that Energy generation contributed largely (99%) to the GHG emission for 2005 (about 20340.20 Gg of CO2) in Sierra Leone.', '5.2 National GHG Inventory The Third National Communication (TNC) revealed that Energy generation contributed largely (99%) to the GHG emission for 2005 (about 20340.20 Gg of CO2) in Sierra Leone. The increasing use of domestic individual diesel generators due to the lack of a well-functioning national grid system for electricity could explain this excessive consumption of fuel. The projection of CO2 emissions by fuel type is presented in table 4. The second highest contributor to GHG emissions in the country is waste, emitting 151.68Gg of CO2 specifically from landfills. Industrial processes contribute modestly (0.01955Gg CO2) to GHG emissions with cement production as the main source. The overall CO2 emission is projected to increase by 5% and 6% by 2025 and 2030 respectively from the baseline 2015.', 'The overall CO2 emission is projected to increase by 5% and 6% by 2025 and 2030 respectively from the baseline 2015. Distribution by sectors Table 4: Projection of CO2 emissions by fuel type (in GgCO2 e.) Distribution by gases Methane emission is dominated by waste (about 93% of the total emissions) and agriculture especially livestock waste (about 4%). Both CH4 and N2O emissions are projected to increase by 1% by 2025 from the baseline 2015 (Table 5). Table 5: 15-year projection of annual GHG Emissions (in MtCO2e) (source: Draft SL-BUR 1,Updated Nationally Determined Contribution The above projections will be reviewed by the Fourth National Communications, which will be developed in 2023.', 'Table 5: 15-year projection of annual GHG Emissions (in MtCO2e) (source: Draft SL-BUR 1,Updated Nationally Determined Contribution The above projections will be reviewed by the Fourth National Communications, which will be developed in 2023. It will offer stakeholders in the country an opportunity to further contribute to designing and implementing mitigation measures based on technically sound assessments. The process will involve GHG inventory preparation, mitigation options analysis, and forward planning to ensure key considerations are integrated into relevant social, economic, and environmental policies and actions. 5.3 Mitigation strategy The strategy for implementing mitigation measures is made up of three main required components: mitigation goals, mitigation actions, and an action plan for implementation. These provide a framework to identify, prioritize and implement actions to reduce climate risks and vulnerabilities.', 'These provide a framework to identify, prioritize and implement actions to reduce climate risks and vulnerabilities. The mitigation strategy fully takes account of gaps and achievements made with the implementation of mitigation measures since 2015, when the INDC of Sierra Leone was elaborated before COP21 to the UNFCCC where the Paris Agreement has been adopted. Table 6: Climate mitigation progress since 2015 Strategy Associate d Priority Sector (s) Progress made (2015 to date) Institutionalization of coordination, monitoring, reporting and verification of climate change issues by strengthening the Environment Protection Agency for effective and efficient provision of technical policy advice to the Government and people of Sierra Leone for relevant decision making in transitioning to green economic growth. All sectors ● Inter-ministerial committee established for environmental and climate change coordination.', 'All sectors ● Inter-ministerial committee established for environmental and climate change coordination. ● National climate change standing committee established in 2016 to coordinate climate change actions at national level ● Regional climate change committees established in 2020 for regional level coordination. Transformation of the National Meteorological Services of Sierra Leone and strengthening of Climate Change Early Warning System of Sierra Leone All Sectors ● Sierra Leone Meteorological Agency Act of ● The Sierra Leone Meteorological Department transformed into an Agency in 2017 Promotion of energy efficiency, enhanced management and expansion of the energy mix through uptake of renewable energy sources (Solar, Wind, Hydro, Biomass) particularly in the rural areas of Sierra Leone.', 'Transformation of the National Meteorological Services of Sierra Leone and strengthening of Climate Change Early Warning System of Sierra Leone All Sectors ● Sierra Leone Meteorological Agency Act of ● The Sierra Leone Meteorological Department transformed into an Agency in 2017 Promotion of energy efficiency, enhanced management and expansion of the energy mix through uptake of renewable energy sources (Solar, Wind, Hydro, Biomass) particularly in the rural areas of Sierra Leone. Energy ● National Renewable Energy policy developed in 2016 and updated 2020 r ● Energy Efficiency policy developed in 2016 ● National clean cooking strategy and action plan developed in 2020 Enhancement of waste management systems at all levels to reduce pollution and greenhouse gas emissions under the category to improve health of both humans and animals and reduce global warming.', 'Energy ● National Renewable Energy policy developed in 2016 and updated 2020 r ● Energy Efficiency policy developed in 2016 ● National clean cooking strategy and action plan developed in 2020 Enhancement of waste management systems at all levels to reduce pollution and greenhouse gas emissions under the category to improve health of both humans and animals and reduce global warming. Waste ● Municipal solid waste collection enhanced through various youth-led schemes ● Funding secured for the establishment of a landfill site in the capital Diversification of economic growth through strengthened transport sub-sector, particularly the infrastructure to contribute to the reduction of regional and global emissions of greenhouses and build a stable economy.', 'Waste ● Municipal solid waste collection enhanced through various youth-led schemes ● Funding secured for the establishment of a landfill site in the capital Diversification of economic growth through strengthened transport sub-sector, particularly the infrastructure to contribute to the reduction of regional and global emissions of greenhouses and build a stable economy. Transport ● An Integrated and Resilient Urban Mobility Project is being implemented to mainstream climate change into various infrastructural development initiativesUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution Adoption and application of climate-smart and conservation agriculture through best agricultural practices that enhance soil fertility and improve crop yield AFOLU ● 8,500ha of forest trees planted by Miro Forestry ● The President recently launched the 5 million tree initiative to be completed in the next 4years (1.1 million trees already planted) ● Developed and implemented the Voluntary Guideline on the responsible governance of tenure of land fisheries and forest in the context of national food security Based on the analysis above, the following gaps have been identified: ● Most of the strategies lacked concrete actions and targets, linked partly to a lack of institutional capacity.', 'Transport ● An Integrated and Resilient Urban Mobility Project is being implemented to mainstream climate change into various infrastructural development initiativesUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution Adoption and application of climate-smart and conservation agriculture through best agricultural practices that enhance soil fertility and improve crop yield AFOLU ● 8,500ha of forest trees planted by Miro Forestry ● The President recently launched the 5 million tree initiative to be completed in the next 4years (1.1 million trees already planted) ● Developed and implemented the Voluntary Guideline on the responsible governance of tenure of land fisheries and forest in the context of national food security Based on the analysis above, the following gaps have been identified: ● Most of the strategies lacked concrete actions and targets, linked partly to a lack of institutional capacity. This is gradually changing with the growing appetite for climate mitigation by both public and private entities; ● There are capacity gaps in project design for climate change mitigation, hence the low delivery on some of the proposals made previously ● Limited data and research capacity of the country to support implementation and monitoring of mitigation actions.', 'This is gradually changing with the growing appetite for climate mitigation by both public and private entities; ● There are capacity gaps in project design for climate change mitigation, hence the low delivery on some of the proposals made previously ● Limited data and research capacity of the country to support implementation and monitoring of mitigation actions. To fill gaps, this NDC proposes the following mitigation actions, to be implemented by 2025 (initial timeline for reviewing the NDC, and 2030 (end line for achieving measures proposed for mitigation).', 'To fill gaps, this NDC proposes the following mitigation actions, to be implemented by 2025 (initial timeline for reviewing the NDC, and 2030 (end line for achieving measures proposed for mitigation). Table 7 below proposes an action plan with timelines, responsibilities, and costs, as well as a sense of how mitigation actions will be prioritised for implementationUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution Table 7: Table 7: Strategies for implementing mitigation actions until 2030 Strategies Goal/Objectives Actions Sectors and product use; Targeted Period Indicative Cost Improve mechanisms for multilevel climate governance and coordination Goal: To improve NDC reporting and enhance climate governance. Objective 1: To improve coordination and collaboration of climate actions Objective 2: To increase awareness of climate risks and impacts Objective 3 : To embarrass emerging issues Trends Review existing policies, plans and regulations to mainstream climate change actions.', 'Objective 1: To improve coordination and collaboration of climate actions Objective 2: To increase awareness of climate risks and impacts Objective 3 : To embarrass emerging issues Trends Review existing policies, plans and regulations to mainstream climate change actions. 10,000,000 Enhance technical and human capacities of MoEnv, EPA and SLMet to facilitate the implementation, monitoring and reporting of NDC actions. enhance the climate change committees through policy and community engagement Establish a centralised climate change MRV system at EPA/SLMet to enhance data generation analysis and management. Develop a communication and visibility strategy for mitigation actions in the NDC Review existing strategies/work plan Enhance technical and human capacities of their relevant sectors Increase Energy efficiency and access through the dissemination of clean energy technologies Goal: To improve on national action to reduce carbon emission Objective 1: To promote efficient energy use and reduce grid-based GHG emissions.', 'Develop a communication and visibility strategy for mitigation actions in the NDC Review existing strategies/work plan Enhance technical and human capacities of their relevant sectors Increase Energy efficiency and access through the dissemination of clean energy technologies Goal: To improve on national action to reduce carbon emission Objective 1: To promote efficient energy use and reduce grid-based GHG emissions. Switching and promotion for renewable energy (Solar Energy & LPG) 450,000,000 Provider of alternative energy sources such as Biofuels (from corn, sugarcane, rice husk etc.) Promoting briquettes made from grass and other waste materialsUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution Objective 2: To support renewable and clean energy drive and reduce burden on the forest for carbon sink. Objective 3: Promote the development of clean development mechanism (CDM) and nationally adaptation mitigation action (NAMA) project.', 'Objective 3: Promote the development of clean development mechanism (CDM) and nationally adaptation mitigation action (NAMA) project. Promote access to off-grid solar energy sources/ Street lightening in public places and buildings using energy efficient appliances/lamps Develop and promote a minimum energy efficient performance standard. Gradually phasedown fluorinated gases with climate friendly refrigerants as per the phasedown schedule of the Kigali amendment to the Montreal Protocol Support private sector led initiative for the promotion of clean energy technologies Monitor and track emission from the extractive and manufacturing sector and regulate actions through environment social health and impact assessment Development of the BIO energy policy and strategy Promote the mainstreaming of climate actions into processes within industries Goal: To reduce carbon emission from industrial processes.', 'Gradually phasedown fluorinated gases with climate friendly refrigerants as per the phasedown schedule of the Kigali amendment to the Montreal Protocol Support private sector led initiative for the promotion of clean energy technologies Monitor and track emission from the extractive and manufacturing sector and regulate actions through environment social health and impact assessment Development of the BIO energy policy and strategy Promote the mainstreaming of climate actions into processes within industries Goal: To reduce carbon emission from industrial processes. Objective 1: promote private sector investment in emission reduction actions Promote the use of clean and renewable energy in the extractive and manufacturing sector 350,000,000 Promote grid and/or on-site renewable power production to be replace by use of diesel/HFO by industries Ensure reclamation of mine out are by extractive industries through a progressive rehabilitation and address legacy environmental issues in the mining sector Monitor and track emission from the extractive and manufacturing sector and regulate actions through an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Process Improve and maintain Sierra Leone’s forests as a major carbon sink.', 'Objective 1: promote private sector investment in emission reduction actions Promote the use of clean and renewable energy in the extractive and manufacturing sector 350,000,000 Promote grid and/or on-site renewable power production to be replace by use of diesel/HFO by industries Ensure reclamation of mine out are by extractive industries through a progressive rehabilitation and address legacy environmental issues in the mining sector Monitor and track emission from the extractive and manufacturing sector and regulate actions through an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Process Improve and maintain Sierra Leone’s forests as a major carbon sink. Goal: To enhance sink and promote the trade Objective 1: to maintain and improve the integrity of the forest biodiversity.', 'Goal: To enhance sink and promote the trade Objective 1: to maintain and improve the integrity of the forest biodiversity. Develop a national forest inventory and forest management information system 50,000,000 Develop new REDD+ initiatives for terrestrial forest Reforest14,000 hectares degraded economic and agro- forestry Develop REDD+ initiative for the Mangrove reserve in the Sierra River EstuaryUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution Enhance integrated waste management system in the country Goal: to reduce emission of greenhouse gas from waste Objective 1: reduce ) emission Objective 2: Improve hygiene environment health of the country Increase waste management infrastructure and ease access 400,000,000 Promote waste to energy through the extraction gas Develop incineration facilities in Freetown and other major facilities to reduced CH4 emissions from landfill sites Reducing methane emissions from wastewater and providing a nutrient-rich digestate that can be used as a fertilizer (Reduction of CH4 and CO2 emissions) Investment in reuse and recycling technology and create employment opportunity for youth, through the circular economy approach.', 'Develop a national forest inventory and forest management information system 50,000,000 Develop new REDD+ initiatives for terrestrial forest Reforest14,000 hectares degraded economic and agro- forestry Develop REDD+ initiative for the Mangrove reserve in the Sierra River EstuaryUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution Enhance integrated waste management system in the country Goal: to reduce emission of greenhouse gas from waste Objective 1: reduce ) emission Objective 2: Improve hygiene environment health of the country Increase waste management infrastructure and ease access 400,000,000 Promote waste to energy through the extraction gas Develop incineration facilities in Freetown and other major facilities to reduced CH4 emissions from landfill sites Reducing methane emissions from wastewater and providing a nutrient-rich digestate that can be used as a fertilizer (Reduction of CH4 and CO2 emissions) Investment in reuse and recycling technology and create employment opportunity for youth, through the circular economy approach. Development of commercial scale aerobic composting systems for agricultural and forestry residue, manure, food processing, household kitchen and garden waste, and biosolids (organic solids from treated sewage).', 'Development of commercial scale aerobic composting systems for agricultural and forestry residue, manure, food processing, household kitchen and garden waste, and biosolids (organic solids from treated sewage). Reduction in CH4 emissions, since methane-producing microbes are not active in the presence of oxygen.', 'Reduction in CH4 emissions, since methane-producing microbes are not active in the presence of oxygen. Sustainable management of water sheds and fresh water resources for human ecological benefits Enforcement of by-laws for land use management and water sheds (Local authorities and police) Established Watershed and fresh water committee that are gender sensitive for responsible and sustainable water management Review and update of National Laws towards Water Sheds Maintain the integrity of the marine and coastal environment Capacity building and sensitization of communities to waste segregation (Door to door campaign) Building the Capacity of community Youth to transform waste into wealth Diversification of economic growth through strengthened transport sub-sector, particularly the infrastructure to contribute to the reduction of regional and global emissions of greenhouses and Designing and improvement of provincial and feeder roads using Climate resilient surfacing materials.', 'Sustainable management of water sheds and fresh water resources for human ecological benefits Enforcement of by-laws for land use management and water sheds (Local authorities and police) Established Watershed and fresh water committee that are gender sensitive for responsible and sustainable water management Review and update of National Laws towards Water Sheds Maintain the integrity of the marine and coastal environment Capacity building and sensitization of communities to waste segregation (Door to door campaign) Building the Capacity of community Youth to transform waste into wealth Diversification of economic growth through strengthened transport sub-sector, particularly the infrastructure to contribute to the reduction of regional and global emissions of greenhouses and Designing and improvement of provincial and feeder roads using Climate resilient surfacing materials. Mass transportation (rail, road and water) for passengers and cargoes using clean alternative energy sources Improvement of the water transport system Quality control for spare parts for all types of vehicles Promote emission testing for all heavy types of machinery and vehiclesUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution build a stable economy.', 'Mass transportation (rail, road and water) for passengers and cargoes using clean alternative energy sources Improvement of the water transport system Quality control for spare parts for all types of vehicles Promote emission testing for all heavy types of machinery and vehiclesUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution build a stable economy. Development of transport infrastructure to incorporate walkways and bicycle tracks Introduce E-mobility programme and plans to promote the use of electric buses, passenger vehicles (cars) and motor tricycles, resulting in displaced conventional vehicle sales, transport fuel imports and associated GHG emissions. Develop strategy on the age limit of vehicles imported into Sierra Leone Adoption and application of climate- smart and conservation agriculture through best agricultural practices that enhance soil fertility and improve crop yield Goal: to Increase agricultural productivity and reduce deforestation improvement in Agricultural practices Objective 2: Using the wet and low land for crop production to reduce deforestation.', 'Develop strategy on the age limit of vehicles imported into Sierra Leone Adoption and application of climate- smart and conservation agriculture through best agricultural practices that enhance soil fertility and improve crop yield Goal: to Increase agricultural productivity and reduce deforestation improvement in Agricultural practices Objective 2: Using the wet and low land for crop production to reduce deforestation. Objective 3: Using organic manure to reduce the water pollution Using modern machinery and technology to increased production yield Shifting from high to low and wetland to reduce deforestation Organic manure to reduce fertilizer use that has the tendency of depleting the soil fertility and polluting the water bodies of the wetlandsUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution 6. ADAPTATION CONTRIBUTION Sierra Leone is vulnerable to various climate risks. For instance, sea level rise threatens low- lying coastal Sierra Leone, especially the communities of Kroo Bay and Moa Wharf.', 'For instance, sea level rise threatens low- lying coastal Sierra Leone, especially the communities of Kroo Bay and Moa Wharf. There have been reports of increased coastal flood events, coastal erosion, and reduction in freshwater quality, population displacement, loss of property, reduction in groundwater resources, and reduced agricultural potential for coastal areas. Impacts of climate change on human health with an increase in the likelihood of certain diseases such as cholera, as well as the toll certain events take on agricultural production, infrastructure, tourism, public health and biodiversity, have also been documented (see for example, ref 1, ref2).', 'Impacts of climate change on human health with an increase in the likelihood of certain diseases such as cholera, as well as the toll certain events take on agricultural production, infrastructure, tourism, public health and biodiversity, have also been documented (see for example, ref 1, ref2). Moreover, climate change is now recognized to have a significant impact on disaster risk reduction efforts and pose a considerable threat to efforts to meet the evolving needs of vulnerable communities In these circumstances, it is imperative to reduce the impacts of climate change. Some priorities include improving health delivery services, improving supply of safe drinking water and sanitation, increasing funding to the health sector, development of an early warning systems, strengthening meteorological and hydrological institutions, providing coastal infrastructure, improving sanitation, among other actions.', 'Some priorities include improving health delivery services, improving supply of safe drinking water and sanitation, increasing funding to the health sector, development of an early warning systems, strengthening meteorological and hydrological institutions, providing coastal infrastructure, improving sanitation, among other actions. Key priorities will be drawn from the iNAP, which reflects goals set for adaptation in various plans and strategies. As such, the INAP provides a key resource for implementing the adaptation actions outlined in this NDC. 6.2 Adaptation planning The goals, actions, and plan proposed for adaptation in this section provide a country-driven and comprehensive approach to planning and implementation across multiple sectors and at scale.', '6.2 Adaptation planning The goals, actions, and plan proposed for adaptation in this section provide a country-driven and comprehensive approach to planning and implementation across multiple sectors and at scale. The approach sets out the adaptation outcomes the country is aiming to achieve, as well as how they will be achieved through iterative planning, public engagement, GESI mainstreaming, and other processes required for effective adaptation. These actions will be reviewed as the knowledge of climate risks and vulnerabilities across sectors and communities increases, as well as when the needs and capacities of different stakeholders evolve.', 'These actions will be reviewed as the knowledge of climate risks and vulnerabilities across sectors and communities increases, as well as when the needs and capacities of different stakeholders evolve. The following analysis shows the progress made with the implementation of adaptation measures since 2015 (see table 8).Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Table 8: Climate adaptation progress since 2015 Strategy Associated Priority Sector (s) Progress made since 2015 Estimation, in a sustainable manner, of Sierra Leone’s contribution to global warming and climate change. All sectors ● Most of the actions in the NAPA were developed into a bankable project, and progress monitored and reported through the national communication. Management of rangelands and pastures by managing grazing systems and grazing intensity, fire management and pasture rehabilitation. Agriculture and Food Security ● Not implemented Integrated management of crops and Livestock management.', 'Agriculture and Food Security ● Not implemented Integrated management of crops and Livestock management. Strategy Agriculture and Food Security ● Not implemented Restoration of degraded lands with high production potential Environment ● Development of mined out area rehabilitation plan for four major mining companies (Sierra rutile, Koidu holdings, African Minerals, and London Mining) ● 1.2 million seedlings transplanted under the National Tree Planting Project out of a total of 5, million ● 100 ha of degraded mangrove sites restored and enhanced in 25 coastal wetland communities. Management of coastal and fisheries resources through promotion of non- destructive fishing techniques to maintain resilience of marine ecosystems. Environment ● Implementing the youth in fisheries project in seven coastal districts, targeting 7,000 youths. ● Implementing the West African regional Fisheries Programme Promotion and facilitation of early warning and disaster preparedness system.', '● Implementing the West African regional Fisheries Programme Promotion and facilitation of early warning and disaster preparedness system. Environment ● Installed 8 weather stations across the country through the GEF funded Climate information and Early Warning System project. ● Installed 8 Agromet stations through the climate smart agriculture project. Strengthen integration of climate change adaptation into the health Sector. Environment ● No action taken Strengthen the adaptive capacity of the most vulnerable groups and communities through social safety nets and insurance schemes. Gender and Social protection Issues ● NaCSA rolling out the social safety net project to 28,538 Households in 10 Districts across the country. Enhance the resilience of the tourism value chain. Environment ● Developed the Ecotourism Policy and Action Plan in 2015.', 'Environment ● Developed the Ecotourism Policy and Action Plan in 2015. ● Coastal protection works through planting of assorted tree species by ecotourism communities, shift from mud or makeshift iron sheet dwellings to brick houses; ● Cleaning of coastal beaches and removal of Sargassum Seaweeds as an adaptation strategy. ● Ecotourism enhanced through the construction of Eco-lodges and environmentally friendly facilities in various island communities Create enabling environment for the resilience of private sector investment, demonstrate an operational business case. All Sector ● Not Implemented Integrate climate change adaptation into the mining/extractive sector Hard and soft infrastructure ● Not Implemented Mainstream climate change adaptation in land reforms. Environment ● National land policy developed, with provisions for climate change and environmentUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution 6.3 Adaptation strategy Table 9 below presents strategies for climate adaptation across multiple sectors.', 'Environment ● National land policy developed, with provisions for climate change and environmentUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution 6.3 Adaptation strategy Table 9 below presents strategies for climate adaptation across multiple sectors. The strategies are rooted in: ● Actions to identify and assess risks, and managing those risks to minimize impact ● An understanding that different communities, ecosystems, and sectors are affected differently by climate change and hence, require different plans, including soft, hard, and ecosystem-based ● A consideration of future climate change impacts, as well as those already being experienced ● A phased approach to build flexibility and resilience in planning ● Specific, measurable, achievable, results-oriented, and time-bound objectives that allow a continuous review of the effectiveness, efficiency, equity, and legitimacy of adaptation actionsUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution Table 9: Action plan for implementing adaptation actions Strategies Goal/Objectives Actions Sectors 1- Agriculture and food security; 2- Water resources and energy; 3- Coastal Disaster management; 6- Gender and social inclusion; 7- Hard and soft infrastructures Targeted Period Indicative Cost By By Management of rangelands and pastures by managing grazing systems and grazing intensity, fire management and pasture rehabilitation.', 'The strategies are rooted in: ● Actions to identify and assess risks, and managing those risks to minimize impact ● An understanding that different communities, ecosystems, and sectors are affected differently by climate change and hence, require different plans, including soft, hard, and ecosystem-based ● A consideration of future climate change impacts, as well as those already being experienced ● A phased approach to build flexibility and resilience in planning ● Specific, measurable, achievable, results-oriented, and time-bound objectives that allow a continuous review of the effectiveness, efficiency, equity, and legitimacy of adaptation actionsUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution Table 9: Action plan for implementing adaptation actions Strategies Goal/Objectives Actions Sectors 1- Agriculture and food security; 2- Water resources and energy; 3- Coastal Disaster management; 6- Gender and social inclusion; 7- Hard and soft infrastructures Targeted Period Indicative Cost By By Management of rangelands and pastures by managing grazing systems and grazing intensity, fire management and pasture rehabilitation. Ensure effective animal husbandry and agricultural productivity 2 Enhance sustainable Land use practices for improved Agricultural productivity Reduction of the burning of the grazing land to reduce land degradation Construction of fire belts to reduce the burning of forest land Introduce drought, temperature and flood resistant crops Improve infrastructure and water management (irrigation and water harvesting) Develop and regulate effective animal grassing system Develop structures for conflict resolution in respect of Land use Integrated management of crops and Livestock management.', 'Ensure effective animal husbandry and agricultural productivity 2 Enhance sustainable Land use practices for improved Agricultural productivity Reduction of the burning of the grazing land to reduce land degradation Construction of fire belts to reduce the burning of forest land Introduce drought, temperature and flood resistant crops Improve infrastructure and water management (irrigation and water harvesting) Develop and regulate effective animal grassing system Develop structures for conflict resolution in respect of Land use Integrated management of crops and Livestock management. Strategy Goal: Ensure integrated and sustainable crop and Livestock production Introduce pest and disease resilient crops Control free range animal grazing Embank on effective agricultural research Strengthen integration of climate change adaptation into the health Sector. Build adaptive capacity and resilience of the health sector Mainstream CC into the Health Sector Reduce taxation on private SectorUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution Create enabling environment for the resilience of private sector investment, demonstrate an operational business case.', 'Build adaptive capacity and resilience of the health sector Mainstream CC into the Health Sector Reduce taxation on private SectorUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution Create enabling environment for the resilience of private sector investment, demonstrate an operational business case. Gaol: Leverage Public sector Investment Build the capacity of the private sector on climate related actions Improve monitoring and evaluation of corporate social responsibilities Integrate climate change adaptation into the mining/extractive sector Ensure the mining sector becomes climate smart and resilient Effective implementation of EIA Promote Afforestation practices Create alternative livelihoods of women in the mining sector through effective corporate social responsibilities Promote climate- smart agriculture and climate-resilient food security practices Goal: Ensure Climate e resilient agriculture Objective 1: Development of crop varieties adaptable to ensuring climate conditions Objective 2: Practicing alternative crop production on the same land Adoption and application of climate-smart and conservation agriculture through best agricultural practices that enhance soil fertility and improve crop yield Integrated management of crops and livestock management Develop and maintain seed banks to provide a variety of seed types that preserve biological diversity and enable farmers to make informed choices Promote innovative and adaptive approaches such as irrigation and water harvesting to protect farmers from variability in rainfall Provide appropriate infrastructure, social services and effective mechanization of agriculture in the rural areas to slowdown massive movements of youths into urban areas Mainstream Climate Change into Agricultural Development Strategies and ensure inclusion of women Improve research and knowledge management Scientific research conducted to ascertain Support the establishment of adequate weather stations around the country in order to provide reliable and adequate weather dataUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution capacities to Support Climate-Smart Agriculture and resilient land management robust data on risk and vulnerability of mangrove that will be useful to properly provide tailored climate services to farmers Provide adequate support to the Sierra Leone Agricultural Research Institute as well as Njala University to develop appropriate crop varieties and production practices that will enhance resilience to adverse weather conditions Promote innovative and adaptive approaches such as irrigation and water harvesting, to protect farmers from variability in rainfall Develop modelling approaches and tools to allow assessment of impacts of climate change on export and domestic crops and meat production Develop regional links to fund and promote plant breeding programs for common crops Review approaches to integrated pest management under climate change Conduct a feasibility study to gather information on community perceptions of climate-smart agriculture techniques Improve institutional and functional capacities for integrated water management Improve planning and coordination of the use of the river basin, which may provide solutions to problems of water quality and supply Increase and maintain investment in hydrological monitoring and water use through a national database Fund research into adopting a water resources and water supply planning method under climate change Develop appropriate modelling tools to assist strategic planning of water resources Investigate shifting focus from groundwater to surface water storage for water supply to reduce the reliance on vulnerable coastal aquifersUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution Enhance universal access to energy by promoting renewables and energy efficiency Establish and operationalize a National Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (NaCREEE) to promote off-grid Stand-alone Solar (SAS) investments through technical advice and knowledge sharing in the areas of policy and regulation, technology development and transfer, and public education Increase awareness of off-grid SAS and strengthen market knowledge by improving market intelligence Strengthen local institutions and empower the private sector through capacity, network, and partnership building Provide up-to-date market information through further studies and awareness raising campaigns Align technology development and knowledge transfer goals with regional goals set for 2030 Technically support the Energy Planning Unit in creating a pipeline of off-grid SAS projects Introduce solar technology management in school curricula and technical and vocational education at the tertiary level Develop guidelines for the standardization of off-grid solar systems including technical equipment, design and assessment methods, operations and maintenance procedures, and environmental compliance Mobilize financial institutions to create investment packages and counterpart funding Mainstream considerations of Gender Equality and Social Inclusion into Goal: Ensure maximum gender dimension in addressing Climate challenges Expand women’s and youth employment opportunities and participation in the management of off-grid solar energy interventionsUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution sectoral plans and strategies Objective1: Include more women and Youths in addressing climate change challenges Build women-led partnerships at the local level to facilitate knowledge exchange, resource mobilization, and sustained quality of services Bridge the gap in the proportion of women to men employment as solar technicians, engineers, and project managers by promoting the entry of more women into jobs delivered within the sector through information, communication, education campaigns, scholarships, and job placements Build the capacities of youth, women, PWDs, and other disadvantaged groups in using off-grid solar energy resources safely and productively (including for livelihood and business development or improvement) Improve climate change adaptation infrastructure across priority sectors Goal: Provision of necessary in infrastructure in agriculture, Water Resources and Energy, Gender and coastal zone management To provide basic necessary climate change adaptation infrastructure for enhancing resilience to the resulting climate change challenges Enhance waste management systems at all levels to reduce pollution and greenhouse gas emissions so as to improve health of both humans and animals and reduce climate change Support the construction of appropriate roads particularly feeder roads in the rural areas as a climate resilience strategy Diversify economic growth through a strengthened transport sector, particularly the infrastructure to contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions Mainstream climate change adaptation considerations into sectoral plans and strategies Goal: Climate change adaptation mainstreamed and implemented To mainstream Climate Change adaptation challenges in stakeholder sectorial plans.', 'Gaol: Leverage Public sector Investment Build the capacity of the private sector on climate related actions Improve monitoring and evaluation of corporate social responsibilities Integrate climate change adaptation into the mining/extractive sector Ensure the mining sector becomes climate smart and resilient Effective implementation of EIA Promote Afforestation practices Create alternative livelihoods of women in the mining sector through effective corporate social responsibilities Promote climate- smart agriculture and climate-resilient food security practices Goal: Ensure Climate e resilient agriculture Objective 1: Development of crop varieties adaptable to ensuring climate conditions Objective 2: Practicing alternative crop production on the same land Adoption and application of climate-smart and conservation agriculture through best agricultural practices that enhance soil fertility and improve crop yield Integrated management of crops and livestock management Develop and maintain seed banks to provide a variety of seed types that preserve biological diversity and enable farmers to make informed choices Promote innovative and adaptive approaches such as irrigation and water harvesting to protect farmers from variability in rainfall Provide appropriate infrastructure, social services and effective mechanization of agriculture in the rural areas to slowdown massive movements of youths into urban areas Mainstream Climate Change into Agricultural Development Strategies and ensure inclusion of women Improve research and knowledge management Scientific research conducted to ascertain Support the establishment of adequate weather stations around the country in order to provide reliable and adequate weather dataUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution capacities to Support Climate-Smart Agriculture and resilient land management robust data on risk and vulnerability of mangrove that will be useful to properly provide tailored climate services to farmers Provide adequate support to the Sierra Leone Agricultural Research Institute as well as Njala University to develop appropriate crop varieties and production practices that will enhance resilience to adverse weather conditions Promote innovative and adaptive approaches such as irrigation and water harvesting, to protect farmers from variability in rainfall Develop modelling approaches and tools to allow assessment of impacts of climate change on export and domestic crops and meat production Develop regional links to fund and promote plant breeding programs for common crops Review approaches to integrated pest management under climate change Conduct a feasibility study to gather information on community perceptions of climate-smart agriculture techniques Improve institutional and functional capacities for integrated water management Improve planning and coordination of the use of the river basin, which may provide solutions to problems of water quality and supply Increase and maintain investment in hydrological monitoring and water use through a national database Fund research into adopting a water resources and water supply planning method under climate change Develop appropriate modelling tools to assist strategic planning of water resources Investigate shifting focus from groundwater to surface water storage for water supply to reduce the reliance on vulnerable coastal aquifersUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution Enhance universal access to energy by promoting renewables and energy efficiency Establish and operationalize a National Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (NaCREEE) to promote off-grid Stand-alone Solar (SAS) investments through technical advice and knowledge sharing in the areas of policy and regulation, technology development and transfer, and public education Increase awareness of off-grid SAS and strengthen market knowledge by improving market intelligence Strengthen local institutions and empower the private sector through capacity, network, and partnership building Provide up-to-date market information through further studies and awareness raising campaigns Align technology development and knowledge transfer goals with regional goals set for 2030 Technically support the Energy Planning Unit in creating a pipeline of off-grid SAS projects Introduce solar technology management in school curricula and technical and vocational education at the tertiary level Develop guidelines for the standardization of off-grid solar systems including technical equipment, design and assessment methods, operations and maintenance procedures, and environmental compliance Mobilize financial institutions to create investment packages and counterpart funding Mainstream considerations of Gender Equality and Social Inclusion into Goal: Ensure maximum gender dimension in addressing Climate challenges Expand women’s and youth employment opportunities and participation in the management of off-grid solar energy interventionsUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution sectoral plans and strategies Objective1: Include more women and Youths in addressing climate change challenges Build women-led partnerships at the local level to facilitate knowledge exchange, resource mobilization, and sustained quality of services Bridge the gap in the proportion of women to men employment as solar technicians, engineers, and project managers by promoting the entry of more women into jobs delivered within the sector through information, communication, education campaigns, scholarships, and job placements Build the capacities of youth, women, PWDs, and other disadvantaged groups in using off-grid solar energy resources safely and productively (including for livelihood and business development or improvement) Improve climate change adaptation infrastructure across priority sectors Goal: Provision of necessary in infrastructure in agriculture, Water Resources and Energy, Gender and coastal zone management To provide basic necessary climate change adaptation infrastructure for enhancing resilience to the resulting climate change challenges Enhance waste management systems at all levels to reduce pollution and greenhouse gas emissions so as to improve health of both humans and animals and reduce climate change Support the construction of appropriate roads particularly feeder roads in the rural areas as a climate resilience strategy Diversify economic growth through a strengthened transport sector, particularly the infrastructure to contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions Mainstream climate change adaptation considerations into sectoral plans and strategies Goal: Climate change adaptation mainstreamed and implemented To mainstream Climate Change adaptation challenges in stakeholder sectorial plans. Strengthen integration of climate change adaptation into the health sector Monitor and control WASH activities in informal settlements Develop local institutional capacity Goal: The development of local institutional support to Monitor academic and public news media to keep informed about changes in climate 10,000,000Updated Nationally Determined Contribution to support coastal resources management stakeholders for sustainable management of coastal resources.', 'Strengthen integration of climate change adaptation into the health sector Monitor and control WASH activities in informal settlements Develop local institutional capacity Goal: The development of local institutional support to Monitor academic and public news media to keep informed about changes in climate 10,000,000Updated Nationally Determined Contribution to support coastal resources management stakeholders for sustainable management of coastal resources. To provide institutional capacity building for sustainable coastal resources management change science and adaptation tools, technologies, and success stories Operationalize a Coastal Chiefdoms Natural Resources Management Network (CCNRMN) and various co-management committees Support the development, validation and enforcement of by-laws on mangrove wood harvesting, fishing and sand mining, at local and regional levels to promote mangrove conservation and adaptation to climate change Collect physical and socioeconomic data to better understand vulnerabilities and impacts Train relevant coastal institutions on climate change adaptation and mangrove conservation Management of coastal and fisheries resources Goal: Sustainable utilization of coastal and fisheries recourses through legislative reforms and enforcement to enhance economic growth Objective: To provide necessary support for the sustainable management of the fisheries resources To provide support for the mainstreaming of fisheries issues into local government policies Promotion of non-destructive fishing techniques to maintain resilience of marine ecosystems Promotion of monitoring, control and surveillance of fishing grounds and fish stocks for sustainable exploitation Promotion of climate change related education and awareness programs Improve productivity and sustainable management of fisheries and the marine sector Develop and operationalize an integrated coastal zone management plan Adopt an adaptive management approach for the governance of coastal management institutions and interventions Improve fisheries governance through awareness raising and law enforcement to regulate fishing practicesUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution Mainstream climate change adaptation into coastal development plans, thus using local development funds managed by councils to build resilience Increase human (social) development through technology transfer and livelihood support Goal The achieve an increase in human development with support from technology Objective: To achieve livelihood support through technology transfer Strengthen the adaptive capacity of the most vulnerable groups and communities through social safety nets and insurance schemes Undertake research to assess local uptake potential of livelihood techniques and technologies Promote agri-sylvicultural practices and sustainable rice cultivation in coastal landscapes Provide information and improve knowledge on climate risks and vulnerabilities Goal: To improve knowledge on climate risk and vulnerability Objective 1: To Reduce Health risk through sustainable health practices, improved infrastructure, and diversified economy Delineate hazard (flood and erosion prone) areas along the coastline Improve the quality of topographic data for the coastal zone Establish robust and long-term mangrove ecosystem health surveillance, monitoring and analysis to develop insights into their current state and map future risks and vulnerabilities Improve Natural Resources Management in critical biodiversity hotspots Goal: To achieve restoration of degraded lands To achieve appreciable level of restoration of degraded land Objective 2: To restorat critical biodiversity hotspot Manage rangelands and pastures by managing grazing systems and grazing intensity, fire management and pasture rehabilitation Restore degraded lands with high production potential Establish new forest reserves, national parks, and protected areas Improve the resilience of environmental value chains across the sector (including forestry, mining, tourism, and land management).', 'To provide institutional capacity building for sustainable coastal resources management change science and adaptation tools, technologies, and success stories Operationalize a Coastal Chiefdoms Natural Resources Management Network (CCNRMN) and various co-management committees Support the development, validation and enforcement of by-laws on mangrove wood harvesting, fishing and sand mining, at local and regional levels to promote mangrove conservation and adaptation to climate change Collect physical and socioeconomic data to better understand vulnerabilities and impacts Train relevant coastal institutions on climate change adaptation and mangrove conservation Management of coastal and fisheries resources Goal: Sustainable utilization of coastal and fisheries recourses through legislative reforms and enforcement to enhance economic growth Objective: To provide necessary support for the sustainable management of the fisheries resources To provide support for the mainstreaming of fisheries issues into local government policies Promotion of non-destructive fishing techniques to maintain resilience of marine ecosystems Promotion of monitoring, control and surveillance of fishing grounds and fish stocks for sustainable exploitation Promotion of climate change related education and awareness programs Improve productivity and sustainable management of fisheries and the marine sector Develop and operationalize an integrated coastal zone management plan Adopt an adaptive management approach for the governance of coastal management institutions and interventions Improve fisheries governance through awareness raising and law enforcement to regulate fishing practicesUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution Mainstream climate change adaptation into coastal development plans, thus using local development funds managed by councils to build resilience Increase human (social) development through technology transfer and livelihood support Goal The achieve an increase in human development with support from technology Objective: To achieve livelihood support through technology transfer Strengthen the adaptive capacity of the most vulnerable groups and communities through social safety nets and insurance schemes Undertake research to assess local uptake potential of livelihood techniques and technologies Promote agri-sylvicultural practices and sustainable rice cultivation in coastal landscapes Provide information and improve knowledge on climate risks and vulnerabilities Goal: To improve knowledge on climate risk and vulnerability Objective 1: To Reduce Health risk through sustainable health practices, improved infrastructure, and diversified economy Delineate hazard (flood and erosion prone) areas along the coastline Improve the quality of topographic data for the coastal zone Establish robust and long-term mangrove ecosystem health surveillance, monitoring and analysis to develop insights into their current state and map future risks and vulnerabilities Improve Natural Resources Management in critical biodiversity hotspots Goal: To achieve restoration of degraded lands To achieve appreciable level of restoration of degraded land Objective 2: To restorat critical biodiversity hotspot Manage rangelands and pastures by managing grazing systems and grazing intensity, fire management and pasture rehabilitation Restore degraded lands with high production potential Establish new forest reserves, national parks, and protected areas Improve the resilience of environmental value chains across the sector (including forestry, mining, tourism, and land management). Goal: To strengthen tourist destination for socioeconomic gains Objective 1: To restore degraded forest lands Enhance the resilience of the tourism value chainUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution Mainstream climate change adaptation considerations into sectoral plans and strategies Goal: To achieve mainstreaming of Climate change adaptation manures Objective: To mobilize sustain financial resoures for implementation of climate change adaptation measures Integrate climate change adaptation into the mining/extractive sector Mainstream climate change adaptation into land reforms (including establishment of a land commission and revision of the land policy) Improve institutional and functional capacities for environmental governance Goal: To build institutional capacity for improved environmental governance Objective: strengthen capacity of lead institutions to enhance governance Review the current Draft Climate Policy into a comprehensive Climate Act Establish the enabling legislative framework to implement the NCCS&AP actions Establish and/or strengthen the high-level National Climate Change Council (NCCC), in the Office of the President Establish a Sierra Leone Climate Fund to be a financing mechanism for priority climate change actions and interventions Institutionalize coordination, monitoring, reporting and verification of climate change issues by strengthening the Environment Protection Agency for effective and efficient provision of technical policy advice to the Government and people of Sierra Leone Establish early warning systems to improve local understanding of risks Goal: Improved Early warning preparedness systems Objective: To provide early warning system to communities to reduce vulnerability to extreme event Promotion and facilitation of early warning and disaster preparedness system Strengthening the newly transformed National Meteorological Services of Sierra Leone for the NDC expected service delivery Build capacity in observations and monitoring of climate systems, and in developing, packaging and communicating weather and climate information Develop deeper insight into climate-related hazards, vulnerability and risksUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution Promote climate related research, modelling and prediction of weather and climate events.', 'Goal: To strengthen tourist destination for socioeconomic gains Objective 1: To restore degraded forest lands Enhance the resilience of the tourism value chainUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution Mainstream climate change adaptation considerations into sectoral plans and strategies Goal: To achieve mainstreaming of Climate change adaptation manures Objective: To mobilize sustain financial resoures for implementation of climate change adaptation measures Integrate climate change adaptation into the mining/extractive sector Mainstream climate change adaptation into land reforms (including establishment of a land commission and revision of the land policy) Improve institutional and functional capacities for environmental governance Goal: To build institutional capacity for improved environmental governance Objective: strengthen capacity of lead institutions to enhance governance Review the current Draft Climate Policy into a comprehensive Climate Act Establish the enabling legislative framework to implement the NCCS&AP actions Establish and/or strengthen the high-level National Climate Change Council (NCCC), in the Office of the President Establish a Sierra Leone Climate Fund to be a financing mechanism for priority climate change actions and interventions Institutionalize coordination, monitoring, reporting and verification of climate change issues by strengthening the Environment Protection Agency for effective and efficient provision of technical policy advice to the Government and people of Sierra Leone Establish early warning systems to improve local understanding of risks Goal: Improved Early warning preparedness systems Objective: To provide early warning system to communities to reduce vulnerability to extreme event Promotion and facilitation of early warning and disaster preparedness system Strengthening the newly transformed National Meteorological Services of Sierra Leone for the NDC expected service delivery Build capacity in observations and monitoring of climate systems, and in developing, packaging and communicating weather and climate information Develop deeper insight into climate-related hazards, vulnerability and risksUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution Promote climate related research, modelling and prediction of weather and climate events. Improve regulatory frameworks for disaster management Goal: Improve Legislative frameworks, coordination and monitoring mechanisms Objective: To enhance implementation of regulation relating to disaster management Adopt the current disaster risk reduction policy into a comprehensive Disaster Management and Emergency Response Policy Establish the enabling legislative framework to implement the DMD policy and action plan Establish and/or strengthen the high-level National DMD Council (NDMC), in the Office of the Vice President Establish a National DM Agency as the primary national government agency for disaster management responseUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution 7.', 'Improve regulatory frameworks for disaster management Goal: Improve Legislative frameworks, coordination and monitoring mechanisms Objective: To enhance implementation of regulation relating to disaster management Adopt the current disaster risk reduction policy into a comprehensive Disaster Management and Emergency Response Policy Establish the enabling legislative framework to implement the DMD policy and action plan Establish and/or strengthen the high-level National DMD Council (NDMC), in the Office of the Vice President Establish a National DM Agency as the primary national government agency for disaster management responseUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution 7. MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION The actions proposed in the preceding sections consider mitigation and adaptation complementary responses to climate change. The complementarity of actions is important because mitigation and adaptation responses interact with one another and reduce risks over different timescales.', 'The complementarity of actions is important because mitigation and adaptation responses interact with one another and reduce risks over different timescales. Through this approach, NDC implementation will contribute to nearly all the SDGs, as well as other local and international development indices (see section 7.5) . In general, the means of implementing the actions proposed above include sustainable financing, adequate and appropriate capacity, the adoption of new technologies, effective public and stakeholder engagement, GESI mainstreaming, policy influencing, and fit-for-purpose systems for governance. These factors are presented in the succeeding sections. Finance is required for the implementation of the mitigation and adaptation actions proposed in this NDC.', 'Finance is required for the implementation of the mitigation and adaptation actions proposed in this NDC. Various domestic and international vehicles will be explored for resource mobilisation, because international public financing sources like the Green Climate Fund (GCF) cannot provide all that is needed for a large-scale investment in addressing climate change. Accordingly, financing sources such as the private sector and domestic fiscal budgets will be explored, as described in Table 10 below.', 'Accordingly, financing sources such as the private sector and domestic fiscal budgets will be explored, as described in Table 10 below. Table 10: Potential vehicles and sources of climate financing Vehicles Potential sources Mobilisation strategy Domestic budget Government of Sierra Leone Annual allocations New tax levies Private sector Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean Fund (AFLAC) Africa Capitalization Fund, which invests in banks in Africa Green for Growth Fund (GGF) Climate Catalyst Fund Africa Climate Change Fund hosted by AfDB EU’s Emissions Trading Scheme and World Bank’s Community Development Carbon Fund (CDCF).', 'Table 10: Potential vehicles and sources of climate financing Vehicles Potential sources Mobilisation strategy Domestic budget Government of Sierra Leone Annual allocations New tax levies Private sector Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean Fund (AFLAC) Africa Capitalization Fund, which invests in banks in Africa Green for Growth Fund (GGF) Climate Catalyst Fund Africa Climate Change Fund hosted by AfDB EU’s Emissions Trading Scheme and World Bank’s Community Development Carbon Fund (CDCF). Partnership agreements Loan agreements Grant proposals International climate finance AFD French Development Agency Australia AID (AUSAID) Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), CCCFL China Climate Change Framework Loan (of EIB) CCPL Climate Change Program Loan (of AFD and JICA) DANIDA DFID European Investment Bank (EIB), European Union Emission Trading Scheme European Commission Global Climate Change Alliance FGEF French Global Environment Facility (of AFD) GEEREF Global Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Fund (advised by EIB) German International Climate Initiative Green Climate Fund Adaptation Fund Grant proposals Loan agreements Technical support frameworksUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution From these different sources, USD 2,764,000,000 (Two Billion, Seven Hundred and Sixty Four Million US Dollars) could be mobilised to implement the actions proposed in this NDC.', 'Partnership agreements Loan agreements Grant proposals International climate finance AFD French Development Agency Australia AID (AUSAID) Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), CCCFL China Climate Change Framework Loan (of EIB) CCPL Climate Change Program Loan (of AFD and JICA) DANIDA DFID European Investment Bank (EIB), European Union Emission Trading Scheme European Commission Global Climate Change Alliance FGEF French Global Environment Facility (of AFD) GEEREF Global Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Fund (advised by EIB) German International Climate Initiative Green Climate Fund Adaptation Fund Grant proposals Loan agreements Technical support frameworksUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution From these different sources, USD 2,764,000,000 (Two Billion, Seven Hundred and Sixty Four Million US Dollars) could be mobilised to implement the actions proposed in this NDC. Compared to previous requests, this NDC requires enhanced international support in the form of finance, technology transfer, and technical assistance.', 'Compared to previous requests, this NDC requires enhanced international support in the form of finance, technology transfer, and technical assistance. As such, steps for improving access to public and private financing sources will be a high priority. For instance, a National Climate Financing Facility (NCFF) will be formed to set out an NDC Investment Plan (NIP), including a strategy for meeting the financing needs of the NDC. The CFF, housed within the National Climate Change Secretariat (NCCS) at the Environment Protection Agency (EPA) will build specific institutional capacities to address relevant technical barriers to resource mobilisation, and create an enabling environment for private sector engagement. Further information on the governance of structures for resource mobilisation is described in section 7.8.', 'Further information on the governance of structures for resource mobilisation is described in section 7.8. Table 11: Categorisation of proposed adaptation and mitigation actions into conditional and unconditional targets Strategies Mitigation or Adaptation Targeting M A Conditional (in %) Unconditional (in %) Improve mechanisms for multilevel climate governance and coordination. X 20 80 Increase Energy efficiency and access through the dissemination of clean energy technologies Promote the mainstreaming of climate actions into processes within industries X 20 80 Improve and maintain Sierra Leone’s forests as a major carbon sink.', 'X 20 80 Increase Energy efficiency and access through the dissemination of clean energy technologies Promote the mainstreaming of climate actions into processes within industries X 20 80 Improve and maintain Sierra Leone’s forests as a major carbon sink. X 90 10 Enhance integrated waste management system in the country X 80 20 Maintain the integrity of the marine and coastal environment X 70 30 Diversification of economic growth through strengthened transport sub- sector, particularly the infrastructure to contribute to the reduction of regional and global emissions of greenhouses and build a stable economy. Adoption and application of climate-smart and conservation agriculture through best agricultural practices that enhance soil fertility and improve crop yield Management of rangelands and pastures by managing grazing systems and grazing intensity, fire management and pasture rehabilitation.', 'Adoption and application of climate-smart and conservation agriculture through best agricultural practices that enhance soil fertility and improve crop yield Management of rangelands and pastures by managing grazing systems and grazing intensity, fire management and pasture rehabilitation. Integrated management of crops and Livestock management. Strategy X 60 40 Strengthen integration of climate change adaptation into the health Sector.', 'Strategy X 60 40 Strengthen integration of climate change adaptation into the health Sector. X 70 30 Create enabling environment for the resilience of private sector investment, demonstrate an operational business case Integrate climate change adaptation into the mining/extractive sector X 70 30 Promote climate-smart agriculture and climate-resilient food security practices X 80 20 Improve research and knowledge management capacities to Support Climate-Smart Agriculture and resilient land management Improve institutional and functional capacities for integrated water management X 10 90 Enhance universal access to energy by promoting renewables and energy efficiency Mainstream considerations of Gender Equality and Social Inclusion into sectoral plans and strategies Develop local institutional capacity to support coastal resources management X 70 30 Management of coastal and fisheries resources X 80 20 Increase human (social) development through technology transfer and livelihood support Provide information and improve knowledge on climate risks and vulnerabilities Improve Natural Resources Management in critical biodiversity hotspots X 35 65 Improve the resilience of environmental value chains across the sector (including forestry, mining, tourism, and land management).', 'X 70 30 Create enabling environment for the resilience of private sector investment, demonstrate an operational business case Integrate climate change adaptation into the mining/extractive sector X 70 30 Promote climate-smart agriculture and climate-resilient food security practices X 80 20 Improve research and knowledge management capacities to Support Climate-Smart Agriculture and resilient land management Improve institutional and functional capacities for integrated water management X 10 90 Enhance universal access to energy by promoting renewables and energy efficiency Mainstream considerations of Gender Equality and Social Inclusion into sectoral plans and strategies Develop local institutional capacity to support coastal resources management X 70 30 Management of coastal and fisheries resources X 80 20 Increase human (social) development through technology transfer and livelihood support Provide information and improve knowledge on climate risks and vulnerabilities Improve Natural Resources Management in critical biodiversity hotspots X 35 65 Improve the resilience of environmental value chains across the sector (including forestry, mining, tourism, and land management). Mainstream climate change adaptation considerations into sectoral plans and strategiesUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution Improve institutional and functional capacities for environmental governance X 30 70 Establish early warning systems to improve local understanding of risks X 85 15 Improve regulatory frameworks for disaster management X 10 90 7.2 Capacity building and technology transfer Capacity building and technology transfer are vital conditions for the successful implementation of the NDC under the Paris Agreement.', 'Mainstream climate change adaptation considerations into sectoral plans and strategiesUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution Improve institutional and functional capacities for environmental governance X 30 70 Establish early warning systems to improve local understanding of risks X 85 15 Improve regulatory frameworks for disaster management X 10 90 7.2 Capacity building and technology transfer Capacity building and technology transfer are vital conditions for the successful implementation of the NDC under the Paris Agreement. In Sierra Leone, capacity building and technology transfer are perceived in view of the shortfalls in past initiatives on capacity building under different bilateral and multilateral agencies, which can be largely attributed to their short-term, ad-hoc, supply-driven, and project-based nature.', 'In Sierra Leone, capacity building and technology transfer are perceived in view of the shortfalls in past initiatives on capacity building under different bilateral and multilateral agencies, which can be largely attributed to their short-term, ad-hoc, supply-driven, and project-based nature. Overall, despite the progress made with capacity building related to climate action at the national level over the years, there are institutional, technical, and financial capacity gaps and needs with respect to the implementation of the adaptation and mitigation actions. Capacity gaps that have persisted include challenges to data generation, collection and analysis; governance and coordination; development of endogenous capacity; access to climate finance; monitoring and reporting; and gender-responsiveness.', 'Capacity gaps that have persisted include challenges to data generation, collection and analysis; governance and coordination; development of endogenous capacity; access to climate finance; monitoring and reporting; and gender-responsiveness. Potential capacity building and technology transfer actions in support of Adaptation (A) and Mitigation (M) efforts across the different sectors covered in this document are presented in Table 12.', 'Potential capacity building and technology transfer actions in support of Adaptation (A) and Mitigation (M) efforts across the different sectors covered in this document are presented in Table 12. Table 12: Actions for capacity building and technology transfer Proposed action A M Introducing irrigation technologies, including the development of micro-systems for drip irrigation and rainwater harvesting X New approaches to combating soil erosion X Processing and conserving agricultural products X Researching and applying climate-ready crop varieties X Beach nourishment as a response to sea level rise X Education, training, and public awareness of climate risks X Promoting the use of biogas as a substitute for wood X Producing biofertilizer as a substitute for chemical fertilizers X Development and use of renewable energy technologies X Use of energy efficient appliances X Building the capacity of the private sector for energy efficiency initiatives X Strengthening disaster preparedness and early warning systems X Developing climate-resilient energy systems X Strengthening the capacity of health system institutions X Developing technical capacity to manufacture energy-efficient cook stoves X Introducing standards for energy-efficient infrastructure X Expanding sustainable forest management and reforestation efforts X Reducing deforestation, including through building capacity for fire control X Strengthening degraded land rehabilitation X Climate-proofing infrastructure and housing X Designing systems for increased and sustainable access to freshwater resources X Enhancing knowledge on surface and groundwater management X Designing a national REDD MRV mechanism X Developing a nationally appropriate mitigation action for the transport sector X Improving and expanding public transportation X Building capacity for waste collection, transportation, and treatment X Improving data generation, collection, and analysis X XUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution 7.3 Public engagement This NDC will build upon strategies in the National Climate Communications Strategy, which seeks to: ● Improve awareness and understanding of the Government of Sierra Leone’s climate change adaptation initiatives and the NAP process through effective communication, education and training ● Promote an inclusive and participatory approach to adapting to climate change so that the Government of Sierra Leone can unite under a common vision and speak with one voice on the issue of addressing climate change impacts ● Generate support and political commitment among key decision-makers for the NAP process and for prioritizing, managing and resourcing efforts to address climate change adaptation issues ● Persuade the general public and the private sector of the need for a significant and timely investment in climate change adaptation from both public and private sources within and outside of Sierra Leone ● Encourage Sierra Leoneans to collectively embark on activities to strengthen the country’s resilience to climate change The strategy was developed as part of the NAP Global Network’s second programme of support to Sierra Leone with the aim of providing short- and mid-term guidance on how the government can use communications strategically and effectively to support the NAP process.', 'Table 12: Actions for capacity building and technology transfer Proposed action A M Introducing irrigation technologies, including the development of micro-systems for drip irrigation and rainwater harvesting X New approaches to combating soil erosion X Processing and conserving agricultural products X Researching and applying climate-ready crop varieties X Beach nourishment as a response to sea level rise X Education, training, and public awareness of climate risks X Promoting the use of biogas as a substitute for wood X Producing biofertilizer as a substitute for chemical fertilizers X Development and use of renewable energy technologies X Use of energy efficient appliances X Building the capacity of the private sector for energy efficiency initiatives X Strengthening disaster preparedness and early warning systems X Developing climate-resilient energy systems X Strengthening the capacity of health system institutions X Developing technical capacity to manufacture energy-efficient cook stoves X Introducing standards for energy-efficient infrastructure X Expanding sustainable forest management and reforestation efforts X Reducing deforestation, including through building capacity for fire control X Strengthening degraded land rehabilitation X Climate-proofing infrastructure and housing X Designing systems for increased and sustainable access to freshwater resources X Enhancing knowledge on surface and groundwater management X Designing a national REDD MRV mechanism X Developing a nationally appropriate mitigation action for the transport sector X Improving and expanding public transportation X Building capacity for waste collection, transportation, and treatment X Improving data generation, collection, and analysis X XUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution 7.3 Public engagement This NDC will build upon strategies in the National Climate Communications Strategy, which seeks to: ● Improve awareness and understanding of the Government of Sierra Leone’s climate change adaptation initiatives and the NAP process through effective communication, education and training ● Promote an inclusive and participatory approach to adapting to climate change so that the Government of Sierra Leone can unite under a common vision and speak with one voice on the issue of addressing climate change impacts ● Generate support and political commitment among key decision-makers for the NAP process and for prioritizing, managing and resourcing efforts to address climate change adaptation issues ● Persuade the general public and the private sector of the need for a significant and timely investment in climate change adaptation from both public and private sources within and outside of Sierra Leone ● Encourage Sierra Leoneans to collectively embark on activities to strengthen the country’s resilience to climate change The strategy was developed as part of the NAP Global Network’s second programme of support to Sierra Leone with the aim of providing short- and mid-term guidance on how the government can use communications strategically and effectively to support the NAP process. It identifies a need for vertical integration, including by building political momentum at the subnational level; as well as strategic communications, including by enhancing strategic communications around climate change adaptation at the national and local levels.', 'It identifies a need for vertical integration, including by building political momentum at the subnational level; as well as strategic communications, including by enhancing strategic communications around climate change adaptation at the national and local levels. The strategy seeks to further emphasize the following aspects (EPA 2020): ● What information needs to be disseminated and when ● The key audience that the Government of Sierra Leone needs to address ● The relevant changes in knowledge, opinions or behaviour that need to be implemented ● The most effective messages and channels of communication to be used ● The sharing of communications-related responsibilities by different government actors to foster better internal coordination.', 'The strategy seeks to further emphasize the following aspects (EPA 2020): ● What information needs to be disseminated and when ● The key audience that the Government of Sierra Leone needs to address ● The relevant changes in knowledge, opinions or behaviour that need to be implemented ● The most effective messages and channels of communication to be used ● The sharing of communications-related responsibilities by different government actors to foster better internal coordination. The approach taken to public engagement is based on the following SWOT analyses: ● Strengths, including that the climate change adaptation and mitigation information are readily available to the public; the government has several channels of communication at its disposal; the public is willing to change attitudes and behaviours if they receive the appropriate climate change education and communication; there is technical personnel with the capacity to implement climate change communication initiatives; and there is evidence of political will to support climate change adaptation and communication.', 'The approach taken to public engagement is based on the following SWOT analyses: ● Strengths, including that the climate change adaptation and mitigation information are readily available to the public; the government has several channels of communication at its disposal; the public is willing to change attitudes and behaviours if they receive the appropriate climate change education and communication; there is technical personnel with the capacity to implement climate change communication initiatives; and there is evidence of political will to support climate change adaptation and communication. ● Weaknesses, including low public awareness about national climate change policies and legislation; inadequate access and usage of climate change data by decision makers; low budget allocation for climate change adaptation initiatives among MDAs; climate change issues are yet to form major parts of the government’s plans and budgets.', '● Weaknesses, including low public awareness about national climate change policies and legislation; inadequate access and usage of climate change data by decision makers; low budget allocation for climate change adaptation initiatives among MDAs; climate change issues are yet to form major parts of the government’s plans and budgets. ● Opportunities, including that there are funding opportunities to support capacity- building initiatives on climate change communication in Sierra Leone; and development partners are committed to supporting climate change-associated initiatives in the country, andUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution ● Threats, including that most of the general public is still in denial about climate change; some politicians, religious and cultural leaders still miscomprehend facts about climate change; there is an excessive use of scientific terminology and technical information in communicating climate change; and there is limited positive change in behaviours, attitudes, perceptions and practices.', '● Opportunities, including that there are funding opportunities to support capacity- building initiatives on climate change communication in Sierra Leone; and development partners are committed to supporting climate change-associated initiatives in the country, andUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution ● Threats, including that most of the general public is still in denial about climate change; some politicians, religious and cultural leaders still miscomprehend facts about climate change; there is an excessive use of scientific terminology and technical information in communicating climate change; and there is limited positive change in behaviours, attitudes, perceptions and practices. A plan for public engagement is presented in table 13 below.', 'A plan for public engagement is presented in table 13 below. Table 13: Plan for public engagement (adapted from EPA 2020) Target audience Tools and approaches Channels Information source Engagement frequency Primary: Policymakers (MDAs) Political leaders Policy briefs, press releases, flyers, banners, reports, posters, calendar, brochures, guides, handbooks, stickers, infographics, pictures, documentaries, stories, drama, animations, talk shows, announcements, adverts, notices Television and radio, printed materials, outdoor displays, social media (WhatsApp, Facebook, etc. ), community outreach and town hall meetings, mobile phone (call, SMS, apps), websites MDAs, CSOs, development partners, research institutes, private sector, online databases, websites Quarterly Secondary: Media, CSOs, the private sector, development partners, academic and research institutions, youth, women, farmers, vulnerable groups Policy briefs, press releases, flyers, banners, reports, posters, calendars, brochures, guides, handbooks, stickers, infographics, pictures, documentaries, stories, drama, animations, talk shows, announcements, adverts, notices Television and radio, printed materials, outdoor displays, social media (WhatsApp, Facebook, etc. ), community meetings, mobile phone (call, SMS, apps), websites MDAs, universities, lead agencies (e.g., projects), research institutes, enforcement agencies, online databases, websites, mobile apps, policy and law Monthly 7.4 GESI mainstreaming The governance and coordination mechanism for the NDC will foster the empowerment of women and marginalised people by ensuring meaningful participation in NDC implementation activities.', '), community meetings, mobile phone (call, SMS, apps), websites MDAs, universities, lead agencies (e.g., projects), research institutes, enforcement agencies, online databases, websites, mobile apps, policy and law Monthly 7.4 GESI mainstreaming The governance and coordination mechanism for the NDC will foster the empowerment of women and marginalised people by ensuring meaningful participation in NDC implementation activities. Activities that create an enabling environment for women, youth, children, and persons with disability have been proposed, which will help to institutionalize GESI-sensitive approaches delivered at the technical and operational levels. Overall, NDC actions will promote a supportive institutional and policy environment for mainstreaming gender equality and social inclusion; mainstream GESI dimensions into the thematic and cross-cutting components of the NDC; enhance the capacity of partners and stakeholders to give women and marginalised groups a voice in climate management decision-making; and secure rights by increasing access to climate services and other socio-economic opportunities.', 'Overall, NDC actions will promote a supportive institutional and policy environment for mainstreaming gender equality and social inclusion; mainstream GESI dimensions into the thematic and cross-cutting components of the NDC; enhance the capacity of partners and stakeholders to give women and marginalised groups a voice in climate management decision-making; and secure rights by increasing access to climate services and other socio-economic opportunities. The strategy for GESI mainstreaming is aligned with the Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment PolicyUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution (GoSL 2020) and contributes to the implementation of the country’s vision for GESI in the Medium-Term National Development Plan (MTNDP).', 'The strategy for GESI mainstreaming is aligned with the Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment PolicyUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution (GoSL 2020) and contributes to the implementation of the country’s vision for GESI in the Medium-Term National Development Plan (MTNDP). 7.5 Policy influencing The NDC is aligned with several existing national and international policies, strategies, and plans, including the Medium-Term National Development Plan, AU Vision 2023, and the Sustainable Development Goals (see table 14). Therefore, it contributes to various country- level and regional actions to address climate change as part of global efforts to reduce vulnerabilities and mitigate emissions in countries.', 'Therefore, it contributes to various country- level and regional actions to address climate change as part of global efforts to reduce vulnerabilities and mitigate emissions in countries. For instance, the governance and coordination mechanism for the NDC will support the delivery of SDGs, especially those on strong, accountable, and inclusive institutions (SDG16), strengthening means of implementation (SDG17), and creating more equitable governance systems (SDG4). Table 14: NDC alignment with and the MTNDP, AU vision 2063 and SDGs, Strategies Alignment with the MTNDP Alignment with AU Vision 2063 Alignment with the SDGs Improve mechanisms for multilevel climate governance and coordination. Increase Energy efficiency and access through the dissemination of clean energy technologies Promote the mainstreaming of climate actions into processes within industries 2,7,8 Improve and maintain Sierra Leone’s forests as a major carbon sink.', 'Increase Energy efficiency and access through the dissemination of clean energy technologies Promote the mainstreaming of climate actions into processes within industries 2,7,8 Improve and maintain Sierra Leone’s forests as a major carbon sink. Enhance integrated waste management system in the country Maintain the integrity of the marine and coastal environment Diversification of economic growth through strengthened transport sub-sector, particularly the infrastructure to contribute to the reduction of regional and global emissions of greenhouses and build a stable economy. Adoption and application of climate-smart and conservation agriculture through best agricultural practices that enhance soil fertility and improve crop yield Management of rangelands and pastures by managing grazing systems and grazing intensity, fire management and pasture rehabilitation. Integrated management of crops and Livestock management. Strategy Strengthen integration of climate change adaptation into the health Sector.', 'Strategy Strengthen integration of climate change adaptation into the health Sector. Create enabling environment for the resilience of private sector investment, demonstrate an operational business case Integrate climate change adaptation into the mining/extractive sectorUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution Strategies Alignment with the MTNDP Alignment with AU Vision 2063 Alignment with the SDGs Promote climate-smart agriculture and climate-resilient food security practices Improve research and knowledge management capacities to Support Climate-Smart Agriculture and resilient land management Improve institutional and functional capacities for integrated water management Enhance universal access to energy by promoting renewables and energy efficiency Mainstream considerations of Gender Equality and Social Inclusion into sectoral plans and strategies Develop local institutional capacity to support coastal resources management Management of coastal and fisheries resources Increase human (social) development through technology transfer and livelihood support Provide information and improve knowledge on climate risks and vulnerabilities Improve Natural Resources Management Improve the resilience of environmental value chains across the sector (including forestry, mining, tourism, and land management).', 'Create enabling environment for the resilience of private sector investment, demonstrate an operational business case Integrate climate change adaptation into the mining/extractive sectorUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution Strategies Alignment with the MTNDP Alignment with AU Vision 2063 Alignment with the SDGs Promote climate-smart agriculture and climate-resilient food security practices Improve research and knowledge management capacities to Support Climate-Smart Agriculture and resilient land management Improve institutional and functional capacities for integrated water management Enhance universal access to energy by promoting renewables and energy efficiency Mainstream considerations of Gender Equality and Social Inclusion into sectoral plans and strategies Develop local institutional capacity to support coastal resources management Management of coastal and fisheries resources Increase human (social) development through technology transfer and livelihood support Provide information and improve knowledge on climate risks and vulnerabilities Improve Natural Resources Management Improve the resilience of environmental value chains across the sector (including forestry, mining, tourism, and land management). Mainstream climate change adaptation considerations into sectoral plans and strategies Improve institutional and functional capacities for environmental governance Establish early warning systems to improve local understanding of risks Improve regulatory frameworks for disaster management 7.6 Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) NDC actions will be tracked to meet local and international reporting requirements, including reports to policy makers and the public to improve transparency and shape decisions to update climate actions.', 'Mainstream climate change adaptation considerations into sectoral plans and strategies Improve institutional and functional capacities for environmental governance Establish early warning systems to improve local understanding of risks Improve regulatory frameworks for disaster management 7.6 Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) NDC actions will be tracked to meet local and international reporting requirements, including reports to policy makers and the public to improve transparency and shape decisions to update climate actions. The MRV framework proposed here builds upon sector-based systems for climate monitoring and reporting, as well as national approaches to MRV, including outputs of the CBIT (Capacity Building Initiative for Transparency) project “Building and Strengthening Sierra Leone’s National Capacity to Implement the Transparency Elements of the Paris Agreement, 2020-2023”.Updated Nationally Determined Contribution MRV actions will focus specifically on tracking mitigation (M), adaptation (A), and finance (F)- see table 15.', 'The MRV framework proposed here builds upon sector-based systems for climate monitoring and reporting, as well as national approaches to MRV, including outputs of the CBIT (Capacity Building Initiative for Transparency) project “Building and Strengthening Sierra Leone’s National Capacity to Implement the Transparency Elements of the Paris Agreement, 2020-2023”.Updated Nationally Determined Contribution MRV actions will focus specifically on tracking mitigation (M), adaptation (A), and finance (F)- see table 15. For mitigation, the goal is to assess current and future progress in reducing GHGs by reviewing both the national inventory and national communications. This will involve regular M&E actions to track the implementation of the mitigation component of the NDC to ensure actions are contributing to meeting targets set and providing lessons for future decision-making.', 'This will involve regular M&E actions to track the implementation of the mitigation component of the NDC to ensure actions are contributing to meeting targets set and providing lessons for future decision-making. In the case of adaptation, the goal is to track implementation and assess the effectiveness of actions, and as provide insights for updating NAPs. In terms of financing, MRV efforts will track climate finance flows for NDC implementation to improve transparency and determine if resource needs are being met. Table 15: MRV Indicators for proposed NDC actions Strategies Mitigation or Adaptation MRV Indicators M A Improve mechanisms for multilevel climate governance and coordination.', 'Table 15: MRV Indicators for proposed NDC actions Strategies Mitigation or Adaptation MRV Indicators M A Improve mechanisms for multilevel climate governance and coordination. X - Institutional and regulatory systems that improve incentives for low emission planning and development and their effective - # of policies, laws & technical documents based on climate datasets and modeling scenarios - # of technical staff from the relevant sector ministries with relevant capacities in GHG datasets or proportion of “relevant” sectors covered by analyses at national level - Proportion of government investment/program documents using results from climate mitigation actions as a priority-setting or screening tool. - # of climate information dissemination models by type of outlet (e.g.', '- # of climate information dissemination models by type of outlet (e.g. radio, newspaper, website), geographic coverage, level of disaggregation of - Tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (t CO2eq) reduced or avoided (including increased removals) by category - Proportion of low-emission power supply in a jurisdiction or market - % reduction in the annual fuel consumption for electricity power generation and transportation - Energy intensity/improved efficiency of buildings, cities, industries and appliances. - GHG emissions from industrial processes - # of technologies and innovative solutions transferred or licensed to support low- emission development. - % of forest cover in the country (Forest Investment Program anticipated indicator) Increase Energy efficiency and access through the dissemination of clean energy technologies X Promote the mainstreaming of climate actions into processes within industries X Improve and maintain Sierra Leone’s forests as a major carbon sink.', '- % of forest cover in the country (Forest Investment Program anticipated indicator) Increase Energy efficiency and access through the dissemination of clean energy technologies X Promote the mainstreaming of climate actions into processes within industries X Improve and maintain Sierra Leone’s forests as a major carbon sink. X Enhance integrated waste management system in the country X Maintain the integrity of the marine and coastal environment X Diversification of economic growth through strengthened transport sub- sector, particularly the infrastructure to contribute to the reduction of regional and global emissions of greenhouses and build a stable economy.', 'X Enhance integrated waste management system in the country X Maintain the integrity of the marine and coastal environment X Diversification of economic growth through strengthened transport sub- sector, particularly the infrastructure to contribute to the reduction of regional and global emissions of greenhouses and build a stable economy. X Adoption and application of climate- smart and conservation agriculture through best agricultural practices that enhance soil fertility and improve crop yield XUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution Strategies Mitigation or Adaptation MRV Indicators M A - Tonnes of methane (CH4) reduced or avoided by category - # of people with diversified income - Tonnes of waste produce per year - Tonnes of methane converted into energy - # of incineration facilities provided - Tonnes N2O emissions reduced or avoided by category Management of rangelands and pastures by managing grazing systems and grazing intensity, fire management, and pasture rehabilitation.', 'X Adoption and application of climate- smart and conservation agriculture through best agricultural practices that enhance soil fertility and improve crop yield XUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution Strategies Mitigation or Adaptation MRV Indicators M A - Tonnes of methane (CH4) reduced or avoided by category - # of people with diversified income - Tonnes of waste produce per year - Tonnes of methane converted into energy - # of incineration facilities provided - Tonnes N2O emissions reduced or avoided by category Management of rangelands and pastures by managing grazing systems and grazing intensity, fire management, and pasture rehabilitation. X - - Conservation of forest genetic resources - # of inventories of climate change impacts on biodiversity - Area of land under landscape-scale conservation - Change in predictable losses of lives and economic assets due to the impact of extreme climate-related disasters in the geographic area - # of climate change vulnerability analysis and maps of coastal zone developed - Uptake of early warning systems (UV and air/water quality) - Uptake of measures to reduce air pollution - Uptake of soil conservation measures - %of climate-resilient trees/crops planted - Proportion of relevant sectors (water, forest, tourism, environment, disaster, gender, etc.)', 'X - - Conservation of forest genetic resources - # of inventories of climate change impacts on biodiversity - Area of land under landscape-scale conservation - Change in predictable losses of lives and economic assets due to the impact of extreme climate-related disasters in the geographic area - # of climate change vulnerability analysis and maps of coastal zone developed - Uptake of early warning systems (UV and air/water quality) - Uptake of measures to reduce air pollution - Uptake of soil conservation measures - %of climate-resilient trees/crops planted - Proportion of relevant sectors (water, forest, tourism, environment, disaster, gender, etc.) taking action on adaptation - Uptake of riparian tree planting - % of poor people in vulnerable communities with access to safe and reliable water disaggregated by gender - % of urban households with access to piped water - % of companies/industries assessing risks and opportunities from extreme weather and reduced water availability to their production and supply chains - % of agricultural land with improved irrigation - % of farming shifted to lowland (IVS farming) - % of treated wastewater - % of coastline under marine protection - # of women organised in agricultural cooperatives - % of farmers and fisher folk with access to financial services disaggregated by gender Integrated management of crops and Livestock management.', 'taking action on adaptation - Uptake of riparian tree planting - % of poor people in vulnerable communities with access to safe and reliable water disaggregated by gender - % of urban households with access to piped water - % of companies/industries assessing risks and opportunities from extreme weather and reduced water availability to their production and supply chains - % of agricultural land with improved irrigation - % of farming shifted to lowland (IVS farming) - % of treated wastewater - % of coastline under marine protection - # of women organised in agricultural cooperatives - % of farmers and fisher folk with access to financial services disaggregated by gender Integrated management of crops and Livestock management. Strategy X Strengthen integration of climate change adaptation into the health Sector.', 'Strategy X Strengthen integration of climate change adaptation into the health Sector. X Create enabling environment for the resilience of private sector investment, demonstrate an operational business case X Integrate climate change adaptation into the mining/extractive sector X Promote climate-smart agriculture and climate-resilient food security practices X Improve research and knowledge management capacities to Support Climate-Smart Agriculture and resilient land management X Improve institutional and functional capacities for integrated water management X Enhance universal access to energy by promoting renewables and energy efficiency X Mainstream considerations of Gender Equality and Social Inclusion into sectoral plans and strategies X Develop local institutional capacity to support coastal resources management X Management of coastal and fisheries resources X Increase human (social) development through technology transfer and livelihood support XUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution Strategies Mitigation or Adaptation MRV Indicators M A Provide information and improve knowledge on climate risks and vulnerabilities X - % of climate resilient crops being used - % of climate resilient roads in the country - % of households at reduced risk of floods - % reduction of flood damage and disaster relief costs in cities due to increased standards for flood protection and improved flood emergency preparedness Improve Natural Resources Management in critical biodiversity hotspots X Improve the resilience of environmental value chains across the sector (including forestry, mining, tourism, and land management).', 'X Create enabling environment for the resilience of private sector investment, demonstrate an operational business case X Integrate climate change adaptation into the mining/extractive sector X Promote climate-smart agriculture and climate-resilient food security practices X Improve research and knowledge management capacities to Support Climate-Smart Agriculture and resilient land management X Improve institutional and functional capacities for integrated water management X Enhance universal access to energy by promoting renewables and energy efficiency X Mainstream considerations of Gender Equality and Social Inclusion into sectoral plans and strategies X Develop local institutional capacity to support coastal resources management X Management of coastal and fisheries resources X Increase human (social) development through technology transfer and livelihood support XUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution Strategies Mitigation or Adaptation MRV Indicators M A Provide information and improve knowledge on climate risks and vulnerabilities X - % of climate resilient crops being used - % of climate resilient roads in the country - % of households at reduced risk of floods - % reduction of flood damage and disaster relief costs in cities due to increased standards for flood protection and improved flood emergency preparedness Improve Natural Resources Management in critical biodiversity hotspots X Improve the resilience of environmental value chains across the sector (including forestry, mining, tourism, and land management). X Mainstream climate change adaptation considerations into sectoral plans and strategies X Improve institutional and functional capacities for environmental governance X Establish early warning systems to improve local understanding of risks X Improve regulatory frameworks for disaster management X Additional indicators relevant to resource mobilization: - New projects approved - Total annual domestic allocation - Total financing mobilized from international public entities - Total financing mobilized from the private sector - Total financing mobilized from other sourcesUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution 7.7 Governance and coordination NDC implementation will be overseen by the Ministry of the Environment with technical support provided by the Environment Protection Agency (EPA) and the Sierra Leone Meteorological Agency (SLMet).', 'X Mainstream climate change adaptation considerations into sectoral plans and strategies X Improve institutional and functional capacities for environmental governance X Establish early warning systems to improve local understanding of risks X Improve regulatory frameworks for disaster management X Additional indicators relevant to resource mobilization: - New projects approved - Total annual domestic allocation - Total financing mobilized from international public entities - Total financing mobilized from the private sector - Total financing mobilized from other sourcesUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution 7.7 Governance and coordination NDC implementation will be overseen by the Ministry of the Environment with technical support provided by the Environment Protection Agency (EPA) and the Sierra Leone Meteorological Agency (SLMet). The process will be supported by different Ministries, Departments, and Agencies (MDAs).', 'The process will be supported by different Ministries, Departments, and Agencies (MDAs). The governance and coordination will involve driving progress, engaging stakeholders within and outside of government, maintaining political will at all levels, and coordinating planning and decision-making processes. The existing mechanisms for NDC implementation, such as institutional structures prescribed by the NAP, NFCS, MTNDP, NCCP, CCS, and other plans, policies, and strategies, will be maintained, to foster shared action and ensure inclusive stakeholder engagement across diverse actors- national, subnational, municipal, public, private, civil society, and community. Specific agencies (like the Sierra Leone Meteorological Agency) will be assigned specialised roles in the process, building on existing policies and processes, climate-related or otherwise.', 'Specific agencies (like the Sierra Leone Meteorological Agency) will be assigned specialised roles in the process, building on existing policies and processes, climate-related or otherwise. As noted earlier, The Sierra Leone Climate Finance Fund (SLCFF) will be formed to mobilize and track the flow of finances. The architecture will include a Board of Directors or Steering Committee operated under the EPA with the EPA Executive Chairperson as the Board Chair; members taken from key stakeholder institutions, including select MDAs, private agencies, international donor organisations, and civil society. A Terms of Reference (ToR) and a strategic plan will be drawn to guide the establishment and running of the fund. On another hand, Sector Leads will be identified for rolling-out MRV actions and ensuring effective coordination.', 'On another hand, Sector Leads will be identified for rolling-out MRV actions and ensuring effective coordination. The Sector Leads will be part of a Sector Working Group (SWG) responsible for planning and delivery, as well as coordination with various District Working Groups (DWGs) at the subnational level. These structures will mainstream climate priorities and actions into subnational development plans, budgets, and other efforts.', 'These structures will mainstream climate priorities and actions into subnational development plans, budgets, and other efforts. Table 16: NDC governance and coordination matrix Implementation strategy Lead institutions Supporting institutions Resource mobilisation EPA, SLMet Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, Public Private Partnerships Unit (Office of the Vice President), bilateral and multilateral organisations Capacity building and technology transfer EPA-SL Directorate of Science, Technology, and Innovation Public engagement Ministry of Information and Communications GESI mainstreaming Ministry of Gender and Children’s Affairs Policy influencing MoEnv Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Planning and Economic Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Ministry of Energy, Ministry of Water Resources, Ministry of Trade and Industry, Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources, Ministry of Mines and Mineral Resources, National Protected Area Authority, National Minerals Agency, Forestry Division MRV (including data generation, analysis, and management) Statistics Sierra Leone, National M&E Directorate Governance and coordination Ministry of EnvironmentUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution 1.', 'Table 16: NDC governance and coordination matrix Implementation strategy Lead institutions Supporting institutions Resource mobilisation EPA, SLMet Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, Public Private Partnerships Unit (Office of the Vice President), bilateral and multilateral organisations Capacity building and technology transfer EPA-SL Directorate of Science, Technology, and Innovation Public engagement Ministry of Information and Communications GESI mainstreaming Ministry of Gender and Children’s Affairs Policy influencing MoEnv Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Planning and Economic Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Ministry of Energy, Ministry of Water Resources, Ministry of Trade and Industry, Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources, Ministry of Mines and Mineral Resources, National Protected Area Authority, National Minerals Agency, Forestry Division MRV (including data generation, analysis, and management) Statistics Sierra Leone, National M&E Directorate Governance and coordination Ministry of EnvironmentUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution 1. Allan, T. 1990. Tropical Forestry Action Plans Inter-Agency Forestry Review. Sierra Leone 2.', 'Tropical Forestry Action Plans Inter-Agency Forestry Review. Sierra Leone 2. Blinker, Linda (September 2006), Country Environment Profile (CEP) SIERRA LEONE 3. CSIRO.2010. Climate Change Science, How OzClim works, accessed 9 June 2011. 4. FAO. 2012. Environment and Climate Change in Sierra 5. Gabler et al, 2008. Impact of Climate Change on Livestock Production 6. Garnaut, 2011 Garnaut Climate Change Review, Update Papers, 7. GoSL, 2003. Biodiversity: Strategic Action Plan 9. GoSL 2017 Environment Protection Agency Strategic Plan; 2017-2021. 10. GoSL, 2017 Ministry of Energy: Energy Sector Strategy 2014-2017 11. GoSL, 2020 National Adaptation Plan 12. GoSL, 2015 National Land Use Policy 13. Holper, P., (2002) ‘Greenhouse: Questions and Answers’, CSIRO Research. 14. IPCC (2007). Summary for Policymakers. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis.', 'Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 15. IPCC (2006) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. General Guidance and Reporting. Volume 1 16. IPCC, (2010), Definition of terms used within DDC, Viewed 19 December 2010, 17. John R Porter. IPCC 2014. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 485-533. Food Security and 7 Food Production Systems Coordinating Lead 18. Jones, R., Chiew, F., Boughton, W. and Zhang, L. (2006a) Estimating the sensitivity of mean annual runoff 19. Lebbie 2002)5,Mabey, Prince T., Wei Li, Abu J. Sundufu, and Akhtar H. Lashari. 2020. “Environmental Impacts: Local Perspectives of Selected Mining Edge Communities in Sierra Leone.” Sustainability 12 (14): 5525. Determined Contribution 20.', '“Environmental Impacts: Local Perspectives of Selected Mining Edge Communities in Sierra Leone.” Sustainability 12 (14): 5525. Determined Contribution 20. McSweeney, C., M. New, and G. Lizcano. 2010. “UNDP Climate Change Country Profiles: SIerra Leone.” UNDP. cp/UNDP_reports/Sierra_Leone/Sierra_Leone.hires.report.pdf. 21. Mnzava, E.M. (1992) Assistance for Forestry Planning Sierra Leone Forest Management. 22. Mitigation and Adaptation Potential of Sustainable Farming Systems. Food and Agriculture Organization; Retrieved from 23. Nakićenović N, Swart R (eds) (2000) Special Report on Emissions Scenarios. A Special Report of Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA). 24. Office of the Chief Minister GoSL. 2019. “National Reforestation and Timber Governance Policy: Policy for the Establishment of a National Reforestation and Timber Governance Agency (NARTGA).” Government of Sierra Leone 25.', '“National Reforestation and Timber Governance Policy: Policy for the Establishment of a National Reforestation and Timber Governance Agency (NARTGA).” Government of Sierra Leone 25. Rahmstorf S, Cazenave, A., Church, J.A., Hansen, J.E., Keeling, R.F., Parker, D.E. and Somerville, R.C.J. (2007), 26. Recent climate observations compared to projections, Science, 316, 5825, 709 27. Renewable Energy Policy of Sierra Leone May, 2016 28. S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds) (ed. ), 29. Sierra Leone - Climate Change (globalsecurity.org) 30. Sierra Leone - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 31. Sierra Leone’s First Biennial Update Report, 2021 32. Sierra Leone climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, when to go (climatestotravel.com) 33. SLS 2015 Thematic Report on Agriculture P1 34. Statistic Sierra Leone, 2015 Census Report 35.', 'Statistic Sierra Leone, 2015 Census Report 35. UNEP, 2015 Annual Report 36. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 2004. 37. UNFCCC (2004). Decision 17/CP.8: Guidelines for the preparation of the national communications from Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention. Conference of Parties 38. WHO, 2003 Gender and HIV 39. World Bank, 2010 Annual Report']

en-US

SGP

Singapore

1st NDC

2016-09-21 00:00:00

NDC 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Singapore%20INDC.pdf

Non-Annex I

High-income

Asia

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/5265f54254d7c7438ac18d3503f9ea0c73206ae16458f984e5f3da191bc1ab0c.pdf

['SINGAPORE’S INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION (INDC) AND ACCOMPANYING INFORMATION In accordance with Decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20, Singapore communicates that it intends to reduce its Emissions Intensity by 36% from 2005 levels by 2030, and stabilise its emissions with the aim of peaking around 2030. Quantifiable information on the reference point (including as appropriate, a base year) Emissions Intensity in 2005: Singapore’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per S$GDP (at 2010 e/S$. Projected Emissions Intensity in 2030: Singapore’s GHG emissions per S$GDP (at 2010 prices) in 2030 is projected to be 0.113 kgCO2 e/S$. Time frames and/or periods for implementation: Beginning 2021 to end 2030 Scope and coverage Sectors covered: Energy, Industrial Processes and Product Use, Agriculture, Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry, Waste.', 'Time frames and/or periods for implementation: Beginning 2021 to end 2030 Scope and coverage Sectors covered: Energy, Industrial Processes and Product Use, Agriculture, Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry, Waste. Greenhouse gases covered: Carbon Dioxide (CO2 ), Methane (CH4 ), Nitrous Oxide O), Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), Perfluorocarbons (PFCs), Sulphur Hexafluoride ). Percentage of national emissions covered: 100% Planning processes Singapore’s Inter-Ministerial Committee on Climate Change (IMCCC) drives the whole-of-government effort to develop Singapore’s climate change mitigation measures. These take into account Singapore’s national circumstances and challenges. Studies and technology roadmaps developed in collaboration with industry stakeholders, academic experts and technical consultants, served as additional inputs on the potential of future technologies for long-term mitigation in Singapore. Public consultations were also carried out to obtain feedback on possible measures to reduce carbon emissions, and to promote green growth.', 'Public consultations were also carried out to obtain feedback on possible measures to reduce carbon emissions, and to promote green growth. Singapore’s broad strategies are reflected, inter alia, in the National Climate Change Strategy 2012 and the Sustainable Singapore Blueprint 2015. Legislation and regulations are also regularly reviewed to respond to new developments. Assumptions and methodological approaches including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals Inventory methodology: Singapore’s emissions for carbon dioxide (CO2 ), methane (CH4 ), and nitrous oxide (N2 O) were derived using the Revised 1996 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and based on the Sectoral approach. The Tier 1 methodology was used for most emission calculations.', 'The Tier 1 methodology was used for most emission calculations. The emissions of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulphur ) from industrial processes were derived using the Tier 2 methodology from the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. Metric Applied: Global Warming Potential on a 100 year timescale in accordance with the IPCC’s 2nd Assessment Report.', 'Metric Applied: Global Warming Potential on a 100 year timescale in accordance with the IPCC’s 2nd Assessment Report. GDP (2005) at 2010 prices: S$232.77 billion (Source: Department of Statistics, Singapore) e (Source: Singapore’s 3rd National Communications and 1st Biennial Update Report, 2014) International market mechanisms: Singapore intends to achieve the mitigation objectives under its INDC through domestic efforts, but will continue to study the potential of international market mechanisms.Accounting for emissions and removals from the land sector: Singapore has begun a long- term programme to monitor and report carbon storage and carbon fluxes related to land use change and forestry. As there are no commercial forestry or plantations in Singapore, emissions or carbon storage from land use change and forestry are expected to be small.', 'As there are no commercial forestry or plantations in Singapore, emissions or carbon storage from land use change and forestry are expected to be small. Consideration of fairness and ambition, in light of national circumstances and how it contributes to the ultimate objective of the Convention (Article 2) Singapore’s National Circumstances and Challenges. Singapore currently accounts for around 0.11% of global emissions. Its mitigation contributions must be viewed within the context of its national circumstances, limited access to renewable energy, and early actions. As a low- lying island state of 716 km² with no natural resources, Singapore has to accommodate not only housing and commercial centres, but also power plants, reservoirs, air/seaports and industries within city boundaries.', 'As a low- lying island state of 716 km² with no natural resources, Singapore has to accommodate not only housing and commercial centres, but also power plants, reservoirs, air/seaports and industries within city boundaries. Singapore has one of the highest population densities in the world (7,540 persons per km2). Singapore’s urban density and limited land area, relatively flat land, low wind speeds and lack of geothermal resources present serious difficulties in pursuing alternative energy options such as nuclear, hydro-electric, wind or geothermal power. Harnessing solar energy in a significant way is a challenge due to competing uses for limited land. These serious difficulties which severely limit the use of alternative energy sources mean that Singapore is dependent on fossil fuels.', 'These serious difficulties which severely limit the use of alternative energy sources mean that Singapore is dependent on fossil fuels. Such circumstances are recognised in Article 4.10 of the UNFCCC. Singapore’s Efforts. While Singapore is heavily dependent on fossil fuels, given its severe limitations on using alternative energy, Singapore had made early policy choices to reduce its GHG footprint by switching from fuel oil to natural gas, the cleanest form of fossil fuel, for electricity generation, even though it meant higher cost. Today, over 90% of electricity is generated from natural gas. Singapore prices energy at market cost, without any subsidy, to reflect resource scarcity and promote judicious usage. On top of this, and despite the challenges, the government is significantly increasing the deployment of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems.', 'On top of this, and despite the challenges, the government is significantly increasing the deployment of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. Singapore had in 2009 pledged unconditionally to reduce emissions to 7% to 11% below its business-as-usual (BAU) level by 2020. Contingent on the conclusion of a universal legally binding agreement in 2015, Singapore will further reduce emissions to BAU-16% by 2020. As a result of continued mitigation efforts, Singapore’s emissions are expected to grow at a lower rate compared to GDP growth for 2005-2020. For the 2021-2030 period, Singapore intends to build on its previous mitigation efforts to stabilise its emissions with the aim of peaking around 2030. In 2012, Singapore’s Emissions Intensity (EI) ranked favourably at 113 out of 140 countries1 despite Singapore’s limitations in using alternative energy.', 'In 2012, Singapore’s Emissions Intensity (EI) ranked favourably at 113 out of 140 countries1 despite Singapore’s limitations in using alternative energy. Singapore’s EI is projected to decline further by around 2.5% annually from 2021-2030, compared to the already planned reduction of around 1.5% annually from 2005-2020.2 Alongside efforts to reduce emissions and achieve sustainable development, Singapore is also implementing measures to address sea-level rise and above-average warming temperatures. (See Annex for details)ANNEX ACCOMPANYING INFORMATION ON SINGAPORE’S NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES AND ADAPTATION EFFORTS SINGAPORE’S NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES 1) Singapore is Alternative Energy-Disadvantaged Singapore is a small island city-state with relatively flat land, low wind speeds and lack of geothermal resources. These limit access to alternative energy options such as hydro- electric, wind or geothermal power.', 'These limit access to alternative energy options such as hydro- electric, wind or geothermal power. Given Singapore’s small land area and high population density, the risks of nuclear energy currently outweigh the potential benefits. Although Singapore is located in the tropics, there are challenges to harnessing solar energy in a significant way, given its small size and dense urban landscape.', 'Although Singapore is located in the tropics, there are challenges to harnessing solar energy in a significant way, given its small size and dense urban landscape. Despite the limited surface area for deploying solar PV, the Government of Singapore is pressing ahead to promote solar PV deployment through the provision of an enabling environment which: (a) facilitates system integration of intermittent sources to ensure grid stability and security; (b) addresses non-market barriers to entry without subsidising the consumption of any form of energy; and (c) supports continued investment in research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) to reduce the cost of solar PV modules and improve their efficiency. By 2030, it is estimated that renewable energy could potentially contribute up to 8% of Singapore’s peak electricity demand.', 'By 2030, it is estimated that renewable energy could potentially contribute up to 8% of Singapore’s peak electricity demand. 2) Singapore is Carbon Efficient Singapore is an advanced manufacturing hub, and more than 60% of its manufacturing output is exported to meet the needs of the region and the world.3 Energy efficiency is a key strategy for carbon emissions reduction and Singapore aims to produce goods in an energy- and carbon-efficient manner. As energy costs are not subsidised in Singapore, companies use energy judiciously and embrace new energy efficient technologies. Strong pollution control laws also encourage industries to switch to cleaner fuel sources such as natural gas.', 'Strong pollution control laws also encourage industries to switch to cleaner fuel sources such as natural gas. The Government facilitates the adoption of energy efficient technologies through grants and other policy tools to overcome high upfront capital investments and other non-market barriers. As a result, Singapore contributes to 2.2% of global trade, but only accounts for around 0.11% of global emissions. 3) Singapore’s INDC is a Stretch Goal Singapore’s aim to reduce its Emissions Intensity by 36% from 2005 levels, and to stabilise its emissions with the aim of peaking around 2030 is a stretch goal. As one of the most globalised economies and a trading nation with no indigenous resources, Singapore is heavily dependent on the global supply chain for its food and energy security.', 'As one of the most globalised economies and a trading nation with no indigenous resources, Singapore is heavily dependent on the global supply chain for its food and energy security. Its economic activity and emissions are also highly sensitive to the volatility of regional and global developments. Even so, Singapore’s early actions to reduce emissions, despite its lack of alternative energy options, have allowed it to achieve one of the lowest emissionsintensities globally while still maintaining economic growth. Singapore ranks favourably at 113th out of 140 countries. Singapore’s mitigation efforts include a green growth strategy, promoting low carbon trajectories, and pursuing new energy efficiency measures over and above those already extensively deployed.', 'Singapore’s mitigation efforts include a green growth strategy, promoting low carbon trajectories, and pursuing new energy efficiency measures over and above those already extensively deployed. Singapore will continue to invest significantly in research and development to explore new innovations in low carbon technologies. These efforts entail economic and social opportunity costs4 , but nevertheless will be funded domestically. 4) Singapore Collaborates Internationally Singapore recognises its responsibility to contribute to international collaborations to address climate change. Singapore hosts regular international forums such as the World Cities Summit, Singapore International Water Week, Singapore International Energy Week, and the Singapore Green Building Week/International Green Building Conference, for the sharing of experiences in city planning, climate change adaptation, transport, as well as waste and water management.', 'Singapore hosts regular international forums such as the World Cities Summit, Singapore International Water Week, Singapore International Energy Week, and the Singapore Green Building Week/International Green Building Conference, for the sharing of experiences in city planning, climate change adaptation, transport, as well as waste and water management. Singapore also actively shares its developmental experiences as an island city-state in the C40 Cities Climate Leadership group (C40)5. Partnering the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP), the Building and Construction Authority (BCA) of Singapore established the Centre for Sustainable Buildings – a first in Asia – to support regional efforts to develop green building policies and actions.', 'Partnering the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP), the Building and Construction Authority (BCA) of Singapore established the Centre for Sustainable Buildings – a first in Asia – to support regional efforts to develop green building policies and actions. Singapore also works closely with many partners including the UNFCCC Secretariat, ASEAN member states, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the World Meteorological Organisation, the US Government, the UK Government, UK Carbon Trust, the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade and Germany’s Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH to provide platforms to share experiences, best practices and technical knowledge on climate change and green growth issues. Singapore has also broadened and deepened its own technical cooperation programmes to share experiences with other developing countries.', 'Singapore has also broadened and deepened its own technical cooperation programmes to share experiences with other developing countries. To date, Singapore has conducted programmes for over 10,700 officials from other countries in climate change and sustainable development issues alone. _______________SINGAPORE’S ADAPTATION EFFORTS 1) Adaptation Challenges As a small country without natural resources, Singapore has developed as an open economy that imports the bulk of its food supply, making it sensitive to disruptions to global supply chains. Domestically, Singapore has experienced changes in rainfall patterns and temperature. The annual maximum rainfall intensity in an hour increased from 80 mm in 1980 to 107 mm in 2012. National projections also reflect an upward trend in seasonal mean rainfall during the wet season, and greater dryness during months that are already drier.', 'National projections also reflect an upward trend in seasonal mean rainfall during the wet season, and greater dryness during months that are already drier. For temperature, the rate of warming over Singapore from 1951 to 2012 was 0.26°C per decade, more than double the global rate over the same period (0.12°C). Similar to other members of the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS), as a low-lying country, Singapore is exposed to rising sea levels (the mean rate of global averaged sea level rise was 1.7 mm per year between 1901 and 2010; the global mean sea level is projected to continue to rise during the 21st century6).', 'Similar to other members of the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS), as a low-lying country, Singapore is exposed to rising sea levels (the mean rate of global averaged sea level rise was 1.7 mm per year between 1901 and 2010; the global mean sea level is projected to continue to rise during the 21st century6). Singapore’s location within Southeast Asia, where there is a lack of observational climate data, is also a challenge to local climate modelling work in projecting climate change impacts. These characteristics make adaptation planning in Singapore both complex and challenging. 2) Singapore’s Longstanding and Future Actions to Increase Resilience Recognising that adaptation solutions cannot be implemented overnight, Singapore started early to integrate long-term adaptation planning into national policies.', '2) Singapore’s Longstanding and Future Actions to Increase Resilience Recognising that adaptation solutions cannot be implemented overnight, Singapore started early to integrate long-term adaptation planning into national policies. Listed below are some key adaptation measures Singapore is undertaking: a. Food Security: As a country that imports over 90% of its food supply, Singapore is exposed to a variety of risks. Climate change could potentially result in fluctuations in food supply and prices. Singapore’s main strategy is to diversify sources for food supply resilience. This is supplemented by limited local production of key food items and rice stockpiling. The Singapore Government encourages food security research and development, and incentivises the adoption of technology to increase productivity and resilience of local farms.', 'The Singapore Government encourages food security research and development, and incentivises the adoption of technology to increase productivity and resilience of local farms. b. Infrastructure resilience: Singapore’s Building Control Act requires buildings to undergo periodic structural inspections to ensure structural resiliency. All road and rail structures also undergo regular inspections by registered professional engineers. To protect critical transport infrastructure from flood risks, flood barriers have been installed at subway stations that may be affected, with ongoing work to do so for the remaining ones. For energy and telecommunication services, private operators are required to meet performance standards and ensure network resilience, including through monitoring and maintenance. The Singapore Government constantly reviews and revises design codes, regulations and policies to account for new information and the latest climate projections.', 'The Singapore Government constantly reviews and revises design codes, regulations and policies to account for new information and the latest climate projections. c. Public Health: Climate change could contribute to increased risks of transmission of dengue and other vector-borne diseases in Singapore. Singapore has an integratedregime of environmental management and intensive source reduction to suppress the mosquito vector population. A surveillance programme – anchored in human case, virus, mosquito and weather monitoring – has been established for the early warning of increased risks. Contingency plans are also in place to deal with the anticipated impacts of climate change (including during haze episodes and heat waves), which result in short-term surges in healthcare demand.', 'Contingency plans are also in place to deal with the anticipated impacts of climate change (including during haze episodes and heat waves), which result in short-term surges in healthcare demand. d. Addressing flood risks: Over 30 years, substantial investments in drainage infrastructure have been made to reduce flood-prone areas from around 3,200 hectares to 34 hectares by end-2014. For example, the S$226-million Marina Barrage project was a part of a comprehensive flood alleviation scheme, which also created Singapore s 15th reservoir in the heart of the city. Drainage improvement works are continuous, with 190 enhancements completed in the last cycle and another 154 locations being upgraded under present plans. With more intense rainfall, a holistic “source-pathway-receptor” approach was adopted.', 'With more intense rainfall, a holistic “source-pathway-receptor” approach was adopted. This covers the entire drainage system, addressing not just the pathway through which storm water travels (i.e. “pathway” solutions like widening and deepening drains and canals), but also where run-off is generated (i.e. “source” solutions such as on-site detention) and the areas where floods may occur (i.e. “receptor” solutions like platform levels and flood barriers). Commercial, industrial, institutional and residential developments and redevelopments greater than or equal to 0.2 hectares are required to implement on- site storm water detention measures to reduce the peak discharge into the public drainage system. e. Enhancing water security: Singapore has developed a robust, diversified water supply system through “The Four National Taps”: namely, local catchment water, imported water, NEWater7 and desalinated water.', 'e. Enhancing water security: Singapore has developed a robust, diversified water supply system through “The Four National Taps”: namely, local catchment water, imported water, NEWater7 and desalinated water. Since 2011, with the completion of three reservoirs in urbanised areas, the total water catchment area has been increased from half to two-thirds of Singapore’s land surface. Not being dependent on rainfall, NEWater and desalinated water can be used to supplement water from local reservoirs in extended dry spells. Singapore plans to expand NEWater and desalination capacity to meet up to 80% of its water demand in 2060. Variable salinity8 technology can be used to help expand Singapore’s water catchment to up to 90% of its land area by tapping on the streams and rivulets near the shoreline.', 'Variable salinity8 technology can be used to help expand Singapore’s water catchment to up to 90% of its land area by tapping on the streams and rivulets near the shoreline. f. Protecting the coastline: 70–80% of Singapore’s coastline is protected against coastal erosion by hard structures such as sea walls and stone embankments. The rest are soft coasts, such as sandy beaches and mangrove swamps. Since 1991, all new coastal lands have been reclaimed to 1.25 metres above the highest recorded tide level. In 2011, minimum reclamation levels were raised by an additional 1 metre to be more resilient to long-term sea level rise.', 'In 2011, minimum reclamation levels were raised by an additional 1 metre to be more resilient to long-term sea level rise. A range of technologies are also being deployed to enhance coastal infrastructure at specific locations for the long term, while continued efforts are made to protect Singapore’s critical logistics supply infrastructure (located in coastal regions) against the risk of increased flooding. g. Safeguarding biodiversity: Enriching Singapore’s urban biodiversity and extensive greenery is part of the national vision for a “City in a Garden”. Extensive roadside treeplanting contributes to moderating temperatures in the heart of the city. Over 300 parks and a network of park connectors provide relief from the hot urban tropical climate.', 'Over 300 parks and a network of park connectors provide relief from the hot urban tropical climate. Large freshwater bodies surrounded by forested catchments help to ameliorate the urban island heat effect and conserve our rich natural heritage of flora and fauna. Singapore will continue efforts to safeguard its biodiversity despite an urban environment. The array of natural ecosystems (including evergreen rain forest, mangroves, freshwater streams, freshwater swamp forest, coral reefs and mudflats) will continue to be conserved, with targeted programs for habitat enhancement and species recovery where required. Singapore recognises the need to track its rich urban biodiversity in a manner which can integrate conservation and adaptation actions.', 'Singapore recognises the need to track its rich urban biodiversity in a manner which can integrate conservation and adaptation actions. Working with the Secretariat of the Convention on Biodiversity in 2009, Singapore developed the Singapore Index on Cities’ Biodiversity to give international focus to biodiversity tracking in urban environments. In 2015, the SGBioAtlas smartphone application was launched to engage and allow members of the public to easily report sightings of biodiversity (e.g. birds, butterflies) in their daily lives. The data collected will help Singapore monitor its biodiversity and develop biodiversity management plans. h. Regional Climate Modelling: Singapore has developed essential climate science capabilities within the Meteorological Service Singapore (MSS), through the establishment of the Centre for Climate Research Singapore (CCRS).', 'h. Regional Climate Modelling: Singapore has developed essential climate science capabilities within the Meteorological Service Singapore (MSS), through the establishment of the Centre for Climate Research Singapore (CCRS). CCRS focuses on tropical climate and weather research, including work to improve prediction of convective thunderstorms (responsible for some extremes of weather in the tropics), understand the behaviour of the monsoons in Southeast Asia, and to better describe the drivers behind other complex climate system processes. 1 Source: IEA Key World Energy Statistics, 2014. Comparisons based on available carbon emissions per US$GDP data. 2 To achieve the 2030 Emissions Intensity level, Singapore’s emissions are expected to stabilise at around 65 e based on current projected growth. 3 Singapore’s total trade (in goods and services) is 350% of its GDP.', '3 Singapore’s total trade (in goods and services) is 350% of its GDP. 4 For example, more than 90% of Singapore’s electricity today is generated by natural gas, even though there are far cheaper options such as coal. If Singapore had used coal instead of natural gas for power generation, energy costs could have been potentially reduced by over S$2 billion a year. 5 Singapore is an observer city in the C40. 6 Source: Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 7 NEWater is high-grade reclaimed water produced from treated used water that is further purified using advanced membrane technologies (microfiltration, reverse osmosis and ultraviolet disinfection), making the water ultra-clean and safe to drink.', '6 Source: Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 7 NEWater is high-grade reclaimed water produced from treated used water that is further purified using advanced membrane technologies (microfiltration, reverse osmosis and ultraviolet disinfection), making the water ultra-clean and safe to drink. NEWater exceeds the Environmental Public Health (EPH) and United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) drinking water standards as well as the drinking water guidelines established by World Health Organisation (WHO). 8 Through careful design of the Variable Salinity Plant, the same set of membranes and equipment can be used to treat water of varying salinity. The plant is thus able to process water from different sources of varying salinity (e.g. stream or sea water) without stopping production.']

en-US

SGP

Singapore

Updated NDC

2020-03-31 00:00:00

x

NDC 1.1

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Singapore's%20Update%20of%201st%20NDC.pdf

Non-Annex I

High-income

Asia

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/b5760f18f2e5f0bc2e09bea57a6ac745bd17b883543964767e25f8c0d2a89691.pdf

['SINGAPORE’S UPDATE OF ITS FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION (NDC) AND ACCOMPANYING INFORMATION Singapore intends to peak emissions at 65 MtCO2e around 2030. Note: Based on current projections, this will allow us to achieve a 36% reduction in Emissions Intensity (EI) from 2005 levels by 2030. ACCOMPANYING INFORMATION1 ON SINGAPORE’S 1ST NDC 1. Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year) (a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s); (b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year; Emissions level (in terms of CO2 e) in 2030: ≤65 million tonnes (Mt) CO2 e Singapore’s peaking of emissions will be demonstrated in the national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory time series reported in its Biennial Transparency Reports.', 'Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year) (a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s); (b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year; Emissions level (in terms of CO2 e) in 2030: ≤65 million tonnes (Mt) CO2 e Singapore’s peaking of emissions will be demonstrated in the national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory time series reported in its Biennial Transparency Reports. 1 The accompanying information to clarify Singapore’s updated 1st NDC is provided taking reference from the guidance on “Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of nationally determined contributions, referred to in decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 28” as contained in Annex 1 of decision 4/CMA.1 adopted in December 2018.', '1 The accompanying information to clarify Singapore’s updated 1st NDC is provided taking reference from the guidance on “Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of nationally determined contributions, referred to in decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 28” as contained in Annex 1 of decision 4/CMA.1 adopted in December 2018. (c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information; Not applicable. Singapore’s NDC is an economy-wide absolute GHG emissions limitation target. (d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction; See 1(a) above. (e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point: Not applicable.', '(e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point: Not applicable. Singapore’s NDC is an economy-wide absolute GHG emissions limitation target. (f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators: Not applicable. Singapore’s NDC target, which aims not to exceed an absolute emissions level, does not take reference from any baseline.2. Time frames and/or periods for implementation (a) Time frame and period of implementation: Beginning 2021 to end 2030. (b) Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable: Single-year target. 3. Scope and Coverage (a) General description of the target: Singapore’s NDC is an economy-wide absolute GHG emissions limitation target to peak its GHG emissions at 65 MtCO2 e around 2030.', 'Scope and Coverage (a) General description of the target: Singapore’s NDC is an economy-wide absolute GHG emissions limitation target to peak its GHG emissions at 65 MtCO2 e around 2030. Singapore’s GHG emissions in 2030 are expected to amount to no higher than 65 MtCO2 e. (b) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines; Singapore’s NDC is an economy-wide absolute GHG emissions limitation target. Key sectors covered: Energy, Industrial Processes and Product Use, Agriculture, Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) and Waste. Greenhouse gases covered are: carbon dioxide (CO2 ), methane (CH4 ), nitrous oxide (N2 O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulphur hexafluoride (SF6 ) and nitrogen trifluoride (NF3 ). The expansion of GHG coverage to include NF3 is a new addition to Singapore’s updated NDC.', 'The expansion of GHG coverage to include NF3 is a new addition to Singapore’s updated NDC. (c) How the Party has taken into consideration paragraphs 31 (c) and (d) of decision All categories of anthropogenic emissions or removals are included, and will continue to be included. (d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans. Not applicable. Singapore will account for any mitigation co-benefits from adaptation actions and/or economic diversification as mitigation actions in accordance with the assumptions and methodological approaches indicated in Section 5 of this document. 4.', 'Singapore will account for any mitigation co-benefits from adaptation actions and/or economic diversification as mitigation actions in accordance with the assumptions and methodological approaches indicated in Section 5 of this document. 4. Planning Processes (a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and implementation plans, including: domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner. (i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner; The Inter-Ministerial Committee on Climate Change (IMCCC), which comprises Ministers from relevant Ministries, drives Singapore’s whole-of-government efforts to develop and implement coherent and co-ordinated climate change mitigation measures.', '(i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner; The Inter-Ministerial Committee on Climate Change (IMCCC), which comprises Ministers from relevant Ministries, drives Singapore’s whole-of-government efforts to develop and implement coherent and co-ordinated climate change mitigation measures. This includes the preparation and implementation of Singapore’s NDC.The NDC was prepared taking into account Singapore’s national circumstances, challenges and opportunities for mitigation. Studies and technology roadmaps, developed in collaboration and consultation with industry stakeholders, academic experts and technical consultants, served as additional inputs on the potential of future technologies for long-term mitigation in Singapore. The Singapore Government also carried out stakeholder consultations, including with members of the public, in order to obtain feedback on possible measures to reduce carbon emissions.', 'The Singapore Government also carried out stakeholder consultations, including with members of the public, in order to obtain feedback on possible measures to reduce carbon emissions. (ii) Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication; a. National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication; Singapore’s national circumstances include, among others, a relatively small land area, high population density, constraints in deploying alternative clean energy, and climate vulnerabilities. Please refer to Section 6 for more details. b. Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution; In Singapore’s experience, a key best practice for preparing an NDC is to put in place effective and pragmatic institutional arrangements to coordinate domestic climate efforts.', 'Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution; In Singapore’s experience, a key best practice for preparing an NDC is to put in place effective and pragmatic institutional arrangements to coordinate domestic climate efforts. In particular, the IMCCC’s role in strongly coordinating Singapore’s climate change policies from a whole-of- government perspective facilitates opportunities for optimising Singapore’s climate efforts, including consideration of possible trade-offs or synergies across the sectors. A key focus of the planning processes for Singapore’s NDC is to develop a comprehensive suite of mitigation measures to achieveits NDC target. These measures are described in Singapore s Climate Action Plan: Take Action Today, for a Sustainable Future, published in 2016.', 'These measures are described in Singapore s Climate Action Plan: Take Action Today, for a Sustainable Future, published in 2016. The Singapore Government will continue to engage stakeholders (including businesses, civil society, youths, schools, and the research community) to co-create and co-deliver solutions, amplify awareness, and encourage a whole-of-nation effort to address climate change. The Singapore Government believes that setting out Singapore’s climate policy aspirations and strategies well in advance will help provide a clear sense of direction, minimise any negative disruptions to the economy and workforce and keep Singapore competitive in a carbon-constrained world.', 'The Singapore Government believes that setting out Singapore’s climate policy aspirations and strategies well in advance will help provide a clear sense of direction, minimise any negative disruptions to the economy and workforce and keep Singapore competitive in a carbon-constrained world. In this regard, Singapore’s climate strategies are reflected, inter alia, in the National Climate Change Strategy 2012, the Sustainable Singapore Blueprint 2015, Singapore s Climate Action Plan: Take Action Today, for a Sustainable Future (published in 2016), Charting Singapore’s Low-Carbon and Climate Resilient Future (published in 2020), and various sectoral roadmaps and masterplans published by the respective government agencies. c. Other contextual aspirations and Nil.priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement; (b) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement… Not applicable.', 'c. Other contextual aspirations and Nil.priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement; (b) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement… Not applicable. Singapore is not part of any joint fulfilment agreement under Article 4, paragraph 2 of the Paris Agreement. (c) How the Party’s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; The first global stocktake will take place in 2023. Singapore participated in the Talanoa Dialogue in 2018, which generated political momentum for enhanced climate action, including calling for Parties to update their NDCs.', 'Singapore participated in the Talanoa Dialogue in 2018, which generated political momentum for enhanced climate action, including calling for Parties to update their NDCs. The preparation of Singapore’s enhanced NDC was informed by the recommendations of the Talanoa Call for Action, taking into account Singapore’s national circumstances. (d) Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of (i) How the economic and social consequences of Not applicable. Please refer to Section 3(d) above.the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution; (ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co- benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits… Not applicable. Please refer to Section 3(d) above. 5.', 'Please refer to Section 3(d) above. 5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: (a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals Singapore will account for its anthropogenic GHG emissions and removals using the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and 2013 Supplement to the 2006corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA. IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands (collectively, the “2006 IPCC Guidelines”), specifically, by way of the Sectoral approach.', 'IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands (collectively, the “2006 IPCC Guidelines”), specifically, by way of the Sectoral approach. (b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution See 5(a) above. Singapore will also apply specific assumptions and methodologies, where relevant, when accounting for progress of various policies and measures in its Biennial Update Report or Biennial Transparency Report. (c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate See 5(a) above.', '(c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate See 5(a) above. (d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals Singapore’s emissions for CO2 O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6 will be derived using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, via the Sectoral approach. The Tier 1 methodology will be used for most emission estimates. Higher tier methodology will be used, where relevant and depending on availability of data. The aggregation of GHG emissions and removals will be reported using the 100-year time-horizon global warming potential (GWP) values from the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report.', 'The aggregation of GHG emissions and removals will be reported using the 100-year time-horizon global warming potential (GWP) values from the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report. (Note: This is a methodological update to Singapore s NDC, which previously applied the GWPs from the IPCC Second Assessment Report.) (e) Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: Singapore will account for reporting of GHG emissions and removals from the LULUCF sector in accordance with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, up to Tier 3 level where available and covering all prescribed land-use categories and all carbon pools. The 2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands will also be incorporated.', 'The 2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands will also be incorporated. (i) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural GHG emissions and removals from natural disturbances, if any, will be accounted for in accordance with the prescribed 2006 IPCC Guidelines, coupled with field inventory measurements where applicable.disturbances on managed lands; (ii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products; Not applicable. There is no timber industry in Singapore. Hence, Singapore at present has no GHG emissions and removals from harvested wood products. (iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; Singapore will estimate GHG emissions and removals in the LULUCF sector with up to Tier 3 approaches where feasible, and apply high-resolution satellite images, coupled with collection of country-specific data resulting from field inventory measurements undertaken at regular intervals and estimated by modelling approaches.', '(iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; Singapore will estimate GHG emissions and removals in the LULUCF sector with up to Tier 3 approaches where feasible, and apply high-resolution satellite images, coupled with collection of country-specific data resulting from field inventory measurements undertaken at regular intervals and estimated by modelling approaches. The field measurements will take into consideration tree growth information across the range of tree species and diameter classes for all forest types. (f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: (i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific To develop the NDC, extensive technical studies were undertaken, including an assessment of Singapore’s economy-wide energy efficiency potential.', '(f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: (i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific To develop the NDC, extensive technical studies were undertaken, including an assessment of Singapore’s economy-wide energy efficiency potential. These take into account Singapore’s national circumstances and challenges (as outlined in Section 6 below). Studies and technology roadmaps developed in collaboration with industry stakeholders, academic experts and technical consultants, served as additional inputs onreference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; the potential of future technologies for long-term mitigation in Singapore. Stakeholder consultations were also carried out to obtain feedback on possible measures to reduce carbon emissions.', 'Stakeholder consultations were also carried out to obtain feedback on possible measures to reduce carbon emissions. (ii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non-greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; Not applicable. The scope and coverage of Singapore’s NDC, as indicated in Section 3(b) above, do not contain non-GHG components. (iii) For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated; Not applicable. The scope and coverage of Singapore’s NDC, as indicated in Section 3(b) above, do not include climate forcers not covered by IPCC guidelines. (iv) Further technical information, as necessary; Nil.', '(iv) Further technical information, as necessary; Nil. (g) The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable Singapore intends to achieve the mitigation objectives under its NDC primarily through domestic efforts, but will continue to study how it can leverage international cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. 6. How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances (a) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; The updated NDC and the accompanying information reflects Singapore’s commitment under the Paris Agreement in support of the multilateral framework of cooperation to address climate change.', 'How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances (a) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; The updated NDC and the accompanying information reflects Singapore’s commitment under the Paris Agreement in support of the multilateral framework of cooperation to address climate change. In particular, the updated NDC reflects the following enhancements: a) An economy-wide absolute GHG emissions limitation target in place of the previous intensity target. This will provide greater clarity and transparency of Singapore’s emissions level in 2030 and facilitate the tracking of progress; b) A clear peaking level (i.e. 65 MtCO2 e) around 2030.', 'This will provide greater clarity and transparency of Singapore’s emissions level in 2030 and facilitate the tracking of progress; b) A clear peaking level (i.e. 65 MtCO2 e) around 2030. This reflects Singapore’s efforts to support the objectives of Article 2a and Article 4.1 of the Paris Agreement. This is a challenging and ambitious target given Singapore’s national circumstances and anticipated growth in economic activity; c) Inclusion of NF3 . With this inclusion, the coverage of gases in Singapore’s NDC has been expanded to include all seven gases within the same peaking level. This reflects an increase in the ambition of Singapore’s NDC and will require additional mitigation effort; (b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; (c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement;d) Methodological updates to Singapore s NDC.', 'This reflects an increase in the ambition of Singapore’s NDC and will require additional mitigation effort; (b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; (c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement;d) Methodological updates to Singapore s NDC. These updates include, for example, the use of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines and the 100-year time-horizon GWP values from the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report. This demonstrates enhanced transparency in the reporting of Singapore’s national inventory and climate actions; e) Updated information on implementation efforts. These efforts include more ambitious solar energy goals and the introduction of an economy-wide carbon tax with no exemptions for covered facilities; and f) Application of ICTU guidance. This will facilitate greater clarity, transparency and understanding of Singapore’s NDC and implementation efforts.', 'This will facilitate greater clarity, transparency and understanding of Singapore’s NDC and implementation efforts. Consideration of the fairness and ambition of Singapore’s NDC must take into account the following: a) Singapore has taken ambitious early actions. Singapore made early policy choices that reduced its GHG emissions, for example by switching from fuel oil to natural gas – the cleanest form of fossil fuel – for power generation. In 2019, about 95% of its electricity was generated from natural gas, compared to 18% in 2000. Energy is priced at market cost, without any subsidy, so that households and businesses will use energy judiciously.', 'Energy is priced at market cost, without any subsidy, so that households and businesses will use energy judiciously. Singapore was the first country to impose a vehicle quota system to cap vehicle growth, and the only country to set a zero growth rate for cars and motorcycles. As a result, these and other earlier initiatives make it harder for Singapore to achieve steep emissions reductions because many of the gains have already been reaped through early action over the years;b) Singapore is alternative energy disadvantaged. Singapore’s urban density and limited land area (725 km2), relatively flat land, low wind speeds and lack of geothermal resources present serious difficulties in pursuing alternative energy options. Its limited land resources also make it challenging to deploy solar power on a large scale.', 'Its limited land resources also make it challenging to deploy solar power on a large scale. Given Singapore’s small land area and high population density, the risks of nuclear energy currently outweigh the potential benefits. Such circumstances are recognised under Article 4, paragraph 10 of the UNFCCC; c) Singapore has one of the highest population densities globally. Singapore has one of the highest population densities in the world (7,866 persons per km2). In addition, as a low-lying island state of 725 km² with no natural resources, Singapore has to accommodate not only housing and commercial centres, but also power plants, reservoirs, air/seaports and industries within its city boundaries.', 'In addition, as a low-lying island state of 725 km² with no natural resources, Singapore has to accommodate not only housing and commercial centres, but also power plants, reservoirs, air/seaports and industries within its city boundaries. The limited land space and high urban density mean that there is limited scope for solar photovoltaics (PV) deployment and for the forestry sector to be a significant carbon sink; d) Singapore is dependent on the global supply chain for food and energy security. As one of the most globalised economies and a trading nation with no indigenous resources, Singapore is heavily dependent on the global supply chain for its food and energy security. Its economic activity and emissions are also highly sensitive to the volatility of regional and global developments.', 'Its economic activity and emissions are also highly sensitive to the volatility of regional and global developments. These challenges mean that Singapore’s climate strategies have to take into account international developments that may adversely affect its economy, and its food and energy security;e) Singapore is one of the top performers for carbon intensity globally. While Singapore’s share of the global GDP is small at 0.4%, as an advanced manufacturing hub it plays a key role to meet the demands of the region and the world, accounting for 2.1% of the world’s total merchandise exports.2 Energy efficiency is a key strategy for emissions reduction and Singapore aims to produce goods in an energy- and carbon-efficient manner.', 'While Singapore’s share of the global GDP is small at 0.4%, as an advanced manufacturing hub it plays a key role to meet the demands of the region and the world, accounting for 2.1% of the world’s total merchandise exports.2 Energy efficiency is a key strategy for emissions reduction and Singapore aims to produce goods in an energy- and carbon-efficient manner. As energy costs are not subsidised in Singapore, companies are incentivised to use energy judiciously and embrace new energy efficient technologies. Strong pollution control laws also encourage industries to switch to cleaner fuel sources such as natural gas. The Singapore Government facilitates the adoption of energy efficient technologies through grants and other policy tools to overcome high upfront capital investments and other non-market barriers.', 'The Singapore Government facilitates the adoption of energy efficient technologies through grants and other policy tools to overcome high upfront capital investments and other non-market barriers. Singapore is already among the 20 best-performing countries in terms of emissions intensity, based on data published by the International Energy Agency (IEA) in 2019.3 This reflects the substantial early action Singapore has taken to grow in an environmentally responsible way. While Singapore will continue to strive for sustainable growth, it will be increasingly challenging for Singapore to achieve additional deep emissions reductions. Singapore is continuing to invest significantly in research and development to harness the potential of low-carbon technologies and explore effective international cooperation; f) Singapore is pushing ahead on solar deployment despite constraints.', 'Singapore is continuing to invest significantly in research and development to harness the potential of low-carbon technologies and explore effective international cooperation; f) Singapore is pushing ahead on solar deployment despite constraints. Singapore is pushing ahead to spur the deployment of solar PV through continued investment in research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) to reduce cost, improve efficiency and enable innovative modes of deployment such as floating, offshore, 2 Source: World Trade Organization, Trade Profiles – Singapore (2019). Emissions from Fuel Combustion (2019).and building-integrated PV. Singapore is well on track to achieve 350 megawatt- peak (MWp) in 2020 and aims to achieve at least 2 gigawatt-peak (GWp) by 2030.', 'Singapore is well on track to achieve 350 megawatt- peak (MWp) in 2020 and aims to achieve at least 2 gigawatt-peak (GWp) by 2030. While this level of renewable energy cannot match those of countries with abundant land for solar PV deployment and access to alternative energy resources, Singapore’s context and constraints must be taken into account. 2 GWp of solar would require between 1,000 and 2,000 hectares of space, out of Singapore’s land area of 725 km2, and would meet about 4% of Singapore’s current annual electricity needs, and 10% of daily peak electricity demand today; g) Singapore is undertaking concrete implementation efforts. Singapore’s carbon tax, the first in Southeast Asia, came into effect in 2019.', 'Singapore’s carbon tax, the first in Southeast Asia, came into effect in 2019. The carbon tax is applied to direct emissions from facilities producing 25 ktCO2 e or more of GHG emissions in a year, without exemption. This covers 80% of Singapore’s carbon emissions and provides an economy-wide price signal to incentivise emissions reductions, supports other mitigation measures and facilitates transition to a low-carbon economy. Singapore is also implementing concrete measures within the various sectors. For example, for the transport sector, Singapore is taking steps to make public and shared transport and active mobility the preferred mode of travel; phase out internal combustion engine vehicles and promote the adoption of cleaner and greener vehicles, such as electric vehicles; and enhance the environmental friendliness of its transport infrastructure.', 'For example, for the transport sector, Singapore is taking steps to make public and shared transport and active mobility the preferred mode of travel; phase out internal combustion engine vehicles and promote the adoption of cleaner and greener vehicles, such as electric vehicles; and enhance the environmental friendliness of its transport infrastructure. For the buildings sector, Singapore has mandated minimum energy performance standards and developed the Super Low Energy Buildings Programme, which supports the research and adoption of cost-effective, energy-efficient and renewable energy solutions. For industry, Singapore has enhanced its grant schemes to help individual companiesimprove their energy efficiency, and have sought to bring companies within a sector together to achieve systems-level efficiency gains across the sector; h) Singapore’s climate vulnerabilities will require comprehensive adaptation efforts.', 'For industry, Singapore has enhanced its grant schemes to help individual companiesimprove their energy efficiency, and have sought to bring companies within a sector together to achieve systems-level efficiency gains across the sector; h) Singapore’s climate vulnerabilities will require comprehensive adaptation efforts. As a small, low-lying island state, Singapore’s vulnerabilities to the effects of climate change require it to pursue a comprehensive adaptation programme to protect its coasts, low-lying areas and communities (see Annex for details of Singapore’s adaptation vulnerabilities and strategies). These adaptation actions will impose significant costs for the Singapore Government and people; and i) Singapore is working actively to support other developing countries in their efforts to build capacity for climate efforts.', 'These adaptation actions will impose significant costs for the Singapore Government and people; and i) Singapore is working actively to support other developing countries in their efforts to build capacity for climate efforts. Singapore collaborates actively with international partners, such as the UNFCCC, the UN Development Programme (UNDP), the UN Environment Programme (UNEP), ASEAN and city-networks such as the C40, on sharing of best practices and experiences on climate change and green growth issues. To date, Singapore has trained more than 130,000 officials from fellow developing countries under the Singapore Cooperation Programme (SCP) in key areas such as sustainable development, urban planning, water, and transport management.', 'To date, Singapore has trained more than 130,000 officials from fellow developing countries under the Singapore Cooperation Programme (SCP) in key areas such as sustainable development, urban planning, water, and transport management. Singapore also launched a dedicated Climate Action Package under the Singapore Cooperation Programme in 2018, to offer capacity-building support in areas such as climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies, flood management, disaster risk reduction, and green climate finance. Singapore will continue to deepen and broaden its technical cooperation programmes with other developing countries. (d) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; Singapore’s updated NDC is an economy-wide absolute GHG emissions limitation target, which reflects its effort as a developing country Party to address Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement.', '(d) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; Singapore’s updated NDC is an economy-wide absolute GHG emissions limitation target, which reflects its effort as a developing country Party to address Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement. (e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement. Singapore’s updated NDC is an economy-wide absolute GHG emissions limitation target. 7.', 'Singapore’s updated NDC is an economy-wide absolute GHG emissions limitation target. 7. How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 (a) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Singapore’s target to peak GHG emissions at 65 MtCO2 e around 2030 is an important milestone, in line with the objectives of the Paris Agreement, and is aimed at achieving the long-term temperature goal set out in Article 2 of the Convention.', 'How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 (a) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Singapore’s target to peak GHG emissions at 65 MtCO2 e around 2030 is an important milestone, in line with the objectives of the Paris Agreement, and is aimed at achieving the long-term temperature goal set out in Article 2 of the Convention. Given its unique national circumstances and particular set of challenges, Singapore’s NDC is challenging and ambitious, and aims to support the collective effort to reach global peaking of GHG emissions as soon as possible, as set out in Article 4.1 of the Paris Agreement.', 'Given its unique national circumstances and particular set of challenges, Singapore’s NDC is challenging and ambitious, and aims to support the collective effort to reach global peaking of GHG emissions as soon as possible, as set out in Article 4.1 of the Paris Agreement. (b) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 2(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement. . . . . .ANNEX ACCOMPANYING INFORMATION ON SINGAPORE’S ADAPTATION EFFORTS To ensure that current and future generations continue to thrive in a low-carbon and resource-constrained future, Singapore has taken decisive steps to strengthen its climate, resource, and economic resilience. Given the complexity and challenges in adaptation planning, Singapore has integrated long-term adaptation planning into national policies.', 'Given the complexity and challenges in adaptation planning, Singapore has integrated long-term adaptation planning into national policies. This will result in measures that will entail significant costs for the Singapore Government and people but will support global climate action. Investing in Research Singapore must meet the anticipated impacts of climate change with actions based on robust climate science and the latest projections. Singapore’s location within Southeast Asia presents a challenge to local climate modelling work in projecting climate change effects, since there is a lack of observational climate data in the region. In fact, the Centre for Climate Research Singapore (CCRS), established in Singapore in 2013, is one of the few dedicated centres in the region that focuses on research in tropical weather and climate.', 'In fact, the Centre for Climate Research Singapore (CCRS), established in Singapore in 2013, is one of the few dedicated centres in the region that focuses on research in tropical weather and climate. CCRS has expanded, with a new Programme Office that will drive the formulation and implementation of Singapore’s national climate science research masterplan and build a vibrant climate science research landscape in Singapore. CCRS will also undertake a National Sea Level Research programme to develop more robust projections of sea level rise, and seek to enhance understanding of long-term sea level rise and its variability, regional patterns and extreme weather events. CCRS will also cooperate with regional counterparts to study in further detail how climate change is affecting the region.', 'CCRS will also cooperate with regional counterparts to study in further detail how climate change is affecting the region. In addition, the Meteorological Service Singapore/CCRS will work closely with the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) Regional Office for Asia and the South-West Pacific in Singapore to implement WMO’s programmes and capacity development initiatives in Asia and the South-West Pacific.Given that climate science is constantly evolving, CCRS will continue to monitor the changes, refine existing measures and put in place new ones, where necessary. Protecting Singapore from Sea Level Rise Sea level rise presents an existential challenge to Singapore, posing threats to Singapore’s long-term future.', 'Protecting Singapore from Sea Level Rise Sea level rise presents an existential challenge to Singapore, posing threats to Singapore’s long-term future. Along with fellow members of the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS), Singapore, as a low-lying country, is particularly exposed to the adverse effects of rising sea levels. The dangers are compounded by the fact that Singapore is located in the tropics, since it is predicted that sea level rise in tropical areas could be up to 30% higher than the global average. The uncertainty of sea level rise projections presents significant planning challenges to protect Singapore. Singapore has undertaken local measures to protect its infrastructure and living environment against the risk of rising sea levels.', 'Singapore has undertaken local measures to protect its infrastructure and living environment against the risk of rising sea levels. Since 2011, minimum platform levels for new development projects have been raised to four metres above the Singapore Height Datum (SHD).4 New critical infrastructure, such as the Tuas Port and Changi Airport Terminal 5, will have platforms raised even higher, to at least five metres above the SHD. Singapore has also installed coastal protection measures on more than 70% of its coastal areas to manage coastal erosion. Beyond these, Singapore has studied its coastline and developed a national, island-wide plan to protect itself from rising sea levels.', 'Beyond these, Singapore has studied its coastline and developed a national, island-wide plan to protect itself from rising sea levels. Singapore will continue to explore innovative approaches to coastal protection measures, which may include a combination of conventional engineering solutions such as sea walls, tidal gates and pumping stations, and nature-based solutions. These various coastal protection measures will not only help overcome the challenges of sea level rise, but also present new exciting opportunities for new green and blue community spaces for Singaporeans. These comprehensive coastal protection efforts are estimated to cost S$100 billion over 100 years.', 'These comprehensive coastal protection efforts are estimated to cost S$100 billion over 100 years. In view of this, the Singapore Government has set up a 4 The Singapore Height Datum is defined as the mean sea level determined at Victoria Dock, Singapore, between 1935-1937.Coastal and Flood Protection Fund, with an initial funding of S$5 billion, to support the substantial capital outlay. These are necessary to build up Singapore’s resilience against climate change and safeguard its future in a fiscally sustainable manner. Managing Singapore’s Water, Minimising Floods Climate change also poses challenges to Singapore’s water supply, security and resilience.', 'Managing Singapore’s Water, Minimising Floods Climate change also poses challenges to Singapore’s water supply, security and resilience. To ensure a sustainable and reliable water supply, Singapore has diversified its water supply sources and now has four sources to meet its national water needs, namely, water from local catchment, imported water, NEWater or recycled water, and desalinated water. Singapore has embarked on an integrated and effective way to meet its water needs with investments in research and technology to treat, recycle and supply water in the most cost-efficient way possible. Singapore has also integrated the treatment of wastewater into its water system in a closed loop, and reuses every drop of water by recycling it. Today, NEWater and desalinated water provide Singapore with weather-resilient sources of water.', 'Today, NEWater and desalinated water provide Singapore with weather-resilient sources of water. Singapore will experience more frequent and intense rainfall events with climate change, and will need to deal with the increasing frequency and intensity of floods. It has introduced a “Source-Pathway-Receptor” approach, which looks at catchment-wide solutions to achieve higher flood protection. The Singapore Government has spent almost S$2 billion on drainage improvement works since 2011. An additional S$190 million will be spent in 2020 to upgrade and maintain drains. Singapore will need to continually invest and manage its infrastructure to deal with the effects from climate change. In addition, Singapore will be naturalising more waterways and waterbodies in its gardens and parks.', 'In addition, Singapore will be naturalising more waterways and waterbodies in its gardens and parks. Coastal and riverine parks will also incorporate designs such as floodplains to protect coastal and low-lying areas from sea level rise or flooding. Singapore is also conserving and restoring its mangrove forests. Mangroves help to dissipate waves and trap sediment, potentially serving as a flexible form of coastal defence while reducing erosion.Keeping Singapore’s Essential Services Running Well More frequent and intense rainfall could result in floods that disrupt Singapore’s energy and telecommunications infrastructure and affect its air, land and sea connectivity. Singapore is strengthening the resilience of its critical services.', 'Singapore is strengthening the resilience of its critical services. For example, the drainage system at Changi Airport which is located along the coast, is being significantly upgraded to protect the airport against flood risks. To protect the train network and commuters, flood barriers are installed at the entrances of underground Mass Rapid Transit train stations in low-lying areas. Keeping Singapore’s Buildings and Infrastructure Safe Studies have been commissioned on the potential effects of higher temperatures, rainfall and wind speeds on building safety and slope stability in Singapore. The results indicate that the projected changes in climate are unlikely to have a significant impact on the integrity of buildings and building attachments in Singapore as long as they adhere to building codes and are properly maintained.', 'The results indicate that the projected changes in climate are unlikely to have a significant impact on the integrity of buildings and building attachments in Singapore as long as they adhere to building codes and are properly maintained. The assessment will be reviewed periodically to account for changes in future climate projections. Strengthening Resilience in Public Health, Protecting Singapore’s Greenery and Biodiversity Higher temperatures will result in a warmer environment, and could lead to an increase in the mosquito population in Singapore.Singapore is developing a heat stress information system for the public, and has implemented novel solutions such as the use of Wolbachia technology in controlling the mosquito population.', 'Strengthening Resilience in Public Health, Protecting Singapore’s Greenery and Biodiversity Higher temperatures will result in a warmer environment, and could lead to an increase in the mosquito population in Singapore.Singapore is developing a heat stress information system for the public, and has implemented novel solutions such as the use of Wolbachia technology in controlling the mosquito population. Project Wolbachia trials have achieved up to 90% suppression of the Aedes aegypti population within the study sites. In addition, Singapore’s greenery and biodiversity may be at risk with long-term changes in temperature and rainfall, and more extreme weather. Singapore has implemented new tree management measures in light of changing climatic conditions. First, the National Parks Board Singapore (NParks) replaces storm-vulnerable species with hardier trees.', 'First, the National Parks Board Singapore (NParks) replaces storm-vulnerable species with hardier trees. Second, NParks regularly prunes its trees to improve their structure and balance. Third, NParks uses technology to analyse risks and improve inspection processes. With this adaptive tree management programme in place, the annual number of tree failure incidents has fallen by about 85% between 2001 and 2018, despite more severe weather. Singapore will conserve more native plants and animals by carrying out recovery plans for over 70 more animals and plant species, enhancing 30 hectares of forest, marine and coastal habitats, and restoring ecological habitats in at least half of its gardens, parks and streetscapes by 2030. Singapore will also be planting one million more trees across the island by 2030.', 'Singapore will also be planting one million more trees across the island by 2030. Ensuring a Resilient Food Supply As a small country without natural resources, Singapore has developed as an open economy that imports more than 90% of its food supply, making it sensitive to disruptions to global supply chains. Changing climate patterns pose risks to its food supply. To make food supply more resilient, Singapore is pursuing three strategies, namely: 1) Diversification of import sources; 2) Grow local; and 3) Grow overseas. In particular, Singapore has set an ambitious target for local food production. By 2030, Singapore aims to meet 30% of Singapore’s nutritional needs with food produced in Singapore.', 'By 2030, Singapore aims to meet 30% of Singapore’s nutritional needs with food produced in Singapore. To do so, the Singapore Government will support the local agri-food industry to adopt innovative solutions and raise productivity. This includes building an R&D ecosystem to enhanceurban food production, develop production technologies for alternative proteins, as well as strengthen food safety capabilities and technologies. Farms can tap on the Agriculture Productivity Fund (APF) to co-fund systems to better control environmental variables and boost production capabilities, as well as to leverage technology to produce food sustainably. . . . . .']

en-US

SGP

Singapore

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2020-03-31 00:00:00

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LTS 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/SingaporeLongtermlowemissionsdevelopmentstrategy.pdf

Non-Annex I

High-income

Asia

0

0

../data/downloaded_documents/253b6da0c0b6af4119eb576503a7f6b4dacd940acdb968f679604bced86c625a.pdf

['CHARTING SINGAPORE’S LOW-CARBON AND CLIMATE RESILIENT FUTUREContents Chapter 1: Global Context 17 Chapter 2: Singapore’s National Circumstances 22 Chapter 3: Singapore’s Long-Term Low-Emissions Aspiration 30 Chapter 4: Key Long-Term Climate Actions 36 Chapter 5: Seizing Green Growth Opportunities 86 Chapter 6: Key Long-Term Adaptation Actions 104 Chapter 7: Involving the Whole Nation 119 Chapter 8: Building International Partnerships 131 Published by: National Climate Change Secretariat Strategy Group, Prime Minister’s Office www.nccs.gov.sg This document was prepared taking on board inputs and feedback from relevant government agencies, academia, industry and civil society whose opinions and views were gathered through technology roadmaps, surveys, the public consultation on Singapore’s long-term low-emissions development strategy and various stakeholder engagements. More details of the public consultation process can be found on on-singapores-long-term-low-emissions-development-strategy/. Copyright reserved 2020 All rights reserved.', 'Copyright reserved 2020 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, without the prior permission of the National Climate Change Secretariat.CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Climate change is a complex global challenge that calls for concerted international action. All nations must work together to address the challenges of climate change. Singapore recognises the urgent need for multilateral action and is committed to doing our part as a responsible member of the international community. Our National Climate Change Strategy document, Climate Change and Singapore: Challenges. Opportunities. Partnerships.', 'Our National Climate Change Strategy document, Climate Change and Singapore: Challenges. Opportunities. Partnerships. published in 2012 outlined Singapore’s plans to address climate change, followed by Climate Action Plan: Take Action Today, for a Carbon Efficient Singapore in 2016, which outlined our strategies to achieve our first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC). These documents set out the whole-of- nation approach we are adopting to address climate change, and detail the comprehensive suite of actions that we are taking to reduce our carbon emissions. We have progressively and systematically implemented the strategies outlined in these documents, but there is a need to do more in the face of the rising risks of climate impacts from a warming world. This document hence outlines our long-term low-emissions development strategy (LEDS), which aims to guide our transition to a low-carbon and climate resilient future.', 'This document hence outlines our long-term low-emissions development strategy (LEDS), which aims to guide our transition to a low-carbon and climate resilient future. Preface Singapore’s LEDS builds upon our past strategies and early actions. It outlines our long-term development priorities and climate action policies and will serve as a reference point to inform our subsequent NDCs under the Paris Agreement. It aims to facilitate long-term action to address the effects of climate change and to enable a well-managed transition to a low-carbon economy, while growing new sectors of our economy and creating jobs and opportunities. Our LEDS has been prepared by government agencies under the Inter-Ministerial Committee on Climate Change (IMCCC), in consultation with academia, industry and civil society whose opinions and expert views were gathered through technology roadmaps, surveys, and various stakeholder engagements.', 'Our LEDS has been prepared by government agencies under the Inter-Ministerial Committee on Climate Change (IMCCC), in consultation with academia, industry and civil society whose opinions and expert views were gathered through technology roadmaps, surveys, and various stakeholder engagements. The involvement of multiple parties in this planning process reflects our intent to take a whole-of-nation, and whole-of- society approach to address climate change.', 'The involvement of multiple parties in this planning process reflects our intent to take a whole-of-nation, and whole-of- society approach to address climate change. To take into account new developments from emerging climate-friendly technological solutions and other prevailing conditions and developments at the international, regional or domestic level, this document may be updated from time to time.CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Foreword Climate change is an existential challenge for Singapore All countries must cooperate to achieve a low-carbon future Planning for a climate resilient future Across the globe, the effects of climate change are clear and present. Extreme climate and weather patterns have become more frequent, ice sheets are melting and glaciers are receding.', 'Extreme climate and weather patterns have become more frequent, ice sheets are melting and glaciers are receding. Singapore too has experienced more episodes of unusually heavy rainfall accompanied by flooding. As a low-lying island, we remain fundamentally vulnerable. The ongoing effects of climate change, particularly the threat of rising sea levels, mean that we will continue to face further threats to our living environment and disruptions to the supply of food and resources. The adoption of the Paris Agreement in 2015 was a clear response to the urgent call for global climate action. Given the diversity in the national circumstances of individual countries, as recognised in Article 4.19 of the Paris Agreement, it is clear that there is no “one-size- fits-all” approach for countries in the formulation of their long-term low-emissions development strategies (LEDS).', 'Given the diversity in the national circumstances of individual countries, as recognised in Article 4.19 of the Paris Agreement, it is clear that there is no “one-size- fits-all” approach for countries in the formulation of their long-term low-emissions development strategies (LEDS). For example, small island states like Singapore, have different circumstances from countries with a large land mass. Nonetheless, it is clear is that all countries need to do their utmost to reduce emissions and plan for the transition to a low-carbon future as soon as possible. For small island nations like Singapore, climate change poses an asymmetrical challenge. On the one hand, our impact on global emissions is small, but on the other hand, the effect of climate change on us is disproportionately large and existential.', 'On the one hand, our impact on global emissions is small, but on the other hand, the effect of climate change on us is disproportionately large and existential. We are working to identify and assess climate change risks and impacts, and to formulate and implement adaptation plans to enhance our climate resilience and to minimise the adverse impacts of climate change on the community, economy and our daily lives. Protecting Singapore from sea level rise is a large-scale and long- term effort requiring considerable resources, and is estimated to cost S$100 billion over the next 100 years. We have set up a new Coastal and Flood Protection Fund, with an initial injection of S$5 billion, to start setting aside the resources for this.', 'We have set up a new Coastal and Flood Protection Fund, with an initial injection of S$5 billion, to start setting aside the resources for this. We will implement our plans in phases, and be prepared to adjust and adapt them as necessary to take into account the latest sea level rise projections and engineering solutions. Beyond 2030, our LEDS aspires to halve emissions from its peak to 33 MtCO2 e by 2050, with a view to achieving net-zero emissions as soon as viable in the second half of the century. Our enhanced 2030 NDC and LEDS build on policies and initiatives we have progressively implemented over the years. They demonstrate our seriousness and commitment to support global climate action and to work towards a low-carbon future.', 'They demonstrate our seriousness and commitment to support global climate action and to work towards a low-carbon future. Each thrust will contribute to our aspiration of halving our emissions. We will pursue all three vigorously to achieve this aspiration. The extent to which potential emission reductions from each thrust can be realised will become clearer in the coming years, as we gain experience from implementing our programmes, as technology evolves, and as the modalities for international collaboration become formalised. If the actual reductions that can be realised from each thrust are larger than we now assess, or are available sooner, then we can realise our aspiration earlier.', 'If the actual reductions that can be realised from each thrust are larger than we now assess, or are available sooner, then we can realise our aspiration earlier. On the other hand, if the potential reductions turn out to be less promising, we will still strive to meet our LEDS aspiration to the best of our ability even though the task would have become more difficult. We will do our utmost to press ahead on our LEDS aspiration and strategies, and implement our commitments under the Paris Agreement in good faith on the basis that other countries do likewise. Planning for a low-carbon future This document represents an important next step in Singapore’s planning towards a low-carbon future.', 'Planning for a low-carbon future This document represents an important next step in Singapore’s planning towards a low-carbon future. By setting out our vision well in advance, we aim to provide a clear sense of direction, to give ourselves and our stakeholders the time to effect a well-managed transition to a low-carbon economy. This will also allow us to grow new sectors in our economy, and create new jobs and economic opportunities. The development of our LEDS aspiration for 2050 and beyond is guided by a principled approach - it is Considered, Committed and Collective. Our climate policies and strategies are carefully and thoroughly considered, taking into account the best available science and technology, and fully integrated with the larger context of challenges we face in our national policy framework.', 'Our climate policies and strategies are carefully and thoroughly considered, taking into account the best available science and technology, and fully integrated with the larger context of challenges we face in our national policy framework. We believe that the pursuit of economic growth can be compatible and mutually reinforcing with environmental objectives. This approach has allowed Singapore today to have one of the lowest carbon emissions per GDP dollar, or emissions intensity. We ranked among the 20 best out of 141 countries in 2017.1 Singapore is committed to play our part in supporting global climate action. We are well on track to achieve our 2009 Copenhagen pledge to reduce our emissions by 16% below our business-as- usual (BAU) level in 2020.', 'We are well on track to achieve our 2009 Copenhagen pledge to reduce our emissions by 16% below our business-as- usual (BAU) level in 2020. To build on these efforts, we have submitted an enhanced Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to peak our emissions at no higher than 65 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent e) around 2030. We have also expanded the coverage of our pledge to include nitrogen trifluoride ) within this same ceiling. There are three thrusts in our strategy. First, we need to transform our industry, economy and society. Second, we will have to draw on technologies, which are not yet mature such as carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS), and low-carbon fuels. Third, we will need international collaboration in areas such as well-functioning carbon markets, carbon storage, and regional electricity grids.', 'Third, we will need international collaboration in areas such as well-functioning carbon markets, carbon storage, and regional electricity grids. All must play a part A collective effort is required to realise our LEDS. The Government, individuals, households and businesses must work together in a whole-of-nation effort. We will also continue to work actively in international forums to strengthen consensus among countries to tackle climate change, and collaborate actively with international partners to build capabilities and share experiences. While Singapore’s efforts alone may be modest, our collective efforts with all nations can be substantial, and will help achieve the long-term temperature goal of the Paris Agreement.', 'While Singapore’s efforts alone may be modest, our collective efforts with all nations can be substantial, and will help achieve the long-term temperature goal of the Paris Agreement. Teo Chee Hean Senior Minister Chairman of the Inter-Ministerial Committee on Climate Change (IMCCC) 1 Source: International Energy Agency, CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion (2019).CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Overview Singapore’s approach to climate action and sustainability is constrained by our geography, which limits our ability to access renewable or alternative clean energy at scale. We are a small and highly urbanised city-state with low wind speeds, relatively flat land and lack of geothermal resources. As such, we have limited access to alternative clean energy options such as geothermal, wind and tidal power.', 'As such, we have limited access to alternative clean energy options such as geothermal, wind and tidal power. Nuclear energy production is not yet suitable for deployment in Singapore. We are vigorously pursuing solar energy production but due to our small size, high urban density and heavy cloud cover, we expect that this can meet about 4% of our current annual electricity needs and 10% of current peak daily electricity demand. These geographical constraints have driven us to look into innovative and progressive ways to pursue climate action. Long before climate change became a global concern, Singapore had sought to balance economic growth with environmental protection in a mutually reinforcing manner, and not one at the expense of the other. For example, Singapore is a pioneer in establishing stringent vehicle control and use measures in cities.', 'For example, Singapore is a pioneer in establishing stringent vehicle control and use measures in cities. Since the early 2000s, we have made a nation-wide switch to the use of natural gas for electricity generation instead of more pollutive fuel oil. We also rigorously pursued efforts in energy efficiency and conservation across our industry, economy and society. Singapore is well on track to achieve our 2009 Copenhagen pledge to reduce our emissions by 16% below our business-as- usual (BAU) level in 2020. In support of the Paris Agreement, we committed in our Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to reduce our emissions intensity by 36% from 2005 levels by 2030, and to stabilise emissions with the aim of peaking around 2030. We are also on track to achieve this commitment.', 'We are also on track to achieve this commitment. We remain among the 20 best-performing countries in terms of emissions intensity.2,3 Our greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions grew at a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 1.8% from 2000 to 2017, compared to the growth of our GDP at a CAGR of 5.2% in the same period. Our NDC was enhanced in 2020 to reflect an absolute emissions limitation target, use of the latest IPCC methodologies, and expanded coverage of gases to include nitrogen trifluoride (NF3 ). Under our enhanced NDC, Singapore has committed to peak its absolute emissions at 65 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent e) around 2030. Constraining our total emissions within this absolute cap up to 2030 means that every sector in Singapore will need to put in significant effort to limit our emissions.', 'Constraining our total emissions within this absolute cap up to 2030 means that every sector in Singapore will need to put in significant effort to limit our emissions. We will need to do so in order to move towards a low-carbon nation in the coming decade, with new commercial and industrial enterprises, and new growth areas such as the digital economy. A global solution is needed to address a global problem. Along with the rest of the global community, Singapore will play our part to reduce emissions in support of the long-term temperature goal of the Paris Agreement.', 'Along with the rest of the global community, Singapore will play our part to reduce emissions in support of the long-term temperature goal of the Paris Agreement. We have put forth a long-term low- emissions development strategy (LEDS) that aspires to halve emissions from its peak to 33 MtCO2 e by 2050, with a view to achieving net-zero emissions as soon as viable in the second half of the century. This will require serious and concerted efforts across our industry, economy and society. We also need to rely on global advances in low-carbon technology and on The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5oC highlights that human-induced warming has already reached approximately 1oC above pre-industrial levels in 2017.', 'We also need to rely on global advances in low-carbon technology and on The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5oC highlights that human-induced warming has already reached approximately 1oC above pre-industrial levels in 2017. Multiple changes in the climate system have been observed, including increased intensity and frequency of climate and weather extremes. increased international collaboration, to realise such an aspiration. At the same time, we will pursue active and systematic adaptation efforts. As a small low-lying, island city-state, Singapore is particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change. We face an existential threat from sea level rise and will increasingly experience other climate impacts such as increased temperature, prolonged dry spells, more intense rainfall, and exposure to vector-borne diseases.', 'We face an existential threat from sea level rise and will increasingly experience other climate impacts such as increased temperature, prolonged dry spells, more intense rainfall, and exposure to vector-borne diseases. Globally, there will be greater pressures on resources, particularly for water, energy, food and raw materials, most of which Singapore imports. We will need to continue to pursue innovative solutions to optimise our resources in a carbon- and resource-constrained world. 2 Source: International Energy Agency, CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion (2019). 3 Emissions intensity refers to GHG emissions per dollar of GDP, measured in CO2 -equivalent per S$.', '3 Emissions intensity refers to GHG emissions per dollar of GDP, measured in CO2 -equivalent per S$. Overview Singapore’s commitment to global climate action Overcoming our geographical constraintsCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Beyond 2030, Singapore aims to significantly reduce our emissions. Our LEDS aspires to halve emissions from its peak to 33 MtCO2 e by 2050, with a view to achieving net-zero emissions as soon as viable in the second half of the century. SINGAPORE’S LEDS IS BUILT ON THREE THRUSTS. To transform our industry, economy, and society. Our industry will need to make the necessary adjustments, capture new business opportunities and build up their competitive advantage to be best-in-class in global energy and carbon efficiency.', 'Our industry will need to make the necessary adjustments, capture new business opportunities and build up their competitive advantage to be best-in-class in global energy and carbon efficiency. We will also promote energy efficiency and conservation in every sector, identify new growth opportunities, spur innovation and drive behavioural change to achieve these transformations; Harness emerging technologies as they mature. We are investing in research and development (R&D) to increase energy efficiency, harness renewable energy and decarbonise our grid, industries, and buildings. This includes emerging technologies currently still in the developmental phase, e.g. carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) and low-carbon hydrogen.', 'carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) and low-carbon hydrogen. Our ability to realise a low-carbon future will depend on the maturing of such emerging technologies; and Pursue and leverage international collaborations We will forge effective collaborations and partnerships with like- minded countries in areas such as carbon storage, energy imports via regional power grids and other innovative platforms, and leverage market-based mechanisms that support environmental integrity. Singapore hosted the 2nd Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Climate Change Partnership Conference in August 2019. This conference provided a useful platform for ASEAN Member States and its dialogue partners to explore opportunities for climate action collaboration.', 'This conference provided a useful platform for ASEAN Member States and its dialogue partners to explore opportunities for climate action collaboration. OVERVIEW OF SINGAPORE’S LEDS OverviewCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Transformations in Industry, Economy, Society Adoption of Advanced Low-Carbon Technologies Effective International Collaboration Coastal Protection, Water Resources & Drainage Protecting our coastline from sea level rise Ensuring water resilience, holistic stormwater management, and flood protection Biodiversity & Greenery Strengthening resilience of our biodiversity and ecosystems Public Health & Food Security Strengthening resilience in public health and our food supply Network Infrastructure Keeping our essential services, including transport and network infrastructure, running well Urban Heat Island (UHI) Effect Mitigating the UHI effect to strengthen our resilience in the face of rising temperatures NDC Based on current projections, this will allow us to achieve a 36% reduction in emissions intensity from 2005 levels by 2030.', 'OVERVIEW OF SINGAPORE’S LEDS OverviewCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Transformations in Industry, Economy, Society Adoption of Advanced Low-Carbon Technologies Effective International Collaboration Coastal Protection, Water Resources & Drainage Protecting our coastline from sea level rise Ensuring water resilience, holistic stormwater management, and flood protection Biodiversity & Greenery Strengthening resilience of our biodiversity and ecosystems Public Health & Food Security Strengthening resilience in public health and our food supply Network Infrastructure Keeping our essential services, including transport and network infrastructure, running well Urban Heat Island (UHI) Effect Mitigating the UHI effect to strengthen our resilience in the face of rising temperatures NDC Based on current projections, this will allow us to achieve a 36% reduction in emissions intensity from 2005 levels by 2030. Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Peak emissions at e.g.', 'OVERVIEW OF SINGAPORE’S LEDS OverviewCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Transformations in Industry, Economy, Society Adoption of Advanced Low-Carbon Technologies Effective International Collaboration Coastal Protection, Water Resources & Drainage Protecting our coastline from sea level rise Ensuring water resilience, holistic stormwater management, and flood protection Biodiversity & Greenery Strengthening resilience of our biodiversity and ecosystems Public Health & Food Security Strengthening resilience in public health and our food supply Network Infrastructure Keeping our essential services, including transport and network infrastructure, running well Urban Heat Island (UHI) Effect Mitigating the UHI effect to strengthen our resilience in the face of rising temperatures NDC Based on current projections, this will allow us to achieve a 36% reduction in emissions intensity from 2005 levels by 2030. Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Peak emissions at e.g. Carbon capture, utilisation and storage, use of low-carbon hydrogen MITIGATION e.g.', 'Carbon capture, utilisation and storage, use of low-carbon hydrogen MITIGATION e.g. International climate action, regional power grids, market-based mechanisms INDUSTRY Energy efficiency System-level solutions Low-carbon technologies Energy efficiency At least 2 GWp of solar energy by 2030 Low-carbon technologies POWER GENERATION buildings by 2030 Super Low Energy Programme BUILDINGS TRANSPORT Zero private vehicle growth 9 in 10 peak period journeys on “Walk- Cycle-Ride” by 2040 Cleaner vehicles WASTE & WATER Circular economy approach Waste Recycling Energy efficiency of desalination and used water treatment HOUSEHOLDS Mandatory Energy Labelling Scheme Minimum Energy Performance Standards Green Towns Programme ADAPTATION CARBON TAX Initial rate of by 2030 Buildings & Infrastructure Keeping our buildings and infrastructure safe Long-Term Low-Emissions Development Strategy (LEDS) Halve emissions from its peak to emissions as soon as viable in the second half of the century by 2050 & net zero Charting Singapore s Low-Carbon FutureCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Transport Sector Our transport policies address the urban transport issue at its root, to reap the most gains in energy and carbon efficiency.', 'International climate action, regional power grids, market-based mechanisms INDUSTRY Energy efficiency System-level solutions Low-carbon technologies Energy efficiency At least 2 GWp of solar energy by 2030 Low-carbon technologies POWER GENERATION buildings by 2030 Super Low Energy Programme BUILDINGS TRANSPORT Zero private vehicle growth 9 in 10 peak period journeys on “Walk- Cycle-Ride” by 2040 Cleaner vehicles WASTE & WATER Circular economy approach Waste Recycling Energy efficiency of desalination and used water treatment HOUSEHOLDS Mandatory Energy Labelling Scheme Minimum Energy Performance Standards Green Towns Programme ADAPTATION CARBON TAX Initial rate of by 2030 Buildings & Infrastructure Keeping our buildings and infrastructure safe Long-Term Low-Emissions Development Strategy (LEDS) Halve emissions from its peak to emissions as soon as viable in the second half of the century by 2050 & net zero Charting Singapore s Low-Carbon FutureCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Transport Sector Our transport policies address the urban transport issue at its root, to reap the most gains in energy and carbon efficiency. Since 2018, we have capped private car and motorcycle growth at zero.', 'Since 2018, we have capped private car and motorcycle growth at zero. We have made major investments in public transport and active mobility infrastructure, and now target for nine in ten of all peak period journeys to be made using Walk-Cycle-Ride (WCR) transport modes by 2040. We aim to phase out internal combustion engine vehicles by 2040, and have all vehicles running on cleaner energy. All new public bus purchases will be cleaner energy buses, including fully electric or hybrid models. To encourage take- up of cleaner vehicles, new electric vehicle (EV) purchases will receive rebates for a three-year period from January 2021. We will also expand the public EV charging infrastructure significantly. We will also green our major international transport facilities.', 'We will also green our major international transport facilities. Tuas Port, when completed by the 2040s, will consolidate Singapore’s container operations in a single automated terminal. This, and the reduction in inter-haulage operations by road and sea, will provide greater efficiency and lower emissions. Changi Airport will continue to invest in environmental sustainability initiatives, such as energy efficiency improvements and electrification. The new Terminal 5 will be designed and built according to stringent energy efficiency standards, and is anticipated to achieve Green Mark Platinum standards. Building Sector We are on schedule to green 80% of our buildings by gross floor area (GFA) by 2030. As of March 2020, we have greened more than 40% of our buildings.', 'As of March 2020, we have greened more than 40% of our buildings. We have developed the Super Low Energy (SLE) Building Programme, to encourage the industry to achieve best-in-class building energy performance in a cost-effective manner. To support the push towards more energy efficient buildings, we plan to raise the minimum energy performance standards for all new and existing buildings undergoing major retrofitting works. In addition, we will identify all buildings in the annual publication of building energy performance data, to facilitate benchmarking and spur building owners to undertake retrofitting measures to improve the energy efficiency of their buildings. Power Sector Our key strategy for the power sector is to harness the four supply “Switches”, namely: 1) Natural Gas; 2) Solar; 3) Regional Power Grids; and 4) Emerging Zero-Carbon Alternatives.', 'Power Sector Our key strategy for the power sector is to harness the four supply “Switches”, namely: 1) Natural Gas; 2) Solar; 3) Regional Power Grids; and 4) Emerging Zero-Carbon Alternatives. We are scaling up the deployment of solar energy, including through innovative modes of deployment such as floating, offshore, and building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV). Our solar deployment target has been raised from 350 megawatt-peak (MWp) by 2020, to at least 2 gigawatt-peak (GWp) by 2030. This will however meet only around 4% of our current annual electricity needs and 10% of our current peak daily electricity needs. To go significantly beyond this, we need technical breakthroughs, for example, to safely deploy highly efficient solar panels on vertical building surfaces that receive solar radiation for only part of the day.', 'To go significantly beyond this, we need technical breakthroughs, for example, to safely deploy highly efficient solar panels on vertical building surfaces that receive solar radiation for only part of the day. Efforts such as energy storage solutions and solar forecasting are also being pursued to identify solutions to manage the intermittency challenge of solar photovoltaics (PV). We are also exploring tapping on regional power grids, and studying emerging low or zero-carbon alternatives such as solar-derived hydrogen. Industry Sector For industries which draw on the electricity grid to power their activities, the progressive decarbonisation of our electricity grid will significantly reduce emissions. Our industries produce not just for Singapore but also for the global market. We will work with our industries so that they are among the best-in-class in global energy and carbon efficiency.', 'We will work with our industries so that they are among the best-in-class in global energy and carbon efficiency. We enhanced our grant schemes in 2019 to support companies to improve their energy efficiency. We will also bring companies within a sector together to achieve systems-level efficiency gains across the sector. We are studying emerging technologies that can help drive decarbonisation in industrial processes. We will work with industry and our research community to undertake R&D and pilots to evaluate and improve their feasibility. For example, we have commissioned studies to evaluate the harnessing of CCUS and low- carbon hydrogen. We will work closely with industry to make the necessary adjustments, capture new business opportunities, and build up their competitive advantage in this transition.', 'We will work closely with industry to make the necessary adjustments, capture new business opportunities, and build up their competitive advantage in this transition. We aspire to be at the forefront of the global move towards environmentally sustainable production, and seize the new opportunities this creates. Transformations of key sectors OverviewCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Overview Household Sector To reduce energy consumption in the household sector, we have introduced Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPS) and a Mandatory Energy Labelling Scheme (MELS) for common household appliances. These standards are reviewed regularly and will be raised over time to increase the adoption of more energy-efficient appliances.', 'These standards are reviewed regularly and will be raised over time to increase the adoption of more energy-efficient appliances. In addition, we have implemented incentives for households to switch to energy- efficient appliances and launched campaigns to increase public awareness on energy efficiency and conservation. Public sector to lead by example The Public Sector Taking the Lead in Environmental Sustainability (PSTLES) initiative aims to leverage the collective capabilities across the whole-of- government to improve resource efficiency and pursue environmental sustainability within the public service. The public sector is on track to achieve 15% energy and 5% water savings by 2020 from 2013 levels and pursues green procurement practices (e.g. energy efficient electrical appliances, eco-labelled printing papers). Public sector buildings have to achieve stringent Green Mark standards (e.g. new buildings are required to attain Green Mark platinum).', 'new buildings are required to attain Green Mark platinum). Public sector agencies will also segregate their food waste for recycling and switch to equipment using low Global Warming Potential (GWP)4 refrigerant ahead of 2024 and 2022 national mandates respectively. To promote solar adoption in Singapore, demand for solar deployment across public sector buildings and spaces is aggregated under the government’s SolarNova Programme. The Housing & Development Board (HDB) targets to deploy 540 MWp of solar on the rooftops of public housing blocks by 2030, which accounts for a significant proportion of our national solar deployment target to achieve at least 2 GWp by 2030. We are reviewing PSTLES to develop programmes and measures for the next phase of the PSTLES initiative from 2021 to 2030, with more ambitious post-2020 targets.', 'We are reviewing PSTLES to develop programmes and measures for the next phase of the PSTLES initiative from 2021 to 2030, with more ambitious post-2020 targets. Cross-sectoral measures Singapore is the first country in Southeast Asia to put a price on carbon. The carbon tax came into force in 2019 and applies uniformly to all sectors, without exemption. The initial carbon tax rate (currently pegged at S$5/tCO2 e to provide companies with a transitional period to improve their energy- and carbon-efficiency) will be reviewed by 2023, with the intention to increase it to between e and S$15/tCO2 e by 2030. The carbon tax covers around 80% of our total emissions, which is one of the highest carbon tax coverage globally, and sends a fair, uniform and transparent price signal to incentivise emissions reduction.', 'The carbon tax covers around 80% of our total emissions, which is one of the highest carbon tax coverage globally, and sends a fair, uniform and transparent price signal to incentivise emissions reduction. To reduce emissions from hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which are GHGs with high GWP, we will mandate the recovery, reclamation and destruction of spent refrigerants and roll out a package of HFC mitigation measures. A training and certification scheme for technicians will be introduced to raise the competencies of the refrigeration and air- conditioning (RAC) industry on the proper handling of refrigerants during installation, maintenance and decommissioning of RAC equipment. We will also progressively phase out the supply of RAC equipment that use HFCs with high GWP, starting with commercial water-cooled chillers, household refrigerators and air-conditioners from 2022.', 'We will also progressively phase out the supply of RAC equipment that use HFCs with high GWP, starting with commercial water-cooled chillers, household refrigerators and air-conditioners from 2022. Transformations of key sectors Waste Sector We launched our inaugural Zero Waste Masterplan and enacted a Resource Sustainability Act (RSA) in 2019 to design waste out of our economy. The aim is to develop a circular economy, where materials are retained and reused in the value chain as long as possible. This will reduce our carbon footprint and complement our efforts to address climate change. We aim to reduce the amount of waste sent to landfill each day by 30% by 2030.', 'We aim to reduce the amount of waste sent to landfill each day by 30% by 2030. 4 GWP is a measure of the warming effect of a gas relative to the warming effect of an equivalent mass of CO2 , usually over a 100-year time horizon.CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Promoting green growth Singapore aims to be a hub for green finance and facilitate more financial flows towards low-carbon sectors. Singapore’s Green Finance Action Plan, launched in November 2019, details our strategies to build financial system resilience to environmental risks, develop green finance solutions and markets, and leverage innovation and technology.', 'Singapore’s Green Finance Action Plan, launched in November 2019, details our strategies to build financial system resilience to environmental risks, develop green finance solutions and markets, and leverage innovation and technology. We also launched a US$2 billion Green Investments Programme (GIP) in 2019 to anchor green activities of asset managers in Singapore, and support the mainstreaming of green finance. As part of the GIP, the Government will allocate US$100 million to the Bank for International Settlements’ Green Bond Fund, in support of its global green initiatives. The Government is collaborating with industries to develop Environmental Risk Management guidelines, which will be issued for public consultation in March 2020. These guidelines will set standards on governance, risk management and disclosure and encourage the right-pricing of loans and investments, to promote new green investments.', 'These guidelines will set standards on governance, risk management and disclosure and encourage the right-pricing of loans and investments, to promote new green investments. We also worked with fellow ASEAN countries to develop the ASEAN Green Bond Standards to promote the development of a regional green bond market in line with international green bond principles. We are also investing close to S$1 billion in research and development in areas such as new urban mobility solutions and a next generation energy grid. As a “living laboratory”, we will continue to be available as a test-bed for innovative sustainability solutions that can be deployed globally. Overview Planning for a climate resilient future Singapore’s Climate Action Plan: A Climate-Resilient Singapore, For a Sustainable Future, outlines how climate change will affect us, and our strategy to prepare for its effects.', 'Overview Planning for a climate resilient future Singapore’s Climate Action Plan: A Climate-Resilient Singapore, For a Sustainable Future, outlines how climate change will affect us, and our strategy to prepare for its effects. Our adaptation measures include: protecting our coasts and water supply; alleviating floods; enhancing climate and ecological resilience; ensuring a healthy ecosystem of flora and fauna; caring for our coral reefs; strengthening resilience in public health; strengthening food security; keeping cool in a warming world; and keeping our buildings and infrastructure safe. In particular, we are carefully studying the options for protecting different parts of our coastline. These coastal protection plans may include a combination of sea walls, tide gates, polders, as well as nature-based solutions.', 'These coastal protection plans may include a combination of sea walls, tide gates, polders, as well as nature-based solutions. Protecting Singapore from sea level rise is a large-scale and long-term effort requiring considerable resources, and is estimated to cost S$100 billion over the next 100 years. The Government has created a Coastal and Flood Protection Fund, with an initial injection of S$5 billion, to start setting aside the resources for this. We will implement our plans in phases, and be prepared to adjust and adapt them according to the latest sea level rise projections. Supporting international efforts We support the international climate action effort on multiple fronts. Principally, we work actively to support global climate action under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).', 'Principally, we work actively to support global climate action under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Singapore is also working with the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to reduce international carbon emissions from the aviation and maritime transport sectors respectively. We are ready to participate in the voluntary phase of the ICAO Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA), which will commence in 2021. We will also develop a decarbonisation blueprint detailing how Singapore, as a global maritime hub, can contribute to the maritime sector’s commitment to reduce emissions. Under the Singapore Cooperation Programme (SCP), we are sharing experiences, knowledge and best practices in sustainable development with other developing countries. More than 130,000 government officials from over 170 countries have benefitted from such training programmes.', 'More than 130,000 government officials from over 170 countries have benefitted from such training programmes. In 2018, we launched a Climate Action Package (CAP) under the SCP aimed at supporting the efforts of fellow developing countries, in particular, ASEAN Member States, Small Island Developing States (SIDS) and Least Developed Countries (LDCs), towards achieving their climate pledges and building resilience. The Centre for Climate Research Singapore (CCRS) is a key node for climate and weather research in the Southeast Asia region.', 'The Centre for Climate Research Singapore (CCRS) is a key node for climate and weather research in the Southeast Asia region. The ASEAN Specialised Meteorological Centre launched a five-year Regional Capability Building Programme in 2018, to improve regional capabilities to interpret climate change scenarios to inform national climate change adaptation plans.CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Singapore will take climate action as one nation, through the collective action of government agencies, individuals, businesses, and the community. Our collective efforts, in both mitigation and adaptation, aim to ensure Singapore remains a vibrant and liveable city for current and future generations. However, no country can solve this formidable challenge alone.', 'However, no country can solve this formidable challenge alone. Every country has to be part of a larger global vision to bring the world back on track towards achieving the long-term temperature goal of the Paris Agreement. This can only be possible through collective international action and effective international partnerships. Everyone and every nation must play their part Climate science underscores the urgency for global emissions to be on track towards achieving the global temperature goal of the Paris Agreement. The current climate pledges on the table are not on track to achieve the long-term temperature goal and are likely to lead to a 3.2°C global warming scenario.5 As such, all countries must re-double their efforts to make their long-term transition to a low-carbon economy.', 'The current climate pledges on the table are not on track to achieve the long-term temperature goal and are likely to lead to a 3.2°C global warming scenario.5 As such, all countries must re-double their efforts to make their long-term transition to a low-carbon economy. Global Context Chapter 1 | Global Context Overview 5 Source: United Nations Environment Programme, UNEP Emissions Gap Report 2019.CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Chapter 1 | Global Context Singapore hosted the Scoping Meeting of the Synthesis Report of the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) in October 2019.', 'Global Context Chapter 1 | Global Context Overview 5 Source: United Nations Environment Programme, UNEP Emissions Gap Report 2019.CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Chapter 1 | Global Context Singapore hosted the Scoping Meeting of the Synthesis Report of the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) in October 2019. The meeting laid the foundation for the drafting of AR6, which will provide policy makers with the most up-to-date scientific information related to climate change in 2022.', 'The meeting laid the foundation for the drafting of AR6, which will provide policy makers with the most up-to-date scientific information related to climate change in 2022. More than 90% of climate scientists who publish studies on climate change agree that humans are causing recent global warming.6 According to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), 2019 was the second warmest year on record after 2016, with annual global mean temperature rising 1.1ºC above the pre-industrial average (1850-1900).', 'More than 90% of climate scientists who publish studies on climate change agree that humans are causing recent global warming.6 According to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), 2019 was the second warmest year on record after 2016, with annual global mean temperature rising 1.1ºC above the pre-industrial average (1850-1900). The average temperatures for the last five-year (2015-2019) and ten-year (2010-2019) periods were also the highest on record.7 This increase in temperatures has corresponded with global averaged concentrations of CO2 climbing to 407.8 parts per million in 2018 and reaching a new record of 410.9 parts per million in November 2019.8 Under its sixth assessment cycle, the IPCC released a series of special reports on global warming and its impacts in 2018 and 2019.9 According to these reports, human activities have been responsible for approximately 1.0ºC of global warming since pre-industrial times, and temperature rise is likely to breach 1.5ºC between 2030 and 2052 at current rates of warming.', 'The average temperatures for the last five-year (2015-2019) and ten-year (2010-2019) periods were also the highest on record.7 This increase in temperatures has corresponded with global averaged concentrations of CO2 climbing to 407.8 parts per million in 2018 and reaching a new record of 410.9 parts per million in November 2019.8 Under its sixth assessment cycle, the IPCC released a series of special reports on global warming and its impacts in 2018 and 2019.9 According to these reports, human activities have been responsible for approximately 1.0ºC of global warming since pre-industrial times, and temperature rise is likely to breach 1.5ºC between 2030 and 2052 at current rates of warming. More intense and frequent climate and weather extremes have been observed.', 'More intense and frequent climate and weather extremes have been observed. Warming from historical anthropogenic emissions since the pre-industrial period will continue to drive long-term shifts in the climate system such as sea level rise. According to the Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate, under a “business-as-usual” (RCP8.5) scenario, global mean sea level rise could increase to 1.1m by 2100, which is 10cm above the most likely estimate from the Fifth Assessment Report released in 2014. This is due to a larger projected ice mass loss from the Antarctica ice sheet. The reports also point out that many impacts will still occur even with declining emissions, and that there would be limits to the effectiveness of adaptation measures.', 'The reports also point out that many impacts will still occur even with declining emissions, and that there would be limits to the effectiveness of adaptation measures. Worryingly, small island nations are particularly vulnerable, and some are likely to become uninhabitable. According to the IPCC’s Special Report on the Global Warming of 1.5ºC, global pathways consistent with 1.5°C warming will require urgent collective action, with rapid and far-reaching transitions in land, energy, industry, buildings, transport, and cities. According to the IPCC’s model pathways with no or limited overshoot of 1.5ºC, global net emissions have to be reduced by 45% from 2010 levels by 2030 (40% to 60% interquartile range), and reach ‘net-zero’ around 2050 (2045-2055 interquartile range).', 'According to the IPCC’s model pathways with no or limited overshoot of 1.5ºC, global net emissions have to be reduced by 45% from 2010 levels by 2030 (40% to 60% interquartile range), and reach ‘net-zero’ around 2050 (2045-2055 interquartile range). To limit warming to 2ºC, CO2 emissions have to decline by about 20% by 2030 in most pathways (10% to 30% interquartile range) and reach net-zero around 2075 (2065-2080 interquartile range). These reports provide a strong scientific foundation that underscore the importance of the temperature goal of the Paris Agreement and the need to ensure that global emissions are on track to achieve it. It is clear that the global community must take urgent, concerted and sustained climate action to collectively bring the world back to the path of climate safety.', 'It is clear that the global community must take urgent, concerted and sustained climate action to collectively bring the world back to the path of climate safety. WHAT THE SCIENCE IS SAYING 6 Source: J. Cook, et al, "Consensus on consensus: a synthesis of consensus estimates on human-caused global warming," Environmental Research Letters Vol. 7 Source: WMO, Press Release: Greenhouse gas levels in atmosphere reach new record (20 November 2018). 8 Source: WMO, Press Release: 2019 concludes a decade of exceptional global heat and high-impact weather (3 December 2019).', '8 Source: WMO, Press Release: 2019 concludes a decade of exceptional global heat and high-impact weather (3 December 2019). 9 IPCC’s Special Report on the Global Warming of 1.5ºC (released in October 2018), Special Report on Climate Change and Land (released August 2019), and Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (released September 2019).CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Chapter 1 | Global Context Article 2.1(a) of the Paris Agreement sets out its long-term temperature goal to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C and pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.', '9 IPCC’s Special Report on the Global Warming of 1.5ºC (released in October 2018), Special Report on Climate Change and Land (released August 2019), and Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (released September 2019).CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Chapter 1 | Global Context Article 2.1(a) of the Paris Agreement sets out its long-term temperature goal to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C and pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. Article 4.1 of the Paris Agreement recognises that in order to achieve the long-term temperature goal set out in Article 2, Parties should aim to reach global peaking of greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible, recognizing that peaking will take longer for developing country Parties, and to undertake rapid reductions thereafter in accordance with best available science, so as to achieve a balance between anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases in the second half of this century, on the basis of equity, and in the context of sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty.', 'Article 4.1 of the Paris Agreement recognises that in order to achieve the long-term temperature goal set out in Article 2, Parties should aim to reach global peaking of greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible, recognizing that peaking will take longer for developing country Parties, and to undertake rapid reductions thereafter in accordance with best available science, so as to achieve a balance between anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases in the second half of this century, on the basis of equity, and in the context of sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty. A GLOBAL RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE IS NEEDED At the request of the Chilean COP Presidency, Singapore and Spain co-facilitated the key overarching conference decisions at COP-25, in December 2019, in Madrid.', 'A GLOBAL RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE IS NEEDED At the request of the Chilean COP Presidency, Singapore and Spain co-facilitated the key overarching conference decisions at COP-25, in December 2019, in Madrid. These were eventually adopted by the Parties. The findings from climate science underscore the need to continue driving the urgency and pace of international negotiations on climate change. In December 2015, at the twenty-first session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the UNFCCC in Paris, all 196 Parties to the UNFCCC adopted a landmark agreement to take the world in an ambitious new direction in terms of global climate action.', 'In December 2015, at the twenty-first session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the UNFCCC in Paris, all 196 Parties to the UNFCCC adopted a landmark agreement to take the world in an ambitious new direction in terms of global climate action. The Paris Agreement sets out a long-term temperature goal and underscores the urgency for Parties to play their part to enable global emissions to peak and decline as soon as possible. The Paris Agreement puts in place a hybrid top-down/ bottom-up mechanism whereby Parties’ NDCs are nationally determined and communicated or updated every five years, with a robust transparency and reporting framework to track the progress of NDC implementation and achievement, as well as an ambition cycle to enhance NDCs over time. Successive NDCs must represent a progression beyond previous ones.', 'Successive NDCs must represent a progression beyond previous ones. A five-yearly Global Stocktake process, starting in 2023, is aimed at reviewing collective progress on mitigation, adaptation, and means of implementation. This review process would then inform Parties’ preparation of their next round of NDCs. The Paris Agreement also invites Parties to formulate and communicate long-term low GHG emission development strategies, mindful of Article 2, taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of different national circumstances. Given the need for sustained climate action over the long-term, the onus is on all Parties to plan for their long-term transition to a low-carbon future in support of the long-term temperature goal of the Paris Agreement.', 'Given the need for sustained climate action over the long-term, the onus is on all Parties to plan for their long-term transition to a low-carbon future in support of the long-term temperature goal of the Paris Agreement. This will help provide a clear sense of direction to the populace, industry and investors, and minimise any negative disruptions to the economy and workforce. For the global community, it will provide confidence that all Parties are moving forward in good faith by playing their part towards achieving the long- term temperature goal of the Paris Agreement.CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Singapore’s national circumstances shape our approach to climate action.', 'For the global community, it will provide confidence that all Parties are moving forward in good faith by playing their part towards achieving the long- term temperature goal of the Paris Agreement.CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Singapore’s national circumstances shape our approach to climate action. Being a low-lying island-state, we are particularly vulnerable to the impact of climate change. Our access to renewable energy at scale is greatly limited, which constrains our options in carbon abatement.', 'Our access to renewable energy at scale is greatly limited, which constrains our options in carbon abatement. We will continue to build on a long-standing, comprehensive national approach that seeks to achieve sustainable growth alongside environmental protection This has allowed us to limit our growth in emissions and stay on track to achieve our international commitments, notwithstanding our geographical constraints. Singapore s National Circumstances Chapter 2 | Singapore’s National Circumstances Climate Singapore is situated near the equator and has a tropical climate, with relatively uniform temperature, abundant rainfall, and high humidity. The climate of Singapore is characterised by two monsoon seasons separated by inter-monsoonal periods. The Northeast Monsoon occurs from December to early March, and the Southwest Monsoon from June to September.', 'The Northeast Monsoon occurs from December to early March, and the Southwest Monsoon from June to September. The early part of the Northeast Monsoon, in December and January, is the wetter period of the year when monsoon surges occur, occasionally bringing prolonged heavy rain to Singapore. In comparison, the Southwest Monsoon is drier. Afternoon thunderstorms are common throughout the year, especially during the inter- monsoonal periods from late March to May and October to November. Population Singapore’s total population, including those on work passes in Singapore, stood at around 5.7 million as of 2019. Singapore’s small land area also means that our population density of 7,866 people per km² is among the highest worldwide.', 'Singapore’s small land area also means that our population density of 7,866 people per km² is among the highest worldwide. Water supply Singapore has limited land to collect and store water, and is water-scarce despite being located in the equatorial rain belt and receiving abundant rainfall. Demand for water is expected to nearly double by 2060 in tandem with economic growth, while local catchment remains limited by available land area. To ensure water sustainability, Singapore has developed a diversified and robust supply of water through the “Four National Taps”, namely: local catchment water, imported water, NEWater, which is high-grade reclaimed water produced from treating used water, and desalinated water. Economy Singapore as an open and globalised economy produces goods and services that are consumed globally.', 'Economy Singapore as an open and globalised economy produces goods and services that are consumed globally. While Singapore’s share of global GDP is small at 0.4%, as an advanced manufacturing hub it plays a key role to meet the demands of the region and the world, accounting for 2.1% of the world’s total merchandise exports.11 Our small domestic market has necessitated such an export-oriented economy. In 2019, Singapore’s external merchandise trade amounted to around S$1,022 billion, which is about two times the GDP of Singapore. Singapore is also a major air and sea transport hub given its geographical location at the crossroads of key international trade routes. NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES Country profile Singapore is a small island-state in Southeast Asia with a total land area of about 725.7km², consisting of one main island and more than 60 small ones.', 'NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES Country profile Singapore is a small island-state in Southeast Asia with a total land area of about 725.7km², consisting of one main island and more than 60 small ones. Singapore is located 1 Degree 30 Minutes latitude north of the equator, situated at the south of Peninsular Malaysia, and east of Sumatra just across the Strait of Malacca. Much of the island is less than 15m above the Singapore Height Datum (SHD)10 and is generally flat. 10 The SHD is defined as the mean sea level determined at Victoria Dock, Singapore, between 1935-1937.', '10 The SHD is defined as the mean sea level determined at Victoria Dock, Singapore, between 1935-1937. 11 Source: World Trade Organization, Trade Profiles – Singapore (2019)CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Singapore’s economic structure by nominal value added share (2019) Chapter 2 | Singapore’s National Circumstances Climate vulnerabilities Fundamentally, climate change poses an asymmetrical and existential challenge to small island nations like Singapore. Although our impact on global emissions is small, the effect of climate change is disproportionately large on us as a low-lying island nation.', 'Although our impact on global emissions is small, the effect of climate change is disproportionately large on us as a low-lying island nation. Singapore’s vulnerabilities to the impacts of climate change will require the Government to pursue a comprehensive adaptation programme to protect our coasts, low-lying areas and communities (see Chapter 6 for details of Singapore’s adaptation vulnerabilities and strategies). These adaptation actions will impose significant fiscal costs for the Government. Biomass Biomass, which is used by many countries with available land mass as a fossil fuel alternative, is not viable as a significant energy resource. Singapore already converts much of our waste to energy, providing about 2.3% of our current electricity needs. Nonetheless, we will continue to monitor developments in this area to keep abreast of progress in biomass.', 'Nonetheless, we will continue to monitor developments in this area to keep abreast of progress in biomass. Geothermal Geothermal energy is not commercially viable in Singapore given the lack of conventional geothermal resources and our small land area. Unconventional geothermal resources are unable to be utilised in a cost-effective manner with current technologies. Alternative energy constraints Singapore has limited land area, high urban density, relatively flat land, low wind speeds and lack of geothermal resources. Therefore, harnessing alternative energy sources such as hydroelectric, wind, geothermal or nuclear power is a major challenge. With a small land area and dense urban landscape, Singapore has to accommodate not only housing and commercial hubs, but also power plants, reservoirs, air and seaports and industries all within our city boundaries.', 'With a small land area and dense urban landscape, Singapore has to accommodate not only housing and commercial hubs, but also power plants, reservoirs, air and seaports and industries all within our city boundaries. Hence, competing uses for land greatly limit our access to renewable energy at scale. These difficulties in transitioning to alternative energy sources are recognised in Article 4.10 of the UNFCCC.12 Hydroelectric power Hydroelectricity harnesses the energy of flowing water for the generation of electricity. Much of Singapore is generally flat and less than 15m above the mean sea level. Marine (tidal and wave power) Our tidal range (difference between high and low tide) is about 1.7m, well below the 4m tidal range that is typically required for commercial tidal power generation.', 'Marine (tidal and wave power) Our tidal range (difference between high and low tide) is about 1.7m, well below the 4m tidal range that is typically required for commercial tidal power generation. The availability of wave power is determined by the height and frequency of the waves, but the waters around Singapore are relatively calm as we are sheltered by land masses around us. Nuclear Singapore conducted a pre-feasibility study (Pre-FS) on nuclear energy as an option to meet Singapore’s long-term energy needs. The study concluded in 2012 that nuclear energy technologies presently available are not yet suitable for deployment in Singapore. Since the conclusion of the Pre-FS, we have been monitoring the development of safer nuclear energy technologies.', 'Since the conclusion of the Pre-FS, we have been monitoring the development of safer nuclear energy technologies. Newer nuclear power plant designs that are being developed and tested have the potential to be much safer than many of the plants that are in operation today. However, the risks to Singapore, given that we are a small and densely populated city, still outweigh the benefits at this point. Most of these newer technologies are still at the testing phase and have not been operationally proven.', 'Most of these newer technologies are still at the testing phase and have not been operationally proven. As we are planning for the long term and not for our immediate energy needs, we will continue to monitor the progress of these nuclear energy technologies 12 Article 4.10 of the UNFCCC states that Parties shall, in accordance with Article 10, take into consideration in the implementation of the commitments of the Convention the situation of Parties, particularly developing country Parties, with economies that are vulnerable to the adverse effects of the implementation of measures to respond to climate change.', 'As we are planning for the long term and not for our immediate energy needs, we will continue to monitor the progress of these nuclear energy technologies 12 Article 4.10 of the UNFCCC states that Parties shall, in accordance with Article 10, take into consideration in the implementation of the commitments of the Convention the situation of Parties, particularly developing country Parties, with economies that are vulnerable to the adverse effects of the implementation of measures to respond to climate change. This applies notably to Parties with economies that are highly dependent on income generated from the production, processing and export, and/or consumption of fossil fuels and associated energy-intensive products and/or the use of fossil fuels for which such Parties have serious difficulties in switching to alternatives.CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Located along the Straits of Johor, Sunseap’s 5 MWp solar farm is one of the largest offshore floating system in the world.', 'This applies notably to Parties with economies that are highly dependent on income generated from the production, processing and export, and/or consumption of fossil fuels and associated energy-intensive products and/or the use of fossil fuels for which such Parties have serious difficulties in switching to alternatives.CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Located along the Straits of Johor, Sunseap’s 5 MWp solar farm is one of the largest offshore floating system in the world. The amount of solar energy generated will reduce greenhouse gas emissions by about 2,600 tonnes a year. to keep our energy options open for the future.', 'to keep our energy options open for the future. We will also continue to strengthen our capabilities to understand nuclear science and technology. Wind Harnessing wind energy is also not viable, given our low average wind speeds between 2m/s and 3m/s and lack of land for large-scale application of wind turbines. Most commercial wind farms leverage average wind speeds of at least 4.5m/s, while prime wind sites require annual average wind speeds in excess of 7.5m/s. In addition, there are challenges to harnessing offshore winds due to busy maritime traffic in our waters. Solar Despite Singapore’s space constraints, the Government is pressing ahead to promote solar photovoltaic (PV) deployment, with solar energy being our most viable renewable energy source. Efforts include enhancement of the regulatory framework and streamlining of compliance requirements.', 'Efforts include enhancement of the regulatory framework and streamlining of compliance requirements. The SolarNova Programme also aggregates demand for solar deployment across public sector buildings and spaces, and hence generates demand to catalyse the growth of solar energy in Singapore and to support the solar industry in developing its capabilities. In addition, the Government is actively investing in R&D and test-bedding to improve the efficiencies and lower the costs of solar PV and related technologies. Efforts are also being pursued to identify solutions to manage the intermittency challenge of solar PV, which if left unaddressed would limit solar deployment. For example, we are studying how energy storage solutions and solar forecasting can be used in Singapore’s context to manage intermittency. By 2030, we aim to deploy at least 2 GWp of solar energy.', 'By 2030, we aim to deploy at least 2 GWp of solar energy. Chapter 2 | Singapore’s National Circumstances Dependency on imports As one of the most globalised economies and a trading nation with no indigenous resources, Singapore is heavily dependent on the global supply chain for our food and energy. Singapore’s economic activity and emissions are also highly sensitive to the volatility of regional and global developments. These challenges mean that Singapore’s climate strategies have to take into account international developments that may negatively affect our economy, and our food and energy security. Pursuit of sustainable development Singapore has always placed a high priority on environmental issues and has pursued the concurrent goals of growing the economy and protecting the environment. We regard these goals as mutually reinforcing.', 'We regard these goals as mutually reinforcing. Our pursuit of sustainability and environmental protection is reflected in our approach to urban development and resource management, including how we manage transportation, housing, waste, greenery, energy and water. Details on our sustainability journey are provided in Chapter 3. By pursuing sustainable development, we can ensure a liveable environment for future generations.CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Chapter 2 | Singapore s National Circumstances POWER INDUSTRY TRANSPORT BUILDINGS HOUSEHOLD WASTE AND WATER BUILDINGS HOUSEHOLD WASTE AND WATER OTHERS INDUSTRY TRANSPORT PRIMARY EMISSION SECONDARY EMISSION WASTE AND WATER 0.7% WASTE AND WATER 0.8% EMISSIONS PROFILE Overview of historical emissions Singapore’s GHG emissions in 2017 totalled e. The figure below shows the share of direct emissions per sector, as well as the breakdown of indirect emissions from each sector’s electricity usage.', 'By pursuing sustainable development, we can ensure a liveable environment for future generations.CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Chapter 2 | Singapore s National Circumstances POWER INDUSTRY TRANSPORT BUILDINGS HOUSEHOLD WASTE AND WATER BUILDINGS HOUSEHOLD WASTE AND WATER OTHERS INDUSTRY TRANSPORT PRIMARY EMISSION SECONDARY EMISSION WASTE AND WATER 0.7% WASTE AND WATER 0.8% EMISSIONS PROFILE Overview of historical emissions Singapore’s GHG emissions in 2017 totalled e. The figure below shows the share of direct emissions per sector, as well as the breakdown of indirect emissions from each sector’s electricity usage. Historical time series From 2000 to 2017, Singapore’s economy grew at a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.2%, while real GDP levels (in chained (2015) dollars) increased by 136% from S$193.13 billion in 2000 to S$456.14 billion in 2017.', 'Historical time series From 2000 to 2017, Singapore’s economy grew at a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.2%, while real GDP levels (in chained (2015) dollars) increased by 136% from S$193.13 billion in 2000 to S$456.14 billion in 2017. In the same period, Singapore’s GHG emissions grew at a slower rate with a CAGR of 1.8%, and an increase of 34.8% (13.4 e) from 2000 to 2017. Overall, emissions intensity improved by 43% while energy intensity improved by 39% from 2000 to 2017. Some of the key policy initiatives implemented during this period include a switch in fuel mix from fuel oil to natural gas, which is a cleaner fuel source, as well as various schemes promoting energy efficiency.', 'Some of the key policy initiatives implemented during this period include a switch in fuel mix from fuel oil to natural gas, which is a cleaner fuel source, as well as various schemes promoting energy efficiency. These included the Green Mark Scheme as a benchmarking standard to encourage the development of environmentally friendly buildings and energy efficiency grants to encourage industries to integrate resource and energy efficiencies into their facility operations.', 'These included the Green Mark Scheme as a benchmarking standard to encourage the development of environmentally friendly buildings and energy efficiency grants to encourage industries to integrate resource and energy efficiencies into their facility operations. Energy Intensity toe/S$m GDP Emissions Intensity e/S$m GDP Energy Intensity (toe/S$m GDP) Emission Intensity (tCO2 e/S$m GDP) Time series of Singapore’s GHG emissions Time series of Singapore’s energy and emissions intensity GDP (Billion) in Chained (2015) Dollars GDP: CAGR of 5.2% Emission eq GHG Emission: CAGR of 1.8% Emission Profile (2017) Total Emission: ~52MtCO2 eCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Chapter 3 | Singapore s Long-Term Low-Emissions Aspiration Singapore has always sought to develop sustainably. Long-term integrated planning is at the heart of Singapore’s economic and environmental management.', 'Long-term integrated planning is at the heart of Singapore’s economic and environmental management. Singapore’s LEDS aims to provide a clear sense of direction and keep us competitive in a carbon- constrained world. Singapore s Long-Term Low-Emissions Aspiration Since our independence in 1965, long before climate change became a global issue, Singapore has taken progressive steps to pursue the twin goals of growing the economy and protecting the environment. Our goal is sustainable growth – to pursue economic and environmental objectives together, not one at the expense of the other, or either at all costs. Established Anti-Pollution Unit under the Prime Minister’s Office to tackle air pollution. Established Ministry of the Environment following the UN Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm.', 'Established Ministry of the Environment following the UN Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm. Adoption of the UNFCCC at the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, where Singapore’s Ambassador-at-Large Tommy Koh played a key role in drafting the Framework Convention. We also issued the first Singapore Green Plan for environmental sustainability. Publication of first Sustainable Singapore Blueprint on Singapore’s sustainable development targets up to 2030. Timeline of Singapore’s sustainable development journey Communicated 2020 climate pledge in support of the Copenhagen Accord to the UNFCCC. Publication of Climate Change & Singapore: Challenges. Opportunities. Partnerships on Singapore’s strategy and plans to address climate change. Adoption of the Paris Agreement at the 21st Session of the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC. We also submitted Singapore’s NDC to the UNFCCC.', 'We also submitted Singapore’s NDC to the UNFCCC. Publication of Climate Action Plan: Take Action Today, For a Carbon-Efficient Singapore on Singapore’s mitigation strategies to achieve our NDC. Communicated LEDS and enhanced NDC to the UNFCCC.CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Singapore is a clean and green garden city today due to decades of sustained effort and conscious decisions to implement environmentally friendly measures as part of our development efforts. For instance, since the early 2000s, we have been replacing fuel oil with natural gas – the cleanest form of fossil fuel – as the primary fuel for electricity generation. In 2019, natural gas accounted for around 95% of our electricity generation.', 'In 2019, natural gas accounted for around 95% of our electricity generation. We also price energy at market cost, without any subsidy, to reflect resource scarcity and promote judicious usage. We also maintain stringent measures to discourage Chapter 3 | Singapore’s Long-Term Low-Emissions Aspiration vehicle ownership and usage, and to encourage energy efficiency and conservation across all the sectors. We strive for our industries to be as carbon- efficient as possible. This approach has allowed Singapore’s emissions intensity today to be one of the lowest in the world. We ranked among the 20 best-performing out of 141 countries in terms of emissions intensity in 2017. We are recognised as Asia’s most sustainable city and fourth most sustainable city globally according to the 2018 Sustainability Cities Index.', 'We are recognised as Asia’s most sustainable city and fourth most sustainable city globally according to the 2018 Sustainability Cities Index. Singapore’s Minister for Foreign Affairs Dr Vivian Balakrishnan with then-People’s Republic of China Special Envoy for Climate Change Xie Zhenhua and then-United States Special Envoy for Climate Change Todd Stern celebrating the successful adoption of the Paris Agreement at COP-21 in Paris in December 2015. Charting the way forward towards a low-carbon future There is a need to do even more in the face of the rising risks of climate impacts from a warming world. We therefore undertook a considered approach to develop our LEDS to guide our transition to a low-carbon, sustainable and climate resilient future.', 'We therefore undertook a considered approach to develop our LEDS to guide our transition to a low-carbon, sustainable and climate resilient future. This document aims to facilitate action over successive generations to address the effects of climate change, and to help us to effect a well-managed transition to a low-carbon economy, while growing new sectors of our economy, and creating jobs and opportunities in a sustainable way. It will also serve as a reference point for informing our subsequent NDCs under the Paris Agreement. Methodology The development of Singapore’s LEDS was overseen by the Inter-Ministerial Committee on Climate Change (IMCCC),14 which is chaired by Senior Minister Teo Chee Hean and supported by the National Climate Change Secretariat (NCCS), the national coordinating agency for climate change issues under the Strategy Group, Prime Minister’s Office.', 'Methodology The development of Singapore’s LEDS was overseen by the Inter-Ministerial Committee on Climate Change (IMCCC),14 which is chaired by Senior Minister Teo Chee Hean and supported by the National Climate Change Secretariat (NCCS), the national coordinating agency for climate change issues under the Strategy Group, Prime Minister’s Office. Under the IMCCC, the Long-Term Emissions and Mitigation Working Group (LWG) is responsible for envisioning Singapore’s post-2020 future in a carbon- constrained world. The LWG provides the planning framework for government agencies to work together to discuss and identify the mitigation actions through a combination of top-down and bottom- up analysis. A whole-of-government/nation approach driven by the IMCCC was taken to develop possible climate measures for our LEDS.', 'A whole-of-government/nation approach driven by the IMCCC was taken to develop possible climate measures for our LEDS. The approach taken for our LEDS was to ensure that it was fully integrated within the larger context of our national policy framework, and to take into account our national circumstances, the best available science and technology, and consultations with key stakeholders, towards developing a suite of effective and practical strategies. 14 Details on the organisation of the IMCCC can be found in the Annex.', '14 Details on the organisation of the IMCCC can be found in the Annex. 13 Source: International Energy Agency, CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion (2019).CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Chapter 3 | Singapore’s Long-Term Low-Emissions Aspiration A rigorous modelling exercise was conducted under the supervision of the LWG to develop the key mitigation strategies and low-emissions pathways for Singapore. Relevant government agencies worked together to iteratively evaluate possible mitigation measures in terms of cost effectiveness and practicability, taking into account the objectives of the Paris Agreement temperature goal.', 'Relevant government agencies worked together to iteratively evaluate possible mitigation measures in terms of cost effectiveness and practicability, taking into account the objectives of the Paris Agreement temperature goal. Various research institutes in Singapore were also engaged to study the technologies and mitigation measures possible for Singapore, as well as the long-term abatement potential and costs of these options. Some of the key questions that were considered include: A recursive-dynamic numerical model, MARKAL,15 was used to simulate possible mitigation pathways, based on the possible technology options available to Singapore in light of our national circumstances.', 'Some of the key questions that were considered include: A recursive-dynamic numerical model, MARKAL,15 was used to simulate possible mitigation pathways, based on the possible technology options available to Singapore in light of our national circumstances. Technology roadmaps, prepared by the Government in collaboration with industry stakeholders, academic experts, and technical consultants, served as inputs for estimating the long-term mitigation potential of future technologies in Singapore.16 The Government also undertook an extensive public consultation between July and September 2019 on potential long-term low-emissions strategies for Singapore.17 The public consultation was aimed at seeking views on measures and actions that could be taken by the government, businesses, households and individuals towards becoming a low-carbon global city-state. About 2,000 responses18 from the public, various non- governmental organisations (NGOs), green groups, green councils, academics, non- profit organisations, companies and business organisations were received.', 'About 2,000 responses18 from the public, various non- governmental organisations (NGOs), green groups, green councils, academics, non- profit organisations, companies and business organisations were received. Several engagement sessions were organised from August 2019 to January 2020 to facilitate in-depth discussions with experts and stakeholders across a wide variety of sectors, which include the transport, industry, buildings, infocomm and logistics sectors. What is the long-term mitigation potential for a small island city-state with limited access to alternative energy sources? How can Singapore achieve energy security and environmental sustainability? What are the key technological solutions necessary to lower Singapore’s long-term emissions to align with the global temperature goals of the Paris Agreement? There are three thrusts in our strategy. First, we need to transform our industry, economy and society.', 'First, we need to transform our industry, economy and society. Second, we will have to draw on technologies, which are not yet mature such as carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS), and low-carbon fuels. Third, we will need international collaboration in areas such as well-functioning carbon markets, carbon storage, and regional electricity grids. LEDS aspiration Having taken into account Singapore’s national circumstances, the urgency of global climate action, inputs from the above processes, and building on our NDC (which aims to peak our e around 2030), we set out our long-term low-emissions aspiration to guide our future efforts. We have put forth a long-term low-emissions development strategy (LEDS) that aspires to halve emissions from its peak to 33 MtCO2 e by 2050, with a view to achieving net-zero emissions as soon as viable in the second half of the century.', 'We have put forth a long-term low-emissions development strategy (LEDS) that aspires to halve emissions from its peak to 33 MtCO2 e by 2050, with a view to achieving net-zero emissions as soon as viable in the second half of the century. This will require serious and concerted efforts across our industry, economy and society. We also need to rely on global advances in low-carbon technology and on increased international collaboration, to realise such an aspiration. Each thrust will contribute to our aspiration of halving our emissions. We will pursue all three vigorously to achieve this aspiration. The extent to which potential emission reductions from each thrust can be realised will become clearer in the coming years, as we gain experience from implementing our programmes, as technology evolves, and as the modalities for international collaboration become formalised.', 'The extent to which potential emission reductions from each thrust can be realised will become clearer in the coming years, as we gain experience from implementing our programmes, as technology evolves, and as the modalities for international collaboration become formalised. If the actual reductions that can be realised from each thrust are larger than we now assess, or are available sooner, then we can realise our aspiration earlier. On the other hand, if the potential reductions turn out to be less promising, we will still strive to meet our LEDS aspiration to the best of our ability even though the task would have become more difficult. 15 MARKAL (MARKet Allocation) is a widely used recursive-dynamic numerical model for economic analysis of various energy-related systems over a period of several decades.', '15 MARKAL (MARKet Allocation) is a widely used recursive-dynamic numerical model for economic analysis of various energy-related systems over a period of several decades. 16 The technology roadmaps can be downloaded at 17 The public consultation document can be downloaded at 18 A summary of the responses to the public consultation process can be downloaded at www.nccs.gov.sg/public-consultation/response-to-feedback-on- singapore’s-long-term-low-emissions-development-strategy/CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Chapter 4 | Key Long-Term Climate Actions To realise our LEDS aspiration, we need transformations in industry, economy, and society. We will need to draw on emerging technologies that are not yet mature, such as carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) and low-carbon fuels.', 'We will need to draw on emerging technologies that are not yet mature, such as carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) and low-carbon fuels. We will also need to leverage international collaboration in areas such as well-functioning carbon markets and regional energy grids. Singapore will pursue these thrusts through implementing policies and frameworks to maximise the potential emission reductions from all sectors. Key Long-Term Climate Actions POWER Current landscape As of 2017, emissions from power generation represented around 39% of Singapore’s national emissions. While Singapore’s electricity consumption grew by almost 40% from 2005 to 2017, our Grid Emission Factor (GEF) has /MWh in 2005 to /MWh in 2019. This is largely due to our switch to natural gas, which accounts for more than 95% of Singapore’s fuel mix in 2019. Beyond natural gas, Singapore’s solar capacity has also increased significantly over the years.', 'Beyond natural gas, Singapore’s solar capacity has also increased significantly over the years. We are well on track to achieve 350 MWp in 2020, and aim to achieve at least 2 GWp by 2030. Decarbonising the power grid is an essential component of Singapore’s long-term emissions reduction aspiration. A cleaner power grid would mean cleaner electricity for all sectors, and would support the push for greater electrification in sectors such as transport. Singapore is committed to transforming our power sector and significantly reducing its emissions. We will pursue these goals through the use of cleaner energy sources and technology efficiency improvements. Singapore’s electricity generation fuel mix Electricity Generation Fuel Mix *Data for 2019 is as of Q1 2019.', 'Singapore’s electricity generation fuel mix Electricity Generation Fuel Mix *Data for 2019 is as of Q1 2019. Others Coal Petroleum Products Natural GasCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Time series of Singapore’s Grid Emission Factor 19 Chapter 4 | Key Long-Term Climate Actions Singapore’s future electricity grid We will press on in our efforts to ensure a sustainable, reliable and affordable energy supply. Our vision for a sustainable energy future not only builds on past and existing efforts, but also considers future possibilities that could enable our electricity grid to be significantly decarbonised.', 'Our vision for a sustainable energy future not only builds on past and existing efforts, but also considers future possibilities that could enable our electricity grid to be significantly decarbonised. We will harness the four supply switches of “Natural Gas”, “Solar”, “Regional Power Grids”, and “Emerging Low-Carbon Alternatives”, together with greater energy efficiency to accelerate our energy transformation. Grid Emission Factor Average Operating Margin (OM) (kg CO2 /kWh) 19 The Grid Emission Factor (GEF) measures average CO2 emissions per Megawatt-hour (MWh) of electricity generated. The Operating Margin (OM) GEF measures all generating power plants’ generation-weighted average CO2 emissions per unit net electricity generation in the system. The Build Margin (BM) emission factor refers to the most recently-built power units’ generation-weighted average CO2 emissions per unit net electricity generation.', 'The Build Margin (BM) emission factor refers to the most recently-built power units’ generation-weighted average CO2 emissions per unit net electricity generation. With the introduction of new and more efficient combined cycle gas turbines, Singapore’s BM emission factor trends lower than the OM emission factor.CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Chapter 4 | Key Long-Term Climate Actions Generate power from natural gas more efficiently to reduce emissions As technology improves, power generation systems are expected to become more efficient over time. This will enable further carbon emissions reductions, improve cost competitiveness and ensure more efficient use of natural gas.', 'This will enable further carbon emissions reductions, improve cost competitiveness and ensure more efficient use of natural gas. Singapore will continue to encourage the power generation companies to upgrade their systems and technologies to improve the efficiency of power generation. We launched the Energy Efficiency Grant Call to encourage power generation companies to invest in energy-efficient equipment or technologies to reduce their carbon emissions. We will also encourage the deployment of more advanced and efficient gas turbines, as existing gas turbines are retired. Diversify our natural gas sources to improve energy security To ensure a more resilient supply of natural gas, Singapore built a liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminal, which began operations in 2013. Our LNG terminal allows us to source for natural gas globally, in addition to our piped natural gas (PNG) supply.', 'Our LNG terminal allows us to source for natural gas globally, in addition to our piped natural gas (PNG) supply. We will continue to diversify Singapore’s gas supplies. Singapore intends to appoint up to two new LNG importers. The Government has also issued an Expression-of-Interest to identify potential technologies, business models, and sites for deployment of an offshore LNG terminal when needed. Developing the Four Switches will be key to overcoming Singapore’s energy challenges. 1st Switch − Natural gas As it takes time to shift away from conventional fossil fuel power generation, and to develop and scale up alternative energy options, natural gas will continue to be the dominant fuel for Singapore in the near future.', '1st Switch − Natural gas As it takes time to shift away from conventional fossil fuel power generation, and to develop and scale up alternative energy options, natural gas will continue to be the dominant fuel for Singapore in the near future. We will continue to explore ways to reduce emissions from the combustion of natural gas for power generation, and ensure that our energy supply remains resilient for the future. SolarNova Programme The SolarNova Programme, which aggregates demand for solar deployment across public sector buildings and spaces, catalyses the growth of solar energy in Singapore. Four leasing tenders totalling 236 MWp have been awarded since 2015, with a fifth tender to be awarded in 2020 for 60 MWp of solar energy.', 'Four leasing tenders totalling 236 MWp have been awarded since 2015, with a fifth tender to be awarded in 2020 for 60 MWp of solar energy. The SolarNova programme remains the largest driver of solar adoption across the whole-of- government and Singapore. 2nd Switch – Solar Solar energy remains the most viable renewable energy option for Singapore. In recent years, solar installed capacity has exponentially increased. The Government is taking the following active steps to support greater solar adoption: • Streamlining regulations to make it easier for solar players to sell excess solar electricity to the grid; • Aggregating public sector demand for solar photovoltaics (PV) through the SolarNova programme; • Enhancing capabilities in forecasting solar power output to mitigate the effects of solar intermittency.', 'The Government is taking the following active steps to support greater solar adoption: • Streamlining regulations to make it easier for solar players to sell excess solar electricity to the grid; • Aggregating public sector demand for solar photovoltaics (PV) through the SolarNova programme; • Enhancing capabilities in forecasting solar power output to mitigate the effects of solar intermittency. For example, we awarded a research grant to develop an accurate multi-timescale solar forecasting solution customised to Singapore’s tropical weather conditions; and • Deploying solar panels on spaces such as reservoirs besides building rooftops, to overcome our land constraints.', 'For example, we awarded a research grant to develop an accurate multi-timescale solar forecasting solution customised to Singapore’s tropical weather conditions; and • Deploying solar panels on spaces such as reservoirs besides building rooftops, to overcome our land constraints. Solar panels deployed on Housing & Development Board (HDB) roofs as part of the SolarNova ProgrammeCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Chapter 4 | Key Long-Term Climate Actions Facilitating greater solar deployment Singapore aims to deploy at least 2 GWp of solar by 2030, which will meet around 4% of our current annual electricity needs and 10% of current peak daily electricity demand. This is equivalent to meeting the annual electricity needs of around 350,000 households in Singapore.', 'This is equivalent to meeting the annual electricity needs of around 350,000 households in Singapore. To meet this ambitious target, we will drive solar deployment beyond the rooftops of public sector buildings, to include private sector buildings in partnership with private developers and industry players. We will also explore innovative deployment possibilities on vertical and horizontal surfaces. To overcome Singapore’s land constraints, we will also explore the deployment of floating solar modules on our reservoirs and offshore sea space. Improvements in solar cell efficiency will also allow us to increase the amount of solar-powered electricity. Currently, conventional solar panel efficiency is between 15% and 20%. As cell efficiencies improve, the amount of energy generated will correspondingly increase.', 'As cell efficiencies improve, the amount of energy generated will correspondingly increase. Mitigating the variability of solar power Local solar energy output is intermittent due to our tropical weather conditions, such as monsoon winds and cloud cover, which impact the variability of solar generated power. Possible measures to address the variability of solar power include: i) enhancing solar forecasting systems; ii) reducing the dispatch interval for electricity generation and regulation reserves; and iii) enabling energy storage systems (ESS), flexible conventional generation, demand response management, regional grid integration and vehicle- to-grid (V2G) systems. In 2018, the Government awarded a research grant to a consortium led by the National University of Singapore (NUS) to develop a solar irradiance forecasting model customised to Singapore’s tropical weather conditions.', 'In 2018, the Government awarded a research grant to a consortium led by the National University of Singapore (NUS) to develop a solar irradiance forecasting model customised to Singapore’s tropical weather conditions. Further studies could help determine how to address the impact of solar intermittency in the most cost-effective manner through accurate solar forecasting and matching with the dispatch interval, whilst minimising the need for other costlier measures such as energy storage. Underground ESS deployment at Marina Bay District Cooling Under the Smart Grid 2.0 Grant Call in 2015, the Government awarded a project to design and implement a novel hybrid ESS, combining a 400 kilowatt (kW) lithium-ion battery with thermal storage. The development of this innovative project allows the district cooling network to participate in the Energy Market Authority’s (EMA) ancillary services initiatives (e.g. demand response programme).', 'The development of this innovative project allows the district cooling network to participate in the Energy Market Authority’s (EMA) ancillary services initiatives (e.g. demand response programme). This project was awarded the Merit Award under the Minister for National Development’s R&D Awards in 2019. Underground ESS deployment for district cooling at Marina Bay area Presently, the relatively higher cost of ESS makes commercial viability challenging. However, the costs of ESS are falling. The Government is working with industry players to implement test-beds, build local capabilities and develop technical standards to safely deploy ESS in Singapore s hot and humid environment. We will establish a set of deployment guidelines to maximise space, co-locate ESS with other infrastructure safely and bootstrap the deployment of ESS solutions.', 'We will establish a set of deployment guidelines to maximise space, co-locate ESS with other infrastructure safely and bootstrap the deployment of ESS solutions. As Singapore pushes for greater solar deployment, we have set an ESS deployment target to be able to deliver 200 MW beyond 2025. Separately, with Singapore s push to introduce more electric vehicles (EVs), V2G technology will potentially allow us to treat each EV as an off-grid energy storage device.', 'Separately, with Singapore s push to introduce more electric vehicles (EVs), V2G technology will potentially allow us to treat each EV as an off-grid energy storage device. As such, EVs can help to stabilise grids by providing ancillary services such as frequency regulation and peakload shaving.CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Chapter 4 | Key Long-Term Climate Actions 3rd Switch – Regional power grids Singapore is exploring ways to tap on regional power grids to access energy that is cost competitive and meets our climate change obligations, while ensuring continued energy security. These include new bilateral power trading arrangements with neighbouring systems, as well as regional arrangements such as the Lao PDR-Thailand-Malaysia-Singapore Power Integration Project.', 'These include new bilateral power trading arrangements with neighbouring systems, as well as regional arrangements such as the Lao PDR-Thailand-Malaysia-Singapore Power Integration Project. Through these initiatives, we can tap into new energy options that may be unavailable in Singapore such as hydropower and large scale solar. The longer-term vision of an ASEAN Power Grid – in which electricity is traded freely between ASEAN member states – will enhance regional energy connectivity, trade and cooperation. Greater grid interconnections within ASEAN will also help the region reach its aspiration of increasing the share of renewable energy in its energy mix to 23% by 2025, and allow Singapore to access green electricity from the region. 4th Switch – Emerging low-carbon alternatives Singapore is carrying out research into adopting several promising low-carbon technologies, including CCUS and low-carbon hydrogen.', '4th Switch – Emerging low-carbon alternatives Singapore is carrying out research into adopting several promising low-carbon technologies, including CCUS and low-carbon hydrogen. These technologies could allow us to significantly decarbonise the power sector, as well as other sectors. We will address our strategy for pursuing these emerging technologies later in this chapter. INDUSTRY Current landscape The industry sector is a key engine of Singapore’s economic growth. Our industries produce not only for Singapore but also to meet the needs of the global market. Today, the industry sector contributes to 20.9% of our GDP, provides employment for 12.9% of our workforce and has strong linkages with the service sector. Emissions from our industry sector accounted for about 60% of our total emissions in 2017.', 'Emissions from our industry sector accounted for about 60% of our total emissions in 2017. The most significant part of our industry emissions come from the combustion of fossil fuels in the refining and petrochemical sector. Energy efficiency improvement will remain a key strategy to reduce the industry sector’s emissions. Improving energy efficiency and prioritising energy reduction will give companies a competitive edge in an increasingly carbon-constrained world. We will push for our industries to be among the best- in-class in global energy and carbon efficiency. We will also study how advances in technology can help drive decarbonisation in industrial processes in the longer-term. Energy costs are not subsidised in Singapore, and there is an economy-wide carbon tax. Companies are therefore incentivised to use energy judiciously and embrace energy-efficient technologies.', 'Companies are therefore incentivised to use energy judiciously and embrace energy-efficient technologies. The Government facilitates the adoption of energy- efficient technologies through grants and other policy tools to help companies overcome high upfront capital investments and other non-market barriers, in order to reap longer-term energy and lower carbon emissions. Improving industrial energy efficiency The implementation of energy efficiency projects and good energy management practices can help companies save energy, reduce operational costs and increase business competitiveness. Over the years, Singapore has implemented regulations, incentives and capacity-building programmes to encourage industries to implement energy efficiency projects and improve their energy management practices.', 'Over the years, Singapore has implemented regulations, incentives and capacity-building programmes to encourage industries to implement energy efficiency projects and improve their energy management practices. We will push ahead in our efforts and aspire to achieve annual improvement rates of 1% to 2% for industrial energy efficiency.CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Chapter 4 | Key Long-Term Climate Actions Regulation to improve energy efficiency The Energy Conservation Act (ECA), introduced in 2013, was Singapore’s first legislative framework for industrial energy efficiency. It mandated energy management practices to steer companies to improve their energy efficiency practices. Since the enactment of the ECA, the annual energy efficiency improvement rate20 of the industry sector has steadily increased from 0.4% in 2014 to 0.95% in 2018.', 'Since the enactment of the ECA, the annual energy efficiency improvement rate20 of the industry sector has steadily increased from 0.4% in 2014 to 0.95% in 2018. The Government enhanced the ECA in 2017 to include a new suite of measures that is being progressively implemented. Since 2018, companies investing in new and major expansions of energy-intensive industrial facilities are required to review Energy-Intensive Industrial Companies Mandatory Energy Management Practices: * Account for 80% of the facility’s annual energy consumption In-house energy manager (SCEM -certified) Energy use & energy performance of facility and key energy-consuming systems* Energy Efficiency Improvement plan Appoint and Monitor & report Submit In the business of: Manufacturing & related services Supply of electricity, gas, steam, compressed air & chilled water Water supply & sewage & waste management Who are affected? TJ/yr i.e.', 'Since 2018, companies investing in new and major expansions of energy-intensive industrial facilities are required to review Energy-Intensive Industrial Companies Mandatory Energy Management Practices: * Account for 80% of the facility’s annual energy consumption In-house energy manager (SCEM -certified) Energy use & energy performance of facility and key energy-consuming systems* Energy Efficiency Improvement plan Appoint and Monitor & report Submit In the business of: Manufacturing & related services Supply of electricity, gas, steam, compressed air & chilled water Water supply & sewage & waste management Who are affected? TJ/yr i.e. 15 GWh/yr for 2 out of 3 preceding years Key requirements under the Energy Conservation Act Annual energy efficiency improvement of the industry sector in Singapore the facility design to identify technically and economically feasible energy efficiency improvement opportunities for incorporation in the new facilities.', '15 GWh/yr for 2 out of 3 preceding years Key requirements under the Energy Conservation Act Annual energy efficiency improvement of the industry sector in Singapore the facility design to identify technically and economically feasible energy efficiency improvement opportunities for incorporation in the new facilities. These companies must also report the energy performance of key systems that account for at least 80% of the new facilities’ total energy consumption. From 2021, companies regulated under the ECA will be required to have a structured energy management system. They will also be required to conduct regular assessments to identify energy efficiency opportunities at their industrial facilities. Minimum Energy Efficiency Standards (MEES) have also been introduced to phase out the least efficient industrial electric motors in 2018 and chilled water systems in 2020.', 'Minimum Energy Efficiency Standards (MEES) have also been introduced to phase out the least efficient industrial electric motors in 2018 and chilled water systems in 2020. Annual EE Improvement 20 Energy efficiency improvement rate is calculated as the energy savings realised in a year over energy consumption in the immediate preceding year, based on energy efficiency measures reported by companies.CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE • The Energy Efficiency Opportunities (EEO) Assessor Certification Scheme was jointly developed by the Government and the Institution of Engineers, Singapore (IES) in 2018. To support the enhanced ECA requirements, companies can identify engineers to be certified as EEO Assessors to conduct energy assessments for energy- intensive industrial facilities.', 'To support the enhanced ECA requirements, companies can identify engineers to be certified as EEO Assessors to conduct energy assessments for energy- intensive industrial facilities. • The Energy Efficiency Technology Centre (EETC) is a collaboration between the Government and the Singapore Institute of Technology (SIT) to help companies, in particular SMEs, discover and implement energy efficiency improvement measures and build up local industrial energy efficiency capabilities. Participating SMEs will receive a diagnosis of their energy performance and recommendations on areas of improvement, and have their staff trained in energy assessment skills to enable continuous improvement in energy efficiency. Chapter 4 | Key Long-Term Climate Actions Incentives to improve energy efficiency Companies may face significant challenges in implementing energy efficiency projects.', 'Chapter 4 | Key Long-Term Climate Actions Incentives to improve energy efficiency Companies may face significant challenges in implementing energy efficiency projects. Key challenges include the high upfront capital cost of more energy-efficient technologies or processes, and difficulties in implementing these energy efficiency projects at their existing industrial facilities due to infrastructural constraints. The Government provides assistance to help companies overcome these barriers. Since 2005, the Government has provided grants to help industrial facilities review their facility design to incorporate energy and resource efficiency Capacity building The effectiveness of our energy efficiency efforts will also depend on building up the capability, knowledge and expertise of professionals and companies in the energy sector. These initiatives include: • The Energy Efficiency Fund (E2F) and the Resource Efficiency Grant for Energy cover costs for equipment, materials and consumables, technical software and professional services.', 'These initiatives include: • The Energy Efficiency Fund (E2F) and the Resource Efficiency Grant for Energy cover costs for equipment, materials and consumables, technical software and professional services. To further support industrial facilities in being more energy- efficient, the funding support for both initiatives was increased in 2019 from a cap of 30% to a cap of 50%. • Accurate monitoring of energy consumption helps companies identify opportunities for energy efficiency improvement. In October 2019, the Government launched a new grant under the E2F to encourage companies to implement energy management information systems. These systems can help companies more accurately monitor and analyse their energy usage using real- time data, to identify performance gaps and opportunities for improvement. End-to-end approach for incentives in the industry sector measures, carry out energy assessments to identify and implement energy efficiency opportunities.', 'End-to-end approach for incentives in the industry sector measures, carry out energy assessments to identify and implement energy efficiency opportunities. The Government expects revenue of about S$1 billion from the carbon tax revenue over the first five years. We are prepared to spend more than the amount collected during this period to support companies, including small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and Generation Companies (Gencos), to improve their energy and carbon efficiency by adopting greener and cleaner technologies and practices.', 'We are prepared to spend more than the amount collected during this period to support companies, including small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and Generation Companies (Gencos), to improve their energy and carbon efficiency by adopting greener and cleaner technologies and practices. Energy Efficiency Fund ENERGY EFFICIENCY FUND RESOURCE EFFICIENT DESIGN OF NEW FACILITIES AND MAJOR EXPANSIONS ADOPTING OF ENERGY EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGIES ENERGY ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING FACILITIES ENERGY MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM (EMIS)CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE • HP Singapore (Private) Limited (2019 recipient): Implemented ISO 50001 Energy Management System certification across its three manufacturing plants in Singapore, the first global HP site to do so, and established an energy policy to reduce its emissions.', 'Energy Efficiency Fund ENERGY EFFICIENCY FUND RESOURCE EFFICIENT DESIGN OF NEW FACILITIES AND MAJOR EXPANSIONS ADOPTING OF ENERGY EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGIES ENERGY ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING FACILITIES ENERGY MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM (EMIS)CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE • HP Singapore (Private) Limited (2019 recipient): Implemented ISO 50001 Energy Management System certification across its three manufacturing plants in Singapore, the first global HP site to do so, and established an energy policy to reduce its emissions. Its key initiatives included using online energy monitoring systems to proactively reduce energy wastage, installing solar PV systems across its manufacturing sites, improving the efficiency of its chillers, replacing tube lighting with energy-efficient light-emitting diodes (LEDs), replacing its air compressors with more energy-efficient sets, and improving its heating system.', 'Its key initiatives included using online energy monitoring systems to proactively reduce energy wastage, installing solar PV systems across its manufacturing sites, improving the efficiency of its chillers, replacing tube lighting with energy-efficient light-emitting diodes (LEDs), replacing its air compressors with more energy-efficient sets, and improving its heating system. • Roche Singapore Technical Operations Pte Ltd (2019 recipient): Established sustainability targets for reducing water consumption, energy consumption and waste generation, initiated sustainability projects and internal awareness campaigns and participated in external training programmes to build capacity on sustainable practices. Its key projects for reducing energy consumption included adding an insulation coating on boilers, using heat recovery for its air handling unit and replacing chillers.', 'Its key projects for reducing energy consumption included adding an insulation coating on boilers, using heat recovery for its air handling unit and replacing chillers. • BASF South East Asia Pte Ltd (2018 recipient): Introduced measures to improve energy efficiency of their processes, maintenance, and modification projects, such as bypassing a heating a cooling step in a crystallisation process with no impact on product quality. Other key projects include replacing chilled water and glycol chillers with more energy- efficient models, and arranging training sessions for energy managers to promote energy stewardship among employees. Chapter 4 | Key Long-Term Climate Actions Fostering a culture of sustained energy efficiency improvement To support private sector efforts in energy efficiency, the Government launched the Energy Efficiency National Partnership (EENP) programme in 2010.', 'Chapter 4 | Key Long-Term Climate Actions Fostering a culture of sustained energy efficiency improvement To support private sector efforts in energy efficiency, the Government launched the Energy Efficiency National Partnership (EENP) programme in 2010. The EENP provides networking opportunities and resources, and facilitates the sharing of best practices on energy management. The annual EENP Awards recognises companies’ commitment to improve energy efficiency and management. Examples of the best practices and initiatives of the EENP “Excellence in Energy Management” award recipients are provided below. Winners of the EENP 2019 were recognised for their best practices and innovations in energy efficiency and management. Emerging low-carbon alternatives Amongst the promising low-carbon technologies being explored, CCUS and low-carbon hydrogen (as alternative fuel and industrial feedstock) can be significant needle-movers to support the decarbonisation of the industry sector.', 'Emerging low-carbon alternatives Amongst the promising low-carbon technologies being explored, CCUS and low-carbon hydrogen (as alternative fuel and industrial feedstock) can be significant needle-movers to support the decarbonisation of the industry sector. We will address our strategy for pursuing these technologies later in this chapter.CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Home Home Polyclinics Retail Shops Hawker Centres Parks Schools Neighbourhood Centre Industrial Estates Business Parks Business Nodes Regional Centres Work Chapter 4 | Key Long-Term Climate Actions TRANSPORT Current landscape As of 2017, emissions from domestic transport accounted for about 15.2% of Singapore’s national emissions, with private cars contributing the largest share of land transport emissions. We have comprehensive measures to discourage vehicle ownership and usage, through a vehicle quota system and road pricing. Since 2018, we have capped private car and motorcycle growth at zero.', 'Since 2018, we have capped private car and motorcycle growth at zero. In 2013, we introduced a system of rebates and surcharges to encourage car buyers to purchase low-emission cars. Building on this, we have drawn up a vision of a clean and green transport system for generations of Singaporeans, with a well-connected, inclusive and green transport network that supports a growing community and economy. We are making Walk-Cycle-Ride (WCR) the preferred modes of transport, introducing cleaner and greener vehicles on our roads, and enhancing the environmental friendliness of our transport infrastructure. Reducing emissions through Walk-Cycle-Ride Increasing the public transport modal share has been a key strategy to reducing emissions in Singapore. We are a global pioneer in controlling vehicle population and reducing traffic congestion.', 'We are a global pioneer in controlling vehicle population and reducing traffic congestion. By 2040, Singapore aims to establish WCR, comprising active mobility21 as well as public and shared transport modes, as the preferred way to travel. All journeys to the nearest neighbourhood centre using WCR modes of transport will take no more than 20 minutes, while nine in ten of peak period WCR journeys, such as between the home and workplace, will be completed in less than 45 minutes. By expanding and improving our transport infrastructure to reduce travel times and encourage more people to take WCR transport modes, we can reduce our vehicular emissions footprint further. 20 Active mobility modes include walking, cycling or using Personal Mobility Devices such as electric scooters.', '20 Active mobility modes include walking, cycling or using Personal Mobility Devices such as electric scooters. All journeys within a town, using public, shared and active modes of transport will take no more than 20 minutes, while nine in ten peak period journeys, such as between the home and workplace, using public, shared and active modes of transport, will be completed in less than 45 minutes.CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Chapter 4 | Key Long-Term Climate Actions Expanding the Active Mobility Network Singapore will accelerate the building of cycling paths and active mobility infrastructure to make cycling and walking more convenient and attractive.', 'All journeys within a town, using public, shared and active modes of transport will take no more than 20 minutes, while nine in ten peak period journeys, such as between the home and workplace, using public, shared and active modes of transport, will be completed in less than 45 minutes.CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Chapter 4 | Key Long-Term Climate Actions Expanding the Active Mobility Network Singapore will accelerate the building of cycling paths and active mobility infrastructure to make cycling and walking more convenient and attractive. By 2040, our cycling path network will be extended to more than 1,000km from which was introduced in the 2013 Land Transport Master Plan, the Government built 200km of sheltered walkways from transport nodes to homes and public amenities.', 'By 2040, our cycling path network will be extended to more than 1,000km from which was introduced in the 2013 Land Transport Master Plan, the Government built 200km of sheltered walkways from transport nodes to homes and public amenities. A further 150km of these covered linkways will be added by 2040. In addition, private developers will have to submit walking and cycling plans as part of development applications. These measures will help facilitate safe and convenient first-and-last mile connections between homes, public amenities and key public transport nodes, therefore encouraging more commuters to walk or cycle as opposed to taking private transport. Expanding and improving mass public transport and shared transport Singapore will continue to push for public transport, which has the lowest emissions per passenger journey, to be the preferred transport mode.', 'Expanding and improving mass public transport and shared transport Singapore will continue to push for public transport, which has the lowest emissions per passenger journey, to be the preferred transport mode. Increasing the public transport modal split will remain essential for supporting our mobility needs while reducing transport emissions.', 'Increasing the public transport modal split will remain essential for supporting our mobility needs while reducing transport emissions. We will continue to encourage people to switch from private to public transport by expanding and improving the public transport system by: • Expanding the rail network from 230km in 2017 to 360km by 2030, with eight in ten households to be within a ten-minute walk from a train station; • Progressively implementing Transit Priority Corridors that serve as dedicated and continuous bus lanes and deploying smarter traffic control solutions to reduce passengers’ commute times; and • Maintaining an open and contestable point-to-point market to allow people to have access to taxis and private hire cars, and encouraging car-sharing to give commuters more choices for their journeys without having to own a car.', 'We will continue to encourage people to switch from private to public transport by expanding and improving the public transport system by: • Expanding the rail network from 230km in 2017 to 360km by 2030, with eight in ten households to be within a ten-minute walk from a train station; • Progressively implementing Transit Priority Corridors that serve as dedicated and continuous bus lanes and deploying smarter traffic control solutions to reduce passengers’ commute times; and • Maintaining an open and contestable point-to-point market to allow people to have access to taxis and private hire cars, and encouraging car-sharing to give commuters more choices for their journeys without having to own a car. To encourage more people to take public transport, our public housing towns are designed such that their transport hubs integrate train stations with bus interchanges and are equipped with sheltered walkways that connect to housing blocks and amenities.CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE The Nanyang Technological University, Singapore (NTU Singapore) and Volvo Buses are trialling a full size, autonomous electric bus equipped with a comprehensive artificial intelligence system developed by NTU Singapore engineers.', 'To encourage more people to take public transport, our public housing towns are designed such that their transport hubs integrate train stations with bus interchanges and are equipped with sheltered walkways that connect to housing blocks and amenities.CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE The Nanyang Technological University, Singapore (NTU Singapore) and Volvo Buses are trialling a full size, autonomous electric bus equipped with a comprehensive artificial intelligence system developed by NTU Singapore engineers. Canberra Station’s clear roof panels and glass panels installed along its façade are able to take advantage of natural lighting to be more energy efficient. Charging infrastructure will be improved as part of efforts to support the adoption of EVs.', 'Charging infrastructure will be improved as part of efforts to support the adoption of EVs. Chapter 4 | Key Long-Term Climate Actions Cleaner and greener vehicles on our roads Singapore is working to enhance the overall carbon efficiency of our land transport system through the large-scale adoption of green vehicles. By 2040, we aim to phase out internal combustion engine vehicles and have all vehicles running on cleaner energy. We will introduce policies and initiatives to encourage the adoption of EVs. The public sector itself will take the lead and progressively procure and use cleaner vehicles. To promote the adoption of cleaner and more environmentally friendly vehicles, the Government will implement an EV Early Adoption Incentive scheme from 2021 to 2023 to encourage the early adoption of cleaner vehicles.', 'To promote the adoption of cleaner and more environmentally friendly vehicles, the Government will implement an EV Early Adoption Incentive scheme from 2021 to 2023 to encourage the early adoption of cleaner vehicles. Under this incentive, drivers and businesses who purchase fully electric cars and taxis will receive a rebate of up to 45% off the vehicle’s Additional Registration Fee,22 capped at S$20,000. In addition, based on the promising results of the Vehicular Emissions Scheme that provides rebates to car owners and taxi operators who use cleaner car models, the Government will introduce a similar scheme, the Commercial Vehicle Emissions Scheme, for light goods vehicles. To make EVs more accessible and promote their adoption, Singapore will expand the public charging infrastructure for EVs.', 'To make EVs more accessible and promote their adoption, Singapore will expand the public charging infrastructure for EVs. The Government will work with the private sector to improve charging provisions in public and private carparks. By 2030, we aim to have up to 28,000 chargers in public carparks island-wide, from around 1,600 today. These efforts are expected to make a significant difference. Technological advancements on EV charging and the availability of attractive, cost- effective EV models in the market will also be important factors that will influence how quickly we can achieve these goals. Greener transport infrastructure We are also enhancing our existing transport infrastructure and building new transport facilities that are more energy-efficient and sustainable.', 'Greener transport infrastructure We are also enhancing our existing transport infrastructure and building new transport facilities that are more energy-efficient and sustainable. A greener commute Canberra Station, which is the newest Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station in Singapore, opened for service in November 2019. In addition to covered linkways and bicycle parking lots to facilitate convenient first-and-last mile journeys to and from the station, Canberra Station has many green features such as energy-efficient air-conditioning, LED lighting systems and green roofs. With its extensive use of environmentally friendly building materials, products and services, Canberra Station became the first MRT station to receive the Green Mark Platinum certification under the Green Mark scheme for transit stations.', 'With its extensive use of environmentally friendly building materials, products and services, Canberra Station became the first MRT station to receive the Green Mark Platinum certification under the Green Mark scheme for transit stations. 22 The Additional Registration Fee is a tax imposed upon registration of a vehicle and is calculated based on a percentage of the Open Market Value of the vehicle.CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Chapter 4 | Key Long-Term Climate Actions Energy efficiency improvements at Changi Airport Singapore has proactively taken measures to develop Changi Airport as a world-class air hub that champions sustainability.', '22 The Additional Registration Fee is a tax imposed upon registration of a vehicle and is calculated based on a percentage of the Open Market Value of the vehicle.CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Chapter 4 | Key Long-Term Climate Actions Energy efficiency improvements at Changi Airport Singapore has proactively taken measures to develop Changi Airport as a world-class air hub that champions sustainability. To improve its energy efficiency, a series of equipment replacement and service improvement projects have taken place throughout the airport, such as modernising existing lifts, upgrading to energy- efficient chillers and replacing conventional lighting in terminal buildings with LED lights.', 'To improve its energy efficiency, a series of equipment replacement and service improvement projects have taken place throughout the airport, such as modernising existing lifts, upgrading to energy- efficient chillers and replacing conventional lighting in terminal buildings with LED lights. The new Terminal 5 will also be designed and built according to stringent energy efficiency standards and is anticipated to achieve Green Mark Platinum standards. As Terminal 5’s development will extend well into the 2020s, the adoption of new emerging technologies may result in further improvements in the terminal’s energy efficiency. Green innovation and emission reductions in Singapore’s maritime sector The Government has been working with stakeholders to improve the sustainability of our port infrastructure.', 'Green innovation and emission reductions in Singapore’s maritime sector The Government has been working with stakeholders to improve the sustainability of our port infrastructure. Singapore’s main commercial port terminal operators, PSA Corporation Limited and Jurong Port Pte Ltd, have deployed solar PV systems at their terminals and embarked on other electrification projects at existing terminals. Tuas Port – Port of the Future Expected to be fully completed in 2040, the new Tuas Port will be the world’s largest fully automated terminal in a single location. It will have a fleet of over 1,000 fully electric automated guided vehicles that have a carbon footprint of 25% less than that of conventional diesel-powered prime movers. The port will also feature electric automated rail-mounted gantry cranes to be more energy-efficient.', 'The port will also feature electric automated rail-mounted gantry cranes to be more energy-efficient. Greening airport operations With the support of ground handling partners, Changi Airport Group (CAG) has introduced clean-energy tractors within the baggage handling areas, starting with Terminal 4 in November 2017. CAG has also installed 114 charging points for its 80 electric baggage tractors at the airside of its passenger terminals. The fleet of electric baggage tractors will grow to over 300 tractors by end-2020. This will support the Changi Airport community’s goal of reducing airside emissions and creating a better work environment. Electric baggage handling tractors are deployed at Changi Airport Terminal 4.', 'Electric baggage handling tractors are deployed at Changi Airport Terminal 4. In addition to an automated wharf and yard that will raise efficiency, the waters around Tuas Port will be managed with a next-generation vessel traffic management system for safe and efficient navigation.CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE • The Green Mark Scheme for SLE buildings was developed to encourage industry to push boundaries on energy efficiency to achieve best-in-class building energy performance in a cost-effective manner. SLE buildings achieve at least 60% energy savings (compared to our 2005 building code baseline) by adopting energy-efficient measures and deploying on-site renewable energy solutions. • The SLE Challenge was launched in September 2018.', '• The SLE Challenge was launched in September 2018. To date, 20 progressive public and private developers have stepped forward to take the lead by committing to achieve at least one Green Mark SLE project within five years. • The SLE Buildings Technology Roadmap examines a wide spectrum of emerging energy technologies, analyses their interaction and integration, and explores their feasibility in our tropical and urban context. The Roadmap comprises 60 innovative solutions to help the industry design and develop cost-effective SLE buildings. Chapter 4 | Key Long-Term Climate Actions BUILDINGS Current landscape As Singapore is a highly urbanised city-state, the building sector contributed 14.6% of our total emissions in 2017. As such, greening our buildings is an integral part of reducing Singapore’s overall long-term emissions.', 'As such, greening our buildings is an integral part of reducing Singapore’s overall long-term emissions. The Government has worked closely with stakeholders to roll out a comprehensive suite of initiatives and policies under three successive editions of Green Building Masterplans. These Masterplans have steered Singapore’s green building efforts, comprising a mix of regulatory policies and financial incentives, workforce capability-building programmes, engagement and awareness activities, and R&D capability-building programmes. Singapore has set a target to green 80% of our total building gross floor area (GFA) by 2030. As of March 2020, we have greened more than 40% of our total building GFA. We will continue to pursue efforts towards this target through promoting sustainable and energy-efficient design and performance at the individual building level as well as at the district level.', 'We will continue to pursue efforts towards this target through promoting sustainable and energy-efficient design and performance at the individual building level as well as at the district level. Reducing energy use and increasing sustainability The Building and Construction Authority (BCA) Green Mark Scheme was launched in January 2005 as an initiative to drive Singapore’s construction industry towards more environmentally friendly buildings. It is a benchmarking scheme to promote sustainability in the built environment and raise environmental awareness among developers, designers, and builders. The coverage of the benchmarking scheme extends from the start of the project’s conceptualisation and design, to its construction and even operation. Spurring the adoption of Super Low Energy buildings Widespread adoption of Super Low Energy (SLE) buildings in Singapore will help reduce energy use and emissions in the buildings sector.', 'Spurring the adoption of Super Low Energy buildings Widespread adoption of Super Low Energy (SLE) buildings in Singapore will help reduce energy use and emissions in the buildings sector. The Government has worked closely with our industries and academia to co-develop the SLE Buildings Programme, launched in September 2018. The SLE Buildings Programme encourages the deployment of cost-effective, energy-efficient and renewable energy solutions in the built environment sector. This will also encourage the development of more Zero Energy buildings that produce as much electricity as they consume, or Positive Energy buildings that produce surplus electricity that can be fed into the electricity grid. The Government established the Green Buildings Innovation Cluster (GBIC) programme in 2014 to fund collaborative research on environmentally sustainable buildings between the Built Environment sector and the research community.', 'The Government established the Green Buildings Innovation Cluster (GBIC) programme in 2014 to fund collaborative research on environmentally sustainable buildings between the Built Environment sector and the research community. The GBIC programme develops innovative and viable solutions to achieving SLE buildings. By tapping on GBIC, developers can work with research partners to develop new energy efficiency solutions and test-bed them in their own buildings. BCA has also set up the SLE Buildings Smart Hub, a one-stop knowledge centre to support the industry’s efforts with implementing SLE building standards. The Smart Hub is a central database that collects information from existing buildings and reports of completed R&D projects.', 'The Smart Hub is a central database that collects information from existing buildings and reports of completed R&D projects. Researchers may access the data from the Smart Hub to analyse the performance of the demonstrated technologies, while building owners can refer to the expanding list of green technologies and select options best suited to their needs. Industry players may also access the Smart Hub for best practices and success stories. The SLE Buildings Programme comprises: (i) Green Mark Scheme for SLE buildings, (ii) SLE Challenge, and (iii) SLE Buildings Technology Roadmap.', 'The SLE Buildings Programme comprises: (i) Green Mark Scheme for SLE buildings, (ii) SLE Challenge, and (iii) SLE Buildings Technology Roadmap. Features of SLE buildingsCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE BCA Green Mark Award Platinum (Zero Energy) Estimated Percentage Annual Energy Savings23 Notable Green Features • First institution in Singapore to extensively deploy a hybrid- cooling system. • With daylight utilisation maximised through architectural design, energy savings are further enhanced through a network of photocell and vacancy sensors. • Extensive roof coverage with solar PV arrays allows SDE 4 to generate all its energy requirements within the building footprint. • Water saving features such as rainwater harvesting, condensate water recycling, and greywater recycling boost the water sustainability of the building.', '• Water saving features such as rainwater harvesting, condensate water recycling, and greywater recycling boost the water sustainability of the building. BCA Green Mark Award Platinum (Super Low Energy) Estimated Percentage Annual Energy Savings Notable Green Features • Optimised design of the shape and size of buildings for greater environmental performance (e.g. usage of daylight, optimal use of renewable energy sources). • Smart lighting controls. • Live energy and water monitoring dashboard. • Integrated Building Management System (iBMS) to ensure building systems perform optimally in relation to current demand. • Rain gardens and bio-swale built into design to enhance water sustainability. • Smart cooling system with under-floor air distribution system. • Full adoption of precast walls, columns, beams and planks.', '• Full adoption of precast walls, columns, beams and planks. Chapter 4 | Key Long-Term Climate Actions NUS, School of Design & Environment, SDE 4 As the first purpose-built net-zero energy building in Singapore commissioned by a tertiary institution, SDE 4 makes the case – through design and operations – that stringent energy targets for Singapore buildings are possible without sacrificing functional efficiency or architectural aesthetics. Surbana Jurong Campus The Surbana Jurong campus is the new global headquarters of Surbana Jurong, which has grown to become one of the largest Asia-based urban and infrastructure consultancy firms in the world. It is located at the new Jurong Innovation District, the next-generation district in Singapore to promote the future of innovation for enterprise, learning and living.', 'It is located at the new Jurong Innovation District, the next-generation district in Singapore to promote the future of innovation for enterprise, learning and living. When completed by 2021, the 68,915m² development will serve to demonstrate what a smart, sustainable and future-ready workplace looks like. 23 Estimated Percentage Annual Energy Savings refers to the estimated improvement in energy efficiency compared to 2005 levels achieved by implementing passive and active energy efficiency measures. When these savings are combined with power generated by renewable sources, buildings’ overall energy status can be net-zero or positive.CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE BCA Green Mark Award Rating (2019) Platinum (Zero Energy) Notable Green Features • Efficient water-cooled air-conditioning system.', 'When these savings are combined with power generated by renewable sources, buildings’ overall energy status can be net-zero or positive.CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE BCA Green Mark Award Rating (2019) Platinum (Zero Energy) Notable Green Features • Efficient water-cooled air-conditioning system. • Variable speed drives for pumps and cooling towers. • Energy-efficient Task LED lighting for all areas. • Attained PUB Water Efficient Building certification. • Provision of solar PV panels. • Use of motion sensors for toilets and staircases. • Automatic fresh air control. • Low friction loss electro-static air filter for air-handling units. • Future upgrade to passive displacement cooling with high efficiency pre-treated fresh air unit.', '• Future upgrade to passive displacement cooling with high efficiency pre-treated fresh air unit. Chapter 4 | Key Long-Term Climate Actions NTU Singapore, Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information The Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information (SCI) is a mixed development (Institutional and Offices) built in 1996 with a gross floor area of 9,024.55m². The SCI building consists of five levels with a central open atrium. It has advanced laboratory facilities for audio, video, radio, television and print media, among others. The project is an existing building that has been refurbished to achieve Green Mark Platinum (Zero Energy) rating. Improving building energy efficiency The Government will continue to put in place measures to improve building energy efficiency, and encourage building owners and developers to implement energy efficiency projects.', 'Improving building energy efficiency The Government will continue to put in place measures to improve building energy efficiency, and encourage building owners and developers to implement energy efficiency projects. In the next step of our Green Building journey, we will work with all stakeholders, including developers, building owners, Built Environment professionals and the public to co-create the Singapore Green Building Masterplan 2020 (SGBMP 2020). Apart from traditional industry stakeholders, such as the trade associations and chambers, BCA will also be engaging other groups, including tenants, home- buyers, youths and activists for the development of SGBMP 2020. One of the key initiatives under SGBMP 2020 will be to review the minimum energy performance standards for buildings. The Government plans to make the minimum energy performance standards more stringent for new and existing buildings in the coming years.', 'The Government plans to make the minimum energy performance standards more stringent for new and existing buildings in the coming years. Raising the energy performance of buildings will lower emissions and also allow building owners to reap cost savings over the building lifecycle. We will also provide the identity of all buildings in the annual publication of buildings’ energy performance data, to facilitate benchmarking and spur building owners to undertake retrofitting measures to improve the energy efficiency of their buildings. Sustaining optimal performance throughout the building lifecycle The operations phase of a building is the longest stage in its lifecycle. Thus, it is important that buildings are designed for optimal performance and maintenance during this phase. Sound facility management (FM) practices will help our buildings achieve sustained optimal performance.', 'Sound facility management (FM) practices will help our buildings achieve sustained optimal performance. Incorporating elements of Design for Maintainability24 upfront during the building design stage will ensure ease of maintenance and also help our buildings operate optimally throughout their lifespan. Additionally, the use of Smart FM solutions can help to optimise energy performance. Challenges and potential opportunities As Singapore greens the majority of its buildings and pushes the boundaries in building energy efficiency, the challenge remains to nudge the owners of less energy-efficient buildings into taking action to improve the energy performance of their buildings. We will explore ways to encourage and help these building owners advance their greening efforts, which can reap energy and cost savings throughout the building lifecycle.', 'We will explore ways to encourage and help these building owners advance their greening efforts, which can reap energy and cost savings throughout the building lifecycle. 24 Design for Maintainability is the practice of integrating operations & maintenance considerations into project planning and design to achieve effectiveness, safety, and economy of maintenance tasks during the lifespan of a facility.CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Chapter 4 | Key Long-Term Climate Actions District-level energy savings District-level measures to green the building sector will enable even greater energy efficiency improvements, and more energy savings to be reaped. Beyond the individual building level, we intend to scale up efforts to the district level to achieve wider adoption of sustainability measures.', 'Beyond the individual building level, we intend to scale up efforts to the district level to achieve wider adoption of sustainability measures. District-level concepts will be test-bedded in identified districts, and if successful, considered for future districts. Some concepts under consideration include enhancing BCA’s Green Mark Scheme for Districts, sharing of renewable energy sources and district-level cooling. Staying cool with less energy Advancements in technology and engineering have made it possible to cool Singapore while using less energy and using our underground spaces more effectively. For example, instead of conventional chillers and cooling towers in separate buildings, Singapore introduced district cooling systems at the Marina Bay area in 2006.', 'For example, instead of conventional chillers and cooling towers in separate buildings, Singapore introduced district cooling systems at the Marina Bay area in 2006. The Marina Bay district cooling system centralises the production of chilled water that is piped into buildings within the district to support their air-conditioning systems, and has helped customers achieve significant energy savings. Apart from reducing energy costs, the district cooling system is built 20m to 25m underground, removing the need for chilling equipment in each building, and freeing up more premium commercial space. More district cooling systems will be rolled out over time. With two district cooling plants at Marina Bay Sands and One Raffles Quay, chilled water is centrally produced to support air-conditioning systems in buildings in the Marina Bay area, helping them save energy and cost.', 'With two district cooling plants at Marina Bay Sands and One Raffles Quay, chilled water is centrally produced to support air-conditioning systems in buildings in the Marina Bay area, helping them save energy and cost. HOUSEHOLDS Current landscape Emissions from the household sector accounted for about 6.6% of emissions in Singapore in 2017. We aim to achieve more energy savings by adjusting behaviour and consumption patterns. By having an energy-efficient home, buying energy-efficient appliances and adopting good energy consumption habits, households will enjoy lower utility bills whilst contributing towards climate action. The Government will continue implementing initiatives to empower homeowners to make better choices and influence usage behaviour. Reducing the household sector’s emissions for the long term To reduce emissions in the household sector, the Government promotes the use of energy-efficient appliances in homes and encourages energy conservation habits amongst households.', 'Reducing the household sector’s emissions for the long term To reduce emissions in the household sector, the Government promotes the use of energy-efficient appliances in homes and encourages energy conservation habits amongst households. The Mandatory Energy Labelling Scheme (MELS) and the Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPS) are key policies undertaken to reduce energy consumption and emissions in the household sector through the use of energy-efficient appliances. Mandatory Energy Labelling Scheme To help consumers make more informed purchasing decisions, the Government introduced MELS in 2008, which requires suppliers of major energy-consuming household appliances to affix their products with energy labels. To date, MELS covers air-conditioners, refrigerators, televisions, clothes dryers and lamps. We will continue to assess the feasibility of extending MELS to other appliances, such as water heaters.', 'We will continue to assess the feasibility of extending MELS to other appliances, such as water heaters. Energy label for air-conditionersCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Chapter 4 | Key Long-Term Climate Actions Raising Minimum Energy Performance Standards MEPS raises the average energy efficiency of household appliances by removing energy inefficient appliances from the market. This protects consumers from being locked into the high energy costs that result from operating energy inefficient appliances. Currently, MEPS covers air-conditioners, refrigerators, clothes dryers and lamps. Singapore will regularly review the MEPS to ensure that it provides adequate differentiation of appliance models and reflects improvements in energy efficient technologies in the market.', 'Singapore will regularly review the MEPS to ensure that it provides adequate differentiation of appliance models and reflects improvements in energy efficient technologies in the market. We aim to have all light bulbs to be as energy-efficient as LED bulbs from 2023 onwards. This will save households about S$3.5 million in energy costs annually. We will also continue to assess the feasibility of extending the coverage of MEPS to other appliances and progressively raise the standards for these appliances to best-in-class levels. Since the introduction of MELS and MEPS, the average energy efficiency of air-conditioners, refrigerators and clothes dryers have improved by energy savings for all households from the use of more efficient household appliances was estimated to be about S$270 million.', 'Since the introduction of MELS and MEPS, the average energy efficiency of air-conditioners, refrigerators and clothes dryers have improved by energy savings for all households from the use of more efficient household appliances was estimated to be about S$270 million. Singapore will continue to look at ways to make the Energy Label more prominent and useful to the consumers. For example, we are exploring the use of augmented reality to allow consumers to compare the lifecycle cost across similar models, facilitating their purchase of more energy-efficient appliances. Increasing awareness of energy-efficient appliances Increasing awareness of the importance and ways of conserving energy is also key to reducing energy use in households. The Government will continue different outreach initiatives to promote energy efficiency and conservation, across several platforms to target different audiences.', 'The Government will continue different outreach initiatives to promote energy efficiency and conservation, across several platforms to target different audiences. One example is “The Energy-Saving Challenge”, where households are encouraged to reduce their energy consumption by practising energy-saving habits. Smart Home Technologies Currently, the analogue electricity meters installed at households are read manually once every two months, and households are billed based on estimated and actual consumption on alternate months. Advanced electricity meters will be deployed in all Singapore households within the next five years. With advanced electricity meters, households can access and track their half-hourly electricity consumption via the (Singapore Power) SP Utilities mobile application. This will allow them to better understand their consumption patterns and reduce their usage to be more energy-efficient.', 'This will allow them to better understand their consumption patterns and reduce their usage to be more energy-efficient. Building an Eco Town In Tampines town, we have created a community- based circular ecosystem for food production. Food waste will be segregated to be fed to black soldier fly larvae. The larvae frass will be used to fertilise a new vertical vegetable farm and the larvae will be fed to tilapias cultivated in a pond in Tampines Park. The project will reduce food waste and strengthen the community’s food resilience. In addition, Eco Boards, which are low-energy digital boards providing information on water and energy use, will be built across Tampines to enhance the community’s mindfulness of their resource use and illustrate the impact of green infrastructure such as solar PV systems.', 'In addition, Eco Boards, which are low-energy digital boards providing information on water and energy use, will be built across Tampines to enhance the community’s mindfulness of their resource use and illustrate the impact of green infrastructure such as solar PV systems. Advanced electricity meters enable households to track their half-hourly electricity consumption via the SP Utilities mobile app. 25 MELS and MEPS covered air-conditioners and refrigerators from 2008, whilst clothes dryers was included from 2009. Incentives to purchase climate-friendly appliances The Government introduced a S$24.8 million Climate-friendly Household Package in 2020 to foster a climate-friendly mindset among households and encourage individuals to take action to reduce energy and water consumption.', 'Incentives to purchase climate-friendly appliances The Government introduced a S$24.8 million Climate-friendly Household Package in 2020 to foster a climate-friendly mindset among households and encourage individuals to take action to reduce energy and water consumption. All households living in one-, two- and three-room public housing apartments in Singapore will receive a S$150 voucher to purchase energy-efficient and climate-friendly refrigerators and a S$50 voucher to purchase water-efficient shower fittings. In addition, the “Switch and Save – Use LED” (SSUL) programme, first launched in 2018 to all one-room to two-room HDB households, has been expanded to all three-room public housing households. Under this SSUL programme, each eligible household will receive a S$25 voucher to purchase LED lights.', 'Under this SSUL programme, each eligible household will receive a S$25 voucher to purchase LED lights. The package can save up to 90 gigawatt hours (GWh), e per year.CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Chapter 4 | Key Long-Term Climate Actions Green Towns Programme Since 2005, HDB has been driving sustainability efforts in our public housing estates, which provide affordable housing to 80% of Singaporeans. Over the years, we have managed to achieve a 10% reduction in annual energy consumption in our public housing estates. Through the Green Towns Programme, HDB aims to reduce annual energy consumption by a further 15% by 2030.', 'Through the Green Towns Programme, HDB aims to reduce annual energy consumption by a further 15% by 2030. The programme will focus on addressing three areas on sustainability and liveability: (i) reducing energy consumption, (ii) recycling rainwater and (iii) cooling HDB towns. To reduce energy consumption, the Government will install smart LED lighting in all public housing estates and scale up Features of Green Towns Programme the deployment of solar panels to cover 70% of housing blocks. This will provide clean energy to power common services in our housing estates. To recycle rainwater, we will pilot a new underground water detention system to capture and recycle the rainwater for non-potable uses. We will also undertake a large-scale pilot on the application of “cool paint”, which reduces heat absorbed by HDB blocks.', 'We will also undertake a large-scale pilot on the application of “cool paint”, which reduces heat absorbed by HDB blocks. With the learning points and data collected from the pilot, the application of cool coatings can be extended island-wide. Finally, we will increase the green cover on top decks of more multi-storey carparks by repurposing them for urban farming, skyrise greenery or community gardens, where feasible. WASTE AND WATER Current landscape The waste and water sectors represented around 1.5% of our total emissions in 2017 and there are significant opportunities for mitigating these emissions. Singapore strives to create resource- efficient waste and water management systems to reduce emissions in these sectors. Singapore has successfully developed an efficient waste management system over the years. In Singapore, waste that is not recycled is incinerated in waste-to-energy (WTE) plants.', 'In Singapore, waste that is not recycled is incinerated in waste-to-energy (WTE) plants. This reduces the waste volume significantly by about 90%, while generating energy from the process. The excess energy is sold to the grid, which helps to meet 2% to 3% of Singapore’s electricity needs. Incinerating waste also generates less GHG emissions, including methane, compared to direct landfilling. To reduce the amount of energy use and emissions in the water sector, we have taken key measures such as deploying energy-efficient technologies to process and treat water, and policies to encourage sustainable water consumption. Achieving a sustainable level of water consumption and waste production, and managing the amount of energy used will be important moving forward, as waste quantities and water demand will likely continue to increase as our economy and population grow.', 'Achieving a sustainable level of water consumption and waste production, and managing the amount of energy used will be important moving forward, as waste quantities and water demand will likely continue to increase as our economy and population grow. We will continue to push towards sustainable waste and water management, and explore avenues to reduce emissions in both sectors.CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Chapter 4 | Key Long-Term Climate Actions Semakau Landfill The development of Semakau Landfill, the first offshore landfill in the region, showcases Singapore’s innovative spirit and strong engineering capability, in response to the twin challenges of Singapore’s growing waste generation and severe land constraints.', 'We will continue to push towards sustainable waste and water management, and explore avenues to reduce emissions in both sectors.CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Chapter 4 | Key Long-Term Climate Actions Semakau Landfill The development of Semakau Landfill, the first offshore landfill in the region, showcases Singapore’s innovative spirit and strong engineering capability, in response to the twin challenges of Singapore’s growing waste generation and severe land constraints. The thriving coral colonies, mangrove and wild birds in their natural habitat on Semakau Landfill show that the landfill operations and preservation of the local natural environment can be both achieved at the same time.', 'The thriving coral colonies, mangrove and wild birds in their natural habitat on Semakau Landfill show that the landfill operations and preservation of the local natural environment can be both achieved at the same time. The National Environment Agency (NEA) was awarded the 2019 Hassib J. Sabbagh Award for Engineering Construction Excellence by the World Federation of Engineering Organisations for the development of Aerial view of Singapore’s only landfill, Semakau Landfill Semakau Landfill. This international award affirms our efforts to leverage technology to manage Singapore s waste effectively and sustainably. However, Semakau Landfill is not the silver bullet for waste management. It is projected to run out of space by 2035 based on current rates of waste disposal.', 'It is projected to run out of space by 2035 based on current rates of waste disposal. We need a paradigm shift to manage our waste in new, more sustainable ways to deal with our growing resource constraints and extend the lifespan of Semakau Landfill. Waste reduction and recycling to reduce waste incineration Singapore’s inaugural Zero Waste Masterplan launched in 2019 outlines our changing approach to managing waste to achieve our vision of a Zero Waste Nation. Under the Zero Waste Masterplan, we announced a new target to reduce the amount of waste sent to Semakau Landfill per capita per day by 30% by 2030. This is in addition to existing recycling targets under the Sustainable Singapore Blueprint 2015.', 'This is in addition to existing recycling targets under the Sustainable Singapore Blueprint 2015. Collectively, these targets would extend Semakau Landfill’s lifespan beyond 2035.26 To achieve this new target, we are adopting a circular economy approach where waste is designed out of the value chain and the resources are maximised by keeping them in use for as long as possible. SUSTAINABLE WASTE AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION REDISTRIBUTE RECYCLE REPAIR & REUSE BETTER DESIGN REDUCE BUYING REFURBISH / REMANUFACTURE RECYCLE SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION Segregation Incineration & landfilling The circular economy approach outlined in the Zero Waste Masterplan Singapore 26 Under the Sustainable Blueprint Singapore 2015, we aim to achieve a 70% overall recycling rate, 30% domestic recycling rate and 81% non-domestic recycling rate by 2030.', 'SUSTAINABLE WASTE AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION REDISTRIBUTE RECYCLE REPAIR & REUSE BETTER DESIGN REDUCE BUYING REFURBISH / REMANUFACTURE RECYCLE SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION Segregation Incineration & landfilling The circular economy approach outlined in the Zero Waste Masterplan Singapore 26 Under the Sustainable Blueprint Singapore 2015, we aim to achieve a 70% overall recycling rate, 30% domestic recycling rate and 81% non-domestic recycling rate by 2030. A circular economy approach will require measures to be taken across the entire value chainCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Chapter 4 | Key Long-Term Climate Actions Promoting sustainable waste management: Resource Sustainability Act The landmark Resource Sustainability Act (RSA) introduced in 2019 encourages sustainable production and sustainable waste management by giving legislative effect to new upstream measures to address our key priority waste streams – e-waste, packaging waste including plastics, and food waste.', 'A circular economy approach will require measures to be taken across the entire value chainCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Chapter 4 | Key Long-Term Climate Actions Promoting sustainable waste management: Resource Sustainability Act The landmark Resource Sustainability Act (RSA) introduced in 2019 encourages sustainable production and sustainable waste management by giving legislative effect to new upstream measures to address our key priority waste streams – e-waste, packaging waste including plastics, and food waste. The new measures include an Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) framework for e-waste, where producers of regulated products bear the physical and/ or financial responsibility for the sustainable management of end-of-life products, and mandatory food waste segregation and treatment for large commercial and industrial food waste generators, above certain thresholds from 2024.', 'The new measures include an Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) framework for e-waste, where producers of regulated products bear the physical and/ or financial responsibility for the sustainable management of end-of-life products, and mandatory food waste segregation and treatment for large commercial and industrial food waste generators, above certain thresholds from 2024. Producers of packaged products and supermarkets will also be required to report packaging data and submit plans to reduce, reuse or recycle packaging from 2021, with data collection to commence on 1 July 2020. The mandatory packaging reporting framework will also lay the foundation for an EPR framework for managing packaging waste, including plastics. This will ensure producers are responsible for the collection and recycling of the materials they use to package their products.', 'This will ensure producers are responsible for the collection and recycling of the materials they use to package their products. The Government will be implementing the EPR for packaging waste in phases, starting with a Deposit Refund Scheme for beverage containers by 2022.27 The RSA marks a paradigm shift in our approach to waste management – while efficient waste disposal is necessary, our primary goal is to reduce, reuse and recycle to divert waste away from incineration. Upgrading our waste management infrastructure to increase the efficiency of recycling and waste incineration Even as we implement new policies to achieve our vision of a Zero Waste Nation, we continue to improve our existing waste management infrastructure to enhance waste treatment and resource recovery.', 'Upgrading our waste management infrastructure to increase the efficiency of recycling and waste incineration Even as we implement new policies to achieve our vision of a Zero Waste Nation, we continue to improve our existing waste management infrastructure to enhance waste treatment and resource recovery. TuasOne WTE Plant, Singapore’s sixth WTE plant, developed on 4.8 hectares of land and with a treatment capacity of 750 tonnes of waste per day per hectare, will be the most compact plant in the world. When completed, it will also be the most efficient in energy generation among Singapore’s existing WTE plants. The plant will help meet our waste incineration needs for the next 25 years, and will have the capacity to incinerate 3,600 tonnes of waste per day. from incineration.', 'The plant will help meet our waste incineration needs for the next 25 years, and will have the capacity to incinerate 3,600 tonnes of waste per day. from incineration. Co-creating solutions with the community Ground-up movements engaging communities to promote sustainable waste management and waste reduction, and drive awareness, action and advocacy will continue to be important. These main areas of work include raising awareness among Singaporeans on the need for sustainable consumption through campaigns such as the “Say YES to Waste Less” Campaign, and inculcating values of environmental stewardship in our young as part of the school curriculum for Character and Citizen Education. More details are provided in Chapter 7.', 'More details are provided in Chapter 7. Reducing water consumption and energy use in water treatment Promoting water conservation in households The results of Singapore’s water conservation efforts have been encouraging, with household water consumption decreasing from 148 litres per person per day in 2016 to 141 litres in 2019. To reduce water consumption further to 130 litres per person per day by 2030, PUB, Singapore’s National Water Agency, will continue to phase out inefficient water fittings and deploy 300,000 smart meters by 2021. The smart meters provide near real-time consumption information and early leak detection in households to encourage water conservation and reduce water loss through leaks.', 'The smart meters provide near real-time consumption information and early leak detection in households to encourage water conservation and reduce water loss through leaks. Promoting water efficiency in businesses and industries In addition to phasing out inefficient water fittings and appliances via the Mandatory Water Efficiency Labelling Scheme, businesses/industries that consume 60,000 m³ or more in the preceding year are required to submit water efficiency management plans to PUB annually. This requirement promotes the establishment of water management systems so that businesses/industries can better understand and manage their water usage. PUB is drawing on the data collected to develop water efficiency benchmarks and best practice guidelines to help businesses identify more opportunities to improve water efficiency. Knowledge sharing is facilitated through the Water Efficiency Manager Course, where participants are assessed and certified as Water Efficiency Managers.', 'Knowledge sharing is facilitated through the Water Efficiency Manager Course, where participants are assessed and certified as Water Efficiency Managers. Water-efficient businesses are recognised via the Water Efficient Building (Basic) certification and the Water Efficiency Awards. Businesses can also tap on PUB’s Water Efficiency Fund and Industrial Water Solutions Demonstration Fund to implement water- saving projects. Reducing energy use in producing desalinated water PUB invests in research and technology to find more efficient ways to desalinate seawater, which currently uses about 3.5 kWh/m³.We aim to minimally halve the energy used in the future through a combination of technologies such as electro-deionisation, ultra-permeable membranes, Pressure Retarded Osmosis and other process improvements.', 'Reducing energy use in producing desalinated water PUB invests in research and technology to find more efficient ways to desalinate seawater, which currently uses about 3.5 kWh/m³.We aim to minimally halve the energy used in the future through a combination of technologies such as electro-deionisation, ultra-permeable membranes, Pressure Retarded Osmosis and other process improvements. 27 Generally, with a Deposit Refund Scheme for beverage containers, producers would finance the take-back of the used beverage containers with refunds offered to consumers when they return their empty beverage containers to designated return points.CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Chapter 4 | Key Long-Term Climate Actions Maximising Resource and Energy Recovery – the Tuas Nexus To leverage the water-energy-waste nexus, the Government is building an integrated development comprising the Tuas Water Reclamation Plant and the Integrated Waste Management Facility, collectively known as the “Tuas Nexus”.', '27 Generally, with a Deposit Refund Scheme for beverage containers, producers would finance the take-back of the used beverage containers with refunds offered to consumers when they return their empty beverage containers to designated return points.CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Chapter 4 | Key Long-Term Climate Actions Maximising Resource and Energy Recovery – the Tuas Nexus To leverage the water-energy-waste nexus, the Government is building an integrated development comprising the Tuas Water Reclamation Plant and the Integrated Waste Management Facility, collectively known as the “Tuas Nexus”. The co-location of these facilities allows food waste and used water sludge to be co-digested to generate up to three times more biogas than conventional sludge treatment processes.', 'The co-location of these facilities allows food waste and used water sludge to be co-digested to generate up to three times more biogas than conventional sludge treatment processes. The biogas generated will boost electricity production and contribute to making Tuas Nexus an energy self-sufficient facility. Incinerated bottom ash, which would otherwise be landfilled, will also be extracted from the waste at Tuas Nexus, further extending the lifespan of Semakau Landfill. The facility is expected to be completed by 2027. Drawing on the water-energy-waste synergy allows the Tuas Nexus facility to be fully energy self-sufficient. FORESTRY Current landscape Singapore is one of the most densely populated countries in the world, without a hinterland or forestry industry.', 'FORESTRY Current landscape Singapore is one of the most densely populated countries in the world, without a hinterland or forestry industry. Nonetheless, we safeguard more than 7,800 hectares of green spaces, consisting of four nature reserves, nature areas, over 350 parks and an extensive network of streetscape greenery. These green spaces serve as carbon sinks and are used for recreational and educational purposes. We will continue to protect and enhance these carbon sinks through sustainable management and nature conservation. Singapore remains committed to the long-term sustainability of our forests and vegetated areas. Singapore’s green policies began with the vision of transforming Singapore into a Garden City in the 1960s. We have since evolved into a biophilic City in a Garden, where greenery pervades our urban landscape.', 'We have since evolved into a biophilic City in a Garden, where greenery pervades our urban landscape. Transformation of Singapore into a City in Nature As the next bound of our urban planning, we will transform Singapore into a City in Nature to create a sustainable and distinctive Singapore that provides a high-quality living environment for residents. Moving forward, we will continue to increase our green spaces by extending our nature park network, intensifying nature in our new and redeveloped gardens and parks, restoring nature in our urban areas, and strengthening the connectivity between Singapore’s green spaces. City in Nature has been infused into our city’s planning and development systems to ensure that the greening of the city increases even as we develop.', 'City in Nature has been infused into our city’s planning and development systems to ensure that the greening of the city increases even as we develop. This also allows us to effectively protect our natural heritage and enhance the resilience of our natural ecosystem.CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Safeguarding Singapore’s carbon sinks We strengthen our climate resilience by safeguarding and enhancing our natural ecosystems that provide carbon storage and sequestration. These ecosystems are protected within our four legally gazetted nature reserves in Singapore, where they receive protection for biodiversity conservation purposes.', 'These ecosystems are protected within our four legally gazetted nature reserves in Singapore, where they receive protection for biodiversity conservation purposes. Some 350 hectares of forested areas around nature reserves have been converted to nature parks to serve as complementary habitats and buffers to safeguard our nature reserves against the impact of urbanisation and human activities. The nature parks also provide complementary habitats for Singapore’s native flora and fauna to thrive beyond the nature reserves. We will continue to grow our nature park network, and aim to have at least an additional 200 hectares of nature parks by 2030. Chapter 4 | Key Long-Term Climate Actions The Mandai Mangrove and Mudflat is home to threatened species of plants and will be conserved as a nature park.', 'Chapter 4 | Key Long-Term Climate Actions The Mandai Mangrove and Mudflat is home to threatened species of plants and will be conserved as a nature park. Restoring nature in our urban areas As part of our efforts to restore nature in Singapore’s urban areas, we will intensify the greening of our streetscapes through creating Nature Ways, which are roads that feature forest-like structures built with multi-tiered planting. Over the long term, we aspire to make every road a Nature Way to provide a stronger network of ecological connectivity across the island, by providing green corridors to link green nodes. We will also increase the skyrise greenery footprint in our buildings and infrastructure, by encouraging the adoption of vertical green walls, green roofs and rooftop gardens that mimic epiphytic plants in a tropical rainforest.', 'We will also increase the skyrise greenery footprint in our buildings and infrastructure, by encouraging the adoption of vertical green walls, green roofs and rooftop gardens that mimic epiphytic plants in a tropical rainforest. This will create a naturalistic landscape that adds more greenery across Singapore and helps to mitigate the urban heat island effect. We aim to have 200 hectares of skyrise greenery by 2030, up from 120 hectares currently. We are working on greening Singapore’s industrial estates, which are among the hottest areas in Singapore. More than 100,000 trees will be planted in industrial estates by 2030. We have begun working with development partners and other stakeholders to plant more than 30,000 trees on Jurong Island alone.', 'We have begun working with development partners and other stakeholders to plant more than 30,000 trees on Jurong Island alone. As part of our efforts under City in Nature, we have launched a “One Million Trees” movement to plant a million trees across Singapore by 2030. These trees will be planted along streets and park connectors, and in gardens, parks, nature reserves and nature parks. The movement will involve the community through initiatives such as the Community in Nature (CIN). CIN connects and engages different groups in the community to help conserve Singapore’s natural heritage, encouraging Singaporeans to bond over, and with, nature. Students and teachers from St Margaret’s School participating in a BioBlitz survey. In 2019, about 4,900 citizen scientists were engaged in activities, boosting nature conservation efforts.', 'In 2019, about 4,900 citizen scientists were engaged in activities, boosting nature conservation efforts. The Kheam Hock Nature Way provides a green corridor for birds and butterflies to travel between the Central Catchment Nature Reserve and the Singapore Botanic Gardens. As part of the City in Nature vision, there will be 300km of Nature Ways in Singapore by 2030, with future plans to make every road a Nature Way. Coastal and marine environments are also effective ecosystems in carbon storage and sequestration. Carbon stocks in mangrove ecosystems can be three times or more that of terrestrial forests. In this regard, mangrove restoration projects are being implemented at key conservation sites such as Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve. Mandai Mangrove and Mudflat will be conserved as a nature park.', 'Mandai Mangrove and Mudflat will be conserved as a nature park. To complement the habitats at Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve and Mandai Mangrove and Mudflat, we will also be establishing a 40-hectare nature park at Khatib Bongsu, a rich mangrove and mudflat habitat on the northeastern coast of Singapore.CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Chapter 4 | Key Long-Term Climate Actions CROSS-SECTORAL MEASURES Carbon pricing Singapore implemented a carbon tax, the first carbon pricing scheme in Southeast Asia, on 1 January 2019. The carbon tax provides the price signal to encourage companies to reduce their emissions, yet gives them the flexibility to take action where it makes the most economic sense. The carbon tax is not standalone.', 'The carbon tax is not standalone. It forms part of our comprehensive suite of mitigation measures to reduce emissions, create green growth opportunities, and transit to an energy-efficient low-carbon economy. To maintain a transparent, fair, and consistent price signal across the economy, the carbon tax is applied uniformly to all sectors including energy-intensive and trade-exposed sectors, without exemption. Coverage The tax applies to direct emissions from facilities e or more in a year, covering carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulphur hexafluoride, hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons. This covers around 80% of Singapore’s total emissions. The carbon tax does not apply to transport fuels, for which there already are excise duties to encourage the reduction of their use. Apart from sectoral measures, Singapore also adopts cross-sectoral measures to drive comprehensive climate action across multiple sectors.', 'Apart from sectoral measures, Singapore also adopts cross-sectoral measures to drive comprehensive climate action across multiple sectors. The carbon tax plays a key role in supporting Singapore’s climate actions. Tax rate The carbon tax rate is set at S$5/tCO2 e in the first instance from 2019 to 2023. This serves as a transition period for facilities to implement energy efficiency and emissions reduction projects. The carbon tax will be reviewed by 2023, with the intention to increase it to a rate of between S$10/tCO2 e and S$15/tCO2 e by 2030. In doing so, the Government will take into account international climate change developments, the progress of Singapore’s emissions mitigation efforts and economic competitiveness.', 'In doing so, the Government will take into account international climate change developments, the progress of Singapore’s emissions mitigation efforts and economic competitiveness. Revenue use The Government is prepared to spend more than the estimated S$1 billion in carbon tax revenues collected in the first five years, to help companies invest in energy- and carbon-efficient technologies. Leveraging international market-based mechanisms The Paris Agreement also provides for jurisdictions to cooperate in achieving their climate pledges, such as through the use of international carbon credits or through the linking of carbon pricing systems. Singapore has implemented a Fixed-Price Credit Based (FPCB) tax mechanism where companies pay their carbon tax by surrendering non-tradeable, fixed- price carbon credits purchased from the Government.', 'Singapore has implemented a Fixed-Price Credit Based (FPCB) tax mechanism where companies pay their carbon tax by surrendering non-tradeable, fixed- price carbon credits purchased from the Government. The FPCB mechanism puts in place key building blocks that help regulatory bodies and companies build up necessary capabilities to operate in a linked market, should we decide to do so in the longer term.', 'The FPCB mechanism puts in place key building blocks that help regulatory bodies and companies build up necessary capabilities to operate in a linked market, should we decide to do so in the longer term. As there may be benefits in linking our carbon tax framework to other jurisdictions, Singapore will continue to monitor international developments, and study how we can leverage robust international market mechanisms to complement our domestic mitigation efforts and position Singapore as an international hub for carbon trading.CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE The voluntary labels for refrigerators (top) and air-conditioners (bottom) using climate- friendly refrigerants.', 'As there may be benefits in linking our carbon tax framework to other jurisdictions, Singapore will continue to monitor international developments, and study how we can leverage robust international market mechanisms to complement our domestic mitigation efforts and position Singapore as an international hub for carbon trading.CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE The voluntary labels for refrigerators (top) and air-conditioners (bottom) using climate- friendly refrigerants. Chapter 4 | Key Long-Term Climate Actions Mitigating hydrofluorocarbon emissions from refrigeration and air-conditioning Cooling solutions will be increasingly vital to keep Singapore liveable given rising temperatures. HFCs have high Global Warming Potentials (GWPs), and are commonly used as refrigerants in refrigeration and air-conditioning (RAC) equipment and systems.', 'HFCs have high Global Warming Potentials (GWPs), and are commonly used as refrigerants in refrigeration and air-conditioning (RAC) equipment and systems. Singapore has developed a comprehensive package of HFC mitigation measures to reduce HFC emissions from RAC equipment. This includes introducing a voluntary label for climate-friendly refrigerants that will help consumers to identify and select RAC models that use climate-friendly refrigerants. Restrict the supply of refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment that use hydrofluorocarbons with high Global Warming Potential From 2022, a restriction will be imposed on the supply of commercial water-cooled chillers 28 and household refrigerators that use refrigerants with GWP above 15, and household air-conditioners that use refrigerants with GWP above 750.', 'Restrict the supply of refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment that use hydrofluorocarbons with high Global Warming Potential From 2022, a restriction will be imposed on the supply of commercial water-cooled chillers 28 and household refrigerators that use refrigerants with GWP above 15, and household air-conditioners that use refrigerants with GWP above 750. Training and certification of technicians A training and certification programme will be introduced to improve the proficiency of RAC technicians on proper installation, maintenance and decommissioning of RAC equipment to reduce the likelihood of refrigerant leakages. Mandatory recovery and reclamation or destruction of spent refrigerants The recovery, reclamation or destruction of spent refrigerants will be mandatory from 2021. This will apply to household air-conditioners and refrigerators at the first instance, and will be extended to commercial water-cooled chillers from 2022.', 'This will apply to household air-conditioners and refrigerators at the first instance, and will be extended to commercial water-cooled chillers from 2022. The recovered refrigerants can be reclaimed and reintroduced into the market or destroyed to prevent emissions. Carbon capture, utilisation and storage CCUS has the potential to reduce emissions from Singapore’s industrial and power sectors. CO2 emissions from power plants and industrial facilities can be captured, and either stored in suitable sub-surface geological formations (i.e. CCS) or converted into usable products (i.e. CCU). can be used to produce carbonate-based building materials, through a reaction called mineralisation. Mineralisation processes can make To realise our LEDS aspiration, we will need to harness emerging technological solutions that can achieve mitigation outcomes beyond our existing range of mitigation options, such as CCUS and low-carbon hydrogen.', 'Mineralisation processes can make To realise our LEDS aspiration, we will need to harness emerging technological solutions that can achieve mitigation outcomes beyond our existing range of mitigation options, such as CCUS and low-carbon hydrogen. Whilst such solutions have been conceptually proven, their large-scale deployment in Singapore is currently limited by economic, institutional, and technical constraints. We will continue to evaluate such technologies and invest in R&D initiatives to facilitate the cost- effective application of such technologies. EMERGING TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS use of waste-based feedstock, such as incineration ash, thus contributing to Singapore’s waste reduction efforts. Captured CO2 can also be used as feedstock for chemicals and synthetic fuels, such as kerosene and methanol, which have the potential to be used as fuel for aircraft and marine vessels.', 'Captured CO2 can also be used as feedstock for chemicals and synthetic fuels, such as kerosene and methanol, which have the potential to be used as fuel for aircraft and marine vessels. Preliminary findings show that the potential for CCUS to reduce Singapore’s emissions in the long-term is significant, but there are near-term challenges to deploy CCUS solutions at a large scale: i) Singapore does not have any known suitable geological formations for the permanent storage underground. We will need to explore partnerships with companies and other countries with such geological formations in order to storage opportunities; and ii) Costs are still high currently, in part due to the substantial amount of energy needed to separate and concentrate CO2 from emissions of industrial facilities and power plants.', 'We will need to explore partnerships with companies and other countries with such geological formations in order to storage opportunities; and ii) Costs are still high currently, in part due to the substantial amount of energy needed to separate and concentrate CO2 from emissions of industrial facilities and power plants. In addition, manufacturing fuel and chemicals from CO2 is more energy-intensive than conventional processes, although this will improve over time as the technology matures. Researchers and companies around the world are actively working to reduce the costs by developing new catalysts and novel chemical pathways to capture and utilise CO2 . We will build on our strengths in material science, chemical engineering and computer science to develop research, development and demonstration initiatives and facilitate the cost-effective application of CCUS for Singapore.', 'We will build on our strengths in material science, chemical engineering and computer science to develop research, development and demonstration initiatives and facilitate the cost-effective application of CCUS for Singapore. 28 With a capacity of at least 1,055 kW for air-conditioning.CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Carbon capture, utilisation and storage value chain Chapter 4 | Key Long-Term Climate Actions Power plant / Industrial facility Fuels Building Materials Chemicals Utilisation Storage Depleted Oil and Gas Fields Saline Aquifers Geological Storage Hydrogen Hydrogen is a versatile energy carrier and industrial feedstock. It is currently mainly produced by reacting fossil fuels with steam or controlled amounts of oxygen (e.g. reforming or gasification), or by splitting water (i.e. electrolysis), and is used primarily as a feedstock for a range of industrial processes.', 'electrolysis), and is used primarily as a feedstock for a range of industrial processes. We are studying the technical and economic feasibility of importing low-carbon hydrogen and its use in potential downstream applications. Low-carbon hydrogen produced from increasingly cost-competitive renewable electricity or fossil fuels with CCUS can facilitate our industry sector’s decarbonisation. The use of low-carbon hydrogen can also add diversity to our fuel mix across a number of energy applications such as electricity generation and transport. However, key challenges remain. While the cost of producing low-carbon hydrogen is decreasing, it is still higher than the cost of conventional hydrogen. In addition, a global and diverse supply chain for hydrogen has yet to be established. The development of infrastructure to support hydrogen production, transportation, storage and use will also entail significant costs.', 'The development of infrastructure to support hydrogen production, transportation, storage and use will also entail significant costs. Nonetheless, we are optimistic that solutions can be found to overcome these challenges. Technological advancements in low-carbon hydrogen production and use, as well as the commitment of many governments and companies to pursue the wider use of hydrogen point to an increasingly positive outlook for hydrogen to contribute to Singapore’s long-term decarbonisation efforts. Potential downstream applications of hydrogen in Singapore POWER GENERATION e.g. gas turbines and fuel cells ALTERNATIVE FUEL AND FEEDSTOCK FOR INDUSTRY MARITIME SECTOR LAND TRANSPORT, ESPECIALLY HEAVY VEHICLESCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Chapter 5 | Seizing Green Growth Opportunities Addressing climate change will be challenging but can also present opportunities.', 'gas turbines and fuel cells ALTERNATIVE FUEL AND FEEDSTOCK FOR INDUSTRY MARITIME SECTOR LAND TRANSPORT, ESPECIALLY HEAVY VEHICLESCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Chapter 5 | Seizing Green Growth Opportunities Addressing climate change will be challenging but can also present opportunities. We aim to develop an ecosystem, supported by green finance and active R&D that nurtures the development and adoption of low-carbon innovations. With such an ecosystem, we can seize green growth opportunities, grow our economy and create new jobs as we transit to a low-carbon economy. At the same time, we will help create green solutions that have application beyond our shores.', 'At the same time, we will help create green solutions that have application beyond our shores. Seizing Green Growth Opportunities Investment in R&D Research, innovation, and enterprise (RIE) are the cornerstones of Singapore’s national strategy to develop a knowledge-based, innovation-driven economy and society. Since 1995, the Government has set out five-year plans to develop Singapore into a global R&D hub. Public investment in R&D has grown from S$2 billion through 1995-2000 (National Technology Plan), to S$19 billion through 2016-2020 (RIE2020). Under the National Research Foundation’s (NRF) RIE2020 Plan, the Government is investing close to S$1 billion in R&D in the Urban Solutions and Sustainability domain to tackle Singapore’s energy, water, land and liveability challenges. Investments under RIE2020 build on earlier investments in R&D to enhance the living environment and address the country’s resource constraints.', 'Investments under RIE2020 build on earlier investments in R&D to enhance the living environment and address the country’s resource constraints. Following a mid- term review of RIE2020, an additional S$144 million was allocated to the Singapore Food Story R&D Programme. The programme seeks to support R&D in sustainable urban food production, production of future foods such as alternative proteins, as well as food safety science and innovation. NRF is working with partner agencies and stakeholders on the next five-year plan (RIE2025). Following Singapore’s early identification of clean technology as a strategic growth sector in 2007, we have strengthened our capabilities to grow as a global hub for the development of clean and low-carbon technologies.', 'Following Singapore’s early identification of clean technology as a strategic growth sector in 2007, we have strengthened our capabilities to grow as a global hub for the development of clean and low-carbon technologies. We have established multiple research institutes, built up a pool of skilled local expertise, cultivated a conducive business environment and established a comprehensive suite of supporting services and opportunities for firms and researchers. These efforts contribute to a vibrant ecosystem that will spur the development of innovative low-carbon solutions suitable for urban environments.', 'These efforts contribute to a vibrant ecosystem that will spur the development of innovative low-carbon solutions suitable for urban environments. DEVELOPING AND DEPLOYING LOW-CARBON TECHNOLOGYCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Chapter 5 | Seizing Green Growth Opportunities The NTU WTERF is equipped to undertake waste-to-energy and waste-to-resource processes and able to produce syngas to power the plant and slag that can be used for construction. Energy Grid 2.0 Over the next five years, Singapore will be investing S$55 million in Energy Grid 2.0.', 'Energy Grid 2.0 Over the next five years, Singapore will be investing S$55 million in Energy Grid 2.0. Energy Grid 2.0 is the next generation grid system that will transform how energy supply and demand are managed, by consolidating gas, solar, thermal, and other sources of energy into a single intelligent network that is more efficient, sustainable, and resilient. The research for Energy Grid 2.0 will focus on power distribution, district cooling, and the design, intelligence, management, and optimisation of energy systems. To push the boundaries of innovation in the energy sector, NRF and the Energy Market Authority (EMA) launched two consortia in 2019 under the Energy Grid 2.0 Programme and have set aside up to S$9 million over three years for both consortia.', 'To push the boundaries of innovation in the energy sector, NRF and the Energy Market Authority (EMA) launched two consortia in 2019 under the Energy Grid 2.0 Programme and have set aside up to S$9 million over three years for both consortia. The Smart Grid and Power Electronics Consortium Singapore (SPECS) and the Cooling Energy Science and Technology Singapore (CoolestSG) Consortium will bring together research institutes, companies, and the Singapore Government to develop solutions in smart grid and green cooling. WTE Research Facility As Singapore moves to become a Zero Waste Nation, a vibrant R&D ecosystem will be necessary to close the resource loops at the individual, industry, and district level.', 'WTE Research Facility As Singapore moves to become a Zero Waste Nation, a vibrant R&D ecosystem will be necessary to close the resource loops at the individual, industry, and district level. Recognising that testing prototypes at existing waste-to-energy facilities will not be feasible, the National Environment Agency (NEA) is co-funding the construction of a WTE Research Facility (WTERF) with the Nanyang Technological University, Singapore (NTU Singapore) Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute (NEWRI). The S$40 million facility houses a slagging gasification plant that converts waste collected from NTU Singapore into electricity and other by- products. The WTERF provides researchers and interested companies a platform that supports experimentation and test-bedding at scale, bridging the gap between research and commercial deployment.', 'The WTERF provides researchers and interested companies a platform that supports experimentation and test-bedding at scale, bridging the gap between research and commercial deployment. Developing research capabilities We aim to build up the research capabilities and innovation capacity of our universities and companies to drive economic growth and address national challenges. Developing cutting-edge technologies requires collective effort, bringing together the expertise and resources of academia, industry, and the Government.CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE The NTU-SCARCE research centre will draw on the research capabilities from NTU Singapore and CEA. Over the last decade, SERIS has trained more than 110 PhD students.', 'Over the last decade, SERIS has trained more than 110 PhD students. Many of them are now contributing to Singapore’s solar energy sector, and some have founded their own start-ups. Government research arm • Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR): A*STAR is a statutory board under the Ministry of Trade and Industry. It houses research institutes that conduct a wide range of basic, applied and translational research and development activities to create economic growth and jobs for Singapore. It integrates the relevant capabilities of its research institutes with those of local Institutes of Higher Learning (IHLs), to build strategic partnerships with multi-national corporations and globally competitive companies that drive research and innovation. A*STAR also partners with local companies to promote productivity and nurtures R&D-driven start-ups.', 'A*STAR also partners with local companies to promote productivity and nurtures R&D-driven start-ups. In addition, A*STAR’s research contributes to societal benefits such as improving outcomes in healthcare, urban living, and sustainability. Examples of such capabilities include power distribution, sustainable manufacturing, and clean energy International research and innovation hubs • Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART): SMART is a major research enterprise established by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in partnership with NRF. SMART’s research areas include urban mobility, low energy electronics, environmental sensing and modelling. • Cambridge Centre for Advanced Research and Education (CARES): CARES is the University of Cambridge’s only research centre outside the United Kingdom that focuses on addressing carbon reduction and energy efficiency in the industry sector.', '• Cambridge Centre for Advanced Research and Education (CARES): CARES is the University of Cambridge’s only research centre outside the United Kingdom that focuses on addressing carbon reduction and energy efficiency in the industry sector. CARES’ research programmes include the Cambridge Centre for Carbon Reduction in Chemical Technology that focuses on reducing carbon emissions from the chemical industry, and EP programme for studying how industrial may be reused in the chemical industry supply chain. • Evonik (SEA) Pte Ltd Asia Research Hub: This is the first regional hub operated by German speciality chemicals manufacturer Evonik. The institute conducts research on resource efficiency topics, functional surfaces, additive manufacturing and tissue engineering.', 'The institute conducts research on resource efficiency topics, functional surfaces, additive manufacturing and tissue engineering. Institutes working on green technologies in Singapore Academia and research institutes • Energy Research Institute @ NTU Singapore (ERI@N), which includes the Experimental Power Grid Centre: ERI@N develops industry- oriented innovations and trains specialists in clean energy. Its focus areas include wind and marine renewables, green buildings, e-mobility, energy storage and fuel cells. • Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute: Based in NTU Singapore, NEWRI promotes interdisciplinary interaction and a contiguous value chain from research to translation, development and application. Its research areas include urban heat island effect, WTE, energy efficiency in waste and wastewater treatment, and energy from bioprocesses. • Energy Studies Institute (ESI): Based in the National University of Singapore (NUS), ESI conducts research and promotes discussion on energy policy development.', '• Energy Studies Institute (ESI): Based in the National University of Singapore (NUS), ESI conducts research and promotes discussion on energy policy development. It focuses on energy economics, energy efficiency, climate change mitigation and adaptation, environmental sustainability, and energy security. • Singapore Energy Centre (SgEC): SgEC is a consortium founded by NTU, NUS and other founding members such as ExxonMobil. The centre focuses on both technological and socioeconomic issues in sustainable energy development. • Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore (SERIS): Based in NUS, SERIS conducts industry-oriented research in solar energy conversion, collaborates with industry players and trains specialists for the solar energy sector. Main areas of R&D include novel high-efficiency solar technologies such as tandem solar cells, as well as solar energy systems such as floating photovoltaics and building integrated photovoltaics.', 'Main areas of R&D include novel high-efficiency solar technologies such as tandem solar cells, as well as solar energy systems such as floating photovoltaics and building integrated photovoltaics. • NTU-Singapore CEA Alliance for Research in Circular Economy (NTU-SCARCE): NTU- SCARCE is a joint research centre by NTU Singapore and the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA). The NTU-SCARCE research centre focuses on formulating advanced e-waste separation and extraction techniques that are more eco-friendly and energy-efficient than current methods. It also looks into developing eco-friendly methods to recycle lithium ion batteries, and extract up to 75% of rare earth metals such as cobalt, nickel, lithium and manganese.', 'It also looks into developing eco-friendly methods to recycle lithium ion batteries, and extract up to 75% of rare earth metals such as cobalt, nickel, lithium and manganese. Chapter 5 | Seizing Green Growth OpportunitiesCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE • NTU offshore hybrid microgrid: The first in the region, NTU Singapore’s offshore hybrid microgrid on Pulau Semakau has over 4,500 m² of solar panels alongside a 14-storey high long-span wind turbine, generating enough electricity to power 45 four-room apartment units a year.', 'Chapter 5 | Seizing Green Growth OpportunitiesCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE • NTU offshore hybrid microgrid: The first in the region, NTU Singapore’s offshore hybrid microgrid on Pulau Semakau has over 4,500 m² of solar panels alongside a 14-storey high long-span wind turbine, generating enough electricity to power 45 four-room apartment units a year. Under its Renewable Energy Integration Demonstrator – Singapore (REIDS) initiative, several hybrid microgrids will be developed in the coming years, with each producing stable and consistent power in the half-megawatt range, which is suitable for small islands, isolated residential areas, and emergency power supplies. The microgrids will eventually occupy over 64,000 m2 of land or roughly about nine soccer fields.', 'The microgrids will eventually occupy over 64,000 m2 of land or roughly about nine soccer fields. • Zero Energy Building @ Building and Construction Authority (BCA): The Zero Energy Building is a test-bedding facility with net-zero energy consumption that was conceived to test the integration of green building technologies in existing buildings, and to serve as a hub for practitioners and students in the study of energy efficiency and green buildings. • JTC CleanTech One: Completed in 2012, JTC CleanTech One is the first development located in Singapore’s first eco-business park, CleanTech Park @ Jurong Innovation District. The park and its buildings serve as a living lab for companies and industries to test-bed innovations and sustainable solutions.', 'The park and its buildings serve as a living lab for companies and industries to test-bed innovations and sustainable solutions. • NTU Smart Campus: Home to vast arrays of solar panels producing over 5,000 kWp, it is also a living test-bed. NTU Singapore targets to achieve a 35% reduction in energy, water and waste intensity by 2020, making it one of the world’s most eco-friendly university campuses in the world. A model of sustainable living, NTU Singapore has 57 Green Mark-certified building projects of which 95% are certified as Green Mark Platinum. Singapore as a living laboratory Test-bedding new technologies Singapore offers an enabling environment, for example by offering regulatory sandboxes, to encourage companies and research institutes to develop, test and assess green technologies under real-world conditions without compromising the environment, public health and safety.', 'Singapore as a living laboratory Test-bedding new technologies Singapore offers an enabling environment, for example by offering regulatory sandboxes, to encourage companies and research institutes to develop, test and assess green technologies under real-world conditions without compromising the environment, public health and safety. The test-beds facilitate the commercialisation process for new technologies. These technologies can then be scaled up and exported to other cities requiring similar solutions. Located around the island, these test-beds position Singapore as a “living laboratory” to evaluate, pilot and commercialise innovative solutions for Asian and global markets. • Jurong Innovation District: An advanced manufacturing hub and a leading model for a sustainable, smart, connected mixed-use district in Singapore.', '• Jurong Innovation District: An advanced manufacturing hub and a leading model for a sustainable, smart, connected mixed-use district in Singapore. Chapter 5 | Seizing Green Growth OpportunitiesCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE • Floating Solar PV Pilot: A joint project between the Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB) and PUB, the pilot test-bed aims to assess the feasibility and cost effectiveness of installing floating solar PV systems on freshwater reservoirs. Given positive results from the test-bed, PUB will be deploying two 1.5 MWp systems at Bedok and Lower Seletar Reservoirs by the end of 2020. A 60 MWp solar PV system will be deployed on Tengeh Reservoir by 2021.', 'A 60 MWp solar PV system will be deployed on Tengeh Reservoir by 2021. The power generated from this system alone is sufficient to meet the energy needs of all our water treatment plants at local reservoirs. With this, Singapore’s waterworks will be one of the few in the world to be 100% green. When completed, it will be one of the largest of its kind in the world, spanning 45 football fields • Energy and Environmental Sustainability Solutions for Megacities: This is a collaborative programme between Shanghai Jia Tong University and NUS to test eco-solutions for environmental sustainability in urbanised spaces. Its projects include synthesising fuel from alternative energy sources and examining contaminants in the urban environment.', 'Its projects include synthesising fuel from alternative energy sources and examining contaminants in the urban environment. • Airbitat Cool Bus Stop: This project aims to make use of data analytics and sustainable deep cooling technology, with Internet of Things (IoT) control for bus stops. Developed by Innosparks, an Open Innovation Lab of ST Engineering, the cool bus stop is equipped with an air-cooling and filtration system that is embedded in seating columns. Delivering air that is cooled to 24°C through evaporation, this technology results in energy savings of up to 70% compared to the average air conditioner of an equivalent capacity. A similar air-cooling system was previously deployed in Resorts World Sentosa and the Singapore Zoo. • Zero-Waste Management System: This is a pilot project for on-site WTE treatment at Gardens by the Bay.', '• Zero-Waste Management System: This is a pilot project for on-site WTE treatment at Gardens by the Bay. The system, which reduces carbon emissions by up to 20%, harvests energy from the gasification process to heat water that is used by food and beverage tenants at this attraction. The facility also produces solid carbon material for possible horticultural R&D, thus closing the waste loop and removing the need to transport waste to incineration plants. • CETRAN Autonomous Vehicle (AV) test centre: Spanning two hectares, the CETRAN AV test centre was launched in 2017 to spearhead the development of testing requirements for AVs.', '• CETRAN Autonomous Vehicle (AV) test centre: Spanning two hectares, the CETRAN AV test centre was launched in 2017 to spearhead the development of testing requirements for AVs. Operated by NTU scientists, it comes equipped with elements of Singapore’s roads, with common traffic schemes, road infrastructure, traffic rules, and even a rain simulator and flood zone to test AVs’ navigation abilities under different weather conditions. • Punggol Digital District (PDD): Powered by an Open Digital Platform, PDD will be Singapore’s first business park to offer businesses and students a ‘plug-and-play’ digital infrastructure with district-level data to conduct rapid prototyping and technological solutions in a real-world setting. Besides being a car-lite district, smart innovations will be used in PDD to reduce carbon emissions and make buildings 30% more energy-efficient.', 'Besides being a car-lite district, smart innovations will be used in PDD to reduce carbon emissions and make buildings 30% more energy-efficient. The estate will also boast a smart energy grid, fitted with solar panels and smart meters, which will manage power consumption of the whole estate in real time. Chapter 5 | Seizing Green Growth OpportunitiesCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Sunseap’s 168 MWp solar farm in Ninh Thuan, Vietnam is one of the largest in the country. Sunseap and InfraCo Asia contributed three billion Vietnamese dong (S$173,749) to fund the construction of concrete roads surrounding the site.', 'Sunseap and InfraCo Asia contributed three billion Vietnamese dong (S$173,749) to fund the construction of concrete roads surrounding the site. At peak construction period, the project created over 2,000 jobs, mostly for locals in the area. Sembcorp’s 250 MW wind energy project in Tamil Nadu is the first reverse auction wind power project in India. Sharing our solutions globally The environmental challenges that we face are not unique to Singapore. Partnerships beyond borders are crucial so that we can learn from the experience and expertise of other countries, while sharing ours as well. For example, the BCA Green Mark Scheme is an internationally recognised green building rating system, notably in Asia, as it was developed specially for the tropical climate.', 'For example, the BCA Green Mark Scheme is an internationally recognised green building rating system, notably in Asia, as it was developed specially for the tropical climate. Since receiving applications for overseas developments in 2006, BCA has certified over 100 overseas projects under the BCA Green Mark Scheme. We also welcome innovative partnerships with countries and institutions that share the same vision of a global circular economy and a low- carbon future. Although the ability to harness alternative energy sources at scale is limited in Singapore, leaders in this field have chosen to base their operations here, tapping on the local R&D capability talent pool to develop low- carbon solutions that can be deployed. Sustainable power generation beyond Singapore Sunseap Group, a leading supplier of solar PV systems based in Singapore, has established regional operations in the Asia Pacific.', 'Sustainable power generation beyond Singapore Sunseap Group, a leading supplier of solar PV systems based in Singapore, has established regional operations in the Asia Pacific. Given the high potential for solar PV deployment in the region, Sunseap Group has worked with infrastructure development and investment companies to develop solar projects abroad, such as solar farms in Cambodia (output of 10 MWp), India (output of 140 MWp) and Vietnam (output of 168 MWp). Beyond solar farms, Sunseap has plans to supply floating solar plants to countries in the region, as land is becoming a premium in Southeast Asia. To support a low-carbon future, Sembcorp Industries (Sembcorp), an integrated energy and urban player headquartered in Singapore, has grown its global wind and solar renewables capacity to 2,600 MW by the end of 2019, with 2,450 MW in markets overseas.', 'To support a low-carbon future, Sembcorp Industries (Sembcorp), an integrated energy and urban player headquartered in Singapore, has grown its global wind and solar renewables capacity to 2,600 MW by the end of 2019, with 2,450 MW in markets overseas. While harnessing wind energy is not a viable option for Singapore, Sembcorp has 1,692 MW of wind assets in operation and under development across seven states in India. It currently has the highest renewable energy capacity under self-operation for an independent power producer in the market. In China, it has 725 MW of wind power projects. Beyond operational capabilities, Sembcorp has also harnessed technology as a key enabler and differentiator in its renewable energy offerings.', 'Beyond operational capabilities, Sembcorp has also harnessed technology as a key enabler and differentiator in its renewable energy offerings. The proprietary Virtual Brain platform developed for the wind farms in India is an example of how Sembcorp uses data analytics and artificial intelligence to monitor and manage wind turbine assets remotely from a central location. Chapter 5 | Seizing Green Growth OpportunitiesCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE ASEAN capital market regulators launch social and sustainability bond standards. Building a financial system resilient to environmental risks The Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) has included banks’ sustainability practices in its supervisory assessment. It aims to strengthen banks’ efforts to integrate sustainability into their business models and risk management functions.', 'It aims to strengthen banks’ efforts to integrate sustainability into their business models and risk management functions. Environmental risk management guidelines are being developed for the banking, insurance and asset management sectors to reinforce industry standards on governance, risk management and the disclosure of environmental risk. Finance is key to unlocking a global sustainable future, and serves as a force for good to facilitate the transition to a green, low-carbon economy. Singapore aims to support the financial sector in mobilising global capital for the green economy and channelling them to new investments in green businesses, technology, and infrastructure, which reduces emissions while creating jobs and growth opportunities. Our goal is to be a leading centre for Green Finance in Asia and globally. PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE FINANCE Our financial institutions are also taking action to make financing practices more environmentally responsible.', 'PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE FINANCE Our financial institutions are also taking action to make financing practices more environmentally responsible. Our local banks have implemented policies aligned with the Guidelines on Responsible Financing issued by the Association of Banks in Singapore in 2015, to evaluate their borrowers’ environmental, social, and governance (ESG) risks, and help borrowers improve their sustainability profiles. Several asset managers in Singapore have signed the UN Principles for Responsible Investment and developed the Singapore Stewardship Principles for Responsible Investors. We will continue to work with the asset management industry to foster good stewardship among investors and drive sustainable investment based on ESG considerations. In 2016, in line with the practice of other leading stock exchanges, the Singapore Exchange (SGX) introduced a requirement for its listed issuers to produce an annual sustainability report.', 'In 2016, in line with the practice of other leading stock exchanges, the Singapore Exchange (SGX) introduced a requirement for its listed issuers to produce an annual sustainability report. In these reports, listed issuers must disclose ESG parameters on a comply-or-explain basis. The number of SGX-listed issuers communicating their sustainability disclosures has increased significantly, with almost all listed issuers publishing their sustainability reports for 2018. Moving forward, SGX plans to provide more guidance on ESG data disclosure to make such data more meaningful for investors. Developing green finance solutions and markets Investing and raising capital through green financial instruments, such as green bonds, have grown significantly over recent years. These investments into green sectors have promoted new economic opportunities, such as in CleanTech and other growth areas.', 'These investments into green sectors have promoted new economic opportunities, such as in CleanTech and other growth areas. To catalyse more green bond issuances, Singapore launched a Green Bond Grant Scheme in 2017 to level the costs associated with issuing green bonds compared to that of a conventional bond, and to promote the adoption of internationally accepted standards on sustainability. The scheme was renamed to the Sustainable Bond Grant scheme after its expansion to include social and sustainability bonds in 2019. To date, more than S$6.5 billion of green bonds have been issued in Singapore. To encourage green and sustainable bond issuances in ASEAN, Singapore supported the development of the ASEAN Green Bond Standards, which reference the International Capital Market Association Green, Social and Sustainability Bond Standards.', 'To encourage green and sustainable bond issuances in ASEAN, Singapore supported the development of the ASEAN Green Bond Standards, which reference the International Capital Market Association Green, Social and Sustainability Bond Standards. Building on the ASEAN Green Bond Standards, the 2nd ASEAN Capital Market Conference launched the ASEAN Social Bond Standards and ASEAN Sustainability Bond Standards in October 2018 to provide issuers and investors a wide-ranging set of green, social and sustainability bonds standards that are aligned with international standards. These standards provide guidance to ASEAN companies seeking to raise financing through green, social and sustainability bonds, and raise the profile of ASEAN as a region that is committed to sustainable finance.', 'These standards provide guidance to ASEAN companies seeking to raise financing through green, social and sustainability bonds, and raise the profile of ASEAN as a region that is committed to sustainable finance. To further promote environmentally sustainable projects in Singapore and the region, Singapore launched the US$2 billion Green Investments Programme (GIP) in November 2019, which places funds with asset managers committed to drive regional green efforts out of Singapore and contribute to other national green finance initiatives. As part of the GIP, Singapore will allocate US$100 million to the Bank for International Settlements’ Green Bond Fund, in support of its global green finance initiatives.', 'As part of the GIP, Singapore will allocate US$100 million to the Bank for International Settlements’ Green Bond Fund, in support of its global green finance initiatives. Chapter 5 | Seizing Green Growth OpportunitiesCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Supporting a greener global financial system In addition to greening the financial landscape in Singapore and across the region, collective leadership and globally coordinated action will be necessary to advance the global agenda for sustainable finance. Singapore actively contributes to these global efforts by participating in international and multilateral organisations.', 'Singapore actively contributes to these global efforts by participating in international and multilateral organisations. MAS is one of the founding members of the Network for Greening the Financial System, which aims to enhance the ability of the financial system to manage the risks of climate change, and mobilise capital for green and low-carbon investments. MAS also actively participates in the Sustainable Insurance Forum, which is a network for leading insurance supervisors and regulators seeking to strengthen their understanding of and responses to sustainability issues pertaining to the insurance sector. SGX is a member of the Financial Stability Board’s Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD), which develops recommendations for voluntary climate-related financial disclosures for organisations. TCFD is actively promoting and monitoring the adoption of its recommendations, which were released in June 2017.', 'TCFD is actively promoting and monitoring the adoption of its recommendations, which were released in June 2017. ECONOMIC TRANSITION TO A CARBON- CONSTRAINED FUTURE Working towards a low-carbon future will be challenging given Singapore’s high dependence on international trade and export-oriented economy. Nonetheless, we believe that the efficient use of resources is essential in maintaining our economic competitiveness and enabling sustainable economic growth in an increasingly carbon constrained world. Singapore will continue to drive sustainability in our industries and pursue best-in-class resource efficiency standards. As part of our ongoing industry transformation efforts, the Government launched 23 sector-specific Industry Transformation Maps (ITMs) covering about 80% of the Singapore economy to identify new growth opportunities, increase productivity and drive innovation, while recognising the challenges that each industry faces, including the need to be more energy and carbon efficient.', 'As part of our ongoing industry transformation efforts, the Government launched 23 sector-specific Industry Transformation Maps (ITMs) covering about 80% of the Singapore economy to identify new growth opportunities, increase productivity and drive innovation, while recognising the challenges that each industry faces, including the need to be more energy and carbon efficient. In the Built Environment Cluster, one example where energy efficient technologies and solutions have been test- bedded is BCA’s Green Buildings Innovation Cluster (GBIC). Through the use of building-integrated photovoltaics to replace ordinary façade cladding, GBIC has successfully partnered PSA Corporation to develop a Net Zero Energy Building as part of the Tuas Port. This building is projected to achieve energy savings of 58% compared to if it had been designed to meet existing regulations.', 'This building is projected to achieve energy savings of 58% compared to if it had been designed to meet existing regulations. We continue to promote energy efficiency in all our sectors, as it lowers business costs, increases business competitiveness, and enhances our energy security. In particular, the Government is working with the industry sector to accelerate the adoption of energy-efficient technologies, and has launched various schemes to support businesses across different sectors. Success stories where businesses reaped significant energy and cost savings demonstrate the positive results of investing in energy-efficient technology. To bridge the gulf between the laboratory and the real world, Singapore’s Living Lab proposition brings businesses, government agencies and research institutes together to drive R&D and test-bed green technologies under real-world conditions. One promising area is in the development of clean energy technologies.', 'One promising area is in the development of clean energy technologies. As addressed earlier in this chapter, Singapore is well-positioned to be a leading CleanTech Hub. Businesses can use Singapore as a springboard to serve the fast-growing markets in the region. Businesses can also leverage our skilled labour force, conducive business environment, dedicated eco-business park and strong financial services, to develop and demonstrate new low- carbon solutions for use domestically and globally. In the solar industry alone, Singapore has grown the number of companies from just a handful in 2008 to about 50 local and international companies today. As testament to our efforts in developing Singapore as a sustainability hub, leading international companies such as REC Solar and Neste, which produce solar PVs and biofuels respectively, have chosen to set up operations in Singapore.', 'As testament to our efforts in developing Singapore as a sustainability hub, leading international companies such as REC Solar and Neste, which produce solar PVs and biofuels respectively, have chosen to set up operations in Singapore. Singapore is also pursuing other green growth opportunities. For example, we are working to develop research, development and demonstration initiatives and facilitate the cost-effective application of carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) and low-carbon hydrogen for Singapore. As Singapore moves to become a Zero Waste Nation, we are investing in R&D and collaborating with industry experts to develop new, more efficient and eco- friendly ways to support a circular economy. The Government will complement and catalyse these efforts through key enablers such as standards, accreditation and a pro-enterprise regulatory environment, as we continue to create green solutions for Singapore and the world.', 'The Government will complement and catalyse these efforts through key enablers such as standards, accreditation and a pro-enterprise regulatory environment, as we continue to create green solutions for Singapore and the world. We will also continue efforts to seek to attract and anchor world- class investments in related fields, to capitalise on green growth opportunities. Chapter 5 | Seizing Green Growth OpportunitiesCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE NEWSand – turning trash into treasure NEWSand was born out of our determination to overcome resource constraints and create new products from what would otherwise have been disposed in landfills.', 'Chapter 5 | Seizing Green Growth OpportunitiesCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE NEWSand – turning trash into treasure NEWSand was born out of our determination to overcome resource constraints and create new products from what would otherwise have been disposed in landfills. NEWSand refers to residues from waste treatment, such as slag and incineration bottom ash, which have been treated to meet a comprehensive set of environmental standards. NEWSand is environmentally safe for use as construction material. Singapore has developed provisional environmental standards for the use of NEWSand, and field trials will begin in 2020. NEWSand will bring Singapore a step closer to closing our waste loop and further extend the lifespan of Singapore’s only landfill.', 'NEWSand will bring Singapore a step closer to closing our waste loop and further extend the lifespan of Singapore’s only landfill. The 105m long footpath opposite Our Tampines Hub, which links to the Darul Ghufran Mosque, is made from concrete which incorporates slag from processing municipal solid waste. Building the workforce of the future As we shift towards a low-carbon future, there will be new job roles created from the emerging green economy, while some job roles today may need to be transformed. To ensure that our workforce is well-equipped with the necessary knowledge and skills to take on these job roles, various initiatives have been put in place to upskill and reskill our workers. The national SkillsFuture movement provides support for Singaporeans to embrace lifelong learning and pursue skills mastery at different stages of their careers.', 'The national SkillsFuture movement provides support for Singaporeans to embrace lifelong learning and pursue skills mastery at different stages of their careers. Under the movement, there are various opportunities for individuals to take up relevant training programmes to prepare themselves for the low-carbon future. Subsidies are also available to help individuals offset the costs of such training. For instance, the Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology currently offers a Singapore Workforce Skills Qualification programme in “Integrated Carbon Footprint Assessment Methodology”, which is supported by SkillsFuture Singapore to help reskill employees in the area of carbon efficiency.', 'For instance, the Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology currently offers a Singapore Workforce Skills Qualification programme in “Integrated Carbon Footprint Assessment Methodology”, which is supported by SkillsFuture Singapore to help reskill employees in the area of carbon efficiency. The Government has also partnered the Singapore Institute of Technology to offer carbon emission assessment and training programmes under the new Energy Efficiency Technology Centre (EETC), which aims to upskill working professionals with skillsets in energy assessment and drive awareness of energy best practices and new technologies amongst companies. One of the courses in the Workforce Skills Qualification programme on carbon efficiency To help jobseekers to transit into new jobs, Workforce Singapore offers reskilling programmes such as Professional Conversion Programmes (PCPs) and Place-and-Train Programmes for rank-and-file workers.', 'One of the courses in the Workforce Skills Qualification programme on carbon efficiency To help jobseekers to transit into new jobs, Workforce Singapore offers reskilling programmes such as Professional Conversion Programmes (PCPs) and Place-and-Train Programmes for rank-and-file workers. These programmes provide employers with training and salary support to hire jobseekers who are looking to be reskilled for new jobs in different sectors or job roles. For PCPs alone, we have around 100 reskilling programmes across around 30 sectors. We continue to offer new reskilling programmes as industries transform and shift towards a low- carbon future. While training our current workforce, Singapore also works with the industry sector and institutes of higher learning to nurture our future generation and equip them with the necessary skills and qualifications to tap on the opportunities of a green economy.', 'While training our current workforce, Singapore also works with the industry sector and institutes of higher learning to nurture our future generation and equip them with the necessary skills and qualifications to tap on the opportunities of a green economy. The A*STAR Graduate Academy provides scholarships and fellowships to enable young aspiring scientific talent to pursue their passion in science, and prepare them for a rewarding career in R&D. Such initiatives will help to support a burgeoning green growth industry and cultivate a talent pool keen to develop innovative green solutions for Singapore and the world.', 'Such initiatives will help to support a burgeoning green growth industry and cultivate a talent pool keen to develop innovative green solutions for Singapore and the world. Chapter 5 | Seizing Green Growth OpportunitiesCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Chapter 6 | Key Long-Term Adaptation Actions Extreme climate conditions are likely to become more intense and frequent in Singapore in future. Singapore is hence systematically building up climate science capabilities and preparing long-term infrastructure adaptation plans to address our physical vulnerabilities in climate change. Beyond physical adaptation efforts – an effective response to climate change can only be achieved through the collective action of the government, individuals, businesses and the community.', 'Beyond physical adaptation efforts – an effective response to climate change can only be achieved through the collective action of the government, individuals, businesses and the community. Key Long-Term Adaptation Actions Singapore’s resilience framework To address the effects of climate change on Singapore’s physical environment effectively, we have already begun working on our long-term infrastructure adaptation plans. A multi-agency Resilience Working Group (RWG), set up under the auspices of the Inter-Ministerial Committee on Climate Change (IMCCC), oversees the study and implementation of measures to address our physical vulnerabilities to climate change, and serves as the coordinating body on climate change adaptation efforts across government agencies. The Government established a National Resilience Framework to guide RWG in identifying and assessing climate change risks and impacts, and formulating adaptation plans to address Singapore’s physical vulnerabilities.', 'The Government established a National Resilience Framework to guide RWG in identifying and assessing climate change risks and impacts, and formulating adaptation plans to address Singapore’s physical vulnerabilities. CATEGORISE RISKS ASSESS IMPA CTS AND VULN ERABILITIES M O N ITOR AND R EVIEW MEASURES ADAPTATION PRIORITISE PATHWAYS ADAPTATION FORMULATE ANALYS E RISKS MEASURES IMPLEMENT The Centre For Climate Research Singapore (CCRS) is responsible for undertaking research and studies to improve scientific understanding of local climate and the effects of climate change on Singapore. The studies have provided climate projections which formed the basis for Singapore’s long-term adaptation plans. CCRS will be continuing its climate research studies, in collaboration with its partners, to fine tune climate projections which would be used to examine climate change impacts on Singapore. Risk assessment to identify and categorise climate change risks in tandem with advances in climate science.', 'Risk assessment to identify and categorise climate change risks in tandem with advances in climate science. Adaptation planning by formulating options to tackle the risks identified in a dynamic and flexible manner. Climate Projections Climate Resilience StudiesCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Building Singapore’s climate science capabilities Having robust climate science capabilities will strengthen our understanding of the effects of climate change on Singapore and the region, and enable us to identify the most appropriate adaptation measures to build up our climate resilience. We have been systematically building up our climate science capabilities.', 'We have been systematically building up our climate science capabilities. The Centre for Climate Research Singapore (CCRS) was established in 2013 to develop research expertise in the climate of Singapore and Southeast Asia, and has since grown to be one of the region’s most advanced tropical climate research centres. Some of the key research works by CCRS are: Second National Climate Change Study (V2) In 2015, CCRS published results from the Second National Climate Change Study V2 which analysed future climate change scenarios for Singapore and the Southeast Asian region at high spatial resolution. The findings from this study provide the scientific basis to inform Singapore’s current climate adaptation plans. CCRS is currently working on the Third National Climate Change Study V3, and the results are expected to be released in 2022.', 'CCRS is currently working on the Third National Climate Change Study V3, and the results are expected to be released in 2022. Other institutes have also been established to support climate research, such as the Tropical Marine Science Institute in 1996 for research, development and consultancy on tropical marine science and environmental science, and the Earth Observatory of Singapore in 2009 for research on earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis and climate change in Singapore and Southeast Asia. Driving research in climate science A new Climate Science Research Programme Office will be set up in CCRS to lead and drive efforts to formulate and implement our National Climate Science Research Masterplan, and strengthen local capabilities for climate science in the tropics.', 'Driving research in climate science A new Climate Science Research Programme Office will be set up in CCRS to lead and drive efforts to formulate and implement our National Climate Science Research Masterplan, and strengthen local capabilities for climate science in the tropics. The Programme Office will focus on five key research areas with significant impact on Singapore: (i) sea level rise; (ii) the impact of climate change on our water resources and flood management; (iii) the impact of warming trends on human health and the energy sector; (iv) the impact of climate change on our biodiversity and food security; and (v) cross-cutting areas. One of the key research focus areas of the Climate Science Research Programme Office is sea level rise.', 'One of the key research focus areas of the Climate Science Research Programme Office is sea level rise. This is one of the most critical effects of climate change for Singapore, due to the size of the threat, the associated costs and long-term consequences. Convective-scale Numerical Weather Prediction model (SINGV) Many weather models are developed for the temperate regions and hence, not customised to our local conditions. CCRS is undertaking cutting- edge research to develop weather models tailored to Singapore. One such model is a convective- scale Numerical Weather Prediction model known as “SINGV”. The SINGV will allow us to provide prediction of heavy rainfall at longer lead times and over higher spatial resolutions. Today, we can provide advance warnings of heavy rains about 15-30 minutes before the downpour.', 'Today, we can provide advance warnings of heavy rains about 15-30 minutes before the downpour. With this model, the Meteorological Service Singapore (MSS) will be able to provide an earlier assessment of the risk of heavy rain, giving us more time to prepare for flash floods. Chapter 6 | Key Long-Term Adaptation ActionsCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Singapore’s adaptation measures The Government has implemented a variety of adaptation measures to enhance our climate resilience and to minimise the adverse impacts of climate change on the community, economy and our daily lives.', 'Chapter 6 | Key Long-Term Adaptation ActionsCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Singapore’s adaptation measures The Government has implemented a variety of adaptation measures to enhance our climate resilience and to minimise the adverse impacts of climate change on the community, economy and our daily lives. Singapore’s Climate Action Plan: A Climate-Resilient Singapore, For a Sustainable Future published in 2016 details how Singapore may be affected by climate change and our strategy to prepare for its effects. As a low-lying island city-state, Singapore is particularly vulnerable to rising sea levels. Coastal areas are vital for Singapore to carry out shipping activities as a major shipping port.', 'Coastal areas are vital for Singapore to carry out shipping activities as a major shipping port. CCRS has considered that in the rare scenario of high mean sea levels, high tide and high surge all occurring at the same time, sea levels could rise almost 4m above the current mean and cause flooding in low-lying coastal areas in Singapore. Given these risks, we are now undertaking a comprehensive effort to protect our coasts, low- lying areas and our communities, and carefully studying the options and strategies for protection along different parts of our coastline. These coastal protection plans may include a combination of conventional engineering technologies such as sea walls, tidal gates, pumping stations as well as nature-based solutions.', 'These coastal protection plans may include a combination of conventional engineering technologies such as sea walls, tidal gates, pumping stations as well as nature-based solutions. These are necessary long-term investments and will possibly cost Singapore S$100 billion or more over the next 50 to 100 years. The Government will create a Coastal and Flood Protection Fund, with an initial injection of S$5 billion to provide for the substantial capital outlay in implementing coastal and flood protection measures. CCRS has set aside S$10 million for a National Sea Level Research Programme to develop more robust projections of sea level rise and improve our knowledge on how rising sea levels will affect Singapore. For many of these measures, we will need to start implementing them now and stage them appropriately over the next 100 years.', 'For many of these measures, we will need to start implementing them now and stage them appropriately over the next 100 years. By planning early, we can phase in the necessary measures in a timely manner whilst spreading out the costs over many years. Geo-bags at East Coast Park. The geo-bags, which blend in with the beach environment, are used to prevent beach erosion while still allowing for public access. Sloping revetment at Labrador Nature Reserve. A revetment is a sloping structure built to absorb the energy of incoming waves and prevent coastal erosion. Protecting our coasts Engineering solutions Today, 70% to 80% of Singapore’s coastline is protected against erosion by hard structures such as stone revetments or vertical seawalls.', 'Protecting our coasts Engineering solutions Today, 70% to 80% of Singapore’s coastline is protected against erosion by hard structures such as stone revetments or vertical seawalls. We will continue to explore alternative coastal protection solutions that are applicable to Singapore’s context and adapt them to our needs. For example, we are building a small polder at Pulau Tekong to gain experience operating one. The polder comprises a dike that protects the low- lying tract of reclaimed land from the sea, and a network of drains and pumps to keep the land dry. This land is buffered from the sea by the dyke and a network of drains and pumps will control the water levels in the polder.', 'This land is buffered from the sea by the dyke and a network of drains and pumps will control the water levels in the polder. We have raised the minimum platform levels for new developments from 3m to 4m above the Singapore Height Datum (SHD) since 2011. Presently, critical infrastructure on existing coastal land, notably Changi Airport Terminal 5 and Tuas Port, will be constructed with platform levels at least 5m above SHD. Low-lying roads near coastal areas such as Changi have also been raised to protect them from rising sea levels. Recognising the importance of robust, flexible and innovative engineering solutions, we will tap on internationally recognised best practice coastal protection techniques that are applicable to Singapore’s context and adapt solutions to our needs.', 'Recognising the importance of robust, flexible and innovative engineering solutions, we will tap on internationally recognised best practice coastal protection techniques that are applicable to Singapore’s context and adapt solutions to our needs. Chapter 6 | Key Long-Term Adaptation ActionsCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Nature-based solutions To boost natural coastal defences such as mangroves, Singapore adopts hard and soft engineering approaches to mitigate coastal erosion and actively restore mangrove areas. The benefits are multi-fold – nature-based solutions help to conserve our biodiversity, and more importantly, contribute to climate mitigation and our ecological resilience. Mangrove habitats in different areas of Singapore will be enhanced and restored under various initiatives.', 'Mangrove habitats in different areas of Singapore will be enhanced and restored under various initiatives. These include building a living collection of native mangrove species in the Mangrove Arboretum of Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve, restoring mangroves at abandoned aquaculture ponds in south-eastern part of Pulau Ubin, mangrove restoration and enhancement at the Mandai Mangrove and Mudflat, and the north-eastern coastline of Pulau Tekong Protecting our water supply We have diversified Singapore’s water supply through the Four National Taps, namely local catchment water, imported water, NEWater and desalinated water. In particular, NEWater and desalinated water are less dependent on rainfall and are thus more resilient against dry weather. We have launched Singapore’s fifth NEWater plant at Changi in 2017, and opened our third desalination plant, the Tuas Desalination Plant in 2018.', 'We have launched Singapore’s fifth NEWater plant at Changi in 2017, and opened our third desalination plant, the Tuas Desalination Plant in 2018. Our fourth and fifth desalination plants will be built in Marina East and Jurong Island respectively by 2020. Managing demand is just as important to ensure Singapore’s long-term water sustainability. Singapore has adopted a multi-faceted approach towards water conservation, including mandating water efficiency standards, and engaging businesses and consumers alike on water conservation practices. Singapore also prices water to reflect its scarcity value. Singapore’s first NEWater plant, which is located in Bedok, began operations in 2002. Mangroves are a key element of nature-based solutions for climate change.', 'Mangroves are a key element of nature-based solutions for climate change. The Tuas Desalination Plant is the first in Singapore to be fitted with solar panels, with more than half of the total roof area covered by solar panels. The 1.2 MWp solar PV system will meet all of the energy needs of the plant’s administrative building. Wet seasons will become wetter and dry seasons will become drier. Droughts may impact the reliability of or affect our water supply while more intense and frequent rainfall increases the risk of flooding. Protecting our water supply and alleviating floods and conducting coastal cleanups. Hybrid engineering solutions, integrating both hard and soft innovations, have been employed to arrest scouring and coastal erosion. The implementation of these initiatives will also be carried out in partnership with the community.', 'The implementation of these initiatives will also be carried out in partnership with the community. As outlined in Chapter 4, wetlands provide key ecosystem services in tackling climate change such as carbon storage, sequestration, and the mitigation of floods and coastal erosion. Collectively, Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve, Kranji Marshes and the upcoming nature park at Mandai Mangrove and Mudflat form an ecological network of wetlands in north-western Singapore. Another new nature park at Khatib Bongsu in the northeast will complement this network to enhance Singapore’s climate and ecological resilience.', 'Another new nature park at Khatib Bongsu in the northeast will complement this network to enhance Singapore’s climate and ecological resilience. Chapter 6 | Key Long-Term Adaptation ActionsCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Enhancing our flood resilience To increase our flood resilience, Singapore employs the Source-Pathway-Receptor approach, which looks at catchment-wide solutions to achieve higher drainage and flood protection. This holistic approach covers the entire drainage system, from the pathway over which the stormwater travels (i.e. “Pathway”), to where the rainwater falls onto the ground (i.e. “Source”) and the areas where floods may occur (i.e. “Receptor”).', '“Source”) and the areas where floods may occur (i.e. “Receptor”). Singapore has spent about almost S$2 billion since 2011 on drainage improvement works to boost flood resilience, and plans to invest another S$190 million in 2020 to enhance flood resilience. The Government will also invest in technology, including short-range radars, Ensuring a healthy ecosystem Singapore’s biodiversity may be at risk with long-term changes in temperature and rainfall, and with more extreme weather. Strengthening our ecological resilience will help ameliorate the effects of climate change. To achieve a sustainable urban ecosystem, we need to maintain our network of nature reserves, nature parks, parks, streetscapes, Nature Ways and green spaces. This network is home to diverse flora and fauna that is beneficial to human well-being and contributes to the resilience of our wider urban ecosystem.', 'This network is home to diverse flora and fauna that is beneficial to human well-being and contributes to the resilience of our wider urban ecosystem. We will carry out recovery plans for over 70 additional animals and plant species, and enhance 30 hectares of forest, marine, coastal and ecological habitats in at least half of our gardens, parks and streetscapes by 2030. In addition, applied research in conservation biology and planning will support and feed into our biodiversity conservation efforts. Such research efforts include comprehensive surveys and long-term monitoring of ecosystems and species, integrating disciplines, research and operations.', 'Such research efforts include comprehensive surveys and long-term monitoring of ecosystems and species, integrating disciplines, research and operations. We will also strengthen our research capabilities by THE SOURCE−PATHWAY−RECEPTOR APPROACH DETENTION TANK GREEN ROOF RETENTION POND RAIN GARDEN CENTRALISED DETENTION TANKS DIVERSION CANAL SEA CANAL IMPROVEMENT MINIMUM PLATFORM AND CREST LEVELS RESERVOIR FLOOD BARRIER Developments with land size of 0.2 hectares or more have to implement on-site measures, such as detention tanks and green roofs, to slow down runoff entering the public drainage system. SOURCE PUB widens and deepens existing drains and canals, or builds diversion canals and centralised detention tanks to capture excess runoff from intense rainfall. PATHWAY To address flood risks, PUB has stringent requirements for the entrance levels of basements and underground facilities as well as minimum height requirements for the general ground level. Other examples of “receptor” solutions include flood barriers.', 'Other examples of “receptor” solutions include flood barriers. RECEPTOR With climate change, critically endangered species such as the Spotted Wood Owl may be at greater risk. using technology to collect and analyse data (e.g. through SGBioAtlas, a mobile application that the public can use to share their nature sightings with NParks) and data analytics tools, and applying ecological modelling to facilitate science-based decision-making. Singapore has increased its green spaces, intensified multi-layered roadside planting, and mandated that new developments in areas with high footfall must incorporate minimum greenery replacement. As highlighted in Chapter 4, more than a million trees will be planted under the “One Million Trees” movement over the next ten years, with ten trees to be planted for every tree affected by developments across the island.', 'As highlighted in Chapter 4, more than a million trees will be planted under the “One Million Trees” movement over the next ten years, with ten trees to be planted for every tree affected by developments across the island. This will increase the number of trees in Singapore from seven million currently, to over eight million by 2030. to better predict and manage heavier rainfall, giving more lead time to mobilise Quick Response Teams to areas at risk of flash floods. As part of the City in Nature vision, the National Parks Board (NParks) will also be working with PUB, Singapore’s National Water Agency, to naturalise more waterways and waterbodies in Singapore’s gardens and parks.', 'As part of the City in Nature vision, the National Parks Board (NParks) will also be working with PUB, Singapore’s National Water Agency, to naturalise more waterways and waterbodies in Singapore’s gardens and parks. Coastal and riverine parks will also incorporate designs such as floodplains to protect our coastal and low-lying areas from sea level rise and flooding. The conservation and restoration of our mangrove forests also help to dissipate waves and trap sediment, potentially serving as a flexible form of coastal defence while preventing erosion.', 'The conservation and restoration of our mangrove forests also help to dissipate waves and trap sediment, potentially serving as a flexible form of coastal defence while preventing erosion. Enhancing Climate and Ecological Resilience Through Greenery and Biodiversity Conservation Management Chapter 6 | Key Long-Term Adaptation ActionsCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Caring for our coral reefs Rising sea surface temperatures, ocean acidification, more intense rainfall and rising sea levels threaten the rich marine life in Singapore’s waters – that includes over 250 species of reef- forming hard corals, 200 species of sponges, 12 seagrass species and numerous crustaceans. The Sisters’ Islands Marine Park was established in 2014 as part of our efforts to protect and conserve our marine biodiversity.', 'The Sisters’ Islands Marine Park was established in 2014 as part of our efforts to protect and conserve our marine biodiversity. The marine park spans 40 hectares around Sisters’ Islands, and along the western reefs of St John’s Island and Pulau Tekukor. It covers a variety of habitats including coral reefs, sandy shores and seagrass areas. The marine park also serves as a platform for outreach, educational and research activities related to our native marine biodiversity. Since 2018, the marine park has been home to Singapore’s largest artificial reef habitat, which consists of eight purpose-built reef structures that have been lowered onto the seabed. These structures are expected to contribute about 1,000m² of additional reef area by 2030 and will complement our existing reef enhancement efforts.', 'These structures are expected to contribute about 1,000m² of additional reef area by 2030 and will complement our existing reef enhancement efforts. Healthy coral reefs protect our shores against erosion, sustain our fisheries, and serve as an important source of novel compounds from which biomedical projects are developed. As Singapore’s temperature and humidity increases, the likelihood of certain vector- borne diseases may also increase. Warmer temperatures will result in higher transmission of dengue due to the accelerated development of the Aedes mosquito and the shorter incubation period of the dengue virus. In fact, warmer temperatures was a key factor that contributed to the surge in dengue cases in 2019.', 'In fact, warmer temperatures was a key factor that contributed to the surge in dengue cases in 2019. Singapore is undertaking a concerted effort to eradicate mosquito-breeding habitats and suppress their population through regular inspections and enforcement actions, and deploying innovative mosquito control methods such as Gravitraps29 and Project Wolbachia. against erosion, sustain our fisheries, and serve as an important source of novel compounds from which biomedical projects are developed. Project Wolbachia – Singapore The National Environment Agency (NEA) is conducting phased field studies to evaluate the use of male Wolbachia-carrying Aedes aegypti (Wolbachia-Aedes) mosquitoes to suppress the urban Aedes aegypti mosquito – the vector of Dengue, Chikungunya and Zika viruses in Singapore. Male Wolbachia-Aedes mosquitoes do not bite or transmit disease. When male Wolbachia-Aedes mosquitoes mate with urban female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, the resulting eggs do not hatch.', 'When male Wolbachia-Aedes mosquitoes mate with urban female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, the resulting eggs do not hatch. We have achieved more than 90% suppression of urban Aedes aegypti mosquito population at the study sites in two districts. As Project Wolbachia - Singapore expands to cover bigger areas, we will continue to develop automated technologies to improve efficiency and quality in the production and release of Wolbachia- Aedes mosquitoes, such as the larvae counter and mosquito launcher. The lagoon at the Big Sister’s Island is home to some of Singapore’s richest reefs. Strengthening resilience in public health - Reducing risk of dengue Male Wolbachia-Aedes mosquitoes being released at Nee Soon East. The Mosquito Launcher is a lightweight device that allows field operators to carry more mosquitoes in a single trip, thus reducing the release duration.', 'The Mosquito Launcher is a lightweight device that allows field operators to carry more mosquitoes in a single trip, thus reducing the release duration. 29 Gravitraps are cylindrical traps with a sticky inner surface designed to trap gravid female Aedes mosquitos for monitoring and pre-emptive purposes. Chapter 6 | Key Long-Term Adaptation ActionsCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Presently, Singapore imports over 90% of our food supply. With increasing frequency of widespread extreme weather events and water crises in food producing countries, the global food market is volatile and Singapore is vulnerable to supply shocks.', 'With increasing frequency of widespread extreme weather events and water crises in food producing countries, the global food market is volatile and Singapore is vulnerable to supply shocks. We will play our part to help alleviate the challenge of global food security by developing and exporting climate resilient urban food solutions to the world. The Singapore Food Agency (SFA), established in 2019 as a statutory board under the Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources (MEWR), leads the effort to strengthen food safety and food security in Singapore by diversifying import sources, growing local and growing overseas. Singapore aims to develop the capabilities and capacity to produce 30% of Singapore’s nutritional needs locally by 2030. To achieve this vision, the agri-food industry will need to transform itself to become highly productive, and employ climate resilient and sustainable technologies.', 'To achieve this vision, the agri-food industry will need to transform itself to become highly productive, and employ climate resilient and sustainable technologies. In line with this target, S$144 million has been allocated for the Singapore Food Story R&D Programme to support R&D in sustainable urban food production, future foods, as well as food safety science and innovation. Farmers can also tap on the S$63 million Agriculture Productivity Fund (APF) to co-fund the installation of advanced systems for enhanced production capabilities and support R&D of farming technologies. Higher ambient temperatures and high humidity can lead to outdoor thermal discomfort and increased likelihood of heat- induced health impacts such as heat rashes, heat cramps, heat exhaustion and heat stroke.', 'Higher ambient temperatures and high humidity can lead to outdoor thermal discomfort and increased likelihood of heat- induced health impacts such as heat rashes, heat cramps, heat exhaustion and heat stroke. Singapore employs microclimatic modelling tools in planning new residential towns and estates, helping planners strengthen key wind corridors, optimise building layouts and orientation for better natural ventilation, and identify hotspots for enhanced greenery placement. Green cooling and skyrise greenery measures are also deployed to keep the public cool in an energy-efficient manner. The increase in temperature due to urban heat island effect is a complex topic and Singapore is studying this in greater depth. This includes investing in R&D, such as the Cooling Singapore project, as well as tapping on technology, to develop strategies to address the urban heat island effect.', 'This includes investing in R&D, such as the Cooling Singapore project, as well as tapping on technology, to develop strategies to address the urban heat island effect. Strengthening food security Keeping cool in a warming world Companies like Sustenir Agriculture are part of the growing community of urban farmers. ACE leverages technology to produce sea-farmed fish in a climate resilient and sustainable manner. Barramundi Asia’s nursery extension is expected to increase the company’s fish production to almost 1.8 million fish fry per year. Farming with technology Local aquaculture company, Aquaculture Centre of Excellence Pte Ltd (ACE), has developed a purpose-built closed containment floating farm, known as the Eco-Ark. The patented Eco-Ark combines offshore and marine technologies with a recirculating aquaculture system to filter and treat seawater, kill pathogens and reduce the farm’s vulnerability to external conditions.', 'The patented Eco-Ark combines offshore and marine technologies with a recirculating aquaculture system to filter and treat seawater, kill pathogens and reduce the farm’s vulnerability to external conditions. The Eco-Ark’s capacity is 20 times more than the minimum productivity of Singapore’s coastal fish farms today and needs only two workers to operate, thus contributing to Singapore’s food security. Chapter 6 | Key Long-Term Adaptation ActionsCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Strong winds and higher temperatures may compromise the safety and reliability of infrastructure. Our buildings have been designed to resist wind forces, based on specifications in the Building Code against extreme wind events.', 'Our buildings have been designed to resist wind forces, based on specifications in the Building Code against extreme wind events. We also regularly review our building design codes and regulations to take into account, among other considerations, the impact of climate change such as higher wind speeds and forces. As increased rainfall may exacerbate slope stability, Singapore will be conducting studies on the impact of climate change on slope stability and integrity, and exploring appropriate adaptation measures to enhance safety in this area. Keeping our buildings and infrastructure safe Adaptation, mitigation and ecological resilience Adaptation, mitigation and ecological resilience actions are synergistic. Strong mitigation measures can reduce the need for and the cost of adaptation measures in the long term while initiatives to raise ecological resilience will enable us to rebound from the adverse effects of climate change.', 'Strong mitigation measures can reduce the need for and the cost of adaptation measures in the long term while initiatives to raise ecological resilience will enable us to rebound from the adverse effects of climate change. Singapore recognises that mitigation, adaptation, and ecological measures must be jointly undertaken to tackle climate change, and therefore pursues all three aspects as part of our national climate change strategy. This goes beyond physical adaptation – an effective response to climate change can only be achieved through the collective action of the government, individuals, businesses and the community. Meeting our low-emissions aspiration will require the full participation of and collaboration with individuals, civil society, academia, businesses, and the Government. We will create opportunities to catalyse more stakeholder partnerships to promote climate- friendly actions across all sectors.', 'We will create opportunities to catalyse more stakeholder partnerships to promote climate- friendly actions across all sectors. Involving the Whole Nation Chapter 7 | Involving the Whole Nation Chapter 6 | Key Long-Term Adaptation ActionsCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Everyone – individuals, civil society, academia, businesses and the Government – must play their part to contribute to Singapore’s transition to a low- carbon, climate resilient city. Over 2,000 people visited the Youth4Climate Fest 2019 and participated in various activities to learn about the importance of preserving our environment. The #RecycleRight Citizens’ Workgroup brought together citizens to co-create solutions to improve household recycling.', 'The #RecycleRight Citizens’ Workgroup brought together citizens to co-create solutions to improve household recycling. Nation-wide activities to spur climate action We designated 2018 as the Year of Climate Action to raise the level of national consciousness of the need to take individual and collective action to fight climate change. Under the partnership efforts between the 3P (People, Private, Public) sectors, over 800 climate action related events were organised. To date, more than 340,000 individuals, educational institutions and organisations have pledged to take climate action. To sustain the momentum for climate action, we designated 2019 as the Year Towards Zero Waste, aimed at promoting more sustainable consumption of resources, and the adoption of circular economy initiatives.', 'To sustain the momentum for climate action, we designated 2019 as the Year Towards Zero Waste, aimed at promoting more sustainable consumption of resources, and the adoption of circular economy initiatives. An annual Climate Action Week has been initiated to promote the awareness of climate change and to drive climate action in Singapore, with the inaugural week held from 17 to 23 July 2019. Citizen-centric approach In a resource- and carbon-constrained world, we need to adopt a circular economy approach, where scarce resources are valued and kept in use for as long as possible. By conserving resources through reducing, reusing, and recycling, we can also reduce GHG emissions from production and the incineration of waste. These will help mitigate climate change. In 2019, the Government convened a #RecycleRight Citizens’ Workgroup.', 'In 2019, the Government convened a #RecycleRight Citizens’ Workgroup. More than 40 citizens from diverse backgrounds worked together to co-create solutions to improve the way households recycle in Singapore. Through immersive learning and intense engagement sessions, the Workgroup came up with recommendations spanning several themes such as building awareness, community support, and innovative product design. This process provided citizen participants with a deeper understanding of the recycling landscape in Singapore, and forged a sense of shared purpose in improving household recycling in Singapore. The Government will continue to convene more engagement platforms to partner the community to come up with effective solutions. Some highlights include: • The Partners for the Environment Forum 2019, organised by the Ministry of Environment and Water Resources (MEWR).', 'Some highlights include: • The Partners for the Environment Forum 2019, organised by the Ministry of Environment and Water Resources (MEWR). The forum featured local and foreign speakers sharing latest research and best practices in climate science, circular economy and 3P partnerships. • The Youth4Climate Fest 2019, organised by City Developments Limited, in partnership with the National Environment Agency (NEA), National Parks Board (NParks) and ActiveSG. The event provided a platform for youths to express their passion for the environment through the performing arts. • The Youth Dialogue on Climate Change Education, organised by youths to find innovative solutions to address climate change through education and youth-led action. • The Ricoh Asia Eco Action Day Tree Planting, organised by Ricoh Asia Pacific, to mark the conclusion of their Eco Action Day campaign.', '• The Ricoh Asia Eco Action Day Tree Planting, organised by Ricoh Asia Pacific, to mark the conclusion of their Eco Action Day campaign. Four pilot projects resulted from the workgroup’s recommendations. These were projects to improve education and awareness-building efforts at the community level, piloting a new design for recycling bins, researching the Deposit Refund Scheme, and facilitating the development of an app to encourage consumers to reduce their use of disposables. As a key outcome from this process, it was announced in March 2020 that NEA would implement a Deposit Refund Scheme for beverage containers by 2022 (following industry consultations in 2020) as the first phase of the Extended Producer Responsibility approach for packaging waste management.', 'As a key outcome from this process, it was announced in March 2020 that NEA would implement a Deposit Refund Scheme for beverage containers by 2022 (following industry consultations in 2020) as the first phase of the Extended Producer Responsibility approach for packaging waste management. Chapter 7 | Involving the Whole NationCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Online platforms to spur climate action To reach a wider range of stakeholders, various online platforms have been set up to disseminate information on climate change, to collect public feedback, and to encourage all stakeholders to play their part to combat climate change. Government websites, such as the National Climate Change Secretariat’s (NCCS) website (www.nccs.', 'Government websites, such as the National Climate Change Secretariat’s (NCCS) website (www.nccs. gov.sg), MEWR’s website (www.mewr.gov.sg/topic/ climate-change) and NEA’s Energy Efficient Singapore microsite (www.e2singapore.gov.sg) host a wide range of resources relating to climate change and energy efficiency. The Climate Change SG Facebook page (www.facebook.com/ClimateChangeSG) and MEWR’s Facebook page (www.facebook.com/ MEWRSingapore) also serve as platforms for the Government to engage the online community. Since 2011, NCCS has conducted a nation-wide survey every two years to gauge public perception and views on climate change. The latest survey conducted between May and July 2019 showed that public awareness of climate change and its impact was high among Singaporeans, and has risen through the years. The majority of respondents also agreed that collective action – taken together by the Government, businesses and individuals – was needed to address climate change.', 'The majority of respondents also agreed that collective action – taken together by the Government, businesses and individuals – was needed to address climate change. Despite the strong conviction expressed by six in ten respondents that individual action would make a difference, less than half of all respondents (48.3%) said they knew what to do to help address climate change. This finding underscores the need for continued efforts to enhance outreach efforts to promote climate-friendly action and behaviour in Singapore. Ground-up initiatives to spur climate action Beyond education and awareness, sustained behavioural change is essential for climate change action. Civil society groups and businesses are increasingly coming forward to drive ground- up initiatives to rally businesses, households and individuals to take collective action for a sustainable future.', 'Civil society groups and businesses are increasingly coming forward to drive ground- up initiatives to rally businesses, households and individuals to take collective action for a sustainable future. For example, in November 2019, Sembcorp Industries piloted a mobile application (‘ezi’) to help boost local recycling rates. Providing users with a recycling collection service at their doorstep, the application also includes interactive educational elements to raise public awareness on how to recycle right. Users are also rewarded for their recyclables with every successful collection. The Government offers a variety of funds to support ground-up initiatives that seek to address environmental challenges, including the 3P Partnership Fund, Water Efficiency Fund and Call for Ideas Fund.', 'The Government offers a variety of funds to support ground-up initiatives that seek to address environmental challenges, including the 3P Partnership Fund, Water Efficiency Fund and Call for Ideas Fund. For instance, “Save That Pen”, an initiative by a group of students from the National University of Singapore (NUS) that gives used pens and other stationery a new lease of life, was supported by the Call for Ideas Fund. Discarded pens that are still usable are refilled and donated to underprivileged students in Singapore and within the region, while unusable ones are stripped of plastic and metal parts and sent for recycling.', 'Discarded pens that are still usable are refilled and donated to underprivileged students in Singapore and within the region, while unusable ones are stripped of plastic and metal parts and sent for recycling. “Save That Pen” not only embraces the 3Rs concept and benefits those in need, informational videos enable other educational institutions and organisations to implement similar projects, increasing the reach and impact of what began as a small initiative. With support from the Call for Ideas Fund, not- for-profit organisation Zero Waste SG launched a “Bring Your Own Singapore” campaign in 2017 to encourage consumers to use their own reusable items such as bags, bottles and containers. Since then, more than 400 retail outlets have joined the campaign, saving approximately two million pieces of plastic disposables and packaging.', 'Since then, more than 400 retail outlets have joined the campaign, saving approximately two million pieces of plastic disposables and packaging. Buoyed by the success of this campaign, the 3P Partnership Fund further supported Zero Waste SG’s “Bring Your Own Bag Singapore” campaign in 2019 to focus on reducing plastic bag usage. To foster more sustainability partnerships between the Government, industries and communities, we will set up the Singapore Eco-Fund later in 2020, which will provide S$50 million over the next five years to fund impactful sustainability projects. Projects eligible for funding could include, for example, a community farm that offtakes food waste from the nearby community for composting, or an industry project to test-bed new sustainable technologies in an entire town. The Eco-Fund thus aims to enable the co-innovation, co-creation and co-investment in a sustainable Singapore.', 'The Eco-Fund thus aims to enable the co-innovation, co-creation and co-investment in a sustainable Singapore. A new SG Eco Office will also be established to coordinate sustainability efforts across Singapore. Winners of the President’s Award for the Environment 2019 Recognising sustainability champions The Government, NGOs and business associations are taking steps to recognise individuals and businesses who have championed or led environmental advocacy efforts within their communities and workplaces. Awards that showcase environmental best practices include the Energy Efficiency National Partnership (EENP), the Building and Construction Authority’s (BCA) Green Mark Awards, the Singapore Environment Council’s Singapore Environmental Achievement Awards and the BCA-SGBC Green Building Individual Award.', 'Awards that showcase environmental best practices include the Energy Efficiency National Partnership (EENP), the Building and Construction Authority’s (BCA) Green Mark Awards, the Singapore Environment Council’s Singapore Environmental Achievement Awards and the BCA-SGBC Green Building Individual Award. There are also awards organised by various government agencies to recognise individuals and businesses who have achieved outstanding performance in the sustainability domain, such as NEA’s EcoFriend Awards and 3R Awards, and PUB, Singapore’s National Water Agency’s Watermark Awards. MEWR organises the biennial President’s Award for the Environment, which is the highest environmental accolade for individuals, educational institutions and organisations that have made outstanding contributions towards environmental and water resource sustainability in Singapore.', 'MEWR organises the biennial President’s Award for the Environment, which is the highest environmental accolade for individuals, educational institutions and organisations that have made outstanding contributions towards environmental and water resource sustainability in Singapore. Chapter 7 | Involving the Whole NationCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Crowdsourcing ideas to spur climate action We regularly engage the public under a variety of platforms to gather feedback on government policies, to crowdsource ideas and to co-create solutions.', 'Chapter 7 | Involving the Whole NationCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Crowdsourcing ideas to spur climate action We regularly engage the public under a variety of platforms to gather feedback on government policies, to crowdsource ideas and to co-create solutions. For example, as outlined in Chapter 3, an extensive public consultation exercise was conducted between July and September 2019 on Singapore’s LEDS, which saw about 2,000 members of the public, environmental groups and companies contributing comments and suggestions on how Singapore can chart our own sustainable path forward towards a low-carbon future. The development of the Zero Waste Masterplan also benefited tremendously from ideas from various key stakeholders including companies, NGOs, households and youths.', 'The development of the Zero Waste Masterplan also benefited tremendously from ideas from various key stakeholders including companies, NGOs, households and youths. More than 250 companies were consulted through industry engagement sessions, and over 5,000 households were surveyed through door-to-door surveys. An online public consultation was conducted, where more than 1,300 contributions were received. In addition, eight focus group discussions and dialogues were held — two of which were co-facilitated by youth-led groups Zero Waste SG and LepakInSG. Empowering youths to spur climate action Youths are important agents of change, and schools are a key platform to educate and socialise the young on climate change and environmental issues. Our schools, through both formal curriculum and complementary programmes, help build awareness of such issues and how individual actions can count towards combatting climate change.', 'Our schools, through both formal curriculum and complementary programmes, help build awareness of such issues and how individual actions can count towards combatting climate change. At the primary school level, students learn basic concepts related to global warming and environmental issues such as pollution and deforestation during Science lessons. They also learn about environmental conservation in Social Studies, for example through the 3Rs concepts. At the secondary school level, students gain more in-depth scientific knowledge on topics such as carbon cycles, GHG emissions and their contribution to global warming, as well as the effects of climate change in Geography. At the Pre-University level, students learn how anthropogenic activity influences climate change, and the need for urgent climate action in local and international contexts.', 'At the Pre-University level, students learn how anthropogenic activity influences climate change, and the need for urgent climate action in local and international contexts. The “Love Your Food @ Schools” project between 2017 and 2019 brought students, staff, and school canteen stallholders in the entire food management loop, and encouraged proper segregation and weighing of food waste to monitor reduction efforts. A food waste recycling machine was installed in ten schools. Everyone in these schools segregated, weighed and recorded their food waste generated daily. The food waste was then deposited into the food waste recycling machine to be converted into compost for distribution to community partners. In addition, these schools organised events to spread the awareness of composting using the food waste recycling machine.', 'In addition, these schools organised events to spread the awareness of composting using the food waste recycling machine. Sustainability networks to spur climate action To spur ground-up actions, we partnered various stakeholder organisations to amplify climate awareness and encourage the public and businesses to take action. The Climate Action SG Alliance, formed in April 2018, aims to strengthen the narrative on climate change and translate awareness into action. The Alliance brings together representatives from businesses, NGOs and youth-led groups, with the Senior Minister of State for Environment and Water Resources Dr Amy Khor acting as their Advisor. Key projects by the Alliance include: • Project Recycling Right — a series of videos to raise awareness on the need to reduce consumption of single-use plastics, and to recycle right.', 'Key projects by the Alliance include: • Project Recycling Right — a series of videos to raise awareness on the need to reduce consumption of single-use plastics, and to recycle right. • Project Business — an online pledge to get individuals and companies to commit to ridding homes and offices of single-use plastics. Several organisations have committed to make sustainability a part of their daily operations. Within civil society, non-profit environmental groups such as Green Drinks and Climate Conversations regularly bring together like-minded activists, academics and government representatives to discuss climate change and sustainability issues. In supporting and participating in such engagements, we are able to gather diverse views from a wide range of stakeholders towards shaping Singapore’s climate action strategies. More sustainability programmes will be introduced in schools and community facilities, such as OBS@Coney.', 'More sustainability programmes will be introduced in schools and community facilities, such as OBS@Coney. These initiatives will integrate green infrastructure, sustainability programmes, and curriculum design to inculcate positive environmental values in youths, enabling them to be agents of change in our communities. Teachers play an important role in engaging students in these topics through inquiry-based learning, and the use of real-world examples and case studies. Beyond the classroom, students have opportunities to apply their understanding of climate change to purposeful real-world projects through the Applied Learning Programme30, Values-in-Action Programme31, and Co-Curricular Activities.32 Some student-initiated projects include upcycling and repurposing unwanted items to minimise wastage, and recycling food waste into compost for use as fertiliser.', 'Beyond the classroom, students have opportunities to apply their understanding of climate change to purposeful real-world projects through the Applied Learning Programme30, Values-in-Action Programme31, and Co-Curricular Activities.32 Some student-initiated projects include upcycling and repurposing unwanted items to minimise wastage, and recycling food waste into compost for use as fertiliser. Water rationing exercises are also regularly held in schools to instil in youths the importance of conserving water, and to inculcate responsible water usage behaviour, as we enhance our resilience against uncertainties brought about by climate change. BCA has been working with the Ministry of Education to explore the potential of Positive Energy Schools through tapping on renewable energy and using energy-efficient innovations.', 'BCA has been working with the Ministry of Education to explore the potential of Positive Energy Schools through tapping on renewable energy and using energy-efficient innovations. Students will have the opportunity to observe the technologies deployed in their schools and learn about climate science and the technologies available to create a greener and more sustainable Singapore. 30 Applied Learning Programme is designed by schools to help students apply their learning in real world contexts 31 Values-in-Action Programme provides opportunities for students to learn about community issues and the needs of others, and carry out projects to contribute to improvements in school, at home or in the community. 32 Co-Curricular Activities are a core component of the holistic education in Singapore.', '32 Co-Curricular Activities are a core component of the holistic education in Singapore. These activities inculcate values and develop competencies, and at the same time foster social integration and deepen students’ sense of belonging, commitment and responsibility towards their school, community and nation. Chapter 7 | Involving the Whole NationCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE The Youth for the Environment Day (YED) is an annual platform to engage youths to champion environmental ownership through various activities to promote global and local environmental issues. The Environment Fund for Schools and the Environment Fund for Institutes of Higher Learning support efforts by schools and youths to promote a pro-environment mind-set in students and the community.', 'The Environment Fund for Schools and the Environment Fund for Institutes of Higher Learning support efforts by schools and youths to promote a pro-environment mind-set in students and the community. Tampines Secondary School is Singapore’s first positive energy school with several innovative energy-saving solutions such as vertical greenery, enhanced sunshades, smart fans and solar panels. The YED 2019 saw more than 310 students from 38 schools participating in a series of educational and interactive activities. The YED aims to encourage youths to imagine and create the future environment they want to live in. Catalysing businesses to spur climate action The global trend towards corporate social responsibility has prompted many businesses to do their part to reduce emissions and care for the environment.', 'Catalysing businesses to spur climate action The global trend towards corporate social responsibility has prompted many businesses to do their part to reduce emissions and care for the environment. Businesses have been proactive to adopt more resource-efficient practices, which not only reduce emissions but also help their corporate bottom lines. For example, more than 200 organisations in Singapore have participated in the Singapore Packaging Agreement, a joint initiative by the Government, industry and NGOs to reduce packaging waste. As of 2019, about 54,000 tonnes of packaging waste have been avoided, resulting in estimated cost savings of about S$130 million for locally consumed products. Firms also contribute through efforts to clean up and safeguard the environment, and support other initiatives through sponsorship or corporate volunteers. Singapore- based firms are part of this growing trend.', 'Singapore- based firms are part of this growing trend. Another important focus area for the industry sector is energy efficiency. Beyond the regulations, incentives and capacity-building schemes as outlined in Chapter 4, it is important to increase awareness and promote thought leadership amongst companies. The Government supports companies in improving their energy efficiency by providing knowledge-sharing platforms such as the biennial National Energy Efficiency Conference (NEEC). NEEC offers companies opportunities to share good practices and success stories, and learn from industry experts on energy management strategies. For example, the theme of the sixth NEEC in 2019 was “Enhancing energy management for sustainable growth”, and it attracted about 400 participants from various sectors.', 'For example, the theme of the sixth NEEC in 2019 was “Enhancing energy management for sustainable growth”, and it attracted about 400 participants from various sectors. Funan, an integrated development in Singapore developed by CapitaLand Group, boasts the largest area for urban agriculture in the city with a 1,672 m² food garden, and a 464 m² urban farm located within it. At the Global Compact Network Singapore Summit 2018, then-Deputy Prime Minister Teo Chee Hean launched the Singapore chapter of the CPLC. Recognition of sustainability efforts by businesses In September 2019, five Singapore companies – CapitaLand Limited, City Developments Limited, DBS Group Holdings, Sembcorp Industries and ComfortDelGro – saw their initiatives recognised by the Dow Jones Sustainability Index, which is regarded as a key reference for sustainability investment globally.', 'Recognition of sustainability efforts by businesses In September 2019, five Singapore companies – CapitaLand Limited, City Developments Limited, DBS Group Holdings, Sembcorp Industries and ComfortDelGro – saw their initiatives recognised by the Dow Jones Sustainability Index, which is regarded as a key reference for sustainability investment globally. While all five home-grown companies were listed on the Asia Pacific index, real estate developers CapitaLand Limited and City Developments Limited were named on the Dow Jones Sustainability World Index. Business perspective for carbon pricing Beyond compliance requirements, businesses in Singapore have increasingly taken proactive steps to use internal carbon pricing to account for climate risks in their investments and operations.', 'Business perspective for carbon pricing Beyond compliance requirements, businesses in Singapore have increasingly taken proactive steps to use internal carbon pricing to account for climate risks in their investments and operations. To facilitate private sector collaboration and support the business case for internal carbon pricing, the World Bank Group’s Carbon Pricing Leadership Coalition (CPLC) and the Global Compact Network Singapore (GCNS) jointly launched the first local chapter of the CPLC in Singapore in November 2018. Besides promoting corporate sustainability, the CPLC Singapore has facilitated dialogue, knowledge sharing and collaboration on carbon pricing between the private and public sectors. To date, 33 organisations have joined CPLC Singapore. CPLC Singapore has developed and launched its Carbon and Emissions Recording Tool to help businesses record, monitor and reduce their emissions footprint and save operational costs.', 'CPLC Singapore has developed and launched its Carbon and Emissions Recording Tool to help businesses record, monitor and reduce their emissions footprint and save operational costs. It will also launch a Low-Carbon Mark to recognise businesses for their decarbonising efforts. Chapter 7 | Involving the Whole NationCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE There is a growing wave of start-ups and SMEs in Singapore that focuses on promoting the sustainability agenda through their businesses. Such enterprises use market-driven strategies in innovative ways that contribute to sustainability efforts in Singapore and beyond. Singapore-based investment funds and business incubators are increasingly playing an active role in catalysing such enterprises.', 'Singapore-based investment funds and business incubators are increasingly playing an active role in catalysing such enterprises. Circulate Capital invests in businesses such as this plastic recycling facility in Indonesia to reduce pollution from plastic waste. ECOSOFTT takes an integrated approach to conserving and reusing water at the facility level with its Water WISE Buildings and Industries programmes. First investment fund to reduce marine pollution In 2019, investment management firm Circulate Capital launched its Singapore-based Circulate Capital Ocean Fund, a US$106 million fund and the world’s first investment fund dedicated to preventing plastic from entering Asia’s oceans. The fund will provide both debt and equity financing to waste management, recycling and circular economy start-ups and small-and-medium enterprises in South and Southeast Asia.', 'The fund will provide both debt and equity financing to waste management, recycling and circular economy start-ups and small-and-medium enterprises in South and Southeast Asia. Social enterprises with a heart for the environment The Singapore Centre for Social Enterprise (raiSE) was set up in 2015 to develop the social enterprise sector in Singapore. raiSE supports over 400 social enterprise members in their social enterprise journeys, from set-up to growth and expansion. Some social enterprises under raiSE that are related to the environment include: Eco Solutions for Tomorrow Today (ECOSOFTT) promotes water sustainability through developing solutions for water treatment and conservation that help estates, buildings and industries reduce their water consumption and waste. As an international social enterprise, ECOSOFTT actively channels technology, expertise and financial resources towards water, sanitation and livelihood projects in rural communities around the world.', 'As an international social enterprise, ECOSOFTT actively channels technology, expertise and financial resources towards water, sanitation and livelihood projects in rural communities around the world. In 2015, ECOSOFTT installed Singapore’s first treatment system to recycle and reuse wastewater in a building. By treating and reusing wastewater, this system in JTC CleanTech One reduces the building’s resource demand on the national infrastructure. Edible Garden City champions local food production with its urban farms to promote access to fresh and safe produce in an equitable and sustainable manner. Edible Garden City also promotes sustainability education through design-and-build consultancies for businesses and private residences. Its urban farming model, Citizen Farm, is a community of local farmers that grows fresh produce sold to over 40 restaurants and bars in Singapore.', 'Its urban farming model, Citizen Farm, is a community of local farmers that grows fresh produce sold to over 40 restaurants and bars in Singapore. Unpackt is a zero-waste bulk store with a smart selection of food, products and daily necessities that aims to promote waste minimisation, reduction and recycling. The items on sale are selected based on the store’s ethos of balancing quality and variety. Consumers are encouraged to bring their own containers to eliminate packaging waste.', 'Consumers are encouraged to bring their own containers to eliminate packaging waste. Chapter 7 | Involving the Whole NationCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Industry associations and professional bodies such as the Singapore Stock Exchange, Association of Certified Chartered Accountants, the Singapore Business Federation and the Singapore Compact are also taking action to encourage businesses to pursue environmental stewardship as an expression of good corporate citizenship. These bodies encourage their members to adopt a triple bottom line approach in their operations, by focusing not just on the financial aspects of the business, but the environmental and social aspects as well. Since 2016, SGX has required its listed companies to meet sustainability reporting requirements on a “comply or explain” basis.', 'Since 2016, SGX has required its listed companies to meet sustainability reporting requirements on a “comply or explain” basis. Several local banks now offer sustainability-linked loans, which are preferential loan interest rates tied to the achievement of certain We will continue to build climate awareness through regular outreach programmes and campaigns, and provide resources for all stakeholders across the private and people sectors – businesses, academics, households and individuals – to do their part for climate action. environmental, social and governance targets by borrowing companies. Singapore’s largest banks, DBS, the Oversea-Chinese Banking Corporation Limited (OCBC Bank) and the United Overseas Bank (UOB) have also announced moves to stop financing new coal-fired power plants.', 'Singapore’s largest banks, DBS, the Oversea-Chinese Banking Corporation Limited (OCBC Bank) and the United Overseas Bank (UOB) have also announced moves to stop financing new coal-fired power plants. In addition, these banks and other local firms such as real estate companies City Developments Limited and CapitaLand Limited regularly report their activities and emissions data to the CDP (formerly the Carbon Disclosure Project), which is a United Kingdom-based organisation that administers an international system to measure, disclose, manage and share vital environmental data. More details on Singapore’s green finance initiatives are provided in Chapter 5. Climate change is the ultimate challenge facing our global commons. In addition to national efforts, Singapore works at various international fora to strengthen the global response to climate change.', 'In addition to national efforts, Singapore works at various international fora to strengthen the global response to climate change. We also undertake extensive capacity- building efforts with fellow developing countries and long-term collaboration with key partners to support global and regional climate action. Building International Partnerships Chapter 8 | Building International Partnerships Chapter 7 | Involving the Whole NationCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Chapter 8 | Building International Partnerships Supporting South-South and triangular cooperation Singapore is a firm supporter of South- South and triangular cooperation. Having benefited from the experiences of others during our early years of independence, we want to pay it forward by sharing our own experiences and best practices in climate action with fellow developing countries.', 'Having benefited from the experiences of others during our early years of independence, we want to pay it forward by sharing our own experiences and best practices in climate action with fellow developing countries. We believe in the multiplier effect of investing in human capital and have therefore undertaken extensive capacity-building efforts to help others. We have collaborated actively through various bilateral, regional and multilateral intergovernmental platforms and have worked closely with other countries and international partners to share our experiences and best practices across the globe. “South-South cooperation will be vital to ensure mutual support and exchange of best practices, to enhance adaptation and increase the resilience of developing countries and communities facing the devastating impacts of climate change.', '“South-South cooperation will be vital to ensure mutual support and exchange of best practices, to enhance adaptation and increase the resilience of developing countries and communities facing the devastating impacts of climate change. South-South cooperation can also support the transformation of economies dependent on fossil fuels with strategies that reinforce both sustainable development and environmental protection.” UN Secretary-General António Guterres, at the Second High-level UN Conference on South-South Cooperation in Buenos Aires, Argentina, March 2019 The Singapore Cooperation Programme The Singapore Cooperation Programme (SCP) is our flagship technical assistance programme and primary platform for South-South and triangular cooperation. Since its inception in 1992, more than 130,000 officials from over 170 countries have participated in SCP programmes on various issues, including climate action, sustainable cities, health, education and good governance. Our SCP courses are closely aligned with the 17 Sustainable Development Goals.', 'Our SCP courses are closely aligned with the 17 Sustainable Development Goals. The SCP is also the primary vehicle through which we undertake triangular cooperation with both developed and developing countries (e.g. Australia, Chile, Japan, New Zealand, the Republic of Korea, Thailand, and the US), as well as international organisations (e.g. UNFCCC, UN Development Programme (UNDP), the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction and the International Energy Agency).CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Partnerships under regional and multilateral platforms Singapore strongly supports a multilateral, rules- based approach to addressing climate change, and participates actively and constructively in ongoing efforts under the UNFCCC and other UN entities, to push for a credible and strong multilateral framework on climate change.', 'UNFCCC, UN Development Programme (UNDP), the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction and the International Energy Agency).CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Partnerships under regional and multilateral platforms Singapore strongly supports a multilateral, rules- based approach to addressing climate change, and participates actively and constructively in ongoing efforts under the UNFCCC and other UN entities, to push for a credible and strong multilateral framework on climate change. Singapore is privileged to have played key facilitator roles in UNFCCC negotiations, which culminated in the adoption of the Paris Agreement at COP-21 in 2015, the agreements on the Katowice Climate Package at COP-24 in 2018 and the ‘Chile Madrid Time for Action’ decisions at COP-25 in 2019.', 'Singapore is privileged to have played key facilitator roles in UNFCCC negotiations, which culminated in the adoption of the Paris Agreement at COP-21 in 2015, the agreements on the Katowice Climate Package at COP-24 in 2018 and the ‘Chile Madrid Time for Action’ decisions at COP-25 in 2019. Singapore also plays active roles in other platforms such as the World Trade Organization (WTO), World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO), the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) to help develop measures in the respective sectors to respond to climate change. Promoting sustainable development globally Recognising the growing importance of addressing climate change, we launched the Climate Action Package (CAP) in 2018 for a three-year period.', 'Promoting sustainable development globally Recognising the growing importance of addressing climate change, we launched the Climate Action Package (CAP) in 2018 for a three-year period. The CAP focuses on supporting the efforts of fellow developing countries, in particular, fellow Member States of ASEAN, Small Island Developing States (SIDS) and Least Developed Countries (LDCs), towards achieving their climate pledges and building resilience. They cover topics such as climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies, disaster risk reduction and energy efficiency and emissions reduction. Singapore co-organised with New Zealand (together with the National University of Singapore Centre for International Law) a workshop on “Decoding the Paris Rulebook for Southeast Asia” in October 2019 to discuss the practical implementation of the Paris Agreement and preparations for the Global Stocktake in 2023.', 'Singapore co-organised with New Zealand (together with the National University of Singapore Centre for International Law) a workshop on “Decoding the Paris Rulebook for Southeast Asia” in October 2019 to discuss the practical implementation of the Paris Agreement and preparations for the Global Stocktake in 2023. Sharing Singapore’s approach on renewable energy Twenty-three officials from as far as Latin America participated in a week-long CAP programme on Clean Energy and Emissions Reduction that examined Singapore’s multi-agency approach to formulating clean and renewable energy solutions. Participants also interacted with experts from Singapore’s environment, energy and transport agencies, as well as academics and the private sector. At the SG Mobility Gallery, the course participants reviewed how Singapore plans, designs and builds its land transport system to achieve energy efficiency, such as through the use of smart LED street lights.', 'At the SG Mobility Gallery, the course participants reviewed how Singapore plans, designs and builds its land transport system to achieve energy efficiency, such as through the use of smart LED street lights. Partnerships under cities networks Singapore is an active member in the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group (C40), a network of over 90 cities working together to address climate change. Our partnership with C40 has strengthened over the years. We have worked with C40 to co-organise workshops and mayor-level forums at the World Cities Summit in 2016 and 2018. We have featured our green building efforts globally by organising a technical workshop with C40 in 2017.', 'We have featured our green building efforts globally by organising a technical workshop with C40 in 2017. We have also been tapping on the experiences of cities such as Copenhagen and London to help inform the development of our mitigation measures in the transport sector. These engagements have allowed Singapore to capitalise on C40’s network to share our climate efforts and study the best practices of other cities. As a member of C40, we have also reported our emissions and climate actions to the CDP.33 The C40 agenda aligns with a number of Singapore’s key priorities. For instance, C40 is working on how cities can leverage the ongoing global energy transition to decarbonise their economies and develop new engines of growth. This can help inform our work to realise our long-term low-emissions aspirations.', 'This can help inform our work to realise our long-term low-emissions aspirations. Such efforts will also complement our Smart Nation initiatives such as the analytics of urban mobility and transportation in Singapore and smart homes solutions, which will help reduce our emissions. Singapore is also part of the C40 Connecting Delta Cities Network and we will draw on the experience of other cities as we translate the Resilience Working Group Coastal Adaptation Studies into specific measures for implementation. 33 CDP is a not-for-profit charity that organises the global disclosure system for investors, companies, cities, states and regions to manage their environmental impact. Apart from the Government reporting national-level data, our companies have also reported their activities and emissions to CDP. More details are available in Chapter 7.', 'More details are available in Chapter 7. Chapter 8 | Building International PartnershipsCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Partnering ASEAN to advance regional climate efforts Regionally, we have taken an active role to galvanise climate action. As Chair of ASEAN in 2018, we convened the first-ever Special ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on Climate Action (SAMCA) and Expanded- SAMCA, where the ten ASEAN Member States, China, Japan and the Republic of Korea reaffirmed their commitment to the Paris Agreement and discussed ways to step up regional climate action.', 'As Chair of ASEAN in 2018, we convened the first-ever Special ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on Climate Action (SAMCA) and Expanded- SAMCA, where the ten ASEAN Member States, China, Japan and the Republic of Korea reaffirmed their commitment to the Paris Agreement and discussed ways to step up regional climate action. A summary of the discussions was submitted to the UNFCCC as input to the Talanoa Dialogue, which was initiated by Fiji as the COP-23 President to take stock of collective progress made in relation to the goals of the Paris Agreement. ASEAN countries cooperate closely on climate change issues at the technical-level through the ASEAN Working Group on Climate Change (AWGCC).', 'ASEAN countries cooperate closely on climate change issues at the technical-level through the ASEAN Working Group on Climate Change (AWGCC). The AWGCC aims to enhance regional cooperation to address the impacts of climate change through the implementation of projects and activities under five thematic areas: (i) Adaptation and Resilience, (ii) Mitigation, (iii) Technology Transfer, (iv) Climate Finance, and (v) Cross-Sectoral Coordination and Global Partnerships. Through the CAP, we have supported fellow ASEAN Member States’ implementation of their Paris Agreement commitments. The CAP courses have helped ASEAN countries enhance their knowledge base and develop capacity in areas related to climate change, such as long-term adaptation and mitigation strategies, green finance, sustainable urban planning and green cities.', 'The CAP courses have helped ASEAN countries enhance their knowledge base and develop capacity in areas related to climate change, such as long-term adaptation and mitigation strategies, green finance, sustainable urban planning and green cities. Enhancing regional capacity in climate science Singapore hosts the ASEAN Specialised Meteorological Centre (ASMC), which supports ASEAN Member States in the areas of weather and climate prediction, regional fire and smoke haze monitoring and early warning, and capability development. In 2018, ASMC committed S$5 million to a five-year regional capability-building programme for Southeast Asia to help enhance ASEAN Member States’ capabilities in weather and climate prediction. Under the programme, ASMC conducts a series of training workshops in enhancing climate services, such as the application of climate change projections for local adaptation planning.', 'Under the programme, ASMC conducts a series of training workshops in enhancing climate services, such as the application of climate change projections for local adaptation planning. Singapore is also host to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Regional Office for Asia and the South-West Pacific, which has made enhancing regional capability in climate science one of its priorities. ASMC is working with the WMO to implement regional initiatives by leveraging on its capability building programmes. Collectively, these efforts aim to strengthen regional cooperation in climate projections and adaptation planning.', 'Collectively, these efforts aim to strengthen regional cooperation in climate projections and adaptation planning. To increase ASEAN’s financial resilience to climate and disaster risk, we established the Southeast Asia Disaster Risk Insurance Facility (SEADRIF) in tandem with Japan and the World Bank in Singapore in 2019. in tandem with Japan and the World Bank in Singapore in 2019. As ASEAN’s first regional catastrophe risk pool, SEADRIF will provide immediate liquidity to cover emergency response costs in the aftermath of catastrophes, with an initial focus of providing a flood risk pool for Laos, Myanmar and potentially Cambodia. SEADRIF will play a significant role in strengthening the region’s economic resilience to disaster risks and mitigate the adverse economic impacts of climate change.', 'SEADRIF will play a significant role in strengthening the region’s economic resilience to disaster risks and mitigate the adverse economic impacts of climate change. Singapore hosts the ASMC, which launched its five-year Regional Capability Building Programme for ASEAN at its twenty-fifth anniversary in 2018, strengthening its commitment to advance weather and climate services in the region As Chair of ASEAN in 2018, Singapore convened the first ever Special ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on Climate Action (SAMCA) and Expanded SAMCA in 2018, where ASEAN and our Plus Three partners (China, Japan and the Republic of Korea) reaffirmed their commitment to the Paris Agreement and discussed ways to step up regional action to address climate change. Singapore also launched the CAP at this meeting.', 'Singapore also launched the CAP at this meeting. Chapter 8 | Building International PartnershipsCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Partnering ICAO and IMO to reduce international transport emissions Given the transboundary nature of international aviation and maritime transport, ICAO and IMO have taken the lead in addressing international transport emissions on a global basis. Singapore plays an active role at ICAO and IMO in the formulation of strategies and measures to reduce international transport emissions. Addressing international aviation emissions On the aviation front, we support ICAO’s aspirational goals of 2% annual fuel efficiency improvement and carbon neutral growth from 2020.', 'Addressing international aviation emissions On the aviation front, we support ICAO’s aspirational goals of 2% annual fuel efficiency improvement and carbon neutral growth from 2020. Singapore is ready to participate in the voluntary pilot phase (2021-2023) of the ICAO Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA). The Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (CAAS) is working closely with Singapore carriers to monitor their emissions, and has accredited two verification bodies to perform CORSIA emissions verification services. Singapore is also working with several States to provide assistance under the ICAO Assistance, Capacity-building and Training on CORSIA (ACT- CORSIA) initiative. CAAS, Singapore’s Air Navigation Service Provider (ANSP), will continue to enhance the efficiency of aircraft movements within the Singapore Flight Information Region.', 'CAAS, Singapore’s Air Navigation Service Provider (ANSP), will continue to enhance the efficiency of aircraft movements within the Singapore Flight Information Region. Through continued investment in new technologies and close collaboration with other ANSPs, the improvements As a member of ICAO and IMO, Singapore participates in and contributes to their efforts to address international transport emissions. in flight efficiency will reduce aircraft fuel burn and emissions. We are exploring innovative airspace concepts to advance seamless air traffic management across boundaries, such as Free Route Airspace and Trajectory Based Operations. These concepts may further improve flight efficiency by offering greater flexibility in flight planning and better predictability in flight operations. Singapore carriers are taking various measures to improve fuel efficiency.', 'Singapore carriers are taking various measures to improve fuel efficiency. For example, Singapore Airlines invests in the latest fuel-efficient aircraft models and has an average fleet age that is nearly half of that in the global aviation industry, reaping significant emissions savings. Aircraft and engine modifications to reduce drag during different stages of a flight and operational measures such as data analytics and aircraft weight management, further reduce fuel use and emissions. We will study the use of sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs). SAFs can reduce emissions by up to 80% over the lifecycle compared to traditional jet fuels, but are two to five times more expensive today. Singapore Airlines, in partnership with CAAS, operated a series of 12 “green package” flights in 2017 using sustainable biofuel, which saved 320 tonnes of carbon emissions.', 'Singapore Airlines, in partnership with CAAS, operated a series of 12 “green package” flights in 2017 using sustainable biofuel, which saved 320 tonnes of carbon emissions. The Government and industry players are studying various options to find the right business and technological models to enable economically viable and sustainable SAF supply chains in Singapore. Chapter 8 | Building International PartnershipsCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Addressing international maritime emissions On the maritime front, Singapore is committed to environmentally sustainable international shipping under IMO’s leadership.', 'Chapter 8 | Building International PartnershipsCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Addressing international maritime emissions On the maritime front, Singapore is committed to environmentally sustainable international shipping under IMO’s leadership. We actively support IMO’s efforts on its Initial Strategy on Reduction of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions from Ships and its key target to reduce the total annual GHG emissions from international shipping by at least 50% by 2050 compared to 2008 levels. In addition to supporting IMO’s work, we are implementing additional measures to address maritime emissions. Singapore launched the Maritime Singapore Green Initiative (MSGI) in 2011 with the objective of reducing the environmental impact of shipping and shipping-related activities in the coastal and marine environment.', 'Singapore launched the Maritime Singapore Green Initiative (MSGI) in 2011 with the objective of reducing the environmental impact of shipping and shipping-related activities in the coastal and marine environment. The Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (MPA) has pledged S$100 million under the MSGI, which comprises four programmes: i) the Green Port Programme encourages ships to burn cleaner fuels in Singapore through a reduction in port dues; ii) the Green Ship Programme incentivises green ship design beyond IMO’s requirements through tax rebates; iii) the Green Energy and Technology Programme promotes pilot trials and technology development for maritime emissions reduction; and iv) the Green Awareness Programme promotes awareness of green shipping. Singapore is LNG bunkering-ready.', 'The Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (MPA) has pledged S$100 million under the MSGI, which comprises four programmes: i) the Green Port Programme encourages ships to burn cleaner fuels in Singapore through a reduction in port dues; ii) the Green Ship Programme incentivises green ship design beyond IMO’s requirements through tax rebates; iii) the Green Energy and Technology Programme promotes pilot trials and technology development for maritime emissions reduction; and iv) the Green Awareness Programme promotes awareness of green shipping. Singapore is LNG bunkering-ready. While the maritime sector is developing measures that can meet the IMO’s 2050 target, LNG is a cleaner and greener fuel than existing available options, and the only viable and scalable solution for the shipping industry currently.', 'While the maritime sector is developing measures that can meet the IMO’s 2050 target, LNG is a cleaner and greener fuel than existing available options, and the only viable and scalable solution for the shipping industry currently. To facilitate the greater adoption of LNG for global shipping, we are promoting the use of LNG as a marine fuel in Singapore, growing demand for LNG and driving readiness for LNG bunkering. Singapore is also working closely with other international port authorities and maritime administrations to build a network of LNG bunker-ready ports. Beyond promoting LNG, we are embarking on trials of electric vessels and other potential low-emissions fuel types. Singapore is encouraging R&D in new low- carbon technologies and clean energy sources. To encourage the maritime industry to pursue innovation, we are collaborating with technology start-ups and start-up accelerators.', 'To encourage the maritime industry to pursue innovation, we are collaborating with technology start-ups and start-up accelerators. We are committed to provide an enabling environment and regulatory sandboxes for the test-bedding of innovative solutions and new concepts of maritime operations. To position Singapore for long-term maritime sustainability, the Government will develop a Maritime Singapore Decarbonisation Blueprint 2050. The blueprint will chart out strategies to achieve a sustainable Maritime Singapore. Additionally, the Singapore Maritime Foundation will set up an International Advisory Panel, comprising local and international industry and business leaders, to recommend strategies to support global maritime decarbonisation goals. Singapore will also set aside an initial funding of S$40 million under the Maritime Green Future Fund to foster R&D in low- carbon technologies.', 'Singapore will also set aside an initial funding of S$40 million under the Maritime Green Future Fund to foster R&D in low- carbon technologies. As climate change is a global challenge that requires coordinated global action, Singapore will continue to work with international stakeholders to strengthen collaborations and action on climate change. Chapter 8 | Building International PartnershipsCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Climate change presents an existential challenge for all of us – nationally, regionally and globally. Singapore is committed to reduce our emissions in support of achieving the long-term temperature goal of the Paris Agreement.', 'Singapore is committed to reduce our emissions in support of achieving the long-term temperature goal of the Paris Agreement. Ensuring a liveable environment for the present and future will require the Government, businesses and individuals to work closely to effect the necessary transformations of our infrastructure, economy and society towards a low-carbon future. First, we will strive to achieve our long-term low- emissions aspiration through the three thrusts of transformation, technology and collaboration, as outlined in this document. We will comprehensively decarbonise our power sector, transform our industries to raise energy efficiency, and deploy at a national level low-carbon solutions for buildings, transport and waste management. We will also adopt cross-sectoral policies to achieve comprehensive climate action across multiple sectors. Second, we will undertake significant adaptation measures to strengthen our climate resilience as a vulnerable island-state.', 'Second, we will undertake significant adaptation measures to strengthen our climate resilience as a vulnerable island-state. Third, we will go beyond mitigation and adaptation measures within our borders to share our experiences and solutions with other countries facing similar challenges to help advance global climate action. Given Singapore’s geographical constraints, our ability to realise a low-carbon future will be contingent on two key factors: the deployment maturity of technologies currently still in developmental phase, e.g. carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) and hydrogen; and effective international cooperation, in areas such as carbon storage, energy imports via regional power grids and other innovative platforms, and market- based mechanisms that support environmental integrity. We aim to work with like-minded partners to overcome these challenges over time. Singapore s LEDS is our commitment to global climate action.', 'Singapore s LEDS is our commitment to global climate action. We recognise that the actions of any one country, on their own, will not be enough. A global response is needed to deliver a better and more sustainable future for all of us. We will press ahead on our long-term low-emissions aspiration and strategies, and implement the Paris Agreement in good faith, in the spirit of collaboration and collective action with all countries.', 'We will press ahead on our long-term low-emissions aspiration and strategies, and implement the Paris Agreement in good faith, in the spirit of collaboration and collective action with all countries. Conclusion | Moving to a Low-Emissions and Climate Resilient Future Conclusion Moving to a Low-Emissions and Climate Resilient FutureCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Structure of the Inter-Ministerial Committee on Climate Change The IMCCC oversees the Whole-of-Government coordination on climate change policies to ensure that Singapore is prepared to address climate change. Established in 2007, IMCCC is chaired by Mr Teo Chee Hean, Senior Minister and Co-ordinating Minister for National Security.', 'Established in 2007, IMCCC is chaired by Mr Teo Chee Hean, Senior Minister and Co-ordinating Minister for National Security. Relevant Legislation Building Control Act: • Building Control Regulations: • Building Control (Accredited Checkers And Accredited Checking Organisations) Regulations: • Building Control (Buildability) Regulations: • Building Control (Buildable Design) Regulations: • Building Control (Temporary Buildings) Regulations: • Building Control (Environmental Sustainability) Regulations 2008: • Approved Document – Acceptable Solutions: Building Maintenance and Strata Management Act: Carbon Pricing Act 2018: • Carbon Pricing (Measurement, Reporting and Verification) Regulations 2018: • Carbon Pricing (Registration and General Matters) Regulations 2018: • Carbon Pricing (Composition of Offences) Regulations 2018: • Carbon Pricing Act 2018 (Commencement) Notification 2018: Commodity Trading Act (Cap. 48A): Development Fund Act: District Cooling Act: Economic Development Board Act (Cap.', '48A): Development Fund Act: District Cooling Act: Economic Development Board Act (Cap. 85): IMCCC Executive Committee IMCCC is supported by an Executive Committee (Exco) comprising the permanent secretaries of the respective Ministries. The IMCCC Exco oversees the work of the International Negotiations Working Group (INWG), Long-Term Emissions and Mitigation Working Group (LWG) and Resilience Working Group (RWG). International Negotiations Working Group INWG develops Singapore’s international climate change negotiations strategy under the UNFCCC. Long-Term Emissions and Mitigation Working Group LWG examines options for emission reduction and identifies the capabilities, infrastructure and policies needed for long-term mitigation. Resilience Working Group RWG studies Singapore’s vulnerability to the effects of climate change and recommends long- term plans that ensure the nation’s adaptation to future environmental changes.', 'Resilience Working Group RWG studies Singapore’s vulnerability to the effects of climate change and recommends long- term plans that ensure the nation’s adaptation to future environmental changes. INTER- MINISTERIAL COMMITTEE ON CLIMATE CHANGE Chaired by SM Teo Chee Hean IMCCC EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Chaired by Permanent Secretary (Strategy Group, PMO) Secretariat: National Climate Change Secretariat MITIGATION Long-Term Emissions and Mitigation Working Group NEGOTIATIONS ADAPTATION Resilience Working Group International Negotiations Working Group Annex | Structure of the Inter-Ministerial Committee on Climate Change (IMCCC) Annex | Relevant Legislation AnnexCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Relevant Legislation (Continued) • Energy Conservation (Composition of Offences under Part IV) Regulations 2012: • Energy Conservation (Composition of Offences) Regulations 2013: • Energy Conservation (Energy Labelling and Minimum Performance Standards for Registrable Goods) • Energy Conservation (Energy Management Practices for Transport Facilities Operators) Regulations 2013: • Energy Conservation (Energy Management Practices) Regulations 2013: • Energy Conservation (Fuel Economy Labelling) Regulations 2012: • Energy Conservation (Motor Vehicles Subject to Fuel Economy Requirements) Order 2012: • Energy Conservation (Registrable Corporations) Order 2013: • Energy Conservation (Registrable Goods) Order 2013: • Energy Conservation (Transport Facility Operators) Order 2013: • Energy Conservation Act 2012 (Commencement) (No.', 'INTER- MINISTERIAL COMMITTEE ON CLIMATE CHANGE Chaired by SM Teo Chee Hean IMCCC EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Chaired by Permanent Secretary (Strategy Group, PMO) Secretariat: National Climate Change Secretariat MITIGATION Long-Term Emissions and Mitigation Working Group NEGOTIATIONS ADAPTATION Resilience Working Group International Negotiations Working Group Annex | Structure of the Inter-Ministerial Committee on Climate Change (IMCCC) Annex | Relevant Legislation AnnexCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Relevant Legislation (Continued) • Energy Conservation (Composition of Offences under Part IV) Regulations 2012: • Energy Conservation (Composition of Offences) Regulations 2013: • Energy Conservation (Energy Labelling and Minimum Performance Standards for Registrable Goods) • Energy Conservation (Energy Management Practices for Transport Facilities Operators) Regulations 2013: • Energy Conservation (Energy Management Practices) Regulations 2013: • Energy Conservation (Fuel Economy Labelling) Regulations 2012: • Energy Conservation (Motor Vehicles Subject to Fuel Economy Requirements) Order 2012: • Energy Conservation (Registrable Corporations) Order 2013: • Energy Conservation (Registrable Goods) Order 2013: • Energy Conservation (Transport Facility Operators) Order 2013: • Energy Conservation Act 2012 (Commencement) (No. 3) Notification 2013: • Energy Conservation (Exemption for Regulated Lamps) Order 2015: Energy Market Authority of Singapore Act (Cap.', '3) Notification 2013: • Energy Conservation (Exemption for Regulated Lamps) Order 2015: Energy Market Authority of Singapore Act (Cap. 92B): Environmental Protection and Management Act (Cap.', '92B): Environmental Protection and Management Act (Cap. 94A): • Environmental Protection and Management (Boundary Noise Limits for Factory Premises) Regulations, Reg 1: • Environmental Protection and Management (Control of Noise at Construction Sites) Regulations, Reg 2: Relevant Legislation (Continued) • Environmental Protection and Management (Fees for Licenses) Regulations, Reg 3: • Environmental Protection and Management (Hazardous Substances) Regulations, Reg 4: • Environmental Protection and Management (Trade Effluent) Regulations, Reg 5: • Environmental Protection and Management (Vehicular Emissions) Regulations, Reg 6: • Environmental Protection and Management (Composition of Offences) Regulations, Reg 7: • Environmental Protection and Management (Air Impurities) Regulations, Reg 8: • Environmental Protection and Management (Prohibition on the Use of Open Fires) Order 1999, Order 1: • Environmental Protection and Management (Ozone Depleting Substances) Regulations, Reg 9: • Environmental Protection and Management (Off-Road Diesel Engine Emissions) Regulations 2012: Environmental Public Health Act (Cap.', '94A): • Environmental Protection and Management (Boundary Noise Limits for Factory Premises) Regulations, Reg 1: • Environmental Protection and Management (Control of Noise at Construction Sites) Regulations, Reg 2: Relevant Legislation (Continued) • Environmental Protection and Management (Fees for Licenses) Regulations, Reg 3: • Environmental Protection and Management (Hazardous Substances) Regulations, Reg 4: • Environmental Protection and Management (Trade Effluent) Regulations, Reg 5: • Environmental Protection and Management (Vehicular Emissions) Regulations, Reg 6: • Environmental Protection and Management (Composition of Offences) Regulations, Reg 7: • Environmental Protection and Management (Air Impurities) Regulations, Reg 8: • Environmental Protection and Management (Prohibition on the Use of Open Fires) Order 1999, Order 1: • Environmental Protection and Management (Ozone Depleting Substances) Regulations, Reg 9: • Environmental Protection and Management (Off-Road Diesel Engine Emissions) Regulations 2012: Environmental Public Health Act (Cap. 95): • Environmental Public Health (Toxic Industrial Waste) Regulations, Reg 11: • Environmental Public Health (General Waste Collection) Regulations, Reg 12: Electricity Act (Cap.', '95): • Environmental Public Health (Toxic Industrial Waste) Regulations, Reg 11: • Environmental Public Health (General Waste Collection) Regulations, Reg 12: Electricity Act (Cap. 89A): Fisheries Act: Gas Act (Cap. 116A): Hazardous Waste (Control of Export, Import and Transit) Act (Cap.122A): • Hazardous Waste (Control of Export, Import and Transit) Regulations, Reg 1: Annex | Relevant Legislation Annex | Relevant LegislationCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Relevant Legislation (Continued) Housing and Development Act (Cap. 129): Jurong Town Corporation Act (Cap. 150): National Environment Agency Act (Cap. 195): National Parks Board Act (Cap. 198A): Parks and Trees Act (Cap. 216): Protection of Public Sewerage System: Radiation Protection Act (Cap.', '216): Protection of Public Sewerage System: Radiation Protection Act (Cap. 262): • Resource Sustainability (Composition of Offences) Regulations 2019: • Resource Sustainability (Exemption for Incidentally Supplied Batteries) Order 2019: • Resource Sustainability (Prescribed Regulated Products) Regulations 2019: • Resource Sustainability Act 2019 (Commencement) Notification 2019: Sewerage and Drainage Act: Singapore Food Agency Act 2019: Relevant Publications Other UNFCCC Submissions34 Singapore, as a Party to the UNFCCC, is required to submit National Communication (NC) reports and Biennial Update Reports (BUR) periodically to the UNFCCC. NCs, to be submitted every 4 years, provide information on Singapore’s national circumstances, greenhouse gas inventory, mitigation measures, vulnerability and adaptation measures, and international cooperation.', 'NCs, to be submitted every 4 years, provide information on Singapore’s national circumstances, greenhouse gas inventory, mitigation measures, vulnerability and adaptation measures, and international cooperation. BURs, to be submitted biennially, provide an update of the information presented in NCs, particularly on the national greenhouse gas inventories and mitigation actions. In support of the Copenhagen Accord, Singapore submitted a pledge in 2010 to reduce emissions by 16% below business-as-usual (BAU) level in 2020. As required under the Paris Agreement, Singapore communicated an Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to the UNFCCC in 2015. We subsequently communicated an enhanced NDC to the UNFCCC in 2020.', 'We subsequently communicated an enhanced NDC to the UNFCCC in 2020. Annex | Relevant Publications Annex | Relevant Legislation 34 National Environment Agency, National Communications and Biennial Update Reports, accessed at energy-efficiency/climate-change/national-communications-and-biennial-update-reportsCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Publication Year Details First NC 2000 Singapore’s initial NC was submitted on 21 August 2000. Copenhagen pledge Singapore pledged to reduce emissions by 16% below business-as- usual (BAU) levels in 2020. Second NC 2010 Singapore s second NC was submitted on 12 November 2010 Third NC and First BUR Singapore’s third NC and first BUR was submitted on 8 December 2014.', 'Second NC 2010 Singapore s second NC was submitted on 12 November 2010 Third NC and First BUR Singapore’s third NC and first BUR was submitted on 8 December 2014. (As the submission year for Singapore’s third NC coincided with the submission year of the first BUR, a combined report was submitted to UNFCCC.) Publication Year Details Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Singapore’s INDC pledged to reduce our emissions intensity by 36% from 2005 levels by 2030, and to stabilise emissions with the aim of peaking around 2030 Second BUR 2016 Singapore s second BUR was submitted on 16 December 2016 Fourth NC and Third BUR Singapore’s fourth NC and third BUR was submitted on 27 December 2018. (As the submission year for Singapore’s fourth NC coincided with the submission year of the third BUR, a combined report was submitted to UNFCCC.)', '(As the submission year for Singapore’s fourth NC coincided with the submission year of the third BUR, a combined report was submitted to UNFCCC.) Enhanced Nationally Determined Contribution Singapore’s enhanced NDC pledged to peak our emissions at no e around 2030. Annex | Relevant Publications Annex | Relevant PublicationsCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Masterplans and Roadmaps Singapore has published various masterplans targeting various areas of sustainable development and ways to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Additionally, NCCS and the National Research Foundation (NRF) have jointly commissioned a series of Technology Roadmaps to accelerate research to deployment of energy and low-carbon technologies in Singapore.', 'Additionally, NCCS and the National Research Foundation (NRF) have jointly commissioned a series of Technology Roadmaps to accelerate research to deployment of energy and low-carbon technologies in Singapore. Many of these Roadmaps were informed by the Technology Primers developed earlier in 2011, as referenced below. Publication Year Details Singapore Green Plan (Updated The Singapore Green Plan highlights our commitment and plans to ensure Singapore’s environmental sustainability. Sustainable Singapore Blueprint (Updated and The Sustainable Singapore Blueprint outlines Singapore’s vision and plans for a more liveable and sustainable Singapore to support the diverse needs and growing aspirations of Singaporeans through various initiatives. Publication Year Details Air-conditioning System Efficiency Technology Primer The Air-conditioning System Efficiency Primer outlines Singapore’s policies on air-conditioning efficiency, the available technology, and opportunities to improve energy efficiency.', 'Publication Year Details Air-conditioning System Efficiency Technology Primer The Air-conditioning System Efficiency Primer outlines Singapore’s policies on air-conditioning efficiency, the available technology, and opportunities to improve energy efficiency. Biorenewables Technology Primer The Biorenewables Primer sets out the biorenewable conversion technologies used in Singapore at the time and elsewhere, the application of biofuels for transport, and the areas of R&D for Singapore. Carbon Capture and Storage/ Utilisation Technology Primer The CCS/U Primer describes the potential application of CCS/U technologies in Singapore and the process involved in their deployment. Energy Storage Technology Primer The Energy Storage Primer sets of the means of energy storage, stages of commercial maturity, its potential applications in Singapore including electric vehicles and smart grids.', 'Energy Storage Technology Primer The Energy Storage Primer sets of the means of energy storage, stages of commercial maturity, its potential applications in Singapore including electric vehicles and smart grids. Annex | Relevant Publications Annex | Relevant PublicationsCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Publication Year Details Smart Grid Technology Primer The Smart Grid Technology Primer proposes the key drivers for smart grid implementation, current projects, and areas for R&D in Singapore. Solar Energy Technology Primer The Solar Energy Technology Primer describes the potential of solar electricity generation in Singapore, potential storage possibilities, and areas for R&D in this domain.', 'Solar Energy Technology Primer The Solar Energy Technology Primer describes the potential of solar electricity generation in Singapore, potential storage possibilities, and areas for R&D in this domain. Green Data Centre Technology Prime The Green Data Centre Technology Primer reviews existing and emerging technologies for improving data centre efficiency and areas for R&D for Singapore. National Climate Change Strategy The National Climate Change Strategy 2012 outlines Singapore s plans to address climate change through a whole-of-nation approach. The key elements of Singapore s climate strategy include reducing emissions across sectors, building capabilities to adapt to the impact of climate change, harnessing green growth opportunities as well as forging partnerships on climate change action. Publication Year Details Second National Climate Change Study – Climate Projections to 2100 Science Report The Second National Climate Change Study for Singapore provides information on anticipated climate change.', 'Publication Year Details Second National Climate Change Study – Climate Projections to 2100 Science Report The Second National Climate Change Study for Singapore provides information on anticipated climate change. Carbon Capture and Storage / Utilisation Roadmap The Carbon Capture and Storage/Utilisation (CCS/U) Roadmap identifies and studies various options of CCS/U relevant for Singapore, the potential of CCS/U technologies for carbon abatement and the R&D strategies that would accelerate the deployment of CCS/U in Singapore in the longer term. Solar Photovoltaic Roadmap The Solar Photovoltaic Roadmap presents the development of photovoltaic scenarios for Singapore and pathways to increase the contribution of solar energy to Singapore’s energy mix. Green Data Centre Roadmap The Green Data Centre Technology Roadmap sets out a framework to improve data centre sustainability. The Roadmap aims to reduce energy consumption and improve the energy efficiency of data centre facilities and information technology.', 'The Roadmap aims to reduce energy consumption and improve the energy efficiency of data centre facilities and information technology. Annex | Relevant Publications Annex | Relevant PublicationsCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Publication Year Details Building Energy Efficiency Roadmap The Building Energy Efficiency Roadmap outlines R&D pathways to improve energy efficiency within the building stock via technology improvements and policy recommendations. Climate Action Plan: Take Action Today, for a Sustainable Future The latest publication of Singapore’s Climate Action Plan: Take Action Today, for a Sustainable Future comprises two complementary publications on Singapore’s mitigation and adaptation plans. The first publication sets out how Singapore intends to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase our energy efficiency to meet our 2030 climate pledge.', 'The first publication sets out how Singapore intends to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase our energy efficiency to meet our 2030 climate pledge. The second explains how Singapore may be affected by climate change and our strategy to prepare for them. Our Water, Our Future (Updated This publication sets out Singapore’s water strategies and plans that will be undertaken in the next 50 years. It shares how Singapore plans to expand our capacities on water supply, used water management and drainage against the challenges of urbanisation, climate change and the rising cost of energy. Industry Energy Efficiency Roadmap The Industry Energy Efficiency Roadmap identifies and describes the technological potential and opportunities to reduce energy use from business-as-usual levels up to 2030. The Roadmap addresses the petrochemical and chemicals sector, petroleum refining, semiconductors, pharmaceuticals, and cross-sectoral technologies.', 'The Roadmap addresses the petrochemical and chemicals sector, petroleum refining, semiconductors, pharmaceuticals, and cross-sectoral technologies. Publication Year Details Waste Management Roadmap The Waste Management Roadmap reviews developing and emerging trends in waste management technologies worldwide addressing waste processes from collection and sorting, to upcycling and treatment. The Roadmap proposes a set of technological pathways to address the identified implications. E-Mobility Roadmap The E-Mobility Roadmap serves as a blueprint to guide the formulation of policies and infrastructure plans that could enable successful electromobility deployment in Singapore. Public Sector Sustainability Plan The Public Sector Sustainability Plan 2017- 2020 charts the Singapore Government’s path towards achieving environmental sustainability, as part of our nationwide Sustainable Singapore Movement. Zero Waste Masterplan The Zero Waste Masterplan sets a new waste reduction target for Singapore – to reduce the waste sent to Semakau Landfill each day by 30% by 2030.', 'Zero Waste Masterplan The Zero Waste Masterplan sets a new waste reduction target for Singapore – to reduce the waste sent to Semakau Landfill each day by 30% by 2030. This will help to extend Semakau Landfill’s lifespan beyond 2035, when it is estimated to reach capacity.', 'This will help to extend Semakau Landfill’s lifespan beyond 2035, when it is estimated to reach capacity. Annex | Relevant Publications Annex | Relevant PublicationsCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Acknowledgements Annex | Acknowledgements Images contributed by: Aquaculture Centre of Excellence Pte Ltd Barramundi Asia Building and Construction Authority CapitaLand Changi Airport Group Circulate Capital ECOSOFTT Energy and Environmental Sustainability Solutions for Megacities Energy Market Authority Global Compact Network Singapore Housing & Development Board Innosparks JTC Corporation Land Transport Authority Meteorological Service Singapore Ministry of Foreign Affairs Ministry of National Development Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources Ministry of Transport Monetary Authority of Singapore Nanyang Technological University, Singapore National Climate Change Secretariat National Environment Agency National Parks Board National University of Singapore PUB, Singapore’s National Water Agency Sembcorp Industries Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore SP Group Sunseap Group Sustenir Agriculture Singapore Workforce Singapore Prepared in collaboration with: Ministry of Education Ministry of Finance Ministry of Foreign Affairs Ministry of Manpower Ministry of National Development Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources Ministry of Trade and Industry Ministry of Transport Building and Construction Authority Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore Economic Development Board Energy Market Authority Housing & Development Board Land Transport Authority Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore Monetary Authority of Singapore Nanyang Technological University, Singapore National Environment Agency National Parks Board National Research Foundation National University of Singapore PUB, Singapore’s National Water Agency Singapore Food Agency SkillsFuture Singapore Workforce Singapore']

en-US

SVK

Slovakia

LTS

2020-03-30 00:00:00

x

LTS 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/LTS%20SK%20eng.pdf

Annex I

High-income

Europe

EU27

0

../data/downloaded_documents/bdab6f44af9e68241d9a45c65fe0670e94249f4d6ad7fcaccb65d0f0939098db.pdf

['Low-Carbon Development Strategy of the Slovak Republic until 2030 with a View to 2050 Low-Carbon Development Strategy of the Slovak Republic until 2030 with a View to 2050TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ACRONYMS 5 SUMMARY . 6 1 OVERVIEW AND PREPARATION OF THE STRATEGY 8 1.2 LEGAL AND POLITICAL CONTEXT . 9 1.2.1 European Political Context . 9 1.2.2 Slovak Political Context 10 1.2.3 Legal Framework for the Preparation of the Strategy 10 1.2.4 Procedural Steps of Document Preparation . 11 1.3 PUBLIC CONSULTATION 14 2 CONTENT OF THE STRATEGY 15 2.1 OVERALL EMISSION REDUCTIONS AND ENHANCEMENT OF REMOVALS UP TO 2050 15 2.1.1 PLANNED EMISSION REDUCTIONS AND ENHANCEMENT OF REMOVALS UP TO 2050 . 15 2.1.2 NATIONAL TARGET BY 2030 AND INDICATIVE MILESTONES UP TO 2040 AND 2050 19 2.2 ADAPTATION POLICIES AND MEASURES . 22 2.3 ENERGY FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES 23 2.3.1 Biomass as a Renewable Energy Source . 23 2.4 ENERGY EFFICIENCY . 24 2.5 DETAILED ANALYSIS OF INDIVIDUAL SECTORS 25 2.5.1 ENERGY SECTOR (INCLUDING TRANSPORT AND FUGITIVE EMISSIONS) 27 2.5.2 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES SECTOR 42 2.5.3 TRANSPORT SECTOR . 46 2.5.5 LAND USE, LAND USE CHANGE AND FORESTRY (LULUCF) SECTOR 57 2.5.6 WASTE SECTOR . 62 3 CURRENT AND PLANNED FINANCING OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE PROPOSED MEASURES 66 3.1 ESTIMATED INVESTMENTS REQUIRED FOR DECARBONISATION 66 3.2 PLANNED FINANCING OPPORTUNITIES FOR MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION MEASURES AFTER 2020 . 67 3.2.1 Modernisation Fund . 68 3.2.2 Innovation Fund 68 3.2.3 EU Budget (European Structural and Investment Funds) . 69 3.2.4 Environmental Fund . 70 3.3 POLICIES AND MEASURES FOR RELATED RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATION 72 4 ANALYSES OF THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF PROPOSED POLICIES AND MEASURES 73 4.1 DETAILED ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF THE MEASURES UNDER THE WAM SCENARIO . 75CONCLUSION . 80 ANNEX I - DETAILED INFORMATION ARISING FROM MODELLING BY SECTOR . 81 TABLE 6: PROJECTIONS OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM THE ENERGY SECTOR UNDER THE WEM SCENARIO 81 TABLE 7: PROJECTIONS OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM THE ENERGY SECTOR UNDER THE WAM SCENARIO . 81 TABLE 8: QUANTIFIED MITIGATION EFFECTS OF THE DESCRIBED WEM MEASURES (PLUS TWO WAM) 82 FIGURE 27: TREND OF AGGREGATE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS BY GAS IN THE IPPU SECTOR IN THE YEARS 1990 - 2016 (GG CO2 EQ.)', 'Low-Carbon Development Strategy of the Slovak Republic until 2030 with a View to 2050 Low-Carbon Development Strategy of the Slovak Republic until 2030 with a View to 2050TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ACRONYMS 5 SUMMARY . 6 1 OVERVIEW AND PREPARATION OF THE STRATEGY 8 1.2 LEGAL AND POLITICAL CONTEXT . 9 1.2.1 European Political Context . 9 1.2.2 Slovak Political Context 10 1.2.3 Legal Framework for the Preparation of the Strategy 10 1.2.4 Procedural Steps of Document Preparation . 11 1.3 PUBLIC CONSULTATION 14 2 CONTENT OF THE STRATEGY 15 2.1 OVERALL EMISSION REDUCTIONS AND ENHANCEMENT OF REMOVALS UP TO 2050 15 2.1.1 PLANNED EMISSION REDUCTIONS AND ENHANCEMENT OF REMOVALS UP TO 2050 . 15 2.1.2 NATIONAL TARGET BY 2030 AND INDICATIVE MILESTONES UP TO 2040 AND 2050 19 2.2 ADAPTATION POLICIES AND MEASURES . 22 2.3 ENERGY FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES 23 2.3.1 Biomass as a Renewable Energy Source . 23 2.4 ENERGY EFFICIENCY . 24 2.5 DETAILED ANALYSIS OF INDIVIDUAL SECTORS 25 2.5.1 ENERGY SECTOR (INCLUDING TRANSPORT AND FUGITIVE EMISSIONS) 27 2.5.2 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES SECTOR 42 2.5.3 TRANSPORT SECTOR . 46 2.5.5 LAND USE, LAND USE CHANGE AND FORESTRY (LULUCF) SECTOR 57 2.5.6 WASTE SECTOR . 62 3 CURRENT AND PLANNED FINANCING OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE PROPOSED MEASURES 66 3.1 ESTIMATED INVESTMENTS REQUIRED FOR DECARBONISATION 66 3.2 PLANNED FINANCING OPPORTUNITIES FOR MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION MEASURES AFTER 2020 . 67 3.2.1 Modernisation Fund . 68 3.2.2 Innovation Fund 68 3.2.3 EU Budget (European Structural and Investment Funds) . 69 3.2.4 Environmental Fund . 70 3.3 POLICIES AND MEASURES FOR RELATED RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATION 72 4 ANALYSES OF THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF PROPOSED POLICIES AND MEASURES 73 4.1 DETAILED ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF THE MEASURES UNDER THE WAM SCENARIO . 75CONCLUSION . 80 ANNEX I - DETAILED INFORMATION ARISING FROM MODELLING BY SECTOR . 81 TABLE 6: PROJECTIONS OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM THE ENERGY SECTOR UNDER THE WEM SCENARIO 81 TABLE 7: PROJECTIONS OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM THE ENERGY SECTOR UNDER THE WAM SCENARIO . 81 TABLE 8: QUANTIFIED MITIGATION EFFECTS OF THE DESCRIBED WEM MEASURES (PLUS TWO WAM) 82 FIGURE 27: TREND OF AGGREGATE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS BY GAS IN THE IPPU SECTOR IN THE YEARS 1990 - 2016 (GG CO2 EQ.) 83 TABLE 9: PROJECTIONS OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM THE IPPU SECTOR INCLUDING F-GASES UNDER THE WEM SCENARIO TABLE 10: PROJECTIONS OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM THE IPPU SECTOR INCLUDING F-GASES UNDER THE WAM SCENARIO . 84 TABLE 11: PROJECTIONS OF EMISSIONS IN THE ROAD TRANSPORT FOR 2017* – 2040 UNDER THE WEM SCENARIO . 84 TABLE 12: PROJECTIONS OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN THE ROAD TRANSPORT FOR 2017 – 2040 UNDER THE WAM SCENARIO . 84 TABLE 13: PROJECTIONS OF EMISSIONS FROM AGRICULTURE UNTIL 2040 UNDER THE WEM SCENARIO 85 FIGURE 28: PROJECTIONS OF DEVELOPMENT OF CARBON STOCK IN LIVING BIOMASS (ABOVE GROUND + GROUND) IN SLOVAK FORESTS . 86 TABLE 14: PROJECTIONS OF CO2 EMISSIONS AND REMOVALS IN THE LULUCF SECTOR (IN GG) UNTIL 2040 UNDER THE WEM SCENARIO . 86 TABLE 15: PROJECTIONS OF CO2 EMISSIONS AND REMOVALS IN THE LULUCF SECTOR (IN GG) UNTIL 2040 UNDER THE WAM SCENARIO . 86 ANNEX II - SPECIFIC APPROACHES AND ANALYTICAL MODELS APPLIED TO INDIVIDUAL SECTORS . 88 LULUCF – expert approach . 90 Waste sector - expert approach. 90 A DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE SCENARIOS USED IN THE LOW -CARBON STUDY 91 A DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE MODELS USED . 92LIST OF ACRONYMS BAT Best Available Technologies Carbon dioxide DHS District heating system MS Member State EE Energy efficiency EC European Commission ESD/ESR GHG emissions outside the EU-ETS EU ETS/ ETS European Emission Trading Scheme Gg Gigagram (=Mt) GDP Gross domestic product IPCC Intergovernmental panel on climate change IPPU Industrial processes and product use sector LULUCF Land use, land use change and forestry sector Mt Million tonnes MW Megawatt ME SR Ministry of Economy of the SR MoE SR Ministry of Environment of the Slovak Republic NECP Integrated Energy and Climate Plan for 2021 - 2030 NMVOC Indirect emissions N2O Nitrous oxide OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development PAMs Policies and measures SEA Slovak Environment Agency WB World Bank SF6 Sulphur hexafluoride SHMI Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute Slovak-CGE GHG ENVISAGE-Slovakia applied general equilibrium mode Greenhouse gas UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change MFF Multiannual Financial Framework 2021-2027 WEM Scenario with existing measures WAM Scenario with additional measuresSUMMARY This Strategy aims to identify measures, including additional measures, to achieve climate neutrality in Slovakia by 2050.', '83 TABLE 9: PROJECTIONS OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM THE IPPU SECTOR INCLUDING F-GASES UNDER THE WEM SCENARIO TABLE 10: PROJECTIONS OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM THE IPPU SECTOR INCLUDING F-GASES UNDER THE WAM SCENARIO . 84 TABLE 11: PROJECTIONS OF EMISSIONS IN THE ROAD TRANSPORT FOR 2017* – 2040 UNDER THE WEM SCENARIO . 84 TABLE 12: PROJECTIONS OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN THE ROAD TRANSPORT FOR 2017 – 2040 UNDER THE WAM SCENARIO . 84 TABLE 13: PROJECTIONS OF EMISSIONS FROM AGRICULTURE UNTIL 2040 UNDER THE WEM SCENARIO 85 FIGURE 28: PROJECTIONS OF DEVELOPMENT OF CARBON STOCK IN LIVING BIOMASS (ABOVE GROUND + GROUND) IN SLOVAK FORESTS . 86 TABLE 14: PROJECTIONS OF CO2 EMISSIONS AND REMOVALS IN THE LULUCF SECTOR (IN GG) UNTIL 2040 UNDER THE WEM SCENARIO . 86 TABLE 15: PROJECTIONS OF CO2 EMISSIONS AND REMOVALS IN THE LULUCF SECTOR (IN GG) UNTIL 2040 UNDER THE WAM SCENARIO . 86 ANNEX II - SPECIFIC APPROACHES AND ANALYTICAL MODELS APPLIED TO INDIVIDUAL SECTORS . 88 LULUCF – expert approach . 90 Waste sector - expert approach. 90 A DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE SCENARIOS USED IN THE LOW -CARBON STUDY 91 A DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE MODELS USED . 92LIST OF ACRONYMS BAT Best Available Technologies Carbon dioxide DHS District heating system MS Member State EE Energy efficiency EC European Commission ESD/ESR GHG emissions outside the EU-ETS EU ETS/ ETS European Emission Trading Scheme Gg Gigagram (=Mt) GDP Gross domestic product IPCC Intergovernmental panel on climate change IPPU Industrial processes and product use sector LULUCF Land use, land use change and forestry sector Mt Million tonnes MW Megawatt ME SR Ministry of Economy of the SR MoE SR Ministry of Environment of the Slovak Republic NECP Integrated Energy and Climate Plan for 2021 - 2030 NMVOC Indirect emissions N2O Nitrous oxide OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development PAMs Policies and measures SEA Slovak Environment Agency WB World Bank SF6 Sulphur hexafluoride SHMI Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute Slovak-CGE GHG ENVISAGE-Slovakia applied general equilibrium mode Greenhouse gas UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change MFF Multiannual Financial Framework 2021-2027 WEM Scenario with existing measures WAM Scenario with additional measuresSUMMARY This Strategy aims to identify measures, including additional measures, to achieve climate neutrality in Slovakia by 2050. This ambitious target was formally defined only at the last stage of preparation for this Strategy (after the completion of the modelling of possible emission scenarios), and therefore other less ambitious emission reduction (and increase in removals) scenarios are analysed in detail: a scenario with existing WEM measures and a scenario with additional WAM measures.', 'This ambitious target was formally defined only at the last stage of preparation for this Strategy (after the completion of the modelling of possible emission scenarios), and therefore other less ambitious emission reduction (and increase in removals) scenarios are analysed in detail: a scenario with existing WEM measures and a scenario with additional WAM measures. These, however, as pointed out in the Strategy itself, are unlikely to bring Slovakia to a lower degree of climate neutrality without additional effort. Possible additional measures are proposed at the end of each sectoral chapter, marked NEUTRAL, and should be modelled in future strategy updates. An essential part of the vision is the horizon of the nearest strategic decade, which is crucial for the achievement of the 2030 climate and energy targets.', 'An essential part of the vision is the horizon of the nearest strategic decade, which is crucial for the achievement of the 2030 climate and energy targets. Plus, an essential fact in the case of Slovakia is that, if additional measures are not implemented beyond those used in WEM and WAM models and scenarios, then Slovakia will not meet the climate neutrality target in 2050. The projected emission gap is likely to be 14 MtCO2eq., which accounts for an 80% emissions reduction compared to 1990 (not taking into account removals in the LULUCF sector). The hardest and most expensive step will be to just eliminate this gap. The target emission gap should be 7MtCO2eq. This amount is likely to be eliminated through removals.', 'This amount is likely to be eliminated through removals. Removals are developed mainly by the land use, land-use change, and forestry sector (LULUCF), which in the case of sustainable management has great potential to reduce CO2 emissions. If Slovakia decarbonises its economy as modelled in the scenario with additional WAM measures under the World Bank cooperation project (a 70% reduction in total emissions compared to 1990 under the World Bank conservative estimate), additional costs until 2030 will be EUR 8 billion for the whole decade. From 2031 – 2050 (the next two decades) the expected costs will be EUR 196 billion over the WEM reference scenario. Thus, by 2040, average additional annual costs will be 1.8% of GDP, and in 2020-2050 will average 4.2% of GDP annually.', 'Thus, by 2040, average additional annual costs will be 1.8% of GDP, and in 2020-2050 will average 4.2% of GDP annually. However, Slovakia has the highest decarbonisation targets. It implies a reduction of at least 90% compared to 1990 (not taking into account removals), which would mean achieving climate neutrality in 2050. Therefore, the cost of the most ambitious decarbonisation would also be significantly higher than that envisaged in this strategy. The models used did not rely on this scenario and it is one of the tasks for updating this strategy in the future, which will also take into account the forthcoming EU strategy on climate neutrality.', 'The models used did not rely on this scenario and it is one of the tasks for updating this strategy in the future, which will also take into account the forthcoming EU strategy on climate neutrality. In the medium term, according to internal estimates of the Ministry of Finance of the Slovak Republic in cooperation with the Permanent Representation of the Slovak Republic to the EU and to MoE SR estimates, between EUR 9.9 billion and EUR 10.5 billion could be available for climate action until 2030 through the EU budget (this figure only includes the budget until2027), the Modernisation Fund and the Environmental Fund.', 'In the medium term, according to internal estimates of the Ministry of Finance of the Slovak Republic in cooperation with the Permanent Representation of the Slovak Republic to the EU and to MoE SR estimates, between EUR 9.9 billion and EUR 10.5 billion could be available for climate action until 2030 through the EU budget (this figure only includes the budget until2027), the Modernisation Fund and the Environmental Fund. This did not include other possible financial resources for potential projects drawn from the Innovation Fund and the forthcoming so-called Just Transition Mechanism, and also from the financial mechanism of the European Economic Area and the Norwegian Financial Mechanism.', 'This did not include other possible financial resources for potential projects drawn from the Innovation Fund and the forthcoming so-called Just Transition Mechanism, and also from the financial mechanism of the European Economic Area and the Norwegian Financial Mechanism. Other financial resources within the budget of the SR and the European budget between 2028 and 2030 were not taken into account. Thus, this figure exceeds the estimated additional cost of World Bank modelling by EUR 2.5 billion until 2030.', 'Thus, this figure exceeds the estimated additional cost of World Bank modelling by EUR 2.5 billion until 2030. In the medium term, according to internal estimates of the Ministry of Finance of the Slovak Republic in cooperation with the Permanent Representation of the Slovak Republic to the EU, between 2027 and 2050, Slovakia will have EUR 42 to 45 billion available for measures to combat climate change from the EU budget alone, where other national and European resources are not taken into account. Within five years at the latest, this Strategy will be updated to reflect recent developments at the national and EU levels.', 'Within five years at the latest, this Strategy will be updated to reflect recent developments at the national and EU levels. Until such time, several analytical tasks need to be solved, including: modelling the scope of reductions and the impact of the additional measures identified as NEUTRAL in the Strategy. It will also be necessary to update the WEM and WAM reduction scenarios to reflect the current political and legal situation. The readiness of state and public authorities to use increasing funding for decarbonisation projects in the long term should also be analysed during the update of this Strategy. In addition, an open question at the EU level remains addressing the measures to maintain the competitiveness of EU exporters to third countries.', 'In addition, an open question at the EU level remains addressing the measures to maintain the competitiveness of EU exporters to third countries. In the meantime, in an effort to move closer to Slovakia’s common goal of achieving climate neutrality by 2050, all measures identified in the WEM and WAM scenarios will need to be implemented horizontally across all sectors and other additional NEUTRAL measures will need to be launched and implemented.', 'In the meantime, in an effort to move closer to Slovakia’s common goal of achieving climate neutrality by 2050, all measures identified in the WEM and WAM scenarios will need to be implemented horizontally across all sectors and other additional NEUTRAL measures will need to be launched and implemented. All identified emission sectors will have to contribute to this effort jointly because, as described in the individual chapters for each sector, some reduction efforts will have to be increased, especially where emissions have not declined for the last decade and the trend must be reversed (transport, agriculture), or it is necessary to achieve the national ETS target by 2030, or the total modelled emissions in these sectors are higher than the target emission gap that can be emitted in 2050 (the energy sector without transport and industrial process emissions), or it is necessary to reverse the trend of declining removals in the long term in the specific LULUCF sector.', 'All identified emission sectors will have to contribute to this effort jointly because, as described in the individual chapters for each sector, some reduction efforts will have to be increased, especially where emissions have not declined for the last decade and the trend must be reversed (transport, agriculture), or it is necessary to achieve the national ETS target by 2030, or the total modelled emissions in these sectors are higher than the target emission gap that can be emitted in 2050 (the energy sector without transport and industrial process emissions), or it is necessary to reverse the trend of declining removals in the long term in the specific LULUCF sector. Consistent horizontal implementation of measures that are in line with the target of achieving climate neutrality in the middle of this century and at the same time in line with this Strategy is to be ensured by the Council of the Government of the Slovak Republic for the European Green Deal and Low-Carbon Transformation.', 'Consistent horizontal implementation of measures that are in line with the target of achieving climate neutrality in the middle of this century and at the same time in line with this Strategy is to be ensured by the Council of the Government of the Slovak Republic for the European Green Deal and Low-Carbon Transformation. This horizontal coordinating body at the highest level will be approved together with this Strategy as a sign that low-carbon transformation in Slovakia is taken seriously.1 OVERVIEW AND PREPARATION OF THE STRATEGY The aim of the “ Low – Carbon Development Strategy of the Slovak Republic until 2030 with a View to 2050“ (hereinafter referred to as the Strategy) is to outline options for a comprehensive long-term (30-year) strategic roadmap for moving to a low-carbon economy, which will be completed by achieving climate neutrality by 2050.', 'This horizontal coordinating body at the highest level will be approved together with this Strategy as a sign that low-carbon transformation in Slovakia is taken seriously.1 OVERVIEW AND PREPARATION OF THE STRATEGY The aim of the “ Low – Carbon Development Strategy of the Slovak Republic until 2030 with a View to 2050“ (hereinafter referred to as the Strategy) is to outline options for a comprehensive long-term (30-year) strategic roadmap for moving to a low-carbon economy, which will be completed by achieving climate neutrality by 2050. The Strategy identifies key policies and measures that will lead to achieving the headline target of the Paris Agreement1 – keeping the increase in global temperature this century to well below 2°C and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.', 'The Strategy identifies key policies and measures that will lead to achieving the headline target of the Paris Agreement1 – keeping the increase in global temperature this century to well below 2°C and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. According to the targets of the Paris Agreement, the EU and Slovakia have committed themselves2 to climate neutrality by 2050, which means that only as much greenhouse gas emissions as we can remove can be emitted. The European Commission is further ahead in this process, as they already presented its detailed roadmap as early as on 11 December 2019 on key policies and measures with the objective of climate neutrality, entitled the European Green Deal.', 'The European Commission is further ahead in this process, as they already presented its detailed roadmap as early as on 11 December 2019 on key policies and measures with the objective of climate neutrality, entitled the European Green Deal. In Slovakia, such a low-carbon transformation will on the one hand bring new additional costs, which were partially quantified in Chapter 4 (Impact Assessment) at 1.8 – 4.2% of the GDP per year. On the other hand, such a transformation will bring about environmental, economic and health benefits and development of a sustainable low-carbon economy.', 'On the other hand, such a transformation will bring about environmental, economic and health benefits and development of a sustainable low-carbon economy. These costs must also be seen as investments for the future because climate change presents an enormous destructive potential that can jeopardize the functioning of the state and society with the standards we are used to today.', 'These costs must also be seen as investments for the future because climate change presents an enormous destructive potential that can jeopardize the functioning of the state and society with the standards we are used to today. For example, according to EEA estimates, between 1980 and 2017 Slovakia reached economic losses from the extremes of climate change in the amount of almost EUR 1.7 billion.3 If no additional measures are taken and the global temperature rises by 3.5°C (everything is moving towards this now), then in the future the losses in the EU in the social security of the country would account for 1.8% of GDP4 and total loses for the EU would represent EUR 190 billion5.', 'For example, according to EEA estimates, between 1980 and 2017 Slovakia reached economic losses from the extremes of climate change in the amount of almost EUR 1.7 billion.3 If no additional measures are taken and the global temperature rises by 3.5°C (everything is moving towards this now), then in the future the losses in the EU in the social security of the country would account for 1.8% of GDP4 and total loses for the EU would represent EUR 190 billion5. The low-carbon strategy aims to select and analyse cost-effective measures in terms of the scope of emission reductions and the economic and social impact.', 'The low-carbon strategy aims to select and analyse cost-effective measures in terms of the scope of emission reductions and the economic and social impact. The measures envisaged in the near future and detailed and modelled in the strategy under the WEM and WAM scenarios raised the fact that climate neutrality in Slovakia cannot be achieved by 2050 with them. Therefore, the strategy also includes additional measures (called NEUTRAL) which should move Slovakia closer to its goal by 2050. Whether this happens will be analysed in detail in 2 Outcomes of the European Council of December 2019 5 near future as part of the updating process.', 'Whether this happens will be analysed in detail in 2 Outcomes of the European Council of December 2019 5 near future as part of the updating process. The implementation of the measures will require the active involvement of the relevant sectors, the interconnection and consolidation of individual sectoral and cross-cutting policies, and society-wide engagement. Consistent horizontal implementation of measures that are in harmony with the objective of achieving climate neutrality by the middle of this century and in line with this strategy is to be ensured by the Council of the Government of the Slovak Republic for the European Green Deal and Low-Carbon Transformation, the adoption of which is expected together with this Strategy.', 'Consistent horizontal implementation of measures that are in harmony with the objective of achieving climate neutrality by the middle of this century and in line with this strategy is to be ensured by the Council of the Government of the Slovak Republic for the European Green Deal and Low-Carbon Transformation, the adoption of which is expected together with this Strategy. 1.2 Legal and Political Context 1.2.1 European Political Context In October 2014, the European Council adopted the 2030 climate and energy framework which contains, inter alia, a binding EU target of at least 40% fewer greenhouse gas emissions by 2030, compared to 1990 levels. The EU has set such a target collectively (and hence Slovakia) as their reduction target under the Paris Climate Agreement6.', 'The EU has set such a target collectively (and hence Slovakia) as their reduction target under the Paris Climate Agreement6. Based on this framework, the entire EU climate and energy legislation was subject to a comprehensive review in the next few years. On 28 November 2018, the European Commission (“the EC”) published a communication entitled “A Clean Planet for all; A European strategic long-term vision for a prosperous, modern, competitive and climate neutral economy”. The document analyses possible pathways to a low-carbon economy that would meet the European Union s (EU) ambitious greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets or lead to climate neutrality by the end of the first half of this century.', 'The document analyses possible pathways to a low-carbon economy that would meet the European Union s (EU) ambitious greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets or lead to climate neutrality by the end of the first half of this century. In this context, eight scenarios have been analysed, of which the two most ambitious scenarios would achieve a 100% reduction in emissions (after taking into account negative emissions, i.e. removals), which would mean achieving climate neutrality as early as 2050. These two scenarios are in line with the ambitious 1.5°C goal of the Paris Agreement. The areas and measures described in the communication are of a cross-cutting nature. Energy plays a central role, but all sectors will have to take up their part to achieve GHG reduction objectives.', 'Energy plays a central role, but all sectors will have to take up their part to achieve GHG reduction objectives. This will be mean the industrial and transport sectors, but also the building, agriculture and waste management sectors. The circular economy and forestry system will also play an important role. Achieving climate neutrality will also require a change in consumer behaviour. In December 2019,7 the European Council endorsed the objective of a climate neutral EU by 2050, with some MS (Sweden, Finland, Austria) choosing even more ambitious targets at the national level. Slovakia signed up to a text that referred to climate neutrality in June 2019.', 'Slovakia signed up to a text that referred to climate neutrality in June 2019. In December 2019, the European Commission presented its detailed roadmap on key policies and measures for achieving climate neutrality, called the European Green Deal8. Thisagreement became the basic programming document of the whole EC. The agreement includes measures and a roadmap of key policies covering a wide range of issues - from ambitiously cutting emissions, to investing in cutting-edge research and innovation, transforming the entire industry, economy and agriculture, to preserving Europe’s natural environment. Under the agreement, the above stated -40% reduction target for the EU by 2030 is to be reviewed (the EC proposes a -50% to -55% target).', 'Under the agreement, the above stated -40% reduction target for the EU by 2030 is to be reviewed (the EC proposes a -50% to -55% target). 1.2.2 Slovak Political Context In response to the climate and environmental challenges and recent political developments at the European level, and given the major influence of the European Green Deal based on which the European Commission has already launched new initiatives, it is desirable to set up horizontal cross-sectoral coordination in Slovakia as soon as possible with the involvement of the political level.', '1.2.2 Slovak Political Context In response to the climate and environmental challenges and recent political developments at the European level, and given the major influence of the European Green Deal based on which the European Commission has already launched new initiatives, it is desirable to set up horizontal cross-sectoral coordination in Slovakia as soon as possible with the involvement of the political level. Therefore, together with the adoption of this Strategy, it is proposed to create a coordinating and consultative advisory body to the Government of the Slovak Republic entitled the Council of the Government of the Slovak Republic for the European Green Deal and Low-Carbon Transformation.', 'Therefore, together with the adoption of this Strategy, it is proposed to create a coordinating and consultative advisory body to the Government of the Slovak Republic entitled the Council of the Government of the Slovak Republic for the European Green Deal and Low-Carbon Transformation. 1.2.3 Legal Framework for the Preparation of the Strategy The obligation to develop this Strategy is based on international, European and Slovak law. According to the Paris Climate Agreement, all parties, including the EU, are obliged to develop and submit by 2020 at the latest their long-term low-emission development strategies to take effect by 2050.', 'According to the Paris Climate Agreement, all parties, including the EU, are obliged to develop and submit by 2020 at the latest their long-term low-emission development strategies to take effect by 2050. This obligation has also been transformed into EU law, namely Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Governance of the Energy Union and Climate Action9, adopted in 2018. According to Article 15 of the Regulation, MS are obliged to submit a long-term low emission strategy by 1 January 2020. Annex IV to the Regulation specifies the content of the national strategies, which this strategy follows.', 'Annex IV to the Regulation specifies the content of the national strategies, which this strategy follows. The obligation to prepare a Low-Carbon Development Strategy of the Slovak Republic also results from the performance of the tasks of the Action Plan of the National Reform Programme 201310. This priority has also been set by the Government of the SR in the Programme Statement of the Government of the Slovak Republic for 2016-2020, according to which “the MoE is obliged prepare a 2050 Low-Carbon Strategy”, which identifies the potential for cost-effective emission reductions in individual sectors of the economy. 10 Approved by Resolution of the Government of the SR No.', '10 Approved by Resolution of the Government of the SR No. 198/2013 of 24 April 20131.2.4 Procedural Steps of Document Preparation Background and Reasons for Document Preparation Slovakia meets the set targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, which have dropped by almost half since 1990 (taking into account the removals). This can be attributed to economic transformation, more efficient production processes and the introduction of new technologies (BAT technologies). Initially, emissions in the SR were reduced through relatively simple and inexpensive measures (e.g., switching from coal to gas, closing inefficient and polluting operations as part of company restructuring and the introduction of market principles). Such changes were also related to Slovakia’s EU membership. However, cheaper measures are now largely exhausted and further emission abatement will require high investment costs.', 'However, cheaper measures are now largely exhausted and further emission abatement will require high investment costs. These costs can also be understood as investments for the future because climate change presents enormous destructive potential that can jeopardize the functioning of the state and society in the future with regard to the standards we are used to today. In Slovakia, a temperature increase of 1.73°C was observed for the period of 1881 – 2017. Changes are also indicated by trends in atmospheric precipitation, where in the south of Slovakia a drop of more than 10% was observed, but in the north and northeast total precipitation grew to 3% in isolated cases.', 'Changes are also indicated by trends in atmospheric precipitation, where in the south of Slovakia a drop of more than 10% was observed, but in the north and northeast total precipitation grew to 3% in isolated cases. Over the past 15 years, there has been a significant growth in the occurrence of extreme daily and several-day rainfall totals, which has resulted in an increase in the risk of local floods in various areas of the Slovak Republic. On the other hand, from 1989 – 2017 there was local or full-area drought much more often than before, which mainly resulted from long periods of relatively warm weather with low total precipitation in some part of the vegetation period.', 'On the other hand, from 1989 – 2017 there was local or full-area drought much more often than before, which mainly resulted from long periods of relatively warm weather with low total precipitation in some part of the vegetation period. The drought was particularly significant in 1990 – 1994, 2000, 2002, 2003 and 2007; in some regions in the west of Slovakia also in 2015 and 2017. There is also evidence of gradual desertification, especially in the south of the country. The purpose of this long-term Strategy is to present measures required for reducing greenhouse emissions and to present a vision that can lead to establishing a balance between greenhouse gas emissions and their removals by 2050 in a cost-effective manner.', 'The purpose of this long-term Strategy is to present measures required for reducing greenhouse emissions and to present a vision that can lead to establishing a balance between greenhouse gas emissions and their removals by 2050 in a cost-effective manner. Another positive aspect of the transformation is the fact that it will also bring new environmental, economic and health benefits and the development of a sustainable low-carbon economy. Selecting individual measures so that the selection is based on cost-effectiveness principles and finding out how these measures will influence emission abatement and the national economy is a rather complicated task. For this reason, the MoE SR signed an Agreement on Cooperation with the WB in November 2016.', 'For this reason, the MoE SR signed an Agreement on Cooperation with the WB in November 2016. The cooperation project with the WB resulted in a Low-Carbon Growth Study for Slovakia: Implementing the EU 2030 Climate and Energy Policy Framework (with an outlook to the year 2050)11. This Low-Carbon Growth Study was the basis for the development of the Low-Carbon Development Strategy of the SlovakRepublic. The Low-Carbon Strategy was prepared with two models. The first one was the CPS model Slovakia from the WB (mainly related to the energy sector, industry and transport, i.e. those in which fuel is burned), the other one was a macro model – ENVISAGE-Slovakia (CGE).', 'those in which fuel is burned), the other one was a macro model – ENVISAGE-Slovakia (CGE). The two models were applied in a coordinated fashion, with the CPS model providing detailed energy outputs to the CGE model. Using them, WB experts, in cooperation with national experts, modelled the macroeconomic effects of individual proposed policies and measures in sectors where emissions from fuel combustion (energy, including transport) arise. Other sectors such as industrial emissions, fugitive emissions, LULUCF, agriculture, waste management and transport were modelled into scenarios by an expert approach, also based on the measures used by the WB. The COPERT model was also used in the transport sector.', 'The COPERT model was also used in the transport sector. More detailed information on the models as well as on the approach to each sector is provided in Annex II. Following the preparatory work on the low-carbon strategy, the MoE SR published a questionnaire in May 2018 which was intended for the general professional public and a link to the questionnaire was presented in professional media and on the Ministry’s website. The questionnaire is available together with the evaluation on the MoE website12. The Low-Carbon Strategy covers the following sectors of economic activity: industry, the energy sector and energy efficiency, agriculture, LULUCF, transport and waste management including macroeconomic analyses and impacts of selected proposed measures.', 'The Low-Carbon Strategy covers the following sectors of economic activity: industry, the energy sector and energy efficiency, agriculture, LULUCF, transport and waste management including macroeconomic analyses and impacts of selected proposed measures. The Low- Carbon Strategy aims at selecting and analysing measures in a cost-effective way. Support of the relevant departments and the interconnection and consolidation of individual sectoral and cross-sectoral policies will be necessary for its implementation. In August 2018, an “ad hoc working group on the preparation of a low-carbon strategy” was established (Figure 1), composed of representatives of the state administration as well as representatives of academia and employers’ associations.', 'In August 2018, an “ad hoc working group on the preparation of a low-carbon strategy” was established (Figure 1), composed of representatives of the state administration as well as representatives of academia and employers’ associations. The basis of the working group was the already existing working group for the preparation of the Low-Carbon Strategy, which had been set up under the Commission for the Coordination of Climate Change Policy at the level of State Secretaries. In addition to this working group, six working groups set up by individual sectors began operating in November 2018.', 'In addition to this working group, six working groups set up by individual sectors began operating in November 2018. Figure 1: Organizational structure of document preparationSource MoE SR When preparing the document, the MoE SR relied on, among other documents and materials, the “Methodology and Institutional Framework for the Creation of Public Strategies”, which was adopted by the Slovak Government by Government Decree No. 197 of 26 April 2017. In the context of this document, the concepts of carbon neutrality and climate neutrality are interchangeable and both mean that by 2050 a balance will be reached between greenhouse gas emissions from anthropogenic activity and the removals of emissions, which are mainly forests in our country.', 'In the context of this document, the concepts of carbon neutrality and climate neutrality are interchangeable and both mean that by 2050 a balance will be reached between greenhouse gas emissions from anthropogenic activity and the removals of emissions, which are mainly forests in our country. Link to Strategic Environmental Assessment Given the strategic nature and nationwide impact, the material is subject to a strategic environmental impact assessment, including human health impacts (SEA) under Act No. 24/2006 Coll. on Environmental Impact Assessments and on amendments and supplements to Document Management and Updating Following their strategic documents, the MoE SR, in close cooperation with other materially competent departments, will be responsible for managing, coordinating and updating the Strategy every five years.', 'on Environmental Impact Assessments and on amendments and supplements to Document Management and Updating Following their strategic documents, the MoE SR, in close cooperation with other materially competent departments, will be responsible for managing, coordinating and updating the Strategy every five years. 13 The purpose of implementing the SEA process is to ensure a high level of environmental protection and to contribute to the integration of environmental aspects into the preparation and adoption of an economic policy strategy with a view to promoting sustainable development.', '13 The purpose of implementing the SEA process is to ensure a high level of environmental protection and to contribute to the integration of environmental aspects into the preparation and adoption of an economic policy strategy with a view to promoting sustainable development. Commission for Climate Change Policy Coordination (CCPC) Ad hoc WG on the preparation of a low-carbon strategy WG under CCPC Ad hoc WG on adaptation AWG on strategy preparation AWG on the energy sector AWG on agriculture and forestry AWG on transport AWG on industry AWG on waste managementDocument Structure The Strategy is divided into several parts. The introduction briefly describes the legal and political framework and the overall context on which the need for this Strategy is based.', 'The introduction briefly describes the legal and political framework and the overall context on which the need for this Strategy is based. Furthermore, the Strategy describes the structure of sectors and greenhouse gas emissions in Slovakia and the current trends in their reduction and reduction targets for the future, including possible future reduction trends. The main part of the Strategy consists of individual sectors in this order: the energy sector including transport and fugitive emissions, emissions from ‘Industrial processes’, transport, agriculture, the LULUCF sector and waste management. Within these sectors, the current state of emission reductions and modelled scenarios of emission reductions until 2050 or 2040 are described by the WEM reference scenario and the scenario with additional measures (WAM).', 'Within these sectors, the current state of emission reductions and modelled scenarios of emission reductions until 2050 or 2040 are described by the WEM reference scenario and the scenario with additional measures (WAM). At the end of each sector, additional measures are outlined (marked as NEUTRAL) which have not yet been modelled and which should help to achieve climate neutrality in Slovakia by 2050. The final chapters deal with the economic and social effects of the measures that have been modelled in WAM scenarios. At the end of the Strategy, there are Annexes I and II, which provide a detailed description of the scenarios by sector and a description of analytical models and procedures used.', 'At the end of the Strategy, there are Annexes I and II, which provide a detailed description of the scenarios by sector and a description of analytical models and procedures used. 1.3 Public Consultation Due to the complexity and cross-sectional content of society-wide impact, the MoE SR cooperated with other relevant departments as well as representatives of the general professional public and academia in the preparation of the Low-Carbon Strategy. During its preparation, the document will also be consulted with the relevant sections and organizations within the remit of the Ministry.', 'During its preparation, the document will also be consulted with the relevant sections and organizations within the remit of the Ministry. The Ministry declared its interest in preparing the Strategy in May 2018 via a publicly accessible questionnaire through which both the general and professional public could enter and directly participate in the proposal of characteristic measures in the individual chapters proposed. All responses have been assessed and processed and, if a respondent agreed with publication, they were published on the Ministry’s website14 together with a textual evaluation of the entire questionnaire. The public also had the opportunity to join and participate in the preparation of the document in the Interdepartmental Comments Procedure process.', 'The public also had the opportunity to join and participate in the preparation of the document in the Interdepartmental Comments Procedure process. Finally, the public will also have the opportunity to join and participate in the preparation of the document in the SEA process.2 CONTENT OF THE STRATEGY 2.1 Overall Emission Reductions and Enhancement of Removals up to 2050 2.1.1 Planned Emission Reductions and Enhancement of Removals up to 2050 Based on the WB’s energy and macroeconomic modelling summarized in the Low-Carbon Growth Study (energy sectors such as households, industry, energy and fuel combustion services) and the national projections and expert estimates (non-fuel sectors), it can be assumed that Slovakia could reduce emissions by 2050 (compared to 1990) by a maximum of 80% (without removals in the LULUCF sector) if all additional modelled measures are implemented.', 'Finally, the public will also have the opportunity to join and participate in the preparation of the document in the SEA process.2 CONTENT OF THE STRATEGY 2.1 Overall Emission Reductions and Enhancement of Removals up to 2050 2.1.1 Planned Emission Reductions and Enhancement of Removals up to 2050 Based on the WB’s energy and macroeconomic modelling summarized in the Low-Carbon Growth Study (energy sectors such as households, industry, energy and fuel combustion services) and the national projections and expert estimates (non-fuel sectors), it can be assumed that Slovakia could reduce emissions by 2050 (compared to 1990) by a maximum of 80% (without removals in the LULUCF sector) if all additional modelled measures are implemented. If maximum possible removals from the LULUCF sector are taken into account, a maximum of 90% emission reductions compared to 1990 could be envisaged, which would still not be sufficient to meet the objective of achieving climate neutrality.', 'If maximum possible removals from the LULUCF sector are taken into account, a maximum of 90% emission reductions compared to 1990 could be envisaged, which would still not be sufficient to meet the objective of achieving climate neutrality. By 2050 there would still be at least 14 MtCO2eq. without counting removals in LULUCF (Figure 2) and after counting removals, it would be at least 7 MtCO2eq. Figure 2: Estimated emission reduction trajectory until 2050, including historical emissions, based on national projections and historical emissions and an expert estimate of the MoE SR .', 'Figure 2: Estimated emission reduction trajectory until 2050, including historical emissions, based on national projections and historical emissions and an expert estimate of the MoE SR . Source: SHMI projects (until 2040) and an expert estimate of the MoE; the projections rely on the data used in the Slovak-CGE and CPS model Note: All emissions are total greenhouse gas emissions without LULUCF in Mt CO2 eq. The 80% or 90% drop is not automatic and will require investment and changes in the economy and population behaviour. This is also highlighted by the WEM reference scenario Total emissions without LULUCF Mtn CO2eq. (Figure 3), in which all emission reductions are modelled only if the measures in force at the time of modelling (2016-2018) are implemented.', '(Figure 3), in which all emission reductions are modelled only if the measures in force at the time of modelling (2016-2018) are implemented. This scenario shows that without additional measures, we are at risk that emissions in 2050 will remain at a level comparable to 2015. Figure 3: Projections of GHG emissions broken down by energy and industry and other emissions (in Gg CO2 eq.) and EU ETS price (€/tonne CO2) according to the WEM reference scenario until 2050 Celkové emisie (Gg CO2 ekv.) Energetika a priemysel (Gg CO2 ekv.) Ostatné emisie (Gg CO2 ekv.)', 'Ostatné emisie (Gg CO2 ekv.) ETS cena (€/tCO2, RHS) Source: MoE SR, WB, Results of the Slovak-CGE model and results of the CPS model Note: All emissions are total greenhouse gas emissions without LULUCF The total reduction was calculated on the basis of the results of CGE and CPS models as well as expert estimates and SHMI projections, which were more optimistic than conservative modelling by the WB.', 'ETS cena (€/tCO2, RHS) Source: MoE SR, WB, Results of the Slovak-CGE model and results of the CPS model Note: All emissions are total greenhouse gas emissions without LULUCF The total reduction was calculated on the basis of the results of CGE and CPS models as well as expert estimates and SHMI projections, which were more optimistic than conservative modelling by the WB. In its models, the WB focused mainly on CO2 emissions from energy (fuel combustion), where in with additional measures WAM scenarios, they even modelled a 65% reduction (Figure 4) compared to 2015, while emissions other than from fuel combustion (mainly industrial processes, fugitive emissions, waste, agriculture) were at a appears to us that the WB addressed these non-energy emissions very conservatively and did not take into account potential reductions due to additional WAM measures.', 'In its models, the WB focused mainly on CO2 emissions from energy (fuel combustion), where in with additional measures WAM scenarios, they even modelled a 65% reduction (Figure 4) compared to 2015, while emissions other than from fuel combustion (mainly industrial processes, fugitive emissions, waste, agriculture) were at a appears to us that the WB addressed these non-energy emissions very conservatively and did not take into account potential reductions due to additional WAM measures. For this reason, too, the WB in the resulting model yielded an overall emission reduction by less than 70% by 2050 compared to 1990 levels (without LULUCF removals), which would represent an emission of 23 MtCO2eq. in 2050. Total emissions (Gg CO2 eq.) Other emissions (Gg CO2 eq.) Energy and industry (Gg CO2 eq.)', 'Energy and industry (Gg CO2 eq.) ETS price (€/tCO2, RHS)Figure 4: CO2 emissions by sector, WEM reference scenario compared to WAM scenario (in Mt CO2) Source: MoE SR, Results of the Slovak-CGE model and results of the CPS model Figure 5: Projections of GHG emissions broken down by energy and industry and other emissions (in Gg CO2 eq.) and EU ETS price (€/tonne CO2) according to the WAM decarbonization scenario until 2050 Celkové emisie (Gg CO2 ekv.) Energetika a priemysel (Gg CO2 ekv.) Ostatné emisie (Gg CO2 ekv.) ETS cena (€/tCO2, RHS) Source: MoE SR, Results of the Slovak-CGE model and results of the CPS model WEM scenario WAM scenario Electricity generation /DHS Services Transport Rest of the energy sector Industry Households Refineries Total emissions (Gg CO2 eq.) Other emissions (Gg CO2 eq.)', 'Other emissions (Gg CO2 eq.) Energy and industry (Gg CO2 eq.) ETS price (€/tCO2, RHS)Note: All emissions are total greenhouse gas emissions without LULUCF. The grey bars are taken from the energy model, i.e. they represent not only the energy and industry sectors, but also other consumer sectors – households, transport, services. However, expert estimates and partial projections of SHMI in these non-energy sectors (only by 2040) show other trends thanks to which a reduction of more than 50% could be achieved in these non-energy sectors as well.', 'However, expert estimates and partial projections of SHMI in these non-energy sectors (only by 2040) show other trends thanks to which a reduction of more than 50% could be achieved in these non-energy sectors as well. This trend is also supported by the results of the WB modelling, according to which all emissions from non-ETS sectors will drop by 29%15 by 2050 compared to the reference scenario (these emissions account for less than a half of non- energy emissions) and all ETS emissions will drop by 55%16 by 2050 compared to the reference scenario (more than a half of non-energy emissions).', 'This trend is also supported by the results of the WB modelling, according to which all emissions from non-ETS sectors will drop by 29%15 by 2050 compared to the reference scenario (these emissions account for less than a half of non- energy emissions) and all ETS emissions will drop by 55%16 by 2050 compared to the reference scenario (more than a half of non-energy emissions). The adoption of more ambitious energy legislation in the EU, which has also been reflected in the Slovak targets through the NECP compared to those envisaged in the model, can shift expectations towards a more optimistic scenario. Also, the model did not foresee ambitious EC plans for 2020 – 2025 (the European Green Deal).', 'Also, the model did not foresee ambitious EC plans for 2020 – 2025 (the European Green Deal). The Slovak Government also adopted a decision on the early termination of support for electricity production from domestic coal and a commitment to achieve climate neutrality, which was also not considered in the model. It is precisely the commitment of the Slovak Republic and the EU to achieve climate neutrality in 2050 that is essential in this context, as this will mean a revision of the energy and climate targets by 2030 so that they are in line with this objective (increasing the ambition).', 'It is precisely the commitment of the Slovak Republic and the EU to achieve climate neutrality in 2050 that is essential in this context, as this will mean a revision of the energy and climate targets by 2030 so that they are in line with this objective (increasing the ambition). For Slovakia, despite all the above stated arguments and approaches, the key fact is that it is clear that unless further additional measures are taken beyond those used in the WEM and WAM models and scenarios, Slovakia will have to deal with an emissions gap (the so-called gap) which will probably be 7 - 14 Mt CO2eq. The hardest and most expensive thing will be to eliminate this gap.', 'The hardest and most expensive thing will be to eliminate this gap. The target emission gap should be 7Mt CO2eq., as this is the amount that can potentially be eliminated through removals (the LULUCF sector). The strategy aims to identify all measures, including additional ones, in order to achieve climate neutrality in the SR, which in practice will mean issuing a maximum amount of emissions that will not exceed the above stated emission gap in 2050. Other possible additional measures are identified as NEUTRAL at the end of each sectoral chapter and should go beyond the already modelled measures used in the WEM and WAM scenarios.', 'Other possible additional measures are identified as NEUTRAL at the end of each sectoral chapter and should go beyond the already modelled measures used in the WEM and WAM scenarios. These additional NEUTRAL measures and their impact have not yet been modelled in the study or strategy and this will be a task that will need to be addressed so that they will be part of the strategy at its next update (the adoption of an updated strategy within five years at the latest). In the meantime, it will also be important that these additional measures facilitating climate neutrality become part of the policies and priorities of other relevant sectors.', 'In the meantime, it will also be important that these additional measures facilitating climate neutrality become part of the policies and priorities of other relevant sectors. 15 Figure 35 from the Low-Carbon Study of the WB 16 Figure 34 from the Low-Carbon Study of the WB2.1.2 National Target by 2030 and Indicative Milestones up to 2040 and 2050 This chapter describes in detail the EU targets, national targets and targets that were used for modelling purposes in the two scenarios of this strategy (WEM and WAM) as well as the reductions reached (total and partial for ETS and non-ETS sectors) (Table 1).', '15 Figure 35 from the Low-Carbon Study of the WB 16 Figure 34 from the Low-Carbon Study of the WB2.1.2 National Target by 2030 and Indicative Milestones up to 2040 and 2050 This chapter describes in detail the EU targets, national targets and targets that were used for modelling purposes in the two scenarios of this strategy (WEM and WAM) as well as the reductions reached (total and partial for ETS and non-ETS sectors) (Table 1). Table 1: Targets for 2030 – EU-wide, national (SR) targets and targets used/final reductions by WEM reference scenario and WAM scenario EU targets SR national targets Targets used in the WEM reference scenario and GHG reductions reached Targets used in the WAM scenario and GHG reductions reached Greenhouse gas emissions (as at Minimum - -41% (resulting reductions by model) reductions by model) Emissions in the ETS sector (as at -38.4% (only reductions reached for CO2) reductions reached GHG emissions in the non-ETS sector (the so- called non-ETS, as ) -10% (resulting reductions by model) reductions by model) Share of renewable energy sources (RES) Notes 1 and 2: The national targets were set in the Envirostrategy 2030 adopted in February National targets up to 2030 are based on European targets and for the overall reduction target it is a collective EU-wide target where Slovakia has no national target.', 'Table 1: Targets for 2030 – EU-wide, national (SR) targets and targets used/final reductions by WEM reference scenario and WAM scenario EU targets SR national targets Targets used in the WEM reference scenario and GHG reductions reached Targets used in the WAM scenario and GHG reductions reached Greenhouse gas emissions (as at Minimum - -41% (resulting reductions by model) reductions by model) Emissions in the ETS sector (as at -38.4% (only reductions reached for CO2) reductions reached GHG emissions in the non-ETS sector (the so- called non-ETS, as ) -10% (resulting reductions by model) reductions by model) Share of renewable energy sources (RES) Notes 1 and 2: The national targets were set in the Envirostrategy 2030 adopted in February National targets up to 2030 are based on European targets and for the overall reduction target it is a collective EU-wide target where Slovakia has no national target. The European targets were set by the EU 2030 Climate and Energy Policy Framework, adopted by the European Council in October 2014.', 'The European targets were set by the EU 2030 Climate and Energy Policy Framework, adopted by the European Council in October 2014. For more details see Chapter 1.2.1 (European Political Context). According to the scenario with additional measures (WAM), Slovakia should achieve a -47% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 compared to 1990 levels.In the context of climate policies, the basic legislative instruments are the Directive introducing the scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading17 within the Union (EU ETS) and the Regulation on binding annual greenhouse gas emission reductions by Member States from 2021 to 2030 for economic sectors of the economy falling outside the scope of the EU Emissions Trading Scheme18 (ESR).', 'According to the scenario with additional measures (WAM), Slovakia should achieve a -47% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 compared to 1990 levels.In the context of climate policies, the basic legislative instruments are the Directive introducing the scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading17 within the Union (EU ETS) and the Regulation on binding annual greenhouse gas emission reductions by Member States from 2021 to 2030 for economic sectors of the economy falling outside the scope of the EU Emissions Trading Scheme18 (ESR). Within the EU ETS, the covered sectors, which account for about 45% of EU emissions, must reduce their emissions by 43% by 2030 compared to 2005. According to the 2030 Envirostrategy, Slovakia has also set the target as its national target for ETS.', 'According to the 2030 Envirostrategy, Slovakia has also set the target as its national target for ETS. The high emission intensity of the Slovak economy suggests that the cost of economic adjustment for energy-intensive sectors is likely to be high, but the intensity may also indicate that the country has great potential for cost-effective emission reductions (if adequate and well- targeted policies and investments exist). According to scenarios with additional measures (WAM) resulting from WB modelling, a reduction of CO2 emissions by 53.46% should be achieved in the EU ETS in 2030 compared to 2005 levels. According to scenarios with additional measures (WAM) modelled in the SHMI, the ETS should achieve reductions of total emissions by 40.5% in 2030 compared to 2005.', 'According to scenarios with additional measures (WAM) modelled in the SHMI, the ETS should achieve reductions of total emissions by 40.5% in 2030 compared to 2005. Thus, additional efforts beyond the measures in the WAM scenarios are envisaged on the Slovak side to meet the national emission reduction target in the ETS sector. Then there are targets outside the ETS (ESR). Emissions from EU non-ETS sectors must be collectively reduced by around 30 per cent below the level of 2005. Individual targets within the ESR range from a zero change in emissions in Bulgaria to -40% in Sweden. Slovakia, despite its good economic condition in recent years, is likely to exceed its non-ETS target for 2020 by several per centage points.', 'Slovakia, despite its good economic condition in recent years, is likely to exceed its non-ETS target for 2020 by several per centage points. This is one of the reasons why Slovakia has increased its target (-12%) for reducing non-ETS greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 (enshrined in EU legislation) in its 2030 Envirostrategy to a more ambitious target of -20%. According to scenarios with additional measures (WAM) resulting from WB modelling, a reduction of EU non-ETS GHG emissions by 2030 of 19.42% should be achieved compared to 2005. According to scenarios with additional measures (WAM) modelled in the SHMI, the reductions in total emissions of non-ETS sectors should be 30.5% in 2030 compared to 2005 levels.', 'According to scenarios with additional measures (WAM) modelled in the SHMI, the reductions in total emissions of non-ETS sectors should be 30.5% in 2030 compared to 2005 levels. It is important to note that based on the modelling in the WEM Reference Scenario by the WB, emission reductions in non-ETS sectors will not be achieved, as emissions by model will grow by 2030 (similarly by 2050) compared to 2005. In the energy sector, the Directives for energy efficiency and renewable sources have been revised. Both Directives only adopted binding targets at the EU level (32.2% and 32% respectively), with each MS setting its national targets in its National Energy and Climate Plans.', 'Both Directives only adopted binding targets at the EU level (32.2% and 32% respectively), with each MS setting its national targets in its National Energy and Climate Plans. Based on the adopted energy legislation (based on the EU 2030 Climate and Energy Policy Framework), the Slovak Republic has chosen its targets for energy efficiency (30.3%) 17 Directive (EU) 2018/410 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 March 2018 amending Directive 2003/87/EC to enhance cost-effective emission reductions and low-carbon investments, and Decision (EU) 2015/1814 18 Regulation (EU) 2018/842 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 on binding annual greenhouse gas emission reductions by Member States from 2021 to 2030 contributing to climate action to meet commitments under the Paris Agreement and amending Regulation (EU) No 525/2013and renewable sources (19.2%) including related policies and measures (PAMs) that would stimulate the achievement of these targets.', 'Based on the adopted energy legislation (based on the EU 2030 Climate and Energy Policy Framework), the Slovak Republic has chosen its targets for energy efficiency (30.3%) 17 Directive (EU) 2018/410 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 March 2018 amending Directive 2003/87/EC to enhance cost-effective emission reductions and low-carbon investments, and Decision (EU) 2015/1814 18 Regulation (EU) 2018/842 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 on binding annual greenhouse gas emission reductions by Member States from 2021 to 2030 contributing to climate action to meet commitments under the Paris Agreement and amending Regulation (EU) No 525/2013and renewable sources (19.2%) including related policies and measures (PAMs) that would stimulate the achievement of these targets. These targets were described in more detail in the Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan of Slovakia by 2030 (hereinafter the NECP)19.', 'These targets were described in more detail in the Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan of Slovakia by 2030 (hereinafter the NECP)19. Slovakia has not set any indicative milestones until 2040 and all scenarios contained in this Strategy that are modelled only for the final 2040 year will have to be updated and supplemented by 2050 as part of the update of this Strategy. An indicative milestone up to 2050, achieving climate neutrality in Slovakia by 2050, is set as an objective of this Strategy. This target will be enshrined in European law in 2020 (the EC will propose this within the framework of the European Green Deal).', 'This target will be enshrined in European law in 2020 (the EC will propose this within the framework of the European Green Deal). The measures envisaged in the near future and detailed and modelled in the strategy under the WEM and WAM scenarios have raised the fact that climate neutrality in Slovakia cannot be achieved with them by 2050. Therefore, the strategy also includes additional measures (called NEUTRAL) which should help Slovakia achieve the objective of climate neutrality. Whether this happens will be analysed in detail later as part of its updating process.', 'Whether this happens will be analysed in detail later as part of its updating process. 19 , adopted by the Government on 11 December 20192.2 Adaptation Policies and Measures The first comprehensive document providing basic strategic guidance for Slovakia’s adaptation to climate change and giving examples of proactive adaptation measures is the Adaptation Strategy of the Slovak Republic on Adverse Impacts of Climate Change (NAS) of 2014, which was updated in 2018.20 The strategy assesses the current state of adaptation and planned activities in key areas and sectors, defines a general vision of adaptation of selected areas and sectors, and a set of adaptation measures and a framework for their implementation. It examines the consequences of climate change and proposes adaptation measures in several sectors.', 'It examines the consequences of climate change and proposes adaptation measures in several sectors. It proposes priority actions, an institutional framework for the coordination and implementation of adaptation activities, as well as a proposal for monitoring and evaluation, and identifies potential sources of funding. The main objective of the updated National Adaptation Strategy is to improve Slovakia’s readiness to face the adverse effects of climate change, to provide broad information on current adaptation processes in Slovakia, and to establish an institutional framework and coordination mechanism to ensure effective implementation of adaptation measures at all levels and in all areas; and to raise overall awareness of this issue.', 'The main objective of the updated National Adaptation Strategy is to improve Slovakia’s readiness to face the adverse effects of climate change, to provide broad information on current adaptation processes in Slovakia, and to establish an institutional framework and coordination mechanism to ensure effective implementation of adaptation measures at all levels and in all areas; and to raise overall awareness of this issue. The achievement of the main objective of adaptation should occur thanks to a contribution of the partial objectives, namely: ensuring the active development of a national adaptation policy, implementing adaptation measures and monitoring their effectiveness, strengthening the projection of objectives and recommendations of the Adaptation Strategy in multilevel governance and business promotion, raising public awareness on climate change, promoting synergies between adaptation and mitigation measures and the use of the ecosystem approach in the implementation of adaptation measures, and promoting the projection of the objectives and recommendations of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement.', 'The achievement of the main objective of adaptation should occur thanks to a contribution of the partial objectives, namely: ensuring the active development of a national adaptation policy, implementing adaptation measures and monitoring their effectiveness, strengthening the projection of objectives and recommendations of the Adaptation Strategy in multilevel governance and business promotion, raising public awareness on climate change, promoting synergies between adaptation and mitigation measures and the use of the ecosystem approach in the implementation of adaptation measures, and promoting the projection of the objectives and recommendations of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement. Adaptation measures will be further assessed and prioritized in the National Adaptation Action Plan, which is currently at the stage of preparation.', 'Adaptation measures will be further assessed and prioritized in the National Adaptation Action Plan, which is currently at the stage of preparation. Prioritization will be based on the results of the participative process, in which all relevant actors are involved. Short-term measures for the period 2020-2022 and medium-term ones for the period 2022-2025 will be identified. The Action Plan should contribute to better translating adaptation measures into the sectoral policies of the relevant sectors. At the same time, it should contain a proposal for a system of medium-term evaluation of the adaptation process in the conditions of Slovakia, including monitoring the linkages between costs and benefits, and a proposal for a platform for the publication and sharing of positive experience.', 'At the same time, it should contain a proposal for a system of medium-term evaluation of the adaptation process in the conditions of Slovakia, including monitoring the linkages between costs and benefits, and a proposal for a platform for the publication and sharing of positive experience. aktualizacia.pdf2.3 Energy from Renewable Sources A binding EU-wide target for the share of energy from renewable sources in gross final consumption of energy is at least 32% in 2030. In order to achieve this binding target, Member States’ contributions for 2030 to this target, from 2021, are in line with the indicative trajectory of this contribution. Slovakia’s contribution is 19.2% (which represents the de facto renewable energy target for Slovakia for 2030). This already includes the 14% RES target in the transport.', 'This already includes the 14% RES target in the transport. An indicative trajectory is described in Table 2. More detailed information on RES (to determine the contribution, the estimated installed capacity of RES installations, the estimated amount of energy generated from renewable energy sources, as well as heat and cold production) is published in Chapter 2.1.2. (Energy from RES) in the NECP. This plan was prepared by the Ministry of Economy in close cooperation with other relevant ministries (MoE SR, the Ministry of Transport and Construction of the Slovak Republic, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of the SR, the Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the SR, MF SR) and other public and private sector stakeholders.', 'This plan was prepared by the Ministry of Economy in close cooperation with other relevant ministries (MoE SR, the Ministry of Transport and Construction of the Slovak Republic, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of the SR, the Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the SR, MF SR) and other public and private sector stakeholders. Table 2.: Estimated RES trajectories RES – transport including multiplications (%) Source Ministry of Economy SR 2.3.1 Biomass as a Renewable Energy Source According to the approved Energy Policy of the Slovak Republic,21 biomass has the largest energy potential among RES in Slovakia, with theoretical potential of 120 PJ.', 'Table 2.: Estimated RES trajectories RES – transport including multiplications (%) Source Ministry of Economy SR 2.3.1 Biomass as a Renewable Energy Source According to the approved Energy Policy of the Slovak Republic,21 biomass has the largest energy potential among RES in Slovakia, with theoretical potential of 120 PJ. In addition, biomass has long been established not only in Slovakia as being the most important renewable energy source, the use of which contributes to increasing the energy self-sufficiency of countries, to economic growth and also significantly contributes to reducing greenhouse gas emissions.', 'In addition, biomass has long been established not only in Slovakia as being the most important renewable energy source, the use of which contributes to increasing the energy self-sufficiency of countries, to economic growth and also significantly contributes to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. According to the forecast, a slight growth in biomass is expected in Slovakia, mainly for energy purposes (cogeneration of electricity and heat and production of heat and cold), namely an increase in 2020 in wood chips from 3,160 tonnes to 3,540 tonnes in 2030, which represents an increase of 12% (Table 20 in the NECP).', 'According to the forecast, a slight growth in biomass is expected in Slovakia, mainly for energy purposes (cogeneration of electricity and heat and production of heat and cold), namely an increase in 2020 in wood chips from 3,160 tonnes to 3,540 tonnes in 2030, which represents an increase of 12% (Table 20 in the NECP). However, an increase in the total annual volume of planned felling is not expected, as the volume of incidental felling is included in the volume of planned felling carried out and the volume of planned felling cannot be exceeded.', 'However, an increase in the total annual volume of planned felling is not expected, as the volume of incidental felling is included in the volume of planned felling carried out and the volume of planned felling cannot be exceeded. More detailed information on the current development and forecasts of forestbiomass trends, which is the most important part of biomass in Slovakia, can be found in the Green Report 201822 and in the National Forest Inventory and Monitoring of the Slovak Republic 2015-201623. 2.4 Energy Efficiency Energy efficiency is one of the main pillars of the energy policy of the Slovak Republic.', '2.4 Energy Efficiency Energy efficiency is one of the main pillars of the energy policy of the Slovak Republic. In its NECP, Slovakia has set its national contribution (which will mean Slovakia’s target) in the field of energy efficiency at 30.3% by 2030, which is below the European target of 32.5%. Slovakia has set its target based on the WB modelling in the Low-Carbon Growth Study, based on which two national contributions for energy efficiency have been set – a realistic 28.36% and an ambitious 30.3. The SR has chosen the more ambitious one of 30.3% in its plan (please see Table 3). The industry and building sectors will be key to achieving this target.', 'The industry and building sectors will be key to achieving this target. More detailed information on the energy efficiency sector (indicative trajectories, cumulative energy savings, etc.) is published in Chapter 2.2. in the NECP. Table 3: National Indicative Energy Efficiency Targets for 2020 and National Indicative Contributions to the EU’s Energy Efficiency Target in 2030 Source: Ministry of Economy of the SR, NECP Note: A toe means a tonne of oil equivalent 22 Green Report 2018, Report on the Forest Sector in the Slovak Republic for 2017.', 'Table 3: National Indicative Energy Efficiency Targets for 2020 and National Indicative Contributions to the EU’s Energy Efficiency Target in 2030 Source: Ministry of Economy of the SR, NECP Note: A toe means a tonne of oil equivalent 22 Green Report 2018, Report on the Forest Sector in the Slovak Republic for 2017. 23 Šebeň, V., 2017: National Forest Inventory and Monitoring of the Slovak Republic 2015-2016, NLC-LVÚ Zvolen, 256 p., National Indicative Energy Efficiency Targets and Contributions to the EU’s Energy Efficiency Target [Mtoe] [GWh] [%] Realistic scenario - primary energy consumption in 2030 16.15 187,863 Realistic scenario - final energy consumption in 2030 10.44 121,448 Ambitious scenario - primary energy consumption in 2030 15.7 182,623 Ambitious scenario - final energy consumption in 2030 10.27 119,4572.5 Detailed Analysis of Individual Sectors The individual chapters are broken down by IPCC sector and provide information on the most important policies and measures aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 compared to the base year 2015 or 2017.', '23 Šebeň, V., 2017: National Forest Inventory and Monitoring of the Slovak Republic 2015-2016, NLC-LVÚ Zvolen, 256 p., National Indicative Energy Efficiency Targets and Contributions to the EU’s Energy Efficiency Target [Mtoe] [GWh] [%] Realistic scenario - primary energy consumption in 2030 16.15 187,863 Realistic scenario - final energy consumption in 2030 10.44 121,448 Ambitious scenario - primary energy consumption in 2030 15.7 182,623 Ambitious scenario - final energy consumption in 2030 10.27 119,4572.5 Detailed Analysis of Individual Sectors The individual chapters are broken down by IPCC sector and provide information on the most important policies and measures aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 compared to the base year 2015 or 2017. The measures are divided into three groups in individual chapters: 1. into measures already implemented (within the WEM scenario); 2. into measures that will be implemented on the basis of new legislation, measures that are already in force and are not yet being implemented, or that have a high chance of being adopted (under the WAM scenario); 3.', 'The measures are divided into three groups in individual chapters: 1. into measures already implemented (within the WEM scenario); 2. into measures that will be implemented on the basis of new legislation, measures that are already in force and are not yet being implemented, or that have a high chance of being adopted (under the WAM scenario); 3. Finally, into those that are not yet actually envisaged, but which in the future will need to be adopted and implemented in a cost-effective way to achieve the desired environmental benefits so as to achieve climate neutrality by 2050 (hereinafter referred to as other additional measures - NEUTRAL).', 'Finally, into those that are not yet actually envisaged, but which in the future will need to be adopted and implemented in a cost-effective way to achieve the desired environmental benefits so as to achieve climate neutrality by 2050 (hereinafter referred to as other additional measures - NEUTRAL). Where possible, two scenarios with emission reductions are modelled in individual chapters by 2050 (based on WB models), somewhere only until 2040 (based on an expert approach - SHMI modelling). Two projection scenarios were used: With existing measures (WEM); With additional measures (WAM). Within these projections, the modelling included policies and legislation that no longer takes into account the real state of affairs at the time this Strategy was finalized.', 'Within these projections, the modelling included policies and legislation that no longer takes into account the real state of affairs at the time this Strategy was finalized. The most striking changes were in the adopted European energy legislation (higher EU targets for RES and energy efficiency), but then there are other changes (an EU waste legislation package) and ambitious plans of the new EC which are more likely to be reflected in European legislation in the near future. In addition, the national legislation has changed (more ambitious legislation on waste recycling, forest protection, more ambitious plans to terminate support for the production of electricity from domestic coal and more ambitious national contributions (targets) of the SR for RES and energy efficiency in the NECP than those originally envisaged).', 'In addition, the national legislation has changed (more ambitious legislation on waste recycling, forest protection, more ambitious plans to terminate support for the production of electricity from domestic coal and more ambitious national contributions (targets) of the SR for RES and energy efficiency in the NECP than those originally envisaged). All these new and valid (probably valid) measures as mentioned above will have a positive impact on the future reduction of emissions in Slovakia. In addition to modelling the missing years of 2040 - 2050, another important task in updating the strategy will be to model the impact of other additional measures (NEUTRAL) which are stated at the end of each sectoral chapter and have not been modelled, and which should facilitate Slovakia’s climate neutrality in 2050.', 'In addition to modelling the missing years of 2040 - 2050, another important task in updating the strategy will be to model the impact of other additional measures (NEUTRAL) which are stated at the end of each sectoral chapter and have not been modelled, and which should facilitate Slovakia’s climate neutrality in 2050. Whether these additional NEUTRAL measures will indeed contribute to achieving climate neutrality or whether the adoption of other, more ambitious ones will be needed will only be seen from future modelling (with respect to updating this strategy) and the development of technology and policies which have recently become very dynamic.More detailed information on individual data in the sectors described can be found in Annexes I and II of this Strategy or in the National Inventory Reports of the Slovak Republic (NIR SR),24 in the “PAMs & Projections Report” submitted to the EC in 201925 or in the Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan of Slovakia by 2030 (NECP 2030).262.5.1 ENERGY SECTOR (INCLUDING TRANSPORT AND FUGITIVE EMISSIONS) 2.5.1.1 Current Trends in Reducing Emissions in the Energy Sector This sector includes the transport sub-sector and transport emissions, and these emissions and transport measures have also been included in the models and projections used in the energy sector; for ease of reference, all transport sector measures are described in a separate chapter below (the transport sector).', 'Whether these additional NEUTRAL measures will indeed contribute to achieving climate neutrality or whether the adoption of other, more ambitious ones will be needed will only be seen from future modelling (with respect to updating this strategy) and the development of technology and policies which have recently become very dynamic.More detailed information on individual data in the sectors described can be found in Annexes I and II of this Strategy or in the National Inventory Reports of the Slovak Republic (NIR SR),24 in the “PAMs & Projections Report” submitted to the EC in 201925 or in the Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan of Slovakia by 2030 (NECP 2030).262.5.1 ENERGY SECTOR (INCLUDING TRANSPORT AND FUGITIVE EMISSIONS) 2.5.1.1 Current Trends in Reducing Emissions in the Energy Sector This sector includes the transport sub-sector and transport emissions, and these emissions and transport measures have also been included in the models and projections used in the energy sector; for ease of reference, all transport sector measures are described in a separate chapter below (the transport sector). The fugitive emissions sector is part of the energy sector, but since it does not burn any fuels, the sector was not included in the models.', 'The fugitive emissions sector is part of the energy sector, but since it does not burn any fuels, the sector was not included in the models. Therefore, projections have been made separately for it and are part of this chapter. The energy sector is the main contributor to total greenhouse gas emissions with a share of 67.04% and 27,543.77 Gg CO2 eq. in 2016. The trend of total fossil fuel consumption is decreasing as a result of higher energy efficiency (Figure 6). By comparison, biomass consumption was 3.6 times higher in 2015 than in 1990.', 'By comparison, biomass consumption was 3.6 times higher in 2015 than in 1990. Within this sector, the main polluters include transport, with a share of 24.5%, fuel consumption in large (a 27.4% share) and medium-sized stationary sources (a 24.6% share), pollution from small sources of residential heating systems (a 17.4% share) and fugitive emissions of methane from transmission/transport/distribution, processing and storage of oil and natural gas (a 6.4% Figure 6: Trend of aggregate greenhouse gas emissions by category in the energy sector in Source: SHMI 2.5.1.2 Projections of Emissions from Energy Sector based on Reference Scenario (WEM) These projections include policies that no longer reflect the real situation at the time this Strategy was finalized.', 'Within this sector, the main polluters include transport, with a share of 24.5%, fuel consumption in large (a 27.4% share) and medium-sized stationary sources (a 24.6% share), pollution from small sources of residential heating systems (a 17.4% share) and fugitive emissions of methane from transmission/transport/distribution, processing and storage of oil and natural gas (a 6.4% Figure 6: Trend of aggregate greenhouse gas emissions by category in the energy sector in Source: SHMI 2.5.1.2 Projections of Emissions from Energy Sector based on Reference Scenario (WEM) These projections include policies that no longer reflect the real situation at the time this Strategy was finalized. 27 More detailed information on the sector can be found in the inventory reports (NIR) on the website inventory.shmu.sk/documents.php Energy industry Transport Other (not specified) Processing industry and production Other sectors Fugitive emissions from fuelsThis sector includes the transport sub-sector and transport emissions, and these emissions and transport measures have also been included in the models and projections used in the energy sector; for ease of reference, all transport sector measures are described in a separate chapter below (the transport sector).', '27 More detailed information on the sector can be found in the inventory reports (NIR) on the website inventory.shmu.sk/documents.php Energy industry Transport Other (not specified) Processing industry and production Other sectors Fugitive emissions from fuelsThis sector includes the transport sub-sector and transport emissions, and these emissions and transport measures have also been included in the models and projections used in the energy sector; for ease of reference, all transport sector measures are described in a separate chapter below (the transport sector). The WEM scenario contains the policies and measures stated below at the EU level as well as national measures that are often related to them: \uf0a7 Framework EcoDesign Directive (Directive 2005/32/EC). \uf0a7 Energy Labelling Directive (Directive 2010/30/EU). \uf0a7 Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (2010/31/EU), Energy Efficiency Directive (Directive 2012/27/EU).', '\uf0a7 Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (2010/31/EU), Energy Efficiency Directive (Directive 2012/27/EU). \uf0a7 Completing the internal energy market, including the provisions of the 3rd package (Directive 2009/73/EC, Directive 2009/72/EC), Directive (EC) 715/2009, Regulation (EC) 714/2009. \uf0a7 Directive on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources - Directive on Renewable Energy Sources - including the amendment on ILUC (Directive 2009/28/EC as amended by Directive (EU) 2015/1513). \uf0a7 Implementation of the Commission proposed EU target for a 27% share of renewable energy sources in total consumption by 2030, which was based on the proposal for a Clean Energy for All Europeans Package presented by the European Commission in November 2016.', '\uf0a7 Implementation of the Commission proposed EU target for a 27% share of renewable energy sources in total consumption by 2030, which was based on the proposal for a Clean Energy for All Europeans Package presented by the European Commission in November 2016. Modelling did not take into account the fact that a much more ambitious EU target was finally adopted in December 2018 (32%). \uf0a7 The National Renewable Energy Action Plan28 in force since 2011. \uf0a7 EU ETS Directive 2003/87/EC with the last amendment in 2015 (by Decision (EU) 2015/1814 -market stability reserve).', '\uf0a7 EU ETS Directive 2003/87/EC with the last amendment in 2015 (by Decision (EU) 2015/1814 -market stability reserve). The EU ETS is an economic and regulatory measure with a high positive impact on the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and stimulates the use of biomass in the fuel mix and technological innovation. \uf0a7 Regulation (EC) No 443/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council setting emission performance standards for passenger cars, Regulation (EC) 443/2009, as amended by Regulation EU 333/2014, Directives EURO 5 and 6. \uf0a7 Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council on type approval of motor vehicles. \uf0a7 Regulation 510/2011 setting emission performance standards for new light commercial vehicles, as amended by Regulation 253/2014. \uf0a7 Act no. 137/2010 Coll.', '\uf0a7 Act no. 137/2010 Coll. on Air protection, as amended. The Act is amended by Act No. 401/1998 Coll. on Fees for Air Pollution, which serves for the control and regulation of emission limits for basic air pollutants. \uf0a7 Increasing energy efficiency with a number of measures in force since 2014 on the energy consumption, based on which energy savings are seen as a reduction in final 28 Adopted by Resolution of Slovak Government No. 677/2010energy consumption. These measures are broken down by sector (buildings, industry, public sector, transport and appliances). In the building sector, this primarily involves improving the thermal-technical properties of buildings by implementing cost- effective deep renovation of buildings.', 'In the building sector, this primarily involves improving the thermal-technical properties of buildings by implementing cost- effective deep renovation of buildings. Legislation and changes to national technical standards after 2012 have introduced conditions for the gradual tightening of energy performance requirements for new buildings and buildings undergoing major renovation, which are regularly reviewed. Measures in the building sector are the most important source of potential energy savings by 2030. In addition to the above-mentioned EU-wide policies and the national policies required for implementing the 2020 commitments, the WEM scenario includes the following national specific measures: \uf0a7 Optimization of district heating systems – shift from fossil fuels to biomass and natural gas and installation of combined heat and power (CHP) units in district heating systems.', 'In addition to the above-mentioned EU-wide policies and the national policies required for implementing the 2020 commitments, the WEM scenario includes the following national specific measures: \uf0a7 Optimization of district heating systems – shift from fossil fuels to biomass and natural gas and installation of combined heat and power (CHP) units in district heating systems. Industrial Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plants produce industrial steam, which can also be used for district heating, or is a secondary use of industrial steam. Other measures are also taken into account (e.g., improving the efficiency of district heating systems (DHS), installing innovative district heating technologies, improving heat supply from combined heat and power plants). \uf0a7 Gradual decommissioning of solid fuel heating systems from 2025. \uf0a7 Subsidies to support alternative-fuel vehicles.', '\uf0a7 Subsidies to support alternative-fuel vehicles. The development of projected GHG emissions expressed as a CO2 equivalent based on the scenario with measures (WEM) from the energy sector, which also includes the transport sector, is shown in Table 6 in Annex I and Figure 7. Separate projections of emissions from transport are described below in more detail in a separate section. Table 8 in Annex I describes the quantified mitigation measures of part of these WEM measures (including two WAM measures). Figure 7: Greenhouse gas emissions projections from the energy sector broken down by EU ETS and ESD under WEM scenario ESD emisie skleníkových plynov (v Gg CO2 ekv.) EÚ ETS emisie skleníkových plynov (v Gg CO2 ekv.)', 'EÚ ETS emisie skleníkových plynov (v Gg CO2 ekv.) Greenhouse gas emissions in ESD sectors (in Gg CO2 eq.) EU ETS greenhouse gas emissions (in Gg CO2 eq. )Source: SHMI, figures for the years 2016 and 2017 are real Based on the projections in the WEM reference scenario, it is clear that additional measures need to be taken in the future to reverse trends in emissions that are incompatible with Slovakia s target of achieving climate neutrality by 2050.', ')Source: SHMI, figures for the years 2016 and 2017 are real Based on the projections in the WEM reference scenario, it is clear that additional measures need to be taken in the future to reverse trends in emissions that are incompatible with Slovakia s target of achieving climate neutrality by 2050. 2.5.1.3 Projections of fugitive CH4 and CO2 emissions from coal mining and mining activities in 2017 – 2040 under the WEM reference scenario The projections of fugitive emissions of methane and CO2 from underground coal mining and mining activities in the Slovak Republic were estimated based on the following assumptions: \uf0a7 Expected termination of electricity production in Nováky in the general economic interest for the production of electricity from domestic coal in Slovenské elektrárne, a.s. (JSC) has been approved by the Government of the Slovak Republic by the end of 2023 (the model envisaged the year 2030); \uf0a7 Progressive reduction of coal mining is also recorded in connection with the closure of the Dolina Mine in 2015 and the termination of mining in the Cígeľ Mine (HBP, a.s) \uf0a7 It is expected that, due to the end of higher economic interest for the production of electricity from domestic coal in Nováky power plants, after 2023 mining will decrease more rapidly (the model envisaged the year 2030).', '2.5.1.3 Projections of fugitive CH4 and CO2 emissions from coal mining and mining activities in 2017 – 2040 under the WEM reference scenario The projections of fugitive emissions of methane and CO2 from underground coal mining and mining activities in the Slovak Republic were estimated based on the following assumptions: \uf0a7 Expected termination of electricity production in Nováky in the general economic interest for the production of electricity from domestic coal in Slovenské elektrárne, a.s. (JSC) has been approved by the Government of the Slovak Republic by the end of 2023 (the model envisaged the year 2030); \uf0a7 Progressive reduction of coal mining is also recorded in connection with the closure of the Dolina Mine in 2015 and the termination of mining in the Cígeľ Mine (HBP, a.s) \uf0a7 It is expected that, due to the end of higher economic interest for the production of electricity from domestic coal in Nováky power plants, after 2023 mining will decrease more rapidly (the model envisaged the year 2030). The models of these projections included policies that no longer reflect the real situation at the time the Strategy was finalized.', 'The models of these projections included policies that no longer reflect the real situation at the time the Strategy was finalized. In 2019 it was decided to stop the production of electricity from domestic coal in Nováky (the public economic interest) by the end of 2023 and to transform the fuel base at the Vojany Power Plant. According to the Action Plan for the Transformation of the Upper Nitra Region, the Nováky Plant can remain the primary heat source for the region after its transformation from solid fossil fuels.', 'According to the Action Plan for the Transformation of the Upper Nitra Region, the Nováky Plant can remain the primary heat source for the region after its transformation from solid fossil fuels. The Vojany Power Plant is planned to be transformed into a secondary fuel installation in order to get away from dependence on imported primary energy sources, as well as to support the circular economy in the region.Figure 8: Projections of fugitive methane and CO2 emissions from coal mining and post- mining activities in the Slovak Republic until 2040 under the WEM reference scenario CO2 (t) scenár WEM CH4 (t) scenár WEM Source: SHMI Based on the projections in the WEM reference scenario, it is clear that additional measures need to be taken in the future to reverse trends in emissions that are incompatible with Slovakia s target of achieving climate neutrality by 2050.', 'The Vojany Power Plant is planned to be transformed into a secondary fuel installation in order to get away from dependence on imported primary energy sources, as well as to support the circular economy in the region.Figure 8: Projections of fugitive methane and CO2 emissions from coal mining and post- mining activities in the Slovak Republic until 2040 under the WEM reference scenario CO2 (t) scenár WEM CH4 (t) scenár WEM Source: SHMI Based on the projections in the WEM reference scenario, it is clear that additional measures need to be taken in the future to reverse trends in emissions that are incompatible with Slovakia s target of achieving climate neutrality by 2050. 2.5.1.4 Projections of fugitive greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from oil and natural gas production, transport and distribution in the SR for 2017 – 2040 under the WEM reference scenario The projections of fugitive greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from oil and natural gas production, transport and distribution in the Slovak Republic were estimated based on the following assumptions: \uf0a7 Oil production in the Slovak Republic is expected to end after 2020; \uf0a7 Natural gas production will only decline slowly; \uf0a7 Consumption / distribution of natural gas and oil in Slovakia will be without significant changes; \uf0a7 Rerouting gas supplies through the North Stream pipeline will reduce the amount of gas transported to other countries by pipelines in Slovakia, resulting in a drop in fugitive CH4 emissions.', '2.5.1.4 Projections of fugitive greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from oil and natural gas production, transport and distribution in the SR for 2017 – 2040 under the WEM reference scenario The projections of fugitive greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from oil and natural gas production, transport and distribution in the Slovak Republic were estimated based on the following assumptions: \uf0a7 Oil production in the Slovak Republic is expected to end after 2020; \uf0a7 Natural gas production will only decline slowly; \uf0a7 Consumption / distribution of natural gas and oil in Slovakia will be without significant changes; \uf0a7 Rerouting gas supplies through the North Stream pipeline will reduce the amount of gas transported to other countries by pipelines in Slovakia, resulting in a drop in fugitive CH4 emissions. CO2 (t) WEM scenario CH4 (t) WEM scenarioFigure 9: Projections of fugitive greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from oil and natural gas in the Slovak Republic until 2040 under the WEM reference scenario CO2 ekv.', 'CO2 (t) WEM scenario CH4 (t) WEM scenarioFigure 9: Projections of fugitive greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from oil and natural gas in the Slovak Republic until 2040 under the WEM reference scenario CO2 ekv. (t) scenár WEM Year 2017 are real values; Source: SHMI Based on the projections in the WEM reference scenario, it is clear that additional measures need to be taken in the future to reverse trends in emissions that are incompatible with Slovakia s target of achieving climate neutrality by 2050. 2.5.1.5 Possibilities of Decarbonising the Energy Sector under the WAM Scenario The models of these projections included policies that no longer reflect the real situation, as recent developments have been moving towards more ambitious measures (the ambitious EC plans described in the European Green Deal).', '2.5.1.5 Possibilities of Decarbonising the Energy Sector under the WAM Scenario The models of these projections included policies that no longer reflect the real situation, as recent developments have been moving towards more ambitious measures (the ambitious EC plans described in the European Green Deal). The specification of the WAM scenario depends on the logic of the proposal of EU scenarios and in particular on the EUCO30 scenario29, which sets the EU target for energy efficiency for 2030 at 30%.', 'The specification of the WAM scenario depends on the logic of the proposal of EU scenarios and in particular on the EUCO30 scenario29, which sets the EU target for energy efficiency for 2030 at 30%. The scenario includes all measures from the WEM scenario, plus it also includes the following measures, which also no longer take into account the real situation at the time the Strategy was finalized (different targets for RES and EE, ambitious new EC plans under the Green Deal): \uf0a7 The national RES target was set at 18.91% in the model. \uf0a7 The national target for ESR is -20%. \uf0a7 The national target for primary EE savings in the model was set -28.36%.', '\uf0a7 The national target for primary EE savings in the model was set -28.36%. \uf0a7 An increase in EU ETS carbon prices after 2020 - The EU ETS carbon price affects both energy and energy-intensive industries and is a major driving force for cutting emissions. Electricity producers will have to respond to the pressure of rising prices of 29 In 2016, the European Commission developed two basic policy scenarios, the EUCO27 and EUCO30, using the PRIMES model, which was based on the EU Reference Scenario 2016. EUCO scenarios include the achievement of the 2030 energy and climate targets for 2030 and a 27% or 30% energy efficiency target. www.ec.europa.eu/energy/en/data- analysis/energy-modelling CO2 eq.', 'EUCO scenarios include the achievement of the 2030 energy and climate targets for 2030 and a 27% or 30% energy efficiency target. www.ec.europa.eu/energy/en/data- analysis/energy-modelling CO2 eq. (t) WEM scenarioemission allowances in order to facilitate their own shift from coal to other low- emission to non-emission sources. \uf0a7 Earlier decommissioning of solid fuel power plants. The decommissioning of Vojany and Nováky is expected in 2025 and 2023, respectively. \uf0a7 Decarbonisation of electricity generation after 2020 thanks to RES and the development of nuclear energy. \uf0a7 RES support scheme for electricity generation with envisaged RES technologies such as solar photovoltaics, onshore wind turbines, biogas/biomethane and biomass. The scenarios assume the support of 50 MW in 2021-2025, followed by support of an additional 500 MW based on auction.', 'The scenarios assume the support of 50 MW in 2021-2025, followed by support of an additional 500 MW based on auction. \uf0a7 Increasing the share of nuclear energy in the energy mix of the Slovak Republic. This increase in the medium term (2020 - 2025) will be due mainly to the commissioning of two new nuclear reactors at the Mochovce Nuclear Power Plant. \uf0a7 Continuation of an improvement of final energy efficiency in all sectors after 2020. The measure gives emphasis to policies promoting accelerated renovation of building stock (both residential and non-residential, private and public) with a focus on implementing cost-effective deep renovation of buildings and applying minimum energy performance requirements for nearly zero-energy buildings after 2020 in the case of new buildings.', 'The measure gives emphasis to policies promoting accelerated renovation of building stock (both residential and non-residential, private and public) with a focus on implementing cost-effective deep renovation of buildings and applying minimum energy performance requirements for nearly zero-energy buildings after 2020 in the case of new buildings. Energy efficiency policies for the energy sector include encouraging the use of new innovative technologies in industrial production (BAT techniques); in the transport sector they are policies focused on infrastructure as well as soft measures for greater efficiency. \uf0a7 Electrification of transport after 2020, which will mean in practice increasing the percentage of electric vehicles and fuel cell vehicles that will replace vehicles with internal combustion engines.', '\uf0a7 Electrification of transport after 2020, which will mean in practice increasing the percentage of electric vehicles and fuel cell vehicles that will replace vehicles with internal combustion engines. \uf0a7 Carbon capture and storage was excluded from the modelling The development of projected GHG emissions expressed as a CO2 equivalent based on the decarbonisation scenario with additional measures (WEM) from the energy sector is shown in Table 7 in Annex I and Figure 10.Figure 10: Projections of GHG emissions from the energy sector broken down by EU ETS and ESD under the WAM scenario ESD emisie skleníkových plynov (v Gg CO2 ekv.) EÚ ETS emisie skleníkových plynov (v Gg CO2 ekv.)', 'EÚ ETS emisie skleníkových plynov (v Gg CO2 ekv.) Source: SHMI, data in 2016 and 2017 are real The WB modelling (as described in more detail in the WB Study, Chapter 430) used in the WAM scenario suggests several findings that can be applied in the planning of future actions and priorities: In the short term, the most important source of possible energy savings by 2030 is the building renovation policy. After 2030, a number of savings would be thanks to heat recovery and the electrification of transport. In the medium term, the demand for electricity increases at a lower speed than in the WEM reference scenario. This result stems from additional efficiency policies that support improvements in energy efficiency.', 'This result stems from additional efficiency policies that support improvements in energy efficiency. Therefore, the demand for electricity should be reduced in the future. However, a reverse trend has been observed in the long term. In the long term, the demand for electricity increases at a lower speed than in the reference scenario. New ways of using electricity in heating (e.g., heat pumps), the launch of the electrification of appliances and transport not only maintains, but also accelerates the growth of electricity demand. The new nuclear reactor should be completed before 2050. In terms of overall energy savings, the largest potential from among all consumption sectors is expected in industry; other important sectors are the building and transport sectors.', 'In terms of overall energy savings, the largest potential from among all consumption sectors is expected in industry; other important sectors are the building and transport sectors. More stringent efficiency policies further stimulate the reduction rates of final energy demand in all sectors of demand except for the transport sector. ESD GHG emissions (in Gg CO2 eq.) EU ETS GHG emissions (in Gg CO2 eq. ) CO2 standards for cars, vans and trucks, together with the electrification of transport and higher use of biofuels allow for a significant reduction in fossil energy demand in the transport sector. In the industrial sectors, energy demand growth is slowing as more ambitious efficiency policies are envisaged, identifying extensive energy efficiency improvements over the period of 2025- 2035.', 'In the industrial sectors, energy demand growth is slowing as more ambitious efficiency policies are envisaged, identifying extensive energy efficiency improvements over the period of 2025- 2035. After 2035, energy savings in industry do not show significant differences, suggesting that the trajectory of increased EU ETS price is becoming the key driver that allows for the use of efficient technologies and investment in them. According to the NECP plan, which is based on these findings, Slovakia has space for the decarbonisation of energy mainly in the substitution of coal with low-emission sources, energy efficiency measures and transport decarbonisation, given the high share of nuclear sources in electricity production and the high share of natural gas in the heat sector.', 'According to the NECP plan, which is based on these findings, Slovakia has space for the decarbonisation of energy mainly in the substitution of coal with low-emission sources, energy efficiency measures and transport decarbonisation, given the high share of nuclear sources in electricity production and the high share of natural gas in the heat sector. Decarbonisation of the Slovak economy will be associated with additional costs, and therefore its implementation will require a gradual replacement of high-emission sources by low- emission sources, the prices of which are likely to fall and the availability of which is likely to increase compared to conventional sources, the price of which, by contrast, will grow with all measures.', 'Decarbonisation of the Slovak economy will be associated with additional costs, and therefore its implementation will require a gradual replacement of high-emission sources by low- emission sources, the prices of which are likely to fall and the availability of which is likely to increase compared to conventional sources, the price of which, by contrast, will grow with all measures. Based on the projections in the WAM scenario (as well as of the emission gap identified in Chapter 2.1.1), it is clear that despite the inclusion of additional measures in modelling, this sector will not be able to contribute sufficiently to achieve climate neutrality in 2050 with its reduction.', 'Based on the projections in the WAM scenario (as well as of the emission gap identified in Chapter 2.1.1), it is clear that despite the inclusion of additional measures in modelling, this sector will not be able to contribute sufficiently to achieve climate neutrality in 2050 with its reduction. Based on the projections, CO2 emissions in 2050 from the energy sector alone (Figure 4 in Chapter 2) are still higher than the entire target emission gap (of 7MtCO2 eq., as described in more detail in Chapter 2.1.1 ), which the SR can emit as a maximum amount in 2050 if it wants to achieve climate neutrality. It will therefore be necessary to adopt a series of additional measures identified as NEUTRAL measures.', 'It will therefore be necessary to adopt a series of additional measures identified as NEUTRAL measures. 2.5.1.6 Possibilities of Decarbonisation of Fugitive CH4 and CO2 Emissions from Coal Mining and Mining Activities under the WAM Scenario Future policies have been included in these models as part of projections that no longer reflect the actual situation as recent developments are moving towards more ambitious measures in the near future (new EC and plans to increase ambitions). The projections of fugitive CH4 and CO2 emissions were calculated based on the same measures and data as in the WEM scenario, except that a faster drop of coal mining in the Čáry and Nováky mines after 2020 was modelled31.', 'The projections of fugitive CH4 and CO2 emissions were calculated based on the same measures and data as in the WEM scenario, except that a faster drop of coal mining in the Čáry and Nováky mines after 2020 was modelled31. 31 More details on volumes can be found in the PAMs & Projections Report submitted to the EC in 2019 and published at mining activities in the Slovak Republic until 2040 under the WAM scenario CO2 (t) scenár WAM CH4 (t) scenár WAM 2017 are real figures; Source: SHMI Based on the projections in the WAM scenario (as well as of the emission gap identified in Chapter 2.1.1), it is clear that despite the inclusion of additional measures in modelling, this sector will not be able to contribute sufficiently to achieve climate neutrality in 2050 with its reduction.', '31 More details on volumes can be found in the PAMs & Projections Report submitted to the EC in 2019 and published at mining activities in the Slovak Republic until 2040 under the WAM scenario CO2 (t) scenár WAM CH4 (t) scenár WAM 2017 are real figures; Source: SHMI Based on the projections in the WAM scenario (as well as of the emission gap identified in Chapter 2.1.1), it is clear that despite the inclusion of additional measures in modelling, this sector will not be able to contribute sufficiently to achieve climate neutrality in 2050 with its reduction. It will therefore be necessary to adopt a series of additional measures identified as NEUTRAL measures.', 'It will therefore be necessary to adopt a series of additional measures identified as NEUTRAL measures. 2.5.1.7 Possibilities of decarbonisation of fugitive greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from oil and natural gas production, transport and distribution in the SR for 2017 – 2040 under the WAM scenario For the calculation of fugitive emissions (and projections) from the production, transport and distribution of natural gas and oil in the Slovak Republic, the same data and measures were used as in the WEM scenario, with the only exception being that long-distance natural gas transport (transit) was calculated with a significant drop in transit after 2020 (as a result of rerouting gas supplies through the North Stream pipeline).32 Figure 8: Projections of fugitive greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from oil and natural gas in the Slovak Republic until 2040 under the WAM scenario 32 More details on volumes can be found in the PAMs & Projections Report submitted to the EC in 2019 and published at CO2 (t) WAM scenario CH4 (t) WAM scenarioCO2 ekv.', '2.5.1.7 Possibilities of decarbonisation of fugitive greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from oil and natural gas production, transport and distribution in the SR for 2017 – 2040 under the WAM scenario For the calculation of fugitive emissions (and projections) from the production, transport and distribution of natural gas and oil in the Slovak Republic, the same data and measures were used as in the WEM scenario, with the only exception being that long-distance natural gas transport (transit) was calculated with a significant drop in transit after 2020 (as a result of rerouting gas supplies through the North Stream pipeline).32 Figure 8: Projections of fugitive greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from oil and natural gas in the Slovak Republic until 2040 under the WAM scenario 32 More details on volumes can be found in the PAMs & Projections Report submitted to the EC in 2019 and published at CO2 (t) WAM scenario CH4 (t) WAM scenarioCO2 ekv. (t) scenár WAM 2017 are real figures; Source: SHMI Based on the projections in the WAM scenario (as well as of the emission gap identified in Chapter 2.1.1), it is clear that despite the inclusion of additional measures in modelling, this sector will not be able to contribute sufficiently to achieve climate neutrality by 2050 with its reduction.', '(t) scenár WAM 2017 are real figures; Source: SHMI Based on the projections in the WAM scenario (as well as of the emission gap identified in Chapter 2.1.1), it is clear that despite the inclusion of additional measures in modelling, this sector will not be able to contribute sufficiently to achieve climate neutrality by 2050 with its reduction. It will therefore be necessary to adopt a series of additional measures identified as NEUTRAL measures. 2.5.1.8 OTHER ADDITIONAL MEASURES (NEUTRAL) TO ACHIEVE THE CLIMATE NEUTRALITY TARGET IN THE ENERGY SECTOR (INCLUDING ENERGY EFFICIENCY INCREASE MEASURES) UP TO 2050 This sector includes the transport sub-sector and fugitive emissions from fuels.', '2.5.1.8 OTHER ADDITIONAL MEASURES (NEUTRAL) TO ACHIEVE THE CLIMATE NEUTRALITY TARGET IN THE ENERGY SECTOR (INCLUDING ENERGY EFFICIENCY INCREASE MEASURES) UP TO 2050 This sector includes the transport sub-sector and fugitive emissions from fuels. Transport emissions and additional measures to further reduce them have also been included in the models and projections used in the energy sector; for ease of reference, all transport sector measures are described in a separate chapter below (the transport sector). For reasons of clarity, measures increasing energy efficiency are described in a separate chapter, but they are taken as part of the energy sector.', 'For reasons of clarity, measures increasing energy efficiency are described in a separate chapter, but they are taken as part of the energy sector. CO2 emissions from the energy sector are still projected to be higher in 2050 alone than the entire emission gap (as described in more detail in Chapter 2.1.1), which will have to be eliminated by 2050 for the SR to achieve climate neutrality by then. Plus, this sector, if not counting transport, falls almost entirely under the ETS, which, according to the WAM scenario (Chapter 2.2.2), will not achieve the national target for emission reduction by 2030.', 'Plus, this sector, if not counting transport, falls almost entirely under the ETS, which, according to the WAM scenario (Chapter 2.2.2), will not achieve the national target for emission reduction by 2030. It is therefore necessary to increase the reduction effort, either by adopting new additional measures (NEUTRAL) or implementing already existing measures (some of which are also included in this list), which are often adopted in other strategies (the NECP, Envirostrategy) and laws but their implementation in practice is still insufficient in terms of contributing to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. In CO2 eq. (t) WAM scenarioorder to achieve climate neutrality, it will be desirable to effectively set up a long-term and predictable framework for financial support.', '(t) WAM scenarioorder to achieve climate neutrality, it will be desirable to effectively set up a long-term and predictable framework for financial support. Establish of the Council of the Government of the Slovak Republic for the European Green Deal and Low-Carbon Transformation, which will serve as an interdepartmental coordination body at the highest level in order to streamline the low-carbon transformation of Slovakia towards climate neutrality by 2050. Adopt of a climate change law to address mitigation and adaptation to climate change.', 'Adopt of a climate change law to address mitigation and adaptation to climate change. Create conditions and remove barriers to optimal use of energy sources without greenhouse gas emissions and to support those sources and projects that can replace fossil fuels in order to ensure the reliability of electricity or heat production and supply while maintaining cost-efficiency and environmental friendliness and respecting the conservation or improvement of biodiversity. Reduce legislative, technical, administrative and financial barriers to the implementation of these resources with an emphasis on the self-consumers sector. Develop sustainable use criteria for all renewable energy sources that will be legally binding. Align the development of heating installations with local development concepts in the field of thermal energy.', 'Align the development of heating installations with local development concepts in the field of thermal energy. Avoid discrimination of sources so that the price of carbon is also taken into account for fuel combustion plants with a total rated thermal input of less than 20 MW, as is the case for larger installations covered by the ETS. Take into account the principle that measures to meet the targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions should at the same time make it possible to achieve the objectives of improving air quality and not lead to air quality deterioration (for example, excessive support for direct biomass combustion leads to increased PM emissions and deterioration of the air quality).', 'Take into account the principle that measures to meet the targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions should at the same time make it possible to achieve the objectives of improving air quality and not lead to air quality deterioration (for example, excessive support for direct biomass combustion leads to increased PM emissions and deterioration of the air quality). Increase energy efficiency in the building sector, preferably by replacing old inefficient and non-ecological solid fuel heating installations with modern installations (including RES) in combination with thermal insulation. Differentiate registration fees included in the price of new boilers to promote more environmentally-friendly combustion plants. Establish awareness campaigns and education on good practice in coal and biomass combustion.', 'Establish awareness campaigns and education on good practice in coal and biomass combustion. Continue (or extend) the support scheme for the effective transition to the use of low-emission thermal-energy installations. Set the conditions for CHP, including the rules for prohibiting the disconnection from CHP, which, according to the Energy Efficiency Directive and the Renewable Energy Directive, means the possibility of disconnecting from CHP only in the case of ineffective CHP and only if the new system is cost-efficient and environmentally effective and does not increase pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions in the relevant location. According to the Renewable Energy Directive,in the case of disconnection, it is necessary to pay CHP all costs incurred by the original operator in connection with the disconnection from CHP.', 'According to the Renewable Energy Directive,in the case of disconnection, it is necessary to pay CHP all costs incurred by the original operator in connection with the disconnection from CHP. Use existing gas infrastructure for renewable energy sources due to the highly developed transmission and distribution network, including underground reservoirs, which is a precondition for further decarbonisation of the economy. Promote the interconnection of the electricity and gas sectors through so-called Power-to-X technology and enable an increase in the level of hydrogen blending to natural gas. Set up long-term support for increasing the proportion of decarbonised gases (biogas, biomethane, hydrogen, synthetic methane). Promote negative emission technology as defined in the IPCC.', 'Promote negative emission technology as defined in the IPCC. Set financial support mechanism objectives from the EU and the Slovak Republic to allow the financing of as many decarbonisation measures as possible, taking into account the diversity of entities operating in the energy sector, including reducing the administrative burden in the submission of projects. Offer legislative and financial support from the EU and SR by developing local sources for electricity production by enabling the supply of electricity to the distribution system aimed at reducing losses in electricity transmission, distribution and transformation. This will reduce greenhouse gas emissions and transmission capacity building costs as electricity is expected to be consumed by the nearest customers.', 'This will reduce greenhouse gas emissions and transmission capacity building costs as electricity is expected to be consumed by the nearest customers. Transform fossil-fuel power plants – The termination of electricity production in Nováky in the general economic interest by 2023 and the transformation of the fuel base at the Vojany Power Plant. The Nováky Plant will remain the primary heat source for the relevant region after its transformation, which will be based on a combination of renewable sources and high-efficiency heat and electricity production. The Vojany Power Plant is planned to be transformed into a secondary fuel installation in order to move away from dependence on imported primary energy sources, as well as to support the circular economy in the region.', 'The Vojany Power Plant is planned to be transformed into a secondary fuel installation in order to move away from dependence on imported primary energy sources, as well as to support the circular economy in the region. Maintain electricity generation from existing hydroelectric power stations as far as possible and encourage investment in their modernization and renewal, including pumped-storage power stations, which provide flexibility and storage for electricity. Support the decarbonisation of energy by replacing coal with low-emission sources, or sources with alternative fuels (e.g., solid secondary fuels containing bio-components or RES). Make use of funds from the Modernisation Fund to modernize energy and industry as far as possible, in particular to reduce fossil fuel consumption from energy and industry.', 'Make use of funds from the Modernisation Fund to modernize energy and industry as far as possible, in particular to reduce fossil fuel consumption from energy and industry. Innovative financing is expected in increasing the energy use of waste, waste gases and waste heat in industry and energy. Reassess the system of excise duty on energy products in harmony with EU policy so that products are taxed on the basis of negative environmental impact, whileallowing full application of the options in Directive 2003/96 EC, i.e. the application of a preferential tax rate on energy products used for industrial purposes, in particular electricity.', 'the application of a preferential tax rate on energy products used for industrial purposes, in particular electricity. Promote research and the application of innovative technologies for the capture and utilisation of greenhouse gases (so-called CCU - Carbon Capture and Utilisation, synthetic fuels) as well as the storage of greenhouse gases (so-called CCS - Carbon Capture and Storage). MEASURES TO IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY Consistently apply the principles of green procurement for all energy efficiency measures with an emphasis on energy consumption and emissions throughout the life cycle of the measure. Increase the energy savings achieved in building renovation from 30% to 60% as building renovation is also the most economical and effective measure under the Low-Carbon Growth Study for Slovakia prepared in cooperation with the WB.', 'Increase the energy savings achieved in building renovation from 30% to 60% as building renovation is also the most economical and effective measure under the Low-Carbon Growth Study for Slovakia prepared in cooperation with the WB. Increase the rate of renovation of public buildings and family houses. For public building support, in particular, deep renovation of buildings, in accordance with the principles of green public procurement. Set up financial support mechanisms from the EU and Slovakia so that they can finance the deep renovation of public buildings and create the necessary opportunities for financing the renovation of buildings in the Bratislava region in accordance with the principles of green public procurement.', 'Set up financial support mechanisms from the EU and Slovakia so that they can finance the deep renovation of public buildings and create the necessary opportunities for financing the renovation of buildings in the Bratislava region in accordance with the principles of green public procurement. Create multi-source financing for regional development, so-called Regional Development Funds that would allow the financing of decarbonisation measures in the relevant regions (forms of funding ranging from grants to revolving funds, not just EU funds and co-financing but all public and non-public funds). Promote the establishment of regional centres of sustainable energy and regional energy centres that would provide support and advisory services at the regional level with the aim of increasing energy efficiency and increasing the share of RES.', 'Promote the establishment of regional centres of sustainable energy and regional energy centres that would provide support and advisory services at the regional level with the aim of increasing energy efficiency and increasing the share of RES. Promote improvement of the expertise of designers and building companies with a focus on deep renovation of buildings. Promote the improvement of buildings’ energy performance with measures implemented in the heating and cooling sector aimed at decarbonising the supply of heat to buildings from district heating and cooling systems. Promote only effective CHS systems with heat supply from RES, waste heat from industrial and energy processes based on economically cost-effective use of RES, e.g., including locally available biomass/biomethane and waste.', 'Promote only effective CHS systems with heat supply from RES, waste heat from industrial and energy processes based on economically cost-effective use of RES, e.g., including locally available biomass/biomethane and waste. Modernize the existing CHS systems in the field of thermal energy. Introduce new district heating systems in valleys and basins in a cost-effective way with increased deployment of RES in systems. Extend the energy efficiency monitoring system operated by the Slovak Innovation and Energy Agency with the aim of creating a single database centre that would cover both the private and public building renovation sectors, including an overview of public buildings in the Slovak Republic.', 'Introduce new district heating systems in valleys and basins in a cost-effective way with increased deployment of RES in systems. Extend the energy efficiency monitoring system operated by the Slovak Innovation and Energy Agency with the aim of creating a single database centre that would cover both the private and public building renovation sectors, including an overview of public buildings in the Slovak Republic. Use innovative financial mechanisms (green debentures and green bonds, energy savings audits, guaranteed energy services, an auction system for energy purchases, soft loans through revolving funds, a bonus-malus financing mechanism, soft-rate mortgages for energy-efficient buildings).', 'Use innovative financial mechanisms (green debentures and green bonds, energy savings audits, guaranteed energy services, an auction system for energy purchases, soft loans through revolving funds, a bonus-malus financing mechanism, soft-rate mortgages for energy-efficient buildings). Install and deploy smart metering systems in energy systems and installations, including gas distribution and supply (where the benefit to the consumer demonstrably outweighs the cost of deploying the said systems) Consistently apply the “Polluter Pays” principle End the provision of environmentally harmful subsidies, such as support for coal or biomass from unsustainable sources.', 'Install and deploy smart metering systems in energy systems and installations, including gas distribution and supply (where the benefit to the consumer demonstrably outweighs the cost of deploying the said systems) Consistently apply the “Polluter Pays” principle End the provision of environmentally harmful subsidies, such as support for coal or biomass from unsustainable sources. Set up rules for the absorption of funds from financial support mechanisms from the EU and Slovakia in the area of energy efficiency so that the energy sector is also entitled to benefit from subsidies for investment that demonstrably reduce greenhouse gas emissions.', 'Set up rules for the absorption of funds from financial support mechanisms from the EU and Slovakia in the area of energy efficiency so that the energy sector is also entitled to benefit from subsidies for investment that demonstrably reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Support so-called ESCO (energy service company) companies as energy service providers with guaranteed savings for the public sector, so-called EPC (Energy Performance Contracting) and support in the form of Guaranteed Energy Services according to Act No. 321/2014 Coll. on energy efficiency. Support the development of heat pumps for the production of heat and cold by creating funding instruments in order to also increase the availability of heat pumps for low-income segments of the population.', 'Support the development of heat pumps for the production of heat and cold by creating funding instruments in order to also increase the availability of heat pumps for low-income segments of the population. In order to increase the energy performance of buildings, focus on the active application of passive elements and passive technologies in the building, i.e. to reduce heat transfer through the external cladding and roofing (by applying the elements of climatic, energy-active applications) as well as through nature-friendly solutions such as planned greenery in streets, car parks (which would serve as climatic and energy-active areas), green roofs and walls providing thermal protection and shade to buildings.', 'to reduce heat transfer through the external cladding and roofing (by applying the elements of climatic, energy-active applications) as well as through nature-friendly solutions such as planned greenery in streets, car parks (which would serve as climatic and energy-active areas), green roofs and walls providing thermal protection and shade to buildings. In the context of updating this Strategy, consider introducing a target for the whole building sector (whether for 2030, 2040 or 205033), which would be in harmony with the target of achieving climate neutrality by 2050. Provide for education, awareness-raising and information for the general public on the need for additional measures in this sector.', 'Provide for education, awareness-raising and information for the general public on the need for additional measures in this sector. 33 The external consulting organization BPIE recommends reducing overall energy consumption in buildings by 60% by 2050 to achieve the climate neutrality target.2.5.2 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES SECTOR 2.5.2.1 Current Trends in Reducing Emissions and Energy Demand The industrial processes and product use (IPPU) sector covers the greenhouse gas emissions resulting from technological processes producing raw materials and products. In 2016, total aggregate GHG emissions from the IPPU sector amounted to 9,338.23 Gg CO2 eq. In comparison with the 1990 base year, emissions dropped by 4.6%.', 'In comparison with the 1990 base year, emissions dropped by 4.6%. CO2 is the most important gas, with a 91% share, followed by F-gas emissions (7%) and N2O emissions (2%), which is shown in Figure 27 in Annex I. The most important sources of greenhouse gas emissions are the following categories: metal production (52%), mineral industry (23%), chemical industry (16%), and substitutes for ozone-depleting substances (7%). The most important source of N2O emissions is the production of nitric acid. Figure 9: Trend of aggregate GHG emissions by category in the IPPU sector in 1990 - 2016 (Gg CO2 eq.) Source: SHMI The energy intensity of industrial processes in the Slovak Republic decreased significantly compared to the 1990 base year.', 'Source: SHMI The energy intensity of industrial processes in the Slovak Republic decreased significantly compared to the 1990 base year. According to the SO SR, there was a drop in the energy intensity of the SR by 41.0% between 2005 and 2017. The drop results from GDP growth (52.4%) and the current decline in gross domestic energy consumption (10.0%). According to EUROSTAT34 data, the energy intensity in Slovakia is still relatively higher compared to the EU average. This is due to the historical structure of industrial production. Decreasing trends of final energy consumption in this sector is characterized by a decrease in total energy consumption. This represents a 32.5% share of total final energy consumption in Slovakia.', 'This represents a 32.5% share of total final energy consumption in Slovakia. The following industry sectors contribute significantly to fuel and energy consumption: metallurgy 32%, energy sector 32%, chemical industry 11%, pharmaceutical industry 11%, wood processing 4%, mechanical engineering 3%, textile industry 2%, electrotechnical industry, glass and footwear production approximately 1% each. 2. A Cement production, lime production 2. C Metal production 2. E Electronics industry 2. G Product Manufacture and Use 2. B Chemical industry 2. D Non-Energy Products from Fuels 2. F-gases useEÚ ETS emisie skleníkových plynov (v Gg CO2 ekv.) ESD emisie skleníkových plynov (v Gg CO2 ekv.)', 'ESD emisie skleníkových plynov (v Gg CO2 ekv.) 2.5.2.2 Projections of emissions in industry under the WEM reference scenario The projections of greenhouse gas emissions from the IPPU sector which are integrated into the EU ETS (large industrial enterprises) are modelled jointly with the energy sector. Policies are based on the EU 2016 Reference Scenario35, where several pieces of legislation are mentioned, such as Directive 2010/75/EU on industrial emissions, Directive 2001/81/EC on national emission ceilings and the Fluorinated Greenhouse Gas Regulation. The projections of greenhouse gas emissions from the IPPU sector which are not integrated into the EU ETS have been modelled with the trend of value-added development in the industry segment and productivity and fuel consumption trends.', 'The projections of greenhouse gas emissions from the IPPU sector which are not integrated into the EU ETS have been modelled with the trend of value-added development in the industry segment and productivity and fuel consumption trends. Also, it was assumed that obsolete installations would gradually be eliminated for SF6 emissions (part of F-gases). The development of greenhouse gas emission projections expressed as a CO2 equivalent under the reference scenario (WEM) from the IPPU sector including F-gases is shown in Table 9 in Annex I and Figure 10.', 'The development of greenhouse gas emission projections expressed as a CO2 equivalent under the reference scenario (WEM) from the IPPU sector including F-gases is shown in Table 9 in Annex I and Figure 10. Figure 10: Projections of greenhouse gas emissions from the IPPU sector including F-gases broken down by EU ETS and ESD under the WEM reference scenario Source: SHMI, 2016 and 2017 are real Based on the projections in the WEM reference scenario, it is clear that additional measures need to be taken in the future to reverse trends in emissions that are incompatible with Slovakia s target of achieving climate neutrality by 2050.', 'Figure 10: Projections of greenhouse gas emissions from the IPPU sector including F-gases broken down by EU ETS and ESD under the WEM reference scenario Source: SHMI, 2016 and 2017 are real Based on the projections in the WEM reference scenario, it is clear that additional measures need to be taken in the future to reverse trends in emissions that are incompatible with Slovakia s target of achieving climate neutrality by 2050. 2.5.2.3 Possibilities of Decarbonising the IPPU Sector under the WAM Scenario The projections of emissions from the IPPU sector which are integrated into the EU ETS (large industrial enterprises) were modelled jointly with the energy sector (the WAM scenario), and the projections of emissions from the IPPU sector which are not integrated into the EU ETS were modelled with the trend of value added development and the effect of EU ETS greenhouse gas emissions (in Gg CO2 eq.)', '2.5.2.3 Possibilities of Decarbonising the IPPU Sector under the WAM Scenario The projections of emissions from the IPPU sector which are integrated into the EU ETS (large industrial enterprises) were modelled jointly with the energy sector (the WAM scenario), and the projections of emissions from the IPPU sector which are not integrated into the EU ETS were modelled with the trend of value added development and the effect of EU ETS greenhouse gas emissions (in Gg CO2 eq.) ESD greenhouse gas emissions (in Gg CO2 eq. )measures by individual production category. However, the modelling as such did not include new measures concerning the technological processes which are responsible for industrial emissions themselves.', 'However, the modelling as such did not include new measures concerning the technological processes which are responsible for industrial emissions themselves. Also, the ambitious EC plans from the European Green Deal were not taken into account in the modelling. In addition, compared to the WEM scenario, it was assumed for F-gases that all refrigerants must be supplied from gases with a low global warming potential (GWP) (or additional gases), and SF6 emissions were foreseen to be prohibited from using SF6 in new installations. The development of greenhouse gas emission projections expressed as a CO2 equivalent under the scenario with measures (WAM) from the IPPU sector is shown in Table 10 in Annex I and Figure 11.', 'The development of greenhouse gas emission projections expressed as a CO2 equivalent under the scenario with measures (WAM) from the IPPU sector is shown in Table 10 in Annex I and Figure 11. Figure 11: Projections of greenhouse gas emissions from the IPPU sector including F-gases broken down by EU ETS and ESD under the WAM scenario ESD emisie skleníkových plynov (v Gg CO2 ekv.) EÚ ETS emisie skleníkových plynov (v Gg CO2 ekv.)', 'EÚ ETS emisie skleníkových plynov (v Gg CO2 ekv.) Source: SHMI, data for 2016 and 2017 are real Based on the projections in the WAM scenario (as well as of the emission gap identified in Chapter 2.1.1), it is clear that despite the inclusion of additional measures in modelling, this sector will not be able to contribute sufficiently to achieve climate neutrality in 2050 with its reduction. It will therefore be necessary to adopt a series of additional measures identified as NEUTRAL measures.', 'It will therefore be necessary to adopt a series of additional measures identified as NEUTRAL measures. 2.5.2.4 OTHER ADDITIONAL MEASURES (NEUTRAL) TO ACHIEVE THE CLIMATE NEUTRALITY TARGET IN THE IPPU SECTOR UP TO 2050 This sector falls almost entirely under the ETS, where it accounts for less than a half of the emissions and in which, according to the WAM scenario (Chapter 2.2.2), the national emission reduction target will not be achieved by 2030. Thus, additional efforts will have to be made beyond the measures in the WAM scenario to meet the national emission reduction target in the ETS sector.', 'Thus, additional efforts will have to be made beyond the measures in the WAM scenario to meet the national emission reduction target in the ETS sector. Moreover, in the long term, emissions in this sector in 2040 are projected to be the same as the overall target emission gap (in the amount of 7 MtCO2 eq., as described in more detail in Chapter 2.1.1 ) which the SR can emit as a maximum amount in 2050 to reach climate neutrality. ESD greenhouse gas emissions (in Gg CO2 eq.) EU ETS greenhouse gas emissions (in Gg CO2 eq.', 'EU ETS greenhouse gas emissions (in Gg CO2 eq. )It is therefore necessary to increase the reduction effort, either by adopting new additional measures (NEUTRAL) or implementing already existing measures (some of which are also included in this list), and which are often adopted in other strategies and laws but their implementation in practice is still insufficient in terms of contributing to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. In order to achieve climate neutrality, it will be desirable to effectively set up a long-term and predictable framework for financial support. Introduce additional energy efficiency improvements in industry and industrial processes beyond the scope of modelled scenarios.', 'Introduce additional energy efficiency improvements in industry and industrial processes beyond the scope of modelled scenarios. Introduce the circular economy and innovation into industrial processes, e.g., the use of hydrogen as an innovative technology (including the transition of hydrogen-based steel production in the case of sufficient hydrogen supply), including adherence to BAT (best available techniques) Conclusions. Innovate energy- and material-intensive industrial operations. Transition to new, cleaner ways to produce energy and products, including through the use of energy sources without emitting greenhouse gases in industry or the introduction of circular economy principles. Reduce the use of fossil fuels in industry provided that it is technically and economically efficient and that this solution will bring real emission savings .', 'Reduce the use of fossil fuels in industry provided that it is technically and economically efficient and that this solution will bring real emission savings . Capture and use all waste heat from industrial and energy processes in a cost-effective way. Set up financial support mechanisms from the EU and Slovakia so that they can finance as many decarbonisation and energy-saving measures as possible, including reducing the administrative burden when submitting projects. Include the implementation of the Paris Agreement as one of the basic provisions in international trade agreements between the EU and third countries (the so-called "Paris clause"). Ensure transformation does not jeopardize the competitiveness of industry.', 'Ensure transformation does not jeopardize the competitiveness of industry. For this reason, it is necessary to introduce support measures for both importers of products from third countries to the EU and exporters of products from the EU to third countries. As a support measure for importers, the Slovak Republic promotes the introduction of a carbon border adjustment/tax, but at the same time it is necessary to address measures to maintain the competitiveness of exporters.2.5.3 TRANSPORT SECTOR 2.5.3.1 Current Trends in Reducing Emissions in the Transport Sector Transport has a very special position in the energy sector as it is not covered by the EU ETS or other laws, so emissions in this category are very difficult to control.', 'As a support measure for importers, the Slovak Republic promotes the introduction of a carbon border adjustment/tax, but at the same time it is necessary to address measures to maintain the competitiveness of exporters.2.5.3 TRANSPORT SECTOR 2.5.3.1 Current Trends in Reducing Emissions in the Transport Sector Transport has a very special position in the energy sector as it is not covered by the EU ETS or other laws, so emissions in this category are very difficult to control. In recent years, a shift from public transport to individual passenger cars has been observed. The level of transit traffic has increased. Fuel consumption in rail transport has been increasing slightly in the last year and fuel consumption in road transport has risen rapidly.', 'Fuel consumption in rail transport has been increasing slightly in the last year and fuel consumption in road transport has risen rapidly. Total aggregate GHG emissions in the transport sector increased by 12% compared in 2017 to the 1990 base year, while road transport emissions increased by 58% compared to the base year (1990). The long-term trend is opposite to most sectors – i.e. rising emissions and therefore this sector represents a substantial risk in terms of emissions for achieving climate neutrality. Therefore, considerable attention should be paid to it in the future.', 'Therefore, considerable attention should be paid to it in the future. Figure 12: Trend of aggregate greenhouse gas emissions by gas in the transport sector in Source: SHMI 2.5.3.2 Projections of emissions in transport sector under the WEM reference scenario Policies have been included in these models as part of projections that no longer reflect the actual situation at the time this Strategy was finalized (new legislation on CO2 standards). The following measures have been taken into account in modelling: \uf0a7 CO2 emission standards for passenger cars and light commercial vehicles, efficiency standards for trucks, together with the electrification of transport in force since 2007.', 'The following measures have been taken into account in modelling: \uf0a7 CO2 emission standards for passenger cars and light commercial vehicles, efficiency standards for trucks, together with the electrification of transport in force since 2007. This has the effect of increasing the efficiency of cars, reducing fuel consumption and reducing greenhouse gas emissions from passenger cars, light commercial vehicles and trucks thanks to the increased efficiency of engines and production.\uf0a7 Measures in accordance with the Ecodesign Directive. The purpose of these measures is to reduce the environmental impact at all stages of the product life cycle. The challenge in the application of ecodesign in the automotive industry is the complex interaction of various, partly conflicting influencing factors.', 'The challenge in the application of ecodesign in the automotive industry is the complex interaction of various, partly conflicting influencing factors. The automotive industry is forced to take into account the entire life cycle of cars. In addition to reducing fuel consumption and emissions, production as well as the end-of-life phase of a car must be taken into account. \uf0a7 Supporting biofuels in road transport since 2010. The Slovak Republic plans to speed up the implementation of second-generation biofuels made from non-food crops such as wood, organic waste, waste from food crops and specific biomass crops. After 2020 operators are obliged to blend biofuels with fossil fuels with a minimum energy content as follows: 7.6% in 2020, 8.0% in 2021 and 8.2% in 2022 – 2030.', 'After 2020 operators are obliged to blend biofuels with fossil fuels with a minimum energy content as follows: 7.6% in 2020, 8.0% in 2021 and 8.2% in 2022 – 2030. The energy share of advanced biofuel must be at least: 0.5% in 2020 – 2024 and 0.75% in 2025 – 2030. The transport sector is mainly subject to EU-wide regulation. In general, a trend towards the gradual electrification of transport is generally visible after 2020, which has been most reflected in the models after 2030, and in practice will mean a higher share of electric vehicles and fuel cell vehicles which will replace vehicles with internal combustion engines.', 'In general, a trend towards the gradual electrification of transport is generally visible after 2020, which has been most reflected in the models after 2030, and in practice will mean a higher share of electric vehicles and fuel cell vehicles which will replace vehicles with internal combustion engines. The total number of passenger cars remains the same, except that vehicles with internal combustion engines are replaced by electric vehicles. For more information on the projection of fuel consumption and projections of greenhouse gas emissions in transport, please see Table 11 in Annex I. Figure 13: Projections of greenhouse gas emissions until 2040 in road transport under the WEM scenario Source: SHMI, 2017 uses real figures; CO2 eq.', 'Figure 13: Projections of greenhouse gas emissions until 2040 in road transport under the WEM scenario Source: SHMI, 2017 uses real figures; CO2 eq. (Gg) WEM scenarioIn addition to projections for greenhouse gas emissions in road transport, projections for emissions from non-road transport (air, ship transport) in the Slovak Republic were also calculated, but their share in total emissions from transport is minimum. Only a scenario with NECP measures was prepared for these projections). Based on the projections in the WEM reference scenario, it is clear that additional measures need to be taken in the future to reverse trends in emissions that are incompatible with Slovakia s target of achieving climate neutrality by 2050.', 'Based on the projections in the WEM reference scenario, it is clear that additional measures need to be taken in the future to reverse trends in emissions that are incompatible with Slovakia s target of achieving climate neutrality by 2050. 2.5.3.3 Possibilities of Decarbonising the Transport Sector under the WAM Scenario The following extra measures were used in modelling compared to the WEM scenario: Changing the distribution of traffic, which will result in a reduction in the performance of road freight transport for roads over 300 km, of which 30% should be transferred to railway or waterway transport. Economic and tax instruments, which will result in a change in the projected energy consumption, environmentally friendly fuels will dominate, which should be with a lower tax.', 'Economic and tax instruments, which will result in a change in the projected energy consumption, environmentally friendly fuels will dominate, which should be with a lower tax. Increased road charging, which will result in a change in demand for road freight transport. According to the calculated projections (Figure 14) broken down by individual gas (Table 12 in Annex I), there are clear downward emission trends for CO2 and N2O until 2040 but CH4 emissions are growing in the WAM scenario compared to the WEM scenario. The most probable reason is a growing trend of natural gas consumption and biogas/biomethane consumption in road transport and its increasing share in fuel consumption, which has been included in the WAM scenario.', 'The most probable reason is a growing trend of natural gas consumption and biogas/biomethane consumption in road transport and its increasing share in fuel consumption, which has been included in the WAM scenario. The models of these projections included future policies that no longer reflect the real situation, as recent developments have been moving towards more ambitious measures in the near future (higher RES targets thus increasing the share of biofuels in transport in Slovakia, new EC European legislation in the field of transport such as new CO2 standards and ambitious EC plans under the European Green Deal).', 'The models of these projections included future policies that no longer reflect the real situation, as recent developments have been moving towards more ambitious measures in the near future (higher RES targets thus increasing the share of biofuels in transport in Slovakia, new EC European legislation in the field of transport such as new CO2 standards and ambitious EC plans under the European Green Deal). In addition to existing and additional measures, the Slovak Republic has taken other measures that have not been taken into account in the modelling, but which will contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions in transport and which will need to be included in the new modelling, in particular: In accordance with the approved National Energy and Climate Plan, measures are taken in the transport sector for fuel suppliers • Increase the share of RES in fuels to 14% in 2030 in line with the indicative trajectory.• Reach a share of advanced biofuels in fuels to: 0.5% in 2022; 1% in 2025 and 3.5% in 2030.', 'In addition to existing and additional measures, the Slovak Republic has taken other measures that have not been taken into account in the modelling, but which will contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions in transport and which will need to be included in the new modelling, in particular: In accordance with the approved National Energy and Climate Plan, measures are taken in the transport sector for fuel suppliers • Increase the share of RES in fuels to 14% in 2030 in line with the indicative trajectory.• Reach a share of advanced biofuels in fuels to: 0.5% in 2022; 1% in 2025 and 3.5% in 2030. Figure 14: Projections of greenhouse gas emissions until 2040 in road transport under the WAM scenario 2017 are real figures; Source: SHMI Based on projections in the WAM scenario, where transport emissions in 2040 are only slightly lower than the target emission gap (7 MtCO2 eq., as described in more detail in Chapter 2.1.1) which the SR can emit as a maximum amount in 2050 to reach climate neutrality.', 'Figure 14: Projections of greenhouse gas emissions until 2040 in road transport under the WAM scenario 2017 are real figures; Source: SHMI Based on projections in the WAM scenario, where transport emissions in 2040 are only slightly lower than the target emission gap (7 MtCO2 eq., as described in more detail in Chapter 2.1.1) which the SR can emit as a maximum amount in 2050 to reach climate neutrality. Despite the inclusion of additional measures in modelling, this sector will not be able to contribute sufficiently to achieve climate neutrality by 2050 with its reduction. It will therefore be necessary to adopt a series of additional measures identified as NEUTRAL measures.', 'It will therefore be necessary to adopt a series of additional measures identified as NEUTRAL measures. 2.5.3.4 OTHER ADDITIONAL MEASURES (NEUTRAL) IN THE TRANSPORT SECTOR TO ACHIEVE THE CLIMATE NEUTRALITY TARGET UP TO 2050 Given the current upward trends in transport emissions, it is necessary to increase the reduction effort, either by adopting new additional measures (NEUTRAL) or implementing already existing measures (some of which are also included in this list), and which are often adopted in other transport strategies but their implementation in practice is still insufficient in terms of contributing to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. In order to achieve climate neutrality, it will be desirable to effectively set up a long-term and predictable framework for financial support. CO2 eq.', 'In order to achieve climate neutrality, it will be desirable to effectively set up a long-term and predictable framework for financial support. CO2 eq. (Gg) WAM scenario Increase the attractiveness and comfort of public transport at all levels: - Enable the arrival of private rail carriers on national routes; - Renew the rail carrier’s train fleet; - Support the development of public passenger rail transport (trams and trolleybuses), support the development of alternative-fuelled bus public passenger transport and support regular alternative-fuelled passenger ship transport; - Gradually reduce the procurement of public transport vehicles using fossil fuels with high greenhouse gas emissions, from public funds; - Harmonize national and local public passenger transport timetables; - Expand the Integrated transport system (IDS) to other regions; - Introduce and support flexible public passenger transport systems (bus on demand or with flexible routes), particularly in areas with low population density; - Develop Park&Ride facilities; - Carpooling; - Introduce financial and support measures to make public transport more financially attractive to the public than individual car transport.', '(Gg) WAM scenario Increase the attractiveness and comfort of public transport at all levels: - Enable the arrival of private rail carriers on national routes; - Renew the rail carrier’s train fleet; - Support the development of public passenger rail transport (trams and trolleybuses), support the development of alternative-fuelled bus public passenger transport and support regular alternative-fuelled passenger ship transport; - Gradually reduce the procurement of public transport vehicles using fossil fuels with high greenhouse gas emissions, from public funds; - Harmonize national and local public passenger transport timetables; - Expand the Integrated transport system (IDS) to other regions; - Introduce and support flexible public passenger transport systems (bus on demand or with flexible routes), particularly in areas with low population density; - Develop Park&Ride facilities; - Carpooling; - Introduce financial and support measures to make public transport more financially attractive to the public than individual car transport. Fully electrify the railway network and make rail freight transport more attractive (including increasing its capacity) to carry goods.', 'Fully electrify the railway network and make rail freight transport more attractive (including increasing its capacity) to carry goods. Support the development of intermodal transport, the completion of intermodal transport terminals, and diverting transit and traffic over a certain number of kilometres compulsorily to railway or waterway transport, use of alternative fuels as a priority. Lower the carbon footprint of urban public transport with available technology (electrification, bioCNG, liquid biofuels, hydrogen). Support cycling in the form of subsidies for the emergence of new cycling infrastructure and plan cycle paths in advance and support in the urban road infrastructure as one of the pillars of passenger transport in cities. Introduce bikesharing in cities and villages and its integration into the public passenger transport system.', 'Introduce bikesharing in cities and villages and its integration into the public passenger transport system. Educate on the benefits of green transport and support sustainable mobility campaigns (Riding a bicycle to work, Riding a bicycle to school, Riding a bicycle to shops, European Mobility Week). Create safe bicycle stands near public buildings. Offer convenient transport of bicycles and of passengers with reduced mobility in public transport facilities. Remove obstacles in public spaces as a tool to promote pedestrian traffic. Support the institutional background for sustainable mobility within self-governments.', 'Support the institutional background for sustainable mobility within self-governments. Introduce measures to reduce emissions in transport in fiscal policy, in line with the forthcoming revision of Council Directive 2003/96/EC36 and according to the OECD Recommendations 37 and the Progress Report of the Environmental Performance of OECD Recommendations,38 unless they are in contradiction with Council Directive 2003/96/EC, whereas the measures will take into account price competitiveness and elasticity of consumption. Reassess the system of excise duty on energy products in transport so that products are taxed on the basis of their adverse impact on the environment, while allowing the possibilities of Directive 2003/96 EC to be fully applied.', 'Reassess the system of excise duty on energy products in transport so that products are taxed on the basis of their adverse impact on the environment, while allowing the possibilities of Directive 2003/96 EC to be fully applied. Change passenger car registration fees to reflect CO2 emissions or Euro emission standards, or a combination of these, or other factors that reflect environmental criteria in the calculation of fees. Toll charges will also include an environmental element in passenger transport and will analyse other ways of using economic instruments in accordance with the Polluter Pays principle.', 'Toll charges will also include an environmental element in passenger transport and will analyse other ways of using economic instruments in accordance with the Polluter Pays principle. Support individual automobile transport regulations, in particular in the form of a parking policy (charges for parking, ban on parking on pavements) through the standardization of parking policy throughout the Slovak Republic, while respecting technical standards governing the construction of parking places STN 73 6110 /Z1/O1. Introduce low-emission zones in municipalities, including charging for entry into these zones and traffic calming in settlements (the introduction of functional 30 zones and cycling streets, including transport-technical facilities).', 'Introduce low-emission zones in municipalities, including charging for entry into these zones and traffic calming in settlements (the introduction of functional 30 zones and cycling streets, including transport-technical facilities). Increase the use of alternative fuels but ensure that there is no increase in imports of crops with a high risk of indirect land use change (ILUC). Take greenhouse gas emissions from the whole fuel life cycle into account when adopting measures to promote individual fuels in order to achieve low-emission transport solutions. Develop infrastructure for alternative fuels more quickly and reconstruct the road network to reduce fuel consumption in order to increase support for the development of alternative-fuel cars.', 'Develop infrastructure for alternative fuels more quickly and reconstruct the road network to reduce fuel consumption in order to increase support for the development of alternative-fuel cars. Set up financial support mechanisms from the EU and Slovakia so that they can finance as many decarbonisation measures in the transport sector as possible, including reducing the administrative burden when submitting projects. Remove legislative barriers to the use of underground car parks for CNG, LPG, and hydrogen vehicles (the Fire Act, amendment to the Building Act, etc.).', 'Remove legislative barriers to the use of underground car parks for CNG, LPG, and hydrogen vehicles (the Fire Act, amendment to the Building Act, etc.). 36 Directive restructuring the Community framework for the taxation of energy products and electricity, taking into account the reduction of emissions and the minimum rates of excise duties on energy products Prepare and strictly implement the revised Directive 2009/33 on the promotion of clean and energy-efficient road transport vehicles. Promote the application of green public procurement. Reduce aviation emissions. Support the construction of infrastructure for waterway transport enabling the operation of alternative fuel vessels in inland waterway transport and encourage carriers/operators of inland waterway vessels to remotorise their alternative-fuel vessels. Raise awareness of eco-driving (so-called eco-driving).', 'Raise awareness of eco-driving (so-called eco-driving). Initiate a debate on a complete change in the concept of mobility, exploring ways to reduce the number of people commuting to school or work and increase support for home office. Meet the need for education, awareness-raising and awareness for the general public of the need for additional measures in this sector.', 'Meet the need for education, awareness-raising and awareness for the general public of the need for additional measures in this sector. Consider introducing a reduction target for the whole transport sector (whether for 2030 or later) as part of updating this Strategy.2.5.4.1 Current Trends in Reducing Emissions in Agriculture Human activities in the agricultural sector contribute significantly to changes in the concentration of some gases in the atmosphere, namely N2O and CH4 are considered to be the most important gases emitted from agriculture in terms of mitigation and adaptation measures planned to reduce their environmental impact. The largest share of methane emissions is from the category of Enteric Fermentation, which produced 34.42 Gg (76.3%) of methane in the sector in 2016.', 'The largest share of methane emissions is from the category of Enteric Fermentation, which produced 34.42 Gg (76.3%) of methane in the sector in 2016. The main source of N2O emissions is agricultural soil with a 90% share, followed by the Manure Processing category with a 10% share of total N2O emissions. Figure 15 shows total emission trends after the 1990 base year by gas and main category in agriculture. In the Slovak Republic, agricultural production stopped growing at the end of the 1980s. This was followed by a drop in 1990 - 2002 due to economic and political changes in the country. After these years, agriculture has stabilized.', 'After these years, agriculture has stabilized. Improvements in the agricultural sector, the regeneration of crop production and the use of mineral fertilisers resulted in a slight increase in emissions over the last six years (2010-2016). Figure 15: Trend of aggregate greenhouse gas emissions (in Gg CO2 eq.) by category in agriculture in 1990 – 2016 Source: SHMI 2.5.4.2 Projections of emissions in agriculture under the WEM reference scenario (the same applies also to the WAM scenario) Compared to other sectors, the production and removal of greenhouse gas emissions in agriculture have not been studied in detail. Some sources are difficult to quantify, others are Enteric fermentation Manure management Agricultural soils Liming Urea applicationhidden. In addition to significant climatic differences, there are also different types of soil in Slovakia.', 'In addition to significant climatic differences, there are also different types of soil in Slovakia. This affects the sowing process, manure application and farming.39 The potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in agriculture is related to manure management, in particular the handling and storage of manure and slurry, and a change of animal feed plans. The WEM scenario was modelled with the following measures: Storage rules for organic fertilizers40 This measure applies to N2O and NH3 emissions and has been in force since 2012.', 'The WEM scenario was modelled with the following measures: Storage rules for organic fertilizers40 This measure applies to N2O and NH3 emissions and has been in force since 2012. During the storage of slurry and other liquid organic fertilizers, it is necessary to ensure sufficient tank capacity with regard to the appropriate application time, tank surface coverage, e.g., floating covers of plastic films, covering the surface with straw or LECA material, if the surface is protected by natural bark, to limit handling operations to prevent damage. During the storage of solid organic fertilizers, it is especially necessary to ensure a reduction of the surface area, the covering of the surface, and the use of bioreactors.', 'During the storage of solid organic fertilizers, it is especially necessary to ensure a reduction of the surface area, the covering of the surface, and the use of bioreactors. The right feeding strategy41 The protein content in the feed must correspond to the production level of animals, thus reducing the excess nitrogen content in the manure. The feeding strategy provides the most cost-effective options for reducing emissions, as it produces an effect at every stage where ammonia and N2O can be released. In particular, the following measures are recommended to reduce excess protein doses: • Adapt the composition of the feed to the requirements of the animals, • Replace a part of fresh grass with fibre of a lower protein content (e.g., maize silage).', 'In particular, the following measures are recommended to reduce excess protein doses: • Adapt the composition of the feed to the requirements of the animals, • Replace a part of fresh grass with fibre of a lower protein content (e.g., maize silage). Emissions projections (Figure 16) from the Agricultural soil category were prepared using the WEM scenario (identical to the WAM scenario) and although they may differ from the actual figures achieved in the future due to a number of external factors (e.g., Common agricultural policy measures and many other factors - whether economic (supply, demand, agricultural input and output prices etc. ), political or accidental (natural disasters, climate change, etc. ), forecasts reflect current (2015) trends and expectations for the future.', '), forecasts reflect current (2015) trends and expectations for the future. The development of the scenario by individual category is in Table 13 in Annex I. Figure 16: Overall trend of aggregate greenhouse gas emissions (in Gg CO2 eq.) in agriculture in 2015 – 2040 under the WEM scenario 39 More detailed information on the sector can be found in the National Inventory Reports of the Slovak Republic SR (NIR) on the website 40 resulting from Regulation of the Government of the Slovak Republic 410/2012 Coll., defined in particular in Articles 30 - 32 Technological equipment – Livestock production. 41 Annex No. 7 to Regulation No.', '41 Annex No. 7 to Regulation No. 410/2012 Coll.Based on the projections in the WEM reference scenario, it is clear that it is necessary to adopt additional measures in the future (identified as NEUTRAL measures as the measures were not modelled in the WAM scenario) to reverse trends in emissions in which agricultural emissions will rise slightly in the future. These trends are incompatible with Slovakia s target of achieving climate neutrality in 2050.', 'These trends are incompatible with Slovakia s target of achieving climate neutrality in 2050. 2.5.4.3 ADDITIONAL MEASURES (NEUTRAL) TO ACHIEVE THE CLIMATE NEUTRALITY TARGET IN AGRICULTURE UP TO 2050 In view of a slightly increasing trend in agricultural emissions over the last decade and projected for the following decades, it is necessary to increase the reduction effort, either by adopting new additional measures (NEUTRAL) or implementing already existing measures (some of which are also included in this list), and which are often adopted in other strategies but their implementation in practice is still insufficient in terms of contributing to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. In order to achieve climate neutrality, it will be desirable to effectively set up a long-term and predictable framework for financial support.', 'In order to achieve climate neutrality, it will be desirable to effectively set up a long-term and predictable framework for financial support. Support for the consistent implementation of the Code of Good Agricultural Practice. Consistent implementation of measures identified in the Adaptation Strategy of the Slovak Republic on Adverse Impacts of Climate Change (rev 2017).42 While these measures are of an adaptation nature, they have great mitigation potential in agriculture. These are, for example, the following measures (partly overlapping the LULUCF sector): - Restoring degraded wetlands, aktualizacia.pdf- Managing changes in green cover due to climate change so that the development of erosion and desertification of the territory is reduced, - Increasing landscape connectivity – building green infrastructure.', 'These are, for example, the following measures (partly overlapping the LULUCF sector): - Restoring degraded wetlands, aktualizacia.pdf- Managing changes in green cover due to climate change so that the development of erosion and desertification of the territory is reduced, - Increasing landscape connectivity – building green infrastructure. Reduce food losses and focus on maximising removals and minimising emissions for released land. Precise farming (technology) can increase yields or reduce the farmed area, releasing land for alternative use. Analysis and, where appropriate, subsequent implementation of agroforestry systems in land management. Increased use of nitrate-type fertilizers and nitrogen-stabilized fertilizers to the detriment of urea application. Prepare a national analysis of N2O emissions, from the point of view of emission reductions of up to 40%.', 'Prepare a national analysis of N2O emissions, from the point of view of emission reductions of up to 40%. Analyse the advantages and weaknesses of individual crops and their use in terms of greenhouse gas balance and biodiversity impacts. For example, crops grown for energy purposes (biofuel, biomass) are compared with other options (grass, forest, wetland, etc.). Targeted boosting of self-sufficiency in food with a link to the preference of local foods, which often have a lower emission footprint (mainly due to transport).', 'Targeted boosting of self-sufficiency in food with a link to the preference of local foods, which often have a lower emission footprint (mainly due to transport). Effectively store animal waste, namely storing liquids in tanks isolated from the environment or tanks with oxygen access and storing livestock manure without or with a minimum amount of water to facilitate its handling so that it is stored under a roof with a concrete floor - this can eliminate up to 100% of N2 O emissions. Efficiently process animal waste and use biogas, mainly as a local energy source. Set rules for the operation of biogas plants in terms of processed input, including the storage of input material and digestate.', 'Set rules for the operation of biogas plants in terms of processed input, including the storage of input material and digestate. Animal feeding interventions to reduce CH4 emissions such as intensive feeding on active substances, especially cereals. Increased support for the bioeconomy. Implementation of support from Pillar I and II of the Common Agricultural Policy aimed at improving the environment and climate with farmer remuneration for additional activities aimed at reducing emissions, or at increasing carbon sinks. Pay attention to raising awareness and educating the population, prepare campaigns to change consumer behaviour, including a stronger emphasis on the carbon footprint of food and especially dairy products and certain types of meat.', 'Pay attention to raising awareness and educating the population, prepare campaigns to change consumer behaviour, including a stronger emphasis on the carbon footprint of food and especially dairy products and certain types of meat. Consider introducing a sectoral reduction target as part of updating this Strategy.2.5.5 LAND USE, LAND USE CHANGE AND FORESTRY (LULUCF) SECTOR 2.5.5.1 Current Emission and Removal Trends in the LULUCF Sector The land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) sector covers a wide range of biological and technical processes in the country which also affect the amount of greenhouse gas emissions/removals. The emission inventory in this sector includes the main greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4 and N2O) as well as basic pollutants from forest fires (NO x and CO).', 'The emission inventory in this sector includes the main greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4 and N2O) as well as basic pollutants from forest fires (NO x and CO). The LULUCF sector represents a net sink of CO2 ranging from -10,987.61 (1992) to -5,719.15 (2005) Gg CO2 eq. over the period of 1990 – 2017 and the most important carbon sinks. The trend of GHG emissions/removals by the land use and harvested wood products category in the LULUCF sector is shown in Figure 17. Figure 17: Trend of greenhouse gas emissions/removals in the LULUCF sector (Gg CO2eq.) Source: SHMI Note: HWP stands for harvested wood products Net greenhouse gas emissions/sinks in the LULUCF sector are the result of changes in the different land use categories.', 'Source: SHMI Note: HWP stands for harvested wood products Net greenhouse gas emissions/sinks in the LULUCF sector are the result of changes in the different land use categories. For the FL (Forest land) category, the balance contains carbon stock in living biomass (aboveground and ground) and is based on the difference between the annual increase in carbon (total current increase) in biomass and its losses (timber- harvesting). In view of the fact that there are more and more biomass increases in Slovakia than those harvested, the balance is favourable, carbon stock in living biomass has been growing in recent years and this is also expected in the next decades (Figure 28 in Annex I).', 'In view of the fact that there are more and more biomass increases in Slovakia than those harvested, the balance is favourable, carbon stock in living biomass has been growing in recent years and this is also expected in the next decades (Figure 28 in Annex I). The temporary decrease in removals is caused by a gradual increase in the average age of forest stands and a resulting lower year-on-year increase in wood mass. Healthy forest ecosystems have a high carbon storage capacity.', 'Healthy forest ecosystems have a high carbon storage capacity. Forest land Cropland Grassland Settlements Other land HWP2.5.5.2 Projections of emissions and removals under the WEM reference scenario The projections of emissions and removals in the LULUCF sector were based on the Sectoral Strategy Paper the Rural Development Programme of the Slovak Republic 2007 – 2013 and 2014 – 2020, taking into account the adopted National Forest Programme (NLP) of the Slovak Republic as well as the NLP Action Plans for 2009 – 2013 and 2015 – 2020.', 'Forest land Cropland Grassland Settlements Other land HWP2.5.5.2 Projections of emissions and removals under the WEM reference scenario The projections of emissions and removals in the LULUCF sector were based on the Sectoral Strategy Paper the Rural Development Programme of the Slovak Republic 2007 – 2013 and 2014 – 2020, taking into account the adopted National Forest Programme (NLP) of the Slovak Republic as well as the NLP Action Plans for 2009 – 2013 and 2015 – 2020. The following measures were included in the projections of greenhouse gas emissions and removals in the LULUCF sector: \uf0a7 Afforestation of 800 ha of low-productive/low reclaimed land with fast growing trees and the first afforestation of 600 ha of agricultural land by 2017; \uf0a7 Grassing of 50,000 ha of arable land by 2017; \uf0a7 Reduction of the risk of forest fires to 90% compared to the period of 2000 – 2003 (application of Regulation 2152/2003/EC concerning the monitoring of forests and forest fires), Figure 18: Projections of CO2 eq (Gg) emissions/removals in the Land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) sector until 2040 under the WEM scenario The results of the modelling of projected CO2 emissions/removals from the LULUCF sector for the period until 2040 are shown in Figure 42.', 'The following measures were included in the projections of greenhouse gas emissions and removals in the LULUCF sector: \uf0a7 Afforestation of 800 ha of low-productive/low reclaimed land with fast growing trees and the first afforestation of 600 ha of agricultural land by 2017; \uf0a7 Grassing of 50,000 ha of arable land by 2017; \uf0a7 Reduction of the risk of forest fires to 90% compared to the period of 2000 – 2003 (application of Regulation 2152/2003/EC concerning the monitoring of forests and forest fires), Figure 18: Projections of CO2 eq (Gg) emissions/removals in the Land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) sector until 2040 under the WEM scenario The results of the modelling of projected CO2 emissions/removals from the LULUCF sector for the period until 2040 are shown in Figure 42. As can be seen, overall CO2 removals in the sector are expected to range from –6,642.32 (2017) to – 4,206.56 (2035) Gg CO2.', 'As can be seen, overall CO2 removals in the sector are expected to range from –6,642.32 (2017) to – 4,206.56 (2035) Gg CO2. The projections of CO2 removals in the period between 2017 and 2035 show a decreasing trend. This is mainly due to a decrease in removals in the categories FL (Forest land), CL (Cropland) and GL (Grassland) and an increase in emissions from SL (Settlements) and OL (Other land).After 2035, removals are expected to increase in the FL (Forest land) and GL (Grassland) categories. These trends can be seen in Table 14 in Annex I.', 'These trends can be seen in Table 14 in Annex I. The LULUCF sector plays an important role in removing those emissions that cannot otherwise be eliminated (emissions from industrial processes, agricultural activities and transport) and, on the other hand, the use of wood in the material and energy sectors will replace the use of fossil-based products and raw materials. Thus, the sector provides opportunities for emission reductions that will not be eliminated otherwise, and which could jeopardize the achievement of the climate neutrality target in 2050. However, the development as from 1990 as well as projections (Figure 15) for the future show quite the opposite trend (a reduction of such removals).', 'However, the development as from 1990 as well as projections (Figure 15) for the future show quite the opposite trend (a reduction of such removals). It will therefore be necessary to quantify and assess the potential for CO2 removals in the LULUCF sector and their possible application to reduce the emission residue (Chapter 2.1.1) by 2050 through additional measures. On the other hand, the sector is vulnerable to the damage caused by the effects of climate change (drought, higher temperatures, wind, fires, pathogens, etc.) that reduce CO2 removals.', 'On the other hand, the sector is vulnerable to the damage caused by the effects of climate change (drought, higher temperatures, wind, fires, pathogens, etc.) that reduce CO2 removals. 2.5.5.3 Possibilities of Increasing Removals of LULUCF Sector under the WAM Scenario The Scenario with additional measures (WAM) shows the trend of emissions after two other additional measures have been implemented: - Afforestation of 23,000 ha of grassland by 2040 - Grassing of 50,000 ha of cropland after 2016. Based on this assumption (Figure 19), projected CO2 removals in the period between 2017 and 2035 show a downward trend. As can be seen, overall CO2 removals in the sector are expected to range from –6,642.32 (2017) to – 4,272.30 (2035) Gg CO2.', 'As can be seen, overall CO2 removals in the sector are expected to range from –6,642.32 (2017) to – 4,272.30 (2035) Gg CO2. This is mainly due to a decrease in removals in the categories FL (Forest land), CL (Cropland) and GL (Grassland) and an increase in emissions from SL and OL. After 2035, removals are expected to increase in the FL and GL categories. More detailed information can be found in Table 15 in Annex I. Figure 19: Projections of CO2 eq.', 'Figure 19: Projections of CO2 eq. (Gg) emissions/removals in the Land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) sector until 2040 under the WAM scenario2015 are real figures; Source: SHMI Slovakia has not yet quantified emissions/removals from the Wetland category as there is no sufficiently accurate input data based on which it is possible to model emission/removal projections in this category.', '(Gg) emissions/removals in the Land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) sector until 2040 under the WAM scenario2015 are real figures; Source: SHMI Slovakia has not yet quantified emissions/removals from the Wetland category as there is no sufficiently accurate input data based on which it is possible to model emission/removal projections in this category. 2.5.5.4 OTHER ADDITIONAL MEASURES (NEUTRAL) IN THE LULUCF SECTOR TO ACHIEVE THE CLIMATE NEUTRALITY TARGET BY 2050 The scenarios highlighted the need to strengthen efforts in the LULUCF sector through the introduction of new NEUTRAL measures and the implementation of existing measures, including those used in the WAM scenario, which are often adopted in other strategies (e.g., the Adaptation Strategy) but their implementation in practice is still insufficient in terms of increasing removals.', '2.5.5.4 OTHER ADDITIONAL MEASURES (NEUTRAL) IN THE LULUCF SECTOR TO ACHIEVE THE CLIMATE NEUTRALITY TARGET BY 2050 The scenarios highlighted the need to strengthen efforts in the LULUCF sector through the introduction of new NEUTRAL measures and the implementation of existing measures, including those used in the WAM scenario, which are often adopted in other strategies (e.g., the Adaptation Strategy) but their implementation in practice is still insufficient in terms of increasing removals. Moreover, it will be necessary to quantify and evaluate the potential for CO2 removals in the LULUCF sector and their possible application to reduce the emission residue by 2050 through additional measures.', 'Moreover, it will be necessary to quantify and evaluate the potential for CO2 removals in the LULUCF sector and their possible application to reduce the emission residue by 2050 through additional measures. Support for increasing removals will be implemented in the short term mainly through the Common Agricultural Policy and through adaptation measures under the 2nd Program Priority in Slovakia financed from the EU budget. However, in order to achieve climate neutrality, it will be desirable to effectively set up a long-term and predictable framework for financial support. Introduce sustainability criteria for forest biomass according to the Directive on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources.', 'Introduce sustainability criteria for forest biomass according to the Directive on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources. 43 Increase forest area through afforestation of agriculturally unused land while maintaining the diversity of non-forest habitats. Maintain vital forests by limiting the negative impacts of climate change on forests through measures focused on forest adaptation (supporting the application of management models beyond the scope of legal obligations, supporting the use of alternative management models for the purpose of modifying the woody composition, using appropriate provenance). Maintain vital forests by limiting the negative impacts of climate change on forests by implementing preventive and protective measures against the spread of disturbances. In the context of sustainable forest management, support measures focused on increasing carbon removals.', 'In the context of sustainable forest management, support measures focused on increasing carbon removals. Apply nature-friendly management from the third degree of nature protection and higher. Implement measures to significantly reduce the share of accidental felling in the forests of the SR. Preserve and ensure the protection of primaeval forests and natural forests in the context of the overall implementation of the concept of sustainable forest management. Use agro-forestry systems aimed at carbon sequestration through wood biomass and soil. Utilise record-keeping, quantification and active management of biomass on non- forest land. Gradually increase the area of forest land or agroforestry land by addressing discrepancies in land types through land consolidation projects and partial changes to non-forest lands overgrown with forest trees.', 'Gradually increase the area of forest land or agroforestry land by addressing discrepancies in land types through land consolidation projects and partial changes to non-forest lands overgrown with forest trees. Increase the share of wood products (HWP) with long lifetimes, including for building purposes. Implement measures aimed at increasing carbon sequestration in agricultural soils and maintaining a high level of organic carbon in carbon-rich soils. Increase the organic carbon content in agricultural soils by ensuring land management with the principles of good agricultural practice as well as by meeting the general requirements under Article 8 of Regulation of the Government of the SR No. 342/2014 Coll.', 'Increase the organic carbon content in agricultural soils by ensuring land management with the principles of good agricultural practice as well as by meeting the general requirements under Article 8 of Regulation of the Government of the SR No. 342/2014 Coll. of 2015, which lays down the rules for granting support in agriculture in connection with decoupled direct payment schemes (crop diversification, maintaining existing permanent grassland, having an ecological focus area). Maintain and restore grassland. Protect and restore peatlands and wetlands in river basins. Recognise the need for education, awareness-raising and awareness for the general public for additional measures in this sector. Prepare a study to assess the possibilities for achieving 7 Mt CO2 eq.', 'Prepare a study to assess the possibilities for achieving 7 Mt CO2 eq. and more from the LULUCF sector by 2050.2.5.6 WASTE SECTOR 2.5.6.1 Current Trends in Reducing Emissions in the Waste Sector The emission inventory for the waste sector includes direct greenhouse gas emissions (CH4, CO2, N2O) and indirect greenhouse gas emissions (NMVOC). Methane emissions are generated at solid waste disposal sites, the sites of biodegradable waste recovery, waste incineration and in wastewater treatment processes. The main source of CO2 is waste incineration. N2O arises from biological waste treatment and wastewater treatment. Total emissions from the waste sector are relatively stable over the period 1990 -2016, as shown in Figure 20. Figure 20: Trend of aggregate greenhouse gas emissions in the waste sector in 1990-2016 (Gg CO2eq.)', 'Figure 20: Trend of aggregate greenhouse gas emissions in the waste sector in 1990-2016 (Gg CO2eq.) – by category Source: SHMI Total CO2 eq. emissions in 2016 were 1,483.80 Gg, an increase of 11% compared to 1990, and a drop by 3% compared to 2015 due to a decrease in biologically treated waste and waste incineration. The increase in emissions from waste disposal was offset by a reduction in emissions from wastewater treatment, while biological wastewater treatment and waste incineration had a minor impact on the overall balance of the sector.', 'The increase in emissions from waste disposal was offset by a reduction in emissions from wastewater treatment, while biological wastewater treatment and waste incineration had a minor impact on the overall balance of the sector. 44 44 44 More detailed information on the sector can be found in the inventory reports (NIR) on the website inventory.shmu.sk/documents.php Landfilling Biological treatment of solid waste Waste Incineration Wastewater treatment2.5.6.2 Projections of emissions under the WEM reference scenario (identical to the WAM scenario) The projections of emissions from the waste sector until 2040 concentrate on activities in the areas of municipal waste management and municipal wastewater treatment. These two main sources of emissions account for more than 80% of the estimated emissions in the waste sector.', 'These two main sources of emissions account for more than 80% of the estimated emissions in the waste sector. The reference scenario (WEM) is based on the expectation that development in municipal waste management will continue as observed in the last decade. This development is characterized by organization of waste collection at the municipal level and increasing separation of recyclables or waste components, maintaining landfilling as the main waste disposal method. This development relies on the Waste Management Programme of the Slovak Republic for the years 2019 – 202545.', 'This development relies on the Waste Management Programme of the Slovak Republic for the years 2019 – 202545. The WEM/WAM scenario relies on measures from the Programme or other assumptions: Reduction of mixed municipal waste by 50% until 2025 compared to 2016; Reduction of biodegradable waste in mixed municipal waste by 60% until 2025 compared to the status in 2016. Reduction of municipal waste landfilling to a maximum of 10% until 2035. It is assumed that to achieve the targets above, the two incinerators (Košice and Bratislava) will continue their operations in this scenario at their current capacity (200 kt/year).', 'It is assumed that to achieve the targets above, the two incinerators (Košice and Bratislava) will continue their operations in this scenario at their current capacity (200 kt/year). When evaluating specific measures for the continued implementation of the targets and measures of the Waste Management Programme of the Slovak Republic for 2016 – 2020, it was found that most of the original targets have not been achieved46. In order to achieve the above stated targets, it is expected that the existing incineration plants will continue to increase their operation to full capacity, i.e. 285 kt/year. Figure 21: Projections of CO2 eq.', 'Figure 21: Projections of CO2 eq. (Gg) emissions in the waste sector under the WEM scenario (identical to the WAM scenario) until 2040 46 Evaluation of the continued implementation of objectives and measures of the Waste Management Programme of theBased on the projections in the WEM reference scenario, which are identical to the WAM scenario, it is clear that the trend of waste emissions is moving in the right direction. The risk is related to the implementation of all modelled measures in force (waste legislation with targets) because the targets have not been met in the past.', 'The risk is related to the implementation of all modelled measures in force (waste legislation with targets) because the targets have not been met in the past. Therefore, additional measures (NEUTRAL) need to be taken in the future so that the trend of emissions copies the projections and that reductions beyond the scope of projections are increased for the sector to be able to contribute as much as possible to achieving climate neutrality for the Slovak Republic by 2050.', 'Therefore, additional measures (NEUTRAL) need to be taken in the future so that the trend of emissions copies the projections and that reductions beyond the scope of projections are increased for the sector to be able to contribute as much as possible to achieving climate neutrality for the Slovak Republic by 2050. 2.5.6.3 OTHER ADDITIONAL MEASURES (NEUTRAL) IN THE WASTE SECTOR TO ACHIEVE THE CLIMATE NEUTRALITY TARGET UP TO 2050 For this sector to contribute effectively to the 2050 climate neutrality target, it is necessary to increase the reduction effort by adopting new additional measures (NEUTRAL) and implementing already existing measures, some of which are often adopted in other strategies, programmes and plans (e.g., the Waste Management Programme of the Slovak Republic) but their implementation in practice still has a lot of room for improvement from the point of view of contributing to reducing greenhouse gas emissions.', '2.5.6.3 OTHER ADDITIONAL MEASURES (NEUTRAL) IN THE WASTE SECTOR TO ACHIEVE THE CLIMATE NEUTRALITY TARGET UP TO 2050 For this sector to contribute effectively to the 2050 climate neutrality target, it is necessary to increase the reduction effort by adopting new additional measures (NEUTRAL) and implementing already existing measures, some of which are often adopted in other strategies, programmes and plans (e.g., the Waste Management Programme of the Slovak Republic) but their implementation in practice still has a lot of room for improvement from the point of view of contributing to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In order to achieve climate neutrality, it will be desirable to effectively set up a long-term and predictable framework for financial support.', 'In order to achieve climate neutrality, it will be desirable to effectively set up a long-term and predictable framework for financial support. Increased support for the circular economy through: - Ecodesign focusing on reuse, durability, recyclability, recycled material content, reparability; - Measures to increase resource efficiency; - Encourage the emergence of new business models based on sharing, lending or repairing;- Reduce food waste (e.g., food products can be further used, either by donating safe food products or food products past their expiry date to a charity, or by composting or recovering products for energy or otherwise) - Waste prevention; - Establish the obligation to use certified products from recycling where there is an equivalent to non-renewable raw material products (e.g., at least a 30% share); - Establish the obligation to reuse purified water from wastewater treatment plants, purified process water mainly for energy use – water vapour applications.', 'Increased support for the circular economy through: - Ecodesign focusing on reuse, durability, recyclability, recycled material content, reparability; - Measures to increase resource efficiency; - Encourage the emergence of new business models based on sharing, lending or repairing;- Reduce food waste (e.g., food products can be further used, either by donating safe food products or food products past their expiry date to a charity, or by composting or recovering products for energy or otherwise) - Waste prevention; - Establish the obligation to use certified products from recycling where there is an equivalent to non-renewable raw material products (e.g., at least a 30% share); - Establish the obligation to reuse purified water from wastewater treatment plants, purified process water mainly for energy use – water vapour applications. Streamline the prevention of illegal dumps.', 'Streamline the prevention of illegal dumps. Improve separate collection of biodegradable municipal waste for the production of biogas from waste (e.g., biodegradable waste and waste from wastewater treatment plants) with regard to the use of digestate for land, its subsequent transformation into biogas / biomethane (e.g., for its subsequent use in transport or injection into the distribution system) and the production of electricity and heat from biogas / biomethane. Support SMART solutions for technical services in towns to streamline waste management. Optimize waste management logistics at the level of cities and municipalities. Recognise the need for education, awareness-raising and awareness for the general public for additional measures in this sector.', 'Recognise the need for education, awareness-raising and awareness for the general public for additional measures in this sector. Consider introducing a reduction target for the whole waste sector (whether for 2030, 2040 or 2050) as part of updating this Strategy which would be in harmony with the 2050 climate neutrality target.3 CURRENT AND PLANNED FINANCING OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE PROPOSED MEASURES 3.1 Estimated Investments Required for Decarbonisation If Slovakia decarbonises its economy as it was modelled in the scenario with additional measures WAM from the WB (i.e. by 2030, there would be a 47% reduction in total emissions compared to 1990 levels and 70% in 2050 according to the WB conservative estimate), by 2030 it will cost an extra EUR 8 billion over the decade, and in 2031-2050 (i.e.', 'by 2030, there would be a 47% reduction in total emissions compared to 1990 levels and 70% in 2050 according to the WB conservative estimate), by 2030 it will cost an extra EUR 8 billion over the decade, and in 2031-2050 (i.e. two decades) it will even be an extra EUR 196 billion compared to the WEM reference scenario. Thus, by 2040 the average additional annual expenditure will be 1.8% of GDP, in 2020-2050 it will be up to 4.2% of GDP47 on average per annum. These costs include investments that will be made by households, the business sector and the state.', 'These costs include investments that will be made by households, the business sector and the state. For example, in 2030, households will invest an extra EUR one billion per year for thermal insulation, the purchase of more environmentally-sound appliances, or the use of renewable energy sources. Likewise, in the third sector, an essential part of which is buildings and services, investments will be made for insulation and the application of measures according to the Ecodesign Directive, which will mean an investment of almost EUR 1 billion in 2030. Slovakia has a higher decarbonisation target than was modelled in the WAM scenario, which is to achieve climate neutrality in 2050, meaning reductions of at least 90% compared to 1990 levels (excluding removals).', 'Slovakia has a higher decarbonisation target than was modelled in the WAM scenario, which is to achieve climate neutrality in 2050, meaning reductions of at least 90% compared to 1990 levels (excluding removals). This would imply that the cost of decarbonisation would be considerably higher than those calculated in this strategy. We do not have this data available. However, the models used did not assume this scenario and it is one of the tasks that must be dealt with when updating this strategy in the future. The partially quantified amounts needed for decarbonisation should also have adequately allocated funds. According to recent developments, it is clear that the higher cost of decarbonisation will in future be partly offset by the higher amounts of funding available for it.', 'According to recent developments, it is clear that the higher cost of decarbonisation will in future be partly offset by the higher amounts of funding available for it. Based on internal estimates of the Ministry of Finance of the Slovak Republic in cooperation with the Permanent Representation of the Slovak Republic to the EU and MoE SR estimates, between EUR 9.9 and 10.5 billion should be available before 2030 for climatic measures 47 The projected costs are calculated on the basis of the prices of existing technologies (electric arc, synthetic fuels, battery repositories) and it is expected that they will be cheaper, but not as a result of a sudden reduction in prices due to the discovery of new technology.through the EU budget (the figure only covers the period until 2027), the Modernisation Fund and the Environmental Fund (both the Funds cover the period between 2020 and 2030).', 'Based on internal estimates of the Ministry of Finance of the Slovak Republic in cooperation with the Permanent Representation of the Slovak Republic to the EU and MoE SR estimates, between EUR 9.9 and 10.5 billion should be available before 2030 for climatic measures 47 The projected costs are calculated on the basis of the prices of existing technologies (electric arc, synthetic fuels, battery repositories) and it is expected that they will be cheaper, but not as a result of a sudden reduction in prices due to the discovery of new technology.through the EU budget (the figure only covers the period until 2027), the Modernisation Fund and the Environmental Fund (both the Funds cover the period between 2020 and 2030). This figure did not include possible additional funds for projects drawn from the Innovation Fund, from the European Economic Area Financial Mechanism and the Norwegian Financial Mechanism and did not take into account other sources within the SR budget in the period between 2028 and 2030.', 'This figure did not include possible additional funds for projects drawn from the Innovation Fund, from the European Economic Area Financial Mechanism and the Norwegian Financial Mechanism and did not take into account other sources within the SR budget in the period between 2028 and 2030. Nevertheless, this figure exceeds the estimated additional cost of WB modelling by 2030 by EUR 2.5 billion. In the long term, according to internal estimates of the Ministry of Finance of the Slovak Republic in cooperation with the Permanent Representation of the Slovak Republic to the EU, the SR will have EUR 42 to 45 billion available between 2027 and 2050 for climate change measures just from the EU budget, where other national and European funds are not taken into account.', 'In the long term, according to internal estimates of the Ministry of Finance of the Slovak Republic in cooperation with the Permanent Representation of the Slovak Republic to the EU, the SR will have EUR 42 to 45 billion available between 2027 and 2050 for climate change measures just from the EU budget, where other national and European funds are not taken into account. It is questionable whether State and public authorities are ready to use such huge financial resources intended for decarbonisation projects which should be in line with the goals of achieving climate neutrality in 2050. This issue should also be analysed during the update of this strategy.', 'This issue should also be analysed during the update of this strategy. 3.2 Planned Financing Opportunities for Mitigation and Adaptation Measures Since it is a long-term strategic document, the current sources of funding available at the time of the adoption of this Strategy in this context will not take into account post-2020 realities. Details on the current way of financing decarbonisation measures until 2030 are stated in Chapter 3.1.1 of the NECP. It contains information about current EU funding sources, other funding sources such as SlovSEFF III and about State aid schemes. In order to achieve the targets set, it is also necessary to create support mechanisms to finance individual measures.', 'In order to achieve the targets set, it is also necessary to create support mechanisms to finance individual measures. The Strategy identified 6 priority financial instruments (other than the SR budget) ensuring the transition to a low-carbon economy: 1. Modernisation Fund 2. Innovation Fund 3. EU budget (European Structural and Investment Funds) 4. Other funds from abroad provided under contracts 5. Environmental Fund 6. European Green Deal Investment Plan Under these financial instruments, significant funds of EUR 9.9 billion to EUR 10.5 billion could be earmarked for climate change for the next 10 years. Another important area of financing for climate measures will be State and local authorities’ budgets.', 'Another important area of financing for climate measures will be State and local authorities’ budgets. Mitigation and adaptation measures must also be funded from the central government, regional and local governments’ own resources, regardless of the availability ofother sources, in the implementation of their own departmental measures which are either based on or in line with this Strategy. In implementing their own measures and priority areas, ministries and other public authorities often also implement measures in line with this Strategy, either directly or indirectly. 3.2.1 Modernisation Fund The Modernisation Fund is set up under Article 10d of the revised ETS Directive and will serve to encourage investment in modernising energy systems and improving energy efficiency.', '3.2.1 Modernisation Fund The Modernisation Fund is set up under Article 10d of the revised ETS Directive and will serve to encourage investment in modernising energy systems and improving energy efficiency. The investments supported must be in line with the objectives of the Directive (reducing greenhouse gas emissions) and in accordance with State Aid Guidelines. Projects applying for support from the Modernisation Fund can be divided into priority and non-priority projects.', 'Projects applying for support from the Modernisation Fund can be divided into priority and non-priority projects. Priority projects include: Investments in the generation and use of electricity from renewable sources, The improvement of energy efficiency, except energy efficiency relating to energy generation using solid fossil fuels, Energy storage, The modernisation of energy networks, including district heating pipelines, Investments and the modernisation of grids for electricity transmission and the increase of interconnections between Member States, Investments in energy efficiency in transport, building industry, agriculture and waste management; and Promoting fair transition in coal-dependent regions. The percentage of the allowances for the SR in the Modernisation Fund is 6.13%.', 'The percentage of the allowances for the SR in the Modernisation Fund is 6.13%. According to the ETS Directive, the SR will transfer 30% from its total share of allowance auctions to the Modernisation Fund. This will additionally increase the quantity of allowances from 19 mil. allowances to roughly 54 mil. allowances during the 10-year period of 2021-2030, ensuring a financing package of around EUR 1.35 billion for Slovakia in that period at the average price of 25 EUR/allowance. 3.2.2 Innovation Fund The Innovation Fund is a pan-European fund and will be financed from the auctioning of 450 million EU Emissions and from the funds, if any, that will be left after the end of the NER 300 programme.', '3.2.2 Innovation Fund The Innovation Fund is a pan-European fund and will be financed from the auctioning of 450 million EU Emissions and from the funds, if any, that will be left after the end of the NER 300 programme. On the basis of preliminary estimates, such auctioning could accumulate between EUR 3 and 11 billion, depending on the selling price of the emission allowances, and will be available to all entities within the EU. The Innovation Fund will be built on similar principles to the NER 300 programme.', 'The Innovation Fund will be built on similar principles to the NER 300 programme. However, the biggest difference is the extension of supported investment plans to include carbon capture and utilisation technologies, innovative low-carbon technologies in the industry, and energy storage technologies.3.2.3 EU Budget (European Structural and Investment Funds) Within the Union s budget for the years 2021-2027, it is possible to make use of financial resources from individual EU structural and investment funds (the European Fund for Reconstruction and Development, Cohesion Fund, European Social Fund, Horizon, LIFE, CEF, InvestEU, Just Transition Fund, BICC) as well as from the Common Agricultural Policy, where climate change and environmental expenditure should account for up to 40%. From the entire budget, up to 25% of expenditure should go for climate change.', 'From the entire budget, up to 25% of expenditure should go for climate change. At present there have been discussions on the final form of the multiannual financial framework (MFF) for 2021-2027, with individual Member States including Slovakia already working on their national Programme Priorities. If measures to combat climate change become a strategic priority for the SR, in the years 2021-2027 the Slovak Republic can use EUR 7.6 to 8.1 billion for this purpose in combination with EU funds and related national co-financing.48 Fighting climate change will be priority for the EU and the EC will prefer such projects to other projects in negotiations with Slovakia.', 'If measures to combat climate change become a strategic priority for the SR, in the years 2021-2027 the Slovak Republic can use EUR 7.6 to 8.1 billion for this purpose in combination with EU funds and related national co-financing.48 Fighting climate change will be priority for the EU and the EC will prefer such projects to other projects in negotiations with Slovakia. The EU precondition will be that the SR invests at least EUR 6.5 billion (25% of the funds from the EU budget which SK will receive in 2021-27) in measures to combat climate change. Adding mandatory national co-financing, we get EUR 7.6 billion for the conservative scenario and EUR 8.1 billion for the optimistic scenario.', 'Adding mandatory national co-financing, we get EUR 7.6 billion for the conservative scenario and EUR 8.1 billion for the optimistic scenario. By 2050, the SR s receipts from the EU budget will have gradually declined, but the per cent share of the mandatory funds for combating climate change will have increased. At the beginning of 2020, it can be assumed that in the period between 2021 and 2050, Slovakia will have EUR 49.5 to 53 billion available for measures to combat climate change (the sum of gradually declining revenue from the EU budget, whereas the % focus for that purpose will grow and growing mandatory co-financing from the EU budget).', 'At the beginning of 2020, it can be assumed that in the period between 2021 and 2050, Slovakia will have EUR 49.5 to 53 billion available for measures to combat climate change (the sum of gradually declining revenue from the EU budget, whereas the % focus for that purpose will grow and growing mandatory co-financing from the EU budget). This is the sum of likely revenue from the EU budget through the cohesion policy and rural development and their national co-financing, which SK is likely to receive from the EU budget in 2021-2050 for measures to combat climate change.', 'This is the sum of likely revenue from the EU budget through the cohesion policy and rural development and their national co-financing, which SK is likely to receive from the EU budget in 2021-2050 for measures to combat climate change. Within the main programme priorities in Slovakia being prepared for the upcoming MFF by 2027, priority 2: A GREENER, low-carbon EUROPE relates to climate change through promoting clean and fair energy transition, green and blue investment, the circular economy, climate adaptation and risk prevention and management.', 'Within the main programme priorities in Slovakia being prepared for the upcoming MFF by 2027, priority 2: A GREENER, low-carbon EUROPE relates to climate change through promoting clean and fair energy transition, green and blue investment, the circular economy, climate adaptation and risk prevention and management. Within this priority, Slovakia plans to focus on addressing mitigation and adaptation issues with the following support: Support for measures to reduce the energy performance of buildings Promoting renewable energy sources and efficient district heating systems (DHS) in the areas of heat and cold supply and smart energy systems, energy storage Promoting and using alternative fuels in transport 48 An internal estimate of the Ministry of Finance in cooperation with the Permanent Representation of the SR to the EU Water management and retention capacity of the landscape and settlement environment Preventive measures to protect against emergencies associated with climate change Supporting the adaptation process by improving data availability, supporting the creation of strategy papers and raising public awareness Support for increasing removals will be implemented mainly through the Common Agricultural Policy and partly through adaptation measures under the 2nd Programme Priority in Slovakia financed from the EU budget.', 'Within this priority, Slovakia plans to focus on addressing mitigation and adaptation issues with the following support: Support for measures to reduce the energy performance of buildings Promoting renewable energy sources and efficient district heating systems (DHS) in the areas of heat and cold supply and smart energy systems, energy storage Promoting and using alternative fuels in transport 48 An internal estimate of the Ministry of Finance in cooperation with the Permanent Representation of the SR to the EU Water management and retention capacity of the landscape and settlement environment Preventive measures to protect against emergencies associated with climate change Supporting the adaptation process by improving data availability, supporting the creation of strategy papers and raising public awareness Support for increasing removals will be implemented mainly through the Common Agricultural Policy and partly through adaptation measures under the 2nd Programme Priority in Slovakia financed from the EU budget. 3.2.4 Environmental Fund The Environmental Fund will play an important role through which mitigation measures will be financed further to help the transition to a low-carbon economy in Slovakia.', '3.2.4 Environmental Fund The Environmental Fund will play an important role through which mitigation measures will be financed further to help the transition to a low-carbon economy in Slovakia. The Environmental Fund is the recipient of revenues from the sale of emission allowances by auction. Starting from 2020, the share will be higher, whereas according to the national legislation it cannot be less than 30%. This will ensure possible spending on climate and environmental projects for the next period in the amount of roughly EUR 1 billion. This change will facilitate better investment predictability and better planning for the use of Environmental Fund funding. Revenue from the Environmental Fund will be reused for investment that contributes to reducing greenhouse gas emissions.', 'Revenue from the Environmental Fund will be reused for investment that contributes to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This arrangement also pursues the implementation of ETS Directive provisions that at least 50% of revenues should be used to reduce emissions and mitigate the consequences of climate change, either at the national level or through aid to developing countries. However, Slovakia has not fulfilled this condition yet. 3.2.5 Other Funds from abroad Provided under Contracts This means the European Economic Area Financial Mechanism and the Norwegian Financial Mechanism, through which both decarbonisation and adaptation projects in Slovakia have been financed. It is expected that the funds will continue to finance such projects after 2020.', 'It is expected that the funds will continue to finance such projects after 2020. 3.2.6 European Green Deal Investment Plan During the last stage of the preparation of this strategic document on 14 January 2020, the European Commission published the "EU Green Deal: Sustainable Europe Investment Plan" on financing low-carbon transformation by 2030. It should cover expenses for measures presented in the EC programme entitled the European Green Deal and should have at least EUR 1,000 billion (EUR 1 trillion) available. It will be a combination of mainly European (the EU budget and EIB loans) but also of national public and private funds. The core of the proposal is the so-called Just Transition Mechanism (EUR 100 billion), built on 3 pillars:1.', 'The core of the proposal is the so-called Just Transition Mechanism (EUR 100 billion), built on 3 pillars:1. Pillar – a just transition fund in the amount of EUR 30-50 billion. An allocation of about EUR 160 million is assumed for SK. The allocation has already been included in the above-stated estimates for the amount of funding available for climate action from the EU budget. 2. Pillar – a dedicated scheme under InvestEU in the amount of EUR 45 billion. 3. Pillar – a new programme that uses EIB Loan Facilities in the amount of EUR 25-30 billion. The scope of support from the Just Transition Fund basically copies the relevant activities that are already part of the support of the current cohesion policy.', 'The scope of support from the Just Transition Fund basically copies the relevant activities that are already part of the support of the current cohesion policy. The EC will bind countries to a compulsory transfer from European Structural and Investment Funds of 1.5 to 3 times their national allocation to the Fund (160 million).', 'The EC will bind countries to a compulsory transfer from European Structural and Investment Funds of 1.5 to 3 times their national allocation to the Fund (160 million). Support from this new fund should focus in particular on: (1) Phasing out extraction and production of coal, lignite, peat and shale oil and the related impact on unemployment; (2) The introduction of new technologies, processes and products in sectors with high greenhouse gas production, resulting in a significant reduction in greenhouse gas levels; (3) Promoting innovation and sustainable technology research; (4) Up-skilling and re-skilling workers affected by low-carbon transformation.3.3 Policies and Measures for Related Research, Development and Innovation Draft State R&D Programmes for 2020-2024 with outlook to 2029 (the material is ready for approval by the Government) The draft envisages the financing of research and development in key areas of the Slovak economy, which undoubtedly also include: Increasing transmission capacities and security of the Slovak electricity system; Smart energy grid and renewable energy sources, and Nuclear energy.', 'Support from this new fund should focus in particular on: (1) Phasing out extraction and production of coal, lignite, peat and shale oil and the related impact on unemployment; (2) The introduction of new technologies, processes and products in sectors with high greenhouse gas production, resulting in a significant reduction in greenhouse gas levels; (3) Promoting innovation and sustainable technology research; (4) Up-skilling and re-skilling workers affected by low-carbon transformation.3.3 Policies and Measures for Related Research, Development and Innovation Draft State R&D Programmes for 2020-2024 with outlook to 2029 (the material is ready for approval by the Government) The draft envisages the financing of research and development in key areas of the Slovak economy, which undoubtedly also include: Increasing transmission capacities and security of the Slovak electricity system; Smart energy grid and renewable energy sources, and Nuclear energy. Over the year period of 2020-2024, support for R&D in the areas concerned is announced at the level as stated in Table 4.', 'Over the year period of 2020-2024, support for R&D in the areas concerned is announced at the level as stated in Table 4. Table 4: State programme: Energy Security of the Slovak Republic with Emphasis on Optimal Multi-Source Energy, Energy Efficiency and Environment (in mil. EUR) Source: Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic Table 25 shows that indicative extra-budgetary resources of approx. EUR 28.8 mil. are projected and induced for the period of 2020-2024 as a result of private sector investment in R&D in the area concerned, whereas additional R&D expenditure is indicated in the projection period of 2025-2029 as shown in Table 5. Table 5 Additional indicated R&D expenditure (in mil.', 'Table 5 Additional indicated R&D expenditure (in mil. EUR) Source: Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic More details on institutions engaged in research and development in the field RES, energy efficiency and climate change and on R&D objectives in Slovakia are given in Chapter 2.5 of the NECP by 2030.4 ANALYSES OF THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF PROPOSED POLICIES AND MEASURES At the beginning, Slovakia reduced greenhouse gas emissions through relatively simple and often inexpensive measures. This was also due to the restructuring of enterprises that introduced relatively clean technology (e.g., switching from coal to gas), the introduction of which resulted from the membership of the Slovak Republic in the EU.', 'This was also due to the restructuring of enterprises that introduced relatively clean technology (e.g., switching from coal to gas), the introduction of which resulted from the membership of the Slovak Republic in the EU. However, cheap technology is now depleted, and further emission reductions will require significant funding. Such a low-carbon transformation will therefore require large investment costs on the one hand, but will also bring new economic benefits (green jobs, new sectors) and sustainability to the levels of economic growth on the other hand (decarbonisation based on WAM scenario impact modelling should bring GDP growth in the long term).', 'Such a low-carbon transformation will therefore require large investment costs on the one hand, but will also bring new economic benefits (green jobs, new sectors) and sustainability to the levels of economic growth on the other hand (decarbonisation based on WAM scenario impact modelling should bring GDP growth in the long term). Green jobs mean mainly new jobs created in the housing, building, agriculture and forestry sectors (in terms of nature conservation and biomass use, as well as jobs in the electricity, heat production and new economy sectors). If Slovakia decarbonises its economy as was modelled in the scenario with additional measures WAM from the WB (i.e.', 'If Slovakia decarbonises its economy as was modelled in the scenario with additional measures WAM from the WB (i.e. by 2030, there would be a 47% reduction in total emissions compared to 1990 levels and 70% in 2050 according to the WB conservative estimate), projected costs by 2030 are roughly an extra EUR 8 billion over the decade, and in 2031-2050, it will even be an extra EUR 196 billion compared to the WEM reference scenario. Thus, by 2040 the average additional annual expenditure will be 1.8% of GDP, in 2020-2050 it will account for 4.2% of GDP on average per annum49 (Figure 22).', 'Thus, by 2040 the average additional annual expenditure will be 1.8% of GDP, in 2020-2050 it will account for 4.2% of GDP on average per annum49 (Figure 22). The costs of implementing the low-carbon scenario will have increased only slightly by 2030, however, they will have grown considerably by 2050 mainly due to higher investment in the field of energy efficiency and the transition to new technologies compared to the baseline scenario. In order to achieve the objectives, the energy sectors have to incur additional costs in the field of electrification, thermal insulation, the transition to cleaner technologies or the use of the best available technologies.', 'In order to achieve the objectives, the energy sectors have to incur additional costs in the field of electrification, thermal insulation, the transition to cleaner technologies or the use of the best available technologies. All these costs are then divided through the model among the individual consumer industries that relate to the energy part of the economy: industry, households, the third sector (services) and transport (i.e. the industrial processes, agriculture, fugitive emissions and waste sectors are not counted). For example, households will invest an extra EUR billion per year in 2030 (Figure 23) e.g. for thermal insulation, the purchase of more energy-efficient electrical appliances or the use of renewable energy sources. In 2050 it will be up to 8 billion.', 'In 2050 it will be up to 8 billion. Equally, in the third sector, of which buildings and services are an important part, investments will be made for thermal insulation and the implementation of measures under the Ecodesign Directive, which in 2030 49 The projected costs are calculated on the basis of the prices of existing technologies (electric arc, synthetic fuels, battery repositories) and it is expected that they will be cheaper, but not as a result of a sudden reduction in prices due to the discovery of new technology. These costs relate only to the energy part of the economy: industry, households, the third sector (services) and transport (i.e.', 'These costs relate only to the energy part of the economy: industry, households, the third sector (services) and transport (i.e. the industrial processes, agriculture, fugitive emissions and waste sectors are not counted).will mean an investment of almost EUR 1 billion. In addition, there are also positive effects where, as a result of the electrification and modernization of transport, all sectors (as shown in Figure 23) will save more than half a billion euros on fuels and in 2050 almost EUR 2 billion. Figure 22: Total costs (mil. EUR) by decade; average additional cost per year (mil. EUR) above columns, scenario with additional measures WAM compared to the WEM reference scenario Source: Slovak-CGE model results Figure 23: Additional costs, scenario with additional measures WAM in 2030 and 2050 (mil.', 'EUR) above columns, scenario with additional measures WAM compared to the WEM reference scenario Source: Slovak-CGE model results Figure 23: Additional costs, scenario with additional measures WAM in 2030 and 2050 (mil. EUR) WEM reference scenario WAM scenarioSource: Slovak-CGE model results Slovakia has a higher decarbonisation target than was modelled in the WAM scenario: to achieve climate neutrality by 2050. This would imply reductions of at least 90% compared to 1990 levels (excluding removals). The cost of decarbonisation would be considerably higher than those calculated in this strategy. We do not have this data available. However, the models used did not assume this scenario and it is one of the tasks that must be dealt with when updating this strategy in the future.', 'However, the models used did not assume this scenario and it is one of the tasks that must be dealt with when updating this strategy in the future. 4.1 Detailed Analysis of the Effects of the Measures under the WAM Scenario The transition to a low-carbon economy may potentially support GDP growth in the long term but on the other hand, may lead to lower household consumption. Based on the results of the WAM scenario, in 2025-2035 GDP growth is expected to be around 0.5 - 1.0% compared to the reference scenario, and 3-4% in the 2040-2050 period. What is important is that GDP will also increase in the reference scenario (in the amount of 2.7% in 2030 up to 0.6% in 2050) (Figure 24).', 'What is important is that GDP will also increase in the reference scenario (in the amount of 2.7% in 2030 up to 0.6% in 2050) (Figure 24). Furthermore, the model shows a decrease in household consumption in the period of 2025-2035 by 0.7 - 1.02% and by 5-6% in 2040-2050. Towards 2050, investments in electricity generation will continue increasing as Slovakia is building new electricity generation capacities. Exports will decrease due to the loss of competitiveness as the cost of investments in efficiency is passed on to consumers, also because of the lower production capacity of the economy due to a lower core capital.', 'Exports will decrease due to the loss of competitiveness as the cost of investments in efficiency is passed on to consumers, also because of the lower production capacity of the economy due to a lower core capital. What is important is that the macroeconomic impact on Slovakia is due not only to its domestic policies, but more than half of the decline in consumption is due to decarbonisation Fuel costs Operation Cost of capital Industry Households Third sector Transport Industry Households Third sector Transportpolicies in the rest of the EU (a carbon tax in both the ETS and non-ETS sectors). Policies in the rest of the EU will lead to lower imports from Slovakia.', 'Policies in the rest of the EU will lead to lower imports from Slovakia. Reduced demand for fossil fuels will decrease Slovakia s import costs, but trade conditions will also be deteriorating. As a result, the imports will drop while exports grow. An increase in net exports with respect to the deterioration of trade conditions will consume GDP profits stemming from productivity improvements (energy efficiency) and contribute to a drop of private consumption. An open question at the EU level remains to address measures to maintain the competitiveness of EU exporters to third countries. The transformation towards a low-carbon economy will lead to lower collection of revenue from indirect taxation (e.g., VAT) and direct taxation (including social security payments).', 'The transformation towards a low-carbon economy will lead to lower collection of revenue from indirect taxation (e.g., VAT) and direct taxation (including social security payments). The collection of revenue from indirect taxation will drop due to lower household consumption, while revenue from direct taxation will fall due to lower wages. Significant investments in energy efficiency in businesses and households will be needed to achieve reduced energy demand. In industry, for instance in heavy industrial production, this will involve focusing on best available techniques by investing in heat recovery, processing and new equipment. In the service sector, this will mainly involve the renovation of buildings (i.e. better insulation).', 'In the service sector, this will mainly involve the renovation of buildings (i.e. better insulation). Households will perform major renovations of buildings to meet the 2030 targets, while in the post-2030 period a strong emergence of electric cars and fuel cell cars replacing combustion engine cars is expected. Households will effectively finance the renovation of their homes by reducing consumption. Households will also experience the costs of electrification in the transport sector, but this will not directly lead to a reduction in consumption. Households will prefer replacing their combustion engine cars with either electric cars or fuel cell cars (alternative fuels). However, households will also be affected by higher prices transferred by businesses for the purposes of reimbursing the costs of energy efficiency investments.', 'However, households will also be affected by higher prices transferred by businesses for the purposes of reimbursing the costs of energy efficiency investments. Taking into account the social impact of these measures on households, measures will need to be taken in accordance with the principles of equalization and distributive justice in order to prevent households falling into the energy poverty trap. The NECP addresses this issue in more detail.50 Decarbonisation will weaken some sectors of the heavy manufacturing industry, such as the chemicals, rubber and plastics, and iron and steel sectors. The iron and steel industry will experience high extra investment costs, leading to significant price increases and oil refineries will face lower demand for oil fuels.', 'The iron and steel industry will experience high extra investment costs, leading to significant price increases and oil refineries will face lower demand for oil fuels. On the other hand, in other cases – mainly in the ferrous heavy metals sector – the costs of the energy system will actually fall due to decarbonisation policies, leading to lower prices and an increase in overall production. The production of motor vehicles will remain important in the Slovak economy in all four scenarios. An implicit assumption is that the Slovak motor vehicle manufacturing industry 50 Specifically, Chapter 2.4.4 of the NECP.will move towards the manufacture of electric vehicles or alternatively fuelled vehicles in line with demand.', 'An implicit assumption is that the Slovak motor vehicle manufacturing industry 50 Specifically, Chapter 2.4.4 of the NECP.will move towards the manufacture of electric vehicles or alternatively fuelled vehicles in line with demand. The model has shown that there will be heavy investments in building renovation and the building sector will grow. Construction will be driven by the renovation of buildings by both households and businesses. Changes in the structure of the economy s industry will lead to a redistribution of the workforce across different sectors, taking into account the ageing factor of the population. Some sectors will grow, such as mainly services and export-oriented industry and sectors supplying goods, and will recruit additional workforce.', 'Some sectors will grow, such as mainly services and export-oriented industry and sectors supplying goods, and will recruit additional workforce. This will also create potential for the emergence of so-called green jobs (jobs related to new activities concerning electromobility and alternatively fuelled vehicles, increasing EE and a higher use RES). On the contrary, some sectors will decline, such as the main industries manufacturing consumer goods, and will dismiss workers. However, not all employees who become redundant will be able to find a job, leading to a rise in unemployment (Figure 25). The downward pressure on wages will increase as we approach 2050 (Figure 26).', 'The downward pressure on wages will increase as we approach 2050 (Figure 26). The solution to this situation will require the preparation of social projects by the state in cooperation with the education sector to ensure the adaptation of the vacant labour force to new labour market requirements and projects to ensure the elimination of social impacts on members of the labour force who do not find a job within a reasonable time. Taking into account the results of empirical research on energy poverty51 in the Slovak context, the transformation to a low-carbon economy will especially need to take into account marginalized Roma communities, pensioners, the unemployed, large families with children, families with lone parents and persons living in leased flats on the commercial market.', 'Taking into account the results of empirical research on energy poverty51 in the Slovak context, the transformation to a low-carbon economy will especially need to take into account marginalized Roma communities, pensioners, the unemployed, large families with children, families with lone parents and persons living in leased flats on the commercial market. The issue of energy poverty will need to be addressed comprehensively and in a cross-cutting context in the conditions of social policy and related topics (affordable and high- quality) housing, energy prices, financial literacy, education and employment. On the other hand, it will also be necessary to deepen the strategic planning of options to ensure human resources, in particular a skilled workforce to achieve the transformation towards a low- carbon economy.', 'On the other hand, it will also be necessary to deepen the strategic planning of options to ensure human resources, in particular a skilled workforce to achieve the transformation towards a low- carbon economy. A poorly controlled and insufficiently regulated transformation towards a low-carbon economy bears the risk of the situation deteriorating in the area of economic and social rights, the guarantee of which is, inter alia, a prerequisite for the effective exercise of civil and political rights. Guaranteeing rights results, inter alia, from the international commitments of the Slovak Republic and it is reasonable to assume that their consistent implementation in the long term in the context of unprecedented economic and social transformation will require the ability to react in a preventive, flexible, targeted and innovative way.', 'Guaranteeing rights results, inter alia, from the international commitments of the Slovak Republic and it is reasonable to assume that their consistent implementation in the long term in the context of unprecedented economic and social transformation will require the ability to react in a preventive, flexible, targeted and innovative way. Adequate action to 51 Daniel Gerbery & Richard Filčák, Exploring the Multi-Dimensional Nature of Poverty in Slovakia: Access to Energy and the Concept of Energy Poverty, in 62 (6) Ekonomický časopis, 579, 583-590. 592 (2014). 51 Integrated Energy and Climate Plan for 2021-2030, p. 79.mitigate social impacts is also a prerequisite for social acceptance of the Low-Carbon Strategy in the long term.', '51 Integrated Energy and Climate Plan for 2021-2030, p. 79.mitigate social impacts is also a prerequisite for social acceptance of the Low-Carbon Strategy in the long term. Figure 24: Additional GDP growth under the WAM scenario beyond the growth in the reference scenario (in the years 2015-2050, in % change compared to the reference scenario) Source: Slovak-CGE model results Figure 25 Total employment, under the WAM scenario 2015-2050; % change compared to the reference scenario Source: Slovak-CGE model results WAM scenario WAM scenarioFigure 26: Real wages under the WAM scenario 2015-2050, in % change compared to the reference scenario Wages are falling in the long term in parallel with labour market adjustments Source: Slovak-CGE model results WAM scenarioCONCLUSION Climate change is one of the biggest challenges of the 21st century.', 'Figure 24: Additional GDP growth under the WAM scenario beyond the growth in the reference scenario (in the years 2015-2050, in % change compared to the reference scenario) Source: Slovak-CGE model results Figure 25 Total employment, under the WAM scenario 2015-2050; % change compared to the reference scenario Source: Slovak-CGE model results WAM scenario WAM scenarioFigure 26: Real wages under the WAM scenario 2015-2050, in % change compared to the reference scenario Wages are falling in the long term in parallel with labour market adjustments Source: Slovak-CGE model results WAM scenarioCONCLUSION Climate change is one of the biggest challenges of the 21st century. Climate change solutions entail economic and social costs which will ultimately bring benefits in all areas of life as they aim to prevent a climate crisis to the extent that could mean the destruction of society and life as we know it today.', 'Climate change solutions entail economic and social costs which will ultimately bring benefits in all areas of life as they aim to prevent a climate crisis to the extent that could mean the destruction of society and life as we know it today. The strategy is a cross-cutting document across all sectors of the economy which must implement individual policies to complement each other towards the fulfilment of the common goal of completely decarbonising Slovakia by the middle of this century (to achieve climate neutrality).', 'The strategy is a cross-cutting document across all sectors of the economy which must implement individual policies to complement each other towards the fulfilment of the common goal of completely decarbonising Slovakia by the middle of this century (to achieve climate neutrality). This ambitious goal was set by Slovakia only at the final stage of the preparation of this strategy (when modelling had already been completed), and therefore the less ambitious emission reduction (and increases in removals) scenarios entitled WEM and WAM will not get us to climate neutrality alone, as pointed out in this document. For these reasons, the strategy proposes additional measures (entitled NEUTRAL) which should move us closer to the objective of achieving climate neutrality.', 'For these reasons, the strategy proposes additional measures (entitled NEUTRAL) which should move us closer to the objective of achieving climate neutrality. These additional NEUTRAL measures and their impact have not yet been modelled in the study or strategy, and this will be a task that will have to be addressed so that they are part of the strategy at the next update (with the adoption of an updated strategy no later than five years), including their social economic impacts. It will also be necessary to update the WEM and WAM reduction scenarios to reflect the current political-legal status.', 'It will also be necessary to update the WEM and WAM reduction scenarios to reflect the current political-legal status. Another issue that should be analysed during the update of this strategy is the readiness of state and public authorities to use increasing funding intended for decarbonisation projects in the long term. In the meantime, in a move closer to Slovakia’s common goal of achieving climate neutrality in 2050, all identified measures in the WEM and WAM scenarios will have to be implemented horizontally across all sectors and other NEUTRAL additional measures will have to be adopted and implemented.', 'In the meantime, in a move closer to Slovakia’s common goal of achieving climate neutrality in 2050, all identified measures in the WEM and WAM scenarios will have to be implemented horizontally across all sectors and other NEUTRAL additional measures will have to be adopted and implemented. All identified emission sectors must contribute to this effort because, as described in the sectoral chapters, either some of them must increase their reduction efforts as emissions have not declined for the last decade and the trend must be reversed (transport, agriculture), the national ETS target must be achieved by 2030, the total modelled emissions in these sectors are higher than the target emission gap that may be emitted in 2050 (the energy sector without transport and emissions from industrial processes), or it is necessary to reverse the downward trend of removals in the LULUCF specific sector in the long run.', 'All identified emission sectors must contribute to this effort because, as described in the sectoral chapters, either some of them must increase their reduction efforts as emissions have not declined for the last decade and the trend must be reversed (transport, agriculture), the national ETS target must be achieved by 2030, the total modelled emissions in these sectors are higher than the target emission gap that may be emitted in 2050 (the energy sector without transport and emissions from industrial processes), or it is necessary to reverse the downward trend of removals in the LULUCF specific sector in the long run. It is no less important to support new methods for greenhouse gas mitigation.', 'It is no less important to support new methods for greenhouse gas mitigation. Consistent horizontal implementation of measures that will be in harmony with this Strategy will be ensured by the Council of the Government of the Slovak Republic for the European Green Deal and Low-Carbon Transformation, which is approved together with this Strategy.ANNEX I - DETAILED INFORMATION ARISING FROM MODELLING BY SECTOR Energy Sector Table 6: Projections of greenhouse gas emissions from the energy sector under the WEM scenario Total greenhouse gas emissions in the energy sector (in Gg CO2 eq.) industry 1.B. Fugitive emissions from fuels Source: SHMI, figures in 2016 and 2017 are real Table 7: Projections of greenhouse gas emissions from the energy sector under the WAM scenario Total greenhouse gas emissions (in Gg CO2 eq.) industry 1.B.', 'Fugitive emissions from fuels Source: SHMI, figures in 2016 and 2017 are real Table 7: Projections of greenhouse gas emissions from the energy sector under the WAM scenario Total greenhouse gas emissions (in Gg CO2 eq.) industry 1.B. Fugitive emissions from fuels Source: SHMI, figures in 2016 and 2017 are realTable 8: Quantified mitigation effects of the described WEM measures (plus two WAM) Name of the mitigation measure Policy impact on EU ETS or ESR emissions Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions for 2020 (Gg CO2 eq.) Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions for 2025 (Gg CO2 eq.)', 'Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions for 2025 (Gg CO2 eq.) EU ETS ESR Total EU ETS ESR Total Environmental Design and Use of Products Energy Efficiency Improvements (EC proposal) EU ETS ESR Target for RES (EC proposal) EU ETS ESR Optimization of district heating DHS EU ETS ESR Decommissioning fossil fuel power plants EU ETS ESR Decarbonisation of electricity generation (WAM scenario) EU ETS ESR Continues to improve final energy efficiency in all sectors (WAM scenario) EU ETS ESR Name of the mitigation measure Policy impact on EU ETS or ESR emissions Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions for 2030 (Gg CO2 eq.) Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions for 2035 (Gg CO2 eq.)', 'Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions for 2035 (Gg CO2 eq.) EU ETS ESR Total EU ETS ESR Total Environmental Design and Use of Products Energy Efficiency Improvements (EC proposal) EU ETS ESR Target for RES (EC proposal) EU ETS ESR Optimization of district heating DHS EU ETS ESR Decommissioning fossil fuel power plants EU ETS ESR Decarbonisation of electricity generation (WAM scenario) EU ETS ESR Continues to improve final energy efficiency in all sectors (WAM EU ETS ESRscenario) Industrial emissions sector Figure 27: Trend of aggregate greenhouse gas emissions by gas in the IPPU sector in the years Table 9: Projections of greenhouse gas emissions from the IPPU sector including F-gases under the WEM scenario Total greenhouse gas emissions in the IPPU sector (in Gg CO2 eq.) 2.A Cement and lime production 2.D Fuels used for non-energy purposes 2.', '2.A Cement and lime production 2.D Fuels used for non-energy purposes 2. E Electronics industry NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 2.G Product Manufacture and Use CO2 emissions CH4 emissions NO2 emissions HFC, PFC and SF6Table 10: Projections of greenhouse gas emissions from the IPPU sector including F-gases under the WAM scenario Total greenhouse gas emissions (in Gg CO2 eq.) 2.A Cement and lime production 2.D Fuels used for non-energy purposes 2.', '2.A Cement and lime production 2.D Fuels used for non-energy purposes 2. E Electronics industry NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 2.G Product Manufacture and Use Transport sector Table 11: Projections of emissions in the road transport for 2017* – 2040 under the WEM scenario Year kt tonnes *real figures; Source: SHMI Table 12: Projections of greenhouse gas emissions in the road transport for 2017 – 2040 under the WAM scenario kt Tonnes*real figures; Source: SHMI Agricultural sector Table 13: Projections of emissions from agriculture until 2040 under the WEM scenario Year Enteric fermentation Manure Management Agricultural soils * Agriculture Total Gg CO2 eq.', 'E Electronics industry NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 2.G Product Manufacture and Use Transport sector Table 11: Projections of emissions in the road transport for 2017* – 2040 under the WEM scenario Year kt tonnes *real figures; Source: SHMI Table 12: Projections of greenhouse gas emissions in the road transport for 2017 – 2040 under the WAM scenario kt Tonnes*real figures; Source: SHMI Agricultural sector Table 13: Projections of emissions from agriculture until 2040 under the WEM scenario Year Enteric fermentation Manure Management Agricultural soils * Agriculture Total Gg CO2 eq. *real figures; Source: SHMI LULUCF sectorFigure 28: Projections of development of carbon stock in living biomass (above ground + ground) in Slovak forests Source: National Forest Centre (NFC) Table 14: Projections of CO2 emissions and removals in the LULUCF sector (in Gg) until 2040 under the WEM scenario Land use, land-use change, and forestry (LULUCF) *real figures; HWP – harvested wood products, Source: SHMI Table 15: Projections of CO2 emissions and removals in the LULUCF sector (in Gg) until 2040 under the WAM scenario Land use, land-use change, and Carbon stock (mil.', '*real figures; Source: SHMI LULUCF sectorFigure 28: Projections of development of carbon stock in living biomass (above ground + ground) in Slovak forests Source: National Forest Centre (NFC) Table 14: Projections of CO2 emissions and removals in the LULUCF sector (in Gg) until 2040 under the WEM scenario Land use, land-use change, and forestry (LULUCF) *real figures; HWP – harvested wood products, Source: SHMI Table 15: Projections of CO2 emissions and removals in the LULUCF sector (in Gg) until 2040 under the WAM scenario Land use, land-use change, and Carbon stock (mil. tonnes) Carbon stock in living biomass of forests Coniferous Deciduous Coniferous + Deciduousforestry Harvested wood products * real figures; Source: SHMIANNEX II - SPECIFIC APPROACHES AND ANALYTICAL MODELS APPLIED TO INDIVIDUAL SECTORS Different procedures and software modules for specific industries (sectors) of the national economy have been used in the projections of greenhouse gas emissions: • Energy (including transport) and industry - CPS - Compact Primes Slovakia model • Transport - CPS - Compact Primes Slovakia model and TREMOVE and COPERT IV models, and an expert approach • Process emissions, Solvents – expert approach • Agriculture - expert approach • LULUCF - expert approach • Waste - expert approach • Macroeconomic analyses and indicators – Envisage Slovakia model Energy sector - modelling with models from the World Bank Modelling of emission projections has been done based on the results of the new CPS model.', 'tonnes) Carbon stock in living biomass of forests Coniferous Deciduous Coniferous + Deciduousforestry Harvested wood products * real figures; Source: SHMIANNEX II - SPECIFIC APPROACHES AND ANALYTICAL MODELS APPLIED TO INDIVIDUAL SECTORS Different procedures and software modules for specific industries (sectors) of the national economy have been used in the projections of greenhouse gas emissions: • Energy (including transport) and industry - CPS - Compact Primes Slovakia model • Transport - CPS - Compact Primes Slovakia model and TREMOVE and COPERT IV models, and an expert approach • Process emissions, Solvents – expert approach • Agriculture - expert approach • LULUCF - expert approach • Waste - expert approach • Macroeconomic analyses and indicators – Envisage Slovakia model Energy sector - modelling with models from the World Bank Modelling of emission projections has been done based on the results of the new CPS model. The CPS model is still not fully calibrated for CRF (Common Reporting Format) categorization of greenhouse gas emissions, therefore it was necessary to adjust the model results to the current greenhouse gas emission inventory.', 'The CPS model is still not fully calibrated for CRF (Common Reporting Format) categorization of greenhouse gas emissions, therefore it was necessary to adjust the model results to the current greenhouse gas emission inventory. Transport sector –CPS and TREMOVE and COPERT models Transport emission projections were calculated using the CPS energy model and its scenarios as described above. At the same time, the COPERT 5 calculation model for the transport sector was used in the projections of emissions in the transport sector. The prediction of energy consumption in the transport sector was determined as a percentage of fuels in total consumption in the energy sector.', 'The prediction of energy consumption in the transport sector was determined as a percentage of fuels in total consumption in the energy sector. Road transport emissions projections were calculated based on the following data and activities: \uf0a7 Aggregation of data transmitted from the COPERT 5 road transport model for the period 2000 – 2017, as the current COPERT version uses a total of 382 road vehicle categories. The aggregation took into account the mode of transport, the fuel used and the EURO emission standard. \uf0a7 Estimated number of vehicles for each year (2018 – 2040) based on new vehicle registrations and the number of discarded vehicles. \uf0a7 Update of data on new registrations and discarded vehicles from IS EVO.', '\uf0a7 Update of data on new registrations and discarded vehicles from IS EVO. \uf0a7 Allocation of new vehicle registrations to vehicle categories based on their energy consumption forecasts.\uf0a7 Classification of discarded vehicles into categories of older vehicles so that their number gradually decreases to zero due to ongoing fleet renewal in the Slovak Republic. \uf0a7 Aggregation of annual mileage according to COPERT calculations for the period of 2000 – 2017 into defined categories of vehicles and assumption of mileage development for the years 2018 – 2040. \uf0a7 Transfer of “implied” emission factors from COPERT and their appropriate breakdown for vehicle categorization in the projection model. \uf0a7 Calculation of future transport performance for 2018 – 2040 for the given vehicle categories.', '\uf0a7 Calculation of future transport performance for 2018 – 2040 for the given vehicle categories. \uf0a7 Calculation of emission projections through multiplication of performance and emission factors. \uf0a7 Non-road emission projections were calculated in a simpler way using AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) modelling. Industry sector – expert approach The basic approach of preparing projections in the industrial sector for both scenarios lies in the growth of the added value in the industry categories. A maximum production capacity and stoichiometry are constraints on emission projections and generally follow the reference scenario. The software itself is based on the MS Excel platform and was developed for automatic generation of emission projections.', 'The software itself is based on the MS Excel platform and was developed for automatic generation of emission projections. Agriculture - expert approach The calculation of emission projections in the agriculture sector was based on mathematical formulae and definitions which are described in the IPCC Guidelines for agriculture categories. The emission factors and conversion factors are in line with the factors used in the emission inventory. The computational analytical tool is based on the MS Excel platform and the calculation includes various policies and measures (in numerical form) defined according to the WEM scenarios and the same was also used for the WAM scenario.', 'The computational analytical tool is based on the MS Excel platform and the calculation includes various policies and measures (in numerical form) defined according to the WEM scenarios and the same was also used for the WAM scenario. The time series of input data for preparing emission projections were different in length (the longest for the period of years 1970 – 2016, the shortest for the period of years 2003 – 2016) and are mostly the following data: \uf0a7 The most important parameter is the number of livestock used to estimate CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation and CH4 and N2O emissions from manure management. The results were used in the WEM scenario.', 'The results were used in the WEM scenario. \uf0a7 Animal feed information is important in estimating CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation used in the WEM scenario. The consumption of mineral nitrogen fertilizers, lime and urea was also taken into account in the WEM scenario.LULUCF – expert approach The calculation of emission projections in the LULUCF sector (Land use, land-use change, and forestry) was based on the mathematical formulae and definitions described in the IPCC Guidelines for categories of Land use and land use change. The emission factors and conversion factors are in line with the factors used in the emission inventory.', 'The emission factors and conversion factors are in line with the factors used in the emission inventory. The computational tool is based on the MS Excel platform and the calculation includes various policies and measures (in numerical form) defined according to the WEM and WAM scenarios. Waste sector - expert approach The calculation of emission projections in the waste sector was based on the mathematical formulae and definitions described in the IPCC Guidelines for waste categories. The emission factors and conversion factors are in line with the factors used in the emission inventory. The computational tool is based on the MS Excel platform and the calculation includes various policies and measures (in numerical form) under the WEM and WAM scenarios.', 'The computational tool is based on the MS Excel platform and the calculation includes various policies and measures (in numerical form) under the WEM and WAM scenarios. Emissions from composting, waste incineration, industrial waste disposal and the purification of industrial wastewater are estimated from an average of 10 years (2007 – 2017) dynamically, only in the case of biodegradable municipal waste composting, a constant value from 2017 is used throughout the projected period 2018 – 2040. Emissions from municipal waste disposal are affected by the amount of waste disposed of, which is regulated by the Waste Act and by the landfill gas combustion, which is regulated by the Air Pollution Control Act.', 'Emissions from municipal waste disposal are affected by the amount of waste disposed of, which is regulated by the Waste Act and by the landfill gas combustion, which is regulated by the Air Pollution Control Act. The projections of emissions from municipal waste disposal are therefore divided into waste quantity modelling and landfill gas recovery modelling. Projections of total municipal waste produced are based on the projections of waste per capita and population growth. This procedure is in line with the Eunomia forecast52 prepared in 2016. This waste generation forecast is used for all scenarios prepared. The amounts of sorted recyclable waste (paper, plastics, glass, food waste, biodegradable municipal waste) are used as variable variables in the preparation of individual scenarios.', 'The amounts of sorted recyclable waste (paper, plastics, glass, food waste, biodegradable municipal waste) are used as variable variables in the preparation of individual scenarios. After estimating gross landfill emissions, net emissions are estimated by subtracting the removed CH4. The main source of emissions from wastewater treatment are retention tanks (septic tanks). CH4 emission projections from wastewater are based on a changing number of people using public sewage systems and domestic wastewater treatment plants to estimate population reductions through reservoirs. Nitrogen oxide emissions are based on the estimates of protein consumption, while the characterization of WWTP installations is assessed without changes.', 'Nitrogen oxide emissions are based on the estimates of protein consumption, while the characterization of WWTP installations is assessed without changes. Biogas recovery from anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge is not a factor affecting emissions, as wastewater legislation requires that all anaerobic treatment plants have combustion systems or biogas combustion systems. In addition, heat produced from biogas is an important element of the energy balance of wastewater treatment plants under climatic conditions in Slovakia.Only one scenario was prepared for the wastewater sector. For the period of years 2018 – 2040, there are no quantified targets available for defining alternative scenarios. The scenario with measures is based on the expectation that developments in waste management will continue as observed in the last decade.', 'The scenario with measures is based on the expectation that developments in waste management will continue as observed in the last decade. This development can be characterized by the gradual development of sewage systems and the modernization of wastewater treatment plants to meet EU requirements for water sector strategies. The model for modelling the amount of waste is derived from the statistical data on municipal waste presented under the Waste Management Programme 2010-2016, the source of which is the Statistical Survey of the SO SR on municipal waste53 and the analysis of waste composition published by Benešová.54 The total quantity of waste is estimated on the basis of demographic projections and the percentage of per capita waste.', 'The model for modelling the amount of waste is derived from the statistical data on municipal waste presented under the Waste Management Programme 2010-2016, the source of which is the Statistical Survey of the SO SR on municipal waste53 and the analysis of waste composition published by Benešová.54 The total quantity of waste is estimated on the basis of demographic projections and the percentage of per capita waste. The waste produced is divided into mixed municipal waste, a group of separately collected components (sorted waste) which is subject to a waste composition analysis, and a group of other separately collected components not subject to a waste composition analysis. The same division applies to landfilled waste.', 'The same division applies to landfilled waste. The total landfilled waste is estimated as the difference between the total waste generated and the sum of recovered and incinerated waste. The model uses a number of sorted components as input variables. The amount of mixed / residual waste as well as changes in the waste composition, are estimated from these variables. A Detailed Description of the Scenarios Used in the Low-Carbon Study Below is a detailed description of the scenarios used to prepare the Low-Carbon Study from the WB. Reference scenario – herein referred to as the WEM scenario The WEM baseline or reference scenario is the starting point for understanding policy options.', 'Reference scenario – herein referred to as the WEM scenario The WEM baseline or reference scenario is the starting point for understanding policy options. The reference scenario for Slovakia is a common projection including national commitments on climate action up to 2020. This scenario is similar to the reference scenario developed for the European Union in 2016. It includes policies adopted and implemented (2017) and additional policies required for meeting the commitments in the field of renewable sources and energy efficiency of the country in 2020. The trajectory of ETS allowance prices is based on ETS price projections for the 2016 EU reference scenario.', 'The trajectory of ETS allowance prices is based on ETS price projections for the 2016 EU reference scenario. 2016 was designated as the reference year for the modelling of greenhouse gas emissions for all scenarios for which verified datasets were available from the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. The scenario is based on the logic of the EU RS 2016 scenario and includes policies and measures adopted and implemented at the EU and national levels by the end of 54 Benešová, Kotoulova, Černík: Základní charakteristiky komunálních odpadů2016 which contain measures needed to achieve renewable energy and energy efficiency targets in 2020.', 'The scenario is based on the logic of the EU RS 2016 scenario and includes policies and measures adopted and implemented at the EU and national levels by the end of 54 Benešová, Kotoulova, Černík: Základní charakteristiky komunálních odpadů2016 which contain measures needed to achieve renewable energy and energy efficiency targets in 2020. Policies included in the EU RS 2016 also contain amendments to three directives adopted in early 2015 (ILUC – the Renewable Energy Directive, FQD – the Fuel Quality Directive, and the EU ETS Market Stability Reserve decision). The scope of the EU RS 2016 includes currently known policies and any additional measures necessary to achieve binding energy and climate targets by 2020.', 'The scope of the EU RS 2016 includes currently known policies and any additional measures necessary to achieve binding energy and climate targets by 2020. After 2020, other policy measures are excluded from the EU RS 2016 except the EU ETS system. The pricing trajectory for EU ETS allowances draws on the outlooks of the prices of allowances for the EU RS 2016. Despite the absence of new policies after 2020, the reference scenario is not a frozen efficiency outlook. Energy efficiency improvements across all sectors continue in the future, albeit at a slower pace than would be the case with the enactment of new policies.', 'Energy efficiency improvements across all sectors continue in the future, albeit at a slower pace than would be the case with the enactment of new policies. The already established EU energy efficiency directives and regulations for the ecodesign of household appliances, engines and other electrical equipment will have a growing influence. More importantly, market forces are the drivers for efficiency progress. In industry, progress in energy efficiency is part of the pursuit of productivity growth, which is part of sustained growth in added value. In the buildings and transport sectors, energy efficiency improvements are achieved through the commercialization of equipment and vehicles with increasing efficiency, as the industry considers operating cost reductions to be a marketing factor capable of increasing sales.', 'In the buildings and transport sectors, energy efficiency improvements are achieved through the commercialization of equipment and vehicles with increasing efficiency, as the industry considers operating cost reductions to be a marketing factor capable of increasing sales. Therefore, the decoupling of energy consumption from economic growth continues in the future as a result of technological progress (included in the values corresponding to the parameters of the model chosen to reflect market forces set below levels that would be adequate for policy-related technological progress). Decarbonisation scenarios In order to achieve the selected commitments by 2030, the reference scenario requires the identification and implementation of further policies and measures that would encourage a further reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.', 'Decarbonisation scenarios In order to achieve the selected commitments by 2030, the reference scenario requires the identification and implementation of further policies and measures that would encourage a further reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, the decarbonisation scenario used in the energy sector, industry and partly also in the transport was prepared and analysed for the SR. A Clean Energy for All Europeans Package was considered in the proposal of the WAM scenario presented by the European Commission in November 2016. PRIMES model scenarios, entitled the EUCO scenario 2030 and 2050, supported the impact assessment of measures and targets proposed by the European Commission. Other scenarios of the PRIMES model, called the EUCO scenario 2030 and 2050, supported the assessment of measures and targets set out by the European Commission.', 'Other scenarios of the PRIMES model, called the EUCO scenario 2030 and 2050, supported the assessment of measures and targets set out by the European Commission. The WAM scenario includes ways to achieve different combinations of ambitious energy efficiency, renewable energy and emission reduction targets by 2030. The WAM scenario analyses the possibility of achieving EU targets in reducing emissions by 2050 (carbon neutrality). The scenario includes Slovakia’s participation in the EU ETS after 2020 and intermediate targets for renewable energy and energy efficiency, the construction of new nuclear generation capacities, while maintaining its key role in the production mix. A Detailed Description of the Models UsedCompact Primes Model (CPS) is a mathematical system implemented in the General Algebraic Modelling System, a model for high-level mathematical programming.', 'A Detailed Description of the Models UsedCompact Primes Model (CPS) is a mathematical system implemented in the General Algebraic Modelling System, a model for high-level mathematical programming. The energy model is designed to support the development of an energy strategy including an assessment of political instruments, energy demand and energy supply planning, and an evaluation of climate change mitigation policies. The model includes the main metric of the energy sector at a more detailed level: \uf0a7 Energy demand by sector and fuel, \uf0a7 Modelling of energy efficiency options, \uf0a7 Technology capacity, \uf0a7 Mix of electricity generation, combined heat and power and other energy supply technologies, \uf0a7 Fuel prices and system costs, \uf0a7 Sectoral investments and energy-related CO2 emissions.', 'The model includes the main metric of the energy sector at a more detailed level: \uf0a7 Energy demand by sector and fuel, \uf0a7 Modelling of energy efficiency options, \uf0a7 Technology capacity, \uf0a7 Mix of electricity generation, combined heat and power and other energy supply technologies, \uf0a7 Fuel prices and system costs, \uf0a7 Sectoral investments and energy-related CO2 emissions. An energy model for Slovakia captures the details of energy supply and demand that are critical to designing a low-carbon pathway. A country-level energy model, named the Compact- PRIMES for Slovakia (CPS), provides a bottom-up technology-rich analysis of the key elements of the energy sector and has been designed to evaluate low-carbon options for the energy sector.', 'A country-level energy model, named the Compact- PRIMES for Slovakia (CPS), provides a bottom-up technology-rich analysis of the key elements of the energy sector and has been designed to evaluate low-carbon options for the energy sector. The CPS model is a single-country partial equilibrium model of the energy sector which balances energy supply and demand. As a hybrid model with technology and engineering detail together with micro- and macroeconomic interactions and dynamics, the CPS’ sectoral decisions consider technology and costs. Electricity and heat supply and biomass supply are captured on the supply side while energy demand modelling includes separate treatment of the industrial sector (and 10 subsectors), transport, and other demand.', 'Electricity and heat supply and biomass supply are captured on the supply side while energy demand modelling includes separate treatment of the industrial sector (and 10 subsectors), transport, and other demand. The design of the CPS model is appropriate for the quantification of long-term energy planning and policies reducing energy-related greenhouse gas emissions. ENVISAGE Slovakia -(Slovak-CGE)- is a macroeconomic model for Slovakia that complements the energy model using the detailed energy system results from the CPS model and assessing economywide impacts. It has all the features of a standard computable general equilibrium model but with additional detail in energy, electricity generation, and emissions so that it is useful for the assessment of climate policies.', 'It has all the features of a standard computable general equilibrium model but with additional detail in energy, electricity generation, and emissions so that it is useful for the assessment of climate policies. The macroeconomic model, named the ENVISAGE-Slovakia applied general equilibrium (Slovak-CGE) model, has been customized to reflect the particular features of the Slovak economy. Importantly, demand for energy commodities across households and firms is price sensitive, and various electricity generation options are captured. Emissions are explicitly modelled. A variety of mitigation policies can be analysed using the Slovak-CGE model. By comparison with the CPS energy model, the aim of the Slovak-CGE model is to simulate the broader economic effects of moving towards a low- carbon economy.', 'By comparison with the CPS energy model, the aim of the Slovak-CGE model is to simulate the broader economic effects of moving towards a low- carbon economy. A detailed description of the models is provided in the Final Report on the Low-Carbon Growth Study for Slovakia project and is available on the website of the Ministry of the Environment of the Slovak Republic55.']

en-US

SVN

Slovenia

LTS

2021-08-23 00:00:00

x

LTS 1.0

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/LTS1_SLOVENIA_EN.pdf

Annex I

High-income

Europe

EU27

0

../data/downloaded_documents/3c36c17256e3d4a483773626964b4a43acf969948049eac2c501923ada438bb7.pdf

['Pursuant to Article 109 of the Rules of Procedure of the National Assembly (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia [Uradni list RS], Nos.', 'Pursuant to Article 109 of the Rules of Procedure of the National Assembly (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia [Uradni list RS], Nos. 92/07– official consolidated text, Assembly adopted at its session on 13 July 2021 the following R E S O L U T I O N ON SLOVENIA’S LONG-TERM CLIMATE STRATEGY UNTIL 2050 (ReDPS50) With the Resolution on Slovenia’s Long-Term Climate Strategy Until 2050 (hereinafter: Climate Strategy) being adopted to implement paragraph one of Article 15 of Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the Governance of the Energy Union and Climate Action, amending Regulations (EC) No 663/2009 and (EC) No 715/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council, Directives the European Parliament and of the Council, Council Directives 2009/119/EC and (EU) 2015/652 and repealing Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 1), the Republic of Slovenia sets a clear objective, i.e.', '92/07– official consolidated text, Assembly adopted at its session on 13 July 2021 the following R E S O L U T I O N ON SLOVENIA’S LONG-TERM CLIMATE STRATEGY UNTIL 2050 (ReDPS50) With the Resolution on Slovenia’s Long-Term Climate Strategy Until 2050 (hereinafter: Climate Strategy) being adopted to implement paragraph one of Article 15 of Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the Governance of the Energy Union and Climate Action, amending Regulations (EC) No 663/2009 and (EC) No 715/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council, Directives the European Parliament and of the Council, Council Directives 2009/119/EC and (EU) 2015/652 and repealing Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 1), the Republic of Slovenia sets a clear objective, i.e. to attain net zero emissions or climate neutrality by 2050.By setting the climate objective, the Climate Strategy is determining the goal of attaining net zero emissions by 2050 to other sectors and their sectoral policies.', 'to attain net zero emissions or climate neutrality by 2050.By setting the climate objective, the Climate Strategy is determining the goal of attaining net zero emissions by 2050 to other sectors and their sectoral policies. It also sets the strategic sectoral objectives for 2040 and 2050, which individual sectors must observe consistently and incorporate in their sectoral documents and plans. Because the Climate Strategy is a commitment and a task of all ministries, the entire government and the country as a whole, immediate implementation of the already adopted policies and measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (hereinafter: GHG), their upgrade and the suspension and adoption of policies and measures that are contrary to the reduction in GHG emissions is essential in all competent sectors.', 'Because the Climate Strategy is a commitment and a task of all ministries, the entire government and the country as a whole, immediate implementation of the already adopted policies and measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (hereinafter: GHG), their upgrade and the suspension and adoption of policies and measures that are contrary to the reduction in GHG emissions is essential in all competent sectors. For the period up to 2030, the document is based on the already adopted decisions defined in Slovenia’s Development Strategy 2030 (hereinafter: SDS 2030), the Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan of the Republic of Slovenia (hereinafter: NECP), the Resolution on the National Programme for the Development of Transport of the Republic of Slovenia until 2030 (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia [Uradni list RS], No.', 'For the period up to 2030, the document is based on the already adopted decisions defined in Slovenia’s Development Strategy 2030 (hereinafter: SDS 2030), the Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan of the Republic of Slovenia (hereinafter: NECP), the Resolution on the National Programme for the Development of Transport of the Republic of Slovenia until 2030 (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia [Uradni list RS], No. 75/16; hereinafter: ReNPRP30), the Resolution on the National Environmental Action Programme 2020–2030 (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia [Uradni list RS], No. 31/20; hereinafter: ReNPVO20-30) and other sectoral documents. The Climate Strategy upgrades the relevant documents, sets the vision and long-term objectives by 2050 and provides the guidelines for its attainment.', 'The Climate Strategy upgrades the relevant documents, sets the vision and long-term objectives by 2050 and provides the guidelines for its attainment. The Climate Strategy is a strategic document and does not contain specific measures. The action plan for implementing the Climate Strategy by 2030 is the NECP. The documents were drafted in coordination and based on the same expert bases. The guidelines in the Climate Strategy were provided on the basis of projections in the expert bases that analyse possible approaches for the attainment of the objectives based on certain assumptions. The projections observe the state of technologies, the expected developmentand information when drafting the projections.', 'The projections observe the state of technologies, the expected developmentand information when drafting the projections. Based on the foregoing, the projections of the economic development, energy prices, technology prices and assumptions regarding the implementation of measures were formed. Written guidelines indicate the path towards climate neutrality by 2050 while bearing in mind that these may also change in the given unpredictable situations. An example of such a situation is the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic, which was not observed in the projections as the latter were drafted before the onset of the epidemic. For the most part, the guidelines were recorded as technologically neutral because technological development may significantly change the price ratios and the applicability of individual technologies for attaining decarbonisation.', 'For the most part, the guidelines were recorded as technologically neutral because technological development may significantly change the price ratios and the applicability of individual technologies for attaining decarbonisation. 3 STARTING POINTS 3.1 Legal framework and starting points The Climate Strategy observes the commitments of the Paris Agreement (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia [Uradni list RS], International Treaties, Nos.', '3 STARTING POINTS 3.1 Legal framework and starting points The Climate Strategy observes the commitments of the Paris Agreement (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia [Uradni list RS], International Treaties, Nos. 16/16 and 6/17 – amended; hereinafter: Paris Agreement) and was drafted in compliance with the Framework of Slovenia’s Long-Term Climate Policy "Slovenia and A Healthy Planet" and Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the Governance of the Energy Union and Climate Action, amending Regulations (EC) No 663/2009 and (EC) No 715/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council, Directives the European Parliament and of the Council, Council Directives 2009/119/EC and (EU) 2015/652 and repealing Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 1), last amended by Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2020/1044 of 8 May 2020 supplementing Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to values for global warming potentials and the inventory guidelines and with regard to the Union inventory system and repealing Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 666/2014 (OJ L 230, 17.7.2020, p. 1) (hereinafter: Regulation (EU) 2018/1999).', '16/16 and 6/17 – amended; hereinafter: Paris Agreement) and was drafted in compliance with the Framework of Slovenia’s Long-Term Climate Policy "Slovenia and A Healthy Planet" and Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the Governance of the Energy Union and Climate Action, amending Regulations (EC) No 663/2009 and (EC) No 715/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council, Directives the European Parliament and of the Council, Council Directives 2009/119/EC and (EU) 2015/652 and repealing Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 1), last amended by Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2020/1044 of 8 May 2020 supplementing Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to values for global warming potentials and the inventory guidelines and with regard to the Union inventory system and repealing Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 666/2014 (OJ L 230, 17.7.2020, p. 1) (hereinafter: Regulation (EU) 2018/1999). The Paris Agreement, concluded in December 2015 and applicable since 4 November 2016, is the first universal and legally binding global climate agreement concluded between nation states.', 'The Paris Agreement, concluded in December 2015 and applicable since 4 November 2016, is the first universal and legally binding global climate agreement concluded between nation states. By ratifying and implementing the Paris Agreement (Slovenia ratified it in November 2016), the international community undertook to keep global warming below 2°C compared to the pre-industrial era and to limit global warming to 1.5°C. For the first time, the Paris Agreement defines in a legally binding manner the importance of enhancing the resilience and reducing the vulnerability of countries to the impact of climate change while ensuring financial flows to reduce GHG emissions and for the climate-resilient development of countries, which also coincides with the objective of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.', 'For the first time, the Paris Agreement defines in a legally binding manner the importance of enhancing the resilience and reducing the vulnerability of countries to the impact of climate change while ensuring financial flows to reduce GHG emissions and for the climate-resilient development of countries, which also coincides with the objective of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Following the adoption of the Climate Strategy, Slovenia will forward it to the European Commission (hereinafter: EC) and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (hereinafter: UNFCCC). 3.2 Principles, vision and guidelines The Climate Strategy is based on the principles of reducing GHG emissions, efficient energy use and energy consumption reduction, climate justice, just transition and scientific advances.', '3.2 Principles, vision and guidelines The Climate Strategy is based on the principles of reducing GHG emissions, efficient energy use and energy consumption reduction, climate justice, just transition and scientific advances. The objectives and measures are founded on the latest and internationally acknowledged scientific findings and are based on the principles of the act governingenvironmental protection, which incorporates the main principles of sustainable development, integration, cooperation, prevention, precaution and the polluter-pays principle.', 'The objectives and measures are founded on the latest and internationally acknowledged scientific findings and are based on the principles of the act governingenvironmental protection, which incorporates the main principles of sustainable development, integration, cooperation, prevention, precaution and the polluter-pays principle. Other incorporated principles also include the principle of competition, the principle of respecting sectoral objectives to facilitate the integration of sectoral policies, the principle of cost effectiveness, the principle of ensuring Slovenia’s active role in the international community and the principle of habitat conservation, which are important for biodiversity conservation and the condition of which is also worsening due to climate change, and the principle of cultural heritage conservation.', 'Other incorporated principles also include the principle of competition, the principle of respecting sectoral objectives to facilitate the integration of sectoral policies, the principle of cost effectiveness, the principle of ensuring Slovenia’s active role in the international community and the principle of habitat conservation, which are important for biodiversity conservation and the condition of which is also worsening due to climate change, and the principle of cultural heritage conservation. Realisation of the Climate Strategy promotes measures and the development of technologies that have a positive impact on biodiversity or those that impact it the least. In 2050, Slovenia will be a climate-neutral and resilient society based on sustainable development.', 'In 2050, Slovenia will be a climate-neutral and resilient society based on sustainable development. It will efficiently manage energy and natural resources, and simultaneously maintain a high level of competition in a low-carbon circular economy. The society will be based on well-preserved nature, the circular economy, renewable and low-carbon energy sources, sustainable mobility and healthy locally-produced food. It will be well-adjusted and resilient to the impact of climate change. Slovenia will be a society in which the quality and safety of life will be high, and the opportunity arising from the altered climate conditions will also be exploited. The transition to a climate neutral society will be inclusive and the principles of climate justice will also be observed.', 'The transition to a climate neutral society will be inclusive and the principles of climate justice will also be observed. The costs and benefits of the transition will be distributed in a fair way due to the most vulnerable groups of citizens being enabled to implement mitigation and adaptation measures. The attainment of climate neutrality means that Slovenia will achieve net zero emissions by 2050, which means that removals of emissions will be balanced with an equivalent amount of anthropogenic GHG emissions. The removals include sinks in the sector of land use, land use change and forestry (hereinafter: LULUCF) and direct capture of GHG emissions.', 'The removals include sinks in the sector of land use, land use change and forestry (hereinafter: LULUCF) and direct capture of GHG emissions. The Climate Strategy is founded on analytical bases which reveal that Slovenia can attain climate neutrality by 2050 with the technologies known and tested today and numerous other measures. Based on the analysed scenarios (presented in more detail in the expert bases), Slovenia can attain climate neutrality by means of at least two scenarios, i.e. the ambitious nuclear scenario (hereinafter: WAM NU) and the ambitious scenario with the use of synthetic natural gas (hereinafter: WAM SNG).', 'the ambitious nuclear scenario (hereinafter: WAM NU) and the ambitious scenario with the use of synthetic natural gas (hereinafter: WAM SNG). Slovenia is already intensively developing, monitoring and investing in research, new technologies and development in order to form final solutions for reaching the objective of climate neutrality and it will also continue to do so in the future. An important element of the climate-neutral transition is the inclusion, as early as possible, of the interested and expert public, which contributes to the quality of regulations and programmes, the fulfilment of obligations and the reduction of costs for their implementation. The Climate Strategy incorporates guidelines for the sectors responsible for most GHG emissions.', 'The Climate Strategy incorporates guidelines for the sectors responsible for most GHG emissions. The sectors are classified in accordance with the methodology of the International Panel on Climate Change (hereinafter: IPCC) unless determined otherwise. Attainment of the objective of the climate-neutral society adapted to climate changes requires radical alterations in the economy and society, which will occur over a period of one generation. Numerous technological and social innovations throughout the entirety of society will benecessary. Many opportunities will arise for Slovenia from the transformation into a climate neutral society that such a transformation will generate for individuals, society and the economy. Slovenia will make use of these opportunities resulting from climate change or changed environment (e.g. extended growing seasons of plants).', 'extended growing seasons of plants). Its size, favourable educational structure and well-preserved nature will be used in favour of an efficient, competitive, inclusive and sustainable transition to a climate neutral society. The main guideline being realised by the Climate Strategy is the reduction of GHG emissions. The horizontal guidelines applicable for all sectors also include greater material efficiency, promotion of low-carbon resources, energy efficiency, sustainable spatial development, sustainable construction, promotion of digitalisation and public administration setting an example. Slovenia will not adopt policies and measures and will not invest funds in a manner which would contravene the commitments of the Paris Agreement.', 'Slovenia will not adopt policies and measures and will not invest funds in a manner which would contravene the commitments of the Paris Agreement. The horizontal guidelines also include the fact that in addition to climate change we are also experiencing a biodiversity crisis, which is why synergies between both have to be sought when looking for solutions. Any activities in the environment must be carried out with a minimum impact on the environment. To enhance the integration of climate policy in sectoral policies, Slovenia will improve the verification of compliance of documents, policies, regulations and other acts regarding climate policy and further strengthen this component in the procedure of comprehensive environmental impact assessment (hereinafter: CEIA) or the environmental impact assessment (hereinafter: EIA).', 'To enhance the integration of climate policy in sectoral policies, Slovenia will improve the verification of compliance of documents, policies, regulations and other acts regarding climate policy and further strengthen this component in the procedure of comprehensive environmental impact assessment (hereinafter: CEIA) or the environmental impact assessment (hereinafter: EIA). The criteria for assessing document compliance with the policy of climate change adaptation and mitigation will also be prepared. Other guidelines are discussed in individual chapters. 3.3 Public consultation In the beginning of November 2019, an online consultation was published regarding the preparation of Slovenia’s Climate Strategy. Interested stakeholders were invited to participate in the formation of the Climate Strategy. Some 159 individuals and organisations (98 individuals and 61 organisations among which 30 were non-governmental organisations) attended the online consultation.', 'Some 159 individuals and organisations (98 individuals and 61 organisations among which 30 were non-governmental organisations) attended the online consultation. The responses received were peer reviewed and observed accordingly in the draft Climate Strategy. Public discussion of the document took place between 1 September 2020 and 30 September 2020. More than 400 comments were submitted, which were peer reviewed and incorporated in the Strategy as appropriate. Two public presentations of the draft document or communication workshops were also carried out during the public discussion, which were intended for additional consultation and dialogue regarding specific strategy content. The public presentations took place on 18 September 2020 (presentation for broader public) and 25 September 2020 (presentation for the business sector at the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Slovenia).', 'The public presentations took place on 18 September 2020 (presentation for broader public) and 25 September 2020 (presentation for the business sector at the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Slovenia). Due to public assembly restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic, the option was provided to watch both presentations online and ask questions. Before the Strategy was designed, several workshops with different stakeholders were held within the LIFE Climate Path 2050 project for the preparation of analytical bases of the Climate Strategy.3.4 Analysis of the situation and scientific advances relating to climate change in Slovenia Exceptionally fast climate changes, which we have witnessed in particular in the last four decades, have had a significant impact on the situation and trends in other vital natural systems.', 'Before the Strategy was designed, several workshops with different stakeholders were held within the LIFE Climate Path 2050 project for the preparation of analytical bases of the Climate Strategy.3.4 Analysis of the situation and scientific advances relating to climate change in Slovenia Exceptionally fast climate changes, which we have witnessed in particular in the last four decades, have had a significant impact on the situation and trends in other vital natural systems. Due to the long lifetime of GHG, the current climate changes will be expressed even more intensively and frequently in the coming decades. In the 1961–2011 period, the most prominent climate change in Slovenia was the increase in mean air temperature (by approximately 0.36°C per decade). Temperature began to increase very sharply in the mid-1980s (Figure 1).', 'Temperature began to increase very sharply in the mid-1980s (Figure 1). Between 1961 and 2019, the mean air temperature increased by some 2°C in Slovenia. In the same period, surface water temperature increased by 0.2°C per decade. Figure 1: Deviation of the mean annual air temperature from the long-term average for Slovenia 1981–2010. Blue columns mark the years with negative and red columns the years with positive mean deviation from the 30-year average 1981–2010. The black curve shows the smoothed deviation average (source: the ARSO). Inter-annual precipitation variability is much higher than inter-annual temperature variability, which is why possible changes in precipitation are more difficult to detect and prove.', 'Inter-annual precipitation variability is much higher than inter-annual temperature variability, which is why possible changes in precipitation are more difficult to detect and prove. In the 1961–2011 period, precipitation in the western half of the country reduced statistically significantly by up to 20 per cent and the trend in precipitation decrease has stopped at the national level in the last decade (Figure 2). The snow cover in the highlands and high mountains reduced significantly as well, halving in the last sixty years. Water evaporation, which is measured by means of the reference evapotranspiration, also increased. This represents all water that evaporates through the reference vegetation cover (grass) if the water supply in the surface layer of soil is sufficient throughout.', 'This represents all water that evaporates through the reference vegetation cover (grass) if the water supply in the surface layer of soil is sufficient throughout. The reference evapotranspiration increased the most in spring and summer, and the linear trend amounted to between 3 and 6 per cent per decade at the annual level in the 1961–2011 period.Figure 2: Deviation of the mean annual precipitation from the long-term average for Slovenia 1981–2010. Brown columns mark the years with negative and green columns the years with positive mean deviation from the 30-year average 1981–2010. The black curve shows the smoothed deviation average (source: the ARSO). Climate change detected by means of measurements in the past six decades will continue in the coming decades.', 'Climate change detected by means of measurements in the past six decades will continue in the coming decades. The scope of the forthcoming change also depends on the success of policies for limiting GHG emissions. The air temperature will continue to rise in any case in Slovenia until the end of the century.', 'The air temperature will continue to rise in any case in Slovenia until the end of the century. In the event of the optimistic emissions scenario (RCP2.6), the temperature will increase on average by an additional 1.3°C by the end of the century if compared to the 1981–2010 period; in the event of the moderately optimistic emissions scenario (RCP4.5), it will increase by an additional 2°C, and in the event of the most pessimistic emissions scenario (RCP8.5), the temperature will increase by an additional 4.1°C (Figure 3) with regard to the already measured temperature increases in the period up to 2010. The rise in temperature will severely increase the heat load, especially in summer. The frequency, intensity and duration of heat waves will increase.', 'The frequency, intensity and duration of heat waves will increase. With the increase in temperature, the surface layer of soil will heat up, too, and that will affect the phenological development of plants, which will be early, and the length of growing period, which will be prolonged. The frequency of spring frost will remain at a similar level as in the current climate. The temperature of surface water will increase in accordance with the air temperature.', 'The temperature of surface water will increase in accordance with the air temperature. In the event of the optimistic scenario (RCP2.6), the temperature of surface water will increase by about 0.5°C by the end of the century in comparison with the 1981–2010 period; in the event of the moderately optimistic emissions scenario (RCP4.5), it will increase by about 1°C and in the event of the most pessimistic emissions scenario (RCP8.5), the temperature will increase by more than 2°C.Figure 3: Timeline of the change in the mean annual air temperature in Slovenia by the end of the 21st century, including deviation ranges. Deviation of the mean in the 1981–2010 period is displayed (source: ARSO).', 'Deviation of the mean in the 1981–2010 period is displayed (source: ARSO). Although measurements reveal a decline in precipitation on the annual level (Figure 2), all models of scenarios show that the trend will reverse in the coming decades. In the event of all emissions scenarios, mean annual precipitation will have increased by up to 20 per cent by the end of the century if compared with the 1981–2010 period. For the most part, this increase will be the result of an increase in winter precipitation which will be more prominent in the eastern part of the country. Already by mid-century, winter precipitation is predicted to increase by 40 per cent in eastern Slovenia and by 15 per cent at the national level.', 'Already by mid-century, winter precipitation is predicted to increase by 40 per cent in eastern Slovenia and by 15 per cent at the national level. In the event of the pessimistic emissions scenario (RCP8.5), there will be up to 60 per cent more precipitation in the east and up to 40 per cent at the national level (Figure 4) by the end of the century. In the remaining seasons, all changes will be within the limits of natural rainfall variability. The indicators of extreme precipitation reveal that the intensity and frequency of extreme precipitation events will increase, which will be most prominent in the event of the pessimistic emissions scenario (RCP8.5).', 'The indicators of extreme precipitation reveal that the intensity and frequency of extreme precipitation events will increase, which will be most prominent in the event of the pessimistic emissions scenario (RCP8.5). An increase in temperature must be added to the increase in intensity and frequency of extreme precipitation events, which means that there will be less precipitation in the form of snowfall resulting in lower water retention in the cold part of the year. The risk of torrential floods and landslides will also increase due to greater precipitation intensity.Figure 4: Timeline of the change in winter precipitation in Slovenia by the end of the 21st century, including deviation ranges. Relative quantity as per the mean in the 1981–2010 period is displayed (source: ARSO).', 'Relative quantity as per the mean in the 1981–2010 period is displayed (source: ARSO). An increase in reference evapotranspiration will continue in Slovenia in accordance with the increase in air temperature by the end of the century. In the event of the moderately optimistic emissions scenario (RCP4.5), the reference evapotranspiration will increase by 8 per cent if compared to the 1981–2010 period and it will increase by 16 per cent in the event of the most pessimistic emissions scenario (RCP8.5). The intensity and frequency of droughts will increase due to accelerated evaporation and a changed precipitation regime. Drought is a complex phenomenon displayed at several levels (meteorological, agricultural, hydrological).', 'Drought is a complex phenomenon displayed at several levels (meteorological, agricultural, hydrological). We frequently detect an exceptional lack of rainfall (meteorological drought) and drought in the surface layer of the soil (agricultural drought), while we do not notice a significant deviation from normal conditions in watercourses and groundwater reserves. On the contrary, a precipitation event may immediately improve the condition of the surface layer of soil which retains the majority of rainfall after a longer dry period, while watercourses and aquifers remain dry. Despite an increase in annual precipitation, problems will occur in the future, particularly regarding short-term, but extremely severe droughts in the surface layer of soil.', 'Despite an increase in annual precipitation, problems will occur in the future, particularly regarding short-term, but extremely severe droughts in the surface layer of soil. Such droughts will be the result of a longer gap between precipitation events, and they will be accompanied by extremely high temperatures in the warm part of the year. Major escalation of drought conditions is not expected on rivers, but the flow regime of rivers will change. Rainfall intensity after extensive drought periods will increase, which will fill up watercourses and groundwater reserves. Sufficient and even increased winter precipitation will also fill up watercourses. River flows will also increase additionally in winter due to a lower proportion of snow which represents a natural water retainer.', 'River flows will also increase additionally in winter due to a lower proportion of snow which represents a natural water retainer. As a result, this will significantly increase the risk of flooding in winter. Groundwater recharge will also increase due to the expected increase in winter precipitation. According to the projections, low flow rates will change significantly, i.e. they will increase in the second half of the century, but only on the watercourses in eastern Slovenia and those flowing into the Sava River in its middle section. Slovenia is considered a country rich in water sources and the climate projections reveal that it will remain as such in the future.', 'Slovenia is considered a country rich in water sources and the climate projections reveal that it will remain as such in the future. Precipitation will increase in the cold half of the year when the need for water is not great. Simultaneously, the impact of snow cover, which is a natural water retainer, will be greatly reduced. So, less water will be available, particularly in the surface layer of soil and surface watercourses at the beginning of the vegetation period when evaporation will also increase. Despite an increase in annual precipitation, Slovenia will experience drought in the surface layer of soil in the warm part of the year. The relevant changes will also affect groundwater, the restoration of its dynamics and the drinking water supply.', 'The relevant changes will also affect groundwater, the restoration of its dynamics and the drinking water supply. The thusly alteredwater and river regime and an increased heat load will be the most important effects of future climate change, which will directly and indirectly affect activities such as health care, agriculture, forestry, energy, manufacturing and tourism. 3.5 Situation of GHG emissions in Slovenia in 2018 Total GHG emissions in Slovenia amounted to 17,502 kt of CO2 equivalent (excluding the LULUCF sector) in 2018 and were somewhat higher than the year before. Slovenia has set binding targets for 2020 only for GHG emissions which are not included in the emissions trading scheme (hereinafter: non-ETS) and these objectives will likely be attained.', 'Slovenia has set binding targets for 2020 only for GHG emissions which are not included in the emissions trading scheme (hereinafter: non-ETS) and these objectives will likely be attained. The objectives for the non-ETS sectors were set at the time when no broad political consensus on firmer action against the global climate crisis existed, which means that Slovenia is currently not managing the long-term emissions trajectory. A cause for concern is particularly the growth in GHG emissions in transport.', 'A cause for concern is particularly the growth in GHG emissions in transport. Figure 1: Sector shares in total GHG emissions for 2018 (source: Energy Efficiency Centre of Jožef Stefan Institute) Figure 2: Quantity of emissions by sectors in different years (source: Energy Efficiency Centre of Jožef Stefan Institute) 3.6 Guidelines for biodiversity protection for mitigating and adapting to climate change Processes of climate change, which endanger all living beings in a way not yet experienced, warn us that we are part of nature and highlight the importance of their protection. The latest findings ofthe Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), i.e. the Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services (pp. 12–13, A.2.', 'the Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services (pp. 12–13, A.2. ), and the European Environment Agency (The European Environment – State and Outlook 2020) point out that the crisis in the field of biodiversity is inherently connected to the climate crisis. Climate changes accelerate the occurrence of frequent drought, flooding and wildfires in nature. The loss of the natural environment and its unsustainable exploitation are the key negative factors of climate change.', 'The loss of the natural environment and its unsustainable exploitation are the key negative factors of climate change. Nature is also the key factor in the combat against climate change because it regulates climate and provides solutions that incorporate the conservation and restoration of wetlands, peatlands and coastal ecosystems, sustainable management of marine areas, sustainable management of forests, grassland and agricultural land, which are important measures for the adjustment to climate change and the reduction of GHG emissions. Political specifications in global objectives of preserving biodiversity in the European Green Deal (hereinafter: EGD) and in the ReNPVO20-30 at the national level emphasise the significance of biodiversity for climate change adaptation. Furthermore, preserved biodiversity also contributes to their mitigation.', 'Furthermore, preserved biodiversity also contributes to their mitigation. The importance of maintaining biodiversity is recognised in the light of adapting to climate change and is also incorporated in national strategies and planning policies of other sectors, such as agriculture and forestry, but less in others, which will have to be upgraded. Climate change and biodiversity decline are two inseparable processes that have to be considered together. Climate change has a severe negative impact on biodiversity and thus the stability of ecosystems, which also affects people’s health and well-being. Their solutions are also intertwined, which is why these two inseparable processes must be discussed in unison.', 'Their solutions are also intertwined, which is why these two inseparable processes must be discussed in unison. Nature is our key ally in the combat against climate change because well-preserved ecosystems and subsequent ecosystem services can contribute significantly to the adjustment to, and mitigation of, climate change. 3.6.1 Situation and challenges to preserve biodiversity Biodiversity means the variability of living organisms on the genetic, species and ecosystemic levels. Its conservation is implemented by means of ecosystem and natural habitat protection, preservation of landscape characteristics, and the maintenance and enhancement of populations which are capable of continuing the development of species in their natural environment. The Natura 2000 Network is crucial for ensuring the habitats of species endangered at the EU level.', 'The Natura 2000 Network is crucial for ensuring the habitats of species endangered at the EU level. Almost 38 per cent of Slovenia’s territory is included in the Natura 2000 Network, which is the largest share among all EU member states. Biodiversity is declining in Slovenia despite the measures implemented for its preservation (the 2017 Environmental Report of the Republic of Slovenia). The condition of important European species and habitat types, whose habitat is agricultural landscape, is worsening in the lowlands due to accelerated agriculture and the abandonment of land use in hilly and remote areas. Many habitat types linked to water, including wetlands, are also poorly preserved. The condition of forests is relatively good, including certain typical species living in them (e.g. wolf, bear).', 'The condition of forests is relatively good, including certain typical species living in them (e.g. wolf, bear). Exceptions to this are specific species with specialised ecological requirements and minority habitat types (e.g. in lowland flooded forests). The 2017 Environmental Report states that construction with urbanisation and industrialisation, transport and agriculture acceleration are among the salient and recorded pressures upon, and threats to, the species and habitat types in Slovenia that are important for Europe. Climate change and the spread of invasive alien species further worsen the situation.', 'Climate change and the spread of invasive alien species further worsen the situation. Very similar findings also arise from the Report on the Conservation Status of Habitat Types and Species as per Article 17 of the Habitats Directive for the 2013–2018 period (Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora (OJ L 206, 22.7.1992, p. 7)).', 'Very similar findings also arise from the Report on the Conservation Status of Habitat Types and Species as per Article 17 of the Habitats Directive for the 2013–2018 period (Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora (OJ L 206, 22.7.1992, p. 7)). The Natura 2000 protected areas represent living and changing areas, which is why it is reasonable to implement an expert revision of determining or changing these areas with the objective to particularly protect areas where this is scientifically justified and to ensure their efficient management.The research reveals that climate change impacts the spread of invasive alien species by generating more hospitable conditions for such species due to extreme weather phenomena and an increased accessibility of certain areas to people.', 'The Natura 2000 protected areas represent living and changing areas, which is why it is reasonable to implement an expert revision of determining or changing these areas with the objective to particularly protect areas where this is scientifically justified and to ensure their efficient management.The research reveals that climate change impacts the spread of invasive alien species by generating more hospitable conditions for such species due to extreme weather phenomena and an increased accessibility of certain areas to people. Forests and their biodiversity, functions and ecosystem services are exposed to greater risks due to climate change, such as wildfires, extreme weather events, increased spread of invasive alien species, diseases and pests.', 'Forests and their biodiversity, functions and ecosystem services are exposed to greater risks due to climate change, such as wildfires, extreme weather events, increased spread of invasive alien species, diseases and pests. Broader analyses of the contribution of individual habitats to retaining GHG in connection with their conservation status have not yet been implemented in Slovenia. Climate change also has a negative impact on pollinators, which has severe consequences for biodiversity and the provision of food safety. Climate change significantly affects marine and coastal ecosystems because it causes ocean warming and acidification, and oxygen depletion.', 'Climate change significantly affects marine and coastal ecosystems because it causes ocean warming and acidification, and oxygen depletion. 3.6.2 Implementation of measures for conserving biodiversity to mitigate and adapt to climate change The measures to preserve biodiversity are recognised globally and at the EU level as measures that specifically contribute to the mitigation of, and the adaptation to, climate change. These are the measures for improving the status of biodiversity in forests, wetlands, grasslands and water and waterside lands. Some examples include measures for the removal of invasive alien species, renaturation of wetlands and water areas, leaving sections of forests to undergo natural processes, and extensive mowing while observing target species or habitat types.', 'Some examples include measures for the removal of invasive alien species, renaturation of wetlands and water areas, leaving sections of forests to undergo natural processes, and extensive mowing while observing target species or habitat types. These measures simultaneously contribute to increased carbon retention and prevention of GHG emissions, for which the terms of natural climate solutions or nature based solutions are used. According to the latest assessments, natural climate solutions can make up 37 per cent of cost-efficient prevention emissions by 2030 and thus contribute significantly to the attainment of the objectives of the Paris Agreement. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development cites objectives 2, 11, 13, 14 in 15 as the objectives most connected to the adjustment to climate change (EEA Report No. 1/2017).', 'The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development cites objectives 2, 11, 13, 14 in 15 as the objectives most connected to the adjustment to climate change (EEA Report No. 1/2017). Objectives 14 and 15 focus on the conservation and sustainable use of seas and inland water ecosystems. In particular, objective 15 highlights the halt of biodiversity loss by means of the protection, restoration and promotion of sustainable ecosystem use. To preserve biodiversity and related ecosystem services, the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011– 2020 incorporates measures to improve and restore at least 15 per cent of degraded ecosystems and explicitly states the related contribution to the mitigation of, and the adaptation to, climate change (Aichi Target 15).', 'To preserve biodiversity and related ecosystem services, the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011– 2020 incorporates measures to improve and restore at least 15 per cent of degraded ecosystems and explicitly states the related contribution to the mitigation of, and the adaptation to, climate change (Aichi Target 15). Aichi Target 10 is also linked directly to the mitigation of climate change and calls on the state parties to reduce as much as possible the anthropogenic pressures on coral reefs and other vulnerable ecosystems which are affected by climate change or ocean acidification, so that their integrity and functioning will be preserved.', 'Aichi Target 10 is also linked directly to the mitigation of climate change and calls on the state parties to reduce as much as possible the anthropogenic pressures on coral reefs and other vulnerable ecosystems which are affected by climate change or ocean acidification, so that their integrity and functioning will be preserved. The foregoing global commitments are also summarised in Target 2 of the EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020 and in the Action Plan for nature, people and the economy (actions 5, 6 and 10).', 'The foregoing global commitments are also summarised in Target 2 of the EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020 and in the Action Plan for nature, people and the economy (actions 5, 6 and 10). The EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 determines a number of specific commitments and measures for protection and restoration of nature and degraded ecosystems in the EU by 2030 and their sustainable management, especially of those with the greatest potential for carbon capture and storage and the prevention and reduction of the impact of natural disasters.', 'The EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 determines a number of specific commitments and measures for protection and restoration of nature and degraded ecosystems in the EU by 2030 and their sustainable management, especially of those with the greatest potential for carbon capture and storage and the prevention and reduction of the impact of natural disasters. Among other measures, the Strategy proposes an increase in the proportion of protected areas on land and at sea, binding objectives for restoration of damaged ecosystems and rivers, improvement of the conservation status of protected habitats, species and pollinators on agricultural land, pollution reduction, greening of cities, promotion of organic farming and other nature-friendly agricultural practices and the improvement of the condition of European forests.', 'Among other measures, the Strategy proposes an increase in the proportion of protected areas on land and at sea, binding objectives for restoration of damaged ecosystems and rivers, improvement of the conservation status of protected habitats, species and pollinators on agricultural land, pollution reduction, greening of cities, promotion of organic farming and other nature-friendly agricultural practices and the improvement of the condition of European forests. High biodiversity, healthy ecosystems, ecosystem services and nature-based solutions can contribute significantly to greater resilience against climate change.According to the latest assessments, climate change negatively affects 14 per cent of habitats and 13 per cent species in Europe (EEA Report, No. 1/2017). The impact is expected to double in the near future.', 'The impact is expected to double in the near future. Due to climate change, many species in the Natura 2000 network are said to lose suitable climate niches. The effects of climate change on the European biodiversity are already displayed in different ways, e.g. by changed species distribution, changes in plant development cycles, shorter hibernation periods and changed animal migration patterns. There is insufficient data regarding the impact of climate change on species and habitats in Slovenia because the study of these effects is in the initial phase. The possible impact of climate change on certain species and habitats was examined only exceptionally in the territory of Slovenia.', 'The possible impact of climate change on certain species and habitats was examined only exceptionally in the territory of Slovenia. It was acknowledged that an increase in extreme events was identified due to climate change in marine and coastal ecosystems, which have a negative impact on the already spatially limited coastal habitats and the species living in these habitats. Within the framework of reporting as per the Habitats Directive and the Birds Directive (Directive 2009/147/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 November 2009 on the conservation of wild birds; OJ L 20, 26.1.2010, p. 7), climate change was recognised as a threat, particularly for the species that depend on inland water ecosystems, such as crustaceans, fish, shellfish and amphibians.', 'Within the framework of reporting as per the Habitats Directive and the Birds Directive (Directive 2009/147/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 November 2009 on the conservation of wild birds; OJ L 20, 26.1.2010, p. 7), climate change was recognised as a threat, particularly for the species that depend on inland water ecosystems, such as crustaceans, fish, shellfish and amphibians. It is evident from the current research on wild pollinators that, in addition to intensive agriculture, climate change is considered one of the main reasons for their rapid decline.', 'It is evident from the current research on wild pollinators that, in addition to intensive agriculture, climate change is considered one of the main reasons for their rapid decline. For example, climate change will be unfavourable for the majority of bumblebee species in Europe; on the basis of models, it is expected that almost one half of all bumblebee species could lose 50 to 80 per cent of the current areas of distribution by 2100. By means of the target research programme, the Design of the Methodology for the Monitoring of Wild Pollinators in Slovenia, which is underway, Slovenia establishes the monitoring of their condition, determines reasons for its deterioration, and suggests proposals for improvement.', 'By means of the target research programme, the Design of the Methodology for the Monitoring of Wild Pollinators in Slovenia, which is underway, Slovenia establishes the monitoring of their condition, determines reasons for its deterioration, and suggests proposals for improvement. Biodiversity will be more resilient against climate change if it is preserved and will thus ensure healthy ecosystems. This will also be one of the key adjustments of humankind to climate change because we all depend on ecosystem services (The Natura 2000 Newsletter, 2007). Healthy ecosystems will be preserved, or damaged ones improved, in such a way that the use of the existence of populations of key species and their habitats will be abandoned or reduced and renaturation measures will be implemented.', 'Healthy ecosystems will be preserved, or damaged ones improved, in such a way that the use of the existence of populations of key species and their habitats will be abandoned or reduced and renaturation measures will be implemented. The significance of the Natura 2000 areas as a mechanism for conserving biodiversity while adapting to climate change is defined in the EU Guidelines on climate change and Natura 2000 (2013). The guidelines emphasise that the Natura 2000 areas play a crucial role as natural carbon storage sites (provision of natural capacities for storing carbon), a user of carbon dioxide (increasing the capture of carbon dioxide in natural ecosystems), a risk reducer regarding the effect of extreme events and a reducer of impact caused by the sea level rising.', 'The guidelines emphasise that the Natura 2000 areas play a crucial role as natural carbon storage sites (provision of natural capacities for storing carbon), a user of carbon dioxide (increasing the capture of carbon dioxide in natural ecosystems), a risk reducer regarding the effect of extreme events and a reducer of impact caused by the sea level rising. Forests and wetlands (marshes) are particularly important for carbon storage in the Natura 2000 areas. The existing Natura 2000 network covers almost 30 per cent of European forest areas and a great proportion of European marshland. The assessments reveal that some 9.6 billion tonnes of carbon is stored in the Natura 2000 areas, which equals 35 billion tonnes of CO2 (Guidelines on climate change and Natura 2000, 2013).', 'The assessments reveal that some 9.6 billion tonnes of carbon is stored in the Natura 2000 areas, which equals 35 billion tonnes of CO2 (Guidelines on climate change and Natura 2000, 2013). Total Natura 2000 areas in Slovenia amount to 7,681 km2, of which 7.675,5 km2 is inland and 5.5 km2 by the sea, and cover 37.46 per cent of Slovenian territory. Forests cover 71 per cent of Natura 2000 areas. Some 5 per cent of agricultural land is above the tree line and 23 per cent of land is being overgrown. There is 1 per cent of water and 2 per cent of built-up area.', 'There is 1 per cent of water and 2 per cent of built-up area. In protected areas (in Triglav National Park, regional and landscape parks, and reserves and natural monuments), 29 per cent of the areas are Natura 2000 areas. Slovenia is striving to conserve biodiversity by maintaining habitats and species in a favourable condition to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Several activities, which are part of systemic measures and many target projects (Convention on Biological Diversity – Sixth National Report of the Republic of Slovenia, 2019), have been implemented in this field or are still underway.', 'Several activities, which are part of systemic measures and many target projects (Convention on Biological Diversity – Sixth National Report of the Republic of Slovenia, 2019), have been implemented in this field or are still underway. Forexample, measures for the renovation of degraded habitats and improvement of the status of specific species in Natura 2000 priority areas are being carried out in accordance with the Natura 2000 Management Programme (2015-2020), which includes projects within Natura 2000 financed with funds from the European Cohesion Policy (e.g. PoLJUBA: Rehabilitation and Conservation of Wetland Habitats in the area of Ljubljana Marsh Nature Park), and within the framework of the LIFE integrated project for enhanced management of Natura 2000 in Slovenia.', 'PoLJUBA: Rehabilitation and Conservation of Wetland Habitats in the area of Ljubljana Marsh Nature Park), and within the framework of the LIFE integrated project for enhanced management of Natura 2000 in Slovenia. Activities are also taking place with regard to the provision of connectivity between individual areas of nature through green infrastructure. Their purpose is to establish and ensure the favourable condition of the Natura 2000 areas and protected areas. Measures to prevent the introduction and spread of invasive alien species and their removal and management are also being implemented. Detailed objectives and measures to obtain a favourable condition of species and habitat types of European interest are determined in the Natura 2000 Management Programme. Responsible holders of measures and the anticipated financing (e.g.', 'Responsible holders of measures and the anticipated financing (e.g. within the framework of implementing public services in various sectors or projects) were also determined. The ReNPVO20-30 highlights the importance of nature and biodiversity conservation and recognises thus related risks: mitigation and adaptation to climate change, use of degraded surfaces and maintenance of ecosystem services, approaching net zero building, etc. Relating to international environmental commitments at the global level, implementation of the ReNPVO20-30 will particularly support the commitments related to the conservation of biodiversity and mitigation of climate change. The guidelines of the National Nature Protection Programme (hereinafter: NNPP), which is an integral part of the ReNPVO20-30, also include informing the broader public about connections between climate changes and their impact on ecosystems and biodiversity.', 'The guidelines of the National Nature Protection Programme (hereinafter: NNPP), which is an integral part of the ReNPVO20-30, also include informing the broader public about connections between climate changes and their impact on ecosystems and biodiversity. In connection with the measures of the Programme for conservation of wild fauna and flora, their habitats and ecosystems, the appertaining Strategic Plan for Biodiversity until 2030 defines specific measures for attaining these guidelines and subordinate objectives, including research on the connection between biodiversity and climate change or ecosystem services.', 'In connection with the measures of the Programme for conservation of wild fauna and flora, their habitats and ecosystems, the appertaining Strategic Plan for Biodiversity until 2030 defines specific measures for attaining these guidelines and subordinate objectives, including research on the connection between biodiversity and climate change or ecosystem services. Since 2019, Slovenia has been implementing measures for the adaptation to climate change in the field of conserving biodiversity which are financed from the Climate Change Funding Programme (Ordinance on the Climate Change Funding Programme for the period 2020–2023; Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia [Uradni list RS], No. 14/20), i.e.', 'Since 2019, Slovenia has been implementing measures for the adaptation to climate change in the field of conserving biodiversity which are financed from the Climate Change Funding Programme (Ordinance on the Climate Change Funding Programme for the period 2020–2023; Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia [Uradni list RS], No. 14/20), i.e. measures for prevention and management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species and measures for management of climate change impact on saline ecosystems of the Sečovlje and Strunjan salt- pans and other wetlands in protected and Natura 2000 areas.', 'measures for prevention and management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species and measures for management of climate change impact on saline ecosystems of the Sečovlje and Strunjan salt- pans and other wetlands in protected and Natura 2000 areas. In particular, the measures are intended for the implementation of specific activities in the field for improving the status of species and habitat types, adaptation of habitats to climate changes and the implementation of other action to prevent and manage invasive alien species. The measures are incorporated in management plans and work plans of protected areas, annual work programmes of public institutions, concessionaires, public utility units and providers of contractual and custodial care.', 'The measures are incorporated in management plans and work plans of protected areas, annual work programmes of public institutions, concessionaires, public utility units and providers of contractual and custodial care. As per the data on the decline in biodiversity and related negative consequences for people at the national, EU and global levels, Slovenia will enhance its efforts to preserve biodiversity in the period after 2020. National objectives of the biodiversity protection for the 2020–2030 period are defined in the NNPP within the framework of the ReNPVO20-30.', 'National objectives of the biodiversity protection for the 2020–2030 period are defined in the NNPP within the framework of the ReNPVO20-30. The set objectives, which also contribute to the adaptation to, and mitigation of, climate change, include the preservation of a favourable status of native wildlife species, preservation of a favourable status of the scope and quality of habitat types, especially those located in ecologically important and Natura 2000 areas, prevention of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species or management of their introduction and spread, establishment and maintenance of key green infrastructure, establishment of new protected areas, primarily in the most sensitive areas regarding nature conservation, and the enhancement of knowledge about biodiversity and its significance at all levels of society.', 'The set objectives, which also contribute to the adaptation to, and mitigation of, climate change, include the preservation of a favourable status of native wildlife species, preservation of a favourable status of the scope and quality of habitat types, especially those located in ecologically important and Natura 2000 areas, prevention of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species or management of their introduction and spread, establishment and maintenance of key green infrastructure, establishment of new protected areas, primarily in the most sensitive areas regarding nature conservation, and the enhancement of knowledge about biodiversity and its significance at all levels of society. With the largest proportion of Natura 2000 areas in the EU (almost 38 per cent of its total territory), Slovenia has great potential for sustainable climate solutions contributing to the adaptation to, and mitigation of, climate change.', 'With the largest proportion of Natura 2000 areas in the EU (almost 38 per cent of its total territory), Slovenia has great potential for sustainable climate solutions contributing to the adaptation to, and mitigation of, climate change. In September 2019, Slovenia became a memberof the Nature-Based Solutions Coalition at the UN Climate Action Summit in New York and it committed itself to implement four manifesto priorities. Active care for green infrastructure is particularly important for Slovenia, whose key framework in the EU is the Natura 2000 network, which was also highlighted upon the accession to the NBS coalition.', 'Active care for green infrastructure is particularly important for Slovenia, whose key framework in the EU is the Natura 2000 network, which was also highlighted upon the accession to the NBS coalition. Slovenia will ensure the attainment of objectives for a favourable status of species and habitat types in the Natura 2000 areas and will also improve the ecological connectivity of these areas (e.g. by means of underpasses for amphibians at the most critical crossing points, the arrangement of green overpasses on older sections of the motorway network and at important road crossing points of large carnivores and other mammals). The most important challenge of preserving biodiversity will be the incorporation of biodiversity conservation objectives in the policies of key sectors.', 'The most important challenge of preserving biodiversity will be the incorporation of biodiversity conservation objectives in the policies of key sectors. Care for biodiversity conservation when tackling climate change within various sectors, such as agriculture and fisheries, is also highlighted in the European Green Deal. The EGD stresses the urgency of restoration of ecosystems which are not in good condition, especially those rich in carbon, and plans to contribute significantly through nature conservation, sustainable use and restoration of biodiversity to the economic benefits and generation of sustainable jobs, growth and development in the EU member states, including Slovenia. 3.6.2.1 Guidelines and measures adopted until 2030 By implementing the objectives and measures of the ReNPVO20-30 and the already existing measures (e.g.', '3.6.2.1 Guidelines and measures adopted until 2030 By implementing the objectives and measures of the ReNPVO20-30 and the already existing measures (e.g. for improving the status of wetlands and reducing invasive alien species), Slovenia will also dedicate its attention to the broader implementation of measures in the field of biodiversity conservation with an emphasis on the improvement and restoration of ecosystems, primarily of those measures which are recognised by the experts as urgent and scheduled for the respective governmental Natura 2000 Management Programme. To improve the state of nature and implement measures introducing natural climate solutions that will result in positive effects for biodiversity, Slovenia will primarily reinforce the public service of nature conservation and expert services of other sectors. Sufficient funds from various sources will be provided.', 'Sufficient funds from various sources will be provided. Progress will be attained on agricultural, forest and water land owned by the state and privately. With the improvement and restoration of ecosystems, mitigation of, and adaptation to, climate change will also improve. To evaluate the contribution to the mitigation of climate change in Slovenian territory with implemented biodiversity conservation measures, Slovenia will ensure additional studies. Slovenia will also obtain knowledge on habitat contribution to GHG retention in connection with their conservation status, which will be beneficial in further decision-making when defining priority activities from the aspect of natural climate solutions on the priorities of nature conservation.', 'Slovenia will also obtain knowledge on habitat contribution to GHG retention in connection with their conservation status, which will be beneficial in further decision-making when defining priority activities from the aspect of natural climate solutions on the priorities of nature conservation. Slovenia will direct its spatial development by harmonising economic, social and environmental aspects and ensure biodiversity conservation when planning the green system of urban areas and green infrastructure at municipal, regional and national levels.', 'Slovenia will direct its spatial development by harmonising economic, social and environmental aspects and ensure biodiversity conservation when planning the green system of urban areas and green infrastructure at municipal, regional and national levels. It will use instruments, such as the assessments of plans and programmes for implementing the policies of other sectors, more efficiently and it will ensure that measures for conserving biodiversity, which are defined in the plans and programmes, will also be carried out in practice.4.1 Reduction of GHG emissions and enhancement of removals by sinks Slovenia’s objective, compliant with the Paris Agreement, is to attain net zero emissions by 2050 (removals equalling the remaining anthropogenic GHG emissions) or the attainment of climate neutrality. By 2050, Slovenia will reduce GHG emissions and improve sinks.', 'By 2050, Slovenia will reduce GHG emissions and improve sinks. It will reduce GHG emissions by 80 to 90 per cent in comparison to 2005 and simultaneously accelerate the implementation of climate change adaptation policies and the provision of climate safety for the public. The year 2005 was selected as the base year as emissions in 2005 were higher in that year only by 0.44 per cent than in 1986. The data for 2005 also enables division into emissions in the sectors included in the emissions trading system and those not included in this system.', 'The data for 2005 also enables division into emissions in the sectors included in the emissions trading system and those not included in this system. Table 1: Strategic sectoral objectives of reducing GHG until 2050 (source: Energy Efficiency Centre of Jožef Stefan Institute) Annual GHG emissions [kt equivalent] Strategic sectoral objectives of reducing GHG as per 2005 Climate Strategy Waste LULUCF Sink of at least –2,500 kt of CO2 equivalent TOTAL Attaining net zero GHG emissionsFigure 7: Course of net zero emissions in Slovenia in accordance with projections. The graph displays net emissions, i.e., emissions and taking into account sinks/emissions from the LULUCF sector. By enabling sinks, Slovenia will attain net zero emissions by 2050 as per projections (source: Energy Efficiency Centre of Jožef Stefan Institute).', 'By enabling sinks, Slovenia will attain net zero emissions by 2050 as per projections (source: Energy Efficiency Centre of Jožef Stefan Institute). Net emissions in the LULUCF sector amounted to 243 kt of CO2 equivalent in 2018, which means that emissions were recorded in the sector and not sinks. The objective of the LULUCF sector in 2050 is a net sink of at least –2,500 kt of CO2 equivalent. It must be ensured that sinks in the obtained timber products will increase by 100 per cent, while the emissions due to settlement growth or built-up and similar land will reduce by 100 per cent in 2050 in comparison to the level recorded in 2005. (See chapter 6.6.)', 'It must be ensured that sinks in the obtained timber products will increase by 100 per cent, while the emissions due to settlement growth or built-up and similar land will reduce by 100 per cent in 2050 in comparison to the level recorded in 2005. (See chapter 6.6.) 4.1.1 National objectives for 2030 and indicative milestone for 2040 The Climate Strategy and the NECP were drafted in coordination, which means that the projections used for GHG emissions were identical for both documents. The NECP objectives until 2030 are compliant with the Strategy’s long-term perspective. The Climate Strategy summarises key guidelines and measures of the NECP, which is the Climate Strategy’s action plan.', 'The Climate Strategy summarises key guidelines and measures of the NECP, which is the Climate Strategy’s action plan. The NECP was adopted by the Government of the Republic of Slovenia on 27 February 2020 and a comprehensive environmental impact assessment was also carried out for it. For 2030, the NECP sets the national objective for non-ETS sectors and anticipates that GHG emissions will reduce by at least 20 per cent in comparison to 2005. The objective of reducing all GHG emissions by 36 per cent until 2030 is consistent with the NECP. The strategic objective or the state’s indicative milestone for 2040 is a 55- to 66-per cent reduction of total GHG emissions if compared to 2005.', 'The strategic objective or the state’s indicative milestone for 2040 is a 55- to 66-per cent reduction of total GHG emissions if compared to 2005. With regard to 2005, the NECP also sets sectoral objectives for 2030 when reducing GHG emissions, i.e. : - transport: +12%, - broad use (buildings): –76%, - agriculture: –1%, - waste management: –65%, - industry*: –43%,- energy*: –34%. (*Only for the part of the sector which is not included in the ETS.) To prevent damage due to climate change and in accordance with the new EU objectives, Slovenia will further tighten the objectives until 2030.', 'To prevent damage due to climate change and in accordance with the new EU objectives, Slovenia will further tighten the objectives until 2030. In the shortest time possible (possibly in 2021), it will analyse additional potential by sectors and design suitable additional measures in order to reduce its total emissions by 2030 in comparison to 2005 in compliance with the joint EU target, i.e. –55 per cent.', 'In the shortest time possible (possibly in 2021), it will analyse additional potential by sectors and design suitable additional measures in order to reduce its total emissions by 2030 in comparison to 2005 in compliance with the joint EU target, i.e. –55 per cent. The upgrade is anticipated to primarily incorporate mostly measures from the transport field: the plan for reducing needs for motorised transport (including an analysis of work from home, the impact of a 4-day workweek on transport, Slovenia’s decentralisation and the impact of the latter to transport), measures and plans for sustainable consumption and production, decarbonisation and development of industry-intensive sectors, greening of public finances to support climate politics and preparation of the funding model for implementation, decarbonisation of the energy sector and measures for a just transition for the most vulnerable groups and regions.', 'The upgrade is anticipated to primarily incorporate mostly measures from the transport field: the plan for reducing needs for motorised transport (including an analysis of work from home, the impact of a 4-day workweek on transport, Slovenia’s decentralisation and the impact of the latter to transport), measures and plans for sustainable consumption and production, decarbonisation and development of industry-intensive sectors, greening of public finances to support climate politics and preparation of the funding model for implementation, decarbonisation of the energy sector and measures for a just transition for the most vulnerable groups and regions. Feasibility of the set objectives involving the reduction of GHG emissions, and the attainment of climate neutrality requires immediate implementation of policies and measures already adopted and the cessation of the implementation and adoption of measures that are contrary to the reduction of GHG emissions.', 'Feasibility of the set objectives involving the reduction of GHG emissions, and the attainment of climate neutrality requires immediate implementation of policies and measures already adopted and the cessation of the implementation and adoption of measures that are contrary to the reduction of GHG emissions. 4.2 Energy efficiency In the field of energy efficiency, Slovenia set an objective that the primary energy consumption would not exceed 7.125 Mtoe in 2020.In 2018 and 2019, it was still within the boundaries of the indicative annual objective. The fulfilment of the objective for 2020 is expected, which is partly the result of implementing measures and partly due to external factors. The fuel price ratio in Slovenia and neighbouring countries has a great impact on energy use.', 'The fuel price ratio in Slovenia and neighbouring countries has a great impact on energy use. The shrinking of economic activities in 2020 due to the coronavirus epidemic had a severe effect, but it is estimated that the objective of efficient energy use (hereinafter: EEU) would have been attained in 2020 in similar circumstances to those of recent years. The EEU measures also planned due to other positive effects, such as reduced air pollution and energy costs and the attainment of the mandatory share of renewable energy sources (hereinafter: RES), were not fully implemented. (See also sectoral chapters 5.1 to 5.4.)', '(See also sectoral chapters 5.1 to 5.4.) 4.2.1.1 Guidelines and measures adopted until 2030 The SDS 2030 highlights that the efficient use of materials contributes to a reduction in energy consumption at least as much as energy efficiency measures. As a target, the NECP sets the systematic implementation of adopted policies and measures so that the use of final energy in 2030 does not exceed 54.9 TWh (4.717 ktoe), and that the calculated use of primary energy does not exceed 73.9 TWh (6.356 ktoe) (Figure 8).', 'As a target, the NECP sets the systematic implementation of adopted policies and measures so that the use of final energy in 2030 does not exceed 54.9 TWh (4.717 ktoe), and that the calculated use of primary energy does not exceed 73.9 TWh (6.356 ktoe) (Figure 8). For measures of efficient use of energy as per the NECP, see chapters 6.1 to 6.4.Energy efficiency, the circular economy and other sustainable practices to reduce energy demand will be the priority action areas which will contribute significantly to emission reduction until 2050. Many concurrent positive effects will thus be attained, including the reduction of environmental impact and energy import dependency, costs management and subsequent energy poverty and an increase in the competitiveness of enterprises.', 'Many concurrent positive effects will thus be attained, including the reduction of environmental impact and energy import dependency, costs management and subsequent energy poverty and an increase in the competitiveness of enterprises. The vision in the field of energy efficiency is supplemented by the vision in the area of circular economy and waste management. The objective is to ensure that final energy consumption does not exceed 40 TWh in 2050 and 47 TWh in 2040. The aim is also to reduce primary energy consumption, so that it will not exceed 65 TWh in 2040 (Figure 8).', 'The aim is also to reduce primary energy consumption, so that it will not exceed 65 TWh in 2040 (Figure 8). Figure 8: Movement of final energy consumption and objectives: current movement in the 2005–2018 period, objectives adopted for 2020 and 2030, anticipated course and long-term objectives for 2040 and 2050 (source: Energy Efficiency Centre of Jožef Stefan Institute) 4.2.4 Main orientations by 2050 Giving priority to the measures that reduce energy consumption and improve energy efficiency before the construction of new facilities for energy supply is the fundamental orientation harmonised with the principles of Slovenian legislation and strategic guidelines in the EU. As a rule, these measures are the most cost-efficient.', 'As a rule, these measures are the most cost-efficient. Slovenia will actively strive to improve energy efficiency and reduce primary and final energy consumption by means of a broad range of measures. Sustainable practices (circular economy, digitalisation, sustainable consumption, planning, sustainable practices in the field of transport, etc.) will manage the needs for energy services: heating, cooling, transport or its accessibility, functioning of information and communications devices, mechanical parts, lighting, etc. Energy services will be provided with minimum energy consumption in an efficient and sustainable manner. Efficient use of energy and materials will be simultaneouslypromoted because the strategies for increasing material efficiency contribute to a reduction in energy consumption at least to the same extent as the energy efficiency measures.', 'Efficient use of energy and materials will be simultaneouslypromoted because the strategies for increasing material efficiency contribute to a reduction in energy consumption at least to the same extent as the energy efficiency measures. (Also see Slovenia will arrange a support environment for further development of the offer of EEU products and services and the reduction of energy demand. It will build upon current successful practices, promote further development of high-quality services and products and related jobs. Based on comparable investment, green jobs have better effects on employment, while educational structure and economic effects grow. Energy efficiency is also crucial due to strategic reliability of supply or reduced energy import dependency and lower costs for imported fuels.', 'Energy efficiency is also crucial due to strategic reliability of supply or reduced energy import dependency and lower costs for imported fuels. Slovenia will also promote the improvement of energy efficiency with the aim of increasing the competitiveness of enterprises and managing price risks when expecting higher and more variable prices of energy products in the European and global markets (see also chapter 6.2). The implementation of measures for households exposed to the risk of energy poverty will be particularly promoted. As a priority, Slovenia will promote measures of efficient energy use, which simultaneously contribute to the adaptation to climate change, e.g. energy efficient renovation of buildings, which is also a measure of adaptation to heat waves.', 'energy efficient renovation of buildings, which is also a measure of adaptation to heat waves. For the transition to a low-carbon circular economy and attainment of the Strategy’s objectives, Slovenia will promote digitalisation, which will be the key element of efficient use of energy and other sources in logistics, construction, production, services, agriculture and other sectors. Digitalisation will also be crucial for decarbonisation of the energy supply when connecting the systems of supply and demand, provision of flexibility and reliability of energy supply, development of active consumers, etc. Digitalisation will be the key element in introducing a circular economy directed towards the improvement of material efficiency and longer product life cycles (connecting services and production, product design, etc.) and energy efficiency.', 'Digitalisation will be the key element in introducing a circular economy directed towards the improvement of material efficiency and longer product life cycles (connecting services and production, product design, etc.) and energy efficiency. The sector of information communication technologies (hereinafter: ICT) and users will be directed towards sustainable digitalisation. 4.2.5 Key factors for attaining the objectives in 2050 The key factors for attaining the objectives include: - an increase in energy efficiency in the sectors of final energy consumption and transformations, and integration between them (integration between sectors is also discussed in chapter 6.1); - a decrease in energy demand when providing energy services and - introduction of sustainable practices that contribute to a lesser demand for energy services and subsequently energy.', '4.2.5 Key factors for attaining the objectives in 2050 The key factors for attaining the objectives include: - an increase in energy efficiency in the sectors of final energy consumption and transformations, and integration between them (integration between sectors is also discussed in chapter 6.1); - a decrease in energy demand when providing energy services and - introduction of sustainable practices that contribute to a lesser demand for energy services and subsequently energy. (Other factors are defined in more detail in chapters 6.1, 6.4 and 7.1.) 4.3 Energy from renewable energy sources Energy from renewable energy sources denotes energy from renewable non-fossil sources, i.e.', '4.3 Energy from renewable energy sources Energy from renewable energy sources denotes energy from renewable non-fossil sources, i.e. wind, solar (solar thermal and solar photovoltaic sources) and geothermal energy, ambient energy, tidal energy, wave energy and other ocean energy, water energy, energy from biomass, landfill gas, sewage treatment plant gas and biogas.With a 21.14-per cent share of RES in gross final energy consumption in 2018, Slovenia is below the annual target value and is 3.9 percentage points away from the 25-per cent target share in 2020. Since 2010 when the National Renewable Energy Action Plan for the 2010– 2020 Period was adopted, the RES share increased only by a 0.9 percentage point.', 'Since 2010 when the National Renewable Energy Action Plan for the 2010– 2020 Period was adopted, the RES share increased only by a 0.9 percentage point. According to the National Renewable Energy Action Plan for the 2010–2020 Period, problems in the attainment of indicative sectoral RES objectives in 2020 lie in the sectors of transport (5.5 per cent attained; the objective for 2020 was 10 per cent) and electricity generation (32.2 per cent attained; the objective was 39.3 per cent), while the objective was exceeded in the field of heating and cooling (31.6 per cent attained; the objective was 30.8 per cent).', 'According to the National Renewable Energy Action Plan for the 2010–2020 Period, problems in the attainment of indicative sectoral RES objectives in 2020 lie in the sectors of transport (5.5 per cent attained; the objective for 2020 was 10 per cent) and electricity generation (32.2 per cent attained; the objective was 39.3 per cent), while the objective was exceeded in the field of heating and cooling (31.6 per cent attained; the objective was 30.8 per cent). Financial incentives and regulations were crucial among the current measures, which include the support scheme promoting electricity generation from RES, the act governing the conditions of a concession for harnessing the energy potential of the lower Sava River, investment incentives for measures of the use of RES as a source of heat in households and heat production in district heating systems using RES, regulations governing efficient use of energy in buildings (PURES) and a mandatory minimum share of the use of RES, cogeneration and excess heat or their combinations in district heating systems.', 'Financial incentives and regulations were crucial among the current measures, which include the support scheme promoting electricity generation from RES, the act governing the conditions of a concession for harnessing the energy potential of the lower Sava River, investment incentives for measures of the use of RES as a source of heat in households and heat production in district heating systems using RES, regulations governing efficient use of energy in buildings (PURES) and a mandatory minimum share of the use of RES, cogeneration and excess heat or their combinations in district heating systems. A minimum mandatory share of RES in motor fuels is also prescribed, but not met. In the recent period, the promotion of energy self-sufficiency from RES is also exhibiting positive effects.', 'In the recent period, the promotion of energy self-sufficiency from RES is also exhibiting positive effects. Figure 9: Attainment of RES target shares in Slovenia in the 2005–2018 period (source: Energy Efficiency Centre of Jožef Stefan Institute) RES is an important domestic energy source; Slovenia’s import dependency amounted to 48 per cent in 2018 and domestic energy production was 52 per cent, to which RES contributed 16 percentage points. Nuclear contributed 22 percentage points to domestic production and solid fuels 13 percentage points. RES is even more important in electricity generation as it covers 32 per cent of gross final energy consumption.', 'RES is even more important in electricity generation as it covers 32 per cent of gross final energy consumption. 4.3.1.1 Guidelines and measures adopted until 2030 As a target value for 2030, the NECP determines at least a 27-per cent share of renewablesources in gross final energy consumption and the following indicative sectoral objectives: a 43-per cent share in the electricity sector, a 41-per cent share in the sector of heating and cooling, and a 21-per cent share in transport (the share of biofuels is 11 per cent). The key measures defined in the NECP for promoting RES are financial supports: investment supports for households and district heating systems, and the support scheme promoting decentralised electricity generation from RES.', 'The key measures defined in the NECP for promoting RES are financial supports: investment supports for households and district heating systems, and the support scheme promoting decentralised electricity generation from RES. Other measures, which were already adopted in previous documents (AP RES), but have not yet been implemented, include the promotion of RES integration in networks and the state’s proactive role in siting facilities in space (spatial definition of areas for RES production facilities on the basis of studies, improvement of legislation, accelerated preparation and financing of spatial plans, supplementation of regulations for more effective and sustainable siting of facilities in space, etc.).', 'Other measures, which were already adopted in previous documents (AP RES), but have not yet been implemented, include the promotion of RES integration in networks and the state’s proactive role in siting facilities in space (spatial definition of areas for RES production facilities on the basis of studies, improvement of legislation, accelerated preparation and financing of spatial plans, supplementation of regulations for more effective and sustainable siting of facilities in space, etc.). The NECP also plans accelerated drafting of spatial plans for public multi-purpose strategic infrastructure and energy projects, harmonisation of regulations governing the prevalence of public benefit in protected areas in accordance with the EU legislation and practice, and the enhancement of capacities for project preparation and implementation. See also chapter 6.1 Energy supply.', 'See also chapter 6.1 Energy supply. Measures in the field of local energy communities and RES communities for the exploitation of RES in the field of heating and cooling are also new. Measures for multi-purpose geothermal energy exploitation are also planned. The NECP determines that the ban on the purchase of new oil boilers will enter into force in 2023. The implementation of the measure of a mandatory RES share in motor transport continues and will be directed towards advanced sustainable biofuels in the future and the introduction of RES gases in filling stations with compressed natural gas (hereinafter: CNG) and liquefied natural gas (hereinafter: LNG). The SDS 2030 determines the same target share of RES by 2030 as the NECP.', 'The SDS 2030 determines the same target share of RES by 2030 as the NECP. By 2050, the use of energy will, for the most part, be based on the supply of energy from renewable energy sources in addition to other low-carbon sources. RES will be well- integrated in the energy system by connecting all types of networks and energy systems, including energy conversion and storage. In addition to decarbonisation, the development of RES will also be directed towards the attainment of synergies, especially the improvement of energy security, provision of green jobs and coherent regional development. Multi-purpose use of facilities will be promoted. Slovenia will increase RES shares in final energy consumption in all sectors, i.e. transport, consumption of electricity, heating and cooling.', 'transport, consumption of electricity, heating and cooling. The total share of RES will reach at least 60 per cent by 2050. Indicative objectives in individual sectors comprise at least a 65-per cent share of RES in transport, at least a 50-per cent share of RES in heating and cooling and at least an 80-per cent share of RES in gross final electricity consumption.', 'Indicative objectives in individual sectors comprise at least a 65-per cent share of RES in transport, at least a 50-per cent share of RES in heating and cooling and at least an 80-per cent share of RES in gross final electricity consumption. 4.3.4 Main orientations by 2050 To attain the objective of net zero emissions and systematic abandonment of fossil fuels, Slovenia will increasingly promote a broad selection of technologies and sources and the expansion of RES in compliance with the principles and requirements of environmental legislation.Slovenia will focus on greater exploitation of RES, which present a domestic source of energy and have a positive effect on the reliability of supply because they reduce import dependency, contribute to the diversification of sources, etc.', '4.3.4 Main orientations by 2050 To attain the objective of net zero emissions and systematic abandonment of fossil fuels, Slovenia will increasingly promote a broad selection of technologies and sources and the expansion of RES in compliance with the principles and requirements of environmental legislation.Slovenia will focus on greater exploitation of RES, which present a domestic source of energy and have a positive effect on the reliability of supply because they reduce import dependency, contribute to the diversification of sources, etc. By abandoning the use of domestic coal, the strategic significance of RES will further increase. Slovenia will further promote sources already used traditionally and will also provide conditions for the exploitation of a broad variety of RES (solar, water, geothermal, wind energy and energy from wood biomass, etc.)', 'Slovenia will further promote sources already used traditionally and will also provide conditions for the exploitation of a broad variety of RES (solar, water, geothermal, wind energy and energy from wood biomass, etc.) in accordance with the principles and requirements of environmental and safety legislation. It will promote knowledge development and production of technologies and services for the exploitation (conversion) of RES and it will support RES development, particularly measures for mutual integration of energy systems and better connectivity or integration of RES in the network and energy storage, and the expansion of solutions to export markets. Slovenia will promote the self-sufficiency of buildings, neighbourhoods and broader communities which exploit RES in connection with energy storage and optimisation of connected energy systems.', 'Slovenia will promote the self-sufficiency of buildings, neighbourhoods and broader communities which exploit RES in connection with energy storage and optimisation of connected energy systems. A support environment for the implementation of measures will be established, particularly at the local level. A comprehensive stimulating support environment will be set up, including suitable regulations for the development of active consumers and self-consumers and the communities which rely on these players as they will be of key importance when attaining objectives in the field of RES. For efficient implementation of the adopted measures and the attainment of consumer benefits, this field will be regulated.', 'For efficient implementation of the adopted measures and the attainment of consumer benefits, this field will be regulated. Financial incentives functioning as a support scheme for electricity generation from RES, investment incentives for all sectors and new potential incentives will be proportionate to the impact on the environment, the energy system, the environment and other public benefits of projects. Major incentives will be earmarked for development solutions and entry into markets. Slovenia will also intensively promote pilot projects for RES exploitation. (Also see Simultaneously with RES, the development of system flexibility will also be promoted, as this is necessary for the functioning of the electricity system with an increased RES share. Whereby special attention will be dedicated to the establishment of short-term and seasonal energy storage facilities.', 'Whereby special attention will be dedicated to the establishment of short-term and seasonal energy storage facilities. While supported by various storage technologies, advantage will be given to energy storage facilities based on RES. Energy networks will be developed which will be able to simultaneously support intensive RES growth and altered energy consumption patterns while also ensuring the reliability of supply to all consumers. Integration of all energy systems will be promoted, i.e. electricity and gas networks, district heating systems and others. The development of low-carbon system services will be promoted, too. Due to cost optimisation, an upgrade of planning and qualitative steering of the development in this field will be required, including sectoral integration. (See chapter 6.1.)', 'Due to cost optimisation, an upgrade of planning and qualitative steering of the development in this field will be required, including sectoral integration. (See chapter 6.1.) For energy purposes, Slovenia will further exploit wood biomass where the economic aspect is also significant as the exploitation of low-quality wood for energy improves the economics of wood processing chains and energy systems. Smaller local systems with a completed wood biomass supply will be particularly promoted. When exploiting wood, the principles of circular bioeconomy, forest coverage conservation and sustainable forest development are observed, which will be adjusted to the consequences of climate change and the objectives of ensuring CO2 sinks in forests (see chapter 6.6 LULUCF).', 'When exploiting wood, the principles of circular bioeconomy, forest coverage conservation and sustainable forest development are observed, which will be adjusted to the consequences of climate change and the objectives of ensuring CO2 sinks in forests (see chapter 6.6 LULUCF). As a priority, the use of wood as a raw material for products will be promoted, as the processing of wood, wood waste and other lignocellulosic sources takes precedence over energy exploitation. The enhancement of the sector of wood processing production will be of key importance as it is based on the sector’s strategic guidelines and incentives for the wood processing industry to increase added value by integrating value chains, introducing premium design, marketing andenabling sector internationalisation. Within this framework, the development of collection centres will be imperative.', 'Within this framework, the development of collection centres will be imperative. Long-term policies and measures of the circular economy will be drafted to enable a cascading use of wood and energy exploitation of wood products at the end of their lifespan (at the actual end and by observing the cascading use of wood) with no significant environmental impact. With regard to the foregoing, the scope of biomass suitable for energy use will also increase. The exploitation of RES in district heating and cooling systems will be promoted as a priority in order to attain synergies between climate policy and air protection policy.', 'The exploitation of RES in district heating and cooling systems will be promoted as a priority in order to attain synergies between climate policy and air protection policy. When defining new locations, the main criteria include the demand density for heating and cooling and the accessibility of renewable sources, whereby such development will also be supported by spatial planning. The objectives of reducing the environmental burden, including the transport of wood biomass, will also be considered. The promotion of wood biomass use in individual heating systems will be further directed at the areas where the use of other RES is not practical.', 'The promotion of wood biomass use in individual heating systems will be further directed at the areas where the use of other RES is not practical. By educating consumers, chimney sweeps and installers and the replacement of combustion plants, a decrease in emissions of dust particles will be achieved, which will result in better air quality. As per the NECP, the Heating and Cooling Strategy will be drafted to promote and steer such systems, and legislative instruments will strive for a continued increase of the RES share in heat production, while financial supports will stimulate the preparation and realisation of projects, which will exceed the standards.', 'As per the NECP, the Heating and Cooling Strategy will be drafted to promote and steer such systems, and legislative instruments will strive for a continued increase of the RES share in heat production, while financial supports will stimulate the preparation and realisation of projects, which will exceed the standards. By supporting pilot projects, Slovenia will also become actively involved in the development and use of sustainable technologies for the production of synthetic fuels from wood biomass and other lignocellulosic sources. Furthermore, it will actively support the development of policies at the EU level in this field as economies of scale will be required.', 'Furthermore, it will actively support the development of policies at the EU level in this field as economies of scale will be required. (Also see chapter Slovenia will continue to intensively increase the use of solar energy, especially for electricity generation, and also the passive use of solar energy. To this end, it will modify and adjust the planning of neighbourhoods, buildings and infrastructure to solar energy, which will be primarily exploited in urban, infrastructural and degraded areas (e.g. quarries). For better efficiency of measures, the adaptation and mitigation measures will be integrated. Slovenia will also focus on the construction of large solar power plants in degraded, industrial and infrastructural areas for the optimisation of the costs of integrating RES into electricity networks. (See chapter 6.1.)', 'Slovenia will also focus on the construction of large solar power plants in degraded, industrial and infrastructural areas for the optimisation of the costs of integrating RES into electricity networks. (See chapter 6.1.) Slovenia recognises the importance of hydropower for decarbonisation of the electricity sector and the advantages of hydroelectric power plants in comparison with the electricity generation technologies from other low-carbon sources, which is especially evident in the provision of system services. Hydroelectric power plants thus enable greater inclusion of other power plants using RES and other low-carbon sources in the electricity system.', 'Hydroelectric power plants thus enable greater inclusion of other power plants using RES and other low-carbon sources in the electricity system. The exploitation of hydropower will be integrated into a broader context of water management on watercourses, as defined in the Spatial Development Strategy of Slovenia 2050 which is being drafted, and it will realise the related objectives (flood safety, biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services of wetlands as water reservoirs, etc.). As a result, all hydroelectric power plant construction projects will be multi-purposed. Slovenia will nurture and further develop knowledge for the planning and construction of hydropower facilities as part of the multi-purpose use of space. It will increase its ambition relating to wind power exploitation and develop programmes for incorporating local communities in this development.', 'It will increase its ambition relating to wind power exploitation and develop programmes for incorporating local communities in this development. Use of renewable energy sources and siting of the necessary infrastructure for its exploitation will observe spatial and other (conservation) conditions. Power plants using renewable energy sources (solar, wind, hydro, etc.) will be constructed with minimum impact on the environment and in accordance with the principles and requirements of environmental,conservation and spatial legislation, and consistent implementation of projects with all mitigation measures will be ensured. As planned in the NECP, mechanisms compliant with the European legal order for siting power stations in protected areas will be established. Slovenia has a large proportion of Natura 2000 areas (approx.', 'Slovenia has a large proportion of Natura 2000 areas (approx. 38 per cent) and it can be expected that the environmental impact of the planned RES facilities with above 10 MW of installed power (water, wind and others) on these protected areas will be assessed as significant within the procedures for drafting national spatial plans (NSP) or that the impact of hydroelectric power plants on watercourses will be assessed as significant. In such cases and at the complainant’s proposal within the procedures of outweighing public benefit over other public benefit or in the interests of conserving nature and good water status as per the Slovenian and European legislation, Slovenia will assess and decide which public benefit will prevail in the specific case.', 'In such cases and at the complainant’s proposal within the procedures of outweighing public benefit over other public benefit or in the interests of conserving nature and good water status as per the Slovenian and European legislation, Slovenia will assess and decide which public benefit will prevail in the specific case. The construction of large hydroelectric power plants of above 10 MW is compliant with the objectives of this Strategy and is in the public interest or represents public benefit due to the simultaneous environmental benefits of reducing GHG emissions, reliability of energy supply by means of low-carbon system services, low-carbon electricity generation and attainment of economic benefits. These are also the key crucial reasons for implementing the procedure of public interest or benefit prevalence.', 'These are also the key crucial reasons for implementing the procedure of public interest or benefit prevalence. Geothermal energy is classified as an RES potential not yet sufficiently exploited, which is why Slovenia will accelerate the promotion of its exploitation. It will primarily focus on sustainable and efficient exploitation of geothermal heat from thermal water in geothermal aquifers and shallow geothermal energy. Priority fields and directions of geothermal energy use will be determined in the action plan of the Heating and Cooling Strategy, which is being drafted. Initially, analyses of cost efficiency of deep geothermal energy exploitation will also be made and specific objectives and measures for its exploitation will be adopted.', 'Initially, analyses of cost efficiency of deep geothermal energy exploitation will also be made and specific objectives and measures for its exploitation will be adopted. The use of biofuels will concentrate on the development, production and application of advanced sustainable biofuels while observing food safety. In doing so, Slovenia will consistently observe and simultaneously develop the most advanced principles for regulating material and energy flows in a circular bioeconomy. It will promote research and development of new RES sustainable technologies and business models, including the quality and efficiency of siting RES in space. It will intensively encourage the development and operations of local energy communities.', 'It will intensively encourage the development and operations of local energy communities. It will also accelerate investment in promising, but not yet economically feasible, projects involving RES in companies, promote necessary research, innovation and pilot projects and raise awareness of the public about the importance of the transition to RES. Based on pilot project results, Slovenia will determine new priority guidelines for promoting RES, such as efficient cascaded use of deep geothermal energy, exploitation of solar energy, heat storage, etc. When adopting measures in the field of RES, Slovenia will dedicate suitable attention to debureaucratisation and integration of RES into buildings, space and the energy system.', 'When adopting measures in the field of RES, Slovenia will dedicate suitable attention to debureaucratisation and integration of RES into buildings, space and the energy system. Among other things, it will change the procedure for the issue of all necessary permits in order to accelerate and facilitate administrative procedures for RES integration. 4.3.5 Key factors for attaining the objectives in 2050 - Increase in electricity generation from RES, - increase in heat and cold supply from RES in buildings and industry; - large proportion of heat and cold supply from RES in district heating and/or cooling systems; - increase in the proportion of RES in transport;- breakthrough technologies and systems to support RES (energy storage, system integration, system flexibility, increase of network capacities for distribution and electricity transmission, etc.).', '4.3.5 Key factors for attaining the objectives in 2050 - Increase in electricity generation from RES, - increase in heat and cold supply from RES in buildings and industry; - large proportion of heat and cold supply from RES in district heating and/or cooling systems; - increase in the proportion of RES in transport;- breakthrough technologies and systems to support RES (energy storage, system integration, system flexibility, increase of network capacities for distribution and electricity transmission, etc.). 4.3.6 Human resources and planning Slovenia will establish an organisational structure for efficient management of measures promotion and implementation. The promotion of RES is now carried out by more than four institutions (Ministry of Infrastructure, the Eco Fund, Borzen, the Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning (hereinafter: MOP), etc.).', 'The promotion of RES is now carried out by more than four institutions (Ministry of Infrastructure, the Eco Fund, Borzen, the Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning (hereinafter: MOP), etc.). The models for greater concentration of knowledge and more efficient functioning will be examined, and the majority of tasks related to investment financing will be transferred to one of the organisations (the Eco Fund). The exploitation of RES in local communities and enhancement of capacities for the preparation and implementation of projects at this level will be promoted systematically. Measures to enhance human resources at the local level and in their support institutions and to integrate local communities at all levels of preparation and implementation of projects will be implemented.', 'Measures to enhance human resources at the local level and in their support institutions and to integrate local communities at all levels of preparation and implementation of projects will be implemented. Integration of various stakeholders who will promptly and effectively harmonise the best solutions and suitably supervise the course of these projects is crucial, resulting in the acceleration of all required administrative procedures (acquisition of environmental, building and other permits and consents). Slovenia will implement training at all levels to support planning and implementation of measures and further development of the field. For efficient and qualitative siting in space, human resources capacity will be ensured and mechanisms for resolving disagreements between spatial developers and holders of projects or plans will be established in addition to other measures.', 'For efficient and qualitative siting in space, human resources capacity will be ensured and mechanisms for resolving disagreements between spatial developers and holders of projects or plans will be established in addition to other measures. 5 ADAPTATION POLICIES AND GUIDELINES We are witnessing great climate changes and their variables in Slovenia. In the 1961–2011 period, the average air temperature increased by 1.7°C and precipitation dropped by some 15 per cent in the western half of the country and by 10 per cent in the eastern half at the annual level in the same time period.', 'In the 1961–2011 period, the average air temperature increased by 1.7°C and precipitation dropped by some 15 per cent in the western half of the country and by 10 per cent in the eastern half at the annual level in the same time period. The assessment of climate change in Slovenia until the end of the 21st century drafted by the Slovenian Environment Agency (Ocena podnebnih sprememb v Sloveniji do konca 21. stoletja, Sintezno poročilo - prvi del. (Assessment of Climate Change in Slovenia Until the End of the 21st Century, Synthesis Report, Part 1), Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning, the Slovenian Environment Agency, 2018) reveals that the climate will continue to change in Slovenia and adjustments will be necessary. (See chapter 3.4.)', '(Assessment of Climate Change in Slovenia Until the End of the 21st Century, Synthesis Report, Part 1), Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning, the Slovenian Environment Agency, 2018) reveals that the climate will continue to change in Slovenia and adjustments will be necessary. (See chapter 3.4.) Adaptation to climate change is inextricably linked with success in the field of climate change mitigation; the more humankind is successful in reducing GHG emissions, the lesser will be the impact of climate change and less adaptation will be required. The effects of climate change are no longer avoidable, which is why adaptation is of key importance to manage the risks they entail and intensify the response to climate change. Extreme weather phenomena (drought, torrential rains, heat waves, etc.)', 'Extreme weather phenomena (drought, torrential rains, heat waves, etc.) are already occurring more frequently and alien species are also present, proving that our environment is changing. It is only by joint mitigation measures (reduction of GHG emissions and climate change) and adaptation (measures and policies for systematic vulnerability reduction and an increase in resilience against detected or expected climate change impacts)that a society resilient to the impact of climate change can be created.', 'It is only by joint mitigation measures (reduction of GHG emissions and climate change) and adaptation (measures and policies for systematic vulnerability reduction and an increase in resilience against detected or expected climate change impacts)that a society resilient to the impact of climate change can be created. As stated in the proposed European Climate Law (Proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing the framework for achieving climate neutrality and amending Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 (European Climate Law)), member states will have to adopt comprehensive national strategies and plans for adaptation, as the latter is the key component of the long-term global response to climate change.', 'As stated in the proposed European Climate Law (Proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing the framework for achieving climate neutrality and amending Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 (European Climate Law)), member states will have to adopt comprehensive national strategies and plans for adaptation, as the latter is the key component of the long-term global response to climate change. In 2016, Slovenia adopted the Strategic Framework for Climate Change Adaptation, which incorporates guidelines for better mainstreaming of adaptation in policies, measures and actions. The action plan has not yet been drafted, but the inter-ministerial working group was very active at the time the Strategic Framework was being adopted.', 'The action plan has not yet been drafted, but the inter-ministerial working group was very active at the time the Strategic Framework was being adopted. The sectoral adaptation strategy was adopted in agriculture and forestry in 2008 and two action plans were prepared (2009–2011 and 2010– 2011), which were carried out. Due to the subsequent cessation of funds, the measures were no longer implemented. In the 2014–2020 period, the discussion of climate change was among the strategic objectives of the Common Agricultural Policy and the adaptation is highlighted as one of the central objectives in the new agricultural policy 2021– 2027.Adaptation measures also include certain other sectoral policies, especially pertaining to water (e.g. Flood Risk Reduction Plan 2017–2021, water management plans).', 'Flood Risk Reduction Plan 2017–2021, water management plans). The draft report on the implementation of the Strategic Framework for Climate Change Adaptation in the 2016–2020 period (from its adoption in December 2016) shows different success levels when implementing individual steps. The incorporation of climate change adaptation in strategic planning, European and international activities, provision of climate services and steps made relating to the production of situation analyses in the field of education proved to be the most successful. Implementation of certain steps was assessed as only partly successful, e.g. enhanced application of EIA and CEIA instruments, inter- ministerial cooperation, interconnection of databases and communication activities.', 'enhanced application of EIA and CEIA instruments, inter- ministerial cooperation, interconnection of databases and communication activities. Integration between local and regional levels (national contact point was not established) and the private sector, and the activities of establishing regular cooperation between researchers and decision makers (climate portal was not established) was assessed as unsuccessful for the most part. The key achievement was a significant increase in funds earmarked for adaptation purposes and the greatest failure was the lack of progress in preparing the vulnerability indicator and assessments. With the adoption of the ReNPVO20-30, these activities were postponed to later years, which is compliant with the expected obligations within the framework of the new EU legislation in the field of climate rules.', 'With the adoption of the ReNPVO20-30, these activities were postponed to later years, which is compliant with the expected obligations within the framework of the new EU legislation in the field of climate rules. By 2050, Slovenia will become a resilient society adapted to the climate change impact and characterised by a high quality of life and a high degree of safety of life, while taking full advantage of the changed climate on the basis of sustainable development. (Vision from the Strategic Framework for Climate Change Adaptation, 2016.)', '(Vision from the Strategic Framework for Climate Change Adaptation, 2016.) From the Strategic Framework for Climate Change Adaptation: "The objective in the field of climate change adaptation is to reduce Slovenia’s exposure, sensitivity and vulnerability to climate change impact and increase the climate resilience and adaptive capacity of society." Slovenia will accelerate and implement more comprehensively the adopted documents and measures related to the adaptation and simultaneously promote the acquisition of expert bases. It will monitor its exposure to climate change, enhance society’s adaptive capacities and thus improve the preparedness and responsiveness of Slovenian society to climatechange. Priority will be given to sustainable solutions and measures. Adaptation measures will be cost-efficient and the most vulnerable groups of citizens will also be able to access them.', 'Adaptation measures will be cost-efficient and the most vulnerable groups of citizens will also be able to access them. 5.4 Main orientations by 2050 Slovenia is already adapting to new climate changes that are unavoidable but is doing so too slowly. So, it will immediately accelerate the activities in the field of adaptation to climate change. Timely response is crucial for the efficient attainment of adaptation objectives, as timely adjustments are also more cost-efficient. Numerous activities must be enhanced in Slovenia when adapting to climate changes. In particular, Slovenia will continue and further upgrade the knowledge regarding the impacts of climate change on individual sectors (by preparing vulnerability assessments) and on this basis plan priority measures.', 'In particular, Slovenia will continue and further upgrade the knowledge regarding the impacts of climate change on individual sectors (by preparing vulnerability assessments) and on this basis plan priority measures. It will draft an analysis and a plan for acquiring missing data and expert bases and thus establish a systematic method for obtaining information (research). Slovenia also somewhat lags behind when implementing documents and plans adopted in the field of adaptation (also relating to the implementation of the Strategic Framework for Climate Change Adaptation), which is why it will accelerate the implementation of the adopted Strategic Framework.', 'Slovenia also somewhat lags behind when implementing documents and plans adopted in the field of adaptation (also relating to the implementation of the Strategic Framework for Climate Change Adaptation), which is why it will accelerate the implementation of the adopted Strategic Framework. Online consultation for the preparation of this Strategy revealed that knowledge of adaptation (and also measures) to climate change is poorer among the broader public than the knowledge of mitigation, which is why Slovenia will (as per the Strategic Framework for Climate Change Adaptation) enhance dissemination, education and training in this field. The field of adaptation is, in common with the field of mitigation of climate change, one in which horizontal and individual sectors intertwine and integrate with each other.', 'The field of adaptation is, in common with the field of mitigation of climate change, one in which horizontal and individual sectors intertwine and integrate with each other. As a result, strategic, integrated and inclusive cooperation in all fields is mandatory for the formation of efficient measures, including a well-organised structure and development of knowledge and competence in the field of adaptation. When planning adaptation measures, Slovenia will prioritise sustainable solutions, which will ensure ecological connectivity and conservation or revitalisation of ecosystems and consequently contribute to the improvement of the biodiversity status.', 'When planning adaptation measures, Slovenia will prioritise sustainable solutions, which will ensure ecological connectivity and conservation or revitalisation of ecosystems and consequently contribute to the improvement of the biodiversity status. With the largest proportion of Natura 2000 areas in the EU (almost 38 per cent of surface), Slovenia has great potential when it comes to sustainable solutions that contribute to the adaptation to, and mitigation of, climate change. Active care for the green infrastructure is particularly important for Slovenia because the Natura 2000 network represents its key framework in the EU. An important part of green infrastructure, especially in urban and densely populated areas, is also green spaces in urban environments, which Slovenia will further maintain and also increase in accordance with other sectoral objectives.', 'An important part of green infrastructure, especially in urban and densely populated areas, is also green spaces in urban environments, which Slovenia will further maintain and also increase in accordance with other sectoral objectives. Additional mechanisms for maintaining and enhancing green spaces in public and private areas (provision of sufficient green spaces, arrangement of a uniform management and maintenance) will be established. When adapting to climate change, Slovenia will prioritise water-friendly solutions, which will contribute to the attainment of substantive objectives of water protection, use and management with suitable measures. More intensive incorporation of water protection and sustainable management in other policies, such as local and regional development, spatial planning, energy, transport, agriculture, fisheries and tourism, is vital for a successful adaptation to climate change.', 'More intensive incorporation of water protection and sustainable management in other policies, such as local and regional development, spatial planning, energy, transport, agriculture, fisheries and tourism, is vital for a successful adaptation to climate change. The objective of sustainable water use, which enables various types of use while observing long-term protection of available water resources and their quality, must be pursued accordingly when adapting to climate change. Protection, enhancement and restoration of groundwater bodies must be ensured, including maintenance of a balance between its abstraction and recharge. The attainment of the objectives of the Water Framework Directive in regard to other water bodies must also beimproved.', 'The attainment of the objectives of the Water Framework Directive in regard to other water bodies must also beimproved. Slovenia will systematically and also financially promote the preparation of necessary expert bases, while knowledge of adaptation will be incorporated in all sectoral policies, especially the policies of sustainable spatial management and spatial planning. Long-term spatial planning will be linked to environmental protection, changing of the climate and suitable adaptation to it, and will be set into a suitable strategic development situation. Slovenia will ensure the overcoming of sectoral, disciplinary and organisational boundaries, while maintaining the harmonisation of sectoral strategies and plans as measures can otherwise be in contravention, whereby preserved nature, healthy environment and sustainable spatial development will be given priority.', 'Slovenia will ensure the overcoming of sectoral, disciplinary and organisational boundaries, while maintaining the harmonisation of sectoral strategies and plans as measures can otherwise be in contravention, whereby preserved nature, healthy environment and sustainable spatial development will be given priority. In the future, Slovenia will only promote and support investments which will be climate- resilient or more resilient to climate change in view of infrastructure. It will also efficiently utilise new opportunities resulting from climate change (e.g. extension of the growing season of plants, possibility of growing new plant species, new opportunities in tourism). Whenever possible, measures of mitigation and adaptation will be implemented together because most measures contribute to the objectives of reducing GHG emissions and increasing resilience.', 'Whenever possible, measures of mitigation and adaptation will be implemented together because most measures contribute to the objectives of reducing GHG emissions and increasing resilience. Such fields also include an increase in the energy efficiency of buildings, food self-sufficiency, restoration of degraded ecosystems and green urban infrastructure, which contributes to lower temperatures and subsequent lesser energy need for cooling. Green urban infrastructure also has a positive effect on biodiversity and reduces the urban heat island effect.', 'Green urban infrastructure also has a positive effect on biodiversity and reduces the urban heat island effect. 5.5 Main fields of action Since the adoption of the Strategic Framework for Climate Change Adaptation, numerous new research and expert bases in the field of adaptation to climate change have been established and new documents were issued at the EU level calling for more decisive action relating to climate change, which is why Slovenia will re-evaluate the Strategic Framework within one year and supplement it accordingly if necessary. It will immediately address the gaps and continue with the preparation of suitable expert bases for the adaptation to climate change. Insufficient expert bases will be supplemented and gaps relating to the lack of knowledge and organisation for implementation will be filled.', 'Insufficient expert bases will be supplemented and gaps relating to the lack of knowledge and organisation for implementation will be filled. (See chapter 9.) Slovenia will produce vulnerability assessments for the fields of water (or the field of water will be integrated into other sectors), agriculture, forestry, public health, tourism, biodiversity, buildings, energy, transport, spatial planning, industry, urban and rural areas, coastal areas, sea and fisheries, cultural heritage, etc. Vulnerability assessments for agriculture, forestry, public health, nature and tourism will be drawn up with priority. Water management plans will also incorporate vulnerability assessments regarding climate change (surface water, groundwater and also drinking water). To draft the vulnerability assessment for water, Slovenia must first fill in the gaps with regard to expert bases and studies (e.g.', 'To draft the vulnerability assessment for water, Slovenia must first fill in the gaps with regard to expert bases and studies (e.g. prepare projections for rising sea levels, flood studies: identification of areas, monitoring, intensity of flooding) and also adjust land use in accordance with the results. The preparation of vulnerability assessments will be methodologically harmonised as much as possible, and the system of objectives and measures will be designed in a way that will enable synergies and exclusion of measures which worsen the situation or possibilities for attaining objectives in any of the sub-fields.Short-term adaptation activities have already been planned in the ReNPVO20-30.', 'The preparation of vulnerability assessments will be methodologically harmonised as much as possible, and the system of objectives and measures will be designed in a way that will enable synergies and exclusion of measures which worsen the situation or possibilities for attaining objectives in any of the sub-fields.Short-term adaptation activities have already been planned in the ReNPVO20-30. Table 2: Planned activities relating to adaptation (source: ReNPVO20-30) Type of measure Measure Measure indicator Holder Deadline Provision of data Provision of climate services by ensuring and forwarding information on climate conditions and expected climate change adjusted to the needs of users (sectors, public, researchers) and in a user- friendly form which enables simple further application Functioning information point MOP – ARSO Ongoi ng task Planning and guiding activities Vulnerability assessment by municipalities Drafted assessments, strategies, plans, guidelines MOP – ARSO Municipal adaptation strategies Municip alities Vulnerability assessment by sectors Action plans for adaptation measures Guidelines for climate change impact assessment in administrative procedures For their implementation, Slovenia will enhance capacities, empower stakeholders and systemically arrange financing in the field of adaptation.', 'Table 2: Planned activities relating to adaptation (source: ReNPVO20-30) Type of measure Measure Measure indicator Holder Deadline Provision of data Provision of climate services by ensuring and forwarding information on climate conditions and expected climate change adjusted to the needs of users (sectors, public, researchers) and in a user- friendly form which enables simple further application Functioning information point MOP – ARSO Ongoi ng task Planning and guiding activities Vulnerability assessment by municipalities Drafted assessments, strategies, plans, guidelines MOP – ARSO Municipal adaptation strategies Municip alities Vulnerability assessment by sectors Action plans for adaptation measures Guidelines for climate change impact assessment in administrative procedures For their implementation, Slovenia will enhance capacities, empower stakeholders and systemically arrange financing in the field of adaptation. (See chapter 8.) It will also enhance knowledge with regard to adaptation and regulate organisational structure. (See chapter 9.) Adaptation will be closely incorporated in the organisational structure of mitigation because synergies occur frequently between the measures of mitigation and adaptation.', 'Adaptation will be closely incorporated in the organisational structure of mitigation because synergies occur frequently between the measures of mitigation and adaptation. 5.6 Key factors for attaining the objective by 2050 Suitable expert bases, human resources (their number and competence) and organisational structure. 5.7 Human resources Training and education about the adaptation to climate change at all levels is essential for the implementation of adaptation measures. Slovenia will accelerate the development of knowledge and competence in the research, academic, expert and professional spheres with formal and informal education. Environmental studies of natural sciences, engineering, social sciences and humanities are also important, as interdisciplinarity will be promoted.', 'Environmental studies of natural sciences, engineering, social sciences and humanities are also important, as interdisciplinarity will be promoted. Additional funds will be earmarked for research and at least five target research projects on the topic of climate change adaptation will be tendered by no later than 2023 (of which at least two will be interdisciplinary) or funds will be earmarked for (somewhat) longer projects relating to adaptation (e.g. LIFE). The pool of experts and people working in the field of climate change adaptation will thus be expanded, while simultaneously striving to limit the brain drain.', 'The pool of experts and people working in the field of climate change adaptation will thus be expanded, while simultaneously striving to limit the brain drain. The existing research and pedagogical programmes will be integrated, and the field of finance systemically arranged.Financial resources for immediate commencement of implementation of the already known eligible adaptation measures will also be necessary, which will allow the education of experts in the operational section. Slovenia will provide support and knowledge to local communities for the preparation or implementation of adaptation measures. The establishment of a contact point for coordination and promotion of measure implementation at regional and local levels is also planned.', 'The establishment of a contact point for coordination and promotion of measure implementation at regional and local levels is also planned. 5.8 Proposed progress monitoring indicators Degree of Slovenia’s vulnerability at the national and municipal levels (selection of indicators for degree of vulnerability) (Indicator showing Slovenia’s vulnerability to climate change, 2016). 6 STRATEGY BY SECTORS 6.1 Energy supply 6.1.1 Description of emission status and key measures With 29.7 per cent, energy supply comes second in total GHG emissions among the sectors, whereby 87 per cent of emissions come from coal power plants or combined heat and power plants.', '6 STRATEGY BY SECTORS 6.1 Energy supply 6.1.1 Description of emission status and key measures With 29.7 per cent, energy supply comes second in total GHG emissions among the sectors, whereby 87 per cent of emissions come from coal power plants or combined heat and power plants. The decarbonisation process is already underway; between 2005 and 2018, emissions decreased by 25.6 per cent, to which the closure of Trbovlje thermal power plant and the reduced use of coal in Šoštanj thermal power plant contributed the most. With the construction of hydro power plants on the lower Sava River, solar power plants and other dispersed units in this period, the electricity generation from RES increased by 0.8 TWh, which is five per cent with regard to gross final energy consumption.', 'With the construction of hydro power plants on the lower Sava River, solar power plants and other dispersed units in this period, the electricity generation from RES increased by 0.8 TWh, which is five per cent with regard to gross final energy consumption. So far, the energy system has very successfully managed the risks and ensured a high level of strategic and operational reliability due to a balanced energy mix, diversification of production locations, reliability of units and provision of high-quality system services. Energy prices in Slovenia do not deviate significantly from the average level in the EU. 6.1.1.1 Guidelines and measures adopted until 2030 A decision was made in the NECP regarding the gradual phasing out of coal for energy purposes before 2050.', '6.1.1.1 Guidelines and measures adopted until 2030 A decision was made in the NECP regarding the gradual phasing out of coal for energy purposes before 2050. A detailed timeline will be adopted in 2021 in accordance with the principles and within the framework of the fair transition programme. The use of coal will reduce by 30 per cent by 2030 in comparison to 2005. Coal will only be used at one location after 2030. In the field of nuclear energy, the NECP plans the continuation of exploitation in Slovenia and a comprehensive examination of options for the long-term use of nuclear energy and the adoption of a decision relating to the construction of a new nuclear power plant by 2027.', 'In the field of nuclear energy, the NECP plans the continuation of exploitation in Slovenia and a comprehensive examination of options for the long-term use of nuclear energy and the adoption of a decision relating to the construction of a new nuclear power plant by 2027. An increase in electricity generation from RES is planned and the attainment of a 43-per cent share of RES by 2030 in gross final electricity consumption, to which solar power plants will contribute the most.', 'An increase in electricity generation from RES is planned and the attainment of a 43-per cent share of RES by 2030 in gross final electricity consumption, to which solar power plants will contribute the most. An accelerated development of an electricity distribution network is anticipated with the objective of increasing the capacity, resilience to disturbances and flexibility to support electrification, especially in transport, and to increase a dispersed electricity generation from RES by 2030.The key instruments defined in the NECP for the attainment of set objectives include the European emissions trading scheme (ETS), financial and other incentives for a dispersed electricity generation from RES, the upgrade of planning and decision-making about large hydro power plants, the aforementioned plan for phasing out coal, the restructuring of regions and a set of incentives for network development of electricity distribution.', 'An accelerated development of an electricity distribution network is anticipated with the objective of increasing the capacity, resilience to disturbances and flexibility to support electrification, especially in transport, and to increase a dispersed electricity generation from RES by 2030.The key instruments defined in the NECP for the attainment of set objectives include the European emissions trading scheme (ETS), financial and other incentives for a dispersed electricity generation from RES, the upgrade of planning and decision-making about large hydro power plants, the aforementioned plan for phasing out coal, the restructuring of regions and a set of incentives for network development of electricity distribution. Successful development of district heating and cooling systems is planned, including a one-per cent annual increase in the share of RES and excess heat and cold in district heating and cooling systems, and a continuation of existing instruments for measure promotion.', 'Successful development of district heating and cooling systems is planned, including a one-per cent annual increase in the share of RES and excess heat and cold in district heating and cooling systems, and a continuation of existing instruments for measure promotion. The attainment of minimum GHG emissions in the energy supply sector by 2050 while maintaining a high level of reliability and safety and ensuring the competitiveness and accessibility of energy services. The sector’s objective by 2050 is to establish sufficient production capacities for Slovenia’s self-sufficiency in energy supply. To attain climate objectives, Slovenia will enhance the role of RES and other low-carbon energy sources and systematically abandon fossil energy sources.', 'To attain climate objectives, Slovenia will enhance the role of RES and other low-carbon energy sources and systematically abandon fossil energy sources. The development of Slovenia’s energy supply will be harmonised with environmental objectives, whereby the objectives involving the minimum of adverse effects on the environment in the entire life cycle of energy services will be attained. The objective in the energy supply sector is to attain minimum emissions by 2050. Interim strategic objectives include a 32-per cent reduction by 2030. The emission reduction by 2040 will depend on the decision regarding the closure of Šoštanj thermal power plant or its upgrade with devices for CO2 capture and storage.', 'The emission reduction by 2040 will depend on the decision regarding the closure of Šoštanj thermal power plant or its upgrade with devices for CO2 capture and storage. Figure 10: Emission trends in the 2005−2018 period and the anticipated course as per projections until 2050 for two scenarios (source: Energy Efficiency Centre of Jožef Stefan Institute) The sector’s objectives by 2050 relating to energy supply reliability include a reduction in import dependency for all energy products and diversification of sources and locations to ensure self-sufficiency in unforeseen and critical conditions with simultaneous riskmanagement in uncertain circumstances, and the attainment of positive benefits of new development opportunities on common energy markets.', 'Figure 10: Emission trends in the 2005−2018 period and the anticipated course as per projections until 2050 for two scenarios (source: Energy Efficiency Centre of Jožef Stefan Institute) The sector’s objectives by 2050 relating to energy supply reliability include a reduction in import dependency for all energy products and diversification of sources and locations to ensure self-sufficiency in unforeseen and critical conditions with simultaneous riskmanagement in uncertain circumstances, and the attainment of positive benefits of new development opportunities on common energy markets. 6.1.4 Main orientations by 2050 Fundamental orientation for energy management in Slovenia gives preference to the measures of efficient use of energy rather than the construction of new energy supply capacities.', '6.1.4 Main orientations by 2050 Fundamental orientation for energy management in Slovenia gives preference to the measures of efficient use of energy rather than the construction of new energy supply capacities. To ensure the strategic reliability of energy supply or supply of energy services, the process of decarbonisation will also take place after 2030 in a way that allows the electricity system to provide the utmost coverage of use or self-sufficiency in electricity by means of competitive electricity generation and system services in Slovenia to manage risks in unpredictable and critical circumstances. The majority of older larger power plants will be decommissioned, which will be a great challenge for attaining the reliability objectives after 2030.', 'The majority of older larger power plants will be decommissioned, which will be a great challenge for attaining the reliability objectives after 2030. The objectives also include a minimum dependency on energy imports by energy products and energy use purposes and an enhancement of flexibility and adaptability (robustness) of the electricity system to expected, more dynamic operating conditions. Further diversification of primary sources, supply routes, locations and technologies for electricity generation, including the diversification of locations for systemic electricity generation, will be ensured. Due to altered patterns in energy consumption in the future, efforts will be invested in the provision of operational reliability: available quantities of electricity, power (local and temporal) and other system services, especially in critical conditions.', 'Due to altered patterns in energy consumption in the future, efforts will be invested in the provision of operational reliability: available quantities of electricity, power (local and temporal) and other system services, especially in critical conditions. In addition to the reliability and low-carbon objectives, the sectoral objectives of competitiveness were also set. International developments in this sector will have a great impact on the development in Slovenia, particularly electricity prices in the European market. In the medium- and long-term, higher electricity prices are expected and significantly altered price ratios between seasons. To ensure the competitiveness of the energy supply, it will be crucial to manage risks, which is why a highly adaptable energy system must be ensured in the long term (also see chapter 6.2.6).', 'To ensure the competitiveness of the energy supply, it will be crucial to manage risks, which is why a highly adaptable energy system must be ensured in the long term (also see chapter 6.2.6). Together with the exploitation of new development opportunities, risk management will serve as the basis for ensuring the competitiveness of society, the economy and the energy sector. The guideline for directing the sector’s development to attain competitiveness will be the optimisation of social costs (all costs, excluding external), which will give precedence to the competitiveness of society over the competitiveness of the sector, for which suitable steering mechanisms will be drafted, i.e. economic and fiscal instruments, which will supplement mechanisms at the level of the EU, EU ETS and others.', 'economic and fiscal instruments, which will supplement mechanisms at the level of the EU, EU ETS and others. It is also important to maintain the competitiveness of public service activities. Slovenia will also promote the development of new business opportunities, including advanced energy services. It will steer the construction of new units, particularly for those low-carbon sources which have a great impact on the Slovenian economy, are economically viable and have a minimum impact on the environment.', 'It will steer the construction of new units, particularly for those low-carbon sources which have a great impact on the Slovenian economy, are economically viable and have a minimum impact on the environment. In addition to measures for the efficient use of energy, measures for a circular economy and other measures for the reduction of the need for energy presented in chapters 6.2 to 6.4 and 7, the following fields of action will be relevant for Slovenia in order to attain the objective: - decarbonisation of electricity generation by abandoning the use of fossil fuels no later than by 2050; - phasing out the use of coal in compliance with the timeline adopted by Slovenia in the National strategy for phasing out coal and restructuring coal regions in line with the principles of a just transition by the end of 2021, in which the principle of a just transition will be observed when determining the timeline; - priority implementation of all necessary steps in accordance with the regulations forensuring long-term operations of the existing nuclear power plant, which contributes significantly to low-carbon electricity generation; - considerable increase in electricity generation from RES; - utilisation of the energy potential of water, wind, geothermal and other RES as per the principles and requirements of the environmental and conservation legislation.', 'In addition to measures for the efficient use of energy, measures for a circular economy and other measures for the reduction of the need for energy presented in chapters 6.2 to 6.4 and 7, the following fields of action will be relevant for Slovenia in order to attain the objective: - decarbonisation of electricity generation by abandoning the use of fossil fuels no later than by 2050; - phasing out the use of coal in compliance with the timeline adopted by Slovenia in the National strategy for phasing out coal and restructuring coal regions in line with the principles of a just transition by the end of 2021, in which the principle of a just transition will be observed when determining the timeline; - priority implementation of all necessary steps in accordance with the regulations forensuring long-term operations of the existing nuclear power plant, which contributes significantly to low-carbon electricity generation; - considerable increase in electricity generation from RES; - utilisation of the energy potential of water, wind, geothermal and other RES as per the principles and requirements of the environmental and conservation legislation. The application of procedures of public interest prevalence is also anticipated for siting RES facilities in space (see chapter 4.3.4); - increase in flexibility of the electricity system to support electrification, particularly in transport, and an increase in low-carbon electricity generation with an accelerated development of networks for electricity distribution and transmission, energy storage facilities, low-carbon system services, and integration of energy systems and sectors; - in the field of nuclear energy, Slovenia is planning a long-term use of nuclear energy.', 'The application of procedures of public interest prevalence is also anticipated for siting RES facilities in space (see chapter 4.3.4); - increase in flexibility of the electricity system to support electrification, particularly in transport, and an increase in low-carbon electricity generation with an accelerated development of networks for electricity distribution and transmission, energy storage facilities, low-carbon system services, and integration of energy systems and sectors; - in the field of nuclear energy, Slovenia is planning a long-term use of nuclear energy. To this end, administrative procedures will be implemented and documentation for investment decision-making drafted. To attain the policies and objectives set by the sector, a complementary spatial policy, which harmonises all components of spatial development, is of key importance. The Spatial Development Strategy of Slovenia 2050 is being prepared.', 'The Spatial Development Strategy of Slovenia 2050 is being prepared. It is important to maintain existing energy locations and develop new environmentally and spatially acceptable locations. More systematic, timely and proactive siting of potential energy facilities in space is also relevant for further development of the energy sector, e.g. also by protecting transmission corridors, strategic assessment and decision-making regarding possible locations for energy exploitation, including a prompt preparation of national spatial plans. 6.1.5 Main fields of action In the period up to 2050, it is expected that final energy consumption will drop by almost 30 per cent, while electricity consumption will increase by almost 40 per cent in comparison to 2017.', '6.1.5 Main fields of action In the period up to 2050, it is expected that final energy consumption will drop by almost 30 per cent, while electricity consumption will increase by almost 40 per cent in comparison to 2017. The share of electricity in final electricity consumption is anticipated to increase by 50 per cent until 2050 because electrification will be an important decarbonisation factor in the sectors of final energy consumption. In this period, Slovenia will tackle a number of uncertainties, which is why the selection of an energy mix in 2050 will greatly depend on further development of technologies, their competitiveness and new opportunities. All countries are faced with the same or similar issues.', 'All countries are faced with the same or similar issues. Irrespective of the detected uncertainties, which are always present when drafting long-term strategies, the objective of decarbonisation of the sector by 2050 can be set because the expert bases show that such transition is possible. The routes to attain the objectives set may differ. Due to the uncertain future situation, it is necessary to maintain a certain degree of flexibility today regarding new units and future energy resources. Along the way, it will be necessary to make decisions several times and choose between the alternatives for low-carbon electricity generation, so that all system functions of electricity supply will be ensured.', 'Along the way, it will be necessary to make decisions several times and choose between the alternatives for low-carbon electricity generation, so that all system functions of electricity supply will be ensured. When making choices, the following guidelines and criteria will have to be observed: - climate objectives; - minimum environmental impact or environmental acceptability of projects; - competitiveness and financial feasibility; - strategic and operating aspects of reliability of energy supply. To manage the risks, Slovenia will have to maintain high adaptability to changing conditions and provide all necessary bases for strategic and investment decision-making. (Also see To maintain a stable electricity system with all functions, Slovenia will have to build two or more system power plants.', '(Also see To maintain a stable electricity system with all functions, Slovenia will have to build two or more system power plants. According to the current analyses, the choice will also involve one or a combination of several of the following options: construction of a new reactor in thenuclear power plant, several smaller nuclear power plants, or power plants using carbon neutral synthetic gases. The possibilities for exploiting hydropower, wind energy, biomass and geothermal energy for electricity generation are limited in Slovenia, while the electricity generation in solar power plants must be combined with seasonal energy storage. Suitable reliability of the electricity supply must be ensured throughout the year; December and January are the most critical months as it is then that energy consumption is highest.', 'Suitable reliability of the electricity supply must be ensured throughout the year; December and January are the most critical months as it is then that energy consumption is highest. Carbon-neutral synthetic gas is an option as this enables the storage of surplus electricity generated from RES and its exploitation when such generation is not available. Nuclear energy is an option that enables baseload generation throughout the entire year and must be supplemented with additional generation from other resources in winter. Part of the solution is also the cogeneration of heat and electricity by means of carbon-neutral resources in district heating systems and active consumers, which was already taken into account in the analysed scenarios. With further technological development, the options will be upgraded and developed.', 'With further technological development, the options will be upgraded and developed. It can be expected that the actual course of attaining net zero emissions and other objectives will likely combine all the measures mentioned; for better cost-efficiency, the system and scenarios of its development will have to be adjusted promptly to new circumstances as much as possible. Current analyses unequivocally show that an ambitious objective in the field of electricity supply may be set and that the latter will play a significant role in the decarbonisation of other sectors. To decarbonise personal transport and other consumers and increase dispersed production and thus a new structure of supply and demand in the electricity market, Slovenia will enhance the flexibility of its electricity system and ensure a coherent development of systems.', 'To decarbonise personal transport and other consumers and increase dispersed production and thus a new structure of supply and demand in the electricity market, Slovenia will enhance the flexibility of its electricity system and ensure a coherent development of systems. The development of solutions for energy storage will be intensive, i.e. short-term and seasonal storage will be attained with solutions within the electricity system (on the consumer side), by integrating electricity systems with district heating systems and gas network, and the enhancement of international connections and the introduction of digitalisation. In these fields, intensive development efforts have been underway throughout the world with the objective to reduce the storage costs of various technological options, and Slovenian knowledge is an integral part of this.', 'In these fields, intensive development efforts have been underway throughout the world with the objective to reduce the storage costs of various technological options, and Slovenian knowledge is an integral part of this. Great flexibility of the operating regimes of conventional power plants will be required as this will be important for price risk management and ensuring the operational reliability or all necessary system solutions. In addition to other options, it is important to exploit the existing infrastructure for short-term electricity storage, such as hydroelectric reservoirs (also see chapter 4.3).', 'In addition to other options, it is important to exploit the existing infrastructure for short-term electricity storage, such as hydroelectric reservoirs (also see chapter 4.3). Slovenia will develop the electricity transmission and distribution systems in a way that will allow the concept of electric vehicle charging to be optimised and harmonised with local electricity generation, and so that the transmission and distribution network will enable the supply of greater power during demand peaks, especially locally. Due to cost optimisation, good harmonisation between the development of self-sufficiency, energy storage systems, charging infrastructure and network or energy system development will be necessary.', 'Due to cost optimisation, good harmonisation between the development of self-sufficiency, energy storage systems, charging infrastructure and network or energy system development will be necessary. Sectoral integration of the electricity system and transport will lead to a rational concept of charging vehicles, which will require less investment and will ensure greater stability of the electricity supply. District heating and cooling systems already have a lesser share in GHG emissions when supplying electricity, but to further reduce GHG emissions in the future, they will primarily be based on the exploitation of excess heat and renewable and other climate-neutral energy sources (e.g. climate-neutral synthetic gas).', 'District heating and cooling systems already have a lesser share in GHG emissions when supplying electricity, but to further reduce GHG emissions in the future, they will primarily be based on the exploitation of excess heat and renewable and other climate-neutral energy sources (e.g. climate-neutral synthetic gas). The expansion of networks is anticipated for their sustainable development, particularly in areas with greater population density where great potential for the expansion of the existing, and new, systems was defined, which will enable further decarbonisation of final consumption for new consumers. The amount of energy in the existing areas will reduce due to better energy efficiency of final consumption in buildings.', 'The amount of energy in the existing areas will reduce due to better energy efficiency of final consumption in buildings. As a result, systems must adjust their business models and upgrade technologically by implementing measures to reduce losses, switch to lower temperature regimes when distributing heat, increase capacities for heat storage, optimise heat (and cold) generation, automatise and digitalise operational management, incorporate small dispersed sources, connect with the electricity sector (heat generation from electricity when prices arenegative), upgrade business models and develop additional service for energy consumers.', 'As a result, systems must adjust their business models and upgrade technologically by implementing measures to reduce losses, switch to lower temperature regimes when distributing heat, increase capacities for heat storage, optimise heat (and cold) generation, automatise and digitalise operational management, incorporate small dispersed sources, connect with the electricity sector (heat generation from electricity when prices arenegative), upgrade business models and develop additional service for energy consumers. The share of RES in district heating and cooling systems (hereinafter: DHC) will increase intensively; in addition to wood biomass, especially through the installation of larger shallow geothermal heat pumps (also see chapter 4.3), solar energy (in new smaller DH systems or within pilot projects to a greater extent) and all other available renewable sources and waste heat sources (from industry, services, municipal infrastructure, etc.).', 'The share of RES in district heating and cooling systems (hereinafter: DHC) will increase intensively; in addition to wood biomass, especially through the installation of larger shallow geothermal heat pumps (also see chapter 4.3), solar energy (in new smaller DH systems or within pilot projects to a greater extent) and all other available renewable sources and waste heat sources (from industry, services, municipal infrastructure, etc.). Pilot projects will be carried out to support the introduction of these and other, not yet established, technologies. An increase in co-generation of heat and electricity, particularly from RES, remains an important development direction for DHC systems, which will contribute additionally to the greater flexibility and reliability of the electricity system and lower prices in winter.', 'An increase in co-generation of heat and electricity, particularly from RES, remains an important development direction for DHC systems, which will contribute additionally to the greater flexibility and reliability of the electricity system and lower prices in winter. It will thus be mandatory to coordinate the planning of both systems. The national heating and cooling strategy and its action plan will serve as the key basis for efficient implementation of measures at national and local levels. Although the amount of heat from district heating systems will be reduced, Slovenia will double the share of buildings using district heating and cooling systems by 2050. The DHC systems will be important for decarbonisation of heating and cooling and for the synergies between climate policy and air protection policy.', 'The DHC systems will be important for decarbonisation of heating and cooling and for the synergies between climate policy and air protection policy. Slovenia will become actively involved in the current development of the generation and supply of synthetic, carbon-neutral, gaseous and liquid fuels (also known as "e-fuels": H2 , , methanol, motor fuels, etc.). By producing these fuels, particularly from surplus electricity generated from RES, Slovenia will contribute significantly to the stable functioning of the electricity system and the storage of surplus electricity. It will thus ensure the upgrade of gas and other infrastructure, implementation of pilot projects and reliable and competitive supply of these energy products in the future. The preparations to introduce new technologies have commenced in Slovenia, but activities will have to be intensified.', 'The preparations to introduce new technologies have commenced in Slovenia, but activities will have to be intensified. In the short-term, it will be necessary to accelerate the promotion of pilot projects, key analyses of options for the introduction of new technologies, the analyses of options for seasonal and other energy storage, etc. The development in Slovenia is also important for business opportunities in the broader region. When adapting to climate change, Slovenia will ensure the resilience of the energy system, especially of electricity transmission and distribution networks, to the consequences of climate change, i.e. natural disasters and floods. Resilience to climate change will be the primary consideration when planning district heating and cooling systems (reduced need for heating, increased need for cooling).', 'Resilience to climate change will be the primary consideration when planning district heating and cooling systems (reduced need for heating, increased need for cooling). Connections in the energy exploitation of water are particularly complex and all potential synergies (flood safety, water retention) and risks (water heating, reducing biodiversity, attaining objectives for water, etc.) will have to be observed accordingly. Climate change will also affect the availability of biomass.', 'Climate change will also affect the availability of biomass. 6.1.6 Key factors for attaining target emissions by 2050 To decarbonise the sector and support decarbonisation in other sectors, the following factors will be crucial: - higher energy efficiency of all systems; - gradual phasing out of coal and other fossil fuels; - significant increase in electricity generation from low-carbon energy sources; - significant increase in electricity generation from carbon-neutral gaseous fuels; - establishment of a supply system with alternative fuels to allow the phasing out of fossil fuels in freight transport; - decarbonisation and expansion of district heating systems; - development of systems, especially networks, towards greater flexibility and integration of systems or sectors; - construction of systems for storage of electricity and other energies; - new technologies.6.1.7 Human resources Key decisions on future options in the electricity sector require the observance of the need for human resources to implement individual solutions and their long-term perspective in order to contribute to the generation of added value in Slovenia.', '6.1.6 Key factors for attaining target emissions by 2050 To decarbonise the sector and support decarbonisation in other sectors, the following factors will be crucial: - higher energy efficiency of all systems; - gradual phasing out of coal and other fossil fuels; - significant increase in electricity generation from low-carbon energy sources; - significant increase in electricity generation from carbon-neutral gaseous fuels; - establishment of a supply system with alternative fuels to allow the phasing out of fossil fuels in freight transport; - decarbonisation and expansion of district heating systems; - development of systems, especially networks, towards greater flexibility and integration of systems or sectors; - construction of systems for storage of electricity and other energies; - new technologies.6.1.7 Human resources Key decisions on future options in the electricity sector require the observance of the need for human resources to implement individual solutions and their long-term perspective in order to contribute to the generation of added value in Slovenia. Within this framework, Slovenia will systematically promote the acquisition of: - development knowledge which will be strengthened by promoting the implementation of pilot projects; - knowledge regarding project implementation, including knowledge of project management, financing, technical aspects of implementation, conduct of administrative procedures, etc.', 'Within this framework, Slovenia will systematically promote the acquisition of: - development knowledge which will be strengthened by promoting the implementation of pilot projects; - knowledge regarding project implementation, including knowledge of project management, financing, technical aspects of implementation, conduct of administrative procedures, etc. ; - knowledge about project planning; - knowledge of efficient management and maintenance of energy facilities; - knowledge of qualitative and efficient siting of energy facilities in space, also with the objective of exporting such knowledge; - knowledge relating to adaptation or resilience to climate change (e.g. in the field of water management).', 'in the field of water management). 6.1.8 Proposed progress monitoring indicators - GHG emissions in the energy supply sector; - RES shares in gross final energy consumption, electricity, energy in transport and energy for heating and cooling; - shares of carbon-neutral sources in the supply of liquid fuels, gaseous fuels and in electricity generation; - specific emissions per unit of generated electricity in the supply of liquid fuels and gaseous fuels; - share of buildings being heated from district heating systems; - share of RES and excess heat in district heating and cooling systems; - average specific emissions per unit of generated district heating in all systems in Slovenia.', '6.1.8 Proposed progress monitoring indicators - GHG emissions in the energy supply sector; - RES shares in gross final energy consumption, electricity, energy in transport and energy for heating and cooling; - shares of carbon-neutral sources in the supply of liquid fuels, gaseous fuels and in electricity generation; - specific emissions per unit of generated electricity in the supply of liquid fuels and gaseous fuels; - share of buildings being heated from district heating systems; - share of RES and excess heat in district heating and cooling systems; - average specific emissions per unit of generated district heating in all systems in Slovenia. 6.2.1 Description of emission status and key measures Total GHG emissions from fuel combustion in manufacturing, construction and industrial processes amounted to 3,014 kt CO2 equivalent in 2018.', '6.2.1 Description of emission status and key measures Total GHG emissions from fuel combustion in manufacturing, construction and industrial processes amounted to 3,014 kt CO2 equivalent in 2018. In the 2005–2018 period, emissions dropped by 23 per cent, whereby the emissions from fuel combustion decreased by 26 per cent and process emissions by 17 per cent (Figure 12). In 2018, process emissions amounted to 39 per cent of total emissions in the industry sector.', 'In 2018, process emissions amounted to 39 per cent of total emissions in the industry sector. The largest share of CO2 emissions in manufacturing and construction – when excluding direct emissions from electricity consumption – is ascribed to the manufacture of non-metallic mineral products (38 per cent share of process emissions), followed by manufacture of basic metals (20 per cent), manufacture of paper and paper products (12 per cent) and manufacture of chemicals and chemical products (5 per cent). Other industries together account for approximately a 25-per cent share of emissions in manufacturing and construction.', 'Other industries together account for approximately a 25-per cent share of emissions in manufacturing and construction. In comparison to the EU, the Slovenian business sector has a large proportion of energy-intensive value-added activities and a relatively low number of companies accounting for the majority of energy consumed and emissions generated in manufacturing.Figure 11: Analysis of GHG emission trends in the industry sector in the 2005–2018 period (source: Energy Efficiency Centre of Jožef Stefan Institute) Emissions from the industry sector represent 17 per cent of total GHG emissions; as per the amount of emissions, this sector comes third. The process of reducing emissions in the industry sector is already underway, but its intensity must be enhanced.', 'The process of reducing emissions in the industry sector is already underway, but its intensity must be enhanced. The reduction of GHG emissions is the result of various factors, particularly environmental commitments, enforcement of charges on carbon dioxide emissions, emissions trading and implementation of measures for efficient use of energy, exploitation of renewable sources, improvement of industry productions processes and restructuring within individual industries.', 'The reduction of GHG emissions is the result of various factors, particularly environmental commitments, enforcement of charges on carbon dioxide emissions, emissions trading and implementation of measures for efficient use of energy, exploitation of renewable sources, improvement of industry productions processes and restructuring within individual industries. 6.2.1.1 Guidelines and measures adopted until 2030 The NECP plans a gradual reduction of GHG emissions by 2030 to an extent greater than that determined by Regulation (EU) 2018/842 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 on binding annual greenhouse gas emission reductions by Member States from 2021 to 2030 contributing to climate action to meet commitments under the Paris Agreement and amending Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 (OJ L 156, 19.6.2018, p. 26; hereinafter: Effort Sharing Regulation), i.e.', '6.2.1.1 Guidelines and measures adopted until 2030 The NECP plans a gradual reduction of GHG emissions by 2030 to an extent greater than that determined by Regulation (EU) 2018/842 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 on binding annual greenhouse gas emission reductions by Member States from 2021 to 2030 contributing to climate action to meet commitments under the Paris Agreement and amending Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 (OJ L 156, 19.6.2018, p. 26; hereinafter: Effort Sharing Regulation), i.e. by at least 20 per cent as per 2005 by attaining indicative sectoral objectives.', 'by at least 20 per cent as per 2005 by attaining indicative sectoral objectives. For industry (only for the part of the sector not included in the emissions trading system), the NECP anticipates a 43-per cent reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 (as per the base year of 2005). By 2017, the industry sector reduced GHG emissions by 26 per cent.', 'By 2017, the industry sector reduced GHG emissions by 26 per cent. The NECP plans an increase to at least a 30-per cent share of RES in the industry sector while observing the exploitation of excess heat, whereby it also anticipates a 1.3-per cent annual increase of RES share in heating and cooling in industry, including waste heat and cold, which is compliant with the requirements of Article 23 of recast Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources (OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82; hereinafter: Directive (EU) 2018/2001).', 'The NECP plans an increase to at least a 30-per cent share of RES in the industry sector while observing the exploitation of excess heat, whereby it also anticipates a 1.3-per cent annual increase of RES share in heating and cooling in industry, including waste heat and cold, which is compliant with the requirements of Article 23 of recast Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources (OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82; hereinafter: Directive (EU) 2018/2001). As per the NECP, it will be necessary to reduce the use of fossil energy sources and dependency on the import of fossil energy sources by supporting the implementation of pilotprojects for the production of synthetic methane and hydrogen (indicative objective is a 10- per cent share of methane or hydrogen from a renewable source in the transmission and distribution network by 2030).', 'As per the NECP, it will be necessary to reduce the use of fossil energy sources and dependency on the import of fossil energy sources by supporting the implementation of pilotprojects for the production of synthetic methane and hydrogen (indicative objective is a 10- per cent share of methane or hydrogen from a renewable source in the transmission and distribution network by 2030). Electricity is becoming an ever more important energy source for the business sector. The energy competitiveness and low carbon footprint of the business sector will be largely based on domestic low-carbon sources in the period until 2030, including water and nuclear energy.', 'The energy competitiveness and low carbon footprint of the business sector will be largely based on domestic low-carbon sources in the period until 2030, including water and nuclear energy. In accordance with the NECP guidelines, diversification of primary sources for electricity generation will improve, the use of RES will increase and so will, in part, the use of natural gas in high-efficiency co-generation of heat and electricity, which will reach at least 5 per cent of electricity generation in Slovenia by 2030. An increased use of biomass in collective and industrial heating devices is also anticipated, as is integration with district heating. Electricity and heat generation is important for Slovenia because it improves the reliability and competitiveness of energy provision, the reduction of GHG emissions and environment protection.', 'Electricity and heat generation is important for Slovenia because it improves the reliability and competitiveness of energy provision, the reduction of GHG emissions and environment protection. Key NECP instruments in this field include the European emissions trading scheme, financial and other incentives for measures for the efficient use of energy, dispersed electricity generation from RES and high-efficiency combined heat and power (hereinafter: CHP), support for the implementation of pilot projects for the production of synthetic methane and hydrogen and the technologies CCS (carbon capture and storage) and CCU (carbon capture and utilisation). The plan for restructuring of regions, a new Slovenian industrial policy and the use of resources from the Just Transition Fund will also play an important role.', 'The plan for restructuring of regions, a new Slovenian industrial policy and the use of resources from the Just Transition Fund will also play an important role. The NECP also plans non-reimbursable financial incentives for measures for reducing process emissions in industry. The NECP anticipates the reduction of the quantity of generated waste, the promotion of re- use and recycling and the utmost observance of circular economy objectives, especially with regard to construction and industrial waste. Support is also anticipated for the construction of missing infrastructure for the treatment of municipal, industrial and hazardous waste to promote the use of recycled materials as raw materials.', 'Support is also anticipated for the construction of missing infrastructure for the treatment of municipal, industrial and hazardous waste to promote the use of recycled materials as raw materials. The establishment of suitable incentives or economic signals is crucial for network integration of RES, local adaptation of generation and demand, and the cooperation of industrial companies in system services. The NECP measures also anticipate incentives (technical and personnel support) for promoting local energy communities and RES communities in which industry can also be incorporated. To attain minimum emissions in the industry sector by 2050 while maintaining a high level of competitiveness and the transition to a low-carbon circular economy.', 'To attain minimum emissions in the industry sector by 2050 while maintaining a high level of competitiveness and the transition to a low-carbon circular economy. By observing the Energy Union dimensions, Slovenia will actively strive to gradually decarbonise the industry and ensure financial incentives to restructure production processes by introducing green technologies and business models. The goal is to reduce GHG emissions to between 80 to 87 per cent in comparison to 2005 or attain minimum emissions by 2050.', 'The goal is to reduce GHG emissions to between 80 to 87 per cent in comparison to 2005 or attain minimum emissions by 2050. Slovenia’s strategic objective by 2030 is to reduce GHG emissions in industry by 41 per cent if compared to 2005 and to between 60 and 70 per cent by 2040.Figure 12: Indicative trajectory of reducing GHG emissions in the industry sector and the emission trends in the 2005–2018 period relating to emissions in 2005 and guidelines until 2050 (source: Energy Efficiency Centre of Jožef Stefan Institute) 6.2.4 Main orientations by 2050 The objective of attaining minimum emissions in industry requires extensive and long-term changes which will be structural (transition to lower energy intensity in industry), technological (technological renewal) and taking into account the circular economy throughout the value chain and between them, from production to use.', 'Slovenia’s strategic objective by 2030 is to reduce GHG emissions in industry by 41 per cent if compared to 2005 and to between 60 and 70 per cent by 2040.Figure 12: Indicative trajectory of reducing GHG emissions in the industry sector and the emission trends in the 2005–2018 period relating to emissions in 2005 and guidelines until 2050 (source: Energy Efficiency Centre of Jožef Stefan Institute) 6.2.4 Main orientations by 2050 The objective of attaining minimum emissions in industry requires extensive and long-term changes which will be structural (transition to lower energy intensity in industry), technological (technological renewal) and taking into account the circular economy throughout the value chain and between them, from production to use. The activities for reducing emissions in the sector will be intensified and special attention in the forthcoming years will be dedicated to the preparation of a suitable framework designed to capture all the elements necessary for a transition to climate neutrality.', 'The activities for reducing emissions in the sector will be intensified and special attention in the forthcoming years will be dedicated to the preparation of a suitable framework designed to capture all the elements necessary for a transition to climate neutrality. Despite great and extensive changes, the transition to a low carbon economy must not decrease the competitiveness of the economy, which is why various measures will specifically target the elimination or mitigation of impacts on competitiveness. The characteristic structure of the Slovenian economy continues to be a large proportion of energy-intensive industry, which represents more than 50 per cent of energy use in the sector, while this proportion is much smaller in regard to the share of gross domestic product (hereinafter: GDP) and the share of persons employed.', 'The characteristic structure of the Slovenian economy continues to be a large proportion of energy-intensive industry, which represents more than 50 per cent of energy use in the sector, while this proportion is much smaller in regard to the share of gross domestic product (hereinafter: GDP) and the share of persons employed. Energy-intensive industries will play a decisive role when realising the EGD as the transition to a climate-neutral society will not be attained without radical change and innovations in these industries, which is why Slovenia will deal with them accordingly within the new industrial strategy. Energy transition is a vital element in enhancing the competitiveness of the economy as it contributes greatly to the management of energy costs.', 'Energy transition is a vital element in enhancing the competitiveness of the economy as it contributes greatly to the management of energy costs. In common with the rest of Europe, Slovenia is heavily dependent on the import of fossil fuels. Energy costs are high for companies and imported fuels have a large share in the EU balance of trade and directly impact the economic performance of nation states. In the long-term, the prices of imported fuels are expected to rise and fluctuate, further intensifying the pressure on costs. Furthermore, a growth in emission allowances is expected at the EU level. The third element of the price pressure on the economy is the further development of electricity prices.', 'The third element of the price pressure on the economy is the further development of electricity prices. Current market prices do not reflect overall production costs, but usually only the operating costs of production. The electricity price from new units, which will define future prices, severely exceeds current market prices and consumer readiness to pay energy at these rates. Energy efficiency and other measures for reducing energy use are thus measures which will be very important for Slovenian companies and the state as they will result in direct economic benefits by means of energy cost management and contribute to the economic performance.', 'Energy efficiency and other measures for reducing energy use are thus measures which will be very important for Slovenian companies and the state as they will result in direct economic benefits by means of energy cost management and contribute to the economic performance. It will also be very important that, simultaneously with the tightening of its climate policy, theEU also enforces the carbon border adjustment mechanism for specific economic sectors, which will be efficient and compliant with the rules of the World Trade Organization, as anticipated in the EGD for countries with less strict objectives. In this way, the maximum economic effects of energy efficiency measures, the circular economy and other decarbonisation measures will be achieved.', 'In this way, the maximum economic effects of energy efficiency measures, the circular economy and other decarbonisation measures will be achieved. Slovenia will commence the transition on time and will prevent all stranded investments in unsustainable practices and subsequent unmanageable energy costs. Slovenia will prepare well for the transition and particularly support energy-intensive industry. The transition will be fair, i.e. linked to the programme for the safeguarding and development of new jobs in the most affected regions and areas. For the most part, the transition may take place within the existing companies with a gradual transition to energy or emission-less intensive products and the establishment of circular economy principles, but there are also other options.', 'For the most part, the transition may take place within the existing companies with a gradual transition to energy or emission-less intensive products and the establishment of circular economy principles, but there are also other options. To this end, Slovenia will draft a clear incentive policy within the framework of the industrial policy currently being prepared. A fair transition in Slovenia will not only be limited to coal mining regions, but will also include energy-intensive industry, for which a support environment is yet to be prepared. The foregoing must also include the following elements: financial incentives from EU and domestic sources, tax policy measures (clear signals relating to the development of taxes that direct the transition) and other measures for active directing of investments (taxonomy, etc.).', 'The foregoing must also include the following elements: financial incentives from EU and domestic sources, tax policy measures (clear signals relating to the development of taxes that direct the transition) and other measures for active directing of investments (taxonomy, etc.). The fundamental principle of energy management in Slovenia is to prioritise the measures of efficient energy use with an emphasis on renewable sources, which also applies to industry. The energy efficiency measures enable more effective energy management, and they subsequently reduce final energy consumption as per the principles of the low-carbon circular economy. It is necessary to highlight the use of excess heat generated in thermal processes, which may be captured and reused through various technologies.', 'It is necessary to highlight the use of excess heat generated in thermal processes, which may be captured and reused through various technologies. The use of excess heat is anticipated throughout industry and to a greater extent in energy-extensive industries, particularly in the manufacture of metals, paper, cement and chemicals. In industry and in certain energy-intensive branches where technologies allow this, the replacement of gas technologies with electric ones is anticipated in heat treatment processes. Possibilities for applying these types of technologies are found in the manufacture and processing of glass, steel and aluminium, but this is balanced by investments in changing technologies.', 'Possibilities for applying these types of technologies are found in the manufacture and processing of glass, steel and aluminium, but this is balanced by investments in changing technologies. Slovenia will also support the integration of industrial companies with district heating systems, which could utilise excess heat from industry for the heating of other consumers (households, service and agricultural sectors). Branches with a marked need for heat (paper and chemical industries) or cold (food industry) may, in addition to heat generation with cogeneration technologies or tri-generation (cold generation), simultaneously generate electricity for their own needs or transmission to the network. With the use of biomass or biogas, GHG emissions will also decrease.', 'With the use of biomass or biogas, GHG emissions will also decrease. To decarbonise the industry sector, it is critical to increase the use of RES in the field of electricity and heat generation. Within the framework of development priorities, Slovenia will examine the use of synthetic gas or hydrogen as a substitute energy product for natural gas in pilot projects by 2040 or sooner in order to reduce emissions in the industry sector. A 10- per cent substitution of natural gas with synthetic gas is anticipated in 2030, a 25-per cent substitution is anticipated in 2040, and replacement of the entire quantity of natural gas with synthetic gas or hydrogen is anticipated by 2050.', 'A 10- per cent substitution of natural gas with synthetic gas is anticipated in 2030, a 25-per cent substitution is anticipated in 2040, and replacement of the entire quantity of natural gas with synthetic gas or hydrogen is anticipated by 2050. The RES share in the industry for heating purposes will be significantly increased, i.e. from 11 per cent in 2017 to 26 per cent in 2050. Differences between individual branches of the processing industry will remain, whereby energy-intensive industries will have a key role in increasing the share of RES. In other industries, the wood processing industry will further maintain its leading position with regard to the scope and share of RES.', 'In other industries, the wood processing industry will further maintain its leading position with regard to the scope and share of RES. An increase in direct RES use for heating purposes will be based until 2030 on the exploitation of wood biomass inboilers and CHP systems, the use of low-temperature heat from geothermal energy and the use of RES from waste. A more extensive breakthrough in the industry after 2030 will be indirect and will particularly rely on synthetic gaseous biofuels and electricity acquired from RES, which is not included in the regular proportion. In the industries emitting process emissions, Slovenia anticipates the application of technologies for storage and reuse of carbon after 2040 as per the most optimistic scenarios of CCU development.', 'In the industries emitting process emissions, Slovenia anticipates the application of technologies for storage and reuse of carbon after 2040 as per the most optimistic scenarios of CCU development. As this is a new field, it is necessary to ensure a suitable support environment for pilot projects, appropriate infrastructure and a regulatory framework for the application of such technologies. Process CO2 emissions could be captured with such technologies by means of electricity generated from RES and used for the generation of synthetic gas at suitable locations. The use of CCU technologies is especially anticipated in the cement industry and the manufacture of metals.', 'The use of CCU technologies is especially anticipated in the cement industry and the manufacture of metals. In the next few years, the economy will focus on green, creative and smart development in accordance with the Slovenian Industrial Policy 2021–2030.From the aspect of green, sustainable and circular development, it is vital to introduce measures of material efficiency, which are crucial for the transition to a circular economy. As per the EU plans (e.g. Circular Economy Action Plan), Slovenia will incorporate the principles of the circular economy in its regulations and procedures.', 'Circular Economy Action Plan), Slovenia will incorporate the principles of the circular economy in its regulations and procedures. Inclusion of the circular economy will be a decisive factor when contributing to the attainment of climate neutrality by 2050 and the disengagement between economic growth and the use of sources and energy, which will guarantee a positive impact on the long-term competitiveness of a sustainable economy, i.e. with support for decarbonisation, transition to circular business models in all industries and specifically in key sectors: forestry/wood chain, manufacturing, mobility, food and the built environment.', 'with support for decarbonisation, transition to circular business models in all industries and specifically in key sectors: forestry/wood chain, manufacturing, mobility, food and the built environment. For correct evaluation of sustainability-oriented industrial production, Slovenia will support the introduction of evaluation of goods as per the life cycle cost analysis or a comparable indicator (carbon footprint), which will enable the recognition of more acceptable products in the market with regard to sustainability. Ensuring the competitiveness of industry and the economy will be one of the key tasks when drafting a business and financial framework for Slovenian economy.', 'Ensuring the competitiveness of industry and the economy will be one of the key tasks when drafting a business and financial framework for Slovenian economy. In the future, prices of energy products will increase, and it will thus be necessary to request and harmonise European polices in the field of taxation of energy products, emissions trading, access to competitive energy products in the international European market and product environmental labelling. Due to the complexity of the transition to climate neutrality, the management of development activities of research organisations and industrial companies will present a great challenge, so Slovenia will provide appropriate guidance for development incentives with the objective of ensuring research and infrastructural support for the transition.', 'Due to the complexity of the transition to climate neutrality, the management of development activities of research organisations and industrial companies will present a great challenge, so Slovenia will provide appropriate guidance for development incentives with the objective of ensuring research and infrastructural support for the transition. Industry in the narrow sense encompasses only manufacturing, but industry in the broader sense is observed in the draft Slovenian Industrial Policy 2021–2030, i.e. also services related to industry, which are fewer than one fourth (logistics, trade, etc.). Furthermore, jobs in the manufacturing industry generate up to two jobs in other activities. While supported by digitalisation, the transition to a low-carbon circular economy will result in additional jobs in related services (the significance of repair, re-design, reuse, introduction of digital platforms, etc.', 'While supported by digitalisation, the transition to a low-carbon circular economy will result in additional jobs in related services (the significance of repair, re-design, reuse, introduction of digital platforms, etc. is increasing). 6.2.5 Main fields of action To attain the decarbonisation objective in the economy, the industry sector and particularly the energy-intensive industry branches will be further committed to reducing energy and emissions intensity. At the same time, a comprehensive support environment forrestructuring production processes to energy and emissions-less intensive processes will have to be established which will be based on the accelerated introduction of green technologies. Within industrial, taxation and other economic policies, Slovenia will promote investment in efficient energy use, a low-carbon circular economy, self-sufficiency and RES supply.', 'Within industrial, taxation and other economic policies, Slovenia will promote investment in efficient energy use, a low-carbon circular economy, self-sufficiency and RES supply. These industries are not only energy intensive, but also materially intensive and may contribute crucially to the transition to a low-carbon circular economy. They are also important from the viewpoint of value chains because they ensure raw materials for further industry, e.g. aluminium for major appliances, food and cosmetics industries, etc. Special discussion is required from this aspect, particularly to prevent industry movement to third countries ("carbon leakage") and a subsequent increase in emissions at the global level.', 'Special discussion is required from this aspect, particularly to prevent industry movement to third countries ("carbon leakage") and a subsequent increase in emissions at the global level. Due to the increasing need for harmonisation of various policies, each future economic strategy will harmoniously and simultaneously address several fields such as innovations, competitiveness, financing, energy, waste, state aids and other aspects linked to the transition to a low-carbon circular economy. We are also witnessing the beginning of a new industrial era, the so-called new industrial paradigm, Industry 4.0, the backbone of which is ICT and subsequent universal device connectivity (Internet of Things).These challenges will be discussed in the Slovenian Industrial Policy, which encompasses the years 2021 to 2030.', 'We are also witnessing the beginning of a new industrial era, the so-called new industrial paradigm, Industry 4.0, the backbone of which is ICT and subsequent universal device connectivity (Internet of Things).These challenges will be discussed in the Slovenian Industrial Policy, which encompasses the years 2021 to 2030. Within the chapter on green development, the Strategy in particular highlights energy- intensive industry. Slovenia will promote the development of technologies, which include the upgrades of gasification technologies, excess heat use technologies, waste recovery technologies for energy purposes (but only after all possibilities of material use have been exhausted), "Power-to-X" technologies, energy digitalisation, energy storage, emissions capture and reuse, synthetic gas generation, etc.', 'Slovenia will promote the development of technologies, which include the upgrades of gasification technologies, excess heat use technologies, waste recovery technologies for energy purposes (but only after all possibilities of material use have been exhausted), "Power-to-X" technologies, energy digitalisation, energy storage, emissions capture and reuse, synthetic gas generation, etc. The technologies proposed will serve as the basis for enhancing the competencies of industrial companies in the field of competitiveness and technological development. When transferring the development of new products, production processes, services and solutions in the economy, research in the field of EEU and RES and a climate-neutral and circular economy will play an important role.', 'When transferring the development of new products, production processes, services and solutions in the economy, research in the field of EEU and RES and a climate-neutral and circular economy will play an important role. In the recent period, the industry received only limited financial incentives to increase energy efficiency and apply RES technologies, which is why most measures were implemented on a smaller scale than anticipated, which means that Slovenia will intensify the implementation until 2050. In addition to the foregoing measures, Slovenia will also support the measures which will contribute to the transition to a circular economy. As per the EGD, Slovenia will participate in the formation of a mechanism for carbon border adjustment to prevent the so- called carbon leakage.', 'As per the EGD, Slovenia will participate in the formation of a mechanism for carbon border adjustment to prevent the so- called carbon leakage. The support scheme for electricity generated from RES and in CHP will play an important role when introducing RES technologies. Stable and predictable conditions for industry investors must be ensured. To use synthetic gas and hydrogen in the industry, Slovenia will promote technology development and provide suitable conditions for the establishment of infrastructure and an appropriate regulatory framework for the application of synthetic gas and hydrogen. It will draft guidelines for safe use, suitable fuel sources (RES), certification, inspections, etc.', 'It will draft guidelines for safe use, suitable fuel sources (RES), certification, inspections, etc. Slovenia will promote the necessary connectivity of industrial companies with district heating systems, which will be addressed in further detail in the District Heating Strategy, which is being drafted. This measure supports the reduction of heat consumption and enables greater exploitation of excess heat. To accelerate the development and generation of low-carbon or green technologies, the activities will further intensify. In the short-term, Slovenia will enhance pilot projects, particularly with regard to excess heat use, the circular economy and low-carbontechnologies. The development in Slovenia is also important for business opportunities in the wider region. This will take into account the broader legislative and administrative framework for the promotion of development, demonstration and marketing activities.', 'This will take into account the broader legislative and administrative framework for the promotion of development, demonstration and marketing activities. Slovenia will dedicate special attention to the promotion of small and medium-sized enterprises and the establishment of start-ups, which can be visible players in the green and digital transformation of the economy. To this end, Slovenia will also focus on the development of suitable knowledge in the support environment. A group of experts for mentorship will be set up to support start-ups, including a system of financial and other supports for the realisation of low-carbon/circular ideas. A system for monitoring the effects on emissions and access to financing sources will also be established.', 'A system for monitoring the effects on emissions and access to financing sources will also be established. Micro, small and medium-sized enterprises will obtain support through expert assistance and in the form of support for the implementation of circular business models. Slovenia will further strive to reduce administrative burdens and eliminate market access barriers, while improving access to various financing methods for the transition.', 'Slovenia will further strive to reduce administrative burdens and eliminate market access barriers, while improving access to various financing methods for the transition. 6.2.6 Key factors for attaining target emissions by 2050 To decarbonise the industry sector and support climate neutrality, the following factors will be crucial: - enhancement of the transition to a low-carbon circular economy which, according to the assessments of the International Resource Panel, is supposed to contribute at least 60 per cent to the reduction of GHG emissions in the global economy or to decarbonisation; - establishment of incentives which will help companies to update production processes; - establishment of an efficient support environment for pilot project implementation, targeted incentives for small and medium-sized enterprises relating to the transition to a low-carbon and digitalised economy (by eliminating administrative barriers), improvement of access to various financial sources; - development, production and introduction of new sustainable products and services and business models (energy and material efficient technological solutions), establishment of a support environment for the development of an offer of comprehensive services for energy management; - support for the development of a market for technologies with low emissions with the introduction of various mechanisms (e.g.', '6.2.6 Key factors for attaining target emissions by 2050 To decarbonise the industry sector and support climate neutrality, the following factors will be crucial: - enhancement of the transition to a low-carbon circular economy which, according to the assessments of the International Resource Panel, is supposed to contribute at least 60 per cent to the reduction of GHG emissions in the global economy or to decarbonisation; - establishment of incentives which will help companies to update production processes; - establishment of an efficient support environment for pilot project implementation, targeted incentives for small and medium-sized enterprises relating to the transition to a low-carbon and digitalised economy (by eliminating administrative barriers), improvement of access to various financial sources; - development, production and introduction of new sustainable products and services and business models (energy and material efficient technological solutions), establishment of a support environment for the development of an offer of comprehensive services for energy management; - support for the development of a market for technologies with low emissions with the introduction of various mechanisms (e.g. a product’s lower carbon footprint as a criterion in the public procurement procedure); - harmonisation between the implementation of a low-carbon transition in energy and industry, particularly from the aspect of ensuring a sufficient proportion of fuels from renewable sources for industry use, such as synthetic gas and hydrogen; - increase in efficiency of energy use, use of effective technologies with maximum efficiency (best available technologies – BAT), increase in the exploitation of RES and excess heat and integration with DH systems; - competitiveness of low-carbon energy products; - establishment of infrastructure and suitable legislative framework for the use of synthetic gas and hydrogen; - promotion of digitalisation in companies and the introduction of Industry 4.0. which also enables the transition to a low-carbon circular economy.', 'a product’s lower carbon footprint as a criterion in the public procurement procedure); - harmonisation between the implementation of a low-carbon transition in energy and industry, particularly from the aspect of ensuring a sufficient proportion of fuels from renewable sources for industry use, such as synthetic gas and hydrogen; - increase in efficiency of energy use, use of effective technologies with maximum efficiency (best available technologies – BAT), increase in the exploitation of RES and excess heat and integration with DH systems; - competitiveness of low-carbon energy products; - establishment of infrastructure and suitable legislative framework for the use of synthetic gas and hydrogen; - promotion of digitalisation in companies and the introduction of Industry 4.0. which also enables the transition to a low-carbon circular economy. 6.2.7 Human resources The industry sector is undoubtedly faced with a lack of suitable staff for energy and raw materials management.', '6.2.7 Human resources The industry sector is undoubtedly faced with a lack of suitable staff for energy and raw materials management. To increase competence and provide suitable staff in the industry sector, it is necessary to implement and monitor target-oriented training for preparation and implementation of projects relating to EEU, RES, material efficiency and the transition to a circular economy. The training of staff to manage energy and raw materials in industry willalso play an important role. The foregoing activities must commence immediately, and training must be carried out systematically, including the promotion of pilot project implementation in industry. The scope of anticipated activities addresses a broader selection of development policies related to research and innovation; a close link with industrial, entrepreneurial and educational policies is particularly important.', 'The scope of anticipated activities addresses a broader selection of development policies related to research and innovation; a close link with industrial, entrepreneurial and educational policies is particularly important. To transition to a climate-neutral society, fields promoting green and digital transition must become priority areas of research, development and innovation. Investments in research and innovation promotion in the field of low-carbon technologies and energy efficiency do not only contribute to sustainable development, but also to reliable and competitive operations of the energy sector, which contributes significantly to the competitiveness of the entire economy.', 'Investments in research and innovation promotion in the field of low-carbon technologies and energy efficiency do not only contribute to sustainable development, but also to reliable and competitive operations of the energy sector, which contributes significantly to the competitiveness of the entire economy. 6.2.8 Proposed progress monitoring indicators - GHG emissions in the industry sector, separate for ETS and non-ETS; - separate monitoring of emissions in energy-intensive industries as per the adopted methodologies at the EU level; - RES share in gross final energy consumption (Directive 2018/2001/EU); - final energy consumption; - emissions and material productivity.', '6.2.8 Proposed progress monitoring indicators - GHG emissions in the industry sector, separate for ETS and non-ETS; - separate monitoring of emissions in energy-intensive industries as per the adopted methodologies at the EU level; - RES share in gross final energy consumption (Directive 2018/2001/EU); - final energy consumption; - emissions and material productivity. 6.3 Transport and mobility 6.3.1 Description of emission status and key measures GHG emissions from the transport sector amounted to 5,824 kt CO2 equivalent in 2018, which is 32 per cent more than in 2005, whereby emissions in road transport presented 99.4 per cent of all emissions in the transport sector and less than one per cent was attributed to remaining transport (railway, air, etc.). Transport is the sector with the largest share of GHG emissions in Slovenia.', 'Transport is the sector with the largest share of GHG emissions in Slovenia. GHG emissions in the transport sector have been increasing in recent decades as a result of economic development, Slovenia’s geographical position as a transit country, settlement structure and, for the most part, neglect in the development of alternative methods of passenger and goods transport. Personal transport, which is based on transport using passenger cars and is the result of major investments in road infrastructure between 1991 and 2010 and partly of unsuitable spatial development, which failed to respond to the prevailing dispersed settlement in the past, causes daily congestion at peak periods, especially around Ljubljana. Congestion is noticeably increasing and further contributes to growing emissions.', 'Congestion is noticeably increasing and further contributes to growing emissions. The growing external costs incurred by Slovenia and its citizens due to transport also require action outside the framework of the fight against climate change. In the past, Slovenia had sectoral national programmes for various modes of transport (road, railway, aviation, maritime), which were not well coordinated with each other and of which the motorway programme was the most successful. Since 2015, we have a comprehensive Transport Development Strategy of the Republic of Slovenia Until 2030 (with incorporated sustainable mobility), but the implementation of the measures planned is too slow (development of public passenger transport, introduction of a single ticket and harmonised timetables, time-consuming upgrade of the existing, or siting and construction of new, railway lines, etc.', 'Since 2015, we have a comprehensive Transport Development Strategy of the Republic of Slovenia Until 2030 (with incorporated sustainable mobility), but the implementation of the measures planned is too slow (development of public passenger transport, introduction of a single ticket and harmonised timetables, time-consuming upgrade of the existing, or siting and construction of new, railway lines, etc. ).Based on the foregoing, progress in the reduction of GHG emissions depends primarily on the technological progress of vehicles. Slovenia is heavily involved in international transport corridors and the common EU market, which is why it has little impact on transit transport.', 'Slovenia is heavily involved in international transport corridors and the common EU market, which is why it has little impact on transit transport. As of 1995, priority has been given to the construction of a motorway network and thus the enhancement of European and interregional connectivity along theMediterranean and Baltic-Adriatic TEN-T corridor, while the remaining network of state roads was only maintained and preserved. In 2008, emissions from transport exceeded the emissions from 1986 by more than 200 per cent. They somewhat reduced at a later time, but transport nevertheless remains the only sector with such a large increase in emissions.', 'They somewhat reduced at a later time, but transport nevertheless remains the only sector with such a large increase in emissions. 6.3.1.1 Guidelines and measures adopted until 2030 The NECP highlights that a correct and efficient approach to resolving the transport problem and its contribution to GHG emissions is of key importance. Rail transport and measures of sustainable mobility are put to the forefront, which will reduce GHG emissions in the transport sector and reduce traffic density.', 'Rail transport and measures of sustainable mobility are put to the forefront, which will reduce GHG emissions in the transport sector and reduce traffic density. To implement this objective, Slovenia will: - upgrade the railway infrastructure (preparation by 2025, implementation by 2030); - upgrade and enhance capacities on the corridors Kamnik–Ljubljana (including electrification), Ljubljana–Kranj (double track), corridor south-east of Ljubljana, area of Ljubljana railway stations and stop facilities; - upgrade tracks to attain TEN-T standards and increase the capacities on the lines Koper–Ljubljana (new Koper–Divača line, upgrade of the Divača–Ljubljana section), Maribor–Šentilj, Pragersko–Maribor (increase in permissible loads), Zidani Most– Pragersko, Ljubljana–Jesenice (the Karavanke Tunnel); - further develop integrated public transport (harmonisation of timetables, integration of urban transport, establishment of a single/suitable public passenger transport operator, development of shared mobility, introduction of prioritisation of public transport vehicles, integration of cableway installations); - promote sustainable modes of transport within the calculation of travel costs; - reduce the needs for personal vehicle usage (work from home, change in parking policy, etc.', 'To implement this objective, Slovenia will: - upgrade the railway infrastructure (preparation by 2025, implementation by 2030); - upgrade and enhance capacities on the corridors Kamnik–Ljubljana (including electrification), Ljubljana–Kranj (double track), corridor south-east of Ljubljana, area of Ljubljana railway stations and stop facilities; - upgrade tracks to attain TEN-T standards and increase the capacities on the lines Koper–Ljubljana (new Koper–Divača line, upgrade of the Divača–Ljubljana section), Maribor–Šentilj, Pragersko–Maribor (increase in permissible loads), Zidani Most– Pragersko, Ljubljana–Jesenice (the Karavanke Tunnel); - further develop integrated public transport (harmonisation of timetables, integration of urban transport, establishment of a single/suitable public passenger transport operator, development of shared mobility, introduction of prioritisation of public transport vehicles, integration of cableway installations); - promote sustainable modes of transport within the calculation of travel costs; - reduce the needs for personal vehicle usage (work from home, change in parking policy, etc. ): this will improve the integration of spatial and transport planning (legal arrangements of comprehensive planning, reduce the suburbanisation trend, improve the management of daily migrations in broader urban areas and other functionally linked areas, enhance the compactness of towns, enhance the renovation and reactivation of poorly utilised or degraded areas in rural settlements for activities enabling an increase in local employment and a reduction in daily migrations to towns) and accordingly arrange micromobility hubs on city arterial roads and along motorways; - actively promote the construction of an infrastructure for walking and cycling for daily users, including suitable infrastructure for charging stations and promotion of the use of electric bicycles; - change the excise duty policy and adjust the toll policy in accordance with the guidelines of the EU legislation: - ensure suitable support environment for a comprehensive electrification of the Port of Koper; - provide suitable support environment for the use of alternative fuels such as electricity, liquefied and compressed natural gas, which will be gradually replaced by synthetic gas (syngas), hydrogen (H2 ) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) which is of transitory nature, and biofuels, and - simplify administrative procedures in transport electrification.The attainment of minimum emissions in transport by 2050 will be adapted to society’s needs and have a minimum environmental impact.', '): this will improve the integration of spatial and transport planning (legal arrangements of comprehensive planning, reduce the suburbanisation trend, improve the management of daily migrations in broader urban areas and other functionally linked areas, enhance the compactness of towns, enhance the renovation and reactivation of poorly utilised or degraded areas in rural settlements for activities enabling an increase in local employment and a reduction in daily migrations to towns) and accordingly arrange micromobility hubs on city arterial roads and along motorways; - actively promote the construction of an infrastructure for walking and cycling for daily users, including suitable infrastructure for charging stations and promotion of the use of electric bicycles; - change the excise duty policy and adjust the toll policy in accordance with the guidelines of the EU legislation: - ensure suitable support environment for a comprehensive electrification of the Port of Koper; - provide suitable support environment for the use of alternative fuels such as electricity, liquefied and compressed natural gas, which will be gradually replaced by synthetic gas (syngas), hydrogen (H2 ) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) which is of transitory nature, and biofuels, and - simplify administrative procedures in transport electrification.The attainment of minimum emissions in transport by 2050 will be adapted to society’s needs and have a minimum environmental impact. Efficient public passenger mobility will be implemented by modern means of transport.', 'Efficient public passenger mobility will be implemented by modern means of transport. A modern railway network will be established which will enable regulated, frequent and fast rail transport between city centres. The prevailing modes of mobility in urban areas will be cycling and walking. Suitable spatial and transport planning, application of modern technologies and the transition to a low-carbon circular economy will reduce the need for mobility and the use of motor vehicles. For the most part, freight transport will be implemented by rail. Vehicles will be mostly powered by electricity, supplemented by renewable or synthetic gases which are low-carbon. The target in the transport sector is to reduce emissions by 90 to 99 per cent by 2050 in comparison to 2005.', 'The target in the transport sector is to reduce emissions by 90 to 99 per cent by 2050 in comparison to 2005. The reduction by 2050 represents emissions lower than current ones by more than two magnitudes, which demands a thorough transformation of transport from how it is known today. This will not only pose a financial, but also a social challenge with a complex timeline. As per the NECP, transport emissions may only increase by 12 per cent by 2030. The strategic objective by 2040 is to reduce emissions in the transport sector by between 55 and 65 per cent (in comparison to 2005).', 'The strategic objective by 2040 is to reduce emissions in the transport sector by between 55 and 65 per cent (in comparison to 2005). Figure 13: Trend in reduction of GHG emissions as per the WAM scenario (with additional measures – ambitious) in the transport sector and the emission trends in the 2005–2018 period as per the emissions in 2005 (source: Energy Efficiency Centre of Jožef Stefan Institute) 6.3.4 Main orientations by 2050 In addition to the main orientations of the sector to attain the objective of reduced GHG emissions by 2050, Slovenia will also observe other development objectives (e.g. rural development, traffic safety, adjustment to demographic changes with automation of vehicles, enabling access to functions (jobs and services)).', 'rural development, traffic safety, adjustment to demographic changes with automation of vehicles, enabling access to functions (jobs and services)). It is thus practical to divide the sector into reduction of mobility demand, intensive promotion of active sustainable mobility, improvement of public passenger transport and an increase in its use, increase of freight transport by rail, improvement of vehicle efficiency, technological improvement of vehicles, and promotion of the transition to alternative fuels.Until 2050, Slovenia will dedicate special attention to changes which will reduce the need for everyday mobility (e.g. work from home, reduced number of working days). Both are anticipated and enabled by technological progress. Certain practical social studies were also carried out, but the issue of social acceptability and broader consequences remains.', 'Certain practical social studies were also carried out, but the issue of social acceptability and broader consequences remains. Furthermore, Slovenia will actively raise its citizens’ awareness that their everyday decisions affect significantly the scope of transport and thus the environment, e.g. choice of the place of residence, work, means of transport and purchase of new products. The transition to a low-carbon circular economy will have an important impact on the scope of freight flows, which will have a positive effect on the reduction of the need for freight transport. Within the scope of reducing mobility demand, Slovenia will improve the local attractiveness of cities and towns by providing basic (e.g.', 'Within the scope of reducing mobility demand, Slovenia will improve the local attractiveness of cities and towns by providing basic (e.g. supply of food, health care, education) and advanced (cultural and sports activities, localisation of jobs) necessities of life. With advancing technologies (mobility as a service, autonomous vehicles, digitalisation, car sharing), the network’s burdens will be arranged more optimally. Technology advances must be further utilised in logistics to reduce transport needs. The future of efficient passenger transport requires the decisive modernisation of public passenger transport, especially rail transport, which has potential in the surrounding area of large towns (e.g. Ljubljana, Maribor). The railway network will be upgraded and expanded.', 'The railway network will be upgraded and expanded. Railway stations will be connected with suitable feeder bus lines or the infrastructure to enable transferring or transition between various passenger transport modes (e.g. park and ride, bike sheds). Passenger bus transport will be adjusted to the current and future needs of users. By 2050, the use of public passenger transport would have to more than double (increase by 120 per cent) in comparison to the current situation. The modernisation of the railway network, which must enable good connection with the EU network, is also crucial for efficient freight transport. For the most part, transport prices will include external costs, which will decrease the attraction of motorised transport in the road network.', 'For the most part, transport prices will include external costs, which will decrease the attraction of motorised transport in the road network. The share of lorry transport, especially in transit transport, will decrease and so will the proportion of cars, whereby the priority will not be given to passenger cars, but the road will be shared more fairly by all transport users. This will stimulate the increase in walking and cycling, which will, in addition to mobility demand management, stop the growth in passenger car activity after 2030.Slovenia will also promote high occupancy of passenger cars (e.g. use of additional lanes for vehicles with several persons on motorways and expressways, change in the calculation of travel costs) and also freight vehicles.', 'use of additional lanes for vehicles with several persons on motorways and expressways, change in the calculation of travel costs) and also freight vehicles. The occupancy of passenger cars must increase by at least 25 per cent. Access to restricted city centres will be limited to the most sustainable forms of transport. In broader urban and suburban areas, cycling will become an obvious form of mobility, while a combination of bus and rail transport will also be promoted. Sustainable mobility in the form of walking and cycling will also have health benefits in the form of necessary exercise. It will also contribute to lower noise emissions, less congestion and an increase in quality of the living environment.', 'It will also contribute to lower noise emissions, less congestion and an increase in quality of the living environment. Cycling with e-bikes will also become an attractive mode of transport for long distances and for travelling between settlements. Slovenia will continue to implement alternative fuels in transport. Battery electric vehicles are becoming more popular, and the growing number of such vehicles must also be supported by an adequate charging infrastructure. By 2050, passenger transport will be electrified. A possible alternative to electrification, especially in freight transport, are bio- and synthetic fuels, which are in certain aspects of their production CO2 neutral, and also hydrogen vehicles based on suitable technological development. By 2050, Slovenia will completely substitute fossil fuels in transport with low-carbon alternatives.', 'By 2050, Slovenia will completely substitute fossil fuels in transport with low-carbon alternatives. All technologies for the attainment of this objective, particularly in freight transport, have not yet been developedtechnologically to the extent that they are competitive with regard to price, but the EU commitment to reduce GHG emissions in transport serves as a stable framework for further intensive development of these technologies. Slovenia will promote research and development in the field of environmentally friendly transport. There are numerous companies and individuals who have actively contributed to the development of national and international mobility in the past and present, which is why Slovenia will further invest in research and development.', 'There are numerous companies and individuals who have actively contributed to the development of national and international mobility in the past and present, which is why Slovenia will further invest in research and development. In addition to the development of infrastructure and services in comprehensive transport planning, Slovenia will establish a support system of restrictions (travel costs, parking policy, etc.) and incentives (financial, etc. ), which will also be supported by taxation policy. This will be the only way to change public habits. Slovenia will develop smart cities and communities. National transport systems and infrastructure will be adjusted to support new services of sustainable mobility by means of which it will be possible to reduce congestion and pollution, especially in the areas of cities and local communities.', 'National transport systems and infrastructure will be adjusted to support new services of sustainable mobility by means of which it will be possible to reduce congestion and pollution, especially in the areas of cities and local communities. Users would thus be put first and enabled cost-efficient or affordable, healthier and cleaner alternatives. For efficient and qualitative siting in space, human resources capacity will be ensured and mechanisms for resolving disagreements between spatial developers and holders of projects or plans will be established. In the field of civil aviation, Slovenia cooperates in the formation and implementation of the resolution of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) on the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA).', 'In the field of civil aviation, Slovenia cooperates in the formation and implementation of the resolution of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) on the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA). The ICAO commitment represents an establishment of the emission trading system in international aviation. Until the establishment of a comprehensive system at the global level, Slovenia is harmonising legislative frameworks for monitoring, reporting and verifying emissions in air transport. Further important incentives include improvement of air transport, introduction of new technologies, aircraft operational improvements and electrification of ground support equipment, which will significantly enhance energy efficiency in aviation. To reduce GHG emissions in maritime transport, the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) adopted the Strategy on reduction of GHG emissions from ships.', 'To reduce GHG emissions in maritime transport, the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) adopted the Strategy on reduction of GHG emissions from ships. The Republic of Slovenia supports the adopted strategy and participates in the preparation of an action plan for its implementation. 6.3.5 Main fields of action Slovenia will promote changes in public behaviour by providing alternatives to motor transport and through active raising of awareness about the impact of our everyday decisions on the environment and society with the objective of reducing the demand for transport and motor transport. In personal transport, Slovenia will promote walking, cycling and the use of public passenger transport for short distances through planning and the construction of a suitable infrastructure.', 'In personal transport, Slovenia will promote walking, cycling and the use of public passenger transport for short distances through planning and the construction of a suitable infrastructure. For longer distances, the emphasis will be on the use of public passenger transport, for which a suitable infrastructure will be provided, including the use of alternative fuel vehicles. Railway hubs will be modernised, and high-capacity and regional lines will be constructed in accordance with Slovenia’s needs.', 'Railway hubs will be modernised, and high-capacity and regional lines will be constructed in accordance with Slovenia’s needs. Key measures in rail transport include: - upgrade of railway corridors (main lines) for increasing capacity and attaining the TEN-T standards; - upgrade of regional railway lines for shortening travel times and increasing the attraction of rail passenger transport (electrification and double-track lines in accordance with need); - construction of a railway infrastructure to remove freight transit transport from city centres and urban settlements due to noise, social and economic reasons, spatial aspects, etc. ; - construction of a railway infrastructure for the establishment of competitive railwayconnections on potential routes; - construction of a railway infrastructure for integrated public passenger transport and multimodal freight transport.', '; - construction of a railway infrastructure for the establishment of competitive railwayconnections on potential routes; - construction of a railway infrastructure for integrated public passenger transport and multimodal freight transport. Integrating rail and road transport (bus and personal) and providing the assurance of integration with the cycling culture (by establishing safe and covered bike sheds at railway and bus stations) within layovers or hubs are necessary components of transport in the future. Due to dispersed settlements, Slovenia will also introduce free-of-charge transport for older people in rural areas and seek synergies between various providers. With regard to passenger cars, Slovenia will promote electrification and other alternative fuels, higher vehicle occupancy, more efficient vehicles (improved engines, reduced size or weight of vehicles, energy-efficient driving).', 'With regard to passenger cars, Slovenia will promote electrification and other alternative fuels, higher vehicle occupancy, more efficient vehicles (improved engines, reduced size or weight of vehicles, energy-efficient driving). Harmonised operations and suitable, as well as soft, guidance for users (information dissemination, tax incentives, etc.) are important in connection with incentives. Road capacity intended for road transport will be expanded only when it is not possible to ensure a suitable level of public mobility or supply to the economy in another way (existing road infrastructure, rail transport, public passenger transport, etc.). Parking areas outside the park and ride system will be gradually reduced, particularly in town centres. Planning and construction of large parking areas will be limited in town centres (e.g. next to shopping centres).', 'Planning and construction of large parking areas will be limited in town centres (e.g. next to shopping centres). In addition to public passenger transport, cycling and walking will be at the forefront in towns and cities. Slovenia will ensure a suitable infrastructure for active sustainable mobility in towns and in the countryside. Safe, direct and comfortable cycling paths will be arranged in towns, between towns and between towns and rural areas. Bicycle rental schemes will be promoted at the national level, especially in combination with railway hubs, including the use of bikes in public sector institutions and the use of cargo bicycles. Slovenia will transfer freight transport to railway lines to the greatest extent possible, in readiness for which it will upgrade the existing railway network.', 'Slovenia will transfer freight transport to railway lines to the greatest extent possible, in readiness for which it will upgrade the existing railway network. Road freight transport will be decarbonised with the application of electric drives (battery vehicles, hydrogen) and bio- and synthetic fuels. Slovenia will stop subsidising the use of diesel fuel in freight transport and promote the transition to alternative fuels. The charging of tolls for freight transport will be adjusted accordingly by taking into account to a greater extent the various detrimental effects caused by GHG and other emissions.', 'The charging of tolls for freight transport will be adjusted accordingly by taking into account to a greater extent the various detrimental effects caused by GHG and other emissions. Biofuels are significant substitutes for liquid fossil fuels, which is why Slovenia will increase the proportion of biofuels in liquid fuels for road transport, while the proportion of biofuels produced from raw materials that are also used for food production will be gradually reduced. The biofuels used will meet sustainability criteria. 6.3.6 Key factors for attaining target emissions by 2050 To attain significant emission reduction in transport, the following factors are of key importance: - incentives for changing behaviour from the aspect of selecting the mode of transport, purchasing decisions, selection of the place of residence, work, etc.', '6.3.6 Key factors for attaining target emissions by 2050 To attain significant emission reduction in transport, the following factors are of key importance: - incentives for changing behaviour from the aspect of selecting the mode of transport, purchasing decisions, selection of the place of residence, work, etc. ; - attractive public passenger transport system based on rail passenger transport with integrated public passenger transport points; - modern railway infrastructure to ensure services for passenger and freight rail transport; - safe and comfortable infrastructure for sustainable mobility (cycling infrastructure, layovers or hubs); - integration of sustainable mobility into spatial, transport and building legislation; - integrated spatial and transport planning which promotes concentration of settlements and mixed use of space, and ensures accessibility standards with sustainable mobility, etc. ;- incentive measures for sustainable mobility (e.g.', ';- incentive measures for sustainable mobility (e.g. tax relief, soft measures, technological measures) and restrictive measures for reducing personal motor transport (e.g. parking policy, travel costs); - substitution of technologies in passenger and freight transport with technologies that have no direct CO2 emissions, and the introduction of renewable and low-carbon synthetic gases. 6.3.7 Human resources For overall transport and spatial planning, Slovenia will establish an efficient decision-making culture based on expert bases while ensuring the provision of sufficient human resources. It will also draft expert bases within public administration and support the application of expert bases with external providers and organisational and other measures.', 'It will also draft expert bases within public administration and support the application of expert bases with external providers and organisational and other measures. A single integrated public passenger transport operator will be established to competently harmonise the interests of various stakeholders in this sector with the objective of providing high-quality services for all users. Slovenia will establish planning at the regional level as current practice revealed that Slovenian municipalities are frequently too small to efficiently implement the measures and the state is too rigid. Urban transport has a great impact on GHG emissions.', 'Urban transport has a great impact on GHG emissions. Through comprehensive transport strategies, municipalities can greatly reduce air pollution in sensitive areas by using various traffic arrangements (traffic-calming zones, parking prohibition, traffic ban in certain urban areas, environmental zones) and the origin-destination transport prohibition regime. Due to the foregoing, Slovenia will ensure the suitable competence of stakeholders at the municipal and regional levels. The number of persons working in the field of comprehensive transport planning will be increased. 6.3.8 Proposed progress monitoring indicators - GHG emissions in transport; - passenger transport structure; - freight transport structure; - proportion of RES in transport; - electrification share in transport; - time spent.', '6.3.8 Proposed progress monitoring indicators - GHG emissions in transport; - passenger transport structure; - freight transport structure; - proportion of RES in transport; - electrification share in transport; - time spent. 6.4 Buildings – households and service activities 6.4.1 Status of emissions and current measures Total GHG emissions from fuel combustion in the building sector amounted to 1,065 kt CO2 equivalent in 2018, which is 6.1 per cent of all national GHG emissions. The energy consumption in the building sector, which is divided into households and service sector buildings, was 28.9 per cent of total energy consumption in 2018 and thus represented one of the main sources of CO2 emissions. In the 2005–2018 period, emissions from the service sector buildings reduced by 57.5 per cent and 55 per cent from households.', 'In the 2005–2018 period, emissions from the service sector buildings reduced by 57.5 per cent and 55 per cent from households. The reduction in GHG emissions is the result of various factors, especially environmental commitments, implementation of measures for efficient energy use, application of technologies that exploit renewable sources, and an increase in centralised heating systems in densely populated areas. In the 2005−2018 period, emissions in buildings droppedparticularly due to the investments in efficient energy use measures and switching to more efficient technologies and other energy sources (replacement of fuel oil contributed the most to this).', 'In the 2005−2018 period, emissions in buildings droppedparticularly due to the investments in efficient energy use measures and switching to more efficient technologies and other energy sources (replacement of fuel oil contributed the most to this). When reducing GHG emissions in households, the financial instrument of grants was utilised, while public buildings underwent energy renovation exclusively based on cohesion funds, particularly the mechanism of energy performance contracting, in which municipalities were especially successful.', 'When reducing GHG emissions in households, the financial instrument of grants was utilised, while public buildings underwent energy renovation exclusively based on cohesion funds, particularly the mechanism of energy performance contracting, in which municipalities were especially successful. Figure 15: Analysis of GHG emission trends in the building sector in the 2005–2018 period (source: Energy Efficiency Centre of Jožef Stefan Institute) 6.4.1.1 Guidelines and measures to be adopted by 2030 The NECP plans a higher rate of energy renovation, greater emphasis on RES technologies for heating and hot water supply, higher number of connections to district heating systems and considerable growth of their number in areas where this is economically justified.', 'Figure 15: Analysis of GHG emission trends in the building sector in the 2005–2018 period (source: Energy Efficiency Centre of Jožef Stefan Institute) 6.4.1.1 Guidelines and measures to be adopted by 2030 The NECP plans a higher rate of energy renovation, greater emphasis on RES technologies for heating and hot water supply, higher number of connections to district heating systems and considerable growth of their number in areas where this is economically justified. In 2030, final energy consumption will drop by 21 per cent in comparison to 2017 and will amount to 1,339 ktoe, while it will decrease by 26 per cent in 2040 and amount to 1,249 ktoe.', 'In 2030, final energy consumption will drop by 21 per cent in comparison to 2017 and will amount to 1,339 ktoe, while it will decrease by 26 per cent in 2040 and amount to 1,249 ktoe. The NECP also plans a gradual prohibition of the purchase of new heating devices using fossil fuels as the ban on the purchase of new fossil fuel boilers will enter into force in 2023. In sparsely populated areas, the heating technologies are directed towards heat pumps and biomass-fired boilers, which remain an important low-carbon source in Slovenia. In towns where district systems are present, the NECP prioritises centralised systems.', 'In towns where district systems are present, the NECP prioritises centralised systems. Key instruments of the NECP in the field of buildings include amendments to the regulations on energy efficiency of buildings, energy contracting, aid scheme for energy efficiency of low- income households, financial incentives for energy efficiency and RES use in residential buildings, energy management in the public sector, non-repayable investment and financial incentives for energy renovation of buildings in the public sector (while observing the Guidelines for energy renovation of cultural heritage buildings) and the project office for energy renovation of public buildings.', 'Key instruments of the NECP in the field of buildings include amendments to the regulations on energy efficiency of buildings, energy contracting, aid scheme for energy efficiency of low- income households, financial incentives for energy efficiency and RES use in residential buildings, energy management in the public sector, non-repayable investment and financial incentives for energy renovation of buildings in the public sector (while observing the Guidelines for energy renovation of cultural heritage buildings) and the project office for energy renovation of public buildings. The Long-Term Strategy to Promote the Energy Renovation of National Building Stock and the Heating and Cooling Strategy, which follows the set vision of the NECP, will be exceptionally important for the building sector.To attain minimum emissions in the building sector before 2050 by maintaining a high level of energy renovation of buildings with low-carbon and renewable materials and directing the manner of heating towards centralised heating systems and RES technologies.', 'The Long-Term Strategy to Promote the Energy Renovation of National Building Stock and the Heating and Cooling Strategy, which follows the set vision of the NECP, will be exceptionally important for the building sector.To attain minimum emissions in the building sector before 2050 by maintaining a high level of energy renovation of buildings with low-carbon and renewable materials and directing the manner of heating towards centralised heating systems and RES technologies. To direct renovation and new construction towards attaining almost zero emissions throughout the entire life cycle. Promote broader building renovation to attain energy- efficient, safe and healthy buildings. The field of building construction will be a priority field of the transition to a low-carbon circular economy. The objective is to attain minimum GHG emissions by 2050.', 'The objective is to attain minimum GHG emissions by 2050. Interim strategic objectives are to reduce the emissions by 82 per cent in comparison to 2005 and to between 85 and 95 per cent by 2040. Figure 16: Objective of reducing GHG emissions in the building sector, current emissions/emission trend in the 2005−2018 period and anticipated course until 2050 (source: Energy Efficiency Centre of Jožef Stefan Institute) 6.4.4 Main orientations by 2050 Orientations towards minimum emissions in buildings by 2050 lead to significant change in the structure of fuels. Fossil fuel technologies will be replaced by technologies using RES or combined heat and power stations and connections to district heating systems.', 'Fossil fuel technologies will be replaced by technologies using RES or combined heat and power stations and connections to district heating systems. The efficiency of energy use in buildings does not depend only on construction and renovation, but also on the methods of application, management, raising of awareness and education of the users. Based on the act governing the efficient use of energy, Slovenia must annually renovate three per cent of total floor area in buildings owned and used by the government, which poses a challenge Slovenia cannot currently attain.', 'Based on the act governing the efficient use of energy, Slovenia must annually renovate three per cent of total floor area in buildings owned and used by the government, which poses a challenge Slovenia cannot currently attain. For all public buildings, Slovenia will draft incentive instruments and financial incentives to (1) promote the so-called broader renovation of public buildings, which improves safety and construction and technical condition ofbuildings (incorporation of seismic, fire and other aspects of renovation) and observes the health and living comfort of building users (incorporation of air quality and other aspects), and (2) enable the suitable treatment of buildings with a special status (e.g. cultural heritage).', 'For all public buildings, Slovenia will draft incentive instruments and financial incentives to (1) promote the so-called broader renovation of public buildings, which improves safety and construction and technical condition ofbuildings (incorporation of seismic, fire and other aspects of renovation) and observes the health and living comfort of building users (incorporation of air quality and other aspects), and (2) enable the suitable treatment of buildings with a special status (e.g. cultural heritage). The projections made take into account the growth in final energy consumption in buildings in regard to (1) an increased share of heat pumps as the heating technologies in newly constructed buildings and when replacing old inefficient systems; (2) an increased use of electricity by other technical systems in buildings (lighting, cooling), and (3) an increased use of electricity by interior fittings where the service sector is a large consumer.', 'The projections made take into account the growth in final energy consumption in buildings in regard to (1) an increased share of heat pumps as the heating technologies in newly constructed buildings and when replacing old inefficient systems; (2) an increased use of electricity by other technical systems in buildings (lighting, cooling), and (3) an increased use of electricity by interior fittings where the service sector is a large consumer. The NECP also plans a larger share of replacement and use of heat pumps, efficient lighting, rational use of interior fittings, suitable addressing of energy poverty and gives priority to comprehensive energy renovations before partial measures.', 'The NECP also plans a larger share of replacement and use of heat pumps, efficient lighting, rational use of interior fittings, suitable addressing of energy poverty and gives priority to comprehensive energy renovations before partial measures. 6.4.5 Main fields of action By 2050 in the light of the objectives set in the field of GHG emissions in the general use sector (households, agriculture, forestry and other use, which also includes the service sector), Slovenia will attain minimum emissions. The objective is exceptionally challenging because Slovenia will continue with energy renovation of buildings for its attainment and promote technologies that use RES and centralised heating systems.', 'The objective is exceptionally challenging because Slovenia will continue with energy renovation of buildings for its attainment and promote technologies that use RES and centralised heating systems. The use of fossil fuels will decrease significantly in buildings and district systems will be utilised to the maximum as they enable greater flexibility and connectivity with other sectors, e.g. electricity generation through heat storage, while RES will be used elsewhere. Until 2030 and onwards, Slovenia will maintain the level of comprehensive energy renovation above two per cent annually. The foregoing will particularly be a great challenge for the public sector because more challenging renovations will be carried out due to economic, technical and other reasons.', 'The foregoing will particularly be a great challenge for the public sector because more challenging renovations will be carried out due to economic, technical and other reasons. Slovenia will establish a comprehensive approach to the renovation of buildings in which other renovation aspects will also be included (e.g. earthquake, fire and air quality). The process of construction and renovation design will be supported by mandatory building information modelling, which will increase the design efficiency, reduce the investment value and contribute to the optimisation of time needed for the implementation of works. Slovenia will train experts in sustainable construction, building and renovation and experts for cultural heritage renovation supported by building information modelling (BIM) to ensure the high-quality implementation of construction and renovation.', 'Slovenia will train experts in sustainable construction, building and renovation and experts for cultural heritage renovation supported by building information modelling (BIM) to ensure the high-quality implementation of construction and renovation. Regulations regarding construction and renovation of buildings will further tighten. The regulations regarding efficient use of energy in buildings will become stricter with the introduction of a nearly zero-energy building (hereinafter: NZEB) and incorporation of a sustainable evaluation of buildings, which will impact the scope of renovations and energy efficiency of buildings. The introduction of sustainable construction criteria when building and renovating will focus on reduction of the carbon footprint of the materials used and a positive impact of the circular construction concept on the emissions.', 'The introduction of sustainable construction criteria when building and renovating will focus on reduction of the carbon footprint of the materials used and a positive impact of the circular construction concept on the emissions. Construction and renovation of buildings as per the NZEB requirements began to be implemented at the end of 2020 and the requirements centre on highly energy efficient buildings which will meet their heating needs by means of the technologies exploiting RES. The measures aimed at decarbonisation of buildings will require a substantial financial injection. Financial incentives for households will be further provided from the contribution for EEU and the Special Climate Change Fund, while grant resources for energy renovation of public buildings have not been provided.', 'Financial incentives for households will be further provided from the contribution for EEU and the Special Climate Change Fund, while grant resources for energy renovation of public buildings have not been provided. Furthermore, financial instruments will have to be developed to promote overall renovation of buildings, which will ensure greater efficiency of investments (e.g. provision of anti-seismic fortification before buildings’ energy renovation). The measures in this sector have significant synergistic and multiplicative effects and enhance economic competitiveness and employment in the long term. The implementation or promotion of urgent, but not always economically viable, measures is involved in this case;some of these measures are more challenging, having a relatively long period of return and a long lifespan.', 'The implementation or promotion of urgent, but not always economically viable, measures is involved in this case;some of these measures are more challenging, having a relatively long period of return and a long lifespan. The measures also affect user health and wellbeing, which results in a broader social benefit due to lower health costs and improved labour productivity on the behalf of better working and living conditions. The measures relating to buildings are also important for fast growth of economic activity and recovery from the economic and financial crisis. Energy renovation of buildings also contributes to reduced emissions of other harmful substances into the air, which has an indirect positive impact on health. Implementation of the relevant measures is vital for the adaptation to climate change as well.', 'Implementation of the relevant measures is vital for the adaptation to climate change as well. 6.4.6 Key factors for attaining target emissions by 2050 To decarbonise the sector and support decarbonisation in other sectors, the following factors will be crucial: - renovation of buildings from energy and other aspects; - RES share in centralised and de-centralised heating systems; - information-supported construction; - sustainability assessment of buildings; - sustainable construction and renovation and promotion of comprehensive renovation of buildings; - recognising examples of good practice and their promotion, and - raising awareness of users and their behaviour. 6.4.7 Human resources For a successful implementation of measures in buildings, it is necessary to ensure the ongoing education of human resources for efficient construction and renovation of buildings and training in developing fields, e.g.', '6.4.7 Human resources For a successful implementation of measures in buildings, it is necessary to ensure the ongoing education of human resources for efficient construction and renovation of buildings and training in developing fields, e.g. sustainability assessment of buildings and construction planning supported by BIM. Systematic training and the promotion of pilot project implementation must commence immediately. When renovating cultural heritage, experts in cultural heritage protection must be engaged. 6.4.8 Proposed progress monitoring indicators - Reduction in CO2 emissions with measures in public buildings; - area of energy-renovated public buildings; - intensity of CO2 in public buildings and buildings of private service sector; - improvement of energy efficiency in the building sector; - RES proportion in the use of fuels in general use; - leverage and specific GHG emissions in the housing sector.', '6.4.8 Proposed progress monitoring indicators - Reduction in CO2 emissions with measures in public buildings; - area of energy-renovated public buildings; - intensity of CO2 in public buildings and buildings of private service sector; - improvement of energy efficiency in the building sector; - RES proportion in the use of fuels in general use; - leverage and specific GHG emissions in the housing sector. In the agricultural sector, the methane emissions produced by ruminants and released from manure are dealt with, including the emissions of nitrous oxide generated during the storage of livestock manure and due to fertilisation of agricultural plants with mineral fertilisers, livestock fertilisers and other organic fertilisers.', 'In the agricultural sector, the methane emissions produced by ruminants and released from manure are dealt with, including the emissions of nitrous oxide generated during the storage of livestock manure and due to fertilisation of agricultural plants with mineral fertilisers, livestock fertilisers and other organic fertilisers. The agricultural sector also deals with indirect nitrous oxide emissions, which are the result of leakage of nitrogen compounds from agriculture into air and water (particularly ammonia and nitrates). The majority of these emissions are generated in the natural environment and attributed to agriculture.', 'The majority of these emissions are generated in the natural environment and attributed to agriculture. Carbon dioxide released in agriculture due to the use of fossil fuels is discussed in chapter 6.7, while sinks or carbon dioxide emissions generated from the use and changed use of agricultural land are discussed in the chapter on LULUCF (see chapter 6.6).6.5.1 Status of emissions and current measures In 2018, agriculture contributed 9.8 per cent of all GHG emissions. The contribution from agriculture was 15.6 per cent in accordance with the decision outside the EU ETS scheme (Decision 406/2009/EC).', 'The contribution from agriculture was 15.6 per cent in accordance with the decision outside the EU ETS scheme (Decision 406/2009/EC). The largest share of GHG in agriculture is attributed to methane produced by ruminants (53.9 per cent) and storage of livestock fertilisers (14.7 per cent), followed by nitrous oxide released due to the fertilisation of agricultural plants with livestock fertilisers and grazing (9.1 per cent), and fertilisation with mineral fertilisers (7.4 per cent). Agriculture pursues the objective set in the Operational Programme for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions by 2020 (hereinafter: OP GHG 2020), which determines that GHG emissions will remain at the level of no more than + 5 per cent in comparison to 2005 with a simultaneous increase in self-sufficiency in food by 2020.', 'Agriculture pursues the objective set in the Operational Programme for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions by 2020 (hereinafter: OP GHG 2020), which determines that GHG emissions will remain at the level of no more than + 5 per cent in comparison to 2005 with a simultaneous increase in self-sufficiency in food by 2020. In 2017, emissions were 0.6 per cent lower than the baseline in 2005. In the past, in the area of GHG emissions in agriculture, Slovenia implemented measures to increase efficiency of animal husbandry, increase the share of grazing, and to more efficiently circulate nitrogen in agriculture. The greatest effect is attributed to the implementation of breeding programmes for cattle, sheep and goats, and the public agricultural advisory service and rural development programmes.', 'The greatest effect is attributed to the implementation of breeding programmes for cattle, sheep and goats, and the public agricultural advisory service and rural development programmes. Within the latter, incentives for investments which promote efficiency of agricultural holdings and incentives for above- standard farming methods, which contribute to the reduction of GHG emissions, are highlighted. 6.5.1.1 Guidelines and measures to be adopted by 2030 Slovenia improved the ambitiousness of the OP GHG 2020 (+ 5 per cent by 2020 as per 2005) and determined the indicative sectoral objective to - 1 per cent by 2030 as per 2005 in the NECP while observing the anticipated improvement of food safety. To attain this objective, Slovenia will intensify the efforts in the field of efficient animal production.', 'To attain this objective, Slovenia will intensify the efforts in the field of efficient animal production. It will promote the construction of microbiogas devices for biogas production from livestock fertilisers and the grazing of cattle, sheep and goats, and improve nitrogen recovery from livestock and mineral fertilisers. Long-term guidelines of Slovenian agriculture are determined in the resolution, "Our food, rural areas and natural resources beyond 2021" (Resolution: Our food, rural areas and natural resources after 2021; Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia [Uradni list RS], No. 8/20), which was adopted by the National Assembly on 29 January 2020. Four groups of objectives in the resolution also include "Sustainable management of natural resources and provision of public goods".', 'Four groups of objectives in the resolution also include "Sustainable management of natural resources and provision of public goods". Within this group of objectives, climate change is addressed as a specific objective, "Climate change mitigation and adaptation". The resolution determines that technological measures which reduce GHG emissions in crop and animal production and measures that increase carbon sinks will be supported in the environment and climate schemes from direct payments. The measures will be defined in more detail in the Strategic Plan of the Common Agricultural Policy 2021–2027 (strategic plan CAP), which is being drafted. Measures to mitigate climate change will be programmed separately within the specific objective, "Contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation, as well as sustainable energy".', 'Measures to mitigate climate change will be programmed separately within the specific objective, "Contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation, as well as sustainable energy". Based on the analysis of the situation and needs assessment, the strategic plan CAP will incorporate an intervention strategy to attain the relevant objective. The strategic plan CAP will be harmonised with all national documents and strategies in this field, including the NECP and this Strategy.To reduce GHG emissions while observing natural conditions for agriculture, improvement of food safety and an increase in self-sufficiency in food and the pursuit of other objectives of multifunctional agriculture, such as the reduction of negative impact on water, soil and air, biodiversity protection, conservation of cultural landscape, ensuring animal welfare and maintenance/increase of carbon stocks in agricultural soil.', 'The strategic plan CAP will be harmonised with all national documents and strategies in this field, including the NECP and this Strategy.To reduce GHG emissions while observing natural conditions for agriculture, improvement of food safety and an increase in self-sufficiency in food and the pursuit of other objectives of multifunctional agriculture, such as the reduction of negative impact on water, soil and air, biodiversity protection, conservation of cultural landscape, ensuring animal welfare and maintenance/increase of carbon stocks in agricultural soil. By 2050, agriculture will reduce GHG emissions by 22 per cent if compared to 2005. The interim objective by 2030 is a 1-per cent reduction in GHG emissions and the strategic objective by 2040 is an 8-per cent reduction.', 'The interim objective by 2030 is a 1-per cent reduction in GHG emissions and the strategic objective by 2040 is an 8-per cent reduction. Figure 17: Emission trends in the 2005−2018 period and the anticipated course until 2050 (source: Agricultural Institute of Slovenia) 6.5.4 Main orientations by 2050 Main orientations in agriculture include: - emissions reduction with simultaneous improvement of self-sufficiency in food, which means a reduction of emissions per unit of food produced; - action in all areas with an emphasis on the most important emissions sources; - introduction of solutions which also enable the attainment of other environmental, social and economic objectives or even contribute to their realisation (competitiveness of agriculture, water, air, soil and biodiversity protection, conservation of agricultural landscape, preservation of farming in hilly and mountainous areas and other less favoured areas, welfare of farm animals, etc.', 'Figure 17: Emission trends in the 2005−2018 period and the anticipated course until 2050 (source: Agricultural Institute of Slovenia) 6.5.4 Main orientations by 2050 Main orientations in agriculture include: - emissions reduction with simultaneous improvement of self-sufficiency in food, which means a reduction of emissions per unit of food produced; - action in all areas with an emphasis on the most important emissions sources; - introduction of solutions which also enable the attainment of other environmental, social and economic objectives or even contribute to their realisation (competitiveness of agriculture, water, air, soil and biodiversity protection, conservation of agricultural landscape, preservation of farming in hilly and mountainous areas and other less favoured areas, welfare of farm animals, etc. ); - avoidance of solutions which increase emissions in other sectors locally and globally (emissions related to energy use in agriculture, emissions related to land use and land use change, emissions in the production of mineral fertilisers and plant protection products, emissions related to transport of food and feed, emissions related to the construction of agricultural facilities and production of agricultural machinery andequipment).', '); - avoidance of solutions which increase emissions in other sectors locally and globally (emissions related to energy use in agriculture, emissions related to land use and land use change, emissions in the production of mineral fertilisers and plant protection products, emissions related to transport of food and feed, emissions related to the construction of agricultural facilities and production of agricultural machinery andequipment). The objectives will be attained with the reduction of methane emissions by approximately 33 per cent and nitrous oxide by one per cent. Emissions from livestock will be reduced by approximately 31 per cent. Despite measures to improve nitrogen circulation, emissions in crop production will remain at the level of 2005 due to an increase in physical scope of production.', 'Despite measures to improve nitrogen circulation, emissions in crop production will remain at the level of 2005 due to an increase in physical scope of production. 6.5.5 Main fields of action Priority areas of action: - methane emissions from the digestive system of farmed animals, especially in cattle farming; - methane emissions from the storage of livestock fertilisers; - efficient nitrogen circulation in agriculture, including organic farming and thus indirect reduction of direct nitrous oxide emissions from storages of livestock fertilisers and agricultural land, and indirect emissions due to the leakage of nitrogen compounds into the environment (especially of ammonia into the air and nitrates into water).', '6.5.5 Main fields of action Priority areas of action: - methane emissions from the digestive system of farmed animals, especially in cattle farming; - methane emissions from the storage of livestock fertilisers; - efficient nitrogen circulation in agriculture, including organic farming and thus indirect reduction of direct nitrous oxide emissions from storages of livestock fertilisers and agricultural land, and indirect emissions due to the leakage of nitrogen compounds into the environment (especially of ammonia into the air and nitrates into water). Measures to reduce GHG emissions in agriculture: Measures from the agricultural policy: The Rural Development Programme of the Republic of Slovenia 2014–2020 is a programming document which represents the programme basis for drawing financial resources from the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD).', 'Measures to reduce GHG emissions in agriculture: Measures from the agricultural policy: The Rural Development Programme of the Republic of Slovenia 2014–2020 is a programming document which represents the programme basis for drawing financial resources from the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD). The programme reflects the national priorities defined by a member state based on an analysis of the situation in agriculture, food production and forestry.', 'The programme reflects the national priorities defined by a member state based on an analysis of the situation in agriculture, food production and forestry. In the next programming period of 2021–2027, the measures to mitigate climate change will be programmed within the strategic plan CAP with an emphasis on: - investments in buildings and equipment which contribute to the reduction of GHG emissions and the quantity of food waste in primary production (biogas devices, equipment for precision fertilisation and fertilisation with low emissions, arrangement of pastures, stables and storage for livestock fertilisers, storage for agricultural products, etc.', 'In the next programming period of 2021–2027, the measures to mitigate climate change will be programmed within the strategic plan CAP with an emphasis on: - investments in buildings and equipment which contribute to the reduction of GHG emissions and the quantity of food waste in primary production (biogas devices, equipment for precision fertilisation and fertilisation with low emissions, arrangement of pastures, stables and storage for livestock fertilisers, storage for agricultural products, etc. ); - the promotion of agricultural practices, which contribute to the reduction of methane and nitrous oxide emissions while observing the principles of a circular economy and including the techniques of precision agriculture and digital technology (improvement of voluminous feed quality, planned feeding of farmed animals based on fodder analysis results and calculated feed rations, preventive measures for improving animal health and welfare, planned fertilisation of agricultural plants based on soil analysis results, efficient and environmentally friendly plant protection against diseases and pests, fertilisation with low emissions, acquisition of biogas from livestock manure, grazing of cattle, sheep and goats, greening of stubble, growing legume crops (grain legumes and clovers), practices to reduce quantities of waste food or fodder during its production and storage, etc.', '); - the promotion of agricultural practices, which contribute to the reduction of methane and nitrous oxide emissions while observing the principles of a circular economy and including the techniques of precision agriculture and digital technology (improvement of voluminous feed quality, planned feeding of farmed animals based on fodder analysis results and calculated feed rations, preventive measures for improving animal health and welfare, planned fertilisation of agricultural plants based on soil analysis results, efficient and environmentally friendly plant protection against diseases and pests, fertilisation with low emissions, acquisition of biogas from livestock manure, grazing of cattle, sheep and goats, greening of stubble, growing legume crops (grain legumes and clovers), practices to reduce quantities of waste food or fodder during its production and storage, etc. ); - enhancement of supply chains with local food of plant origin, which will enable a gradual transition from cattle farming to plant production with high added value in areas with favourable agricultural conditions.', '); - enhancement of supply chains with local food of plant origin, which will enable a gradual transition from cattle farming to plant production with high added value in areas with favourable agricultural conditions. Agricultural policy will support implementation of the foregoing measures particularly through the measures of agri-environment-climate payments and organic farming. The criteria for selection of investments will include their contribution to the reduction of GHG emissions. Other measures from the strategic plan CAP 2021–2027, especially those for air and water protection, will also contribute to the reduction of GHG emissions.', 'Other measures from the strategic plan CAP 2021–2027, especially those for air and water protection, will also contribute to the reduction of GHG emissions. Starting points for action relating to the mitigation of climate change and agricultureadaptation will be determined within Specific objective 4: Contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation, as well as sustainable energy, while the starting points for action relating to water protection will be defined within Specific objective 5: Foster sustainable development and efficient management of natural resources such as water, soil and air.', 'Starting points for action relating to the mitigation of climate change and agricultureadaptation will be determined within Specific objective 4: Contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation, as well as sustainable energy, while the starting points for action relating to water protection will be defined within Specific objective 5: Foster sustainable development and efficient management of natural resources such as water, soil and air. Breeding programmes Breeding programmes contribute to the reduction of GHG emissions through the selection of more efficient animals by passing traits on to succeeding generations and by means of semen donors to the herds not participating in the breeding programmes. Slovenia will ensure further implementation of breeding programmes.', 'Slovenia will ensure further implementation of breeding programmes. More attention will be dedicated to: - secondary traits which, in addition to the primary ones, impact GHG emissions (exploitation of feed ration energy, reproduction characteristics, longevity, accumulation of body reserves, etc. ), - introduction of direct and more reliable indirect methane emissions measurements at the level of an individual animal and the application of modern selection methods for low emissions (e.g. genomic selection). Functioning and efficient AKIS system A functioning and efficient AKIS (Agricultural Knowledge and Innovation System) system is crucial for the reduction of GHG emissions in agriculture.', 'Functioning and efficient AKIS system A functioning and efficient AKIS (Agricultural Knowledge and Innovation System) system is crucial for the reduction of GHG emissions in agriculture. In the field of AKIS functioning, Slovenia will: - ensure the creation of new knowledge and innovations relating to emissions and emission-related fields; - ensure maintenance, exchange and transfer of knowledge with regard to emissions, whereby it will observe particularities such as a large number of agricultural holdings, unfavourable age, size and education structure; - intensify the integration of content related to emissions in the programmes of agricultural secondary schools and high education institutions; - ensure operations of the public advisory service and increase the scope of its functioning relating to climate change mitigation.', 'In the field of AKIS functioning, Slovenia will: - ensure the creation of new knowledge and innovations relating to emissions and emission-related fields; - ensure maintenance, exchange and transfer of knowledge with regard to emissions, whereby it will observe particularities such as a large number of agricultural holdings, unfavourable age, size and education structure; - intensify the integration of content related to emissions in the programmes of agricultural secondary schools and high education institutions; - ensure operations of the public advisory service and increase the scope of its functioning relating to climate change mitigation. 6.5.6 Key factors for attaining target emissions by 2050 The volume of emissions is highly dependent on the behaviour of individuals, who need a considerable amount of knowledge to reduce them.', '6.5.6 Key factors for attaining target emissions by 2050 The volume of emissions is highly dependent on the behaviour of individuals, who need a considerable amount of knowledge to reduce them. Efficient knowledge transfer and exchange are critical for emissions reduction and are particularly challenging due to a large number of small and non-specialised agricultural holdings in Slovenia. The effect of investments in low emissions technologies is smaller than on large agricultural holdings because of the fragmentation of agricultural land. Due to natural features and fragmentation, it is also more difficult to introduce grazing, which generally reduces emissions, but also results in risks linked to increased erosion of agricultural land and increased emissions in the event of lower breeding efficiency.', 'Due to natural features and fragmentation, it is also more difficult to introduce grazing, which generally reduces emissions, but also results in risks linked to increased erosion of agricultural land and increased emissions in the event of lower breeding efficiency. Preservation and expansion of pasture grazing will also depend on the success of managing the issue of large carnivores. Faster progress relating to GHG emissions in the areas of important grassland habitats is limited with the requirements for preserving traditional methods of farming, such as late mowing. Certain methods of breeding, which are introduced to provide better animal welfare (e.g. free range cows and barn rearing of hens) are also unfavourable from the aspect of GHG emissions.', 'free range cows and barn rearing of hens) are also unfavourable from the aspect of GHG emissions. Certain new solutions for reducing emissions are questionable from the viewpoint of their social acceptability (e.g. inhibitors of rumen methanogenesis). The attainment of objectives with regard to reducing GHG emissions will also depend on the success of adjusting agriculture to climate change. Adjustment in the field of crop production and animal production is relevant. Disruptions in the growth of agricultural plants linked withclimate change affect the exploitation of nitrogen and subsequent emissions of nitrous oxide. To this end, measures that prevent the consequences of drought (irrigation, sowing of drought-tolerant plants, etc. ), measures that prevent the consequences of frost and adverse weather events (sprinkler systems, hail protection, etc.)', '), measures that prevent the consequences of frost and adverse weather events (sprinkler systems, hail protection, etc.) and measures that prevent plant diseases and pests linked to climate change are important. Climate change also affects farm animals and methane and nitrous oxide emissions through reduced breeding efficiency. Measures that ensure sufficient quantities of high-quality fodder and prevent heat stress and the spread of diseases in farm animals are crucial in this area.', 'Measures that ensure sufficient quantities of high-quality fodder and prevent heat stress and the spread of diseases in farm animals are crucial in this area. To attain the target emissions by 2050, Slovenia must specifically: - enhance human resources in the field of GHG emissions in agriculture; - intensify knowledge exchange and transfer in the public agricultural advisory service and in agricultural holdings; - examine the positive and possible negative effects of new technologies for the reduction of GHG emissions in agriculture with regard to the attainment of other social, economic and environmental objectives and their timely communication to the public; - collect data and develop methods for assessing the carbon footprint of agricultural products and livestock products.', 'To attain the target emissions by 2050, Slovenia must specifically: - enhance human resources in the field of GHG emissions in agriculture; - intensify knowledge exchange and transfer in the public agricultural advisory service and in agricultural holdings; - examine the positive and possible negative effects of new technologies for the reduction of GHG emissions in agriculture with regard to the attainment of other social, economic and environmental objectives and their timely communication to the public; - collect data and develop methods for assessing the carbon footprint of agricultural products and livestock products. 6.5.7 Human resources The availability of human resources is among the important aspects of the successful implementation of the measures of the Climate Strategy.', '6.5.7 Human resources The availability of human resources is among the important aspects of the successful implementation of the measures of the Climate Strategy. Planning of measures at the level of the state and individual agricultural holdings requires specific technological knowledge and a comprehensive approach. The lack of suitable human resources is evident at all levels, from the planning of measures to their introduction at agricultural holdings. To provide human resources, it is necessary to: - motivate and educate young generations of farmers and provide lifelong learning for heads of agricultural holdings; - systematically finance jobs in the field of GHG emissions in agricultural education, research organisations and public agricultural advisory service based on plans and targets; - implement lifelong learning for heads of agricultural holdings.', 'To provide human resources, it is necessary to: - motivate and educate young generations of farmers and provide lifelong learning for heads of agricultural holdings; - systematically finance jobs in the field of GHG emissions in agricultural education, research organisations and public agricultural advisory service based on plans and targets; - implement lifelong learning for heads of agricultural holdings. 6.5.8 Proposed progress monitoring indicators - Total GHG emissions in agriculture, overall and individually for livestock and crop production; - intensity of GHG emissions in production of cow milk (emissions per unit of milk produced); - intensity of GHG emissions in beef production (emissions per unit of beef finishing meat produced); - gross nitrogen balance surplus in agriculture; - area of agricultural land in organic farming, overall and fields individually; - area of agricultural land in measures of the strategic plan CAP, which contribute to more efficient nitrogen circulation; - number of farmed animals in measures of the strategic plan CAP, which contribute to a reduction in methane emissions.', '6.5.8 Proposed progress monitoring indicators - Total GHG emissions in agriculture, overall and individually for livestock and crop production; - intensity of GHG emissions in production of cow milk (emissions per unit of milk produced); - intensity of GHG emissions in beef production (emissions per unit of beef finishing meat produced); - gross nitrogen balance surplus in agriculture; - area of agricultural land in organic farming, overall and fields individually; - area of agricultural land in measures of the strategic plan CAP, which contribute to more efficient nitrogen circulation; - number of farmed animals in measures of the strategic plan CAP, which contribute to a reduction in methane emissions. 6.6 Land use, land use change and forestry 6.6.1 Status of emissions and current measures The LULUCF sector (land use, land use change and forestry) includes emissions and sinks generated particularly due to the use of forest land being managed and also the use of fields, grasslands, wetlands, settlements and other land.', '6.6 Land use, land use change and forestry 6.6.1 Status of emissions and current measures The LULUCF sector (land use, land use change and forestry) includes emissions and sinks generated particularly due to the use of forest land being managed and also the use of fields, grasslands, wetlands, settlements and other land. Net emissions in the LULUCF sector reduced by 243 kt CO2 equivalent in 2018, which represents 1.4 per cent of all nationalemissions (excluding LULUCF).In the sector’s total balance of emissions and sinks in 2018, forest land, settlements, other land and wetlands generated emissions in the amount of 900 equivalent, while grasslands, fields and the obtained timber products generated sinks in the amount of –662 kt CO2 equivalent (Figure 18).In the LULUCF sector’s total balance of emissions and sinks, it is necessary to observe indirect N2 O emissions (5 kt CO2 equivalent in 2018) due to nitrogen runoff and leaching, which are the result of soil management.', 'Net emissions in the LULUCF sector reduced by 243 kt CO2 equivalent in 2018, which represents 1.4 per cent of all nationalemissions (excluding LULUCF).In the sector’s total balance of emissions and sinks in 2018, forest land, settlements, other land and wetlands generated emissions in the amount of 900 equivalent, while grasslands, fields and the obtained timber products generated sinks in the amount of –662 kt CO2 equivalent (Figure 18).In the LULUCF sector’s total balance of emissions and sinks, it is necessary to observe indirect N2 O emissions (5 kt CO2 equivalent in 2018) due to nitrogen runoff and leaching, which are the result of soil management. Since 2014, a sharp decline in the sector’s sink has been noted, particularly due to the increased felling and mortality of forests resulting from natural disasters (glaze ice in 2014, bark beetles between 2015 and 2016, and windstorms in 2017 and 2018), which affected Slovenian forests.', 'Since 2014, a sharp decline in the sector’s sink has been noted, particularly due to the increased felling and mortality of forests resulting from natural disasters (glaze ice in 2014, bark beetles between 2015 and 2016, and windstorms in 2017 and 2018), which affected Slovenian forests. The share of salvage harvesting in the 2010–2019 period amounted on average to 45 per cent of the entire felling. Net sinks in the LULUCF sector decreased by 103 per cent in 2018 compared to 2005. Natural disturbances reduce the forest’s potential as a depository of and increase GHG emissions from forests into the atmosphere.', 'Natural disturbances reduce the forest’s potential as a depository of and increase GHG emissions from forests into the atmosphere. In addition to felling, natural mortality due to bark beetles, which tripled in the 2012–2018 period if compared to the 2007–2012 period, also contributed to increased emissions in forests. Figure 18: Balance of GHG emissions and sinks in the LULUCF sector in 2018 (source: Slovenian Forestry Institute) Forestry and agriculture are the key factors in the LULUCF sector and are, on the one hand, directly dependant on climate conditions, while, on the other hand, their role as the providers of environmental (ecosystem) services increased specifically due to climate change.', 'Figure 18: Balance of GHG emissions and sinks in the LULUCF sector in 2018 (source: Slovenian Forestry Institute) Forestry and agriculture are the key factors in the LULUCF sector and are, on the one hand, directly dependant on climate conditions, while, on the other hand, their role as the providers of environmental (ecosystem) services increased specifically due to climate change. In particular, forests carry out a type of ecosystem service with which they mitigate and contribute to the adaptation to climate change. The role of climate is displayed in carbon sequestration, mitigation of temperature differences, increase in relative humidity and cooling of the air and reduction in wind speed and force.', 'The role of climate is displayed in carbon sequestration, mitigation of temperature differences, increase in relative humidity and cooling of the air and reduction in wind speed and force. Its role is exceptionally important for filtering and retaining water, fixation of soil and prevention of soil erosion, and protection of settlements and infrastructure from avalanches, landslides and falling rocks. Forests also clean the air and decrease noise levels in the surrounding area. Due to climate change, it can also be expected that natural ecosystems will adjust to new conditions to a certain extent (e.g. phenological development of plants, length of the growing period, tree line).', 'phenological development of plants, length of the growing period, tree line). If the atmosphere continues to grow warmer and the frequency of extreme weather phenomena increases, the adaptation to climate change in the use of agricultural land will become even more important (e.g. plant breeding, irrigation systems). In the past, an increase in the area of managed forest land, including the accumulation ofgrowing stock, which was prominent in 2007, most affected the flow of net emissions in the LULUCF sector. Furthermore, the overgrowing of permanent grassland also affected the sink trend. After 2007, sinks in forest land have reduced as the possible and realised felling has gradually increased.', 'After 2007, sinks in forest land have reduced as the possible and realised felling has gradually increased. This was first dictated by an amendment in forestry policy, which observed the guideline of the Resolution on National Forest Programme (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia [Uradni list RS], No. 111/07) that the planned possible felling should reach 75 per cent of the increment. In recent years, natural disasters had quite an impact on the amount of the actual felling in forests. 6.6.1.1 Guidelines and measures to be adopted by 2030 The NECP highlights mindful forest management and improvement of sustainable cascading use of wood, whereby it must be ensured that the LULUCF sector will not produce net emissions by 2030.', '6.6.1.1 Guidelines and measures to be adopted by 2030 The NECP highlights mindful forest management and improvement of sustainable cascading use of wood, whereby it must be ensured that the LULUCF sector will not produce net emissions by 2030. It is anticipated that the sink in this sector will increase by 6.4 Mt of CO2 until 2030 according to the NECP scenario. To attain these objectives, the NECP plans an improvement of the system for monitoring carbon stock in all land uses, an upgrade of the existing measures, adjustment of the objectives as per growing stock, felling and accumulation while observing forest adjustment to the expected climate change, provision of state incentives and education of forest owners.', 'To attain these objectives, the NECP plans an improvement of the system for monitoring carbon stock in all land uses, an upgrade of the existing measures, adjustment of the objectives as per growing stock, felling and accumulation while observing forest adjustment to the expected climate change, provision of state incentives and education of forest owners. The NECP emphasises greater processing of Slovenian wood and the use of wood of poorer quality for energy purposes, whereby wood should be incorporated accordingly in the system, sustainable construction indicators and green public procurement. Furthermore, the NECP focuses on agricultural practices which increase carbon stock in the soil.', 'Furthermore, the NECP focuses on agricultural practices which increase carbon stock in the soil. The NECP’s key instruments in the field of LULUCF include the upgrade and implementation of forest inventories, development of the methodology for monitoring of sinks, upgrade of measures in the sectoral policy, forest management plans of forest management areas (2021–2030), state incentives for forest owners for forest care and protection, and education and workshops regarding sustainable forest management for forest owners. The NECP plans the starting points for the formation of additional measures: Resolution: Our food, rural areas and natural resources after 2021, the Strategic plan CAP 2021–2027, and the Forest Management Plans and Hunting Management Plans for Regions (2021–2030).', 'The NECP plans the starting points for the formation of additional measures: Resolution: Our food, rural areas and natural resources after 2021, the Strategic plan CAP 2021–2027, and the Forest Management Plans and Hunting Management Plans for Regions (2021–2030). Preservation of sinks and reduction of GHG emissions in forest, agricultural and other land by 2050 while observing the ecosystem approach in accordance with the principles of multifunctional and sustainable management. Slovenia will promote management methods and good practices which accelerate the production of food, fodder, fibres and wood biomass in accordance with the carrying capacity of forest sites or agricultural land, ensure food safety and enhance the stability of forest, agricultural and other ecosystems.', 'Slovenia will promote management methods and good practices which accelerate the production of food, fodder, fibres and wood biomass in accordance with the carrying capacity of forest sites or agricultural land, ensure food safety and enhance the stability of forest, agricultural and other ecosystems. The objective of the LULUCF sector in 2050 is a net sink of at least –2,500 kt of CO2 equivalent. Whereby it must be ensured that the carbon stock change (calculated as a sink) in harvested wood products (i.e. sawn timber, wood panels and paper) is increased by 100 per cent or to –370 kt of CO2 equivalent.', 'sawn timber, wood panels and paper) is increased by 100 per cent or to –370 kt of CO2 equivalent. Emissions due to expanding settlements or built-up and similar land are to be reduced by 100 per cent or to 0 kt of CO2 equivalent in 2050 as per the level in 2005. The LULUCF sector will gravitate in the long term towards sustainable use of land and natural resources and the conservation of carbon stock in forests. As per the National Forest Programme, the objective is for the possible felling planned in forests at the level of theRepublic of Slovenia to attain 75 per cent of the increment.', 'As per the National Forest Programme, the objective is for the possible felling planned in forests at the level of theRepublic of Slovenia to attain 75 per cent of the increment. The orientation of the same programme is to also increase growing stock, which will not be possible in the long term. The forest cover and growing stock in Slovenian forests are among the largest in the EU territory. Therefore, Slovenia has limited possibilities to increase the sink, which is the result of an increase in forest areas or growing stock, in comparison to other EU member states.', 'Therefore, Slovenia has limited possibilities to increase the sink, which is the result of an increase in forest areas or growing stock, in comparison to other EU member states. To balance the development phases due to forest ageing, to achieve forest resilience and to transform deforested forests into more suitable habitats, felling is planned in the coming decades, with forests still providing sinks (e.g. increase in forest floor carbon stock, leaf litter and deadwood). Slovenia will maintain and improve the exploitation of the production potential of forest sites or agricultural land, while ensuring the capacities for wood processing with an emphasis on Slovenian wood, production of wood products and food safety. Climate change can also significantly impact the trends in emissions and sinks in the LULUCF sector.', 'Climate change can also significantly impact the trends in emissions and sinks in the LULUCF sector. Extreme weather events, such as disasters in forests, may severely affect the short-term increase in emissions or the reduction of sinks in the sector. Changes in average air temperature, quantities, temporal and spatial arrangement of precipitation, CO2 concentrations in the air, etc. affect the growth and development of plants, which may in the long-term cause changes in their productivity, species composition and diversity. Changes of these environmental parameters may affect the balance between emissions and sinks in the sector either negatively or positively. This sector has good potential to contribute to the attainment of climate objectives with the approaches of mitigation and adaptation for a comprehensive and sustainable land management, including forests.', 'This sector has good potential to contribute to the attainment of climate objectives with the approaches of mitigation and adaptation for a comprehensive and sustainable land management, including forests. Figure 19: Emission/sink trends in the 2005−2018 period and the anticipated flow until 2050 (source: Slovenian Forestry Institute) Current LULUCF projections reveal that net sinks in the sector will increase until 2030. In accordance with the WAM scenario, it would be possible to maintain net sinks at –3.1 Mt of equivalent by 2040 or increase them by at least –2.5Mt of CO2 equivalent by 2050 (Figure 19). It may also be expected as per the WAM scenario that sinks in the LULUCF sector would gradually decrease in the 2025–2040 period, especially due to increased realisation of possible felling in forests.', 'It may also be expected as per the WAM scenario that sinks in the LULUCF sector would gradually decrease in the 2025–2040 period, especially due to increased realisation of possible felling in forests. The LULUCF sector will not be the source of emissions by 2030 and also by 2050, but it must be pointed out that the calculation rules, which are applicable now, are not observed herein.6.6.4 Main orientations Main orientations of the LULUCF sector are: - preservation and enhancement of carbon stock in forest land in order to ensure sustainable forest development as an ecosystem and the largest possible sink; - increase in carbon stock in agricultural soil, conservation of permanent grassland and the reduction of emissions generated due to the change in land use, whereby high- quality agricultural land must be permanently protected and maintained; - promotion of domestic wood processing and production of wood products (e.g.', 'The LULUCF sector will not be the source of emissions by 2030 and also by 2050, but it must be pointed out that the calculation rules, which are applicable now, are not observed herein.6.6.4 Main orientations Main orientations of the LULUCF sector are: - preservation and enhancement of carbon stock in forest land in order to ensure sustainable forest development as an ecosystem and the largest possible sink; - increase in carbon stock in agricultural soil, conservation of permanent grassland and the reduction of emissions generated due to the change in land use, whereby high- quality agricultural land must be permanently protected and maintained; - promotion of domestic wood processing and production of wood products (e.g. chairs, windows), particularly those with a good potential to substitute for non-renewable materials and the use of wood waste and low-quality wood, which can be used for energy purposes; - debureaucratisation of forestry and agricultural policies and amendments/harmonisation of the existing regulations; - education and training of staff in the sector in the area of mitigation of, and adaptation to, climate change; - acquisition of knowledge, transfer of good practices and introduction of technological solutions, which contribute to the reduction of GHG emissions relating to forestry and agriculture; - implementation of suitable measures in biodiversity protection with an emphasis on the improvement and restoration of ecosystems, primarily of those measures which are planned in the governmental Natura 2000 Management Programme and which do not contribute to GHG emissions.', 'chairs, windows), particularly those with a good potential to substitute for non-renewable materials and the use of wood waste and low-quality wood, which can be used for energy purposes; - debureaucratisation of forestry and agricultural policies and amendments/harmonisation of the existing regulations; - education and training of staff in the sector in the area of mitigation of, and adaptation to, climate change; - acquisition of knowledge, transfer of good practices and introduction of technological solutions, which contribute to the reduction of GHG emissions relating to forestry and agriculture; - implementation of suitable measures in biodiversity protection with an emphasis on the improvement and restoration of ecosystems, primarily of those measures which are planned in the governmental Natura 2000 Management Programme and which do not contribute to GHG emissions. The main objectives and sub-objectives in the LULUCF sector are: - maintenance and increase of sinks and carbon stock in biomass and soil; - processing of domestic wood and production of wood products; - food and fodder production; - reduction in the spread of settlements or the level of development; - conservation of biodiversity; - exploitation of the potential to store carbon in forest and agricultural soil; - provision of biomaterials to substitute for fossil and carbon-intensive materials.', 'The main objectives and sub-objectives in the LULUCF sector are: - maintenance and increase of sinks and carbon stock in biomass and soil; - processing of domestic wood and production of wood products; - food and fodder production; - reduction in the spread of settlements or the level of development; - conservation of biodiversity; - exploitation of the potential to store carbon in forest and agricultural soil; - provision of biomaterials to substitute for fossil and carbon-intensive materials. When designing methodologies and determining rules or methods for calculating emissions and sinks in the LULUCF sector, Slovenia must be more active in its approach to international cooperation at the level of the UNFCCC and provide permanent representatives when negotiating at the EU level.', 'When designing methodologies and determining rules or methods for calculating emissions and sinks in the LULUCF sector, Slovenia must be more active in its approach to international cooperation at the level of the UNFCCC and provide permanent representatives when negotiating at the EU level. 6.6.5 Main fields of action Slovenia will continue with sustainable forest management until 2050 while observing and ensuring all forest functions with an emphasis on maintaining and increasing sinks and carbon stock in biomass, soil and harvested wood products.', '6.6.5 Main fields of action Slovenia will continue with sustainable forest management until 2050 while observing and ensuring all forest functions with an emphasis on maintaining and increasing sinks and carbon stock in biomass, soil and harvested wood products. Key measures for forest land include: - enhancement of forest resilience by optimising age structure and tree composition of forests, including the converting of spruce monocultures, protection of forest soil and removal of invasive alien species; - prevention of deforestation in suburban and agricultural landscapes; - preventive measures and forest fire protection; - enhancement of natural climate solutions by identifying reserves, eco-cells and habitat trees, and the conservation of water biotopes in forests; - establishment of nurseries to ensure suitable planting material of native and provenance-appropriate tree species for artificial reforestation; - provision of high-quality wood in the entire forest-wood chain.With regard to use of agricultural land, Slovenia will strive to implement agricultural practices which contribute to the increase of sinks and the reduction of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions while observing food safety.', 'Key measures for forest land include: - enhancement of forest resilience by optimising age structure and tree composition of forests, including the converting of spruce monocultures, protection of forest soil and removal of invasive alien species; - prevention of deforestation in suburban and agricultural landscapes; - preventive measures and forest fire protection; - enhancement of natural climate solutions by identifying reserves, eco-cells and habitat trees, and the conservation of water biotopes in forests; - establishment of nurseries to ensure suitable planting material of native and provenance-appropriate tree species for artificial reforestation; - provision of high-quality wood in the entire forest-wood chain.With regard to use of agricultural land, Slovenia will strive to implement agricultural practices which contribute to the increase of sinks and the reduction of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions while observing food safety. Key measures for agricultural land include: - use of farming systems which increase carbon stock in the soil (e.g.', 'Key measures for agricultural land include: - use of farming systems which increase carbon stock in the soil (e.g. conservation tillage, use of cover crops) and those that preserve agricultural areas which have large quantities of stored carbon (marshes, wetlands, etc. ); - use of agricultural land which ensures resilient and biodiverse ecosystems (e.g. hedges, diverse meadows, high-trunk orchards, riparian vegetation); - investments in agricultural technologies and modernisation of farming systems for efficient use of nutrients and improvement of agricultural resilience to climate change (e.g. erosion reduction, irrigation systems, precision farming by optimising the application of fertilisers and plant protection products); - adjustment of tillage technologies by observing the relief, including spatial optimisation of agricultural land (e.g.', 'erosion reduction, irrigation systems, precision farming by optimising the application of fertilisers and plant protection products); - adjustment of tillage technologies by observing the relief, including spatial optimisation of agricultural land (e.g. rearrangement of fields on flat areas and grasslands to steeper sections); - prevention of plant cultivation for biofuel production. Other important measures in the LULUCF sector are: - modernisation of technologies in the entire forest-wood value chain, including investments in primary wood processing, financial incentives and support for farmers and foresters (as key stakeholders) that are linked to results; - substitution of carbon-intensive materials with wood (e.g. construction with wood) and production of new and sustainable biological products, such as biochemicals (e.g.', 'construction with wood) and production of new and sustainable biological products, such as biochemicals (e.g. textile, bioplastics and composite materials); - protection of wetlands and revitalisation of wet meadows which are not managed; - smart spatial planning, including the observance of land quality; - financing of research involving new bio-based materials; - inclusion of climate objectives in sectoral policies (the national forestry programme is being drafted).', 'textile, bioplastics and composite materials); - protection of wetlands and revitalisation of wet meadows which are not managed; - smart spatial planning, including the observance of land quality; - financing of research involving new bio-based materials; - inclusion of climate objectives in sectoral policies (the national forestry programme is being drafted). 6.6.6 Key factors for attaining target emissions by 2050 To attain target emissions in the sector, the following factors are of key importance: - maintenance and increase in carbon stock and sinks in forests for which it will be necessary to: a) optimise the age structure and tree composition of forests; b) expedient introduction of mature tree stands into revitalisation, including the shortage of production periods of carrier or key tree species; c) restore degraded forests and rehabilitate those damaged in natural disasters; d) improve the realisation of forest management plans, including a more active implementation of silvicultural and protection works, especially in private forests; - increase carbon stock in harvested wood products, which will only be possible by increasing investments in the wood processing industry, particularly in primary wood processing, such as sawmills, wood processing centres and veneer mills; - manage the expansion of settlements or the scope of growth of built-up land and promotion of renovation.', '6.6.6 Key factors for attaining target emissions by 2050 To attain target emissions in the sector, the following factors are of key importance: - maintenance and increase in carbon stock and sinks in forests for which it will be necessary to: a) optimise the age structure and tree composition of forests; b) expedient introduction of mature tree stands into revitalisation, including the shortage of production periods of carrier or key tree species; c) restore degraded forests and rehabilitate those damaged in natural disasters; d) improve the realisation of forest management plans, including a more active implementation of silvicultural and protection works, especially in private forests; - increase carbon stock in harvested wood products, which will only be possible by increasing investments in the wood processing industry, particularly in primary wood processing, such as sawmills, wood processing centres and veneer mills; - manage the expansion of settlements or the scope of growth of built-up land and promotion of renovation. 6.6.7 Human resources For efficient preservation or increase of sinks and mitigation of climate change in the LULUCF sector, it is necessary to increase management and expert capacities.', '6.6.7 Human resources For efficient preservation or increase of sinks and mitigation of climate change in the LULUCF sector, it is necessary to increase management and expert capacities. The transfer and exchange of knowledge, experience, data and information in Slovenia and with other countries must be enhanced. The content of syllabuses or studies within educational and study programmes must be adjusted, so that more topics will be intended to enhanceknowledge regarding the possibilities for mitigation of, and adaptation to, climate change in the sector. When forming vocational and expert education in the field of agriculture and forestry, the competent ministries play an important role, as they are responsible for education planning and implementation in Slovenia.', 'When forming vocational and expert education in the field of agriculture and forestry, the competent ministries play an important role, as they are responsible for education planning and implementation in Slovenia. The state will have to incorporate additional content in the programmes of informal education and training (e.g. the Employment Service of Slovenia, the Chamber of Agriculture and Forestry of Slovenia, the Slovenia Forest Service) in a sensible way to enhance knowledge and skills when implementing specific measures for increasing sinks and reducing emissions in practice. To enhance human resources and attain long-term effects, investment and a systemic approach at all levels of formal and informal education will be required. Forest owners have an important role when implementing measures and with regard to rural development.', 'Forest owners have an important role when implementing measures and with regard to rural development. As a result, their education and training involving sustainable forest management and use of wood are extremely important. From this aspect, Slovenia will strive for the acquisition of knowledge and competence in the area, such as forest management, promotion of the use of wood and competitiveness of the forest-wood chain, sustainable and environmentally friendly use of land, smart spatial planning and circular bioeconomy.', 'From this aspect, Slovenia will strive for the acquisition of knowledge and competence in the area, such as forest management, promotion of the use of wood and competitiveness of the forest-wood chain, sustainable and environmentally friendly use of land, smart spatial planning and circular bioeconomy. 6.6.8 Proposed progress monitoring indicators - Net GHG emissions, - net GHG emissions due to land use change with sub-indicators: a) GHG emissions due to deforestation; b) GHG emissions due to land use change into built-up and similar land; - area of restored forests as per the type of restoration; - ratio of forest development phases; - area of restored forests with an improved biodiversity status.', '6.6.8 Proposed progress monitoring indicators - Net GHG emissions, - net GHG emissions due to land use change with sub-indicators: a) GHG emissions due to deforestation; b) GHG emissions due to land use change into built-up and similar land; - area of restored forests as per the type of restoration; - ratio of forest development phases; - area of restored forests with an improved biodiversity status. 6.7 Other sectors: waste, agricultural machinery Emissions from waste will reduce by 81 per cent in 2050 in comparison to 2005.The attainment of reduced emissions in the waste sector is linked to further implementation of measures included in the already existing documents, the Operational plan for waste management from 2016, which already governs the field of generation, handling and disposal of solid waste, the Operational programme for the discharge and treatment of urban waste water and the ReNPVO20-30.', '6.7 Other sectors: waste, agricultural machinery Emissions from waste will reduce by 81 per cent in 2050 in comparison to 2005.The attainment of reduced emissions in the waste sector is linked to further implementation of measures included in the already existing documents, the Operational plan for waste management from 2016, which already governs the field of generation, handling and disposal of solid waste, the Operational programme for the discharge and treatment of urban waste water and the ReNPVO20-30. These documents will be supplemented as per the guidelines in the national environmental protection programme. The reduction in emissions from waste disposal will be attained with the cessation of disposal of biodegradable waste.', 'The reduction in emissions from waste disposal will be attained with the cessation of disposal of biodegradable waste. The second largest emissions source in the waste sector is wastewater treatment, in which emissions will be reduced by households’ connection to the sewage network with wastewater treatment plants and replacement of septic tanks with small wastewater treatment plants. GHG emissions are also generated in the waste sector through thermal treatment of waste in which mostly hazardous waste is treated, as the emissions from thermal treatment of waste for energy purposes are included in the energy sector, and from waste composting in which emissions are low.', 'GHG emissions are also generated in the waste sector through thermal treatment of waste in which mostly hazardous waste is treated, as the emissions from thermal treatment of waste for energy purposes are included in the energy sector, and from waste composting in which emissions are low. Waste management requires the realisation of other objectives included in the ReNPVO20- 30: reduction of the quantity of waste generated, its maximum reuse, which results in lower emissions in production and the attainment of self-sufficiency when ensuring waste management, which includes increased capacities of thermal treatment of the remaining waste for energy purposes, resulting in lower emissions due to fuel combustion because of fossil fuels replacement and reduction in emissions linked to waste transport.Figure 20: Actual emissions in the 2005−2018 period and the indicative trajectory of emissions until 2050 as per the WAM scenario (source: Energy Efficiency Centre of Jožef Stefan Institute) 6.7.2 Agricultural machinery GHG emissions arising from the use of machinery in agriculture are reduced by 94 per cent in the projection with ambitious additional measures until 2050, which is significantly more than in the projection with the existing measures in which the emissions are lower by 30 per cent.', 'Waste management requires the realisation of other objectives included in the ReNPVO20- 30: reduction of the quantity of waste generated, its maximum reuse, which results in lower emissions in production and the attainment of self-sufficiency when ensuring waste management, which includes increased capacities of thermal treatment of the remaining waste for energy purposes, resulting in lower emissions due to fuel combustion because of fossil fuels replacement and reduction in emissions linked to waste transport.Figure 20: Actual emissions in the 2005−2018 period and the indicative trajectory of emissions until 2050 as per the WAM scenario (source: Energy Efficiency Centre of Jožef Stefan Institute) 6.7.2 Agricultural machinery GHG emissions arising from the use of machinery in agriculture are reduced by 94 per cent in the projection with ambitious additional measures until 2050, which is significantly more than in the projection with the existing measures in which the emissions are lower by 30 per cent. The reduction of emissions is the result of a number of measures.', 'The reduction of emissions is the result of a number of measures. The energy use in machinery will drop by 30 per cent as a result of more efficient machinery, new technologies and minimised tillage. The structure of fuels will also change. Today, diesel fuel represents a 100-per cent share, which will be reduced by 58 per cent by 2050. It will be replaced by biodiesel (30 per cent), biomethane (7 per cent) and compressed natural gas (6 per cent). As in other sectors, liquid and gaseous fossil fuels will be replaced with synthetic fuels which will neutral.', 'As in other sectors, liquid and gaseous fossil fuels will be replaced with synthetic fuels which will neutral. Figure 21: Actual emissions in the 2005−2018 period and the indicative trajectory ofemissions until 2050 as per the WAM scenario (source: Energy Efficiency Centre of Jožef Stefan Institute) 7 HORIZONTAL ISSUES 7.1 Consumer and production processes for a low-carbon circular economy The attainment of climate neutrality and a circular economy requires an overall mobilisation of society because the transition’s success is possible only with radical and systemic changes of consumer and production patterns, low-carbon technologies, extensive digitalisation of the economy and the prominent sustainable orientation of society.', 'Figure 21: Actual emissions in the 2005−2018 period and the indicative trajectory ofemissions until 2050 as per the WAM scenario (source: Energy Efficiency Centre of Jožef Stefan Institute) 7 HORIZONTAL ISSUES 7.1 Consumer and production processes for a low-carbon circular economy The attainment of climate neutrality and a circular economy requires an overall mobilisation of society because the transition’s success is possible only with radical and systemic changes of consumer and production patterns, low-carbon technologies, extensive digitalisation of the economy and the prominent sustainable orientation of society. With the exception of wood, there is lack of natural resources in Slovenia; on average, we import 71 per cent of raw materials, which makes imports dependant on availability and quite vulnerable to change.', 'With the exception of wood, there is lack of natural resources in Slovenia; on average, we import 71 per cent of raw materials, which makes imports dependant on availability and quite vulnerable to change. Resource productivity is below the EU average in Slovenia. The Slovenian economy depends on the import of raw materials; aggravated access to the latter and price volatility on global markets could significantly lead to Slovenia lagging behind when implementing measures for the transition to a circular economy. The foregoing combined with import dependency on natural resources and low reuse of waste material in the long term denote a relatively great pressure on the competitiveness of Slovenian companies. Slovenia has placed a circular economy among strategic development priorities.', 'Slovenia has placed a circular economy among strategic development priorities. Certain guidelines for Slovenia’s transition to a circular economy were drawn. The circular economy is linked with the objectives of sustainable development and is observed in key national documents (Slovenia’s Vision 2050, SDS 2030 and the Smart Specialisation Strategy). The justification for the urgency of the circular transition was summarised in the Slovenian Framework Programme for the Transition to a Green Economy from October 2015. Incentives observing the application of the 2013–2020 cohesion funds included a large number of economic operators but were carried out with no clear monitoring and the evaluation of effects with suitable indicators by means of which the effectiveness of the transition to a low-carbon circular economy could be assessed.', 'Incentives observing the application of the 2013–2020 cohesion funds included a large number of economic operators but were carried out with no clear monitoring and the evaluation of effects with suitable indicators by means of which the effectiveness of the transition to a low-carbon circular economy could be assessed. A new Circular Economy Action Plan (2020) was drafted within the EGD, which together with A New Industrial Strategy for Europe (2020) will contribute to the upgrade of the EU economy and the exploitation of opportunities provided by a circular economy.', 'A new Circular Economy Action Plan (2020) was drafted within the EGD, which together with A New Industrial Strategy for Europe (2020) will contribute to the upgrade of the EU economy and the exploitation of opportunities provided by a circular economy. The key objectives are to promote the development of leading markets for climate-neutral and circular products in the EU and beyond, encourage new business models, ensure support for the circular design of re-usable, sustainable and repairable products, reduce the quantity of materials used and reuse them before recycling. The concept of extended producer responsibility will be enhanced and the ‘right to repair’ will be enforced.', 'The concept of extended producer responsibility will be enhanced and the ‘right to repair’ will be enforced. Consumer policy will contribute to the empowerment of consumers so they will be able to make thoughtful decisions and play an active role in the sustainable transition. The key challenge is thus a green, sustainable and circular development of the economy by establishing measures which enable a development with greater resource efficiency and reduction of GHG emissions, and to simultaneously improve competitiveness with efficiency and innovations and promote development and employment. As the circular economy is about horizontal connectivity between various sectors, the harmonisation between those various sectors will be crucial for a successful transition to a low-carbon society.', 'As the circular economy is about horizontal connectivity between various sectors, the harmonisation between those various sectors will be crucial for a successful transition to a low-carbon society. Slovenia will thus form a systemic approach which will mutually integrate and enrich various programmes and projects, and seek necessary synergies between various sectors and fields and with regard to financing. Slovenia will establish suitable conditions for an integrated (co)operation of all relevant stakeholders in research, innovation, education and entrepreneurship. The key players in this transition will be the competent ministries, business (industry) associations, consumer organisations, industrial and servicesector, financial institutions, research and development institutions and society as a whole because, for the most part, changes in people’s habits are involved.', 'The key players in this transition will be the competent ministries, business (industry) associations, consumer organisations, industrial and servicesector, financial institutions, research and development institutions and society as a whole because, for the most part, changes in people’s habits are involved. The systemic approach will include suitable multilevel management with an installed feedback loop of ongoing learning and adjusting to the implementation and will be based on own experience and will draw from new global scientific findings.', 'The systemic approach will include suitable multilevel management with an installed feedback loop of ongoing learning and adjusting to the implementation and will be based on own experience and will draw from new global scientific findings. To help attain such a systemic transition, Slovenia will apply services in the field of systemic innovations, which is why it has connected with European technological institutions (EIT Climate-KIC and JRC – Joint Research Centre) and is drafting a concept proposal for the comprehensive decarbonisation of Slovenia through the transition to a circular economy. 7.1.1 Guidelines and measures adopted until 2030 The circular economy is mentioned in several strategic documents as one of the main carriers of sustainable economic development in the future. Within its eighth development objective, i.e.', 'Within its eighth development objective, i.e. transition to a low-carbon circular economy, the SDS 2030 determines three adopted objectives for monitoring the attainment of the objective set: - material productivity – to attain the target value of 3.5 of purchasing power standard (PPS)/kg by 2030 (in comparison to the baseline value of 1.79 PPS/kg in 2015); - proportion of renewable sources in final energy consumption – attain the target value of 27 per cent by 2030 (in comparison to the baseline value of 22 per cent in 2015); - emission productivity – attain the EU average in 2030 (in comparison to the baseline value of 2.9 PPS/kg of CO2 in 2105).', 'transition to a low-carbon circular economy, the SDS 2030 determines three adopted objectives for monitoring the attainment of the objective set: - material productivity – to attain the target value of 3.5 of purchasing power standard (PPS)/kg by 2030 (in comparison to the baseline value of 1.79 PPS/kg in 2015); - proportion of renewable sources in final energy consumption – attain the target value of 27 per cent by 2030 (in comparison to the baseline value of 22 per cent in 2015); - emission productivity – attain the EU average in 2030 (in comparison to the baseline value of 2.9 PPS/kg of CO2 in 2105). In September 2015, the Government of the Republic of Slovenia adopted the Slovenian Smart Specialisation Strategy (S4), which is the implementation plan for the transition to a high-productivity economy by enhancing innovation capacities, promoting transformation and diversification of industries into new activities and the growth of new and fast-growing companies.', 'In September 2015, the Government of the Republic of Slovenia adopted the Slovenian Smart Specialisation Strategy (S4), which is the implementation plan for the transition to a high-productivity economy by enhancing innovation capacities, promoting transformation and diversification of industries into new activities and the growth of new and fast-growing companies. The S4 defines three priority pillars (the second pillar is circularity) and nine areas of application in which Slovenia can reach a critical mass of knowledge, capabilities and competence, and thus possess the innovation potential for positioning in global markets.', 'The S4 defines three priority pillars (the second pillar is circularity) and nine areas of application in which Slovenia can reach a critical mass of knowledge, capabilities and competence, and thus possess the innovation potential for positioning in global markets. In the NECP, a circular economy is incorporated in the scope of "reducing emissions" with the key commitment to support companies for an efficient and competitive transition to a climate-neutral and circular economy by improving energy and material efficiency in all sectors (and thus reduce the use of energy and other natural resources), as the first and key measure for the transition to a circular low-carbon economy and climate-neutral society with measures and policies in the economy, including non-reimbursable financial incentives for measures of reducing process emissions in industry and non-reimbursable financial incentives for measures of reducing GHG emissions in industry with the measures of a circular economy.', 'In the NECP, a circular economy is incorporated in the scope of "reducing emissions" with the key commitment to support companies for an efficient and competitive transition to a climate-neutral and circular economy by improving energy and material efficiency in all sectors (and thus reduce the use of energy and other natural resources), as the first and key measure for the transition to a circular low-carbon economy and climate-neutral society with measures and policies in the economy, including non-reimbursable financial incentives for measures of reducing process emissions in industry and non-reimbursable financial incentives for measures of reducing GHG emissions in industry with the measures of a circular economy. Regarding the circular economy, the funds anticipated for the implementation of NECP measures are included in the measures intended in the economy for direct implementation of activities for the transition to a circular low-carbon economy and educational and research activities.', 'Regarding the circular economy, the funds anticipated for the implementation of NECP measures are included in the measures intended in the economy for direct implementation of activities for the transition to a circular low-carbon economy and educational and research activities. The measures anticipated continue and spread the support for the renovation of the economy and society in the direction of a low-carbon circular economy. Various incentive measures being implemented in the present and which will also be implemented in the future will direct incentives towards a circular economy by adapting conditions and criteria.Contributing to a significant reduction of emissions in all economic activities by means of a transition to a low-carbon circular economy and changes in social behaviour and habits.', 'Various incentive measures being implemented in the present and which will also be implemented in the future will direct incentives towards a circular economy by adapting conditions and criteria.Contributing to a significant reduction of emissions in all economic activities by means of a transition to a low-carbon circular economy and changes in social behaviour and habits. Contributing to a sustainable social transformation of consumer habits. The framework of sustainable policies will include the sustainable design of products, enhancing the role of consumers and buyers through public procurements and circularity of production processes, which will result in significant savings along entire value chains, the supervision of resource tracking and the promotion of green technology application.', 'The framework of sustainable policies will include the sustainable design of products, enhancing the role of consumers and buyers through public procurements and circularity of production processes, which will result in significant savings along entire value chains, the supervision of resource tracking and the promotion of green technology application. The objectives of the transition to a low-carbon circular economy by 2050 are included in common and sectoral targets. The circular economy is a horizontal area and as such it provides the framework for implementing activities and attaining the objectives for emissions reduction by 2050.', 'The circular economy is a horizontal area and as such it provides the framework for implementing activities and attaining the objectives for emissions reduction by 2050. 7.1.4 Main orientations and fields of action by 2050 The transition to a low-carbon circular economy will only be possible with radical changes in society and the economy and innovations in current approaches and a simultaneous approach at different levels of society. The transition to a low-carbon circular economy is not a task Slovenia could tackle on its own, but one which requires a joint engagement of the international community, especially the EC, in the drafting and guiding of legislative policies and various international programmes, e.g. Horizon Europe, bilateral programmes and future comparable programmes of various institutions.', 'Horizon Europe, bilateral programmes and future comparable programmes of various institutions. The transition to a circular economy is already underway in Slovenia, the EU and elsewhere in the world, and the activities for an overall transition to a low-carbon circular economy are actually a continuation and expansion of existing activities which are more comprehensively managed and integrated into broader economic and social flows. Slovenia will join in with and implement activities proposed by the new European circular economy action plan, i.e.', 'Slovenia will join in with and implement activities proposed by the new European circular economy action plan, i.e. : - participate in the formation and adoption of binding legislative requirements about sustainable products in the EU; - enhance the role of consumers and observe the circular economy in public procurement; - focus on the sectors that use the most resources and in which circulation potential is great; - limit the generation of waste and allow its transformation into high-quality secondary resources; - integrate the efforts for circular operations and integration of people, regions and towns; - participate in global efforts in the field of the circular economy.', ': - participate in the formation and adoption of binding legislative requirements about sustainable products in the EU; - enhance the role of consumers and observe the circular economy in public procurement; - focus on the sectors that use the most resources and in which circulation potential is great; - limit the generation of waste and allow its transformation into high-quality secondary resources; - integrate the efforts for circular operations and integration of people, regions and towns; - participate in global efforts in the field of the circular economy. Considering the fact that the EC will, in accordance with the EGD, enhance the monitoring of national plans and measures to accelerate the transition to a circular economy, Slovenia will update such a programme and gradually integrate it with other strategic documents, i.e.', 'Considering the fact that the EC will, in accordance with the EGD, enhance the monitoring of national plans and measures to accelerate the transition to a circular economy, Slovenia will update such a programme and gradually integrate it with other strategic documents, i.e. industry (or economic) policies, promotion of companies and particularly small and medium- sized enterprises, and green public procurement. The measures will focus on sustainable consumption and production, research and innovation support and will provide new opportunities for eco-innovative companies. Slovenia will tackle the greatest challenges in the field of production patterns, particularly when abandoning unsustainable products and improving the general environmental efficiency of products throughout their entire life cycle.The transition to a low-carbon circular economy in Slovenia will be systemic, thorough and transformative.', 'Slovenia will tackle the greatest challenges in the field of production patterns, particularly when abandoning unsustainable products and improving the general environmental efficiency of products throughout their entire life cycle.The transition to a low-carbon circular economy in Slovenia will be systemic, thorough and transformative. Due to the complexity of the approach and inclusion of all social sectors and players, the approach will have to incorporate all aspects and make sure that burdens are distributed fairly. Slovenia will promote the harmonisation and cooperation of all interested parties at all levels, i.e. international, the EU, national, regional and local levels. Furthermore, the transition to a circular economy also has important benefits for health (less pollution), quality of life, competitiveness and resilience of the economy and society to external impact.', 'Furthermore, the transition to a circular economy also has important benefits for health (less pollution), quality of life, competitiveness and resilience of the economy and society to external impact. Successful implementation of a circular economy also has positive effects on transport (reduced transport sector). Slovenia is aware of the challenge of transforming society and the economy into a low- carbon circular economy and understands it is one of the essential available instruments for the sustainable use of natural resources and emission reduction. Together with the EIT, its knowledge and innovation communities and the EC (JRC), Slovenia approached the formation of the Comprehensive strategic project of the decarbonisation of Slovenia through a transition to a circular economy.', 'Together with the EIT, its knowledge and innovation communities and the EC (JRC), Slovenia approached the formation of the Comprehensive strategic project of the decarbonisation of Slovenia through a transition to a circular economy. In the multi-annual process involving all key ministries, a project is being drafted which is also unique in the European sphere and requires the harmonised functioning of the entire Government of the Republic of Slovenia and numerous stakeholders from all sectors and at all levels.', 'In the multi-annual process involving all key ministries, a project is being drafted which is also unique in the European sphere and requires the harmonised functioning of the entire Government of the Republic of Slovenia and numerous stakeholders from all sectors and at all levels. Relating to the transition to a low-carbon circular economy, the project will establish synergies between funds and instruments at the EU and national levels which will enhance and systemically connect the efforts and incentives already carried out in Slovenia in the field of the transition to a low-carbon circular economy, and will introduce new innovative approaches and solutions in Slovenia by means of which the challenges of this transition will more easily transform into opportunities and establish a development model compliant with environmental objectives and the attainment of net zero emissions by 2050.', 'Relating to the transition to a low-carbon circular economy, the project will establish synergies between funds and instruments at the EU and national levels which will enhance and systemically connect the efforts and incentives already carried out in Slovenia in the field of the transition to a low-carbon circular economy, and will introduce new innovative approaches and solutions in Slovenia by means of which the challenges of this transition will more easily transform into opportunities and establish a development model compliant with environmental objectives and the attainment of net zero emissions by 2050. The content of the proposed solutions will be structured in multilayer sets composed of several vertical and horizontal programmes which will be mutually connected and will enhance and upgrade one another: - awareness and competence for the transition to a circular society; - drafting of education programmes of knowledge centres and development programmes, and the promotion of elements of the circular economy and society in communities at national, regional and local levels with a special emphasis on the transformation of consumer patterns; - direct promotion of the circular economic development in all economic branches with a special focus on energy-intensive processes and circularity, intensive support for small and medium-sized enterprises and the preparation of bases for the development of new entrepreneurial ideas and public-private partnership; - formation of policies and organisation of the circular low-carbon society with a preparation of legislative and incentive mechanisms which will directly steer circularly oriented purchasing processes and simultaneously address the functioning of public structures, private investors and research and academic institutions; - formation of new business models and promotion of market development by introducing sustainable business models to expand the offer of services related to the offer of products and thus enhance the added value and competitiveness in these activities.', 'The content of the proposed solutions will be structured in multilayer sets composed of several vertical and horizontal programmes which will be mutually connected and will enhance and upgrade one another: - awareness and competence for the transition to a circular society; - drafting of education programmes of knowledge centres and development programmes, and the promotion of elements of the circular economy and society in communities at national, regional and local levels with a special emphasis on the transformation of consumer patterns; - direct promotion of the circular economic development in all economic branches with a special focus on energy-intensive processes and circularity, intensive support for small and medium-sized enterprises and the preparation of bases for the development of new entrepreneurial ideas and public-private partnership; - formation of policies and organisation of the circular low-carbon society with a preparation of legislative and incentive mechanisms which will directly steer circularly oriented purchasing processes and simultaneously address the functioning of public structures, private investors and research and academic institutions; - formation of new business models and promotion of market development by introducing sustainable business models to expand the offer of services related to the offer of products and thus enhance the added value and competitiveness in these activities. When directing its efforts towards a low-carbon circular economy, Slovenia will focus on several economic systems or value chains which were recognised in the process of expert and political assessment as crucial for the transition to a low-carbon circular economy.', 'When directing its efforts towards a low-carbon circular economy, Slovenia will focus on several economic systems or value chains which were recognised in the process of expert and political assessment as crucial for the transition to a low-carbon circular economy. The advantage of value chains lies in the possibility of integrating different activities into comprehensive programmes and in the application of various innovative incentive mechanisms. Key value chains recognised include: - wood chain,- sustainable construction, - mobility, - manufacturing, - food chain. For successful implementation, Slovenia will establish various methods of ensuring and combining financial resources from all available sources (European, international and national resources, either public or private). Furthermore, it will update the framework for monitoring a circular economy.', 'Furthermore, it will update the framework for monitoring a circular economy. New indicators, which will be based on the European statistics to the greatest degree possible, will observe the main fields from the circular economy action plan and links between circularity, climate neutrality and zero pollution. To this end, Slovenia will determine indicators on resource use, including consumption and material footprints, to observe the use of materials and environmental impact relating to production and consumption patterns. These indicators will play an important role when monitoring and assessing the progress in separating economic growth from resource use and its impact in the EU and outside of it.', 'These indicators will play an important role when monitoring and assessing the progress in separating economic growth from resource use and its impact in the EU and outside of it. 7.1.5 Key factors of a circular low-carbon economy by 2050 Key factors and instruments for the attainment of objectives relating to the transition to a low- carbon circular economy are: - increase in material efficiency with the use of less materials, design of products with a longer lifespan, possibility of repair and longer product life, use of materials produced with fewer emissions and which can be recycled, reuse of materials and recycling, and product sharing; - reduce waste in production, packaging and the entire supply chain from "the cradle to the grave" and throughout the entire lifespan, and integration and cooperation between various industries in which one industry’s waste is a raw material for another industry.', '7.1.5 Key factors of a circular low-carbon economy by 2050 Key factors and instruments for the attainment of objectives relating to the transition to a low- carbon circular economy are: - increase in material efficiency with the use of less materials, design of products with a longer lifespan, possibility of repair and longer product life, use of materials produced with fewer emissions and which can be recycled, reuse of materials and recycling, and product sharing; - reduce waste in production, packaging and the entire supply chain from "the cradle to the grave" and throughout the entire lifespan, and integration and cooperation between various industries in which one industry’s waste is a raw material for another industry. Arrangement of special legislation in the field of secondary raw materials; - social research of consumer habits with a focus on a circular economy; - establishment of suitable price signals and integration of external costs in product prices, such as product evaluation as per its environmental and social footprint (CO2 footprint); - preparation and implementation of measures from strategic documents, such as preparation of a comprehensive plan for planning, introducing, financing and monitoring the transition to a circular economy, including a preparation of the national circular economy plan in compliance with the European Circular Economy Action Plan, strategic plans for industrial and economic policies, strategic development plans and financing methods in all sectors connected through a circular economy; - transposition of the EC’s legislative orientations relating to the elements of the transition to a circular economy and supplementation/harmonisation of regulations regarding green public procurement and taxonomy towards the observance of the circular economy’s principles; - efficient drawing of funds from various resources (EU funds, the Climate Change Fund, bilateral agreements, research and development projects).', 'Arrangement of special legislation in the field of secondary raw materials; - social research of consumer habits with a focus on a circular economy; - establishment of suitable price signals and integration of external costs in product prices, such as product evaluation as per its environmental and social footprint (CO2 footprint); - preparation and implementation of measures from strategic documents, such as preparation of a comprehensive plan for planning, introducing, financing and monitoring the transition to a circular economy, including a preparation of the national circular economy plan in compliance with the European Circular Economy Action Plan, strategic plans for industrial and economic policies, strategic development plans and financing methods in all sectors connected through a circular economy; - transposition of the EC’s legislative orientations relating to the elements of the transition to a circular economy and supplementation/harmonisation of regulations regarding green public procurement and taxonomy towards the observance of the circular economy’s principles; - efficient drawing of funds from various resources (EU funds, the Climate Change Fund, bilateral agreements, research and development projects). 7.1.6 Human resources Slovenia is aware of the lack of human resources in the field of the circular economy, which encompasses an exceptionally heterogeneous field and which must be considered as such.', '7.1.6 Human resources Slovenia is aware of the lack of human resources in the field of the circular economy, which encompasses an exceptionally heterogeneous field and which must be considered as such. To this end, a comprehensive strategic project of Slovenia’s decarbonisation through the transition to a circular economy is already being formed, the important part of which is an increase in awareness, education and attainment of competence of a broad circle of players and systems from the public and private education system to public and private business organisations, public administration, and the academic and research sphere. Based on comparable investment, green jobs have better effects on employment, while the educationalstructure and economic effects grow.', 'Based on comparable investment, green jobs have better effects on employment, while the educationalstructure and economic effects grow. Within the framework of implementing activities on the basis of strategic orientations, several pilot cases of education, awareness raising and other activities will be carried out in the coming years, which will serve as the basis for future human resources development as per the experience obtained. 7.1.7 Proposed progress monitoring indicators Due to the complexity of the influential parameters indicating the effectiveness of the transition to a low-carbon circular economy, Slovenia will establish an efficient and comprehensive monitoring system which will be based on several parameters and indicators.', '7.1.7 Proposed progress monitoring indicators Due to the complexity of the influential parameters indicating the effectiveness of the transition to a low-carbon circular economy, Slovenia will establish an efficient and comprehensive monitoring system which will be based on several parameters and indicators. It will become involved in the preparation of the framework for monitoring a circular economy at the EU level and thus harmonise national and European circularity indicators which the EC will adopt for monitoring the key trends and samples of the circular economy’s elements in order to comparatively define the success factors in member states and assess whether the measures adopted are suitable.', 'It will become involved in the preparation of the framework for monitoring a circular economy at the EU level and thus harmonise national and European circularity indicators which the EC will adopt for monitoring the key trends and samples of the circular economy’s elements in order to comparatively define the success factors in member states and assess whether the measures adopted are suitable. - Production and consumption indicators (use of raw materials and energy products, self- sufficiency in the field of raw materials and materials, municipal waste, other waste (food, agriculture)); - waste management (recycling rate, recycling rate of specific waste flows, packaging); - secondary raw materials (proportions of recycling materials in input material, shops with recycling materials, etc.', '- Production and consumption indicators (use of raw materials and energy products, self- sufficiency in the field of raw materials and materials, municipal waste, other waste (food, agriculture)); - waste management (recycling rate, recycling rate of specific waste flows, packaging); - secondary raw materials (proportions of recycling materials in input material, shops with recycling materials, etc. ); - competitiveness, innovation, economy (private sector investment, jobs, added value, start-up companies, patents and innovations, etc. ); - monitoring indicators of the legislative sustainability framework (effectiveness of implementation of circular economy policies). 7.1.8 Food consumption patterns In 2018, agriculture contributed almost 10 per cent of all GHG emissions. The largest share of emissions in agriculture is attributed to methane produced by ruminants. The majority of emissions arising from agriculture cannot be addressed by technological solutions.', 'The majority of emissions arising from agriculture cannot be addressed by technological solutions. Their reduction can only be attained by changing patterns of food consumption and thus our habits or consumption patterns. Slovenia will promote the consumption of food of plant and animal origin as per the health guidelines of the National Institute of Public Health (NIJZ), which means the consumption of less meat because Slovenians on average consume too much meat, and especially too many meat products. As stated by the NIJZ, "a varied diet also includes meat in moderate quantities because meat is an important source of protein of high biological value. Because meat products also consist of substances that may be harmful to health, their consumption should be limited."', 'Because meat products also consist of substances that may be harmful to health, their consumption should be limited." According to the latest data of the NIJZ, adult Slovenians consume on average 1.23 kg of meat and meat products a week. The NIJZ recommends a consumption of between 300 and 500 grams of various types of high-quality lean meat per week and occasionally meat products. The NIJZ also warns that the consumption of more than 300 grams of meat products and red meat each week already poses a risk for health. Slovenia will promote the replacement of meat particularly with legumes, which can be substituted accordingly for other non-meat food of animal origin, e.g. milk, dairy products and eggs.', 'milk, dairy products and eggs. Locally grown food will also be supported as it is more accessible when in season. It ensures food self-sufficiency and is of better quality because fruit and vegetables can be harvested at the time of optimum maturity due to short transport routes, resulting in better flavour and higher nutritional value.Slovenia will support an increase in local supply and thus the supply to households, public institutions, etc. of sustainably produced food, which ensures a diet compliant with dietary guidelines. Such incentives will indirectly improve food variety, reduce the environmental burden, contribute to rural development, ensure jobs and directly impact the health and social and economic situation of the economy.', 'Such incentives will indirectly improve food variety, reduce the environmental burden, contribute to rural development, ensure jobs and directly impact the health and social and economic situation of the economy. 7.2 Education and training Education (formal and informal) and training at all levels are the key to an efficient transition to climate neutrality. For the most part, individual sectoral chapters already highlight and address the lack of necessary knowledge in Slovenia. It is also evident that suitable human resources are crucial for the implementation of measures. New knowledge is also necessary for new green jobs. New diverse knowledge will be necessary for the transition to climate neutrality, which will be based on a large number of disciplines, and new, different skills will be required.', 'New diverse knowledge will be necessary for the transition to climate neutrality, which will be based on a large number of disciplines, and new, different skills will be required. Slovenia will acknowledge this, and it will enhance and promote climate content in education programmes of natural, technical, social sciences and humanities studies. Interdisciplinarity will be particularly encouraged. It will promote and actively participate in the development of competence for sustainable development and climate change anticipated in the EGD. Learning and the importance of climate change will be systematically integrated at all educational levels, i.e. primary, secondary and tertiary education and also in informal education. The topic of climate change is included in the broader concept of education called the education for sustainable development (ESD).', 'The topic of climate change is included in the broader concept of education called the education for sustainable development (ESD). The current White Paper (from 2011) highlighted that sustainable development "requires a change in the paradigm of knowledge and values" and the principle of sustainable development should become one of the key principles of education in Slovenia. As stated in the ReNPVO20-30, it is assessed that these recommendations were not observed accordingly. The update of the ESD national guidelines is anticipated no later than by 2022.', 'The update of the ESD national guidelines is anticipated no later than by 2022. In the processes of updating syllabi, curricula and knowledge catalogues with an emphasis on digital and green (sustainable) content planned within the framework of the national recovery plan 2021–2026, Slovenia will make significant progress when observing the representation of content and objectives in the field of climate change in the entire educational vertical. In the broader context of objectives and principles of education for sustainable development, climate objectives and content will be integrated in an institutional manner and as comprehensively as possible in educational institutions in the future (also including changes at the level of everyday life habits and work in kindergartens and schools, school infrastructure, etc.).', 'In the broader context of objectives and principles of education for sustainable development, climate objectives and content will be integrated in an institutional manner and as comprehensively as possible in educational institutions in the future (also including changes at the level of everyday life habits and work in kindergartens and schools, school infrastructure, etc.). To this end, a three-year development project, Climate Objectives and Content in Education, is being planned within the expenditure programme of the Climate Change Fund 2020–2023 in cooperation with the Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning and all key public institutions in the field of education (the National Education Institute of the Republic of Slovenia, the Institute of the Republic of Slovenia for Vocational Education and Training, the Slovenian Institute for Adult Education, the Centre for School and Outdoor Education, and the National School of Leadership in Education).', 'To this end, a three-year development project, Climate Objectives and Content in Education, is being planned within the expenditure programme of the Climate Change Fund 2020–2023 in cooperation with the Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning and all key public institutions in the field of education (the National Education Institute of the Republic of Slovenia, the Institute of the Republic of Slovenia for Vocational Education and Training, the Slovenian Institute for Adult Education, the Centre for School and Outdoor Education, and the National School of Leadership in Education). The project’s main task is to draft and test the comprehensive programme of awareness and education regarding climate objectives and content within the context of ESD.', 'The project’s main task is to draft and test the comprehensive programme of awareness and education regarding climate objectives and content within the context of ESD. Each public institute will prepare and test the programme in accordance with their level or field of education. This project is connected with two new projects in the field of primary and secondary schools, adult education and lifelong learning, i.e. "Circular schools" and "Circular learning and resources," which are planned in Slovenia within the coordinated initiative for the transition to a low-carbon circular economy. All anticipated activities will also integrate the content relating to climate change.', 'All anticipated activities will also integrate the content relating to climate change. At the end of 2020, Slovenia joined the GLOBE international educationalprogramme intended to integrate the educational and research spheres when determining the condition of the environment and climate change. The competent ministries will further support and organise cooperation with various expert associations, including educators’ associations (from primary to tertiary level). A development and strategic document in the field of education is also being contemplated in which the green agenda will be one of the important ministerial orientations and contents in education. Special and systematic care will be dedicated to the field of climate change in the future.', 'Special and systematic care will be dedicated to the field of climate change in the future. The training plan for the transition to a low-carbon society will be drafted within the LIFE IP CARE4CLIMATE project (in progress). Within this project, the capacities for the transition to a low-carbon society in the field of high and higher education are also being enhanced. 7.2.1 Awareness-raising and information dissemination The 2019 public opinion survey, Eurobarometer, revealed that citizens of the European Union believe that climate change should be the main priority of the European Parliament. Slovenians put the combat against climate change and environmental conservation in third place (24 per cent) of the Parliament’s priorities. Slovenians defined climate change as the second largest environmental challenge (37 per cent).', 'Slovenians defined climate change as the second largest environmental challenge (37 per cent). Some 76 per cent of citizens understand climate change as a severe problem. The results revealed that Slovenians see climate change as important and their support when adopting policies and measures for a transition to climate neutrality is necessary. As a result, Slovenia will continue to inform and raise awareness about climate change and the transition to climate neutrality at all levels. It will raise awareness and disseminate information about the latest scientific findings, individuals’ impact on the climate and how they can reduce their impact, the changes in consumer patterns, etc. Based on information, people will be able to demand that decision- makers adopt decisions that are beneficial for the environment.', 'Based on information, people will be able to demand that decision- makers adopt decisions that are beneficial for the environment. 7.3 Guidelines for cultural heritage protection for the adaptation to, and mitigation of, climate change Current findings reveal that climate change has a direct effect in the conservation of cultural heritage. As emphasised by the European Agenda for Culture, cultural heritage is a priority of the European cultural cooperation and a strategic resource for a sustainable Europe. The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 also places heritage protection among the priorities and calls on the national authorities to become aware of its endangerment.', 'The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 also places heritage protection among the priorities and calls on the national authorities to become aware of its endangerment. The European Cultural Heritage Strategy for the 21st Century (2017) emphasises the new role of heritage and innovative approaches which contribute to the improvement of the environment and the quality of life of Europeans. Guidelines for its management set challenges and recommend measures which should be observed by governments, local communities, civil society, the business sector and experts. The Davos Declaration (2018) supports a joint and comprehensive European policy to attain a high-quality sustainably built environment. The objectives include cultural heritage and contemporary architecture.', 'The objectives include cultural heritage and contemporary architecture. The ICOMOS document of the Climate Change and Cultural Heritage Working Group (2019) highlights the importance of a comprehensive heritage discussion, especially of the issue of migrations in connection with climate change and identity loss. The principles of an inclusive society and participation, formation of new approaches and the provision of equality and climate justice are crucial for the realisation of heritage objectives of sustainable development.Slovenia adopted the Cultural Heritage Strategy 2020–2023 (2019). The Strategy is based on the principle of comprehensive heritage conservation as the foundation for Slovenia’s national identity and cultural diversity with an exceptional landscape and biodiversity.', 'The Strategy is based on the principle of comprehensive heritage conservation as the foundation for Slovenia’s national identity and cultural diversity with an exceptional landscape and biodiversity. As per Article 5 of the Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia, the state is responsible for preserving natural wealth and cultural heritage, and it creates opportunities for a balanced civilisational and cultural development of Slovenia. 7.3.1 Situation and challenges for cultural heritage conservation Some 30,000 immovable heritage units of various types, such as cultural landscape, archaeological sites, buildings, settlements, machines and devices, industrial complexes, monuments and memorials, parks and gardens are entered in the Register of Slovenian Cultural Heritage. The Register of Intangible Cultural Heritage consists of 86 units and 238 holders of intangible heritage.', 'The Register of Intangible Cultural Heritage consists of 86 units and 238 holders of intangible heritage. Slovenia’s heritage is an important part of UNESCO World Heritage. Two areas are entered in the World Heritage List and dry stone walling is, among other things, on the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. Despite the institutional division of treatment and responsibilities, cultural and natural heritage are inseparable and should be understood as such and addressed within climate change measures. In recent decades, devastating natural disasters (e.g. floods, high tides, storms) have also affected cultural heritage more and more frequently. Sustainable resource management includes energy efficiency and heritage protection.', 'Sustainable resource management includes energy efficiency and heritage protection. Examples of good practice include energy renovation of schools and other public buildings from cohesion funds, including heritage buildings. Energy renovation of buildings constructed before 1940 can contribute to savings of up to 180 million tonnes of CO2 emissions a year, which amounts to 3.6 per cent of all emissions. Comprehensive energy renovations of heritage buildings are carried out in compliance with the Rules on efficient use of energy in buildings with a technical guideline (PURES) and the requirements stipulated by the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive. Knowledge from natural sciences, social sciences and humanities must be observed for a comprehensive, balanced and sustainable heritage conservation and management.', 'Knowledge from natural sciences, social sciences and humanities must be observed for a comprehensive, balanced and sustainable heritage conservation and management. A multidisciplinary approach is a challenge, condition and necessity when designing heritage and climate sciences. 7.3.2 Measures in the field of cultural heritage for the adaptation to, and mitigation of, climate change Measures which develop innovative and preventive mechanisms are vital for overall heritage protection and conservation within the framework of climate change. In the process of climate change, three fields are crucial: - Society: intersectoral and interministerial integration, awareness raising and inclusion of the public. - Development: observance of the sustainability aspect, quality of the environment and space, and innovations. - Knowledge: identification, planning, research, knowledge transfer, integration and implementation.', '- Knowledge: identification, planning, research, knowledge transfer, integration and implementation. Slovenia will strive to support substantive and financial mechanisms which will observe cultural heritage when reducing the concentration of greenhouse gas emissions, risks of accidents and other impacts of climate change. It will promote research for monitoring the impact of climate and socially economic changes on heritage communities and research ofpreventive conservation procedures. Slovenia will support identification and digitalisation of endangered cultural heritage. It will further strive to ensure financial incentives for the renovation of architectural heritage and advocate the advantage of renovation before new construction. It will promote measures for maintaining the settlement pattern, ratios between developed and undeveloped areas, preservation of use or reuse of buildings, improvement of fire and seismic safety, and energy efficiency.', 'It will promote measures for maintaining the settlement pattern, ratios between developed and undeveloped areas, preservation of use or reuse of buildings, improvement of fire and seismic safety, and energy efficiency. The measures of cultural heritage protection and conservation must also be observed when promoting mobility. Slovenia will pursue the improvements of spatial attractiveness of settlements and cultural landscape by providing basic and advanced living needs. It will strive for a balanced urban and rural development with digitalisation, social innovations and smart specialisation which upgrade the inherited cultural heritage values. 8.1 Assessments of required investments To attain the objective of climate neutrality, Slovenia will direct earmarked investments in a suitable and timely manner. Such an objective cannot be attained solely by means of the existing measures.', 'Such an objective cannot be attained solely by means of the existing measures. The NECP sets the foundation for the Strategy by 2030. The key emphasis is on the implementation of measures whose continuity must be ensured by 2050 and onwards. Required investments The short-term objectives set by the NECP until 2030 are the basis or the foundation on which the attainment of net zero emissions by 2050 is possible.', 'Required investments The short-term objectives set by the NECP until 2030 are the basis or the foundation on which the attainment of net zero emissions by 2050 is possible. The investments assessed do not include a full transition to the attainment of net zero emissions, but provide a framework of necessary investments.Table 3: Assessed scope of investments for the scenarios with ambitious additional measures (2021–2050) (source: Energy Efficiency Centre of Jožef Stefan Institute) Sector Scenario with existing measures (million EUR) Scenarios with ambitious additional 2050 (million EUR) Difference as per the scenario with existing measures (million EUR) Households Services (public and private sector) Industry Transmission of electricity Distribution of electricity Central supply Local supply Transport Total 45,041 from 66,391 to from 21,349 to NOTES TO THE TABLE: Investments in building renovation and systems for heating and sanitary hot water preparation.', 'The investments assessed do not include a full transition to the attainment of net zero emissions, but provide a framework of necessary investments.Table 3: Assessed scope of investments for the scenarios with ambitious additional measures (2021–2050) (source: Energy Efficiency Centre of Jožef Stefan Institute) Sector Scenario with existing measures (million EUR) Scenarios with ambitious additional 2050 (million EUR) Difference as per the scenario with existing measures (million EUR) Households Services (public and private sector) Industry Transmission of electricity Distribution of electricity Central supply Local supply Transport Total 45,041 from 66,391 to from 21,349 to NOTES TO THE TABLE: Investments in building renovation and systems for heating and sanitary hot water preparation. In the service sector, the public sector represents approximately 40 per cent and the private sector about 60 per cent of the entire scope of investments.', 'In the service sector, the public sector represents approximately 40 per cent and the private sector about 60 per cent of the entire scope of investments. 3Investments in new technologies, procedural improvements and transition to a circular economy with an emphasis on efficient energy use and inclusion of RES. Investments in the renovation of the transmission and distribution network for energy transmission and storage. The table consists of investment costs and also includes the costs of meeting the needs for flexibility and partly for systemic services. Overall costs, including the costs of operating and maintaining the energy system, are discussed in expert bases. Various financing models (chapter 8.2) also impact the organisation and arrangement of the investments defined by sectors.', 'Various financing models (chapter 8.2) also impact the organisation and arrangement of the investments defined by sectors. 5Investments in new energy generation facilities in the transmission network (the energy sector only). 6Scope of investments for two scenarios with additional measures: WAM SNG and WAM NU. 7Investments in new devices within the local supply sector (solar power plants, wind farms, etc.). Investments for the development of efficient public transport, modernisation and construction of railway hubs and high speed lines, cycling networks, etc. The scenario with ambitious additional measures (WAM) includes EUR 21 to 27 billion more investments than the scenario with the existing measures (Table 3). The amount EUR 21 billion refers to the WAM SNG scenario, and EUR 27 billion to the WAM NU scenario.', 'The amount EUR 21 billion refers to the WAM SNG scenario, and EUR 27 billion to the WAM NU scenario. It is evident from the table that a total of between EUR 66 to 71 billion of investments must be governed for the attainment of climate objectives in the 2021–2050 period, whereby onlyinvestments in energy efficiency and low-carbon energy sources are included in the field of buildings. If observing the entire scope of investments for new construction (the sector of households and services), the total investment that must be steered increases by more than EUR 23 billion (which is a total of EUR 90 billion in the SNG scenario or EUR 95 billion in the NU scenario).', 'If observing the entire scope of investments for new construction (the sector of households and services), the total investment that must be steered increases by more than EUR 23 billion (which is a total of EUR 90 billion in the SNG scenario or EUR 95 billion in the NU scenario). A significant renovation of the entire system is before the transport sector, which anticipates EUR 6.5 billion of investments for the ambitious scenario (investments in sustainable mobility, rail and road transport) (source: NECP). The foregoing denotes almost EUR 1 billion more than in the scenario with the existing measures.', 'The foregoing denotes almost EUR 1 billion more than in the scenario with the existing measures. The scope of investments for this field in accordance with the ambitious scenario is estimated to be EUR 22 billion by 2050 (additionally in comparison to the existing scenario – somewhat more than EUR 6 billion). A suitable infrastructure and support environment are pivotal for the transition to sustainable forms of transport. 8.2 Green financing for the transition to a low-carbon society The chapter discusses the entire financing model for the transition to a low-carbon society which, in addition to funding sources for climate measures, also includes measures of a financial nature for the transition promotion.', '8.2 Green financing for the transition to a low-carbon society The chapter discusses the entire financing model for the transition to a low-carbon society which, in addition to funding sources for climate measures, also includes measures of a financial nature for the transition promotion. An important part of the greening of public and private finances is also the prevention of financing activities that are harmful to climate objectives. Today, Slovenia earmarks private and public funds for climate measures.', 'Today, Slovenia earmarks private and public funds for climate measures. Specifically, public funds are obtained from the following sources: the Special Climate Change Fund; contribution for energy efficiency and electricity generation from high-efficiency cogeneration and from RES; funds from the EU structural and investment funds, especially the Cohesion Fund and the Rural Development Fund; sources from other EU programmes; budget sources for ensuring Slovenian participation in the implementation of the European cohesion policy, and sources for financing transport infrastructure development. In 2019, EUR 71 million worth of incentives were earmarked for subsidising measures which contribute to the attainment of the national objective of reducing emissions; the major part was earmarked for measures of energy renovation of buildings and fewer incentives were earmarked for industry.', 'In 2019, EUR 71 million worth of incentives were earmarked for subsidising measures which contribute to the attainment of the national objective of reducing emissions; the major part was earmarked for measures of energy renovation of buildings and fewer incentives were earmarked for industry. Slovenia promotes the reduction of GHG emissions with two key measures of green tax policy, i.e. environmental tax on air pollution with CO2 emissions, which taxes fossil fuels regarding their carbon content, and the vehicle tax, the level of which also depends on CO2 emissions. Nevertheless, tax measures, which are contrary to the objectives of emission reduction, apply simultaneously in Slovenia. The reimbursement of excise duties on fossil fuels stands out the most with regard to the amount of funds.', 'The reimbursement of excise duties on fossil fuels stands out the most with regard to the amount of funds. A project of green budgetary reform was also carried out in the 2017–2018 period, which was completed with the publication of recommendations.8.2.1.1 Guidelines and measures adopted until 2030 The NECP defines further activities for greening the budget, while the SDS 2030 does not state its position on this issue.', 'A project of green budgetary reform was also carried out in the 2017–2018 period, which was completed with the publication of recommendations.8.2.1.1 Guidelines and measures adopted until 2030 The NECP defines further activities for greening the budget, while the SDS 2030 does not state its position on this issue. The NECP plans an increase in public financial resources for promoting and accelerating investments and the implementation of other measures to reduce the GHG emissions, particularly for: - a comprehensive development of the electricity distribution networks; - investments in the railway infrastructure and other forms of sustainable mobility; - investments in research and development in order to increase GDP to 3 per cent (involving investments) by 2030; - implementation of EEU and RES measures in all sectors: comprehensive renovation of buildings, development of a circular economy, renovation and expansion of DH systems, generation of electricity and heat from RES, etc.', 'The NECP plans an increase in public financial resources for promoting and accelerating investments and the implementation of other measures to reduce the GHG emissions, particularly for: - a comprehensive development of the electricity distribution networks; - investments in the railway infrastructure and other forms of sustainable mobility; - investments in research and development in order to increase GDP to 3 per cent (involving investments) by 2030; - implementation of EEU and RES measures in all sectors: comprehensive renovation of buildings, development of a circular economy, renovation and expansion of DH systems, generation of electricity and heat from RES, etc. The environmental tax on air pollution with CO2 emissions will gradually increase to equalise its amount as soon as possible and then harmonise it with the price of emission allowances (at the level of at least 30 EUR/t of CO2 by 2030).', 'The environmental tax on air pollution with CO2 emissions will gradually increase to equalise its amount as soon as possible and then harmonise it with the price of emission allowances (at the level of at least 30 EUR/t of CO2 by 2030). The reimbursements of excise duties on energy products, which are contrary to the objectives of GHG emission reduction, will gradually reduce: they will be abolished in transport by 2025 or as per the development of the EU legislation and in industry by 2030, or the reimbursements of excise duties will be conditioned by the implementation of emission reduction measures (certificate obtained in accordance with standards ISO 50001 or ISO 14001, which contributes to an increase in energy and material efficiency, etc.).', 'The reimbursements of excise duties on energy products, which are contrary to the objectives of GHG emission reduction, will gradually reduce: they will be abolished in transport by 2025 or as per the development of the EU legislation and in industry by 2030, or the reimbursements of excise duties will be conditioned by the implementation of emission reduction measures (certificate obtained in accordance with standards ISO 50001 or ISO 14001, which contributes to an increase in energy and material efficiency, etc.). In compliance with the planned amendments to the EU legislation (within the EGD), the process of greening the national budget for the formation of harmonised and efficient solutions will continue in the field of taxes and duties in all sectors vital for the attainment of climate neutrality objectives.', 'In compliance with the planned amendments to the EU legislation (within the EGD), the process of greening the national budget for the formation of harmonised and efficient solutions will continue in the field of taxes and duties in all sectors vital for the attainment of climate neutrality objectives. 8.2.1.2 Starting points in the European Green Deal The legislative bases which are being drafted or prepared within the EGD that significantly affect the definition of financing in this Strategy, include: - the Just Transition Mechanism proposed by the EC together with the Just Transition Fund, which will ensure a just and inclusive manner of transition and will steer towards the formation of the user-adjusted and practical assistance to help workers with investments in the most affected regions due to the transition.', '8.2.1.2 Starting points in the European Green Deal The legislative bases which are being drafted or prepared within the EGD that significantly affect the definition of financing in this Strategy, include: - the Just Transition Mechanism proposed by the EC together with the Just Transition Fund, which will ensure a just and inclusive manner of transition and will steer towards the formation of the user-adjusted and practical assistance to help workers with investments in the most affected regions due to the transition. Transition management will require significant structural changes to business models relating to the requirements on competence and relative prices; - at least 30 per cent of resources from the InvestEU Fund will be earmarked for climate measures, and project sustainability will be examined as well (in the sense of economic, environmental and social sustainability).', 'Transition management will require significant structural changes to business models relating to the requirements on competence and relative prices; - at least 30 per cent of resources from the InvestEU Fund will be earmarked for climate measures, and project sustainability will be examined as well (in the sense of economic, environmental and social sustainability). It is necessary to define the method of cooperation between national banks when drafting instruments at the national level and the budgetary planning of measures; - when drafting the sustainable financing strategy, the EC will observe Regulation (EU) 2020/852 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 June 2020 on the establishment of a framework to facilitate sustainable investment, and amending - inclusion of the sustainability aspect into the framework of company management and reporting to the investors about the attainment of all three aspects of sustainability.', 'It is necessary to define the method of cooperation between national banks when drafting instruments at the national level and the budgetary planning of measures; - when drafting the sustainable financing strategy, the EC will observe Regulation (EU) 2020/852 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 June 2020 on the establishment of a framework to facilitate sustainable investment, and amending - inclusion of the sustainability aspect into the framework of company management and reporting to the investors about the attainment of all three aspects of sustainability. Special attention is dedicated to the list of criteria for technical screening; - design of the EU green bond standard, which will enable the implementation of sustainable investments in an efficient manner which determines eligible projects, manner of applying taxonomy at the project level, design of a framework for green bonds, manner of reporting and legislative requirements for disclosure and verification method at the EU level and outside of it; - integration of climate and environmental risks in the financial system and theirmanagement within the system (inclusion in the prudential framework, increase in resilience against climate and environmental risks, especially from the viewpoint of financial risks).', 'Special attention is dedicated to the list of criteria for technical screening; - design of the EU green bond standard, which will enable the implementation of sustainable investments in an efficient manner which determines eligible projects, manner of applying taxonomy at the project level, design of a framework for green bonds, manner of reporting and legislative requirements for disclosure and verification method at the EU level and outside of it; - integration of climate and environmental risks in the financial system and theirmanagement within the system (inclusion in the prudential framework, increase in resilience against climate and environmental risks, especially from the viewpoint of financial risks). Slovenia will steer investments and consumption (private and public) towards a low- carbon circular economy and the adaptation to climate change.', 'Slovenia will steer investments and consumption (private and public) towards a low- carbon circular economy and the adaptation to climate change. The principles of climate justice will be observed accordingly: the costs and benefits of the transition will be distributed fairly, and the most vulnerable groups of citizens will be enabled to implement measures to mitigate and adapt to climate changes. Climate measures also have multiple benefits because they contribute to the attainment of environmental, social and economic strategic objectives pertaining to water and energy management, food security, environmental and nature protection, protection and conservation of cultural heritage, and other strategic sources. To support climate policy, Slovenia will thoroughly reform public finances and, in doing so, will greatly depend on the EGD.', 'To support climate policy, Slovenia will thoroughly reform public finances and, in doing so, will greatly depend on the EGD. Taxes and other leverage in the field of green priorities will be redirected in a way intended to steer public and private investment and consumption towards a low-carbon circular economy and adaptation to climate change. An important objective is to ensure the transition in a fair and inclusive manner. At the onset of the 2021–2027 period, Slovenia is providing resources (see sub-chapter on financing sources) for the implementation of measures.', 'At the onset of the 2021–2027 period, Slovenia is providing resources (see sub-chapter on financing sources) for the implementation of measures. By 2023, a comprehensive system will be designed and a financing model for investments and other measures for the transition to a climate-neutral society by 2050 will be defined, whereby a support environment for the promotion of financing private and public investments and other measures for the transition to a low-carbon circular economy and the adaptation to climate change will be built and enhanced. 8.2.4 Main orientations and fields of action by 2050 Slovenia recognises the key role that financing has in the attainment of climate neutrality and adaptation to climate change.', '8.2.4 Main orientations and fields of action by 2050 Slovenia recognises the key role that financing has in the attainment of climate neutrality and adaptation to climate change. It will promote the transition to a low-carbon circular economy, whereby significant improvement of material efficiency, as the connecting element between the environmental and competitive objectives, will be crucial, too. As stated in the EGD, the reduction of GHG emissions will require extensive public investment and enhanced efforts for private capital to be directed towards climate and environmental action, while preventing attachment to unsustainable practices. To meet these ambitions, the majority of investments in public and private sectors, which will be implemented until 2050, will have to be guided.', 'To meet these ambitions, the majority of investments in public and private sectors, which will be implemented until 2050, will have to be guided. The scope of investments will be larger than the present ones; energy costs will be lower, especially for imported energy and that will release private resources for investment on a larger scale. In compliance with the EGD, Slovenia will strengthen the integration of the sustainability aspect into the corporate governance framework and report to its investors on the achievement of all three sustainability aspects. It will give priority to promoting the integration of climate risks in the management of financial companies.', 'It will give priority to promoting the integration of climate risks in the management of financial companies. When managing the state and local communities, the progress criteria will, in addition to thecurrently established economic criteria, also include the assessment of social and environmental wellbeing and risks, which will be exceptionally important for climate change management. 8.2.4.1 Financing model By 2023, Slovenia will form a system and determine the financing model to implement investments for the transition to a climate-neutral society by 2050. The system will be based on a harmonised utilisation of non-refundable and refundable public funds and financing sources provided by financial institutions and funds. The system will be intended for the activation of private sources in low-carbon solution investments.', 'The system will be intended for the activation of private sources in low-carbon solution investments. The financial model will serve as the backbone of the investment promotion system and will incorporate a number of tax and legislative instruments and instruments for planning, information dissemination, etc., which will ensure a faster transition and the cost- and environmentally-efficient implementation of investments. The formation of the financing model will be harmonised between all stakeholders in order to generate an efficient financial support environment (formation of platforms necessary for a uniform assessment, project financing and knowledge concentration) and design project offices which will enable high-quality preparation (also aggregation of dispersed projects), project treatment and a high degree of combination of various funding sources.', 'The formation of the financing model will be harmonised between all stakeholders in order to generate an efficient financial support environment (formation of platforms necessary for a uniform assessment, project financing and knowledge concentration) and design project offices which will enable high-quality preparation (also aggregation of dispersed projects), project treatment and a high degree of combination of various funding sources. Slovenia will prepare the model in two phases: - programming of the use of EU funds for ensuring a just transition by 2027 is underway, while the state will also rely on earmarked EU funding for the period until 2027.', 'Slovenia will prepare the model in two phases: - programming of the use of EU funds for ensuring a just transition by 2027 is underway, while the state will also rely on earmarked EU funding for the period until 2027. Furthermore, Slovenia will also programme the application of national funds as listed in the sub-chapter on financing sources; - by 2023, Slovenia will design, and by 2027, establish a comprehensive support system for the implementation of large and small investment and other projects for the transition to a low-carbon circular economy and society. The system will be designed harmoniously and in coordination with the ministry responsible for finance for the entire financial incentive sector.', 'The system will be designed harmoniously and in coordination with the ministry responsible for finance for the entire financial incentive sector. Within the system, Slovenia will enable the formation of funds through the implementation of public infrastructure investments for the transition to a low-carbon society.', 'Within the system, Slovenia will enable the formation of funds through the implementation of public infrastructure investments for the transition to a low-carbon society. It is reasonable to participate in the financing of infrastructural investments of topical initiatives and packages of anti-crisis measures of the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF), the InvestEU, payment of a contribution to the European Guarantee Fund and use of the guarantee for infrastructure projects and elimination of COVID-19 consequences (if Slovenia fails to pay the funds to the European Guarantee Fund, it will provide them from the budget), and utilisation of sources from the Just Transition Fund (JTF) to form a fund for financing infrastructural investments in the Zasavje and Šalek regions.', 'It is reasonable to participate in the financing of infrastructural investments of topical initiatives and packages of anti-crisis measures of the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF), the InvestEU, payment of a contribution to the European Guarantee Fund and use of the guarantee for infrastructure projects and elimination of COVID-19 consequences (if Slovenia fails to pay the funds to the European Guarantee Fund, it will provide them from the budget), and utilisation of sources from the Just Transition Fund (JTF) to form a fund for financing infrastructural investments in the Zasavje and Šalek regions. In the period after 2027 (next financial framework), the funds will be formed in harmonisation and coordination with the ministry responsible for finance for the entire financial incentive sector (entire incentive system of the Republic of Slovenia) with the utilisation of EU guarantees and other sources as listed in the sub-chapter on financing sources.', 'In the period after 2027 (next financial framework), the funds will be formed in harmonisation and coordination with the ministry responsible for finance for the entire financial incentive sector (entire incentive system of the Republic of Slovenia) with the utilisation of EU guarantees and other sources as listed in the sub-chapter on financing sources. To finance a sustainable transport infrastructure, Slovenia will examine and provide additional financing sources. When designing the financing model, the starting points are as follows: - the funding is based on grants to finance public and private investment in a low-carbon and circular economy. At present, a sufficient number of incentives to redirect investments exists, so a significant increase is not necessary.', 'At present, a sufficient number of incentives to redirect investments exists, so a significant increase is not necessary. The earmarked funds collected represent about one sixth of the funds that will be needed in the future to carry out the anticipated scope of investments necessary for a successful transition to a climate-neutral society by 2050; - private financial funds will be engaged to a greater extent (five sixths) to carry out the transition to a climate-neutral society by 2050; private sector investment opportunitiesvary; - the funding gap will be covered through the prioritised application of the EU funds available and financing through financial instruments which rely on EU sources.', 'The earmarked funds collected represent about one sixth of the funds that will be needed in the future to carry out the anticipated scope of investments necessary for a successful transition to a climate-neutral society by 2050; - private financial funds will be engaged to a greater extent (five sixths) to carry out the transition to a climate-neutral society by 2050; private sector investment opportunitiesvary; - the funding gap will be covered through the prioritised application of the EU funds available and financing through financial instruments which rely on EU sources. The planning and formation of financial instruments (refundable funds, guarantees, capital injections) will be based on cohesion funds and the utilisation of the EU budgetary resources (see also sub-chapter on financing sources); - however, the development of financial instruments that depend merely on the EU resources will not suffice for the steering and implementation of necessary investments.', 'The planning and formation of financial instruments (refundable funds, guarantees, capital injections) will be based on cohesion funds and the utilisation of the EU budgetary resources (see also sub-chapter on financing sources); - however, the development of financial instruments that depend merely on the EU resources will not suffice for the steering and implementation of necessary investments. Slovenia will have to engage additional mechanisms to steer private resources into investments by engaging additional budgetary resources for the redirection of investments and for the development of instruments through the implementation of financial engineering. The provision of additional budgetary resources will be necessary as a condition for co-financing projects from the programmes or EU funds, which is also a condition for drawing resources from the EU Just Transition Fund.', 'The provision of additional budgetary resources will be necessary as a condition for co-financing projects from the programmes or EU funds, which is also a condition for drawing resources from the EU Just Transition Fund. 8.2.4.1.1 Financing sources To promote climate measures, Slovenia will further earmark resources from the following own public funds: - the Climate Change Fund; - contribution for energy efficiency; - contribution for electricity generation from high-efficiency cogeneration and from RES; - resources marked for financing of transport infrastructure development. Until 2027, at least 30 per cent of the EU long-term budget resources and the NextGenerationEU instrument will be earmarked for the promotion of climate measures.', 'Until 2027, at least 30 per cent of the EU long-term budget resources and the NextGenerationEU instrument will be earmarked for the promotion of climate measures. As per the EC’s guidelines, Slovenia will incorporate climate content in the programmes for use of these resources and will exploit the opportunities within the EU to finance the transition to a low-carbon society (hereinafter: LCS) to the greatest extent possible, which is an important element of recovery. It will be possible to promote certain measures from this Strategy and the NECP within the framework of EU funding intended for the development of digitalisation (20 per cent of structural funds and the recovery mechanism) within the foregoing mechanisms.', 'It will be possible to promote certain measures from this Strategy and the NECP within the framework of EU funding intended for the development of digitalisation (20 per cent of structural funds and the recovery mechanism) within the foregoing mechanisms. The key mechanisms within the EU are: - the Recovery and Resilience Facility; 37 per cent of funds within this framework are intended for climate measures; - structural and investment funds of the 2021–2027 multiannual financial framework (the Cohesion Fund, the Rural Development Fund, the European Regional Development Fund, the European Social Fund, the European Territorial Cooperation, etc.', 'The key mechanisms within the EU are: - the Recovery and Resilience Facility; 37 per cent of funds within this framework are intended for climate measures; - structural and investment funds of the 2021–2027 multiannual financial framework (the Cohesion Fund, the Rural Development Fund, the European Regional Development Fund, the European Social Fund, the European Territorial Cooperation, etc. ), in which at least 30 per cent of funds are earmarked for climate measures; - the Just Transition Fund, in which the funds are also anticipated for the EGD measures; - the InvestEU Fund for implementation of the EGD and the recovery plan; - payment of a contribution to the European Guarantee Fund and use of the guarantee for infrastructure projects and elimination of COVID-19 consequences (note: if Slovenia fails to pay its contribution to this fund, it will provide resources from the budget); - resources within the EU programmes (LIFE, H2020, etc.).', '), in which at least 30 per cent of funds are earmarked for climate measures; - the Just Transition Fund, in which the funds are also anticipated for the EGD measures; - the InvestEU Fund for implementation of the EGD and the recovery plan; - payment of a contribution to the European Guarantee Fund and use of the guarantee for infrastructure projects and elimination of COVID-19 consequences (note: if Slovenia fails to pay its contribution to this fund, it will provide resources from the budget); - resources within the EU programmes (LIFE, H2020, etc.). In this field, it is possible to attract investment capital from the funds and other dedicated financing resources of international financial institutions, but the activation of private financing resources is of key importance.', 'In this field, it is possible to attract investment capital from the funds and other dedicated financing resources of international financial institutions, but the activation of private financing resources is of key importance. 8.2.4.2 Reform of tax and budgetary policies Slovenia will plan its reform and the greening of tax and budgetary policies well. They will be designed to promote sustainable development and resilience to climate shocks, as well as toenable a fairer transition and the state’s other development priorities, as this is very important for achieving climate goals at the lowest possible cost.', 'They will be designed to promote sustainable development and resilience to climate shocks, as well as toenable a fairer transition and the state’s other development priorities, as this is very important for achieving climate goals at the lowest possible cost. Adjustment in the structure of taxes will not only be necessary for the attainment of environmental, but also of fiscal, objectives because of the change in the use of energy products and other changes related to the transition to a low-carbon society. When drafting measures, Slovenia will try to realise the long-term competitiveness objectives of the business sector. When planning and reforming the budgetary and tax policies, Slovenia will apply suitable tax solutions to provide appropriate incentives for the sustainable conduct of producers, users and consumers.', 'When planning and reforming the budgetary and tax policies, Slovenia will apply suitable tax solutions to provide appropriate incentives for the sustainable conduct of producers, users and consumers. The tax policy will support the climate policy and a fair transition. It will use tax measures to discourage GHG emissions and direct tax measures to stimulate action to increase climate resilience. The social and development aspects will be observed, too. Fiscal and environmental objectives and the social and development components will also be discussed and considered accordingly. In doing so, the decisions already made in Slovenia will be taken into consideration, and measures adopted at the EU level will support the policy reformation.', 'In doing so, the decisions already made in Slovenia will be taken into consideration, and measures adopted at the EU level will support the policy reformation. Slovenia will: - gradually reduce reimbursements of excise duties on liquid fossil fuels (complete abolishment by 2030 or in accordance with EU legislation), as already stipulated by the NECP; - increase the environmental tax on air pollution with CO2 emissions and harmonise it with the price of emission allowances or marginal costs to attain the objectives of the Paris Agreement, as already stipulated by the NECP; - promote climate action with other tax measures, i.e. tax relief, different tax rates, etc.', 'tax relief, different tax rates, etc. ; - take environmental factors and risks into account in annual budgets and medium-term fiscal plans; - participate in the formation of an efficient measure at the EU level, i.e.', '; - take environmental factors and risks into account in annual budgets and medium-term fiscal plans; - participate in the formation of an efficient measure at the EU level, i.e. a carbon border adjustment mechanism for selected sectors to reduce the risk of relocating CO2 sources and enable the competitiveness of low-carbon production; - direct the resources of the European structural and investment funds and other EU sources in Slovenia to support sustainable development to the greatest extent possible; - condition state aid for the business sector with the criteria of a low-carbon transition, promote the activation of private capital when financing projects and attaining the objectives set in the NECP and this Strategy; - upgrade the system of green public procurement (several criteria related to the reduction of GHG emissions, more categories of products in the green public procurement system) and greatly increase the proportion of green public procurements until 2030 and by 100 per cent until 2040.', 'a carbon border adjustment mechanism for selected sectors to reduce the risk of relocating CO2 sources and enable the competitiveness of low-carbon production; - direct the resources of the European structural and investment funds and other EU sources in Slovenia to support sustainable development to the greatest extent possible; - condition state aid for the business sector with the criteria of a low-carbon transition, promote the activation of private capital when financing projects and attaining the objectives set in the NECP and this Strategy; - upgrade the system of green public procurement (several criteria related to the reduction of GHG emissions, more categories of products in the green public procurement system) and greatly increase the proportion of green public procurements until 2030 and by 100 per cent until 2040. The fiscal policy will not suffice, but it will represent one of the support pillars for the new financing model.', 'The fiscal policy will not suffice, but it will represent one of the support pillars for the new financing model. It will also be accompanied by package target instruments (legislative, information, etc.). 8.2.4.3 Ensuring a just transition The EGD states: "The transition can only succeed if it is conducted in a fair and inclusive way. The most vulnerable are the most exposed to the harmful effects of climate change and environmental degradation. At the same time, managing the transition will lead to significant structural changes in business models, skill requirements and relative prices. The public, depending on their social and geographic circumstances, will be affected in different ways.', 'The public, depending on their social and geographic circumstances, will be affected in different ways. Not all Member States, regions and cities start the transition from the same point or have the same capacity to respond. These challenges require a strong policy response at all levels." Within the framework of climate policy, Slovenia will ensure that: - the costs of benefits of the transition are divided fairly; - no one will be overlooked in the transition to a low-carbon society; - the most vulnerable groups of the population will be enabled to implement measures for mitigation of, and adaptation to, climate change;- the entities affected the most by the transition will receive prompt assistance for necessary action.', 'Within the framework of climate policy, Slovenia will ensure that: - the costs of benefits of the transition are divided fairly; - no one will be overlooked in the transition to a low-carbon society; - the most vulnerable groups of the population will be enabled to implement measures for mitigation of, and adaptation to, climate change;- the entities affected the most by the transition will receive prompt assistance for necessary action. To ensure a just transition, it will be very important to draft and implement other policies which contribute to the reduction of inequality in society.', 'To ensure a just transition, it will be very important to draft and implement other policies which contribute to the reduction of inequality in society. In accordance with the EGD, Slovenia will steer support in the regions affected most by the transition towards restructuring into a low-carbon economy and low-carbon activities, which will be resilient to climate change and will enable a generation of new and stable jobs with higher added value.', 'In accordance with the EGD, Slovenia will steer support in the regions affected most by the transition towards restructuring into a low-carbon economy and low-carbon activities, which will be resilient to climate change and will enable a generation of new and stable jobs with higher added value. To this end, it will prepare regional plans for a fair transition for the two regions that will be affected the most by the loss of jobs in production and the use of fossil fuels, and possibly for another three regions due to the needs for a transformation of production processes in industrial facilities with the highest GHG intensity.', 'To this end, it will prepare regional plans for a fair transition for the two regions that will be affected the most by the loss of jobs in production and the use of fossil fuels, and possibly for another three regions due to the needs for a transformation of production processes in industrial facilities with the highest GHG intensity. Grants of the Just Transition Fund represent one of the pillars of the mechanism for a just transition; the drawing conditions will be determined in the proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing the Just Transition Fund (COM/2020/22). Slovenia will prepare and support job transition strategies for other activities.', 'Slovenia will prepare and support job transition strategies for other activities. Slovenia will ensure that the most vulnerable groups of the population are able to carry out measures for the transition to LCS and, in particular, that the measures do not worsen the financial situation of citizens in the first and second income quintile groups. The measures (e.g. increase in the amount of CO2 tax for fossil fuels), which would affect the most vulnerable groups will be compensated for these groups with suitable mechanisms (e.g. options to apply tax revenue to reduce the rate of social security contributions, increase in household social benefits, targeted measures of EEU and RES for the prevention of energy poverty).', 'options to apply tax revenue to reduce the rate of social security contributions, increase in household social benefits, targeted measures of EEU and RES for the prevention of energy poverty). As per the adopted measures and acts (Energy Act (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia [Uradni list RS], Nos. 60/19 – official consolidated text, 65/20 and 158/20 – ZURE; hereinafter: EZ-1) and the NECP), Slovenia will implement the measures for mitigation and reduction of energy poverty within social and housing policies and the targeted measures of EEU and RES.', '60/19 – official consolidated text, 65/20 and 158/20 – ZURE; hereinafter: EZ-1) and the NECP), Slovenia will implement the measures for mitigation and reduction of energy poverty within social and housing policies and the targeted measures of EEU and RES. Measures to adapt to climate change will be designed within the framework of the housing policy and will be amended, if necessary, with targeted measures for the most vulnerable groups upon the reform of the national housing programme and when reviewing the NECP. Slovenia will draft measures to prevent mobility poverty resulting from higher personal transport costs (more expensive vehicles) within the new transport strategy and the spatial development strategy, whereby the measures of harmonious regional development, digitalisation of services and public passenger transport will be crucial.', 'Slovenia will draft measures to prevent mobility poverty resulting from higher personal transport costs (more expensive vehicles) within the new transport strategy and the spatial development strategy, whereby the measures of harmonious regional development, digitalisation of services and public passenger transport will be crucial. The measures will also be carried out at the local level, and energy and mobility poverty will be discussed in local community plans as well. (Also see chapter 11.) 8.2.4.4 Providing green financing of investments and other measures To meet these ambitions, the majority of investments in public and private sectors, which will be implemented until 2050, will have to be steered.', '8.2.4.4 Providing green financing of investments and other measures To meet these ambitions, the majority of investments in public and private sectors, which will be implemented until 2050, will have to be steered. The scope of investments will be larger than at present; energy costs will be lower, especially for imported energy and that will release resources for investments of a larger scale. In particular, the investors face the following obstacles: high initial investment costs and the ability to finance and manage risks related to the transition to LCS. Incentives will focus on the overcoming of these barriers: provision of funds with the offer of financial instruments.', 'Incentives will focus on the overcoming of these barriers: provision of funds with the offer of financial instruments. Financial incentives will be proportionate to the effects on the reduction of GHG emissions and other public benefits for sectors (strategic reliability, food security, cultural heritage conservation, etc. ), the environment (flood safety, etc.) and other benefits of multi-purpose measures. Major incentives will be intended for development solutions and when entering markets. Buildings. It is assessed that 60 per cent of households can implement a comprehensiveenergy-saving building renovation with their own sources and borrowing (Cirman et al.', 'It is assessed that 60 per cent of households can implement a comprehensiveenergy-saving building renovation with their own sources and borrowing (Cirman et al. Analiza dejavnikov, povezanih s finančnimi sposobnostmi gospodinjstev, ki vplivajo na odločanje o investicijah za učinkovito rabo energije, poročilo v okviru projekta LIFE Podnebna pot 2050 (Analysis of factors related to households’ financial abilities affecting decision-making regarding investments for efficient energy use, Report within the LIFE Climate Path 2050 project, 2018). Incentives for the groups that are unable to implement renovation on their own will be prepared (e.g. guarantee scheme, energy contracting and "payment incorporated in electricity bills"). Furthermore, it was estimated that the welfare of citizens of the first and second quintile groups worsens in the scenarios of the transition to a low-carbon society.', 'Furthermore, it was estimated that the welfare of citizens of the first and second quintile groups worsens in the scenarios of the transition to a low-carbon society. As a result, measures for these groups of citizens will be enhanced: in addition to other measures of general social policy (see chapter 11), incentives for the energy renovation of buildings and other measures of efficient energy use will be reinforced to encourage investment for the most vulnerable groups of citizens. The objectives of the transition to a low-carbon circular economy will be attained by enforcing sustainable construction and renovation of buildings. In addition to energy efficiency, construction or renovations will be based on materials with a low carbon footprint.', 'In addition to energy efficiency, construction or renovations will be based on materials with a low carbon footprint. Renovation will also include other measures designed to improve the condition of buildings (seismic and fire safety, resilience against climate risks, etc. ; the so-called broader renovation). Simultaneous energy and broader renovation is an important element of a circular economy, with significant effects on material efficiency and subsequent GHG emissions during the lifespan of a building. Special emphasis will be put on the construction of wooden buildings. A financing model of sustainable and broader renovation for multi- dwelling buildings in Slovenia, which are at highest seismic risk, will be established. Slovenia will thus define additional dedicated financial resources within the housing policy.', 'Slovenia will thus define additional dedicated financial resources within the housing policy. For efficient implementation, the competencies and tasks of the institutions will be defined in more detail and will be enhanced if necessary (e.g. housing funds, the Eco Fund, the SID Bank).Slovenia will ensure additional dedicated financial resources for special groups of buildings, whereby a particular priority will focus on steering financial resources for broader renovations of cultural heritage buildings. Transport. In the field of transport, the priority focus of measures will be on a sustainable transport infrastructure with an emphasis on railway infrastructure, public transport and active mobility. Infrastructural projects in transport are typically large-scale projects which require a longer and stable financing period.', 'Infrastructural projects in transport are typically large-scale projects which require a longer and stable financing period. Stable systemic resources for financing transport measures are vital because they enable players at the state and municipal level to realistically plan and implement measures. As stated in chapter 8.2.4.1, Slovenia will establish a comprehensive support system and will form funds for the implementation of large infrastructural investments. It will also enhance the financing of sustainable mobility measures from the Climate Change Fund and the European funds from the Multiannual Financial Framework, particularly the Cohesion Fund and the Recovery and Resilience Facility. It will also consistently direct all investments for transport infrastructure development and resources earmarked for this purpose in compliance with the objectives for the reduction of GHG emissions.', 'It will also consistently direct all investments for transport infrastructure development and resources earmarked for this purpose in compliance with the objectives for the reduction of GHG emissions. Systemically stable, long-term and predictable financial resources will thus be established and ensured for measures with clearly set objectives of emission reduction, the promotion of sustainable transport infrastructure development in the jurisdiction of municipalities (public passenger transport, offer of new services, non-motorised forms of transport, the park-and-ride system, promotion of charging infrastructure for e- mobility and other alternative sources, etc.) and the state (rail transport, etc.). The development of transport hubs, new logistics approaches and the circularity principle in logistics, including digitalisation and other measures for reducing GHG emissions in transport and mobility, will be promoted (see also chapter 6.3). Industry.', 'The development of transport hubs, new logistics approaches and the circularity principle in logistics, including digitalisation and other measures for reducing GHG emissions in transport and mobility, will be promoted (see also chapter 6.3). Industry. Industry will deal with high prices of emission allowances and energy products. Prices will be mainly influenced by European markets and not so much by the supply and demand for low-carbon resources in the country. The industry will require support with the transition to a low-carbon circular economy to prevent stranded investments and focus ongreen investments (energy efficiency, material efficiency, RES, etc. ).The decarbonisation of energy-intensive activities or the transition to the use of materials or products which do not require energy-intensive production will be particularly challenging.', ').The decarbonisation of energy-intensive activities or the transition to the use of materials or products which do not require energy-intensive production will be particularly challenging. At the same time, these industries are materially intensive, so it is necessary to enhance the use of secondary raw materials and introduce other circular economy concepts. Slovenia will promote industrial modernisation, especially research and development and the application of the latest high- tech solutions. It will carry out measures to ensure the competitiveness of low-carbon production and co-design measures at the EU level (e.g. mechanism for carbon border adjustment, product-service development for a circular economy). In the long-term, the modernisation will focus on the management of price and other expected risks. Slovenia will enable a gradual transition within the framework of the EU policy.', 'Slovenia will enable a gradual transition within the framework of the EU policy. In the transition to a low-carbon circular economy, it will be crucial to introduce sustainable business models to expand the offer of products in addition to the offer of services related to relevant products and thus enhance the added value and competitiveness in these activities. Special emphasis will be put on the promotion of new investments in the wood industry.', 'Special emphasis will be put on the promotion of new investments in the wood industry. The support environment will be compliant with the EGD starting points and incorporated in Slovenia’s new industrial strategy by 2030 and the comprehensive strategic decarbonisation project for the transition to a circular economy, which is being drafted in cooperation with the European Institute of Innovation and Technology and the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission. The renewed Smart Specialisation Strategy will play a crucial role within this framework. Energy.', 'The renewed Smart Specialisation Strategy will play a crucial role within this framework. Energy. Major challenges will be the financing of electricity supply development and the implementation of large-scale investments; in the period leading to 2030, financial resources will be needed in particular for the development of electricity distribution and transmission networks, the provision of flexibility, systemic services and energy production from RES. Financing of the network development is for the most part anticipated from the network charge or a special contribution, i.e. by observing the polluter- or user-pays principle. European funds for mitigation of climate change and digitalisation will also be available in this area. The flexibility services will generate additional revenue.', 'The flexibility services will generate additional revenue. The formation of network charges must observe the future development of the energy market (particularly the dispersion of production, energy storage facilities and implementation of demand response services). Major investments in competitive and dispersed electricity generation from RES are anticipated in accordance with the guidelines outlined in previous chapters. Investments must be steered in such a way that simultaneous growth of employment in the sectors of green low-carbon technologies and services is ensured and that the state’s other strategic environmental and economic objectives are met. In the period until 2050, presumably in the 2035–2045 period, electricity generation from the majority of current facilities will have to be substituted, with the exception of hydroelectric power plants.', 'In the period until 2050, presumably in the 2035–2045 period, electricity generation from the majority of current facilities will have to be substituted, with the exception of hydroelectric power plants. Based on expert, high-quality and independent analyses of economic, environmental, spatial, social and economic feasibility, it is necessary to assess methods for substituting these sources to facilitate decision-making. All legal aspects of the necessary administrative procedures (national spatial plans, licensing, etc.) must be examined minutely and drafted accordingly. Timely investments in the development of new environmentally acceptable energy locations and preservation of the existing ones are also envisaged.', 'Timely investments in the development of new environmentally acceptable energy locations and preservation of the existing ones are also envisaged. Within the framework of increasing network charges (and expected higher electricity prices), special attention will be paid to vulnerable groups of consumers (energy poverty) for which targeted measures for reducing energy costs will be available (see chapter 8.2.4.3).8.2.5 Climate change adaptation Slovenia has available adaptation funds (the Climate Change Fund, the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development, and the European structural and investment funds (CF, ERDF), which for now exceed the demand. Investments relating to the adaptation have not been assessed because possible action scenarios for this field have not yet been drafted (see also chapter 5).', 'Investments relating to the adaptation have not been assessed because possible action scenarios for this field have not yet been drafted (see also chapter 5). Judging from the experience of countries which are better prepared for climate change, we expect that additional funds will be required. Many measures will be implemented by the municipalities themselves or in cooperation with the institutions at the state level (e.g. in the field of flood safety, the majority of measures is undertaken by the Slovenian Water Agency, while many measures are or will be carried out by the municipalities in cooperation with the Agency). Necessary expert bases, instructions and training must be ensured beforehand for the projects to be of sufficient quality.', 'Necessary expert bases, instructions and training must be ensured beforehand for the projects to be of sufficient quality. For better cost efficiency, Slovenia will prioritise the implementation preparation of preventive measures (e.g. activities outside flood risk areas). An action plan and investment programmes (see chapter 5) will be drafted for other measures. Until 2023, necessary methodologies for assessing the climate risk of projects and their resilience to climate change will be established and incorporated in the criteria for financing, guarantees, insurances, issue of permits, etc. For the adaptation to climate change with sustainable solutions, Slovenia will primarily ensure financial resources for the investments which have the largest potential for carbon capture and storage and those which will ensure the improvement of natural habitats and the implementation of sustainable solutions.', 'For the adaptation to climate change with sustainable solutions, Slovenia will primarily ensure financial resources for the investments which have the largest potential for carbon capture and storage and those which will ensure the improvement of natural habitats and the implementation of sustainable solutions. National multi-purpose strategic projects for attaining strategic objectives in the supply of water, food and electricity will also be of key importance because their synergies will contribute greatly to the cost efficiency of attaining the objectives. 8.2.6 Consumption patterns Slovenia will define responsible institutions for promoting changes in consumption patterns. For the most part, measures in this field will be new and are yet to be developed, resulting in few or as yet unestablished incentives for such measures.', 'For the most part, measures in this field will be new and are yet to be developed, resulting in few or as yet unestablished incentives for such measures. Most measures refer to the generation of markets, supply and demand promotion, accessibility of the green products offer and also the promotion of reuse and sharing (libraries of things, financing of e.g. "recharge" machines) and other new consumption patterns. A number of measures involving mobility are also included in this framework (calculation of travel costs) and other measures (e-services, e-state, etc.) for lesser mobility needs (lower transport or travel costs for the same service accessibility, etc. ).A set of instruments (green public procurement, taxation of resource use, financial incentives, product labelling, which will be prepared at the EU level, etc.)', ').A set of instruments (green public procurement, taxation of resource use, financial incentives, product labelling, which will be prepared at the EU level, etc.) will be drafted. 8.2.7 Efficiency of resource usage, governance and management Slovenia will concentrate knowledge and human resources capacity for the efficient management of public resources to promote the transition to a low-carbon circular economy and adaptation to climate change. At present, the incentives are dispersed in more than four institutions. The resource management of the Climate Change Fund will be upgraded.8.2.8 Financial reporting Also see the chapter on implementation monitoring.', 'The resource management of the Climate Change Fund will be upgraded.8.2.8 Financial reporting Also see the chapter on implementation monitoring. At the annual level, Slovenia will draft the climate finance report, which will include: - resources for incentives (total and by sources, by IPCC sectors, by line ministries and by groups of measures) and their effect – realisation and comparison with plans (all missing financing plans will be drafted beforehand); - promoted investments and activities (jobs) – total and by IPCC sectors, by sectors in accordance with emissions responsibility, and by groups of measures); - general government revenue arising from environmental taxes. 8.2.9 Proposed indicators - Total funds for incentives; - specific cost of GHG emissions reduction per incentive unit; - leverage.', '8.2.9 Proposed indicators - Total funds for incentives; - specific cost of GHG emissions reduction per incentive unit; - leverage. 8.3 Policies and measures for research, development and innovations In the scope of "research, innovations and competitiveness", the NECP anticipates an increase in investments for research and development, i.e.', '8.3 Policies and measures for research, development and innovations In the scope of "research, innovations and competitiveness", the NECP anticipates an increase in investments for research and development, i.e. at least 3 per cent of GDP by 2030 (of which at least 1 per cent of GDP will be derived from public resources), more investments in the development of human resources and new knowledge for the transition to a climate-neutral society, support to companies for a competitive and efficient transition, promotion of targeted research projects and multidisciplinary development and research programmes and demonstration projects; the climate objectives must also be observed by the Research and Innovation Strategy of Slovenia (RISS), steering of companies towards financing and participation in development and research projects with an active tax policy, promotion of new, and enhancement of the already existing, development and research programmes compliant with the NECP objectives.', 'at least 3 per cent of GDP by 2030 (of which at least 1 per cent of GDP will be derived from public resources), more investments in the development of human resources and new knowledge for the transition to a climate-neutral society, support to companies for a competitive and efficient transition, promotion of targeted research projects and multidisciplinary development and research programmes and demonstration projects; the climate objectives must also be observed by the Research and Innovation Strategy of Slovenia (RISS), steering of companies towards financing and participation in development and research projects with an active tax policy, promotion of new, and enhancement of the already existing, development and research programmes compliant with the NECP objectives. The NECP also promotes the application of digitalisation in climate measures and an enhancement of cybersecurity in all strategic systems, research and development activities between the public and private sectors, and the establishment of competitive conditions for innovative research work in public undertakings.', 'The NECP also promotes the application of digitalisation in climate measures and an enhancement of cybersecurity in all strategic systems, research and development activities between the public and private sectors, and the establishment of competitive conditions for innovative research work in public undertakings. 8.3.1 Objective and orientations by 2050 Numerous innovations (social and technological) will be necessary for the transition to a climate-neutral society, which Slovenia will support and promote. Slovenia will also further encourage and enforce the NECP orientations. It will increase resources for research and development, i.e. the proportion of funds will amount to at least 4 per cent of GDP (of which at least 2 per cent will be derived from public resources). Research and innovation are vital for a successful transition to a climate-neutral society.', 'Research and innovation are vital for a successful transition to a climate-neutral society. Due to its small size, Slovenia cannot carry out all the necessary innovations and research on its own and will thus strive for the active participation of Slovenian development and research institutions and the business sector in international research and projects and will simultaneously attempt to stop the brain or knowledge drain abroad. Slovenia will continue to promote interdisciplinary studies and projects and will further earmark funds more intensively in applied projects (technological and social) and eco-innovations which will ensure the transition to a climate-neutral society and the utmost efficiency of these innovations. This field will be determined as one of the priority areas of application of research, development and innovations in Slovenia.', 'This field will be determined as one of the priority areas of application of research, development and innovations in Slovenia. Slovenia will be further actively involved in European initiatives promoting innovations for a low-carbon society, and in RES technologies and other fields. Furthermore, it will accelerateresearch, development and innovations in promising (but commercially not yet economical) projects such as RES and other low-carbon technologies. A lack of social science analyses and research is noted in Slovenia regarding the transition to climate neutrality; without such knowledge, a challenging social transition is not possible.', 'A lack of social science analyses and research is noted in Slovenia regarding the transition to climate neutrality; without such knowledge, a challenging social transition is not possible. In cooperation with the ministry responsible for the environment and climate change, the ministry responsible for research will prepare an analysis of required social science research in the shortest time possible or until the update of the NECP and determine priority fields or topics. Such research is necessary for the consolidation of a social agreement. Research, development and innovation are a horizontal component of all sectors mentioned in previous chapters. Further provision of connectivity between research, development and innovation work will be crucial, including a connection with the business sector and education.', 'Further provision of connectivity between research, development and innovation work will be crucial, including a connection with the business sector and education. Slovenia will also provide resources for the development of necessary climate models for studying and monitoring climate change and its subsequent effects and for the formation of climate policies. 9 IMPLEMENTATION ORGANISATION 9.1 National level, inter-ministerial coordination For an efficient, successful and coordinated implementation of Slovenia’s long-term climate policy, the state and public administration must be governed and organised accordingly. They must also be competent to undertake the successful and efficient implementation of such a large, overarching and long-term project. Organisation of the state and public administration will logically observe the organisation at the EU level and good practices in this field in other EU member states.', 'Organisation of the state and public administration will logically observe the organisation at the EU level and good practices in this field in other EU member states. Efficient, successful and coordinated implementation of a long-term climate policy primarily necessitates the establishment of a body under the direct authority of the Government which will be responsible for climate policy coordination or Slovenia’s climate agreement. This also includes superiority over the sectors for coordination of climate policy, strategies and other documents, measures and content of Slovenia’s climate agreement.', 'This also includes superiority over the sectors for coordination of climate policy, strategies and other documents, measures and content of Slovenia’s climate agreement. Based on the Climate Strategy, climate policy and all other relevant policies and Slovenian and EU policies, the authority will, together with all other competent sectors, coordinate the preparation of a suitable plan for Slovenia’s climate agreement (hereinafter: SCA), which will be drafted after the adoption of the Climate Strategy. The green financial plan for implementing the climate agreement will also be an important element of SCA.', 'The green financial plan for implementing the climate agreement will also be an important element of SCA. The established authority’s expert team will have sufficient members and expertise to draft and efficiently coordinate at a high level all relevant sectors and necessary joint works, tasks and drafts of documents, measures and decisions of the Government of the Republic of Slovenia to implement, monitor and report on the results of the Slovenian climate policy and SCA. An independent scientific expert council will also be established to support the Government when monitoring and forming climate policies. The anticipated organisation will serve Slovenia to establish an appropriate stable structure at the highest level to manage the climate agreement and implement tasks in the field of climate change.', 'The anticipated organisation will serve Slovenia to establish an appropriate stable structure at the highest level to manage the climate agreement and implement tasks in the field of climate change. A stable structure and organisation also enable an early inclusion of stakeholders and the broader interested and expert public in the preparation of policies, planning and implementation of measures in this field.', 'A stable structure and organisation also enable an early inclusion of stakeholders and the broader interested and expert public in the preparation of policies, planning and implementation of measures in this field. The section of the newly established authority which will be involved in EIA and CEIA procedures relating to the adaptation, mitigation and monitoring of sectoral policies will also be enhanced.9.2 Local policies and fields of action To enhance resilience to climate change and the transition to a climate-neutral society, one of the key roles will be played by local communities or municipalities; there are 212 municipalities in Slovenia. Municipalities carry out numerous tasks with regard to spatial planning, economic development, public utility services (local energy, waste collection, public transport, etc.', 'Municipalities carry out numerous tasks with regard to spatial planning, economic development, public utility services (local energy, waste collection, public transport, etc. ), transport planning and management, management of public buildings, concern for the environment, nature conservation, cultural heritage protection, etc. Slovenia does not have an official regional division, but the municipalities are already working together for the needs of various projects and other purposes. Many Slovenian municipalities joined various initiatives to reduce GHG emissions at the municipal or even regional level, and various municipal projects are also being implemented in the field of adaptation to climate change. In some areas, the municipalities are one step ahead of the state when it comes to implementing measures. At the local and regional levels, climate measures are quickly visible.', 'At the local and regional levels, climate measures are quickly visible. Slovenia will thus enhance good and inclusive planning of measures at the local level as this enables an integration of climate objectives in various sectoral targets, while providing new jobs and new innovative solutions. A comprehensive regional transition is necessary; from climate, social and economic measures which result in the economic and social benefits of the transition. Due to the lack of regional division, Slovenia will plan climate change orientations at the level of the so-called functional regions because municipalities are frequently too small for planning or forming certain measures (e.g. sustainable transport planning, which exceeds municipal borders) and they also experience insufficient human resources and knowledge.', 'sustainable transport planning, which exceeds municipal borders) and they also experience insufficient human resources and knowledge. For the needs of planning or implementing local climate measures, the state will enable municipalities access to all public data (studies, bases) collected in one place. Slovenia will promote energy efficiency, self-sufficiency in consumption and electricity generation from RES at the local level, exploitation of alternative energy sources, energy storage and development of digital energy platforms or technology systems and digital platforms for the development of smart energy systems. Slovenia will also promote the application of digitalisation at the local level (e.g. fewer meetings in person in town centres, which will reduce transport or mobility needs).', 'fewer meetings in person in town centres, which will reduce transport or mobility needs). Implementation of innovative solutions and digital technologies will also be promoted with regard to smart cities and communities (e.g. sustainable construction in towns and communities in connection with the promotion of entrepreneurship and the circular economy (BIM), energy renovation of buildings, energy self-sufficiency of towns and communities, digitalisation of public lighting with smart light management and light allocation and sustainable materials, construction of new, and expansion of the already existing, district heating and cooling networks, which primarily rely on RES). At the local level, high-tech digital solutions for adaptation to climate change, risk prevention and disaster resilience enhancement will be promoted.', 'At the local level, high-tech digital solutions for adaptation to climate change, risk prevention and disaster resilience enhancement will be promoted. Slovenia will stablish support points for the transition to a climate-neutral society at regional and local levels. These will use human resources and knowledge of the already existing institutions (e.g. regional energy agencies, regional development agencies) or local energy groups. They will be intended for drafting projects, documentation, consulting, sharing of good practice examples, raising awareness, etc. At the local level, Slovenia will promote education, training and dissemination of information about the transition to a low-carbon society. The circular economy will be systemically promoted through smart and circular communities.', 'The circular economy will be systemically promoted through smart and circular communities. Following the adoption of this Strategy, the ministry responsible for the environment will produce a brief handbook for local communities which will include main orientations andfields of action for municipalities on the basis of which they will be able to prepare local strategies and plans. The handbook will be amended and updated in accordance with new findings and guidelines. 9.3 Monitoring plan of climate policy implementation This chapter discusses the monitoring system of climate policy implementation and is not limited to monitoring the implementation of this Strategy. Slovenia will establish monitoring as a compulsory element in climate policy implementation.', 'Slovenia will establish monitoring as a compulsory element in climate policy implementation. The monitoring will serve two purposes: - a process of ongoing improvements (plan–do–check–act) will be established which will enable the adjustment of measures to changed circumstances and their upgrade if necessary, resulting in a more efficient realisation of the objectives set; - monitoring will ensure the provision of data on the effects of implementing measures on the reduction of GHG emissions, which is needed for various reporting purposes at the national, European and global levels. Within the framework of monitoring, various indicators will be used for assessing the attainment of objectives and the effects of implementing climate policy.', 'Within the framework of monitoring, various indicators will be used for assessing the attainment of objectives and the effects of implementing climate policy. The indicators will be defined by individual sectors and will be upgraded and supplemented accordingly with additional indicators if necessary. The indicators will be allocated a defined target value.', 'The indicators will be allocated a defined target value. Key indicators for monitoring the implementation of climate policy include: - annual GHG emissions (kt of CO2 equivalent) used for monitoring the attainment of the national objective regarding the reduction of GHG emissions by 2030; - monitoring of sinks and emissions in the ETS sector (emissions outside the national objective); - amount of financial resources (EUR) earmarked for the implementation of measures to reduce GHG emissions and the reduction in CO2 emissions (kt of CO2 ) thus attained, to be used for monitoring the efficiency of financial resources usage; - key sectoral indicators IPCC for sectors mitigating climate change: energy supply (transformation), transport, broader use (buildings, other sectors), industry, agriculture, LULUCF and for adaptation.', 'Key indicators for monitoring the implementation of climate policy include: - annual GHG emissions (kt of CO2 equivalent) used for monitoring the attainment of the national objective regarding the reduction of GHG emissions by 2030; - monitoring of sinks and emissions in the ETS sector (emissions outside the national objective); - amount of financial resources (EUR) earmarked for the implementation of measures to reduce GHG emissions and the reduction in CO2 emissions (kt of CO2 ) thus attained, to be used for monitoring the efficiency of financial resources usage; - key sectoral indicators IPCC for sectors mitigating climate change: energy supply (transformation), transport, broader use (buildings, other sectors), industry, agriculture, LULUCF and for adaptation. 9.3.1 Monitoring system of climate policy implementation The monitoring system of climate policy implementation will be established by an authority responsible for climate change in cooperation with the authority responsible for implementation of the comprehensive national energy and climate plan (NECP) and other line ministries by means of a suitable act, which will define their organisation and content in more detail.', '9.3.1 Monitoring system of climate policy implementation The monitoring system of climate policy implementation will be established by an authority responsible for climate change in cooperation with the authority responsible for implementation of the comprehensive national energy and climate plan (NECP) and other line ministries by means of a suitable act, which will define their organisation and content in more detail. The system will be incorporated accordingly in the organisational structure for implementing climate policy. Its purpose will not only include monitoring the attainment of objectives from this Strategy, but also monitoring the implementation of climate change as defined in the NECP and other relevant documents. The monitoring system will: - build on the current experience and content of monitoring the implementation of climate measures.', 'The monitoring system will: - build on the current experience and content of monitoring the implementation of climate measures. The Climate Mirror will present the basis for monitoring the implementation of climate, energy and other measures for the low-carbon and energy efficiency arrangements; - be upgraded accordingly for an overall monitoring of implementation of the NECP and other relevant documents in all their aspects; - introduce monitoring as a process of ongoing improvements and will integrate monitoring in the management or governance of climate policy; - ensure provision of the data necessary for reporting at the national and international levels. Within the monitoring system, it will be possible to incorporate all significant stakeholders inthe processes of improvement and upgrade of climate measures as a section of the process of ongoing improvements.', 'Within the monitoring system, it will be possible to incorporate all significant stakeholders inthe processes of improvement and upgrade of climate measures as a section of the process of ongoing improvements. Ministries, the Government Office for Development and European Cohesion Policy, the Eco Fund, etc. are responsible for implementing individual measures at the national level, while other authorities include representatives of the expert public, NGOs, etc. 9.3.2 Reporting about climate policy implementation Reporting on the climate policy implementation and the attainment of objectives will take place at the national and international levels and will be the responsibility of the authority in charge of climate change.', '9.3.2 Reporting about climate policy implementation Reporting on the climate policy implementation and the attainment of objectives will take place at the national and international levels and will be the responsibility of the authority in charge of climate change. The authority competent for climate change will ensure timely and qualitative reporting, which is a significant part of joint global efforts for a long-term reduction of GHG emissions. Together with the authority responsible for energy (the NECP holder) and at the national level, the authority responsible for climate change will annually draft a report on the implementation of measures for reducing GHG emissions and attaining the climate policy objectives by individual sectors as part of monitoring the NECP implementation.', 'Together with the authority responsible for energy (the NECP holder) and at the national level, the authority responsible for climate change will annually draft a report on the implementation of measures for reducing GHG emissions and attaining the climate policy objectives by individual sectors as part of monitoring the NECP implementation. The report’s content and deadlines for its preparation will be defined in more detail in the act establishing the monitoring system for the implementation of climate and energy policies.', 'The report’s content and deadlines for its preparation will be defined in more detail in the act establishing the monitoring system for the implementation of climate and energy policies. For the field of GHG reduction, the report will include at least the assessment of attaining joint and sectoral objectives, the analysis of implementing measures with the help of indicators, review of instrument implementation, recommendations for improving the implementation of existing measures or the introduction of new ones, including the updated projections of GHG emissions at least biennially. Participation of the public is possible while the report is being drafted. The National Assembly is informed about the adopted annual report. The adopted annual report is made public.', 'The adopted annual report is made public. At the international level, Slovenia is obliged to report to the EC and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).', 'At the international level, Slovenia is obliged to report to the EC and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The obligations towards the EC currently arise from Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2013 on a mechanism for monitoring and reporting greenhouse gas emissions and for reporting other information at the national and Union level relevant to climate change and repealing Decision No 280/2004/EC (hereinafter: Regulation (EU) No 525/2013).As of and including 2021, member states are obliged to report as per Regulation (EU) 2018/1999, which has a reporting format that is almost identical to that of Regulation (EU) No 525/2013.In accordance with Regulation (EU) No 525/2013, Slovenia is obliged to establish a system for reporting measures, orientations and projections which includes institutional, legislative and procedural arrangements.', 'The obligations towards the EC currently arise from Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2013 on a mechanism for monitoring and reporting greenhouse gas emissions and for reporting other information at the national and Union level relevant to climate change and repealing Decision No 280/2004/EC (hereinafter: Regulation (EU) No 525/2013).As of and including 2021, member states are obliged to report as per Regulation (EU) 2018/1999, which has a reporting format that is almost identical to that of Regulation (EU) No 525/2013.In accordance with Regulation (EU) No 525/2013, Slovenia is obliged to establish a system for reporting measures, orientations and projections which includes institutional, legislative and procedural arrangements. Slovenia has not yet done so, as a contract is concluded for each new reporting.', 'Slovenia has not yet done so, as a contract is concluded for each new reporting. It is mandatory to arrange the foregoing as soon as possible for high-quality reporting. Deadlines within which Slovenia is obliged to report to the EC are: - emission records: first version of records (15 January) and final version of records (15 March) for the year preceding the previous year and assessment of records for the previous year (31 July); - report on measures and emission projections: by 15 March every odd-numbered year. Obligations towards the UNFCCC Secretariat derive from the Convention itself.', 'Obligations towards the UNFCCC Secretariat derive from the Convention itself. Deadlines by which Slovenia is obliged to report to the Secretariat are: - emission records: final version of records for the year preceding the previous year (15 April); this report must also consist of data requested within the framework of Article 7 of the Kyoto Protocol; - national report on the implementation of commitments from the Convention and the Kyoto Protocol by the end of every fourth odd-numbered year and a biennial report on quantitative objectives and measures for attaining the objectives and on projections by the end of every second odd-numbered year. Reporting will be gradually harmonisedwith the Paris Agreement and its content will closely resemble the existing biennial reports.', 'Reporting will be gradually harmonisedwith the Paris Agreement and its content will closely resemble the existing biennial reports. 10 INTERNATIONAL OUTLOOK The European Union, of which Slovenia is a member, is striving to become the first climate- neutral continent, and also the leading continent in the fight against climate change at the global level by providing an example and assuming responsibility. To this end, the European Council endorsed the objective of making the EU climate-neutral by 2050 in December 2019 (Decision of the European Council of 12 December 2019).', 'To this end, the European Council endorsed the objective of making the EU climate-neutral by 2050 in December 2019 (Decision of the European Council of 12 December 2019). The vision for a socially just and cost-efficient attainment of net zero GHG emission levels in the EU was presented by the EC in November 2018 in a communication entitled "A clean planet for all: a European strategic long-term vision for a prosperous, modern, competitive and climate neutral economy". In December 2019, the EGD was issued. It consisted of an initial plan for ensuring the compliance of EU policies with the Paris Agreement and the sustainable development goals of the 2030 Agenda, formation of an efficient circular economy, fight against biodiversity loss and conservation of environmental systems.', 'It consisted of an initial plan for ensuring the compliance of EU policies with the Paris Agreement and the sustainable development goals of the 2030 Agenda, formation of an efficient circular economy, fight against biodiversity loss and conservation of environmental systems. The EC proposal anticipates a just and inclusive transition to carbon neutrality and puts the health and wellbeing of citizens first. Slovenia welcomes the EGD and assesses that it represents a framework for an overall and ambitious arrangement of the key environmental issues of our time. In the field of climate change, the circular economy and biodiversity, Slovenia has also set itself ambitious objectives.', 'In the field of climate change, the circular economy and biodiversity, Slovenia has also set itself ambitious objectives. It commends the integration of an external dimension when realising the EGD as the realisation of the goals of the 2030 Agenda and the Paris Agreement requires a strong response from the EU at the global level. Action relating to the Green Agenda for the Western Balkans is particularly supported and Slovenia will actively participate in its preparation because more attention must be paid to the countries in the immediate vicinity.', 'Action relating to the Green Agenda for the Western Balkans is particularly supported and Slovenia will actively participate in its preparation because more attention must be paid to the countries in the immediate vicinity. Through the Green Diplomacy Network in Brussels, Slovenia is actively involved in discussions on the enhancement of EU climate diplomacy, which focus on the support and persuasion of other countries to assume their share of responsibility for climate change, including within the UNFCCC framework. While noting that climate change has a great impact on water and the water cycle, Slovenia particularly highlights the significance of synergies between water diplomacy and EU climate diplomacy.', 'While noting that climate change has a great impact on water and the water cycle, Slovenia particularly highlights the significance of synergies between water diplomacy and EU climate diplomacy. 10.2 Slovenia’s international activities The Republic of Slovenia is actively and at the highest levels participating in international activities to fight climate change, in which it represents the vision of climate neutrality by 2050 and immediate action to limit temperature rises to no more than 1.5°C. It supports the work of various international and regional organisations in their fight against climate change and is actively involved in climate negotiations under the auspices of the UNFCCC (conferences of the Parties).', 'It supports the work of various international and regional organisations in their fight against climate change and is actively involved in climate negotiations under the auspices of the UNFCCC (conferences of the Parties). It highlights that an approach at the level of the whole of society (international, national, regional and local levels, public and private sectors and civil society) is needed to efficiently deal with the consequences of climate change and a just and inclusive transition to a climate-neutral society. In particular, Slovenia advocates the importance of including the civil society and young people in the formation of climate policies and discussions at the international level.Special attention is dedicated to intertwining the environment and human rights, links between climate, security, development and the consequences of climate change regarding water.', 'In particular, Slovenia advocates the importance of including the civil society and young people in the formation of climate policies and discussions at the international level.Special attention is dedicated to intertwining the environment and human rights, links between climate, security, development and the consequences of climate change regarding water. Slovenia stresses that the fight against climate change will only be successful if the transition from a linear to a circular economy is ensured. Slovenia strives to promote climate and environmental content and the circular economy within the Green Group of six countries (Slovenia, Costa Rica, Singapore, United Arab Emirates, Cape Verde and Iceland), which has been operating since 2009 at Slovenia’s initiative.', 'Slovenia strives to promote climate and environmental content and the circular economy within the Green Group of six countries (Slovenia, Costa Rica, Singapore, United Arab Emirates, Cape Verde and Iceland), which has been operating since 2009 at Slovenia’s initiative. In the light of the growing climate crisis, Slovenia gave new impetus to the work of the Green Group in September 2019. 10.2.1 International initiatives to which Slovenia has acceded Core Group on Human Rights and the Environment Together with Costa Rica, Maldives, Morocco and Switzerland, Slovenia is part of the Core Group on Human Rights and the Environment, which operates in Geneva.', '10.2.1 International initiatives to which Slovenia has acceded Core Group on Human Rights and the Environment Together with Costa Rica, Maldives, Morocco and Switzerland, Slovenia is part of the Core Group on Human Rights and the Environment, which operates in Geneva. The group has been operating since 2011 and is striving for the acknowledgement and enhancement of connections between a clean, safe and sustainable environment and the enjoyment of all human rights. The group put forward the Resolution of the UN Human Rights Council on Human Rights and the Environment (at its session in March) and supported the mandate of the Special Rapporteur in this field. The group regularly participates in the work of the UN Human Rights Council with joint statements and at side events.', 'The group regularly participates in the work of the UN Human Rights Council with joint statements and at side events. Group of Friends on Water and Peace At the initiative of Slovenia, Switzerland, Senegal, Costa Rica and the Geneva Water Hub organisation, the Group of Friends on Water and Peace was established on 14 April 2016. Among four co-chairs, Slovenia assumed the role of chair on 1 January 2020.The group’s purpose is to address issues related to water and peace and the challenges and opportunities enabled by water diplomacy and cooperation in the field of water, including promotion of recommendations from the report "A Matter of Survival" of the Global High- Level Panel on Water and Peace chaired by Dr Danilo Türk.', 'Among four co-chairs, Slovenia assumed the role of chair on 1 January 2020.The group’s purpose is to address issues related to water and peace and the challenges and opportunities enabled by water diplomacy and cooperation in the field of water, including promotion of recommendations from the report "A Matter of Survival" of the Global High- Level Panel on Water and Peace chaired by Dr Danilo Türk. The presidency’s priorities include water and armed conflicts, water and data, preparations for the 2023 UN Conference on the Water Action Decade and transboundary water cooperation with an emphasis on groundwater. Green Group This informal group was established in 2009 at Slovenia’s initiative or the initiative of the then Minister of Foreign Affairs and combines six countries at the foreign minister level, i.e.', 'Green Group This informal group was established in 2009 at Slovenia’s initiative or the initiative of the then Minister of Foreign Affairs and combines six countries at the foreign minister level, i.e. Slovenia, Iceland, Costa Rica, Singapore, United Arab Emirates and Cape Verde. It was founded to promote issues of water, climate change and sustainable development in international relations. Regular meetings took place once a year at the level of foreign ministers, usually on the sidelines of the UN General Assembly’s sessions in New York. The group published joint articles and statements and implemented certain activities. The group’s operations died down after 2014 but were revived again at the ministerial meeting on the sidelines of the UN General Assembly’s session in New York in September 2019.', 'The group’s operations died down after 2014 but were revived again at the ministerial meeting on the sidelines of the UN General Assembly’s session in New York in September 2019. This was followed by a joint statement at COP25 in Madrid in December 2019, a ministerial meeting on the sidelines of the Future Sustainability Summit in Abu Dhabi in January 2020 and a joint statement on the occasions of world water, bees and oceans days and the UN Secretary General’s event, "Climate Moment". Geneva Pledge Arising from the aforementioned initiative for human rights and the environment, the so-called Geneva Pledge advocates the recognition and enhancement of connections between human rights and climate change.', 'Geneva Pledge Arising from the aforementioned initiative for human rights and the environment, the so-called Geneva Pledge advocates the recognition and enhancement of connections between human rights and climate change. Its signatories, which also include the Republic of Slovenia, have committed to promote the enhancement of synergies between both fields, including through the mutual cooperation of national experts in both fields. The Pledge, the initiators of whichwere the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights and Costa Rica, has so far been endorsed by 33 countries. Blue Group The Blue Group (Germany, Spain, France, Slovenia, Croatia, Brazil, Uruguay, Egypt, Bangladesh, Morocco and Maldives) is involved in human rights to clean drinking water and access to sanitation.', 'Blue Group The Blue Group (Germany, Spain, France, Slovenia, Croatia, Brazil, Uruguay, Egypt, Bangladesh, Morocco and Maldives) is involved in human rights to clean drinking water and access to sanitation. The group is active in the UN Human Rights Council and other international forums and events addressing issues related to the rights to clean drinking water and sanitation. The Group put forward two resolutions of the UN Human Rights Council and the General Assembly on the rights to drinking water and sanitation. Group of Friends on Climate Change This group composed of more than 40 countries was founded at the initiative of France and Morocco within the UN in New York in 2014 as part of preparations for the COP21 Climate Change Conference.', 'Group of Friends on Climate Change This group composed of more than 40 countries was founded at the initiative of France and Morocco within the UN in New York in 2014 as part of preparations for the COP21 Climate Change Conference. The group promotes national ambitions when addressing climate change within the preparations for annual climate negotiations. Slovenia joined this group in October 2019. At COP24 in Katowice, Poland in December 2018, Slovenia supported the statement of the High Ambition Coalition about the need to step up the climate ambition by 2020 as per the long-term objectives of the Paris Agreement.', 'At COP24 in Katowice, Poland in December 2018, Slovenia supported the statement of the High Ambition Coalition about the need to step up the climate ambition by 2020 as per the long-term objectives of the Paris Agreement. Within the Climate Action Summit convened by the UN Secretary-General in September 2019, the Republic of Slovenia joined the youth engagement and public mobilisation coalition led by Ireland and the Marshall Islands.', 'Within the Climate Action Summit convened by the UN Secretary-General in September 2019, the Republic of Slovenia joined the youth engagement and public mobilisation coalition led by Ireland and the Marshall Islands. Slovenia engaged in several commitments within the summit: initiative of Greece/UNESCO regarding the impact of climate change on cultural and natural heritage; initiative of Ireland and the Marshall Islands regarding youth engagement and public mobilisation (Kwon Gensh); appeal of Turkey/Kenya/UN-Habitat regarding action at the level of cities; initiative of Spain and Peru regarding the increase in air quality for a better standard of living; initiative of China and New Zealand within the coalition for nature- based solutions (Climate Manifesto).', 'Slovenia engaged in several commitments within the summit: initiative of Greece/UNESCO regarding the impact of climate change on cultural and natural heritage; initiative of Ireland and the Marshall Islands regarding youth engagement and public mobilisation (Kwon Gensh); appeal of Turkey/Kenya/UN-Habitat regarding action at the level of cities; initiative of Spain and Peru regarding the increase in air quality for a better standard of living; initiative of China and New Zealand within the coalition for nature- based solutions (Climate Manifesto). At COP25 in December 2019, the Republic of Slovenia joined the San Jose Principles for High Ambition and Integrity in International Carbon Markets, which combines 32 climate- ambitious countries advocating an efficient arrangement of rules within Article 6 of the Paris Agreement and the completion of the Rulebook.', 'At COP25 in December 2019, the Republic of Slovenia joined the San Jose Principles for High Ambition and Integrity in International Carbon Markets, which combines 32 climate- ambitious countries advocating an efficient arrangement of rules within Article 6 of the Paris Agreement and the completion of the Rulebook. The Republic of Slovenia also joined the Declaration on Children, Youth and Climate Action by means of which countries strive for inclusive and children-friendly climate policies and ensure the participation of young people in decision-making processes relating to climate change at national and global levels. International Resource Panel (IRP) Slovenia (i.e. the Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning) participates in the Steering Committee of the International Resource Panel, which is one of the most important and renowned global research networks.', 'the Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning) participates in the Steering Committee of the International Resource Panel, which is one of the most important and renowned global research networks. This expert and scientific forum was established in 2007 within the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) with the intention of leading people from overconsumption, waste and ecological damage to a more sustainable future. The panel points to the connection between the exploitation of natural resources and the fight against climate change. Within the UN Summit on Biodiversity in September 2020, Slovenia acceded to the Leaders’ Pledge for Nature initiative.10.3 International development cooperation and humanitarian assistance of the Republic of Slovenia Climate change and sustainable development are closely intertwined.', 'Within the UN Summit on Biodiversity in September 2020, Slovenia acceded to the Leaders’ Pledge for Nature initiative.10.3 International development cooperation and humanitarian assistance of the Republic of Slovenia Climate change and sustainable development are closely intertwined. Climate change consequences cause increasing inequalities within and between countries and are thus considered the key obstacles to progress in realising the 2030 Agenda. The consequences of climate change are most evident in developing countries. Simultaneously, these countries possess the fewest capacities to tackle the consequences of climate change to their environment and economic and social system. As a developed country, Slovenia is obliged to help developing countries in their social and economic development and provide support when implementing the measures of their climate policy.', 'As a developed country, Slovenia is obliged to help developing countries in their social and economic development and provide support when implementing the measures of their climate policy. Furthermore, Slovenia is also obliged to leverage financial assistance for implementation of climate measures in developing partner countries. In doing so, it applies all available modalities and contributes its share to the realisation of the developed countries’ commitment adopted at the climate conference in Copenhagen in 2009 to mobilise together USD 100 billion annually from various resources until 2020 and dedicate it as assistance to developing countries when tackling the effects of climate change. Within the framework of the Paris Agreement, this commitment was further upgraded with the commitment that this assistance will be further intensified in the coming years.', 'Within the framework of the Paris Agreement, this commitment was further upgraded with the commitment that this assistance will be further intensified in the coming years. In accordance with international commitments, Slovenia will strive to increase official development aid to 0.33 per cent by 2030.By putting climate measures to the forefront of Slovenia’s international development cooperation, the scope of the so-called climate financing will gradually increase, and Slovenia will ensure the meeting of international commitments particularly with the suitable mobilisation of earmarked funds from the Climate Change Fund. 10.4 Human rights and the environment Slovenia strives for the international proclamation of the right to a healthy living environment, which is laid down in Article 72 of the Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia.', '10.4 Human rights and the environment Slovenia strives for the international proclamation of the right to a healthy living environment, which is laid down in Article 72 of the Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia. The Republic of Slovenia has already entered the right to drinking water in its Constitution, and this field is governed by the Environmental Protection Act. The human right to a healthy environment means that the objectives and measures observe an individual’s right to live in a healthy, clean, safe and sustainable environment. Today, this right is recognised in various forms in numerous countries and the highest UN representatives are also striving for its proclamation at the global level.', 'Today, this right is recognised in various forms in numerous countries and the highest UN representatives are also striving for its proclamation at the global level. 11 IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS The impact assessment of the socio-economic aspects will only be prepared by 2030.The GreenMod Slovenia model was used for the assessment of macroeconomic and sectoral effects of scenarios for implementing measures in Slovenia until 2030. GreenMod Slovenia is the first energy CGE model designed especially for Slovenia.', 'GreenMod Slovenia is the first energy CGE model designed especially for Slovenia. Its functioning and initial results are considered a technical basis for adjusting and upgrading the model in the future, particularly in the sense of replacing or introducing new energy resources and economic instruments for attaining emission objectives and the testing of various scenarios or the evaluation of specific projects (a detailed description of the model is to be found in expert bases). The macroeconomic effects of scenarios with additional measures (moderate – WEM and ambitious – WAM) by 2050 and the effects by individual sectors were assessed consistently. Below, we provide the results of simulations of macroeconomic and sectoral effects by 2030, whereby the results for the WAM scenario comply with the NECP scenario.', 'Below, we provide the results of simulations of macroeconomic and sectoral effects by 2030, whereby the results for the WAM scenario comply with the NECP scenario. - Additional energy investments increase energy efficiency and thus lower theconsumption of energy inputs per production unit in individual economic activities or reduce final energy consumption in households. Lower input costs have a beneficial effect on the growth in workforce demand, unemployment rate reduction and production growth. The final impact on consumer prices is positive as these are expected to drop somewhat as per the WOM scenario (by –0.2 per cent in the WEM scenario in 2030 and by –0.3 per cent in the WAM scenario). An increase in disposable income of households is reflected in higher final private consumption.', 'An increase in disposable income of households is reflected in higher final private consumption. In the WEM scenario, the latter is higher by 0.4 per cent in 2021 and by 1.5 per cent in 2030 if compared to the scenario with no additional measures. In the WAM scenario, private consumption is higher by 0.9 per cent in 2021 and by 2.2 per cent in 2030 if compared to private consumption in the WOM scenario. The positive effects of additional measures are also reflected in increased savings by companies and households with a simultaneous reduction in the current budget deficit of the state, which will increase its revenue due to enhanced economic activity.', 'The positive effects of additional measures are also reflected in increased savings by companies and households with a simultaneous reduction in the current budget deficit of the state, which will increase its revenue due to enhanced economic activity. Increased total savings are reflected in higher total gross investment, which is said to be higher by 2.8 per cent in 2021 and by 1.1 per cent in 2030 in the WOM scenario; in the WAM scenario, it is anticipated to be higher by 4.5 per cent in 2021 and by 4.0 per cent in 2030 in accordance with investment in the WOM scenario.', 'Increased total savings are reflected in higher total gross investment, which is said to be higher by 2.8 per cent in 2021 and by 1.1 per cent in 2030 in the WOM scenario; in the WAM scenario, it is anticipated to be higher by 4.5 per cent in 2021 and by 4.0 per cent in 2030 in accordance with investment in the WOM scenario. Increased economic activity is followed accordingly by employment in the Slovenian business sector, which is higher by 0.4 per cent in 2021 and by 1.5 per cent in 2030 as per the WEM scenario than in the WOM scenario. The WAM scenario displays a 0.7- and 1.4-per cent increase respectively.', 'The WAM scenario displays a 0.7- and 1.4-per cent increase respectively. Changed investment structure also affects the change in production structure of the Slovenian business sector, which will be evident most significantly after 2030.', 'Changed investment structure also affects the change in production structure of the Slovenian business sector, which will be evident most significantly after 2030. Increased energy efficiency and subsequent lower consumption of energy inputs impact the increase in international competitiveness of domestic production and higher increase in exports (the WEM scenario: by 0.37 per cent in 2021 as per the WOM scenario and by 0.6 per cent in 2030; the WAM scenario: by 0.8 per cent in 2021 as per the WOM scenario and by 1.2 per cent in 2030) if compared to imports (which is in the WAM scenario higher by 0.5 per cent after 2021 as per the WOM scenario in an individual year up to 2030 and by 0.2 per cent in the WEM scenario).', 'Increased energy efficiency and subsequent lower consumption of energy inputs impact the increase in international competitiveness of domestic production and higher increase in exports (the WEM scenario: by 0.37 per cent in 2021 as per the WOM scenario and by 0.6 per cent in 2030; the WAM scenario: by 0.8 per cent in 2021 as per the WOM scenario and by 1.2 per cent in 2030) if compared to imports (which is in the WAM scenario higher by 0.5 per cent after 2021 as per the WOM scenario in an individual year up to 2030 and by 0.2 per cent in the WEM scenario). Positive results of the additional measures planned within both scenarios with additional measures are finally reflected in an increased GDP.', 'Positive results of the additional measures planned within both scenarios with additional measures are finally reflected in an increased GDP. As per the WEM scenario, GDP is said to be higher by 1.2 per cent in 2021 if compared to the WOM scenario, and by 1.1 per cent in 2030. As per the WAM scenario, GDP is said to be higher by 1.8 per cent in 2021 if compared to GDP in the WOM scenario, and by 2.1 per cent in 2030. - Both scenarios with additional measures have an unfavourable effect on real household disposable income in the first quintile group. With such a policy, it would be sensible to adopt suitable mitigation measures for the 20 per cent of households with the lowest income.', 'With such a policy, it would be sensible to adopt suitable mitigation measures for the 20 per cent of households with the lowest income. Despite the foregoing, it must also be highlighted that real household consumption through all quintile groups does not decrease in the scenarios with additional measures. - Sectoral effects are oriented in the same direction for both scenarios (WAM and WEM); the only difference is that the effects as per the WAM scenario are stronger or the magnitude of change is somewhat larger. With regard to specific activities, we assess that the chemical industry, manufacture of non-metallic mineral products and other mostly non-energy intensive activities would not suffer a deterioration of their competitive situation due to additional measures despite a price increase.', 'With regard to specific activities, we assess that the chemical industry, manufacture of non-metallic mineral products and other mostly non-energy intensive activities would not suffer a deterioration of their competitive situation due to additional measures despite a price increase. Competitiveness of the paper industry worsens despite the lower cost of capital and subsequent increase in capital demand in the paper industry relatively as per the price and demand in the WOM scenario. The situation in the manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products is quite similar. - It is assessed that the supply of, and demand for, chemical products, non-metallicmineral products, metal products and products from non-energy intensive activities would not decrease relatively due to additional measures, and neither would their foreign trade.', '- It is assessed that the supply of, and demand for, chemical products, non-metallicmineral products, metal products and products from non-energy intensive activities would not decrease relatively due to additional measures, and neither would their foreign trade. This applies to both scenarios with additional measures. Quite the opposite applies to the supply of, and demand for, coke, refined petroleum products and paper. From the aspect of a fair transition to a climate-neutral society, the WAM scenario is (after 2022) and the WEM scenario is (throughout) unfavourable for the 20 per cent of households with the lowest income (and only the WEM scenario for the second quintile group from 2024 onwards), which is why Slovenia will adopt mitigation measures for them (see chapter 8.2.4.3).', 'From the aspect of a fair transition to a climate-neutral society, the WAM scenario is (after 2022) and the WEM scenario is (throughout) unfavourable for the 20 per cent of households with the lowest income (and only the WEM scenario for the second quintile group from 2024 onwards), which is why Slovenia will adopt mitigation measures for them (see chapter 8.2.4.3). If we decide to increase tax on fossil fuels in order to reduce emissions despite an increase in economic welfare in scenarios with additional measures, it would be sensible to combine this financial instrument with the application of a tax revenue to reduce the rate of social security contributions or with an increase in household social benefits. National Assembly Igor Zorčič President']

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